Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako

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&lt;!-- Discussion notice starts --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: #ff0; margin: 0 0 3px 0; padding: 0 2px 0 2px;&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia talk:Ogbako Ọtú|'''Ihü ákíkó''']] dị maka okwu. Biko doséré okwu ébéahụ. Omemé gi detụ na ihü nkà.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- Header bar starts --&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;toccolours&quot; id=&quot;siteNotice&quot;&quot;&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Requests_for_Adminship|Requests for Adminship]] | [[Wikipedia:Request_for_Bot_status|Request for Bot approval]] | [[:Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing _translation|Articles for Translation]] | [[:Category:Article nke ntakiri|Articles needing expansion]]&lt;/div&gt;

{{Íshí Nzọr Inglish}}
{{Ihe Anyi gi me}}

==Administrator access==
I would like to be an administrator on this Igbo wikipedia. '''[[User:Ukabia|Álúsí Wikipedia Ìgbo]]''' - [[User talk:Ukabia|okwú na ókà]] 17:21, 10 Önwa Asaa 2011 (UTC)

I would love to be an administrator on ig.wikipedia. The admin tools would be useful in order to fight vandalism on ig.wikipedia, improve the main page etc. [[Ọbanife:Blossom Ozurumba|Blossom Ozurumba]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Blossom Ozurumba|talk]]) 11:36, 1 Önwa Asáto 2017 (UTC)


I would love to be an administrator on ig.wikipedia. The admin tools would be useful in organizing the page,  fight vandalism on ig.wikipedia, improve articles etc. [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo | Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|talk]]) 17:35, 1 Ọnwaìrinàotù 2020 (UTC)

&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:Wikipedia]]
I would love to be an administrator on ig.wikipedia. The admin tools would be useful in correcting certain misspelt words which change the meaning of words in Igbo and hence reduce the interpretation and make the page difficult to use. 
--[[Ọbanife:Chioma Onyema|Chioma Onyema]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Chioma Onyema|talk]]) 08:46, 6 Ọnwaàsaà 2021 (UTC)

== Improving the translation support for the Igbo Wikipedia ==

''Sorry about not being able to write in Igbo. I hope someone can translate this!''

[[:mw:Content translation|Content translation]] has been successful in supporting the translation process on many Wikipedia communities, and we want to help additional wikis with potential to grow using translation as part of [[:mw:Content translation/Boost|a new initiative]].

Content translation facilitates the creation of Wikipedia articles by translating content from other languages. It has been used already to create more than half a million articles. In addition, the tool provides [[:mw:Help:Content translation/Translating/Translation quality|mechanisms to encourage the creation of good quality content]], preventing the publication of lightly edited machine translations. In general, our analysis shows that the translations produced are [[:mw:Content_translation/Deletion_statistics_comparison|less likely to be deleted than the articles started from scratch]].

Igbo Wikipedia editors have used Content translation to create [[Special:CXStats|more than three hundred articles]]. Given the size of the editing community, we think that there is potential to use translation to create more articles, expand existing ones, and attract new editors that learn how to make productive edits. Translation can help the community to reduce the language gap with other languages and grow the number of editors in a sustainable way. In order to achieve this goal, we want to collaborate with you to make Content translation more visible in the Igbo Wikipedia and support new ways to translate.

As a first step, during the next weeks we plan to enable Content translation by default on the Igbo Wikipedia. That will make it easy for users to discover the tool [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Starting|through several entry points]]. However, users not interested in translation will still be able to disable it from their preferences.

Please feel free to share any comment in this conversation thread.

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Aaharoni-WMF|talk]]) 13:04, 4 Ọnwaìrinàotù 2020 (UTC)

Wwyx

Ụmụ nnem na ụmụ nnam, edeyerem akwụkwọ na meta wikipedia ka fa nyem ikike ma ye kwam ego ịji new ruọ oru. Biko kwado nu mu. Ebe ịga afu ya bu na https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Igboanude/Female_Creators_on_Igbo_Wikipedia --[[Ọbanife:Igboanude|Igboanude]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Igboanude|talk]]) 07:50, 4 Ọnwaàtọ 2021 (UTC)

I applied for a rapid grant to do a wikidata project on Nigerian female producers etc. the link is attached. I seek your advice and support. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Offordile234/Nigerian_Female_Film_Producers,_Directors_and_Actors_on_Wikidata --[[Ọbanife:Offordile234|Offordile234]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Offordile234|talk]]) 21:23, 10 Ọnwaàtọ 2021 (UTC)

I applied for a rapid grant to add content and improve existing content in wikidata about Nigerian religious leaders and the churches. I will like your comments and if approved your participation. the link is https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Chuks_Zilo/Nigerian_Religious_Institutions_on_Wikidata  --[[Ọbanife:Chuks Zilo|Chuks Zilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Chuks Zilo|talk]]) 20:23, 12 Ọnwaànọ 2021 (UTC)

E debeyerem akwụkwọ ka eyem ego ịji rụọ ọrụ. The link is https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Obihoja/Permanent_Secretaries_and_Directors_General/Training Please comment and advice. --[[Ọbanife:Obihoja|Obihoja]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Obihoja|talk]]) 11:50, 8 Ọnwaìse 2021 (UTC)

E tiyerem akwụkwọ ka ndị wikipedia yem ego maka ọrụ ịtiye foto na ụda onu nịme Igbo Wiktionary. Biko kwadom. Ebe ntịyere ya bụ na https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Igboanude/Pictures_and_Voice_Notes_in_Igbo_Wiktionary  --[[Ọbanife:Igboanude|Igboanude]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Igboanude|talk]]) 11:03, 12 Ọnwaìse 2021 (UTC)

I applied for a project in wikidata. I will will appreciate your comment and support. the project link is https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Chuks_Zilo/CEOs_of_Quoted_Companies_in_Nigeria --[[Ọbanife:Chuks Zilo|Chuks Zilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Chuks Zilo|talk]]) 13:13, 5 Ọnwa itoolu 2021 (UTC)

== Ịma Ọkwa Obodo Maka Ọrụ M ==

Ezigbo mmadu niile,

Ọ ga-amasị m ịkọrọ unu niile gbasara [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Clarissagum/Mahadum_Federal_na_Steeti,_Polytechnics_na_K%E1%BB%8Dleji_nke_Mm%E1%BB%A5ta_na_Na%E1%BB%8Bjir%E1%BB%8Ba Mahadum Federal na Steeti, Polytechnics na Kọleji nke Mmụta na Naịjirịa].

Daalụ maka nkwado gị niile.

[[Ọbanife:Clarissagum|Clarissagum]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Clarissagum|talk]]) 21:21, 9 Ọnwa itoolu 2021 (UTC)

== Photowalk of Minna, Niger state ==

Ndewo ndi nkem,
Pls find attached my [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/OtuNwachinemere/Photowalk_of_Minna,_Niger_State_Nigeria#Activities project grant] request for your endorsement and collaboration.
Thanks --[[Ọbanife:OtuNwachinemere|OtuNwachinemere]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:OtuNwachinemere|talk]]) 12:48, 15 Ọnwa itoolu 2021 (UTC)

==META WIKI INTERFACE TRANSLATION==
I have applied for translation of the meta wiki interface translation for Igbo Wiktionary which is still in the incubator. your contribution and support will be appreciated. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Obihoja/Igbo_Language_MetaWiki_interface_translation  --[[Ọbanife:Obihoja|Obihoja]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Obihoja|kwuo]]) 07:45, 15 Ọnwa iri 2021 (UTC)

== Ịma Ọkwa Maka Ọrụ M ==

Ndewo onye ọ bụla,

Ọ ga-amasị m ịkọrọ unu niile gbasara [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Clarissagum/%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_Nwanyi_nd%E1%BB%8B_Nkuzi_na_nd%E1%BB%8B_Nch%E1%BB%8Dp%E1%BB%A5ta_n%27%E1%BB%A5l%E1%BB%8D_Akw%E1%BB%A5kw%E1%BB%8D_Mmuta_di_elu_nke_Na%E1%BB%8Bjir%E1%BB%8Ba Ụmụ Nwanyi ndị Nkuzi na ndị Nchọpụta n'ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mmuta di elu nke Naịjirịa].

Daalụ maka nkwado gị niile.

[[Ọbanife:Clarissagum|Clarissagum]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Clarissagum|kwuo]]) 10:15, 14 Ọnwa iri na otù 2021 (UTC)

== Deployment of FLORES Machine Translation to Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo nụ ndị ọma!

Apologies as this message is not in your native language, {{Int:Please-translate}}.

The WMF Language team has added another machine translation (MT) support for the Content Translation in Igbo Wikipedia called FLORES. This means that you can choose to use [https://ai.facebook.com/blog/the-flores-101-data-set-helping-build-better-translation-systems-around-the-world/ FLORES machine translation] when translating Wikipedia articles to Igbo using [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation the Content Translation tool].
 
The FLORES Machine Translation service is provided by an [https://ai.facebook.com/ AI research team at Meta] through a free for use API key that allows the Content Translation to access the service on the FLORES server for an evaluation trial period. This MT is set as optional; in your Wikipedia, which means you can choose not to use it as your preferred initial translator. If you decide to use this service, you can select &quot;FLORES&quot; from the &quot;Initial Translation&quot; dropdown menu where you will find other existing machine translation services on the sidebar.
 
The Wikimedia Foundation has worked out an agreement that allows the use of FLORES without compromising Wikipedia’s policies about attribution of rights, your privacy as a user, and brand representation. You can find more information about the FLORES Machine translation on [[mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Flores#Summary_of_our_agreement_with_Meta|this page]].
 
Please note that the use of the FLORES MT is optional. However, we would want your community to:
*use it to improve the quality of the Machine Translation service; and
*[[mw:Talk:Content_translation|provide feedback]] about its quality and ask any questions you might have about this addition.
 
We trust that this addition is a good support to the Content Translations tool towards having better quality articles in Igbo Wikipedia.
 
Daalụ nụ! 

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|kwuo]]) 12:02, 7 Ọnwa abụọ 2022 (UTC)

== Making Flores a default Machine Translation for three months in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo nụ ndi nkem!

The WMF Language team would like to make [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Flores Flores], provided by an [https://ai.facebook.com/ AI research team at Meta], the default machine translation support in your Wikipedia Content Translation tool for a test period of 3 months.

The above experiment will help us determine how useful the Machine Translation is for your community more reliably. By setting Flores as the default service, we expect more content to be created by using it and the data about its quality to be more representative. We plan to effect this change on 11th April 2022 unless your community has an objection not to make the FLORES the default Machine translation. 

It is okay if individuals decide to select their default service, which would also be helpful to understand user preferences. However, we would encourage you to use it. After three months, we would revert to the initial default machine translation unless your community thinks otherwise. 

We thank you for your support and look forward to the outcome of this test.

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|kwuo]]) 18:48, 28 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team.


I have recently applied for a grant on training and competition for senior citizens. it is a proposal to bring in more senior citizens to join the wikipedia family. it will be a training and competion for participating seniors. will appreciate your suggestions.--[[Ọbanife:Igboanude|Igboanude]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Igboanude|kwuo]]) 14:55, 26 Ọnwa ise 2022 (UTC)

== Reverting to Google as the default Machine Translation in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo ndi nkem!

Three months ago, the WMF Language team set the [[mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Flores|Flores]] Machine Translation (MT) support as the default in your Wikipedia which just ended.

So, we want to revert to the initial default Machine translation support for the Content translation tool in Zulu Wikipedia unless there are objections from your community to retain the Flores as your default MT.

We will wait two weeks for your feedback in this thread on the above, and If there are no objections to reverting to the [[mw:Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation#Google_Translate|Google Translate]], we will make the Google MT the default translation in your Content translation tool after the 25th of July, 2022.

Thank you so much, and we look forward to your feedback.

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|kwuo]]) 12:40, 12 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC) On hehalf of the WMF Language team.

:Dear @[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] thank you for the update. Speaking for myself and from feedback from other community members, Flores has more accurate translations than Google Translate and we would prefer to keep Flores as default.
:Thank you! [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 15:54, 12 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)
::Thank you @[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] for the feedback. This means we will not be reverting to Google since the community prefers Flores because it is more accurate. We will leave Flores as the default Machine Translation, while the Google Machine translation will be optional.
::Best regards. [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|kwuo]]) 19:06, 12 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

== &quot;Talk page&quot; ==

Hi!

At a translatewiki training on July 30, there was a side discussion about the right word to use for &quot;Talk&quot;, &quot;Talk page&quot;, &quot;Discussion&quot;, etc.

&quot;Talk page&quot; refers to pages on which editors discuss the following things:
* The article—how to write it, what to include, what to exclude, what terminology to use, etc.
* General Wikipedia matters—policies, style, appointing administrators, etc.
* Direct conversations with users (&quot;user talk page&quot;).

As a general comment, in English, the words &quot;discussion&quot; and &quot;talk&quot; are used for this, but it's actually the same thing, and can be translated with the same word in Igbo.

The words that I can see here are:
* Mkparita ụka
* nkàta
* Akíkó
* Nkpata okà
* Kuwa akíkó
* kwuo
* okwu

There may also be other words that I haven't noticed.

I recommend choosing consistent translations for &quot;talk&quot; and &quot;talk page&quot;, and using them consistently. [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|kwuo]]) 11:05, 31 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

:Thank you for this recommendation @[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amire80]]. Best, [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 14:40, 5 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

== Atụmatụ ịgbanwe aha &quot;talk spaces&quot; anyị  ==

Ndewo ụmụnne! Ọ ga-amasị m ịtụ aro ka anyị gbanwee aha 'talk spaces' n'asụsụ Igbo site na &quot;Okwu&quot; gaa na &quot;Ṅkàtá&quot;, n'ihi na ọ dị m ka &quot;Ṅkàtá&quot; na-akọwa ọrụ ya nke ọma karịa 'Okwu'. Ewelitere nke a n'oge usoro nkwado maka Wiktionary Igbo na Wikiquote na Meta. Iji gbanwee nke a, anyị kwesịrị igosi ebe anyị nwere nkwenye maka ngbanwe a, yabụ biko kwupụta echiche gị banyere mgbanwe a n'okpuru - ọ bụrụ na ịnwere nkwenye maka ngbanwe a n'ime izu ole na ole a n'abia, anyị nwere ike ịrịọ ka ha gbanwee ya. Ọ bụrụ na anyị kpebie ịgbanwe aha ndị ahụ, aha ochie nọ ebe a ga-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na njikọ, mana ọ gaghị abụ aha na-egosipụta na ibe okwu. Mee ka m mara ihe ị chere! Ya gazie! [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 15:01, 5 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

:Ọ ga adị ezigbo mkpa ma ha mgbanwe ibe okwu dị na Wikipidia anyị. E kweyere m nke ọma ka e mee mgbanwe a. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 15:12, 5 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
::Imeela na nzaghachi gị @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:18, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 
(UTC)

:Ọ di mmá kà anyị gbanwee áhà ndi a. E kwenyere m. [[Ọbanife:Kingsley Nkem|Kingsley Nkem]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Kingsley Nkem|kwuo]]) 08:35, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
::Ndewo na nkwado gị @[[Ọbanife:Kingsley Nkem|Kingsley Nkem]] [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:18, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

:E kwenyere m na mgbanwe aha a n'ihi na &quot;Nkàta&quot; ka kọwaa ya karịa &quot;okwu. [[Ọbanife:Uzoejinwa|Uzoejinwa]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Uzoejinwa|kwuo]]) 9:22, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

:A nam eche na &quot;Nkàtá&quot; kọwara ihe a na-ekwu maka ya karịa &quot;Okwu&quot;. N'ihi nke a, e kwenyere m na mgbanwe a. [[Ọbanife:Timzy D&amp;#39;Great|Timzy D&amp;#39;Great]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Timzy D&amp;#39;Great|kwuo]]) 08:49, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
::Eziokwu ka ikwuru @[[Ọbanife:Timzy D'Great|Timzy D'Great]] [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:19, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

:Ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi ime ya bụ ḿgbánwè. &quot;Ńkàtá&quot; kasịrị daba adaba nke ọma karịa &quot;Okwu&quot;. Ekwenyere m na nke ahụ. [[Ọbanife:Daberechi16|Dabere16]]
([[Okwu Ọbanife: Daberechi16|kwuo]]) 11:02, 6 Satọnafọ 2022 (UTC)

:Ọ dị mma maka &quot;Nkàta&quot; bụ aha ya kpọmkwem ma kakwa wee kọwaa ya nke oma karịa &quot;okwu. [[Ọbanife:Onyinyeonuoha|Achukwu Onyinye]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Onyinyeonuoha|kwuo]]) 1:11, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

: This change is a welcome development since it is a known fact that language is dynamic; hence Igbo language is no exception to this dynamism and as such, ''Nkata'' captures the content of the discussion. [[Ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|kwuo]]) 13:37, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
:Ọ di mmá kà anyị gbanwee áhà ndi a. E kwenyere m na nke a [[Ọbanife:Lebron jay|Lebron jay]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Lebron jay|kwuo]]) 14:04, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

:E kwenyere m ka a gbanwee áhà a site N'okwụ baa na ńkàtá maka ọ dabara nke ọma. [[Jabinekene:Ekene Amaechi|Ekene Amaechi]]  04:00, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

I agree to the change of the name ọ f &quot;Talk Places&quot; to &quot;Nkata&quot; because it gives to real meaning of the word in Igbo Language rather than&quot;talk&quot; [[Ọbanife:Chikeme Chizurum|Chikeme Chizurum]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Chikeme Chizurum|kwuo]]) 02:55, 8 Ọnwa asatọ  2022 (UTC)

==Usoro ọdide asụsụ Igbo==
===Ndakọrịta Udaume (Vowel Harmony)===
Ndakọrịta Udaume bụ usoro iwu odide Igbo wubere na ụdaume Igbo ga-agbaso mgbe eji ha emebe mkpụrụokwu maọbụ ekwu okwu.
N'asụsụ Igbo e nwere ụdaume asatọ, Ha bụ '''''a e i ị o ọ u ụ'''''. E kere Ụdaume ndị a ụzọ abụọ .
1) Ụdamfe/Otu A: a  ị  ọ  ụ. Otu A nwere kpọm n'okpuru ha ma ewepụ a
2) Ụdaarọ/Otu E: e  i  o  u. Otu E enweghị kpọm n'okpuru ha
Iwu megidere na mgbe ọbụla ụdaume si n'otu nke ọbula na-emebe okwu, mara na mkpụrụokwu ahụ ga ejupụta na ụdaume si n'otu ahụ.
Ọmụmaatụ: 
Okwu ndị si n'Otu A---
Ọgụ (fight)
Ụdọ (rope)
Azịza (broom)
ịgba (Drum) 
          
Okwu ndị si n'Otu E---
Ezi (Pig) 
Udo (peace)
Iko (Cup)
Olulu (Pit)
===Ede ụdaume na-ada iwu ndakọrịta===
1) Aha mmadụ:
Ọbiageli
Ijeọma
Chigaekwu
Chukwuma 
wee dịrị gawa
2) Okwu ọkpụ: Okwu ndị nna anyị ha na-ekwu ọkpụtọrọkpụ dịka: Ngaji
                                                            Omenala
                                                            Dibịa
                                                            Ụdaume
Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta iwu ndakọrịta Ụdaume nke ọma iji mata ma ghọta ụfọdụ mgbanwe dị n'ụtọasụsụ Igbo.

== STUDY ON WHY WIKIPEDIA IS NOT BEING USED IN NIGERIAN CLASSROOM ==
The Igbo Language and Culture Institute has applied for a project to conduct a research on Overcoming Challenges of Introducing Wikipedia in Nigeria Classroom. your suggestions will be appreciated. --[[Ọbanife:Obihoja|Obihoja]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Obihoja|kwuo]]) 10:36, 19 Ọgọọst 2022 (UTC)

== The name of this page ==

Hi!

What should be the name of this page: &quot;Nzọr ogbako&quot;, &quot;Ogbako otú&quot;, or something else? [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|kwuo]]) 07:40, 23 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

== Namespace names ==

Hi,

I spoke to @[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]], and she found many mistakes in the names of namespaces on this wiki.

This problem needs a thorough solution. As a first step, I'd love to know the Igbo Wikipedia's community opinion about several terms. For each of the following terms, there must be one consistent term used everywhere, because all these words are very common and important:

;Special
:This must be the translation of the word &quot;special&quot; in &quot;special page&quot;. (The word &quot;page&quot; is not needed, only &quot;special&quot;.) The current translation is &quot;Ihü kárírí&quot;, and it's probably incorrect. Oby Ezeilo's suggestion is &quot;Ọpụrụiche&quot;.
;Talk ''or'' Discussion
:&quot;Talk pages&quot; or &quot;Discussion pages&quot; are pages where editors have discussions about articles or about other topics. For example, &quot;Talk:Nigeria&quot; is the talk page of the article &quot;Nigeria&quot;, and &quot;User talk:Amire80&quot; is the personal talk page of User:Amire80. In English, the words &quot;Talk&quot; and &quot;Discussion&quot; are both used, but it's the same thing, so you can use one word in Igbo. The current translation is &quot;Okwu&quot;, and Oby Ezeilo's suggestion is &quot;Ńkàtá&quot;.
;User
:A user is anyone who uses the wiki as a reader or an editor. The current word is &quot;Ọbanife&quot;. Oby Ezeilo recommends the word &quot;Ojiarụ&quot;.
;File
:Files on Wikipedia usually store photos, videos, or documents. The current word is &quot;Usòrò&quot;, and it's probably wrong. What should be the correct translation?
;Template
:A template is a piece of text or code that can be embedded in other pages. Common examples of templates are infoboxes, citations, tags at the top of the article, etc. The current word is &quot;Àtụ&quot;. Is it good?
;Help
:Help pages are pages that explain how to use Wikipedia. Some examples of English-language help pages: [[:w:en:Help:Recent changes|Help:Recent changes]], [[:w:en:Help:Table|Help:Table]], etc. The current word is &quot;Nkwadọ&quot;, and Oby Ezeilo recommends &quot;Enyemaka&quot;.
;Category
:A category is a group of pages that have a similar topic. For example, the Wikipedia articles about [[:w:en:Leymah Gbowee|Leymah Gbowee]], [[:w:en:Andrei Sakharov|Andrei Sakharov]], and [[:w:en:Alva Myrdal|Alva Myrdal]] all belong to the &quot;Nobel Peace Prize laureates&quot; category in the English Wikipedia, and are automatically listed on that category's page: [[:w:en:Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]. The current word is &quot;Òtù&quot;, and Oby Ezeilo recommends &quot;Katigori&quot;.

What do other Igbo Wikipedia editors think? How should these words be written in Igbo?

Here's the list again, briefly:
* Special
* Talk
* User
* File
* Template
* Help
* Category

Please reply here.

Once everyone agrees on these terms' translation, it will be possible to write correct translations for all the namespace names.

Thank you! :) [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|kwuo]]) 08:13, 23 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

:Hello Amir, thank you for this question. After so much deliberation in our community, we voted this: 


Here's the list, 

* Special -Ọpụrụiche
* Talk - Ṅkàtá
* User -Ojiarụ
* File -Faịlụ
* Template -Templeeti 
* Help -Enyemaka
* Category - Otú
Thank you!
[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 17:04, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

:I highly support the introduction of these newly translated words. [[Ọbanife:Kingsley Nkem|Kingsley Nkem]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Kingsley Nkem|kwuo]]) 18:21, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)
:I Strongly support the use of these terms Tochiprecious listed above. Thanks [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 18:22, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

I am in support of the names translation, because it will be of a great help to our community.
[[Ọbanife: Senator Choko|Senator Choko]] ([[Okwu ọbanife: Senator Choko|kwuo]]) 18:16, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

:Effecting these changes on the page will make it more understandable to the users. I'm in support of these new developments. [[Ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|kwuo]]) 18:03, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)
::I support this.. I support the new name translation brought up here [[Ọbanife:Sayvhior|Sayvhior]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Sayvhior|kwuo]]) 19:55, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

::I support those new translations to be put to use.  [[Ọbanife:Daberechi16|Daberechi16]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Daberechi16|kwuo]]) 12:36, 25 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

:I strongly support these changes as it makes them more understandable. [[Ọbanife:Timzy D&amp;#39;Great|Timzy D&amp;#39;Great]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Timzy D&amp;#39;Great|kwuo]]) 09:06, 25 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

== Upcoming vote on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct ==

Hello all,

In mid-January 2023, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] for the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] will undergo a second community-wide ratification vote. This follows [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Results|the March 2022 vote]], which resulted in a majority of voters supporting the Enforcement Guidelines. During the vote, participants helped highlight important community concerns. The Board’s [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] requested that these areas of concern be reviewed.

The volunteer-led [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Revisions_Committee_members|Revisions Committee]] worked hard reviewing community input and making changes. They updated areas of concern, such as training and affirmation requirements, privacy and transparency in the process, and readability and translatability of the document itself.

The revised Enforcement Guidelines can be viewed '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|here]]''', and a comparison of changes can be found '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Comparison|here]]'''.

'''How to vote?'''

Beginning '''January 17, 2023''', voting will be open. '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|This page on Meta-wiki]]''' outlines information on how to vote using SecurePoll.

'''Who can vote?'''

The '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information#Voting_eligibility|eligibility requirements]]''' for this vote are the same as for the Wikimedia Board of Trustees elections. See the voter information page for more details about voter eligibility. If you are an eligible voter, you can use your Wikimedia account to access the voting server.

'''What happens after the vote?'''

Votes will be scrutinized by an independent group of volunteers, and the results will be published on Wikimedia-l, the Movement Strategy Forum, Diff and on Meta-wiki. Voters will again be able to vote and share concerns they have about the guidelines. The Board of Trustees will look at the levels of support and concerns raised as they look at how the Enforcement Guidelines should be ratified or developed further.

On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, 

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 08:59, 10 Jenụwarị 2023 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct revised enforcement guidelines vote results ==

The recent community-wide vote on the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct revised Enforcement Guidelines]] has been tallied and scrutinized. Thank you to everyone who participated.

After 3097 voters from 146 Wikimedia communities voted, the results are 76% in support of the Enforcement Guidelines, and 24% in opposition. [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting_statistics|Statistics]] for the vote are available. A more detailed summary of comments submitted during the vote will be published soon.

From here, the results and comments collected during this vote will be submitted to the Board of Trustees for their review. The current expectation is that the Board of Trustees review process will complete in March 2023. We will update you when their review process is completed.

On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 22:54, 16 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC)

== Community feedback cycle about updating the Wikimedia Terms of use starts ==

Hello everyone,

[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department|Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department]] is organizing a feedback-cycle with community members to discuss updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use.

[[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Terms_of_Use|The Terms of Use (ToU)]] are the legal terms that govern the use of websites hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. We will be gathering your feedback on a draft proposal from February through April. The draft will be translated into several languages, with written feedback accepted in any language.

This update comes in response to several things:

* Implementing the Universal Code of Conduct
* Updating project text to the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license
* Proposal for better addressing undisclosed paid editing
* Bringing our terms in line with current and recently passed laws affecting the Foundation, including the European Digital Services Act

As part of the feedback cycle two office hours will be held, the first on March 2, the second on April 4.

For further information, please consult:

* The [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Proposed_update|proposed update of the ToU by comparison]]
* The page for your [[metawiki:Talk:Terms_of_use|feedback]]
* Information about [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours|the office hours]]

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 13:00, 21 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC)

== Reminder: Office hours about updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use ==

: ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours/Reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
: [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours/Reminder|More languages]] ''•'' [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FOffice+hours%2FReminder&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= Please help translate to your language]

Hello everyone,

This a reminder that the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department|Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department]] is hosting [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours|office hours]] with community members about [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Proposed_update|updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use]].

The office hours will be held today, '''March 2, from 17:00 UTC to 18:30 UTC.''' See for more [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours|details here on Meta]].

Another office hours will be held on April 4.

We hereby kindly invite you to participate in the discussion. Please note that this meeting will be held in English language and led by the members of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team, who will take and answer your questions. Facilitators from the Movement Strategy and Governance Team will provide the necessary assistance and other meeting-related services.

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 11:55, 2 Maachị 2023 (UTC)

== Board of Trustees have ratified the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines ==
: ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement_-_Board_ratification|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
: [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement_-_Board_ratification|More languages]] ''•'' [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FRevised+enforcement+guidelines%2FAnnouncement+-+Board+ratification&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= Please help translate to your language]

Hello all, an important update on the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines:

The vote on the Enforcement Guidelines in January 2023 showed a majority approval of the Enforcement Guidelines. There were 369 comments received and a detailed summary of the comments will be published shortly. Just over three-thousand (3097) voters voted and 76% approved of the Enforcement Guidelines. You can view the '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting_statistics|vote statistics on Meta-wiki]]'''.

As the support increased, this signifies to the Board that the current version has addressed some of the issues indicated during the last review in 2022. The Board of Trustees voted to ratify the Enforcement Guidelines. The [[foundation:Resolution:Approval_of_Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Enforcement_Guidelines|resolution can be found on Foundation wiki]] and you can read more about the [[wmfblog:2023/03/21/the-enforcement-guidelines-received-strong-support-from-the-community-what-happens-next/|process behind the 2023 Enforcement Guidelines review on Diff.]]

There are some next steps to take with the important recommendations provided by the Enforcement Guidelines. More details will come soon about timelines. Thank you for your interest and participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 22:01, 23 Maachị 2023 (UTC)

== Elections Committee: Call for New Members ==

Hello everyone,

The [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Wikimedia Foundation elections committee]] (Elections Committee) is, from today until April 24, seeking an additional 2–4 members to help facilitate the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustee (Board) selection process.

The 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election is being planned. New members are invited to join the Elections Committee. The Elections Committee oversees the Board of Trustees community seat selection process. Join the committee and contribute your valuable skills and ideas to the Trustee selection process.

There are eight community- and affiliate-selected seats on [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees|the Wikimedia Foundation Board]]. The wider Wikimedia community votes for community members to occupy these seats. In 2024, the Elections Committee will oversee this selection process for the community- and affiliate-selected seats with expiring terms. This process will be supported by the Wikimedia Foundation.

Elections Committee members sign up for three-year terms and will be asked to [[phab:L37|sign a confidentiality agreement]]. Members can expect to contribute 2–5 hours per week before the selection process and 5–8 hours per week during the selection process.

As an Elections Committee member, you will be responsible for:

* Attending online meetings between now and the next election (mid-2024)
* Attending onboarding and online training in May–June 2023
* Working with the Committee to fulfill its [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Elections_Committee_Charter|other responsibilities]]

New members should have the following qualities:

* Fluency in English
* Responsiveness to email collaboration
* Knowledge of the movement and movement governance

If you would like to volunteer for this role, please '''submit your candidacy by April 24, 2023 23:59 [[:en:Anywhere_on_Earth|AoE (Anywhere on Earth)]] on [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Nominations/2023|this Meta-Wiki page]]'''.

You can [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Wikimedia_Foundation_Elections_Committee_-_2023_Call_for_New_Members|'''read the full announcement here''']]. Thank you in advance for your interest! If you are not interested but know someone who might be, share this message with them. Please let me know if you have questions.

On behalf of the Elections Committee,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 22:16, 14 Eprel 2023 (UTC)

== End of the Movement Charter ratification methodology community review ==

Hello,

The Movement Charter Drafting Committee has concluded its first community review of the methodology draft, which will be used to ratify the Movement Charter in 2024.

This community review included [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement_Charter|feedback collection on Meta]], on the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-ratification-methodology-community-review-from-10-28-april-2023/2930/6 Movement Strategy forum] as well as two [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation|conversation hours]] with communities and one conversation with the Committees of the Wikimedia projects. MCDC greatly appreciates everyone's input. The recording of the ratification methodology presentation is here and [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation/Notes_and_documentation|documentation can be accessed here]]. The timeline of the next steps of the methodology is [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMC_Ratification_Methodology_-_April_2023.pdf&amp;page=33 provided here].

The WMF support team will produce a report on the community input in May. MCDC will incorporate the feedback and share an updated version of the ratification methodology in August 2023. The MCDC will continue to outreach to stakeholders regarding the updated methodology in late 2023.

Thank you for your participation!

On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 16:40, 3 Mee 2023 (UTC)

==Dates==
I've fixed up the templates {{Tlx|Birth date and age}} {{Tlx|Death date and age}} and possibly a few more to use Igbo month names.  

* I need to translate &quot;aged&quot; as in &quot;Nwürü	11 Novemba 2002 (aged 82)&quot;.  What word should I use?
* I've used Eprelụ should this be Eprel?

Let me know if there are any problems and I'll do my best to fix them.

[[Ọbanife:Rich Farmbrough|Rich Farmbrough]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Rich Farmbrough|ṅkátá]]) 21:35, 13 Maachị 2024 (UTC)

== Ozi maka atụmatụ ndi Wikimedia Foundation nke afọ 2024-25 ==

Ndewo nụ ndi nkem!

Ndi Wikimedia Foundation ebidola ihazi atụmatụ na ebumunuche ga eduzi ọrụ anyi ndi Wikimedia na afọ 2024-25. Eji mụ ohere na egosi  anyi  ozi onye isi nke Prodọktụ na Teknọlọji onye nke a na akpọ Selena Deckelmann dere gbasara atụmatụ na ebumunuche afọ ọhuru anyi na abanye na Wikimedia. Ndi Wikimedia Foundation si na ọdi oke mkpa ka anyi gụọ ebumunuche ha maka afọ 2024-25 ma gwa ha uche gi, ma jụọ kwa ha ajụjụ gbasara atụmatụ na ebumunuche ha deputara. Inwere ike iji asụsụ ọbula di gi nma (igbo ma ọbu na English) ide puta uche gi ma juọ ha ajụjụ ebea. 

[[User:UOzurumba_(WMF)| UOzurumba (WMF)]], ma ọbụ Mazi [[User:Udehb-WMF|Benedict]] ga elegide ihụ akwụkwọ a, ma nyere aka ziruo ha ozi, ma zaa ajuju ọbula inwere. Biko guọ ozi ya ebea, ma ọbụ ebe nzisa ozi nke [[wmfblog:2024/02/20/thinking-about-annual-planning-in-the-wikimedia-foundations-product-and-technology-department/|Diff]] na nke ọzọ a na akpọ [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2024-2025/Goals/Infrastructure|Meta]].


Daalụ nụ! -[[Ọbanife:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Udehb-WMF|ṅkátá]]) 17:35, 14 Maachị 2024 (UTC)

== Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo n&lt;u&gt;ụ&lt;/u&gt; ndi Igbo Wikipedians!

Apologies, as this message is not in your language. &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Please-translate}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] proposes temporarily making Google Translate the default machine translation for your Wikipedia. Some months ago we set MinT, the new Wikimedia Foundation machine translation service, as the default for your language. However, we plan to revert this change. This is because we are [[phab:T363563|working on improving the reference support]] and fixing some bugs causing referencing issues when using MinT to translate.

During this period, contributors can still use the MinT by selecting it as an optional service. However, we want to limit its use to reduce the effect of using it as it is thereby imposing more work on translators to correct the issues manually. 

Please let us know in this thread if your community objects to our proposal and would rather have MinT as default, irrespective of our improvement plans. Rest assured, changing the default machine translation support is a temporary measure. We will notify you once we finish [[phab:T363569|the work]] and revert to MinT.

We appreciate your understanding and cooperation on this change. Daalụ nụ!

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 19:19, 30 Eprel 2024 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team.

:@[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] Thank you for the information, I am in support making Google translate temporarily the default machine translation for our Wikipedia. [[User:Akwugo|Akwugo]] ([[User talk:Akwugo|talk]])  20:54, 30 Eprel 2024 (UTC)
:Dear @[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], thanks for the heads-up. I believe the Google translate can be temporarily used for the Igbo Wikipedia - but to be changed as soon as possible the MinT is up. [[Ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|ṅkátá]]) 04:08, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC)
:Thanks @[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] for this notice. The referencing errors also occur while using Google Translate... It's a good thing your team is working towards fixing these errors, you can go ahead with the plan. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:30, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC)
:Thank you, @[[Ọbanife:Akwugo|Akwugo]], @[[Ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]] and @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], for your response. I will let the WMF Language team know your take on this. 
:Best regards
:[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 19:20, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC)

== Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo ndi Igbo Wikipedians,

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] has been working on [[mw:MinT#MinT_for_wiki_readers|MinT for Wiki Readers]]. This feature will allow communities to access more content that is only available in other languages with machine translation in Wikipedia. The initial version of this feature is ready, and we would like the Igbo Wikipedia to be the first to test and have this feature since the Igbo community has been using MinT frequently to create translations. For this, our team would like you to read about the feature and [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ih%C3%BC_k%C3%A1r%C3%ADr%C3%AD:AutomaticTranslation '''test it'''] so you can:

* Ask us questions
* Tell us how to improve the feature
* Give us your feedback on enabling it in your Wikipedia

'''About the feature'''

The MinT for Wiki Readers is a feature that will allow readers of Igbo Wikipedia to expand their reading options and knowledge beyond the language they are familiar with in Wikipedia. For instance, if someone is interested in a topic or content that only exists in the Japanese language and the person is not familiar with the language. While using the mobile web version of Wikipedia, the reader can access the machine translation version of that content in the Igbo language from the language selector or the article's footer (as shown in the image below). 
{{Gallery
| align        = center
| height       =450
| width        =200
| whitebg      = no
| noborder     = yes
| File:MinT MVP Language Selector entry point video.webm|Language selector entry point.
| File:MinT_MVP_Article_footer_entry_point.png|Article footer entry point
}}

These machine-generated translations of content are clearly identified as such, and the human-created content is surfaced and recommended if available.

This feature is in its initial development. It is an early and functional version, and many aspects will be improved based on your community member's feedback on what works and what can be improved to better support your needs as readers.

'''How to try the tool'''

Before we enable this feature in your Wikipedia by the 17th June 2024, we invite members of your community to try MinT for Wiki Readers in Igbo Wikipedia at [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AutomaticTranslation Special:AutomaticTranslation] and give us early feedback in this thread or on [[mw:Talk:MinT#Feedback_from_the_Igbo_Wikipedians_about_MinT_for_Wikipedia_Readers|this talk page]]. Our team would like to know your impression on:

* How do you use the feature
* Anything we should consider for our plans to enable it?
* Your ideas for improving it.

We greatly appreciate your time and effort in testing this tool. We eagerly look forward to your valuable feedback and questions, which will be instrumental in the further development of this feature. Thank you.

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 20:06, 10 Jụn 2024 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team.

== Temporary accounts may be rolled out in late October ==

Hello everyone. We are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product|Trust and Safety Product]] team, working on digital security and online privacy issues. We are here to let you know about [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts|temporary accounts for unregistered (logged-out) editors]]. '''Later this month, we will be rolling them out on several pilot wikis, who will have the chance to test and share comments to improve the feature before it is deployed on all wikis in mid-2025.'''

'''This change is especially relevant to the logged-out editors and the more experienced community members like patrollers and admins – anyone who uses IP addresses when blocking users and keeping the wikis safe.'''

'''Based on data we have analyzed, we believe that Igbo Wikipedia is a great candidate for being a pilot.''' We wanted to share more about what temporary accounts are, what change they bring, why we think you would be a good piloting community, and what we can do together to make sure this change goes smoothly for everyone affected.

'''Legal mandate for this work'''

The Foundation’s Legal team requires that we change the ways in which logged-out editors interact with the wikis, and how their personal data is handled. The result is the creation of temporary accounts. We are doing it to keep up with legal changes and with the ways many people expect websites to operate, and to minimize risks to logged-out editors. ([[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/FAQ#Why_are_you_working_on_temporary_accounts_at_all?|See more on the legal aspect in our FAQ]] and the [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/Updates/Legal#July_2021|2021 update from the Legal team]].)

'''How temporary accounts work'''
[[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb|400px]]
Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: ~2024-1234567 (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after the account creation date. As long as the cookie exists, all edits made by this user from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it.

What does this mean for different groups of users?

{{hidden|For logged-out editors|ta1 = left|bg1 = #eaecf0|
* This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki.
* If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice.
}}
{{hidden|For community members interacting with logged-out editors|ta1 = left|bg1 = #eaecf0|
* A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address).
* Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community.
}}
{{hidden|For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki|ta1 = left|bg1 = #eaecf0|
* '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range (&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Special:IPContributions]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/IP_Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.)
* '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''':
** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mediawikiwiki:Autoblock|autoblock]] option.
** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range.
* We are and will be working with other users with advanced permissions, like stewards.  With useful feedback from these users, we have updated tools and scheduled deployments around these updates.
* Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this.
}}

'''Why we think the Igbo Wikipedia community will be a good pilot'''

In late October, we aim to deploy on approximately 10 small and medium-sized wikis. The goal is to ensure all critical functionality (patroller workflows, tools etc.) for temporary accounts work as expected. For that to happen, we want to make sure that people are comfortable with the changed functionality. We will do our best to support the piloting communities. After deploying and improving the functionality, we will keep temporary accounts here, and later, roll them out on more wikis.

We have pre-selected potential good pilots based on different factors. For example, we considered the following statistics and technical limitations: numbers of active IPs, editors, admins, IP edits per month, and lack of blockers related to the configuration of a given wiki. Human connections are even more important, and by that, we mean: availability of colleagues like @[[Ọbanife:Udehb-WMF|Benedict]], potential ambassadors and technical members of the respective communities, and communication with affiliates and hubs and their community support projects. Based on all these factors, we believe that Igbo Wikipedia will be a good pilot.

'''What we would ask of you and next steps'''

* If you'd like to learn more about temporary accounts, please ask! We will gladly address your questions, suggestions, and other thoughts!
* If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/For_developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/For_developers#How_should_I_update_my_code?|how your code might need to be updated]].
* If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in.
* Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options, including not piloting here on Igbo Wikipedia.

Before we deploy on the first pilots, we will complete some work. This includes creating a new public dashboard presenting the impact of temporary accounts on communities ([[phab:T357763|T357763]]), building a mechanism which will automatically give the eligible users the right to reveal IP addresses ([[phab:T327913|T327913]]), and [[phab:project/view/7289/|some other tasks]].

To learn more about the project, check out [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/Updates|look at the latest updates]] and [[mediawikiwiki:Newsletter:T&amp;S_Product_projects|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you! [[User:NKohli_(WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] and [[Ọbanife:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 23:14, 4 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)

== Proposal to enable the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in Igbo Wikipedia ==

{{Int:Hello}} Igbo Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called &quot;Contribute&quot; to your Wikipedia.

The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia.

Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Igbo Wikipedia.

'''Who can access it'''

Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the &quot;Contribute&quot; icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to &quot;view contributions&quot; is also available to access the list of your contributions.

[[Faịlụ:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]                             [[Faịlụ:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]]

For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the &quot;Contributions&quot; option unless they change it to the &quot;Contribute&quot; manually.

This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the &quot;Contributions&quot; entry point as default.          

We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 20th November 2024.

We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in your Wikipedia.

We look forward to your response soon.

Thank you!

On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Ojiarụ:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 01:38, 7 Novemba 2024 (UTC)

== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

{{Int:hello}} Igbo Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[Faịlụ:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[Faịlụ:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement this improvement on your wiki '''on Monday, March 10th, 2025''' and subsequently for other Wikipedias. We plan to roll it out on all wikis and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.

We look forward to your feedback after using the new dashboard. Please reach out with any questions regarding your experience with the enhanced dashboard in this thread.

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. [[Ojiarụ:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 06:03, 5 Maachị 2025 (UTC)

== Please block Donaldbert ==

Please block [[Ojiarụ:Donaldbert]] for their actions at [[Vargaći]], recreating a previously-deleted item and removing deletion tags. Note that this user also edits as [[Ojiarụ:Berlindrag]] and is indefinitely blocked at Wikidata for abuse of multiple accounts and promotion of this entity. [[Ojiarụ:Bovlb|Bovlb]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Bovlb|ṅkátá]]) 16:50, 4 Jụn 2025 (UTC)

:It looks like they may also be editing as [[Ojiarụ:Smith.886]]. [[Ojiarụ:Bovlb|Bovlb]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Bovlb|ṅkátá]]) 18:56, 4 Jụn 2025 (UTC)
:{{done}} [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 23:23, 5 Jụn 2025 (UTC)

== Ndozi ntụgharị asụsụ ==

Ndewo ndi Igbo Wikipedians. Ana m atụ aro ka anyị dezie ntụgharị asụsụ nke “Talk” site na Ṅkàtá iji gosipụta nke ọma ka Ńkàtá. Nke a ga-akwalite nhazi ọkwa ma melite ogo na ọrụ a. Biko kwadoo arịrịọ a.  Daalụ [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 14:24, 17 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC))
* A kwadosiri m árò a ike maka nchekwa asụsụ Igbo. Nke ọbụla a na-asụpe, a sụpee ya ọfụma [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 19:07, 17 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

:A kwadoro m nhazi a, n’ihi na nsụpe nke a bụ nke kacha mma. Daalụnụ  [[User:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sayvhior&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:49, 17 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)
:Ana m akwado nke a makana ọ bu ihe dị mma.  [[Ọpụrụiche:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29202-75|&amp;#126;2025-29202-75]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:&amp;#126;2025-29202-75|talk]]) 03:55, 18 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)
:Ana m akwado nke a makana ọ bu ihe dị mma [[Ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|Philip Emeka]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|ṅkátá]]) 05:48, 18 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)
:Ana m akwado ya nke ukwuu maka na ọ tozuru ya [[Ojiarụ: Iwuala Chisom|Iwuala Chisom]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Iwuala Chisom|ṅkátá]]) 08:11, 18 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

*Ana m akwado nke a makana ọ bu ihe dị mma. [[User:Senator Choko|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Senator Choko&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Senator Choko|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:35, 18 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

:A na m akwado nhazi a. Ọ bụ ezigbo arọ  [[Ojiarụ:Epiphanus Jide|Epiphanus Jide]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Epiphanus Jide|ṅkátá]]) 18:19, 19 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Will you help us test an updated Databox? ==

''Apologies for posting in English - you can help by translating it''

Hello everyone, recently an update has been made to the [[Module:Databox|Module:Databox]] / [[Template:Databox|Template:Databox]] page with the following changes:

* A Wikidata logo and link to the connected Wikidata Item


* New parameters &lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;excludeProperties=&lt;/code&gt; can be invoked in the source code to give a greater degree of control on what the Databox displays.
** '''&lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt;''' choose a different [[d:Property:P18|image(P18)]] to display in the Databox.&lt;br&gt; Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|useImage=Hubble_Ultra_Deep_Field_part d.jpg}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
** '''&lt;code&gt;excludeParameters=&lt;/code&gt;''' hides selected Properties (and values) in from displaying in the current Databox.&lt;br&gt;Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|excludeProperties=P1290,P66}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 

* The parameters can be combined, separated by a pipe |:&lt;br&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Databox|'''useImage='''image_file.jpg|'''excludeProperties='''P123}}&lt;/code&gt;

=== How can you help? ===
Please help us by playing with the new features, adding Databoxes to Articles and using the new parameters (if it is good for the article). Mostly we just want to collect feedback on whether this is a positive change, is useful, interrupts your editing workflows and / or causes any issues or bugs.

Only the first change (Wikidata Logo+Link) will automatically apply to existing Databoxes (may take upto 30 days from this post) or after any edit to a page with a Databox (including null-edits).

The two Parameters will only show if the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; wikitext is edited with the new parameter code.&lt;br&gt;[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox#Changes_to_Databox|Find instructions to do that here]].&lt;br&gt;
Any questions, please feel free to reply here or add them to the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|Talk page]].&lt;br&gt;
Thank you, - [[Ojiarụ:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|ṅkátá]]) 18:25, 4 Novemba 2025 (UTC) on behalf of the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] Team

== Invitation to a survey ==

Dear contributors to Wikipedia in Igbo,

Apologies for posting in English! 

My name is Mali, and as a part of my PhD program at the University of Oslo, Norway, I am investigating young language communities from less digitized languages on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects.

I have previously spoken to some contributors from the Igbo community, and it has been really interesting. Now I wish to expand my understanding of this community by inviting you to take a survey about your experiences as Wikipedia-editors.  

You find the survey here: https://nettskjema.no/a/577121

The survey should take around 10  minutes. I invite you to write freely about your experiences in the open questions.   

If you complete the survey before the 15&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of December you have the possibility to win an electronic gift card worth 10 USD. Winners will be contacted directly after the survey. 


Feel free to contact me for further questions, directly on Wiki or on my email malikb@ifi.uio.no

Thank you! [[Ojiarụ:Malikbr|Malikbr]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Malikbr|ṅkátá]]) 11:49, 9 Disemba 2025 (UTC)

== Ọkwa maka bot flag request ==

Ndewo nnụ 👋

E tinyela m 'bot flag request' maka nnabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia.
Bot a ga-enye aka nabata ndị ọrụ ọhụrụ ma duzie ha otu ha ga-esi malite itinye aka.
Biko lelee ya ma kesaa echiche unu:
👉[[Wikipedia:Bots/Requests_for_approval/DolphybBot]]

Daalụ 🙏  [[Ojiarụ:Dolphyb|Dolphyb]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Dolphyb|ṅkátá]]) 13:42, 8 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

==  [[User:King ChristLike]] for Bureaucrat nomination ==

E ji m aṅụrị na-ahọpụta [[User:King ChristLike]] maka ọkwa Bureaucrat na ọrụ a.

Dịka onye nchịkwa, o gosipụtara nduzi siri ike, mkpebi ziri ezi, na nkwado maka otu ebe ọ na-akwado ma ndị ndezi ọhụrụ ma ndị ndezi nwere agba. Ọ na-egosipụta nghọta doro anya nke amụma Wikimedia na usoro otu, ekwere m na o nwere iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ikike dị mkpa iji jee ozi nke ọma dị ka Bureaucrat.

Eji m obi m niile na-akwado ma na-ahọpụta ya maka ọrụ a.


'''Bekee'''

I am happy to nominate [[User:King ChristLike]] for Bureaucrat on this project.

As an administrator, he has shown strong leadership, sound judgement, and dedication to community growth while supporting both new and experienced editors. He demonstrates a clear understanding of Wikimedia policies and community processes, and I believe he has the integrity and competence needed to serve effectively as a Bureaucrat.

I wholeheartedly support and recommend him for this role. [[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 14:21, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:Daalụ @[[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] maka ịhọpụta m. Anam anabata ya nke ọma. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 16:27, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::I vote in support of this nomination. He has shown a great deal of leadership skills and has a great eye for details. [[Ojiarụ:Vivian Amalachukwu|Vivian Amalachukwu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Vivian Amalachukwu|ṅkátá]]) 16:43, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::Am also nominating King Christlike for Bureaucrat nomination..he has proven to be a great assist in contributing to the growth of wikipedia not just Igbo wikipedia but wikipedia as a whole [[Ojiarụ:Edozie Ojekwe|Edozie Ojekwe]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Edozie Ojekwe|ṅkátá]]) 16:47, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::I support this nomination because,he is a great leader not only igbo Wikipedia but Wikipedia as whole, he tries his best to see that new people gets the hang of how things are done in Wikipedia [[Ojiarụ:Anastesia chi|Anastesia chi]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Anastesia chi|ṅkátá]]) 09:03, 13 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:Ana m akwado [[User:King ChristLike]], maka ọkwa nke ahọpụtara ya.  [[User:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#ffe900 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#ffe900 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sayvhior&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:50, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:Strong Support [[Ojiarụ:Dolphyb|Dolphyb]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Dolphyb|ṅkátá]]) 17:29, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::He has consistently demonstrated excellent leadership, good judgment, and a strong commitment to the growth of the community, while actively supporting both new and experienced contributors. His solid understanding of Wikimedia policies and community procedures, along with his integrity and capability, make him well suited for the Bureaucrat role. I fully endorse and support [[User:King ChristLike]] nomination. [[Ojiarụ:Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie|Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie|ṅkátá]]) 17:42, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:User:King ChristLike has demonstrated a high level of competence and reliability in supporting the Igbo Wikimedians community and its project. Granting him the Bureaucrat right will ensure that the impact of his contribution and commitment is reflected across boards. I hereby endorse him for this role. [[Ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince|Chinemeremprince]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince|ṅkátá]]) 22:15, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:'''Support''' [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 13:02, 2 Jụn 2026 (UTC)
[[User:King ChristLike]] has shown concern and support for the Igbo Wikimedians Community.I hereby give my support to him. [[User:Chiziqa|Chiziqa]]

[[Ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince|Chinemeremprince]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince|ṅkátá]]) 16:44, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

[[Ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|Philip Emeka]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|ṅkátá]]) I hereby vote in support of [[user:king_ChristLike]] for the bureaucrat nomination. He is good at what he does and I believe he would perform the best if given the opportunity.[[Ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|Philip Emeka]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|ṅkátá]]) 18:17, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

[[User:King ChristLike]] has demonstrated a high level of competence and reliability in supporting the Igbo Wikimedians community and its project. Granting him the Bureaucrat right will ensure that the impact of his contribution and commitment is reflected across boards. I hereby '''endorse''' him for this role.[[Ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|ṅkátá]]) 19:56, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

His commitment, contributions, teamwork, and willingness to support others in Wikimedia projects makes him a strong and deserving candidate. I strongly vote in support of [[User:King ChristLike]] for the bureaucrat nomination. 
[[Ojiarụ:Sylvaline39 |Sylvaline39]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Sylvaline39|ṅkátá]]) 10:25,1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

[[User:King ChristLike]] Is someone who leads by example. He is hardworking, reliable and always willing to support others. Whether it is in teamwork, leadership, or communication. He has proven time and time again that he have what it takes to serve effectively. I proudly nominate King ChristLike for the bureaucrat nomination.
[[Ojiarụ:Iwuala chisom|Iwuala chisom]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ: Iwuala chisom|ṅkátá]]) 11:14,2 Mee 2026 (UTC)

I am proud to endorse this nomination as [[User:King ChristLike]] has shown and is still on that path of supporting and ensuring that editors do the right thing, the right way. He is also passionate about Open source knowledge and he is duly deserving of this opportunity. [[Ojiarụ:Aminwa 21|Aminwa 21]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Aminwa 21|ṅkátá]]) 22:18, 3 Mee 2026 (UTC)

A true definition of leadership! I strongly endorse [[User:King ChristLike] for this position. [[Ojiarụ: Senator Choko|Senator Choko]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ: Senator Choko|ṅkátá]]) 21:10, 6 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:A na m akwado:@[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] maka ọkwa a n'ihi na a maara m na ọ ga-emeli ihe dị na ya [[Ojiarụ:Geraldine Kene|Geraldine Kene]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Geraldine Kene|ṅkátá]]) 06:49, 13 Mee 2026 (UTC)

'''Kwado''' — A na m akwado nhọpụta a. [[User:King ChristLike]] na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ghọtakwara iwu ndị ahụ, ma na-ekwurịta okwu nke ọma na obodo Wikimedia ndị ọzọ na ndị editọ. Atụkwasịrị m ya obi na ngwaọrụ bureaucrat. Nke a bụ votu m nye ya. 

'''Support''' — I support this nomination. [[User:King ChristLike]] is active, understands the policies, and communicates well with other wikimedia communities and editors. I trust him with bureaucrat tools. This is a vote for him.
[[Ojiarụ:Emmanuel Obiajulu|Emmanuel Obiajulu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Emmanuel Obiajulu|ṅkátá]]) 07:17, 13 Mee 2026 (UTC)
*I '''strongly support''' this initiative. More technical hands are needed on the Igbo Wikipedia space which will help tackle alot of pending activities. I look forward to seeing more technical volunteers. --[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 08:30, 13 Mee 2026 (UTC)

*I '''strongly support''' Akwadosiri m nke a ike n'ihi na Maazi Christlike egosila ụdịrị odogwu ọbụ site na mbọ niile ọ na-agba iji kwalite asụsu Igbo.[[Ojiarụ:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Oby Ezeilo|ṅkátá]]) 12:05, 14 Mee 2026 (UTC)

== It's Wiki Loves Pride... ==

Tagging some users:

@[[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], @[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]], @[[Ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]], @[[Ojiarụ:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]], @[[Ojiarụ:Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie|Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie]], @[[Ojiarụ:Sayvhior|Sayvhior]].


Currently, it is June, which means that it is Wiki Loves Pride month!

Due to this, I think that the ig.wikipedia should spend more of its time on some of the main LBGTQIAP2+ articles, translating them from the en.wikipedia (or another language) including:

Gay

Lesbian

Bisexual

Pride (LBGTQ)

Pride parade

LBGTQ

etc.


Thank you!


&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Side note: Is there a better translation for LBGTQ in Igbo than just keeping it as is?&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 18:55, 2 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

:@[[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] at the moment, we use it as it is. However, in the context of the various nomenclatures it embodies, we translate according to the context it is being used. [[Ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|ṅkátá]]) 00:20, 3 Jụn 2026 (UTC)
:@[[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] yes, we are aware of the Wiki Loves Pride campaign and plan to respond to the call for Nodes. [[Ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|ṅkátá]]) 00:21, 3 Jụn 2026 (UTC)
::Okay. I’ll make a short translation now for others to expand upon. [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512|Wikipedian12512]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512|ṅkátá]]) 01:32, 3 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

== Automated Citation Maintenance Bot  ==

Ndewo umunne. We're proposing to build a bot that automatically detects and fixes common citation and reference errors on the Igbo Wikipedia, thereby improving article quality and reducing manual maintenance. Your feedback and support is highly appreciated. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 15:49, 21 Jụn 2026 (UTC)

:Greate idea [[Ojiarụ:Matino183|Matino183]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Matino183|ṅkátá]]) 03:26, 1 Septemba 2026 (UTC)
:Awesome. This will help alot [[Ojiarụ:Kayxiero1|Kayxiero1]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Kayxiero1|ṅkátá]]) 14:22, 4 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

== Igbo Wikipedia dị ka obodo nnwale maka Abstract Wikipedia ==

Ndewo nu ndi Igbo Wikipedia.

Ndị otu Abstract Wikipedia na Wikifunctions ga-achọ ka ha na Wikipedia rụkọ ọrụ dịka otu nnwale

Abstract Wikipedia bụ ngwa ọrụ Wikimedia ọhụrụ ezubere imepụta akụkọ nwere asụsụ onwe ya. Enwere ike ịtụgharị ndị a na-akpaghị aka n'ọtụtụ asụsụ site na iji Wikifunctions. Nke a ga-enyere anyị aka itolite ọdịnaya ngwa ngwa na oghere ihe ọmụmụ dị nso, n'ihi na otu a ejirila Lexemes na Wikifunctions arụ ọrụ, nke bụ isi nke Abstract Wikipedia.

Anyị na-achọ nzaghachị na nkwado:

1. Ị na-akwado Igbo Wikipedia isonye dịka otu nnwale n'ebe Wikipedia Abstract nọ?

2. I nwere nchegbu ọ bụla ma ọ bụ aro?

3. Ị ga-esonye n'ọgbakọ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọzụzụ n'akụkụ nke a? 


Daalụ maka ntinye aka gị.


&gt;&gt; English 


Hello Igbo Wikipedians.

The Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions teams would like to work with Igbo Wikipedia as a pilot community.

Abstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project aimed at creating language-independent articles. These can be automatically rendered into many languages using Wikifunctions. This will help us grow content faster and close knowledge gaps, because the community is already active with Lexemes and Wikifunctions, which are the core of Abstract Wikipedia.

We are seeking feedback and approval:

1. Do you support Igbo Wikipedia joining as a pilot community for Abstract Wikipedia?

2. Do you have any concerns or suggestions?

3. Would you join a capacity building workshop or training session in this regard? 


Thank you for your contribution. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 21:11, 27 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)

:@[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] Daalụ maka iwetere anyị ozi a, daalụkwa unu nye ndị otu Abstract Wikipedia maka ịchọ ka anyị rụkọọ ọrụ a. Nke a kwekọrọ na atụmatụ nke otu ndị ọrụ Wikimedians nke Igbo nke e mere iji mechie oghere ihe ọmụma. Ana m atụ anya ọgbakọ iwuli ikike na otu ọ ga-esi kwado otu anyị ka o too ọdịnaya ngwa ngwa na nke ziri ezi. Ana m akwado nke a.  [[Ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|ṅkátá]]) 12:22, 28 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)

This is a great privilege for our community to join the pilot, I am available for capacity building workshop.  [[Ojiarụ:Macocobovi|Macocobovi]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|ṅkátá]]) 11:08, 31 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)

I support this move. This will be a great opportunity for the Igbo Wikimedians Community, I will definitely join the training. [[Ojiarụ:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Ogalihillary|ṅkátá]]) 22:06, 7 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

I welcome this proposal, and I will be glad to join the capacity building workshop. [[Ojiarụ: Wayit|Wayit]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ: Wayit|ṅkátá]]) 16:21, 8 Septemba 2026 (UTC+1)

This is a very nice idea, what a wonderful privileged,I can't wait to take part in the capacity building workshop. [[Ojiarụ: Naanalong Dorcas Dakyap|Naanalong Dorcas Dakyap]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ: Naanalong Dorcas Dakyap|ṅkátá]]) 16:28, 9 Septemba 2026 (UTC+1)

== Acceptance of the collaboration  ==

This is a good idea and I will be part of the capacity building workshop on this regard  [[Ojiarụ:Obasi Ogbeyialu Precious|Obasi Ogbeyialu Precious]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Obasi Ogbeyialu Precious|ṅkátá]]) 12:34, 28 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)

== I support  ==

I support Igbo Wikipedia joining the Abstract Wikipedia pilot. I believe it will help expand Igbo content and close knowledge gaps. I would also be interested in participating in the capacity-building workshop or training.
Thank you for the opportunity. [[Ojiarụ:Menetie1|Menetie1]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Menetie1|ṅkátá]]) 11:23, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC)

== Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices (Turn on beta in your Preferences settings) ==
''(Apologies for typing in English)''

Did you know that you can edit any Wikidata statement directly from your mobile device, just like on desktop?

Since April 2026 all datatypes are now supported for mobile editing. To try it out, make sure the beta feature is still enabled in your Preferences ([https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures Beta features] --&gt; &quot;Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices&quot;). Then visit any Item on your mobile.

Please test it and share your feedback while it's still in beta, so we can refine it for you before it goes live in the coming weeks. If you run into issues or have feedback, please share it on the project talk page: [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile editing of statements]].

Happy editing on mobile.
--[[Ojiarụ:Zita Zage (WMDE)|Zita Zage (WMDE)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Zita Zage (WMDE)|ṅkátá]]) 10:24, 5 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Moving draft pages to correct namespace ==
Per [[phab:T440179]], please move the following page(s) to the correct draft namespace:
* [[Draft:Ada Omo Daddy]]
* [[Draft:Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe]]
* [[Draft:In line (Film 2017)]]
Please ping me when you are done. Thanks, [[Ojiarụ:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Veritas Sapientiae|ṅkátá]]) 13:15, 5 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>SafariScribe moved page [[Abram]] to [[Abraham]] over redirect: Misspelled title</comment>
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[[Usòrò:Icon 01016 Zhertvoprinoshenie Avraama.jpg|thumbnail]]
'''Abraham''' bu aha [[nwoke]]. Obu kwaa aha onye bidoro umu Israel. Ihe o kuru mgbe odi ndu bu he bidoro ekpere chi ana-kpo ''[[Judaism]]''.

==Lee nke ozo==

* [[Bible]]
* [[Islam]]
* [[Jisọs Kraịst]]

[[Òtù:Éféfé Kraist]]

{{ÉdéNtạ}}</text>
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      <comment>Samsung''' Group bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke South [[Korea]] nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Samsung Town, [[Seoul]]. Òtù ụlọ ọrụ a nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ya—ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha Samsung—ọ bụkwa ya bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ezinụlọ nwe (*chaebol*) kachasị ukwuu na [[South Korea]]. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, Samsung nọ n'ọkwa nke ise n'ụwa niile ma a bịa n'ihe gbasara uru aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere</comment>
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[[Usòrò:Samsung Electronics logo (hangul).svg|thumb|165x165px]]
[[Usòrò:Samsung E1070.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Samsung E1070]]

'''Samsung''' Group bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke South [[Korea]] nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Samsung Town, [[Seoul]]. Òtù ụlọ ọrụ a nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ya—ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha Samsung—ọ bụkwa ya bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ezinụlọ nwe (*chaebol*) kachasị ukwuu na [[South Korea]]. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, Samsung nọ n'ọkwa nke ise n'ụwa niile ma a bịa n'ihe gbasara uru aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=기자 |first=오동희 |date=2011-05-30 |title=이건희 회장, 삼성 복지 중 첫 관심대상은? |url=https://www.mt.co.kr/industry/2011/05/30/2011053016432319544 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=머니투데이 |language=Korean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=있습니다 |first=구글 검색 선호 추가 Google 검색에서 매일경제 기사를 더 자주 볼 수 |date=2007-07-13 |title=내주 준공식 갖는 서초동 삼성타운 가보니 |url=https://www.mk.co.kr/news/realestate/4304793 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=매일경제 |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{stub}}</text>
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    <title>Zaynab Alkali</title>
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'''Zaynab Alkali''' (onye amụrụ n'afọ 1950 na Tura-Wazila, [[Ȯra Borno|Borno State]]) bụ otu n'ime novelist, ode abụ nakwa onye na-ede mkpirisi akụkọ na Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvI-Xw5CJdwC&amp;pg=PA40&amp;lpg=PA40&amp;dq=Are+Zaynab+Alkali+novels+good%3F&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=51_CUip2N4&amp;sig=RbLOnkSaWu4oGDaehWb8gRA8zTg&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=7FWySqD3Ioe4M5KS-LsL&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=10#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|title=Postcolonial African Writers: a bio-bibliographical critical sourcebook|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ips.siu.edu/iss/wid/mwp/Zaynab_Alkali.html|title=Zaynab Alkali|publisher=Ips.siu.edu|date=|accessdate=2012-01-29}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20100613095145/http://www.ips.siu.edu/ISS/WID/MWP/Files/biography_accomplishment/Nigeria_narrative.pdf Zainab Alkali], SIU.edu&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ y dika nwanyi mbụ bidoro dewa akụkọ n' Ugwu Awụsa nke ala Naijiria.

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Alkali na Tura-Wazila na State Borno n'afọ 1950. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bayero University Kano na BA na 1973. &lt;ref name=&quot;busby&quot;&gt; [[Margaret Busby]] , ''[[Daughters of Africa|Ụmụ nwanyị nke Africa]]'' , London: Cape, 1992, p. 782. &lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara akara doctorate na African Studies n'otu mahadum ahụ ma ghọọ isi nke School Girls Board. Ọ gara n'ihu ịbụ onye nkụzi na Bekee na mahadum abụọ na Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jr.Akyeampong2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Professor [[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]]|author2=Professor [[Emmanuel Akyeampong]]|author3=Steven J. Niven|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA301|date=2 February 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|pages=177–178}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ lụrụ onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Mahadum Maiduguri , Mohammed Nur Alkali, ha nwere ụmụ isii &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Personality Profiles|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Prominent-Nigerians/Zaynab-Alkali.html|publisher=Galleria Media Limited|accessdate=11 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; . 

O biliri bụrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba nke nkà mmụta ihe omume na Nasarawa State University dị na Keffi , ebe ọ na-akụzi edemede ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jr.Akyeampong2012&quot;/&gt; 

A na-ele ya anya dịka onye mbụ na-ede akwụkwọ si Northern Nigeria. &lt;ref name=&quot;mmm&quot;&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613095145/http://www.ips.siu.edu/ISS/WID/MWP/Files/biography_accomplishment/Nigeria_narrative.pdf Zainab Alkali] , SIU.edu&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Maiduguri dị ka onye nkụzi nọ na ngalaba Bekee ebe ọrụrụ ọrụ ruo afọ iri abụọ. Ka oge na-aga, ọ hapụrụ Mahadum Maiduguri gaa na National Health Care Development Agency na Abuja, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo afọ atọ ruo mgbe ọ hapụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Personality Profiles|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Prominent-Nigerians/Zaynab-Alkali.html|publisher=Galleria Media Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Ihe ndị o dere==
* ''The Stillborn'' , Lagos: Longman (Drumbeats), 1984, {{ISBN|978-0-582-78600-4}} &lt;ref&gt;Dearborn Financial Publishing, 1988; London: Longman, 1989; Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1990; Longman International Education. 1995&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=New Ed edition|title=The Stillborn (Longman African Classics)|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7879336M/The_Stillborn_(Longman_African_Classics)|publisher=Longman Group United Kingdom|date=1990-01|author=Zaynab Alkali}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Stillborn by Zaynab ALKALI on Between the Covers|url=https://www.betweenthecovers.com/pages/books/604276/zaynab-alkali/the-stillborn|work=Between the Covers|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US|author=www.bibliopolis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Stillborn (Longman African Classics)|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1490048.The_Stillborn|work=Goodreads|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stillborn (Longman Drumbeat) - Drumbeat Publishing; Alkali, Zaynab: 9780582786004 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9780582786004/Stillborn-Longman-Drumbeat-Publishing-Alkali-0582786002/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Stillborn|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Stillborn.html?id=NkQgAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Longman|date=1984|isbn=978-0-582-78600-4|language=en|author=Zaynab Alkali}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Virtuous Woman'', Longman Nigeria, 1987,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Alkali|first=Zaynab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytM8AAAAIAAJ|title=The virtuous woman|date=1987|publisher=Longman Nigeria|location=Ikeja, Nigeria|language=en|oclc=610411707}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The virtuous woman|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2579590-the-virtuous-woman|work=Goodreads|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The virtuous woman (Gong) - Alkali, Zaynab: 9789781395895 - AbeBooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9789781395895/virtuous-woman-Gong-Alkali-Zaynab-9781395893/plp|work=www.abebooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The virtuous woman by Zaynab Alkali {{!}} Open Library|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4717297W/The_virtuous_woman|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Virtuous Woman|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Virtuous_Woman.html?id=GbtkPwAACAAJ|publisher=Longman Nigeria|date=1987|isbn=978-0-582-63666-8|language=en|author=Zaynab Alkali}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Cobwebs &amp; Other Stories'' , Lagos: Malthouse Press, 1997&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cobwebs and Other Stories book by Zaynab Alkali: 9789780230296|url=https://www.betterworldbooks.com/product/detail/cobwebs-and-other-stories-9789780230296|work=Better World Books|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=Better World Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Cobwebs &amp; Other Stories|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1490052.The_Cobwebs_Other_Stories|work=Goodreads|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The cobwebs &amp; other stories / Zaynab Alkali {{!}} Smithsonian Institution|url=https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_804752|work=www.si.edu|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Cobwebs and Other Stories|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13165659M/Cobwebs_and_Other_Stories|publisher=Malthouse Pr|date=1997-04|isbn=978-978-023-029-6|author=Zaynab Alkali}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Cobwebs &amp; Other Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Cobwebs_and_other_stories.html?id=txyoAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Malthouse Press|date=1997|isbn=978-978-023-029-6|language=en|author=Zaynab Alkali}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Descendants'', Tamaza, 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Descendants|url=https://www.gettextbooks.com/isbn/9789782104731/|work=www.gettextbooks.com|accessdate=2026-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The descendants|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23217007M/The_descendants|publisher=Tamaza|date=2005|location=Wusasa, Zaria [Nigeria]|isbn=978-978-2104-73-1|author=Zaynab Alkali}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Descendants|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Descendants.html?id=oePyAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Tamaza|date=2005|isbn=978-978-2104-73-1|language=en|author=Zaynab Alkali}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Initiates'' , 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zaynab Alkali|url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL979499A/Zaynab_Alkali|work=Open Library|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zaynab Alkali — The Trailblazing Voice Of Northern Nigeria|url=https://leadership.ng/zaynab-alkali-the-trailblazing-voice-of-northern-nigeria/|date=2026-06-05|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Initiates|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Initiates.html?id=yzOFuwEACAAJ|publisher=Spectrum Books|date=2007|isbn=978-978-029-767-1|language=en|author=Zaynab Alkali}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndi edeziri ==
* Zaynab Alkali, Al Imfeld (eds. ), ''Vultures in Air: Voices from Northern Nigeria'' , Ibadan-Kaduna-Lagos: Spectrum Books, 1995,  

== Ihe nrite ==
Association nke Ndị na-ede Akwukwo Igbo (ANA) Prize Literary, 1985 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Personalities Profiles|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Prominent-Nigerians/Zaynab-Alkali.html|publisher=Galleria Media Limited|accessdate=11 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Njikọ ndị ọzọ ==
* [https://www.africanwriter.com/a-celebration-of-zaynab-alkalis-the-descendants/ Africanwriter.com] 
* [http://www.ips.siu.edu/iss/wid/mwp/Files/Powerpoints/Nigeria.pdf Ips.siu.edu] 
* Sumaila Umaisha, [http://everythinliterature.blogspot.com/2011/01/zaynab-alkali-chats-with-kasu-students.html &quot;Zaynab Alkali chats with KASU students&quot;] , 5 Jenụwarị 2011. 
* [https://www.jstor.org/pss/485960 Jstor.org] 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alkali, Zaynab}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Wendy Okolo</title>
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'''Wendy A. Okolo''' {{Audio|Ig-Wendy A. Okolo.ogg|Audio}} bụ injinia na-ahụ maka ihe banyere ụgbọelu nakwa urukpuru eluigwe ụgbọelu na-efe na ya site na iji igwe Kọmputa na-ahụ maka amamihe nke ụgbọelu n'ụlọ ọrụ [[:en:Ames_Research_Center|NASA Ames Research Center]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackengineer.com/news/wendy-okolo-most-promising-engineer-in-government/|title=Dr. Wendy Okolo: The Most Promising Engineer in Government|accessdate=2019-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwanyị nwanyị ojii izizi nwetara nzere digiri Ph.D. maka injinia na-ahụ maka ụgbọelu nakwa urukpuru eluigwe ụgbọelu na-aga na ya na [[:en:University_of_Texas_at_Arlington|University of Texas at Arlington]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;UT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=African woman reaching lofty heights as aerospace engineer|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/news/across_america/african-woman-reaching-lofty-heights-as-aerospace-engineer/article_2e74f533-daa6-56e4-9674-2fce66b46db7.html|accessdate=5 October 2019|publisher=[[Philadelphia Tribune]]|date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210202031/https://www.phillytrib.com/news/across_america/african-woman-reaching-lofty-heights-as-aerospace-engineer/article_2e74f533-daa6-56e4-9674-2fce66b46db7.html|archive-date=10 December 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi na-ahụ maka ọrụ pụrụ iche tumadi ndi gbasara ụmụ nwaanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ti.arc.nasa.gov/profile/wokolo/|title=Wendy A. Okolo}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Okolo gụrụ sekọndrị ya na kọleji na [[:en:Queen's_College,_Lagos|Queen's College]], ụlọ akwụkwọ gbasara naanị ụmụ nwaanyị nke di na [[:en:Lagos,_Nigeria|Lagos, Nigeria]]. O wee digiri nke bachelor na [[:en:Aerospace_engineering|aerospace engineering]] na Mahadum nke of Texas di na Arlington (UTA) n'afọ 2010. Okolo mechara bụrụ nwanyị isi ojii nke mbụ nwetara Ph.D. na injinịa nke urukpuru igwe na UTA n;afọ 2015 ka ọ gbara afọ iri abụọ na isii. &lt;ref name=&quot;UT&quot;/&gt; Agụmakwukọ Ph.D. ya bụ Atilla Dogan nyochara ma hụ maka ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;uta.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uta.edu/engineering/news-events/news-archives/2012/wendy-ndseg.php|title=MAE Ph.D. Student Awarded a NDSEG Fellowship {{!}} UT Arlington College of Engineering|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-02|archivedate=2019-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106005246/https://www.uta.edu/engineering/news-events/news-archives/2012/wendy-ndseg.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Okolo ka na-m digiri nke mbụ n'afọ nke mbụ ọ nọrọ dika onye isi ndị otu [[:en:Society_of_Women_Engineers|Society of Women Engineers]] na mahadum ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uta.edu/unbranded/student-life/wendy-okolo.php|title=Close Bonds - Unbranded Stories - UT Arlington|accessdate=2020-05-02|archivedate=2019-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004085151/http://www.uta.edu/unbranded/student-life/wendy-okolo.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ọrụ ==
Okolo bidoro ịmụ ọrụ ya dị ka onye injinia mgbe ọka na-agụ mahadum na [[:en:Lockheed_Martin|Lockheed Martin]], ’ọ na-arụ na [[:en:National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration| NASA]]'s [[:en:Orion_(spacecraft)|Orion spacecraft]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;nasa&quot;/&gt; N'ihe ndị ọcha kpọrọ summer, ọrụrụ na ngalaba 'Requirements Management Office in Systems Engineering nakwa the Hatch Mechanisms team' n'ime [[:en:Mechanical_Engineering|Mechanical Engineering]].  Ka o gụchara digiri nke mbụ , Okolo mechara rụọ ọrụ na ngalaba akpọrọ 'Control Design &amp; Analysis Branch' nke [[:en:Air_Force_Research_Laboratory|Air Force Research Laboratory]] (AFRL),dị na [[:en:Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base|Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebridgenewsng.com/2019/02/17/dr-wendy-okolo-the-most-promising-engineer-in-government/|title=Dr. Wendy Okolo: The Most Promising Engineer In Government - The Bridge News}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Okolo bụ osote onyeisi na ngalaba Intelligent Systems nke ndi ụlọ ọrọ NASA  &lt;ref name=&quot;thecable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerias-wendy-okolo-first-black-woman-to-obtain-a-ph-d-in-aerospace-engr-bags-fresh-award|title=Meet Wendy, Nigeria's NASA whizz who is the 'most promising engineer in US government'|date=19 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa [[:en:Research|research]] [[:en:Engineer|engineer]] ọrụ ya bụ ụchọpụta nkanaụzụ ahụike akpọrọ 'Discovery Systems Health Technology' (DaSH) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrohustler.com/wendy-okolo-phd-aerospace-engineering/|title=Nigerian Wendy Okolo becomes First African Lady to Grasp a Phd in Aerospace Engineering|date=3 March 2019|accessdate=2 May 2020|archivedate=4 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504134145/https://www.afrohustler.com/wendy-okolo-phd-aerospace-engineering/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ka osi bi ndụ ya ==
Okolo kwuru na ụmụnne ya nwanyị kuziri ya [[Amamihe|sayensị]] site na ihe ndị ha na-eme kwa ụbọchị. O kowara ha dika ndi oji anya isi. &lt;ref name=&quot;thecable&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://howafrica.com/wendy-okolo-is-the-nigerian-genius-and-first-black-woman-to-earn-phd-in-aerospace-engineering-at-nasa/|title=Wendy Okolo is the Nigerian Genius and First Black Woman to Earn PhD in Aerospace Engineering at NASA|accessdate=2020-05-02|archivedate=2020-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922075039/https://howafrica.com/wendy-okolo-is-the-nigerian-genius-and-first-black-woman-to-earn-phd-in-aerospace-engineering-at-nasa/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Onyinye ==

* Amelia Earhart Fellowship n'afọ 2012 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uta.edu/engineering/news-events/news-archives/2012/wendy-okolo.php|title=MAE Ph.D. Student Awarded an Amelia Earhart Fellowship - UT Arlington College of Engineering|accessdate=2020-05-02|archivedate=2019-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106005310/https://www.uta.edu/engineering/news-events/news-archives/2012/wendy-okolo.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* National Defence Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship n;afọ 2012 &lt;ref name=&quot;uta.edu&quot;/&gt; 
* AIAA John Leland Atwood Graduate Award n'afọ 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uta.edu/engineering/news-events/news-archives/2013/06-okolo-aiaa-award.php|title=Okolo Earns AIAA's Leland Award {{!}} UT Arlington College of Engineering|accessdate=2020-05-02|archivedate=2019-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106004554/https://www.uta.edu/engineering/news-events/news-archives/2013/06-okolo-aiaa-award.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* BEYA Global Competitiveness Conference Award n'afọ 2019 - The Most Promising Engineer in the United States Government. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; 
* Women in Aerospace Award n'afọ 2019 - Initiative, Inspiration, &amp; Impact 
* NASA Ames Early Career Research Award n'Afọ 2019 
* University of Texas at Arlington Distinguished Recent Graduate Award n'Afọ 2019 

== Lee kwa ==

* [[:en:Aerospace_engineers|Aerospace engineers]] 

== Ebe Nsinweta ==

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    <title>2015 Niger State gubernatorial election</title>
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      <text bytes="29951" sha1="bshmrwn3f4fg4xnytoa1fagi6qq8m53" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox election|election_name=2015 Niger State gubernatorial election|country=|type=presidential|ongoing=no|previous_election=[[2011 Niger State gubernatorial election|2011]]|previous_year=[[2011 Niger State gubernatorial election|2011]]|next_election=[[2019 Niger State gubernatorial election|2019]]|next_year=[[2019 Niger State gubernatorial election|2019]]|election_date=April 11, 2015|image2=|title=Governor|map_caption=|map_size=|map_image=|nominee1=[[Abubakar Sani Bello]]|party1=All Progressives Congress|popular_vote1=593,702|percentage1=|nominee2=Umar Nasko|party2=People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|popular_vote2=239,772|percentage2=|image1=|before_election=[[Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu]]|before_party=People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|after_election=[[Abubakar Sani Bello]]|after_party=All Progressives Congress}}Ntuliaka ọkwa gọvanọ nke mpaghara Niger Steet nke '''afọ 2015''' [[Ȯra Niger|bụ ntuli aka ọkwa gọvanọ  nke asatọ nke steeti Niger]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Igboanugo|first=Ada|date=2015-04-12|title=LIVE: INEC announces results of Governorship elections » YNaija|url=https://naija.yafri.ca/live-inec-announces-results-of-governorship-elections/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-04-13|title=Nigeria's APC win landslide over PDP in state polls|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32280676|accessdate=2021-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=Elections: APC wins 19 states as PDP takes seven|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/elections-apc-wins-19-states-as-pdp-takes-seven/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-05-16|title=Issues as governorship contest shifts to tribunals|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/issues-as-governorship-contest-shifts-to-tribunals/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-25|title=Governors-elect: Facts behind the faces|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/governors-elect-facts-behind-the-faces/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-11|title=ANALYSIS: How the governorship elections would be won and lost {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/180993-analysis-how-the-governorship-elections-would-be-won-and-lost.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-04|title=Governorship Polls: How states will vote|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/governorship-polls-how-states-will-vote/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2015-04-12|title=INEC’s Statement on Governorship &amp; State Assembly Elections – READ|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/04/inecs-statement-on-governorship-state-assembly-elections-read/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-12|title=Nigeria 2015 Governorship, State Assemblies Elections – LIVE UPDATES (INEC Declarations) {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/investigationspecial-reports/181232-nigeria-2015-governorship-state-assemblies-elections-live-updates-inec-declarations.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PDP Sets Governorship Primaries For Nov 29, Presidential For Dec 6|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/157585/pdp-sets-governorship-primaries-for-nov-29-presidential-for.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-24|title=#NigeriaDecides2015: APC wins majority of Nigeria states in governorship poll {{!}}|url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237793|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052252/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237793}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-15|title=Nigeria Elections 2015: APC wins 13 states, PDP 4 in governorship polls|url=http://pulse.ng/politics/nigeria-elections-2015-apc-wins-13-states-pdp-4-in-governorship-polls-id3649343.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415225327/http://pulse.ng/politics/nigeria-elections-2015-apc-wins-13-states-pdp-4-in-governorship-polls-id3649343.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=APC wins in 13 states, PDP victorious in four|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/apc-wins-in-13-states-pdp-victorious-in-four/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413070322/http://www.punchng.com/news/apc-wins-in-13-states-pdp-victorious-in-four/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-07-25|title=APC sweeps gov polls: Wins 19 States and counting, PDP is finished… See results. {{!}}|url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237638|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725113258/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237638}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emere n'abalị iri n'otu nke ọnwa  Eprel afọ 2015, onye nnọchite anya otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị [[All Progressives Congress]] Abubakar Sani Bello meriri na ntuliaka, merie Umar Nasko nke otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2015 Governors Election Results Summary and Analysis by States in Nigeria|url=https://whowin.com.ng/2015-governors-election-result.aspx|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=whowin.com.ng|archivedate=2021-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430191210/https://whowin.com.ng/2015-governors-election-result.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Election Centre|url=https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/governor/2015|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=nigeriaelections.stearsng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=APC sweeps out PDP in Nigeria's northern states -|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2015/04/13/apc-sweeps-out-pdp-in-nigerias-northern-states/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=pmnews|date=2015-04-13|title=APC wins Niger, Kano, Adamawa, Nasarawa, Kebbi|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/04/13/apc-wins-niger-kano-adamawa-nasarawa-kebbi/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=P.M. News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Correspondents|first=Our|date=2015-04-13|title=Nigeria – APC sweeps out PDP in governor and state elections|url=https://africasustainableconservation.com/2015/04/13/nigeria-apc-sweeps-out-pdp-in-governor-and-state-elections/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Africa Sustainable Conservation News|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064048/https://africasustainableconservation.com/2015/04/13/nigeria-apc-sweeps-out-pdp-in-governor-and-state-elections/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Time|date=2015-08-30|title=Meet APC Governors|url=https://timenigeria.com/meet-apc-governors/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Time Nigeria Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2015-04-12|title=Governorship Election Results Part 1: Tambuwal, Amosun, Masari &amp; More Win|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/04/governorship-election-results-part-1-tambuwal-amosun-okorocha-more-win/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2015-04-13|title=Governorship Election Results Part 2: Wike, Al-Makura, Ganduje &amp; More Emerge Winners|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/04/governorship-election-results-part-2-wike-al-makura-ganduje-more-emerge-winners/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=GOVERNORSHIP ELECTION RESULTS|url=https://dailytrust.com/governorship-election-results|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501001115/https://dailytrust.com/governorship-election-results}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=Bello|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/niger-governorship-apcs-bello-declared-winner/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-11|title=In Niger, It’s The Battle Of The Generals’ Sons|url=https://guardian.ng/news/in-niger-its-the-battle-of-the-generals-sons/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=APC 19 - 7 PDP... Results of 2015 gov election|url=https://www.thecable.ng/apc-17-7-pdp-results-2015-gov-election|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2015 Gubernatorial Election: Results so Far… – KapitalFM 92.9 Abuja|url=https://kapital929.fm/2015-gubernatorial-election-results-so-far/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=kapital929.fm|archivedate=2021-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523141338/https://kapital929.fm/2015-gubernatorial-election-results-so-far/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The governors emerge: Ribadu, Agbaje, Yero, Dakuku crash out - Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/the-governors-emerge-ribadu-agbaje-yero-dakuku-crash-out/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=hallmarknews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=GUBER ELECTION LATEST: APC WINS 14 STATES, PDP 4 – Abia, Rivers, Cross River not ready yet|url=https://theyesng.com/guber-election-latest-apc-wins-14-states-pdp-4-abia-rivers-cross-river-not-ready-yet/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Yes International! Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ejiofor|first=Clement|date=2015-04-12|title=2015 Governorship Election In Nigeria: Official Results From States|url=https://www.legit.ng/419961-read-official-results-of-2015-governorship-election.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428114852/https://www.legit.ng/419961-read-official-results-of-2015-governorship-election.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=xinhuanet.com|date=2015-04-12|title=Key governorship positions return to Nigeria?s opposition party|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/key-governorship-positions-return-to-nigerias-opposition-party/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=News Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - 2015 Election Results - Google Drive|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/tghGyMtgwvGREo_mYjftkFw/htmlview|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=docs.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Time|date=2015-08-30|title=Meet APC Governors|url=https://timenigeria.com/meet-apc-governors/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Time Nigeria Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reflections On 2015 General Elections|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/176495/reflections-on-2015-general-elections.html|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-11|title=#NigeriaDecides 2015: Governorship and State House of Assembly Elections Results - LIVE UPDATES|url=https://guardian.ng/lead-story/nigeriadecides-2015-governorship-and-assemblies-elections-results-live-updates/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Services|first=Compiled from Wire|date=2015-04-13|title=Buhari's APC winning big in Nigeria governorship polls|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/africa/2015/04/13/buharis-apc-winning-big-in-nigeria-governorship-polls|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Daily Sabah|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-15|title=List &amp; faces of newly elected governors in Nigeria|url=https://theinfong.com/2015/04/faces-and-list-of-newly-elected-governors-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Theinfong|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523135445/https://theinfong.com/2015/04/faces-and-list-of-newly-elected-governors-in-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ugwuanyi|first=Sylvester|date=2015-04-13|title=Detailed results from Saturday’s governorship election|url=https://dailypost.ng/2015/04/13/detailed-results-from-saturdays-governorship-election/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntuliaka imeụlọ APC ==
Onye na-azọ  ọkwa n'okpuru otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị APC, Abubakar Sani Bello nwetara tiketi pati ahụ. E mere ntuliaka imeụlọ otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị APC n'afọ 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-10-05|title=FULL LIST: Mala Buni, Dapo Abiodun... APC approves guber candidates for 24 states|url=https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-mala-buni-dapo-abiodun-apc-approves-guber-candidates-for-24-states|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=editor|date=2018-10-01|title=Incumbents Coast to Victory in APC, PDP Gov Primaries|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/10/01/incumbents-coast-to-victory-in-apc-pdp-gov-primaries/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-02-10|title=Nigeria: How progressive is the APC?|url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/9964/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=New African Magazine|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527082508/https://newafricanmagazine.com/9964/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-04|title=APC governorship primaries: Day of reckoning|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/apc-governorship-primaries-day-reckoning/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-02-17|title=APC Must Conduct Transparent Governorship Primaries, Says Wahab, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/apc-must-conduct-transparent-governorship-primaries-says-wahab/195653/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217190957/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/apc-must-conduct-transparent-governorship-primaries-says-wahab/195653/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-04|title=APC Governorship primaries updates|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-governorship-primaries-updates/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-11-29|title=APC: Rave of the moment in North-West, NorthEast|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-rave-of-the-moment-in-north-west-northeast/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-04|title=A festival of choice|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/festival-choice/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daily|first=Peoples|date=2014-12-08|title=Presidential Primaries: Power play as APC gubernatorial candidates emerge|url=https://peoplesdailyng.com/presidential-primaries-power-play-as-apc-gubernatorial-candidates-emerge/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Peoples Daily Newspaper|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527085053/https://peoplesdailyng.com/presidential-primaries-power-play-as-apc-gubernatorial-candidates-emerge/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntuliaka imeụlọ PDP ==
Umar Nasko bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị PDP nwetara tiketi pati ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PDP governorship primaries: 8 ministers may quit in weeks|url=https://dailytrust.com/pdp-governorship-primaries-8-ministers-may-quit-in-weeks|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527080648/https://dailytrust.com/pdp-governorship-primaries-8-ministers-may-quit-in-weeks}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-14|title=Flawed Primaries, Aggrieved Aspirants Set To Dump PDP En masse|url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/12/14/flawed-primaries-aggrieved-aspirants-set-dump-pdp-en-masse|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Sahara Reporters}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-09|title=Primaries chaos rocks PDP|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/primaries-chaos-rocks-pdp/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-08|title=PDP faces crises in 17 states|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-faces-crises-17-states/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-11-13|title=How PDP govs hijacked party structures ahead 2015|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21050-how-pdp-govs-hijacked-party-structures-ahead-2015|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2014-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113013640/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21050-how-pdp-govs-hijacked-party-structures-ahead-2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-11-21|title=Battle for 2015: Fresh crisis hits PDP|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21019-battle-for-2015-fresh-crisis-hits-pdp|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2014-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121161050/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21019-battle-for-2015-fresh-crisis-hits-pdp}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-01-18|title=2015 Guber Race: 10 Toughest Battlegrounds|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/top-stories/19165-2015-guber-race-10-toughest-battlegrounds|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118064725/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/top-stories/19165-2015-guber-race-10-toughest-battlegrounds}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-01-01|title=The building blocks of 2015|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/25240-the-building-blocks-of-2015|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101043414/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/25240-the-building-blocks-of-2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-06|title=PDP chieftain calls for peace among gov aspirants|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/20074-pdp-chieftain-calls-for-peace-among-gov-aspirants|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406030948/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/20074-pdp-chieftain-calls-for-peace-among-gov-aspirants}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-08-11|title=APC, PDP and battle for 2015|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-pdp-and-battle-for-2015/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-08|title=Ribadu wins PDP Adamawa, Dankwambo retains Gombe and crisis in Niger -|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2014/12/08/ribadu-wins-pdp-adamawa-dankwambo-retains-gombe-and-crisis-in-niger/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PressReader.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines.|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust/20141226/281835757057799|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=www.pressreader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ihedioha, Ribadu, Agbaje, Okowa, Wike, and others Win PDP Gubernatorial Primaries for 2015 Elections {{!}} The African Democrat|url=http://africandemocrat.com/content/ihedioha-ribadu-agbaje-okowa-wike-and-others-win-pdp-gubernatorial-primaries-2015-elections|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=africandemocrat.com|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527080659/http://africandemocrat.com/content/ihedioha-ribadu-agbaje-okowa-wike-and-others-win-pdp-gubernatorial-primaries-2015-elections}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-09|title=PDP Governorship Primaries: Ribadu, Folarin, Okowa, Agbaje, others win|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/pdp-governorship-primaries-ribadu-folarin-okowa-agbaje-others-win/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emere ntuliaka imeụlọ PDP  n'afọ 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PressReader.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines.|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20141214/282200829261007|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=www.pressreader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-08|title=Update: PDP Governorship primaries|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/update-pdp-governorship-primaries/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jimi Agbaje, Ifeanyi Okowa, Nyesom Wike, Teslim Folarin Win PDP Governorship Primaries|url=https://onobello.com/jimi-agbaje-ifeanyi-okowa-nyesom-wike-teslim-folarin-win-pdp-governorship-primaries/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=onobello.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527080651/https://onobello.com/jimi-agbaje-ifeanyi-okowa-nyesom-wike-teslim-folarin-win-pdp-governorship-primaries/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Primary Elections: Wike, Folarin, Others Win PDP Governorship Tickets|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2014/12/08/pdp-primaries-wike-folarin-others-win-governorship-tickets/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-05-17|title=PDP primaries nationwide reactions|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23725-pdp-primaries|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517110358/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23725-pdp-primaries}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-09|title=Primaries: PDP in disarray|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/primaries-pdp-disarray/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-05-12|title=Who picks PDP govs ticket?|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23557-who-picks-pdp-govs-ticket|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512052002/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23557-who-picks-pdp-govs-ticket}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-03-27|title=PDP Governorship Primaries: A Harvest of Upsets, Protests, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/pdp-governorship-primaries-a-harvest-of-upsets-protests/196647/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327023519/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/pdp-governorship-primaries-a-harvest-of-upsets-protests/196647/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-19|title=The emerging power blocs in PDP|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23124-the-emerging-power-blocs-in-pdp|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419214943/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23124-the-emerging-power-blocs-in-pdp}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-18|title=PDP primaries|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23033-pdp-primaries|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418142824/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23033-pdp-primaries}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=A tale of woes|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tale-woes/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-07-03|title=Protests, Defection Trail PDP Guber Primaries {{!}} OSUN DEFENDER|url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=199254|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2015-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703093346/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=199254}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-13|title=2015: Governorship primary tears PDP apart in states|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/2015-governorship-primary-tears-pdp-apart-in-states/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2014-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213024456/http://www.punchng.com/news/2015-governorship-primary-tears-pdp-apart-in-states/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-03|title=Mixed reactions trail PDP primaries|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/22912-mixed-reactions-trail-pdp-primaries|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=web.archive.org|archivedate=2014-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203032616/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/22912-mixed-reactions-trail-pdp-primaries}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsonaazụ ==
Ngụkọta mmadụ iri sonyere na ntuliaka ahụ. Abubakar Sani Bello onye si na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress]] meriri na ntuliaka, wee merie Umar Nasko n'aka [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] . Onye mmeri, Abubakar Sani Bello meriri na ọchịchị ime obodo iri abụọ na-atọ n'ime iri abụọ n'ise na steeti ahụ, Umar Nasko meriri naanị obere ọchịchị ime obodo abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2015 Elections: A Time to Choose (3); Focus on Akwa Ibom, Nasarawa, Taraba, Oyo, Kano, By Olusegun Adeniyi|url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/9221-2015-Elections-A-Time-to-Choose-3-Focus-on-Akwa-Ibom-Nasarawa-Taraba-Oyo-Kano-By-Olusegun-Adeniyi|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=News Express Nigeria Website|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501002619/https://newsexpressngr.com/news/9221-2015-Elections-A-Time-to-Choose-3-Focus-on-Akwa-Ibom-Nasarawa-Taraba-Oyo-Kano-By-Olusegun-Adeniyi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admins|date=2015-04-13|title=Niger :Nasko Congratulates Victorious Abu Lolo Newsdiaryonline|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/niger-nasko-congratulates-victorious-abu-lolo/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Newsdiaryonline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admins|date=2015-04-13|title=Lalong ,Ortom ,Al-Makura Join Ganduje ,Bagudu,Yari, Abu Lolo ,Okowa As Winners Newsdiaryonline|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/lalong-ortom-al-makura-join-ganduje-baguduyari-abu-lolo-okowa-as-winners/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Newsdiaryonline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-27|title=After final whistle, it's APC 22 - 13 PDP|url=https://www.thecable.ng/final-whistle-apc-22-13-pdp|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=APC tsunami sinks PDP in 19 states …Adamawa, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Oyo, Plateau, Sokoto, Yobo and Zamfara {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/apc-tsunami-sinks-pdp-in-19-states-adamawa-bauchi-benue-borno-jigawa-kaduna-kano-katsina-kebbi-kwara-lagos-nasarawa-niger-ogun-oyo-plateau-sokoto-yobo-and-zamfara/|accessdate=2021-05-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Editorial|date=2015-04-13|title=APC Wins Governorship Election In 19 States|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/apc-wins-governorship-election-in-19-states/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=International Centre for Investigative Reporting|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admins|date=2015-04-08|title=Choose One: Abu Lolo or Umar Nasko, By Mustapha Zubairu Newsdiaryonline|url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/choose-one-abu-lolo-or-umar-nasko-by-mustapha-zubairu/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Newsdiaryonline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=NIGER GOV: PDP's candidate Nasko concedes defeat to Bello|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/niger-gov-pdps-candidate-nasko-concedes-defeat-to-bello/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Election update : Abubakar Bello wins in Niger state {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/election-update-abubakar-bello-wins-in-niger-state/|accessdate=2021-05-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Headliners|title=Final Niger State Governorship Election Result {{!}} Nigeria News Headlines Today|url=https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/nigeria-2015-election-report/2015/04/13/final-niger-state-governorship-election-result/|accessdate=2021-05-01|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064048/https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/nigeria-2015-election-report/2015/04/13/final-niger-state-governorship-election-result/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=2015-04-13|title=Niger State Governor-Elect, Sani-Bello Says 2015 Elections Has Restored Voters’ Power|url=https://newswirengr.com/2015/04/13/niger-state-governor-elect-sani-bello-says-2015-elections-has-restored-voters-power/|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=NewsWireNGR|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064049/https://newswirengr.com/2015/04/13/niger-state-governor-elect-sani-bello-says-2015-elections-has-restored-voters-power/|archive-date=2021-05-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Buhari's APC wins big in Nigeria's governorship poll|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/buharis-apc-wins-big-in-nigerias-governorship-poll/57958|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Election box begin|title=2015 Niger State gubernatorial election}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All Progressives Congress|candidate='''[[Abubakar Sani Bello]]'''|votes=593,702}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|candidate=Umar Nasko|votes=239,772}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|winner=All Progressives Congress}}
{{Election box end}}

== Ebensidee ==
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[[Òtù:Category:Ntuliaka ọkwa gọvanọ nke afọ 2015 na Naịjirịa]]
[[Òtù:Category:Ntuliaka ọkwa gọvanọ nke Niger Steeti]]</text>
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    <title>Sarah Ladipo Manyika</title>
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'''Sarah Ladipo Manyika''' (a mụrụ ya na Maachị  7 1968) ọ bụ onye Britain-Nigeria, odee akwụkwọ iduaazị, nkenke akụkọ na edemede. Ọ bụ ya dere akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ ama ama bụ I''n Dependence'' Like ''a Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun'' (2016), ma nwee ọrụ ya ndị ebipụtara n'akwụkwọ mbipụta gụnyere ''Granta'', ''Transition'', ''Guernica'', na ''OZY. O jeela ozi dịka'' onye malitere nnyocha akwụkwọ nke ''OZY'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;OZY&quot;&gt;[http://www.ozy.com/ozy-tribe/sarah-manyika/81439 Sarah Ládípọ̀ Manyika] biography at ''OZY''.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ Manyika gbakwara na 2019 anthology ''New Daughters of Africa'' . &lt;ref&gt;[https://brittlepaper.com/2019/03/photos-from-the-london-launch-of-margaret-busbys-new-daughters-of-africa-anthology/ &quot;Photos from the London Launch of Margaret Busby’s New Daughters of Africa Anthology&quot;], ''Brittle Paper'', 9 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
Sarah Manyika bụ onye a mụrụ ma zụlite na [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] . O  biekwala na [[Kenya]], France, Zimbabwe, na Britain.  Nna ya bụ onye Naijiria ebe nne ya bụ onye Britain. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/my-style-is-simple-and-chic/|work=New Telegraph|title=My style is simple and chic - Sarah Ladipo Manyika|author=Vanessa Okwara|date=3 August 2014|accessdate=13 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122843/http://newtelegraphonline.com/my-style-is-simple-and-chic/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyika nwetara aha ọmụmụ ya (Ladipo) n'aka nna ya, onye a mụrụ na [[Ibadan]] (South-West Nigeria) na njedebe 1930s. Nna ya matara ma lụọ nne ya na UK na 1960s. Sarah nọrọ ọtụtụ oge na [[Lagos]]  mgbe ọ bụ nwata tinyere obodo [[Jos]] na [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau State]] .  Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ biri afọ abụọ na Nairobi, Kenya, tupu ndị ezinụlọ ya akwaga UK.

== Ọrụ ==
Manyika gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Birmingham (UK), Bordeaux (France), na California (Berkeley), ma nweta nzere Ph.D . &lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;[https://www.sarahladipomanyika.com/about-sarah/ &quot;About Sarah Ladipo Manyika&quot;], Sarah Ladipo Manyika website.&lt;/ref&gt; ọ lụrụ di na Harare, Zimbabwe, na 1994, ma ugbu ọ na-eke oge ya n'etiti San Francisco, California (ebe ọ kụziiri agụmagụ na San Francisco State University), London na Harare.

Ihe ndị o dere gụnyere edemede ebipụtara ebipụta, akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, akwụkwọ ndị o nyochara na obere akụkọ. Akụkọ nkenke ya bụ &quot;Mr Wonder&quot; pụtara na nchịkọta 2008 ''Women Writing Zimbabwe'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=It's all women, passion and skill in Weaver Press's latest anthology|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/?s=+%22It%27s+all+women%2C+passion+and+skill+in+Weaver+Press%27s+latest+anthology&amp;cat=0|author=Lawrence Hoba|work=The Zimbabwean|date=26 August 2008|accessdate=15 February 2009}} Via [https://web.archive.org/web/20220306103902/https://weaverpresszimbabwe.com/latest-reviews/13-women-writing-zimbabwe/157-review-of-women-writing-zimbabwe-lawrence-hoba.html Weaver Press.]&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Legend Press sign San Francisco-based author Sarah Ladipo Manyika|url=http://www.free-press-release.com/news/200806/1212575240.html|work=Free Press Release|date=4 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''In Dependence'', bụ nke Legend Press, London, bipụtara na 2008, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Obi Nwankanam|title=Sarah Manyika's in dependence|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/content/view/28752/74/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|date=15 February 2009|accessdate=15 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụkwa nke ọba akwụkwọ kachanụ na UK họọrọ ma gosipụta na  Black History Month. &lt;ref&gt;Interview by Ovo Adagha: {{Cite journal|url=http://www.african-writing.com/nine/sarahmanyika.htm|title=Sarah Ladipo Manyika|accessdate=21 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2009, ''In Dependence bụkwa nke ụlọọrụ'' Cassava Republic bipụtara, &lt;ref&gt;[https://cassavarepublic.biz/?product=in-dependence ''In Dependence'' page], Cassava Republic Press.&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ụlọọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ agụmagụ na Abuja, Naị́jiriị́a(nakwa na UK), ya na ndị odee aka siri ike gụnyere Teju Cole na [[Helon Habila]] . N’ikwu banyere mkpebi ya isonyere otu African publisher, Manyika kwuru sị,: “A chọpụtara m na site n'inye African Publishers ikikere nke mba ụwa, na enyela m aka gboo mkpa nke ikikere ahaghị nhata nha n'ụwa n'ebe ndị nchedo agụmagụ dị, ọbụna maka ihe a na-akpọ akụkọ Africa, gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://thewritesofwoman.wordpress.com/2016/11/02/interview-with-sarah-ladipo-manyika/ &quot;Interview with Sarah Ladipo Manyika&quot;], ''The Writes of Woman'', 2 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Toni Kan na-ede na ''Lagos Review'' : &quot;Sarah Manyika edewo akwụkwọ akụkọ na-adọrọ mmasị nke ga-abụ ịgba na pantheon nke agụmagụ ọdịnala.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thelagosreview.ng/blastfromthepast-a-review-of-sarah-ladipo-manyikas-in-dependence-toni-kan/|title=#Blastfromthepast A review of Sarah Ladipo Manyika's 'In Dependence'|first=Toni|author=Kan|work=The Lagos Review|date=7 March 2021|accessdate=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2014, Weaver Press na Zimbabwe bipụtara ''In Dependence'', ebe ọ bụ akwụkwọ esetịpụrụ maka ule agba elu n'agụmagụ bekee. &lt;ref&gt;Beaven Tapureta, [http://www.herald.co.zw/sarah-manyikas-debut-novel-thrills/ &quot;Sarah Manyika's debut novel thrills&quot;], ''The Herald'' (Zimbabwe), 1 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ''In Dependence'' bụkwa nke Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) na Naijiria webatara maka ndị na-ele ule n'afọ 2017 UTME . &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201610/http://www.nigeriatoday.ng/2017/03/jamb-introduces-new-novel-for-2017-utme-candidates-in-dependence-read-the-summary/ &quot;JAMB Introduces New Novel For 2017 UTME Candidates which the students enjoy since for the past few years they've been reading The Last Days At Forcados High School a novel that was also published by Cassava Republic press – 'In Dependence'&quot;], ''Nigeria Today'', 14 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ Manyika, Like A ''Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun'', na mbipụta nke Spring 2016 bụ nke ọtụtụ ndị odee ndị ọzọ nabatara nke gụnyere Bernardine Evaristo (&quot;Akụkọ Manyika banyere otu agadi nwanyị Naijiria dị jụụ, bụrụ ọkaibe ma na-enye agụmagụ ndị Afịrịka nke oge a ókèala ọhụrụ), Aminatta Forna (&quot;mara mma na nke ọma. . . Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sarah Manyika na-egosi ndị nkịtị ebe ha kacha mma. Nke a na-ewuli elu!&quot; ), NoViolet Bulawayo (&quot;onye adịghị ada mba, Onye nwere echiche, Onye na-akpa ọchị, na-akpali akpali&quot;), Jamal Mahjoub (&quot;Manyika ji ịnụ ọkụ na mmụọ dị jụụ na-eme ka agwa ndị dị n'akwụkwọ ya nke ọma&quot;), Peter Orner (&quot; Akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ mara mma, dị mkpa, ma na-adịgide ogologo oge n'uche ndị gụrụ ya), EC Osondu (&quot; echefughị echefu ... ntụgharị uche miri emi n' ọnwụ, ncheta, nchụpụ na owu ọmụma. Agwa ndị dị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ a ga-adịgide n'uche gị&quot;), na Brian Chikwava (&quot; akwụkwọ akụkọ a haziri nke ọma, na-eju anya mgbe niile&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Like-Mule-Bringing-Ice-Cream/dp/1911115049 ''Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun''] at Amazon.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200926201953/https://www.jamesmurua.com/sarah-ladipo-manyikas-sophomore-novel-for-april-1/ &quot;Sarah Ladipo Manyika’s sophomore novel for April 1&quot;], ''James Murua's African Literature Blog'', 14 March 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; A tụgharịala ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;/&gt;

''Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun'' bụ ndị a họpụtara na Septemba 2016 maka ihe nrite Goldsmiths (ya na akwụkwọ nke Rachel Cusk, Deborah Levy, Eimear McBride, Mike McCormack na Anakana Schofield ), &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/28/goldsmiths-prize-shortlists-novels-eimear-mcbride-deborah-levy-hot-milk &quot;The full shortlist&quot;], The Goldsmiths Prize 2016, Goldsmiths, University of London.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Anna Leszkiewicz, [http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2016/11/erotic-dreams-about-man-half-my-age-sarah-ladipo-manyika-reveals-value &quot;'Erotic dreams about a man half my age': Sarah Ladipo Manyika reveals the value of pleasure&quot;], ''[[New Statesman]]'', 3 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Afịrịka a ga-atụle maka ihe nrite a&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;Ainehi Edoro, [http://brittlepaper.com/2016/10/matters-sarah-manyika-goldsmith-prize-shortlist/ &quot;Why it Matters that Sarah L. Manyika is on the Goldsmiths Prize Shortlist&quot;], ''Brittle Paper'', 10 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; nke akwadebere  iji kwụọ ụgwọ akụkọ arọrọ arọ d[ ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ. E wepụtakwara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ maka nturuugo akwụkwọ California na ngalaba akụkọ arọrọ arọ (ya na ọrụ ndị odee dị ka Andrew Sean Greer, Percival Everett, na Viet Thanh Nguyen ). &lt;ref&gt;[[Abubakar Adam Ibrahim]], [https://dailytrust.com/sarah-manyika-shortlisted-for-california-book-award &quot;Sarah Manyika Shortlisted For California Book Award&quot;], ''[[Daily Trust]]'', 1 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Na  mmalite Like a ''Mule Bringing Ice Cream to the Sun,'' Manyika kwuru, sị: &quot;Ahụla m ọtụtụ ndị inyom meworo agadi bụ́ ndị biri ndụ mara mma, ma a bịa n'ihe banyere arọrọ arọ, ahụghị m ọtụtụ akụkọ na-egosipụta nke a, karịsịa na ndu umunwanyi ojii. Mgbe m na-enweghị ike ịhụ akụkọ ndị m ga-achọ ịgụ, m na-agbalị ide ha n'onwe m.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Anna Leszkiewicz, [http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2016/11/sarah-ladipo-manyika-breaking-convention-often-takes-courage-and-seldom &quot;Sarah Ladipo Manyika: 'Breaking convention often takes courage and is seldom rewarded'&quot;], ''New Statesman'', 2 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Aha akwụkwọ akụkọ a bụ ahịrị m nwetara site n'uri Mary Ruefle nke a kpọrọ &quot;Donkey On&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Beaven Tapureta, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220306103855/https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-opinion-sc-book+reviews-byo-92793.html &quot;Manyika launches second book&quot;], ''Bulawayo24'', 20 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyika bụ onye tinyere ezi mgbalị na  2019 anthology ''New Daughters of Africa: International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent'', nke Margaret Busby deziri, na-ekere òkè na ihe omume ndị metụtara ya. &lt;ref&gt;Olatoun Gabi-Williams, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230127160015/https://guardian.ng/art/after-seminal-anthology-busby-celebrates-new-daughters-of-africa/ &quot;After seminal anthology, Busby celebrates New Daughters of Africa&quot;], ''The Guardian'' (Nigeria), 21 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Adaobi Onyeakagbu, [https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-taiye-selasi-among-200-female-contributors-for-new-daughters/tezdbp3 &quot;Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Taiye Selasi among 200 female contributors for New Daughters of Africa Anthology&quot;], ''Pulse'', 12 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe odide na-abụghị arọrọ arọ  nke Manyika na-agụnye edemede nke onwe ya na edemede nkqwa miri emi nke ndị ọ na-ezute, gụnyere Evan Mawarire, Toni Morrison na Michelle Obama . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sarahladipomanyika.com/category/writings/essays/ &quot;Writings: Essays &amp; Articles&quot;], Sarah Ladipo Manyika website.&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyika na-eje ozi na bọọdụ Hedgebrook na Museum of the African Diaspora (MoAD) na San Francisco. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lse.ac.uk/Events/LSE-Festival/Shape-The-World/Events/20200307/africa-talks &quot;Africa Talks: the global legacy of African women writers&quot;], ''LSE Festival: Shape the World'', [[London School of Economics]], 7 March 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ meekwala ihe agba onyonyo banyere edemede ''OZY''  &lt;ref&gt;[http://munyori.org/2016/09/interview-with-sarah-ladipo-manyika/ &quot;Interview with Sarah Ladipo Manyika&quot;], ''Munyori Literary Journal'', 8 September 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ ugbu a. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190701061055/https://www.ciscoconnections.com/blog/2017/10/06/a-novelists-choose-on-this-years-nobel-prize-for-literature-pov/ &quot;A Novelist’s Choose on This Year’s Nobel Prize for Literature | POV&quot;], ''Cisco Connections'', 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;OZY&quot;/&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe maka asọmpi edemede, Etisalat Prize for Literature na 2014  na ihe nrite Goldsmiths na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201129063652/https://www.jamesmurua.com/sarah-ladipo-manyika-is-goldsmiths-prize-2020-judge/ &quot;Sarah Ladipo Manyika is Goldsmiths Prize 2020 judge&quot;], ''James Murua's Literature Blog'', 29 January 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Manyika na-akwado usoro ajụjụ ọnụ nke ọnwa ọ bụla maka MoAD, nke a na-akpọ &quot;Mkparịta ụka n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa&quot;, ndị ọbịa ya si gburugburu ụwa gụnyere Senator Cory Booker, Ibrahim Mahama, Jess Cole, Strive Masiyiwa, Tatyana Ali, Anna Deavere Smith, &lt;ref&gt;Elizabeth Gessel, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201128103451/https://www.moadsf.org/blog/conversations-across-the-diaspora-hosted-by-sarah-ladipo-manyika/ &quot;Conversations Across the Diaspora hosted by Sarah Ladipo Manyika&quot;], MoAD, 17 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; na Henry Louis Gates, Jr. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGphmh7EfYw|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430200335/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGphmh7EfYw|archivedate=30 April 2021|title=Conversations Across the Diaspora with guest Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr.|work=YouTube|date=9 April 2021|accessdate=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na-arụ ọrụ ==

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* ''I[[:en:In_Dependence|n Dependence]]'' ([[:en:Legend_Press|Legend Press]], 2008; [[:en:Cassava_Republic_Press|Cassava Republic Press]], 2009) &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1906558043 ''In Dependence''] at Amazon.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun'' (Cassava Republic Press, 2016, . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cassavarepublic.biz/products/like-a-mule-bringing-ice-cream-to-the-sun ''Like A Mule Bringing Ice Cream To The Sun''], Cassava Republic Press, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụkọ dị nkenkee ===

** Mr Wonder&quot; in ''Women Writing Zimbabwe'' ([[:en:Weaver_Press|Weaver Press]], 2008)
** &quot;Modupe&quot; in ''African Love Stories'' (Ayebia Clarke Publishing Ltd, 2006)
** &quot;Girlfriend&quot; in ''Fathers &amp; Daughters'' (Ayebia Clarke Publishing Ltd, 2008)
** &quot;The Ambassador's Wife&quot; in [[:en:Margaret_Busby|Margaret Busby]] (editor), ''[[:en:Daughters_of_Africa#New_Daughters_of_Africa|New Daughters of Africa]]'' ([[:en:Myriad_Editions|Myriad Editions]], 2019)
&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210214045553/https://search.library.brown.edu/catalog/b8656761 &quot;New daughters of Africa : an international anthology of writing by women of African descent&quot;] at Brown University Library.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Isi akwụkwọ ===

* &quot;Oyinbo&quot; in ''Prolematizing Blackness'' (Routledge, 2003)

=== Edemede ahọpụtara ===

** &quot;Coming of Age in the Time of the Hoodie&quot;, ''[[:en:Guernica_(magazine)|Guernica]]'', 23 June 2015.&lt;ref&gt;Sarah Ladipo Manyika, [https://www.guernicamag.com/daily/sarah-ladipo-manyika-coming-of-age-in-the-time-of-the-hoodie/ &quot;Coming of Age in the Time of the Hoodie&quot;], ''[[Guernica (magazine)|Guernica]]'', 23 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &quot;Betting on Africa&quot;, ''[[:en:Brittle_Paper|Brittle Paper]]'', 28 March 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Sarah Ladipo Manyika, [http://brittlepaper.com/2016/03/betting-africa-sarah-ladipo-manyika-essay/ &quot;Betting on Africa&quot;], ''[[Brittle Paper]]'', 28 March 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &quot;For the Love of Older Characters in Good Books&quot;, ''[[:en:OZY_(media_company)|OZY]]'', 29 October 2017.&lt;ref&gt;Sarah Ládípọ̀ Manyika, [http://www.ozy.com/good-sht/for-the-love-of-older-characters-in-good-books/81556 &quot;For the Love of Older Characters in Good Books&quot;], ''OZY'', 29 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &quot;Game of Tomes: The Struggle for Literary Prizes&quot;, ''OZY'', 2 November 2017.&lt;ref&gt;Sarah Ládípọ̀ Manyika, [http://www.ozy.com/pov/game-of-tomes-the-struggle-for-literary-prizes/81424 &quot;Game of Tomes: The Struggle for Literary Prizes&quot;], ''OZY'', 2 November 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &quot;On Meeting Toni Morrison&quot;, ''[[:en:Transition_(magazine)|Transition]]'', No. 124, Writing Black Canadas (2017), pp.&amp;nbsp;138–147. [[:en:Indiana_University_Press|Indiana University Press]]/[[:en:Hutchins_Center_for_African_and_African_American_Research|Hutchins Center for African and African American Research]] at [[:en:Harvard_University|Harvard University]].&lt;ref&gt;Sarah Ladipo Manyika, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/transition.124.1.27 &quot;On Meeting Toni Morrison&quot;], ''Transition'', No. 124, Writing Black Canadas (2017), pp. 138–147. Indiana University Press/Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &quot;What James Baldwin Means To Me&quot;, ''Brittle Paper'', 4 March 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Sarah Ladipo Manyika, [https://brittlepaper.com/2019/03/what-james-baldwin-means-to-me-sarah-ladipo-manyika/ &quot;What James Baldwin Means To Me&quot;], ''Brittle Paper'', 4 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &quot;On Meeting Mrs Obama&quot;, ''[[:en:Granta|Granta]] 146: The Politics of Feeling'', 22 March 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Sarah Ladipo Manyika, [https://granta.com/on-meeting-mrs-obama/ &quot;On Meeting Mrs Obama&quot;], ''Granta 146: The Politics of Feeling'', 22 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &quot;On Meeting Margaret Busby&quot;, ''Granta'', 19 October
* 

=== Akụkọ nyocha ===

* [http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/RADW/AfricaPhDReport.pdf ''Ph.D. Programs in African Universities: Current Status and Future Prospects. Report to the Rockefeller Foundation'']. Co-authored with David Szanton (University of Berkeley, California, 2002.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ederede Naijiria

== Ndensibịa ==
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    <title>Susanne Wenger</title>
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      <text bytes="13045" sha1="qii0mer14fisworolsfp5jasgbppox4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} [[File:Susanne Wenger.tif|thumb|Susanne Wenger]]
 
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
Chief '''Susanne Wenger''' MFR, nke a makwaara dị ka '''Adunni Olorisha''' (ihe dị ka 1915 - 12 Jenụwarị 2009), bụ onye Austria-Nigerian na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe nkiri, [[Tribal chief|onye]] bi na Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/wenger_susanne.htm|title=Susanne Wenger}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Isi ihe ọ lekwasịrị anya bụ omenala ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịrụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe na [[Osogbo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/mar/26/obituary-suzanne-wenger Obituary], theguardian.com, 26 March 2009; accessed 2 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na ndị na-ese ihe n'obodo Osogbo jikọrọ aka iji rụgharịa ma mezie [[Osun-Osogbo|Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove]] na ihe ọkpụkpụ na ihe osise na-egosi ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị Orishas.

Wenger bụ onye isi na-akwado maka ichekwa Osun Grove. N'ihi mbọ ya, e mere osisi ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe ncheta mba na 1965, ma mesịa mara ya dị ka ebe nketa ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ogundiran|first=Akinwumi|date=2014|title=The Osun-Osogbo Grove as a Social Common and an Uncommon Ground: An Analysis of Patrimonial Patronage in Postcolonial Nigeria|journal=International Journal of Cultural Property|language=en|volume=21|issue=2|pages=173–198|doi=10.1017/S0940739114000058|issn=0940-7391}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Susanne Wenger na Graz, Austria. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Bekee na French na nne amụrụ onye isi ndị agha Austro-Hungarian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Wenger gara School of Applied Arts na Graz na 1930, ọkachamara na ite. O mechara gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya, nke mbụ na Higher Graphical Federal Education and Research Institute wee gaa na Academy of Fine Arts Vienna n'akụkụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, Herbert Boeckl .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/susanne-wenger-a-brief-walk-in-to-the-life-of-adunni-olorisa-id8175055.html|title=Susanne Wenger: A brief walk in to the life of Adunni Olorisa|author=Oreva|first=Duke|accessdate=2018-08-18|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ mụtara usoro fresco ma meziwanye nkà eserese ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe agha ahụ biri, Wenger bụ onye ọrụ nke magazin ụmụaka ndị Kọmunist ''Unsere Zeitung'' (&quot;Akwụkwọ akụkọ anyị&quot;), nke bụ mkpuchi nke mbipụta mbụ ọ haziri. N'afọ 1947, ndị enyi ya kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Vienna Art Club.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Probst|first=Peter|date=2008|title=M odernism against M odernity: A Tribute to Susanne Wenger|journal=Critical Interventions|language=en|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=245–255|doi=10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356|issn=1930-1944}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFProbst2008&quot;&gt;Probst, Peter (2008). &quot;M odernism against M odernity: A Tribute to Susanne Wenger&quot;. ''Critical Interventions''. '''2''' (3–4): 245–255. [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356|10.1080/19301944.2008.10781356]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1930-1944 1930-1944]. [[S2CID (njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170247850 170247850].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na Vienna, n'oge na mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ nnwale na-esite n'ike mmụọ; ọrụ ndị a gụnyere eserese pensụl na-acha uhie uhie na ihe oyiyi na-enweghị atụ siri ike ịkọwapụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1947, Wenger gara Ịtali, e nyere ya njem ahụ dị ka ihe nrite maka mmeri asọmpi mpempe akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ lọtara, ọ chọtara ihe ịga nke ọma na-ere ọrụ ya n'aka onye na-ere ihe osise, Johann Egger, onye nwekwara ọrụ Hans Arp, Paul Klee na Piet Mondrian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe ọ biri na Italy na Switzerland na aro nke Egger, na 1949 Wenger gara Paris, ebe ọ zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, ọkà mmụta asụsụ Ulli Beier .&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, e nyere Beier ọkwa dị ka onye na-akpọ fonetik na Ibadan, Nigeria. Ọ bụ naanị onye nkuzi lụrụ di na nwunye nyere ọkwa ahụ, di na nwunye ahụ na-echeghị echiche banyere alụmdi na nwunye tupu onyinye ahụ kpebiri ịlụ di na nwunye na London wee kwaga Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://susannewengerfoundation.at/en/susanne-wenger-art-ritual|title=Susanne Wenger - &quot;Art is Ritual&quot;|date=2014-02-27|work=Susanne Wenger Foundation|language=en|accessdate=2019-08-15}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://susannewengerfoundation.at/en/susanne-wenger-art-ritual &quot;Susanne Wenger - &quot;Art is Ritual&quot;&quot;]. ''Susanne Wenger Foundation''. 2014-02-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-08-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na Ibadan, kọleji ọhụrụ ahụ dị n'èzí obodo ahụ na ngalaba ndị Britain na-esikarị ụmụ akwụkwọ Afrịka ha na-akpakọrịta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Mmeghachi omume di na nwunye ahụ na ọnọdụ ọchịchị bụ isi Ibadan kwaga n'obodo Ede n'afọ sochirinụ. Na Naịjirịa, Wenger nabatara akụkụ nke nka na ọrụ aka nke Afrịka ma tinye aka na atụmatụ batik.

N'ime otu afọ ọ bịarutere, ọ rịara ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ bịara bụrụ onye mmụọ ma tụgharịa gaa n'okpukpe Yoruba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7595841.stm|title=The white priestess of 'black magic'|date=2008-09-10|accessdate=2018-08-18|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dọtara mmasị n'okpukpe ahụ mgbe ọ zutere Ajagemo, onye ụkọchukwu nke Obatala na Ede.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ajagemo webatara Wenger na echiche ụwa Yoruba, asụsụ na okpukpe, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ha abụọ ahụ mepụtara njikọ pụrụ iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Laduke|first=Betty|date=1989|title=Susanne Wenger and Nigeria's Sacred Osun Grove|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_womans-art-journal_spring-summer-1989_10_1/page/17|journal=Woman's Art Journal|volume=10|issue=1|pages=17–21|doi=10.2307/1358125|issn=0270-7993}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLaduke1989&quot;&gt;Laduke, Betty (1989). &quot;Susanne Wenger and Nigeria's Sacred Osun Grove&quot;. ''Woman's Art Journal''. '''10''' (1): 17–21. [[Doi (njirimara)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1358125|10.2307/1358125]]. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7993 0270-7993]. [[JSTOR (njirimara)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/1358125 1358125].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, Wenger nwalere atụmatụ mara mma nke usoro Adire na-emetụta.

Wenger na Beier mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm, Wenger mechara lụọ onye na-agba egwu Lasisi Ayansola Onilu, n'oge ahụ ọ na-eme onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị nke okpukpe Orisha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://pierre-guicheney.eklablog.com/susanne-wenger-un-portrait-p417306|title=Susanne Wenger, un portrait|work=pierre-guicheney.com|accessdate=2018-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wenger hapụrụ Ede wee kwaga Ilobu, tupu o mechaa biri na Osogbo na 1961. Mgbe ọ na-ebi n'obodo ahụ, ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'ụlọ arụsị ndị a raara nye Orishas; o mechara wughachi ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise okpukpe n'ime ebe nsọ ma nyekwa ya ọrụ site na Osogbo District Council iji rụzigharị ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ arụsị obodo, ọkachasị ụlọ nsọ a raara nye chi nwanyị osimiri, Oshun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Omoruyi|first=David|date=September 1965|title=How I Fell in Love and Married Ace Drummer, Lasisi|journal=Spear : Nigeria's National Magazine.|language=en|issn=0038-6634}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOmoruyi1965&quot;&gt;Omoruyi, David (September 1965). &quot;How I Fell in Love and Married Ace Drummer, Lasisi&quot;. ''Spear : Nigeria's National Magazine''. [[ISSN (njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-6634 0038-6634]. [[OCLC (njirimara)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645029 1645029].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A malitekwara Wenger n'okpukpe Obatala, Soponna, na Ogboni, ma mesịa nye ya aha Adunni Olorisha.

Ọ bụ onye guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke oge ochie &quot;New Sacred Art&quot;, alaka nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Oshogbo sara mbara, wee bụrụ onye nlekọta nke Sacred Grove nke chi nwanyị Osun n'akụkụ Osimiri Osun na [[Osogbo|Oshogbo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/DC/asapr60.18/asapr60.18.pdf|title=The art of Suzanne Wenger|author=Aragbabalu|first=Omidiji|date=18 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Unknown|first=Unknown|date=13 June 2018|title=THE MEGA CITY / LIFESuzanne wenger's groove|url=https://newtelegraphonline.com/2018/06/suzanne-wengers-groove/|journal=New Telegraph|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818123812/https://newtelegraphonline.com/2018/06/suzanne-wengers-groove/|archive-date=18 August 2018|access-date=4 June 2022|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Osun_Groove_6.jpg|thumb|Osun grove]]

=== Osun grove ===
Enwere ike ịchọta ọrụ ọkpụkpụ Wenger na Osun Grove, mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Osun. Ntinye aka ya na osisi ahụ malitere na 1960s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; N'elu òkù nke nnukwu onye nchụàjà nwanyị Osun nke nwere nsogbu site na ọdịmma azụmahịa na termites na-ebibi ụlọ nsọ, ihe ọkpụkpụ dị nsọ na ihe osise, Wenger jikọtara ya na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ọha na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ógbè ahụ iji kpochapụ termites ma mezie ihe osise na ụlọ dị n'ime ụlọ nsọ ahụ site na iji osisi na simenti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ikegwu|first=Jacinta|date=2010|title=THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SUSANA WENGER TO THE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF OSUN-OSHOGBO SACRED GROVE/SHRINE IN NIGERIA.|journal=Nsukka Journal of the Humanities|volume=18|pages=1–12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndụ na ọrụ Wenger na Osun Grove bụ isiokwu nke ''The Oshun Diaries'', ihe ncheta nke Diane Esguerra (Eye Books, 2019).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eye-books.com/books/the-high-priestess-of-oshun|title=The Oshun Diaries by Diane Esguerra &amp;#124; Eye Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Chief Wenger bi n'ụlọ obibi dị okpukpu atọ na Osgobo nke di mbụ ya bụ Chief Ulli Beier gbazitere na mbụ mgbe ọ nọ na Institute of Mural Studies. N'afọ 1965, ya na di ya nke abụọ, onye na-agba egwu bụ Lasisi, nwere ụlọ ahụ: ha abụọ bi n'okpukpu mbụ ebe di ya gara aga bụ Beier bi n'okpukpu nke abụọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na mgbazinye mgbe Beier hapụrụ na 1970, ma nọrọ n'ụlọ ahụ mgbe ya na Lasisi gbara alụkwaghịm. Ebe obibi ya na-egosi nka ya, ebe ọtụtụ arịa ụlọ ahụ na-egosi akụkụ nke ụdị nka Yoruba nke Chief Wenger hụrụ n'anya nke ukwuu.

== Ọnwụ ==
Na abalị iri na abụọ na ọnwa Jenụwarị, na afọ 2009, Wenger nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 93 na Oshogbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe nketa na nsọpụrụ ==
Ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị e debere na Oshun's grove site na ngwụsị afọ 1950 gaa n'ihu, ihe ọkpụkpụ nke ndị na-eso ụzọ ya na ndị na-ese ihe n'obodo ya mepụtara, bụ nke UNESCO World Heritage Site kemgbe 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1118/|title=Forêt sacrée d'Osun-Oshogbo|author=mondial|first=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine|work=whc.unesco.org|language=fr|accessdate=2018-08-18}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFmondial&quot;&gt;mondial, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine. [https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1118/ &quot;Forêt sacrée d'Osun-Oshogbo&quot;]. ''whc.unesco.org'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africaresource.com/lifestyle/memorials/848-susan-wenger-the-white-priestess-of-an-african-goddess-passes-on|title=Susan Wenger, The White Priestess Of An African Goddess, Passes On!|author=Africa|work=www.africaresource.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2005, gọọmentị Naịjirịa nabatara ya dị ka onye otu Order of the Federal Republic .

Maka mbọ ya n'aha ndị Yoruba, eze, ma ọ bụ Ataoja, nke Oshogbo nyere ya aha onye isi nke obodo Osogbo.

== Ihe ngosi ==

* 1995: Retrospective of the 80th Birthday, Minoritenkirche Stein an der Donau (n'èzí Old Town of Krems)
* 2004: On a holy river in Africa, Kunsthalle Krems
* 2006: Susanne Wenger - ndụ ya na chi nke Africa, Graz City Museum
* 2016: Between the Sweet Water and the Swarm of Bees: A Collection of Works by Susanne Wenger, The Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University, Atlanta, GA

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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{{Infobox person
| name         = Adasa Cookey
| image        =AdasaCookey.jpg
| background   = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name   = Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam
| birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1981|10|21|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State]], [[Nigeria]]
| occupations  = [[Cinematographer]], editor, colourist, [[music video director]], [[commercial director]], [[filmmaker]]
| years_active = 2010 - present
| website      = www.adasacookey.com
| module    = {{Infobox person
| embed     = yes
| education = [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]] 
}}|caption=Adasa Cookey}}

'''Adasa Cookey''' (amụrụ '''Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam''' ) bụ onye nduzi vidio egwu amụrụ na Naijiria, onye na-ese ihe nkiri, onye nduzi azụmahịa, onye na-ahụ maka agba, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/|title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director|date=August 9, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-music-videos-best-in-africa-adasa-cookey/|title=Nigerian music videos best in Africa –Adasa Cookey|date=December 1, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1235496-movie-director-adasa-cookey-saves-job-a-teller-paid-n43m-n432k.html|title=Movie director Adasa Cookey saves the job of a teller who paid him N4.3m instead of N432k|date=April 26, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ma na-eduzi ụlọọrụ Squareball Media Productions Limited ebe ọ bụkwa onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mybiohub.com/2016/08/adasa-cookey-biography.html/|title=Adasa Cookey Biography|date=May 1, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey|title=ADASA COOKEY|date=July 3, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Adasa na October 21, 1981 na [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]], [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] State, Nigeria. O biri dika nwata na Port Harcourt, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Bereton College na Federal Government College. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Rivers State University of Science and Technology wee nweta nzere bachelọ nke Teknụzụ na Architecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/adasa-cookey|title=Adasa Cookey|date=September 23, 2015|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160215/https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/adasa-cookey}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Adasa hapụrụ ọrụ onye nnọchi anya nlekọta ndị ahịa ya na 2010 iji gbanwee mmasị ya na nhazi vidiyo na kpọmkwem. 
Ọ duziri vidiyo egwu nke ndị egwu egwu dịka Davido, [[Burna Boy]], [[Simi (singer)|Simi]], [[Adekunle Gold]], D'Prince, na Don Jazzy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/|title=Top 10 Video Directors In Nigeria (2021)|date=May 12, 2021|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://imvdb.com/n/adasa-cookey/videography-by-position/dir|title=Adasa Cookey|date=June 1, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://imvdb.com/n/adasa-cookey/videography-by-position/dir}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tooxclusive.com/video-simi-duduke-dir-by-adasa-cookey/|title=[Video] SIMI – &quot;Duduke&quot; (Dir. By Adasa Cookey|date=April 19, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vidio ndị a họọrọ ==

* [[Burna Boy]] - Like To Party (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/events/new-video-like-to-party-by-burna-boy/pt7dqw9|title=New Video- Like To Party By Burna Boy {{!}} Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* D'Prince - Goody Bag (2013)
* Ketchup- Show Me Yuh Rozay (2013)
* Mavins All Stars - Adaobi (2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/trending-video-catch-the-visuals-for-adaobi-by-the-mavins-crew/|title=Trending Video: Catch the Visuals for Adaobi by the Mavins Crew {{!}} BellaNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* DJ Xclusive ft Davido - Wo Le (2015)
* [[Adekunle Gold]] - Sade (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/adekunlegold-releases-video-for-his-single-sade/|title=AdekunleGold Releases video for his single, Sade {{!}} News Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Adekunle Gold]] - Njikere (2016)
* Ric Hassani -Only You (2017)
* Orezi-Cooking Pot (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-orezi-cooking-pot-dir-adasa-cookey|title=[Video] Orezi – Cooking Pot (Dir. By Adasa Cookey) » Naijaloaded|accessdate=2022-06-08|archivedate=2022-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608233032/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-orezi-cooking-pot-dir-adasa-cookey}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Idahams-Toast (2017)
* [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - Selense (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/simi-selense-video-watch-nigerian-music/|title=Watch Simi's Beautiful Music Video For 'Selense' - OkayAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - Ayo (2019)
* [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - Duduke (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://trendybeatz.com/download-video/8676/simi-duduke-official-video|title=Simi - Duduke Official Video {{!}} Download Video MP4 » TrendyBeatz|access-date=2022-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425083913/https://trendybeatz.com/download-video/8676/simi-duduke-official-video|archive-date=2024-04-25|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft [[Patoranking]] - Jeriko (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/|title=Download Video: Simi ft. Patoranking - Jericho|accessdate=2022-06-08|archivedate=2021-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160223/https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Bebe Cool ft Rudeboy - Feeling (2020)
* [[Runtown]] ft. Bella Shmurda, Darkovibes - Body Riddim (Video) (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/02/runtown-darkovibes-body-riddim/|title=New Video: Runtown feat. Darkovibes &amp; Bella Shmurda – Body Riddim {{!}} BellaNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft. [[Adekunle Gold]] - Site n'aka gị (2019)
* [[Praiz]] - Madu (2020)
* [[Niniola]] - Addicted (2020)
* [[Wande Coal]] ft. [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]] - Ọzọ (Remix) (2020)
* [[Wande Coal]] - Ọzọ (2020)
* Idahams-Billion Dollar (2019)
* Idahams-Ada (2020)
* Idahams-Enter My Eye (2020)
* [[Stonebwoy]] ft. [[Zlatan (musician)|Zlatan-]] Critical (2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850|title=Watch Stonebwoy’s new video for ‘Critical’ featuring Nigerian artist Zlatan – GRUNGECAKE|accessdate=2022-06-08|archivedate=2024-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127115353/https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
!Afọ
!Project
!Emume
!Category
!Nsonaazụ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |&quot;onwe ya&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Ntụrụndụ Ndị Obodo
|''Onye nduzi vidio egwu kacha mma nke afọ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/|title=Wizkid, Tiwa Savage &amp; Olamide Lead The 2016 City People Entertainment Award Nominees|date=July 6, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925085402/https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2020
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft [[Patoranking]] &quot;Jeriko&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Soundcity MVP Awards Festival
|''Vidio nke Afọ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/soundcity-mvp-awards-2020-all-winners|title=Soundcity MVP Awards 2020: All the winners|date=January 13, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2020
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |&quot;N'onwe ya&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |GALAXY AWARDS
|''Onye isi vidiyo nke afọ''
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2019
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft [[Patoranking]] &quot;Jeriko&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Onyinye AFRIMA
|''Vidio kacha mma nke Afrịka''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/|title=Burna Boy, 2Baba, Nadia win big at 2019 AFRIMA. See full list of winners|date=November 25, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=October 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022233913/https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Orezi, &quot;Iwe esi nri&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Onyinye AFRIMA
|''Vidio kacha mma nke Afrịka nke afọ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/|title=AFRIMA 2017: Full List Of Winners|date=November 14, 2017|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908042408/https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Won}} 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Adekunle Gold]], &quot;Pick Up the Call&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Nigeria Music Video Awards
|''Ihe nkiri kacha mma''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/|title=2016 Nigeria Music Video Awards: See the list of winners|date=December 16, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Ranti ,&quot;Iwe Ki Ko&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Nigeria Music Video Awards
|''Onye nchịkọta akụkọ kacha mma''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764|title=NMVA 2016 Nominees List|date=November 17, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Ranti ,&quot;Iwe Ki Ko&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Nigeria Music Video Awards
|''Onye nduzi kacha mma''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenet.ng/full-list-winners-2016/|title=2016 Nigeria Music Video Awards: See the list of winners|date=November 16, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Nom}}
|}

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cookey, Adasa}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Faith Kipyegon</title>
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      <text bytes="28941" sha1="eirz65r6poy0cbmlxzr6oju0a5pumnp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Nwada Faith Chepngetich Kipyegon (amụrụ na abalị iri n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1994) bụ onye Kenya na-agba ọsọ etiti etiti ndị ógó mita òtù puku na narị ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Faith KIPYEGON – Athlete profile|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/faith-kipyegon-14413305|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye mmeri 2016 Rio Olympic na 2020 Tokyo Olympic na ndekọ egwuregwu na nke ikpeazụ, ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-azọrọ aha Olympic 1500m azụ azụ. Kipyegon emeriela maọbụ mechie nke abụọ na asọmmpi ọ bụla kemgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụo na afọ 2014, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị agba ọsọ 1500 mita n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smythe|first=Steve|date=2021-08-21|title=Olympics middle-distance review - Kenya and Britain lead the world|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/tokyo2020/olympics-middle-distance-review-kenya-and-britain-lead-the-world-1039948539/|accessdate=2021-08-21|work=[[Athletics Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC122021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Katami|first=Michelle|date=18 December 2021|title=Faith Kipyegon: How Kenyan achieved the mother of all feats in Tokyo|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59465878|access-date=18 December 2021|work=[[BBC Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC122021&quot; /&gt; Onye mmeri 2016 Rio Olympic na 2020 Tokyo Olympic na ndekọ egwuregwu na nke ikpeazụ, ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-azọrọ aha Olympic 1500m azụ azụ. Kipyegon emeriela ma ọ bụ mechie nke abụọ na asọmpi ọ bụla kemgbe ọ dị afọ 20 na afọ 2014, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị agba ọsọ 1500 mita n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smythe|first=Steve|date=2021-08-21|title=Olympics middle-distance review - Kenya and Britain lead the world|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/tokyo2020/olympics-middle-distance-review-kenya-and-britain-lead-the-world-1039948539/|accessdate=2021-08-21|work=[[Athletics Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RW122021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dennehy|first=Cathal|date=2021-12-21|title=Faith Kipyegon Returned From Pregnancy Running Faster Than Ever Before|url=https://www.runnersworld.com/runners-stories/a38572560/faith-kipyegon-return-to-running-after-pregnancy/|accessdate=2021-12-21|work=[[Runner's World]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC122021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Katami|first=Michelle|date=2021-12-18|title=Faith Kipyegon: How Kenyan achieved the mother of all Faith Chepngetich Kipyegon (amụrụ na 10 na onwa Jenụwarị na afọ 1994) bụ onye Kenya na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti na-ahụ maka 1500 mita.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;/&gt; Onye mmeri 2016 Rio Olympic na 2020 Tokyo Olympic na ndekọ egwuregwu na nke ikpeazụ, ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-azọrọ aha Olympic 1500m azụ azụ. Kipyegon emeriela ma ọ bụ mechie nke abụọ na asọmpi ọ bụla kemgbe ọ dị afọ 20 na afọ 2014, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị agba ọsọ 1500 mita n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smythe|first=Steve|date=2021-08-21|title=Olympics middle-distance review - Kenya and Britain lead the world|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/tokyo2020/olympics-middle-distance-review-kenya-and-britain-lead-the-world-1039948539/|accessdate=2021-08-21|work=[[Athletics Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RW122021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC122021&quot; /&gt; Onye mmeri 2016 Rio Olympic na 2020 Tokyo Olympic na ndekọ egwuregwu na nke ikpeazụ, ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-azọrọ aha Olympic 1500m azụ azụ. Kipyegon emeriela ma ọ bụ mechie nke abụọ na asọmpi ọ bụla kemgbe ọ dị afọ 20 na afọ 2014, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị agba ọsọ 1500 mita n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smythe|first=Steve|date=2021-08-21|title=Olympics middle-distance review - Kenya and Britain lead the world|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/tokyo2020/olympics-middle-distance-review-kenya-and-britain-lead-the-world-1039948539/|accessdate=2021-08-21|work=[[Athletics Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RW122021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC122021&quot; /&gt;{{Cite news|author=Katami|first=Michelle|date=2021-12-18|title=Faith Kipyegon: How Kenyan achieved the mother of all Faith Chepngetich Kipyegon (amụrụ na 10 na onwa Jenụwarị na afọ 1994) bụ onye Kenya na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti na-ahụ maka 1500 mita.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;/&gt; Onye mmeri 2016 Rio Olympic na 2020 Tokyo Olympic na ndekọ egwuregwu na nke ikpeazụ, ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-azọrọ aha Olympic 1500m azụ azụ. Kipyegon emeriela ma ọ bụ mechie nke abụọ na asọmpi ọ bụla kemgbe ọ dị afọ 20 na afọ 2014, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị agba ọsọ 1500 mita n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smythe|first=Steve|date=2021-08-21|title=Olympics middle-distance review - Kenya and Britain lead the world|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/tokyo2020/olympics-middle-distance-review-kenya-and-britain-lead-the-world-1039948539/|accessdate=2021-08-21|work=[[Athletics Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RW122021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC122021&quot; /&gt;{{Cite news|author=Katami|first=Michelle|date=2021-12-18|title=Faith Kipyegon: How Kenyan achieved the mother of all feats in Tokyo|work=[[BBC Sport]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59465878|accessdate=2021-12-18}Faith Chepngetich Kipyegon (amụrụ na 10 na onwa Jenụwarị na afọ 1994) bụ onye Kenya na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti na-ahụ maka 1500 mita.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;/&gt; Onye mmeri 2016 Rio Olympic na 2020 Tokyo Olympic na ndekọ egwuregwu na nke ikpeazụ, ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-azọrọ aha Olympic 1500m azụ azụ. Kipyegon emeriela ma ọ bụ mechie nke abụọ na asọmpi ọ bụla kemgbe ọ dị afọ 20 na afọ 2014, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị agba ọsọ 1500 mita n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smythe|first=Steve|date=2021-08-21|title=Olympics middle-distance review - Kenya and Britain lead the world|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/tokyo2020/olympics-middle-distance-review-kenya-and-britain-lead-the-world-1039948539/|accessdate=2021-08-21|work=[[Athletics Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RW122021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC122021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Katami|first=Michelle|date=2021-12-18|title=Faith Kipyegon: How Kenyan achieved the mother of all Faith Chepngetich Kipyegon (amụrụ na 10 na onwa Jenụwarị na afọ 1994) bụ onye Kenya na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti na-ahụ maka 1500 mita.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;/&gt; Onye mmeri 2016 Rio Olympic na 2020 Tokyo Olympic na ndekọ egwuregwu na nke ikpeazụ, ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-azọrọ aha Olympic 1500m azụ azụ. Kipyegon emeriela ma ọ bụ mechie nke abụọ na asọmpi ọ bụla kemgbe ọ dị afọ 20 na afọ 2014, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị agba ọsọ 1500 mita n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smythe|first=Steve|date=2021-08-21|title=Olympics middle-distance review - Kenya and Britain lead the world|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/tokyo2020/olympics-middle-distance-review-kenya-and-britain-lead-the-world-1039948539/|accessdate=2021-08-21|work=[[Athletics Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RW122021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC122021&quot;/&gt; Onye mmeri 2016 Rio Olympic na 2020 Tokyo Olympic na ndekọ egwuregwu na nke ikpeazụ, ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-azọrọ aha Olympic 1500m azụ azụ. Kipyegon emeriela ma ọ bụ mechie nke abụọ na asọmpi ọ bụla kemgbe ọ dị afọ 20 na afọ 2014, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị agba ọsọ 1500 mita n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smythe|first=Steve|date=2021-08-21|title=Olympics middle-distance review - Kenya and Britain lead the world|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/tokyo2020/olympics-middle-distance-review-kenya-and-britain-lead-the-world-1039948539/|accessdate=2021-08-21|work=[[Athletics Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RW122021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC122021&quot; /&gt;
== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ nwata ===
[[Usòrò:Faith_Chepngetich_Kipyegon_Barcelona_2012.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Kipyegon na 2012 World Junior Championships]]
Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, Faith Kipyegon gbara ọsọ na afo 2010 World Cross Country Championships ụmụ nwanyị na Bydgoszcz, Poland. Ọ bịara n'ọnọdụ nke anọ n'otu n'otu wee merie ihe nrite ọla edo ya na ndị otu ya na-erubeghị afọ 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=38th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2010 – U20 Results|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-championships/38th-iaaf-world-cross-country-championships-7003364/results/women/u20-race/final/result|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O sonyere na afọ 2011 World Cross Country Championships na Punta Umbria, Spain wee merie ọla edo na asọmpi ndị na-eto eto na-agbakwunye ọlaọcha na ndị otu ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=39th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2011 – U20 Results|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-championships/39th-iaaf-world-cross-country-championships-7021583/results/women/u20-race/final/result|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnwa ole na ole mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara asọmpi 1500m na World Youth Championships na Lille, France wee merie ihe nrite ọla edo n'ihu ndị Etiopia abụọ na-agba ọsọ na oge nke 4m 9.48s ma mebie ihe ndekọ mmeri na usoro ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-07-09|title=IAAF World Youth Championships Lille 2011 – 1500 Metres Girls - Final|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/4528/AT-1500-W-f--1--.RS1.pdf?v=1260861841|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2012 World Junior Championships na Barcelona, Kipyegon ritere ihe nrite ọla edo na ihe omume ọkachamara ya n'ihu egwuregwu na oge nke 4:04.96; onye Serbia Amela Terzić na onye Etiopia Senbere Teferi were ọnọdụ nke abụọ na nke atọ. N'oge ahụ, o setịpụkwara ihe ndekọ mmeri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-07-15|title=IAAF World Junior Championships Barcelona 2012 – 1500 Metres Women - Final|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/4872/AT-1500-W-F--1--.RS1.pdf|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye ahụ dị afọ iri na asatọ n'oge ahụ ruru eru maka egwuregwu Olimpik nke London, mana na ihe omume ahụ enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na ọkara ikpeazụ na elekere 4:08.78.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The XXX Olympic Games London 2012 – 1500m women - Heats summary|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/the-xxx-olympic-games-6999193/results/women/1500-metres/heats/summary|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mbido oge 2013, ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi ndị na-eto eto ya na ndị otu ya na World Cross Country Championships na Bydgoszcz, Poland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=40th IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2013 – U20 Results|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-championships/40th-iaaf-world-cross-country-championships-2-7048505/results/women/u20-race/final/result|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 10 Mee, na nzukọ Diamond League na Doha, Qatar, o guzobere na 1500m ndekọ Kenya na oge 3:56.98, na-eche onye na-agba ọsọ Sweden Abeba Aregawi ihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-05-10|title=IAAF Diamond League 2013 Doha (QAT) – 1500m Women - Results|url=https://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2013/doha/re1130040.pdf|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=static.sportresult.com|publisher=[[Diamond League]]|archivedate=2018-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515030949/http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2013/doha/re1130040.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, na asọmpi World Championships na Moscow, onye dị afọ iri na itoolu bịara nke ise na ngwụcha n'ime oge 4:05.08.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-08-15|title=IAAF World Championships Moscow 2013 – 1500 Metres Women - Final|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/4873/AT-1500-W-f----.RS6.pdf|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ dị elu ===

==== 2014 ====
N'ọnwa Mee, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu meriri ihe nrite ọla edo na 4×1500 m relay na IAAF World Relays mbụ na Nassau, Bahamas, ya na Mercy Cherono, Irene Jelagat na Hellen Obiri. Ndị otu Kenya, n'ihu United States na Australia, setịpụrụ oge ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ n'oge 16:33.58.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-05-24|title=IAAF World Relays Nassau (BAH) 2014 – 4 x 1500 Metres (15 laps) Women - Final|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5409/AT-4X15-W-f----.RS6.pdf|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ na Julaị, ọ ghọrọ onye mmeri Commonwealth Games 1500m na Glasgow, Scotland na oge nke 4:08.94.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2014 – Athletics - Women's 1500m Final|url=http://results.glasgow2014.com/PEVU/PEVU_ATW015101.html|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=results.glasgow2014.com|publisher=XX Commonwealth Games|archivedate=2019-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626122315/http://results.glasgow2014.com/PEVU/PEVU_ATW015101.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2015 ====
[[Usòrò:Women's_1500_m_podium_Beijing_2015.jpg|thumb|Kipyegon (n'aka ekpe) na-anakọta ihe nrite ọlaọcha na 1500m na 2015 World Championships na Beijing]]
N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, Kipyegon ritere ọlaọcha na 1500m na World Championships na Beijing. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị ọsọ ọ gwụchara na 4:08.96 nke abụọ n'aka onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ ụwa nke Ethiopia bụ Genzebe Dibaba onye gbara 4:08.09. Siffan Hassan na-anọchite anya Netherlands bụ nke atọ na 4:09.34.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-08-25|title=IAAF World Championships Beijing (CHN) – 1500 Metres Women - Final|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/4875/AT-1500-W-f----.RS6.pdf|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Septemba, na nzukọ Diamond League na Brussels, ọ meriri otu kilomita na onye Afrịka na ndekọ nke 4:16.71, na-emeri Hassan onye gbara ọsọ 4:18.20 na njedebe ikpeazụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-11|title=IAAF Diamond League {{!}} Brussels {{!}} 11 Sep 2015 – Results|url=https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2015/Brussels/Results.pdf|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[Diamond League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2016 ====
N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Mee, Kipyegon meziwanyere ihe ndekọ Kenya nke afọ 2013 1500 site na ịgba ọsọ 3:56.82 mgbe ọ meriri nzukọ Diamond League Shanghai Golden Grand Prix. Izu abụọ ka e mesịrị, o meriri ndekọ ya na arụmọrụ 3:56.41 iji bụrụ nke mbụ na Prefontaine Classic na Eugene, Oregon. O nwetakwara mmeri n'ihe omume mile n'oge egwuregwu Oslo Bislett na June.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot; /&gt;

Onye dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ n'oge ahụ ghọrọ onye nwetara ọla edo 1500m n'egwuregwu Olimpik nke 2016 na [[Rio de Janeiro]] na-agbanwe usoro site na asọmpi ụwa nke afọ gara aga. Ọ meriri Dibaba na 200m ikpeazụ n'ihe bụ na mbụ ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ, na agba nke atọ na 56.80 na 800m ikpeazụ na ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ 800m nke 1:57.2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-08-16|title=Rio 2016 {{!}} Women's 1500m Final – Race Analysis|url=https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATW015101_RaceAnalysis_2016_08_16_df5ab359_86c9_449b_92e3_2a7bc56bcf4f.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920164354/https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATW015101_RaceAnalysis_2016_08_16_df5ab359_86c9_449b_92e3_2a7bc56bcf4f.pdf|archivedate=20 September 2016|accessdate=17 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kipyegon gbara 4:08.92, Dibaba 4:10.27, Jennifer Simpson bụ onye nke atọ na 4:10.53.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Koech|first=B. M.|title=Faith Chepngetich: Gold Medalist {{!}} Athletes of Kenya|url=http://athletesofkenya.com/2016/08/17/faith-chepngetich-kipyegon-becomes-kenyas-third-gold-medallist/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826141629/http://athletesofkenya.com/2016/08/17/faith-chepngetich-kipyegon-becomes-kenyas-third-gold-medallist/|archivedate=26 August 2016|accessdate=17 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Phillips|first=Mitch|date=2016-08-17|title=Kenyan Kipyegon in late charge for 1,500m gold|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-athletics-w-1500m-idUSKCN10S06N|accessdate=2018-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:1500_women_final_London_2017.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Diminutive Kipyegon (n'aka ekpe) na-aga n'ụzọ 1500m ya na 2017 World Championships na London]]

==== 2017 ====
O nwetara akara mbụ ya na Diamond League 1500m, merie agbụrụ atọ na Shanghai, Eugene, na Brussels.

Ihe ịga nke ọma ya kachasị mma n'afọ ahụ bụ ebe mbụ na London World Championships, na-aghọ naanị nwanyị nke atọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji merie ma Olympic na World Championships 1500m. O mere oge 4:02.59 ebe ụmụ nwanyị atọ na-esote dekwara oge n'okpuru 4m 3s, na Jenny Simpson na nke abụọ na Caster Semenya nke atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-08-07|title=IAAF World Championships London – 1500 Metres Women - Final|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5151/AT-1500-W-f----.RS6.pdf|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 20182020 ====
Kipyegon mụrụ nwa mbụ ya na 2018, laghachi ọnwa 12 ka e mesịrị, na June 2019, iji merie ihe omume mbinye aka ya na 3:59:04 na Prefontaine Classic na Palo Alto.&lt;ref name=&quot;RW122021&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu merie ihe nrite ọlaọcha na World Championships na Doha, ebe o setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ ya nke Kenya nke 3:54.22. Sifan Hassan bịara nke mbụ na 3:51.95 ebe onye nke atọ Gudaf Tsegay setịpụrụ nke kachasị mma nke 3:54.38.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-05|title=IAAF World Championships Doha 2019 – 1500 Metres Women - Final|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-1500-W-f----.RS6.pdf|accessdate=2020-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2020, ọ sonyeere na nzukọ Diamond League na Continental Tour na-enweghị mmeri na agbụrụ isii ya niile. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ọ gbara ọsọ nke abụọ kachasị ọsọ, ihe ndekọ Afrịka na ihe ndekọ Diamond League na mita 1000 na Herculis zutere na [[Monako|Monaco]], na nsonaazụ ya nke 2m 29.15s naanị 0.17 s na-erughị ihe ndekọ ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-10|title=Wanda Diamond League Monaco 2020 – Results - 1000m Women|url=https://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2020/monaco/re1120040.pdf|accessdate=2020-09-10|work=static.sportresult.com|publisher=[[Diamond League]]|archivedate=2020-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925202242/http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2020/monaco/re1120040.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jeffery|first=Nicole|date=2020-08-14|title=Cheptegei breaks world 5000m record in Monaco as Diamond League action returns|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/diamond-league-monaco-cheptegei-world-record|accessdate=2020-08-14|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2021 ====
N'afọ 2021, ọ meziwanyere ihe ndekọ mba ya ugboro abụọ na nzukọ Diamond League. Na 10 June, ọ gbara ọsọ 3:53.91 na Rome Golden Gala meet, nke emere n'ụzọ pụrụ iche na Florence, iji mechie nke abụọ n'azụ Sifan Hassan onye mere 3:53.63. N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị na Monaco Herculis, Kipyegon kwụsịrị elekere ahụ na oge nke anọ kachasị ọsọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na naanị otu sekọnd na ndekọ ụwa nke Genzebe Dibaba na-agba ọsọ karịa Hassan n'ụlọ site na ihe dị ka 2.5 s.&lt;ref name=&quot;2021K1500NR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jeffery|first=Nicole|date=2021-07-09|title=Kipyegon cruises to Kenyan 1500m record in Monaco|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/herculis-monaco-kipyegon-cheruiyot-amos-muir|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1500m nke ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 2020 Tokyo Games na-egbu oge n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, Kipyegon meriri Hassan na 200m ikpeazụ iji merie nrite ọla edo nke abụọ ya n'usoro n'ihe omume ahụ n'oge nke 3m 53.11s, na-emebi ihe ndekọ Olympic nke guzo ruo afọ 33. Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji merie n'azụ azụ Olympic 1500m titles. Mgbe Hassan na-apụ n'anya n'ụlọ (3:55.86) Laura Muir setịpụrụ ndekọ Britain nke 3:54.50 iji nweta ọlaọcha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The XXXII Olympic Games Tokyo 2021 – 1500 metres women - Final|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/the-xxxii-olympic-games-athletics-7132391/results/women/1500-metres/final/result|accessdate=2022-01-01|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-25|title=Focus on finalists: Faith Kipyegon and Ryan Crouser|url=https://worldathletics.org/awards/news/focus-finalists-faith-kipyegon-ryan-crouser|accessdate=2021-11-25|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cacciola|first=Scott|date=2021-08-07|title=Faith Kipyegon of Kenya wins the 1,500 meters.|work=[[New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/06/sports/olympics/faith-kipyegon-wins-1500-meters.html|accessdate=2021-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Septemba, ọ meriri Hassan ọzọ na Zürich Weltklasse Diamond League final iji were nke abụọ ya na 1500m Diamond Trophy. Kipyegon meriri itoolu n'ime agbụrụ iri ya n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC122021&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Kipyegon lụrụ onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti Timothy Kitum, onye nwetara ọla nchara n'egwuregwu Olympic 800m n'afọ 2012. Ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Alyn, amụrụ na June 2018. Kipyegon laghachiri ọzụzụ na Jenụwarị 2019 mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa iri na asatọ gachara. Na June 2019, ọ sonyere na asọmpi mbụ ya kemgbe ọ mụrụ nwa, merie Diamond League's Prefontaine Classic na Palo Alto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Landells|first=Steve|date=2019-07-15|title=Back on track, Kipyegon prepares to defend world 1500m title in Doha|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/feature/faith-kipyegon-2019-kenya-1500m-child|accessdate=2019-07-15|work=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru ==
Ozi niile sitere na profaịlụ World Athletics.

=== Ihe kacha mma n'onwe ya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
!Ihe omume
!Oge (m:s)
!Ebe a na-anọ
!Ụbọchị
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|800 mita
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1:57.68
|Doha, Qatar
|25 Septemba 2020
|
|-
|Otu puku mita
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2:29.15
|Monaco, [[Monako|Monaco]]
|14 Ọgọst 2020
|Ihe ndekọ Afrịka
|-
|1500 mita
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3:51.07
|Monaco, Monaco
|9 Julaị 2021
|NR #4th all-time &lt;ref name=&quot;WAtoplists&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=All time Top lists – 1500 m Women – Senior Outdoor {{!}} until 2021-07-09|url=https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/middle-long/1500-metres/outdoor/women/senior?regionType=world&amp;page=1&amp;bestResultsOnly=false&amp;firstDay=1900-01-01&amp;lastDay=2021-07-09|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=[[World Athletics]]|quote=Change filters for other age / territorial / time range}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Otu kilomita
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |4:16.71
|Brussels, Belgium
|11 Septemba 2015
|
|-
|3000 mita
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |8:23.55
|Doha, Qatar
|9 Mee 2014
|
|-
|mita 5,000
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |14:31.95
|Eugene, ma ọ bụ, United States
|30 Mee 2015
|
|-
|4×1500 m relay
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |16:33.58
|Nassau, Bahamas
|24 Mee 2014
|Ihe ndekọ Afrịka
|}

=== Egwuregwu mba ụwa ===
{|{{AchievementTable|nation=KEN|Event=yes|Result=yes}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2010
|rowspan=2|[[2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bydgoszcz]], Poland
|4th
|Junior race
|19:02
|
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Junior team
|10 pts
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2011
|rowspan=2|[[2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Punta Umbria]], Spain
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Junior race
|18:53
|
|-
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|Junior team
|19 pts
|
|-
|[[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] 
|[[Lille]], France
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|4:09.48
|{{AthAbbr|CR}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2012
|[[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] 
|[[Barcelona]], Spain
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|4:04.96
|CR
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[London]], United Kingdom
|h (16th)
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|4:08.78
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2013
|rowspan=2|[[2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|rowspan=2|Bydgoszcz, Poland
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Junior race
|17:51
|
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Junior team
|14 pts
|
|-
|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Moscow]], Russia
|5th
|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|4:05.08
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2014
|[[2014 IAAF World Relays|World Relays]]
|[[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]], Bahamas
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[2014 IAAF World Relays – Women's 4 × 1500 metres relay|4×1500 m]]
|16:33.58
|'''{{AthAbbr|WR}}'''
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Glasgow]], United Kingdom
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|4:08.94
|
|-
|2015
|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Beijing]], China
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|4:08.96
|
|-
|2016
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|4:08.92
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2017
|rowspan=2|[[2017 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championship]]
|rowspan=2|[[Kampala]], Uganda
|6th
|Senior race
|32:49
|
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Senior team
|10 pts
|
|-
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|London, United Kingdom
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|4:02.59
|
|-
|2019
|[[2019 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2019 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|3:54.22
|
|-
|2021
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Tokyo]], Japan
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|3:53.11 
|{{AthAbbr|OR}}
|}

=== Mmeri na utu aha Circuit ===

*  Onye mmeri Diamond League 1500 m (2): 2017, 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2021-09-09|title=Wanda Diamond League Final {{!}} Letzigrund - Zürich (SUI) {{!}} 8th-9th September 2021|url=https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Zurich/user_upload/Results_Diamond_League_2021_Zurich_2021.pdf|accessdate=2021-09-09|work=[[Diamond League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Diamond_blue.svg|24x24px]][[File:Diamond_blue.svg|24x24px]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-09-01|title=Diamond League Champions 2017: Brussels (BEL) 31 August - 1 September 2017|url=https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2017/Brussels/DiamondRaceWinners.pdf|accessdate=2021-07-01|work=[[Diamond League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 2015 (1) One Mile: Brussels Memorial Van Damme
** 2016 [3]; 1500 m (2): Shanghai Diamond League, Eugene Prefontaine Classic; One Mile (1): Oslo Bislett Games
** 2017 (3) 1500 m: Shanghai Diamond League, Eugene Prefontaine Classic, Brussels Memorial Van Damme
** 2019 (1) 1500 m: Prefontaine Classic na Palo Alto
** 2020 [3]; 1000 m (2): Monaco Herculis (MR '''DLR''' '''AR'''), Brussels Memorial Van Damme; 800 m (1): Doha Diamond League
** 2021 [4]; 800 m (1): Doha Diamond League; 1500 m (3): Monaco Herculis, Eugene Prefontaine Classic, Zürich Weltklasse

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị nwetara ihe nrite Olympic na egwuregwu (ụmụ nwanyị)
* Ndepụta nke ndị mmeri nrite nke 2016 Summer Olympics
* Ndepụta nke ndị nwetara ihe nrite Olympic nke Africa
* Ndepụta nke ndị nrite nke World Athletics Championships (ụmụ nwanyị)
* Ndepụta nke ndị nwetara ihe nrite n'egwuregwu Commonwealth (ụmụ nwanyị)
* 1500 mita na Olimpik
* 1500 mita na World Championships in Athletics

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Jemima Sumgong</title>
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Marathon mbụ Sumgong bịara na Las Vegas Marathon na 2006 ma merie na mgbalị mbụ ya, na-ewere aha ụmụ nwanyị n'oge 2:35:22.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314123250/http://caltrack.com/californiatr/news/lasvegasmarathon06final.html Kahugu, Jelagat Win New Las Vegas Marathon].&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bịara nke atọ na Azalea Trail Run n'afọ sochirinụ. O mere nke mbụ ya na Europe na 2007 Frankfurt Marathon ma ọ bịara nke anọ na oge ka mma nke 2:29:41.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=28 October 2007|url=http://www.germanroadraces.de/24-1-3229-kigen-defends-with-sub208-kraus-surprises-.html|title=Kigen defends with sub-2:08, Kraus surprises – Frankfurt Marathon|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=29 April 2012|archive-date=29 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429213959/http://www.germanroadraces.de/24-1-3229-kigen-defends-with-sub208-kraus-surprises-.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Njem ọzọ ọ gara n'ihu n'ebe ahụ bịara na San Diego Marathon ma ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na 2:30:18 n'azụ Yulia Gromova, onye mmeri nke White Nights Marathon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cruz|first=Dan|date=1 June 2008|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=45148.html|title=Wangai, Gromova win 2008 Rock 'n' Roll Marathon|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=29 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ debanyere aha ịrụ ọrụ maka ndị agha Kenya na 2009. N'ịkwụsị ịgba ọsọ, ọ lụrụ Noah Talam (onye ọzọ na-agba ọsọ marathon na Kenya) ma di na nwunye ahụ mechara mụọ nwa nwanyị na 2011. N'ịbụ onye na-efu oge 2009, ọ laghachiri na 2010 wee bụrụ onye nke abụọ na San Blas Half Marathon, nke ise na Berlin Half Marathon na nke ise na San Diego Marathon.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://raceday.baa.org/2012/cf/public/wnd_iAthleteDetailsWindow.cfm?RaceAppID=29738|title=Jemima Jelagat Sumgong|publisher=Boston Athletic Association|access-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210305/http://raceday.baa.org/2012/cf/public/wnd_iAthleteDetailsWindow.cfm?RaceAppID=29738|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe amuchara nwa ya nwanyị, Sumgong laghachiri nke ọma na Disemba 2011 na Castellón Marathon, nke ọ meriri na nke kacha mma nke 2:28:32.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231006173426/http://runinfinity.com/2011/12/maraton-ciudad-de-castellon-results-new-for-both-men-and-women.html Maratón Ciudad de Castellón Results, New For Both Men And Women].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2012 ===
Sumgong bụ onye nke asaa na asọmpi asọmpi Kenyan Cross Country Championship na mbido afọ 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mutuota|first=Mutwiri|date=18 February 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/karoki-and-chepkirui-steal-the-headlines-in-n|title=Karoki and Chepkirui steal the headlines in Nairobi|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2012 Boston Marathon, mwepụ dị elu na ọnọdụ ịgba ọsọ na-ekpo ọkụ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mma ka asọmpi ahụ gbadatara na njedebe ọsọ megide Sharon Cherop, na Sumgong na-ewere ebe nke abụọ sekọnd abụọ n'azụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Morse|first=Parker|date=16 April 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/korir-and-cherop-the-best-as-warm-weather-slo|title=Korir and Cherop the best as warm weather slows Boston|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sumgong nwalere ihe a machibidoro iwu prednisolone na ule mgbochi ọgwụ ọjọọ ya mgbe ọ gbasịrị ma nye ya mmachibido iwu afọ abụọ site na asọmpi site na Athletics Kenya. Otú ọ dị, IAAF wepụrụ ya na arịrịọ na Septemba 2012, ebe a na-ekwe ka ọgwụ mgbochi mpaghara nke Sumgong natara n'okpuru iwu nke òtù na-achị achị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ndanyi|first=Mathews|date=10 September 2012|url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-3002/ban-rescinded|title=Ban rescinded|work=The Star|accessdate=4 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ onye e wepụrụ ka ọ gbaa ọsọ, Sumgong mechiri ọzọ n'azụ Cherop na Philadelphia Half Marathon nke afọ ahụ, na-ewere ọnọdụ nke atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/biwott-and-cherop-dominate-at-philadelphia-ha|title=Biwott and Cherop dominate at Philadelphia Half Marathon|publisher=IAAF|date=16 September 2012|accessdate=22 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013 ===
Sumgong meziwanyere nke ukwuu na 2013 Rotterdam Marathon, ebe ọ meriri asọmpi ahụ n'oge nke 2:23:27 na-eme ka akara mbụ ya karịa nkeji isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=van Hemert|first=Wim|date=14 April 2013|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/regassa-and-jelagat-triumph-in-rotterdam|title=Regassa and Jelagat triumph in Rotterdam]|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=18 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; O belatara ihe kachasị mma ya maka oge nke abụọ na 2013 na 2:20:48 na njedebe nke abụọ na onye ọzụzụ ya Rita Jeptoo na Chicago Marathon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Monti|first=David|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kimetto-smashes-course-record-jeptoo-cracks-2|title=Kimetto smashes course record, Jeptoo cracks 2:20 in Chicago|publisher=IAAF|date=13 October 2013|accessdate=18 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2014 ===
Sumgong mechiri n'ọnọdụ nke anọ na Boston Marathon na oge kachasị ọsọ nke 2:20:41 (ọdịda ugwu na ọdịdị isi na isi nke usoro Boston pụtara na anaghị ele oge ya anya dị ka nke kachasị mma).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Morse|first=Parker|date=21 April 2014|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/boston-marathon-2014-jeptoo-keflezighi|title=Jeptoo breaks course record with third Boston victory while Keflezighi ends US drought|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=20 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ọ mechara nke abụọ na New York City Marathon, na-efunahụ onye obodo ya Mary Keitany, onye mmeri nke sekọnd atọ ya bụ nke kacha dị warara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kipsang-keitany-win-new-york-marathon|title=Kipsang and Keitany win at the New York Marathon|author=Morse|first=Parker|date=2 November 2014|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=20 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2016 ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Eprel, ọ meriri London Marathon na oge nke 2:22:58. Ihe omume ahụ dị ịrịba ama ka ọ dara n'oge ọsọ ahụ, mana ọ ka jisiri ike mechie n'ihu ndị ọzọ. N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2016, o ritere ihe nrite ọla edo n'egwuregwu Olimpik nke Rio na oge nke 2:24:04. Ihe nrite ọla edo nke Sumgong na 2016 Olympic bụ ihe nrite ọlaedo mbụ nke Kenya na marathon Olympic nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://en.omriyadat.com/african-athletics/jemima-jelagat-sumgong-kenya-marathon|title=Rio Olympics 2016: Sumgong wins women's marathon Gold At Rio Olympics 2016|publisher=OmRiyadat English|accessdate=14 August 2016|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917065428/http://en.omriyadat.com/african-athletics/jemima-jelagat-sumgong-kenya-marathon|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikpe ọgwụ ọjọọ ===
Sumgong ga-agbachitere aha ya na 2017 London Marathon na Eprel 23, mana izu abụọ tupu asọmpi ahụ, a kwụsịtụrụ ya mgbe ọ nwalere erythropoietin (EPO) na ule na-abụghị asọmpi nke International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) mere na Kenya, mara ọkwa na Epral 6, 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sport-doping-sumgong-idUSKBN1782Y7|title=Rio Olympic marathon champion Sumgong fails drugs test: IAAF|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=6 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara kwụsị ya ruo afọ anọ na a mara ọkwa ya na 7 Nọvemba 2017 ma mmachibido iwu ya ga-amalite site na 3 Eprel 2017 nke bụ mgbe a kwụsịtụrụ ya nwa oge. E mechara mee ka mmachibido iwu doping ya okpukpu abụọ ruo afọ 8 wee maliteghachi na Jenụwarị 2019 mgbe e weere na ọ ghaara ụgha ma mepụta ihe ndekọ ahụike ya, na-ewepụ ya na asọmpi mba ụwa ruo 2027.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/athletics/news/29175/11617608/olympic-marathon-champion-jemima-sumgongs-doping-ban-doubled-to-eight-years|title=Olympic marathon champion Jemima Sumgong's doping ban doubled to eight years|work=Sky Sports|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a bụ mmachibido iwu doping ya nke abụọ n'ime afọ 5 mgbe ọ nwalere na 2012 kwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/41903500|title=Jemima Sumgong: Four-year doping ban for Olympic marathon champion|date=2017-11-07|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=2018-05-03|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Jemima Sumgong at World Athletics
* Jemima Jelagat Sumgong at the International Olympic Committee
* Jemima Sumgong at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
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{{databox}}
[[Usòrò:Dunbar_Theatre_Washington_DC.JPG|thumb|Ụlọ Southern Aid Society na Dunbar Theater (Southern Aid Society-Dunbar Theater Building)]]
Isaiah T. Hatton (1883 ruo 1921) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na United States nke a maara maka atụmatụ ụlọ ya maka ndị Afrịka Amerịka ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iTAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=isaiah+T.+Hatton&amp;pg=PT460|title=African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865–1945|first=Dreck Spurlock|author=Wilson|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1135956286}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/02/23/the-golden-age-of-black-architects/7e56d6b6-2058-460d-9b41-5f9432456031/|title=The Golden Age of Black Architects|date=23 February 2000|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; E depụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ha na National Register of Historic Places .

Hatton bụ naanị nwa nwoke nke Isaiah na Mary Susan Hatton ma amụọ ya na Maachị 1, 1883, na Hagerstown, Maryland. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Washington D.C. mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dreck Spurlock Wilson|title=African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iTAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT460|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-95628-8|pages=460–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ lụrụ Bertha B. Sayles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot; /&gt; Ha amụghị ụmụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot; /&gt; E depụtara ọtụtụ ụlọ ọ rụrụ na National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:WEST_(FRONT)_FACADE_-_Whitelaw_Apartment_House,_1839_Thirteenth_Street_Northwest,_Washington,_District_of_Columbia,_DC_HABS_DC,WASH,235-1.tif|thumb|Whitelaw Apartment House (Whitelaw Hotel) na foto e sere dị ka akụkụ nke Historic American Buildings Survey]]
Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ gụnyere:

* Third Baptist Church (1893), 1546 5th St., NW, Washington, D.C. (nke ya na onye Africa America ibe ya bụ Calvin Brent mepụtara), NRHP depụtara
* Thomas J. Calloway House (1910), 9949 Elm Street, Lanham, Maryland, maka Thomas Junius Calloway, onye Afrịka Amerịka mepụtara obodo Lincoln na Lanham, Mary na Prince Georges County, Maryland. Ndepụta NRHP&lt;ref name=&quot;nris&quot;&gt;{{NRISref|version=2013a}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ebe obibi nke ya na 5502 Center Ave (1911) na Lincoln&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;/&gt;
* Industrial Bank building (1915) maka John Whitelaw Lewis na 12th na U streets NW Ebe mbụ ụlọ akụ ahụ dị na ụlọ ọrụ Laborers' Building and Loan Association nke onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ William Sidney Pittman rụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akụ ahụ mechiri n'afọ ndị 1930, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Howard meghere ya ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/industrial-bank-of-washington-african-american-heritage-trail|title=Industrial Bank of Washington, African American Heritage Trail - www.culturaltourism.org|work=www.culturaltourismdc.org|accessdate=2022-06-24|archivedate=2022-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530170832/https://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/industrial-bank-of-washington-african-american-heritage-trail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://dcpreservation-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/U-Street-Brochure.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjv4ovk447dAhUl94MKHcYjCvMQFjADegQIBxAB&amp;usg=AOvVaw1SWRntAHf2rHc3DHTb0zLN U Street Historic District brochure] pages 14 and 15&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụlọ Isaiah T. Hatton na mpaghara Buena Vista nke Prince George's County ebe ọ kwagara na 1918.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot; /&gt;
* Whitelaw Hotel (1919), 1839 13th St. NW, Washington, D.C. NRHP-depụtara A makwaara dị ka Whitelaw Apartment House&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://historicsites.dcpreservation.org/items/show/59|title=Whitelaw Hotel – The Whitelaw is an apartment hotel which long served as a unique place of meeting and public accommodation for prominent African American educators, entertainers, and other notable public figures during the era of segregation. – DC Historic Sites|work=DC Historic Sites}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nris&quot;/&gt;
* Ụlọ Southern Aid Society (Southern Aid Society-Dunbar Theater Building), (1921) 1901-1903 Seventh St. NW, Washington, D.C., NRHP-depụtara&lt;ref name=&quot;nris&quot;/&gt;
* Daniel P. Seaton House na Lincoln maka Dr. And A.M.E. minista onye dere akwụkwọ na-akwado Christian Zionism&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Stephanie Dinkins</title>
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'''Stephanie Dinkins''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1964) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe na-eme ihe nkírí na Brooklyn, [[New York City|New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hellmann|first=Melissa|date=2 August 2019|title=Artist works to merge artificial intelligence and art|work=The Seattle Times|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/artist-works-to-merge-artificial-intelligence-and-art/|accessdate=3 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya maka ịmepụta nka gbasara ọgụgụ isi (AI) ka ọ na-agwakọta agbụrụ, okike, na akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dinkins|first=Stephanie|date=2018-10-19|title=Five Artificial Intelligence Insiders in Their Own Words|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/19/business/five-artificial-intelligence-insiders-in-their-own-words.html|accessdate=2020-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebumnuche ya bụ &quot;ịmepụta otu AI pụrụ iche nke nwere ọdịbendị na mmekorita ya na ndị koodu, ndị injinia na mkparịta ụka chiri anya na ọbọdọ ndị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke na-egosipụta ma na-enye ya ike ịrụ ọrụ maka ebumnuche nke ọbọdọ ya. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Stephanie Dinkins|url=https://www.eyebeam.org/introducing-stephanie-dinkins/|author=Dinkins|first=Stephanie|date=2017-11-29|work=Eyebeam|accessdate=2019-12-09|archivedate=2020-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612095209/https://www.eyebeam.org/introducing-stephanie-dinkins/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A maara Dinkins nke ọma màkà ọrụ ya, Conversations with Bina48, usoro ''mkparịta ụka'' n'etiti Dinkins na onye mbụ nwere ọgụgụ isi, robot humanoid BINA48 nke yiri nwanyị ojii na ''Ọ bụghị naanị'' otu, ihe ncheta nwere ọgụgụ isi nke ọtụtụ ọgbọ zụrụ site na ọgbọ atọ nke ezinụlọ Dinkins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://garage.vice.com/en_us/article/43kdnm/stephanie-dinkins-is-turning-memoir-into-ai|title=Stephanie Dinkins Is Turning Memoir Into AI|author=Dooley|first=Tatum|date=2019-08-15|work=VICE|accessdate=2020-02-25|archivedate=2020-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523074459/https://garage.vice.com/en_us/article/43kdnm/stephanie-dinkins-is-turning-memoir-into-ai}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Dinkins na Perth Amboy, New Jersey na nne na nna Black American zụlitere ya na Staten Island, New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Conversation With Stephanie Dinkins|url=http://www.conversationprojectnyc.com/blog/2018/12/21/a-conversation-with-stephanie-dinkins|author=Brett|first=Wallace|date=December 21, 2018|work=Conversation Project NYC|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-03|archivedate=2019-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203005105/http://www.conversationprojectnyc.com/blog/2018/12/21/a-conversation-with-stephanie-dinkins}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eto nne nne ya maka ịkụziri ya otu esi eche echiche banyere nka dị ka omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na-ekwu na &quot;nne m ochie . . . bụ ónyé na-elekọta ubi na ubi bụ nka ya . . . nke ahụ bụ omume ọbọdọ. &quot;

Dinkins gara International Center of Photography School na 1995, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ozuzu na mmemme asambodo foto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stephanie Dinkins|url=https://abladeofgrass.org/fellows/stephanie-dinkins/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=A Blade of Grass}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinkins nwetara MFA na foto site na Maryland Institute College of Art na 1997 Ọ gụsịrị Independent Study Program na Whitney Museum of American Art na 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stephanie Dinkins|url=https://datasociety.net/people/dinkins-stephanie/|accessdate=2020-02-21|work=Data &amp; Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-11-20|title=Stephanie Dinkins|url=https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/art/people/faculty-staff/stephanie-dinkins|accessdate=2020-05-02|work=Stony Brook University {{!}} Department of art|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
{{Databox}}
Dinkins bụ osote prọfesọ na ngalaba nka na Mahadum Stony Brook .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stephanie Dinkins|url=https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/art/people/faculty-staff/stephanie-dinkins|accessdate=2020-02-21|work=Stonybrook University Department of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe osise ==
Omume Dinkins na-eji teknụzụ gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị nanị, mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ dị ka ọgụgụ isi na mmụta igwe. Dinkins na-eji usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba ajụjụ ọnụ iji mepụta akụkọ na nchekwa data nke ọbọdọ dere nke na-agwa ndị ọrụ ya ma na-eje ozi dị ka omume nke itinye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ mkpesa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.stonybrook.edu/magazine/visualizing-equality-in-ai/|title=Visualizing Equality in AI {{!}}|date=2020-03-02|work=SBU News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na mmata ==
Dinkins bụ ónyé natara ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere: ónyé na-ese ihe na Berggruen Institute; ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri na Sundance New Frontiers Story Lab; onye na na-eme Soros Equality Fellowship; onye na'eme ihe nkiri Lucas Artists; onyinye Creative Capital; ónyé na onye na-emepụta ihe nkírí Bell Labs; onye na a na-eme Blade of Grass fellowship; na onye na Data &amp; Society fellowsship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/berggruen-institute-announces-inaugural-cohort-of-artist-fellows|title=Berggruen Institute Announces Inaugural Cohort of Artist Fellows|author=Candid|work=Philanthropy News Digest (PND)|accessdate=2020-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225041622/http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/berggruen-institute-announces-inaugural-cohort-of-artist-fellows|archive-date=2020-02-25|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/2019-new-frontier-future-of-culture|title=Sundance Institute Announces Future of Culture Initiative|author=Tuesday|work=sundance.org|accessdate=2020-02-25|archivedate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225173910/https://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/2019-new-frontier-future-of-culture}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/grants/soros-equality-fellowship?fellow=stephanie-dinkins&amp;current=1|title=Soros Equality Fellowship|work=opensocietyfoundations.org|accessdate=2020-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blog.montalvoarts.org/1/post/2019/09/montalvo-announces-new-lucas-artists-fellows-in-visual-arts-for-2019-2022.html|title=Montalvo Announces New Lucas Artists Fellows in Visual Arts for 2019–2022|work=Open Access: Inside the Lucas Artists Program|accessdate=2020-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Not the Only One|url=https://creative-capital.org/projects/not-the-only-one/|work=Creative Capital|accessdate=2020-02-25|archivedate=2020-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216181144/https://creative-capital.org/projects/not-the-only-one/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newinc.org/nokia-bell-labs|title=Nokia Bell Labs|work=NEW INC|accessdate=2020-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abladeofgrass.org/lay-of-the-land/blade-grass-announces-2017-abog-fellows-socially-engaged-art/|title=Meet the 2017 ABOG Fellows for Socially Engaged Art|work=A Blade of Grass|accessdate=2020-02-25|archivedate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225173912/http://www.abladeofgrass.org/lay-of-the-land/blade-grass-announces-2017-abog-fellows-socially-engaged-art/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datasociety.net/announcements/2018/05/15/introducing-the-2018-2019-class-of-data-society-fellows/|title=Data &amp; Society — Introducing the 2018-2019 class of Data &amp; Society Fellows|work=Data &amp; Society|accessdate=2020-02-25|archivedate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225190804/https://datasociety.net/announcements/2018/05/15/introducing-the-2018-2019-class-of-data-society-fellows/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye 2019 Creative Capital awardee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Mgbasa ozi ==
Dinkins pụtara na ihe ''omume'' nke isii nke usoro ihe nkírí telivishọn HBO Random Acts of Flyness nke Terence Nance duziri, ebe ọ kọwara mkparịta ụka ya na BINA48.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Random Acts of Flyness - They Won't Go When I Go|url=https://www.hbo.com/random-acts-of-flyness/season-1/6-they-wont-go-when-i-go|work=HBO|accessdate=2020-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>University of Lagos</title>
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      <text bytes="29670" sha1="32b4ph8t2hfnz483hr8uovb3roddilb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Mahadum Lagos''', nke a mara nke ọma dị ka '''UNILAG''', bụ mahadum nyocha ọha na eze dị na [[Lagos]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] ma guzobe ya na afọ 1962. UNILAG bụ otu n'ime mahadum ọgbọ mbụ na Naịjirịa ma bụrụkwa otu n'etiti mahadum kachasị elu n'ụwa na akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ. Mahadum ahụ nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ atọ ugbu a na mpaghara [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]]. Ọ bụ ezie na abụọ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ya dị na [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]] (isi ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na [[Akoka]] na ụlọ akwụkwọ e mepụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ụlọ akwụkwọ radiography), ọ bụ kọleji ọgwụ dị na Idi-Araba, Surulere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Unilag|url=https://unilag.edu.ng/?page_id=7|work=University of Lagos|accessdate=15 July 2020|date=9 July 2020|archivedate=28 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114032/https://unilag.edu.ng/?page_id=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdọ mmiri [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] gbara ogige ya gburugburu ma nwee ala 802 acres. Mahadum Lagos ugbu a [mgbe?] na-anabata ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 9,000 kwa afọ ma na-edebanye aha ihe karịrị ụmụ amaala 57,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 January 2022|title=UNILAG Admission Requirements For 2022/2023|url=https://schoolbeginner.com/unilag-admission-requirements-for-2022/|accessdate=28 February 2022|work=School Beginner|language=en-US|archivedate=27 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327041725/https://schoolbeginner.com/unilag-admission-requirements-for-2022/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu kọmitii nleta, nke e mepụtara iji nyochaa ihe omume nke mahadum ahụ n'etiti afọ 2016 na 2020 chọpụtara ikpe nke mmebi ego site n'aka ndị isi ọrụ ma nye mahadum iwu ka ha mechie akaụntụ na ụlọ akụ azụmahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 September 2021|title=Panel orders UNILAG to close accounts with commercial banks|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/panel-orders-unilag-to-close-accounts-with-commercial-banks/|accessdate=26 September 2021|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Usòrò:University_of_Lagos_(Unilag).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/University_of_Lagos_%28Unilag%29.jpg/220px-University_of_Lagos_%28Unilag%29.jpg|thumb|Mahadum Lagos]]
[[Usòrò:Lagoon_front_Unilag.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lagoon_front_Unilag.jpg/220px-Lagoon_front_Unilag.jpg|thumb|Lagoon Front, Mahadum Lagos]]
E guzobere UNILAG na afọ 1962, afọ abụọ mgbe [[Naijiria|nnwere onwe nke Naịjirịa]] site na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]]. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mahadum ise mbụ e guzobere na mba ahụ, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka &quot;mahadum ọgbọ mbụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Education Profile|url=http://nigeria.usembassy.gov/nigeria_education_profile.html|work=United States Diplomatic Mission to Nigeria|accessdate=15 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317014614/http://nigeria.usembassy.gov/nigeria_education_profile.html|archivedate=17 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/university-lagos-1962/|title=University of Lagos (1962- ) •|date=10 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara Eni Njoku dị ka osote onye isi ojii mbụ nke mahadum ahụ na afọ 1962, ọ nọgidekwara n'ọkwa ruo afọ 1965 mgbe Saburi Biobaku nọchiri ya. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi esemokwu gbara nhọpụta ya gburugburu, Kayode Adams, nwa akwụkwọ na-eme ihe ike nke kwenyere na nhọpụta Biobaku bụ ihe na-ezighị ezi na agbụrụ kpaliri, mara Saburi mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://businessday.ng/news-features/article/saburi-biobaku-unilags-vc-stabbed-student-disagreed-choice-vc/|title=Saburi Biobaku: Unilag's VC who was stabbed by a student who disagreed with his choice as VC|date=4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na afọ 2017 ruo taa, osote onye isi ala bụ prọfesọ [[Oluwatoyin Ogundipe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/38350/ambode-congratulates-new-unilag-vc-prof-oluwatoyin-ogundipe/|title=Ambode Congratulates New UNILAG VC, Prof Oluwatoyin Ogundipe|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=11 September 2022|archivedate=4 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604113046/https://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/38350/ambode-congratulates-new-unilag-vc-prof-oluwatoyin-ogundipe/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019, BBC kọrọ na &quot;ndị nta akụkọ nwanyị na-enye nsogbu mmekọahụ, na-enye ha aro ma na-etinye ha n'okpuru nrụgide site n'aka ndị nkuzi dị elu n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ mgbe niile ha na-eyi kamera nzuzo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='Sex for grades': Undercover in West African universities|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-49907376/sex-for-grades-undercover-in-west-african-universities|accessdate=8 October 2019|work=BBC News|date=7 October 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.guardian.ng/opinion/that-bbcs-sting-operation-in-unilag/|title=That BBC's sting operation in UNILAG|date=15 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahadum ahụ akụziwo ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama. Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị ọka iwu, ndị ahịa, ndị na-eme ihe ntụrụndụ, ndị eze, ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka teknụzụ, ndị natara iwu mba Naijiria, ndị otu agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche. Ka ọ na-erule Septemba, na afọ 2020, otu onye nrite Nobel na otu onye nrise Pulitzer nwere njikọ na Mahadum Lagos dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ngalaba, ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 November 2021|title=University of Lagos|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-lagos|accessdate=28 February 2022|work=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:University_Of_Lagos.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/University_Of_Lagos.jpg/220px-University_Of_Lagos.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ngalaba sayensị, Mahadum Lagos]]
[[Usòrò:University_of_Lagos_lagoon_front.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/University_of_Lagos_lagoon_front.jpg/220px-University_of_Lagos_lagoon_front.jpg|thumb|Mahadum nke Lagos Lagoon ihu ihu site na ụlọ ihe nkiri Seaside, Bariga]]
[[Usòrò:Lagoon_Front_Silhouette.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lagoon_Front_Silhouette.jpg/220px-Lagoon_Front_Silhouette.jpg|thumb|Lagoon Front Silhouette]]
[[Usòrò:Lagoon_Front_Picture_taken_by_Amorty.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lagoon_Front_Picture_taken_by_Amorty.jpg/220px-Lagoon_Front_Picture_taken_by_Amorty.jpg|thumb|Nlegharị anya nke Àkwà Mmiri nke Atọ Site na Lagoon Front]]
[[Usòrò:Green_Spaces_in_University_of_Lagos_20.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Green_Spaces_in_University_of_Lagos_20.jpg/220px-Green_Spaces_in_University_of_Lagos_20.jpg|thumb|Green Space na Mahadum Lagos]]

== Nkà mmụta na nyocha ==
Mahadum ahụ anọgide na-abụ otu n'ime ndị kachasị asọmpi na mba ahụ n'ihe gbasara nnabata. Na ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 57,000 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013, Mahadum Lagos nwere otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ kachasị na mahadum ọ bụla na mba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;The University of Lagos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unilag.edu.ng/newsdetails.php?NewsID=469|title=News|author=The University of Lagos|accessdate=23 July 2013|date=3 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174547/http://www.unilag.edu.ng/newsdetails.php?NewsID=469|archivedate=14 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Demographics|isbn=978-9-78487-120-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mahadum Lagos bụ otu n'ime mahadum iri abụọ na ise nke gọmentị etiti na-elekọta ma na-enye ikike site na National Universities Commission (NUC).

Akwụkwọ Forbes bipụtara n'oge na-adịghi anya kwuru na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ mahadum nke atọ kachasị mma n'Africa maka ọchụnta ego mgbe Mahadum Cape Town na Mahadum Makerere gasịrị, na-akpọ Mahadum Lagos &quot;ụlọ ọrụ mmalite&quot; maka ụmụ akwụkwọ Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McCormick|first=Meghan|title=If You Want To Start A Tech-Company In Africa, Go To College|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghanmccormick/2020/05/25/if-you-want-to-start-a-tech-company-in-africa-go-to-college/|accessdate=19 June 2020|work=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akpọ mahadum ahụ &quot;mahadum nke mbụ na mpako mba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unilag.edu.ng/#|publisher=University of Lagos|accessdate=12 September 2013|title=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ nyocha nke mahadum ahụ bụ otu n'ime isi ihe ndị National Universities Commission (NUC) ji mee ihe n'ikpe mahadum ahụ ikpe dị ka mahadum kachasị mma na Naịjirịa na Nigerian University System Annual Merit Award (NUSAMA) na afọ 2008.

Mahadum Lagos, College of Medicine nwere njikọ na Lagos University Teaching Hospital(LUTH). Na 29 Junn, na afọ 2020, mahadum ahụ natara robot, CRZR, site na isi obodo dị ka onyinye iji lụso mgbasa nke COVID-19 ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 July 2020|title=Platform Capital Donates Robots To UNILAG|url=https://geeky.com.ng/platform-capital-donates-robots-to-unilag/|accessdate=1 July 2020|work=Geeky Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụlọ ọrụ na kọleji ndị metụtara ya ===
'''Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management (CEBCEM)'''

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke e guzobere n'ọnwa Eprel, na afọ 2018, na-elekwasị anya na njikwa ụdị dị iche iche, nchekwa na nlekota nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide site na nyocha mmekorita. CEBCEM na-enye ikpo okwu maka nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ tertiary yana ịkwado maka mmata gburugburu ebe obibi. The Centre for Biodiversity conservation and ecosystem t

== Ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji ndị metụtara ya ==

=== Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management (CEBCEM) ===
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke e guzobere n'ọnwa Eprel, na afọ 2018, na-elekwasị anya na njikwa ụdị dị iche iche, nchekwa na nlekota nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide site na nyocha mmekorita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; CEBCEM na-enye ikpo okwu maka nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ tertiary yana ịkwado maka mmata gburugburu ebe obibi. The Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management bụ nzaghachi nke Mahadum Lagos na egwu nke biodiversity na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Nzaghachi a gụnyere ịtụ aro ngwọta mpaghara maka ihe ịma aka nchekwa dị iche iche nke a na-eme ka ọ dị mfe site na enyemaka nyocha ụlọ ọrụ dịka TETfund.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Popoola|first=Ijeoma|date=9 April 2018|title=Environmental sustainability: Unilag opens Centre for Biodiversity Conservation|url=https://nnn.ng/environmental-sustainability-unilag-opens-centre-for-biodiversity-conservation/|accessdate=11 March 2022|work=NNN|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkwa na idu ndú ==
Ndị isi ndị isi nọ ugbu a na nchịkwa mahadum na ọnọdụ ha bụ ndị a:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Ọfịs
!ndị na-ejide ya
|-
|Onye Nleta
|[[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|Onye isi ala nke Federal Republic of Nigeria]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
|-
|Onye isi ala na Onye isi oche
|Dr. Lanre Tejuosho
|-
|Onye isi ala
|Shehu nke Borno, Alhaji (Dr.) Abubakar IBN Umar Garbai El-Kanemi
|-
|Onye isi ala
|Prọfesọ [[Oluwatoyin Ogundipe]]
|-
|Onye osote onye isi oche (Academics &amp; Research)
|Prọfesọ Bola Oboh
|-
|Onye osote onye isi ala (Ọrụ Nchịkwa)
|Prọfesọ Lucian O. Chukwu
|-
|Onye osote onye isi ala (Ọrụ Mmepe)
|Prọfesọ Ayodele Victoria Atsenuwa
|-
|Ndebanye aha
|Maazị Ismaila Oladejo Azeez
|-
|Bursar
|Maazị Nurudeen Olalekan Ajani Lawal
|-
|Onye na-elekọta Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum
|Dr. (Nwunye.) Yetunde Abosede Zaid
|}

== Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ngalaba na ndị ọrụ ama ama ==
[[Usòrò:Yemi_Osinbajo_2017-05-27.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yemi_Osinbajo_2017-05-27.jpg/170px-Yemi_Osinbajo_2017-05-27.jpg|thumb|Onye isi oche Yemi Osinbajo nke Naijiria bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Lagos]]

=== Nkà mmụta a ma ama ===

* [[Wole Soyinka|Ajị Soyinka]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/146108-essential-soyinka-timeline-uzor-maxim-uzoatu.html|title=The Essential Soyinka Timeline, By Uzor Maxim Uzoatu|publisher=[[Premium Times]]|date=5 October 2013|accessdate=9 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/soyinka/|title=Stanford Presidential Lectures in the humanities and the arts|year=1998|publisher=Stanford University|accessdate=9 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Grace Alele-Williams]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hallmarksoflabour.org/2011/11/prof-mrs-grace-alele-williams-ofr-hlr/|title=Prof. Mrs. Grace Alele Williams OFR, HLR|publisher=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|date=28 November 2011|accessdate=9 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216151023/http://www.hallmarksoflabour.org/2011/11/prof-mrs-grace-alele-williams-ofr-hlr/|archivedate=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* J. P. Clark&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.adakaboro.org/resources/research/people-of-niger-delta/173-john-pepper-clark-bekederemo|title=John Pepper Clark Bekederemo|publisher=The Adaka Boro Centre|date=25 March 2012|accessdate=9 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212194554/http://www.adakaboro.org/resources/research/people-of-niger-delta/173-john-pepper-clark-bekederemo|archivedate=12 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Olufemi Majekodunmi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Olufemi Majekodunmi PPNIA - Chairman|url=http://fmaarchitects.com/olufemi-majekodunmi/|accessdate=28 February 2022|work=Fma Architects|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Marita Golden&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marita Golden {{!}} Author {{!}} Creative Writing Coach {{!}} Literary Consultant {{!}} Creative Writing Workshops {{!}} Book Editor – Are You Ready to Write?|url=https://maritagolden.com/|accessdate=28 February 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oyeleye Oyediran&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Two-Partyism and Democratic Transition in Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1991-06_29_2/page/213|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=29|date=June 1991|pages=213–235|author=Oyeleye Oyediran|doi=10.1017/S0022278X0000272X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lazarọs Ekwueme [ihe e dere n'ala]
* Ken Saro Wiwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ken Saro-Wiwa {{!}} Nigerian author and activist {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ken-Saro-Wiwa|accessdate=28 February 2022|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Solomon Babalola&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/47356/S-Adeboye-Babalola|title=S. Adeboye Babalola|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Akinsola Olusegun Faluyi
* [[Karen King-Aribisala]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 December 2011|title=Karen King-Aribisala (n.d.) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/king-aribisala-karen-n-d/|accessdate=28 February 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama ===
N'etiti ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Lagos, Akoka na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dabara n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ ahụ bụ;

* Wande Abimbola, ọkachamara Yoruba.
* [[Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola]], onye na-emegharị ihe na Naịjirịa.
* Niyi Adebayo, gọvanọ mbụ nke [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti Steeti]] na minista nke ụlọ ọrụ, azụmahịa na itinye ego ugbu a.
* Oladipupo Olatunde Adebutu, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria.
* Olamilekan Adegbite, minista na-ahụ maka ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na mmepe ígwè.
* Wale Adenuga, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/award-from-unilag-for-master-storyteller-wale-adenuga/|title=Award from Unilag for 'Master Storyteller,' Wale Adenuga|date=14 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ayo Aderinwale, onye nnọchi anya mba Naijiria.
* [[Kunlé Adeyemi|Kunle Adeyemi]], onye isi nke NLÉ, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe owuwu, imewe na ime obodo, Amsterdam.
* [[Adebayo Clement Adeyeye]], onye nta akụkọ Naijiria na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
* Gbenga Adeyinka, onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ọchị, onye na redio na onye na-egosi TV.
* Ernest Afiesimama, onye sayensị ihu igwe nke Naijiria.
* Goddy Jedy Agba
* Abisoye Ajayi-Akinfolarin, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, ndị dike CNN top 10 awardee maka 2018.
* Fabian Ajogwu, onye ọka iwu na SAN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Fabian Ajogwu, SAN|url=https://fabianajogwu.com/|accessdate=28 February 2022|work=fabianajogwu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lola Akande, onye edemede na agụmakwụkwọ.
* [[Omoyemi Akerele]], onye na-emepụta ejiji na onye guzobere Style House Files.
* Bola Akindele, onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria na onye ọrụ ebere.
* [[Funke Akindele]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nrite.
* Rilwan Akiolu, onye bụbu Oba nke Lagos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/lecturer-at-23-borrowed-to-pay-his-uk-school-fees-7-things-you-never-knew-about-osinbajo-at-60|title=Lectured at 23, borrowed to pay school fees... 7 things you didn't know about Osinbajo|date=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mary Akpobome]], onye nduzi nke Heritage Banking Company Limited nke Nigeria (HBCL).
* [[Yemi Alade]], onye egwu nwetara ihe nrite.
* Akinwunmi Ambode, onye bụbu gọvanọ nke Lagos State.
* Abayomi Arigbabu, onye ọkachamara nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na onye isi agụmakwụkwọ ugbu a, Ogun State.
* Daré Art-Aladé, onye na-agụ egwú
* Emilia Asim-Ita, onye guzobere The Future Awards Africa.
* Regina Askia-Williams, onye nọsụ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye bụbu miss unilag.
* [[Jelili Atiku]], onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri.
* [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]], onye ọka iwu na onye ọchụnta ego.
* [[Adewale Ayuba]], onye na-agụ egwu
* Epiphany Azinge, onye ọka iwu, onye isi na-akwado Naịjirịa na onye bụbu DG nke Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies.

* Wale Babalakin, onye ọka iwu na onye ọchụnta ego.
* Akin Babalola Kamar Odunsi, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọchụnta ego.
* [[eLDee]], onye bụbu onye na-eti egwu Naijiria-America, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ.
* Teju Babyface, onye na-eme ihe ọchị.
* Tobi Bakre, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-egosi ihe ngosi.
* [[Reekado Banks]], onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu.
* Philip Begho, onye edemede.
* Crystal Chigbu, onye ọchụnta ego mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.

* [[Stella Damasus]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agụ egwu.
* Gbenga Daniel, onye bụbu gọvanọ nke Ogun State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriannewsdirect.com/my-friends-blackmailed-me-to-become-accidental-hotelier-otunba-gbenga-daniel/|title=My friends blackmailed me to become accidental hotelier - Otunba Gbenga Daniel|date=27 November 2019|accessdate=11 September 2022|archivedate=11 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911150534/https://nigeriannewsdirect.com/my-friends-blackmailed-me-to-become-accidental-hotelier-otunba-gbenga-daniel/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Raquel Kasham Daniel, onye edemede na onye nkuzi
* Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo, onye bụbu gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe Steeti]].
* Ousainou Darboe, minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi na [[The Gambia|Gambia]] ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1226103-unilag-graduate-8000-students.html|title=Unilag VC gives update on convocation as varsity set to graduate 8,000 students|date=7 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fola David, dọkịta na onye na-ese ihe.
* Dipo Dina, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria.

* [[Denrele Edun]], onye na-enweta ihe nrite na redio na telivishọn.
* Ufuoma Ejenobor, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nlereanya.
* Grace Ekpiwhre, onye bụbu minista sayensị na teknụzụ.
* [[Tony Elumelu]], onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọrụ ebere.
* [[Obiageli Ezekwesili]], onye na-ahụ maka ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
* Lekan Fatodu, onye nta akụkọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
* Kayode Fayemi, gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti Steeti]] ugbu a na onye bụbu minista nke mmepe nke mineral siri ike.

* Femi Gbajabiamila, onye ọka iwu, onye omeiwu na onye na-ekwu okwu ugbu a n'ụlọ nke itoolu nke ndị nnọchi anya Naịjirịa.
* [[Chika Ike]], onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, onye telivishọn, onye na-emepụta ihe, nwanyị ọchụnta ego, onye ọrụ ebere na onye bụbu ihe nlereanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chika Ike|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2487832/bio|accessdate=28 February 2022|work=IMDb|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* IllRymz, onye egwu, onye redio na telivishọn.
* [[Omalicha|Anita Ifeoma Isede]], Naijiria OAP.
* Yakubu Itua, onye bụbu onye otu ụlọ nnọchi anya gọmentị etiti afọ 1983 na onye bụbu ọkàikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Benin-City.
* Chude Jideonwo, onye ọka iwu, onye nta akụkọ na onye ọchụnta ego mgbasa ozi.

* Adetokunbo Kayode, onye ọka iwu ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria, ọkachamara n'ụtụ isi na onye nnọchiteanya mba ụwa, onye bụbu minista ọrụ, [[Ebe ozi gọọmenti etiti nke Naijiria|minista ikpe]], minista njem nleta, ọdịbendị na ntụziaka mba.
* Matilda Kerry-Osazuwa, onye guzobere George Kerry Life Foundation, dọkịta na onye bụbu MBGN.
* [[Lil Kesh]], onye na-agụ egwu Naijiria, onye na na-eti egwu na onye na-ede egwu.
* Laycon, onye na-eti egwu, onye na na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu, onye mmeri Big Brother Naija oge 5.

* Kaycee Madu, onye ọka iwu Naijiria-Canada na minista ikpe ugbu a na onye ọka iwu nke Alberta.
* George Magoha, dọkịta na-awa ahụ na agụmakwụkwọ.
* Seyi Makinde, injinia eletrik, onye ọchụnta ego na gọvanọ nke Oyo Steeti ugbu a.
* [[Toke Makinwa]], onye na-enweta ihe nrite na redio na telivishọn.
* Bekeme Masade-Olowola, onye ọchụnta ego ọha na eze.
* [[Mayorkun]], onye egwu nwetara ihe nrite.
* Oliver Mbamara, onye ọka iwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.
* Ufuoma McDermott, ihe nlereanya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.
* Lai Mohammed, onye ọka iwu na minista ozi na ọdịbendị ugbu a.
* Ifeanyi Chudy Momah, onye ọka iwu na onye omeiwu.
* John Momoh, onyeisi oche, Channels Television Group.

* [[Genevieve Nnaji]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nduzi na onye na-emepụta ihe.
* [[Ramsey Nouah]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi nke Naijiria.
* Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba, minista steeti maka agụmakwụkwọ.

* Tim Owhefere, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria.
* Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah, onye na-ahụ maka ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na mmepe ígwè na Naịjirịa ugbu a.
* Babatunde Ogunnaike, prọfesọ injinia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Roberts|first=Karen B.|url=http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2012/feb/ogunnaike-nae-021012.html|title=Engineering elite: National Academy of Engineering elects UD's Babatunde Ogunnaike|publisher=University of Delaware College of Engineering|accessdate=12 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Ikedi Godson Ohakim|Ikedi Ohakim]], onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye bụbu gọvanọ nke [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|steeti Imo]].
* Bayo Ojo, SAN na onye bụbu Attorney General nke [[Naijiria|Federal Republic]] of Nigeria.
* Habeeb Okunola, onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọrụ ebere.
* Wole Olanipekun, onye ọka iwu na onye ọka iwu ukwu nke Naịjirịa.
* Dele Olojede, onye nta akụkọ, onye Afrịka mbụ nwetara ihe nrite Pulitzer.
* Simbo Olorunfemi, onye na-ede uri, onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta telivishọn.
* [[Ogbonnaya Onu]], gọvanọ mbụ nke Abia [[Ȯra Abia|Steeti]] na minista sayensị na teknụzụ ugbu a.
* Yemi Osinbajo, [[Vice President of Nigeria|osote onye isi ala]] ugbu a, Federal Republic of Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/10/27/osinbajo-lists-illustrious-citizens-who-attended-unilag/|title=Osinbajo lists illustrious citizens who attended UNILAG|date=27 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Helen Ovbiagele]], onye edemede.
* Tim Owhefere, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria.

* [[Sasha P]], onye na-eti egwu, onye na'egwú, onye ọchụnta ego, onye ọka iwu na onye na-ekwu okwu na-akpali akpali.
* Kemebradikumo Pondei, onye na-anọchite anya onye isi nchịkwa nke Niger Delta Development Commission.

* [[Omowunmi Sadik]], ọkà mmụta sayensị na prọfesọ.
* Babajide Sanwo-Olu, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye ọchụnta ego na gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos Steeti]] ugbu a.
* [[Broda Shaggi]], onye na-eme ihe ọchị.
* [[Joke Silva]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nduzi na onye na-emepụta ihe.
* Ayo Sogunro, onye edemede, [[mwod:satirist|onye na-eme ihe]] ọchị na onye ọka iwu.
* [[Omoyele Sowore]], onye guzobere, Sahara Reporters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ikenwa|first=Chizoba|date=6 December 2019|title=Omoyele Sowore Biography &amp; Net Worth (Owner Of Sahara Reporters)|url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/omoyele-sowore-biography-net-worth-owner-sahara-reporters/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=Nigerian Infopedia|language=en-US|archivedate=14 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314081300/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/omoyele-sowore-biography-net-worth-owner-sahara-reporters/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gabriel Suswam, onye bụbu gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Benue|Benue Steeti]].

* Vector, onye na-eti egwu na Naijiria na onye na-ede egwu.
* [[Farida Mzamber Waziri]], onye bụbu onyeisi oche, EFCC.
* Olajide Williams, prọfesọ nke neurology na Mahadum Columbia.

== Arụmụka ==

=== Atụmatụ ịgbanwe aha ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Mee, n'afọ 2012, [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|onye isi ala Naịjirịa]] n'oge ahụ, [[Goodluck Jonathan]], tụrụ aro ka a gbanwee aha Mahadum Lagos ka ọ bụrụ Mahadum Moshood Abiola iji sọpụrụ Moshood Abiolo, onye nwụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị ka onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1998. Mgbanwe aha a tụrụ aro ghọrọ isiokwu nke mkpesa site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ. N'ihi ya, a tụfuru atụmatụ ahụ ka gọmentị etiti Naịjirịa kwenyere na ngagharị iwe nke mgbanwe aha ahụ kpaliri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/nigeria-president-renames-university-after-politician-who-died-in-jail-over-a-decade-ago/2012/05/29/gJQAPvSPyU_story.html|title=Nigeria President renames university after politician who died in jail over a decade ago|date=29 May 2012|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=29 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201205290780.html|title=Students Protest Jonathan's Renaming of UNILAG|date=29 May 2012|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|accessdate=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607063021/http://allafrica.com/stories/201205290780.html|archive-date=7 June 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/05/jonathan-renames-unilag-moshood-abiola-university/|title=Jonathan renames UNILAG, Moshood Abiola University|date=29 May 2012|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|The Vanguard]]|accessdate=29 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebubo mmekọahụ rụrụ arụ ===
E nwela akụkọ banyere omume mmekọahụ na-ezighị ezi megide ọtụtụ ndị nkuzi na mahadum nke mahadum ahụ gọnahụrụ. Ndị bụbu ndị mmegbu mmekọahụ mepụtara ihe nkiri nyocha nke a na-ebugo na YouTube.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=UNILAG Lecturers Accused Of Sexual Harassment Remain Suspended - VC|url=https://leadership.ng/unilag-lecturers-accused-of-sexual-harassment-remain-suspended-vc/|accessdate=27 February 2021|work=Leadership Newspaper|date=22 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=University suspends 'sex-for-grades' staff for 4, 6 months|url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20200218135226736|accessdate=27 February 2021|work=University World News|date=18 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BBC Africa Eye 'Sex for Grades' investigation collect Emmy Nomination|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-53826406|accessdate=27 February 2021|work=BBC News Pidgin|date=18 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta mahadum na Naịjirịa

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihe owuwu na ihe ncheta ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Campus of UNILAG&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Research and innovation office, University of Lagos.jpg|Research_and_innovation_office,_University_of_Lagos
Usòrò:Faculty of Art, University of Lago.jpg|Faculty_of_Art,_University_of_Lago
Usòrò:University Library, University of Lagos.jpg|University_Library,_University_of_Lagos
Usòrò:J. P Clark Center, University of Lagos.jpg|J.
Usòrò:Sport center, University of Lagos.jpg|Sport_center,_University_of_Lagos
Usòrò:Unilag Senate house.jpg|Unilag_Senate_house
Usòrò:Akintunde Ojo memorial hall, Unilag.jpg|Akintunde_Ojo_memorial_hall,_Unilag
Usòrò:Unilag Lagoon Front Fountain.jpg|Unilag_Lagoon_Front_Fountain
Usòrò:Quadrangle, Faculty of Arts, Unilag.jpg|Quadrangle,_Faculty_of_Arts,_Unilag
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Media related to University of Lagos at Wikimedia Commons
* Official website 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240613114139/https://unilagalumniassociation.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke University of Lagos Alumni Association]
[[Òtù:Mahadum na Lagos]]
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    <title>Asusu Somali</title>
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      <text bytes="31889" sha1="bjluxbfk6gaawlk3rhv751ub4g20h78" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vevent&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; color: black; background-color:  #faecc8;&quot; |Somali
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color:  #faecc8;&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Somali-language text&quot;&gt;''Af Soomaali''&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;1073&quot;&gt;[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/somali.htm &quot;Somali alphabets, pronunciation and language&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;1074&quot;&gt;''Omniglot''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;1075&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 June&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;span title=&quot;Somali-language text&quot;&gt;''Soomaali''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;[https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/master/common/main/so.xml &quot;cldr/so.xml at master · unicode-org/cldr&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Somali-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;so&quot;&gt;𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span title=&quot;Somali-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;so&quot;&gt;𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Somali-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;so&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;اف صومالي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span title=&quot;Somali-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;so&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;صومالي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;,
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Region
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Horn of Africa]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ethnicity
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Somalis]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;&quot;&gt;Native speakers&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |21,807,730&amp;nbsp;(2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;eth&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Somali|publisher=[[SIL International]]|date=2021|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/som|access-date=June 28, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Language family]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;[[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
*[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]
** [[Lowland East Cushitic languages|Lowland East Cushitic]]
*** [[Somali languages]]
**** '''Somali'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Writing system]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Somali Latin alphabet]] &lt;small&gt;([[Latin script]]; official)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Wadaad writing]] &lt;small&gt;([[Arabic script]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Osmanya alphabet]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Borama alphabet]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Kaddare alphabet]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color:  #faecc8;&quot; |Official status
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;&quot;&gt;Official language&amp;nbsp;in&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Somalia]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Somaliland]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Djibouti]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Ethiopia]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;&quot;&gt;Recognised minority&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;language&amp;nbsp;in&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Kenya]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[List of language regulators|Regulated&amp;nbsp;by]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Regional Somali Language Academy]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color:  #faecc8;&quot; |Language codes
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-1]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=so so]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-2]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=419 som]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:som|som]]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |''[[Glottolog]]''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/soma1255 soma1255]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[Linguasphere Observatory|Linguasphere]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;14-GAG-a&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Somali_map.jpg|252x252px]]&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;Primary Somali ''[[Sprachraum]]''&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint selfref&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E7E7FF;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;&quot; |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|rendering support]], you may see [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]].
|}
[[Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code]]
[[Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code]]
[[Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue]]
'''Somali''' /səˈmɑːli, soʊ-/[4] (Latin script: Af-Soomaali; Wadaad: اَف صومالي ; Osmanya: 意 意 ːmɑ́ːlì]) bụ asụsụ Afroasiatic nke sitere na alaka Cushitic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cllds&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Somali|publisher=Collins Dictionary|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/somali|accessdate=21 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-asụ ya dị ka asụsụ nne site na ndị Somalis di na Greater Somalia na ndị Somali diaspora. Somali bụ asụsụ gọọmentị na [[Somalia]], [[Somaliland]] ya na [[Ethiopia]], yana asụsụ mba na [[Djibouti]] nakwa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=AfricaNews|date=2020-03-04|title=One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages/|accessdate=2021-11-11|work=Africanews|archivedate=2020-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028052106/https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latin dee asụsụ Somali n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji akwụkwọ Arabic na ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede Somali dị ka Osmanya na mkpụrụedemede Borama eme ihe n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis175&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|year=1999|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=3825830845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis&quot;&gt;Lewis, I.M. (1958), [https://www.scribd.com/doc/15957443/The-Gadabursi-Somali-Script The Gadabuursi Somali Script], ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', [[University of London]], Vol. 21, pp. 134–156.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
A na-ekewa Somali n'ime ngalaba Kushitic nke Ezinne ụlọ Afroasiatic, kpọmkwem, Lowland East Kushitic na mgbakwunye na Afar na Saho.  Somali bụ asụsụ Kushitic kacha edekọ nke ọma, yana ọmụmụ mmụta mmụta asụsụ malitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19.

== Mgbasa ala nke Somalia ==
A na-asụ asụsụ Somali n'ebe ndị Somalia bi na [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], Yemen na ndị Somali gbasara agbasa . A na-asụkwa ya dị ka asụsụ nkuchi site n'aka ndị agbụrụ ole na ole na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na mpaghara ndị Somalia.

Somali bụ asụsụ Kushitic a na-asụkarị n'ógbè ahụ, ndị [[Oromo language|Oromo]] na Afar sochiri.

Ka ọ na-erule 2019, e nwere ihe dị ka nde 21.8 na-asụ Somali, gbasaa na Greater Somalia nke ihe dị ka Nde 7.8 bi na Somalia.&lt;ref name=&quot;eth&quot;/&gt; Asụsụ a na-asụ site na pacent iri itoolu n’ise nke ndị bi na mba ahụ, yana ọtụtụ ndị bi na Djibouti.

Mgbe mmalite nke Agha Obodo Somalia na mbido afọ 1990, ndị na-asụ Somali na-abawanye n'ibu, na obodo ndị ọhụrụ na-asụrụ Somali na-etolite n'akụkụ Middle East, North Amerika na Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;eth&quot;/&gt;

=== Ọnọdụ gọọmentị ===


A na-amata Somali dị ka asụsụ ọrụ gọọmentị na mpaghara Somalia nke Etiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Llicuv&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kizitus Mpoche, Tennu Mbuh, eds.|title=Language, literature, and identity|year=2006|publisher=Cuvillier|isbn=3-86537-839-0|pages=163–164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNEiAQAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị asụsụ gọọmentị nke [[Djibouti]], ọ bụ asụsụ mba dị mkpa n'ebe ahụ. A na-eji Somali eme ihe na mgbasa ozi telivishọn na redio, na Redio Djibouti nke gọọmentị na-arụ ọrụ na-ezipụ mmemme n'asụsụ ahụ site na 1943 gaa n'ihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethndjib&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ethnologue - Djibouti - Languages|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/DJ/languages|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=25 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Kenya na-agbasa ozi n'asụsụ Somali na mmemme Iftin FM ya. A na-asụ asụsụ ahụ na mpaghara Somalia dị na North Eastern [[Kenya]], ya bụ Wajir County, Garissa County na Mandera County.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mobile Urbanity Somali Presence in Urban East Africa|year=2019|first=Neil|author=Carrier|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781789202977}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/5g2xHqL7Eyo Ghostarchive] and the {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5g2xHqL7Eyo&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en|title=KBC yazindua kitua kipya cha redio kwa lugha ya Kisomali|work=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=2022-10-11|archivedate=2020-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316013804/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5g2xHqL7Eyo&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en}}: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5g2xHqL7Eyo|title=KBC yazindua kitua kipya cha redio kwa lugha ya Kisomali|work=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asụsụ Somali na-achịkwa site na Regional Somali Language Academy, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke gọọmentị Djibouti, Somalia na Ethiopia guzobere na June 2013 na Djibouta City. A na-enye ya iwu ka ọ chekwaa asụsụ Somali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crslalid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Regional Somali Language Academy Launched in Djibouti|url=http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/news_details.php?chaine=regional-somali-language-academy-launched-in-djibouti&amp;id_news=17578&amp;id_article=119|publisher=COMESA Regional Investment Agency|accessdate=28 February 2014|archivedate=21 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121105039/http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/news_details.php?chaine=regional-somali-language-academy-launched-in-djibouti&amp;id_news=17578&amp;id_article=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule Ọktọba 2022, Somali na [[Oromo language|Oromo]] bụ naanị asụsụ Kushitik dị na Google Translate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gtniel&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Google Translate - now in 80 languages|url=http://googletranslate.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/google-translate-now-in-80-languages.html|accessdate=30 December 2013|work=Google Translate|date=10 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị dị iche iche ==
A na-ekewa ụdị asụsụ Somali n'ụzọ sara mbara n'ime ìgwè atọ: Northern, Benadir na [[Maay Maay|Maay]]. Northern Somali (ma ọ bụ Nsom) bụ ihe ndabere maka Standard Somali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamberti&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lamberti|first=Marcello|date=1986|title=Map of Somali dialects in the Somalia Democratic Republic|publisher=H. Buske|url=http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/3034/1/Map%20of%20the%20Somali%20Dialects%20in%20the%20Somali%20Democratic%20Republic.pdf|isbn=9783871186905}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalby2=&quot;Dalby2&quot;&gt;  karịrị pacent iri asato n’ise nke ndị Somalia niile na-asụ ya, [aha a chọrọ] na mpaghara okwu ya sitere na [[Djibouti]], mpaghara Somalia nke [[Ethiopia]], Northern Frontier District ruo n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke [[Somalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mwv2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mundus, Volumes 23-24|publisher=Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQlJAQAAIAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-ekesa n'oge a bụ nsonaazụ nke ogologo usoro nke ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ebe ndịda n'ime narị afọ iri gara aga site na Gulf of Aden. Lamberti kewara Northern Somali n'ime olumba atọ: Northern Somali n&quot;onwe ya (nke a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ; ọ na-akọwa olumba a dị ka Northern Somali nʼechiche ziri ezi), ìgwè Darod (nke a-asụ na n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ókèala ọwụwa Anyanwụ Etiopia; ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị na-asụrụ ya n'ozuzu), na ìgwè Lower Juba (nke ndị bi n'ebe dị n'ebe ọdịda Somalia na mpaghara osimiri na-asọpụta).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamberti&quot; /&gt;

A na-asụ Benadir (nke a makwaara dị ka Coastal Somali) n'etiti [[Òrìmìlì India|oké osimiri India]], gụnyere Mogadishu. Ọ na-emepụta obere ìgwè. Asụsụ ahụ na Northern Somali na-aghọta nke ọma.

E nwere asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-asụ na Somalia nke na-abụghị Afsoomali. Ha nwere ike ịbụ ngwakọta nke asụsụ Somali na asụsụ ndị ọzọ. Asụsụ dị otú ahụ bụ Maay nke ndị Digil na Mirifle (Rahanweyn ma ọ bụ Sab) na-asụ na mpaghara ndịda Somalia. Ebe a na-asụ ya na-agbasa site n'ókè ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ya na Etiopia ruo mpaghara dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti Mogadishu na Kismayo, gụnyere obodo Baidoa. Maay na Northern Somali enweghị nghọta, ọ dịkwa iche na nhazi ahịrịokwu na ụdaolu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnymm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maay - A language of Somalia|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ymm|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A naghị ejikarị ya eme ihe na agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụ Maay na-ejikarị Standard Somali dị ka asụsụ a na-asụrụkarị, nke a na-amụta site na nkwukọrịta ọha na eze, mbata n'ime obodo na ime obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;s4&quot;&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Saeed|1999|p=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnymm&quot; /&gt;

Maay enweghị njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Somali na nhazi ahịrịokwu na ụdaume na-asụ site na Jiddu, Dabarre, Garre na Tunni dị iche iche nke obere obodo Rahanweyn na-asukwa. N'ozuzu, asụsụ ndị a nwere ihe yiri Oromo nke a na-adịghị ahụ na Somali. Isi n'ime ndị a bụ enweghị ụda pharyngeal n'asụsụ Rahanweyn / Digil na Mirifle, ihe ndị dị iche na-egosi Somali mana ọ bụghị Somali. Ọ bụ ezie na n'oge gara aga a na-ekewapụkarị ya dị ka olumba nke Somali, nyocha ndị ọzọ nke onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi gosipụtara na ụdị ndị a, gụnyere Maay, mejupụtara asụsụ Cushitic dị iche iche. 
Ọnọdụ nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti Spanish na Portuguese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|author=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1998|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569021033}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ụdị Digil, Jiddu bụ nke ndị Benadir na ndị Northern na-asụ asụsụ na-aghọtaghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shsb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Country of Origin Information Centre (Landinfo)|year=2011|title=Report Somalia: Language situation and dialects|url=http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị ọdịiche asụsụ ndị a, ndị na-asụ Somali n'ozuzu ha na-ele onwe ha anya dị ka ndị na-ekwu otu asụsụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c81yAAAAMAAJ|title=Somali nationalism: international politics and the drive for unity in the Horn of Africa|date=1963|publisher=Department of Linguistics and the African Studies Center, University of California, Los Anglos|isbn=9780674818255}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị, nyocha nke Deqa Hassan mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke nwalere nghọta dị n'etiti ndị na-asụ Af-Maay na Af-Maxaa (Northern Somali) agbaghaala echiche ndị a.

Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na Af-Maay na Af-maxaa (Northern Speakers) nwere nghọta na nghọta na-abawanye na nghọta dị elu nke Standardi Somali, nke na-egosi nghọta nke ọkọlọtọ Somali (Northern Somali) na-eme ka ohere nke ịghọta Af-May dịkwuo ukwuu. Nke a na-akọwa ihe kachasị mkpa nke asụsụ nke na-ejikọta ọdịiche asụsụ abụọ ahụ ọnụ. Ọzọkwa, a na-ahazi Af-Maay dị ka ụdị asụsụ 5 maka akụkọ ọdịbendị ọ na-ekerịta na ndị na-ekwu okwu Af nke na-akọwa nghọta ya.&lt;ref&gt;Somali Dialects in the United States: How intelligible is Af-Maay to Speakers of Af-Maxaa? by Deqa Hassan (Minnesota State University - Mankato)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụedemede udaume ===
Somali nwere ụdaume ise nke niile dị iche na ụdaume na-asụ ude na nke siri ike yana ogologo ụdaume. Enwere obere mgbanwe na ọdịdị ụdaume mgbe a na-eme ka ụdaume dị ogologo. Mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla nwere nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, na ụdaume ọ bụla n'ime otu nkwekọrịta (nke nwere ike ibu karịa okwu na Somali) ga-ejikọta na ụdaume ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, orthography Somali adịghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị nkwekọrịta abụọ nke ụdaume ọ bụla.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Somali Vowel Front-Back abụọ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Usoro ihu
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Usoro azụ
|-
!mkpirikpi
!ogologo oge
!mkpirikpi
!ogologo oge
|-
|N'ihu dị nso na-enweghị okirikiri /
Ihe dị nso nso nso n'ihu na-enweghị okirikiri
|i
|{{IPA|iː}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt236&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;partial&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;IPA&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Àtụ:IPA&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;ɪ&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAQI&quot; lang=&quot;und-Latn-fonipa&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;ɪ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|{{IPA|ɪː}}
|-
|N'ihu dị nso n'etiti na-enweghị okirikiri /
N'ihu na-emeghe n'etiti na-enweghị okirikiri
|na
|{{IPA|eː}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt239&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;partial&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;IPA&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Àtụ:IPA&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;ɛ&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwARA&quot; lang=&quot;und-Latn-fonipa&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Ọ bụ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|{{IPA|ɛː}}
|-
|Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihu na-emeghe na-enweghị gburugburu /
Mepee azụ na-enweghị okirikiri
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt241&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;partial&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;IPA&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Àtụ:IPA&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;æ&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwARo&quot; lang=&quot;und-Latn-fonipa&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;æ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|{{IPA|æː}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt243&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;partial&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;IPA&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Àtụ:IPA&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;ɑ&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAR8&quot; lang=&quot;und-Latn-fonipa&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|{{IPA|ɑː}}
|-
|Oghere etiti etiti gbara gburugburu /
Ogologo oghere etiti azụ gbara gburugburu
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt245&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;partial&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;IPA&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Àtụ:IPA&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;ɞ&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwASk&quot; lang=&quot;und-Latn-fonipa&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Ọdịdị&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|{{IPA|ɞː}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt247&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;partial&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;IPA&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Àtụ:IPA&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;ɔ&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAS4&quot; lang=&quot;und-Latn-fonipa&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Ọ bụ n'afọ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|{{IPA|ɔː}}
|-
|N'etiti etiti dị nso /
N'azụ dị nso gbara gburugburu
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt249&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;partial&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;IPA&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Àtụ:IPA&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;ʉ&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwATg&quot; lang=&quot;und-Latn-fonipa&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;N'anya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|{{IPA|ʉː}}
|u
|{{IPA|uː}}
|}

=== Mkpụrụ okwu udaolu ===
Somali nwere ụdaolu  ụdaolu iri abụọ na abụọ.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Mkpụrụ okwu ndị Somalia
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Akụkụ abụọ
!Alveolar
!Post-alveolar&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwAak&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyn-geal&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwAbA&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
!Ọkụ
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
|m
|n
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plosive
!voiceless
|
|t̪
|
|k
|q
|
|ʔ
|-
!voiced
|b
|d̪
|d
|g
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Africate
|
|
|t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-esiri ike
!voiceless
|f
|s
|ʃ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |x ~ χ
|ħ
|h
|-
!voiced
|
|
|
|
|
|ʕ
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ
|
|r
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
|w
|l
|j
|(w)
|
|
|
|}
Mkpụrụ okwu /{{IPA|/b d̪ ɡ/}}/ na-ebelata mgbe mgbe na {{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}} intervocalically. Retroflex plosive /{{IPA|/ɖ/}}/ nwere ike ịnwe àgwà implosive maka ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, na intervocalically enwere ike ịghọta ya dị ka flap.&lt;ref name=&quot;s8&quot;&gt; {{Harvcoltxt|Saeed|1999|p=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}Ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na-emepụta /{{IPA|/ħ/}}/ na epiglottal trilling. /{{IPA|/q/}}/ na-abụkarị epiglottalized.

Asụsụ ahụ nwere ụdaume ise. Nke ọ bụla nwere ọdịiche dị n'ihu na azụ yana nsụgharị ogologo ma ọ bụ mkpirikpi. Nke a na-enye ụdaume 20 dị ọcha. Ọ na-egosipụtakwa ụda atọ: elu, ala na ọdịda. Mkpụrụedemede na-agbakọta n'ime otu nkwekọrịta, yabụ ụdaume niile dị n'ime ìgwè ahụ ga-abụrịrị n'ihu ma ọ bụ azụ. Otú ọ dị, orthography Somali adịghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ihu na azụ nke ụdaume, ebe ọ bụ na e nwere obere ụzọ abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Spring_1998/ling202/atr.html|title=Somali ATR harmony|work=www.ling.upenn.edu|accessdate=November 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọdịdị mkpụrụedemede nke Somali bụ (C)V(C). Mgbọrọgwụ morphemes na-enwekarị mono- ma ọ bụ di-syllabic structure.

Pitch bụ phonemic na Somali, mana a na-arụrịta ụka ma Somali bụ ụda olu ma ọ bụ asụsụ ụda olu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceolotw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Keith Brown|first=Sarah Ogilvie|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0080877754|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andrzejewski (1954) na-ekwu na Somali bụ asụsụ ụda olu, ebe Banti (1988) na-atụ aro na ọ bụ asụsụ ụda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Andrzejewski|first=Bogumit Witalis|title=&quot;Is Somali a Tone-language?&quot;, Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Congress of Orientalists|date=1954|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|pages=367–368|oclc=496050266}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Banti|first=Giorgio|title=&quot;Two Cushitic Systems: Somali and Oromo nouns&quot;, Autosegmental Studies on Pitch Accent|date=1988|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3110874261|pages=11–50|url=http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/colloques/3L_2008/3LCourseMaterial/African%20(Cushitic)%20topics%20-%20M.%20Mous/cushTone/Banti%20Two%20Cushitic%20systems.pdf|accessdate=26 May 2017|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011132347/http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/colloques/3L_2008/3LCourseMaterial/African%20(Cushitic)%20topics%20-%20M.%20Mous/cushTone/Banti%20Two%20Cushitic%20systems.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụda ===
Enwere ike ịhazi okwu dị mkpa na Somali n'okpuru usoro ụda olu, nke nwere otu ụda olu dị elu kwa okwu.

Usoro ụda na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti asụsụ na okwu. Ihe dị iche iche gụnyere ọnụọgụ otu na ọtụtụ (ọdịiche ụtọ asụsụ), na nwoke na nwanyị (ọdịiche asụsụ na mgbe ụfọdụ kwa ọdịiche okwu). Otu ihe atụ bụ ''inán'' ('nwa agbọghọ') na ''ínan'' ('nwa nwoke'). Nke a na-egosipụta usoro ụda nke na-edepụta okike, dị ka dameér ('nwa ịnyịnya ibu nwanyị') na ''daméer'' ('nwa ịkwa ibu nwoke').

Ajụjụ banyere usoro ụda na Somali arụrịta ụka kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ. Nkwekọrịta nke oge a bụ nke a:

N'asụsụ Somali, ụda olu bụ mora karịa ụdaume nke mkpụrụedemede. Mkpụrụedemede dị ogologo ma ọ bụ diphthong nwere morae abụọ ma nwee ike iburu ụda abụọ. A na-akọwa mora ọ bụla dị ka nke dị elu ma ọ bụ dị ala. Naanị otu ụda dị elu na-apụta n'okwu ọ bụla ma nke a ga-abụrịrị na njedebe ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Akụkụ anaghị enwe ụda dị elu. (Ndị a gụnyere prepositions, pronouns clitic maka isiokwu na ihe, pronours na-abụghị nke mmadụ na akara ngosi.) Ya mere, enwere ụzọ atọ nwere ike &quot;usoro nkenke&quot; na mgbọrọgwụ okwu.

Phonetically e nwere ụda atọ na ụdaume ogologo: elu, ala na ọdịda:

# Na ụdaume ogologo maọbụ diphthong, a na-ahụ usoro nke elu-ala dị ka ụda na-ada.
# Na ụdaume dị ogologo ma ọ bụ diphthong, a na-ahụ usoro nke dị ala dị elu dị ka nke dị elu. (Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ụda na-arị elu.)

Enwere ike ịkọwa ojiji a nke ụda dị ka ụda olu. Ọ dị ka nke ahụ na [[Oromo language|Oromo]].

Nchegbu na-ejikọta ya na ụda olu. Ụda dị elu nwere nrụgide siri ike; ụda na-ada ada nwere nrụgide dị ala na ụda dị ala enweghị nrụgide.

Mgbe ọ dị mkpa, mgbakọ maka akara ụda na Somali edere bụ ndị a:

* ụda olu dị elu - ụda olu dị ala
* ụda olu dị ala - ụda dị ala
* circumflex - ụda na-ada ada

A na-akara ụdaolu dị na ụdaume ogologo na akara ụdaume mbụ.

=== Phonotactics ===
Ọdịdị mkpụrụedemede nke Somali bụ (C)V(C).

Mgbọrọgwụ morphemes na-enwekarị mono- ma ọ bụ di-syllabic structure.

Ìgwè nke ụdaume abụọ anaghị apụta na mbụ okwu ma ọ bụ na njedebe okwu, ya bụ, ha na-apụta naanị na nsọtụ mkpụrụedemede. Mkpụrụ okwu ndị a nwere ike ịbụ geminate: /b/, /d/, /ɖ/, /ɡ/, /ア/, /m/, /n/, /r/ na /l/. Ihe ndị na-esonụ enweghị ike ịbụ geminate: /t/, /k/ na fricatives.

Mkpụrụedemede abụọ enweghị ike ịpụta ọnụ na njedebe nke mkpụrụedemede. Ya mere, a na-etinye ụdaume epenthetic, dịka [j] na [ʔ], .

== Asụsụ ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Ndị nnọchiaha Somalia
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Onye
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nkwado siri ike
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Clitic (obere)
|-
!Isiokwu
!Ihe
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |otu
|Isi nke iri
|aan
|i
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ọtụtụ
!inclusive
|innaga
|Anyanwụ Anyanwụ
|ina
|-
!exclusive
|Annaga
|aannu
|na
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |otu
|Ọ na-eme ka ọ dị
|Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka ọ dị
|ku
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ọtụtụ
|Otu onye
|Aydin
|N'oge ahụ
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |3
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |otu
!masculine
|Isiokwu a na-akpọ &quot;Justice&quot;
|uu
| -- --
|-
!feminine
|Ọ na-ewute
|ay ay ay
| -- --
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ọtụtụ
|Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ na-eme
|ay ay ay
| -- --
|}

== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>bjluxbfk6gaawlk3rhv751ub4g20h78</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2012 Nigeria floods</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>735016</id>
      <parentid>729392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T16:35:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IgboRefBot</username>
        <id>66663</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reference error corrected</comment>
      <origin>735016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7218" sha1="05f1j1oqrapajzvyfdz52ebj805ea22" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Iju Mmiri Naịjirịa nke afọ 2012''' malitere na mbido '''Julaị 2012'''. Iju mmiri ahụ gburu mmadụ '''363''', ma mee ka ihe karịrị '''nde mmadụ 2.1''' pụọ n’ụlọ ha ruo na '''5 Nọvemba 2012'''.

Dị ka '''National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)''' si kwuo, iju mmiri ahụ metụtara '''steeti 30 n’ime steeti 36 dị na Naịjirịa'''. '''Steeti Kogi na Benue''' bụ ebe abụọ iju mmiri ahụ kacha metụta.

A kọwara iju mmiri ahụ dịka '''iju mmiri kacha njọ mere na Naịjirịa n’ime afọ 40'''. E mere atụmatụ na ihe ruru '''nde mmadụ asaa''' metụtara n’ụzọ dị iche iche.

A na-eme atụmatụ na mmebi na mfu akụ na ụba iju mmiri ahụ kpatara ruru '''₦2.6 trillion'''.

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==
[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na-ata ahụhụ site na idei mmiri nke oge  n'Oge mmiri ozuzo ya kwa afọ. Ha na-egbu egbu mgbe ụfọdụ, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo na ogige ndị mmadụ jupụtara na ha, ebe mmiri na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị ma ọlị.

== Julaị ==
N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2012, ọtụtụ obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'ime ime obodo nwere nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, ndị bi na Lagos nọkwa &quot;na-eku ume&quot; n'ihi idei mmiri ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, enwere mgbochi n'okporo ụzọ ndị dị mkpa, na-eme ka ndị mmadụ kagbuo ma ọ bụ yigharịa nhọpụta ha nwere. Ọtụtụ puku ndị njem nọ n'ụgbọelu ga-akwụ ụgwọ dị elu maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala bọs ole na ole dị njikere itinye onwe ha n'ihe ize ndụ na-aga n'okporo ụzọ, na ọrụ [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|Gọọmentị Naijiria]] na-arụ n'okporong ụzọ Oke-Afa dị n'ime &quot;oké ụgwọ&quot;.
[[File:Water_Submerged_settlement.jpg|thumb|Ebe obibi nke Mmiri]]
N’etiti '''Julaị 2012''', iju mmiri mere na '''Ibadan''', nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị bi na '''Challenge, Oke-Ayo na Eleyele''' gbapụ n’ụlọ ha iji zọpụta ndụ ha.

Iju mmiri ahụ mekwara ka ụfọdụ '''Kraịst''' ghara ịga ụka n’ụtụtụ ahụ, ebe ụfọdụ àkwà mmiri dara.

Gọọmentị Naịjirịa kwuru na a ga-akwatu ụfọdụ ụlọ na ihe owuwu ndị e wuru n’ụzọ mmiri si agafe n’ihi iju mmiri ahụ. '''Kọmishọna maka Ozi na Nduzi, Bosun Oladele''', kwukwara na iju mmiri ahụ '''egbughị onye ọ bụla'''.

Na ngwụcha Julaị 2012, ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri atọ na itoolu nwụrụ n'ihi idei mmiri na etiti steeti Plateau nke Naịjirịa. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo mere ka mmiri Lamingo jupụta na nso [[Jos]], na-agafe ọtụtụ agbata obi na Jos, ihe dị ka ụlọ 200 jupụtara ma ọ bụ mebie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-24 |title=Deadly floods in central Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18966160 |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye, ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 35 efuola, ebe Manasie Phampe, onye isi Red Cross na steeti ahụ, kwupụtara na mbọ enyemaka na-aga n'ihu. 
Idei mmiri ahụ hapụrụ mmadụ 3,000 na-enweghị ebe obibi, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-agbaba n'ụlọ gọọmentị dị na Jos.

== Ọgọstụ ==
nime etiti '''Ọgọst 2012''', iju mmiri gburu opekata mpe mmadụ '''33''' na '''Steeti Plateau'''. Onye nhazi '''National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)''' na etiti Naịjirịa, '''Abdussalam Muhammad''', kwuru na iju mmiri ahụ bibiri ọtụtụ ụlọ.

Ọzọkwa, mmiri buuru ụfọdụ '''ụzọ na àkwà mmiri''', nke mere ka o sie ike ịkpọga enyemaka n’ebe ndị ọdachi ahụ metụtara.

Iju mmiri ahụ metụtara ihe karịrị '''nde mmadụ 12,000''' n’ógbè isii dị na steeti ahụ, ebe '''ọtụtụ narị mmadụ''' tụfuru ụlọ ha ma ghọọ ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi.
[[File:Submerged_Houses.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ndị mmiri riri na [[Makurdi]]]]

== Septemba ==
Mmiri a tọhapụrụ na Lagdo Reservoir na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] kpatara ọnwụ nke mmadụ 30 na Benue State.

Na Anambra Steeti, idei mmiri ahụ metụtara ọtụtụ mpaghara gọọmentị na obodo, ọkachasị ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke gụnyere [[Ayamelum|Ayamelu]], [[Ogbaru]], [[Anambra West]] na Anambra East. A kọrọ na idei mmiri chụpụrụ ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ na [[Anambra|Steeti Anambra]] n'afọ 2012. Gọvanọ, [[Peter Obi]] mere ndokwa maka ụgbọala na ụgbọ mmiri iji kpọpụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ tọrọ atọ n'ụlọ ha yana ndị gbagara n'elu osisi iji zere ịsa ha. E zigara ihe enyemaka Mberede n'ogige dị iche iche ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ ebe e zigara ndị idei mmiri metụtara.

== Ọktoba ==
Na mbido Ọktọba, idei mmiri ahụ gbasara na Delta State na Bayelsa State ma mee ka ihe dị ka mmadụ 120,000 ghara inwe ebe obibi, dị ka ndị ọchịchị steeti na Red Cross nke Naijiria si kwuo. Mmiri rikpuru ọtụtụ ebe ndị a na-akwaga ebe obibi na-akwụsị akwụsị na-amanye ndị mmadụ ịgbapụ. Na [[Yenagoa]], mmadụ 3,000 na-ehi ụra na Ovom State Sports Complex.&lt;ref name=&quot;irin&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/96504/nigeria-worst-flooding-in-decades | title=NIGERIA: Worst flooding in decades | work=IRINnews | publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] Africa | date=October 10, 2012 | access-date=May 27, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Delta State, n'etiti ụlọ ndị idei mmiri ahụ bibiri bụ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụike 20, ụlọ ọgwụ ise, ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ụka na ụlọ gọọmentị. A na-emechi ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;irin&quot; /&gt; Idei mmiri ahụ gbasakwara na Benue Steeti ebe osimiri dị n'ógbè ahụ jupụtara na-akpata mwepụ nke ihe karịrị mmadụ 25,000.

N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba, [[Onyeisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria|Onye isi ala Naijiria]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] wepụtara ijeri naira 17.6 (nde US $ 111) na steeti na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche maka mmeghachi omume mmebi, enyemaka idei mmiri na imezigharị.
[[File:Lokoja_Flood_2012_10_01.jpg|thumb|Idei Mmiri nke [[Lokoja]] 2012]]
Kogi Steeti bụ nke kachasị njọ na mmadụ 623,900 na-enweghị ebe obibi na [[Hectare|hekta]] 152,575 nke ala ugbo mebiri, dị ka onye nhazi NEMA si kwuo. Jonathan kpọrọ idei mmiri ahụ &quot;ọdachi mba&quot;.

== Hụkwa ==
 

* [[2022 Nigeria floods|Idei mmiri nke Naịjirịa na 2022]]
* Ndepụta nke idei mmiri kachasị gbuo mmadụ

== Ihe odide ==
 
{{Reflist}}

[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị mere na Naịjirịa]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị sitere n’okike na Naịjirịa]]
[[Otú:Mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi]]
[[Otú:Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe]]
[[Otú:Ọktoba 2012 na Naịjirịa]]
[[Otú:Septemba 2012 na Naịjirịa]]
[[Otú:Ọgọst 2012 na Naịjirịa]]
[[Otú:Julaị 2012 na Naịjirịa]]
[[Otú:Iju mmiri na Naịjirịa]]
[[Otú:Iju mmiri nke afọ 2012]]
[[Otú:Iju mmiri ndị mere n’Africa n’afọ ndị 2010]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị mere na Naịjirịa n’afọ 2012]]
[[Otú:CS1 maint: ọrụ nchekwa ochie]]
[[Otú:Peeji ndị na-eji infobox mapframe mana enweghị nhazi ebe (coordinates)]]</text>
      <sha1>05f1j1oqrapajzvyfdz52ebj805ea22</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Sayvhior</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>24351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>735047</id>
      <parentid>728529</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:52:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>4554</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-41 */ nkeji ohúrù</comment>
      <origin>735047</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64658" sha1="li8oliemjh188zcp4fal092tcjdnoia" xml:space="preserve">== Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka  ==


{| style=&quot;background-color: #CEF2D4; border: 10px solid Green;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Bronzewiki 2 za zásluhy.png|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; | '''Onye ntụgharị Ukwu nke afọ 2022'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; | Anyị n'ekele gị maka ọrụ ị na-arụ na &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 Wikipidia Igbo]&lt;/span&gt;. '''Daalụ maka ịtụgharị edemede karịrị iri isii'''. Ị mere nke ọma, jisie ike! 
[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 11:29, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC)
|}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
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:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear Wikimedian,

You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process.

This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mee 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&amp;oldid=26721207 --&gt;

== Ihe nrite maka gị! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | [[File:Cleanup Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Cleanup Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Daalụ nke ukwuu maka ị dị uchu na ntinye aka gị n'ihe omume '''72 Hours Marathon Edit-a-thon.''' Ndezigharị gị na-enye aka idozi Igbo Wikipedia. Nrite a bụ ekele maka nnukwu ntinye aka gị. Gaa n’ihu na-achakepụ! [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 09:32, 2 Jụn 2025 (UTC)
|}

:Daalụ riine maka onyinye a [[Ojiarụ:Sayvhior|Sayvhior]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Sayvhior|ṅkátá]]) 10:00, 2 Jụn 2025 (UTC)

== Fatima Sacko ==

請修正，謝謝。 [[Ojiarụ:HanTsî|HanTsî]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:HanTsî|ṅkátá]]) 09:13, 13 Julaị 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077]
* DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), templates (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), HTML and parser tags (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), and magic words (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews.
* The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-helpusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-help&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604]
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533]
* From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the &quot;User&quot; namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:49, 27 Julaị 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
* The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-readinglists&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia.
* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:46, 3 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:45, 10 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:04, 17 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:45, 24 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30961208 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 31 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback.
* The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option, as gadgets are always loaded through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:44, 7 Septemba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-38&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]].
* The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a &quot;read more&quot; button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks.
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:31, 14 Septemba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-39&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551]
* For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|&quot;Suggestion mode&quot; Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing &quot;experimental&quot; edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
* A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]].
* The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;formatversion=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:56, 27 Septemba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-40&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013]
* Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769]
* An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058]

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]].
* Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Draft:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section.
* New magic words &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].  For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual.
* On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:49, 28 Septemba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-41&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;
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18:52, 5 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
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[[Usòrò:Billie_Holiday,_Downbeat,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._Feb._1947_(William_P._Gottlieb_04251).jpg|thumb|209x209px|Onye America na-agụ egwu jazz na onye na-ede egwu Billie Holiday na New York City na 1947]]
[[Usòrò:Bonnie_Raitt_at_John_Edwards_presidential_campaign.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Bonnie Raitt bụ onye America na-agụ egwu, onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-egwu piano. Onye mmeri nke onyinye Grammy iri, a makwaara ya maka egwu egwu ya.]]
[[Usòrò:Ashaji.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Asha Bhosle bụ onye na-agụ egwu India nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye na-abụ abụ na ihe nkiri Hindi. N'afọ 2011, ''Guinness Book of World Records'' nabatara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe kachasị edere na akụkọ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.intoday.in&quot;/&gt;]]'''Ụmụ nwanyị na egwu''' gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-ede egwu, ndị na-agụ egwu, ndị-agụ egwu egwu, ndị nduzi, ndị ọkà mmụta egwu, ndị nkuzi egwu, ndị nkatọ egwu / ndị nta akụkọ egwu, na ọrụ egwu ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-akọwa òtù egwu (dịka, egwu ụmụ nwanyị, nke bụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị dere ma mee maka ụmụ nwanyị), ihe omume na ụdị ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, na ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2010, ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-abụ abụ oge ochie, na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa nke ndị na'ede egwu (ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-ede egwu), e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-emepụta ihe ndekọ, ndị nkatọ rock na ndị na'ihe egwu rock. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese egwu na egwu pop, dị ka [[Björk]], [[Lady Gaga]] na [[Madonna]], ekwuola maka ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;people.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mizoguchi|first=Karen|date=12 December 2015|title=Lady Gaga Calls Music Industry a 'F—king Boys Club'|url=http://www.people.com/article/lady-gaga-music-industry-boys-club-billboard|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109004119/https://people.com/celebrity/lady-gaga-calls-music-industry-a-f-king-boys-club/|archivedate=9 November 2021|work=People}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Madonnasex&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 December 2016|title=Madonna blasts music industry sexism: 'If you're a girl, you have to play the game'|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2016/12/09/madonna-blasts-music-industry-sexism-billboard-women-in-music-awards/95220036/|first=Maeve|author=McDermott|accessdate=12 December 2022|work=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, nnyocha Dr. Smith mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mara ọkwa na &quot;...n'ime afọ isii gara aga, nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ egwu adịla ala&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Stacy L.|date=January 2018|title=Inclusion in the Recording Studio? Gender and Race/Ethnicity of Artists, Songwriters &amp; Producers across 600 Popular Songs from 2012-2017|url=https://assets.uscannenberg.org/docs/inclusion-in-the-recording-studio.pdf|journal=|pages=1–31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sisario|first=Ben|date=25 January 2018|title=Gender Diversity in the Music Industry? The Numbers Are Grim|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/arts/music/music-industry-gender-study-women-artists-producers.html|accessdate=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'egwú oge ochie, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;nwanyị na-ede egwu site n'oge Medieval ruo taa, ụmụ nwanyị na na-ede egwú na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'egwú egwú oge ochie a na-emekarị, akwụkwọ akụkọ egwu na encyclopedias egwu; dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann bụ otu n'ime naanị ụmụ nwanyị na'ede egwú a kpọtụrụ aha.
[[Usòrò:Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg|thumb|194x194px|'''Navneet Aditya Waiba''' bụ onye na-agụ egwú ọdịnala nke asụsụ Nepali nke India na naanị onye na-ese ihe na ụdị egwu ọdịnala Nepali nke na-abụ abụ ma na-emepụta ezigbo abụ ọdịnala Nepale n'enweghị ịkwa iko ma ọ bụ mmelite ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji ọtụtụ ngwá egwu ọdịnala na ọdịnala Nebali.]]
Ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-egwu egwu na egwu oge ochie na pasentị ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-akụ egwú na-abawanye. Akụkọ 2015 banyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị isi ndị egwu Canada, gosipụtara na pasent 84 nke ndị na-egwu egwu na Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal bụ ụmụ nwoke. N'afọ 2012, ụmụ nwanyị ka mejupụtara naanị 6% nke ndị Vienna Philharmonic orchestra kachasị elu. Ụmụ nwanyị anaghị adịkarị ka ndị na-egwu egwu na ụdị egwu a ma ama dị ka rock na heavy metal, ọ bụ ezie na e nweela ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche na-egwu ngwá egwu na ụmụ nwanyị niile. Ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya nke ọma na ụdị egwu egwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Julian|author=Schaap|title=Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music|journal=IASPM Journal|volume=4|year=2014|doi=10.5429/2079-3871(2014)v4i1.8en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya nke ọma na iduzi egwu, nkatọ egwu / akụkọ egwu, mmepụta egwu, na injinia ụda. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akụda ụmụ nwanyị ume ide egwu na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, e nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-agụ egwú, ụmụ nwanyị malitere itinye aka na agụmakwụkwọ egwu &quot;ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa [ọhịa a] n'oge ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 19 na narị afọ na nke 20&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://parlorsongs.com/issues/2002-9/thismonth/feature.php|title=Women Composers in American Popular Song, Page 1|publisher=Parlorsongs.com|date=25 March 1911|accessdate=20 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka Jessica Duchen, ''onye'' na-ede egwu maka The Independent nke [[London]], si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú na egwu oge ochie &quot;na-ekpe ikpe ugboro ugboro maka ọdịdị ha, karịa nkà ha&quot; ma ha na-eche nrụgide ihu &quot;ịdị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị n'elu ikpo okwu na foto&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;music.cbc.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2014/3/Classical-musics-shocking-gender-gap|title=CBC Music|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duchen na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na &quot;[ebe a] bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eti egwu na-ajụ igwu egwu na ọdịdị ha... ndị na-eme ya na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụzọ ihe onwunwe. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;music.cbc.ca&quot; /&gt; Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Radio 3 nke UK, Edwina Wolstencroft, si kwuo, ụlọ ọrụ egwu anọwo na-emeghe ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ọrụ arụmọrụ ma ọ bụ ntụrụndụ, mana ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ọkwa ikike, dị ka ịbụ onye nduzi nke ndị egwú, ọrụ a kpọrọ &quot;otu n'ime elu ụlọ iko ikpeazụ na ụlọ ọrụ egwu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Jessica|author=Duchen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/feb/28/why-male-domination-of-classical-music-might-end|title=Why the male domination of classical music might be coming to an end|work=The Guardian|date=28 February 2015|accessdate=20 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;motherjones.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Hannah|author=Levintova|url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2013/09/women-conductors-gap-charts-marin-alsop-proms|title=Here's Why You Seldom See Women Leading a Symphony|work=Mother Jones|date=n.d.|accessdate=20 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'egwú a ma ama, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú na-edekọ egwu, e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole n'azụ njikwa ọdịyo na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-emepụta egwu, ndị na-eduzi ma na-elekọta usoro ndekọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ncube|first=Rosina|title=Sounding Off: Why So Few Women In Audio?|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep13/articles/sounding-off-0913.htm|journal=Sound on Sound|date=September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe kachasị edere bụ nwanyị, Asha Bhosle, onye na-agụ egwu India nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye na-abụ abụ na ihe nkiri Hindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.intoday.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/asha-bhosle-enters-guinness-world-records/1/156966.html|title=Singer Asha Bhosle enters Guinness World Records for most single studio recordings|date=21 October 2011|work=India Today|accessdate=12 March 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/asha-bhosle-enters-guinness-world-records/1/156966.html &quot;Singer Asha Bhosle enters Guinness World Records for most single studio recordings&quot;]. ''India Today''. 21 October 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 March&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Ani_Difranco_Ancienne_Belgique.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|206x206px|Onye na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eji ọtụtụ ngwá egwu egwu bụ Ani DiFranco enweela nnwere onwe nka n'oge ọrụ ya, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na o guzobere akara ndekọ nke ya, Righteous Babe. Ọ ghọwo ihe oyiyi ụmụ nwanyị ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.]]
 
Onye na-ede egwu bụ onye na-ede okwu, melodies na chord progressions maka egwu, nke a na-ahụkarị maka ụdị egwu a ma ama dịka pop, rock ma ọ bụ egwu obodo. A pụkwara ịkpọ onye na-ede egwu onye na-agụ egwú, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị okwu nke ikpeazụ eme ihe maka ndị mmadụ si n'ụdị egwu oge ochie.

&quot;Ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị [ndị na-ede egwu] na America bipụtara egwu ha ma nụ ya na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot;/&gt; Dị ka Richard A. Reublin na Richard G. Beil si kwuo, &quot;enweghị aha ụmụ nwanyị [ndị na-ede egwu] bụ ihe na-eme ihere na ihe nketa egwu anyị. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị &quot;gbalịsi ike ide ma bipụta egwu n'ụwa nwoke nke narị afọ nke 20 Tin Pan Alley. Tupu 1900 na ọbụna mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a tụrụ anya na &quot;ụmụ nwanyị ga-eme egwu, ọ bụghị ime egwu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1880, onye na-enyocha egwu na Chicago bụ George P. Upton dere akwụkwọ Women in Music, ebe o kwuru na &quot;ndị inyom enweghị ikike okike iji mepụta ezigbo egwu&quot; n'ihi &quot;ọdịdị ndụ&quot; nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Ka e mesịrị, a nabatara na ụmụ nwanyị ga-arụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ egwu, ha wee tinye aka na mpaghara a &quot;ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa agụmakwụkwọ abụ n'oge ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 19 na narị afọ nke 20. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ egwu, ụmụ nwanyị dere ukwe na egwu ụmụaka. &quot;Egwuregwu ụwa e bipụtara na America tupu 1825 na-egosi naanị ihe dị ka ọrụ 70 nke ụmụ nwanyị. &quot; N'etiti narị afọ nke 19, ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu pụtara, gụnyere Faustina Hasse Hodges, Susan Parkhurst, Augusta Browne na Marion Dix Sullivan. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu, mana &quot;ọtụtụ ka na-amanye iji pseudonyms ma ọ bụ initials&quot; iji zoo eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt;


Carrie Jacobs-Bond bụ &quot;nwanyi a ma ama na-ede egwu na ngwụcha afọ 1800 na n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ... [na-eme ka ọ bụrụ] onye edemede egwu nwanyị mbụ na-ere ahịa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot;/&gt; Maude Nugent (1877-1958) dere &quot;Sweet Rosie O'Grady&quot; n'afọ 1896. O dekwara &quot;Down at Rosie Reilly's Flat&quot;, &quot;My Irish Daisy&quot; na &quot;Mary From Tipperary&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Charlotte Blake (1885-1979) bụ onye edemede na Whitney Warner Publishing Co., na Detroit, Michigan. Na mbido, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kpọrọ ya &quot;C. Blake&quot; iji zoo okike ya, mana site na 1906 mgbasa ozi jiri aha ya zuru ezu.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Caro Roma (1866ī 1937) bụ aha nzuzo na-amaghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị maka Carrie Northly. Ọ bụ &quot;otu n'ime ndị America a ma ama na ndị na-ede egwu nke oge Tin Pan Alley&quot;. Abụ ya gụnyere &quot;Can't Yo' Heah Me Calling&quot;, &quot;Faded Rose&quot;, &quot;The Angelus&quot;, &quot;Thinking of Thee&quot; na &quot;Resignation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Ihe dị ka 95% nke ndị na-ede egwu na ụlọ egwu Britain n'oge mmalite afọ 1900 bụ ụmụ nwoke; Otú ọ dị, ihe dị ka 30% nke ndị na'agụ egwu bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;John Mullen. The Show Must Go On! Popular Song in Britain During the First World War. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jazz na narị afọ nke 20 ===
[[Usòrò:Lil_Armstrong_Billboard.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|236x236px|Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898-1971) bụ onye na-ede egwu jazz.]]
Ọ bụ ezie na ide egwu jazz abụwo ihe ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa, e nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu jazz. N'afọ ndị 1930, Ann Ronell dere egwu &quot;Willow Weep for Me&quot; na &quot;Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt; Irene Higginbotham (1918-1988) dere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abụ 50, nke a kacha mara ya bụ &quot;Good Morning Heartache&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blog.oup.com/2013/03/jazz-women-songwriters-gioia/|title=Ụmụ nwanyị ise na-ede abụ bụ ndị nyere aka ịkpụzi ụda jazz. OUPblog.
A na-eji edensibịa a ugboro 5 na ibe a.|work=OUPblog|date=12 Maachị 2013|first=Ted|author=Gioia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dorothy Fields (1905-1974) dere okwu maka ihe karịrị abụ 400, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ Duke Ellington. O so Jerome Kern dee &quot;The Way You Look Tonight&quot;, nke meriri 1936 Oscar maka Best Song. Ya na Jimmy McHugh dere ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ jazz, dị ka &quot;Exactly Like You&quot;, &quot;On the Sunny Side of the Street&quot; na &quot;I Can't Give You Anything but Love&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt; Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898-1971) na-akpọ piano na King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. E dekọrọ egwu ya &quot;Struttin' na Some Barbecue&quot; ugboro 500. Armstrong dekwara &quot;Doin' the Suzie Q&quot;, &quot;Just for a Thrill&quot; na &quot;Bad Boy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt; Billie Holiday (1915-1959) bụ onye na-agụ egwú nke ya na Arthur Herzog, Jr. dere &quot;God Bless the Child&quot; na &quot;Don't Explain&quot; ma dee egwu blues &quot;Fine and Mellow&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt;

Egwú jazz bụ ike na-akwalite iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka na nnwere onwe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Egwú jazz nyekwara aka kwadebe ụzọ maka ọrụ ndị ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Mmụba a nke ọrụ nwoke na-achịkwa ruo n'afọ 1920 nyere ohere ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ọrụ nka. N'ihi mmụba a, e mepụtara Showboat, egwu jazz Broadway mbụ. Showboat na-atụle ihe isi ike nke ezinụlọ na Mississippi na njikọta ezinụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnh.com/show/89/Show-Boat|title=Show Boat|work=rnh.com|accessdate=26 March 2019|archivedate=26 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326184721/https://www.rnh.com/show/89/Show-Boat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwú jazz nwere mmetụta n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka inweta ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ebe mepere emepe maka ịha nhata mgbe agha gasịrị, na mmekọahụ mepere emebi na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/tbacig/studproj/is3099/jazzcult/20sjazz/jazzlib.html|title=jazzlib|work=d.umn.edu|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na egwu jazz n'oge ahụ nyere aka imetụta ụdị ahụ na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-egwu egwu jazz bụ ndị na-acha. Ihe ndị a nyere aka mee ka ụdị egwu jazz bụrụ  ọ bụ taa. [citation needed]

Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta na egwu jazz site na ịmepụta, ide na ịme egwu jazz. Otu nwanyị nwere mmetụta na egwu jazz bụ Bessie Smith, nke a makwaara dị ka Empress of the Blues. Ọ biri site na 1894 ruo 1937. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri rock and roll, na 1989 e nyere Smith Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/bessie-smith.|title=Inductee Explorer|work=Rock &amp; Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwanyị ọzọ mere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ ọrụ jazz bụ Dolly Jones. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-afụ opi jazz ka edere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/dolly-jones-mn0001009002/biography|title=Dolly Jones {{!}} Biography &amp; History|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị anaghị enweta otuto na ụdị a dịka ndị nwoke ibe ha. Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Sweet Emma Barrett, onye rụrụ ọrụ na Original Tuxedo Orchestra gara njem n'ime obodo na mba ụwa. Otu n'ime egwu egwu Barrett bụ &quot;A Good Man is Hard to Find&quot;. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ka Billie Pierce, Lovie Austin, Jeanette Kimball, Mary Lou Williams, Alice Coltrane, na Hazel Scott, niile nwere mmetụta na ụdị jazz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://projectrevolver.org/features/articles/women-jazz-10-ladies-changed-music-forever/|title=Women in Jazz: 10 Ladies Who Changed Music Forever|author=Alexandra Daoud|date=26 September 2017|work=Project Revolver|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a mere akara ha karịsịa site n'ịbụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ụdị nwoke na-achịkwa.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a a maara nke ọma n'ụwa jazz anaghị ahụ ka ha na-enweta nkwanye ùgwù dị ka ha kwesịrị n'ihi ndị asọmpi nwoke ha. Ọ bụghị naanị na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta dị ka ndị na-agụ egwu jazz, kamakwa enwere ọtụtụ ndị na-egwu egwu jazz na-enwetaghị otuto ha. Otu nwanyị bụ Ingrid Monson, onye mere ka a mara na mgbe ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịkpọ piano, ha nwetakwara nkwenye ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ egwu. A ga-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ka ha na-egwuri egwu n'òtù jazz ụmụ nwanyị niile, mana mgbe ha ga-abanye na &quot;ụwa jazz ọkachamara&quot; ha ga-abụ ihe na-ewu ewu ozugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|date=1 January 2003|title=The NPR curious listener's guide to jazz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu nwanyị, nke aha ya bụ Valaida Snow ka a makwaara dị ka &quot;eze nwanyị nke opi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Saur, Kirsten (20 April 2016). &quot;Swing It Sister: The Influence of Female Jazz Musicians on Music and Society&quot;. The Research and Scholarship Symposium.&lt;/ref&gt; Nwanyị ọzọ, Nona Gendryx, bụ onye na-agụ egwú jazz nke na-akpọkwa ọtụtụ ngwá egwu ma nweta ohere iso ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu Hip Hop dị ka Prince rụọ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E'nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị dị otú ahụ nke anyị na-amaghị aha ha..

Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dị ukwuu, mana maka ụfọdụ ọ dị mkpụmkpụ. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ghọrọ ndị a ma ama mgbe a kpọrọ ndị ikom n'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Otú ọ dị, ozugbo ndị ikom a lọtara n'ụlọ site na itinye ha n'ọrụ, ndị na-agụ egwú jazz bụ ụmụ nwanyị chere ihe isi ike ihu. A hụrụ nsogbu ndị dị ka iyi egwu mmekọahụ na nkatọ siri ike site n'aka ndị otu ha ndị ọzọ na ndị egwu jazz ibe ha. [citation needed]

=== Pop n'afọ ndị 1960 ===
N'ihe nkiri egwu pop nke afọ 1960, &quot;[dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ nke azụmahịa egwu [n'afọ ndị 1960], ide egwu bụ mpaghara nwoke na-achịkwa. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-abụ abụ na redio, a na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ... dị ka ndị na-azụ ahịa:.. Ịbụ abụ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ dị mma maka nwa agbọghọ mgbe ụfọdụ, mana ịkpọ ngwá egwu, ide egwu, ma ọ bụ mepụta ndekọ emeghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Erika|author=White|url=http://www.rebeatmag.com/music-history-primer-3-pioneering-female-songwriters-of-the-60s/|title=Music History Primer: 3 Pioneering Female Songwriters of the '60s|work=REBEAT Magazine|date=28 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ agbọghọ &quot;anaghị emekọrịta ihe iji hụ onwe ha dị ka ndị na-emepụta [egwú].&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot; /&gt; Carole King &quot;nwere mmekọrịta na-aga nke ọma na di Gerry Goffin, na-ede egwu dịka &quot;The Loco-Motion,&quot; &quot;Will You Love Me Tomorrow&quot;, &quot;Up on the Roof&quot; na &quot;Natural Woman&quot;. &quot;King bụ nwanyị mbụ natara 2013 Gershwin Prize for Popular Song&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot; /&gt; Ellie Greenwich na di ya Jeff Barry dere &quot;Mgbe ahụ ọ na-esusu m ọnụ&quot;, &quot;Be My Baby&quot; na &quot;River Deep, Mountain High&quot;. Laura Nyro dere &quot;Wedding Bell Blues&quot;, &quot;Eli's Coming&quot; na &quot;And When I Die&quot;. O kwuru na &quot;Enweghị m mmasị na njedebe nkịtị mgbe ọ na-abịa n'ide egwu m....Enwere m ike iweta echiche ụfọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ederede abụ m. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot; /&gt; N'ime afọ 1960, ma King na Goffin gosipụtara ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke egwu America yana mpụta nke usoro ịhụnanya na mmekọahụ ọhụrụ. &quot;Ndị na-agụ egwú nọchitere anya otu n'ime ndị isi nke mgbanwe mmekọahụ na ịhụnanya na ọha mmadụ America&quot;, na-emetụta ma na-agbanwe ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ndị ntorobịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=After Aquarius Dawned: How the Revolutions of the 1960s Became the Popular Culture of the 1970s|url=https://archive.org/details/afteraquariusdaw0000kutu|author=Kutulas|first=Judy|date=2017|publisher=University of North Carolina Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ngwụcha afọ 1940 na 1950, ndị na-eto eto malitere ịlụ di na nwunye na ibu ọrụ ndị okenye n'oge ha dị obere.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, Eze mara ụbọchị, alụmdi na nwunye, usoro mmekọahụ aka site n'igosi na mmekọahụ mgbe alụmdi na nwanyị gasịrị na omume omenala nke mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, abụghị ihe na-adọrọ mmasị. Ọ kwalitere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ ma gosipụta omume nke ndị nwoke na nwanyị &quot;na-aghọ ndị enyi&quot; na abụ ya You've Got a Friend.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;
[[Usòrò:Lotti_Golden,_Lower_East_Side_c.1968.jpg|alt=Lotti Golden, Lower East Side c.1968 text|áká_èkpè|thumb|245x245px|Lotti Golden, Lower East Akụkụ c. 1968]]

=== Afọ 1960: Ọganiru ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú ma na-ede egwú ===
Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 1960, ebili mmiri ọhụrụ nke ndị nwanyị na-abụ abụ-ndị na-ede abụ kwụsịrị site na mmachi nke pop, na-ede abụ nke onwe karịa n'ụdị nkwupụta nke ndị na-ede uri dị ka Anne Sexton na Sylvia Plath. E gosipụtara ndị na-ese ihe na-eduzi mmegharị a na Newsweek, Julaị 1969, &quot;The Girls: Letting Go&quot;: &quot;Ihe na-emekarị ha - nye Joni Mitchell na Lotti Golden, nye Laura Nyro, Melanie, Janis Ian na Elyse Weinberg. abụ ahaziri onwe ha na-ede, dị ka njem nlegharị anya nke nchọpụta onwe onye.&quot; Mgbe ha na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị ndị a cherekwa ọtụtụ mgba dị ka ịkpa oke ihu. N'ụwa nke ndị nwoke na-ebi akwụkwọ, ndị inyom na-ede abụ dị ka Joni Mitchell chọrọ ka a hụ ya n'èzí agbụrụ na okike, na n'ime ụdị nka dị ọcha. N'ajụjụ ọnụ 1994 ya na Alice Echol, Joni Mitchell jụrụ ịlụ nwanyị mana kwupụta oke iwe ya megide ịkpa oke, mwepu dabere na mmekọahụ, na inwe mmekọahụ na-enweghị isi. Echol na-etinye &quot;ahụ erughị ala nke Mitchell na akara nwanyị n'ime ọnọdụ nka ya&quot;. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede abụ na-achọ ka a na-ahụ ha dị ka ezigbo ndị egwu egwu na-enweghị ikepụrụ nkà ha n'ihi okike ha. Ọzọkwa, Grace Slick bụ onye bụbu ihe nlereanya, bụ onye ama ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke San Francisco na-eto eto na egwu psychedelic na etiti 1960. Okwu – ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọgwụ ọjọọ, ndakpọ olileanya, ikewapụ nke ndị na-eme njem, na ndụ obodo mepere emepe.Native New Yorker, Lotti Golden, na ya Atlantic mpụta mbụ album Motor-Cycle, kọọ akụkọ ndụ ya na NYC's East Village na ngwụcha 60s counterculture, nleta. isiokwu ndị dị ka njirimara nwoke na nwanyị (The Space Queens-Silky is Sad) na ịṅụ ọgwụ ike gabigara ókè (Gonna Fay's) Ụmụ nwanyị ndị dị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Newsweek 1969 webatara ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke onye na-agụ egwú na-agụ egwú, na-agwa ọgbọ ndị inyom na-agụ egwú na-ede egwú.

=== Egwuregwu egwú ===
N'ihe nkiri egwu egwu, &quot;ndị na-ede egwú nwanyị na-adịkarị ụkọ na ụlọ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa na njedebe okike. A na-emepụtakarị ọrụ nke ndị na-ede egwú na-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụkwa nanị [na 2015] ka otu nwoke na-ede akwụkwọ na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'inweta Tony. Award maka akara kacha mma.&quot; Na 2015, maka oge mbụ, otu nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ Lisa Kron (Best Book) na Jeanine Tesori na Kron (Best Original Score) meriri Tony Award maka Best Score for Fun Home, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ nke nwoke na-ede egwú na-anọgide na-abụ. emepụtara ọtụtụ mgbe. Na 2013, Cyndi Lauper bụ &quot;onye na-ede egwú mbụ nke nwanyị meriri [Tony for] Best Score na-enweghị onye na-emekọ ihe ọnụ&quot; maka ide egwu na egwu maka Kinky Boots. Ndị na-ede abụ nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu gụnyere onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Lauren Pritchard, onye dere Songbird; Zoe Sarnak, onye dere A Lasting Impression na The Years Between; na Katie Thompson, onye ga-achọ &quot;ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị agwa ... ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na ndị siri ike na ndị na-adịghị ike.&quot; Thompson kwuru na na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri egwu, &quot;mgbe ị na-alụ ọgụ maka ihe dị ka nwanyị, karịsịa ihe nka .. a na-ahụta gị dị ka anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ na a na-ahụta gị [dị ka] 'mmetụta uche&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, akara nke na-enyere ndị ọzọ aka. ịchụpụ gị. Enweghị ahaghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu dị n'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ebe ụmụ nwanyị bụ naanị 3% nke ndị na-egwu egwu ikuku yana 12% nke ndị na-agụ egwu egwu. N'agbanyeghị m'kparị na enweghị ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu, ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị iri ise enwetala amara nka nka nke mba ụwa maka ịdepụta akara egwu zuru oke na ụlọ ihe nkiri Broadway na elu-Broadway.
[[Usòrò:Abbey_Lincoln_in_1966.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|260x260px|Abbey Lincoln (1930 2010), bụ onye America na-agụ egwú jazz, onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye dere ma mee ihe nke ya. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ikike obodo n'afọ ndị 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;InstituteofJazz-Rutgers-Papers-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Griffen|first=Anders|title=The Abbey Lincoln Collection, 1949–2008 (MC 101)|url=http://newarkwww.rutgers.edu/IJS/collections/lincolnb.html|work=[[Institute of Jazz Studies]], [[Rutgers University]] Libraries|accessdate=30 May 2015|date=December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chinen|first=Nate|title=Abbey Lincoln, Jazz Singer and writer, Dies at 80|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/15/arts/music/15lincoln.html|accessdate=14 August 2010|work=The New York Times|date=14 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

=== Ụmụ nwanyị ojii ===
Dị ka LaShonda Katrice Barnett, onye nkuzi kọleji na mahadum na onye dere akwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ede egwu, si kwuo, n'ime &quot;ihe karịrị ndị otu 380 nke Songwriters Hall of Fame, naanị abụọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii (Sylvia Moy na Valerie Simpson).

=== Ndị na-ede abụ ===
A na-edepụta ndị na-ede egwu na Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-ede egwú bụ ndị a ma ama maka abụ ha na / ma ọ bụ nkà ha na-arụ ọrụ, mana edepụtara ha ebe a maka ihe ha rụzuru n'ide egwú:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.axs.com/taylor-swift-makes-her-mark-on-rolling-stone-s-100-greatest-songwriter-63965|title=Taylor Swift makes her mark on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters list|first=Lori|author=Melton|publisher=[[AXS (company)|AXS]]|date=August 18, 2015|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Carole Eze
* Joni Mitchell
* Dolly Parton
* Stevie Nicks
* [[Madonna]]
* Chrissie Hynde
* Loretta Lynn
* Lucinda Williams
* [[Björk]]
* Taylor Swift
* Patti Smith

== Ndị na-ede egwú n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ ==
[[Usòrò:Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_(Lithographie_1835).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|257x257px|Onye na-ede egwú na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu Clara Schumann]]
Onye America na-ahụ maka egwu bụ Marcia Citron ajụọla &quot;[w]hy bụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị dere nke na-adịghị mma na ọkọlọtọ 'nke oge ochie'?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Citron, Marcia J 1993&quot;&gt;Citron, Marcia J. Gender and the Musical Canon. CUP Archive, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt; Citron &quot;na-enyocha omume na àgwà ndị dugara n'iwepụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu na 'canon' nke ọrụ egwu a na-eme. &quot; Ọ na-ekwu na n'afọ 1800, ndị inyom na-ede egwu na-edekarị egwu nka maka ịrụ ọrụ na obere recitals karịa symphonies e bu n'obi maka ịrụ ọrụ ya na ndị egwú n'ime nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ, ebe a na-ahụ ọrụ ndị ikpeazụ dị ka ụdị kachasị mkpa maka ndị na-ede egwú; ebe ọ bụ na ndị inyom ndị na-agụ egwú edeghị ọtụtụ symphoni, a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị a na-amaghị ama dị ka ndị na-ede egwú.&lt;ref name=&quot;Citron, Marcia J 1993&quot; /&gt;

Dị ka Abbey Philips si kwuo, &quot;ndị inyom na-egwu egwu enweela oge siri ike ịbanye na inweta otuto kwesịrị ekwesị&quot;. N'ime oge ochie, ọtụtụ n'ime egwu nka ka e kere maka ebumnuche okpukpe (okpukpe) na n'ihi echiche banyere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị isi okpukpe na-enwe, ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole dere ụdị egwu a, onye nọn Hildegard von Bingen bụ n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ mahadum na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu na-atụle ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị ọrụ ndị nwoke na-agụ egwú. N'otu aka ahụ, ọrụ ole na ole nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede egwú bụ akụkụ nke usoro egwu oge gboo. Na Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwú a kpọtụrụ aha. Philips na-ekwu na &quot;[d] n'ime narị afọ nke 20, ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-edepụta / na-egwu egwu enwetachaghị nlebara anya karịa ndị nwoke ibe ha&quot;.

=== Oge Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya ===
Hildegard von Bingen (1098 na 1179) bụ onye German Benedictine abbess, onye na-ede egwu, onye edemede, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, na onye ọhụụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bennett, Judith M 2001&quot;&gt;Bennett, Judith M. and Hollister, Warren C. ''Medieval Europe: A Short History'' (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 317.&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwu, ''Ordo Virtutum'', bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke ihe nkiri liturgical na egwuregwu omume ọma mbụ.  Ụfọdụ ndị edemede ekwuola na ọ bụ ebe dị anya maka opera na mpempe akwụkwọ a, ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary|title=Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/opera.html alt Opera, see Florentine Camerata in the province of Milan, Italy].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitbraz.com/gen/rev/1998nytmirapaulHild.html|title=1998 New York Times art-at-large Matt Mirapaul Hildegurls feature|work=kitbraz.com|accessdate=2023-03-10|archivedate=2016-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612233614/http://www.kitbraz.com/gen/rev/1998nytmirapaulHild.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwú iri isii na itoolu, nke ọ bụla nwere ederede uri nke ya, ka dị. Nke a bụ otu n'ime repertoires kachasị n'etiti ndị na-ede egwu oge ochie. Hildegard dere ọtụtụ abụ liturgical nke a chịkọtara n'ime okirikiri a na-akpọ ''Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum''. A na-etinye abụ ndị sitere na Symphonia na ederede nke Hildegard ma malite na antiphons, hymns, na usoro, na responsories.&lt;ref&gt;Maddocks, Fiona. ''Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001), p. 194.&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akọwa egwu ya dị ka monophonic, na-eji ụda olu na-arị elu nke na-ebugharị ókèala nke abụ ọdịnala Gregorian.

=== Oge Renaissance ===
Maddalena Casulana (1544-1590) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-abụ abụ.&lt;ref&gt;Alternative names: Madalena Casulana di Mezarii, Madalena Casula.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ mbụ ya malitere na 1566: madrigals anọ na nchịkọta, ''Il Desiderio'', nke o mepụtara na Florence. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, o bipụtara na Venice akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke madrigals maka olu anọ, ''Il primo libro di madrigali'', nke bụ nke mbụ e bipụtara, bipụtara ọrụ nke nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ nọ nso Isabella de 'Medici ma nyefee ụfọdụ egwu ya. N'afọ 1570, 1583 na 1586 o bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke madrigals. N'ime nraranye ya n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke madrigals, ọ na-egosi mmetụta ya banyere ịbụ nwanyị na-ede egwu n'oge nke a dị ụkọ: &quot;[Achọrọ m] igosi ụwa, dịka m nwere ike na ọrụ egwu a, njehie efu nke ụmụ nwoke na naanị ha nwere onyinye nke ọgụgụ isi na nka, nakwa na anaghị enye ụmụ nwanyị onyinye dị otú ahụ. &quot; 
Ụdị ya bụ contrapuntal na chromatic na ahịrị abụ ya bụ singable ma na-elebara ederede anya. Ndị ọzọ na-ede egwu n'oge ahụ, dị ka Philippe de Monte, chere echiche nke ọma banyere ya.

Caterina Assandra (1590-1618) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu na onye nọn Benedictine. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama dị ka onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara ma bipụta ọrụ dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;''Women Composers: Music Through the Ages.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlywomenmasters.net/midi/mid/assand2.mid|title=Archived copy|accessdate=19 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165459/http://www.earlywomenmasters.net/midi/mid/assand2.mid|archivedate=3 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Assandra dere ọtụtụ motets na organ pieces. Ọ gụrụ counterpoint na Benedetto Re, otu n'ime ndị nkuzi na Pavia Cathedral. O dere nchịkọta nke motets n'ụdị concertato ọhụrụ na Milan na 1609, otu olu asatọ Salve Regina na 1611, na motet, Audite verbum Dominum, maka olu anọ na 1618. O dere egwu ọdịnala na ọrụ ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ. Otu n'ime ndị nke ikpeazụ bụ ''Duo seraphim''. Motet ya ''O Salutaris hodie'', nke gụnyere na ''Motetti'' op. 2, bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ gụnyere violone, ngwá egwu nwere eriri.

=== Oge Baroque ===
[[Usòrò:Orazio_Gentileschi_-_Il_suonatore_di_liuto_(National_Gallery_of_Art).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|236x236px|Onye n'eti lute nke Orazio Gentileschi, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ onyinyo Francesca Caccini]]
Francesca Caccini (15871641) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu, na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede uri, na onye nkuzi egwu. Henry toro abụ ya maka agbamakwụkwọ Henry nke anọ nke [[France]] na Maria de Medici na 1600, onye kpọrọ ya &quot;onye na-agụ egwú kachasị mma na France niile&quot;. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ikpe Medici dị ka onye nkuzi, onye na-agụ egwú, onye na'azụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede egwú nke ụlọ na nke ihe nkiri ruo 1627. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1614, ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwú a na-akwụ ụgwọ kachasị elu n'ụlọ ikpe ahụ, n'ihi na nkà egwu ya gosipụtara echiche nke ịdị mma nwanyị nke onye na-achị Tuscany, Granduchess Christina nke Lorraine. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya maka ịrụ ọrụ na comedies. N'afọ 1618 o bipụtara nchịkọta nke egwu iri atọ na isii na soprano / bass duets. N'afọ 1625, o dere &quot;comedy-ballet&quot; nke nkeji iri asaa na ise. N'ozuzu, o dere ọrụ iri na isii. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ijuanya dị egwu: na egwu ya ọ bụ mgbanwe nkwekọrịta, karịa counterpoint, nke kachasị ike na-ekwurịta mmetụta mmetụta uche.

Barbara Strozzi (16191677) bụ onye na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu Baroque nke Ịtali. Dị ka nwatakịrị, e gosipụtara nnukwu nkà olu ya n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị. O nwekwara onyinye n'ihe osise, nna ya mekwara ndokwa ka ya na onye na-ede egwu Francesco Cavalli mụọ. A na-ekwu na Strozzi bụ &quot;onye na-ede egwu kachasị mma nke a na-ebipụta na Venice n'etiti narị afọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glixon&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Glixon|first=Beth L.|title=More on the life and death of Barbara Strozzi|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_musical-quarterly_spring-1999_83_1/page/134|journal=The Musical Quarterly|year=1999|volume=83|issue=1|pages=134–141|doi=10.1093/mq/83.1.134}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ọ na-emepụta bụkwa ihe pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ nwere naanị egwu olu, ma e wezụga otu mpịakọta nke abụ dị nsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Heller|first=Wendy|year=2006|chapter=Usurping the place of the muses: Barbara Strozzi and the female composer in seventeenth-century Italy|title=The World of Baroque Music: New Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_025334798|editor=Stauffer|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_025334798/page/145 145]–168|isbn=978-025334798-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ikike uri ya yana nkà ide ihe. Okwu ya na-abụkarị abụ ma na-ekwu nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glixon&quot; /&gt; E dere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọrụ ya maka soprano, mana o bipụtakwara ọrụ maka olu ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kendrick|first=Robert|year=2002|title=Intent and intertextuality in Barbara Strozzi's sacred music|journal=Recercare|volume=14|pages=65–98}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ndị o dere gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike na omenala seconda pratica. Egwú Strozzi na-echetara mmụọ nke Cavalli, onye nketa nke Monteverdi.  Otú ọ dị, ụdị ya bụ nke na-abụ abụ, ma na-adabere na ụda olu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rosand|first=Ellen|authorlink=Ellen Rosand|year=1986|chapter=The voice of Barbara Strozzi|title=Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950|url=https://archive.org/details/womenmakingmusic0000unse|editor=Bowers|location=Urbana, Illinois|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-025201204-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya Giulio dere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide maka ihe odide mbụ ya. Ndị ọrụ ibe nna ya dere ihe odide ndị ọzọ, maka ọtụtụ ihe o dere, ọ nwere ike ide ihe odide nke ya.

Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (16651729) bụ onye France na-ede egwu, onye na-eti egwu na onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-emepụta ngwá egwú. Nwatakịrị mara mma, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụbọ akwara n'ihu Eze Louis nke iri na anọ. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-agụ egwú na Royal Court ma kụzie, dee, ma nye kọntaktị n'ụlọ na Paris dum, na nnukwu otuto. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole a ma ama na-ede egwu n'oge ya, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọgbọ ya, o dere n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;Mary Cyr. &quot;Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre: Myth or Marvel? Seeking the Composer's Individuality.&quot; The Musical Times. Vol. 149, No. 1905 (Winter, 2008), pp. 79–87.&lt;/ref&gt;  Titon du Tillet kwetara na ọ nwere nkà na ihe ọ rụzuru, onye nyere ya ọnọdụ n'Ugwu Parnassus ya mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 26, n'akụkụ Lalande na Marais na kpọmkwem n'okpuru Lully. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ballet, opera (Céphale et Procris), sonatas atọ, ụbọ akwara, ''Sonates'' pour le viollon et pour le clavecin na ọrụ olu dị ka ''Cantates'' françoises sur des sujets tirez de l'Ecriture.

=== Oge ochie ===
[[Usòrò:Elisabeth_Olin_-_SBH.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|205x205px|Onye na-agụ egwu opera na onye na-ede egwu na Sweden bụ Elisabeth Olin n'afọ 1780]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onye'bulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;Harriett Abrams (1758 Xi1821) bụ onye Bekee na-ede egwu na soprano. Dị ka onye na-agụ egwu, e toro ya maka arụmọrụ ya nke George Frideric Handel. Ọ gụrụ egwu, echiche egwu, na ihe osise na onye na-ede egwu Thomas Arne tupu ya emee opera mbụ ya na 1775 na Theatre Royal, Drury Lane na London. Abrams ghọrọ onye isi na-abụ abụ na kọntaktị na-ewu ewu na London na ememme mpaghara, na-apụta mgbe niile site na 1780 ruo 1790. Abrams dere ọtụtụ egwu, abụọ n'ime ha, &quot;The Orphan's Prayer&quot; na &quot;Crazy Jane&quot;, ghọrọ ndị a ma ama. O bipụtara usoro abụọ nke Italian na English canzonets, nchịkọta nke egwu Scottish na glees kwekọrọ maka olu abụọ na atọ, na ihe karịrị abụ iri na abụọ, ọkachasị ballads mmetụta uche. Harriett raara nchịkọta abụ ndị e bipụtara na 1803 nye Queen Charlotte.

Maria Teresa Agnesi (17201795) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu.  Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye a ma ama maka ihe ndị o dere, ọ bụkwa onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-agụ egwú. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ọ na-ede maka keyboard, olu, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. Ọrụ ya mere ka ọ nwee ike site na Austrian Lombardy, nke na-aga n'ihu ma na-enwu gbaa na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Onye na-akwado ya bụ Maria Theresia, eze nwanyị Rom dị nsọ na onye na-achị Lombardy, na Maria Antonia Walpurgis, onye na-ede egwu nwere onyinye na onye oge ya. Ọrụ mbụ ya dị mfe ma dị ọcha, ebe ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ dị mma, dị mgbagwoju anya, na melodramatic. O dere ihe nkiri, gụnyere ihe nkiri dike na ụdị ihe nkiri siri ike. O dekwara arias, concerto na sonatas maka keyboard, obere ìgwè na olu.

Princess Anna Amalia (17231787) bụ onye Prussian na-ede egwu na onye na-ahụ maka egwu. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ ụbọ akwara, ọjà, na violin mgbe ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ. Ọ ghọrọ Abbess nke Quedlinburg na 1755.&lt;ref name=&quot;huberty&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome V – Hohenzollern-Waldeck|publisher=Laballery|author=Huberty, Michel|year=1989|location=France|pages=162, 172|isbn=978-2-901138-05-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Berlin, ebe o tinyere onwe ya n'egwú, wee ghọọ onye na-akwado egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Dị ka onye na-ede egwu, ọ nwetara aha ọma ma bụrụ onye a maara nke ọma maka obere ọrụ ụlọ ya, nke gụnyere trios, marches, cantatas, abụ na fugues. N'afọ 1758, ọ mụrụ usoro egwu na nhazi ya na Johann Philipp Kirnberger, nwa akwụkwọ nke [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]. O dere egwu ụlọ dị ka sonatas flute. Ọzọkwa, o setịpụrụ ederede nke Ramler's Passion cantata ''Der Tod Jesu'' (&quot;Ọnwụ Jizọs&quot;) na egwu. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anakọta egwu, na-echekwa ihe karịrị 600 mpịakọta nke ọrụ Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Georg Philipp Telemann, Karl Heinrich Graun na Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ya bụ onyinye dị mkpa na ọdịbendị ọdịda anyanwụ.
[[Usòrò:Antoine_Pesne_hofdame_;_Prinzessin_Amalia_von_Preussen_als_Amazone.jpg|thumb|Princess Anna Amalia (17231787) bụ onye Prussian na-ede egwu na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nke a maara maka ọrụ ụlọ ya, nke gụnyere trios, marches, cantatas, abụ na fugues.]]
Elisabeth Olin (1740-1828) bụ onye na-agụ egwu opera na onye na-ede egwu na Sweden. Ọ malitere dị ka Alfhild na ''Syrinx'' nke a na-akpọ Opera comique mbụ nke Sweden, na ''Bollhuset'' na 1747. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na-agụ egwú na kọntaktị ọha na eze na ''Riddarhuset'' na [[Stockholm]], ma bipụta egwu nke ya; ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede egwu Sweden dere otu egwu ọ bụla maka nchịkọta ''Gustaviade''. N'ime ihe na-eme n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ('Gustaviade. A heroic poem of twelve songs') from 1768; ebe o dere ihe osise nke asatọ.&lt;ref&gt;Anna Ivarsdotter Johnsson och Leif Jonsson: Musiken i Sverige. Frihetstiden och Gustaviansk tid 1720–1810 (Music in Sweden. The age of Liberty and the Gustavian age 1720–1810) (Swedish), page 373&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge emere ihe ngosi na ntọala nke Royal Swedish Opera na 18 Jenụwarị 1773, ọ bụrụ ọrụ nke Chi nwanyị Oké Osimiri Thetis na opera Francesco Uttini Thetis och Pélée . Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye isi nke Swedish opera ruo afọ iri. N'afọ 1773, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ e nyere aha ''Hovsångare'', na 1782, a nabatara ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ so na Royal Swedish Academy of Music.&lt;ref&gt;Anna Ivarsdotter Johnsson och Leif Jonsson: Musiken i Sverige. Frihetstiden och Gustaviansk tid 1720–1810 (Music in Sweden. The age of Liberty and the Gustavian age 1720–1810) (Swedish)&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Henriette_Beaumesnil.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px|Onye France na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu opera Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onye'obula|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil (1748[[1813) bụ onye France na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu opera. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na obere ọrụ na-atọ ọchị site na mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa wee malite dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Paris Opera na 1766.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Henriette+Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde+Villard+Beaumesnil&amp;pg=PA54|title=The Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|first=Julie Anne|author=Sadie|year=1994|accessdate=13 October 2010|isbn=9780393034875}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ nwere ihe egwu a na-eme na Paris Opéra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dolmetsch.com/cdefsv.htm|accessdate=13 October 2010|title=Composers biography:V – Vz}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge gara aga, Paris Opera emeela ihe nkiri Céphale et Procris nke Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, na 1694. ''Anacréon'', opera mbụ ya, nwetara ihe ngosi onwe onye na ebe obibi nke Count of Provence na 1781. N'afọ 1784, e mere ihe nkiri ya bụ ''Tibulle'' et Délie na Paris Opera . N'afọ 1792, e mere ihe nkiri opera comique ya abụọ, Plaire, c'est commander na Théâtre Montansier.

Anna Bon (17391767?) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gara Ospedale della Pietà na Venice, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na maestra di viola, Candida della Pièta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berdes&quot;&gt;Jane L. Berdes, &quot;Anna Bon,&quot; Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers (New York: Norton, 1995).&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ọkwa ọhụrụ nke 'chamber music virtuosa' n'ụlọ ikpe nke Margrave Friedrich nke Brandenburg Kulmbach. Ọ raara sonatas flauta isii ya, nke e bipụtara na Nürnberg na 1756, nye Friedrich.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berdes&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1762, ọ kwagara n'ụlọ ikpe Esterházy na Eisenstadt, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo 1765. Ọ raara usoro e bipụtara nke sonatas ụbọ akwara isii, op. 2 (1757), nye Ernestina Augusta Sophia, Princess of Saxe-Weimar, na usoro nke divertimenti isii (trio sonatas), op. 3 (1759), nye Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.&lt;ref&gt;More extensive biography is found in Barbara Garvey Jackson's introduction to her edition of the op. 2 sonatas (Fayetteville, AR: ClarNan Editions, 1989).&lt;/ref&gt; O dekwara divertimenti isii maka ọjà abụọ na basso continuo; otu aria, &quot;Astra coeli&quot;, maka soprano, violin abụọ, viola, na basso continu; otu onyinye, &quot;Ardete amore&quot;, maka ndị na-agụ egwú, ngwá egwú na basso continua; otu motet, &quot;Eia in preces et veloces&quot;, maka alto, violin 2, viola, na bass continuo na opera.

Jane Mary Guest (1762 Xi 1846) bụ onye England na-ede egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. Nwa akwụkwọ nke Johann Christian Bach, na mbụ na-ede egwu n'ụdị galante, o dere sonatas keyboard, ọrụ keyboard ndị ọzọ na ọrụ olu na keyboard. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi piano nke Princess Amelia na Princess Charlotte nke Wales. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London site na 1779, na-enye ndenye aha kọntaktị n'ebe ahụ na 1783/84.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guest&quot;&gt;{{cite Grove| last=Raessler | first=Daniel M. |year=2001 |title=Guest [Miles], Jane Mary |id=00059}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya maka ụdị egwu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guest&quot; /&gt; N'oge a, o bipụtara Six Sonatas, Op. 1, nke nwetara ndenye aha dị ukwuu, gụnyere site n'aka ndị eze, nke e bipụtara na Paris na 1784 na Berlin na 1785.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandora&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fuller|first=Sophie|title=Pandora Guide to Women Composers|publisher=Pandora|location=London|year=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pandoraguidetowo00full/page/143 143–144]|isbn=978-0-04-440897-0|url=https://archive.org/details/pandoraguidetowo00full/page/143}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot;&gt;{{cite ODNB | last=Raessler | first=Daniel M. |orig-year=2004 |date=3 January 2008 |title=Miles [née Guest], Jane Mary [Jenny] (c. 1762–1846), pianist and composer |id=59208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na sonatas keyboard ya, o dekwara ihe ndị ọzọ keyboard, dị ka Introduction na March site na Rossini's ''Ricciardo'' e Zoraide (1820) na ọtụtụ egwu na keyboard.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;Marianne von Martínez (1744-1812) bụ onye Austria na-ede egwu, na-agụ egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. Metastasio chọpụtara nkà ya n'oge ọ dị obere wee bịa lekọta agụmakwụkwọ egwu ya, nke gụnyere nkuzi keyboard site na Haydn, nkuzi ịbụ abụ na Porpora na nkuzi ide egwu na Johann Adolph Hasse na onye na-ede egwu n'ụlọ ikpe Imperial Giuseppe Bonno. Ọ bụ onye na-asụ asụsụ Italian na German ma mara French na Bekee.&lt;ref&gt;Godt, 541&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka ụlọ ikpe Imperial, ebe ọ &quot;na-adọta uche ya na olu ya mara mma na ịpị keyboard ya&quot;. Ka ọ na-etolite, a na-arịọkarị ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ihu Empress Maria Theresa.&lt;ref&gt;Godt 1995, 538&lt;/ref&gt; A na-etinye ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị Marianna dere maka olu solo. O dere ọtụtụ cantatas ụwa na oratorios abụọ na ederede Italian. Ihe ndị dị ndụ gụnyere masses anọ, motets isii, na litanies atọ maka ndị ukwe. O dere n'ụdị Italian, dị ka ọ dị na mmalite oge Classical na Vienna.  E jiri usoro ịgba ụbọ akwara ya tụnyere ụdị C.P.E. Bach. Ọ bụ nnukwu ndị agha gosipụtara oratorio ya n'Italian ''Isacco'' figura del redentore n'afọ 1782.&lt;ref&gt;Pohl (1856:60)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oge ịhụnanya ===
[[Usòrò:Fanny_Hensel_1842.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Fanny Mendelssohn, 1842, nke Moritz Daniel Oppenheim dere]]
Maria Szymanowska (1789 Tian 1831) bụ onye [[Poland]] a ma ama na-ede egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. O dere n'ọtụtụ n'ime otu ụdị dị ka onye Pole Frederic Chopin (18101849). Szymanowska na ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nwere njikọ, gụnyere Gioacchino Rossini, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, na Adam Mickiewicz, onye na-ede uri kachasị ukwuu na Poland.

Fanny Mendelssohn (1805X1847) bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị a ma ama na-ede egwu na 1800s. O gosipụtara ikike egwu dị egwu dị ka nwatakịrị wee malite ide egwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọbịa a ma ama n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya nwere mmasị Fanny na nwanne ya nwoke Felix Mendelssohn, àgwà ndị dị n'oge ahụ n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-egbochi Fanny. Nna ya na-anabata, kama ịkwado, ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwu. Nna ya degaara ya akwụkwọ ozi na 1820, na-agwa ya na &quot;[m]usic ga-abụ nke ya [ya bụ. Ọrụ Felix, ebe ọ bụ na maka gị ọ nwere ike ma ga-abụ naanị ihe ịchọ mma [na ndụ gị]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Letter of 16 July 1820, in Hensel (1884), I 82&lt;/ref&gt; Felix dọrọ ya aka na ntị ka ọ ghara ibipụta ọrụ ya n'aha nke ya ma chọọ ọrụ na egwu. O dere, sị:&lt;blockquote&gt;'Site na ihe ọmụma m banyere Fanny, m kwesịrị ikwu na ọ nweghị ọchịchọ ma ọ bụ ọrụ maka onye edemede [egwú]. Ọ bụ ihe niile nwanyị kwesịrị ịbụ maka nke a. Ọ na-achịkwa ụlọ ya, ọ naghị echebara ọha na eze ma ọ bụ ụwa egwu echiche, ma ọ bụ ọbụna egwu ọ bụla, ruo mgbe ọrụ mbụ ya mezuru. Mbipụta ga-enye ya nsogbu na ndị a, enweghị m ike ikwu na m kwadoro ya.&lt;ref&gt;Letter to Lea Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,24 June 1837. Mendelssohn (1864), p. 113
&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;Clara Schumann (18191896) bụ onye Germany na-ede egwu na onye na-eme egwu piano nke nwere ọrụ egwu egwu afọ iri isii na otu, nke gbanwere usoro na usoro nke egwu piano na mmasị nke ndị na-ege ntị. Site n'oge ọ dị obere, ọ nwere nkuzi otu awa na piano, violin, ịbụ abụ, echiche, nkwekọrịta, nhazi, na counterpoint. N'afọ 1830, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke ọma ma ọ hapụrụ njem egwu nke obodo ndị Europe. Na ngwụcha afọ 1830, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ìgwè mmadụ na-ere ahịa na nyocha nkatọ. Frédéric Chopin kọwara egwu ya na Franz Liszt, onye bịara ịnụ otu n'ime egwu ya ma mesịa &quot;na-eto ya nke ukwuu&quot; n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale .&lt;ref name=&quot;Nancya250&quot;&gt;Reich (1986), 250.&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ya ''Königliche'' und Kaiserliche Kammervirtuosin (&quot;Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuoso&quot;), nsọpụrụ egwu kachasị elu nke [[Austria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nancya250&quot; /&gt;

O nyekwara aka n'ịgbanwe ụdị mmemme a na-atụ anya ya n'aka ndị na-eme piano. N'oge mbụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ, tupu ya alụọ Robert Schumann, ọ na-eme ihe bụ omenala n'oge ahụ, ọkachasị egwu egwu iji gosipụta usoro onye na-ese ihe, mgbe mgbe n'ụdị nhazi ma ọ bụ ọdịiche na isiokwu ndị a ma ama site na opera, nke ndị virtuosos dị ka Thalberg, Herz, ma ọ bụ Henselt dere. Dị ka ọ bụkwa omenala ịkpọ egwu nke onwe ya, ọ gụnyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ọrụ nke ya na mmemme ọ bụla, ọrụ dịka Variations on a Theme nke Bellini (Op. 8) na Scherzo ya a ma ama (Op. 10). Ọrụ ya gụnyere abụ, piano pieces, piano concerto, piano trio, choral pieces, na atọ Romances maka violin na piano. 

=== Narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 ===
[[Usòrò:Lili_Boulanger.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|257x257px|Onye na-ede egwú bụ Lili Boulanger (1893-1918)]]
Katherine Hoover (1937-2018) gụrụ egwu na Mahadum Rochester na Eastman School of Music, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo arụmọrụ na Flute na Bachelor's of Music na Music Theory na 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tu|first=Mary-Ann|title=About Katherine|url=http://www.katherinehoover.com/KatherineHoover/about_Katherine.html|work=Katherine Hoover|accessdate=4 May 2017|archivedate=27 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127130358/http://katherinehoover.com/KatherineHoover/about_Katherine.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ibipụta ọrụ ọkachamara na 1965, na Duet for Two Violins. Hoover bụ onye mmeri nke National Flute Association's Newly Published Music Competition ugboro abụọ, nke mbụ na 1987 na mpempe Medieval Suite ya na nke abụọ na 1991 na mpempe ''Kokopelli'' maka ọjà solo. Egwú ndị a na-eji ọtụtụ usoro gbasaa maka ọjà, dị ka ịgbanye ụda. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ka ndị egwu a ma ama dekọrọ ma rụọ ya na Carnegie Hall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/252 252–253]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/252}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Joan Tower (amụrụ n'afọ 1938) dere akwụkwọ ya nke 1976 Black ''Topaz'', nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ ụda olu na nkwekọrịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Von Glahn|first=Denise|title=Music and the Skillful Listener|date=2013|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/|accessdate=4 May 2017|format=eBook}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara DMA ya na Mahadum Columbia n'afọ 1978. Ọ bụ American Composers Orchestra nyere ya ọrụ n'afọ 1979, nke mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ mbụ ya, ''Sequoia'' . Ọtụtụ ndị na-akụ egwú emeela nke a n'ụwa niile. Site na 1985 ruo 1988 Tower bụ onye na-ede egwu na St. Louis Symphony. N'afọ 1990 ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ meriri Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition, nke gụnyere ihe nrite nke $ 150,000. Kemgbe ahụ, Tower abụwo onye na-ede egwu na ọtụtụ ememme egwu, gụnyere Norfolk Chamber Music Festival na Tanglewood Contemporary Music Festival. Tower abụwo prọfesọ nke egwu na Bard College na New York kemgbe 1982 ma a na-ewere ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu kachasị emetụta na narị afọ nke 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/278 278–280]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/278}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (amụrụ n'afọ 1939) natara nzere doctorate ya na Juilliard ma bụrụ nwanyị mbụ nwetara nke a. N'otu afọ ahụ, o ritere ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi International Composition na Ịtali. N'afọ 1983, Zwilich mere akụkọ ihe mere eme ọzọ, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ meriri Pulitzer Prize na egwu maka Symphony No. 1. Kemgbe ihe ịga nke ọma a, ọ natala ọtụtụ ọrụ. Egwú ya bụ Millennium abụwo nke ndị egwú iri abụọ na asaa kemgbe emere ya na 2000. Ọ bụ Francis Eppes Prọfesọ nke Egwú na Mahadum Steeti Florida kemgbe 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/288 288–290]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/288}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara Zwilich ka o nwere 'olu puku afọ' n'ihe ndị o dere, na-eji nhazi doro anya na ụda olu bara ọgaranya. Ọ bụ ezie na egwu ya na mbụ bụ nke na-adịghị mma ma nwee mmetụta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Vienna, ụdị ya bịara nwekwuo mmetụta uche mgbe ọnwụ di ya gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Von Glahn|first=Denise|title=Music and the Skillful Listener|date=2013|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|pages=179|chapterurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/|accessdate=4 May 2017|chapter=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Libby Larsen (amụrụ n'afọ 1950) nwetara MM ya na 1975 site na Mahadum Minnesota na PhD ya site n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1978. N'afọ 1973, o guzobere Minnesota Composers Forum, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka American Composer's Forum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Larsen|first=Libby|title=Libby Larsen: About|url=https://libbylarsen.com/index.php?contentID=216|work=Libby Larsen|accessdate=4 May 2017|archivedate=20 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820203309/https://libbylarsen.com/index.php?contentID=216}}&lt;/ref&gt; Larsen bụ onye na-ede egwu na Minnesota Orchestra site na 1983 ruo 1987. Larsen dere ihe karịrị ọrụ 220, gụnyere ndị egwú, ịgba egwú, opera, ndị ukwe, ihe nkiri, ụlọ, na solo repertoire. A na-eme ihe nkiri ya na United States na Europe. Larsen bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke egwu nke oge a na ndị inyom na-agụ egwú, ọ nwetakwara onyinye Grammy maka CD ya The Art of Arleen Auger na 1994. Larsen meriri Lifetime Achievement Award site na Academy of Arts and Letters na 2000 wee bipụta akwụkwọ ya The Concert Hall That Fell Asleep and Woke Up as a Car Radio na 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Von Glahn|first=Denise|title=Music and the Skillful Listener|date=2013|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|pages=242–253|chapterurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/|accessdate=4 May 2017|chapter=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/256 256–258]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/256}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[Usòrò:Billie_Holiday,_Downbeat,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._Feb._1947_(William_P._Gottlieb_04251).jpg|thumb|209x209px|Onye America na-agụ egwu jazz na onye na-ede egwu Billie Holiday na New York City na 1947]]
[[Usòrò:Bonnie_Raitt_at_John_Edwards_presidential_campaign.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Bonnie Raitt bụ onye America na-agụ egwu, onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-egwu piano. Onye mmeri nke onyinye Grammy iri, a makwaara ya maka egwu egwu ya.]]
[[Usòrò:Ashaji.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Asha Bhosle bụ onye na-agụ egwu India nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye na-abụ abụ na ihe nkiri Hindi. N'afọ 2011, ''Guinness Book of World Records'' nabatara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe kachasị edere na akụkọ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.intoday.in&quot;/&gt;]]'''Ụmụ nwanyị na egwu''' gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-ede egwu, ndị na-agụ egwu, ndị-agụ egwu egwu, ndị nduzi, ndị ọkà mmụta egwu, ndị nkuzi egwu, ndị nkatọ egwu / ndị nta akụkọ egwu, na ọrụ egwu ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-akọwa òtù egwu (dịka, egwu ụmụ nwanyị, nke bụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị dere ma mee maka ụmụ nwanyị), ihe omume na ụdị ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, na ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2010, ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-abụ abụ oge ochie, na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa nke ndị na'ede egwu (ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-ede egwu), e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-emepụta ihe ndekọ, ndị nkatọ rock na ndị na'ihe egwu rock. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese egwu na egwu pop, dị ka [[Björk]], [[Lady Gaga]] na [[Madonna]], ekwuola maka ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;people.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mizoguchi|first=Karen|date=12 December 2015|title=Lady Gaga Calls Music Industry a 'F—king Boys Club'|url=http://www.people.com/article/lady-gaga-music-industry-boys-club-billboard|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109004119/https://people.com/celebrity/lady-gaga-calls-music-industry-a-f-king-boys-club/|archivedate=9 November 2021|work=People}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Madonnasex&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 December 2016|title=Madonna blasts music industry sexism: 'If you're a girl, you have to play the game'|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2016/12/09/madonna-blasts-music-industry-sexism-billboard-women-in-music-awards/95220036/|first=Maeve|author=McDermott|accessdate=12 December 2022|work=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, nnyocha Dr. Smith mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mara ọkwa na &quot;...n'ime afọ isii gara aga, nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ egwu adịla ala&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Stacy L.|date=January 2018|title=Inclusion in the Recording Studio? Gender and Race/Ethnicity of Artists, Songwriters &amp; Producers across 600 Popular Songs from 2012-2017|url=https://assets.uscannenberg.org/docs/inclusion-in-the-recording-studio.pdf|journal=|pages=1–31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sisario|first=Ben|date=25 January 2018|title=Gender Diversity in the Music Industry? The Numbers Are Grim|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/arts/music/music-industry-gender-study-women-artists-producers.html|accessdate=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'egwú oge ochie, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;nwanyị na-ede egwu site n'oge Medieval ruo taa, ụmụ nwanyị na na-ede egwú na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'egwú egwú oge ochie a na-emekarị, akwụkwọ akụkọ egwu na encyclopedias egwu; dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann bụ otu n'ime naanị ụmụ nwanyị na'ede egwú a kpọtụrụ aha.
[[Usòrò:Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg|thumb|194x194px|'''Navneet Aditya Waiba''' bụ onye na-agụ egwú ọdịnala nke asụsụ Nepali nke India na naanị onye na-ese ihe na ụdị egwu ọdịnala Nepali nke na-abụ abụ ma na-emepụta ezigbo abụ ọdịnala Nepale n'enweghị ịkwa iko ma ọ bụ mmelite ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji ọtụtụ ngwá egwu ọdịnala na ọdịnala Nebali.]]
Ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-egwu egwu na egwu oge ochie na pasentị ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-akụ egwú na-abawanye. Akụkọ 2015 banyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị isi ndị egwu Canada, gosipụtara na pasent 84 nke ndị na-egwu egwu na Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal bụ ụmụ nwoke. N'afọ 2012, ụmụ nwanyị ka mejupụtara naanị 6% nke ndị Vienna Philharmonic orchestra kachasị elu. Ụmụ nwanyị anaghị adịkarị ka ndị na-egwu egwu na ụdị egwu a ma ama dị ka rock na heavy metal, ọ bụ ezie na e nweela ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche na-egwu ngwá egwu na ụmụ nwanyị niile. Ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya nke ọma na ụdị egwu egwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Julian|author=Schaap|title=Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music|journal=IASPM Journal|volume=4|year=2014|doi=10.5429/2079-3871(2014)v4i1.8en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya nke ọma na iduzi egwu, nkatọ egwu / akụkọ egwu, mmepụta egwu, na injinia ụda. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akụda ụmụ nwanyị ume ide egwu na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, e nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-agụ egwú, ụmụ nwanyị malitere itinye aka na agụmakwụkwọ egwu &quot;ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa [ọhịa a] n'oge ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 19 na narị afọ na nke 20&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://parlorsongs.com/issues/2002-9/thismonth/feature.php|title=Women Composers in American Popular Song, Page 1|publisher=Parlorsongs.com|date=25 March 1911|accessdate=20 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka Jessica Duchen, ''onye'' na-ede egwu maka The Independent nke [[London]], si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú na egwu oge ochie &quot;na-ekpe ikpe ugboro ugboro maka ọdịdị ha, karịa nkà ha&quot; ma ha na-eche nrụgide ihu &quot;ịdị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị n'elu ikpo okwu na foto&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;music.cbc.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2014/3/Classical-musics-shocking-gender-gap|title=CBC Music|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duchen na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na &quot;[ebe a] bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eti egwu na-ajụ igwu egwu na ọdịdị ha... ndị na-eme ya na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụzọ ihe onwunwe. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;music.cbc.ca&quot; /&gt; Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Radio 3 nke UK, Edwina Wolstencroft, si kwuo, ụlọ ọrụ egwu anọwo na-emeghe ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ọrụ arụmọrụ ma ọ bụ ntụrụndụ, mana ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ọkwa ikike, dị ka ịbụ onye nduzi nke ndị egwú, ọrụ a kpọrọ &quot;otu n'ime elu ụlọ iko ikpeazụ na ụlọ ọrụ egwu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Jessica|author=Duchen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/feb/28/why-male-domination-of-classical-music-might-end|title=Why the male domination of classical music might be coming to an end|work=The Guardian|date=28 February 2015|accessdate=20 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;motherjones.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Hannah|author=Levintova|url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2013/09/women-conductors-gap-charts-marin-alsop-proms|title=Here's Why You Seldom See Women Leading a Symphony|work=Mother Jones|date=n.d.|accessdate=20 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'egwú a ma ama, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú na-edekọ egwu, e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole n'azụ njikwa ọdịyo na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-emepụta egwu, ndị na-eduzi ma na-elekọta usoro ndekọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ncube|first=Rosina|title=Sounding Off: Why So Few Women In Audio?|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep13/articles/sounding-off-0913.htm|journal=Sound on Sound|date=September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe kachasị edere bụ nwanyị, Asha Bhosle, onye na-agụ egwu India nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye na-abụ abụ na ihe nkiri Hindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.intoday.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/asha-bhosle-enters-guinness-world-records/1/156966.html|title=Singer Asha Bhosle enters Guinness World Records for most single studio recordings|date=21 October 2011|work=India Today|accessdate=12 March 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/asha-bhosle-enters-guinness-world-records/1/156966.html &quot;Singer Asha Bhosle enters Guinness World Records for most single studio recordings&quot;]. ''India Today''. 21 October 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 March&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Ani_Difranco_Ancienne_Belgique.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|206x206px|Onye na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eji ọtụtụ ngwá egwu egwu bụ Ani DiFranco enweela nnwere onwe nka n'oge ọrụ ya, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na o guzobere akara ndekọ nke ya, Righteous Babe. Ọ ghọwo ihe oyiyi ụmụ nwanyị ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.]]
 
Onye na-ede egwu bụ onye na-ede okwu, melodies na chord progressions maka egwu, nke a na-ahụkarị maka ụdị egwu a ma ama dịka pop, rock ma ọ bụ egwu obodo. A pụkwara ịkpọ onye na-ede egwu onye na-agụ egwú, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị okwu nke ikpeazụ eme ihe maka ndị mmadụ si n'ụdị egwu oge ochie.

&quot;Ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị [ndị na-ede egwu] na America bipụtara egwu ha ma nụ ya na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot;/&gt; Dị ka Richard A. Reublin na Richard G. Beil si kwuo, &quot;enweghị aha ụmụ nwanyị [ndị na-ede egwu] bụ ihe na-eme ihere na ihe nketa egwu anyị. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị &quot;gbalịsi ike ide ma bipụta egwu n'ụwa nwoke nke narị afọ nke 20 Tin Pan Alley. Tupu 1900 na ọbụna mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a tụrụ anya na &quot;ụmụ nwanyị ga-eme egwu, ọ bụghị ime egwu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1880, onye na-enyocha egwu na Chicago bụ George P. Upton dere akwụkwọ Women in Music, ebe o kwuru na &quot;ndị inyom enweghị ikike okike iji mepụta ezigbo egwu&quot; n'ihi &quot;ọdịdị ndụ&quot; nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Ka e mesịrị, a nabatara na ụmụ nwanyị ga-arụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ egwu, ha wee tinye aka na mpaghara a &quot;ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa agụmakwụkwọ abụ n'oge ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 19 na narị afọ nke 20. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ egwu, ụmụ nwanyị dere ukwe na egwu ụmụaka. &quot;Egwuregwu ụwa e bipụtara na America tupu 1825 na-egosi naanị ihe dị ka ọrụ 70 nke ụmụ nwanyị. &quot; N'etiti narị afọ nke 19, ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu pụtara, gụnyere Faustina Hasse Hodges, Susan Parkhurst, Augusta Browne na Marion Dix Sullivan. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu, mana &quot;ọtụtụ ka na-amanye iji pseudonyms ma ọ bụ initials&quot; iji zoo eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt;


Carrie Jacobs-Bond bụ &quot;nwanyi a ma ama na-ede egwu na ngwụcha afọ 1800 na n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ... [na-eme ka ọ bụrụ] onye edemede egwu nwanyị mbụ na-ere ahịa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot;/&gt; Maude Nugent (1877-1958) dere &quot;Sweet Rosie O'Grady&quot; n'afọ 1896. O dekwara &quot;Down at Rosie Reilly's Flat&quot;, &quot;My Irish Daisy&quot; na &quot;Mary From Tipperary&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Charlotte Blake (1885-1979) bụ onye edemede na Whitney Warner Publishing Co., na Detroit, Michigan. Na mbido, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kpọrọ ya &quot;C. Blake&quot; iji zoo okike ya, mana site na 1906 mgbasa ozi jiri aha ya zuru ezu.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Caro Roma (1866ī 1937) bụ aha nzuzo na-amaghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị maka Carrie Northly. Ọ bụ &quot;otu n'ime ndị America a ma ama na ndị na-ede egwu nke oge Tin Pan Alley&quot;. Abụ ya gụnyere &quot;Can't Yo' Heah Me Calling&quot;, &quot;Faded Rose&quot;, &quot;The Angelus&quot;, &quot;Thinking of Thee&quot; na &quot;Resignation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Ihe dị ka 95% nke ndị na-ede egwu na ụlọ egwu Britain n'oge mmalite afọ 1900 bụ ụmụ nwoke; Otú ọ dị, ihe dị ka 30% nke ndị na'agụ egwu bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;John Mullen. The Show Must Go On! Popular Song in Britain During the First World War. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jazz na narị afọ nke 20 ===
[[Usòrò:Lil_Armstrong_Billboard.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|236x236px|Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898-1971) bụ onye na-ede egwu jazz.]]
Ọ bụ ezie na ide egwu jazz abụwo ihe ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa, e nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu jazz. N'afọ ndị 1930, Ann Ronell dere egwu &quot;Willow Weep for Me&quot; na &quot;Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt; Irene Higginbotham (1918-1988) dere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abụ 50, nke a kacha mara ya bụ &quot;Good Morning Heartache&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blog.oup.com/2013/03/jazz-women-songwriters-gioia/|title=Ụmụ nwanyị ise na-ede abụ bụ ndị nyere aka ịkpụzi ụda jazz. OUPblog.
A na-eji edensibịa a ugboro 5 na ibe a.|work=OUPblog|date=12 Maachị 2013|first=Ted|author=Gioia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dorothy Fields (1905-1974) dere okwu maka ihe karịrị abụ 400, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ Duke Ellington. O so Jerome Kern dee &quot;The Way You Look Tonight&quot;, nke meriri 1936 Oscar maka Best Song. Ya na Jimmy McHugh dere ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ jazz, dị ka &quot;Exactly Like You&quot;, &quot;On the Sunny Side of the Street&quot; na &quot;I Can't Give You Anything but Love&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt; Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898-1971) na-akpọ piano na King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. E dekọrọ egwu ya &quot;Struttin' na Some Barbecue&quot; ugboro 500. Armstrong dekwara &quot;Doin' the Suzie Q&quot;, &quot;Just for a Thrill&quot; na &quot;Bad Boy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt; Billie Holiday (1915-1959) bụ onye na-agụ egwú nke ya na Arthur Herzog, Jr. dere &quot;God Bless the Child&quot; na &quot;Don't Explain&quot; ma dee egwu blues &quot;Fine and Mellow&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt;

Egwú jazz bụ ike na-akwalite iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka na nnwere onwe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Egwú jazz nyekwara aka kwadebe ụzọ maka ọrụ ndị ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Mmụba a nke ọrụ nwoke na-achịkwa ruo n'afọ 1920 nyere ohere ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ọrụ nka. N'ihi mmụba a, e mepụtara Showboat, egwu jazz Broadway mbụ. Showboat na-atụle ihe isi ike nke ezinụlọ na Mississippi na njikọta ezinụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnh.com/show/89/Show-Boat|title=Show Boat|work=rnh.com|accessdate=26 March 2019|archivedate=26 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326184721/https://www.rnh.com/show/89/Show-Boat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwú jazz nwere mmetụta n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka inweta ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ebe mepere emepe maka ịha nhata mgbe agha gasịrị, na mmekọahụ mepere emebi na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/tbacig/studproj/is3099/jazzcult/20sjazz/jazzlib.html|title=jazzlib|work=d.umn.edu|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na egwu jazz n'oge ahụ nyere aka imetụta ụdị ahụ na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-egwu egwu jazz bụ ndị na-acha. Ihe ndị a nyere aka mee ka ụdị egwu jazz bụrụ  ọ bụ taa. [citation needed]

Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta na egwu jazz site na ịmepụta, ide na ịme egwu jazz. Otu nwanyị nwere mmetụta na egwu jazz bụ Bessie Smith, nke a makwaara dị ka Empress of the Blues. Ọ biri site na 1894 ruo 1937. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri rock and roll, na 1989 e nyere Smith Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/bessie-smith.|title=Inductee Explorer|work=Rock &amp; Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwanyị ọzọ mere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ ọrụ jazz bụ Dolly Jones. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-afụ opi jazz ka edere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/dolly-jones-mn0001009002/biography|title=Dolly Jones {{!}} Biography &amp; History|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị anaghị enweta otuto na ụdị a dịka ndị nwoke ibe ha. Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Sweet Emma Barrett, onye rụrụ ọrụ na Original Tuxedo Orchestra gara njem n'ime obodo na mba ụwa. Otu n'ime egwu egwu Barrett bụ &quot;A Good Man is Hard to Find&quot;. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ka Billie Pierce, Lovie Austin, Jeanette Kimball, Mary Lou Williams, Alice Coltrane, na Hazel Scott, niile nwere mmetụta na ụdị jazz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://projectrevolver.org/features/articles/women-jazz-10-ladies-changed-music-forever/|title=Women in Jazz: 10 Ladies Who Changed Music Forever|author=Alexandra Daoud|date=26 September 2017|work=Project Revolver|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a mere akara ha karịsịa site n'ịbụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ụdị nwoke na-achịkwa.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a a maara nke ọma n'ụwa jazz anaghị ahụ ka ha na-enweta nkwanye ùgwù dị ka ha kwesịrị n'ihi ndị asọmpi nwoke ha. Ọ bụghị naanị na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta dị ka ndị na-agụ egwu jazz, kamakwa enwere ọtụtụ ndị na-egwu egwu jazz na-enwetaghị otuto ha. Otu nwanyị bụ Ingrid Monson, onye mere ka a mara na mgbe ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịkpọ piano, ha nwetakwara nkwenye ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ egwu. A ga-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ka ha na-egwuri egwu n'òtù jazz ụmụ nwanyị niile, mana mgbe ha ga-abanye na &quot;ụwa jazz ọkachamara&quot; ha ga-abụ ihe na-ewu ewu ozugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|date=1 January 2003|title=The NPR curious listener's guide to jazz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu nwanyị, nke aha ya bụ Valaida Snow ka a makwaara dị ka &quot;eze nwanyị nke opi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Saur, Kirsten (20 April 2016). &quot;Swing It Sister: The Influence of Female Jazz Musicians on Music and Society&quot;. The Research and Scholarship Symposium.&lt;/ref&gt; Nwanyị ọzọ, Nona Gendryx, bụ onye na-agụ egwú jazz nke na-akpọkwa ọtụtụ ngwá egwu ma nweta ohere iso ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu Hip Hop dị ka Prince rụọ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E'nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị dị otú ahụ nke anyị na-amaghị aha ha..

Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dị ukwuu, mana maka ụfọdụ ọ dị mkpụmkpụ. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ghọrọ ndị a ma ama mgbe a kpọrọ ndị ikom n'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Otú ọ dị, ozugbo ndị ikom a lọtara n'ụlọ site na itinye ha n'ọrụ, ndị na-agụ egwú jazz bụ ụmụ nwanyị chere ihe isi ike ihu. A hụrụ nsogbu ndị dị ka iyi egwu mmekọahụ na nkatọ siri ike site n'aka ndị otu ha ndị ọzọ na ndị egwu jazz ibe ha. [citation needed]

=== Pop n'afọ ndị 1960 ===
N'ihe nkiri egwu pop nke afọ 1960, &quot;[dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ nke azụmahịa egwu [n'afọ ndị 1960], ide egwu bụ mpaghara nwoke na-achịkwa. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-abụ abụ na redio, a na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ... dị ka ndị na-azụ ahịa:.. Ịbụ abụ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ dị mma maka nwa agbọghọ mgbe ụfọdụ, mana ịkpọ ngwá egwu, ide egwu, ma ọ bụ mepụta ndekọ emeghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Erika|author=White|url=http://www.rebeatmag.com/music-history-primer-3-pioneering-female-songwriters-of-the-60s/|title=Music History Primer: 3 Pioneering Female Songwriters of the '60s|work=REBEAT Magazine|date=28 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ agbọghọ &quot;anaghị emekọrịta ihe iji hụ onwe ha dị ka ndị na-emepụta [egwú].&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot; /&gt; Carole King &quot;nwere mmekọrịta na-aga nke ọma na di Gerry Goffin, na-ede egwu dịka &quot;The Loco-Motion,&quot; &quot;Will You Love Me Tomorrow&quot;, &quot;Up on the Roof&quot; na &quot;Natural Woman&quot;. &quot;King bụ nwanyị mbụ natara 2013 Gershwin Prize for Popular Song&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot; /&gt; Ellie Greenwich na di ya Jeff Barry dere &quot;Mgbe ahụ ọ na-esusu m ọnụ&quot;, &quot;Be My Baby&quot; na &quot;River Deep, Mountain High&quot;. Laura Nyro dere &quot;Wedding Bell Blues&quot;, &quot;Eli's Coming&quot; na &quot;And When I Die&quot;. O kwuru na &quot;Enweghị m mmasị na njedebe nkịtị mgbe ọ na-abịa n'ide egwu m....Enwere m ike iweta echiche ụfọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ederede abụ m. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot; /&gt; N'ime afọ 1960, ma King na Goffin gosipụtara ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke egwu America yana mpụta nke usoro ịhụnanya na mmekọahụ ọhụrụ. &quot;Ndị na-agụ egwú nọchitere anya otu n'ime ndị isi nke mgbanwe mmekọahụ na ịhụnanya na ọha mmadụ America&quot;, na-emetụta ma na-agbanwe ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ndị ntorobịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=After Aquarius Dawned: How the Revolutions of the 1960s Became the Popular Culture of the 1970s|url=https://archive.org/details/afteraquariusdaw0000kutu|author=Kutulas|first=Judy|date=2017|publisher=University of North Carolina Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ngwụcha afọ 1940 na 1950, ndị na-eto eto malitere ịlụ di na nwunye na ibu ọrụ ndị okenye n'oge ha dị obere.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, Eze mara ụbọchị, alụmdi na nwunye, usoro mmekọahụ aka site n'igosi na mmekọahụ mgbe alụmdi na nwanyị gasịrị na omume omenala nke mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, abụghị ihe na-adọrọ mmasị. Ọ kwalitere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ ma gosipụta omume nke ndị nwoke na nwanyị &quot;na-aghọ ndị enyi&quot; na abụ ya You've Got a Friend.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;
[[Usòrò:Lotti_Golden,_Lower_East_Side_c.1968.jpg|alt=Lotti Golden, Lower East Side c.1968 text|áká_èkpè|thumb|245x245px|Lotti Golden, Lower East Akụkụ c. 1968]]

=== Afọ 1960: Ọganiru ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú ma na-ede egwú ===
Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 1960, ebili mmiri ọhụrụ nke ndị nwanyị na-abụ abụ-ndị na-ede abụ kwụsịrị site na mmachi nke pop, na-ede abụ nke onwe karịa n'ụdị nkwupụta nke ndị na-ede uri dị ka Anne Sexton na Sylvia Plath. E gosipụtara ndị na-ese ihe na-eduzi mmegharị a na Newsweek, Julaị 1969, &quot;The Girls: Letting Go&quot;: &quot;Ihe na-emekarị ha - nye Joni Mitchell na Lotti Golden, nye Laura Nyro, Melanie, Janis Ian na Elyse Weinberg. abụ ahaziri onwe ha na-ede, dị ka njem nlegharị anya nke nchọpụta onwe onye.&quot; Mgbe ha na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị ndị a cherekwa ọtụtụ mgba dị ka ịkpa oke ihu. N'ụwa nke ndị nwoke na-ebi akwụkwọ, ndị inyom na-ede abụ dị ka Joni Mitchell chọrọ ka a hụ ya n'èzí agbụrụ na okike, na n'ime ụdị nka dị ọcha. N'ajụjụ ọnụ 1994 ya na Alice Echol, Joni Mitchell jụrụ ịlụ nwanyị mana kwupụta oke iwe ya megide ịkpa oke, mwepu dabere na mmekọahụ, na inwe mmekọahụ na-enweghị isi. Echol na-etinye &quot;ahụ erughị ala nke Mitchell na akara nwanyị n'ime ọnọdụ nka ya&quot;. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede abụ na-achọ ka a na-ahụ ha dị ka ezigbo ndị egwu egwu na-enweghị ikepụrụ nkà ha n'ihi okike ha. Ọzọkwa, Grace Slick bụ onye bụbu ihe nlereanya, bụ onye ama ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke San Francisco na-eto eto na egwu psychedelic na etiti 1960. Okwu – ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọgwụ ọjọọ, ndakpọ olileanya, ikewapụ nke ndị na-eme njem, na ndụ obodo mepere emepe.Native New Yorker, Lotti Golden, na ya Atlantic mpụta mbụ album Motor-Cycle, kọọ akụkọ ndụ ya na NYC's East Village na ngwụcha 60s counterculture, nleta. isiokwu ndị dị ka njirimara nwoke na nwanyị (The Space Queens-Silky is Sad) na ịṅụ ọgwụ ike gabigara ókè (Gonna Fay's) Ụmụ nwanyị ndị dị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Newsweek 1969 webatara ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke onye na-agụ egwú na-agụ egwú, na-agwa ọgbọ ndị inyom na-agụ egwú na-ede egwú.

=== Egwuregwu egwú ===
N'ihe nkiri egwu egwu, &quot;ndị na-ede egwú nwanyị na-adịkarị ụkọ na ụlọ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa na njedebe okike. A na-emepụtakarị ọrụ nke ndị na-ede egwú na-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụkwa nanị [na 2015] ka otu nwoke na-ede akwụkwọ na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'inweta Tony. Award maka akara kacha mma.&quot; Na 2015, maka oge mbụ, otu nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ Lisa Kron (Best Book) na Jeanine Tesori na Kron (Best Original Score) meriri Tony Award maka Best Score for Fun Home, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ nke nwoke na-ede egwú na-anọgide na-abụ. emepụtara ọtụtụ mgbe. Na 2013, Cyndi Lauper bụ &quot;onye na-ede egwú mbụ nke nwanyị meriri [Tony for] Best Score na-enweghị onye na-emekọ ihe ọnụ&quot; maka ide egwu na egwu maka Kinky Boots. Ndị na-ede abụ nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu gụnyere onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Lauren Pritchard, onye dere Songbird; Zoe Sarnak, onye dere A Lasting Impression na The Years Between; na Katie Thompson, onye ga-achọ &quot;ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị agwa ... ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na ndị siri ike na ndị na-adịghị ike.&quot; Thompson kwuru na na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri egwu, &quot;mgbe ị na-alụ ọgụ maka ihe dị ka nwanyị, karịsịa ihe nka .. a na-ahụta gị dị ka anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ na a na-ahụta gị [dị ka] 'mmetụta uche&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, akara nke na-enyere ndị ọzọ aka. ịchụpụ gị. Enweghị ahaghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu dị n'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ebe ụmụ nwanyị bụ naanị 3% nke ndị na-egwu egwu ikuku yana 12% nke ndị na-agụ egwu egwu. N'agbanyeghị m'kparị na enweghị ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu, ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị iri ise enwetala amara nka nka nke mba ụwa maka ịdepụta akara egwu zuru oke na ụlọ ihe nkiri Broadway na elu-Broadway.
[[Usòrò:Abbey_Lincoln_in_1966.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|260x260px|Abbey Lincoln (1930 2010), bụ onye America na-agụ egwú jazz, onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye dere ma mee ihe nke ya. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ikike obodo n'afọ ndị 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;InstituteofJazz-Rutgers-Papers-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Griffen|first=Anders|title=The Abbey Lincoln Collection, 1949–2008 (MC 101)|url=http://newarkwww.rutgers.edu/IJS/collections/lincolnb.html|work=[[Institute of Jazz Studies]], [[Rutgers University]] Libraries|accessdate=30 May 2015|date=December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chinen|first=Nate|title=Abbey Lincoln, Jazz Singer and writer, Dies at 80|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/15/arts/music/15lincoln.html|accessdate=14 August 2010|work=The New York Times|date=14 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

=== Ụmụ nwanyị ojii ===
Dị ka LaShonda Katrice Barnett, onye nkuzi kọleji na mahadum na onye dere akwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ede egwu, si kwuo, n'ime &quot;ihe karịrị ndị otu 380 nke Songwriters Hall of Fame, naanị abụọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii (Sylvia Moy na Valerie Simpson).

=== Ndị na-ede abụ ===
A na-edepụta ndị na-ede egwu na Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-ede egwú bụ ndị a ma ama maka abụ ha na / ma ọ bụ nkà ha na-arụ ọrụ, mana edepụtara ha ebe a maka ihe ha rụzuru n'ide egwú:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.axs.com/taylor-swift-makes-her-mark-on-rolling-stone-s-100-greatest-songwriter-63965|title=Taylor Swift makes her mark on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters list|first=Lori|author=Melton|publisher=[[AXS (company)|AXS]]|date=August 18, 2015|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Carole Eze
* Joni Mitchell
* Dolly Parton
* Stevie Nicks
* [[Madonna]]
* Chrissie Hynde
* Loretta Lynn
* Lucinda Williams
* [[Björk]]
* Taylor Swift
* Patti Smith

== Ndị na-ede egwú n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ ==
[[Usòrò:Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_(Lithographie_1835).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|257x257px|Onye na-ede egwú na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu Clara Schumann]]
Onye America na-ahụ maka egwu bụ Marcia Citron ajụọla &quot;[w]hy bụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị dere nke na-adịghị mma na ọkọlọtọ 'nke oge ochie'?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Citron, Marcia J 1993&quot;&gt;Citron, Marcia J. Gender and the Musical Canon. CUP Archive, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt; Citron &quot;na-enyocha omume na àgwà ndị dugara n'iwepụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu na 'canon' nke ọrụ egwu a na-eme. &quot; Ọ na-ekwu na n'afọ 1800, ndị inyom na-ede egwu na-edekarị egwu nka maka ịrụ ọrụ na obere recitals karịa symphonies e bu n'obi maka ịrụ ọrụ ya na ndị egwú n'ime nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ, ebe a na-ahụ ọrụ ndị ikpeazụ dị ka ụdị kachasị mkpa maka ndị na-ede egwú; ebe ọ bụ na ndị inyom ndị na-agụ egwú edeghị ọtụtụ symphoni, a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị a na-amaghị ama dị ka ndị na-ede egwú.&lt;ref name=&quot;Citron, Marcia J 1993&quot; /&gt;

Dị ka Abbey Philips si kwuo, &quot;ndị inyom na-egwu egwu enweela oge siri ike ịbanye na inweta otuto kwesịrị ekwesị&quot;. N'ime oge ochie, ọtụtụ n'ime egwu nka ka e kere maka ebumnuche okpukpe (okpukpe) na n'ihi echiche banyere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị isi okpukpe na-enwe, ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole dere ụdị egwu a, onye nọn Hildegard von Bingen bụ n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ mahadum na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu na-atụle ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị ọrụ ndị nwoke na-agụ egwú. N'otu aka ahụ, ọrụ ole na ole nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede egwú bụ akụkụ nke usoro egwu oge gboo. Na Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwú a kpọtụrụ aha. Philips na-ekwu na &quot;[d] n'ime narị afọ nke 20, ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-edepụta / na-egwu egwu enwetachaghị nlebara anya karịa ndị nwoke ibe ha&quot;.

=== Oge Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya ===
Hildegard von Bingen (1098 na 1179) bụ onye German Benedictine abbess, onye na-ede egwu, onye edemede, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, na onye ọhụụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bennett, Judith M 2001&quot;&gt;Bennett, Judith M. and Hollister, Warren C. ''Medieval Europe: A Short History'' (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 317.&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwu, ''Ordo Virtutum'', bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke ihe nkiri liturgical na egwuregwu omume ọma mbụ.  Ụfọdụ ndị edemede ekwuola na ọ bụ ebe dị anya maka opera na mpempe akwụkwọ a, ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary|title=Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/opera.html alt Opera, see Florentine Camerata in the province of Milan, Italy].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitbraz.com/gen/rev/1998nytmirapaulHild.html|title=1998 New York Times art-at-large Matt Mirapaul Hildegurls feature|work=kitbraz.com|accessdate=2023-03-10|archivedate=2016-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612233614/http://www.kitbraz.com/gen/rev/1998nytmirapaulHild.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwú iri isii na itoolu, nke ọ bụla nwere ederede uri nke ya, ka dị. Nke a bụ otu n'ime repertoires kachasị n'etiti ndị na-ede egwu oge ochie. Hildegard dere ọtụtụ abụ liturgical nke a chịkọtara n'ime okirikiri a na-akpọ ''Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum''. A na-etinye abụ ndị sitere na Symphonia na ederede nke Hildegard ma malite na antiphons, hymns, na usoro, na responsories.&lt;ref&gt;Maddocks, Fiona. ''Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001), p. 194.&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akọwa egwu ya dị ka monophonic, na-eji ụda olu na-arị elu nke na-ebugharị ókèala nke abụ ọdịnala Gregorian.

=== Oge Renaissance ===
Maddalena Casulana (1544-1590) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-abụ abụ.&lt;ref&gt;Alternative names: Madalena Casulana di Mezarii, Madalena Casula.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ mbụ ya malitere na 1566: madrigals anọ na nchịkọta, ''Il Desiderio'', nke o mepụtara na Florence. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, o bipụtara na Venice akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke madrigals maka olu anọ, ''Il primo libro di madrigali'', nke bụ nke mbụ e bipụtara, bipụtara ọrụ nke nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ nọ nso Isabella de 'Medici ma nyefee ụfọdụ egwu ya. N'afọ 1570, 1583 na 1586 o bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke madrigals. N'ime nraranye ya n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke madrigals, ọ na-egosi mmetụta ya banyere ịbụ nwanyị na-ede egwu n'oge nke a dị ụkọ: &quot;[Achọrọ m] igosi ụwa, dịka m nwere ike na ọrụ egwu a, njehie efu nke ụmụ nwoke na naanị ha nwere onyinye nke ọgụgụ isi na nka, nakwa na anaghị enye ụmụ nwanyị onyinye dị otú ahụ. &quot; 
Ụdị ya bụ contrapuntal na chromatic na ahịrị abụ ya bụ singable ma na-elebara ederede anya. Ndị ọzọ na-ede egwu n'oge ahụ, dị ka Philippe de Monte, chere echiche nke ọma banyere ya.

Caterina Assandra (1590-1618) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu na onye nọn Benedictine. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama dị ka onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara ma bipụta ọrụ dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;''Women Composers: Music Through the Ages.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlywomenmasters.net/midi/mid/assand2.mid|title=Archived copy|accessdate=19 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165459/http://www.earlywomenmasters.net/midi/mid/assand2.mid|archivedate=3 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Assandra dere ọtụtụ motets na organ pieces. Ọ gụrụ counterpoint na Benedetto Re, otu n'ime ndị nkuzi na Pavia Cathedral. O dere nchịkọta nke motets n'ụdị concertato ọhụrụ na Milan na 1609, otu olu asatọ Salve Regina na 1611, na motet, Audite verbum Dominum, maka olu anọ na 1618. O dere egwu ọdịnala na ọrụ ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ. Otu n'ime ndị nke ikpeazụ bụ ''Duo seraphim''. Motet ya ''O Salutaris hodie'', nke gụnyere na ''Motetti'' op. 2, bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ gụnyere violone, ngwá egwu nwere eriri.

=== Oge Baroque ===
[[Usòrò:Orazio_Gentileschi_-_Il_suonatore_di_liuto_(National_Gallery_of_Art).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|236x236px|Onye n'eti lute nke Orazio Gentileschi, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ onyinyo Francesca Caccini]]
Francesca Caccini (15871641) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu, na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede uri, na onye nkuzi egwu. Henry toro abụ ya maka agbamakwụkwọ Henry nke anọ nke [[France]] na Maria de Medici na 1600, onye kpọrọ ya &quot;onye na-agụ egwú kachasị mma na France niile&quot;. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ikpe Medici dị ka onye nkuzi, onye na-agụ egwú, onye na'azụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede egwú nke ụlọ na nke ihe nkiri ruo 1627. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1614, ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwú a na-akwụ ụgwọ kachasị elu n'ụlọ ikpe ahụ, n'ihi na nkà egwu ya gosipụtara echiche nke ịdị mma nwanyị nke onye na-achị Tuscany, Granduchess Christina nke Lorraine. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya maka ịrụ ọrụ na comedies. N'afọ 1618 o bipụtara nchịkọta nke egwu iri atọ na isii na soprano / bass duets. N'afọ 1625, o dere &quot;comedy-ballet&quot; nke nkeji iri asaa na ise. N'ozuzu, o dere ọrụ iri na isii. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ijuanya dị egwu: na egwu ya ọ bụ mgbanwe nkwekọrịta, karịa counterpoint, nke kachasị ike na-ekwurịta mmetụta mmetụta uche.

Barbara Strozzi (16191677) bụ onye na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu Baroque nke Ịtali. Dị ka nwatakịrị, e gosipụtara nnukwu nkà olu ya n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị. O nwekwara onyinye n'ihe osise, nna ya mekwara ndokwa ka ya na onye na-ede egwu Francesco Cavalli mụọ. A na-ekwu na Strozzi bụ &quot;onye na-ede egwu kachasị mma nke a na-ebipụta na Venice n'etiti narị afọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glixon&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Glixon|first=Beth L.|title=More on the life and death of Barbara Strozzi|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_musical-quarterly_spring-1999_83_1/page/134|journal=The Musical Quarterly|year=1999|volume=83|issue=1|pages=134–141|doi=10.1093/mq/83.1.134}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ọ na-emepụta bụkwa ihe pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ nwere naanị egwu olu, ma e wezụga otu mpịakọta nke abụ dị nsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Heller|first=Wendy|year=2006|chapter=Usurping the place of the muses: Barbara Strozzi and the female composer in seventeenth-century Italy|title=The World of Baroque Music: New Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_025334798|editor=Stauffer|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_025334798/page/145 145]–168|isbn=978-025334798-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ikike uri ya yana nkà ide ihe. Okwu ya na-abụkarị abụ ma na-ekwu nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glixon&quot; /&gt; E dere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọrụ ya maka soprano, mana o bipụtakwara ọrụ maka olu ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kendrick|first=Robert|year=2002|title=Intent and intertextuality in Barbara Strozzi's sacred music|journal=Recercare|volume=14|pages=65–98}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ndị o dere gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike na omenala seconda pratica. Egwú Strozzi na-echetara mmụọ nke Cavalli, onye nketa nke Monteverdi.  Otú ọ dị, ụdị ya bụ nke na-abụ abụ, ma na-adabere na ụda olu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rosand|first=Ellen|authorlink=Ellen Rosand|year=1986|chapter=The voice of Barbara Strozzi|title=Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950|url=https://archive.org/details/womenmakingmusic0000unse|editor=Bowers|location=Urbana, Illinois|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-025201204-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya Giulio dere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide maka ihe odide mbụ ya. Ndị ọrụ ibe nna ya dere ihe odide ndị ọzọ, maka ọtụtụ ihe o dere, ọ nwere ike ide ihe odide nke ya.

Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (16651729) bụ onye France na-ede egwu, onye na-eti egwu na onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-emepụta ngwá egwú. Nwatakịrị mara mma, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụbọ akwara n'ihu Eze Louis nke iri na anọ. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-agụ egwú na Royal Court ma kụzie, dee, ma nye kọntaktị n'ụlọ na Paris dum, na nnukwu otuto. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole a ma ama na-ede egwu n'oge ya, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọgbọ ya, o dere n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;Mary Cyr. &quot;Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre: Myth or Marvel? Seeking the Composer's Individuality.&quot; The Musical Times. Vol. 149, No. 1905 (Winter, 2008), pp. 79–87.&lt;/ref&gt;  Titon du Tillet kwetara na ọ nwere nkà na ihe ọ rụzuru, onye nyere ya ọnọdụ n'Ugwu Parnassus ya mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 26, n'akụkụ Lalande na Marais na kpọmkwem n'okpuru Lully. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ballet, opera (Céphale et Procris), sonatas atọ, ụbọ akwara, ''Sonates'' pour le viollon et pour le clavecin na ọrụ olu dị ka ''Cantates'' françoises sur des sujets tirez de l'Ecriture.

=== Oge ochie ===
[[Usòrò:Elisabeth_Olin_-_SBH.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|205x205px|Onye na-agụ egwu opera na onye na-ede egwu na Sweden bụ Elisabeth Olin n'afọ 1780]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onye'bulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;Harriett Abrams (1758 Xi1821) bụ onye Bekee na-ede egwu na soprano. Dị ka onye na-agụ egwu, e toro ya maka arụmọrụ ya nke George Frideric Handel. Ọ gụrụ egwu, echiche egwu, na ihe osise na onye na-ede egwu Thomas Arne tupu ya emee opera mbụ ya na 1775 na Theatre Royal, Drury Lane na London. Abrams ghọrọ onye isi na-abụ abụ na kọntaktị na-ewu ewu na London na ememme mpaghara, na-apụta mgbe niile site na 1780 ruo 1790. Abrams dere ọtụtụ egwu, abụọ n'ime ha, &quot;The Orphan's Prayer&quot; na &quot;Crazy Jane&quot;, ghọrọ ndị a ma ama. O bipụtara usoro abụọ nke Italian na English canzonets, nchịkọta nke egwu Scottish na glees kwekọrọ maka olu abụọ na atọ, na ihe karịrị abụ iri na abụọ, ọkachasị ballads mmetụta uche. Harriett raara nchịkọta abụ ndị e bipụtara na 1803 nye Queen Charlotte.

Maria Teresa Agnesi (17201795) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu.  Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye a ma ama maka ihe ndị o dere, ọ bụkwa onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-agụ egwú. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ọ na-ede maka keyboard, olu, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. Ọrụ ya mere ka ọ nwee ike site na Austrian Lombardy, nke na-aga n'ihu ma na-enwu gbaa na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Onye na-akwado ya bụ Maria Theresia, eze nwanyị Rom dị nsọ na onye na-achị Lombardy, na Maria Antonia Walpurgis, onye na-ede egwu nwere onyinye na onye oge ya. Ọrụ mbụ ya dị mfe ma dị ọcha, ebe ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ dị mma, dị mgbagwoju anya, na melodramatic. O dere ihe nkiri, gụnyere ihe nkiri dike na ụdị ihe nkiri siri ike. O dekwara arias, concerto na sonatas maka keyboard, obere ìgwè na olu.

Princess Anna Amalia (17231787) bụ onye Prussian na-ede egwu na onye na-ahụ maka egwu. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ ụbọ akwara, ọjà, na violin mgbe ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ. Ọ ghọrọ Abbess nke Quedlinburg na 1755.&lt;ref name=&quot;huberty&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome V – Hohenzollern-Waldeck|publisher=Laballery|author=Huberty, Michel|year=1989|location=France|pages=162, 172|isbn=978-2-901138-05-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Berlin, ebe o tinyere onwe ya n'egwú, wee ghọọ onye na-akwado egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Dị ka onye na-ede egwu, ọ nwetara aha ọma ma bụrụ onye a maara nke ọma maka obere ọrụ ụlọ ya, nke gụnyere trios, marches, cantatas, abụ na fugues. N'afọ 1758, ọ mụrụ usoro egwu na nhazi ya na Johann Philipp Kirnberger, nwa akwụkwọ nke [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]. O dere egwu ụlọ dị ka sonatas flute. Ọzọkwa, o setịpụrụ ederede nke Ramler's Passion cantata ''Der Tod Jesu'' (&quot;Ọnwụ Jizọs&quot;) na egwu. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anakọta egwu, na-echekwa ihe karịrị 600 mpịakọta nke ọrụ Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Georg Philipp Telemann, Karl Heinrich Graun na Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ya bụ onyinye dị mkpa na ọdịbendị ọdịda anyanwụ.
[[Usòrò:Antoine_Pesne_hofdame_;_Prinzessin_Amalia_von_Preussen_als_Amazone.jpg|thumb|Princess Anna Amalia (17231787) bụ onye Prussian na-ede egwu na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nke a maara maka ọrụ ụlọ ya, nke gụnyere trios, marches, cantatas, abụ na fugues.]]
Elisabeth Olin (1740-1828) bụ onye na-agụ egwu opera na onye na-ede egwu na Sweden. Ọ malitere dị ka Alfhild na ''Syrinx'' nke a na-akpọ Opera comique mbụ nke Sweden, na ''Bollhuset'' na 1747. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na-agụ egwú na kọntaktị ọha na eze na ''Riddarhuset'' na [[Stockholm]], ma bipụta egwu nke ya; ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede egwu Sweden dere otu egwu ọ bụla maka nchịkọta ''Gustaviade''. N'ime ihe na-eme n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ('Gustaviade. A heroic poem of twelve songs') from 1768; ebe o dere ihe osise nke asatọ.&lt;ref&gt;Anna Ivarsdotter Johnsson och Leif Jonsson: Musiken i Sverige. Frihetstiden och Gustaviansk tid 1720–1810 (Music in Sweden. The age of Liberty and the Gustavian age 1720–1810) (Swedish), page 373&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge emere ihe ngosi na ntọala nke Royal Swedish Opera na 18 Jenụwarị 1773, ọ bụrụ ọrụ nke Chi nwanyị Oké Osimiri Thetis na opera Francesco Uttini Thetis och Pélée . Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye isi nke Swedish opera ruo afọ iri. N'afọ 1773, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ e nyere aha ''Hovsångare'', na 1782, a nabatara ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ so na Royal Swedish Academy of Music.&lt;ref&gt;Anna Ivarsdotter Johnsson och Leif Jonsson: Musiken i Sverige. Frihetstiden och Gustaviansk tid 1720–1810 (Music in Sweden. The age of Liberty and the Gustavian age 1720–1810) (Swedish)&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Henriette_Beaumesnil.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px|Onye France na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu opera Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onye'obula|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil (1748[[1813) bụ onye France na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu opera. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na obere ọrụ na-atọ ọchị site na mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa wee malite dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Paris Opera na 1766.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Henriette+Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde+Villard+Beaumesnil&amp;pg=PA54|title=The Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|first=Julie Anne|author=Sadie|year=1994|accessdate=13 October 2010|isbn=9780393034875}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ nwere ihe egwu a na-eme na Paris Opéra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dolmetsch.com/cdefsv.htm|accessdate=13 October 2010|title=Composers biography:V – Vz}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge gara aga, Paris Opera emeela ihe nkiri Céphale et Procris nke Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, na 1694. ''Anacréon'', opera mbụ ya, nwetara ihe ngosi onwe onye na ebe obibi nke Count of Provence na 1781. N'afọ 1784, e mere ihe nkiri ya bụ ''Tibulle'' et Délie na Paris Opera . N'afọ 1792, e mere ihe nkiri opera comique ya abụọ, Plaire, c'est commander na Théâtre Montansier.

Anna Bon (17391767?) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gara Ospedale della Pietà na Venice, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na maestra di viola, Candida della Pièta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berdes&quot;&gt;Jane L. Berdes, &quot;Anna Bon,&quot; Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers (New York: Norton, 1995).&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ọkwa ọhụrụ nke 'chamber music virtuosa' n'ụlọ ikpe nke Margrave Friedrich nke Brandenburg Kulmbach. Ọ raara sonatas flauta isii ya, nke e bipụtara na Nürnberg na 1756, nye Friedrich.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berdes&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1762, ọ kwagara n'ụlọ ikpe Esterházy na Eisenstadt, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo 1765. Ọ raara usoro e bipụtara nke sonatas ụbọ akwara isii, op. 2 (1757), nye Ernestina Augusta Sophia, Princess of Saxe-Weimar, na usoro nke divertimenti isii (trio sonatas), op. 3 (1759), nye Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.&lt;ref&gt;More extensive biography is found in Barbara Garvey Jackson's introduction to her edition of the op. 2 sonatas (Fayetteville, AR: ClarNan Editions, 1989).&lt;/ref&gt; O dekwara divertimenti isii maka ọjà abụọ na basso continuo; otu aria, &quot;Astra coeli&quot;, maka soprano, violin abụọ, viola, na basso continu; otu onyinye, &quot;Ardete amore&quot;, maka ndị na-agụ egwú, ngwá egwú na basso continua; otu motet, &quot;Eia in preces et veloces&quot;, maka alto, violin 2, viola, na bass continuo na opera.

Jane Mary Guest (1762 Xi 1846) bụ onye England na-ede egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. Nwa akwụkwọ nke Johann Christian Bach, na mbụ na-ede egwu n'ụdị galante, o dere sonatas keyboard, ọrụ keyboard ndị ọzọ na ọrụ olu na keyboard. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi piano nke Princess Amelia na Princess Charlotte nke Wales. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London site na 1779, na-enye ndenye aha kọntaktị n'ebe ahụ na 1783/84.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guest&quot;&gt;{{cite Grove| last=Raessler | first=Daniel M. |year=2001 |title=Guest [Miles], Jane Mary |id=00059}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya maka ụdị egwu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guest&quot; /&gt; N'oge a, o bipụtara Six Sonatas, Op. 1, nke nwetara ndenye aha dị ukwuu, gụnyere site n'aka ndị eze, nke e bipụtara na Paris na 1784 na Berlin na 1785.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandora&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fuller|first=Sophie|title=Pandora Guide to Women Composers|publisher=Pandora|location=London|year=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pandoraguidetowo00full/page/143 143–144]|isbn=978-0-04-440897-0|url=https://archive.org/details/pandoraguidetowo00full/page/143}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot;&gt;{{cite ODNB | last=Raessler | first=Daniel M. |orig-year=2004 |date=3 January 2008 |title=Miles [née Guest], Jane Mary [Jenny] (c. 1762–1846), pianist and composer |id=59208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na sonatas keyboard ya, o dekwara ihe ndị ọzọ keyboard, dị ka Introduction na March site na Rossini's ''Ricciardo'' e Zoraide (1820) na ọtụtụ egwu na keyboard.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;Marianne von Martínez (1744-1812) bụ onye Austria na-ede egwu, na-agụ egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. Metastasio chọpụtara nkà ya n'oge ọ dị obere wee bịa lekọta agụmakwụkwọ egwu ya, nke gụnyere nkuzi keyboard site na Haydn, nkuzi ịbụ abụ na Porpora na nkuzi ide egwu na Johann Adolph Hasse na onye na-ede egwu n'ụlọ ikpe Imperial Giuseppe Bonno. Ọ bụ onye na-asụ asụsụ Italian na German ma mara French na Bekee.&lt;ref&gt;Godt, 541&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka ụlọ ikpe Imperial, ebe ọ &quot;na-adọta uche ya na olu ya mara mma na ịpị keyboard ya&quot;. Ka ọ na-etolite, a na-arịọkarị ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ihu Empress Maria Theresa.&lt;ref&gt;Godt 1995, 538&lt;/ref&gt; A na-etinye ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị Marianna dere maka olu solo. O dere ọtụtụ cantatas ụwa na oratorios abụọ na ederede Italian. Ihe ndị dị ndụ gụnyere masses anọ, motets isii, na litanies atọ maka ndị ukwe. O dere n'ụdị Italian, dị ka ọ dị na mmalite oge Classical na Vienna.  E jiri usoro ịgba ụbọ akwara ya tụnyere ụdị C.P.E. Bach. Ọ bụ nnukwu ndị agha gosipụtara oratorio ya n'Italian ''Isacco'' figura del redentore n'afọ 1782.&lt;ref&gt;Pohl (1856:60)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oge ịhụnanya ===
[[Usòrò:Fanny_Hensel_1842.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Fanny Mendelssohn, 1842, nke Moritz Daniel Oppenheim dere]]
Maria Szymanowska (1789 Tian 1831) bụ onye [[Poland]] a ma ama na-ede egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. O dere n'ọtụtụ n'ime otu ụdị dị ka onye Pole Frederic Chopin (18101849). Szymanowska na ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nwere njikọ, gụnyere Gioacchino Rossini, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, na Adam Mickiewicz, onye na-ede uri kachasị ukwuu na Poland.

Fanny Mendelssohn (1805X1847) bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị a ma ama na-ede egwu na 1800s. O gosipụtara ikike egwu dị egwu dị ka nwatakịrị wee malite ide egwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọbịa a ma ama n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya nwere mmasị Fanny na nwanne ya nwoke Felix Mendelssohn, àgwà ndị dị n'oge ahụ n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-egbochi Fanny. Nna ya na-anabata, kama ịkwado, ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwu. Nna ya degaara ya akwụkwọ ozi na 1820, na-agwa ya na &quot;[m]usic ga-abụ nke ya [ya bụ. Ọrụ Felix, ebe ọ bụ na maka gị ọ nwere ike ma ga-abụ naanị ihe ịchọ mma [na ndụ gị]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Letter of 16 July 1820, in Hensel (1884), I 82&lt;/ref&gt; Felix dọrọ ya aka na ntị ka ọ ghara ibipụta ọrụ ya n'aha nke ya ma chọọ ọrụ na egwu. O dere, sị:&lt;blockquote&gt;'Site na ihe ọmụma m banyere Fanny, m kwesịrị ikwu na ọ nweghị ọchịchọ ma ọ bụ ọrụ maka onye edemede [egwú]. Ọ bụ ihe niile nwanyị kwesịrị ịbụ maka nke a. Ọ na-achịkwa ụlọ ya, ọ naghị echebara ọha na eze ma ọ bụ ụwa egwu echiche, ma ọ bụ ọbụna egwu ọ bụla, ruo mgbe ọrụ mbụ ya mezuru. Mbipụta ga-enye ya nsogbu na ndị a, enweghị m ike ikwu na m kwadoro ya.&lt;ref&gt;Letter to Lea Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,24 June 1837. Mendelssohn (1864), p. 113
&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;Clara Schumann (18191896) bụ onye Germany na-ede egwu na onye na-eme egwu piano nke nwere ọrụ egwu egwu afọ iri isii na otu, nke gbanwere usoro na usoro nke egwu piano na mmasị nke ndị na-ege ntị. Site n'oge ọ dị obere, ọ nwere nkuzi otu awa na piano, violin, ịbụ abụ, echiche, nkwekọrịta, nhazi, na counterpoint. N'afọ 1830, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke ọma ma ọ hapụrụ njem egwu nke obodo ndị Europe. Na ngwụcha afọ 1830, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ìgwè mmadụ na-ere ahịa na nyocha nkatọ. Frédéric Chopin kọwara egwu ya na Franz Liszt, onye bịara ịnụ otu n'ime egwu ya ma mesịa &quot;na-eto ya nke ukwuu&quot; n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale .&lt;ref name=&quot;Nancya250&quot;&gt;Reich (1986), 250.&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ya ''Königliche'' und Kaiserliche Kammervirtuosin (&quot;Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuoso&quot;), nsọpụrụ egwu kachasị elu nke [[Austria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nancya250&quot; /&gt;

O nyekwara aka n'ịgbanwe ụdị mmemme a na-atụ anya ya n'aka ndị na-eme piano. N'oge mbụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ, tupu ya alụọ Robert Schumann, ọ na-eme ihe bụ omenala n'oge ahụ, ọkachasị egwu egwu iji gosipụta usoro onye na-ese ihe, mgbe mgbe n'ụdị nhazi ma ọ bụ ọdịiche na isiokwu ndị a ma ama site na opera, nke ndị virtuosos dị ka Thalberg, Herz, ma ọ bụ Henselt dere. Dị ka ọ bụkwa omenala ịkpọ egwu nke onwe ya, ọ gụnyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ọrụ nke ya na mmemme ọ bụla, ọrụ dịka Variations on a Theme nke Bellini (Op. 8) na Scherzo ya a ma ama (Op. 10). Ọrụ ya gụnyere abụ, piano pieces, piano concerto, piano trio, choral pieces, na atọ Romances maka violin na piano. 

=== Narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 ===
[[Usòrò:Lili_Boulanger.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|257x257px|Onye na-ede egwú bụ Lili Boulanger (1893-1918)]]
Katherine Hoover (1937-2018) gụrụ egwu na Mahadum Rochester na Eastman School of Music, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo arụmọrụ na Flute na Bachelor's of Music na Music Theory na 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tu|first=Mary-Ann|title=About Katherine|url=http://www.katherinehoover.com/KatherineHoover/about_Katherine.html|work=Katherine Hoover|accessdate=4 May 2017|archivedate=27 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127130358/http://katherinehoover.com/KatherineHoover/about_Katherine.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ibipụta ọrụ ọkachamara na 1965, na Duet for Two Violins. Hoover bụ onye mmeri nke National Flute Association's Newly Published Music Competition ugboro abụọ, nke mbụ na 1987 na mpempe Medieval Suite ya na nke abụọ na 1991 na mpempe ''Kokopelli'' maka ọjà solo. Egwú ndị a na-eji ọtụtụ usoro gbasaa maka ọjà, dị ka ịgbanye ụda. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ka ndị egwu a ma ama dekọrọ ma rụọ ya na Carnegie Hall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/252 252–253]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/252}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Joan Tower (amụrụ n'afọ 1938) dere akwụkwọ ya nke 1976 Black ''Topaz'', nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ ụda olu na nkwekọrịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Von Glahn|first=Denise|title=Music and the Skillful Listener|date=2013|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/|accessdate=4 May 2017|format=eBook}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara DMA ya na Mahadum Columbia n'afọ 1978. Ọ bụ American Composers Orchestra nyere ya ọrụ n'afọ 1979, nke mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ mbụ ya, ''Sequoia'' . Ọtụtụ ndị na-akụ egwú emeela nke a n'ụwa niile. Site na 1985 ruo 1988 Tower bụ onye na-ede egwu na St. Louis Symphony. N'afọ 1990 ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ meriri Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition, nke gụnyere ihe nrite nke $ 150,000. Kemgbe ahụ, Tower abụwo onye na-ede egwu na ọtụtụ ememme egwu, gụnyere Norfolk Chamber Music Festival na Tanglewood Contemporary Music Festival. Tower abụwo prọfesọ nke egwu na Bard College na New York kemgbe 1982 ma a na-ewere ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu kachasị emetụta na narị afọ nke 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/278 278–280]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/278}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (amụrụ n'afọ 1939) natara nzere doctorate ya na Juilliard ma bụrụ nwanyị mbụ nwetara nke a. N'otu afọ ahụ, o ritere ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi International Composition na Ịtali. N'afọ 1983, Zwilich mere akụkọ ihe mere eme ọzọ, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ meriri Pulitzer Prize na egwu maka Symphony No. 1. Kemgbe ihe ịga nke ọma a, ọ natala ọtụtụ ọrụ. Egwú ya bụ Millennium abụwo nke ndị egwú iri abụọ na asaa kemgbe emere ya na 2000. Ọ bụ Francis Eppes Prọfesọ nke Egwú na Mahadum Steeti Florida kemgbe 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/288 288–290]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/288}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara Zwilich ka o nwere 'olu puku afọ' n'ihe ndị o dere, na-eji nhazi doro anya na ụda olu bara ọgaranya. Ọ bụ ezie na egwu ya na mbụ bụ nke na-adịghị mma ma nwee mmetụta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Vienna, ụdị ya bịara nwekwuo mmetụta uche mgbe ọnwụ di ya gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Von Glahn|first=Denise|title=Music and the Skillful Listener|date=2013|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|pages=179|chapterurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/|accessdate=4 May 2017|chapter=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Libby Larsen (amụrụ n'afọ 1950) nwetara MM ya na 1975 site na Mahadum Minnesota na PhD ya site n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1978. N'afọ 1973, o guzobere Minnesota Composers Forum, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka American Composer's Forum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Larsen|first=Libby|title=Libby Larsen: About|url=https://libbylarsen.com/index.php?contentID=216|work=Libby Larsen|accessdate=4 May 2017|archivedate=20 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820203309/https://libbylarsen.com/index.php?contentID=216}}&lt;/ref&gt; Larsen bụ onye na-ede egwu na Minnesota Orchestra site na 1983 ruo 1987. Larsen dere ihe karịrị ọrụ 220, gụnyere ndị egwú, ịgba egwú, opera, ndị ukwe, ihe nkiri, ụlọ, na solo repertoire. A na-eme ihe nkiri ya na United States na Europe. Larsen bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke egwu nke oge a na ndị inyom na-agụ egwú, ọ nwetakwara onyinye Grammy maka CD ya The Art of Arleen Auger na 1994. Larsen meriri Lifetime Achievement Award site na Academy of Arts and Letters na 2000 wee bipụta akwụkwọ ya The Concert Hall That Fell Asleep and Woke Up as a Car Radio na 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Von Glahn|first=Denise|title=Music and the Skillful Listener|date=2013|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|pages=242–253|chapterurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/|accessdate=4 May 2017|chapter=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/256 256–258]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/256}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Edensibịa ==

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[[Usòrò:Billie_Holiday,_Downbeat,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._Feb._1947_(William_P._Gottlieb_04251).jpg|thumb|209x209px|Onye America na-agụ egwu jazz na onye na-ede egwu Billie Holiday na New York City na 1947]]
[[Usòrò:Bonnie_Raitt_at_John_Edwards_presidential_campaign.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Bonnie Raitt bụ onye America na-agụ egwu, onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-egwu piano. Onye mmeri nke onyinye Grammy iri, a makwaara ya maka egwu egwu ya.]]
[[Usòrò:Ashaji.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Asha Bhosle bụ onye na-agụ egwu India nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye na-abụ abụ na ihe nkiri Hindi. N'afọ 2011, ''Guinness Book of World Records'' nabatara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe kachasị edere na akụkọ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.intoday.in&quot;/&gt;]]'''Ụmụ nwanyị na egwu''' gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-ede egwu, ndị na-agụ egwu, ndị-agụ egwu egwu, ndị nduzi, ndị ọkà mmụta egwu, ndị nkuzi egwu, ndị nkatọ egwu / ndị nta akụkọ egwu, na ọrụ egwu ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-akọwa òtù egwu (dịka, egwu ụmụ nwanyị, nke bụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị dere ma mee maka ụmụ nwanyị), ihe omume na ụdị ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, na ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2010, ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-abụ abụ oge ochie, na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa nke ndị na'ede egwu (ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-ede egwu), e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-emepụta ihe ndekọ, ndị nkatọ rock na ndị na'ihe egwu rock. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese egwu na egwu pop, dị ka [[Björk]], [[Lady Gaga]] na [[Madonna]], ekwuola maka ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;people.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mizoguchi|first=Karen|date=12 December 2015|title=Lady Gaga Calls Music Industry a 'F—king Boys Club'|url=http://www.people.com/article/lady-gaga-music-industry-boys-club-billboard|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109004119/https://people.com/celebrity/lady-gaga-calls-music-industry-a-f-king-boys-club/|archivedate=9 November 2021|work=People}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Madonnasex&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 December 2016|title=Madonna blasts music industry sexism: 'If you're a girl, you have to play the game'|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2016/12/09/madonna-blasts-music-industry-sexism-billboard-women-in-music-awards/95220036/|first=Maeve|author=McDermott|accessdate=12 December 2022|work=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, nnyocha Dr. Smith mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mara ọkwa na &quot;...n'ime afọ isii gara aga, nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ egwu adịla ala&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Stacy L.|date=January 2018|title=Inclusion in the Recording Studio? Gender and Race/Ethnicity of Artists, Songwriters &amp; Producers across 600 Popular Songs from 2012-2017|url=https://assets.uscannenberg.org/docs/inclusion-in-the-recording-studio.pdf|journal=|pages=1–31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sisario|first=Ben|date=25 January 2018|title=Gender Diversity in the Music Industry? The Numbers Are Grim|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/arts/music/music-industry-gender-study-women-artists-producers.html|accessdate=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'egwú oge ochie, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;nwanyị na-ede egwu site n'oge Medieval ruo taa, ụmụ nwanyị na na-ede egwú na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'egwú egwú oge ochie a na-emekarị, akwụkwọ akụkọ egwu na encyclopedias egwu; dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann bụ otu n'ime naanị ụmụ nwanyị na'ede egwú a kpọtụrụ aha.
[[Usòrò:Navneet-Aditya-Waiba-Live.jpg|thumb|194x194px|'''Navneet Aditya Waiba''' bụ onye na-agụ egwú ọdịnala nke asụsụ Nepali nke India na naanị onye na-ese ihe na ụdị egwu ọdịnala Nepali nke na-abụ abụ ma na-emepụta ezigbo abụ ọdịnala Nepale n'enweghị ịkwa iko ma ọ bụ mmelite ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji ọtụtụ ngwá egwu ọdịnala na ọdịnala Nebali.]]
Ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-egwu egwu na egwu oge ochie na pasentị ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-akụ egwú na-abawanye. Akụkọ 2015 banyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị isi ndị egwu Canada, gosipụtara na pasent 84 nke ndị na-egwu egwu na Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal bụ ụmụ nwoke. N'afọ 2012, ụmụ nwanyị ka mejupụtara naanị 6% nke ndị Vienna Philharmonic orchestra kachasị elu. Ụmụ nwanyị anaghị adịkarị ka ndị na-egwu egwu na ụdị egwu a ma ama dị ka rock na heavy metal, ọ bụ ezie na e nweela ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche na-egwu ngwá egwu na ụmụ nwanyị niile. Ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya nke ọma na ụdị egwu egwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Julian|author=Schaap|title=Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music|journal=IASPM Journal|volume=4|year=2014|doi=10.5429/2079-3871(2014)v4i1.8en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya nke ọma na iduzi egwu, nkatọ egwu / akụkọ egwu, mmepụta egwu, na injinia ụda. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akụda ụmụ nwanyị ume ide egwu na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, e nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-agụ egwú, ụmụ nwanyị malitere itinye aka na agụmakwụkwọ egwu &quot;ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa [ọhịa a] n'oge ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 19 na narị afọ na nke 20&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://parlorsongs.com/issues/2002-9/thismonth/feature.php|title=Women Composers in American Popular Song, Page 1|publisher=Parlorsongs.com|date=25 March 1911|accessdate=20 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka Jessica Duchen, ''onye'' na-ede egwu maka The Independent nke [[London]], si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú na egwu oge ochie &quot;na-ekpe ikpe ugboro ugboro maka ọdịdị ha, karịa nkà ha&quot; ma ha na-eche nrụgide ihu &quot;ịdị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị n'elu ikpo okwu na foto&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;music.cbc.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2014/3/Classical-musics-shocking-gender-gap|title=CBC Music|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=7 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duchen na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na &quot;[ebe a] bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eti egwu na-ajụ igwu egwu na ọdịdị ha... ndị na-eme ya na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụzọ ihe onwunwe. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;music.cbc.ca&quot; /&gt; Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Radio 3 nke UK, Edwina Wolstencroft, si kwuo, ụlọ ọrụ egwu anọwo na-emeghe ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ọrụ arụmọrụ ma ọ bụ ntụrụndụ, mana ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ọkwa ikike, dị ka ịbụ onye nduzi nke ndị egwú, ọrụ a kpọrọ &quot;otu n'ime elu ụlọ iko ikpeazụ na ụlọ ọrụ egwu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Jessica|author=Duchen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/feb/28/why-male-domination-of-classical-music-might-end|title=Why the male domination of classical music might be coming to an end|work=The Guardian|date=28 February 2015|accessdate=20 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;motherjones.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Hannah|author=Levintova|url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2013/09/women-conductors-gap-charts-marin-alsop-proms|title=Here's Why You Seldom See Women Leading a Symphony|work=Mother Jones|date=n.d.|accessdate=20 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'egwú a ma ama, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú na-edekọ egwu, e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole n'azụ njikwa ọdịyo na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-emepụta egwu, ndị na-eduzi ma na-elekọta usoro ndekọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ncube|first=Rosina|title=Sounding Off: Why So Few Women In Audio?|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep13/articles/sounding-off-0913.htm|journal=Sound on Sound|date=September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe kachasị edere bụ nwanyị, Asha Bhosle, onye na-agụ egwu India nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye na-abụ abụ na ihe nkiri Hindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.intoday.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/asha-bhosle-enters-guinness-world-records/1/156966.html|title=Singer Asha Bhosle enters Guinness World Records for most single studio recordings|date=21 October 2011|work=India Today|accessdate=12 March 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/asha-bhosle-enters-guinness-world-records/1/156966.html &quot;Singer Asha Bhosle enters Guinness World Records for most single studio recordings&quot;]. ''India Today''. 21 October 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 March&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Ani_Difranco_Ancienne_Belgique.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|206x206px|Onye na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eji ọtụtụ ngwá egwu egwu bụ Ani DiFranco enweela nnwere onwe nka n'oge ọrụ ya, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na o guzobere akara ndekọ nke ya, Righteous Babe. Ọ ghọwo ihe oyiyi ụmụ nwanyị ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.]]
 
Onye na-ede egwu bụ onye na-ede okwu, melodies na chord progressions maka egwu, nke a na-ahụkarị maka ụdị egwu a ma ama dịka pop, rock ma ọ bụ egwu obodo. A pụkwara ịkpọ onye na-ede egwu onye na-agụ egwú, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị okwu nke ikpeazụ eme ihe maka ndị mmadụ si n'ụdị egwu oge ochie.

&quot;Ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị [ndị na-ede egwu] na America bipụtara egwu ha ma nụ ya na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot;/&gt; Dị ka Richard A. Reublin na Richard G. Beil si kwuo, &quot;enweghị aha ụmụ nwanyị [ndị na-ede egwu] bụ ihe na-eme ihere na ihe nketa egwu anyị. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị &quot;gbalịsi ike ide ma bipụta egwu n'ụwa nwoke nke narị afọ nke 20 Tin Pan Alley. Tupu 1900 na ọbụna mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a tụrụ anya na &quot;ụmụ nwanyị ga-eme egwu, ọ bụghị ime egwu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1880, onye na-enyocha egwu na Chicago bụ George P. Upton dere akwụkwọ Women in Music, ebe o kwuru na &quot;ndị inyom enweghị ikike okike iji mepụta ezigbo egwu&quot; n'ihi &quot;ọdịdị ndụ&quot; nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Ka e mesịrị, a nabatara na ụmụ nwanyị ga-arụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ egwu, ha wee tinye aka na mpaghara a &quot;ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa agụmakwụkwọ abụ n'oge ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 19 na narị afọ nke 20. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ egwu, ụmụ nwanyị dere ukwe na egwu ụmụaka. &quot;Egwuregwu ụwa e bipụtara na America tupu 1825 na-egosi naanị ihe dị ka ọrụ 70 nke ụmụ nwanyị. &quot; N'etiti narị afọ nke 19, ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu pụtara, gụnyere Faustina Hasse Hodges, Susan Parkhurst, Augusta Browne na Marion Dix Sullivan. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu, mana &quot;ọtụtụ ka na-amanye iji pseudonyms ma ọ bụ initials&quot; iji zoo eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt;


Carrie Jacobs-Bond bụ &quot;nwanyi a ma ama na-ede egwu na ngwụcha afọ 1800 na n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ... [na-eme ka ọ bụrụ] onye edemede egwu nwanyị mbụ na-ere ahịa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot;/&gt; Maude Nugent (1877-1958) dere &quot;Sweet Rosie O'Grady&quot; n'afọ 1896. O dekwara &quot;Down at Rosie Reilly's Flat&quot;, &quot;My Irish Daisy&quot; na &quot;Mary From Tipperary&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Charlotte Blake (1885-1979) bụ onye edemede na Whitney Warner Publishing Co., na Detroit, Michigan. Na mbido, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kpọrọ ya &quot;C. Blake&quot; iji zoo okike ya, mana site na 1906 mgbasa ozi jiri aha ya zuru ezu.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Caro Roma (1866ī 1937) bụ aha nzuzo na-amaghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị maka Carrie Northly. Ọ bụ &quot;otu n'ime ndị America a ma ama na ndị na-ede egwu nke oge Tin Pan Alley&quot;. Abụ ya gụnyere &quot;Can't Yo' Heah Me Calling&quot;, &quot;Faded Rose&quot;, &quot;The Angelus&quot;, &quot;Thinking of Thee&quot; na &quot;Resignation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;parlorsongs.com&quot; /&gt; Ihe dị ka 95% nke ndị na-ede egwu na ụlọ egwu Britain n'oge mmalite afọ 1900 bụ ụmụ nwoke; Otú ọ dị, ihe dị ka 30% nke ndị na'agụ egwu bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;John Mullen. The Show Must Go On! Popular Song in Britain During the First World War. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jazz na narị afọ nke 20 ===
[[Usòrò:Lil_Armstrong_Billboard.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|236x236px|Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898-1971) bụ onye na-ede egwu jazz.]]
Ọ bụ ezie na ide egwu jazz abụwo ihe ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa, e nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu jazz. N'afọ ndị 1930, Ann Ronell dere egwu &quot;Willow Weep for Me&quot; na &quot;Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt; Irene Higginbotham (1918-1988) dere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abụ 50, nke a kacha mara ya bụ &quot;Good Morning Heartache&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blog.oup.com/2013/03/jazz-women-songwriters-gioia/|title=Ụmụ nwanyị ise na-ede abụ bụ ndị nyere aka ịkpụzi ụda jazz. OUPblog.
A na-eji edensibịa a ugboro 5 na ibe a.|work=OUPblog|date=12 Maachị 2013|first=Ted|author=Gioia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dorothy Fields (1905-1974) dere okwu maka ihe karịrị abụ 400, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ Duke Ellington. O so Jerome Kern dee &quot;The Way You Look Tonight&quot;, nke meriri 1936 Oscar maka Best Song. Ya na Jimmy McHugh dere ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ jazz, dị ka &quot;Exactly Like You&quot;, &quot;On the Sunny Side of the Street&quot; na &quot;I Can't Give You Anything but Love&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt; Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898-1971) na-akpọ piano na King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. E dekọrọ egwu ya &quot;Struttin' na Some Barbecue&quot; ugboro 500. Armstrong dekwara &quot;Doin' the Suzie Q&quot;, &quot;Just for a Thrill&quot; na &quot;Bad Boy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt; Billie Holiday (1915-1959) bụ onye na-agụ egwú nke ya na Arthur Herzog, Jr. dere &quot;God Bless the Child&quot; na &quot;Don't Explain&quot; ma dee egwu blues &quot;Fine and Mellow&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog.oup.com&quot; /&gt;

Egwú jazz bụ ike na-akwalite iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka na nnwere onwe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Egwú jazz nyekwara aka kwadebe ụzọ maka ọrụ ndị ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Mmụba a nke ọrụ nwoke na-achịkwa ruo n'afọ 1920 nyere ohere ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ọrụ nka. N'ihi mmụba a, e mepụtara Showboat, egwu jazz Broadway mbụ. Showboat na-atụle ihe isi ike nke ezinụlọ na Mississippi na njikọta ezinụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnh.com/show/89/Show-Boat|title=Show Boat|work=rnh.com|accessdate=26 March 2019|archivedate=26 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326184721/https://www.rnh.com/show/89/Show-Boat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwú jazz nwere mmetụta n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka inweta ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ebe mepere emepe maka ịha nhata mgbe agha gasịrị, na mmekọahụ mepere emebi na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/tbacig/studproj/is3099/jazzcult/20sjazz/jazzlib.html|title=jazzlib|work=d.umn.edu|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na egwu jazz n'oge ahụ nyere aka imetụta ụdị ahụ na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-egwu egwu jazz bụ ndị na-acha. Ihe ndị a nyere aka mee ka ụdị egwu jazz bụrụ  ọ bụ taa. [citation needed]

Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta na egwu jazz site na ịmepụta, ide na ịme egwu jazz. Otu nwanyị nwere mmetụta na egwu jazz bụ Bessie Smith, nke a makwaara dị ka Empress of the Blues. Ọ biri site na 1894 ruo 1937. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri rock and roll, na 1989 e nyere Smith Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/bessie-smith.|title=Inductee Explorer|work=Rock &amp; Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwanyị ọzọ mere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ ọrụ jazz bụ Dolly Jones. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-afụ opi jazz ka edere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/dolly-jones-mn0001009002/biography|title=Dolly Jones {{!}} Biography &amp; History|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị anaghị enweta otuto na ụdị a dịka ndị nwoke ibe ha. Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Sweet Emma Barrett, onye rụrụ ọrụ na Original Tuxedo Orchestra gara njem n'ime obodo na mba ụwa. Otu n'ime egwu egwu Barrett bụ &quot;A Good Man is Hard to Find&quot;. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ka Billie Pierce, Lovie Austin, Jeanette Kimball, Mary Lou Williams, Alice Coltrane, na Hazel Scott, niile nwere mmetụta na ụdị jazz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://projectrevolver.org/features/articles/women-jazz-10-ladies-changed-music-forever/|title=Women in Jazz: 10 Ladies Who Changed Music Forever|author=Alexandra Daoud|date=26 September 2017|work=Project Revolver|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a mere akara ha karịsịa site n'ịbụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ụdị nwoke na-achịkwa.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a a maara nke ọma n'ụwa jazz anaghị ahụ ka ha na-enweta nkwanye ùgwù dị ka ha kwesịrị n'ihi ndị asọmpi nwoke ha. Ọ bụghị naanị na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta dị ka ndị na-agụ egwu jazz, kamakwa enwere ọtụtụ ndị na-egwu egwu jazz na-enwetaghị otuto ha. Otu nwanyị bụ Ingrid Monson, onye mere ka a mara na mgbe ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịkpọ piano, ha nwetakwara nkwenye ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ egwu. A ga-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ka ha na-egwuri egwu n'òtù jazz ụmụ nwanyị niile, mana mgbe ha ga-abanye na &quot;ụwa jazz ọkachamara&quot; ha ga-abụ ihe na-ewu ewu ozugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|date=1 January 2003|title=The NPR curious listener's guide to jazz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu nwanyị, nke aha ya bụ Valaida Snow ka a makwaara dị ka &quot;eze nwanyị nke opi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Saur, Kirsten (20 April 2016). &quot;Swing It Sister: The Influence of Female Jazz Musicians on Music and Society&quot;. The Research and Scholarship Symposium.&lt;/ref&gt; Nwanyị ọzọ, Nona Gendryx, bụ onye na-agụ egwú jazz nke na-akpọkwa ọtụtụ ngwá egwu ma nweta ohere iso ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu Hip Hop dị ka Prince rụọ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E'nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị dị otú ahụ nke anyị na-amaghị aha ha..

Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dị ukwuu, mana maka ụfọdụ ọ dị mkpụmkpụ. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ghọrọ ndị a ma ama mgbe a kpọrọ ndị ikom n'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Otú ọ dị, ozugbo ndị ikom a lọtara n'ụlọ site na itinye ha n'ọrụ, ndị na-agụ egwú jazz bụ ụmụ nwanyị chere ihe isi ike ihu. A hụrụ nsogbu ndị dị ka iyi egwu mmekọahụ na nkatọ siri ike site n'aka ndị otu ha ndị ọzọ na ndị egwu jazz ibe ha. [citation needed]

=== Pop n'afọ ndị 1960 ===
N'ihe nkiri egwu pop nke afọ 1960, &quot;[dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ nke azụmahịa egwu [n'afọ ndị 1960], ide egwu bụ mpaghara nwoke na-achịkwa. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-abụ abụ na redio, a na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ... dị ka ndị na-azụ ahịa:.. Ịbụ abụ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ dị mma maka nwa agbọghọ mgbe ụfọdụ, mana ịkpọ ngwá egwu, ide egwu, ma ọ bụ mepụta ndekọ emeghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Erika|author=White|url=http://www.rebeatmag.com/music-history-primer-3-pioneering-female-songwriters-of-the-60s/|title=Music History Primer: 3 Pioneering Female Songwriters of the '60s|work=REBEAT Magazine|date=28 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ agbọghọ &quot;anaghị emekọrịta ihe iji hụ onwe ha dị ka ndị na-emepụta [egwú].&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot; /&gt; Carole King &quot;nwere mmekọrịta na-aga nke ọma na di Gerry Goffin, na-ede egwu dịka &quot;The Loco-Motion,&quot; &quot;Will You Love Me Tomorrow&quot;, &quot;Up on the Roof&quot; na &quot;Natural Woman&quot;. &quot;King bụ nwanyị mbụ natara 2013 Gershwin Prize for Popular Song&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot; /&gt; Ellie Greenwich na di ya Jeff Barry dere &quot;Mgbe ahụ ọ na-esusu m ọnụ&quot;, &quot;Be My Baby&quot; na &quot;River Deep, Mountain High&quot;. Laura Nyro dere &quot;Wedding Bell Blues&quot;, &quot;Eli's Coming&quot; na &quot;And When I Die&quot;. O kwuru na &quot;Enweghị m mmasị na njedebe nkịtị mgbe ọ na-abịa n'ide egwu m....Enwere m ike iweta echiche ụfọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ederede abụ m. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;rebeatmag.com&quot; /&gt; N'ime afọ 1960, ma King na Goffin gosipụtara ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke egwu America yana mpụta nke usoro ịhụnanya na mmekọahụ ọhụrụ. &quot;Ndị na-agụ egwú nọchitere anya otu n'ime ndị isi nke mgbanwe mmekọahụ na ịhụnanya na ọha mmadụ America&quot;, na-emetụta ma na-agbanwe ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ndị ntorobịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=After Aquarius Dawned: How the Revolutions of the 1960s Became the Popular Culture of the 1970s|url=https://archive.org/details/afteraquariusdaw0000kutu|author=Kutulas|first=Judy|date=2017|publisher=University of North Carolina Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ngwụcha afọ 1940 na 1950, ndị na-eto eto malitere ịlụ di na nwunye na ibu ọrụ ndị okenye n'oge ha dị obere.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, Eze mara ụbọchị, alụmdi na nwunye, usoro mmekọahụ aka site n'igosi na mmekọahụ mgbe alụmdi na nwanyị gasịrị na omume omenala nke mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, abụghị ihe na-adọrọ mmasị. Ọ kwalitere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ ma gosipụta omume nke ndị nwoke na nwanyị &quot;na-aghọ ndị enyi&quot; na abụ ya You've Got a Friend.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;
[[Usòrò:Lotti_Golden,_Lower_East_Side_c.1968.jpg|alt=Lotti Golden, Lower East Side c.1968 text|áká_èkpè|thumb|245x245px|Lotti Golden, Lower East Akụkụ c. 1968]]

=== Afọ 1960: Ọganiru ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ egwú ma na-ede egwú ===
Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 1960, ebili mmiri ọhụrụ nke ndị nwanyị na-abụ abụ-ndị na-ede abụ kwụsịrị site na mmachi nke pop, na-ede abụ nke onwe karịa n'ụdị nkwupụta nke ndị na-ede uri dị ka Anne Sexton na Sylvia Plath. E gosipụtara ndị na-ese ihe na-eduzi mmegharị a na Newsweek, Julaị 1969, &quot;The Girls: Letting Go&quot;: &quot;Ihe na-emekarị ha - nye Joni Mitchell na Lotti Golden, nye Laura Nyro, Melanie, Janis Ian na Elyse Weinberg. abụ ahaziri onwe ha na-ede, dị ka njem nlegharị anya nke nchọpụta onwe onye.&quot; Mgbe ha na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị ndị a cherekwa ọtụtụ mgba dị ka ịkpa oke ihu. N'ụwa nke ndị nwoke na-ebi akwụkwọ, ndị inyom na-ede abụ dị ka Joni Mitchell chọrọ ka a hụ ya n'èzí agbụrụ na okike, na n'ime ụdị nka dị ọcha. N'ajụjụ ọnụ 1994 ya na Alice Echol, Joni Mitchell jụrụ ịlụ nwanyị mana kwupụta oke iwe ya megide ịkpa oke, mwepu dabere na mmekọahụ, na inwe mmekọahụ na-enweghị isi. Echol na-etinye &quot;ahụ erughị ala nke Mitchell na akara nwanyị n'ime ọnọdụ nka ya&quot;. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede abụ na-achọ ka a na-ahụ ha dị ka ezigbo ndị egwu egwu na-enweghị ikepụrụ nkà ha n'ihi okike ha. Ọzọkwa, Grace Slick bụ onye bụbu ihe nlereanya, bụ onye ama ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke San Francisco na-eto eto na egwu psychedelic na etiti 1960. Okwu – ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọgwụ ọjọọ, ndakpọ olileanya, ikewapụ nke ndị na-eme njem, na ndụ obodo mepere emepe.Native New Yorker, Lotti Golden, na ya Atlantic mpụta mbụ album Motor-Cycle, kọọ akụkọ ndụ ya na NYC's East Village na ngwụcha 60s counterculture, nleta. isiokwu ndị dị ka njirimara nwoke na nwanyị (The Space Queens-Silky is Sad) na ịṅụ ọgwụ ike gabigara ókè (Gonna Fay's) Ụmụ nwanyị ndị dị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Newsweek 1969 webatara ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke onye na-agụ egwú na-agụ egwú, na-agwa ọgbọ ndị inyom na-agụ egwú na-ede egwú.

=== Egwuregwu egwú ===
N'ihe nkiri egwu egwu, &quot;ndị na-ede egwú nwanyị na-adịkarị ụkọ na ụlọ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa na njedebe okike. A na-emepụtakarị ọrụ nke ndị na-ede egwú na-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụkwa nanị [na 2015] ka otu nwoke na-ede akwụkwọ na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'inweta Tony. Award maka akara kacha mma.&quot; Na 2015, maka oge mbụ, otu nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ Lisa Kron (Best Book) na Jeanine Tesori na Kron (Best Original Score) meriri Tony Award maka Best Score for Fun Home, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ nke nwoke na-ede egwú na-anọgide na-abụ. emepụtara ọtụtụ mgbe. Na 2013, Cyndi Lauper bụ &quot;onye na-ede egwú mbụ nke nwanyị meriri [Tony for] Best Score na-enweghị onye na-emekọ ihe ọnụ&quot; maka ide egwu na egwu maka Kinky Boots. Ndị na-ede abụ nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu gụnyere onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Lauren Pritchard, onye dere Songbird; Zoe Sarnak, onye dere A Lasting Impression na The Years Between; na Katie Thompson, onye ga-achọ &quot;ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị agwa ... ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na ndị siri ike na ndị na-adịghị ike.&quot; Thompson kwuru na na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri egwu, &quot;mgbe ị na-alụ ọgụ maka ihe dị ka nwanyị, karịsịa ihe nka .. a na-ahụta gị dị ka anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ na a na-ahụta gị [dị ka] 'mmetụta uche&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, akara nke na-enyere ndị ọzọ aka. ịchụpụ gị. Enweghị ahaghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu dị n'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ebe ụmụ nwanyị bụ naanị 3% nke ndị na-egwu egwu ikuku yana 12% nke ndị na-agụ egwu egwu. N'agbanyeghị m'kparị na enweghị ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu, ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị iri ise enwetala amara nka nka nke mba ụwa maka ịdepụta akara egwu zuru oke na ụlọ ihe nkiri Broadway na elu-Broadway.
[[Usòrò:Abbey_Lincoln_in_1966.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|260x260px|Abbey Lincoln (1930 2010), bụ onye America na-agụ egwú jazz, onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye dere ma mee ihe nke ya. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ikike obodo n'afọ ndị 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;InstituteofJazz-Rutgers-Papers-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Griffen|first=Anders|title=The Abbey Lincoln Collection, 1949–2008 (MC 101)|url=http://newarkwww.rutgers.edu/IJS/collections/lincolnb.html|work=[[Institute of Jazz Studies]], [[Rutgers University]] Libraries|accessdate=30 May 2015|date=December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chinen|first=Nate|title=Abbey Lincoln, Jazz Singer and writer, Dies at 80|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/15/arts/music/15lincoln.html|accessdate=14 August 2010|work=The New York Times|date=14 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

=== Ụmụ nwanyị ojii ===
Dị ka LaShonda Katrice Barnett, onye nkuzi kọleji na mahadum na onye dere akwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ede egwu, si kwuo, n'ime &quot;ihe karịrị ndị otu 380 nke Songwriters Hall of Fame, naanị abụọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii (Sylvia Moy na Valerie Simpson).

=== Ndị na-ede abụ ===
A na-edepụta ndị na-ede egwu na Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-ede egwú bụ ndị a ma ama maka abụ ha na / ma ọ bụ nkà ha na-arụ ọrụ, mana edepụtara ha ebe a maka ihe ha rụzuru n'ide egwú:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.axs.com/taylor-swift-makes-her-mark-on-rolling-stone-s-100-greatest-songwriter-63965|title=Taylor Swift makes her mark on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters list|first=Lori|author=Melton|publisher=[[AXS (company)|AXS]]|date=August 18, 2015|accessdate=June 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Carole Eze
* Joni Mitchell
* Dolly Parton
* Stevie Nicks
* [[Madonna]]
* Chrissie Hynde
* Loretta Lynn
* Lucinda Williams
* [[Björk]]
* Taylor Swift
* Patti Smith

== Ndị na-ede egwú n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ ==
[[Usòrò:Julius_Giere_-_Clara_Wieck_im_Alter_von_15_Jahren_(Lithographie_1835).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|257x257px|Onye na-ede egwú na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu Clara Schumann]]
Onye America na-ahụ maka egwu bụ Marcia Citron ajụọla &quot;[w]hy bụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị dere nke na-adịghị mma na ọkọlọtọ 'nke oge ochie'?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Citron, Marcia J 1993&quot;&gt;Citron, Marcia J. Gender and the Musical Canon. CUP Archive, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt; Citron &quot;na-enyocha omume na àgwà ndị dugara n'iwepụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu na 'canon' nke ọrụ egwu a na-eme. &quot; Ọ na-ekwu na n'afọ 1800, ndị inyom na-ede egwu na-edekarị egwu nka maka ịrụ ọrụ na obere recitals karịa symphonies e bu n'obi maka ịrụ ọrụ ya na ndị egwú n'ime nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ, ebe a na-ahụ ọrụ ndị ikpeazụ dị ka ụdị kachasị mkpa maka ndị na-ede egwú; ebe ọ bụ na ndị inyom ndị na-agụ egwú edeghị ọtụtụ symphoni, a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị a na-amaghị ama dị ka ndị na-ede egwú.&lt;ref name=&quot;Citron, Marcia J 1993&quot; /&gt;

Dị ka Abbey Philips si kwuo, &quot;ndị inyom na-egwu egwu enweela oge siri ike ịbanye na inweta otuto kwesịrị ekwesị&quot;. N'ime oge ochie, ọtụtụ n'ime egwu nka ka e kere maka ebumnuche okpukpe (okpukpe) na n'ihi echiche banyere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị isi okpukpe na-enwe, ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole dere ụdị egwu a, onye nọn Hildegard von Bingen bụ n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ mahadum na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu na-atụle ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị ọrụ ndị nwoke na-agụ egwú. N'otu aka ahụ, ọrụ ole na ole nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede egwú bụ akụkụ nke usoro egwu oge gboo. Na Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwú a kpọtụrụ aha. Philips na-ekwu na &quot;[d] n'ime narị afọ nke 20, ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-edepụta / na-egwu egwu enwetachaghị nlebara anya karịa ndị nwoke ibe ha&quot;.

=== Oge Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya ===
Hildegard von Bingen (1098 na 1179) bụ onye German Benedictine abbess, onye na-ede egwu, onye edemede, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, na onye ọhụụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bennett, Judith M 2001&quot;&gt;Bennett, Judith M. and Hollister, Warren C. ''Medieval Europe: A Short History'' (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), p. 317.&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwu, ''Ordo Virtutum'', bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke ihe nkiri liturgical na egwuregwu omume ọma mbụ.  Ụfọdụ ndị edemede ekwuola na ọ bụ ebe dị anya maka opera na mpempe akwụkwọ a, ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary|title=Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/opera.html alt Opera, see Florentine Camerata in the province of Milan, Italy].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitbraz.com/gen/rev/1998nytmirapaulHild.html|title=1998 New York Times art-at-large Matt Mirapaul Hildegurls feature|work=kitbraz.com|accessdate=2023-03-10|archivedate=2016-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612233614/http://www.kitbraz.com/gen/rev/1998nytmirapaulHild.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwú iri isii na itoolu, nke ọ bụla nwere ederede uri nke ya, ka dị. Nke a bụ otu n'ime repertoires kachasị n'etiti ndị na-ede egwu oge ochie. Hildegard dere ọtụtụ abụ liturgical nke a chịkọtara n'ime okirikiri a na-akpọ ''Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum''. A na-etinye abụ ndị sitere na Symphonia na ederede nke Hildegard ma malite na antiphons, hymns, na usoro, na responsories.&lt;ref&gt;Maddocks, Fiona. ''Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001), p. 194.&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akọwa egwu ya dị ka monophonic, na-eji ụda olu na-arị elu nke na-ebugharị ókèala nke abụ ọdịnala Gregorian.

=== Oge Renaissance ===
Maddalena Casulana (1544-1590) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-abụ abụ.&lt;ref&gt;Alternative names: Madalena Casulana di Mezarii, Madalena Casula.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ mbụ ya malitere na 1566: madrigals anọ na nchịkọta, ''Il Desiderio'', nke o mepụtara na Florence. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, o bipụtara na Venice akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke madrigals maka olu anọ, ''Il primo libro di madrigali'', nke bụ nke mbụ e bipụtara, bipụtara ọrụ nke nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ nọ nso Isabella de 'Medici ma nyefee ụfọdụ egwu ya. N'afọ 1570, 1583 na 1586 o bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke madrigals. N'ime nraranye ya n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke madrigals, ọ na-egosi mmetụta ya banyere ịbụ nwanyị na-ede egwu n'oge nke a dị ụkọ: &quot;[Achọrọ m] igosi ụwa, dịka m nwere ike na ọrụ egwu a, njehie efu nke ụmụ nwoke na naanị ha nwere onyinye nke ọgụgụ isi na nka, nakwa na anaghị enye ụmụ nwanyị onyinye dị otú ahụ. &quot; 
Ụdị ya bụ contrapuntal na chromatic na ahịrị abụ ya bụ singable ma na-elebara ederede anya. Ndị ọzọ na-ede egwu n'oge ahụ, dị ka Philippe de Monte, chere echiche nke ọma banyere ya.

Caterina Assandra (1590-1618) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu na onye nọn Benedictine. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama dị ka onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara ma bipụta ọrụ dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;''Women Composers: Music Through the Ages.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlywomenmasters.net/midi/mid/assand2.mid|title=Archived copy|accessdate=19 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165459/http://www.earlywomenmasters.net/midi/mid/assand2.mid|archivedate=3 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Assandra dere ọtụtụ motets na organ pieces. Ọ gụrụ counterpoint na Benedetto Re, otu n'ime ndị nkuzi na Pavia Cathedral. O dere nchịkọta nke motets n'ụdị concertato ọhụrụ na Milan na 1609, otu olu asatọ Salve Regina na 1611, na motet, Audite verbum Dominum, maka olu anọ na 1618. O dere egwu ọdịnala na ọrụ ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ. Otu n'ime ndị nke ikpeazụ bụ ''Duo seraphim''. Motet ya ''O Salutaris hodie'', nke gụnyere na ''Motetti'' op. 2, bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ gụnyere violone, ngwá egwu nwere eriri.

=== Oge Baroque ===
[[Usòrò:Orazio_Gentileschi_-_Il_suonatore_di_liuto_(National_Gallery_of_Art).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|236x236px|Onye n'eti lute nke Orazio Gentileschi, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ onyinyo Francesca Caccini]]
Francesca Caccini (15871641) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu, na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede uri, na onye nkuzi egwu. Henry toro abụ ya maka agbamakwụkwọ Henry nke anọ nke [[France]] na Maria de Medici na 1600, onye kpọrọ ya &quot;onye na-agụ egwú kachasị mma na France niile&quot;. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ikpe Medici dị ka onye nkuzi, onye na-agụ egwú, onye na'azụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede egwú nke ụlọ na nke ihe nkiri ruo 1627. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1614, ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwú a na-akwụ ụgwọ kachasị elu n'ụlọ ikpe ahụ, n'ihi na nkà egwu ya gosipụtara echiche nke ịdị mma nwanyị nke onye na-achị Tuscany, Granduchess Christina nke Lorraine. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya maka ịrụ ọrụ na comedies. N'afọ 1618 o bipụtara nchịkọta nke egwu iri atọ na isii na soprano / bass duets. N'afọ 1625, o dere &quot;comedy-ballet&quot; nke nkeji iri asaa na ise. N'ozuzu, o dere ọrụ iri na isii. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ijuanya dị egwu: na egwu ya ọ bụ mgbanwe nkwekọrịta, karịa counterpoint, nke kachasị ike na-ekwurịta mmetụta mmetụta uche.

Barbara Strozzi (16191677) bụ onye na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu Baroque nke Ịtali. Dị ka nwatakịrị, e gosipụtara nnukwu nkà olu ya n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị. O nwekwara onyinye n'ihe osise, nna ya mekwara ndokwa ka ya na onye na-ede egwu Francesco Cavalli mụọ. A na-ekwu na Strozzi bụ &quot;onye na-ede egwu kachasị mma nke a na-ebipụta na Venice n'etiti narị afọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glixon&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Glixon|first=Beth L.|title=More on the life and death of Barbara Strozzi|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_musical-quarterly_spring-1999_83_1/page/134|journal=The Musical Quarterly|year=1999|volume=83|issue=1|pages=134–141|doi=10.1093/mq/83.1.134}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ọ na-emepụta bụkwa ihe pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ nwere naanị egwu olu, ma e wezụga otu mpịakọta nke abụ dị nsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Heller|first=Wendy|year=2006|chapter=Usurping the place of the muses: Barbara Strozzi and the female composer in seventeenth-century Italy|title=The World of Baroque Music: New Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_025334798|editor=Stauffer|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_025334798/page/145 145]–168|isbn=978-025334798-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ikike uri ya yana nkà ide ihe. Okwu ya na-abụkarị abụ ma na-ekwu nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glixon&quot; /&gt; E dere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọrụ ya maka soprano, mana o bipụtakwara ọrụ maka olu ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kendrick|first=Robert|year=2002|title=Intent and intertextuality in Barbara Strozzi's sacred music|journal=Recercare|volume=14|pages=65–98}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ndị o dere gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike na omenala seconda pratica. Egwú Strozzi na-echetara mmụọ nke Cavalli, onye nketa nke Monteverdi.  Otú ọ dị, ụdị ya bụ nke na-abụ abụ, ma na-adabere na ụda olu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rosand|first=Ellen|authorlink=Ellen Rosand|year=1986|chapter=The voice of Barbara Strozzi|title=Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950|url=https://archive.org/details/womenmakingmusic0000unse|editor=Bowers|location=Urbana, Illinois|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-025201204-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya Giulio dere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide maka ihe odide mbụ ya. Ndị ọrụ ibe nna ya dere ihe odide ndị ọzọ, maka ọtụtụ ihe o dere, ọ nwere ike ide ihe odide nke ya.

Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (16651729) bụ onye France na-ede egwu, onye na-eti egwu na onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-emepụta ngwá egwú. Nwatakịrị mara mma, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụbọ akwara n'ihu Eze Louis nke iri na anọ. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-agụ egwú na Royal Court ma kụzie, dee, ma nye kọntaktị n'ụlọ na Paris dum, na nnukwu otuto. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole a ma ama na-ede egwu n'oge ya, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọgbọ ya, o dere n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;Mary Cyr. &quot;Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre: Myth or Marvel? Seeking the Composer's Individuality.&quot; The Musical Times. Vol. 149, No. 1905 (Winter, 2008), pp. 79–87.&lt;/ref&gt;  Titon du Tillet kwetara na ọ nwere nkà na ihe ọ rụzuru, onye nyere ya ọnọdụ n'Ugwu Parnassus ya mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 26, n'akụkụ Lalande na Marais na kpọmkwem n'okpuru Lully. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ballet, opera (Céphale et Procris), sonatas atọ, ụbọ akwara, ''Sonates'' pour le viollon et pour le clavecin na ọrụ olu dị ka ''Cantates'' françoises sur des sujets tirez de l'Ecriture.

=== Oge ochie ===
[[Usòrò:Elisabeth_Olin_-_SBH.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|205x205px|Onye na-agụ egwu opera na onye na-ede egwu na Sweden bụ Elisabeth Olin n'afọ 1780]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onye'bulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;Harriett Abrams (1758 Xi1821) bụ onye Bekee na-ede egwu na soprano. Dị ka onye na-agụ egwu, e toro ya maka arụmọrụ ya nke George Frideric Handel. Ọ gụrụ egwu, echiche egwu, na ihe osise na onye na-ede egwu Thomas Arne tupu ya emee opera mbụ ya na 1775 na Theatre Royal, Drury Lane na London. Abrams ghọrọ onye isi na-abụ abụ na kọntaktị na-ewu ewu na London na ememme mpaghara, na-apụta mgbe niile site na 1780 ruo 1790. Abrams dere ọtụtụ egwu, abụọ n'ime ha, &quot;The Orphan's Prayer&quot; na &quot;Crazy Jane&quot;, ghọrọ ndị a ma ama. O bipụtara usoro abụọ nke Italian na English canzonets, nchịkọta nke egwu Scottish na glees kwekọrọ maka olu abụọ na atọ, na ihe karịrị abụ iri na abụọ, ọkachasị ballads mmetụta uche. Harriett raara nchịkọta abụ ndị e bipụtara na 1803 nye Queen Charlotte.

Maria Teresa Agnesi (17201795) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu.  Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye a ma ama maka ihe ndị o dere, ọ bụkwa onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-agụ egwú. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ọ na-ede maka keyboard, olu, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. Ọrụ ya mere ka ọ nwee ike site na Austrian Lombardy, nke na-aga n'ihu ma na-enwu gbaa na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Onye na-akwado ya bụ Maria Theresia, eze nwanyị Rom dị nsọ na onye na-achị Lombardy, na Maria Antonia Walpurgis, onye na-ede egwu nwere onyinye na onye oge ya. Ọrụ mbụ ya dị mfe ma dị ọcha, ebe ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ dị mma, dị mgbagwoju anya, na melodramatic. O dere ihe nkiri, gụnyere ihe nkiri dike na ụdị ihe nkiri siri ike. O dekwara arias, concerto na sonatas maka keyboard, obere ìgwè na olu.

Princess Anna Amalia (17231787) bụ onye Prussian na-ede egwu na onye na-ahụ maka egwu. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ ụbọ akwara, ọjà, na violin mgbe ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ. Ọ ghọrọ Abbess nke Quedlinburg na 1755.&lt;ref name=&quot;huberty&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome V – Hohenzollern-Waldeck|publisher=Laballery|author=Huberty, Michel|year=1989|location=France|pages=162, 172|isbn=978-2-901138-05-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Berlin, ebe o tinyere onwe ya n'egwú, wee ghọọ onye na-akwado egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Dị ka onye na-ede egwu, ọ nwetara aha ọma ma bụrụ onye a maara nke ọma maka obere ọrụ ụlọ ya, nke gụnyere trios, marches, cantatas, abụ na fugues. N'afọ 1758, ọ mụrụ usoro egwu na nhazi ya na Johann Philipp Kirnberger, nwa akwụkwọ nke [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]. O dere egwu ụlọ dị ka sonatas flute. Ọzọkwa, o setịpụrụ ederede nke Ramler's Passion cantata ''Der Tod Jesu'' (&quot;Ọnwụ Jizọs&quot;) na egwu. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anakọta egwu, na-echekwa ihe karịrị 600 mpịakọta nke ọrụ Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Georg Philipp Telemann, Karl Heinrich Graun na Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ya bụ onyinye dị mkpa na ọdịbendị ọdịda anyanwụ.
[[Usòrò:Antoine_Pesne_hofdame_;_Prinzessin_Amalia_von_Preussen_als_Amazone.jpg|thumb|Princess Anna Amalia (17231787) bụ onye Prussian na-ede egwu na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nke a maara maka ọrụ ụlọ ya, nke gụnyere trios, marches, cantatas, abụ na fugues.]]
Elisabeth Olin (1740-1828) bụ onye na-agụ egwu opera na onye na-ede egwu na Sweden. Ọ malitere dị ka Alfhild na ''Syrinx'' nke a na-akpọ Opera comique mbụ nke Sweden, na ''Bollhuset'' na 1747. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na-agụ egwú na kọntaktị ọha na eze na ''Riddarhuset'' na [[Stockholm]], ma bipụta egwu nke ya; ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede egwu Sweden dere otu egwu ọ bụla maka nchịkọta ''Gustaviade''. N'ime ihe na-eme n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ('Gustaviade. A heroic poem of twelve songs') from 1768; ebe o dere ihe osise nke asatọ.&lt;ref&gt;Anna Ivarsdotter Johnsson och Leif Jonsson: Musiken i Sverige. Frihetstiden och Gustaviansk tid 1720–1810 (Music in Sweden. The age of Liberty and the Gustavian age 1720–1810) (Swedish), page 373&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge emere ihe ngosi na ntọala nke Royal Swedish Opera na 18 Jenụwarị 1773, ọ bụrụ ọrụ nke Chi nwanyị Oké Osimiri Thetis na opera Francesco Uttini Thetis och Pélée . Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye isi nke Swedish opera ruo afọ iri. N'afọ 1773, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ e nyere aha ''Hovsångare'', na 1782, a nabatara ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ so na Royal Swedish Academy of Music.&lt;ref&gt;Anna Ivarsdotter Johnsson och Leif Jonsson: Musiken i Sverige. Frihetstiden och Gustaviansk tid 1720–1810 (Music in Sweden. The age of Liberty and the Gustavian age 1720–1810) (Swedish)&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Henriette_Beaumesnil.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px|Onye France na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu opera Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onye'obula|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil (1748[[1813) bụ onye France na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu opera. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na obere ọrụ na-atọ ọchị site na mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa wee malite dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Paris Opera na 1766.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&amp;q=Henriette+Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde+Villard+Beaumesnil&amp;pg=PA54|title=The Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|first=Julie Anne|author=Sadie|year=1994|accessdate=13 October 2010|isbn=9780393034875}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ nwere ihe egwu a na-eme na Paris Opéra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dolmetsch.com/cdefsv.htm|accessdate=13 October 2010|title=Composers biography:V – Vz}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge gara aga, Paris Opera emeela ihe nkiri Céphale et Procris nke Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, na 1694. ''Anacréon'', opera mbụ ya, nwetara ihe ngosi onwe onye na ebe obibi nke Count of Provence na 1781. N'afọ 1784, e mere ihe nkiri ya bụ ''Tibulle'' et Délie na Paris Opera . N'afọ 1792, e mere ihe nkiri opera comique ya abụọ, Plaire, c'est commander na Théâtre Montansier.

Anna Bon (17391767?) bụ onye Itali na-ede egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gara Ospedale della Pietà na Venice, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na maestra di viola, Candida della Pièta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berdes&quot;&gt;Jane L. Berdes, &quot;Anna Bon,&quot; Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers (New York: Norton, 1995).&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ọkwa ọhụrụ nke 'chamber music virtuosa' n'ụlọ ikpe nke Margrave Friedrich nke Brandenburg Kulmbach. Ọ raara sonatas flauta isii ya, nke e bipụtara na Nürnberg na 1756, nye Friedrich.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berdes&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1762, ọ kwagara n'ụlọ ikpe Esterházy na Eisenstadt, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo 1765. Ọ raara usoro e bipụtara nke sonatas ụbọ akwara isii, op. 2 (1757), nye Ernestina Augusta Sophia, Princess of Saxe-Weimar, na usoro nke divertimenti isii (trio sonatas), op. 3 (1759), nye Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.&lt;ref&gt;More extensive biography is found in Barbara Garvey Jackson's introduction to her edition of the op. 2 sonatas (Fayetteville, AR: ClarNan Editions, 1989).&lt;/ref&gt; O dekwara divertimenti isii maka ọjà abụọ na basso continuo; otu aria, &quot;Astra coeli&quot;, maka soprano, violin abụọ, viola, na basso continu; otu onyinye, &quot;Ardete amore&quot;, maka ndị na-agụ egwú, ngwá egwú na basso continua; otu motet, &quot;Eia in preces et veloces&quot;, maka alto, violin 2, viola, na bass continuo na opera.

Jane Mary Guest (1762 Xi 1846) bụ onye England na-ede egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. Nwa akwụkwọ nke Johann Christian Bach, na mbụ na-ede egwu n'ụdị galante, o dere sonatas keyboard, ọrụ keyboard ndị ọzọ na ọrụ olu na keyboard. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi piano nke Princess Amelia na Princess Charlotte nke Wales. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London site na 1779, na-enye ndenye aha kọntaktị n'ebe ahụ na 1783/84.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guest&quot;&gt;{{cite Grove| last=Raessler | first=Daniel M. |year=2001 |title=Guest [Miles], Jane Mary |id=00059}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya maka ụdị egwu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guest&quot; /&gt; N'oge a, o bipụtara Six Sonatas, Op. 1, nke nwetara ndenye aha dị ukwuu, gụnyere site n'aka ndị eze, nke e bipụtara na Paris na 1784 na Berlin na 1785.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandora&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fuller|first=Sophie|title=Pandora Guide to Women Composers|publisher=Pandora|location=London|year=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pandoraguidetowo00full/page/143 143–144]|isbn=978-0-04-440897-0|url=https://archive.org/details/pandoraguidetowo00full/page/143}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot;&gt;{{cite ODNB | last=Raessler | first=Daniel M. |orig-year=2004 |date=3 January 2008 |title=Miles [née Guest], Jane Mary [Jenny] (c. 1762–1846), pianist and composer |id=59208}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na sonatas keyboard ya, o dekwara ihe ndị ọzọ keyboard, dị ka Introduction na March site na Rossini's ''Ricciardo'' e Zoraide (1820) na ọtụtụ egwu na keyboard.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tugharịa ihuakwukwọ - Wikipedia, Njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ|url=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&amp;page=Women+in+music&amp;targettitle=%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5+nwany%E1%BB%8B+na+egwu&amp;title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;to=ig|work=ig.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2023-03-10|language=ig}}&lt;/ref&gt;Marianne von Martínez (1744-1812) bụ onye Austria na-ede egwu, na-agụ egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. Metastasio chọpụtara nkà ya n'oge ọ dị obere wee bịa lekọta agụmakwụkwọ egwu ya, nke gụnyere nkuzi keyboard site na Haydn, nkuzi ịbụ abụ na Porpora na nkuzi ide egwu na Johann Adolph Hasse na onye na-ede egwu n'ụlọ ikpe Imperial Giuseppe Bonno. Ọ bụ onye na-asụ asụsụ Italian na German ma mara French na Bekee.&lt;ref&gt;Godt, 541&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka ụlọ ikpe Imperial, ebe ọ &quot;na-adọta uche ya na olu ya mara mma na ịpị keyboard ya&quot;. Ka ọ na-etolite, a na-arịọkarị ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ihu Empress Maria Theresa.&lt;ref&gt;Godt 1995, 538&lt;/ref&gt; A na-etinye ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị Marianna dere maka olu solo. O dere ọtụtụ cantatas ụwa na oratorios abụọ na ederede Italian. Ihe ndị dị ndụ gụnyere masses anọ, motets isii, na litanies atọ maka ndị ukwe. O dere n'ụdị Italian, dị ka ọ dị na mmalite oge Classical na Vienna.  E jiri usoro ịgba ụbọ akwara ya tụnyere ụdị C.P.E. Bach. Ọ bụ nnukwu ndị agha gosipụtara oratorio ya n'Italian ''Isacco'' figura del redentore n'afọ 1782.&lt;ref&gt;Pohl (1856:60)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oge ịhụnanya ===
[[Usòrò:Fanny_Hensel_1842.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Fanny Mendelssohn, 1842, nke Moritz Daniel Oppenheim dere]]
Maria Szymanowska (1789 Tian 1831) bụ onye [[Poland]] a ma ama na-ede egwu na onye na-akpọ piano. O dere n'ọtụtụ n'ime otu ụdị dị ka onye Pole Frederic Chopin (18101849). Szymanowska na ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nwere njikọ, gụnyere Gioacchino Rossini, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, na Adam Mickiewicz, onye na-ede uri kachasị ukwuu na Poland.

Fanny Mendelssohn (1805X1847) bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị a ma ama na-ede egwu na 1800s. O gosipụtara ikike egwu dị egwu dị ka nwatakịrị wee malite ide egwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọbịa a ma ama n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya nwere mmasị Fanny na nwanne ya nwoke Felix Mendelssohn, àgwà ndị dị n'oge ahụ n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-egbochi Fanny. Nna ya na-anabata, kama ịkwado, ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwu. Nna ya degaara ya akwụkwọ ozi na 1820, na-agwa ya na &quot;[m]usic ga-abụ nke ya [ya bụ. Ọrụ Felix, ebe ọ bụ na maka gị ọ nwere ike ma ga-abụ naanị ihe ịchọ mma [na ndụ gị]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Letter of 16 July 1820, in Hensel (1884), I 82&lt;/ref&gt; Felix dọrọ ya aka na ntị ka ọ ghara ibipụta ọrụ ya n'aha nke ya ma chọọ ọrụ na egwu. O dere, sị:&lt;blockquote&gt;'Site na ihe ọmụma m banyere Fanny, m kwesịrị ikwu na ọ nweghị ọchịchọ ma ọ bụ ọrụ maka onye edemede [egwú]. Ọ bụ ihe niile nwanyị kwesịrị ịbụ maka nke a. Ọ na-achịkwa ụlọ ya, ọ naghị echebara ọha na eze ma ọ bụ ụwa egwu echiche, ma ọ bụ ọbụna egwu ọ bụla, ruo mgbe ọrụ mbụ ya mezuru. Mbipụta ga-enye ya nsogbu na ndị a, enweghị m ike ikwu na m kwadoro ya.&lt;ref&gt;Letter to Lea Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,24 June 1837. Mendelssohn (1864), p. 113
&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;Clara Schumann (18191896) bụ onye Germany na-ede egwu na onye na-eme egwu piano nke nwere ọrụ egwu egwu afọ iri isii na otu, nke gbanwere usoro na usoro nke egwu piano na mmasị nke ndị na-ege ntị. Site n'oge ọ dị obere, ọ nwere nkuzi otu awa na piano, violin, ịbụ abụ, echiche, nkwekọrịta, nhazi, na counterpoint. N'afọ 1830, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke ọma ma ọ hapụrụ njem egwu nke obodo ndị Europe. Na ngwụcha afọ 1830, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ìgwè mmadụ na-ere ahịa na nyocha nkatọ. Frédéric Chopin kọwara egwu ya na Franz Liszt, onye bịara ịnụ otu n'ime egwu ya ma mesịa &quot;na-eto ya nke ukwuu&quot; n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale .&lt;ref name=&quot;Nancya250&quot;&gt;Reich (1986), 250.&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ya ''Königliche'' und Kaiserliche Kammervirtuosin (&quot;Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuoso&quot;), nsọpụrụ egwu kachasị elu nke [[Austria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nancya250&quot; /&gt;

O nyekwara aka n'ịgbanwe ụdị mmemme a na-atụ anya ya n'aka ndị na-eme piano. N'oge mbụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ, tupu ya alụọ Robert Schumann, ọ na-eme ihe bụ omenala n'oge ahụ, ọkachasị egwu egwu iji gosipụta usoro onye na-ese ihe, mgbe mgbe n'ụdị nhazi ma ọ bụ ọdịiche na isiokwu ndị a ma ama site na opera, nke ndị virtuosos dị ka Thalberg, Herz, ma ọ bụ Henselt dere. Dị ka ọ bụkwa omenala ịkpọ egwu nke onwe ya, ọ gụnyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ọrụ nke ya na mmemme ọ bụla, ọrụ dịka Variations on a Theme nke Bellini (Op. 8) na Scherzo ya a ma ama (Op. 10). Ọrụ ya gụnyere abụ, piano pieces, piano concerto, piano trio, choral pieces, na atọ Romances maka violin na piano. 

=== Narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 ===
[[Usòrò:Lili_Boulanger.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|257x257px|Onye na-ede egwú bụ Lili Boulanger (1893-1918)]]
Katherine Hoover (1937-2018) gụrụ egwu na Mahadum Rochester na Eastman School of Music, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo arụmọrụ na Flute na Bachelor's of Music na Music Theory na 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tu|first=Mary-Ann|title=About Katherine|url=http://www.katherinehoover.com/KatherineHoover/about_Katherine.html|work=Katherine Hoover|accessdate=4 May 2017|archivedate=27 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127130358/http://katherinehoover.com/KatherineHoover/about_Katherine.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ibipụta ọrụ ọkachamara na 1965, na Duet for Two Violins. Hoover bụ onye mmeri nke National Flute Association's Newly Published Music Competition ugboro abụọ, nke mbụ na 1987 na mpempe Medieval Suite ya na nke abụọ na 1991 na mpempe ''Kokopelli'' maka ọjà solo. Egwú ndị a na-eji ọtụtụ usoro gbasaa maka ọjà, dị ka ịgbanye ụda. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ka ndị egwu a ma ama dekọrọ ma rụọ ya na Carnegie Hall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/252 252–253]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/252}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Joan Tower (amụrụ n'afọ 1938) dere akwụkwọ ya nke 1976 Black ''Topaz'', nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ ụda olu na nkwekọrịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Von Glahn|first=Denise|title=Music and the Skillful Listener|date=2013|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/|accessdate=4 May 2017|format=eBook}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara DMA ya na Mahadum Columbia n'afọ 1978. Ọ bụ American Composers Orchestra nyere ya ọrụ n'afọ 1979, nke mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ mbụ ya, ''Sequoia'' . Ọtụtụ ndị na-akụ egwú emeela nke a n'ụwa niile. Site na 1985 ruo 1988 Tower bụ onye na-ede egwu na St. Louis Symphony. N'afọ 1990 ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ meriri Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition, nke gụnyere ihe nrite nke $ 150,000. Kemgbe ahụ, Tower abụwo onye na-ede egwu na ọtụtụ ememme egwu, gụnyere Norfolk Chamber Music Festival na Tanglewood Contemporary Music Festival. Tower abụwo prọfesọ nke egwu na Bard College na New York kemgbe 1982 ma a na-ewere ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-ede egwu kachasị emetụta na narị afọ nke 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/278 278–280]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/278}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (amụrụ n'afọ 1939) natara nzere doctorate ya na Juilliard ma bụrụ nwanyị mbụ nwetara nke a. N'otu afọ ahụ, o ritere ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi International Composition na Ịtali. N'afọ 1983, Zwilich mere akụkọ ihe mere eme ọzọ, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ meriri Pulitzer Prize na egwu maka Symphony No. 1. Kemgbe ihe ịga nke ọma a, ọ natala ọtụtụ ọrụ. Egwú ya bụ Millennium abụwo nke ndị egwú iri abụọ na asaa kemgbe emere ya na 2000. Ọ bụ Francis Eppes Prọfesọ nke Egwú na Mahadum Steeti Florida kemgbe 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/288 288–290]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/288}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara Zwilich ka o nwere 'olu puku afọ' n'ihe ndị o dere, na-eji nhazi doro anya na ụda olu bara ọgaranya. Ọ bụ ezie na egwu ya na mbụ bụ nke na-adịghị mma ma nwee mmetụta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Vienna, ụdị ya bịara nwekwuo mmetụta uche mgbe ọnwụ di ya gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Von Glahn|first=Denise|title=Music and the Skillful Listener|date=2013|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|pages=179|chapterurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/|accessdate=4 May 2017|chapter=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Libby Larsen (amụrụ n'afọ 1950) nwetara MM ya na 1975 site na Mahadum Minnesota na PhD ya site n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1978. N'afọ 1973, o guzobere Minnesota Composers Forum, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka American Composer's Forum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Larsen|first=Libby|title=Libby Larsen: About|url=https://libbylarsen.com/index.php?contentID=216|work=Libby Larsen|accessdate=4 May 2017|archivedate=20 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820203309/https://libbylarsen.com/index.php?contentID=216}}&lt;/ref&gt; Larsen bụ onye na-ede egwu na Minnesota Orchestra site na 1983 ruo 1987. Larsen dere ihe karịrị ọrụ 220, gụnyere ndị egwú, ịgba egwú, opera, ndị ukwe, ihe nkiri, ụlọ, na solo repertoire. A na-eme ihe nkiri ya na United States na Europe. Larsen bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke egwu nke oge a na ndị inyom na-agụ egwú, ọ nwetakwara onyinye Grammy maka CD ya The Art of Arleen Auger na 1994. Larsen meriri Lifetime Achievement Award site na Academy of Arts and Letters na 2000 wee bipụta akwụkwọ ya The Concert Hall That Fell Asleep and Woke Up as a Car Radio na 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Von Glahn|first=Denise|title=Music and the Skillful Listener|date=2013|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|pages=242–253|chapterurl=https://muse.jhu.edu/|accessdate=4 May 2017|chapter=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Anne K.|title=The World of Women in Classical Music|date=2007|publisher=WordWorld|location=La Jolla, California|isbn=978-1-59975-320-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/256 256–258]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwomenincl00gray/page/256}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Edensibịa ==

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    <title>Salimata Simporé</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Salimata Simporé''' (amụrụ na 29 Jenụwarị 1987) bụ onye Burkinabé na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka [[Footbọl|onye]] na-agbachitere otu egwuregwu Njikọ Njikọ nke Belarus FC Minsk na otu ụmụ nwanyị nke Burkina Faso.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Simporé gbara bọọlụ na Burkina Faso maka Princes na 2005 na 2015, maka USFA na 2016 na maka Etincelles na 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zedcom.bf/actualite/op413/sport.htm|title=Tournoi des 5 nations|language=French|accessdate=3 May 2018|archivedate=19 May 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519060636/http://www.zedcom.bf/actualite/op413/sport.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sidwaya.bf/m-7787-3e-edition-du-tournoi-international-de-football-feminin-de-ouagadougou-entree-triomphale-des-princesses.html|title=3e édition du tournoi international de football féminin de Ouagadougou : Entrée triomphale des Princesses|publisher=Sidwaya|first=Ollo Aimé Césaire|author=Hien|language=French|date=1 September 2015|accessdate=3 May 2018|archivedate=4 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504090549/http://www.sidwaya.bf/m-7787-3e-edition-du-tournoi-international-de-football-feminin-de-ouagadougou-entree-triomphale-des-princesses.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sidwaya.bf/m-7910-3e-edition-du-tiffo-princesses-1re-equipe-burkinabe-dans-le-palmares.html|title=3e édition du TIFFO : Princesses, 1re équipe burkinabé dans le palmarès|first=Ollo Aimé Césaire|author=Hien|publisher=Sidwaya|language=French|date=9 September 2015|accessdate=3 May 2018|archivedate=4 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504010710/http://www.sidwaya.bf/m-7910-3e-edition-du-tiffo-princesses-1re-equipe-burkinabe-dans-le-palmares.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rtb.bf/2016/08/fasofoot-la-nuit-des-laureats-ou-la-razzia-du-rck/|title=Fasofoot: La nuit des lauréats ou la razzia du RCK|publisher=RTB|first=Alain Didier|author=Compaoré|language=French|date=8 August 2016|accessdate=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706010013/https://www.rtb.bf/2016/08/fasofoot-la-nuit-des-laureats-ou-la-razzia-du-rck/|archive-date=6 July 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.studioyafa.org/et-aussi/173-football-salimata-et-balguissa-des-joueuses-pas-comme-les-autres.html|title=Football : les soeurs Simporé entre prouesses et soupçons|work=Studio Yafa|language=fr|date=19 July 2019|accessdate=5 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2006, e debara aha Simporé dị ka onye egwuregwu maka klọb Equatorial Guinean Las Vegas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/082/article_47110.asp|title=5e CAN féminine: la sélection equato-guinéenne|date=30 October 2006|accessdate=3 May 2018|language=French|publisher=RFI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
N'agbata afọ 2006 na afọ 2010, Simporé a mụrụ na Burkinabé na-egwuri egwu maka Equatorial Guinea dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ, ebe ọ sonyeere ndị otu Equatorial Guine nke meriri 2008 Asọmpi ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka wee ruo ebe nke abụọ na 2010 Asọmpi ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka, nke nyere Equatorial Guinea ohere iru eru maka 2011 Iko mba ụwa nke FIFA. N'ihe dị ka n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011, onye nkuzi Brazil a mụrụ n'Ịtali bụ Marcelo Frigerio wepụrụ Simporé n'òtù mba ahụ, onye chere na nso nso a, naanị ọnwa ole na ole tupu ya esonye na Iko Mbaụwa, na Simporé bụ nwoke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/540582_tecnico-do-sao-paulo-conta-como-barrou-dois-homens-em-selecao-feminina-as-vesperas-de-copa|title=Técnico do São Paulo conta como barrou dois homens em seleção feminina às vésperas de Copa|first=José Edgar|author=De Matos|publisher=ESPN|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=30 April 2018|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, Equatorial Guinea akpọtụghị Simporé.

Simporé bụ onye otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke Burkina Faso na 2007 (dị ka onyeisi ha), na agba goolu asatọ, na 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Salimata+Simporé+site:http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200709100213.html|date=8 September 2007|accessdate=3 May 2018|language=French|title=Burkina Faso: Finale tournoi international féminin - Etalons # Aiglettes, qui l'emportera ?|first=Barthélemy|author=Kabore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sportdrome.com/voir-toute-l-actualit%C3%A9/item/1013-can-f%C3%A9minine-2018-salimata-simpor%C3%A9-fait-gagner-le-burkina.html|title=Can féminine 2018: Salimata Simporé fait gagner le Burkina|first=Ablam|author=Gnamesso|date=7 April 2018|language=French|publisher=SPORTDROME|accessdate=30 April 2018|archivedate=22 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132329/http://sportdrome.com/voir-toute-l-actualit%C3%A9/item/1013-can-f%C3%A9minine-2018-salimata-simpor%C3%A9-fait-gagner-le-burkina.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa ===
''Ntinye na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke Equatorial Guinea nke mbụ''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!No.
!Date
!Venue
!Opponent
!Score
!Result
!Competition
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
|18 November 2008
|Estadio de Malabo, Malabo, [[Equatorial Guinea]]
|{{fbw|CGO}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1'''–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |5–2
|2008 African Women's Championship
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
|23 May 2010
|Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, [[Namibia]]
|{{fbw|NAM}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''4'''–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |5–1
|2010 African Women's Championship qualification
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3
|8 November 2010
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Sinaba Stadium, Daveyton, [[South Africa]]
|{{fbw|GHA}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2'''–1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3–1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2010 African Women's Championship
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |4
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |11 November 2010
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{fbw|RSA}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1'''–0
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|5
|'''3'''–0
|}
''Ntinye na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke Burkina Faso na mbụ''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Mba.
!Ụbọchị
!Ebe a na-anọ
!Onye mmegide
!Ihe ndị a tụrụ
!Nsonaazụ
!Ịsọ mpi
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
|14 Febụwarị 2018
|Stade Robert Champroux, Abidjan, [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]]
| Niger
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1''' 0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |5 Na 1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018 WAFU Women's Cup
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
|16 Febụwarị 2018
|Ogige Egwuregwu nke Treichville, Abidjan, [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]]
| Ivory Coast
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1 1 1 '''1'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1 1 1 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |7 Eprel 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ogige egwuregwu nke August 4, Ouagadougou, [[Burkina Faso]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gambia
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2 1
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations iru eru
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|4
|'''2''' 1
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |5
|10 Eprel 2018
|Independence Stadium, Bakau, [[The Gambia|Gambia]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1''' 2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1 2
|}

== Arụmụka gbasara nwoke na nwanyị ==
N'èzí usoro nke Equatorial Guinea mere ka Simporé bụrụ nwa amaala, nnukwu esemokwu bilitere banyere ma Simporé bụ nwoke n'ezie. N'afọ 2015, Frigerio, onye bụbu onye nkuzi otu mba nke Equatorial Guinea, gwara ndị nta akụkọ Brazil Simporé bụ nwoke nezie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uol&quot;/&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ na onyinye ==

=== Ndị otu mba ===

; Equatorial Guinea

* Iko Mba Afrịka Ụmụ nwanyị: 2008

== Ihe odide ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://admin.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/11theditionwomenafcon-ghana2018/TeamDetails/playerdetails?CompetitionPlayerId=vBu%2FOomYcQhJ%2Fjnae4v0YKdh%2Bg9Ba%2FRsh20FNk5v0sOaqYslJq4FDIgXJiJJpvpt Salimata Simporé] na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ CAF
* Salimata Simporé – FIFA competition record (archived)
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>2020 Iju Mmiri nke Sahel Africa</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

N'afọ 2020 niile, idei mmiri metụtara nde mmadụ 2.7 na mba 18 dị na West na Central [[Afrịka]] ma bibie ụlọ 197,000, ọtụtụ mpaghara na-edekọ mmiri ozuzo karịrị akarị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị idei mmiri metụtara n'afọ a bụ ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ karịa nke ahụ mere na 2019. Karịsịa site n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ ruo Septemba 2020, ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 1.21 nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Central Africa nwere mmetụta site na idei mmiri gafee Africa  n'ihi oke mmiri ozuzo karịa oge mmiri ozuzo.

Idei mmiri ahụ mere na 2020 bibiri 422,000 hekta nke ala ugbo, nke mere ka e bibie ihe ọkụkụ na ubi, na-eyi ndụ nke obodo ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ha dabere na ọrụ ugbo egwu. Ndị nọ n'ógbè a enweela nsogbu n'ihi enweghị nri, ya mere nnukwu idei mmiri ahụ mere ka ọnọdụ ndụ ha ka njọ. Ihe na-eyi mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Central Africa egwu n'afọ a abụghị naanị idei mmiri na-aga n'ihu kamakwa ọrịa COVID-19 na ọrịa [[Nje ọrịa Ebola|Ebola]] na Democratic Republic of Congo. Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations maka nhazi nke Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)  dọrọ aka ná ntị na idei mmiri nwekwara ike ịbawanye ọrịa ndị na-ebute mmiri, mmetụta ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha, ma belata ikike itinye usoro mgbochi dị irè megide COVID-19. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-24 |title=West and Central Africa: Flooding Situation Overview (January - December 2020) As of 18 December 2020 - Niger {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/west-and-central-africa-flooding-situation-overview-january-december-2020-18-december |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ==
Idei mmiri ahụ mebiri ihe onwunwe nke ukwuu, ọbụnakwa ndụ nwụnahụrụ. Idei mmiri emetụtala ọtụtụ puku mmadụ. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ejirila idei mmiri kpochapụ.

'''[[Burkina Faso]]'''

N'ihi nnukwu mmiri ozuzo site n'August 30 ruo Septemba 4, mmadụ atọ nwụrụ na Burkina Faso.

'''[[Kameroon|Cameroon]]'''

Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na August 21, 2020, bibiri Douala, obodo akụ na ụba nke Cameroon, ma mebie akụrụngwa akụ na ụba ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ narị ụlọ mebiri emebi nke mere ka ihe dị ka ezinụlọ 900 pụọ. Ihe karịrị 26,000 hekta nke ihe ọkụkụ emebiwo na ehi 12,996 anwụọla na mba niile.

'''[[Chad]]'''

Mmiri ozuzo n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020 na Chad chụpụrụ ihe karịrị mmadụ 120,000 gụnyere 32,000 na isi obodo ya, N'N&quot;Djamena. Dị ka International Organization for Migration (IOM) si kwuo, na mpaghara Lake, mmiri ozuzo n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020 dekọrọ nke kachasị elu n'ime afọ 30. 

'''[[Ghana]]'''

Na mpaghara '''ugwu na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ghana''', iju mmiri ahụ gburu mmadụ '''4''' n’ọnwa '''Ọgọst 2020''', ma bibie '''akụrụngwa na ala ubi'''.

'''[[Kenya]]'''

N'ihi idei mmiri nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]] dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya, ọ dịkarịa ala ezinụlọ 1,000 hapụrụ. Na mpaghara Western Kenya, idei mmiri ahụ n'ọnwa Eprel 2020 manyere ihe dị ka ezinụlọ 400 ịkwaga, ya mere idei mmiri nke Ọgọst mere ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ na Kenya.

'''[[Mali]]'''

Na Mali, idei mmiri ahụ malitere na Julaị 2020. O metụtara ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000 ma bibie ụlọ 1,160 n'ozuzu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ nwere ike ịkpata ụkọ ihe enyemaka.

'''[[Niger]]'''

Oké mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri dakwasịrị Niger site na August 23, 2020, nke mere ka ngụkọta nke ezinụlọ 2,283 (ihe dị ka mmadụ 15,981) emetụtala ọtụtụ n'ime ha ma gbaba n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ ndị na-anabata na mpaghara asatọ n'ihi ịrị elu mmiri nke Osimiri Niger.

'''[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]'''

Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo dakwasịrị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebeebe ugwu etiti Naịjirịa site n'August 3 ruo August 9, 2020, na-akpata ọnwụ mmadụ 4, 15,000. Tụkwasị na nke a, n'ihi esemokwu dị ogologo n'etiti agbụrụ na asụsụ dị n'ógbè ahụ, tinyere ọtụtụ mwakpo nke ndị omempụ, mwakpo ndị ọhụrụ emetụtala mmadụ 3,552 ọzọ, gụnyere mmerụ ahụ 153 na ọnwụ 40.

'''[[South Sudan]]'''

N'ihi idei mmiri nke [[Naịl Ọcha|White Nile]], ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 agbaala ọsọ ma ọtụtụ puku ụlọ emebiwo, tinyere ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. N'ebe ugwu nke White Nile, idei mmiri ahụ metụtara ihe dị ka mmadụ 30,000.

'''[[Sudan]]'''

N'oge mmiri ozuzo na 2020, ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 84 nwụrụ, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo metụtara 381,770 na steeti 17 n'ime steeti 18 dị na Sudan. Ihe karịrị ụlọ 37,000 emebiwo, na-amanye ọtụtụ n'ime ezinụlọ ndị metụtara ịchọ ebe obibi na ndị ikwu na obodo ndị na-anabata. Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ 39,000 ụlọ akwụkwọ 34, na ụlọ ọgwụ 2,671 emebiwo.

'''[[Uganda]]'''

Dị ka gọọmentị Uganda si kwuo, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo ahụ mere n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2020 mere ka mmiri na-arị elu na Lake Albert na Lake Kyoga, nke chụpụrụ ihe karịrị mmadụ 8,700 na mpaghara Buliisa, Nakasongola na Amolatar. N'etiti idei mmiri a, Red Cross nke Uganda dọrọ aka ná ntị banyere ịdị ọcha na ọnọdụ ịdị ọcha ka njọ.

== Nzaghachi mba ụwa ==
N’ihi mkpa ngwa ngwa maka '''ihe enyemaka mmadụ''', òtù dị iche iche nke obodo na nke mba ụwa mere nzaghachi ozugbo. Ndị a gụnyere '''ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa obodo na njikwa ọdachi''', '''òtù Red Cross nke mba dị iche iche''', '''NGO''', na '''òtù ndị obodo'''.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, '''Solidarités International''' rụkọrọ ọrụ ozugbo na òtù ndị dị na mba dịka '''South Sudan na Cameroon''' iji nye '''akụrụngwa mmiri''', yana '''ngwa ịdị ọcha na idebe gburugburu ọcha'''.

Ọzọkwa, '''Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF)''' nyere '''Niger US$5 nde''' maka enyemaka. '''European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO)''' kwadoro nzaghachi maka iju mmiri na '''mba 8''' dị na mpaghara ahụ, site n’itinye ngụkọta '''US$2.7 nde''', ma na-enyekwa aka igbo mkpa ngwa ngwa nke '''ndị kachasị nwee nsogbu na ndị a chụpụrụ n’ebe obibi ha'''.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;  {{2020 floods}}{{Floods in Africa}}
[[Otú:Septemba 2020 na Africa.]]
[[Otú:Ọgọst 2020 na Africa]]
[[Otú:Sahel]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị sitere n’okike na Tunisia]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị mere na Tunisia n’afọ 2020]]
[[Otú:Iju mmiri na Sudan]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị mere na Sudan n’afọ ndị 2020]]
[[Otú:Afọ 2020 na Sudan]]
[[Otú:Iju mmiri na Naịjirịa]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị mere na Naịjirịa n’afọ 2020]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị sitere n’okike na Niger]]
[[Otú:Afọ 2020 na Niger]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị mere na Mali]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị mere na Mali n’afọ 2020]]
[[Otú:Iju mmiri na Ghana]]
[[Otú:Dachi ndị mere na Ghana n’ime narị afọ nke 21]]
[[Otú:Afọ 2020 na Ghana]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị mere na Republic of the Congo n’ime narị afọ nke 21]]
[[Otú:Afọ 2020 na Republic of the Congo]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị sitere n’okike na Chad]]
[[Otú:Afọ 2020 na Chad]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị sitere n’okike na Cameroon]]
[[Otú:Afọ 2020 na Cameroon]]
[[Otú:Ọdachi ndị sitere n’okike na Burkina Faso]]
[[Otú:Iju mmiri ndị mere na Africa n’afọ 2020]]
[[Otú:Peeji ndị na-eji infobox mapframe mana enweghị nhazi ebe (coordinates)]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>q1bw7mzi9ahkyi6ix2g7wehbiulwq7p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Confederation of African Football</title>
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      <text bytes="73135" sha1="8ogj7v4u8knqh42f3yxphmenp9s6jsy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
[[Usòrò:Confederation of African Football member associations map.svg|thumb|Confederation of African Football member association map]]
Confederation of African Football, ma ọ bụ '''CAF''' maka mkpirikpi (French: Confédération Africaine de Football, Arabic: , : ), bụ òtù nchịkwa na nchịkwa maka egwuregwu bọọlụ, futsal na [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] osimiri n'Africa. E guzobere ya na 8 Febụwarị 1957 na ''Grand Hotel''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Alegi|first=Peter|title=African Soccerscapes|url=https://archive.org/details/africansoccersca0000aleg|date=2010|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-89680-278-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africansoccersca0000aleg/page/65 65]}}&lt;/ref&gt; dị na Khartoum, Sudan site n'aka ndị otu bọọlụ mba nke Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa na [[Sudan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Soccer|year=2011|isbn=9780810873957|author=Dunmore|first=Tom}}&lt;/ref&gt;, na-esochi mkparịta ụka nkịtị n'etiti otu ndị ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha na FIFA Congress mere na 7 June 1956 na Avenida Hotel na Lisbon, Portugal..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udBgtzFSlBIC&amp;q=Confederation+of+African+Football&amp;pg=PA169|title=International Sport Management|publisher=Human Kinetics|year=2020|isbn=9781450422413|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of CAF|url=https://www.cafonline.com/about-us/caf-history/|work=CAFOnline.com|accessdate=27 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:CAF Cup - trophy.png|thumb|CAF Cup]]
Otu n'ime ọgbakọ kọntinent isii nke otu na-ahụ maka egwuregwu bọọlụ ụwa, FIFA, CAF na-anọchite anya otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Africa, na-agba otu mba na asọmpi kọntinent na klọb ma na-achịkwa ego nrite, ụkpụrụ na ikike mgbasa ozi maka asọmpi dị otú ahụ. A ga-ekenye CAF 9 ntụpọ na FIFA World Cup malite na 2026 ma nwee ohere nke ntụpọ iri yana mgbakwunye nke asọmpi egwuregwu etiti mba ụwa nke gụnyere otu isii iji kpebie ebe abụọ FIFA World Cup ikpeazụ (46 + 2).

Isi ụlọ ọrụ CAF dị na Khartoum n'ime ọnwa mbụ e guzobere ruo mgbe ọkụ gbawara n'ụlọ ọrụ nke Sudan Football Association mgbe nzukọ a kwagara na nso Cairo, Egypt. Youssef Mohamad bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ na Abdel Aziz Abdallah Salem, onye isi ala mbụ. Kemgbe afọ 2002, ebe nchịkwa dị na 6th of October City na Cairo, Egypt. CAF ugbu a nwere ndị otu Iri ise na anọ bụ ndị otu zuru oke, ebe Zanzibar na Réunion bụ ndị otu mmekọ (lee ngalaba CAF Members and Zones n'okpuru). Onye isi ala ugbu a bụ [[Patrice Motsepe]] si South Africa, onye a họpụtara na 12 Machị 2021 na ntuli aka na-enweghị mmegide nke e mere na Rabat, [[Morocco]].

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
 

== Abụ CAF ==
Na 18 Septemba 2017, CAF malitere asọmpi maka ndị niile na-ede egwu n'Afrịka iji mepụta abụ ya na-enweghị okwu iji gosipụta ihe nketa ọdịbendị na egwu Afrịka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Competition for the CAF's anthem|url=http://www.cafonline.com/index.php?lng=1&amp;module=media&amp;idrub=94637&amp;idnews=82041|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116020542/http://www.cafonline.com/index.php?lng=1&amp;module=media&amp;idrub=94637&amp;idnews=82041|archivedate=16 January 2009|work=CAFOnline.com|date=18 September 2007|accessdate=13 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebipụtara ukwe ahọpụtara, onye dere ya bụ nke amabeghị taa ma dị sekọnd Iri asaa na anọ n'ogologo, ebipụtara ya na saịtị ahụ na 16 Jenụwarị 2008 ma ọ bụ egwu ntinye maka asọmpi asọmpi CAF gọọmentị ọ bụla. A na-ejikwa ya maka asọmpi asọmpi gọọmentị ọ bụla nke ndị otu mpaghara CAF gụnyere WAFU, COSAFA na CECAFA.

== Onye ndu ugbu a ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Aha
!Ọnọdụ
|-
| [[Patrice Motsepe]]
|Onye isi ala
|-
| Augustin Senghor
|Onye isi ala nke mbụ
|-
| Ahmed Yahya
|Onye isi ala nke abụọ
|-
| Waberi Souleiman
|Onye isi ala nke atọ
|-
| Seidou Mbombo Njoya
|Onye isi ala nke anọ
|-
| [[Kanizat Ibrahim]]
|Onye isi ala nke ise
|-
| Véron Mosengo-Omba
|Odeakwụkwọ ukwu
|}
Ebe e si nweta ya:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/associations/CAF/ FIFA]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cafonline.com/about-us/organization/executive-committee CAF]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Frederick Acheampong, Onye Nhazi Ukwu

== Ndị otu CAF na mpaghara ==

=== Ndị otu ===
[[Usòrò:Carte_Afrique_CAF.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Njikọ mpaghara Afrịka 

 
Njikọ ndị ọzọ
 &lt;div class=&quot;legend&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;legend-color mw-no-invert&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#007F00; color:white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Union of Arab Football Associations|UAFA]] ([[Arab World]])&lt;/div&gt;]]
Na mgbakwunye, enwere mpaghara dị na Africa nke na-esoghị CAF ma ọ bụ ọgbakọ ọ bụla ọzọ ruo n'ókè ọ bụla.

*  Mayotte
*  Chagos Islands ([[British Indian Ocean Territory]])

Ụfọdụ steeti dị na Afrịka nwere nkwenye mba ụwa ma ọ bụ enweghị nkwenye mba nwere ndị otu mba, mana ọ dịghị nke a tụlere maka ndị otu CAF. Kama nke ahụ, ha na òtù ndị dị ka CONIFA nwere njikọ.

*  Western Sahara
*  Somaliland

== Egwuregwu ==

=== Egwuregwu CAF ===
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
'''National teams:'''
;Men
*[[Africa Cup of Nations]]
*[[African Nations Championship]]
*[[Africa U-23 Cup of Nations]]
*[[Africa U-20 Cup of Nations]]
*[[Africa U-17 Cup of Nations]]
*[[African Schools Championship]] 
*[[Africa Futsal Cup of Nations]]
*[[African Youth Olympic Futsal Qualifying Tournament]]
*[[Africa Beach Soccer Cup of Nations]]
;Women
*[[Women's Africa Cup of Nations]]
*[[African U-20 Women's World Cup qualification]]
*[[African U-17 Cup of Nations for Women]]
*[[African Schools Championship for Girls]] 
{{col-break}}
'''Clubs:'''
*[[Africa Super League]]
*[[CAF Champions League]]
*[[CAF Confederation Cup]]
*[[CAF Super Cup]]
*[[CAF Women's Champions League]]
;''Defunct''
*''[[African Cup Winners' Cup]]''
*''[[CAF Cup]]''
{{col-break}}
'''Inter Continental:'''
;''Defunct''
*''[[Afro-Asian Cup of Nations]]''
*''[[Afro-Asian Club Championship]]''
*''[[UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup]]''
{{col-break}}
'''Regional:'''
*[[CECAFA Cup]]
*[[WAFU Nations Cup]]
*[[Amilcar Cabral Cup]]
*[[COSAFA Cup]]
*[[CEMAC Cup]]
*[[UNIFFAC Cup]] (U-17)
*[[UNAF U-23 Tournament]]
{{col-end}}

=== Mba ụwa ===
Maka otu mba ụmụ nwoke, asọmpi bụ isi bụ iko mba Afrịka nke malitere n'afọ 1957. N'afọ 2009, CAF malitere ịhazi asọmpi ọzọ maka otu mba ụmụ nwoke, asọmpi mba Africa, oge a na-egosi ndị egwuregwu na-egwu egwuregwu n'asọmpị mba ha. CAF na-agbakwa asọmpi mba na ọkwa n'okpuru 20 na Under-17, nke na-ejekwa ozi dị ka asọmpi ntozu maka FIFA U-20 World Cup na FIFA U-17 World Cup n'otu n'otu.

Maka ndị otu mba ụmụ nwanyị, CAF na-arụ ọrụ asọmpi na-eje ozi dị ka asọmpi iru eru maka asọmpi FIFA-ahazi nke malitere n'otu afọ ahụ ha malitere. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, Women's Africa Cup of Nations, nke a malitere n'afọ 1991 maka ndị otu mba dị elu, na-eme ka ndị otu anọ ruo FIFA Women's World Cup ma kpuchie onye mmeri. Ma asọmpi African U-20 Women's World Cup qualification tournament, nke malitere n'afọ 2002 na African U-17 Iko mba maka ụmụ nwanyị, nke malitere n'afọ 2008, nke ọ bụla enweghị onye mmeri kama ọ na-eme ka ndị otu 2 ruo eru maka asọmpi na FIFA U-20 Womenʼs World Cup na FIFA U-17 Women's ịkọ mba ụwa n'otu n'otu.

=== Klọb ===
CAF na-ejikwa asọmpi klọb abụọ dị n'Afrịka: '''CAF Champions League''', nke mbụ e mere n'afọ 1964 dị ka '''''African Cup of Champions Clubs''''' (ma ọ bụ naanị African Cup) ma gbanwee aha ya n'afọ 1997 maka ndị mmeri nke African leagues na ndị na-esote league-agwụcha otu iri na abuo kachasị elu nke mba ndị otu; na CAF Confederation Cup, nke malitere n'afọ 2004 dị ka njikọta nke African Cup Winners' Cup, nke bidoro na asọmpi nke atọ, CAF Cup, nke mba ndị mmeri na ndị otu iri na abuo kachasị na mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Confederation Cup|url=http://www.cafonline.com/index.php?lng=1&amp;opt=44&amp;cmpt=19&amp;titre=Past%20Competitions|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116025408/http://www.cafonline.com/index.php?lng=1&amp;opt=44&amp;cmpt=19&amp;titre=Past%20Competitions|archivedate=16 January 2009|work=CAFOnline.com|accessdate=17 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CAF Super Cup, nke na-emegide ndị meriri CAF Champions League megide ndị meriri CAF Confederation Cup (bụbu ndị meriri iko ndị mmeri nke iko mba Afrịka), n'afọ 1993.

A haziri asọmpi Afro-Asian Club Championship na AFC n'etiti ndị mmeriri CAF Champions League na ndị mmeriri AFC Champions League. Egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke Afro-Asian Club Championship mere n'afọ 1998.

Ebidoro CAF Women's Champions League na 12 Septemba 2020, na-agụnye ndị mmeri nke asọmpi iru eru nke CAF maka ndị otu klọb ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 November 2021|title=African women's football primed for new chapter|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.comafrican-womens-football-primed-for-new-chapter|accessdate=6 November 2021|work=[[FIFA|FIFA.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 July 2021|title=CAF Women's Champions League takes one giant leap towards realization|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-women-champions-league/news/caf-women-s-champions-league-takes-one-giant-leap-towards-realization|accessdate=6 July 2021|work=CAFOnline.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106181522/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-women-champions-league/news/caf-women-s-champions-league-takes-one-giant-leap-towards-realization|archivedate=6 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị nwere aha ugbu a ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Competition
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
!Year
!Champions
!Title
!Runners-up
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
!Next edition
!Dates
|-
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |National teams
|-
|Africa Cup of Nations
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
|2021 &lt;small&gt;(final)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{fb|Senegal}}
|1st
|{{fb|Egypt}}
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
|2023 &lt;small&gt;([[2023 Africa Cup of Nations Final|final]])&lt;/small&gt;
|''Qualification:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Érèkọbalà|23 March – 27 September 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Finals:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Érèkọbalà|23 June – 23 July 2023}}
|-
|African Nations Championship
|2022
|{{fb|Senegal}}
|1st
|{{fb|Algeria}}
|''[[2024 African Nations Championship|2024]]''
|''Qualification:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;—&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|U-23 Cup of Nations
|2019
|{{fbu|23|Egypt}}
|1st
|{{fbu|23|Ivory Coast}}
|2023
|''Qualification:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Érèkọbalà|19 September 2022 – 28 March 2023}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Finals:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Érèkọbalà|June 2023}}
|-
|Men's African Games Tournament
|2019
|{{fbu|23|BFA}}
|1st
|{{fbu|23|NGA}}
|[[Football at the 2023 African Games – Men's tournament|2023]]
|
|-
|U-20 Cup of Nations{{efn|This tournament was initially formed as a home-and-away qualification tournament for U-21 African nations in 1977. Since 1979, a proper tournament was launched as the ''African Youth Championship'' and used these branded titles until 2015: ''African U-21 Cup of Nations'' until 1989, ''African U-21 Championship'' until 2003 and ''African U-20 Championship'' until 2015. The current name was adopted in 2017.}}
|2023
|{{fbu|20|SEN}}
|1st
|{{fbu|20|GAM}}
|[[2025 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations|2025]]
|
|-
|U-17 Cup of Nations{{efn|From 1995 to 2015, the tournament was known as the ''African U-17 Championship''. The current name is in use since 2017.}}
|2019
|{{fbu|17|CMR}}
|2nd
|Vacant
|2023
|''Qualification:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2022–2023&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Finals:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Érèkọbalà|29 April - 19 May}}
|-
|Futsal Cup of Nations
|2020
|{{futsal|MAR}}
|2nd
|{{futsal|EGY}}
|[[2024 Africa Futsal Cup of Nations|2024]]
|
|-
|Youth Olympic Futsal Qualifying Tournament
|2018
|{{fsu|18|EGY}}
|1st
|{{fsu|18|ANG}}
|2026
|
|-
|Beach Soccer Cup of Nations
|2022
|{{beachsoccer|SEN}}
|7th
|{{beachsoccer|EGY}}
|{{Érèkọbalà|''TBD''}}
|{{Érèkọbalà|''To be determined (TBD)''}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |National teams (women)
|-
|Women's Africa Cup of Nations
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
|2022 &lt;small&gt;(final)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{fbw|RSA}}
|1st
|{{fbw|MAR}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
|2024 &lt;small&gt;(final)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{Érèkọbalà|''Qualification:''&lt;br&gt;''To be determined (TBD)''}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Finals:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Érèkọbalà|''To be determined (TBD)''}}
|-
|Women's African Games Tournament
|2019
|{{fbw|NGA}}
|3rd
|{{fbw|CMR}}
|[[Football at the 2023 African Games – Women's tournament|2023]]
|
|-
|African FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup qualification
|2022
|{{fbwu|20|GHA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{fbwu|20|NGA}}
|6th&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10th
|{{fbwu|20|ETH}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{fbwu|20|SEN}}
|[[2024 African U-20 Women's World Cup Qualifying Tournament|2024]]
|
|-
|U-17 Cup of Nations for Women
|2022
|{{fbwu|17|TAN}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{fbwu|17|NGA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{fbwu|17|MAR}}
|1st&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6th&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1st
|{{fbwu|17|CMR}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{fbwu|17|ETH}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{fbwu|17|GHA}}
|[[2024 African U-17 Women's World Cup Qualifying Tournament|2024]]
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |Club teams
|-
|Super Cup
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
|2022
|{{fbaicon|MAR}} RS Berkane
|1st
|{{fbaicon|MAR}} Wydad AC
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
|2023
|{{Érèkọbalà|11–13 August 2023}}
|-
|Champions League
|{{Érèkọbalà|[[2021–22 CAF Champions League|2021–22]] &lt;small&gt;([[2022 CAF Champions League Final|final]])&lt;/small&gt;}}
|{{fbaicon|MAR}} Wydad AC
|3rd
|{{fbaicon|EGY}} Al Ahly
|{{Érèkọbalà|[[2022–23 CAF Champions League|2022–23]] &lt;small&gt;([[2023 CAF Champions League Final|final]])&lt;/small&gt;}}
|''Qualifying:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Érèkọbalà|10 September – 24 October 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Competition proper:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Érèkọbalà|11 February – 29 May 2022}}
|-
|Confederation Cup
|2021–22 &lt;small&gt;(final)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{fbaicon|MAR}} RS Berkane
|2nd
|{{fbaicon|RSA}} Orlando Pirates
|{{Érèkọbalà|[[2022–23 CAF Confederation Cup|2022–23]] &lt;small&gt;(&lt;!--[[2023 CAF Confederation Cup Final|--&gt;final&lt;!--]]--&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;}}
|''Qualifying:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Érèkọbalà|10 September 2021 – 6 February 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Competition proper:''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Érèkọbalà|13 February – 22 May 2022}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |Club teams (Women)
|-
|Women's Champions League
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
|2022 &lt;small&gt;(final)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{fbaicon|MAR}} AS FAR
|1st
|{{fbaicon|RSA}} Mamelodi Sundowns
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;&quot; width=&quot;1%&quot; |
|[[2023 CAF Women's Champions League|2023]] &lt;small&gt;([[2023 CAF Women's Champions League Final|final]])&lt;/small&gt;
|{{Érèkọbalà|''To be determined (TBD)''}}
|}

=== Ndị mmeri n'asọmpi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mba
! colspan=&quot;8&quot; |Ụmụ nwoke
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụmụ nwanyị
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Iko Mba Afrịka
!CHAN
!U-23
!U-20
!U-17
!Futsal
!Egwuregwu bọọlụ n'ụsọ osimiri
!Egwuregwu Afrịka
!Iko Mba Afrịka nke ụmụ nwanyị
!Egwuregwu Afrịka
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgreen&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Nigeria
|3(4)
|0(1)
|1
|7(2)
|2(2)
|Ọdịdị
|2(4)
|1(4)
|11
|3
|'''30(17)'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:lightblue&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Egypt
|7(3)
|Ọdịdị
|1
|4(1)
|1
|3(2)
| -
|2
| -
| -
|'''18(6)'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:Pink&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Cameroon
|5(2)
| -
| -
|1(4)
|2
| -
|1(1)
|4
|0(4)
|1(2)
|'''14(13)'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgreen&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Ghana
|4(5)
|0(2)
| -
|4(2)
|2(2)
|0(1)
| -
|1
|1(1)
|0(3)
|'''12(16)'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgreen&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Senegal
|1(2)
|1
| -
|1(3)
| -
| -
|5(2)
|1
| -
| -
|'''9(7)'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:lightblue&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Morocco
|1(1)
|2
|0(1)
|1
| -
|2(1)
| -
| -
|0(1)
| -
|'''6(4)'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:lightblue&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Algeria
|2(1)
|0(1)
|0(1)
|1
|0(1)
| -
| -
|1
| -
| -
|'''4(4)'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:Pink&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |DR Congo
|2
|2
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|'''4'''
|}

== Nkwado ==
N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta South Africa, MTN, gbara nkwekọrịta afọ anọ iji kwado asọmpi CAF nke ruru US $ 12.5 nde, nke bụ nkwekọrịta nkwado kachasị na akụkọ egwuregwu Afrika n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;news.bbc.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 October 2004|title=CAF signs sponsorship deal|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/3763112.stm|work=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=14 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CAF mepere oku nkwado ọhụrụ mgbe nkwekọrịta MTN gwụchara yana nnukwu nkwukọrịta French, Orange nwetara ya na Julaị 2009, bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ 8 zuru oke ogologo oge ekpughere iji kwado asọmpi CAF na ọnụ ahịa 100 million..&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 July 2009|title=Orange signs deal to sponsor African soccer competitions|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-soccer-africa-sponsor-20090728-idAFJOE56R0N320090728|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=12 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2016, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ France na-ahụ maka ike na mmanụ ala, Total S.A., dochiri Orange dị ka onye isi na-akwado ya na ngwugwu nkwado afọ asatọ sitere na CAF maka uru nke nde € 950 nde iji kwado asọmpi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;africanews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=9 November 2016|title=CAF reviews prize money, AFCON 2017 winner to pocket $4&amp;nbsp;million|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/11/09/caf-reviews-prize-money-afcon-2017-winner-to-pocket-4-million/|work=[[Africanews]]|accessdate=14 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;africanews.com 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 July 2016|title=Total to sponsor CAF competitions for the next eight years|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/21/total-to-sponsor-caf-competitions-for-the-next-eight-years/|work=[[Africanews]]|accessdate=21 July 2016|archivedate=25 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425200729/http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/21/total-to-sponsor-caf-competitions-for-the-next-eight-years//}}&lt;/ref&gt; Total gbanwere aha ya dị ka TotalEnergies n'afọ 2021, ọ bụ ezie na nkwado ya na CAF gara n'ihu n'okpuru aha ọhụrụ ahụ.

Ndị isi na-akwado CAF ugbu a bụ:

* 1 Anyanwụ Ụwa
* TikTok
* TotalEnergies
* Oroma

== Ọkwa ụwa nke FIFA ==

=== Nchịkọta ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{Sports rankings table|FIFA World Rankings|1|211|select=CAF|style=|caption=FIFA Men's Rankings (as of INSERT_UPDATE_DATE)|footer1=*Local rankings based on FIFA ranking points|selection_header=CAF*|rank_header=FIFA|change_header=+/-|team_header=National Team|points_header=Points}}
{{col-break}}
{{Sports rankings table|FIFA Women's World Rankings|1|211|select=CAF|style=|caption=FIFA Women's Rankings (as of INSERT_UPDATE_DATE)|footer1=*Local rankings based on FIFA ranking points|selection_header=CAF*|rank_header=FIFA|change_header=+/-|team_header=National Team|points_header=Points}}
{{col-end}}

=== Ndị isi akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Men's
&lt;timeline&gt;
ImageSize = width:160 height:1800
PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:10 top:10

#Just short of the date the next version of the FIFA World Ranking will be released (dd/mm/yyyy)
Define $enddate = 24/05/2022

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:08/08/1993 till:$enddate
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:1994

#Colors for teams (typically derived from jersey's first colors)
Colors =
 id:Algeria   value:rgb(0.32, 0.66, 0.22) 
 id:Cameroon  value:rgb(0,  0.39, 0.20) 
 id:CapeVerde  value:rgb(0,  0.22, 0.58) 
 id:Egypt    value:rgb(0.87, 0,  0) 
 id:IvoryCoast value:rgb(0.97, 0.47, 0)
 id:Ghana    value:rgb(1,  1,  1) 
 id:Morocco   value:rgb(0.73, 0.07, 0.10) 
 id:Nigeria   value:rgb(0,  0.53, 0.32)
 id:Senegal   value:rgb(0,  0.52, 0.22) 
 id:SouthAfrica value:rgb(0.99, 0.71, 0.08) 
 id:Tunisia   value:rgb(1,  1,  1) 
 id:Zambia   value:rgb(0,  0.5, 0)

#A line at the right side of the graph
LineData =
 from:08/08/1993 till:end atpos:65 color:black width:0.5

#Setup text and color to use in the labeled bars
Define $labelAlgeria   = text:&quot;Algeria&quot; color:Algeria
Define $labelCameroon  = text:&quot;Cameroon&quot; color:Cameroon
Define $labelCapeVerde  = text:&quot;Cape Verde&quot; color:CapeVerde
Define $labelEgypt    = text:&quot;Egypt&quot; color:Egypt
Define $labelIvoryCoast = text:&quot;Ivory Coast&quot; color:IvoryCoast
Define $labelGhana    = text:&quot;Ghana&quot; color:Ghana
Define $labelMorocco   = text:&quot;Morocco&quot; color:Morocco
Define $labelNigeria   = text:&quot;Nigeria&quot; color:Nigeria
Define $labelSenegal   = text:&quot;Senegal&quot; color:Senegal
Define $labelSouthAfrica = text:&quot;South Africa&quot; color:SouthAfrica
Define $labelTunisia   = text:&quot;Tunisia&quot; color:Tunisia
Define $labelZambia   = text:&quot;Zambia&quot; color:Zambia

PlotData =
 bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black)

 from:08/08/1993 till:25/07/1995 shift:(20,-5) $labelNigeria
 from:25/07/1995 till:22/08/1995 shift:(20,-10) $labelTunisia
 from:22/08/1995 till:19/09/1995 shift:(20,-5) $labelEgypt
 from:19/09/1995 till:17/10/1995 shift:(20,-5) $labelNigeria
 from:17/10/1995 till:21/11/1995 shift:(20,-5) $labelEgypt
 from:21/11/1995 till:19/12/1995 shift:(20,-5) $labelTunisia
 from:19/12/1995 till:24/01/1996 shift:(20,-5) $labelIvoryCoast
 from:24/01/1996 till:21/02/1996 shift:(20,-5) $labelGhana
 from:21/02/1996 till:22/05/1996 shift:(20,-5) $labelZambia
 from:24/04/1996 till:22/05/1996 shift:(20,-5) color:Ghana width:11 text:&quot;Ghana / Zambia&quot;
 from:22/05/1996 till:18/12/1996 shift:(20,-5) $labelZambia
 from:18/12/1996 till:27/02/1997 shift:(20,-5) $labelSouthAfrica
 from:27/02/1997 till:14/05/1997 shift:(20,-5) $labelZambia
 from:14/05/1997 till:16/02/2000 shift:(20,-5) $labelMorocco
 from:16/02/2000 till:18/07/2001 shift:(20,-5) $labelSouthAfrica
 from:18/07/2001 till:13/02/2002 shift:(20,-5) $labelTunisia
 from:13/02/2002 till:06/10/2004 shift:(20,-5) $labelCameroon
 from:06/10/2004 till:15/06/2005 shift:(20,-5) $labelNigeria
 from:15/06/2005 till:20/07/2005 shift:(20,-5) $labelCameroon
 from:20/07/2005 till:12/09/2005 shift:(20,-5) $labelEgypt
 from:12/09/2005 till:21/11/2005 shift:(20,-5) $labelCameroon
 from:17/10/2005 till:21/11/2005 shift:(20,-5) color:Nigeria width:11 text:&quot;Cameroon / Nigeria&quot;
 from:21/11/2005 till:15/02/2006 shift:(20,-5) $labelCameroon
 from:15/02/2006 till:14/02/2007 shift:(20,-5) $labelNigeria
 from:14/02/2007 till:19/09/2007 shift:(20,-5) $labelCameroon
 from:19/09/2007 till:13/02/2008 shift:(20,-5) $labelNigeria
 from:13/02/2008 till:04/06/2008 shift:(20,-5) $labelGhana
 from:04/06/2008 till:01/07/2009 shift:(20,-5) $labelCameroon
 from:01/07/2009 till:16/10/2009 shift:(20,-5) $labelIvoryCoast
 from:16/10/2009 till:03/02/2010 shift:(20,-5) $labelCameroon
 from:03/02/2010 till:02/02/2011 shift:(20,-5) $labelEgypt
 from:02/02/2011 till:29/06/2011 shift:(20,-5) $labelGhana
 from:29/06/2011 till:05/06/2014 shift:(20,-5) $labelIvoryCoast
 from:05/06/2014 till:05/11/2015 shift:(20,-5) $labelAlgeria
 from:05/11/2015 till:03/03/2016 shift:(20,-5) $labelIvoryCoast
 from:03/03/2016 till:07/04/2016 shift:(20,-5) $labelCapeVerde
 from:07/04/2016 till:15/09/2016 shift:(20,-5) $labelAlgeria
 from:15/09/2016 till:24/11/2016 shift:(20,-5) $labelIvoryCoast
 from:24/11/2016 till:09/02/2017 shift:(20,-5) $labelSenegal
 from:09/02/2017 till:16/10/2017 shift:(20,-5) $labelEgypt
 from:16/10/2017 till:23/11/2017 shift:(20,-5) $labelTunisia
 from:23/11/2017 till:18/01/2018 shift:(20,-5) $labelSenegal
 from:18/01/2018 till:20/09/2018 shift:(20,-5) $labelTunisia
 from:16/08/2018 till:20/09/2018 shift:(20,-5) color:Senegal width:11 text:&quot;Senegal / Tunisia&quot;
 from:20/09/2018 till:29/11/2018 shift:(20,-5) $labelTunisia
 from:29/11/2018 till:end shift:(20,-5) $labelSenegal
&lt;/timeline&gt;

{{col-break}}
;Women's
&lt;timeline&gt;
ImageSize = width:160 height:300
PlotArea = left:40 right:0 bottom:10 top:10
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/2003 till:29/09/2019
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:2003
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical format:yyyy

Colors =
 id:NGA     value:green

PlotData= 
 bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:S

 from:01/01/2003 till:27/09/2019 shift:(20,-3) text:&quot;Nigeria&quot; color:NGA
&lt;/timeline&gt;
{{col-end}}

=== Ndị otu kachasị kwa afọ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+n'Ìgwè ndị nọ n'ọkwa anọ kachasị elu
!Afọ
! style=&quot;background-color:gold;&quot; |Nke Mbụ
! style=&quot;background-color:silver;&quot; |Nke Abụọ
! style=&quot;background-color:#c96;&quot; |Nke Atọ
! style=&quot;background-color:snow;&quot; |Nke anọ
|-
|1993
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| Egypt
| Zambia
|-
|1994
| Nigeria
| Zambia
| Egypt
| Ivory Coast
|-
|1995
| Ivory Coast
| Tunisia
| Egypt
| Zambia
|-
|1996
| South Africa
| Zambia
| Tunisia
| Ghana
|-
|1997
| Morocco
| Zambia
| Tunisia
| South Africa
|-
|1998
| Morocco
| Tunisia
| South Africa
| Egypt
|-
|1999
| Morocco
| South Africa
| Tunisia
| Zambia
|-
|2000
| South Africa
| Tunisia
| Morocco
| Egypt
|-
|2001
| Tunisia
| South Africa
| Morocco
| Cameroon
|-
|2002
| Cameroon
| Senegal
| Nigeria
| South Africa
|-
|2003
| Cameroon
| Egypt
| Senegal
| Nigeria
|-
|2004
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| Senegal
| Morocco
|-
|2005
| Cameroon
| Nigeria
| Tunisia
| Senegal
|-
|2006
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| Ivory Coast
| Guinea
|-
|2007
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| Guinea
| Ivory Coast
|-
|2008
| Cameroon
| Egypt
| Nigeria
| Ghana
|-
|2009
| Cameroon
| Ivory Coast
| Nigeria
| Egypt
|-
|2010
| Egypt
| Ghana
| Ivory Coast
| Nigeria
|-
|2011
| Ivory Coast
| Ghana
| Algeria
| Egypt
|-
|2012
| Ivory Coast
| Algeria
| Mali
| Ghana
|-
|2013
| Ivory Coast
| Ghana
| Algeria
| Nigeria
|-
|2014
| Algeria
| Tunisia
| Ivory Coast
| Senegal
|-
|2015
| Ivory Coast
| Algeria
| Ghana
| Cape Verde
|-
|2016
| Senegal
| Ivory Coast
| Tunisia
| Egypt
|-
|2017
| Senegal
| Tunisia
| Egypt
| DR Congo
|-
|2018
| Senegal
| Tunisia
| Morocco
| Nigeria
|-
|2019
| Senegal
| Tunisia
| Nigeria
| Algeria
|-
|2020
| Senegal
| Tunisia
| Algeria
| Morocco
|-
|2021
| Senegal
| Morocco
| Tunisia
| Algeria
|-
|2022
| Morocco
| Senegal
| Tunisia
| Cameroon
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Ìgwè ndị nọ n'ọkwa anọ kachasị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị
!Afọ
! style=&quot;background-color:gold;&quot; |Nke Mbụ
! style=&quot;background-color:silver;&quot; |Nke Abụọ
! style=&quot;background-color:#c96;&quot; |Nke Atọ
! style=&quot;background-color:snow;&quot; |Nke anọ
|-
|2003
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| Morocco
| South Africa
|-
|2004
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| Morocco
| South Africa
|-
|2005
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| Egypt
| South Africa
|-
|2006
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| Morocco
| South Africa
|-
|2007
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| Eritrea
| Algeria
|-
|2008
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| South Africa
| Morocco
|-
|2009
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| South Africa
| Algeria
|-
|2010
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| South Africa
| Equatorial Guinea
|-
|2011
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| Equatorial Guinea
| Cameroon
|-
|2012
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| Ghana
| Equatorial Guinea
|-
|2013
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| Ghana
| South Africa
|-
|2014
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| Cameroon
| Equatorial Guinea
|-
|2015
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| Ghana
| Equatorial Guinea
|-
|2016
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| Cameroon
| Equatorial Guinea
|-
|2017
| Nigeria
| Ghana
| Cameroon
| Equatorial Guinea
|-
|2018
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| South Africa
| Ghana
|-
|2019
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| South Africa
| Ghana
|-
|2020
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| South Africa
| Ghana
|-
|2021
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| South Africa
| Ghana
|-
|2022
| Nigeria
| Cameroon
| South Africa
| Ghana
|}

== Ọkwa ndị ọzọ ==

=== Nchịkọta CAF nke klọb ndị Afrịka site na utu aha ===
Klọb ndị na-esonụ bụ klọb ndị iri mbụ kachasị elu na asọmpi CAF.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Pos
! width=&quot;17%&quot; |Klọb
! width=&quot;3%&quot; |Utu aha
! width=&quot;65%&quot; |Ihe nrite ndị e meriri
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1
|[[Al Ahly SC]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |24
|10 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 1 CAF Confederation Cup, 4 African Cup Winners' Cup, 8 CAF Super Cup, 1 Afro-Asian Club Championship
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2
|[[Zamalek SC]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |13
|5 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 1 CAF Confederation Cup, 1 African Cup Winners' Cup, 4 CAF Super Cup, 2 Afro-Asian Club Championship
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3
|[[TP Mazembe]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11
|5 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 2 CAF Confederation Cup, 1 African Cup Winners' Cup, 3 CAF Super Cup
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |4
|[[Raja CA]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9
|3 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 2 CAF Confederation Cup, 1 CAF Cup, 2 CAf Super Cup, 1 Afro-Asian Club Championship
|-
|[[Nkume Egwuregwu nke Sahel|Étoile Sportive du Sahel]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9
|1 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 2 African Cup Winners' Cup, 2 CAF Confederation Cup, 2CAF Cup, 2 ACF Super Cup
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |6
|[[Atụmanya Egwuregwu nke Tunis|Espérance Sportive de Tunis]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
|4 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 1 African Cup Winners' Cup, 1 CAF Cup, 1CAF Super Cup, 1 Afro-Asian Club Championship
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |7
|[[JS Kabylie]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
|2 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 1 African Cup Winners' Cup, 3 CAF Cup, 1 CAF Super Cup
|-
|[[Wydad AC]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
|3 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 1 CAF Cup Winners' Cup, 1 CAf Super Cup, 1 Afro-Asian Club Championship
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |9
|[[ES Setif|ES Sétif]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|2 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 1 CAF Super Cup, 1 Afro-Asian Club Championship
|-
|[[Akwụkwọ Nsọ nke Yaoundé|Canon Yaoundé]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|3 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 1 African Cup Winners' Cup
|-
|[[Enyimba F.C.]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|2 African Cup of Champions Clubs/CAF Champions League, 2 CAF Super Cup
|-
|[[CS Sfaxien]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|3 CAF Confederation Cup, 1 CAF Cup
|}
 

=== Site na mba ===
Tebụl na-esonụ depụtara mba niile ndị klọb ha meriri ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu asọmpi CAF. Klọb ndị Ijipt bụ ndị kachasị nwee ihe ịga nke ọma, na ngụkọta nke ihe nrite asọmpi iri anọ na otu. Klọb ndị Ijipt nwere mmeri dị iche iche na African Cup of Champions Clubs / CAF Champions League (16), African Cup Winners' Cup (8), CAF Super Cup (12) na Afro-Asian Club Championship (3), ndị Tunisian clubs nwere ihe nrite asọmpi iri abuo na anọ sochiri ha nwere mmeri kachasị na CAF Cup (4). N'ọnọdụ nke atọ n'ozuzu, klọb Moroccan enwetala ihe nrite asọmpi iri abuo na atọ ma ha nwere ọtụtụ mmeri na CAF Confederation Cup (7).

; Isi ihe
:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;
|CL
|African Cup of Champions Clubs ma ọ bụ CAF Champions League
|-
|CWC
|Iko ndị mmeri nke iko Afrịka
|-
|C
|Iko CAF
|-
|CC
|Iko Njikọ CAF
|-
|SC
|CAF Super Cup
|-
|AAC
|Asọmpi Afro-Esian Club Championship
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable plainrowheaders wikitable&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke ndị mmeri asọmpi CAF site na mba
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |Mba
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |CL
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |CWC
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |C
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |CC
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |SC
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |AAC
! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Egypt
| align=&quot;center&quot; |16
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''41'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Morocco
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''24'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Tunisia
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''24'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Democratic Republic of the Congo
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''13'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Algeria
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''12'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Nigeria
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''9'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Cameroon
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''8'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ivory Coast
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''7'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ghana
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''5'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | South Africa
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''5'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Guinea
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''4'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Republic of the Congo
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Kenya
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Sudan
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Zambia
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Mali
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''
|}

=== Nchịkọta CAF nke otu egwuregwu ndị Afrịka ===
CAF na-agbakọ ọkwa dabere na ihe ndị otu Afrịka chịkọtara n'oge ha na-ekere òkè na asọmpi klọb mba ụwa nke FIFA ma ọ bụ CAF haziri kemgbe e guzobere African Cup of Champions Clubs mbụ n'afọ 1964.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Club Ranking: Old-Time records from 1965 to 2007|url=http://www.cafonline.com/index.php?lng=1&amp;cmpt=0&amp;module=media&amp;ANC=actualite&amp;TNews=&amp;idrub=97076&amp;idnews=83214|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608130701/http://www.cafonline.com/index.php?lng=1&amp;cmpt=0&amp;module=media&amp;ANC=actualite&amp;TNews=&amp;idrub=97076&amp;idnews=83214|work=CAFOnline.com|date=1 May 2014|accessdate=1 November 2014|archivedate=8 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ Overall
|-
!Rank
!Club
!Points
|- 
|'''1'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Al Ahly SC]]
|'''90'''
|-
|2
|align=left|{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Étoile du Sahel]]

|60
|-
|3
|align=left|{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Espérance Sportive de Tunis|Espérance Tunis]]
|59
|-
|4
|align=left|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Zamalek SC|Zamalek]]
|56
|-
|5
|align=left|{{flagicon|COD}} [[TP Mazembe]]
|49
|-
|6
|align=left|{{flagicon|COD}} [[A.S. Vita Club|Vita Club]]
|44
|-
|7
|align=left|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[ASEC Mimosas]]
|43
|-
|8
|align=left|{{flagicon|ALG}} [[JS Kabylie]]
|39
|-
|9
|align=left|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Canon Yaoundé]]
|36
|-
|10
|align=left|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Accra Hearts of Oak SC|Hearts of Oak]]
|31
|}
{{col-3}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ CAF Ranking of the 20th Century
|-
! Rank
! Club
! Points
|-
| 1
| align=left|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Al-Ahly Sporting Club|Al-Ahly]]
| '''40'''
|-
| 2
| align=left|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Zamalek Sporting Club|El-Zamalek]]
| 37
|-
| 3
| align=left|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Asante Kotoko F.C.|Asante Kotoko]]
| 34
|-
| 4
| align=left|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Canon Sportif de Yaoundé|Canon Yaoundé]]
| 34
|-
| 5
| align=left|{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Espérance Sportive de Tunis|Espérance Tunis]]
| 27
|-
| 6
| align=left|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[ASEC Mimosas]]
| 27
|-
| 7
| align=left|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Accra Hearts of Oak Sporting Club|Hearts of Oak]]
| 26
|-
| 8
| align=left|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Africa Sports National|Africa Sports]]
| 25
|-
| 9
| align=left|{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Jeunesse Sportive de Kabylie|JS Kabylie]]
| 22
|-
| 10
| align=left|{{flagicon|COD}} [[TP Mazembe]]
| 20
|}
{{col-3}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ IFFHS Ranking of the 20th Century
|-
!Rank
!club
!Points
|-
| '''1'''
| align=left|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Asante Kotoko]]
| '''149,00'''
|- 
| 2
| align=left|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Al Ahly SC]]
| 131,50
|-
| 3
| align=left|{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Zamalek SC|Zamalek]]
| 126,75
|-
| 4
| align=left|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Canon Sportif de Yaoundé|Canon Yaoundé]]
| 125,50
|-
| 5
| align=left|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[ASEC Mimosas]]
| 111,50
|-
| 6
| align=left|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Accra Hearts of Oak Sporting Club|Hearts of Oak]]
| 104,00
|-
| 7
| align=left|{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Espérance Sportive de Tunis|Espérance Tunis]]
| 98,00
|-
| 8
| align=left|{{flagicon|GUI}} [[Hafia Football Club|Hafia FC]]
| 96,00
|-
| 9
| align=left|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Africa Sports National|Africa Sports]]
| 88,25
|-
| 10
| align=left|{{flagicon|COD}} [[TP Mazembe]]
| 77,50
|}
{{col-end}}

=== Futsal ụmụ nwoke ===
Na 5 Eprel 2022:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.futsalworldranking.com/rank.htm|title=Futsal World Ranking|accessdate=5 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!CAF
!FIFA
!Mba
!Ihe Ndị E Si Nweta
!+/-
|-
|-
|1
|13
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Morocco
|1404
|{{Steady}}
|-
|2
|31
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Egypt
|1187
|1
|-
|3
|39
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Libya
|1095
|2
|-
|4
|45
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Angola
|1031
|{{Steady}}
|-
|5
|64
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Mozambique
|902
|{{Steady}}
|-
|6
|81
| align=&quot;left&quot; | South Africa
|1580
|1
|-
|7
|92
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zambia
|774
|{{Steady}}
|-
|8
|98
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Algeria
|708
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zimbabwe**
|803
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Tunisia**
|803
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Cameroon**
|729
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ghana*
|852
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ivory Coast*
|785
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Nigeria*
|785
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Guinea*
|730
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Guinea-Bissau*
|708
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Madagascar*
|685
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Sudan*
|684
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Mauritania*
|679
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | DR Congo*
|659
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Equatorial Guinea*
|637
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Réunion*
|626
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | São Tomé and Príncipe*
|583
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Somalia*
|562
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Comoros*
|550
|{{Clear}}
|-
|Ọdịdị
|Ọdịdị
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Mauritius*
|539
|{{Clear}}
|}
ọnụọgụ dị n'etiti oghere bụ ọkwa nke izu gara aga.
(*)= Ọnọdụ nwa oge (egwuri ma ọ dịkarịa ala egwuregwu 10) (**)= Enweghị ọrụ maka ihe karịrị ọnwa Iri abụọ na anọ 

=== Futsal ụmụ nwanyị ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!CAF
!FIFA
!Mba
!Ihe Ndị E Si Nweta
!+/-
|}

=== Ndị otu bọọlụ mba ===
Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW) na-agbakọ ọkwa. Otú iri mbụ kachasiri, nke [https://web.archive.org/web/20191023130927/https://www.beachsoccer.com/ranking/overall/africa ikpeazụ emelitere 12 March 2018]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!CAF
!BSWW
!Mba
!Ihe Ndị E Si Nweta
|-
|1
|12
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Senegal
|1084
|-
|2
|17
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Egypt
|782
|-
|3
|20
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Nigeria
|720
|-
|4
|24
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Morocco
|609
|-
|5
|34
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Madagascar
|339
|-
|6
|41
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ivory Coast
|330
|-
|7
|57
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ghana
|177
|-
|8
|66
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Libya
|125
|-
|9
|68
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Mozambique
|117
|-
|10
|69
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Cape Verde
|115
|}

== Ihe ndekọ asọmpi ndị dị mkpa ==

; ''Akụkọ ifo''

* 1st – Champions
* 2nd – Runners-up
* 3rd – Third place
* 4th – Fourth place
* QF Quarter-final (1934-1938, 1954-1970, 1986-2022: knockout round of 8)
* R2 Round 2 (1974-1978, nke abụọ nke otu, n'elu 8; 1982: nke abụọ nke ìgwè, n'ihu 12; 1986 2022: nke a kụrụ nke 16)
* R1 Round 1 (1930, 1950-1970 na 1986 ugbu a: otu nkewa; 1934-1938: knockout nke 16; 1974-1982: nkewa nke mbụ)
* A ga-eru eru maka asọmpi na-abịanụ
* {{Border|&amp;nbsp;••&amp;nbsp;}} – Qualified but withdrew
* {{Border|&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;}} – Did not qualify
* {{Border|&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;}} – Did not enter / Withdrew / Banned
* {{Border|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}} – Hosts
* {{Border|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;}} – Not affiliated in FIFA

Maka asọmpi ọ bụla, E gosipụtara ọkọlọtọ nke mba ndị ọbịa na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu na asọmpi ikpeazụ ọ bụla (na brackets).

=== Iko Mbaụwa FIFA ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:85%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;25&quot; |FIFA World Cup record
|-
!Team
!1930&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Uruguay}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(13)
!1934&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1938&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|French Third Republic}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(15)
!1950&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Fourth Brazilian Republic}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(13)
!1954&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Switzerland}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1958&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Sweden}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1962&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Chile}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1966&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|England}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1970&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Mexico}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1974&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|West Germany}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1978&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Argentina}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1982&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(24)
!1986&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Mexico}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(24)
!1990&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(24)
!1994&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|United States}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(24)
!1998&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|France}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(32)
!2002&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Japan}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|South Korea}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(32)
!2006&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Germany}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(32)
!2010&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|South Africa}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(32)
!2014&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Brazil}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(32)
!2018&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Russia}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(32)
!2022&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Qatar}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(32)
!2026&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Canada}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Mexico}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|United States}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(48)
!Apps.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|ALG}}
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; |''Part of France''{{efn|[[Algeria]] gained independence in 1962, but they joined with other African nations to boycott the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]]. Thus the [[1970 FIFA World Cup qualification]] was their first participation.}}
|×
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|13th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|22nd}}
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|28th}}
|R2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|14th}}
|•
|•
|
!4/14
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|ANG}}
| colspan=&quot;11&quot; |''Part of Portugal''{{efn|[[Angola]] gained independence in 1975. Thus the [[1986 FIFA World Cup qualification]] was their first participation.}}
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|23rd}}
|•
|•
|•
|•
|
!1/9
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|CMR}}
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Part of France''
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|17th}}
|•
|QF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|7th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|22nd}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|25th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|20th}}
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|31st}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|32nd}}
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|19th}}
|
!8/14
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|COD}}{{efn|The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] competed as [[Zaire]] in 1974.|name=&quot;Zaire&quot;}}
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Part of Belgium''{{efn|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] gained independence in 1960, but they joined with other African nations to boycott the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]]. Thus the [[1974 FIFA World Cup qualification]] was their first participation.}}
|
|×
|×
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|16th}}
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|
!1/12
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|EGY}}
|×
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|13th}}
|×
|×
|•
|×
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|20th}}
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|31st}}
|•
|
!3/15
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|GHA}}
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |''Part of the United Kingdom''
|×
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|13th}}
|QF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|7th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|25th}}
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|24th}}
|
!4/14
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|CIV}}
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Part of France''
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|19th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|17th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|21st}}
|•
|•
|
!3/11
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|MAR}}
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |''Part of France/Spain''
|
|•
|×
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|14th}}
|•
|•
|•
|R2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|11th}}
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|23rd}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|18th}}
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|27th}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |4th
|
!6/15
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|NGA}}
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Part of the United Kingdom''
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|9th}}
|R2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|12th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|27th}}
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|27th}}
|R2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|16th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|21st}}
|•
|
!6/15
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|SEN}}
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Part of France''
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|×
|•
|•
|QF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|7th}}
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|17th}}
|R2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|10th}}
|
!3/12
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|RSA}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|24th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|17th}}
|•
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|20th}}
|•
|•
|•
|
!3/8
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|TOG}}
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Part of France''
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|30th}}
|•
|•
|•
|•
|
!1/11
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{fb|TUN}}
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |''Part of France''
|
|•
|×
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|9th}}
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|26th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|29th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|24th}}
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|24th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|21st}}
|
!6/15
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Total (13 teams)
!0
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!1
!1
!1
!2
!2
!2
!3
!5
!5
!5
!6
!5
!5
!5
!TBD
!49
|}

; ''Mbido''

* 1934: {{fb|Egypt|1922}} first African team to qualify for the World Cup
* 1970: {{fb|Morocco}} first African team to draw a match in the World Cup
* 1978: {{fb|Tunisia}} first African team to win a match in the World Cup
* 1982: {{fb|Algeria}} first African team to win two matches in the World Cup
* 1986: {{fb|Algeria}} first African team to qualify for two consecutive World Cups
* 1986: {{fb|Morocco}} first African team to reach the knockout stage (round of sixteen)
* 1990: {{fb|Cameroon}} first African team to reach the knockout stage (quarter-finals)
* 1994 and 1998: {{fb|Nigeria}} first African team to top a group stage and reach the knockout stage (round of sixteen) in two consecutive World Cups
* 2002: {{fb|Senegal}} first African team to reach the knockout stage (quarter-finals) further on the World Cup debut
* 2010: {{fb|South Africa}} first African team to host the World Cup
* 2014: {{fb|Algeria}} &amp; {{fb|Nigeria}} first African teams to reach the knockout stage (round of sixteen) simultaneously in the World Cup
* 2022: {{fb|Morocco}} first African team to reach the knockout stage (semi-finals), taking the fourth place

=== Iko mba ụwa nke FIFA nke ụmụ nwanyị ===
A na-ahazi ndị otu site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ha pụtara.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:85%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;11&quot; |FIFA Women's World Cup record
|-
!Team
!1991&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|CHN}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(12)
!1995&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|SWE}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(12)
!1999&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|USA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2003&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|USA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2007&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|CHN}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2011&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|GER}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2015&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|CAN}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(24)
!2019&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|FRA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(24)
!2023&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Australia}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|New Zealand}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(32)
!Apps.
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fbw|CMR}}
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|11th}}
|R2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|15th}}
|•
!2/8
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fbw|GEQ}}
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|15th}}
|•
|×
|•
!1/5
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fbw|GHA}}
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|13–14}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|12th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|15th}}
|•
|•
|•
|•
!3/9
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fbw|CIV}}
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|23rd}}
|•
|•
!1/6
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fbw|MAR}}
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|''Q''
!1/9
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fbw|NGA}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|10th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|11th}}
|QF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|7th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|15th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|13th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|9th}}
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|21st}}
|R2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|16th}}
|''Q''
!9/9
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fbw|RSA}}
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|22nd}}
|''Q''
!2/8
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fbw|ZAM}}
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|''Q''
!1/9
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |'''Total (8 teams)'''
!'''1'''
!'''1'''
!'''2'''
!'''2'''
!'''2'''
!'''2'''
!'''3'''
!'''3'''
!'''4'''
!'''16'''
|}

=== Egwuregwu Olimpik Maka Ụmụ nwoke ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:80%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;31&quot; |Olympic Games (Men's tournament) record
|-
!Team
!1900&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|France}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3)
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1904&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|United States}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3)
!1908&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Great Britain}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(6)
!1912&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Sweden}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(11)
!1920&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Belgium}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(14)
!1924&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|France}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(22)
!1928&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Netherlands}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(17)
!1936&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1948&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(18)
!1952&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Finland}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(25)
!1956&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Australia}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(11)
!1960&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1964&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Japan|1947}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(14)
!1968&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Mexico}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1972&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|FRG}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1976&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Canada}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(13)
!1980&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Soviet Union|1955}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1984&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|United States}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1988&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|South Korea|1997}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1992&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Spain}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!1996&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|United States}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2000&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Australia}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Greece}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|China}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2012&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|GBR}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2016&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Brazil}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2021&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Japan}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2024&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|France}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!Apps.
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|ALG}}
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
|–
|–
|–
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|8
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|14
|–
|
!2
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|CMR}}
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|11
|–
|–
|–
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; |1
|–
|8
|–
|–
|–
|
!3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|EGY}}{{efn|Egypt team represented the [[United Arab Republic]] with Syria in 1960 finishing the 12th and alone in 1964 finishing the 4th.}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|8
|8
|4
|9
|11
|9
|–
|12
|4
|–
|–
|–
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|8
|–
|12
|–
|–
|–
|–
|8
|–
|QF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8th)
|
!12
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|CIV}}
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
|–
|–
|–
|–
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|6
|–
|
|QF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(7th)
|
!2
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|GAB}}
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|12
|–
|–
|
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|GHA}}
| colspan=&quot;10&quot; |''{{small|Part of the United Kingdom}}''
|–
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|7
|12
|16
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|–
| style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot; |3
|8
|–
|9
|–
|–
|–
|–
|
!6
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|GUI}}
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|11
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|MLI}}
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
|–
|–
|–
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|5
|–
|–
|–
|–
|
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|MAR}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; |''{{small|Part of France/Spain}}''
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|13
|–
|8
|–
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|12
|–
|15
|–
|16
|=10
|–
|11
|–
|–
|
!7
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|NGR}}
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |''{{small|Part of the United Kingdom}}''
|–
|–
|–
|–
|14
|–
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|13
|–
|15
|–
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; |1
|8
|–
| style=&quot;background:silver;&quot; |2
|–
| style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot; |3
|–
|
!7
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|SEN}}
| colspan=&quot;13&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|6
|–
|–
|
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|RSA}}
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |''{{small|Banned because of apartheid}}''
|–
|–
|11
|–
|–
|–
|13
|GS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16th)
|
!3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|SUD}}
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; |''{{small|Part of the United Kingdom}}''
|–
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|15
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|TUN}}
| colspan=&quot;11&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|15
|–
|–
|–
|–
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|–
|13
|–
|14
|–
|12
|–
|–
|–
|–
|
!4
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagIOC|ZAM}}
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |''{{small|Part of the United Kingdom}}''
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Tooltip/styles.css&quot; /&gt;''{{small|{{Tooltip|RHO|Part of Rhodesia}}}}''
|–
|–
|–
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
|15
|–
|5
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|
!2
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Total (15 teams)
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!3
!3
!3
!3
!3
!3
!3
!3
!3
!3
!4
!4
!3
!4
!3
!3
!
!
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow-x:auto;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:85%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;36&quot; |Africa Cup of Nations record
|-
!Team&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Total 44 teams)
!1957&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|SDN|1956}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3)
!1959&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|UAR}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3)
!1962&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ETH|1897}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(4)
!1963&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|GHA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(6)
!1965&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|TUN|1959}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(6)
!1968&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ETH|1897}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1970&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|SDN|1956}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1972&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|CMR|1961}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1974&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|EGY|1972}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1976&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ETH|1975}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
![[1978 Iko Mba Afrịka|1978]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|GHA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1980&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|NGA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1982&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|LBY|1977}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1984&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|CIV}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1986&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|EGY}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1988&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|MAR}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1990&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ALG}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(8)
!1992&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|SEN}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(12)
!1994&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|TUN|1959}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(12)
!1996&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|RSA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(15)
!1998&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|BFA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2000&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|GHA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|NGA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2002&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|MLI}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|TUN}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2006&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|EGY}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|GHA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2010&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ANG}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(15)
!2012&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|EQG}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|GAB}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2013&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|RSA}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2015&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|GNQ}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2017&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|GAB}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(16)
!2019&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|EGY}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(24)
!2021&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|CMR}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(24)
!2023&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|CIV}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(24)
!Apps.
|-
! colspan=&quot;36&quot; |'''North Africa Members'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|ALG}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
|••
|QF
|R1
|QF
|R1
|QF
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|•
|R1
|QF
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
|''Q''
!20
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|EGY}}
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|×
|×
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|×
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
|R1
|R1
|QF
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|QF
|QF
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|•
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |R2
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|
!25
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|LBY}}
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|•
|×
|•
|×
|×
|×
|×
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''2nd'''
|•
|•
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|
!3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|MAR}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|×
|×
|•
|R1
|×
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''4th'''
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|QF
|R1
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|R1
|R1
|•
|R1
|R1
|••
|QF
|R2
|QF
|''Q''
!19
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|TUN}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''2nd'''
|•
|×
|×
|×
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|×
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
|QF
|QF
|R1
|QF
|R1
|QF
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|QF
|''Q''
!21
|-
! colspan=&quot;36&quot; |'''West Africa Members'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|BEN}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|×
|•
|×
|×
|×
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|R1
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|QF
|•
|
!4
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|BFA}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|×
|×
|•
|×
|R1
|×
|•
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|×
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''4th'''
|R1
|R1
|R1
|•
|•
|R1
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|''Q''
!13
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|CPV}}
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; |''{{small|Part of Portugal}}''
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
| bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |•
| bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |×
| bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|QF
|R1
|•
|•
|R2
|
!3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|CIV}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
|•
|R1
|•
|••
|R1
|×
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|R1
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|R1
|QF
|R1
|R1
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
|QF
|R2
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |''Q''
!25
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|GAM}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; |''{{small|Part of the United Kingdom}}''
| bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|×
|×
|•
|x
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|×
|•
|x
|x
|x
|x
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|x
|•
|•
|QF
|
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|GHA}}
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Tooltip/styles.css&quot; /&gt;''{{small|{{Tooltip|UK|Part of United Kingdom}}}}''
| bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|•
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
|•
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
|R1
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |QF
|QF
|•
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#CC9966&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
|R2
|R1
|
!23
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|GUI}}
|&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Tooltip/styles.css&quot; /&gt;''{{small|{{Tooltip|FRA|Part of France}}}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|••
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|R1
|•
|×
|QF
|QF
|QF
|•
|R1
|•
|QF
|•
|R2
|R2
|
!13
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|GNB}}
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; |''{{small|Part of Portugal}}''
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|×
|•
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|R1
|R1
|
!3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|LBR}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|•
|×
|×
|×
|•
|×
|×
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|×
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
!2
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|MLI}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|•
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
|•
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''4th'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
|•
|R1
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#CC9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#CC9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|R1
|R1
|R2
|R2
|
!12
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|MTN}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|•
|•
|×
|•
|×
|×
|•
|×
|•
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|×
|×
|•
|•
|R1
|R1
|
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|NIG}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|•
|×
|•
|×
|×
|×
|•
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|
!2
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|NGA}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|R1
|×
|•
|×
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#CC9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#CC9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#CC9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|×
|×
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#CC9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#CC9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#CC9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#CC9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|R2
|
!19
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|SEN}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|×
|•
|•
|R1
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |QF
|QF
|•
|•
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; |'''4th'''
|R1
|•
|R1
|•
|R1
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|''Q''
!17
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|SLE}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of the {{Tooltip|UK|Part of United Kingdom}}}}''&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Tooltip/styles.css&quot; /&gt;''{{small|Part of the {{Tooltip|UK|Part of United Kingdom}}}}''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|×
|•
|×
|•
|×
|•
|•
|×
|•
|×
|•
|R1
|R1
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|x
|R1
|
!3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|TOG}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|•
|R1
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|×
|•
|×
|•
|R1
|R1
|R1
|•
|R1
|•
|••
|•
|QF
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|
!8
|-
! colspan=&quot;36&quot; |'''Central Africa Members'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|CMR}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''3rd'''
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|•
|R1
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|QF
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|QF
|•
|•
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|R2
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''3rd'''
|
!20
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|CGO}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|R1
|×
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|×
|QF
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|QF
|•
|•
|•
|
!7
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|COD}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{Érèkọbalà|{{small|Part of Belgium}}}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
|×
|•
|•
|×
|•
|R1
|•
|QF
|QF
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|R1
|QF
|R1
|QF
|•
|•
|•
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|QF
|R2
|•
|
!19
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|EQG}}
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |''{{small|Part of Spain}}''
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |QF
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#9ACDFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''4th'''
|•
|•
|QF
|
!3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|GAB}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|×
|×
|•
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|QF
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |QF
|•
|R1
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |R1
|•
|R2
|
!8
|-
! colspan=&quot;36&quot; |'''East Africa Members'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|BDI}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |''{{small|Part of Belgium}}''
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|•
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|ETH}}
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''4th'''
|R1
|•
|•
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |R1
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|×
|×
|•
|×
|•
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|×
|•
|•
|•
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|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|
!11
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|KEN}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|×
|•
|R1
|R1
|R1
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|×
!6
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|RWA}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |''{{small|Part of Belgium}}''
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|•
|•
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|SUD}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''3rd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
|•
|R1
|×
|•
|×
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|QF
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|
!9
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|TAN}}
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|×
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|×
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|•
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|•
|•
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|•
|R1
|•
|
!2
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|UGA}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
| bgcolor=&quot;#9acdff&quot; |'''4th'''
|×
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|R1
|R1
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|R2
|•
|
!7
|-
! colspan=&quot;36&quot; |'''Southern Africa Members'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|ANG}}
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; |''{{small|Part of Portugal}}''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|•
|•
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|QF
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |QF
|R1
|R1
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|
!8
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|BOT}}
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |''{{small|Part of the United Kingdom}}''
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|COM}}
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R2
|
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|MAD}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''{{small|Part of France}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|×
|•
|•
|×
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
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|×
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|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|QF
|•
|•
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|MWI}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; |''{{small|Part of the United Kingdom}}''
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
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|•
|•
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|•
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|•
|•
|R2
|
!3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|MRI}}
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|×
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|×
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
!1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|MOZ}}
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; |''{{small|Part of Portugal}}''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|R1
|•
|•
|•
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|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|
!4
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|NAM}}
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; |''{{small|Part of South Africa}}''
|×
|×
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|•
|
!3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|RSA}}
|••
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; |''{{small|Banned because of apartheid}}''
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |'''1st'''
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|QF
|R1
|R1
|R1
|•
|•
| style=&quot;border: 3px solid red&quot; |QF
|R1
|•
|QF
|•
|''Q''
!11
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|ZAM}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|×
|×
|•
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
|•
|R1
|•
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|•
|R1
|×
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;Silver&quot; |'''2nd'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; |'''3rd'''
|R1
|R1
|R1
|•
|R1
|R1
|QF
| bgcolor=&quot;Gold&quot; |'''1st'''
|R1
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|
!17
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{fb|ZIM}}
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot; |
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|R1
|•
|•
|•
|•
|•
|R1
|R1
|R1
|×
!5
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>8ogj7v4u8knqh42f3yxphmenp9s6jsy</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5513" sha1="senf4ttvawfkk8zhuou9nq3ef2pf9ve" xml:space="preserve">Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey (RtCAP) (Turkish: ) bụ òtù na-abụghị nkè gọọmentị nké na-elekwasị ányà na nsogbụ nkè mmetọ ikuku na Turkey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.inspirecleanair.org/partners|title=Partners|work=Inspire: Health Advocates for Clean Air|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-31|archivedate=2019-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831134126/https://www.inspirecleanair.org/partners}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2023, ha kwùrù na mmetọ ikuku bụ okpukpu anọ nkè ntuziaka World Health Organization.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-03-23|title=Temiz Hava Hakkı Platformu: Türkiye’nin tüm illeri kirli hava soluyor, deprem bölgesinde kirlilik, kılavuz değerlerin 7,5 katı|url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c724jp81w73o|accessdate=2023-03-24|work=BBC News Türkçe|language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe E Mere ==
Iji chebe ahụike ọha nà eze, RtCAP na-ezube ímé ka ikuku Turkey dị ọcha ruo mgbè ọ ga-ezute ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọkwa dị nchebe nkè World Health Organization (WHO) tụrụ aro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/air-polluted-in-56-percent-of-turkish-provinces-report-145912|title=Air polluted in 56 percent of Turkish provinces: Report – Turkey News|work=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en|accessdate=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2018, RtCAP bipụtara aro iwu iri màkà gọọmentị:&lt;ref name=&quot;Policy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.temizhavahakki.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Life-Beyond-Limits-01072019V2.pdf|title=Life Beyond Limits “Policy Brief on Air Pollution and Health in Turkey”|publisher=Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey|year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# N'ụzọ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị óbị na-atụle mmetọ ikuku
# Iwu iji mezuo ntuziaka mmetọ ikuku nké WHO
# Gụnye PM 2.5 n'elu
# Wepụta data ndị ọzọ màkà ọha na eze
# Jiri ihe ngosi mgbasa ikuku dị ugbu a na nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi
# Webata nyocha mmetụta ahụike
# Kwụsị ịkwado mmanụ ala 
# Melite iwu iji gbochie ma kwụọ ụgwọ màkà mmetọ ikuku 
# Kwalite ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka ọrụ mmetọ 
# Imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ngalaba gọọmentị nakwa na NGO na òtù ndị ọkachamara 

== Ndị otu ==
Ndị otu ikpo ókwú ahụ bụ: CAN Europe, General Practitioner Association of Turkey, Greenpeace Mediterranean, Green Peace Law Association, Green Thought Association, Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), Physicians for Environment Association, TEMA Foundation (The Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Habitats), Turkish Medical Association (TTB), Turkish Neurological Society, Turkish Respiratory Society, Turkish Society of Occupational Health Specialists (İMUD), Turkish Society of Public Health Specialists (HASUDER), Turkey Yuva, WW 350.org

== Ọrụ ==
Ikpo ókwu ahụ na-esote site n'aka eze ukwu Byzantium Justinian I ónyé kwetara mkpá ikuku dị ọcha dị na 535 AD, na iwu nke mba Turkey nké na-ekwu na &quot;Ọ bụ ọrụ nke steeti na ụmụ amaala imeziwanye gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi, ichebe ahụike gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi na igbochi mmetọ gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mosley|first=Stephen|title=Environmental History of Air Pollution and Protection|url=https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C09/E6-156-15.pdf|date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Constitution of Turkey|url=https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=global.tbmm.gov.tr|archivedate=2020-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209123304/https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Coal ===
N'afọ 2019, ikpo ókwú ahụ gbara ndị omeiwu ume ka ha gbochie mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik a na-agbapụta na Turkey, ma mee ka a márá na nkwado site na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mba. Nzukọ omebe iwu mechara tie vootu iji gbochie mmetọ a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.env-health.org/step-forward-for-health-protection-in-turkey-proposal-to-extend-the-pollution-exemptions-given-to-privatised-coal-power-plants-withdrawn/|title=Health and Environment Alliance {{!}} Step forward for health protection in Turkey: Proposal to extend the pollution exemptions given to privatised coal power plants withdrawn|date=2019-02-15|work=Health and Environment Alliance|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-emekwa mkpọsa megide enyemaka Turkey màkà coal.

=== Akwara ndị ahụ ===
Ikpo ókwú ahụ na-eme mkpọsa màkà Turkey iji setịpụ oke iwu na ezigbo ikuku ikuku nke a maara dị ka PM 2.5.&lt;ref name=&quot;Policy&quot;/&gt; Ha na-ekwu na enwere ike igbochi ọnwụ karịrị puku iri ise n'afọ 2017 ma ọ bụrụ na PM2.5 nọ n'okpuru ntuziaka WHO.&lt;ref name=&quot;Policy&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2023, ha bipụtara akụkọ na-ekwu na nkezi PM 2.5 nke Turkey bụ iri abụo, okpukpu anọ nke ntuziaka WHO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Nnyocha nke ikuku ===
N'afọ 2023, otu ahụ kwùrù na ọkara n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ikuku nke narị atọ na iri isii Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change ezughi oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170119145451/http://www.havaizleme.gov.tr/Default.ltr.aspx Map Air Quality Map (Turkish)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230412032710/http://hkadtmk.org/wcac2019/files/downloads/WCAC2019-Abstract-Book.pdf 2019 World Clean Air Congress na Istanbul]</text>
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{{Infobox officeholder|name=Rotimi Amaechi|honorific_prefix=[[Right Honourable]]|image=Chibuike Amaechi (cropped).jpg|caption=|office=[[Federal Ministries of Nigeria|Minister of Transportation]]|term_start=21 August 2019|term_end=16 May 2022|president=[[Muhammadu Buhari]]|predecessor=''himself''|successor=[[Mu'azu Jaji Sambo]]|term_start1=11 November 2015|term_end1=28 May 2019|president1=[[Muhammadu Buhari]]|predecessor1=[[Audu Idris Umar]]|successor1=''himself''|office2=[[Governor of Rivers State]]|term_start2=25 October 2007|term_end2=29 May 2015|deputy2=[[Tele Ikuru]]|predecessor2=[[Celestine Omehia]]|successor2=[[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]]|office3=[[Speaker of the Rivers State House of Assembly]]|termstart3=29 May 1999|termend3=29 May 2007|governor3=[[Peter Odili]]|predecessor3=|successor3=|birth_name=Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1965|5|27|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Ikwerre, Rivers|Ikwerre]], [[Eastern Region, Nigeria]] (now [[Rivers State, Nigeria]])|nationality=[[Nigeria]]n|party=[[All Progressives Congress]] (2014–present)|spouse=[[Judith Amaechi]]|children=3|alma_mater=[[University of Port Harcourt]]|education=[[Bachelor of Arts| Bachelor of Arts (Honours)]] in [[English Literature]]|otherparty=[[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] (1999–2014)}}{{Databox}}
'''Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi''' (amụrụ ya n'ụgbọchị iri abụọ n'asaa nke ọnwa Mee n'afọ1965) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, o jere ozi dị ka Minista Federal nke Transportation nke Naijiria site n'afọ 2015 ruo afọ 2022 n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ nke [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye]] isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-02-05|title=Buhari Congratulates Amaechi, Danu On Daura chieftaincy titles|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-congratulates-amaechi-danu-on-daura-chieftaincy-titles/|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm iji zọọ mpi maka ọkwa onye isi ala Naịjirịa n'okpuru ọchịchị All Progressive Congress (APC). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka gọvanọ nke Rivers Steeti nke jupụtara na mmanụ site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2015 na Onye ọkà okwu nke ụlọ nzuko Rivers steeti site n'afọ 1999 ruo n'afọ 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Governor of Rivers State|url=http://chibuikerotimiamaechi.com/issue/governor-rivers-state|accessdate=2020-05-28|work=Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508171239/http://chibuikerotimiamaechi.com/issue/governor-rivers-state}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, Amaechi kwupụtara mmasị ya ịzọ ọkwa onye isi ala n'afọ 2023, ọ bịara onye nke abụọ na ntuliaka onye isi ala nke APC nke e mere n'ọnwa June afọ 2022 n'azụ [[Bola Tinubu]] na votu narị atọ na iri na isii site n'aka ndị nnọchiteanya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-04-09|title=JUST IN: Amaechi declares presidential ambition|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/just-in-amaechi-officially-declares-presidential-ambition/|accessdate=2022-04-09|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
A mụrụ Amaechi na Ubima, nke dị n'ọchịchị ime obodo Ikwerre na Rivers Steeti n'ezinụlọ Elder Fidelis Amaechi lagoru ala mmụọ  na Mary Amaechi. Aha mbụ ya na nke ikpeazụ ya bụ aha Igbo nke pụtara &quot;Chineke bụ ike&quot; na &quot;Onye ma echi&quot; n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ukpong|first=Michael|title=Igbo Culture and Gospel|date=11 December 2015|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=3643905297}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Okoroike|first=Columbus|title=Igbos of Nigeria and Their Cultural Ways:Aspects of Behavior, Attitudes, Customs, Language and Social Life|date=2009|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=0595621406}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zụlitere ya na Diobu, mpaghara nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ  nke dị na Port Harcourt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amaechi Ph boy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/the-story-of-port-harcourt-city/|title=The story of Port Harcourt city|date=18 November 2013|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguardngr.com]]|publisher=[[Vanguard Media]]|accessdate=25 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/10/2015-and-rivers-banana-politics/|title=2015 and Rivers’ banana politics|author=Abia|first=Daniel|work=[[The Daily Independent (Lagos)|Daily Independent]]|accessdate=2014-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na St Theresa's Primari sukulu site n'afọ 1970 ruo n'afọ 1976. O nwetara asambodo nke West Afrikan Senior Sukulu n'afọ 1982 mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ Gọọmentị Sekondiri Sukulu Okolobiri. Amaechi nwetara nzere Bachelor nke Arts (Nsọpụrụ) na English Stọọdịs na Literature na Mahadum Port Harcourt n'afọ1987, ebe ọ bụ onye isi oche nke National Union of Rivers States Students (NURSS).

Ọ gụchara ụlọ ọrụ ndị ntorobịa bụ́ National Youth Service n'afọ 1988, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere Pamo Clinics and Hospitals Limited nke Peter Odili nwere, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo n'afọ 1992. Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere West Africa Glass Industry Limited na Risonpalm Naijiria Limited.

N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2022, Amaechi kwupụtara na Twitter ya na ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Law n'akụkụ foto nke nnọkọ ya.

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ ==
N'oge mgbanwe gaa na Republic nke Atọ nke Naịjirịa, Amaechi bụ odeakwụkwọ nke National Republican Convention na ọchịchị ime obodo Ikwere nke Rivers Steeti. N'agbata afọ 1992 na afọ 1994, ọ bụ onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nye osote gọvanọ nke Rivers Steeti, Peter Odili onye isi ya kwenyere na Amaechi dị ka nwa okorobịa nwere ikike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma kpọbata ya n'okpuru nku ya. N'afọ 1996, ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ Rivers Steeti nke kọmitii nlekọta [[Peoples Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] of Nigeria (DPN) n'oge mmemme mgbanwe nke General [[Sani Abacha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admin|title=#OBFocus! Rotimi Amaechi- Honorable Minister for Transportation, Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=http://onobello.com/obfocus-rotimi-amaechi-honorable-minister-for-transportation-federal-republic-of-nigeria/|accessdate=28 January 2019|work=Onebello|archivedate=23 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623160901/http://onobello.com/obfocus-rotimi-amaechi-honorable-minister-for-transportation-federal-republic-of-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Rivers State (1999-2007) ==
N'afọ 1999, o zọrọ ma merie oche iji bụrụ onye otu Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Rivers Steeti iji nọchite anya mpaghara ya. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọkà okwu  ndi ụlọ nzukọ. A họpụtakwara Amaechi ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Nzukọ Ndị Ọkà okwu nke Nzukọ Steeti nke Naịjirịa. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2003, a họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka onye ọkà okwu. N'afọ 2003, mgbe Nzukọ nke Mba gara were ọrụ iwu nke Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Steeti dị ka edepụtara na iwu, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya wegara okwu ahụ na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu.

Dị ka ọkà okwu, Amaechi jiri mmekọrịta ya na Gọvanọ Peter Odili rụọ ọrụ iji mee ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị isi na ndị omeiwu nke gọọmentị na Rivers Steeti, ruo mgbe Rotimi Amaechi malitere mkpọsa megide Gọọmentị Steeti, ma jiri ọnụ wakpo onyinyo nke Gọvanọ Steeti, na mgbalị iji nọchie Peter Odili dị ka gọvanọ na 2007.

== Gọvanọ nke Rivers Steeti ==
N'afọ 2007, Amaechi sonyere ma merie na [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) maka Gọvanọ Rivers Steeti n'afọ 2007. Ndị otu ahụ nọchiri aha ya, ihe ọ gbara n'ụlọ ikpe. Ikpe ahụ mechara rute n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. Ọ ghọrọ gọvanọ na abalị iri abụọ n'isii, ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2007, mgbe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kpebiri na ọ bụ onye ruru eru nke PDP na onye mmeri nke ntuli aka Gọvanọ nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007 na Rivers Steeti.

Ọchịchị ya tinyere ego na mmepe akụrụngwa, iwu okporo ụzọ na àkwà mmiri, na-agbaso ọhụụ nke ijikọ akụkụ niile nke steeti site n'okporo ụzọ. Gọvanọ ahụ raara onwe ya nye imezigharị obodo na imeziwanye ọrụ njem. Ọchịchị ya malitere iwu otu ụgbọ okporo ígwè iji nye njem ọha n'ime obodo Port Harcourt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Governor of Rivers State|url=http://chibuikerotimiamaechi.com/issue/governor-rivers-state|accessdate=2020-05-28|work=Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508171239/http://chibuikerotimiamaechi.com/issue/governor-rivers-state}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wuru ụfọdụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik (Afam, Trans Amadi, Onne) iji melite ike eletrik na steeti ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Edozie|first=Victor|title=Rivers’ Multi-billion Naira Power Project Rots Away|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/rivers-multi-billion-naira-power-project-rots-away-261008.html|accessdate=28 January 2019|work=Daily Trust|archivedate=21 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421160604/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/rivers-multi-billion-naira-power-project-rots-away-261008.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara ya ọzọ maka oge nke abụọ na abalị iri abụọ na isii ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2013, Amaechi so n'ime ndị gọvanọ asaa na-eje ozi bụ ndị guzobere otu G-7 n'ime PDP. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, Amaechi na ndị otu G-7 ise gbagara n'òtù mmegide ọhụrụ bụ All Progressives Congress (APC) wee ghọọ onye isi nchịkwa nke mkpọsa onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-20|title=Buhari Reappoints Amaechi Campaign DG|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/20/buhari-reappoints-amaechi-campaign-dg/|accessdate=2020-05-28|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Minista na-ahụ maka njem ==
N'afọ 2015, mgbe nhọpụta Muhammadu Buhari gasịrị, a họpụtara Amaechi na kọmitii ya dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka njem nke gọọmentị etiti. N'ọnwa Julaị 2019, Onye isi ala Buhari họpụtara ya ọzọ maka nhọpụta minista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Full list of Buhari’s ministerial nominees|url=https://punchng.com/full-list-of-buharis-ministers-sent-to-senate/|accessdate=2019-08-27|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndi Senate gwara Amaechi ka ọ kpọọ isi ala ma gawa n'oge nyocha ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amaechi, Akpabio, Four Others ‘Take A Bow’ As Senate Screens Ministerial Nominees|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/07/24/amaechi-akpabio-four-others-take-a-bow-as-senate-screens-ministerial-nominees/|accessdate=2019-08-27|work=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ngige, Amaechi, Sirika, others retain portfolios|url=https://punchng.com/ngige-amaechi-sirika-others-retain-portfolios/|accessdate=2019-08-27|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebubo nrụrụ aka ==
Kemgbe ọ hapụrụ ọrụ n'afọ 2015, Amaechi bụ onye a na - ebo ebubo nrụrụ aka site n'aka onye nọchiri ya bụ Gọvanọ Ezenwo Wike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-08-30|title=Amaechi fires back: Wike corrupt; I won’t appear before his commission|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/amaechi-fires-back-wike-also-corrupt-i-wont-appear-before-his-commission/|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wike boro ya ebubo na ọ na-eji ego steeti eme ihe iji kwado mkpọsa onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] n'oge ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2015 site na ire mmanụ na gaasị nke Rivers, yana iji aghụghọ mebie ego nke ire ya ruru US $ nde 309.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ukpong|first=Cletus|date=2017-07-31|title=We have overwhelming evidence of corruption against Amaechi, says Wike {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/238751-overwhelming-evidence-corruption-amaechi-says-wike.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ukpong|first=Cletus|date=2017-07-31|title=We have overwhelming evidence of corruption against Amaechi, says Wike {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/238751-overwhelming-evidence-corruption-amaechi-says-wike.html|accessdate=2020-07-15|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaechi anọgidewo na-agọnahụ ebubo ndị e boro ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Opejobi|first=Seun|date=2017-04-30|title=I’m not corrupt, don’t like money - Amaechi [VIDEO]|url=https://dailypost.ng/2017/04/30/im-not-corrupt-dont-like-money-amaechi-video/|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018, o kwetara na n'agbanyeghị  agha nrụrụ aka nke Buhari na-emegide, nrụrụ aka dị n'ime ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-02-16|title=Amaechi: I'd be foolish to say there's no corruption under Buhari|url=https://www.thecable.ng/ill-foolish-say-theres-no-corruption-govt-says-amaechi|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Arụmụka banyere Izu ohi ọzọ na 2022 ===
Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naijiria n'ọnwa Mee, 2022 nyere ndị na-ahụ maka nyocha Rivers steeti ohere ka ha nyochaa Amaechi maka ebubo aghụghọ dị ijeri naira iri itoolu na isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/05/27/supreme-court-gives-go-ahead-for-the-probe-of-rotimi-amaechi-on-alleged-n96-billion-fraud/|date=27 May 2022|accessdate=7 November 2022|title=Supreme Court gives go ahead for the probe of Rotimi Amaechi on alleged N96 billion fraud|author=Taiwo|first=Jide|publisher=NewsWireNGR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107121328/https://newswirengr.com/2022/05/27/supreme-court-gives-go-ahead-for-the-probe-of-rotimi-amaechi-on-alleged-n96-billion-fraud/|archive-date=7 November 2022|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ [[Judith Amaechi]] ma ha mụtara ụmụ nwoke atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-15|title=Encomium trails Dame Judith Amaechi @ 50|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/encomium-trails-dame-judith-amaechi-50/|accessdate=2022-02-23|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye Katọlik bụrụkwa onye otu ndị Knight of Saint John (KSJ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Catholic Honour Tasks Amaechi to Hit the Mark|url=https://www.kekenapep.com/nws/inews/new-catholic-honour-tasks-amaechi-to-hit-the-mark/|date=21 August 2019|accessdate=19 August 2021|archivedate=19 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174347/https://www.kekenapep.com/nws/inews/new-catholic-honour-tasks-amaechi-to-hit-the-mark/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rotimi Amaechi Gets Highest Catholic Knights Promotion|url=https://wazobiainfos.com/rotimi-amaechi-gets-highest-catholic-knights-promotion/|accessdate=19 August 2021|archivedate=19 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174347/https://wazobiainfos.com/rotimi-amaechi-gets-highest-catholic-knights-promotion/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2021, Minista Naịjirịa na-ahụ maka njem, Rt. Hon. Rotimi Amaechi, ghọrọ onye na-agụ egwu ma wepụta egwu izizi ya akpọrọ 'Blessed The People The Lord Has Chosen As His Heritage' na mmekorita ya na nwunye ya, Judith na ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 56.

== Onyinye ==
Amaechi nwere nsọpụrụ mba nke Commander of Order of Niger (CON). [citation needed]

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ndị si Rivers State
* Ndepụta nke ndị Gọvanọ nke Rivers State site n'oge ha nọ n'ọchịchị
* Ndepụta nke ndị Gọvanọ nke Rivers State
* Kọmitii nke Naịjirịa
{{Clear}}

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140607032403/http://governor.riversstate.gov.ng/about/the-governor/ Profaịlụ nke Rt. Hon. Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi], Gọvanọ nke Rivers Steeti.
* Ònye bụ Ònye: Gọvanọ Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi, ''Africa Nzuzo''
* {{Cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7365455.html|title=Ruling party leads in Nigerian governorship elections|work=People's Daily|date=April 29, 2011|accessdate=2011-04-29}}

{{RiversStateGovernors}}{{Nigerian state governors 2007-2011 term}}{{Nigerian state governors 2011-2015 term}}{{Rivers State People's Democratic Party}}{{Authority control}}
[[Òtù:Minista njem nke Naijiria]]
[[Òtù:Ndị oti iwu n'usoro nke Nija]]
[[Òtù:Gọọmenti ministas nke Naijiria]]
[[Òtù:Roman katọlik ndi Naijiria]]
[[Òtù:Ndị Ikwerre]]
[[Òtù:Ndị ọka okwu ụlọ nzuko nke Rivers steeti.]]
[[Òtù:Steeti gọọmentị ndị Peoples Democratic Party]]
[[Òtù:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke All Progressives Congress]]
[[Òtù:Ndị si Diobu, Port Harcourt]]
[[Òtù:Ndị okenye Mahadum nke Port Harcourt]]
[[Òtù:Ndị si ọchịchị ime obodo Ikwerre]]
[[Òtù:Gọvanọs ndị Rivers steeti]]
[[Òtù:Ndi amụrụ na 1965]]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>School Strike for Climate</title>
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Strike School for Climate (Swedish: Skolstrejk för klimatet), nke a maara n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka Fridays for Future (FFF), Youth for Climate, Climate Strike or Youth Strike for Climate, bụ mmegharị mba ụwa nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-amapụ klaasị Fraịde iji sonye na ngosi.  ịrịọ ka ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mee ihe iji gbochie mgbanwe ihu igwe yana maka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ na-agbanwe gaa na ume ọhụrụ.

Mgbasa ozi na nhazi zuru oke malitere mgbe nwa akwụkwọ [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Greta Thunberg]] mere ngagharị iwe n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2018 n&quot;èzí Riksdag (parliament), na-ejide ihe ịrịba ama nke na'akwụkwọ &quot;Skolstrejk för klimatet&quot; (&quot;Ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ihu igwe&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Crouch&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Swedish 15-year-old who's cutting class to fight the climate crisis|date=1 September 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/01/swedish-15-year-old-cutting-class-to-fight-the-climate-crisis|accessdate=1 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The youth have seen enough|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/20260/the-youth-have-seen-enough/|accessdate=22 January 2019|publisher=[[Greenpeace International]]|date=4 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọgbaghara zuru ụwa ọnụ na 15 Machị 2019 kpọkọtara ihe karịrị otu nde ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na 2,200 ngagboro a haziri na mba 125.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carrington19.03.2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/19/school-climate-strikes-more-than-1-million-took-part-say-campaigners-greta-thunberg|title=School climate strikes: 1.4 million people took part, say campaigners|date=19 March 2019|accessdate=19 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian_20190315&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Climate strikes held around the world – as it happened|date=15 March 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2019/mar/15/climate-strikes-2019-live-latest-climate-change-global-warming|accessdate=16 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC strike 2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barclay&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/3/15/18267156/youth-climate-strike-march-15-photos|title=Photos: kids in 123 countries went on strike to protect the climate|date=15 March 2019|accessdate=16 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2019, na ngagharị iwe nke abụọ n&quot;ụwa niile, ngafe 1,600 gafere mba otu narị na iri ise dọtara ọtụtụ narị puku ndị na-eme ngajinia. E mere ngagharị iwe nke Mee ka ọ daba na ntuli aka 2019 European Parliament.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC strike 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Students walk out in global climate strike|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-48392551|accessdate=24 May 2019|date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='We're one, we're back': Pupils renew world climate action strike|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/pupils-renew-climate-action-world-strike-190524051317704.html|accessdate=24 May 2019|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerretsen_20190524&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/24/world/global-climate-strike-school-students-protest-climate-change-intl/index.html|title=Global Climate Strike: Record number of students walk out|first=Isabelle|author=Gerretsen|work=CNN|date=24 May 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920101801/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/24/world/global-climate-strike-school-students-protest-climate-change-intl/index.html|archivedate=20 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2019 Global Week for Future bụ usoro nke 4,500 strikes gafee ihe karịrị mba 150, lekwasịrị anya na Friday 20 September na Fraịde 27 September. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ ọgbaghara ihu igwe kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa, ọchụnta ego nke 20 Septemba kpọkọtara ihe dịka nde mmadụ anọ na-eme ngagharị iwe, ọtụtụ n&quot;ime ha bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere nde 1.4 na [[Jémanị|Germany]].&lt;ref&gt;Largest climate strike:
&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Septemba, e mere atụmatụ na nde mmadụ abụọ sonyere na ngagharị iwe n&quot;ụwa niile, gụnyere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị na-eme ngalivishọn na Ịtali na ọtụtụ narị puku ndị ngafe iwe na [[Kánada|Canada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian 6 million&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/27/climate-crisis-6-million-people-join-latest-wave-of-worldwide-protests|title=Climate crisis: 6 million people join latest wave of global protests|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Taylor|first=Matthew|date=27 September 2019|accessdate=28 September 2019|archivedate=2019-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208055719/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/27/climate-crisis-6-million-people-join-latest-wave-of-worldwide-protests}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Repubblica million&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/09/27/news/clima-237064333/?ref=RHPPLF-BH-I237047295-C8-P2-S1.8-T1|title=Fridays for future, al via i cortei in 180 città italiane: 'Siamo più di un milione'|work=[[la Repubblica]]|date=27 September 2019|accessdate=27 September 2019|archivedate=2020-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221065558/https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/09/27/news/clima-237064333/?ref=RHPPLF-BH-I237047295-C8-P2-S1.8-T1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Canada&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-49856860|title=Hundreds of thousands join Canada climate strikes|publisher=[[BBC]]|author=Murphy|first=Jessica|date=27 September 2019|accessdate=28 September 2019|archivedate=2019-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017043823/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-49856860}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge gara aga ==
N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2006, e guzobere Australian Youth Climate Coalition iji hazie mgbanwe ihu igwe nke metụtara ndị ntorobịa na ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/climate-warriors-march-behind-little-green-book-20090710-dg2t.html|title=Climate warriors march behind little green book|first=Kelsey|author=Munro|date=10 July 2009|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=2016-08-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817175257/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/climate-warriors-march-behind-little-green-book-20090710-dg2t.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2010 n'England, e nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ na-agagharị maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke jikọtara ya na Ogige ihu ọha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/02/climate-camp-disbanded|title=Climate Camp disbanded|date=2 March 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=2020-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032503/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/02/climate-camp-disbanded}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ngwụcha ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2015, otu ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere onwe ha kpọrọ ụmụ Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa ka ha hapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ụbọchị mbụ nke 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Paris. N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba, ụbọchị mbụ nke nnọkọ ahụ, a haziri &quot;Climate strike&quot; n&quot;ihe karịrị mba 100; ihe karịrị mmadụ 50,000 sonyere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GjdVgGfcb8|title=Climate Strike 2015: Students Skip School demanding Climate Actions|work=Climate Strike|date=1 March 2016|accessdate=14 March 2019|publisher=[[YouTube]]|archivedate=2019-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922063013/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GjdVgGfcb8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngagharị iwe ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ihe atọ achọrọ: 100% [[Ike na-adịgide adịgide|ike dị ọcha]]; idebe mmanụ ala n'ala, na inyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ aka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.climatestrike.net/|title=Climate Strike|work=climatestrike.net|accessdate=14 March 2019|archivedate=2020-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228231528/https://www.climatestrike.net/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Greta Thunberg na mmalite, 2018 ==
[[Usòrò:Greta_Thunberg_4.jpg|thumb|[[Greta Thunberg]] n'ihu ndị omeiwu Sweden na Stockholm, Ọgọst 2018]]
[[Usòrò:Old_town_Stockholm_the_bike_of_Greta.jpeg|thumb|Ịnyịnya ígwè onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na [[Stockholm]] na 11 Septemba 2018: &quot;A ghaghị ile mgbanwe ihu igwe anya dị ka nsogbu! Ọnọdụ ihu igwe bụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka ntuli aka!&quot;]]
N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n&quot;afọ 2018, onye Sweden na-ahụ maka ihu igwe bụ [[Greta Thunberg]], onye nọ na klas nke itoolu n &quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ&quot; kpebiri ịghara ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo mgbe ntuli aka Sweden nke afọ 2018 mere nʼụbọchị nke 9 n'&quot;ọnwarị mgbe oke okpomọkụ na ọkụ ọhịa gachara na Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;John_CNN_20190213&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=How teenage girls defied skeptics to build a new climate movement|date=13 February 2019|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/13/uk/student-climate-strike-girls-gbr-scli-intl/index.html|accessdate=28 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crouch&quot;/&gt; O kwuru na ọ bụ ndị na-eto eto na Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School na Parkland, Florida, bụ ha haziri March for Our Lives kpaliri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Teen activist on climate change: If we don't do anything right now, we're screwed|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGmBkIUwYkA|accessdate=10 February 2019|date=23 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Guardian view on teenage activists: protesters not puppets – Editorial|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/07/the-guardian-view-on-teenage-activists-look-whos-pulling-the-strings|accessdate=11 February 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=7 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thunberg mere mkpesa site n'ịnọdụ ala n&quot;èzí Riksdag kwa ụbọchị nʼoge ụlọ akwụkwọ na ihe ịrịba ama nke na-agụ &quot;Skolstrejk för klimatet&quot; (&quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ihu igwe&quot;). Otu n'ime ihe ọ chọrọ bụ na gọọmentị Sweden belata ikuku carbon site na nkwekọrịta Paris. Na 7 Septemba, obere oge tupu ntuli aka, ọ mara ọkwa na ọ ga-anọgide na-eme ngagharị iwe na Fraịdee ọ bụla ruo mgbe Sweden kwekọrọ na nkwekọrịta Paris. O chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ Friday for Future, nke dọtara uche n'ụwa niile, ma kpalie ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ gburugburu ụwa isonye na ngagharị iwe ụmụ amaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/04/leaders-like-children-school-strike-founder-greta-thunberg-tells-un-climate-summit|title='Our leaders are like children,' school strike founder tells climate summit|date=4 December 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2019-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A malitere ịhazi ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ihu igwe gburugburu ụwa, nke [[Greta Thunberg|Thunberg]] kpaliri. Ọgbaghara mbụ iji nweta ọnụ ọgụgụ karịa otu onye mere na The Hague na Septemba n'èzí ụlọ omebe iwu Dutch, nke Sandor van Gessel, Anne-Laure Stroek, Ianthe Minnaert na Ellis van der Borgh duziri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Landeweer|first=Maja|date=13 September 2018|title=Scholieren spijbelen voor het klimaat: 'Boeit onze toekomst je iets?'|url=https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/scholieren-spijbelen-voor-het-klimaat-boeit-onze-toekomst-je-iets~a3cf7d90|accessdate=8 August 2022|work=AD}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ụbọchị ndị sochirinụ, na [[Ostraliya|Australia]], ọtụtụ puku ụmụ akwụkwọ malitere ime ngagharị iwe na Fraịdee, leghaara oku Praịm Minista Scott Morrison anya maka &quot;ịmụtakwu ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na obere ọrụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition-m.cnn.com/2018/11/30/australia/australia-school-climate-strike-scli-intl/index.html|title=Australian school children defy prime minister with climate strike|date=30 November 2018|publisher=[[CNN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ ndị COP24 Climate Change Conference na Katowice, Poland kpaliri, ọgbaghara gara n'ihu ma ọ dịkarịa ala n&quot;obodo 270 na Disemba na mba ndị gụnyere Australia, [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], Canada, [[Netherlands]], Germany, Finland, Denmark, Japan, Switzerland, United Kingdom, na United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/168763685@N07/albums|title=FridaysforFuture Vienna|accessdate=29 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Larsen&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/metro-vancouver-students-cut-class-to-demand-action-on-climate-change-1.4936647|title=Metro Vancouver students cut class to demand action on climate change|date=7 December 2018|work=[[CBC News]]|accessdate=2019-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ILJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/global-warming_more-than-1-000-swiss-pupils-strike-over-climate/44636034|title=More than 1,000 Swiss pupils strike over climate|date=21 December 2018|work=[[Swissinfo]]|accessdate=2019-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gueissaz&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.rts.ch/info/regions/autres-cantons/10091787-la-greve-du-climat-rassemble-des-centaines-d-etudiants-alemaniques.html|title=La 'grève du climat' rassemble des centaines d'étudiants alémaniques|date=22 December 2018|work=[[RTS Info]]|language=fr|quote=['Climate strike' brings together hundreds of German-speaking students]|accessdate=2019-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/klimat/klimatmanifestation-over-hela-landet-odesfraga/|title=Klimatmanifestation över hela landet: 'Ödesfråga'|date=30 November 2018|work=[[Expressen]]|language=sv|accessdate=2019-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe na-eto eto, 2019 ==
[[Usòrò:School_strike_for_Climate_Brussels_24_January_2019.jpg|thumb|Brussels, 24 Jenụwarị 2019]]
[[Usòrò:Start_of_the_FridaysForFuture_Demonstration_25-01-2019_Berlin_28.jpg|thumb|Ọgbaghara ihu igwe na Berlin na 25 Jenụwarị 2019]]
N'afọ 2019, a haziri ọgbaghara ọzọ na mba ndị edepụtara n'elu na na ala ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Colombia, New Zealand, na Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/01/17/im-sure-dinosaurs-thought-they-had-time-too-over-12000-students-strike-brussels|title=I'm Sure Dinosaurs Thought They Had Time, Too: Over 12,000 Students Strike in Brussels Demanding Bold Climate Action|date=17 January 2010|work=[[Common Dreams]]|accessdate=2019-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnukwu ngagharị iwe mere na 17 na 18 Jenụwarị 2019, mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ akwụkwọ 45000 mere ngaji na Switzerland na Germany naanị, megide iwu ezughi oke na okpomọkụ ụwa. N'ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere Germany na UK, ụmụ akwụkwọ chọrọ ka a gbanwee iwu iji belata afọ ịtụ vootu ruo 16 ka ha wee nwee ike imetụta ntuli aka ọha na eze maka ndị ntorobịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/climate-change-protest-strike-global-warming-children-greta-thunberg-a8779221.html|title=The grown-ups have failed miserably on climate change|date=14 February 2019|accessdate=2019-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'Ọgọst 2019 Thunberg ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa njem izu abụọ na New York City iji gaa n'ihu na-etinye uche na ọrụ achọrọ iji lebara nsogbu ihu igwe anya.  O sonyeere na mmemme mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ a na-eme atụmatụ na US na 20 Septemba, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ka o kwuchara okwu na Mgbakọ ihu igwe UN na Septemba 23, 2019 na New York City..
[[Usòrò:Like_the_sea_level,_we_rise,_Berlin_08.02.2019_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na bọọdụ na nnọkọ na Invalidenpark, Berlin na 8 Febụwarị 2019]]
[[Usòrò:Fridays_For_Future_in_Bozen.jpg|thumb|Bolzano, 15 Febụwarị 2019]]
Na Germany, a haziri ìgwè mpaghara, na-ekwurịta okwu n'onwe ha n&quot;ime ìgwè WhatsApp ma na'agbasa ozi ha site na iji mpempe akwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị n&quot;afọ 2019, ihe karịrị otu narị na iri ise na ise dị n &quot;òtù ndị dị na mpaghara&quot; ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/make-the-world-greta-again-11247|title=Make the World Greta Again|publisher=New Federalist|date=2019|accessdate=17 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na United States, ndị na-ahazi ya na steeti site na Steeti ma na'onwe ha na ndị otu Slack ma gbasaa ozi ha site n'iji mpempe akwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị n&quot;afọ 2019, ihe karịrị otu narị na iri atọ na anọ ka ndị otu ahụ gụrụ. Òtù Sunrise Movement, 350.org, OneMillionOfUs, Earth Uprising, Future Coalition, World Guardians, Zero Hour, na Extinction Rebellion nyere aka ịhazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Minista gburugburu ebe obibi nke Belgium maka Flanders, Joke Schauvliege, gbara arụkwaghịm na 5 Febụwarị 2019 mgbe o kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa steeti nwere ihe akaebe na ọgbaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Belgium bụ &quot;ntọala&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;boffey-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Belgian minister resigns over school-strike conspiracy claims|date=5 February 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/05/belgian-environment-minister-joke-schauvliege-claimed-children-climate-protests-a-set-up|accessdate=5 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na United Kingdom, na 13 Febụwarị 2019, na-esote akwụkwọ ozi emeghe iji kwado òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya Extinction Rebellion na 2018, ndị ọkà mmụta 224 bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi na - na &quot;nkwado zuru oke nye ụmụ akwụkwọ&quot; na&lt;ref name=&quot;open-letter&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=School climate strike children's brave stand has our support|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/13/school-climate-strike-childrens-brave-stand-has-our-support|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 February 2019|accessdate=13 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Academics back UK schools' climate change strikes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/13/academics-back-uk-schools-climate-change-strikes|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 February 2019|accessdate=13 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Fraịde 15 Febụwarị, ihe karịrị ihe omume 60 n'obodo na obodo dị na United Kingdom mere, na-eme atụmatụ na ndị na'ime 15000 na - sonyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;open-letter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/08/global-school-strikes-over-climate-change-head-to-the-uk|title=UK pupils to join global strike over climate change crisis|date=8 February 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=11 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Fridays_For_Future_Vicenza.jpg|thumb|Vicenza, March 15, 2019]]
Onye sayensị ihu igwe Stefan Rahmstorf, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, kwuru okwu na Friday for Future climate strike na Pots Dam, Germany n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;rahmstorf-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rahmstorf|first=Stefan|authorlink=Stefan Rahmstorf|title=#FridaysForFuture — Schüler kämpfen für Klimaschutz|language=de|date=15 February 2019|work=KlimaLounge|url=https://scilogs.spektrum.de/klimalounge/fridaysforfuture-schueler-kaempfen-fuer-klimaschutz/|accessdate=19 February 2019|quote=Ich war von den Potsdamer Schülern eingeladen worden, auf der heutigen Demonstration vor dem Landtag ein paar Worte zu sagen. Diese Einladung habe ich gerne angenommen. [I{{nbsp}}had been invited by the Potsdam school pupils to say a few words at the demonstration today in front of the [Brandenburg] state parliament. I{{nbsp}}gladly accepted this invitation.]|archivedate=2019-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130416/https://scilogs.spektrum.de/klimalounge/fridaysforfuture-schueler-kaempfen-fuer-klimaschutz/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 21 Febụwarị 2019, Onye isi oche nke European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, kwupụtara ebumnuche ya imefu ọtụtụ narị ijeri euro na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mmefu ego EU. Ọ mara ọkwa nke a n'okwu ya n&quot;akụkụ Greta Thunberg, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kwenyesiri ike na ọ bụ ya kpatara ọkwa ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-teen-activist-idUSKCN1QA1RF|title=Swedish student leader wins EU pledge to spend billions on climate|date=21 February 2019|work=Reuters|accessdate=11 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 5 Machị 2019, ndị nchọpụta 700 na-asụ German bịanyere aka na nkwupụta iji kwado ọgbaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ na mba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;maier-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=700 Wissenschaftler und Prominente unterstützen Klimastreik|date=5 March 2019|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/scientists-for-future-700-wissenschaftler-und-prominente-unterstuetzen-klimastreik/24065788.html|accessdate=5 March 2019|quote=[Solidarity with student demonstrations: hundreds of researchers believe the protests are justified. In a petition they call for a quick change in climate policy.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ ka ha kwado nkwupụta ahụ ma ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị 26800 bịanyere aka na ya, ọkachasị na Germany, Austria na Switzerland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Unterschriften|url=https://www.scientists4future.org/unterschriften/|work=Scientists for Future|accessdate=30 May 2019|archivedate=2019-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524182124/https://www.scientists4future.org/unterschriften/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Team|url=https://www.scientists4future.org/team/|work=Scientists for Future|accessdate=30 May 2019|archivedate=2019-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531022414/https://www.scientists4future.org/team/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 9 Mee 2019, n'oge nzukọ European Union na Sibiu, ndị nnọchi anya mmegharị ahụ sitere na Europe niile zutere ọtụtụ ndị isi mba nke mba Europe wee nye ha akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe, nke ihe karịrị ndị Europe pụkụ ịrị na isii ndị na-eme ngaghari iwe maka ọdịmma nke ihu igwe na ndị na-akwado ha bịanyere aka na ya..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hln.be/wetenschap-planeet/milieu/anuna-ontmoet-in-roemenie-macron-en-michel-europees-continent-moet-tegen-2050-klimaatneutraal-worden~a8c3d338/|title=Anuna ontmoet in Roemenië Macron en Michel: 'Europees continent moet tegen 2050 klimaatneutraal worden'|date=9 May 2019|work=[[Het Laatste Nieuws]]|accessdate=9 May 2019|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.stern.de/neon/wilde-welt/politik/-fridays-for-future---offener-brief-an-eu-staatschefs-beim-gipfel-in-sibiu-8702302.html|title=Offener Brief von Greta und 16.000 Schülern: 'Liebe EU-Staatchefs, wir fühlen uns verraten!'|date=9 May 2019|work=[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]|accessdate=9 May 2019|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.meteoweb.eu/2019/05/clima-non-solo-greta-attivista-tedesca-incontra-9-capi-governo-esorta-agire/1259741/|title=Clima, non solo Greta: un'altra attivista tedesca incontra 9 capi di governo e li esorta ad agire|author=D'Amico|first=Fortunato|date=9 May 2019|work=Meteo Web|accessdate=9 May 2019|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514184655/http://www.meteoweb.eu/2019/05/clima-non-solo-greta-attivista-tedesca-incontra-9-capi-governo-esorta-agire/1259741/|archive-date=14 May 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Global Climate Strike maka ọdịnihu nke 15 Machị 2019 ===
Na 15 Maachị 2019, usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ na-agba ndị okenye ume ka ha buru ọrụ ma kwụsị mgbanwe ihu igwe mere.  Ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ gosipụtara n'ihe dị ka mmemme 2200 n'ụwa niile n'ofe mba 125.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carrington19.03.2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian_20190315&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC strike 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barclay&quot;/&gt;

N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Machị 2019, ụmụ akwụkwọ 150 sitere n&quot;òtù nhazi ụwa nke ndị ntorobịa na-eduzi ọgbaghara ihu igwe (nke 15 Maachị), gụnyere Thunberg, wepụtara akwụkwọ ozi na ''The Guardian'', na'asị:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Global coordination group of the youth-led climate strike|title=Climate crisis and a betrayed generation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/01/youth-climate-change-strikers-open-letter-to-world-leaders|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=1 March 2019|accessdate=1 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Anyị, ndị na-eto eto, na-enwe nchegbu miri emi maka ọdịnihu anyị.  [...] Anyị bụ ọdịnihu na-enweghị olu nke mmadụ.  Anyị agaghị anabata ikpe na-ezighị ezi a ọzọ.  [...] Anyị n'ikpeazụ kwesịrị ịgwọ nsogbu ihu igwe dị ka nsogbu.  Ọ bụ nnukwu ihe iyi egwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ ma anyị agaghị anabata mmebe nke ndị na-eme mkpebi nke ụwa nke na-eyi mmepeanya anyị niile egwu.  [...] Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme ugbua.  Ndị mmadụ nwụrụ, na-anwụ, ha ga-anwụkwa n'ihi ya, ma anyị nwere ike kwụsịkwa ara a.  [...] United anyị ga-ebili ruo mgbe anyị ga-ahụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe.  Anyị na-achọ ndị na-eme mkpebi ụwa ka ha buru ọrụ ma dozie nsogbu a.  Ị daala anyị n'oge gara aga.  Ọ bụrụ na ị gaa n'ihu na-ada anyị n'ọdịnihu, anyị, ndị na-eto eto, ga-eme mgbanwe n'onwe anyị.  Ndị ntorobịa nke ụwa a amalitela ịkwagharị na anyị agaghị ezu ike ọzọ.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Na Scotland, kansụl obodo nke Glasgow, Edinburgh, Highland na Fife nyere ụmụaka ikike ịga ngagharị iwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/433571-thousands-of-scottish-students-to-be-allowed-to-miss-school-to-join|title=Thousands of Scottish students to be allowed to miss school to join climate protests|first=Brooke|author=Seipel|date=11 March 2019|work=TheHill.com|accessdate=14 March 2019|archivedate=2019-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312034016/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/433571-thousands-of-scottish-students-to-be-allowed-to-miss-school-to-join}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Finland, e zigara akwụkwọ nkwenye ndị nne na nna n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma n&quot;obodo Finland nke Turku, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwupụtara na ụmụaka nwere ikike iwu iji sonye na ọgbaghara ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10685882|title=Osa nuorista pelkää, uskaltaako perjantain ilmastolakkoon osallistua koulun asenteen takia: Näin rehtorit yrittävät suitsia lakkoilijoita|work=Yle.fi|date=13 March 2019|accessdate=14 March 2019|archivedate=2019-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330060827/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10685882}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/paikalliset/4513209/Turun+koulutoimenjohtaja+Ilmastolakko+lapsen+perustuslaillinen+oikeus+ei+voida+kieltaa|title=Turun koulutoimenjohtaja: 'Ilmastolakko lapsen perustuslaillinen oikeus, ei voida kieltää'|date=14 March 2019|work=Ts.fi|accessdate=14 March 2019|archivedate=2021-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216180849/https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/paikalliset/4513209/Turun+sivistystoimialan+johtaja+Ilmastolakko+lapsen+perustuslaillinen+oikeus+ei+voida+kieltaa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụtụtụ ụbọchị iri na ise n'ọnwa Machị n&quot;akwụkwọ nchịkọta akụkọ Guardian, nke isiokwu ya bụ &quot;Chink we should be at school? Ọgbaghara ihu igwe nke taa bụ ihe mmụta kachasị ukwuu&quot;, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Thunberg, Anna Taylor, Luisa Neubauer, Kyra Gantois, [[Anuna De Wever]], [[Adélaïde Charlier]], Holly Gillibrand na [[Alexandria Villaseñor]], kwughachiri ihe kpatara ha ji mee ngalaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Think we should be at school? Today's climate strike is the biggest lesson of all|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/15/school-climate-strike-greta-thunberg?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other|accessdate=15 March 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2020, a gụnyere Holly Gillibrand na BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Power list 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;WomansHour_2020PowerList&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woman's Hour Power List 2020: The List|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5f6X3JsVjcGXfXstdbYxhkk/womans-hour-power-list-2020-the-list|work=BBC Radio4|accessdate=16 November 2020|archivedate=2020-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116110037/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5f6X3JsVjcGXfXstdbYxhkk/womans-hour-power-list-2020-the-list}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Germany, ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 300000 mere ngagharị iwe n'obodo 230 ebe e nwetara ihe karịrị 25000 na Berlin naanị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Staude_20190315&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=300.000 bei 'Fridays for Future' in Deutschland|language=de|first=Jens|author=Staude|work=Klimareporter|date=15 March 2019|url=https://www.klimareporter.de/protest/300-000-bei-fridays-for-future|accessdate=15 March 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20191229090040/https://www.klimareporter.de/protest/300-000-bei-fridays-for-future|archivedate=15 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tagesschau_20190315&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Klima-Demos – von Berlin bis Sydney|language=de|work=[[Tagesschau (German TV series)|Tagesschau]]|publisher=[[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]]|date=15 March 2019|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/klimaschutz-demonstrationen-fridays-for-future-103.html|accessdate=16 March 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190316195109/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/klimaschutz-demonstrationen-fridays-for-future-103.html|archivedate=2019-03-16|quote=#Fridaysforfuture mobilisierte auch in Deutschland Hunderttausende Menschen. Bundesweit waren 220 Proteste angekündigt, an denen sich laut Veranstaltern rund 300.000 Menschen beteiligten. Die meisten Teilnehmer gab es bei der Demonstration in Berlin, wobei die Angaben über die Teilnehmerzahl schwanken. Die Polizei zählte bis zu 20.000 Menschen, die bei dem Zug mitliefen. In München kamen nach Behördenangaben rund 10.000 Teilnehmer zusammen, 6000 versammelten sich in Frankfurt am Main. Auch in anderen Städten wie Köln, Bremen, Hannover und Nürnberg wurde protestiert. [#Fridaysforfuture also mobilised hundreds of thousands of people in Germany. Nationwide 220 protests were announced, in which, according to organisers, about {{val|300000}} people participated. Most participants were at the demonstration in Berlin, for which the information on the number of participants varies. The police counted up to {{val|20000}} people walking along the march. In Munich, according to authorities, about {{val|10000}} participants came together, {{val|6000}} gathered in Frankfurt am Main. Protests also happened in other cities such as Cologne, Bremen, Hanover and Nuremberg.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'Ịtali, ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 2,00000 mere ngagharị iwe (100000 na Milan dị ka ndị na-ahazi ya si kwuo). Na Montreal ihe karịrị 150000 bịara; Stockholm 15000 ruo 20000, Melbourne 30000, Brussels 30000 na Munich 8000. Obodo ndị ọzọ gụnyere Paris, London, Washington, Reykjavík, Oslo, Helsinki, Copenhagen na Tokyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian_20190315&quot;/&gt; Na Antarctica, ọ dịkarịa ala ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị asaa nwere nzukọ nkwado na Neumayer-Station III nke Alfred Wegener Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=These Photos of Kids Protesting Climate Change All Over the World Will Give You Hope for the Future|date=15 March 2019|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/03/global-climate-change-youth-protests-photos/|accessdate=24 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=#FridaysForFuture Overwinterer at the Neumayer Station III in the #Antarctic support the #SchoolStrike4Climate #ScientistsForFuture|date=15 March 2019|publisher=[[AWI Media]]|url=https://twitter.com/AWI_Media/status/1106537052944957440/photo/1|accessdate=24 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Christchurch, New Zealand, a kwụsịrị ọgbaghara ahụ n'ihi ihe nchekwa, mgbe otu onye na-agba égbè gbara ụlọ alakụba abụọ dị nso ébu ma gbuo mmadụ 51.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate-news/112807302/christchurch-students-striking-for-climate-again|title=Christchurch students striking for climate again|work=Stuff|date=17 May 2019|language=en|accessdate=11 December 2019|archivedate=2019-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211205755/https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate-news/112807302/christchurch-students-striking-for-climate-again}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe nke abụọ n'ụwa niile na 24 Mee 2019 ===
[[Usòrò:Stuttgart_Fridays_for_future_Frontbanner_20190524_yj.jpg|thumb|Ọgbaghara ihu igwe na Stuttgart na 24 Mee 2019]]
[[Usòrò:Students_protesting_Climate_Change_inactio_in_Lisbon,_Portugal.webm|thumb|Ọgbaghara ihu igwe na Lisbon na 24 Mee 2019]]
Ugboro abụọ nke ọgbaghara ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ malitere site na omume na New Zealand na Australia na 24 Mee 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Students walk out in global climate strike|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-48392551|accessdate=24 May 2019|date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='We're one, we're back': Pupils renew world climate action strike|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/pupils-renew-climate-action-world-strike-190524051317704.html|accessdate=24 May 2019|work=www.aljazeera.com|date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ narị puku ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ gburugburu ụwa wakporo ihe karịrị obodo 1600 na ọ dịkarịa ala mba 125.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerretsen_20190524&quot;/&gt; Thunberg, otu n'ime ndị na-ahazi ya, kwuru na ọgbaghara ahụ mere n&quot;ụbọchị nke abụọ nke ntuli aka ụbọchị anọ nke 2019 European Parliament iji metụta ya. Nnyocha e mere n'oge ahụ na-egosi na mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ndị na'ime ntuli aka na ntuziaka kachasị mkpa nye ndị Germany.

=== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe mba ụwa na Aachen na 21 June 2019 ===
Fridays for Future Deutschland kpọrọ oku maka nnukwu iku ihu ihu igwe n'okpuru ụkpụrụ &quot;ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe na-enweghị oke - United maka ọdịnihu&quot; na-akpọkwa ndị si mba 17 ka ha bịa Aachen na 21 June 2019. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe gbakọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe n'obodo niile (gụnyere  na ọdụ ọdụ Aachen, Westpark, RWTH CARL [de] na Vaals) na-anọchi anya isiakwụkwọ dị iche iche nke mmegharị ahụ. N'ịbụ ndị ọtụtụ òtù egwu na-eso, ha jiri ịnyịnya ígwè na-ejegharị ma ọ bụ jiri ịnyịnya ígwè na-aga n'okporo ámá gaa na isi ihe omume na Tivoli, si otú ahụ gbochie akụkụ buru ibu nke akụrụngwa okporo ụzọ ruo ọtụtụ awa.  Ụfọdụ ndị ngagharị iwe ji ụlọ, àkwà mmiri na ọtụtụ okporo osisi iji welie nnukwu akwụkwọ mmado.  A na-atụ anya ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 10000 ruo 20000 mmadụ.  Dị ka ndị nhazi ahụ si kwuo, na n'ikpeazụ 40000 ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ihe omume udo a tụgharịrị bụrụ nnukwu iku ihu ihu igwe FFF na obodo German ruo ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeit_20190621&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sie meinen es ernst |language=de |work=[[Zeit Online]] |date=21 June 2019 |url=https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/2019-06/fridays-for-future-klimaprostest-aachen-fs-3?uhttps://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/2019-06/fridays-for-future-klimaprostest-aachen-fs-3 |access-date=22 June 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731075917/https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/2019-06/fridays-for-future-klimaprostest-aachen-fs-3?uhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fgesellschaft%2F2019-06%2Ffridays-for-future-klimaprostest-aachen-fs-3 |archive-date=2020-07-31  }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;DW_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Germany: Aachen hosts 'Fridays for Future' climate rally |date=22 June 2019 |work=DW – Made for Minds |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-aachen-hosts-fridays-for-future-climate-rally/a-49291173 |access-date=21 June 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622170102/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-aachen-hosts-fridays-for-future-climate-rally/a-49291173 |archive-date=2019-06-22  }} [https://p.dw.com/p/3Kosv]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bierwisch_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Fridays for Future – Aachen 21 Juni 2019 |author-first=Ulrich |author-last=Bierwisch |website=[[YouTube]] |date=21 June 2019 |location=Aachen, Germany |type=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuKbwMzAiK0 |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=2019-07-10  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710073831/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuKbwMzAiK0&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |url-status=live }} [45:35 min]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ballig_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Fridays For Future in AACHEN – FFF Klimastreik 21.06.2019 Fridaysforfuture |language=de |work=Ukulele Einhorn |date=21 June 2019 |author-first=Matthias |author-last=Balling |location=Aachen, Germany |type=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqkHR_Uub2w |access-date=29 June 2019}} [29:37 min]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pilger_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Fridays for Future Demo Aachen 21.6.19 |author=Der Pilger |website=[[YouTube]] |language=de |date=21 June 2019 |location=Aachen, Germany |type=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkxJSo-chVM |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-date=2019-09-22  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922065750/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkxJSo-chVM |url-status=live }} [2:39:25 min]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;nb&quot; name=&quot;NB_Hambach-Forest&quot;&gt;Except for the &quot;{{lang|de|[[Wald retten – Kohle stoppen!]]}}&quot; (English: &quot;Save the forest – Stop coal!&quot;) demonstration on 6 October 2018 at the [[Hambach Forest]], which drew some {{formatnum:50000}} people, but was more focused on stopping [[Hambach open pit mine|lignite mining]] and saving the forest rather than preventing climate change in general.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ndị uwe ojii kwetara nọmba ndị a tụrụ anya ya na mbụ. Ndị uwe ojii nabatara ọnụọgụ ndị a tụrụ anya na mbụ. N'ime ọtụtụ ndị ọkà okwu bụ Cyril Dion (France), Karen Raymond (India), Tetet Nera-Lauron (Philippines) na Jesse (Netherland), Milan Schwarze na Sina Chom (Ende Gelände), yana ndị na-eme ihe ike.  sitere na Hambach Forest, Pacific Climate Warriors, Alle Dörfer bleiben!  (Bekee: Obodo niile na-anọ!) na All In for Climate Action.  Ndị nka na-esonye na mmemme ahụ gụnyere Brass Riot, Culcha Candela, Bodo Wartke [de], Moop Mama, Ruslana Lyzhychko,  KingzCorner, Leo Holldack na Davide Martello.  Otu n'ime ndị ngagharị iwe ahụ bụ Rezo na Anton Hofreiter.

Ntu oge ahụ, otu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe Ende Gelände 2019 malitere ngabiga iwe na Garzweiler II dị nso, na'egbochi akụrụngwa dị iche iche na ngwụsị izu. FFFD kwupụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nkwado ya na mmegharị a, na'okpuru ọnọdụ nnupụisi obodo ga-abụ ụdị mkpesa ziri ezi iji chekwaa ọdịnihu, mana, ịhazi ngagharị iwe ọzọ na 22 June 2019 na Hochneukirch / Jüchen na mpaghara nke oghere ogbunigwe, nde Fraịdee maka Ọdịnihu ga'akụkụ iwu.

Na 19 June 2019, obere oge tupu ihe omume ahụ, obodo Aachen sooro ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Germany ma kwupụta ọnọdụ &quot;ọnọdụ mberede&quot;.

=== Nzukọ mba ụwa na Lausanne na 5-9 Ọgọst 2019 ===
Site na 5 ruo 9 Ọgọstụ 2019, Mahadum Lausanne nabatara ndị ntorobịa Europe 450 sitere na mkparịta ụka ihu igwe maka nzukọ &quot;SMILE for Future&quot; (&quot;Summer Meeting in Lausanane Europe&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;SwissinfoSMILE&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title='SMILE for Future': Lausanne environment activists call for action on global warming|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/summit-declaration_environment-activists-call-for-action-on-global-warming/45150342|work=[[Swissinfo]]|date=9 August 2019|accessdate=10 August 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n&quot;afọ 2019, nnọkọ ahụ ji ngosipụta na mbipụta nke Lausanne Climate Declaration na-ekwupụta ụkpụrụ, ebumnuche na usoro ndị sonyere na Lausana tụrụ aro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lausanne Climate Declaration|url=https://covcan.uk/lausanne-climate-declaration/|work=Coventry Climate Action Network|date=29 August 2019|accessdate=2020-07-05|archivedate=2020-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705200631/https://covcan.uk/lausanne-climate-declaration/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SwissinfoSMILE&quot; /&gt;

=== Izu Ụwa nke Omume Ihu igwe na 2027 Septemba 2019 ===
[[File:20–27 September Climate strikes attendee numbers.svg|thumb|Protest attendee numbers from 20 to 27 September 2019, by country. {{legend|#22280B|1,000,000+}}
{{legend|#445016|100,000+}}
{{legend|#677821|10,000+}}
{{legend|#89A02C|1,000+}}
{{legend|#ABC837|100+}}
{{legend|#BCD35F|Small protests, unclear numbers}}|304px]]
September Global Week for Climate Action bụ usoro ọgbaghara na ihe omume site na 20 ruo 27 Septemba 2019, nke lekwasịrị anya na Fraịdee abụọ 20 na 27 September. E mere atụmatụ na ọ ga-eme na UN Climate Action Summit na 23 Septemba, a haziri ngagharị iwe ahụ n'ebe 4500 gafee mba 150.&lt;ref name=&quot;elle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a28985212/global-climate-strike-details-dates/|title=The World Is Burning, and Teens Are Fighting: What to Know About the Global Climate Strike|author=Feller|first=Madison|date=17 September 2019|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|language=en-US|accessdate=19 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920132926/https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a28985212/global-climate-strike-details-dates/|archivedate=20 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/20/climate-strikes-us-students-greta-thunberg|title=US to stage its largest ever climate strike: 'Somebody must sound the alarm'|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Milman|first=Oliver|date=20 September 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920060536/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/20/climate-strikes-us-students-greta-thunberg|archivedate=20 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-019-02711-4/index.html|title=The hard truths of climate change—by the numbers|work=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|author=Tollefson|first=Jeff|date=18 September 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919123135/https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-019-02711-4/index.html|archivedate=19 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị na-ahazi ngagharị iwe nke 20 Septemba kọrọ na ihe karịrị nde mmadụ anọ sonyere na ngafe iwu n'ụwa niile, gụnyere nde 1.4 sonyeere na Germany na ndị na'ime ngaji 300000 na Australia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vox 350&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/9/20/20876143/climate-strike-2019-september-20-crowd-estimate|title=How big was the global climate strike? 4 million people, activists estimate.|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|author=Barclay|first=Eliza|date=20 September 2019|accessdate=2019-09-23|archivedate=2019-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921012020/https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/9/20/20876143/climate-strike-2019-september-20-crowd-estimate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdf.de/uri/2e409846-e515-4055-a7df-140ca15c9f24|title=Rekordzahlen bei Klimademos: In Deutschland demonstrieren 1,4 Millionen Menschen|work=www.zdf.de|language=de|accessdate=21 September 2019|archivedate=2020-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325130727/https://www.zdf.de/uri/2e409846-e515-4055-a7df-140ca15c9f24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-20/school-strike-for-climate-draws-thousands-to-australian-rallies/11531612|title='It's our future': Climate strike draws 'hundreds of thousands' to rallies across Australia demanding action|date=20 September 2019|work=ABC News|language=en-AU|accessdate=21 September 2019|archivedate=2019-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920084250/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-20/school-strike-for-climate-draws-thousands-to-australian-rallies/11531612}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Septemba, e mere atụmatụ na nde mmadụ abụọ sonyere na ngagharị iwe n&quot;ụwa niile, gụnyere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị na-eme ngalivishọn na Ịtali na ọtụtụ narị puku ndị ngafe iwe na [[Kánada|Canada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian 6 million&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Canada&quot;/&gt;

=== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe nke anọ n'ụwa niile na 29 Nọvemba 2019 ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2019, ụbọchị atọ tupu mmalite nke United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP25) na Madrid, e mere ngagharị iwe n&quot;obodo 2,400 gafee mba iri na asaa iji mee ngazogide na gọọmentị emeghị ihe na nsogbu ihu igwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/climate-change-protests-marches-worldwide-ahead-of-un-talks/a-51460018|title=Climate change protests: Marches worldwide ahead of UN talks|date=29 November 2019|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en-GB|accessdate=29 November 2019|archivedate=2019-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225041052/https://www.dw.com/en/climate-change-protests-marches-worldwide-ahead-of-un-talks/a-51460018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/29/hundreds-of-thousands-of-students-join-global-climate-strikes|title=Hundreds of thousands of students join global climate strikes|author=Taylor|first=Matthew|date=29 November 2019|work=The Guardian|accessdate=30 November 2019|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-ahazi ya mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị sonyere dị nde abụọ, gụnyere ihe dị ka mmadụ 630000 na Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carlisle|first=Madeleine|title=Millions Around The World Strike on Black Friday for Action on Climate Change|url=https://time.com/5741593/black-friday-climate-strike/|accessdate=3 December 2019|date=29 November 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212102125/https://time.com/5741593/black-friday-climate-strike/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zeit-2019-11-29&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hunderttausende demonstrieren für das Klima|language=de|date=29 November 2019|work=[[Zeit Online]]|url=https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2019-11/fridays-for-future-klimaprotest-demonstrationen-klimaschutz|accessdate=30 November 2019|archivedate=2019-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208062834/https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2019-11/fridays-for-future-klimaprotest-demonstrationen-klimaschutz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu izu ka e mesịrị, ngagharị iwe Central COP25 mere na Madrid, nke e mere atụmatụ na ha ruru ọkara nde mmadụ, nke ndị ọrụ FFF si n'akụkụ ụwa niile sonyere..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=COP25: Thousands gather for change climate protests in Madrid|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50694361|date=6 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omume ndị ọzọ, afọ 2020 ==

=== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na 25 Septemba 2020 ===
Na 25 Septemba 2020, ntiwapụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ mere.  E mere atụmatụ ịwa mwakpo n'ọtụtụ puku ebe gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-25|title=Fridays for Future: Climate strikers are back on the streets|url=https://www.dw.com/en/climate-change-environment-greta-thunberg-merkel-global-strike-climate-action-luisa-neubauer/a-54618006|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=DW.COM|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925202857/https://www.dw.com/en/climate-change-environment-greta-thunberg-merkel-global-strike-climate-action-luisa-neubauer/a-54618006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global #ClimateStrikeOnline - Art, Training &amp; Actions for climate strikers|url=https://globalclimatestrike.net/|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=Global Climate Strike|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029075449/https://globalclimatestrike.net/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harvey|first=Fiona|date=2020-09-25|title=Young people resume global climate strikes calling for urgent action|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/25/young-people-resume-global-climate-strikes-calling-urgent-action-greta-thunberg|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=The Guardian|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925132602/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/25/young-people-resume-global-climate-strikes-calling-urgent-action-greta-thunberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na 19 Machị 2021 ===
Na Fraịdee 19 Maachị 2021, mgbagha ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ ọzọ hụrụ ngagharị iwe n'ọtụtụ narị ebe gburugburu ụwa;  n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19 na-aga n'ihu, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnọkọ mmadụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ ndị gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/belgium-all-news/160781/fridays-for-future-youth-for-climate-anuna-de-wever-greta-thunberg-young-climate-activists-to-protest-in-brussels-today/|title=Young climate activists protest in Belgium and around the world today|date=19 March 2021|work=The Brussels Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/fridays-for-future-protests-global-climate-crisis-coronavirus/|title=Protests aim to put climate (not COVID) top of global agenda|date=18 March 2021|work=POLITICO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-fridays-for-future-fff-covid-19-pandemic-climate-strike/a-56911641|title=Has COVID changed Fridays for Future?|date=19 March 2021|work=Deutsche Welle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbasa nke Auckland na June 2021 ===
Na 15 June 2021, ngalaba nke Auckland nke New Zealand's School Strike 4 Climate ije gbasapụrụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'ihi na ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide BIPOC (Black, Indigenous and the color).  Ndị otu ahụ kwuru na ha agaghịzi ahazi ọgbaghara ma kwe nkwa na ha ga-ebuli oghere ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe na-edu BIPOC.  Mgbasa nke isi nke Auckland nke NZ School Strike movement wetara azịza dị iche iche.  Mary Moeono-Kolio, onye nhazi Wellington nke 350 Pacific Climate Warriors, na onye nchoputa Strike School na onye nhazi mba Sophie Hanford kwuru na enweghị ohere maka ndị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmegharị ihu igwe ma kpọọ oku maka onye ndu ụmụ amaala na ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe.  Otu ndị ntorobịa na-akwado ihu igwe bụ Te Ara Whatu onye na-ekwuchitere Anevili nabatara mkpebi a dị ka ụzọ isi lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ mana kwuputara na ha nwere nchegbu na enwere ike ịta ndị na-agba agba agba ụta maka nbibi nke isi obodo Auckland..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=McKenzie|first=Pete|title=Auckland chapter of New Zealand's School Strike 4 Climate group admits racism and disbands|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/15/auckland-chapter-of-new-zealands-school-strike-4-climate-group-admits-racism-and-disbands|accessdate=26 June 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cardwell|first=Hamish|title=School Strike 4 Climate Auckland declares itself racist and disbands|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300333311/school-strike-4-climate-auckland-declares-itself-racist-and-disbands|accessdate=26 June 2021|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|date=15 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na 24 Septemba 2021 ===
[[Usòrò:20210924_xl_115634827.MP_PXL-Global-Climate-Strike-in-Berlin-on-24-September-2021.jpg|thumb|Ọgbaghara ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na Berlin na 24 Septemba 2021]]
N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Septemba n&quot;afọ 2021, a haziri ọgbaghara n &quot;ihe karịrị ebe otu puku na narị anọ gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Young global climate strikers vow change is coming – from the streets|author=Carrington|first=Damian|work=The Guardian|date=24 September 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/24/young-global-climate-strikers-vow-change-is-coming-from-the-streets}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ngagharị iwe n'ihe karịrị mba 90 na nnukwu ihe omume na Europe, America na Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Don't trash our future,' young activists tell world leaders during climate strike|author=Navlakha|first=Meera|work=Mashable|date=24 September 2021|url=https://mashable.com/article/fridaysforfuture-climate-protests}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Global climate strike: thousands join coordinated action across world|author=Taylor|first=Matthew|work=The Guardian|date=24 September 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/sep/24/people-in-99-countries-take-part-in-global-climate-strike}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ụfọdụ n'ime ngagharị iwe kachasị ukwuu na Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-fridays-for-future-protesters-rally-with-greta-thunberg-in-berlin/a-59292486|title=Germany: Fridays for Future protesters rally with Greta Thunberg in Berlin|date=24 September 2021|work=Deutsche Welle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Greta Thunberg gwara ihe karịrị 100,000 mmadụ na Berlin okwu ma kwuo na &quot;Ọ dịghị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme nke ọma&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Climate protests led by youths spread across the world: Live Updates|author=Dewan|first=Angela|work=CNN|date=24 September 2021|url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/live-updates-climate-protests-unga-intl/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Matthew|date=2021-09-24|title=Global climate strike: thousands join coordinated action across world|language=en|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/sep/24/people-in-99-countries-take-part-in-global-climate-strike|accessdate=2021-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na 25 Machị 2022 ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2022, e mere ngagharị iwe maka ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Christofaro|first=Beatrice|date=2022-03-25|title=How Fridays for Future keeps the climate relevant as other crises rage|url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-fridays-for-future-keeps-the-climate-relevant-as-other-crises-rage/a-61232469|accessdate=2022-04-15|work=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-03-25|title=Youth take to the streets in Fridays for Future climate protests|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/youth-take-to-the-streets-in-fridays-for-idUSRTXLGGYY|accessdate=2022-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na 23 Septemba 2022 ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2022, e mere ngagharị iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-23|title=Youth activists stage a coordinated 'global climate strike'|url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/09/23/in-pictures-activists-stage-global-climate-strike-demanding-aid-for-countries-hit-by-wild-|accessdate=2022-09-23|work=euronews|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe karịrị mmadụ 30,000 sonyere na Berlin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-09-23|title=Fridays for Future zieht durchs Regierungsviertel: Mehr als 30.000 Menschen beteiligen sich an Klimaprotest in Berlin|language=de-DE|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/fridays-for-future-zieht-durchs-regierungsviertel-mehr-als-30000-menschen-beteiligen-sich-an-klimaprotest-in-berlin-8674819.html|accessdate=2022-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na 3 Machị 2023 ===
N'ụbọchị nke atọ n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2023, e mere ngagharị iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Symons|first=Angela|date=2023-03-06|title=Oil-splashed artwork and climate strikes: Germany's weekend protests|url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/03/06/i-hope-the-young-generation-doesnt-let-up-retirees-join-youth-climate-activists-in-germany|accessdate=2023-04-24|work=euronews|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Germany, a haziri ọgbaghara n'ihe karịrị ebe 240, gụnyere na Berlin ebe ihe karịrị mmadụ 18,000 sonyere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Andersen|first=Clara|date=2023-03-03|title=Fridays for Future in Berlin: Tausende demonstrieren für Klimaschutz|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/berlin/article237788305/fridays-for-future-demo-berlin-heute-03-03-route.html|accessdate=2023-04-24|work=www.morgenpost.de|language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka FFF Germany si kwuo, ihe karịrị mmadụ 220,000 mere ngagharị iwe megide iwu ihu igwe nke Germany, ọkachasị na ngalaba njem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/gesellschaft/fridays-for-future-klimastreik-107.html|title=Zehntausende demonstrieren für Verkehrswende|work=[[Tagesschau.de|Tagesschau]]|date=3 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọgbaghara ihu igwe dijitalụ ==
Ọgbaghara ihu igwe n'ịntanetị, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya &quot;ọgba ọsọ dijitalụ&quot;, bụ nke ndị ọrụ ihu ọha abụọ nke Eshia na America, Iris Zhan na George Zhang si Howard County, Maryland, United States malitere n&quot;ọnwa Eprel 2019. E mepụtara ngalaba a nke ime ngagharị iwe ihu igwe iji mee ka ndị na-enweghị ike ime ihe n'ụzọ anụ ahụ nwee ike ịnweta ọrụ ihu ọha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.earthday.org/youth-digital-striking-fridays-for-future/|title=Can't Strike For the Planet? Digital Striking Provides an Alternative|publisher=Earth Day Network|language=en|author=Brandon Pytel|date=22 November 2020|accessdate=2020-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Machị 2020, mgbe ntiwapụ nke ọrịa COVID-19, Greta Thunberg gbara ndị otu ahụ ume ka ha ghara ịbịakọta n'okporo ámá ma ọ bụ n&quot;ọma ahịa obodo, kama ka ndị mmadụ nọdụ ala nʼụlọ na akara ma tinye foto ahụ na [[Intanet|Ịntanetị]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/how-greta-thunberg-transformed-existential-dread-into-a-movement|title=How Greta Thunberg Transformed Existential Dread Into a Movement|publisher=New Yorker|language=en|author=Emily Witt|date=6 April 2020|accessdate=12 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, mmegharị ahụ enwetala ewu ewu n'ihi ihe mgbochi ndị e mere gbasara nnukwu nnọkọ n&quot;oge mkpọchi ọrịa COVID-19, na-enweta nlebara anya site nʼaka òtù ndị dị ka Greenpeace na Amnesty International.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.earthday.org/coronavirus-drives-digital-climate-striking-movement/|title=Coronavirus Drives Digital Striking Movement|publisher=Earth Day Network|language=en|author=Brandon Pytel|date=19 March 2020|accessdate=2020-07-06|archive-date=2020-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706000143/https://www.earthday.org/coronavirus-drives-digital-climate-striking-movement/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe e guzobere ya, Friday for Future Digital movement etinyela aka n'usoro mkpọsa iji mee ka a mara banyere nsogbu ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe. Ihe ndị a gụnyere mgbalị ịkụziri agụmakwụkwọ mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ichebe ndị na-ahụ maka ihu ọma n&quot;ụkpụrụ gọọmentị na'ụzọ na na - emerụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/teen-climate-activists-coronavirus-strike/2020/04/10/521a0e5a-7448-11ea-85cb-8670579b863d_story.html|title=Their Schools and Streets Empty, Teen Climate Activists Find New Ways to Strike|work=Washington Post|language=en|author=Hannah Natanson|date=10 April 2020|accessdate=2020-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omuma sayensị ==
Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-anabata na mmetụta okpomọkụ nke na'ime ka ụwa na - na: nnukwu carbon dioxide na gas ndị ọzọ site n'ọrụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|title=Joint Science Academies' Statement|url=http://nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf|date=2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909022954/http://www.nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf|archivedate=9 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkọ ihe mere eme gara aga, mmetụta okpomọkụ, nke mgbawa ugwu na ikuku carbon dioxide na-akpali, gbochiri ụwa ka ọ ghara ịdị na ice, mana ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ mmadụ mepụtara, ikuku ikuku nke carbon carbon oxebere ma na'ebute okike ụwa na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nanị usoro nke na-ewepụ carbon dioxide na ikuku (mgbe ọ na'ime ka acid dị n'oké osimiri jupụta) bụ geologicallocking up of carbon site na ihu igwe na mmepụta nke nkume dị ka carbonates na ihe ndị ọzọ, na oge nke ọtụtụ narị puku afọ na botanical, iwere carbon na ahịhịa, mechie ya ọ gwụla ma ahụchara ma ọ bụ ree n&quot;enweghị dochie anya ya, n-agafe oge, ma nke kachasị mma, narị afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jan/16/greenhouse-gases-remain-air|title=How long do greenhouse gases stay in the air?|date=16 January 2012|author=Carbon Brief|accessdate=2019-06-22|archivedate=2019-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622145423/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jan/16/greenhouse-gases-remain-air}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ahụ ndị toro eto nọ n'ọkwá nke ikike, n&quot;ụdị ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala na gọọmentị ụwa, dị ka ndị na'ahụ maka nnukwu ikuku carbon dioxide, ma na na -eme obere ihe iji belata ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/shortcuts/2019/feb/27/is-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-right-to-ask-if-the-climate-means-we-should-have-fewer-children|title=Is Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez right to ask if the climate means we should have fewer children?|date=27 February 2019|first=Matthew|author=Taylor|accessdate=2019-06-22|archivedate=2019-06-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620193119/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/shortcuts/2019/feb/27/is-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-right-to-ask-if-the-climate-means-we-should-have-fewer-children}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwupụta 2019 nke ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị 12,000 na-ekwu na &quot;nchegbu ndị na'eto eto ziri ezi ma kwado ya site na sayensi kachasị mma dịnụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warren2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Thousands of scientists are backing the kids striking for climate change|journal=Nature|volume=567|issue=7748|date=2019|pages=291–292|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00861-z|pmid=30890800}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkwado sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ===
[[Usòrò:Scientists_for_Future_20190315.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Germany Volker Quaschning, Eckart von Hirschhausen, Henning Krause [de], Martin Visbeck [De] na Gregor Hagedorn, na 15 Machị 2019 njem ihu igwe na Invalidenpark [де], Berlin-Mitte, n'ihu Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy]]
Na 31 Jenụwarị 2019, ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na agụmakwụkwọ 3400 nke Belgium bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi na-emeghe iji kwado ọgbaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;scientists4climate-be&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scientists4climate.be/letter/english/|title=Strengthen your climate ambitions!|author=Scientsts4Climate|date=31 January 2019|accessdate=2019-09-26|archivedate=2019-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926071459/https://scientists4climate.be/letter/english/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-agụ &quot;Dị ka eziokwu sitere na sayensị ihu igwe, ndị n'ime mkpọsa ziri ezi. Ọ bụ ya mere anyị, dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ji kwado ha&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;vrtnws-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/01/30/3-300-belgische-wetenschappers-zetten-feiten-op-een-rijtje-in-op/|title=Meer dan 3.400 wetenschappers zetten feiten op een rij in open brief: 'Klimaatbetogers hebben groot gelijk'|date=31 January 2019|accessdate=31 January 2019|publisher=vrtnws|work=www.vrt.be}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a sochiri akwụkwọ ozi emeghe iji kwado ọgbaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Netherlands, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị 340 bịanyere aka, na ndị nchọpụta 1200 na Finland bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ ozi, n&quot;ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Machị 2019, na-akwado ọchụnta ego ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;dutchnews-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2019/02/350-scientists-back-dutch-school-kids-climate-demonstration/|title=350 scientists back Dutch school kids climate demonstration|date=7 February 2019|accessdate=9 February 2019|publisher=DutchNews|work=DutchNews.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10683192|title=Yli 1200 tutkijaa tukee ilmastolakkoilevia nuoria: 'Planeetan hyväksikäyttö on lastemme laiminlyöntiä'|work=Yle.fi|date=11 March 2019|accessdate=14 March 2019|archivedate=2019-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327233506/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10683192}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu isiokwu e bipụtara na Nature na Machị 2019 depụtara ọtụtụ okwu nkwado ndị ọzọ, na enweghị nkatọ, site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, yana nkwupụta dịka &quot;Echiche nke ọgbaghara ihu igwe bụ ihe ọhụrụ. Ọ na-akpali akpali, echekwara m na ọ bụ ụdị kwesịrị ekwesị nke nnupụisi obodo na mberede. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Warren2019&quot;/&gt;

Na Germany, Austria, na Switzerland otu ''ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị'' guzobere ndị sayensi maka ọdịnihu (S4F) iji kwado eziokwu ziri ezi nke nkwupụta nke òtù ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Scientists4Future - Wissenschaftler unterstützen Schülerdemos für den Klimaschutz|language=de|first=Anja|author=Nehls|date=12 March 2019|publisher=[[Deutschlandfunk]]|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/scientists4future-wissenschaftler-unterstuetzen.697.de.html?dram:article_id=443354|accessdate=16 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316120335/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/scientists4future-wissenschaftler-unterstuetzen.697.de.html?dram:article_id=443354|archivedate=16 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=12 000 Wissenschaftler stellen sich hinter die streikenden Schüler|language=de|first=Stefan|author=Rahmstorf|authorlink=Stefan Rahmstorf|date=15 March 2019|work=scilogs.spektrum.de|url=https://scilogs.spektrum.de/klimalounge/12-000-wissenschaftler-stellen-sich-hinter-die-streikenden-schueler/|accessdate=16 March 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190316121531/https://scilogs.spektrum.de/klimalounge/12-000-wissenschaftler-stellen-sich-hinter-die-streikenden-schueler/|archivedate=16 March 2019|quote=Update 15.3.: wir haben noch bis gestern Abend weiter gesammelt – ein paar Tage mehr und jetzt haben schon mehr als 23,000 Forscher unterschrieben!}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pressemitteilung für Deutschland der Initiative Scientists for Future|language=de|date=12 March 2019|first=Gregor|author=Hagedorn|url=https://www.scientists4future.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/S4F_PM_20190312_DE.pdf|accessdate=16 March 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190316115344/https://www.scientists4future.org/presse/|archivedate=16 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Schüler in über 100 Staaten demonstrieren für mehr Klimaschutz|language=de|author=dpa|date=15 March 2019|work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] (FAZ)|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/klimaschutz-schueler-in-ueber-100-staaten-demonstrieren-16090936.html|accessdate=16 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị edemede 26000 na-asụ asụsụ German bịanyere aka na nkwupụta ahụ.

N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2019, Klọb nke Rome wepụtara nkwupụta gọọmentị iji kwado Thunberg na ọgbaghara ahụ, na-agba gọọmenti gburugburu ụwa ume ka ha meghachi omume na oku a maka ime ihe ma belata ikuku carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Na mbido Eprel 2019, e bipụtara leta akpọrọ &quot;nchegbu nke ndị na-eto eto na-eme ngagharị iwe ziri ezi&quot; na Sayensị.  Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuputara na nchegbu nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihu igwe bụ &quot;nke ziri ezi ma kwado ya site na sayensị kachasị dịnụ&quot; ihe karịrị ndị sayensị 3000 bịanyere aka na ya n'ụwa nile.

Na June 2019, ndị ọkachamara ahụike 1000 na UK na ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ndị prọfesọ, ndị ọkachamara ahụike ọha na ndị bụbu ndị isi oche nke kọleji eze, kpọrọ oku maka nnupụisi obodo na-anaghị eme ihe ike na nzaghachi na amụma gọọmentị &quot;ezughị oke&quot; na ọnọdụ mberede gburugburu ebe obibi na-apụta.  .  Ha kpọkuru ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ka ha chee eziokwu banyere ọnọdụ mberede gburugburu ebe obibi na-apụta ma mee ihe.  Ha kwadoro mmegharị iku ụlọ akwụkwọ na Nnupụisi Mpụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/27/doctors-call-for-nonviolent-direct-action-over-climate-crisis|title=Doctors call for nonviolent direct action over climate crisis|author=Matthew Taylor|date=27 June 2019|accessdate=2019-06-27|archivedate=2019-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627110758/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/27/doctors-call-for-nonviolent-direct-action-over-climate-crisis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020, FFF Germany wepụtara akụkọ sitere na Wuppertal Institute nke o nyere iwu na mbụ.  Nnyocha ọnụọgụgụ dị n'okpuru jiri nyocha ihe omume mee ihe iji kọwaa ụzọ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi maka Germany ịbụ carbon neutral site na 2035.

== Mmeghachi omume site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị nne na nna ==
[[Usòrò:2019-09-24_Klimademonstration_in_Dili.jpg|alt=East Timorese youths holding banners about climate change at a protest.|thumb|September 2019 ọgbaghara ihu igwe na Dili, East Timor.]]
Ndị okenye nọ n'ọkwá ndị isi eto ma katọọ ọgbaghara ahụ. Na European Union, òtù ahụ nwere nkwado dị ukwuu site n'aka otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị pan-European Volt Europa nke, dị ka akụkọ sitere na Parents for Future tupu ntuli aka Europe 2019, kesara ihe niile achọrọ site na Fridays for future na Eprel 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.klimawahl-2019.eu/?page_id=149|title=Parents For Future: Antworten der Parteien|work=klimawahl-2019.eu|date=15 August 2019|author=Parents For Future Karlsruhe|language=de|accessdate=2019-08-14|archivedate=2019-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922160044/https://www.klimawahl-2019.eu/?page_id=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

[[Conservatism|Ndị]] ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Conservative na United Kingdom na Australia akọwaala ọgbaghara ahụ dị ka ịhapụ; a na-ata ụfọdụ ụmụaka ahụhụ ma ọ bụ jide ha maka ọ ịgba arụkwaghịm maọbụ ime ngagharị iwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/schoolgirls-banned-prom-attending-climate-emergency-protest/|title=Three schoolgirls have been banned from their end of year prom after going on a climate emergency march|author=Josh Barrie|date=21 June 2019|accessdate=2019-06-22|archivedate=2019-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622153334/https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/schoolgirls-banned-prom-attending-climate-emergency-protest/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rightsinfo.org/school-climate-strikes-tens-of-thousands-of-children-skip-class-in-third-national-action/|title=School Climate Strikes: Tens of Thousands of Children Skip Class in Third National Action|work=RightsInfo|date=12 April 2019|author=Charlotte England|accessdate=2019-06-22|archivedate=2019-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622154318/https://rightsinfo.org/school-climate-strikes-tens-of-thousands-of-children-skip-class-in-third-national-action/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ahụ, Praịm Minista UK Theresa May katọrọ ọgbaghara ahụ dị ka igbu ihe mmụta na oge nkuzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Theresa May criticises pupils missing school to protest over climate change|first=Alan|author=McGuinness|date=15 February 2019|work=[[sky news]]|publisher=[[Sky UK]]|url=https://news.sky.com/story/theresa-may-criticises-pupils-missing-school-to-protest-over-climate-change-11638238|accessdate=12 March 2019|archivedate=2019-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317201911/https://news.sky.com/story/theresa-may-criticises-pupils-missing-school-to-protest-over-climate-change-11638238}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeremy Corbyn, onye bụbu onye ndú nke Labour Party na onye ndu nke ndị mmegide, na Sir Vincent Cable, Onye nduda nke Liberal Democrats, ha abụọ kwupụtara nkwado ha maka ọgbaghara ahụ, dị ka ndị ndọkwa nke òtù UK ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edie.net/news/11/How-have-key-MPs-responded-to-Greta-Thunberg-and-the-climate-protests-/|title=How have key MPs responded to Greta Thunberg and the climate protests?|work=edie.net|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=2020-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804003425/https://www.edie.net/news/11/How-have-key-MPs-responded-to-Greta-Thunberg-and-the-climate-protests-/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/15/uk-politicians-climate-change-party-youth-strikers|title=Do UK politicians support the climate strike? Party leaders respond|author=Corbyn|first=Jeremy|date=15 March 2019|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minista na-ahụ maka ike na UK bụ Claire Perry kwuru na ọ gaara esonye n'ọgbaghara ahụ n&quot;oge ọ bụ nwata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-47250424|title=Climate strike: Schoolchildren protest over climate change|work=BBC News|date=15 February 2019|accessdate=2019-06-20|archivedate=2019-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615184553/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-47250424}}&lt;/ref&gt; David Reed, onye nduzi nke ọrụ ebere Generation Change, kwuru na &quot;ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ yiri ka ha ahapụla isi mgbalị ha mere n'ime afọ iri gara aga iji bulie ụkpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ. N'ihi gịnị ka ịdị mma na agụmakwụkwọ dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ụmụ akwụkwọ na-etinye aka n'ụzọ zuru ezu n&quot;okwu ndị dị na mgbanwe ihu igwe iji mee ihe banyere ha?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/14/children-climate-strike-schools-activism-pupils|title=If children don't join the climate strike, their schools are underachieving|date=14 March 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=11 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Praịm Minista nke Australia Scott Morrison kpọrọ oku maka &quot;ịmụ ihe ka ukwuu na obere ọrụ&quot; mgbe ọgbaghara ahụ gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/climate-change/why-scott-morrison-is-worse-than-tony-abbott/news-story/ac9c3a43a0097e668b5e4ab4406bcb4a|title=Scott Morrison, student climate strike: PM calls for 'less activism in schools'|work=www.news.com.au|date=27 November 2018|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=2019-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316095952/https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/climate-change/why-scott-morrison-is-worse-than-tony-abbott/news-story/ac9c3a43a0097e668b5e4ab4406bcb4a}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minista agụmakwụkwọ nke Australia bụ Dan Tehan kwuru na ọ bụrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ chere na nsogbu dị mkpa, ha kwesịrị ime ihe mgbe ụlọ ọrụ gachara ma ọ bụ na ngwụsị izu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReutersVoldemort&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-youth-idUSKCN1QW01S|title='Worse than Voldemort': Global students' strike targets climate change|work=Reuters|date=15 March 2019|accessdate=2019-03-18|author=Fraser|first=Tom Westbrook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na New Zealand, e nwere nzaghachi dị iche iche site n'aka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị isi obodo, na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ụfọdụ ndị isi na-eyi ụmụ akwụkwọ egwu na ha ga-anọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịga ọgbaghara ahụ na enweghị ikike nne na nna ha ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate-news/111013724/students-who-strike-for-climate-change-will-be-marked-as-truants-principals-say|title=Students who strike for climate change will be marked as truants, principals say|author=Woolf|first=Amber-Leigh|date=7 March 2019|work=climate news|publisher=[[Stuff Limited]]|accessdate=12 March 2019|archivedate=2019-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306102235/https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate-news/111013724/students-who-strike-for-climate-change-will-be-marked-as-truants-principals-say}}&lt;/ref&gt; Judith Collins, na ọtụtụ ndị omeiwu ndị ọzọ leghaara mmetụta nke ọgbaghara ahụ anya, ebe Minista Mgbanwe ihu igwe James Shaw kwupụtara nkwado na-ekwu na a ga-elebara ndị na'eme ngagharị iwe anya na ngwụsị izu anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/not-going-help-world-one-bit-judith-collins-says-mps-voice-opinions-school-students-climate-change-protest|title='Not going to help the world one bit' Judith Collins says as MPs voice opinions about school students' climate change protest|work=TVNZ|accessdate=16 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323051335/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/not-going-help-world-one-bit-judith-collins-says-mps-voice-opinions-school-students-climate-change-protest|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111149062/telling-students-whethTeher-to-take-part-in-climate-change-strike-patronising-shaw-says|title=Telling students whether to take part in climate change strike 'patronising', Shaw says|work=Stuff|date=8 March 2019|accessdate=16 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/opinion/111139469/student-climate-strikes-rules-dont-matter-when-youre-fighting-for-your-future|title=Student climate change strike: Rules don't matter when you're fighting for your future|work=Stuff|date=8 March 2019|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=2019-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323051336/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/opinion/111139469/student-climate-strikes-rules-dont-matter-when-youre-fighting-for-your-future}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Fridays_for_Future.jpg|thumb|Febụwarị maka ọkọlọtọ ọdịnihu n'oge ngagharị iwe na 23 Septemba 2022 na Germany]]
N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2019, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN bụ António Guterres nabatara ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ahụ, na'ikwara na &quot;ọgbọ m emeghị ihe ịma aka dị egwu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ndị na-eto eto na'ezie na nke a. Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na ha na-ewe iwe&quot;. Guterres kpọrọ ndị isi ụwa ka ha bịa nzukọ UN na Septemba 2019 na &quot;atụmatụ ezi uche dị na ya iji bulie onyinye ha na mba ha site na 2020&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/15/climate-strikers-urgency-un-summit-world-leaders|title=The climate strikers should inspire us all to act at the next UN summit|authorlink=António Guterres|date=15 March 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=18 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị nne na nna, gụnyere ndị mmadụ, akwadowo ọgbaghara ihu igwe ụmụaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/09/parents-to-protest-in-support-of-childrens-climate-strikes|title=Parents to protest in support of children's climate strikes|date=9 May 2019|author=Damian Carrington|accessdate=2019-06-22|archivedate=2019-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619135653/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/09/parents-to-protest-in-support-of-childrens-climate-strikes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye na-ekwuchitere nzukọ &quot;Our Kids' Climate&quot; na &quot;ọnụnọ onye toro eto nwere ike inyere aka mee ka ndị na'eme ngagharị iwe nọrọ n'udo,&quot; ma &quot;na-atụ aro iwebata ihe ịrịba ama nke ga-emetụta ndị nne na nna ndị ọzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ ihe ngosi nke na na - Abụ m nne nwere nchegbu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/12/parents-have-a-role-to-play-in-youth-climate-strikes-advocate-says/|title=Parents have a role to play in youth climate strikes, advocate says|author=ChavoBart Digital Media|date=2 December 2019|work=Yale Climate Connections|language=en-US|accessdate=8 December 2019|archivedate=2019-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208212907/https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/12/parents-have-a-role-to-play-in-youth-climate-strikes-advocate-says/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moms Clean Air Force na-atụ aro ịkpọtụrụ ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ịnye ụmụaka nri, ma jiri ihe ịrịba ama guzo n'otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.momscleanairforce.org/parents-support-kids-climate-strike/|title=How Parents Can Support the Youth Climate Strike|date=9 September 2019|work=Moms Clean Air Force|language=en-US|accessdate=8 December 2019|archivedate=2019-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208222018/https://www.momscleanairforce.org/parents-support-kids-climate-strike/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Òtù Elders Climate Action emeela T-shirts nke gosipụtara aka nne na nna n'aka na nwatakịrị, ma na-achọ ịhazi &quot;ndị nne ochie, ụmụnne nne ukwu na ụmụ nna ochie ... ebe oge ka nwere iji chebe ọdịmma nke ụmụ ụmụ anyị. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldersclimateaction.org/aboutus/|title=About Us|work=Elders Climate Action|language=en-US|accessdate=8 December 2019|archivedate=2019-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208222023/https://www.eldersclimateaction.org/aboutus/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'igosi usoro nke okwu akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọhụrụ metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, a kpọrọ &quot;okwu ihu igwe&quot; Collins Dictionary's 2019 word of the year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian_20101106&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Collins achọpụtala mmụba okpukpu otu narị n'iji okwu ahụ eme ihe na 2019, nke kachasị n&quot;okwu ọ bụla dị na ndepụta ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian_20101106&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hanson|first=Johanne Elster|title='Climate strike' named 2019 word of the year by Collins Dictionary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/07/climate-strike-named-2019-word-of-the-year-by-collins-dictionary|work=The Guardian|date=6 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha ==

=== India ===
N'ọnwa Julaị 2020, Gọọmentị India gbochiri ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke otu ndị India nke Friday for Future. Ìgwè ndị ahụ na-eduga mkpọsa megide EIA Draft ọhụrụ na'ese okwu nke gọọmentị chepụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Environmental Websites Leading The Movement Against India's Controversial New Proposal Are Blocked|url=https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/v7gzxb/environmental-websites-leading-the-movement-against-indias-controversial-eia-notification-2020-are-blocked|work=Vice|accessdate=15 July 2020|archivedate=2020-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715200912/https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/v7gzxb/environmental-websites-leading-the-movement-against-indias-controversial-eia-notification-2020-are-blocked}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ==
Na 7 June 2019, e nyere Fridays for Future na Greta Thunberg onyinye Amnesty International's Ambassador of Conscience Award. Odeakwụkwọ ukwu Kumi Naidoo kwuru, sị:&lt;blockquote&gt;Anyị dị umeala n'obi ma bụrụ nke mkpebi siri ike nke ndị na-eto eto na gburugburu ụwa na na'ama anyị aka ịnagide eziokwu nke nsogbu ihu igwe. Onye ọ bụla na-eto eto na'ime Friday for Future na na - ihe ọ pụtara ime na akọ na uche gị. Ha na-echetara anyị na anyị dị ike karịa ka anyị maara nakwa na anyi niile nwere ọrụ anyị ga-arụ n'ichebe ikike mmadụ megide ọdachi ihu igwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/climate-activists-greta-thunberg-and-the-fridays-for-future-movement-honored-with-top-amnesty-international-award/|title=Climate activists Greta Thunberg and the Fridays for Future movement honored with top Amnesty International award|work=Amnesty International USA|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-07|archivedate=2019-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607182726/https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/climate-activists-greta-thunberg-and-the-fridays-for-future-movement-honored-with-top-amnesty-international-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;  

== Ihe odide nkọwa ==
&lt;references group=&quot;nb&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;

&lt;/references&gt;

== Edensibia ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ọdọ Mmiri Rockview</title>
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      <text bytes="627" sha1="58zzsnoqhsnoxbl97085hdoyj8y4b1o" xml:space="preserve">Rockview Dam bụ mmiri mmiri mmiri juru na ụwa nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Palmiet dị nso na Grabouw, Western Cape, South Africa. E hiwere ya na 1986 ma na-eje ozi maka ebumnuche mgbapụta (nchekwa). Ahọpụtala ihe egwu dị na mmiri mmiri ahụ dị elu (3). [chọrọ nkọwapụta]

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na South Africa
* Ndepụta osimiri nke South Africa

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Ndepụta nke South African] Dams site na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri</text>
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    <title>Steve Katz (onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)</title>
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      <text bytes="12853" sha1="6zk9odcln20q0bw3c6psq9o7y2njeha" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Stephen M. Katz (amụrụ n'August 11, 1953) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ, onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Mohegan Lake, [[Nú Yọk|New York]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dị ka onye otu Mgbakọ steeti New York, na-anọchite anya Mgbakọ Mgbakọ nke 94, gụnyere akụkụ nke mpaghara Westchester na Putnam.  Onye nyocha Putnam kọwara dị ka &quot;bombastic&quot; ma mara &quot;maka okwu ọkụ ya,&quot; o kwuputara ezumike nka na ụlọ omebe iwu steeti na Jenụwarị 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.theexaminernews.com/putnam-countys-2016-year-in-review/|author=Propper|first=David|title=Putnam County's 2016 Year in Review|work=Putnam Examiner|date=December 28, 2016|accessdate=January 4, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
[[Usòrò:Vet_katz.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|194x194px|Katz dị ka egosiri ebe a n'oge mbụ ya dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye nchọpụta na ego World Wildlife.]]
A mụrụ Katz ma too na Jericho, obere obodo dị na Nassau County, [[Nú Yọk|New York]] na North Shore nke Long Island. N'afọ 1972, Katz tinyere aka na ihe mere na National Zoo na Washington, D.C., bụ nke natara mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi mgbe ọ napụtara otu nwoke nke ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nyagbuo ya site na python dị ogologo 23 ụkwụ ogologo nke gbapụrụ n'ụlọ ya].

Katz nwetara Doctor of Veterinary Medicine n'afọ 1984 site na Mahadum Pennsylvania na Bachelor of Science Degree na Animal Science site na Machịum Cornell n'afọ 1976. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha maka World Wildlife Fund na French Guiana na Galapagos.&lt;ref&gt;Howard, Brian. &quot;[http://www.lohud.com/article/20101009/NEWS01/10090340/Katz-Tully-tout-their-independence-in-Assembly-race&amp;template=artsemantics&amp;server=MOC-WN0512 Katz, Tully tout their independence in Assembly race].&quot; ''[[The Journal News]]''. October 10, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Katz bụ osote onye nduzi nke Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve na [[Israel]], ma biri na [[Italy|Ịtali]] ruo afọ abụọ ebe ọ mụtara ịsụ asụsụ Italian nke ọma.

Kemgbe 1989, Katz bụ onye dibia bekee na mmemme nzuzo, ebe ọ na-ebi na Mohegan Lake hamlet nke Yorktown, New York, ya na nwunye ya na atọ n'ime ụmụ ha nwanyị anọ. Onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ, Katz bụ onye nwe na onye guzobere Bronx Veterinary Center, ụlọ ọgwụ anụmanụ nke nde dollar na Bronx na New York City.&lt;ref&gt;Howard, Brian. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150416123348/http://www.lohud.com/article/20100826/NEWS01/8260355/Katz-Borkowski-trade-jabs-at-GOP-forum-in-Putnam Katz, Borkowski trade jabs at GOP forum in Putnam.]&quot; ''[[The Journal News]]''. August 26, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1995, ya na nwunye ya meghere Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụmanụ Concourse na Grand Concourse, kwa na Bronx.&lt;ref&gt;Cusano, Art. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100913171549/http://ncnlocal.com/ncnlocal_news/article_2e4cef8e-bc5a-11df-b6ee-001cc4c03286.html Primary Candidates trade barbs in last major debate before primary].&quot; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20260429142017/http://ncnlocal.com/ The North County News]''. September 9, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye na-ekere òkè na triathlon oge ụfọdụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;snake&quot;&gt;Haley, T.J. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132816/http://www.putnamcountycourier.com/news/2010-09-02/Front_Page/SnakeWrestling_Tea_Partier_Runs_for_Assembly.html Snake-Wrestling Tea Partier Runs for Assembly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132816/http://www.putnamcountycourier.com/news/2010-09-02/Front_Page/SnakeWrestling_Tea_Partier_Runs_for_Assembly.html |date=2011-07-15 }}.&quot; ''[https://putnamcountycourier.com Putnam County Courier]''. September 2, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihe dị ka afọ 2009, Katz na ezinụlọ ya ghọrọ ndị otu Tea Party, nke kpaliri ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ma mee ka o kpebie ịgba ọsọ maka ọfịs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lohud.com/article/20110113/NEWS01/101130313/Yorktown-s-Katz-ready-to-bring-the-Tea-Party-to-Albany|title=Yorktown's Katz ready to bring the Tea Party to Albany|author=Brian J. Howard|date=January 13, 2011|publisher=[[The Journal News|Journal News]]|accessdate=13 January 2011|archivedate=16 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116053922/http://www.lohud.com/article/20110113/NEWS01/101130313/Yorktown-s-Katz-ready-to-bring-the-Tea-Party-to-Albany}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ, a họpụtara Katz ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Mgbakọ Mpaghara nke 99 na Nọvemba 2, 2010, dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa nke ndị Republican, na ndị otu Independence, na asọmpi a na-emeghe iji dochie onye omeiwu Greg Ball [[Republican Party (United States)|onye]] a họpụtara na Senate nke New York State.&lt;ref&gt;Howard, Brian. &quot;[http://www.lohud.com%2Fcomments%2Farticle%2F20101102%2FNEWS%2F101102017%2FAssembly-Steve-Katz-Tea-Party-candidates-poised-to-win-in-the-99th Assembly: Steve Katz, Tea Party candidate, ahead by wide margin].&quot; ''[[The Journal News]]''. November 2, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Onye ọchụnta ego na dọkịta anụmanụ ahụ ji aka ya kwụọ ụgwọ mkpọsa ya na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ $ 200,000. Ọ gbara ọsọ na nkwado siri ike site na Tea Party movement.&lt;ref&gt;Howard, Brian. &quot;[https://archive.today/20120709211720/http://m.lohud.com/news.jsp?key=396328&amp;rc=wc Steve Katz, Tea Party candidate, leads Jim Borkowski in 99th AD GOP primary].&quot; ''[[The Journal News]]''. September 15, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Howard, Brian. &quot;[https://archive.today/20120711110759/http://m.lohud.com/news.jsp?key=395940&amp;rc=blg Katz hammers Borkowski over 2009 Working Families line].&quot; ''[[The Journal News]]''. September 13, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; O meriri onye na-ama aka na Democratic, yana onye na-eme ihe ike na Conservative Party nke New York onye ọ meriri na mbụ na ntuli aka Republican na Septemba 2010.&lt;ref&gt;Howard, Brian. &quot;[https://archive.today/20120713133104/http://m.lohud.com/news.jsp?key=397041&amp;rc=blg With one district left to count, Katz widens lead over Borkowski in 99th AD].&quot; ''[[The Journal News]]''. September 17, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Katz weputara nguzo ndi na-agbaso omenala na mbelata ụtụ isi na mmefu ego, mmefu ego ziri ezi, na ihe mgbochi iwu na-akwadoghị banyere mbata, gụnyere ịkpọ oku ka Bekee bụrụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke steeti New York.&lt;ref&gt;Moser, Anna Lillian. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716232634/http://www.theexaminernews.com/archives/putnam/PutnamExaminer3-2-10.pdf Two Yorktown Conservatives Eye 99th District Assembly Seat].&quot; ''[http://www.theexaminernews.com Putnam Examiner]''. March 8, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Howard, Brian. &quot;[https://archive.today/20120709191118/http://m.lohud.com/news.jsp?key=394183&amp;rc=pt GOP Assembly candidates call for English as state language].&quot; ''[[The Journal News]]''. September 8, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315175520/http://hudsonvalley.ynn.com/content/all_news/528644/state-assemblyman-katz-sworn-in/ State Assemblyman Katz sworn in].&quot; ''[[Your News Now|YNN Hudson Valley]]''. January 2, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Ma ọ gbakwara mbọ iguzobe nkwado nchekwa site n'ịkwado nkwụsịtụ na mgbawa mmiri na-ese okwu na mpaghara Marcellus Shale nke New York, usoro a makwaara dị ka &quot;hydro-fracking&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Auchterlonie, Tom. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110715050943/http://bedford.patch.com/articles/castelli-regional-politicians-come-out-against-hydrofracking-in-its-current-state-2 Castelli, Regional Politicians Come Out Against Hydrofracking in Its Current State].&quot; ''[[Patch Media|Yorktown Patch]]''. October 14, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye omeiwu, Katz nyere nlekọta anụmanụ n'efu maka nkịta ndị uwe ojii nke K-9 na obodo ya Yorktown, ebe obodo ahụ na-eche nsogbu mmefu ego ihu.&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Scott. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101211010324/http://ncnlocal.com/ncnlocal_news/article_52a47978-f874-11df-8689-001cc4c002e0.html Katz offers to care for dogs in K-9 unit].&quot; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20260429142017/http://ncnlocal.com/ The North County News]''. November 24, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Howard, Brian. &quot;[https://archive.today/20120718124500/http://m.lohud.com/news.jsp?key=417209&amp;rc=blg Katz saves dogs – Councilman credits offer with helping save K9 unit].&quot; ''[[The Journal News]]''. November 17, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na Yorktown, Mgbakọ Mpaghara nke 99 Katz na-anọchite anya na Mgbakọ Steeti New York gụnyere obodo Somers na North Salem na Westchester, obodo Carmel, Patterson, Southeast na obodo Brewster na Putnam County, na obodo Pawling na obodo Pawlings na Dutchess County.

== Marijuana ==
Dị ka onye otu Kọmitii Mmanya Na-aba n'anya na Mmetụta Ọgwụ na Kọmitii Mmụta Kasị Elu nke Nzukọ ahụ, na 2012 Katz tụụrụ vootu megide iwu nke gaara eme ka wii wii ọgwụ bụrụ iwu kwadoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/GOP-Assemblyman-accused-of-pot-possession-on-4357490.php#ixzz2Ncqf6gXc|author=Seller|first=Casey|title=Legislator charged with pot possession|work=(Albany) Times-Union|date=March 15, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Steve Katz Arrested: New York State Assemblyman Charged With Marijuana Possession|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/steve-katz-marijuana-possession_n_2885697.html|accessdate=26 March 2013|work=Huffington Post|date=March 15, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nahmias|first=Laura|title=Assemblyman Steve Katz Ticketed for Marijuana Possession|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2013/03/15/assemblyman-steve-katz-ticketed-for-marijuana-possesion/|accessdate=26 March 2013|work=Wall Street Journal|date=March 15, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na izu iri na otu mgbe e nyere ya tiketi maka inwe wii wii n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị (lee n'okpuru), ọ gbanwere ọnọdụ ya wee vootu maka iwu ọzọ iji mee ka wii wii ọgwụ bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro na steeti New York. Katz kọwara ntuli aka mbụ ya dị ka nsonaazụ nke &quot;ọdịiche dị n'etiti uche nke mpaghara ya na nkwenkwe ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lohud.com/article/20130603/NEWS/306030063/Assemblyman-Steve-Katz-reverses-medicinal-marijuana-position|author=Campbell|first=Jon|title=Assemblyman Steve Katz reverses medicinal marijuana position|work=Journal News|date=June 3, 2013|accessdate=June 23, 2013|archivedate=February 28, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228155925/http://www.lohud.com/article/20130603/NEWS/306030063/Assemblyman-Steve-Katz-reverses-medicinal-marijuana-position}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Maachị 2013, ndị agha steeti kwụsịrị Katz na New York State Thruway maka ịgba ọsọ ma bo ya ebubo ịnwe wii wii.  N'ọnwa na-esote, dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta arịrịọ, a chụrụ wii wii maka mgbanwe maka ịkwụ ụgwọ Katz dị $75 na ịrụ ọrụ awa 20 nke ọrụ obodo..&lt;ref name=&quot;journnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Campbell|first=Jon (April 25, 2013)|url=http://www.lohud.com/article/20130425/NEWS04/304250044/WATCH-Assemblyman-Steve-Katz-gets-plea-deal-pot-charge?&amp;nclick_check=1|title=Assemblyman Steve Katz gets plea deal in marijuana charge|work=Journal News|accessdate=2013-04-26|archivedate=2013-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505110603/http://www.lohud.com/article/20130425/NEWS04/304250044/WATCH-Assemblyman-Steve-Katz-gets-plea-deal-pot-charge?&amp;nclick_check=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New York State Assemblyman's Marijuana Charge Dismissed|date=25 April 2013|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/04/25/new-york-state-assemblymans-marijuana-charge-dismissed/|publisher=CBS News New Your|accessdate=25 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, Katz mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ Therabis, na-eji njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya nweta ego maka azụmahịa onwe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.therabis.com/|title=Home|work=therabis.com|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2021-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204015409/https://www.therabis.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Therabis bu n'obi gwọọ anụmanụ site na iji ngwaahịa wii wii.  Ọ nweghị anụmanụ ka akọpụtala ka ejiri Therabis merụọ ahụ..

== Edensibia Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190113191348/http://www.katz4ny.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Steve Katz maka Mgbasa Ozi Mgbasa ozi nke New York State]
* [http://www.bronxvetcenter.com/ Ebe obibi nke Bronx Veterinary Center]
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-ny-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gregory R. Ball|Greg Ball]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[New York State Assembly|New York State Assembly, 99th District]]|years=2011–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kevin Byrne (New York politician)|Kevin M. Byrne]]}}
{{s-end}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jenapharm</title>
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      <text bytes="2619" sha1="qk2ruplx8g67erpk6tlyy4wfv57v76v" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Jenapharm.jpg|thumb|Jenapharm]]
 

&lt;ref name=&quot;Schwarz&quot;/&gt;Jenapharm bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ sitere na Jena, Germany.  Tọrọ ntọala na 1950 na East Germany, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ lekwasịrị anya site na mmalite na mmepụta na mmepe nke steroid.  N'ihi ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke Eastern Bloc, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eji usoro pụrụ iche eme ihe na-amalite site na hog bile, Otú ọ dị, a gbahapụrụ usoro a afọ iri ka e mesịrị na-akwado mkpokọta mkpokọta.  Na mbụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụtara ọtụtụ ụdị steroid, gụnyere corticosteroids, ma emesịa lekwasịrị anya na steroid anabolic, estrogens na progestins.[1].

Tupu nchikota Germany Jenapharm bụ naanị onye na-eweta ọgwụ mgbochi hormonal na East Germany.[1]  Ọ na-ere ahịa nke ọma n'ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọ mepụtara na mmekorita ya na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ọgwụ East German ndị ọzọ.  Ikekwe nke kacha mara amara na ndị a bụ Valette, nke rere nke ọma na Germany na 1990s.[2]  Mgbe njikọta ahụ gasịrị, Jenapharm mechara bụrụ onye enyemaka nke Schering AG, nke rere ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ya na Dermapharm AG na 2004, [3] na otu afọ mechara mezigharị ahịa na nkesa Jenapharm ka ọ bụrụ enyemaka nọọrọ onwe ya ka ọ na-ejikọta ngalaba nyocha na mmepe.  ya na ụlọ nyocha nke ya.

N'ọgwụgwụ 1940s, rickets juru ebe niile n'etiti ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Soviet weghaara.  N'afọ 1949, Alfred Schubert, onye buru ụzọ mepụta usoro nke njikọ vitamin D2 na Mahadum Friedrich-Schiller, guzobe na usoro mmepụta ihe nke na-emepụta ihe dị ka 10 kg / afọ nke Vitamin D2.  (Vitamin D2 bụ vitamin D3 nọchiri anya afọ 10 ka e mesịrị).  N'otu afọ ahụ, e nyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ọrụ iji mepụta homonụ steroid, karịsịa cortisone.  Na njedebe nke 1949, ọ natara ikike ikike imepụta na ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ, ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze bụ VEB Jenapharm tọrọ ntọala na January 1, 1950. N'oge ahụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enweelarị ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 600..&lt;ref name=&quot;Schwarz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The steroid story of Jenapharm: from the late 1940s to the early 1970s|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_steroids_1999-07_64_7/page/439|journal=Steroids|volume=64|issue=7|pages=439–45|date=July 1999|pmid=10443899|doi=10.1016/S0039-128X(99)00003-3}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchwarzOnkenSchubert1999&quot;&gt;Schwarz S, Onken D, Schubert A (July 1999). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ọrụ Ịnyịnya Mmiri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="6653" sha1="8kq3iscrcrojbx3cbuj65a8nn2tb6ij" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title fn org&quot; id=&quot;4&quot; |Project Seahorse
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image logo&quot; |[[File:Project-Seahorse-Logo-Left.gif|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;The Project Seahorse logo&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Founded
| class=&quot;infobox-data note&quot; |1996
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Founders
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Amanda Vincent]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Heather Koldewey]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Focus
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Marine conservation]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Location
| class=&quot;infobox-data label&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Vancouver, British Columbia, [[Kánada|Canada]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;&quot;&gt;Ebe e jere ozi &lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |N'ụwa nile
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://projectseahorse.org projectseahorse.org]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
Project Seahorse bụ òtù na-echekwa mmiri nke na-etinye aka na nchekwa na iji gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri n'ozuzu ya, na ịnyịnya mmiri karịsịa. Ọ dabeere na Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries (Mahadum nke British Columbia) na Canada, na Zoological Society nke London na UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Research Units {{!}} Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries|url=https://oceans.ubc.ca/research/research-units/|work=oceans.ubc.ca|accessdate=2020-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529110334/https://oceans.ubc.ca/research/research-units/|archive-date=2020-05-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Project Seahorse|url=https://www.zsl.org/conservation/regions/asia/project-seahorse|work=Zoological Society of London (ZSL)|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Researcher_studying_seahorses_underwater.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Onye nyocha nke Seahorse Project na-amụ banyere seahorse n'okpuru mmiri.]]
Site n'ịrụ ọrụ iji chebe ịnyịnya mmiri, Project Seahorse na-akwado nchekwa mmiri n'ozuzu. Azụ ndị a na-emetụta nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi na oke igbu azụ dị ka ihe niile dị n'ime mmiri, ma na-erite uru site na usoro nchekwa yiri ya.  Ọrụ nzukọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya ọ bụghị naanị na nyocha nke anụmanụ, kamakwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ mmiri, gburugburu ebe obibi, obodo ịkụ azụ, nsogbu azụmahịa mba na ụwa, na iwu na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze.

Obere ìgwè nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-echekwa ihe nwere ọfịs na UBC, Vancouver, Canada na Zoological Society nke London, UK, Project Seahorse na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile, na nyocha na ọrụ nchekwa na Eshia, Europe, Africa, Australia, na Amerịka. Ọ bụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ịnyịnya mmiri Amanda Vincent na Heather Koldewey guzobere ya na 1996. Taa, Vincent bụ onye nduzi na Koldewey bụ onye njikwa nchekwa ubi. Ọrụ ubi malitere na obodo Philippine nke Handumon na Jandayan Island, Bohol na 1990s, ma gbasaa na Europe, Central na South America, ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Africa, na North America. A na-amata Project Seahorse dị ka ikike IUCN Red List na ịnyịnya mmiri na ụdị ha metụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IUCN Seahorse, Pipefish &amp; Seadragon|url=http://www.iucn-seahorse.org/|work=IUCN Seahorse, Pipefish &amp; Seadragon|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Project Seahorse bipụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ iri mbụ ya, Project Seahhorse na 1] na 2006, wee nyochaa afọ 20 na 2016.

== Nnyocha ==
Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ, nkesa, gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe obibi, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị anụ ọhịa mmiri gburugburu ụwa n'ihe gbasara nchekwa mmiri.

Ụdị ndị a na-eme nchọpụta gụnyere ndị a:

* Ịnyịnya mmiri na-adịghị mma
* Nnukwu ịnyịnya mmiri
* Ịnyịnya mmiri nke Japan
* Ịnyịnya mmiri a na-akpọ Lined
* Ịnyịnya mmiri nke Pacific
* Ịnyịnya mmiri ndị a na-akpọ Pygmy
* Ịnyịnya mmiri dị gịrịgịrị
* Ịnyịnya mmiri nwere ogwu
* Ịnyịnya mmiri nke Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka

== Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru ==

* Ihe Nchekwa Ihe
** Site na CITES, mepụtara mmachibido iwu mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mbupụ nke ịnyịnya mmiri, na Vietnam (2013);&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Project Seahorse|url=http://www.projectseahorse.org/achievements-awards|work=Project Seahorse|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** E guzobere ebe 35 a na-elekọta n'ógbè na Philippines iji chebe ihe niile dị ndụ n'ime mmiri (1996-dị ugbu a);&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
** Kpaliri Australia ịchịkwa mwepụta nke syngnathids (1998) na New South Wales iji chebe syngnithids niile (2004);&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
** Kpaliri njikwa mbupụ mbupụ ụwa mbụ maka azụ ọ bụla dị mkpa maka azụmahịa, n'okpuru CITES (2002);&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
** Mmejuputa iwu omume afọ ofufo maka mbubata nke ịnyịnya mmiri (enweghị ndị pere mpe na enweghị ụmụ nwoke dị ime), na mmekorita ya na Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Merchants Association (2002);&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
** Kwalite njikọ nke 1,000 ezinụlọ nke obere ndị ọkụ azụ, KAMADA, nke na-eduga n'ịmepụta ebe nchekwa mmiri na mmanye megide igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na Philippines.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ihe Ndị Sayensị rụzuru
** Atụmatụ mbụ nke uto na ọnụọgụ ndụ nke ịnyịnya mmiri n'ọhịa na ime nchọpụta na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta di na nwunye ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
** Achọpụtara azụ azụ na azụmaahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana nyocha siri ike na ọrụ nchọpụta (1993-96);&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
** Ntuziaka njirimara nke mbụ (1999), nke ghọrọ isi ihe maka nchekwa na njikwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
** Nchịkọta mbụ na nyocha nke akụkọ ndụ nke ịnyịnya mmiri (2004);&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
** Mepụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ isi 200, akụkọ, na nkọwa iwu (1989-dị ugbu a).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Onyinye ==

* Association of Zoos and Aquariums Ihe nrite dị mkpa maka Nchekwa Mba Nile maka Project Seahorse (2001)
* Nnukwu ihe nrite mba ụwa maka gburugburu ebe obibi Marin site na Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (1997)

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Etika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="11585" sha1="562q6evop5sikng608zp371r154vpp0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Etika|image=Etika in 2019 - 2.jpg|caption=Amofah in May 2019|birth_name=Desmond Daniel Amofah|birth_date={{birth date|1990|5|12}}|birth_place=New York City, U.S.|death_date={{Circa|{{death date and age|2019|6|19|1990|5|12}}}}|death_place=New York City, U.S.|death_cause=[[Suicide by drowning]]|height={{convert|6|ft|6|in|m}}|education=[[Urban Assembly School for Law and Justice]]|occupation={{Flatlist|
*[[YouTuber]]
*[[Online streamer|streamer]]
}}|years_active=2006–2019|partner={{#ifexist: Christine Cardona|[[Christine Cardona]] (2011–2017)}}|father=[[Owuraku Amofah]]|mother={{#ifexist: Sabrina Amofah|[[Sabrina Amofah]]}}|relatives=[[Nana Akufo-Addo]] (great-uncle)|website={{URL|etikaworldnetwork.com}}|other_names={{flatlist|
* Iceman
* Guile-kun
}}|module={{Infobox YouTube personality |embed=yes
| channels           = {{ubl|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCh0SxnImUvpWs_ZfEoyhkMA EWNetwork] (terminated)|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8Fd7MyCATxj4PvDjgHC9rg EtikaFRFX] (terminated)|[https://www.youtube.com/user/Tr1Iceman TR1Iceman]}}
| years_active            = 2012–2019
| genre                = {{flatlist|
* [[Let's Play]]
* [[Video game culture|gaming]]
* [[vlog]]
* variety
}}
| subscribers          = 1.3 million (combined)&lt;ref name=&quot;YTStats&quot; group=‡&gt;See:
* {{Cite web|url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/c/ewnetweork|title=EWNetwork's YouTube Stats|website=[[Social Blade]]|access-date=July 10, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190824000410/https://socialblade.com/youtube/c/ewnetweork|archive-date=August 24, 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UC8Fd7MyCATxj4PvDjgHC9rg|title=EtikaFRFX's YouTube Stats|website=[[Social Blade]]|access-date=July 10, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190722151559/https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UC8Fd7MyCATxj4PvDjgHC9rg|archive-date=July 22, 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/tr1iceman|title=TR1Iceman's YouTube Stats|website=[[Social Blade]]|access-date=July 10, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190713162007/https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/tr1iceman |archive-date=July 13, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| views                = 146 million (combined)&lt;ref name=&quot;YTStats&quot; group=‡ /&gt;
&lt;!-- | network              = Independent --&gt;
| silver_button        = yes
| silver_year          = 2015
| stats_update         =
}}|module2={{Infobox Twitch streamer|embed=yes
| channel_name = etikaworldnetwork
| genre = [[Video game live streaming|Gaming]]
 }}}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
Desmond Daniel Amofah (Mee 12, 1990 – c. June 19, 2019), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Etika, bụ onye YouTuber America na ihe ike .  Ọ bịara mara na ihe ngosi omume ike ya na Super Smash Bros. agwa na- ngosi na ihe ngosi Nintendo Direct, yana maka igwu egwu na imeghachi omume na egwuregwu dị iche iche.  Nwa nke onye njem ndị ọzọ Ghana Owuraku Amofah, o biri na Brooklyn, New York, ruo ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya.

.Malite ọrụ na 2007, Amofah kere ọwa YouTube ya bụ &quot;EWNetwork&quot; (Etika World Network), na 2012. Akpọrọ fanbase ya &quot;JOYCONBOYZ&quot; n'ihe gbasara Nintendo Switch controller, Joy-Con .  Oxia ewu ewu na-esote ntọhapụ nke Super Smash Bros. 4, na-enwe ihe ngosi dị otú ahụ na-emekarị saịtị na vidiyo ya na-e na-e izi ihe egwuregwu ahụ.  Ọwa ya gbadoro ụkwụ n'ihe gbasara livestream, ya bụ egwuregwu egwuregwu ewepụtara na nso nso a yana egwuregwu omume.  O wepụtakwara ngwaọrụ edekọ.

N'etiti mbubreyo 2018 na 2019, Amofah Visa ihe ihe ama nke akwụkwọ uche, na-eyi egwu igbu onwe ya n'ọtụtụ oge na-amalite n' ọgwụ ọgwụ oge.  Amofah bulitere ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na ọwa EWNetwork na October 2018, na-ebute ihe ya;  o tinyereziri na soshal midia na-ekwu maka igbu onwe ya.  Mgbe o nyechara mgbaghara, Amofah nke ọwa mgbasa ozi ọzọ, &quot;EtikaFRFX&quot;, bụ nke nsogbu n'April 2019 maka otu ihe na-acha ya.  Ọ gara n'ihu na-ata ọtụtụ nsogbu nsogbu, ndị ikesa ozi ozi na soshal midia na ịgbasa onwe ya ka ndị uwe ojii jidere ya.

Na June 20, 2019, Amofah kọrọ na ọ na-efu mgbe ebugoro vidiyo ike mgbaghara na ọwa &quot;TR1Iceman&quot; ya.  [lower-alpha 1] Mgbe ewepụtara ozu ya na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na June 24, Ngalaba uwe ojii New York ịnwụ ya na ike n'echi ya.  Na June 26, Office of Chief Medical Examiner kwubiri na mmiri riri Amofah ka ọ si na akwa mmiri mmiri Manhattan wụ.  Onwu Amofah ikwu nke akpata oyi na iru uju site n'aka ndị Fans na ndị ibe YouTube, ọtụtụ na-ekwu maka ikpe ya dị ka ihe atụ nke ihe akara a na-ama akara maka njikere uche - ọtụtụ ndị na-ekiri kwuru na  ihe eji ama nke nhụsianya nke uche Amofah na-eweda ya ala ma ọ bụ leghaara anya tupu o gbuo onwe ya.  [1] [2] [3] Edobere ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-ejegharị na gburugburu New York City maka Amofah obere oge ka ọ nwụsịrị, ebe a na-azụ ya ụtụ dị iche iche na-azụ ọrụ dị ka onye egwuregwu ama ama.

== Ndụ mbido ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Insider1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/etikas-half-brother-caridnal-valery-9ine-streamer-legacy-2021-1|title=A debate is swirling around who gets to profit from late-streamer Etika's legacy after his half-brother's resurgence on social media|first=Steven|author=Asarch|work=[[Insider Inc.|Insider]]|date=January 21, 2021|accessdate=March 22, 2023|language=en-US|archivedate=March 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311001225/https://www.insider.com/etikas-half-brother-caridnal-valery-9ine-streamer-legacy-2021-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;A matsa Desmond Daniel Amofah na Mee 12, 1990, na Brooklyn, New York, nye Owuraku Amofah, onye uzondọrọ Ghana na onye ọka iwu si Kibi, [1] [2] na Sabrina Amofah.  [3] [4] Nna ya hibere na Ghana na 1990s, [5] na Amofah alamar na ya anya n'aka nna ya n'ihi ọrụ ndị agha ya.  [‡ 1] Amofah nwere nwanne nwoke nwoke, Randy Amofah, onye nwụrụ na 2010 site na ike ụkwara ume ọkụ .  [6] [7] O see nwanne nne, Kadịnal Valery, onye na-ama aka n'ichepụta vidiyo mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.

Ọdịnaya Amofah bụ Nintendo lekwasịrị anya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Polygon2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/11/17/13669064/nintendo-switch-fake-hoax-youtube|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|title=Why do people keep making fake Nintendo consoles?|author=Frank|first=Allegra|date=November 17, 2016|accessdate=June 25, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426212210/http://www.polygon.com/2016/11/17/13669064/nintendo-switch-fake-hoax-youtube|archivedate=April 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepụta vidiyo ya, nke gbadoro ụkwụ na mbụ gbasara akụkọ egwuregwu, malitere ka oge na-aga lekwasị anya na Ka anyị Kpọọ vidiyo nke egwuregwu Nintendo n'akụkụ vidiyo mmeghachi omume nke ọkwa egwuregwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;PowerUnlimited&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pu.nl/artikelen/feature/de-nintendo-rebel-die-te-ver-ging-een-ode-aan-etika/|title=De Nintendo-rebel die te ver ging - een ode aan Etika|language=nl|first=Samuel Hubner|author=Casado|work=[[Power Unlimited]]|date=June 26, 2019|accessdate=April 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626122204/https://pu.nl/artikelen/feature/de-nintendo-rebel-die-te-ver-ging-een-ode-aan-etika/|archivedate=June 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vidio mmeghachi omume Amofah, ọkachasị nke ihe ngosi Nintendo Direct, ka ekwuru maka njiri mara ngafe na ụdị ike ha; ha na-egosipụtakarị ihe ndị dị ka ya ka o si n'oche ya daa n'ụjọ ma na-atụgharị ihe n'akụkụ ọnụ ụlọ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Polygon1 (Mental Health)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/7/2/20677759/etika-desmond-amofah-mental-health-illness-youtube|title=Too many people took Etika's mental health struggles as a joke|first=Patricia|author=Hernandez|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=July 2, 2019|accessdate=July 3, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702181147/https://www.polygon.com/2019/7/2/20677759/etika-desmond-amofah-mental-health-illness-youtube|archivedate=July 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/23/magazine/etika-death.html|title=Etika, a Charismatic YouTuber Who Struggled Through His Online Fame|first=Jamie Lauren|author=Keiles|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 23, 2019|accessdate=October 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọwa Amofah nwetara ewu ewu na 2014, n'ihi vidiyo mmeghachi omume ya na-ekpuchi ozi ọhụrụ gbasara egwuregwu ọgụ ''Super Smash Bros. 4 na-enweghị mgbe ahụ.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;PowerUnlimited&quot; /&gt; Otu n'ime mmeghachi omume kachasị ama nke Amofah nke egwuregwu ahụ bụ mmeghachi omume ya na ''Pokémon'' agwa Mewtwo ekpughere dị ka onye agha DLC ; N'oge mmeghachi omume ahụ, Amofah ji obi ụtọ tie mkpu &quot;Mewtwo!&quot; ọtụtụ ugboro. &lt;ref name=&quot;PowerUnlimited&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Insider2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Asarch|first=Steven|title=Fans of late gamer Etika rejoiced when Nintendo revealed 2 of his favorite characters would be in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate|url=https://www.insider.com/super-smash-bros-ultimate-reveals-pyra-mythra-etika-fans-rejoice-2021-2|date=February 18, 2021|accessdate=September 29, 2019|work=[[Business Insider|Insider]]|language=en-US|archivedate=March 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311001150/https://www.insider.com/super-smash-bros-ultimate-reveals-pyra-mythra-etika-fans-rejoice-2021-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vidio ahụ ghọrọ vidiyo Amofah kacha elere anya na EWNetwork, onye mepụtara egwuregwu ahụ, Masahiro Sakurai, weghachiri ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;PowerUnlimited&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ITMedia (Japanese)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/nl/articles/1410/28/news088.html|title=スマブラ、ミュウツー参戦に海外ファンが大歓喜 優勝候補は通称・ガイルくん|work=ITMedia|date=October 28, 2014|accessdate=March 22, 2023|language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vidiyo yiri nke ahụ ebe Amofah meghachiri omume na ọkwa nke ''Super Smash Bros.'' ''Ultimate'' gbakwara viral na 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;HobbyConsolas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/noticias/fallece-popular-youtuber-etika-29-anos-edad-445187|title=Fallece el popular youtuber Etika a los 29 años de edad|first=David|author=Rodriguez|work=[[HobbyConsolas]]|date=June 26, 2019|accessdate=April 25, 2023|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626100415/https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/noticias/fallece-popular-youtuber-etika-29-anos-edad-445187|archivedate=June 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọwa Amofah gara n'ihu na-eto eto na-ewu ewu ka ọ na-eme vidiyo ndị ọzọ dabere na mmeghachi omume ya na akụkọ egwuregwu na ihe nkiri YouTube; dị ka ya si kwuo, ọ na-enweta ihe karịrị $300,000 kwa afọ site na onyinye iyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị ego ọ na-enweta, Amofah ekpughere na vidiyo June 2017 na ọ mesoola ọtụtụ &quot; ụgwọ azụ &quot;, ma ọ bụ &quot;onyinye adịgboroja&quot; nke nnukwu ego ezigara na akaụntụ PayPal ya, nke butere Amofah ebubo ọtụtụ narị dollar na nhazi. ụgwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kotaku2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Reminds Fans How Much Fake Donations Can Hurt|url=https://kotaku.com/youtuber-reminds-fans-how-much-fake-donations-can-hurt-1796342324|author=D'Anastasio|first=Cecilia|date=June 22, 2017|work=[[Kotaku]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624172436/https://kotaku.com/youtuber-reminds-fans-how-much-fake-donations-can-hurt-1796342324|archivedate=June 24, 2019|accessdate=June 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Forrest Gump</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="44482" sha1="fvzex4svs6wz790bujx5m2pwfjeh3ci" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Snap from Wax Museum at Innovative Film city Bangalore 144344.jpg|thumb|Snap from Wax Museum at Innovative Film city Bangalore 144344.jpg]]
Forrest Gump bụ ihe nkiri ama ama  nke America na 1994 Robert Zemeckis duziri ma Eric Roth dere.  Ọ dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1986 nke otu aha nke Winston Groom na kpakpando Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson na Sally Field.  Ihe nkiri a na-egosi ọtụtụ iri afọ na ndụ onye [[Alabama]] na-adịghị nwayọ na obi ọma aha ya bụ Forrest Gump (Hanks) na ahụmahụ ya na narị afọ nke 20 na United States.  Ihe nkiri a dị nnọọ iche na akwụkwọ akụkọ.

Isi foto mere n'etiti Ọgọst na Disemba 1993, ọkachasị na Georgia, North Carolina na South Carolina.  A na-eji nnukwu ihe nlere anya wee tinye Hanks n'ime ihe nkiri echekwara na iji mepụta ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ.  Ụda ụda na-egosi egwu na-egosipụta oge dị iche iche a na-ahụ na ihe nkiri ahụ.

.A tọhapụrụ Forrest Gump na United States na Julaị 6, 1994, wee nata nyocha kachasị mma, yana otuto dị egwu maka ntụzịaka Zemeckis, mmemme (karịsịa nke Hanks na Sinise), mmetụta anya, egwu, na ihe nkiri.  Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụlọ ọrụ igbe;  ọ ghọrọ ihe nkiri kacha enweta ego na United States n'afọ ahụ wee nweta ihe karịrị US $678.2 million n'ụwa niile n'oge mmemme ihe nkiri ya, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri nke abụọ kacha enweta ego na 1994, n'azụ The Lion King.  Ụda ụda ahụ rere ihe karịrị nde iri na abụọ.  Forrest Gump meriri ihe nrite Academy isii: Foto kacha mma, onye isi kacha mma, onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma maka Hanks, enyo enyo kacha mma, mmetụta ọhụụ kacha mma, na ndezi ihe nkiri kacha mma.  Ọ natara ọtụtụ nhọpụta onyinye, gụnyere Golden Globes, British Academy Film Awards na Screen Actors Guild Awards.

A kọwawo nkọwa dị iche iche maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nnọchianya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ihe nkiri ahụ.  N'afọ 2011, Library nke Congress họpụtara ihe nkiri ahụ maka nchekwa na ndebanye aha ihe nkiri mba United States dị ka &quot;ọdịnala, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụ nke mara mma&quot;..&lt;ref name=&quot;Forrest Gump join Library of Congress film trove&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-11-240/2011-national-film-registry-more-than-a-box-of-chocolates/2011-12-28/|title=2011 National Film Registry More Than a Box of Chocolates|work=Library of Congress|accessdate=June 2, 2019|archivedate=November 14, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114151454/https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-11-240/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/forrest-gump-bollywood-remake-works-1194721|title='Forrest Gump' Bollywood Remake in the Works|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=March 14, 2019|accessdate=March 15, 2019|archivedate=March 15, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315034755/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/forrest-gump-bollywood-remake-works-1194721}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|accessdate=October 2, 2020|work=Library of Congress|archivedate=March 5, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191832/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmatụ ==
N'afọ 1981, otu nwoke aha ya bụ Forrest Gump na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya nye ndị ọ na-amabughị bụ́ ndị na-anọdụ ala n'akụkụ ya n'ọdụ ụgbọ ala. 

Dịka nwata nwoke na 1956, Forrest nwere IQ nke 75 ma tinye ya na ihe nkwado ụkwụ iji mezie ọkpụkpụ azụ.  O bi na Greenbow, Alabama, ya na nne ya, onye na-arụ ụlọ obibi ma na-agba ya ume ibi ndụ karịrị nkwarụ ya.  N'ime ndị bi n'ụlọ ha nwa oge bụ nwa okorobịa [[Elvis Presley]], onye na-akpọ ụbọ maka Forrest ma nwee mmụọ mmụọ itinye ụkwụ nwa nwoke na-agba agba na mmegharị hip n'ime ihe ngosi ya.  N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, Forrest zutere otu nwa agbọghọ aha ya bụ Jenny Curran, ha abụọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi.  Jenny bụ onye e metọrọ n’ụzọ mmekọahụ n’aka nna ya di ya nwụrụ, bụ́ onye aṅụrụma, ma e mesịrị wepụ ya n’aka ya.

N'ịbụ onye a na-amaja n'ihi nkwado ụkwụ ya na enweghị uche, Forrest na-agbanarị otu ụmụaka, ma mgbe ihe nkwado ya kwụsịrị, a na-ekpughe na ọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ ngwa ngwa.  Site na talent a, ọ na-enweta akwụkwọ mmụta football na Mahadum Alabama na 1962, bụ ebe Bear Bryant na-azụ ya, na-aghọ onye na-alọghachi azụ azụ, na-akpọ ya na ndị otu America nile, ma zute onyeisi oche John F. Kennedy na White  Ụlọ.  N'afọ mbụ ya na kọleji, ọ gbara akaebe Gọvanọ George Wallace's Stand in the School Door wee weghachi Vivian Malone Jones akwụkwọ ewepụrụ na Vivian Malone Jones, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ kwetara na nguzogide steeti.  Ọ na-eleta Jenny na kọleji ya, ebe ha abụọ na-enwe mmekọahụ na-adịghị mma.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji na 1966, Forrest debanyere aha na US Army.  N'oge ọzụzụ bụ isi, ọ na-eme enyi onye agha ibe ya aha ya bụ Benjamin Buford Blue (a na-akpọ &quot;Bubba&quot;), bụ onye ghọrọ ezigbo enyi ma kwenye Forrest ka ya na ya banye azụmahịa shrimping mgbe ọrụ ha gasịrị.  Mgbe ọ na-ahapụ ezumike, Forrest na-aga Memphis, [[Tennessee]], ịhụ Jenny, bụ onye a chụpụrụ na mahadum maka ịpụta na Playboy na uwe elu kọleji ya, ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka onye na-agụ egwú na ụlọ ịgba chaa chaa.  Otú ọ dị, ọ na-emenye ya ihere site n'ịwakpo ụfọdụ ndị na-azụ ya na-amaja ya, na-eme ka ha abụọ kewaa.  N'oge na-adịghị anya ka e mesịrị, a na-eziga Forrest na Bubba ịlụ ọgụ na Vietnam, na-eje ozi na 9th Infantry Division na Mekong Delta mpaghara n'okpuru Lieutenant Dan Taylor.  Mgbe ọnwa ole na ole arụchara ọrụ oge niile, a na-ezute ndị agha ha mgbe ha na-eche nche, ma gbuo ọtụtụ ndị otu ndị agha n'omume, gụnyere Bubba.  Forrest na-azọpụta ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Lieutenant Dan, bụ onye na-efunahụ ụkwụ ya abụọ, ebe a na-agba Forrest &quot;na n'úkwù.&quot;  Mgbe ọ na-agbake na ọnya ya, Forrest na-azụlite talent maka ping pong.  Taylor nwere iwe n'ihi ịbụ onye a zọpụtara ndụ ya dịka ọ tụrụ anya ịnwụ n'ọgụ dịka ndị nna nna ya, na ihe arụrụ arụ.  Onye isi ala Lyndon B. Johnson na-enye Forrest ihe nrite nke nsọpụrụ maka dike ya.

N'oge mgbochi agha na March na nnọkọ Pentagon, Forrest zutere Abbie Hoffman, zutere otu Black Panther, wee jikọọ Jenny, onye ghọrọ hippie ọgwụ ọjọọ riri ahụ na onye na-emegide agha, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ha abụọ kewapụrụ ọzọ mgbe ọ na-emekọrịta ihe.  hapụrụ San Francisco ya na enyi ya nwoke na-akparị mmadụ, Wesley, onye isi oche SDS na Berkeley.  Forrest na-egwu ping-pong na ọrụ pụrụ iche, na-asọ mpi megide ndị otu China na diplomacy ping-pong, ịghọ onye a ma ama, wee nweta onwe ya ajụjụ ọnụ ya na John Lennon na Dick Cavett Show, na-egosi na ọ na-emetụta egwu Lennon &quot;Chere&quot;.  Forrest na-eji 1972 New Year's Eve na New York City na Lieutenant Dan, onye ghọrọ onye aṅụrụma, ka na-ewute ya maka nkwarụ ya na enweghị mmasị nke gọọmentị na-enwe maka ndị agha Vietnam.  Forrest anaghị enwe mmasị na mkpakọrịta nke ndị akwụna Lt. Dan n'ihi nraranye ya nye Jenny, ma jụ ọganihu ha, na-eduga Lt. Dan iji iwe chụpụ ha n'ihi mkparị Forrest.  Ihe ịga nke ọma nke ping-pong nke Forrest na-eduga na nzụkọ ya na Onye isi ala Richard Nixon.  Enyere ya ọnụ ụlọ na Watergate complex, ebe ọ na-ekpughe n'amaghị ama asịrị Watergate.

N'afọ 1974, a chụpụrụ Forrest n'ụzọ nkwanye ùgwù n'ọrụ agha, wee laghachi Greenbow, ebe ọ nabatara $ 25,000 iji jiri paddle ping-pong na Mao Zedong na ya. Ọ na-eji ego ahụ zụta ụgbọ mmiri shrimping na Bayou La Batre, na-emezu nkwa ya nye Bubba. Lieutenant Dan sonyeere Forrest dị ka onye isi ya, ha enwechaghị ihe ịga nke ọma na mbụ. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ha ghọrọ naanị nke lanarịrị ajọ ifufe Carmen, ha na-adọta oke shrimp ma mepụta ụlọ ọrụ Bubba Gump Shrimp nke bara uru. Lieutenant Dan kwetara na Forrest zọpụtara ya, mana ọ naghị ekele ya maka ịzọpụta ndụ ya. Dan na-etinye ego ya na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ mbụ na ahịa ngwaahịa, nke Forrest mehiere maka &quot;[[Apple Inc.|ụdị ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ osisi]]&quot;, ha abụọ wee bụrụ ndị nde mmadụ. Forrest na-enye ọkara nke ego ọ na-enweta n'ezinụlọ Bubba maka ịkpali ọrụ shrimping. Forrest laghachiri n'ụlọ nne ya ma lekọta ya n'oge ọrịa kansa na-egbu egbu. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Forrest na-etinye ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ya n'ọrụ afọ ofufo dị ka onye na-elekọta ubi na Mahadum Alabama.

N'afọ 1976, Jenny - na-agbake n'afọ nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na mmegbu –laghachiri na Forrest.  Otu ụbọchị, ha abụọ na-aga, wee gafee ụlọ nna Jenny agbahapụla ugbu a, ebe Jenny, n'iwe, tụbara nkume niile ọ nwere ike ịhụ na ya, ruo mgbe ọ dara n'oké nhụjuanya.  Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gachara, Forrest gwara ya, mana ọ jụrụ ya, nke ukwuu wutere Forrest.  N'abalị ahụ, ọ na-ekwupụta Forrest na ọ hụrụ ya n'anya n'ezie.  Ha na-eme ịhụnanya, ma Jenny na-apụ n'ụtụtụ echi.  Obi gbawara, Forrest, &quot;na-enweghị ihe kpatara ya&quot;, na-amalite ịgba ọsọ wee banye marathon nke mba, bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ ọzọ.  Forrest na-amalite ịchịkọta ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ụzọ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ndị ọchụnta ego na-agbasi mbọ ike, bụ ndị ọ na-enye ume n'amaghị ama.  Mgbe ngụkọta nke ihe dị ka afọ atọ na ọnwa abụọ na ọkara na-agba ọsọ, Forrest kpebiri ịkwụsị ọsọ ahụ, ma laghachi na Greenbow, nke juru ndị na-eso ụzọ ya anya.

N'afọ 1981, Forrest nwetara akwụkwọ ozi site n'aka Jenny, na-arịọ ya ka ọ bịa leta ya, nke mere na ọ na-echere na nkwụsị ụgbọ ala.  Otu agadi nwanyị gwara ya na adreesị ahụ dị naanị 5/6, ọ gbapụrụ ọsọ ọsọ.  Forrest na Jenny na-ejikọta ọzọ, onye kwụsịrị iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe ma gbanwee ndụ ya.  Jenny wee gosi ya nwa ya nwoke nke nta, Forrest Gump Jr., na-ekpughe na Forrest bụ nna ya.  Na mbụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na mkpughe ahụ, Forrest malitere mmekọrịta ya na nwa ya nwoke.  Jenny mechara gwa Forrest na ya na-arịa “ụdị nje” na ndị dọkịta enweghị ike imere ya ihe ọ bụla.  Ha atọ laghachiri Greenbow na Jenny na Forrest mechara lụọ.  N'ime ndị ọbịa agbamakwụkwọ ha bụ Lt. Dan, na-eje ije ugbu a na titanium alloy prosthetics, ya na onye ọ ga-alụ, nwanyị Vietnamese aha ya bụ Susan.  Jenny dara n'ọrịa ya otu afọ ka e mesịrị.  Ọnwụ ya na-ewute Forrest nke ukwuu mana ọ ghọrọ nna na-ahụ n'anya, nke nwere obi ụtọ nye Forrest Jr. ka ha abụọ na-eme ihe dị ka ping pong na ịkụ azụ.  Forrest zụtakwara ala nna Jenny nwere ma kwatuo ụlọ ahụ.  N'ikpeazụ, Forrest na-ahụ nwa ya nwoke pụọ n'ụbọchị mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ.
 
Ihe nkiri a dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1986 nke Winston Groom dere.  Ha abụọ gbadoro ụkwụ na agwa Forrest Gump.  Otú ọ dị, ihe nkiri ahụ bụ isi na-elekwasị anya na isi iri na otu mbụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ tupu ịmalite n'ihu na njedebe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, na ntọala nke Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. na nzukọ na Forrest Jr. Na mgbakwunye na ịwụpụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.  ihe nkiri ahụ na-agbakwụnye ọtụtụ akụkụ na ndụ Gump nke na-adịghị eme na akwụkwọ akụkọ, dị ka ihe nkwado ụkwụ ya chọrọ mgbe ọ bụ nwata na ọsọ ọ na-agba na United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoviesBook&quot; /&gt;

Agbanwekwara àgwà na àgwà Gump site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ;  N'ime ihe ndị ọzọ, àgwà ihe nkiri ya dị ntakịrị - na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, mgbe ọ na-egwu bọl na mahadum, ọ na-ada ụda na mgbatị ahụ mana ọ na-enweta akara zuru oke na klas physics dị elu nke onye nchịkwa debanyere aha ya iji mejuo kọleji ya.  chọrọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoviesBook&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Delarte|first=Alonso|title=Movies by the Book: Forrest Gump|work=Bob's Poetry Magazine|date=February 2004|url=http://bobspoetry.com/Bobs01Fe.pdf|page=24|accessdate=July 2, 2009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDelarte2004&quot;&gt;Delarte, Alonso (February 2004). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gosipụtakwara Gump dị ka onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe, onye na-agba mgba, na onye na-egwu egwuregwu chess.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoviesBook&quot; /&gt;

Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere agha bidding banyere mgbanwe ọbụna tupu mbipụta, na Wendy Finerman na Steve Tisch na-enweta ha site na ijikọ ndị agha na Warner Bros., ebe di Finerman bụ Mark Canton bụ onye isi oche nke mmepụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Grimes, William|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/01/movies/following-the-star-of-a-winsome-idiot.html?scp=28&amp;sq=Forrest%20Gump&amp;st=cse|title=Following the Star Of a Winsome Idiot|work=The New York Times|date=September 1, 1994|accessdate=June 28, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kwụrụ Groom $ 500,000 ma dekọọ ihe atọ mbụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ, nke dabere na ihe omume nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-07-ca-24436-story.html|title=Forrest Gump's Proud Dad|work=The Los Angeles Times|author=Epstein, Robert|date=August 7, 1994|accessdate=February 14, 2023|archivedate=February 14, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214231013/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-07-ca-24436-story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Rain Man kọrọ akụkọ ''nke'' onye ọkà mmụta sayensị, Warner enweghị mmasị na foto ahụ, na 1990 ọrụ ahụ gbanwere. Finerman kpọtụrụ Columbia Pictures, bụ ndị gara n'ihu jụ ya, ka ha na-ewe Eric Roth n'ọrụ idegharị edemede ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-10-ca-25605-story.html|title=One Studio's Trash Is Another's Treasure|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Welkos, Robert W.|date=August 10, 1994|accessdate=February 14, 2023|archivedate=February 14, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214233845/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-10-ca-25605-story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roth na Finerman nọgidere na-akpọtụrụ Groom iji hụ na edemede ahụ ziri ezi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref name=&quot;dad&quot; /&gt; Roth weputara ihe nkiri na 1992, nke onye isi oche nke Paramount Pictures Sherry Lansing nwere mmasị zuru oke iji weta ọrụ ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ ya, onye nwetara ikike site na Warner iji gbanwere edemede maka mkpebi Executive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/13/movies/gump-a-9-year-personal-campaign.html|title='Gump,' a 9-Year Personal Campaign|work=The New York Times|author=Weinraub, Bernard|date=July 13, 1994|accessdate=June 28, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thr&quot; /&gt;

Ivan Reitman, Penny Marshall na Terry Gilliam gafere ọrụ ahụ tupu e were Robert Zemeckis n'ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;GilliamDirect&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Plume|first=Kenneth|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/644/644724p1.html|title=Gilliam on Grimm|work=IGN|date=August 24, 2005|accessdate=October 20, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224124306/http://movies.ign.com/articles/644/644724p1.html|archivedate=December 24, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/throwback-thursday-forrest-gump-ran-733915/|title=Throwback Thursday: 'Forrest Gump' Ran Away With the Box Office in 1994|author=Higgins, Bill|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=September 18, 2014|accessdate=February 14, 2023|archivedate=February 14, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214233844/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/throwback-thursday-forrest-gump-ran-733915/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHiggins,_Bill2014&quot;&gt;Higgins, Bill (September 18, 2014). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Barry Sonnenfeld sonyeere ihe nkiri ahụ, mana ọ hapụrụ iji duzie Addams Family Values.

=== Nchịkọta ===
John Travolta bụ onye mbụ a họọrọ ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ahụ ma kwuo na ịnyefe ọrụ ahụ bụ njehie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-40271801|title=9 stars who turned down great film roles|author=Smith|first=Neil|date=June 16, 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=June 29, 2017|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://celebs.answers.com/movies/iconic-roles-and-the-stars-who-regret-turning-them-down?param4=fb-us-mo-gut#slide11|title=Iconic Roles and the Stars Who Regret Turning Them Down|publisher=Celebs.Answers.com|accessdate=April 1, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222152251/http://celebs.answers.com/movies/iconic-roles-and-the-stars-who-regret-turning-them-down?param4=fb-us-mo-gut|archivedate=February 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JTRole&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=''Forbes'' staff|title=Star Misses – 4) Forrest Gump Starring ... John Travolta|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/02/25/nicole-kidman-gwyneth-paltrow-kate-winslet-business-media_star_misses_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=30000|work=Forbes|date=February 25, 2009|accessdate=October 20, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tụlere Bill Murray, Chevy Chase, na Matthew Broderick maka ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2019/07/05/forrest-gump-movie-celebrates-25th-anniversary/1634248001/#|title=Is there a real Forrest Gump? 25 years after Tom Hanks' film, we have answers|work=USA Today|author=Alexander|first=Bryan|date=July 5, 2019|accessdate=August 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sean Penn kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na ọ bụ nhọrọ nke abụọ maka ọrụ ahụ, mana ọ ga-emesị gosipụta onye nwere nkwarụ na ihe nkiri 2001 I Am Sam . Hanks kpughere na ọ bịanyere aka na ihe nkiri ahụ mgbe otu awa na ọkara nke ịgụchara edemede ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;HankSign&quot; /&gt; Na mbụ, ọ chọrọ ime ka ụda olu ndịda nke Forrest dị mfe, mana onye nduzi Robert Zemeckis mechara mee ka ọ gosipụta ụda olu siri ike a na-ekwusi ike na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;HankSign&quot; /&gt; Hanks kwukwara na ọ were ya ụbọchị atọ iji mụta otu esi arụ ọrụ ahụ, a pụghị itinye ihe nkiri sitere n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/no-oscar-nom-for-tom-7-of-the-best-tom-hanks-movies-to-remind-you-how-talented-he-is/600029750/|title=No Oscar nom for Tom? 7 of the best Tom Hanks movies to remind you how talented he is|author=Hewitt|first=Chris|work=[[Star Tribune]]|date=March 3, 2021|accessdate=March 11, 2021|archive-date=June 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629191413/https://www.startribune.com/no-oscar-nom-for-tom-7-of-the-best-tom-hanks-movies-to-remind-you-how-talented-he-is/600029750/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Winston Groom, onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ahụ, kọwara ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka onye wepụrụ &quot;akụkụ siri ike&quot; n'aka onye ọ chere na ọ bụ John Goodman na-eme ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Grimes|first=William|title=Following the Star Of a Winsome Idiot|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/01/movies/following-the-star-of-a-winsome-idiot.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=November 16, 2013|date=September 1, 1994}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, nwanne Tom nke obere Jim Hanks bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri ya na ihe nkiri ahụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ mgbe Forrest na-agafe US. Nwa nwanyị Tom Elizabeth Hanks pụtara na ihe nkiri dị ka nwa agbọghọ nọ na bọs ụlọ akwụkwọ nke jụrụ ikwe ka Forrest (Michael Conner Humphreys) nọrọ n'akụkụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2014/09/05/secrets-behind-the-infamous-forrest-gump-running-scene/|title=Secrets behind the infamous 'Forrest Gump' running scene|date=September 5, 2014|accessdate=August 2, 2022|archivedate=August 2, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802201731/https://nypost.com/2014/09/05/secrets-behind-the-infamous-forrest-gump-running-scene/amp/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tụlere Joe Pesci maka ọrụ Lieutenant Dan Taylor, nke e mechara nye Gary Sinise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/photos/28395/25-facts-about-forrest-gump|title=25 Facts About Forrest Gump|accessdate=August 2, 2022|archivedate=August 2, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802202242/https://www.eonline.com/photos/28395/25-facts-about-forrest-gump}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere David Alan Grier, Ice Cube na Dave Chappelle ọrụ Benjamin Buford Blue, mana ha atọ jụrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMRole&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wiser|first=Paige|title=Might-have-beens who (thankfully) weren't: The wacky world of Hollywood's strangest casting calls|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=1161512A55EF6310&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D|format=Fee required|work=Chicago Sun-Times|date=December 17, 2006|accessdate=July 1, 2009|archive-date=October 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052703/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=1161512A55EF6310&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CubeGrierBubba&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Boucher|first=Geoff|title=On the Trail of a Hollywood Hyphenate; Rapper/Actor/Writer/Producer/Director. Is There Room For Anything Else on Ice Cube's Resume?|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/26/magazine/tm-12661|work=Los Angeles Times|date=March 26, 2000|accessdate=October 20, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chappelle, onye kwuru na ya kwenyere na ihe nkiri ahụ agaghị aga nke ọma, a kọrọ na ọ na-akwa ụta maka ịghara iwere ọrụ ahụ. Hanks maara banyere mmechuihu Chappelle n'ịhapụ akụkụ ahụ ma kweta iso ya rụọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri n'ọdịnihu, nke mechara bụrụ You've Got Mail.&lt;ref name=&quot;BMRole&quot; /&gt; Onye na-eti egwu Tupac Shakur mekwara nnwale.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/tupac-shakur-auditioned-for-an-iconic-movie-role-that-went-to-tom-hanks.html/|title=Tupac Shakur Auditioned for an Iconic Movie Role That Went to Tom Hanks|date=July 28, 2021|accessdate=October 27, 2022|archivedate=October 27, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027070449/https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/tupac-shakur-auditioned-for-an-iconic-movie-role-that-went-to-tom-hanks.html/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:ForrestGump-Jenny-Boat-2055.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri shrimping Forrest ji mee ihe na fim ahụ]]
Filming malitere n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1993 wee gwụ na Disemba nke afọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;FilminDates&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=McKenna|first=Kristine|authorlink=Kristine McKenna|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60281832.html?dids=60281832:60281832&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Dec+19%2C+1993&amp;author=KRISTINE+McKENNA&amp;pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&amp;desc=Cover+Story+He%27s+Serious+About+This+One+For+Tom+Hanks%2C+it%27s+been+a+long+ride+from+%60Splash%27+to+%60Philadelphia%2C%27+in+which+the+likable+comedy+actor+plays+an+AIDS+patient+who%27s+fired+from+his+job.+What+made+him+take+the+leap%3F+It+has+a+lot+to+do+with+what+he%27s+done+so+far%2C+the+times+and%2C+well%2C+life&amp;pqatl=google|title=He's Serious About This One For Tom Hanks, it's been a long ride from 'Splash' to 'Philadelphia,' in which the likable comedy actor plays an AIDS patient who's fired from his job|work=Los Angeles Times|format=Fee required|date=December 19, 1993|accessdate=June 13, 2010|archive-date=January 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111205510/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60281832.html?dids=60281832:60281832&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Dec+19%2C+1993&amp;author=KRISTINE+McKENNA&amp;pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&amp;desc=Cover+Story+He%27s+Serious+About+This+One+For+Tom+Hanks%2C+it%27s+been+a+long+ride+from+%60Splash%27+to+%60Philadelphia%2C%27+in+which+the+likable+comedy+actor+plays+an+AIDS+patient+who%27s+fired+from+his+job.+What+made+him+take+the+leap%3F+It+has+a+lot+to+do+with+what+he%27s+done+so+far%2C+the+times+and%2C+well%2C+life&amp;pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ahụ dị na Alabama, ihe nkiri ahụ mere na gburugburu Beaufort, South Carolina, yana akụkụ nke Virginia na North Carolina, gụnyere ịgba ọsọ na Blue Ridge Parkway.&lt;ref name=&quot;HankSign&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mal|first=Vincent|title=Show Some Gumption Hanks Excels in Tale of a Simple Man's Brushes with Fame|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VP&amp;p_theme=vp&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EAFF785EECC284D&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D|format=Fee required|work=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|date=July 6, 1994|accessdate=July 1, 2009|archive-date=October 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013256/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VP&amp;p_theme=vp&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EAFF785EECC284D&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMal1994&quot;&gt;Mal, Vincent (July 6, 1994). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20130126081418/http://www.indianagazette.com/a_news/article_6088508b-000c-5c86-a60e-5ea14a1d9112.html Must-see sites abound along Blue Ridge Parkway – The Indiana Gazette Online: Indiana County Area News]. &lt;/ref&gt; E mere akụkụ ndị dị n'etiti obodo nke obodo Greenbow na Varnville, South Carolina. E mere ihe nkiri nke Forrest na-agba ọsọ na Vietnam mgbe ọ nọ n'okpuru ọkụ na Hunting Island State Park na Fripp Island, [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Katherine|title=Island getaway is motion-picture perfect|work=St. Petersburg Times|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/06/27/Travel/Island_getaway_is_mot.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ na Biltmore Estate na Asheville, North Carolina na Blue Ridge Parkway dị nso na Boone, North Carolina. Ebe a ma ama bụ Grandfather Mountain ebe akụkụ nke ụzọ ahụ mechara bụrụ nke a maara dị ka &quot;Forrest Gump Curve&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Grandfather Mountain audio tour&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Forrest_Gump_Point_Monument_Valley_November_2018_003.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ebe dị n'akụkụ US Route 163 na Monument Valley ebe Forrest kwụsịrị ịgba ọsọ ya]]
E wuru ụlọ ezinụlọ Gump n'akụkụ Osimiri Combahee dị nso na Yemassee, South Carolina, a na-ejikwa ala dị nso mee ihe nkiri ụlọ Curran yana ụfọdụ ihe nkiri Vietnam. A kụrụ ihe karịrị osisi palmetto 20 iji melite ihe nkiri Vietnam.&lt;ref name=&quot;DVDProdDesign&quot;&gt;Forrest Gump kọrọ akụkọ ndụ ya n'akụkụ ugwu nke Chippewa Square na Savannah, Georgia ka ọ nọ ọdụ na bench bọs. E nwere ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ e mere na Savannah na gburugburu ya, gụnyere ịgba ọsọ na Richard V. Woods Memorial Bridge na Beaufort mgbe ndị nta akụkọ na-agba ya ajụjụ ọnụ, na West Bay Street na Savanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;DVDProdDesign&quot;&gt;{{cite video|title=Forrest Gump-(Building the World of Gump: Production Design)|medium=DVD|publisher=[[Paramount Pictures]]|date=August 28, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ihe nkiri ka ukwuu n'ihe nkiri kọleji na [[Los Angeles]] na Mahadum nke Southern [[California]]. Ụlọ ọkụ nke Forrest na-agafe iji ruo [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] oge mbụ bụ Marshall Point Lighthouse na Port Clyde, Maine. E mere ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ na Arizona, Utah's Monument Valley, na Montana's Glacier National Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=D'Arc|first=James V.|title=When Hollywood came to town: a history of moviemaking in Utah|url=https://archive.org/details/whenhollywoodcam0000darc|date=2010|publisher=Gibbs Smith|location=Layton, Utah|isbn=9781423605874|edition=1st}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmetụta ndị a na-ahụ anya ===
Ken Ralston na ndị otu ya na Industrial Light &amp; Magic bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ. N'iji usoro CGI, ọ ga-ekwe omume igosi Gump na-ezute ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma na-akụ aka ha. A gbagburu Hanks na ihuenyo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ tinyere akara ntụaka ka o wee nwee ike ịhazi ya na ihe nkiri nchekwa. Iji dekọọ olu nke ndị akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-ese ndị na-eme ihe nkiri olu ma jiri mmetụta pụrụ iche gbanwee egbugbere ọnụ maka mkparịta ụka ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;BookChanges&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mills|first=Bart|title=In 'Forrest Gump,' Historical Figures Speak for Themselves|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24184772.html?dids=24184772:24184772&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jul+08%2C+1994&amp;author=Bart+Mills.+Special+to+the+Tribune.&amp;pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&amp;desc=IN+%60FORREST+GUMP%2C%27+HISTORICAL+FIGURES+SPEAK+FOR+THEMSELVES&amp;pqatl=google|format=Fee required|work=Chicago Tribune|date=July 8, 1994|accessdate=June 13, 2010|archive-date=July 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707202525/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24184772.html?dids=24184772%3A24184772&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jul%2B08%2C%2B1994&amp;author=Bart%2BMills.%2BSpecial%2Bto%2Bthe%2BTribune.&amp;pub=Chicago%2BTribune%2B%28pre-1997%2BFulltext%29&amp;desc=IN%2B%60FORREST%2BGUMP%2C%27%2BHISTORICAL%2BFIGURES%2BSPEAK%2BFOR%2BTHEMSELVES&amp;pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E ji ihe nkiri echekwara mee ihe ma site n'enyemaka nke usoro ndị dị ka chroma key, image warping, morphing, na rotoscoping, Hanks sonyere na ya.

N'otu ọnọdụ agha Vietnam, Gump na-ebuga Bubba pụọ ​​na mwakpo napalm na-abata.  Iji mepụta mmetụta ahụ, a na-eji ndị na-eme ihe nkiri stunt mee ihe na mbụ maka nhazi.  Mgbe ahụ, a na-ese foto Hanks na Williamson, ebe Williamson na-akwado waya USB ka Hanks so ya na-agba ọsọ.  A na-esezi ihe mgbawa ahụ, ma tinyekwa ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ka ha pụta n'ihu ihe mgbawa ahụ.  CGI gbakwunyekwara ndị agha jet na mkpọ napalm

N'otu ọnọdụ agha Vietnam, Gump na-ebuga Bubba mfe na nkọwa napalm na-abata.  Iji ire ụgbọ ahụ, a na-eji ndị na-eme ihe nkiri stunt mee ihe na mbụ maka nhazi.  Mgbe ahụ, a na-ese foto Hanks na Williamson, ebe Williamson na-akwado waya USB ka Hanks so ya na-agba ọsọ.  A na-esezi ihe mgbawa ahụ, ma tinye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ka ha pụta n'ihu ihe mgbawa ahụ.  CGI mgbakwunyekwara ndị agha jet na mkpọ napalm

Ebe Forrest hụrụ Jenny na nnọkọ udo na Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool na Washington, D.C., chọrọ mmetụta a na-ahụ anya iji mepụta nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ.  N'ime ụbọchị abụọ nke eserese, a na-eji ihe mgbakwunye 1,500 mee iheN'oge ọ bụla a na-eme n'otu n'otu, a na-ahazigharị ihe mgbakwunye ahụ wee bugharịa n'ime akụkụ anọ dị iche na igwefoto.  Site n'enyemaka nke kọmputa, a na-amụba ihe ndị ọzọ iji mepụta ìgwè mmadụ nke ọtụtụ narị puku mmadụ&lt;ref name=&quot;HankSign&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DVDEnhanReal&quot;&gt;

== Ihe nnọchianya ==
Atụla nkọwa dị iche iche maka nku dị na mmeghe na mmechi nke ihe nkiri ahụ.  Sarah Lyall nke akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times kwuru ọtụtụ aro ndị e mere banyere nku: &quot;Nku ọcha ahụ ọ na-anọchi anya Ìhè na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke ịbụ? Amamihe nke Forrest Gump?&lt;ref name=&quot;LyallFeather&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lyall|first=Sarah|title=It's 'Forrest Gump' vs. Harrumph|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/31/weekinreview/it-s-forrest-gump-vs-harrumph.html|work=The New York Times|date=July 31, 1994|accessdate=October 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hanks kọwara nku dị ka: &quot;A na-akọwa ọdịnihu anyị naanị site n'otú anyị si emeso ihe ndị nwere ohere na ndụ anyị na nke ahụ bụ ụdị ọdịdị nke nku ka ọ na-abata. Nke a bụ ihe a nwere ike ịdaba ebe ọ bụla na ọ na-adaba na ya.  Ụkwụ gị.O nwere ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe nke buru ibu n'ezie. Sally Field jiri nku ahụ tụnyere akara aka, na-ekwu, sị: &quot;Ọ na-efe na ifufe na-emetụkwa ebe a ma ọ bụ ebe ahụ.&quot; Onye nlekọta mmetụta anya bụ Ken Ralston jiri nku ahụ tụnyere ihe osise nkịtị: &quot;Ọ nwere ike ịpụta ọtụtụ ihe nye ọtụtụ ndị dị iche iche..

=== Nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ===
Hanks na-ekwu na &quot;ihe nkiri ahụ abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma si otú a bụrụ nke na-enweghị ikpe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldTime&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Corliss|first=Richard|title=The World According to Gump|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981196-2,00.html|work=Time|date=August 1, 1994|accessdate=October 20, 2010|archive-date=July 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731152338/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981196-2,00.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka o sina dị, ''Crossfire'' nke CNN rụrụ ụka na 1994 ma ihe nkiri ahụ na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndị na-agbaso omenala ma ọ bụ na ọ bụ ebubo nke mmegide omenala nke afọ 1960. Thomas Byers kpọrọ ya &quot;ihe nkiri na-agbaso omenala&quot; n'otu edemede Modern Fiction Studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;ByersAggCon&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Byers|first=Thomas B.|title=History Re-Membered: Forrest Gump, Postfeminist Masculinity, and the Burial of the Counterculture|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-fiction-studies_summer-1996_42_2/page/419|journal=Modern Fiction Studies|pages=419–444|volume=42|issue=2|year=1996|doi=10.1353/mfs.1995.0102}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
A rịba ama na ọ bụ ezie na Gump na-agbaso ụzọ ndụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, ndụ Jenny jupụtara na mmata na-emegide omenala, juputara na iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, omume rụrụ arụ, na nzukọ ndị na-emegiderịta agha, nakwa na alụmdi na nwunye ha nwere ike ịbụ ụdị ime udo.&lt;ref name=&quot;EbertReview&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|title=Forrest Gump|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19940706/REVIEWS/407060301/1023|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=July 6, 1994|accessdate=October 20, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jennifer Hyland Wang na-arụ ụka n'otu edemede Cinema Journal na ọnwụ Jenny na nje a na-akpọghị aha &quot;na-anọchi anya ọnwụ nke America nwere nnwere onwe na ọnwụ nke ngagharị iwe nke kọwapụtara afọ iri&quot; na 1960s. Ọ na-ekwukwa na onye na-ede ihe nkiri ahụ, Eric Roth, mepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ma nyefee Jenny &quot;mmejọ niile nke Gump na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị America mere na 1960s na 1970s&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WangStruggle&quot; /&gt;

Ndị na-akọwa ihe ndị ọzọ kwenyere na ihe nkiri ahụ buru amụma maka mgbanwe Republican nke 1994 ma jiri onyinyo nke Forrest Gump kwalite omenala, ụkpụrụ ndị na-agbaso omenala nke onye ndú Newt Gingrich. Jennifer Hyland Wang na-ekwu na ihe nkiri ahụ na-eme ka afọ 1950 dị mma, dịka enweghị akara &quot;Whites Only&quot; gosipụtara na nwata Gump nke Southern, ma na-eche na afọ 1960 dị ka oge esemokwu na mgbagwoju anya. Ọ na-ekwu na ọdịiche a dị n'etiti iri afọ na-akatọ ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị na-emegide ma na-ekwusi ike na ọ bụ onye na-agbaso omenala.&lt;ref name=&quot;WangStruggle&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Jennifer Hyland|title=&quot;A Struggle of Contending Stories&quot;: Race, Gender, and Political Memory in Forrest Gump|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cinema-journal_spring-2000_39_3/page/n93|journal=Cinema Journal|pages=92–102|volume=39|issue=3|date=Spring 2000|doi=10.1353/cj.2000.0009|id={{ProQuest|222244908}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWang2000&quot;&gt;Wang, Jennifer Hyland (Spring 2000). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wang na-ekwu na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Republican jiri ihe nkiri ahụ mee ihe iji gosipụta &quot;ọdịnala nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya&quot; iji mee ka ndị na-eme ntụli aka gaa n'echiche ha maka ntuli aka ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WangStruggle&quot; /&gt; Onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala bụ Bob Dole kwuru na ozi ihe nkiri ahụ bụ &quot;n'agbanyeghị etu ihe isi ike ahụ siri dị ukwuu, nrọ America dị n'ime onye ọ bụla&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WangStruggle&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1995, National Review gụnyere ''Forrest Gump'' na ndepụta ya nke &quot;Best 100 Conservative Movies&quot; nke oge ''niile'', ma mee ya nọmba anọ na ndepụta ya &quot;25 Best Conservative Moves of the Last 25 Years&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;100ConMov&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Quillen|first=Ed|title=Why are modern conservatives so enchanted with Forrest Gump?|work=[[The Denver Post]]|date=May 7, 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NRRanks2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=February 23, 2009|title=The Best Conservative Movies|work=[[National Review]]|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2009/02/23/best-conservative-movies/|accessdate=1 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; National Review's John Miller dere na &quot;Tom Hanks na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nwere omume enyi nke nwere ọgụgụ isi nke ukwuu ịnakwere ụkpụrụ ndị na-egbu egbu nke afọ 1960. Ịhụnanya nke ndụ ya, nke Robin Wright Penn gosipụtara n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, na-ahọrọ ụzọ dị iche; ọ na-aghọ onye hippie na-aṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ, na-enwe ọdachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRRanks&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Miller|first=John J.|date=February 23, 2009|title=The Best Conservative Movies|work=[[National Review]]|url=http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=YWQ4MDlhMWRkZDQ5YmViMDM1Yzc0MTE3ZTllY2E3MGM=|accessdate=October 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prọfesọ James Burton na Mahadum Salisbury na-ekwu na ndị na-agbaso omenala kwuru na ''Forrest Gump'' bụ nke ha n'ihi obere ihe dị n'ime ihe nkiri ahụ ma karịa akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị nke afọ 1994. Burton na-azọrọ na ọdịnaya ihe nkiri ahụ na mkpọsa mgbasa ozi metụtara ọnọdụ ọdịbendị nke afọ 1990, nke mesiri ike ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ na ụkpụrụ America, nke gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ''Hollywood vs''. ''America''. Ọ na-ekwu na ọnọdụ a metụtara ọdịdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ihe nkiri ahụ, nke nyere ohere ọtụtụ nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche.

Ụfọdụ ndị na-akọwa nkọwa na-ahụ akwụkwọ ndị na-achọghị mgbanwe nke Forrest Gump na-egosi ọnwụ nke nhụsianya na omenala America.  Vivian Sobchack kwuru na ihe ọchị na ihe ọchị nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-adabere n'echiche nke ihe ọmụma akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ege ntị.

== Akara ụda ==
E wepụtara ụda egwu nke 32 sitere na ihe nkiri ahụ na Julaị 6, 1994. Ewezuga ogologo suite sitere na akara Alan Silvestri, ewepụtara egwu niile na mbụ;  ụda ụda gụnyere egwu sitere na Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Aretha Franklin, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Night Dog Night, the Byrds, the Beach Boys, Ahụmahụ Jimi Hendrix, Ọnụ ụzọ, Mamas &amp; Papas, Ụmụnna Doobie,  Simon &amp; Garfunkel, Bob Seger, na Buffalo Springfield n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  Onye na-emepụta egwu bụ Joel Sill tụgharịrị uche n'ịchịkọta ụda ụda ahụ: &quot;Anyị chọrọ inwe ihe a na-amata nke ọma nke ga-egosi oge, ma anyị achọghị itinye aka na ihe na-eme na cinematically. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;SongMood&quot; /&gt; Ndekọ diski abụọ ahụ nwere egwu dị iche iche sitere na 1950-1980 nke ndị nka America mere.  Dị ka Sill si kwuo, nke a bụ n'ihi arịrịọ Zemeckis, &quot;Ihe niile dị n'ebe ahụ bụ American. Bob (Zemeckis) nwere mmetụta siri ike banyere ya. O chere na Forrest agaghị azụta ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị American. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;SongMood&quot; /&gt;

Akara ụda ahụ ruru n'ókè nke ọnụọgụ 2 na chaatị album &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAyc&quot;&gt;Billboard&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SongMood&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rice|first=Lynette|title=Songs Set the Mood for 'Gump'|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SzcTAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5648,4299465|work=[[Gainesville Sun]]|date=August 14, 1994|accessdate=July 3, 2009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRice1994&quot;&gt;Rice, Lynette (August 14, 1994). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akara ụda ahụ gara n'ihu na-ere nde iri na abụọ, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime abọm kachasị ere na US.&lt;ref name=&quot;AlbumSell&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gp/bestsellers/topalbums.asp|title=Top Albums at the Recording Industry Association of America|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=July 1, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040619214153/http://www.riaa.com/gp/bestsellers/topalbums.asp|archivedate=June 19, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ Alan Silvestri dere ma duzie ihe nkiri a họpụtara na Oscar ma wepụta ya n'August 2, 1994.

== Mgbanwe ==

=== Akụkọ ọzọ ===
Eric Roth dere ihe nkiri a maka usoro a na 2001. Ọ dabere na usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ, Gump na Co., nke Winston Groom dere na 1995. Edemede Roth malitere na Forrest nọ ọdụ na oche na-eche nwa ya nwoke ka ọ si na ya lọta.  ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Mgbe mwakpo nke Septemba 11 gasịrị, Roth, Zemeckis na Hanks kpebiri na akụkọ ahụ abaghịzi uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;911Relevant&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sciretta|first=Peter|title=9/11 Killed the Forrest Gump Sequel|publisher=/Film|date=December 7, 2008|url=https://slashfilm.com/2008/12/07/911-killed-the-forrest-gump-sequel/|accessdate=October 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, na Machị 2007, a kọrọ na ndị na-emepụta Paramount lere anya ọzọ na ihe nkiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;2007Sequel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Forrest-Gump-Gets-A-Sequel-4626.html|title=Forrest Gump Gets A Sequel|author=Tyler|first=Josh|date=March 7, 2007|work=Cinema Blend|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103161608/http://www.cinemablend.com/new/forrest-gump-gets-a-sequel-4626.html|archivedate=November 3, 2010|accessdate=October 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na peeji nke mbụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na-esote, Forrest Gump na-agwa ndị na-agụ ya &quot;Ekwela ka onye ọ bụla mee ihe nkiri banyere akụkọ ndụ gị,&quot; na &quot;Ma ha nwetara ya nke ọma ma ọ bụ nke ọjọọ, ọ dịghị mkpa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;GumpCo&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Groom|first=Winston|title=Gump &amp; Co.|publisher=[[Pocket Books]]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-671-52264-3|url=https://archive.org/details/gumpco00wins_0/page/1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi nke mbụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ na-egosi na a na-etinye ihe omume ndị gbara ihe nkiri ahụ gburugburu n'ime akụkọ Forrest, nakwa na Forrest nwetara ọtụtụ nlebara anya mgbasa ozi n'ihi ihe nkiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoviesBook&quot; /&gt; N'oge akwụkwọ akụkọ na-esote, Gump na-abanye na Tom Hanks na njedebe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na mwepụta ''ihe'' nkiri ahụ, gụnyere Gump na'aga na The David Letterman Show na ịga Academy Awards.

=== Nweghachi India ===
Ihe nkiri [[Ndia|India]] Laal Singh Chaddha, ewepụtara na Ọgọstụ 2022 yana Aamir Khan na-arụ ọrụ aha, bụ ihe nrụpụta gọọmentị nke Forrest Gump, nke edobere na India n'etiti ngwụcha 1970 na 2010.  Ọ bụ Advait Chandan duziri ihe nkiri a wee bụrụ nke Aamir Khan Productions, Viacom18 Studios na Paramount Pictures mepụtara..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-to-have-a-special-screening-for-tom-hanks-53012.html|title=Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha to have a special screening for Tom Hanks|publisher=[[Filmfare]]|date=April 4, 2022|accessdate=April 4, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ihe nkiri bọọlụ America
* Ndepụta ihe nkiri gbasara egwuregwu

== Edensibia ==

{{Reflist}}

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'''Yewande Akinola''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1984) bụ injinia nwere ikike ọrụ nke bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmiri na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye injinia isi na Laing O'Rourke ma na-akwado ihe ngosi telivishọn gbasara injinịa maka Channel 4 na National Geographic .

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Yewande Akinola n'afọ 1984 na Naịjirịa. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-emepụta ụlọ ndị nwere nha nha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/people/yewande-akinola#.WncdQ5OFi_I|title=Yewande Akinola|work=ZODML|language=en|accessdate=2018-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya, J. M Akinola, bụ odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na Ministry of Works nke ochie Western Region na Naịjirịa. Yewande Akinola gụrụ akwụkwọ na Engineering Design and Appropriate Technology na Mahadum Warwick, nke ọ gụchara na 2007. N'oge akara ugo mmụta ya, ọ bụ injinia mekaniki maka Thames Water, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ebe a na-agwọ mmiri dị ọcha. Na 2007, Arup Group were ya n'ọrụ dị ka Injinia Nhazi na-emepụta mmiri na sistemụ njikwa mmiri. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Arup, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta masta na Mahadum Cranfield na 2011. 

== Ọrụ ==
Yewande Akinola nwere mmasị n'ịmepụta mmiri na ịdị ọcha maka mba ndị na-emepebeghị emepe.  Ọ rụọla ọrụ na ọrụ na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]], [[Afrịka]], Middle East na East [[Asia]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://conferences.theiet.org/ywe/engineer/biogs.cfm|title=The IET Young Woman Engineer of the Year Awards - IET Conferences|work=conferences.theiet.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ya hiwere Global Emit Project, nke na-adụ ndị ntorobịa nwere mmasị na injinia ọdụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lcshr.com/about-us/|title=About us – Low Cost Sustainable Housing|work=lcshr.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-02-04|archivedate=5 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205003026/http://lcshr.com/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.longroad.ac.uk/noticeboard/girl-power-stem-solutions-towards-a-sustainable-world-conference/|title=Girl Power: STEM Solutions Towards a Sustainable World conference {{!}} Long Road Sixth Form College|work=www.longroad.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-02-04|date=2017-11-13|archivedate=5 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001232/https://www.longroad.ac.uk/noticeboard/girl-power-stem-solutions-towards-a-sustainable-world-conference/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2010, Yewande Akinola nyere Titanic: The Mission for Channel 4 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/karleneagard/2019/01/19/megaproject-trends-for-2019-yewande-akinola-on-the-next-frontier-in-design/|title=Megaproject Trends For 2019: Yewande Akinola On The Next Frontier In Design|author=Agard|first=Karlene|work=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; na National Geographic Society . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/info/press/programme-information/titanic-the-mission|title=Titanic: The Mission - Channel 4 - Info - Press|work=www.channel4.com|language=en-us|accessdate=2018-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2012, o kpere ikpe maka asọmpi Queen Elizabeth Prize maka Engineering iji mepụta iko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://qeprize.org/trophy-2013/|title=Trophy 2013 - Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering|work=Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering|accessdate=2018-02-04|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ ahụ, a họpụtara ya ma merie ihe nrite IET Young Woman Engineer of the Year.  O nyekwala onyinye maka CBeebies na Yesterday TV. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7362301/|title=Yewande Akinola|work=IMDb|accessdate=2018-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0816xmf/credits|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030122318/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0816xmf/credits|archivedate=30 October 2016|title=Mile High City, Absolute Genius: Monster Builds - Credits - BBC - CBBC|work=BBC|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yewande Akinola apụtala na BBC Radio 4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01hy450|title=Engineer Yewande Akinola explains her most exciting projects., Sheila Hancock; Engineering; Empty nesting and dependent children, Woman's Hour - BBC Radio 4|work=BBC|date=2 October 2013|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2014, Yewande Akinola mepụtara Sistemụ owuwe ihe ubi mmiri ozuzo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2010128283|title=RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM|work=Patent Scope|accessdate=2018-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.shedistinctionblog.com/2015/09/interview-with-yewande-akinola-inventer-design-engineer/|title=Interview with Yewande Akinola: Inventer &amp;#91;sic&amp;#93; &amp; Design Engineer {{!}} Shedistinction|work=www.shedistinctionblog.com|date=September 2015|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-04|archivedate=5 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072331/http://www.shedistinctionblog.com/2015/09/interview-with-yewande-akinola-inventer-design-engineer/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2013, Akinola na Girl Guiding UK rụkọrọ ọrụ iji gbaa ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha banye n'ọrụ injinia.  Ọ sonyere na mkpọsa Royal Academy of Engineering &quot;Designed to Inspire&quot;.  E gosipụtara ya na mkpọsa QEPrize 2014 &quot;Create The Future&quot;.  O kwuru okwu dị mkpa na emume ụbọchị [[Ada Lovelace]] nke 2016.  Ọ sonyere na mkpọsa Institution of Engineering and Technology nke 2017 &quot;Portrait of an Engineer&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://faraday-secondary.theiet.org/careers/portrait-of-an-engineer/|title=Portrait of an Engineer - Faraday Secondary|work=faraday-secondary.theiet.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-04|archivedate=23 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223754/https://faraday-secondary.theiet.org/careers/portrait-of-an-engineer/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2021, a họpụtara ya dịka onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Royal Academy of Engineering &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Academy celebrates first new Fellows elected under Fit for the Future diversity initiative|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/news/news-releases/2021/september/academy-celebrates-first-new-fellows-elected-under|work=Royal Academy of Engineering|accessdate=23 September 2021|archivedate=22 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922161438/https://www.raeng.org.uk/news/news-releases/2021/september/academy-celebrates-first-new-fellows-elected-under}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==
1998 - Ihe nrite mgbakọ na mwepụ nke mba [[Ndị Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] 

2009 - Onyinye Ndị Injinia Ahụike Ọha nke UK maka Young Rising Star &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://engopps.com/news/2012-young-woman-engineer-of-the-year-finalists-announced|title=2012 Young Woman Engineer of the Year finalists announced - Engineering Opportunities|work=engopps.com|accessdate=2018-02-04|archivedate=5 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001026/http://engopps.com/news/2012-young-woman-engineer-of-the-year-finalists-announced}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2012 - Onyinye Ndị Mmeri Pụrụ Iche nke Òtù Ndị Injinia Ojii (AFBE-UK) nyere 

2012 - Nwa agbọghọ Injinia nke Afọ site na IET &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://conferences.theiet.org/ywe/previous/2012/index.cfm?|title=The IET Young Woman Engineer of the Year Awards - IET Conferences|work=conferences.theiet.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2013 - Ụmụ nwanyị iri atọ na ise kachasị elu n'okpuru afọ iri atọ na ise nke Management Today &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/35-women-35-meet-next-boss/article/1189136|title=35 Women Under 35: Meet your next boss|accessdate=2018-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628063735/https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/35-women-35-meet-next-boss/article/1189136|archive-date=2022-06-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2014 - Ihe nrite dị oke ọnụ ahịa maka nwanyị pụrụ iche na STEM &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/entrepreneur-year-puts-prison-past-behind-her|title=Entrepreneur of the year puts prison past behind her|accessdate=2018-02-04|language=en|archive-date=2019-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152251/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/entrepreneur-year-puts-prison-past-behind-her|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* [[Omolabake Adenle]]
* [[Ozak Esu]]
* [[Omobola Johnson]]
* [[Joana Maduka]]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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'''Valerian Maduka Okeke''' (amụrụ na 20 Ọktoba n'afọ 1953) bụ nnukwu ụkọchukwu Katoliki nke si mba [[Naijiria]]. Ọ bụ Archbishop nke {{ill|Archdiocese of Onitsha|en}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.familiam.org/famiglia_eng/culture/00006789_Nigeria_is_Increasingly_Pro_Life.html|title=Nigeria is Increasingly Pro-Life|work=Pontifical Council for the Family|access-date=18 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ na mmalite==
Okeke bu onye [[Umudioka]] nke di na [[Anambra Steeti]]. Echiri ya ụkọchukwu n'ọnwa Julaị 11 n'afọ 1981 site n'aka {{ill|Francis Arinze|en}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cheney 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cheney|first=David M.|title=Archbishop Valerian Maduka Okeke &amp;#91;Catholic-Hierarchy&amp;#93;|work=Catholic-Hierarchy|date=30 August 2018|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bokekev.html|accessdate=20 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mgbe a họpụtara Okeke, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya uka na Holy Trinity Cathedral, Onitsha, n'okpuru nnukwu ukọchukwu {{ill|Emmanuel Otteh|en}}. Ọrụrụ ọrụ dịka onye isi ukọchukwu na Our Lady of Seven Sorrows' Parish nke Umuoji (1983- 1986). Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi ụlọakwụkwọ {{ill|Bigard Memorial Seminary|en}} nke di na [[Enugu]], tupu {{ill|Pope John Paul II|en}} hoputara ya dika nnukwu ukọchukwu n'ọnwa Nọvemba 28 n'afọ 2001. Oburu ụzọ bụrụ Co-adjutor Archbishop n'onwa Febụwarị 9 n'afọ 2002 site n'aka {{ill|Osvaldo Padilla|en}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onitsha-archdiocese.org/archbishop|title=Archbishop|work=www.onitsha-archdiocese.org|access-date=21 April 2019|archivedate=22 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014647/https://www.onitsha-archdiocese.org/archbishop}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Kemgbe a họpụtara ya, Okeke jere ozi na kọmitii dị iche iche nke Nzukọ ndị nnukwu ukọchukwu nke Naijiria, ma dịka onyeisi oche nke ngalaba na-ahụ maka ihe ndị nlekọta, Secretariat Katọlik na Naijiria na 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbcn-ng.org/newsdetail.php?tab=729|title=Catholic Bishops Conference of Nigeria (CBCN)|work=www.cbcn-ng.org|access-date=21 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọchịchị ya, ọnụọgụgụ ụlọuka dị na Archdiocese nke Onitsha sitere na 70 ruo 183.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/transcript-of-grace-a-tribute-to-archbishop-valerian-okeke-65/|title=TRANSCRIPT OF GRACE: A tribute to Archbishop Valerian Okeke @ 65|date=2018-10-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onitsha-archdiocese.org/about-us/statistics|title=Statistics|work=www.onitsha-archdiocese.org|access-date=2019-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okeke na-eleta ndị no n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nke Onitsha ugboro atọ kwa afọ. Obu ebe ahụ ka ona-eme mmemme ncheta ọmụmụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/valerian-okeke/|title=Archbishop celebrates birthday in prison|last=Ekpunobi|first=Dom|date=24 October 2017|work=guardian.ng|accessdate=2019-06-18|archivedate=2019-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222083621/https://guardian.ng/tag/valerian-okeke/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newmail-ng.com/obi-celebrates-christmas-with-prisoners-motherless-babies/|title=Obi celebrates Christmas with prisoners, motherless babies|author=Okoro|first=Anslem|date=2018-12-25|work=New Mail Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]]</text>
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Part of a series on

Reading

Learning to read

Reading readiness

Vocabulary development

Vocabulary learning

Scientific theories and models

Dual route theory

Simple view of reading

Science of reading

Scarborough's Reading Rope

The active view of reading model

Cognitive processes

Comprehension

Phonemic awareness

Phonological awareness

Subvocalization

Word recognition

Reading instruction

Analytic phonics

Basal reader

Concept-oriented

Directed listening and thinking activity

Guided reading

Independent reading

Literature circle

Phonics

Reciprocal teaching

Structured word inquiry

Sustained silent reading

Synthetic phonics

Whole language

Reading rate

Fluency

Slow reading

Speed reading

Words per minute

Readability

Automatic assessment

Legibility

Readability test

Reading differences and disabilities

Dyslexia

Hyperlexia

Reading disability

Reading for special needs

Language

Alphabetic principle

Braille

Dolch word list

Grapheme

History of printing

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Orthography

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Vocabulary

Written language

Writing

Writing system

Literacy

Critical literacy

Close reading

Distant reading

Family literacy

Functional illiteracy

Great books

Literary criticism

Literature

Children's

Ọgụgụ na nsụpe smart Way bụ akara azụmaahịa nke usoro nkuzi ọgụgụ na akụrụngwa nke Bright Sky Learning mepụtara na 2001.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
[[Usòrò:Smartwayreading.jpg|alt=alt text|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ọgụgụ na mkpoputa smart Way]]
&lt;ref&gt;National Reading Panel report&lt;/ref&gt;N'ime afọ abụọ na mmepe, Smart Way Reading and Spelling emebere ka ọ dị mfe iji mana ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịkụzi ụmụ akwụkwọ. Usoro [[Ọgụgụ (usoro)|ịgụ akwụkwọ]] sitere na nkuzi ụda mmalite yana otu esi amụta [[American English|Bekee nke America]] site na atụmatụ ọgụgụ dị elu. Ejirila mmemme a nke ọma na mmemme ọgụgụ isi &lt;ref&gt;''Overview of the Results of the Bright Sky Learning, Lancaster-Lebanon Intermediate Unit 13, School District of Lancaster Tutoring Research Project'', by Lana Edwards Santoro, Ph.D., Education Associates; Angela Kirby-Wehr, M.Ed., Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance Network (PaTTAN); and, Edward S. Shapiro, Ph.D., Lehigh University, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.smartwayreading.com/Research_Study.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2010-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716093413/http://www.smartwayreading.com/Research_Study.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; na steeti n'ofe mba ahụ nwere nsonaazụ dị mma na nke na-agbanwe agbanwe ma dabere na nyocha sayensị kachasị zuru oke na nkuzi ịgụ nke na-ekwusi ike na [[Igwe ụda olu|ụda usoro]] na nke doro anya tinyere [[Nghọta ọgụgụ|nghọta ịgụ]] na [[ịdị nkọ]] . 

Ihe omume Ọgụgụ na Ọsụpe ụzọ Smart ka ewepụtara n'usoro nkuzi mpịachi nke mmadụ iri abụọ na asaa.  Chaatị ntụgharị ọ bụla nwere nkuzi zuru oke nke gụnyere ma ihe ụmụ akwụkwọ na ihe nchịkwa n'ime otu akwụkwọ nta.  Nwa akwụkwọ ahụ na-ahụ onyonyo ma ọ bụ ederede n'otu akụkụ nke eserese ntụgharị ahụ, ebe onye nchịkwa na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere ntuziaka ederede ya n'akụkụ nke ọzọ yana onyonyo enyo nke ihe nwa akwụkwọ ahụ na-ahụ.  Ọdịdị nke usoro ihe omume ahụ zuru oke na-enye ohere ọbụna onye nchịkwa novice ka ya na nwa akwụkwọ rụọ ọrụ ozugbo.  Ọzụzụ sara mbara adịghị mkpa.  Ka oge na-aga, ka onye nchịkwa na-enwekwu obi ike, ọ nwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe okike na mmekọrịta na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ.  Kama imesi ike iwu ụda olu n'otu n'otu maka iwu nkuzi, usoro Smart Way na-ewebata okwu na usoro okwu n'ime ezinaụlọ, na-enyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka ịghọta isi iwu ụda olu site na usoro mmụta mmụta.  Emebere mmemme a ka usoro mmụta zuru oke maka ndị na-eto eto yana dịka usoro ntinye aka maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị okenye.  Agbanyeghị na nsonaazụ ga-adịgasị iche, ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ga-emecha nkuzi ọ bụla n'ime otu awa ma ọ bụ abụọ.

== Isi Nchọpụta Mgbakwunye nke Mmemme ==
Nbufe nke usoro na mkpoputa Smart Way dabere na echiche nke vidiyo adị nke onwe yana agụ ya n'ịkwa ihe nkuzi.  [1] Usoro usoro, usoro nhazi na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ arịa ụlọ nkà ha ma mmepụta obi ike.  A na-amata map doro anya, usoro nhazi dị ka nke na-emetụta ihe ịga nke ọma nke ụmụ akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme nke ọma ma na-akwado iji ya na nkuzi olu .  [2] [3] Ọzọkwa, egosi na-egosi na nkuzi phonics bara uru nye ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'afọ ndụ niile [4] [5] na ọgụ ndị ọzọ na-akwado nkuzi siri ike na nkà ngbanwe dị ka usoro nke mmepụta  ɔkwan maka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-agbasi mbọ ike na ụlọ akwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;Institute for Academic Access, 2002&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Smartwaylogo.jpg|alt=alt text|thumb| Ọgụgụ na mkpoputa smart Way]]

== Ụda Bekee ==
Ngwa diski kọmpat na kaadị flash a na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ịmata ma kwugharịa ụda pụrụ iche na American English.  Emebere ya ma hazie ya maka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ mbụ, ELL (Ndị na-amụ asụsụ Bekee) na EFL (Bekee dị ka asụsụ mba ọzọ).  Ụda Bekee na-ewebata fọnịm iri anọ na isii (ụda okwu) na iche na ederede.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpuga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100305165513/http://www.nationalreadingpanel.org/ Òtù Ọgụgụ Mba]
* [http://www.brightskylearning.com Webụsaịtị Bright Sky Learning]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716093413/http://www.smartwayreading.com/Research_Study.pdf ''Nchịkọta nke Nsonaazụ nke mmụta mmụta mbara igwe na-egbuke egbuke, Ngalaba etiti Lancaster-Lebanon 13, District School of Lancaster Tutoring Research Project'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123411/http://www.smartwayreading.com/ Weebụsaịtị ọgụgụ na asụpe smart Way]
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      <text bytes="1391" sha1="c5sbpe90md3a8m3iod87fb4apzxve6f" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:HF Smith House.jpg|thumb|Ulo HF Smith ]]
{{Infobox NRHP|name=H. F. Smith House|nrhp_type=|image=HF Smith House.jpg|caption=H. F. Smith House|location=721 W. Harvey Ave., [[Wellington, Kansas]]|coordinates={{coord|37|15|57|N|97|24|23|W|display=inline,title}}|locmapin=Kansas#USA|built=1886, 1896|builder=Dumont, Elbert|architecture=Queen Anne|added=April 18, 2007|area=less than one acre|refnum=07000318&lt;ref name=&quot;nris&quot;&gt;{{NRISref|version=2010a}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Ụlọ H. F. Smith''', na 721 W. Harvey Ave. na Wellington, Kansas, bụ ụlọ Queen Anne nke e wuru na 1886 dị ka ebe obibi nwere otu okpukpu. Onye &lt;ref name=&quot;nrhpdoc&quot;/&gt;-ewu ụlọ na onye na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Elbert Dumond gbasaa ya na 1896 ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ Queen Anne Free Classic nwere okpukpu abụọ nke ọ bụ ugbu a.

E depụtara ya na National Register of Historic Places na 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;nrhpdoc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=07000318}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: H.F. Smith House / 191-5730-0020|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|author=Karl H. Braddick|date=August 28, 2006|accessdate=December 14, 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKarl_H._BraddickJana_K._Braddick2006&quot;&gt;Karl H. Braddick; Jana K. Braddick (August 28, 2006). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}{{National Register of Historic Places}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dettol</title>
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      <text bytes="574" sha1="4dh1z8lk4we618ch1w834f4zc9rffyz" xml:space="preserve">'''Dettol''' bụ ihe na-ehicha Ihe na-egbu egbu ná antiseptik . Ndị ụlọ ọrụ Britain Reckitt webatara ya na 1932 &lt;ref name=&quot;Pinto2015&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;Pinto2015&quot; /&gt; Na [[Jémanị|Germany]], a na-ere ya n'okpuru aha '''Sagrotan''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Germany&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Tupu 2002, ụfọdụ ngwaahịa Dettol ka akpọrọ '''Dettox''' . &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210831113339/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/management/stretching-brands-to-the-limit-104060701130_1.html &quot;Stretching brands to the limit&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
== Edensibịa ==

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    <title>Thurayyā Malḥas</title>
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      <text bytes="7927" sha1="n3sx0h7eh30qgwcbvvvbdd3tjg1bv85" xml:space="preserve">'''Thurayyā 'Abd al-Fattāḥ Malḥas''' (1925 – February 23, 2013; {{Lang-ar|ثريا ملحس}}) was a Palestinian poet and academic. She is considered a pioneer of free verse poetry among Palestinian women writers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Al-Taher|first=Bassmah B.|date=2020|title=A Palestinian Discourse: Historiographic Metafiction in Rula Jebreal's Miral|journal=Dirasat, Human and Social Sciences|volume=47|issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=ʻĀshūr|first=Raḍwá|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MB6gphBXU0kC|title=Arab Women Writers: A Critical Reference Guide, 1873-1999|date=2008|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-416-146-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mụrụ Thurayyā Malḥas na 1925 na Amman, n'ihe bụ Emirate nke Transjordan n'oge ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Amman, wee kwaga [[Jerusalem]] mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise wee gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'ebe ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Scheid|first=Kirsten|date=Spring 2008|title=The Press Dossier: Reception and Production of an Artist and her Audience|url=http://arteeast.org/quarterly/the-press-dossier-reception-and-production-of-an-artist-and-her-audience/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=ArteEast|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826152803/http://arteeast.org/quarterly/the-press-dossier-reception-and-production-of-an-artist-and-her-audience/|archive-date=2021-08-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; nọrọ oge dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na al-Ahliyya National School for Girls na Beirut, n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ ga-abụ ndị na-emepụta ihe dịka Saloua Raouda Choucair, onye ya na ya ghọrọ ezigbo enyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [2]

&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=Winter 2011|title=Achievements of LAU Women Graduates throughout its History|work=LAU Magazine &amp; Alumni Bulletin|url=https://issuu.com/lau-publications/docs/lau-magazine-vol13-issue4-winter2011|archive-date=2023-02-25|access-date=2023-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225153709/https://issuu.com/lau-publications/docs/lau-magazine-vol13-issue4-winter2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 1945, Malḥas gụsịrị akwụkwọ na American Junior College for Women, nke bụzi Lebanese American University, na nzere onye mmekọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Scheid|first=Kirsten|date=2019|title=A speculative examination of portraiture in Choucair's non-representational corpus|url=https://journals.usj.edu.lb/regards/article/view/135/123|journal=Regards|volume=22|archive-date=2023-11-05|access-date=2023-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105225701/https://journals.usj.edu.lb/regards/article/view/135/123|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; gụrụ [[Arabic]] na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum America nke Beirut, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na 1947 na nzere masta na 1951. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; e mesịrị na 1950s, ọ gara [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] iji gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na Mahadum SOAS nke London. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; laghachiri na American Junior College for Women, nke a kpọrọ Beirut College for Women. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; [2] Ọ laghachikwara n'ọkwa onye isi ngalaba Arabic.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-02-24|title=ثريا ملحس في ذمة الله ..|url=https://www.ammonnews.net/article/145918|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Ammon News|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahụ, na 1981, ọ nwetara Ph.D. na Nkà ihe ọmụma Arabic na Mahadum Saint Joseph wee ghọọ prọfesọ na mahadum ahụ.

== Ide ihe ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; na-ewere Malḥas dị ka nwanyị Palestine mbụ na-ede akwụkwọ na-enweghị abụ, na-enweghị ịdabere na mita. Nke &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; gosipụtara mgbanwe na akwụkwọ edemede ụmụ nwanyị Palestine tupu Ọpụpụ nke 1948, nke a na-ejikarị asụsụ ọdịnala, nke nwere okooko osisi mara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kafeety|first=Fadi H.|date=May 2019|title=The Forgotten Comrades: Leftist Women, Palestinians, and the Jordanian Communist Party, 1936–1957|url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4344&amp;context=gc_etds|journal=The Graduate Center, City University of New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; ọkà mmụt&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Naouri|first=Issa I.|date=1967|title=The Arab contemporary literature in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan|url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/39410/1/JFA%2C_3%283%29_-_A1.pdf|journal=Journal of the Faculty of Arts, 3(3), 165-178.|volume=3|issue=165–178|pages=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke oge a kọwara ya dị ka &quot;onye na-ede uri nke abstraction,&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; na abụ uri ya nwere ihe omimi na ihe omimi, gụnyere &quot;okwu na ihe oyiyi ndị a na-amaghị ama. &quot; [1] Mgbe ụfọdụ a kọwara ya dịka onye nke oge a, [2] A na-ewere Malḥas dị ka akụkụ nke ọgbọ mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ede abụ nke oge a mụrụ n'ihe bụ Transjordan n'oge ahụ.

Malite &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52557904|title=Encyclopedia of women &amp; Islamic cultures|date=2003–2007|publisher=Brill|others=Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi|isbn=978-90-04-13247-4|location=Leiden|oclc=52557904}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 1940, o dere maka akwụkwọ dị iche iche dị na Lebanọn, ọkachasị dị ka onye na-enyocha nka, gụnyere ikpuchi ihe ngosi ihu ọha mbụ nke onye ya na ya nọ na klas Saloua Choucair na Beirut na 1952. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Moreh|first=S.|date=1974|title=Five Writers of Shi'r Manthūr in Modern Arabic Literature|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282527|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=10|issue=2|pages=229–233|doi=10.1080/00263207408700272|issn=0026-3206}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Schayegh|first=Cyrus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mj3LCQAAQBAJ|title=The Routledge Handbook of the History of the Middle East Mandates|date=2015-06-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-49706-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;'etiti na ngwụcha afọ 1940, ọ malitere ibipụta uri na akụkọ na magazin ''Al Adib'', ụdị mbinye aka ya gosipụtara mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ihe odide obodo.

E bipụtara nchịkọta mbụ ya nke uri, ''al-Nashid al-Ta'ih'' (&quot;The Wayward Hymn&quot;), na 1949. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; gara n'ihu bipụta ọkara iri na abụọ ọzọ n'etiti afọ 1952 na 1968. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; biputara akwukwo uri n'asụsụ Bekee, nke akpọrọ Prisoners of Time . [1] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Handal, Nathalie|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1036827372|title=The poetry of Arab women : a contemporary anthology|date=2001|publisher=Interlink Books|oclc=1036827372}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 2001, e tinyere ọrụ ya na The Poetry of Arab Women: A Contemporary Anthology . [1]

&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; bụ ezie na a maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye na-ede uri, o dekwara akụkọ mkpirikpi, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na edemede. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dabbagh|first=Hussein Muhammad Ali|date=1968|title=Mikhail Naimy: some aspects of his thought as revealed in his writings|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7992/1/7992_4990.PDF|journal=Durham University}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; nke a, o mepụtara akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere ''Mikhail Naimy al-Adib al-Sufi'', ọmụmụ nke onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Mikhail Naim, na 1964.

== Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ ==
Malḥas lụrụ onye nkuzi ibe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Scheid|first=Kirsten|date=2015-02-01|title=Toward a Material Modernism: Introduction to S. R. Choucair's &quot;How the Arab Understood Visual Art&quot;|journal=ARTMargins|volume=4|issue=1|pages=102–118|doi=10.1162/ARTM_a_00106|issn=2162-2574}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ Musa Sulaiman . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; nwụrụ na Amman na 2013 mgbe ọ dị afọ 88.

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Ọdịdị Fatima</title>
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      <text bytes="8941" sha1="fsax1z34ipdrr4i5k7d1uqjqwfylss6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Fatima Seedat|nationality=South African|education=[[McGill University]] (Ph.D)|occupation=Islamic scholar, Senior lecturer, women's rights activist}}

Fatima Seedat bụ onye mba South Africa, ọkà mmụta [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. [1] A maara ya maka ọrụ mmụta ya na okike na iwu islam, [2] na Islam na Feminism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Emon 2018&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lamptey|first=Jerusha Tanner|title=Divine Words, Female Voices: Muslima Explorations in Comparative Feminist Theology|date=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780190653385|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=229oDwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mansour|first=Asmaa|title=Decolonizing Islamic Feminism|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|date=Spring 2022|volume=38|issue=1|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.38.1.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Seedat na-eme nchọpụta banyere okike na Iwu Alakụba, Islam na feminism, na nwoke Muslim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ gụsịrị Ph.D. ya na Mahadum McGill,  na edemede ya lekwasịrị anya na okike na echiche iwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Emon 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Emon|first=Anver M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzpxDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Fatima+Seedat&amp;pg=PA94|title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law|date=November 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-967901-0|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEmonAhmed2018&quot;&gt;Emon, Anver M.; Ahmed, Rumee (November 2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzpxDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Fatima+Seedat&amp;pg=PA94 ''The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law'']. Oxford University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967901-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-19-967901-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;: 94–95 

Ọ bụ onye nkuzi dị elu na Gender Studies na Mahadum nke Cape Town . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Fatima Seedat {{!}} African Gender Institute|url=http://www.agi.ac.za/dr-fatima-seedat|accessdate=2022-06-03|work=www.agi.ac.za|language=en|archivedate=2022-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603200722/http://www.agi.ac.za/dr-fatima-seedat}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220603200722/http://www.agi.ac.za/dr-fatima-seedat &quot;Dr Fatima Seedat | African Gender Institute&quot;]. ''www.agi.ac.za''. Archived from [http://www.agi.ac.za/dr-fatima-seedat the original] on 2022-06-03&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-06-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Seedat bụkwa onye mmemme mmemme nke Mahadum nke Cape Town's Mphil na Islam, Mmekọahụ, na Mmekọala na Sa'diyya Shaikh . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MPhil_in_Islam_Gender_and_Sexuality {{!}} African Gender Institute|url=http://www.agi.uct.ac.za/agi/news/mphil-in-islam-gender-and-sexuality|accessdate=2022-10-10|work=www.agi.uct.ac.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seedat bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ole na ole na-eme ihe dị ka imam ma na-ebuga khutbah. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Akwụkwọ Khutbah nke ụmụ nwanyị: Okwuchukwu nke oge a na ime mmụọ na ikpe ziri ezi sitere na gburugburu ụwa ya na Sa'diyya Shaikh. A na-egosipụta khutbah abụọ nke Seedat, &quot;Ịmara na na site na ọdịiche&quot; na &quot;Ọ bụghị Nikah Khutbah&quot;.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shaikh|first=Sa’diyya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZ-GEAAAQBAJ|title=The Women's Khutbah Book: Contemporary Sermons on Spirituality and Justice from around the World|date=2022-10-13|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-26903-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seedat bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ bụ ndị Alakụba na-ahụ maka alụmdi na nwunye na South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Seedat bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ndị omeiwu maka South African Commission on Gender Equality. Seedat bụ onye guzobere Shura Yabafazi, otu NGO nke South Africa nke na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị na iwu ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba. Seedat arụwokwa ọrụ na Equitas Human Rights Foundation, Women Living Under Muslim Laws, na UN Women Afghanistan . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-08-11|title=Fatima Seedat {{!}} WISE Muslim Women Fatima Seedat|url=https://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslim-woman/fatima-seedat-2/|accessdate=2022-06-03|work=WISE Muslim Women}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslim-woman/fatima-seedat-2/ &quot;Fatima Seedat | WISE Muslim Women Fatima Seedat&quot;]. ''WISE Muslim Women''. 2009-08-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-06-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=People : Legal Experience {{!}} African Gender Institute|url=http://www.agi.uct.ac.za/agi-projects-legal-experience-the-project-team|accessdate=2022-06-03|work=www.agi.uct.ac.za|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013060827/http://www.agi.uct.ac.za/agi-projects-legal-experience-the-project-team}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221013060827/http://www.agi.uct.ac.za/agi-projects-legal-experience-the-project-team &quot;People : Legal Experience | African Gender Institute&quot;]. ''www.agi.uct.ac.za''. Archived from [http://www.agi.uct.ac.za/agi-projects-legal-experience-the-project-team the original] on 2022-10-13&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-06-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na South African Muslim Personal Law Network, nke na-arụkọ ọrụ na Musawah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ na ise na ọtụtụ òtù iji kwado nchebe iwu maka ụmụ nwanyị n'alụmdi na nwunye ndị Alakụba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafudeen 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rafudeen|first=Auwais|title=From the Editor.|journal=Journal for Islamic Studies|date=June 2021|volume=39|issue=1|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A710684862/AONE|accessdate=9 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* The Women's Khutbah Book: Ozizi nke oge a na Mmụọ na Ikpe Ziri Ezi site na gburugburu ụwa (onye nchịkọta akụkọ, [[Yale University]] Press, 2022) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shaikh|first=Sa'diyya|title=Embracing the Barzakh: Knowledge, Being and Ethics|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|date=June 2021|volume=39|issue=1|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A710684864/AONE|accessdate=9 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ ===

* &quot;Ndị Nkwado South Africa na-achọ Ihe Dị Nsọ&quot; na Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa (2021, Wits University Press) 
* &quot;Mmekọahụ na Ọmụmụ Iwu Alakụba: Site na arụmụka gaa na Ụkpụrụ Omume&quot; na The Routledge Handbook on Gender and Islam (2020, Routledge) 
* &quot;Mmekọrịta na Mgbakọ: Ndị South Africa Na-ekwurịta okwu Privilege na Marginality site na Nnwere Onwe nke Okpukpe na Ọdịiche Mmekọahụ&quot; na Nnwere onwe nke Okpukpu na Stake: Nkwupụta asọmpi n'etiti Omenala, Steeti, na Ndị Mmadụ (2019, Pickwick Publications) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Forster|first=Dion A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uO29DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=fatima+seedat&amp;pg=PA199|title=Freedom of Religion at Stake: Competing Claims among Faith Traditions, States, and Persons|date=2019-11-01|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-5326-6056-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ===

* &quot;N'etiti ókèala, n'akụkụ ohere ndị na-emebi ọchịchị n'ime ụlọ klas ụmụ nwanyị na-ejide oghere dị n'etiti kor'an na Bible&quot; na Religion and Theology (2020) 
* &quot;Gender Asymmetry and Mutual Sexual Relations in Online Legal Interpretation - Beyond the Dissonance through the Fatwas of Julyam.org&quot; na Journal for Gender and Religion in Africa (2020) 
* &quot;Nchebe n'etiti Chineke na Nwoke: Udo, Udo na Mmekọahụ site na Mgbalị Pietistic nke Ụmụ nwanyị kwere ekwe&quot; na Mariam Khan na Journal for the Study of Religion
* &quot;Queering the Study of Islam&quot; na Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion
* [https://tif.ssrc.org/2018/09/13/a-womens-march-without-god-the-father/ Njem ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị Chineke (Nna)] na The Immanent Frame (2018) 
* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba mmekọahụ nke agha na teknụzụ mmekọahụ nke ahụ: nwoke ndị Alakụba na mmepụta nke ndị iko nwanyị Islamist maka caliphate na Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (2017) 
* &quot;On Spiritual Subjects: Negotiations in Muslim Female Spirituality&quot; na Journal of Gender and Religion in Africa (2016) 
* {{Cite journal|date=2013|title=Islam, Feminism, and Islamic Feminism: Between Inadequacy and Inevitability|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|volume=29|issue=2|pages=25–45|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.29.2.25|url=https://doi.org/10.2979/jfemistudreli.29.2.25|author=Seedat}}

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatima, Ọdịdị}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Órfhlaith Foyle</title>
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      <text bytes="2444" sha1="jb8eopqk1yzb5a3am0m2ug4ur5xqnka" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
. &lt;ref name=&quot;NOC_ivw&quot;/&gt;Órfhlaith Foyle bụ onye edemede na onye na-agụ uri Irish

A mini Foyle na Nigeria [1] nye nne na nna bụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ Irish, bi na ya yana Kenya na Malawi, [1] niile nwere ike dị ukwuu n'ihe odide ya.

. &lt;ref name=&quot;NOC_ivw&quot; /&gt;O nwere nzere bachelọ na Humanities, ma bụrụ onye ode akwụkwọ oge niile, [1] bụ onye ebipụtara n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ.  Foyle ebiela na Australia, [2] France, Russia, Israel na United Kingdom, ma bi ugbu a na Galway, Ireland.

&lt;ref name=&quot;NOC_ivw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=O'Connor|first=Nuala|title=Orfhlaith Foyle interview|url=http://womenrulewriter.blogspot.com/2010/05/orfhlaith-foyle-interview.html|work=WOMEN RULE WRITER: Lit blog of Nuala O'Connor / Nuala Ní Chonchúir|accessdate=13 January 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFO'Connor&quot;&gt;O'Connor, Nuala. [http://womenrulewriter.blogspot.com/2010/05/orfhlaith-foyle-interview.html &quot;Orfhlaith Foyle interview&quot;]. ''WOMEN RULE WRITER: Lit blog of Nuala O'Connor / Nuala Ní Chonchúir''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Akwụkwọ ya ruo taa akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ uri.  Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ.  akpọ ya akpọ Flannery O'Connor, Katherine Mansfield, Emily Brontë na Emily Dickinson .

* ''Belios'', Lilliput Press, 2005 - akwụkwọ akụkọ &lt;ref name=&quot;Own_site&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Órfhlaith Foyle (home page)|url=http://www.orfhlaithfoyle.com/|work=Órfhlaith Foyle|accessdate=13 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515183843/http://www.orfhlaithfoyle.com/|archivedate=15 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ịbọ ọbọ'', Ụlọ Arlen, 2005 - nchịkọta agwakọta &lt;ref name=&quot;Own_site&quot; /&gt;
* ''Ihe nhụsianya nke Red Riding Hood'', Arlen House, 2010 - uri, ahọpụtara maka onyinye Rupert na Eithne Strong &lt;ref name=&quot;Own_site&quot; /&gt;
* ''Ebe na Minnesota'', Ụlọ Arlen 2011 - nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi &lt;ref name=&quot;Own_site_bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.orfhlaithfoyle.com/bio.html|work=Orfhlaith Foyle|accessdate=13 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204070841/http://www.orfhlaithfoyle.com/bio.html|archivedate=4 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nrọ Clemency Browne nke Gin'', Ụlọ Arlen 2014
{{DEFAULTSORT:Foyle, Orfhlaith}}

== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ade Akinbiyi</title>
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'''Adeola Oluwatoyin Akinbiyi''' (amụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 1974) bụ onye nkuzi bọọlụ na onye bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]].

Dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ, ọ bụ onye na-aga n'ihu nke na-agba na Premier League maka Norwich City, Leicester City na Sheffield United, yana na Major League Soccer na Houston Dynamo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Notts County swoop for Akinbiyi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Notts County swoop for Akinbiyi|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/n/notts_county/8276493.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 September 2009|accessdate=13 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; nweela ọrụ na-eme njem dị ukwuu na ọtụtụ klọb dị iche iche na ụgwọ mbufe karịrị £ 11.5 nde n'oge ọrụ ya, gụnyere ịbụ Leicester City's record signling (na £ 5.3 nde) n'oge ahụ. Ọ gbakwara bọọlụ na Hereford United, Brighton &amp;amp;amp; Hove Albion, Gillingham, Bristol City, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Crystal Palace, Stoke City, Burnley na Notts County. A mụrụ ya n'England, Akinbiyi ruru eru igwu egwu maka okpu egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa site n'aka ndị mụrụ ya, ma nweta otu iko maka Naịjirịja na 1999.

N'afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nchịkwa egwuregwu na Colwyn Bay na-abụghị otu egwuregwu. Ọ nọgidere na klọb ahụ ruo ọtụtụ oge tupu ọ malite ọrụ ndụmọdụ egwuregwu n'Africa.

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Akinbiyi malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye a na-enye ọzụzụ na Norwich City, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya n'ime otu mbụ na 1992. O mere nke mbụ ya na 3 Nọvemba 1993 dị ka onye nọchiri anya otu egwuregwu Germany bụ Bayern Munich na Iko UEFA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|publisher=Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2001/11/02/sfnwin03.xml|title=On the Spot: Ade Akinbiyi|date=2 November 2001|first=Henry|author=Winter|accessdate=23 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;Egwuregwu ahụ gwụrụ 1-1, nke pụtara na Norwich meriri agba nke abụọ 3-2 na ngụkọta wee gaa n'ihu na-eche Inter Milan ihu, bụ ndị wepụrụ ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lee|first=David|title=Triffic! Tony Pulis: His 40 Years in Football|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780992976903|publisher=Provervial|year=2014|location=Stoke-on-Trent|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780992976903/page/39 39]}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbazinyere ya Hereford United na Brighton &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;amp; Hove Albion tupu ọ gaa Gillingham na £ 250,000 na 1997. [1] gbara goolu iri abụọ na itoolu n'egwuregwu league na iko 67 maka Gills ma nyefee ya ngwa ngwa n'otu Bristol City nke e buliri n'ọkwa Nkewa Mbụ maka £ 1.2 nde.

=== Nnukwu ego na-agagharị ===
Akụrụngwa Akinbiyi gara n'ihu na-arị elu ma mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu iri abụọ na otu maka Bristol City na Oge 1998-99, Wolverhampton Wanderers kwụrụ ya nde £ 3.5 na Septemba 1999 na mgbalị iji dochie Robbie Keane. Ọ gbara naanị otu oge na Molineux, na-agwụcha dị ka onye kacha gbaa goolu na klọb ahụ na goolu iri na isii mana Wolves hapụrụ n'ebe egwuregwu.

Ọnwa iri mgbe ọ bịarutere na Wolves, ọ hapụrụ klọb Premier League Leicester City maka £ 5.5 nde, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/leicester_city/850372.stm|title=Akinbiyi swaps Wolves for Foxes|date=25 July 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; mkpebi ọ ga-emecha kwaa ụta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Akinbiyi reveals Leicester regret&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Akinbiyi reveals Leicester regret|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/burnley/4448704.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=18 November 2005|accessdate=1 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; kpọbatara ya dị ka onye nọchiri Emile Heskey (onye hapụrụ Liverpool maka £ 11 nde), ọ rughị ihe a tụrụ anya ya, na-agba naanị goolu 11 na egwuregwu 58 . [1]

Oge ọ nọrọ na Leicester kụrụ ala na mmeri 4-1 na Liverpool. Ọ tụfuru ohere anọ dị mfe, gụnyere otu ọpụpụ site na mita isii na nkeji ikpeazụ. Ndị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/oct/22/match.leicestercity|title=Fowler returns to finishing school|date=22 October 2001|accessdate=3 January 2014|publisher=Guardian News and Media|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;-akwado Leicester na-eti ya mkpu, ndị ndidi ha na Akinbiyi gwụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/nov/05/match.leicestercity|title=First Ade patches up struggling Foxes|date=5 November 2001|accessdate=3 January 2014|publisher=Guardian News and Media|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya na league n'oge ahụ na mmeri 1-0 dị mkpa n'ụlọ na Sunderland, [1] nke mere ka o kwuo na &quot;n'olileanya nke a ga-amalite ọtụtụ goolu maka m&quot;. 

Leicester wegara Akinbiyi na Crystal Palace maka £ 2.2 nde na Febụwarị 2002. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Palace clinch Akinbiyi deal|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/crystal_palace/1801306.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=5 February 2002|accessdate=3 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Mgbe o rutere, o weere uwe elu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ 55 dị elu, na-agbakwunye obere akara n'etiti nọmba iji gosipụta nọmba uwe elu ya kachasị amasị ya, 10, nke e werela. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Deadline-day transfers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/2891031.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 March 2003|accessdate=3 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbara naanị otu goolu na egwuregwu league na iko iri na anọ, [1] a gbazinyere ya Stoke City na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Akinbiyi keeps Stoke up|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/2967967.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 May 2003|accessdate=13 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0203&quot;&gt;{{Soccerbase season|id=62|season=2002|access-date=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbara bọọlụ ugboro abụọ - goolu nke abụọ na-abịa n'egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke Oge 2002-03, [1] mgbe ndị Potters meriri Reading 1-0 iji nọgide na ọnọdụ nke abụọ ha. [2] &amp;nbsp;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Stoke seal Akinbiyi deal|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/stoke_city/3105718.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=13 September 2003|accessdate=13 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; mechara sonye na-adịgide adịgide, na mbufe n'efu na Septemba 2003. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;POTY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stokecityfc.com/player-awards|title=Player Awards {{!}} Stoke City FC|work=www.stokecityfc.com|accessdate=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbara goolu iri na 2003–04-04 wee merie ihe nrite Player of the Year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Blades increase bid for Akinbiyi|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sheff_utd/4233157.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=3 February 2005|accessdate=13 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Stoke reject fresh Akinbiyi bid|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/stoke_city/4202621.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=25 January 2005|accessdate=13 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Stoke reject Blades' Akinbiyi bid|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/stoke_city/4195209.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=21 January 2005|accessdate=13 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 2004–05-05, Akinbiyi gbara goolu asaa n'egwuregwu iri atọ ma bụrụ onye Sheffield United bidoro. [1] [2] [3] Stoke jụrụ onyinye Sheffield United niile m&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Burnley beat Blades for Akinbiyi|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/burnley/4273937.stm|publisher=BBC Sport|date=24 February 2005|accessdate=13 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; a nabatara onyinye sitere na Burnley.

=== Houston Dynamo ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2009, a kọrọ na Akinbiyi nọ na mkparịta ụka banyere ịkwaga na United States iji sonye na klọb bọọlụ Major League Houston Dynamo . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chronicle6342699&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/sports/6342699.html|title=Dynamo close to signing veteran Akinbiyi|author=Fallas|first=Bernardo|date=26 March 2009|publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]]|accessdate=27 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://houston.mlsnet.com/news/team_news.jsp?ymd=20090330&amp;content_id=232988&amp;vkey=news_hou&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;team=t200|title=Soccer for Success Day|publisher=Houston Dynamo|date=30 March 2009|accessdate=10 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025201/http://houston.mlsnet.com/news/team_news.jsp?ymd=20090330&amp;content_id=232988&amp;vkey=news_hou&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;team=t200|archivedate=10 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Machị, a kpughere Akinbiyi dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ Houston. mere MLS mbụ ya na 3 Mee, dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'egwuregwu megide New England Revolution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|id=2610|accessdate=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iji mee ohere ndepụta maka Luis Ángel Landín, onye egwuregwu mbụ a họpụtara na klọb ahụ, Dynamo wepụtara Akinbiyi na 20 Ọgọst 2009.

=== Ógbè Notts ===
Mgbe Houston tọhapụrụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Notts County swoop for Akinbiyi&quot;/&gt;, Akinbiyi kwetara na ya na ndị otu League Two Notts County. mere nke mbụ ya na 17 Ọktoba 2009 na 0-0 draw megide Rotherham United, na-abịa dị ka onye nọchiri Lee Hughes na nkeji nke 82.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/notts_county/8672163.stm|title=Notts County release eight out-of-contract players|date=10 May 2010|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; 10 Mee 2010, a mara ọkwa na Notts County tọhapụrụ ya na ndị egwuregwu asaa ndị ọzọ.

=== Onye nweere onwe ya (2010-2013) ===
Na Jenụwarị 2011, mgbe ọnwa asatọ na-enweghị klọb, Akinbiyi nọ n'ọnụ ịbanye Newport County na Conference National. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/sport/8776176.County_sign_former_Premiership_star__Ade_Akinbiyi/|title=Akinbiyi joins Newport County|work=South Wales Argus|accessdate=13 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; nọ na-azụ onwe ya na klọb Premier League Stoke City, onye njikwa Stoke nke Newport bụ Tony Pulis tụkwara aro ka ọ gaa Newport; Pulis bụ onye njikwa Akinbiyi na Stoke n'etiti afọ 2003 na 2005. Otú ọ dị, Newport mechara pụọ na nkwekọrịta ahụ.

Akinbiyi nọrọ afọ abụọ sochirinụ dị ka onye nweere onwe ya.

=== Colwyn Bay ===
Ebe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.northwalesweeklynews.co.uk/seagulls/2013/07/ex-premier-league-stars-to-pla.html|title=Football: the latest football news from across North Wales|accessdate=13 September 2014|archivedate=1 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101091955/http://blogs.northwalesweeklynews.co.uk/seagulls/2013/07/ex-premier-league-stars-to-pla.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ na ọ nọghị na klọb ruo afọ atọ, a na-eche n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọ lara ezumike nká na bọọlụ n'oge ọ bịanyere aka na Conference North Colwyn Bay, dị ka onye nchịkwa egwuregwu na 25 Julaị 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sinclair resigns after 5–0 defeat|url=http://www.colwynbayfc.co.uk/2015/01/sinclair-resigns-after-5-0-defeat/|work=Colwyn Bay|accessdate=11 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613090027/http://www.colwynbayfc.co.uk/2015/01/sinclair-resigns-after-5-0-defeat/|archivedate=13 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; hapụrụ Colwyn na Jenụwarị 2015. [1]

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
A mụrụ ya na Hackney, [[London]] n'aka ndị nne na nna [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]], Akinbiyi ruru eru igwu egwu na mba ụwa maka Naijiria. kpọrọ ya ugboro atọ maka [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]], na-egwuri egwu otu ugboro na 1999 megide [[Greece|Gris]] na Kilkis, Central Macedonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase&quot;&gt;{{Soccerbase}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Akinbiyi arụwo ọrụ ka onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu na n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na Naijiria na [[Ghana]].

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Obodo Norwich
|1993–94&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldFootball&quot;&gt;{{WorldFootball.net|id=ade-akinbiyi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Njikọ Premier
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1 [nke dị ala ala 1][lower-alpha 1]
|0
|3
|0
|-
|1994–95&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldFootball&quot; /&gt;
|Njikọ Premier
|13
|0
|2
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|16
|0
|-
|1995–96
|Nkewa Mbụ
|22
|3
|0
|0
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|25
|5
|-
|1996–97&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase9697&quot;&gt;{{Soccerbase season|id=62|season=1996|access-date=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nkewa Mbụ
|12
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|14
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!49
!3
!2
!0
!6
!2
!1
!0
!58
!5
|-
|Hereford United (nke a gbazinyere) 
|1993–94
|Nkewa nke Atọ
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|4
|2
|-
|Brighton &amp;amp;amp; Hove Albion (ụgwọ) 
|1994–95&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase&quot; /&gt;
|Nkewa nke Abụọ
|7
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|7
|4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Gillingham
|1996–97&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase9697&quot; /&gt;
|Nkewa nke Abụọ
|19
|7
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|19
|7
|-
|1997–98
|Nkewa nke Abụọ
|44
|21
|2
|1
|2
|0
|1 [lower-alpha 2]
|0
|49
|22
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!63
!28
!2
!1
!2
!0
!1
!0
!68
!29
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Obodo Bristol
|1998–99
|Nkewa Mbụ
|44
|19
|1
|0
|4
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|49
|23
|-
|1999–2000&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase9900&quot;&gt;{{Soccerbase season|id=62|season=1999|access-date=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nkewa nke Abụọ
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!47
!21
!1
!0
!5
!4
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!53
!25
|-
|Wolverhampton Wanderers
|1999–2000&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase9900&quot; /&gt;
|Nkewa Mbụ
|37
|16
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|40
|16
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Obodo Leicester
|2000–01
|Njikọ Premier
|37
|9
|4
|1
|0
|0
|2[lower-alpha 1]
|0
|43
|10
|-
|2001–02&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0102&quot;&gt;{{Soccerbase season|id=62|season=2001|access-date=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Njikọ Premier
|21
|2
|2
|0
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|24
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!58
!11
!6
!1
!1
!1
!2
!0
!67
!13
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Obí Crystal
|2001–02&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0102&quot; /&gt;
|Nkewa Mbụ
|14
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|14
|2
|-
|2002–03
|Nkewa Mbụ
|10
|1
|4
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|14
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!24
!3
!4
!0
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!28
!3
|-
|Stoke City (onye a gbazitere) 
|2002–03&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0203&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0203&quot; /&gt;
|Nkewa Mbụ
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Obodo Stoke
|2003–04
|Nkewa Mbụ
|30
|10
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|32
|10
|-
|2004–05&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0405&quot;&gt;{{Soccerbase season|id=62|season=2004|access-date=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Mmeri
|29
|7
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|30
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!63
!19
!2
!0
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
!66
!19
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Burnley
|2004–05&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0405&quot; /&gt;
|Mmeri
|10
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|10
|4
|-
|2005–06&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0506&quot;&gt;{{Soccerbase season|id=62|season=2005|access-date=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Mmeri
|29
|12
|1
|0
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|33
|14
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!39
!16
!1
!0
!3
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
!43
!18
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Sheffield United
|2005–06&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0506&quot; /&gt;
|Mmeri
|15
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|15
|3
|-
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0607&quot;&gt;{{Soccerbase season|id=62|season=2006|access-date=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Njikọ Premier
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|5
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!18
!3
!0
!0
!2
!1
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
!20
!4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Burnley
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerbase0607&quot; /&gt;
|Mmeri
|20
|2
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|21
|3
|-
|2007–08
|Mmeri
|39
|8
|1
|0
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|43
|9
|-
|2008–09
|Mmeri
|11
|0
|0
|0
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|15
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!70
!10
!2
!1
!7
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
!79
!13
|-
|Houston Dynamo
|2009&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.houstondynamo.com/history/statistics|title=All-Time Statistics {{!}} Houston Dynamo|accessdate=16 June 2019|archivedate=16 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616154255/https://www.houstondynamo.com/history/statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Egwuregwu bọọlụ nke Major League
|14
|0
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|1 [lower-alpha 3]
|0
|18
|1
|-
|Ógbè Notts
|2009–10
|Njikọ nke Abụọ
|10
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|0
|0
|11
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Colwyn Bay
|2013–14
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nzukọ North
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|2014–15&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!2
!0
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |―
!0
!0
!2
!0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!505
!136
!21
!4
!27
!12
!5
!0
!564
!152
|}

=== Mba Nile ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ọdịdị na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ 
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|1999
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!1
!0
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Burnley'''

* Egwuregwu nke Njikọ Football League: 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribalfootball.com/burnley-boss-coyle-made-sure-mahon-akinbiyi-received-winner-medals-534081|title=Burnley boss Coyle made sure Mahon, Akinbiyi received winner medals&amp;nbsp;— Premiership News|work=Tribal Football|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913032542/http://www.tribalfootball.com/burnley-boss-coyle-made-sure-mahon-akinbiyi-received-winner-medals-534081|archivedate=13 September 2014|accessdate=13 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ógbè Notts'''

* Njikọ bọọlụ nke Abụọ: 2009–10-10

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* Onye egwuregwu nke oge Bristol City: 1998-99
* Stoke City Player nke Oge: 2003–04-04&lt;ref name=&quot;POTY&quot;/&gt;
* &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 March 2016|title=ANDYS STATS.CO.UK - Football statistics from England and Scotland|url=http://andysstats.co.uk/pom.asp?division=1&amp;season=200405|accessdate=13 March 2022|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309202111/http://andysstats.co.uk/pom.asp?division=1&amp;season=200405|archivedate=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;Onye mmeri nke ọnwa: Ọgọst 2004 [1]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category}}

* Ade Akinbiyina Soccerbase
{{Stoke City F.C. Player of the Year}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akinbiyi, Ade}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>k1gw2t6i3htlgeqzhka2ca89skvp2qw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>All the Queen's Men (usoro ihe omume TV)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>36542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>735055</id>
      <parentid>692621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T18:59:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IgboRefBot</username>
        <id>66663</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reference error corrected</comment>
      <origin>735055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45837" sha1="2opl8zs2o4u2u0q0hapxlrssousaucs" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}{{Series overview|color1=#803D83|link1=#Season 1 (2021)|episodes1=10|start1={{Start date|2021|9|9}}|end1=start|color2=#743CAC|link2=#Season 2 (2022–23)|episodes2=20|episodes2A=10|start2A={{Start date|2022|7|14}}|end2A={{End date|2022|8|11}}|episodes2B=10|start2B={{Start date|2023|1|12}}|end2B={{End date|2023|2|9}}|color3=#89C1F9|link3=#Season 3 (2023)|episodes3=|episodes3A=8|start3A={{Start date|2023|7|20}}|end3A={{End date|2023|8|31}}|episodes3B=|start3B={{Start date|2024|1|11}}|end3B=}}All the Queen's Men bụ usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn America nke Christian Keyes mepụtara na onye isi nke Tyler Perry mepụtara. Emere ya na BET+ na Septemba 9, 2021. Usoro a bụ mgbanwe 'emere maka telivishọn' dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ịhụnanya obodo 2015 Ladies Night nke Keyes dere onwe ya ma bụrụ nke Carl Weber gosipụtara.

== Atụmatụ ==
E mere na Atlanta, ihe nkiri a na-agba gburugburu ndụ Marilyn &quot;Madam&quot; DeVille (nke Eva Marcille mere). Madam na-eme ihe dị ka nwanyị ọchụnta ego na-emebi ihe nke na-achịkwa ihe niile na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ikom na-enweta ego. Otu ìgwè ndị ọrụ a tụkwasịrị obi gbara Madam gburugburu bụ ndị na-eme ka ha hụ na Madam na alaeze ya nwere ihe ịga nke ọma. Ka njem ya na-aga n'ihu, ọ na-achọsi ike ịgbasawanye Queendom ya. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya, Madam chọpụtara na ego na ike na-abawanye na-apụta nsogbu.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

=== Isi ===

* Eva Marcille dị ka Marilyn &quot;Madam&quot; DeVille&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline Cast&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Del Rosario|first=Alexandra|title=''All The Queen's Men'': BET+ Reveals Cast, Sets Summer Premiere For Tyler Perry Studios' Male Exotic Dancer Drama|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/all-the-queens-men-bet-cast-summer-premiere-male-exotic-dancer-1234721368/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 25, 2021|accessdate=March 1, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDel_Rosario2021&quot;&gt;Del Rosario, Alexandra (March 25, 2021). [https://deadline.com/2021/03/all-the-queens-men-bet-cast-summer-premiere-male-exotic-dancer-1234721368/ &quot;''All The Queen's Men'': BET+ Reveals Cast, Sets Summer Premiere For Tyler Perry Studios' Male Exotic Dancer Drama&quot;]. ''[[Oge a kara aka Hollywood|Deadline Hollywood]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Skyh Alvester Black dị ka Amp &quot;Addiction&quot; Anthony&lt;ref name=&quot;Futon Cast&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|title=BET+ and Tyler Perry Studios Turn Up the Heat with New Sexy Drama &quot;All The Queen's Men&quot; Set Inside the Thrilling World of Male Exotic Dancing in Atlanta|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2021/03/25/betplus-and-tyler-perry-studios-turn-up-the-heat-with-new-sexy-drama-all-the-queens-men-set-inside-the-thrilling-world-of-male-exotic-dancing-in-atlanta-529011/20210325bet01/|publisher=[[BET]]|via=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=March 25, 2021|access-date=March 1, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline Cast&quot;/&gt;
* Candace Maxwell dị ka DJ Dime&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Futon Cast&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline Cast&quot;/&gt;
* Racquel Palmer dị ka Blue&lt;ref name=&quot;Futon Cast&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline Cast&quot;/&gt;
* Michael Bolwaire dị ka Doc&lt;ref name=&quot;Futon Cast&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline Cast&quot;/&gt;
* Keith Swift dị ka Babyface&lt;ref name=&quot;Futon Cast&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline Cast&quot;/&gt;
* Dion Rome dị ka El Fuego&lt;ref name=&quot;Futon Cast&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline Cast&quot;/&gt;
* Jeremy Williams dị ka Midnight&lt;ref name=&quot;Futon Cast&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline Cast&quot;/&gt;
* Christian Keyes dị ka Raphael &quot;The Concierge&quot; Damascus&lt;ref name=&quot;Futon Cast&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline Cast&quot;/&gt;(oge 2-dị ugbu a; ugboro ugboro, oge 1) 
* Oshea Russell dị ka Tommy (oge 3; na-agagharị, oge 1-2) 
* Kiki Haynes dị ka Detective Davis (oge 3; ugboro ugboro, oge 1-2) 
* Carter the Body as Trouble (oge 3; ugboro ugboro, oge 1-2) 

=== Ịlọghachi ===

* Jeryl Prescott dị ka Onyeikpe Martha Ross
* Julia Pace Mitchell dị ka Ms. Patty (oge 1-2) 
* Donna Biscoe dị ka Patrice Ellis (oge 1-2) 
* Chrystale Wilson dị ka Carla DeVille
* Bruna Boa Mutunda dị ka Shemika
* Carter the Body dị ka Nsogbu
* Oshea Russell dị ka Tommy
* Donny Carrington dị ka Red
* Tony Bellissimo dị ka Casanova
* Leslie Sheri dị ka Teresa Singleton (oge 2) 
* J. Marques Johnson dị ka Rayshon (oge 2-3) &lt;ref name=&quot;J. Marques Johnson Cast&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|title=J. Marques Johnson Joins Second Season Of BET+'s Tyler Perry Drama ''All The Queen's Men'' As Recurring|url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/j-marques-johnson-to-recur-in-all-the-queens-men-season-2-on-bet-1234981493/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 17, 2022|access-date=March 17, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Buster Camp dị ka Champ (oge 2-3) 
* Justus Pickett dị ka Fernando
* Rashan Ali dị ka Ms. Tandy
* Enya Flack dị ka D.A. Rodds (oge 3) 
* La'Toya Kirkland dị ka Nọọsụ Johnson

== Ihe omume ==
{{Episode table|background=#803D83|overall=5|season=5|title=20|director=15|writer=20|airdate=15|altdate=10|altdateT=BET air date|country=U.S. [[Broadcast programming|linear]]|viewers=|episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 1
| EpisodeNumber2  = 1
| Title           = The Pilot
| DirectedBy      = [[Kim Fields]]
| WrittenBy       = [[Christian Keyes]] &amp; Joseph K.P. Simmons
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|9}}
| AltDate         = June 8, 2022
| Viewers         = 0.52{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-6-8-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 6.8.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Salem|first=Mitch|date=June 9, 2022|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=June 9, 2022|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=June 20, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620065315/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-6-8-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #803D83
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 2
| EpisodeNumber2  = 2
| Title           = Silent Partner
| DirectedBy      = Kim Fields
| WrittenBy       = Christian Keyes &amp; Joseph K.P. Simmons
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|9}}
| AltDate         = June 15, 2022
| Viewers         = 0.66&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-6-15-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 6.15.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Salem|first=Mitch|date=June 16, 2022|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=June 16, 2022|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=June 17, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617023146/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-6-15-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #803D83
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 3
| EpisodeNumber2  = 3
| Title           = Blackmail Baby
| DirectedBy      = Kim Fields
| WrittenBy       = Christian Keyes &amp; Joseph K.P. Simmons
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|9}}
| AltDate         = June 22, 2022
| Viewers         = 0.67&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-6-22-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 6.22.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=June 23, 2022|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=June 24, 2022|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=June 23, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623200908/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-6-22-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #803D83
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 4
| EpisodeNumber2  = 4
| Title           = Looking at Trouble
| DirectedBy      = Kim Fields
| WrittenBy       = Christian Keyes &amp; Joseph K.P. Simmons
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|9}}
| AltDate         = June 29, 2022
| Viewers         = 0.70&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-6-29-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 6.29.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Salem|first=Mitch|date=June 30, 2022|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=July 7, 2022|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=July 15, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715045315/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-6-29-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #803D83
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 5
| EpisodeNumber2  = 5
| Title           = Dirty Dancing
| DirectedBy      = Kim Fields
| WrittenBy       = Christian Keyes &amp; Joseph K.P. Simmons
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|9}}
| AltDate         = July 6, 2022
| Viewers         = 0.65&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-7-6-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 7.6.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED with Broadcast|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=July 7, 2022|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=July 7, 2022|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=July 15, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715045346/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-7-6-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #803D83
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 6
| EpisodeNumber2  = 6
| Title           = When the Family Feuds
| DirectedBy      = Kim Fields
| WrittenBy       = Christian Keyes &amp; Joseph K.P. Simmons
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|9}}
| AltDate         = July 13, 2022
| Viewers         = 0.67&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-7-13-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 7.13.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Salem|first=Mitch|date=July 14, 2022|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=July 15, 2022|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714200806/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-7-13-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #803D83
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 7
| EpisodeNumber2  = 7
| Title           = Kryptonite
| DirectedBy      = Derrick Doose &amp; Kim Fields
| WrittenBy       = Christian Keyes &amp; Joseph K.P. Simmons
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|9}}
| AltDate         = July 20, 2022
| Viewers         = 0.67&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-7-20-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 7.20.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|date=July 21, 2022|access-date=July 22, 2022|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=July 28, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728144659/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-7-20-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #803D83
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 8
| EpisodeNumber2  = 8
| Title           = The Ringmaster
| DirectedBy      = Kim Fields
| WrittenBy       = Christian Keyes &amp; Joseph K.P. Simmons
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|9}}
| AltDate         = July 27, 2022
| Viewers         = 0.67&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-7-27-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 7.27.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Salem|first=Mitch|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|date=July 28, 2022|access-date=July 29, 2022|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=August 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804071207/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-7-27-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #803D83
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 9
| EpisodeNumber2  = 9
| Title           = Balls to the Wall
| DirectedBy      = [[Tyler Perry]]
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|9}}
| AltDate         = August 3, 2022
| Viewers         = 0.63&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-8-3-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 8.3.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Salem|first=Mitch|date=August 4, 2022|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=August 6, 2022|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=August 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807045431/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-8-3-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #803D83
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 10
| EpisodeNumber2  = 10
| Title           = Everybody vs Madam
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|9}}
| AltDate         = August 10, 2022
| Viewers         = 0.66&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-8-10-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Wednesday 8.10.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=August 11, 2022|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=August 16, 2022|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=September 22, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922033503/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-wednesday-8-10-2022-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #803D83
}}}}

=== Oge 1 (2021) ===
{{Episode table|background=#743CAC|overall=5|season=5|title=20|director=15|writer=20|airdate=15|altdateR=&lt;ref name=&quot;TFC&quot;/&gt;|altdate=10|altdateT=BET air date|country=U.S. [[Broadcast programming|linear]]|viewers=|episodes={{Episode table/part|c=#743CAC|part=1}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 11
| EpisodeNumber2  = 1
| Title           = Amplified
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|7|14}}
| AltDate         = March 28, 2023
| Viewers         = 0.44&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-3-28-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Tuesday 3.28.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=March 29, 2023|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=April 3, 2023|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=March 29, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329202230/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-3-28-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 12
| EpisodeNumber2  = 2
| Title           = True Blue
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|7|14}}
| AltDate         = April 4, 2023
| Viewers         = 0.41&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-4-4-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Tuesday 4.4.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=April 5, 2023|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=April 6, 2023|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=April 5, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405203029/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-4-4-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    =  
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 13
| EpisodeNumber2  = 3
| Title           = Cash Of The Titans
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|7|21}}
| AltDate         = April 11, 2023
| Viewers         = 0.34&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-4-11-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Tuesday 4.11.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Salem|first=Mitch|date=April 12, 2023|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=April 13, 2023|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=April 17, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417202646/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-4-11-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 14
| EpisodeNumber2  = 4
| Title           = Mr. and Mrs. Money/Kill Bill
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|7|21}}
| AltDate         = April 18, 2023
| Viewers         = 0.36&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-4-18-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Tuesday 4.18.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=April 19, 2023|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=April 27, 2023|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=April 19, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419202647/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-4-18-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 15
| EpisodeNumber2  = 5
| Title           = Bait and Switch
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|7|28}}
| AltDate         = April 25, 2023
| Viewers         = 0.37&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-4-25-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Tuesday 4.25.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Salem|first=Mitch|date=April 26, 2023|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=April 27, 2023|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=April 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426203631/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-4-25-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 16
| EpisodeNumber2  = 6
| Title           = A Million Ways To Die
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|7|28}}
| AltDate         = May 2, 2023
| Viewers         = 0.35&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-5-2-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Tuesday 5.2.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=May 3, 2023|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=May 4, 2023|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=May 3, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503202422/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-5-2-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 17
| EpisodeNumber2  = 7
| Title           = Pimpin' Ain't Easy
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|8|4}}
| AltDate         = May 9, 2023
| Viewers         = 0.31&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-5-9-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Tuesday 5.9.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Salem|first=Mitch|date=May 10, 2023|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=May 15, 2023|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=May 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511125454/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-5-9-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = &lt;!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --&gt;
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 18
| EpisodeNumber2  = 8
| Title           = Big Momma Thang
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|8|4}}
| AltDate         = May 16, 2023
| Viewers         = 0.34&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-5-16-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Tuesday 5.16.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=May 17, 2023|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=May 21, 2023|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=May 17, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517202421/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-5-16-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 19
| EpisodeNumber2  = 9
| Title           = C.R.E.A.M.
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|8|11}}
| AltDate         = May 23, 2023
| Viewers         = 0.32&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-5-23-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Tuesday 5.23.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Salem|first=Mitch|date=May 24, 2023|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=May 26, 2023|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=May 24, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524203941/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-5-23-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    =  
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 20
| EpisodeNumber2  = 10
| Title           = Bombs Over Buckhead
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|8|11}}
| AltDate         = May 30, 2023
| Viewers         = 0.43&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-5-30-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html|title=SHOWBUZZDAILY's Tuesday 5.30.2023 Top 150 Cable Originals &amp; Network Finals UPDATED|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|date=June 5, 2023|work=[[Showbuzz Daily]]|access-date=June 10, 2023|accessdate=February 21, 2024|archivedate=June 5, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605200157/https://showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-tuesday-5-30-2023-top-150-cable-originals-network-finals.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ShortSummary    =
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode table/part|c=#743CAC|part=2}}
{{Episode list 
| EpisodeNumber   = 21 
| EpisodeNumber2  = 11 
| Title           = Consequences and Repercussions 
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|1|12}} 
| AltDate         = January 3, 2024 
| Viewers         = 
| ShortySummary   = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}} 
{{Episode list 
| EpisodeNumber   = 22 
| EpisodeNumber2  = 12 
| Title           = Cloak and Dagger
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|1|12}} 
| AltDate         = January 10, 2024
| Viewers         = 
| ShortySummary   = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}} 
{{Episode list 
| EpisodeNumber   = 23 
| EpisodeNumber2  = 13 
| Title           = The Target
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|1|19}} 
| AltDate         = January 17, 2024 
| Viewers         = 
| ShortySummary   = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}} 
{{Episode list 
| EpisodeNumber   = 24 
| EpisodeNumber2  = 14 
| Title           = Retribution 
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|1|19}} 
| AltDate         = January 24, 2024
| Viewers         = 
| ShortySummary   = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}} 
{{Episode list 
| EpisodeNumber   = 25 
| EpisodeNumber2  = 15
| Title           = Good Cop, Bad Cop
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|1|26}} 
| AltDate         = January 31, 2024 
| Viewers         = 
| ShortySummary   = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list 
| EpisodeNumber   = 26 
| EpisodeNumber2  = 16
| Title           = Can You Keep a Secret
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|1|26}} 
| AltDate         = February 7, 2024
| Viewers         = 
| ShortySummary   = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list 
| EpisodeNumber   = 27 
| EpisodeNumber2  = 17
| Title           = Deal or No Deal
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|2|2}} 
| AltDate         = February 14, 2024
| Viewers         = 
| ShortySummary   = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list 
| EpisodeNumber   = 28 
| EpisodeNumber2  = 18
| Title           = The Sit Down
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|2|2}} 
| AltDate         = February 21, 2024 
| Viewers         = 
| ShortySummary   = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list 
| EpisodeNumber   = 29 
| EpisodeNumber2  = 19
| Title           = Danger, Danger
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|2|9}} 
| AltDate         = February 28, 2024 
| Viewers         = 
| ShortySummary   = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}
{{Episode list 
| EpisodeNumber   = 30 
| EpisodeNumber2  = 20
| Title           = Never Get Too Comfortable
| DirectedBy      = Tyler Perry
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|2|9}} 
| AltDate         = &lt;!-- DON'T ADD ANYTHING UNTIL AN OFFICIAL CONFIRMATION IS REVEALED --&gt; 
| Viewers         = 
| ShortySummary   = 
| LineColor       = #743CAC
}}}}

=== Oge nke Abụọ (2022-23) ===
{{Episode table|background=#89C1F9|overall=5|season=5|title=20|director=15|writer=20|airdate=15|airdateR=&lt;ref name=&quot;TFC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Shows A-Z – All the Queen's Men on BET+|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/all-the-queens-men/listings/|website=[[The Futon Critic]]|access-date=February 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;|altdate=10|altdateT=BET air date|country=U.S. [[Broadcast programming|linear]]|viewers=|episodes={{Episode table/part|c=#89C1F9|part=1}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 31
| EpisodeNumber2  = 1
| Title           = Deep Cover
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|7|20}}
| AltDate         = &lt;!-- DON'T ADD ANYTHING UNTIL AN OFFICIAL CONFIRMATION IS REVEALED --&gt; 
| Viewers         = 
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = #89C1F9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 32
| EpisodeNumber2  = 2
| Title           = Daddy's Girl
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|7|20}}
| AltDate         = &lt;!-- DON'T ADD ANYTHING UNTIL AN OFFICIAL CONFIRMATION IS REVEALED --&gt; 
| Viewers         = 
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = #89C1F9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 33
| EpisodeNumber2  = 3
| Title           = No Way Out
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|7|27}}
| AltDate         = &lt;!-- DON'T ADD ANYTHING UNTIL AN OFFICIAL CONFIRMATION IS REVEALED --&gt; 
| Viewers         = 
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = #89C1F9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 34
| EpisodeNumber2  = 4
| Title           = The Choice is Yours
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|8|3}}
| AltDate         = &lt;!-- DON'T ADD ANYTHING UNTIL AN OFFICIAL CONFIRMATION IS REVEALED --&gt; 
| Viewers         = 
| ShortSummary    = 
| LineColor       = #89C1F9
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 35
| EpisodeNumber2  = 5
| Title           = Lost and Found
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
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{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 36
| EpisodeNumber2  = 6
| Title           = Never Scared
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|8|17}}
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{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 37
| EpisodeNumber2  = 7
| Title           = Weakness
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|8|24}}
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{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 38
| EpisodeNumber2  = 8
| Title           = Never Bluff
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|8|31}}
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{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 39
| EpisodeNumber2  = 9
| Title           = Eye to Eye
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|11}}
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{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 40
| EpisodeNumber2  = 10
| Title           = Nowhere to Hide
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|11}}
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{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 41
| EpisodeNumber2  = 11
| Title           = The Ultimate Price
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|18}}
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{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 42
| EpisodeNumber2  = 12
| Title           = The Crossroads
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|1|25}}
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{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 43
| EpisodeNumber2  = 13
| Title           = I Got Five On It
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|2|1}}
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{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 44
| EpisodeNumber2  = 14
| Title           = déjà vu
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|2|8}}
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{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 45
| EpisodeNumber2  = 15
| Title           = Caught Slippin
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|2|15}}
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{{^|Episode list
| EpisodeNumber   = 46
| EpisodeNumber2  = 16
| Title           = 
| DirectedBy      = Armani Ortiz
| WrittenBy       = Tyler Perry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|2|22}}
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=== Oge nke 3 (2023) ===
{{Reflist}}

== Mmepụta ==

=== Ọganihu ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=White|first=Peter|title=Tyler Perry Studios Sets Strip Club Drama ''All The Queen's Men'' At BET+|url=https://deadline.com/2021/02/tyler-perry-studios-sets-strip-club-drama-all-the-queens-men-at-bet-1234700555/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 24, 2021|accessdate=March 1, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;+ weghaara usoro ahụ na Febụwarị 24, 2021. Usoro  malitere na Septemba 9, 2021. [1]

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Petski|first=Denise|title=''All The Queen's Men'' Renewed For Season 2 By BET+|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/all-the-queens-men-renewed-season-2-bet-plus-tyler-perry-1234923948/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 1, 2022|accessdate=March 1, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Febụwarị 1, 2022, e megharịrị usoro ahụ maka oge nke abụọ. 

=== Nchịkọta ===
A kpughere ndị isi na Machị 25, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadline Cast&quot;&gt;

Na Machị 17, 2022, J. Marques Johnson sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ọrụ ugboro ugboro maka oge nke abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;J. Marques Johnson Cast&quot;&gt;

== Ntinye ọhụrụ ==
Usoro telivishọn na-adabere na akụkọ ifo nke Christian Keye na ihe odide sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo ya nke afọ 2015 Ladies Night . Ọ bụ ezie na onye isi na usoro telivishọn ahụ na-agba gburugburu ''Marilyn 'Madam' DeVille'' na mpụ ya ebe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-etinye isi ihe nke onye isi ''Amp Anthony'' na mpụ na ịhụnanya ya. Ọ bụ ezie na àgwà ya na usoro ahụ agbasoro ahụmahụ yiri nke ahụ metụtara akwụkwọ ahụ ịbụ onye bụbu onye mkpọrọ. A gbanwekwara aha Madam na usoro ahụ site na 'Madam' ''Meri'' Fox (akwụkwọ akụkọ) gaa na ''Marilyn'' ''DeVille'' ma bụrụkwa onye nwe Club Eden dị ka ọ dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ, mana ọ naghị ekerịta mmekọrịta ya na Anthony ka usoro telivishọn ahụ na-agwakọta akụkọ ha ọnụ, dịka Amp bụ nwa nwanne Madam ugbu a. Otu onye ọzọ sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, aha ya bụ DJ Dime bụ Allison, onye yiri akwụkwọ ahụ na-eme enyi ma nwee mmekọrịta ịhụnanya na Amp Anthony. Ntọala nke usoro telivishọn ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ndụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-agba egwú na Club Eden mana ọ na-emepụta ma na-ahapụ isi ihe na Madam onye na-aghọ onye ọjọọ na onye nzọpụta nke ihe ngosi ahụ.

== Okporo ụzọ ==
Ndị ikom eze nwanyị niile setịpụrụ akụkọ nke ha ma gosipụtaghị ihe odide ọ bụla sitere na ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ ka ọ dị ugbu a, agbanyeghị onye isi Marilyn 'Madam' bụ onye ọbịa na Tyler Perry's Sistas na oge nke 5 ma kpughere na ọ bụ nwa nwanne Fatima, onye nwere onwe ya nke nwere obi ike site na usoro nke mechara nweta usoro nke ya bụ ''Zatima,'' Madam na-eme ihu ọma ma na-enyere onye ọrụ Fatima aka Andi, onye chọrọ enyemaka iji nweta enyi ya Sabrina na nsogbu iwu. Ọzọkwa ọ bụ ezie na a hụghị ya na ihe omume ndị gara aga '' (Sistas),'' o zigakwara ndị omempụ iji nyere Fatima aka na nsogbu nke ya mgbe onye ọrụ ibe ya Hayden kpagburu ya. Fatima kpughere nke a na Andi mgbe ha abụọ zutere ibe ha na Hayden mgbe ha na-eyi ya egwu ọzọ dị ka ihe ncheta maka ihe mere ya n'ike izu ole na ole gara aga.

Onye ọzọ sitere na usoro El Fuego, pụtara dị ka onye na-apụta ugboro ugboro na Sistas na-eme ka njikọ ya na Danni, onye ya na ya nọ na kọleji n'oge gara aga na enyi ụmụ nwanyị nke usoro ahụ. Ọ na-anwa ime mgbalị na Danni ma gosipụta ọrụ ọhụrụ ya dị ka nwoke na-agba egwú na Club Eden, mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ibu ibu na-ebelata ma malite njem ahụike ya na ahụike ya mgbe ogologo ọgụ ya nke ibubiga ibu ókè (nke a na-ekwu okwu ya mgbe ọ na-agba ọsọ na 'Queen's Men'), mana ịhụnanya ahụ mechara daa mgbe emesịrị ya na Danni nwalere ya, agbanyeghị na ọ nọgidere na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka na usoro ahụ mgbe ọ dị mkpa site na ọtụtụ ọrụ ya.

Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Skyh Alvester Black, onye gosipụtara Amp na All The Queens Men pụtara na Sistas dị ka onye na-apụta ugboro ugboro aha ya bụ Jacobi onye na-eso Sabrina na usoro ha. Nke a n'aka nke ya nwere ike ịkpata mgbagwoju anya n'elu ndị na-ekiri ya dịka usoro abụọ ahụ nwere otu eluigwe na ala n'usoro akụkọ.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}nke na-achịkwa ihe niile na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ikom na-enweta ego. Otu ìgwè ndị ọrụ a tụkwasịrị obi gbara Madam gburugburu bụ ndị na-eme ka ha hụ na Madam na alaeze ya nwere ihe ịga nke ọma. Ka njem ya na-aga n'ihu, ọ na-achọsi ike ịgbasawanye Queendom ya. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya, Madam chọpụtara na ego na ike na-abawanye na-apụta nsogbu.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb title|14321632}}
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      <text bytes="20461" sha1="nxxk2oeykjp3ywreef39dd0ev2nljbb" xml:space="preserve">Hibru nke oge a (עִבְרִית חֲדָשָׁה ʿĪvrīt ḥadašá [ivˈʁit χadaˈʃa]), nke a na-akpọkwa Hibru nke Israel ma ọ bụ nanị Hibru, bụ ụdị '''Asụsụ Hibru''' a na-asụ taa. Mepụtara dị ka akụkụ nke mweghachi Hibru na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ọ bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke steeti Israel, na naanị Asụsụ Kenan a na-eji eme ihe n'ụwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;GrenobleWhaley&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Grenoble|first=Leonore A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vavj5-hdDgQC&amp;pg=PA63|title=Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0521016520|location=Cambridge, UK|quote=Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ikwekọ na okike nke steeti Israel, ebe ọ bụ Asụsụ mba, Hibru nke oge a bụ naanị ihe ịga nke ọma nke mweghachi asụsụ zuru oke. &lt;ref name=&quot;GrenobleWhaley2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Grenoble|first=Leonore A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vavj5-hdDgQC&amp;pg=PA63|title=Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0521016520|location=Cambridge, UK|quote=Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huehnergard, John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yD6IDwAAQBAJ|title=The Semitic Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|isbn=9780429655388|accessdate=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asụsụ Hibru, asụsụ Northwest Semitic n'ime ezinụlọ Afroasiatic, ka a na-asụ kemgbe oge ochie na asụsụ ndị Juu ruo na narị afọ nke atọ TOA, mgbe Western Aramaic nọchiri ya, olumba nke asụsụ Aramaic.  Ọ bụ ezie na a nọgidere na-eji Hibru eme ihe maka okpukpe ndị Juu, uri na akwụkwọ, na akwụkwọ ozi e dere ede, ọ kwụsịrị dị ka asụsụ a na-asụ.

Ka ọ na-erule ná ngwụsị narị afọ nke 19, ọkà mmụta asụsụ Russia na onye Juu bụ́ Eliezer Ben-Yehuda amalitela òtù ọha na eze ịtụte Hibru dị ka asụsụ dị ndụ, bụ́ nke ọchịchọ ya ichekwa akwụkwọ Hibru na mba ndị Juu pụrụ iche n’ihe banyere Zionism kpaliri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mandel|first=George|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57470923|title=Encyclopedia of modern Jewish culture|date=2005|others=Glenda Abramson|isbn=0-415-29813-X|edition=[New ed.]|location=London|chapter=Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer [Eliezer Yizhak Perelman] (1858–1922)|oclc=57470923|quote=In 1879 he wrote an article for the Hebrew press advocating Jewish immigration to Palestine. Ben-Yehuda argued that only in a country with a Jewish majority could a living Hebrew literature and a distinct Jewish nationality survive; elsewhere, the pressure to assimilate to the language of the majority would cause Hebrew to die out. Shortly afterwards he reached the conclusion that the active use of Hebrew as a literary language could not be sustained, notwithstanding the hoped-for concentration of Jews in Palestine, unless Hebrew also became the everyday spoken language there.|accessdate=2023-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fellman|first=Jack|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1089437441|title=The Revival of Classical Tongue : Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language|date=19 July 2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-087910-0|oclc=1089437441|accessdate=2023-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Behadrey-Haredim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nachman Gur|title=Kometz Aleph&amp;nbsp;– Au• How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?|url=http://www.bhol.co.il/article_en.aspx?id=52405|accessdate=2 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104025104/http://www.bhol.co.il/article_en.aspx?id=52405|archivedate=4 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;israel-hayom-hebrew-speakers&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Klein|first=Zeev|title=A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew|url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=8065|accessdate=2 November 2013|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|date=March 18, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ dị ugbu a, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 9-10 na-asụ Hibru, na-agụnye ndị na-asọpụta asụsụ Hibru, ndị na-ekwu nke ọma, na ndị na-adịghị ekwu nke ọma. Ọkara nke ọnụ ọgụgụ a gụnyere ndị Israel na-asụ ya dị ka asụsụ ala ha, ebe ọkara nke ọzọ kewara: nde 1.5 bụ ndị mbịarambịa na Israel; nde 1.5 bụ Ndị Arab Israel, ndị asụsụ mbụ ha na-abụkarị Arabic; na ọkara nde bụ ndị Israel ma ọ bụ ndị Juu na-anọghị na mba ọzọ.

N'okpuru iwu Israel, nzukọ nke na-eduzi n'ihu ọha mmepe nke Hibru oge a bụ Academy nke asụsụ Hibru, nke dị na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem.

== Aha ya ==
Okwu ndị ọkà mmụta a na-ahụkarị maka asụsụ ahụ bụ &quot;Hibru nke oge a&quot; (עברית__nso____nso____ns____ns____nso__ ''ʿivrít ħadašá[h]''). Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-akpọ ya Hibru ({{Lang|he|עברית}} Ivrit). 

A kọwawo okwu ahụ bụ &quot;Hibru nke oge a&quot; dị ka &quot;ihe na-enye nsogbu&quot;  n'ihi na ọ na-egosi oge doro anya site na Hibru Akwụkwọ Nsọ. Haiim B. Rosén  kwadoro okwu a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a &lt;ref name=&quot;Matras1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Matras|Schiff|2005}}; quote: The language with which we are concerned in this contribution is also known by the names Contemporary Hebrew and Modern Hebrew, both somewhat problematic terms as they rely on the notion of an unambiguous periodization separating Classical or Biblical Hebrew from the present-day language. We follow instead the now widely-used label coined by Rosén (1955), Israeli Hebrew, to denote the link between the emergence of a Hebrew vernacular and the emergence of an Israeli national identity in Israel/Palestine in the early twentieth century.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Hibru Hibru nke Israel&quot; na ndabere na ọ &quot;na-anọchite anya ọdịdị na-abụghị nke oge nke Hibru&quot;.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosen15&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Haiim Rosén|title=Contemporary Hebrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PydwqOHyCMAC&amp;pg=PA29|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-080483-6|pages=15–18}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, G.]] (1999), &quot;Review of the Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary&quot;, ''International Journal of Lexicography'', Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 325-346&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 1999, onye Israel na-amụ asụsụ Ghil'ad Zuckermann chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ &quot;Israeli&quot; iji gosipụta ọtụtụ mmalite nke asụsụ ahụ.: 325 &lt;ref name=&quot;Dekel1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Dekel|2014}}; quote: &quot;Most people refer to Israeli Hebrew simply as Hebrew. Hebrew is a broad term, which includes Hebrew as it was spoken and written in different periods of time and according to most of the researchers as it is spoken and written in Israel and elsewhere today. Several names have been proposed for the language spoken in Israel nowadays, Modern Hebrew is the most common one, addressing the latest spoken language variety in Israel (Berman 1978, Saenz-Badillos 1993:269, Coffin-Amir &amp; Bolozky 2005, Schwarzwald 2009:61). The emergence of a new language in Palestine at the end of the nineteenth century was associated with debates regarding the characteristics of that language.... Not all scholars supported the term Modern Hebrew for the new language. Rosén (1977:17) rejected the term Modern Hebrew, since linguistically he claimed that 'modern' should represent a linguistic entity that should command autonomy towards everything that preceded it, while this was not the case in the new emerging language. He also rejected the term Neo-Hebrew, because the prefix 'neo' had been previously used for Mishnaic and Medieval Hebrew (Rosén 1977:15–16), additionally, he rejected the term Spoken Hebrew as one of the possible proposals (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén supported the term Israeli Hebrew as in his opinion it represented the non-chronological nature of Hebrew, as well as its territorial independence (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén then adopted the term Contemporary Hebrew from Téne (1968) for its neutrality, and suggested the broadening of this term to Contemporary Israeli Hebrew (Rosén 1977:19)&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
 
Enwere ike ikewa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ Hibru ụzọ anọ: 

* Asụsụ Hibru nke Bible, ruo n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke atọ BCE; asụsụ nke ọtụtụ n'ime Bible Hibru
* Mishnaic Hibru, asụsụ nke Mishnah na Talmud
* Hibru oge ochie, site n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke isii ruo narị afọ nke iri na atọ OA
* Asụsụ Hibru nke oge a, asụsụ nke steeti Israel nke oge a

Ihe odide ndị Juu nke oge &lt;ref&gt;אברהם בן יוסף ,מבוא לתולדות הלשון העברית (Avraham ben-Yosef, Introduction to the History of the Hebrew Language), page 38, אור-עם, Tel Aviv, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; na-akọwa Hibru na-aga nke ọma dị ka asụsụ a na-asụ n'alaeze Israel na Juda, n'ihe dị ka 1200 ruo 586 BCE. Ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụrịta ụka ókè Hibru nọgidere bụrụ asụsụ a na-asụ n'obodo mgbe a dọọrọ ndị Babilọn n'agha, mgbe Old Aramaic ghọrọ asụsụ mba ụwa kachasị na mpaghara ahụ.

Hibru nwụrụ dị ka asụsụ obodo n'agbata 200 na 400 OA, na-adalata mgbe nnupụisi Bar Kokhba nke 132-136 OA gasịrị, bụ́ nke bibiri ndị bi na Judia.  Mgbe e mere ka ha jee biri n’ala ọzọ, Hibru ghọrọ nanị n’iji akwụkwọ okpukpe eme ihe na iji akwụkwọ eme ihe.

== Mbilite n'Ọnwụ ==
na-asụ Hibru n'oge dị iche iche na maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche na Diaspora, na n'oge Old Yishuv ọ ghọrọ asụsụ a na-asụrụ n'etiti Ndị Juu nke Palestine. Eliezer Ben-Yehuda wee duzie mweghachi nke asụsụ Hibru dị ka asụsụ nne na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.

Modern Hebrew used Biblical Hebrew morphemes, Mishnaic spelling and grammar, and Sephardic pronunciation. Many idioms and calques were made from Yiddish.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Its acceptance by the early Jewish immigrants to Ottoman Palestine was caused primarily by support from the organisations of Edmond James de Rothschild in the 1880s and the official status it received in the 1922 constitution of the British Mandate for Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hobsbawm|first=Eric|authorlink=Eric Hobsbawm|title=Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcYLAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA113|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-39446-9}}, &quot;What would the future of Hebrew have been, had not the British Mandate in 1919 accepted it as one of the three official languages of Palestine, at a time when the number of people speaking Hebrew as an everyday language was less than 20,000?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Swirski|first=Shlomo|title=Politics and Education in Israel: Comparisons with the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2DOPAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA30|date=11 September 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-58242-5}}: &quot;In retrospect, [Hobsbawm's] question should be rephrased, substituting the Rothschild house for the British state and the 1880s for 1919. For by the time the British conquered Palestine, Hebrew had become the everyday language of a small but well-entrenched community.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harshav1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Benjamin Harshav|title=Language in Time of Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPwR7pmx84IC&amp;pg=PA85|year=1999|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3540-7|pages=85–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben-Yehuda codified and planned Modern Hebrew using 8,000 words from the Bible and 20,000 words from rabbinical commentaries. Many new words were borrowed from Arabic, due to the language's common Semitic roots with Hebrew, but changed to fit Hebrew phonology and grammar, for example the words {{transliteration|he|gerev}} (sing.) and {{transliteration|he|garbayim}} (pl.) are now applied to 'socks', a diminutive of the Arabic {{transliteration|ar|ğuwārib}} ('socks').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Even-Shoshan|title=[[Even-Shoshan Dictionary]]|publisher=ha-Milon he-ḥadash Ltd.|date=2003|oclc=55071836|language=he|isbn=965-517-059-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, early Jewish immigrants, borrowing from the local Arabs, and later immigrants from Arab lands introduced many nouns as loanwords from Arabic (such as ''nana'', {{transliteration|he|[[zaatar]]}}, {{transliteration|he|[[Apricot|mishmish]]}}, {{transliteration|he|[[Coriander|kusbara]]}}, {{transliteration|he|[[Hilbah|ḥilba]]}}, ''lubiya'', ''hummus'', {{transliteration|he|[[Carrot|gezer]]}}, {{transliteration|he|[[Basil|rayḥan]]}}, etc.), as well as much of Modern Hebrew's slang. Despite Ben-Yehuda's fame as the renewer of Hebrew, the most productive renewer of Hebrew words was poet Haim Nahman Bialik.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Otu 'ime ihe ndị a hụrụ na mweghachi nke asụsụ Hibru bụ na a na-agbanwe ihe ochie nke aha mgbe ụfọdụ maka nkọwa dị iche iche, dị ka ''bardelas'' ({{Lang|he|ברדלס}}), nke na Mishnaic Hibru pụtara 'hyena',  mana na Hibru nke oge a ọ pụtara 'cheetah'; ma ọ bụ shezīph ({{Lang|he|שְׁזִיף}}) nke a na-eji ugbu a maka 'plum', mana n' mbụ pụtara 'jujube'. A na-eji okwu kishū&quot;īm (nke bụbu 'cucumbers')  eme ihe ugbu a maka ụdị squash dị iche iche n'oge ọkọchị (''Cucurbita pepo'' var. ''cylindrical''), osisi a mụrụ na Ụwa Ọhụrụ. Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ okwu ahụ bụ aha aha a na-akpọ &quot;gbanwee&quot;, nke na-egosi okporo ámá ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ ugbu a, mana ọ bụ n'ezie adjective Aramaic nke pụtara 'gbanwee ala' ma ọ bụ 'gbanwere', kama ịbụ aha a na'ahụkarị. &lt;ref&gt;Roberto Garvio, ''Esperanto and its Rivals, University of Pennsylvania Press'', 2015, p. 164&lt;/ref&gt; na-eji ya eme ihe na mbụ iji kọwaa ụzọ ọkụ. [1] [2] &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150218130708/http://www.matar.ac.il/zmanim/flowers/flowers-1.asp Matar – Science and Technology On-line], the Common Anemone (in Hebrew)&lt;/ref&gt; osisi ''Anemone coronaria'', nke a na-akpọ na Hibru nke oge a Kalanit, a na-a na-akpọbu na Hibru shoshanat ha-melekh ('flowers nke eze'). 

Maka ntụnyere dị mfe n'etiti nsụgharị Sephardic na Yemenite nke Mishnaic Hebrew, lee Yemenite Hebrew.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Okwu mgbazinye ego
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |ihe ndị e si na ya nweta
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |mmalite
|-
!Asụsụ Hibru
!IPA
!ihe ọ pụtara
!Asụsụ Hibru
!IPA
!ihe ọ pụtara
!asụsụ
!mkpụrụ okwu
!ihe ọ pụtara
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/baj/}}
|sị ka e kelee
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |bye
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/eɡˈzoz/}}
|agwụ agwụ&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwAsE&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |agwụ agwụ&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/ˈdidʒej/}}
|DJ
| 
|{{IPA|/diˈdʒe/}}
|gaa na DJ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[wikt:DJ#Verb|gaa na DJ]]
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/ˈwala/}}
|n'ezie!?
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Arabic]]
|{{Lang|ar|والله}}
|[[wiktionary:really#Interjection|n'ezie!?]]
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/kef/}}
|ntụrụndụ
| 
|{{IPA|/kiˈjef/}}
|iji nwee obi ụtọ&lt;ref group=&quot;w&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=bitFormation|url=http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/arabic.php|title=Loanwords in Hebrew from Arabic|publisher=Safa-ivrit.org|accessdate=2014-08-26|archivedate=2014-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011050943/http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/arabic.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Lang|ar|كيف}}
|obi ụtọ
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/taʔaˈriχ/}}
|ụbọchị
| 
|{{IPA|/teʔeˈreχ/}}
|ruo taa
|{{Lang|ar|تاريخ}}
|ụbọchị, akụkọ ihe mere eme
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/χnun/}}
|onye na-eme ihe ike, onye na-amaghị nke a na-akọ, onye na'amaghị nke ọma, onye na na-eme nke ọma&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
|Arabic nke Morocco
| 
|snot
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/ˈaba/}}
|nna
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
|Aramaic
| 
|nna m
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/ˈdugri/}}
|n'ụzọ doro anya
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
|Ndị Turkey nke Ottoman
|N'ihi ya, ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge a &lt;br /&gt;
|ziri ezi
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/parˈdes/}}
|ubi mkpụrụ osisi
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
|Avestan
|Ọdịdị
|ubi
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/alaχˈson/}}
|diagonal
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
|Grik
|Ihe ndị na-eme n'oge ochie
|ndagwurugwu
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/viˈlon/}}
|ákwà mgbochi
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
|Latịn
|vēlum
|ákwà mkpuchi
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/χalˈtura/}}
|ọrụ na-adịghị mma
| 
|{{IPA|/χilˈteʁ/}}
|gaa n'ìhè ọnwa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Russian
|[[wiktionary:халтура|Haltu]]
|ọrụ na-enweghị isi&lt;ref group=&quot;w&quot; name=&quot;from_russian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=bitFormation|url=http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/russian.php|title=Loanwords in Hebrew from Russian|publisher=Safa-ivrit.org|accessdate=2014-08-26|archivedate=2014-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010235722/http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/russian.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/balaˈɡan/}}
|mess
| 
|{{IPA|/bilˈɡen/}}
|ime ihe ọgba aghara
|[[wiktionary:балаган|Balanja]]
|ọgba aghara&lt;ref group=&quot;w&quot; name=&quot;from_russian&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/ˈtaχles/}}
|kpọmkwem/n'ụzọ bụ isi&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yiddish
| 
|ihe mgbaru ọsọ &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:smaller; line-height:normal;&quot;&gt; (Okwu Hibru, naanị ịkpọpụta ya bụ Yiddish) &lt;/span&gt; 
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/χʁop/}}
|ụra miri emi
| 
|{{IPA|/χaˈʁap/}}
|ihi ụra miri emi
| 
|snore
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/ˈʃpaχtel/}}
|mma putty
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |German
|Spachtel
|mma putty
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/ˈɡumi/}}
|[[Rubber sitere n'okike|rọba]]
| 
|{{IPA|/ɡumiˈja/}}
|eriri rọba
|Gummi
|rọba
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/ɡaˈzoz/}}
|Ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
|Turkish&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;site na&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Asụsụ French|French]]
|gazoz&lt;ref group=&quot;w&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=bitFormation|url=http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/turkish.php|title=Loanwords in Hebrew from Turkish|publisher=Safa-ivrit.org|accessdate=2014-08-26|archivedate=2014-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010235727/http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/turkish.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wiktionary:gazeuse|gaze]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|Ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/pusˈtema/}}
|nwanyị nzuzu
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
|Onye ohi
| &lt;br /&gt;
|mmerụ ahụ na-enwu ọkụ&lt;ref group=&quot;w&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=bitFormation|url=http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/ladino.php|title=Loanwords in Hebrew from Ladino|publisher=Safa-ivrit.org|accessdate=2014-08-26|archivedate=2005-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208124255/http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/ladino.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/adʁiˈχal/}}
|onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ
| 
|{{IPA|/adʁiχaˈlut/}}
|ihe owuwu
|Akkadian
|Ọdịdị
|Onye na-ejere ụlọ nsọ ozi&lt;ref group=&quot;w&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=אתר השפה העברית|url=http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/akkadian.php|title=Loanwords in Hebrew from Akkadian|publisher=Safa-ivrit.org|accessdate=2014-08-26|archivedate=2014-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010235650/http://www.safa-ivrit.org/imported/akkadian.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 
|{{IPA|/t͡si/}}
|ụgbọ mmiri
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
|Ijipt oge ochie
|''__ibo____ibo__ Ihe a na-akpọ''
|ụgbọ mmiri
|}
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== Hụkwa ==

* Asụsụ Hibru nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>nxxk2oeykjp3ywreef39dd0ev2nljbb</sha1>
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    <title>Asụsụ Ogbi nke Nwa</title>
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      <text bytes="33353" sha1="0x6cnga2vebqzlj8b4dzequauen6czn" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Child_using_sign_language.jpg|thumb|Nwatakịrị na-etinye aka n'echiche nke &quot;nnụnụ&quot;]]
{{Databox}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ParentingScience.com&quot;/&gt;ndị ogbi ụmụaka bụ iji aka mee ihe na-enye ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụntakịrị ohere ịgwa mmetụta, ọchịchọ, na ihe tupu mmepe asụsụ a na-ekwu okwu. Site &lt;ref name=&quot;Iverson Goldin-Meadow&quot;/&gt; nduzi na agbamume, ịbịanye aka na-etolite site na ọkwa okike na mmepe nwa ọhụrụ a maara dị ka mmegharị ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Capone McGregor&quot;/&gt; na-akụzi mmegharị ahụ ndị a na okwu maka ụmụaka na-anụ ihe, ha abụghịkwa otu ihe ahụ dị ka Asụsụ ndị ogbi. &lt;ref name=&quot;wanting the best&quot;/&gt; uru ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;Mueller Sepulveda&quot;/&gt;na-ahụkarị nke a chọtara site na iji mmemme akara nwa gụnyere nkekọ nne na nna na nwa na nkwurịta okwu, [1] mbelata nkụda mmụọ, [2] na ùgwù onwe onye ka mma maka nne na nna ma nwatakịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson White Grewe&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=L. H.|date=2012|title=Evidence for website claims about the benefits of teaching sign language to infants and toddlers with normal hearing.|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=21|issue=5|pages=474–502|doi=10.1002/icd.1748}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirk Howlett et al&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kirk|first=K. E.|date=2013|title=To sign or not to sign? The impact of encouraging infants to gesture on infant language and maternal mind-mindedness.|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83741/1/To_Sign_or_Not_to_Sign._Kirk_Pine_Howlett_Fletcher..docx|journal=Child Development|volume=84|issue=2|pages=574–590|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01874.x|pmid=23033858}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al&quot; /&gt;-eme nchọpụta achọpụtala na akara nwa anaghị [[Abá|aba]] uru ma ọ bụ mebie mmepe asụsụ nke ụmụ ọhụrụ. Ngwaahịa nkwalite &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson White Grewe&quot; /&gt; ịdị mfe nke ịnweta ozi emeela ka nlebara anya nke akara nwa na-enweta, na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa na ndị na-elekọta ha ga-agụ akwụkwọ tupu ha emee mkpebi iji akara nwa. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al&quot; /&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
[[Usòrò:Eat_finish_en.jpg|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama maka &quot;eri&quot; na &quot;ịcha&quot;]]
Ihe ịrịba ama nwa ọhụrụ &lt;ref name=&quot;ParentingScience.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.parentingscience.com/baby-sign-language.html|title=Baby sign language: A guide for the science-minded parent|work=www.parentingscience.com|accessdate=2016-02-14}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.parentingscience.com/baby-sign-language.html &quot;Baby sign language: A guide for the science-minded parent&quot;]. ''www.parentingscience.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;14 February&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;-agụnye mmegharị ahụ ka mma na ihe ịrịba ama gbanwere na a na-akụziri ụmụ ọhụrụ na okwu a na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke ịmepụta nkwurịta okwu nne na nna na nwa bara ọgaranya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pizer Walters Meier&quot;/&gt;Ź&lt;ref name=&quot;wanting the best&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Howlett|first=N.|date=2011|title=Does wanting the best create more stress? The link between baby sign classes and maternal anxiety|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83784/1/Howlett_Kirk_Pine_2011_Baby_Sign_Maternal_Stress.doc|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=20|issue=4|pages=437–445|doi=10.1002/icd.705}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHowlettKirkPine2011&quot;&gt;Howlett, N.; Kirk, E.; Pine, K.J. (2011). [http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83784/1/Howlett_Kirk_Pine_2011_Baby_Sign_Maternal_Stress.doc &quot;Does wanting the best create more stress? The link between baby sign classes and maternal anxiety&quot;]. ''Infant and Child Development''. '''20''' (4): 437–445. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/icd.705|10.1002/icd.705]]. [[Hdl (ihe njirimara)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://hdl.handle.net/2299%2F6402 2299/6402]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ihe mere ndị nne &lt;ref name=&quot;Mueller Sepulveda&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mueller Sepulveda|first=V.|date=2013|title=Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction|journal=Early Child Development and Care|doi=10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|volume=184|issue=3|pages=450–468}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMueller_SepulvedaSepulveda2013&quot;&gt;Mueller Sepulveda, V.; Sepulveda, A. (2013). &quot;Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction&quot;. ''Early Child Development and Care''. '''184''' (3): 450–468. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|10.1080/03004430.2013.797899]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144886033 144886033].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; nna ji eji akara nwa bụ na-enwe olileanya na ọ ga-ebelata nkụda mmụọ na-emetụta ịnwa ịkọwa mkpa nwa ha tupu ha ekwuo okwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Teaching Gestural Signs - review&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Volterra Iverson Castrataro&quot;/&gt; ike iwere &lt;ref name=&quot;Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al&quot;/&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fitzpatrick|first=E. M|date=2014|title=How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months|journal=First Language|volume=34|issue=6|pages=486–509|doi=10.1177/0142723714562864}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFitzpatrickThibertGrandpierreJohnston2014&quot;&gt;Fitzpatrick, E. M; Thibert, J; Grandpierre, V; Johnston, J. C (2014). &quot;How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months&quot;. ''First Language''. '''34''' (6): 486–509. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0142723714562864|10.1177/0142723714562864]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143811768 143811768].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; dị ka usoro nkwurịta okwu bara uru na mmalite mmepe, ebe ọ bụ na mmepụta okwu na-agbaso ikike ụmụaka nwere ikwupụta onwe ha site na mmegharị ahụ. [1] [2] [3]

Ihe ịrịba ama nwa dị iche na Asụsụ ndị ogbi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Doherty-Sneddon&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Doherty-Sneddon|first=G.|date=2008|title=The great baby signing debate|journal=The Psychologist|volume=21|issue=4|pages=300–303}}&lt;/ref&gt; nne &lt;ref name=&quot;Capone McGregor&quot; /&gt; nna na-anụ ihe na ụmụaka na-eji akara nwa eme ihe iji melite nkwurịta okwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al&quot;/&gt;ndị ogbi, gụnyere ASL, BSL, ISL na ndị ọzọ, bụ asụsụ okike, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ndị ogbi. Asụsụ ndị ogbi &lt;ref name=&quot;Porpora guide&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Complete Guide to Baby Sign Language|url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetob0000porp|author=Porpora|first=T|publisher=Atlantic Publishing Group Inc.|year=2011|isbn=978-1-60138-393-8|location=Ocala:Florida}}&lt;/ref&gt;-ejigide ụtọ asụsụ nke ha, na nhazi ahịrịokwu. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;Mueller Sepulveda&quot;/&gt;'ihi na asụsụ ndị ogbi dị mgbagwoju anya ịmụta dị ka asụsụ ọ bụla a na-asụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Capone McGregor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Capone|first=N. C.|date=2004|title=Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|volume=47|issue=1|pages=173–186|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|pmid=15072537}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCaponeMcGregor2004&quot;&gt;Capone, N. C.; McGregor, K.K. (2004). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document &quot;Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices&quot;]. ''Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research''. '''47''' (1): 173–186. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15072537 15072537]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7244799 7244799].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụ ndị ogbi nweta ma gbanwee ya iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe maka nwa ọhụrụ ịzụlite.

Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmegharị ahụ na ihe ịrịba ama nwa ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ezighi ezi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Iverson Goldin-Meadow&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Iverson|first=J. M.|date=2005|title=Gesture paves the way for language development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2005-05_16_5/page/367|journal=Gesture and Language Development|volume=16|issue=5|pages=367–371|doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x|pmid=15869695}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIversonGoldin-Meadow2005&quot;&gt;Iverson, J. M.; Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). &quot;Gesture paves the way for language development&quot;. ''Gesture and Language Development''. '''16''' (5): 367–371. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x|10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15869695 15869695]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16877963 16877963].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Omume Ihe atụ bụ ụdị nkwurịta okwu nke ụmụaka na-eji tupu ha enwee ike ịmepụta asụsụ a na-ekwu. Nke a na-agụnye ịkọwa ihe ha chọrọ ma ọ bụ iji mmegharị aka na okwu nke na-enye ohere nkwurịta okwu ka ukwuu maka ụmụ ọhụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://psychcentral.com/lib/teaching-your-baby-sign-language-can-benefit-both-of-you/|title=Teaching Your Baby Sign Language Can Benefit Both of You {{!}} Psych Central|date=2016-05-17|work=Psych Central|accessdate=2017-04-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ide banyere isiokwu ahụ, Jane Collingwood na-ekwu na &quot;Ụmụaka site na ihe dị ka ọnwa isii nwere ike ịmalite ịmụta ihe ịrịba ama ndị bụ isi, nke na-ekpuchi ihe na echiche ndị dị ka &quot;agụụ&quot;, &quot;mmiri&quot;, &quot;agụụ&quot;&quot;, &quot;ụra&quot;, &quot;onye udo&quot;, &quot;karịa&quot;, &quot;ọkụ&quot;, &quot;egwuri egwu&quot;, &quot;sa ahụ&quot;, &quot;sa&quot;. [1] Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ụmụaka na-eto eto ga-emepụta mmegharị mbụ ha n'etiti afọ 9 na 12 n'enweghị ihe mkpali ma ọ bụ enyemaka ọ bụla site n'aka onye nlekọta. Ụmụaka na-amụta otu esi eji asụsụ ahụ ha, anya, na mmegharị aka dị ka ụzọ isi dọta uche na nkwurịta okwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Iverson Goldin-Meadow&quot; /&gt; ụmụaka nwetara ụfọdụ mmepụta asụsụ, ha ga-ejikọta asụsụ na mmegharị ahụ iji gaa n'ihu na-ekwurịta okwu. Mmetụta ahụ na-anọgide na-adị n'ime mmadụ niile n'afọ ọ bụla nke bụ ihe dị iche na akara nwa.

== Uru na ọghọm ==

=== Uru ndị a tụrụ aro ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Teaching Gestural Signs - review&quot;/&gt;ịrịba ama nwa &lt;ref name=&quot;Volterra Iverson Castrataro&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The development of gesture in hearing and deaf children|author=Volterra|first=V.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|editor=Schick|location=New York: New York|pages=Chapter 3}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVolterraIversonCastrataro2006&quot;&gt;Volterra, V.; Iverson, J M.; Castrataro, M. (2006). Schick, B.; Marschark, M.; Spencer, P. E. (eds.). ''The development of gesture in hearing and deaf children''. New York: New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;Chapter 3.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Àtụ:Cite book|cite book]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&amp;#x7C;work=&lt;/code&gt; ignored ([[Enyemaka: njehie CS1|help]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored]]&lt;/ref&gt;-akwalite nkwurịta okwu tupu nwatakịrị enwe ike ịgwa ndị ọzọ okwu. Ebe ọ bụ na mmegharị ahụ bụ akụkụ nke okwu nkịtị, ịkụziri ụmụaka akara na-enye ohere ịmụta akụkụ nke nkwurịta okwu nke a na-eji asụsụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.babycentre.co.uk/baby/development/stimulatingdevelopment/babysigning/#4|title=Baby Signing|date=September 2014|accessdate=2 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Iverson Goldin-Meadow&quot;/&gt; dị, emeghị ya iji dochie asụsụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Daniels - effect of&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Seal DePaolis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Seal|first=B. C.|date=2014|title=Manual activity and onset of first words in babies exposed and not exposed to baby signing|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=14|issue=4|pages=444–465|doi=10.1353/sls.2014.0015}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-egosi na ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịmụta mmegharị ahụ tupu ha amụta nkà ikwu okwu. [1] [2] &lt;ref name=&quot;Daniels - effect of&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Daniels|first=M.|date=1994|title=The effect of sign language on hearing children's language development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_communication-education_1994-10_43_4/page/n34|journal=Communication Education|volume=43|issue=4|pages=291–298|doi=10.1080/03634529409378987}}&lt;/ref&gt; mere, ndị na-amụta ihe ịrịba ama ndị a dị mfe nwere ike ịkwalite mmepe nghọta ha site n'inweta nkà asụsụ site na ụzọ anya na nke ịnụ ihe.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Doherty-Sneddon&quot;/&gt;'otu edemede dị na The Psychologist, Gwyneth Doherty-Sneddon atụlewo n'ụzọ zuru ezu echiche dị n'azụ uto nke ihe omume a na ụfọdụ n'ime nkwupụta ndị na-akwado ya. Doherty-Sneddon &lt;ref name=&quot;Doherty-Sneddon&quot; /&gt;-ekwu na akara nwa abụghị ihe ọhụrụ. Ndị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clibbens|first=J.|date=2002|title=Strategies for achieving joint attention when signing to children with Down's syndrome.|journal=International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders|volume=37|issue=3|pages=309–323|doi=10.1080/13682820210136287|pmid=12201980}}&lt;/ref&gt;-agwọ okwu na asụsụ ejirila ụdị dị iche iche mee ihe ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ na ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ na okwu ha, ikike nghọta, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. A na-aghọta n'ọtụtụ ebe na nkwurịta okwu bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ụmụaka nwee nghọta, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mmetụta uche, na omume. Ihe ịrịba ama &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mind in Society|author=Vygotsky|first=L. S.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1978|location=Cambridge, MA}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwere ike inye aka n'imeziwanye ọrụ mmepe ndị a dị mkpa.

Ihe ịrịba ama nwa ọhụrụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Goodwyn Acredolo Brown&quot;/&gt;-eme ka nne na nna na nwa ahụ mara ibe ha nke na-eduga n'ịkọwapụta ihe nwa ọhụrụ ahụ na-ekwurịta okwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mueller Sepulveda&quot; /&gt; anakọtara akụkọ onwe onye site n'aka ndị nne na-etinye aka na nkuzi ọzụzụ ụmụaka, iji mee ka o doo anya ma ịbịanye aka na nwa ha ga-eme ka nrụgide nne na nna gbakwunye na / ma ọ bụ melite nkwurịta okwu nne na nna na nwa. N'ozuzu, ndị nne na nna egosighi mmetụta siri ike ma ọ bụ nkụda mmụọ site na usoro ọzụzụ ụmụaka kama ha kọrọ ikike ka ukwuu ịghọta nwa ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pizer Walters Meier&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mueller Sepulveda&quot;/&gt; chọpụtara na nkwurịta okwu a bara ọgaranya na-eduga na mmekọrịta dị mma karị na nwa ha nke na-abara uru n'ozuzu site na nguzobe nke njikọ nne na nna na nwa mbụ.

Ụmụa&lt;ref name=&quot;Goodwyn Acredolo Brown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goodwyn|first=S|date=2000|title=Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nonverbal-behavior_summer-2000_24_2/page/81|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=24|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1006653828895}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGoodwynAcredoloBrown2000&quot;&gt;Goodwyn, S; Acredolo, L; Brown, C. A. (2000). &quot;Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development&quot;. ''Journal of Nonverbal Behavior''. '''24''' (2): 81–103. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1006653828895|10.1023/A:1006653828895]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11823057 11823057].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ndị mụtara mmegharị ahụ ka mma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nyocha okwu na-ekwupụta ma na-anabata ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị a na-agbaghị ume ịmụta mmegharị ahụ dị otú ahụ. Asụsụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Goodwyn Acredolo Brown&quot; /&gt;-anabata ihe pụtara inwe ike ịmata okwu na ihe ịrịba ama, ebe asụsụ na-egosipụta ihe na-agụnye usoro nke ịmepụta okwu ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịbaanya. Nnyocha egosiwo &lt;ref name=&quot;Volterra Iverson Castrataro&quot;/ mmegharị ahụ ka mma maka ụmụaka na-anụ ihe bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'iji mmegharị ahụ eme ihe, yana iji ụdị nnọchiteanya na ọrụ nkwurịta okwu ihe atụ. Omume ihe atụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Volterra Iverson Castrataro&quot; /&gt; mma nwere ike inye aka na mmepe asụsụ site n'inye ụmụaka ihe ọmụma dị ukwuu banyere echiche site n'ịkọwa ọrụ nke ihe ndị ha na-ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Volterra Iverson Castrataro&quot; /&gt;'ịkwado mmepe asụsụ na-egosipụta ihe egosila na ịmụ ihe n'ụzọ ihe atụ nwere ike iduga na mmepe okwu dị elu na nnweta asụsụ ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goodwyn Acredolo Brown&quot; /&gt; Nkwurịta okwu nke nwa ọhụrụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Effects on development&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mueller|first=V.|date=2014|title=The effects of baby sign training on development|journal=Early Child Development and Care|volume=184|issue=8|doi=10.1080/03004430.2013.854780}}&lt;/ref&gt; irè mekwara ka e meziwanye ọtụtụ ebe mmepe site n'iji nsonaazụ nwatakịrị ahụ tụnyere tupu na mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Ụfọdụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Effects on development&quot; /&gt;'ime mpaghara ndị a gụnyere nkwurịta okwu, nghọta, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, omume mgbanwe, mmepe nke anụ ahụ, na nke ọma nke ụmụaka. Otú &lt;ref name=&quot;Volterra Iverson Castrataro&quot; /&gt; dị, ọganihu a dị mkpụmkpụ (site n'agbata ọnwa 12 na 15). [1] Doherty-Sneddon &lt;ref name=&quot;Doherty-Sneddon&quot;/&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Doherty-Sneddon|first=G.|date=2008|title=The great baby signing debate|journal=The Psychologist|volume=21|issue=4|pages=300–303}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDoherty-Sneddon2008&quot;&gt;Doherty-Sneddon, G. (2008). &quot;The great baby signing debate&quot;. ''The Psychologist''. '''21''' (4): 300–303.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;-ekwu, Otú ọ dị, na oge a na-anọchite anya naanị ụkpụrụ zuru oke. Ọganihu na uru dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ụmụaka na-adịghị ekwu okwu ruo mgbe ha gachara ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke abụọ.

Doherty-Sneddon kwukwara &lt;ref name=&quot;Doherty-Sneddon&quot;/&gt; otu isi okwu bụ ijide n'aka na nyocha zuru oke na nke a haziri nke ọma dị iji kwado nkwupụta ndị e mere n'ihe gbasara ntinye aka nwa. Nnyocha akwụkwọ kwubiri &lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Durieux-Smith, Bloom&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=J. C.|date=2005|title=teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of the evidence.|journal=First Language|volume=25|issue=2|pages=235–251|doi=10.1177/0142723705050340}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na a kọrọ uru na 13 n'ime 17 ọmụmụ, adịghị ike dị iche iche na usoro eji eme ihe maka ọmụmụ ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-ahapụ ihe akaebe na-enweghị nkwado. N'ezie, nyocha banyere mmetụta nke ịbịanye aka nwa chọrọ ìgwè nchịkwa ka mma, dị ka ụmụaka na-etinye aka na ihe omume na-adọrọ mmasị na nke na-atọ ụtọ dabere na mmekọrịta asụsụ ndị okenye na ụmụaka, mana ọ bụghị ịbịanye aha nwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clibbens|first=J.|date=2002|title=Strategies for achieving joint attention when signing to children with Down's syndrome|journal=International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders|volume=37|issue=3|pages=309–323|doi=10.1080/13682820210136287|pmid=12201980}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goodwyn Acredolo Brown&quot;/&gt; a maka nyocha ọzọ na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe ịrịba ama nwa n'onwe ha na-eme ka mmepe asụsụ dị mfe kama uru dị n'okpuru na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nlebara anya jikọtara ọnụ nke ihe ịrịbaanya nwa na-akpali.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Goodwyn Acredolo Brown&quot;/&gt; mere, nlebara anya anya nke ọma n'oge mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa na-enye nwa ọhụrụ ike ilekwasị anya n'isiokwu na ihe gbara ya gburugburu, mee ka echiche doo anya, ma mepụta omume agbakwunyere na mmekọrịta ihe atụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ndị a dị n'okpuru akara nwa iji mepụta uru maka nwa ọhụrụ dịka; ịkwalite okwu, ịkwalite mmepe ọgụgụ isi, belata iwe na nkụda mmụọ, na imeziwanye mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa na nkwurịta okwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Child psychology|author=Balter|first=L|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1999|location=New York|pages=116–139}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goodwyn Acredolo Brown&quot; /&gt;, a na-eme ka mmepe asụsụ dị mma site n'ịkwalite nghọta, ịkwalite ịgụ na ide na ikwe ka nwa ọhụrụ kwupụta mkpa ha ka nne na nna wee bụrụ onye na-emeghachi omume ma na-edebe nwa ha.

Ụmụaka na-ele onye na-elekọta ha anya n'oge omume na ọnọdụ kwa ụbọchị. Nchọpụt&lt;ref name=&quot;Gongorra Chamarrita&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gongora|first=X|date=2009|title=Infant sign language program effects on synchronic mother-infant interactions|journal=Infant Behavior and Development|volume=32|issue=2|pages=216–225|doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.12.011|pmid=19233477}}&lt;/ref&gt; a na-enye ohere ka ụmụ ọhụrụ mụta akara site na ịgbaziri omume site na usoro a hụrụ. Njikọ sitere n'okike na-eme n'etiti ihe ịrịba ama na ihe, na-enye ohere ka ụmụ ọhụrụ nyochaa ma kwupụta echiche ọhụrụ tupu mmepe asụsụ. Ụmụ ọhụrụ ga-amụta ijikọ okwu na mmegharị ha na-eme mgbe ha na-eji ihe, dị ka ịtụ bọọlụ. Mgbe njikọ a gasịrị, ụmụaka na-amalite ijikọ okwu na mmegharị naanị, n'ọnọdụ a, mmegharị ahụ. Ụmụ ọhụrụ ugbu a nwere ike ime ihe ngosi iji mee ka ndị na-elekọta ha mara na ha chọrọ ịtụ bọọlụ, si otú a na-eme ka nkwurịta okwu ha na-abụghị okwu dịkwuo ukwuu. Ụmụ ọhụrụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Gongorra Chamarrita&quot; /&gt;-ejikwa ikike nnọchiteanya dị ka ndị a iji gosipụta mmetụta mmetụta uche ka ha na-ejikọta mmegharị ma ọ bụ akara na mmetụta.

Nnyocha ndị ọzọ &lt;ref name=&quot;Volterra Iverson Castrataro&quot;/&gt;-egosi na ịbawanye ojiji nke mmegharị ahụ, ọ bụghị iji asụsụ ndị ogbi eme ihe, nwere ike ịbawanye ọgaranya nke mmepe asụsụ nwatakịrị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bonvillian|first=J. D.|date=2000|title=Young children's acquisition of the formational aspects of American Sign Language: Parental report findings.|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=1|issue=1|pages=45–64|doi=10.1353/sls.2000.0002}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-atụ aro na ihe ịrịba ama mmụta na-eme n'ime oge, na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa ka ndị na-elekọta ụmụaka nwee ndidi n'ihi na ọ na-ewe ihe karịrị mkparịta ụka dị mkpirikpi n'etiti nne na nna na nwatakịrị. Mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa dị mkpa maka mmụta nke akara nwa ebe ọ bụ na nwa ọhụrụ na-ele onye na-elekọta ya anya maka nduzi. Site n'iji nlezianya gosipụta ihe ịrịba ama ahụ nye nwa ọhụrụ ahụ, onye na-elekọta ya na nwa ọhụrụ ahụ na-echekwa uche jikọrọ aka nke na-eme ka nkwurịta okwu dịkwuo elu. Mgbe ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;Teaching Gestural Signs - review&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=J. C.|date=2005|title=Teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of evidence|journal=First Language|volume=25|issue=2|doi=10.1177/0142723705050340|pages=235–251}}&lt;/ref&gt;-elekọta ụmụaka na-enyere aka iji aka mepụta ihe ịrịba ama ahụ, ha na-arịwanye elu agbamume, ikwughachi, na nkwurịta okwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gongorra Chamarrita&quot;/&gt; bụ ọrụ onye na-elekọta ya ọ bụghị naanị ịkụziri ụfọdụ akara aka, karịa ihe ụmụ ọhụrụ na-enweta, kamakwa inye nkwado na nzaghachi nye ụmụ ọhụrụ mgbe a na-emepụta akara n'ụzọ ziri ezi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gongorra Chamarrita&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Teaching Gestural Signs - review&quot; /&gt;'ime njikọ, na agbamume nne na nna maka njikọ ahụ, ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịmụta ma na-etinye aka na asụsụ ndị ogbi ụmụaka.

N'afọ 1998, Kimberlee Whaley duziri mmemme na A. Sophie Rogers Infant-Toddler Laboratory School na Mahadum [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]] State. A kụziiri ụmụ ọhụrụ ihe ịrịba ama ụfọdụ eji eme ihe na American Sign Language, tinyere ndị nkuzi ha, iji chọpụta ma enwere ike iji ihe ịrịbaanya ndị a mee ka ha na ụmụaka na-ekwurịta okwu dị irè. Site n'ihe dị ka ọnwa 9, ụmụaka malitere iji ihe ịrịba ama ha mụtara; ndị a gụnyere okwu ndị dị ka &quot;eri&quot;, &quot;juice&quot;, &quot;more&quot;, &quot;now&quot;, na &quot;sleep&quot;. Ihe omume ahụ chọpụtara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/signlang.htm|title=Infants Use Sign Language to Communicate At Ohio State School|author=Grabmeier|first=Jeff|date=25 January 1999|publisher=[[Ohio State University]]&lt;!--Wikipedians do not use &quot;The&quot; as part of Ohio State's name; it is considered a marketing gimmick, and routinely deleted.--&gt;|accessdate=2 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614041005/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/signlang.htm|archivedate=14 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; ụmụaka ga-ejikwa ihe ịrịba ama ha mụtara na klas na-ekwurịta okwu na ndị nne na nna n'ụlọ. Dabere na nyocha a, ịmụ akara nwa yiri ka ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ụmụaka ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na nlekọta ụbọchị.

== Mmetụta mgbasa ozi na Ịntanetị ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Pizer Walters Meier&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pizer|first=G.|date=2007|title=Bringing up a baby with baby sign: Language ideologies and socialization in hearing families|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=7|issue=4|pages=387–430|doi=10.1353/sls.2007.0026}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ihi ngwaahịa nkwalite, ịnweta vidiyo nkuzi akara ụmụaka, na nnọchiteanya na omenala a ma ama, mbọ ndị nne na nna na-agba ịbịanye aka na nwa ha nwere ike ilekwasị anya na akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya kama ebumnuche ịkwalite nkà nkwurịta okwu nwa ha.

Nnyoch&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson White Grewe&quot; /&gt; nyochara ogo nke ozi gbasara akara nwa a hụrụ na ịntanetị dabere na nyocha. Nsonaazụ chọpụtara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ iri atọ na atọ nke niile kwalitere akara nwa na uru ndị metụtara ya. Ihe karịrị 90% nke ozi na-ezo aka na isiokwu echiche ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nkwalite na-agba ndị nne na nna ume ịbịanye aka, na-enweghị ihe ndabere na nyocha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson White Grewe&quot;/&gt; bụ ezie na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-ekwu na iji akara nwa ga-ebelata iwe, mee ka ùgwù onwe onye, afọ ojuju, mmetụta nke mmezu nwa, mee ka mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa dịkwuo elu, ma belata nkụda mmụọ, saịtị ndị ahụ anaghị enye ihe akaebe zuru ezu dabere na nyocha iji kwado nkwupụta ndị a.

Nnyocha ọzọ nyochara ozi ịntanetị achọtara site na iji [[Google]] Scholar yana nchekwa data agụmakwụkwọ ole na ole. Ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fitzpatrick|first=E. M|date=2014|title=How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months|journal=First Language|volume=34|issue=6|pages=486–509|doi=10.1177/0142723714562864}}&lt;/ref&gt;-eme nchọpụta nyochara ma nsonaazụ na-ekwu na akara nwa na-agba ume mmepe, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nghọta, na nkà asụsụ ka ha na-enweta njikọ ka ukwuu n'etiti nne na nna na nwa. Ebumnuche nke ịjụ ajụjụ a bụ ịchọta ozi nke na-enye ndị nne na nna, ndị na-elekọta, ndị nkụzi ụmụaka, na ndị dọkịta ohere ime mkpebi doro anya banyere oke nkwenye a ga-etinye na akara nwa. Mgbe &lt;ref name=&quot;Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al&quot; /&gt; chịkọtara ihe niile a kpọtụrụ aha, e nwere isiokwu 1747 nwere naanị isiokwu 10 na-enye nyocha gbasara nsonaazụ mmepe nwa ọhụrụ n'ihe metụtara akara nwa. Nkwekọrịta e nwetara site na isiokwu 10 ndị a na-ekwu na akara nwa, dị ka ngwaahịa a na-akpọsa na-eji eme ihe nke Acredolo na Goodwyn dere, anaghị aba uru na mmepụta asụsụ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa. Otú &lt;ref name=&quot;Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al&quot; /&gt; dị, enweghi ihe akaebe sitere na isiokwu ndị a na akara nwa ọhụrụ na-emerụ ụmụ ọhụrụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Site na ọmụmụ abụọ a, a na-egosi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ozi 100% dabere na nyocha. Ndị na-achọ ozi gbasara uru na ọghọm nke iji akara nwa kwesịrị ijide n'aka na ha na-enweta saịtị ndị nyocha kwadoro ọ bụghị echiche.

Ngwaahịa ndị nne &lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Durieux-Smith, Bloom&quot;/&gt; nna na-ekere òkè na ọmụmụ ihe akara ụmụaka ma ọ bụ na-etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụlọ, na-achọpụta na ha nwere ike iji ya tụnyere ogo nke ngwaahịa eji eme nchọpụta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Durieux-Smith, Bloom&quot; /&gt; na-atụ aro ka ndị nne na nna kpachara anya maka ngwaahịa akara nwa n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike nyochaa ntụkwasị obi nke ngwaahịa ndị a na-ere maka ime ka akara nwa dị mfe.

== Ihe osise ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Usòrò:Mom_dad_en.jpg
Usòrò:More_drink_en.jpg
Usòrò:Play_now_en.jpg
Usòrò:Tired_sleepy_hurt_en.jpg
Usòrò:Yes_no_en.jpg
Usòrò:Young_boy.jpg|alt=Young boy asking for food|Nwa okorobịa na-arịọ maka nri
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọganihu ụmụaka
* The Connected Baby (ihe nkiri) 
* Ịmụta asụsụ
* ''Oge ịbịanye aka!''
* Ịkụ mkpu aka
* Mmetụta aka n'ịmụta asụsụ
* Nkwurịta okwu nwa

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

asụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka.  [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụasụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Capone McGregor2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Capone|first=N. C.|date=2004|title=Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|volume=47|issue=1|pages=173–186|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|pmid=15072537}}&lt;/ref&gt; [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụasụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Capone McGregor3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Capone|first=N. C.|date=2004|title=Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|volume=47|issue=1|pages=173–186|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|pmid=15072537}}&lt;/ref&gt; [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụ

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

*  
*  
* {{Cite journal|author=Goodwyn|first=S. W.|year=2000|title=Impact of Symbolic Gesturing on Early Language Development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nonverbal-behavior_summer-2000_24_2/page/81|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=24|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1006653828895}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=L. H.|year=2012|title=Evidence for Website Claims about the Benefits of Teaching Sign Language to Infants and Toddlers with Normal Hearing|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=21|issue=5|pages=474–502|doi=10.1002/icd.1748}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Pizer|first=G.|year=2007|title=Bringing up Baby with Baby Signs: Language Ideologies and Socialization in Hearing Families|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=7|issue=4|pages=387–430|doi=10.1353/sls.2007.0026}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.signingtime.com/ ''Oge ịbịanye aka'' - PBS Show Teach Signs to Children]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Babanki</title>
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      <text bytes="19326" sha1="3jxo75uk6mh8tuqvlemvzl29n8tpm7a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Babanki}}

'''Babanki''', ma ọ bụ '''''Kəjòm''''' (Babanki), bụ [[Asụsụ Bantoid]] nke ndị Babanki nke Western Highlands nke [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na-asụ.

== Ọdịdị ala na nkewa ==
Babanki bụ onye otu Center Ring subfamily nke asụsụ Grassfields, nke bụ onye otu Southern Bantoid subfamily of the Atlantic-Congo branch of the hypothetical Niger-Congo language family. 

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Babanki|url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10899|accessdate=|work=Endangered Languages Project|archivedate=2024-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416050151/https://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10899}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka Ethnologue si kwuo, e nwere ndị na-asụ Babanki 39,000 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2011, ọ bụ ezie na Endangered Languages Project na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ 39,000 na-anọchite anya ndị agbụrụ ebe ndị na-ekwu asụsụ ahụ dị ihe dị ka 20,000.

na-asụkarị ya n'obodo nta Kejom Ketinguh  na Kejom Keku  (nke a makwaara dị ka Babanki Tungo na Big Babanki, n'otu n'otu), &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Akumbu|first=Pius W.|title=Insights from Practices in Community-Based Research|chapterurl=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110527018-015/html|chapter=Babanki literacy classes and community-based language research|date=2018-03-19|pages=266–279|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-3-11-052701-8|language=en|doi=10.1515/9783110527018-015|url=https://hal.science/hal-03691828/file/1Akumbu_Babanki%20literacy%20classes%20and%20community-based%20language%20research.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke dị na ngalaba Mezam nke mpaghara Northwest nke [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. Asụsụ ndị a na-asụ n'ebe dị nso gụnyere asụsụ Ring ndị yiri ya bụ [[Kom language (Cameroon)|Kom]], Vengo, na [[Nsei language|Nsei]] n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ bụ Bafut, [[Mbili-Mbui language|Mbili-Mbui]], na Awing n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:)&quot;&gt; {{cite journal |last1=Faytak |first1=Matthew |last2=Akumbu |first2=Pius W. |title=Kejom (Babanki) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=August 2021 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=333–354 |doi=10.1017/S0025100319000264|s2cid=235915107 |doi-access=free }}  [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].
&lt;/ref&gt;na-asụkarị [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]], ọkachasị Cameroonian Pidgin English, ruo n'ókè nke na nke ikpeazụ na-amalite ịnọchi Babanki na ngalaba niile, gụnyere ụlọ. Tụkwasị &lt;ref name=&quot;:)&quot; /&gt; nke a, ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ ya nwere ike ịsụ [[Asụsụ French|French]], asụsụ ọzọ nke Cameroon ma e wezụga Bekee, na ndị na-ekwu ya bi na Kejom Keku nwekwara ike ịsụ asụsụ [[Kom language (Cameroon)|Kom]] dị nso, dabere na ọkwa ha na ndị Obodo Kom.

O nwere ụdị abụọ, dabere na obodo abụọ a na-asụ ya.  na-egosipụta obere ọdịiche fonetiki, phonological, na lexical mana ha na-aghọta ibe ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Akumbu|first=Pius W.|title=Language in Contact: The Case of the Fulɓe Dialect of Kejom (Babanki)|journal=African Study Monographs|date=December 2010|volume=31|issue=4|pages=173–187|doi=10.14989/139265}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-ekwukwa ụdị dị iche iche nke ụfọdụ ndị otu agbụrụ Fula bi n'ugwu ndị gbara Kejom Ketinguh gburugburu.

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụ okwu ===
Babanki nwere ụdaume iri abụọ na ise. Ọtụtụ ụdaume -apụta na ụdị ụdaume prenasalized, labialized, na palatalized, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka ma Babanki nwere njikọ ndị a ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ naanị ụyọkọ ụdaume nke ụdaume dị mfe nwere imi na-enweghị ebe, /w/, ma ọ bụ /j/, n'otu n'otu.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+'''Mkpụrụ okwu Babanki'''
! 
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bilabial
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ezé egbugbere ọnụ&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwXQ&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Alveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Post-alveolar&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwYg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Palatal
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Akpụkpọ ụkwụ&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwZw&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Velar
|-
!Plosive
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | b
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | t
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | d
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | k
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | ɡọ
|-
!Africate
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | p͡f
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | b͡v
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | t͡s
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | d͡z
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | t͡ʃ
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | d͡ʒ
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
|-
!Ihe na-esiri ike
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | f
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | v
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | s
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | z
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | ʃ
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | ʒ
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
|-
!Ụgbọ imi
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | m
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | n
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | ɲ
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | ŋ
|-
!Ihe atụ
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | j
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | w
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | Ọdịdị[lower-alpha 1]
|-
!Ihe atụ dị n'akụkụ
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | l
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-right-width: 0;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;border-left-width: 0;&quot; | 
|}
Babanki nwere ụfọdụ allophonic palatalization n'ihu ụdaume /{{IPA|/i e/}}/. A na-ahụ {{IPA|[ɥ]}} ndị dị na {{IPA|/k g/}} dị ka palatalized [{{IPA|kʲ}} {{IPA|gʲ}}], n'otu n'otu, na ọnụ ọnụ-velar approximant {{IPA|/w/}} dị ka ọnụ-palatal approximant [ɥ]. Mgbanwe a na-emetụtakwa ụdaume egbugbere ọnụ (dịka {{IPA|/kʷì/→[kᶣì]}} &quot;elu&quot;), ọ bụ ezie na egbugbere abụọ na egbugboro ọnụ na-ejigide nkwonkwo nke abụọ.

A na-ahụ ụdaume pre-nased na Babanki (ndị ụdaume ọnụ niile ma {{IPA|/v/}} nwere ike ịpụta dị ka pre-nasal) n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dabere n'otú e si akọwa ụdaume ahụ. N'ihu ihe mgbochi ma soro ụda, a na-ahụkarị prenasalization dị ka nkwụsị imi homorganic (dịka /ḱnt͡ʃík/→[ḱ́́ɲt͡ʃíʔ] &quot;lid&quot;), mgbe ọ na-esote ụdaume ma na-esochi ụdaume, ana-ahụkarị pranasalisation n'enweghị mmechi ọnụ zuru ezu nke na-eme ka ụdaume bu ụzọ bụrụ nasalized (dịka. /f́nʃìk/→[f́ʃìʔ] &quot;beetle&quot;). Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe ụdaume a na-akpọ pre-nasal bụ okwu mbido ma ọ nweghị ụdaume bu ya ụzọ, akụkụ imi na-abụkarị syllabic ma na-eji ụda dị ala (dịka /ndɔɔń/→[ǹdɔńŋ] &quot;potato&quot;).

=== Mkpụrụedemede ===
Babanki nwere ụdaume asatọ dị iche iche n'ịdị elu, gburugburu, na nkwado. [[Nasalization|imi]]=&quot;210&quot; href=&quot;./Vowel_length&quot; id=&quot;mwAWE&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Vowel length&quot;&gt;Ọdịiche dị n'ogologo na nasalization na-emekwa n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Babanki bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ihi na ọ na-emegide ma ụdaume dị gburugburu na nke dị nso na nke dị n'etiti. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+'''Mkpụrụedemede Babanki'''
! 
!N'ihu
!Central
!Ịlaghachi azụ
|-
!N'akụkụ
| i
|ɨ • ʉ  N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
| u
|-
!N'etiti etiti
| na
| Ọdịdị
| o
|-
!N'etiti oghere
| () [ala-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 2]
| 
| (ɔː) [ala-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 2]
|-
!Emeghe
| a
| 
| 
|}
{{IPA|[àbé]}}&lt;nowiki&gt; nowrap&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;IPA&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:IPA&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[ɔ]&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwAbQ&quot; lang=&quot;und-Latn-fonipa&quot; title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;[ọ]&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{IPA|[ɛ]}} mkpụrụedemede mepere emepe, a na-ahụ ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/o/}} dị ka nso-etiti {{IPA|[e]}} na [o], ebe na mkpụrụedemede mechiri emepe a na-aghọta ha dị ka oghere-etiti [ɛ] na [ɔ] (iji [àbé] &quot;agụ&quot; na {{IPA|[bɛ̀ʔ]}} &quot;snatch&quot;, [ə́kó] &quot;ego&quot; na [kɔ́ʔ] &quot;chop&quot;).

=== Ụda ===
Babanki nwere ma ụda okwu na ụda ụtọ asụsụ. Na ọkwa ụdaume, a na-akọwa ya dị ka nke nwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ala /ī/ na elu /ī/ tonemes,  ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ọtụtụ usoro ụda olu dị n'elu. N'ụzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe, ụda olu nwere ike ịpụta na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị na-abụghị ndị sitere na ya.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Ụda Babanki
!Aha ya
!Ihe edere
|-
|'''Elu'''
|'''{{IPA|˦}}'''
|-
|N'elu
|{{IPA|ꜜ˦}}
|-
|N'etiti
|{{IPA|˧}}
|-
|'''Ala Dị Ala'''
|'''{{IPA|˨}}'''
|-
|Ịda ala
|{{IPA|˨˩}}
|-
|Ịda n'etiti
|{{IPA|˦˧}}
|-
|Ịda n'elu ala
|{{IPA|˦˨}}
|-
|Ịrị elu dị ala
|{{IPA|˨˦}}
|}
&lt;ref name=&quot;:P&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hyman|first=Larry H.|title=Tonology of the Babanki Noun|journal=Studies in African Linguistics|date=July 1979|volume=10|issue=2|pages=159–178}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{IPA|[ꜜ˦]}} dị elu na nke dị n'etiti bụ otu ụda, mana ha dị iche; ụda dị elu na-eme n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ma na-emepụta ụda olu maka ụda dị elu n'otu ahịrịokwu ụda, ebe ụda dị n'ime ga-ebute ụda dị elu ma na-ejedebe na gburugburu ebe obibi ole na ole.

=== Phonotactics ===
ka ọ na-adịkarị, okwu Babanki nwere CV (C) stem nwere nhọrọ (C) V prefixes na suffixes. mmalite mmalite bụ ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ụdaume Babanki na-apụta naanị; mmalite nke affixes na okwu ọrụ na-enye ohere naanị ụdaume {{IPA|/t k f v s ʃ m n j ɰ/}}, naanị ụdaume coda a kwadoro bụ {{IPA|/m n ŋ f s k/}}. &lt;ref name=&quot;:)&quot; /&gt;Allophony dị nnọọ iche na ụdaume coda; {{IPA|/k/}} na-aghọta dị ka nkwụsị glottal {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, na rimes na-agwụ na alveolar nasal {{IPA|/n/}} nke nucleus ya bụ ụdaume na-abụghị elu /{{IPA|/a e o/}}/ (ya bụ /an en on/) diphthongize, na-apụta dị ka [aɪ̯n~aɪ̯̃ ɛɪ̯n~&quot;ɛɪ̯̃] .

Colescence nke ụdaume dịkwa ezigbo mkpa na Babanki. Ọ na-apụta na /Vá/ na /VÁ/ usoro (ewepu ndị {{IPA|/C/|}} bụ /m/), ebe ụdaume ikpeazụ dị n'etiti na-enweghị okirikiri na (n'ihe banyere nke ikpeazụ) ụdaume coda na-agbakọta na otu ụdaume dị ogologo {{IPA|[Vː]}}, nke a pụghị ikpebi àgwà ya site na ụdaume ọ bụla (ọ bụ ezie na /V Á/ usoro ụdaume dị anya na-abụkarị otu àgwà ahụ dị ka ụdaume mbụ). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-enyocha ahịrịokwu ahụ &quot;ahịhịa m&quot; n'ụzọ ụda olu:
 
N'ebe a, usoro /òń́/ na-agbakọta na ụdaume ogologo {{IPA|[ɔː]}}.  bụ ezie  ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdaume niile dị ogologo na-apụta na Babanki bụ n'ihi usoro a, enwere ihe atụ ole na ole nke ụdaume dị ogologo nke a na-esoghị n'ụzọ doro anya, dịka na okwu [[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]] na [{{IPA|[ⁿbɛ̀ː]}}] &quot;okwu adreesị maka fon&quot;.

== Ihe Nlereanya ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+&quot;The North Wind and the Sun&quot; ''(from {{harvcoltxt|Faytak|Akumbu|2021}})''
!Phonetic transcription{{efn|In this passage, the low falling tone {{IPA|[˨˩]}} is transcribed using the diacritic for extra low tone, e.g. {{IPA|[ȅ]}}|name=&quot;tone notation&quot;}}
!Translation
|-
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; |{{IPA|ɘ̀fʷɔ́fꜜɘ́ gɘ̀ː kᶣì wɛ̂ː t͡ʃᶣìt͡ʃᶣì ǹtáŋmɘ́ lá à tóː ndɘ̀ t͡ʃòː ndɘ̀ ló sɘ́t͡sɛ̀ɪ̯n wùd͡ʒèʔ mû ɰ mɔ̀ʔ dàlɘ́ lɨ̀mtɘ́ vȉ}}

{{IPA|vwě ꜜɰʉ́mɘ́ lá ɥìʔ á ɰɘ́ t͡ʃòː mbȉ ɘ̀ nɘ̀ lá wùd͡ʒèʔ nájì t͡súʔ dàlɘ́ lɨ̀mtɘ́ː wɛ́ɪ̯n mwâ tóː wɛ́ɪ̯n t͡ʃòː wút͡sɛ́ɪ̯n}}

{{IPA|ɘ̀fɔ́fꜜɘ́ gɘ̀ː kᶣìː mɘ̀ zìtɘ̀ sɘ̀ t͡ʃǒ nôː nàntô}}

{{IPA|ɰɘ̌ lì t͡ʃǒː ɰɔ́ʔtɘ̀ wùd͡ʒèʔ jí bɔ̀ŋsɘ̀ fʷɔ́mtɘ̀ dàlɘ́ lɨ̀mtɘ́ː wɛ́ɪ̯n á wɛ́ː wɛ̏ɪ̯n}}

{{IPA|kɘ̀ɲʉ̃ː kʲíkɘ́ ɰɔ́ʔ ɘ̀fʷɔ́fꜜɘ́ gɘ̀ː kᶣì ɰɘ̀ kʲé}}

{{IPA|t͡ʃᶣìt͡ʃᶣǐː zìtɘ̀ báɪ̯n ɘ̀ lɨ̀mɘ̀ vȉ wùd͡ʒèʔ jí zàŋsɘ̀ t͡sùʔ dàlɘ́ lɨ̀mtɘ́ː wɛ́ɪ̯n}}

{{IPA|kɘ́ t͡ʃòː ɘ̀fɔ́fꜜɘ́ gɘ̀ː kᶣì ɰɘ̀ bʲɨ́mɘ́ lá t͡ʃᶣìt͡ʃᶣǐː ꜜtóː t͡ʃòː jȉ}}
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; |The North Wind and the Sun were arguing about who was stronger than who, until a traveler wearing a warm gown came.

They agreed that the person who would first make the traveler take off his gown was stronger than the other.

The North Wind then began to blow with great force.

As he blew stronger, the traveler instead wrapped his warm gown around his body.

This thing was too much, and the North Wind gave up.

Then the Sun began to shine and make places hot, and the traveler quickly took off his gown.

This surpassed the North Wind; he accepted that the Sun was stronger than him.
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Phonemic transcription with interlinear gloss
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{interlinear|{{IPA|ɘ̀-fʷóf}} {{IPA|ɘ}} {{IPA|gɘ̀}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|kʷì}} {{IPA|wénɘ̀}} {{IPA|t͡ʃʷìt͡ʃʷì}} {{IPA|ǹ-táŋmɘ́}} {{IPA|lá}} {{IPA|à}} {{IPA|tó-ɘ}} {{IPA|ndɘ̀}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|ndɘ̀}} {{IPA|ló}}, {{IPA|sɘ́t͡sèn}} {{IPA|wù-d͡ʒèk}} {{IPA|mú}} {{IPA|ɰɘ̀}} {{IPA|mòk}} {{IPA|dálɘ̀}} {{IPA|lɨ̀mtɘ́}} {{IPA|vì}}.|C3-wind ASS.C3 part DIR above with sun(C1) PST-quarrel COMP FOC be.strong-PROG who pass-PROG who EMPH until C1.NMLZ-travel while 3SG.C1 wear gown(C1) hot come|The North Wind and the Sun were arguing about who was stronger than who, until a traveler wearing a warm gown came.}}
{{interlinear|{{IPA|vɘ̀wé}} {{IPA|ɰʉ́mɘ́}} {{IPA|lá}} {{IPA|ɥìk}} {{IPA|á}} {{IPA|ɰɘ́}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|mbì}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|nè}} {{IPA|lá}} {{IPA|wù-d͡ʒèk}} {{IPA|nájì}} {{IPA|t͡súk}} {{IPA|dálɘ̀}} {{IPA|lɨ̀mtɘ́}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|wén}} {{IPA|mú}} {{IPA|à}} {{IPA|tó-ɘ}} {{IPA|wén}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|wú-t͡sén}}.|3PL.C2 agree COMP person(C1) REL 3SG.C1 pass-PROG first CONJ cause COMP C1.NMLZ-travel DEM remove gown(C1) hot ASS.C1 3SG.POSS.C1 so FOC be.strong-PROG 3SG.C1 pass-PROG C1.NMLZ-certain|They agreed that the person who would first make the traveler take off his gown was stronger than the other.}}
{{interlinear|{{IPA|ɘ̀-fʷóf}} {{IPA|ɘ}} {{IPA|gɘ̀}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|kʷì}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|mɘ̀}} {{IPA|zìtɘ̀}} {{IPA|sɘ̀}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|nókɘ̀}} {{IPA|nàntô}}.|C3-wind ASS.C3 part DIR above SUBJ.C3 then start PRS pass-PROG really much|The North Wind then began to blow with great force.}}
{{interlinear|{{IPA|ɰɘ̀}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|lì}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|ɰóktɘ̀}} {{IPA|wù-d͡ʒèk}} {{IPA|jí}} {{IPA|bòŋsɘ̀}} {{IPA|fʷómtɘ̀}} {{IPA|dálɘ̀}} {{IPA|lɨ̀mtɘ́}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|wén}} {{IPA|á}} {{IPA|wén}} {{IPA|ɘ̀-wén}}.|3SG.C3 SUBJ.C3 so pass-PROG be.big C1.NMLZ-travel DEM instead fold gown(C1) hot ASS.C1 3SG.POSS.C1 to 3SG.POSS.C3 C3-body|As he blew stronger, the traveler instead wrapped his warm gown around his body.}}
{{interlinear|{{IPA|kɘ̀-ɲʉ́}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|kí-kɘ́}} {{IPA|ɰɔ́k}} {{IPA|ɘ̀-fʷóf}} {{IPA|ɘ}} {{IPA|gɘ̀}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|kʷì}} {{IPA|ɰɘ̀}} {{IPA|ké}}.|C7-thing ASS.C7 this-C7 be.big C3-wind ASS.C3 part DIR above 3SG.C3 allow|This thing was too much, and the North Wind gave up.}}
{{interlinear|{{IPA|t͡ʃʷìt͡ʃʷì}} {{IPA|zìtɘ̀}} {{IPA|bán}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|lɨ̀mɘ̀}} {{IPA|vì}} {{IPA|wù-d͡ʒèk}} {{IPA|jí}} {{IPA|zàŋsɘ̀}} {{IPA|t͡sùk}} {{IPA|dálɘ̀}} {{IPA|lɨ̀mtɘ́}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|wén}}.|sun(C1) start shine CONJ hot-PROG come C1.NMLZ-travel DEM hurry remove gown(C1) hot ASS.C1 3SG.POSS.C1|Then the Sun began to shine and make places hot, and the traveler quickly took off his gown.}}
{{interlinear|{{IPA|kɘ́}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò}} {{IPA|ɘ̀-fʷóf}} {{IPA|ɘ}} {{IPA|gɘ̀}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|kʷì}} {{IPA|ɰɘ̀}} {{IPA|bʲɨ́mɘ́}} {{IPA|lá}} {{IPA|t͡ʃʷìt͡ʃʷì}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|tó-ɘ}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|jì}}.|3SG.C7 pass C3-wind ASS.C3 part DIR above 3SG.C3 accept COMP sun(C1) SUBJ.C1 be.strong-PROG pass-PROG 3SG.C3|This surpassed the North Wind; he accepted that the Sun was stronger than him.}}
|}

=== Nkà mmụta mmekọrịta na asụsụ nke Babanki ===
{{Cite book|author=Brye|first=Edward|year=2001|title=Rapid Appraisal Sociolinguistic Research Among the Babanki|series=ALCAM|location=Yaoundé|publisher=SIL|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/50/65/105065712080039677599685021672982723232/SILESR2001_005.pdf}}

== Ihe edeturu ==


== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==
 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

kwuo, e nwere ndị na-asụ Babanki 39,000 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2011, ọ bụ ezie na Endangered Languages Project na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ 39,000 na-anọchite anya ndị agbụrụ ebe ndị na-ekwu asụsụ ahụ dị ihe dị ka 20,000.abụọ n'ime ọtụtụ ndị na-akpọ onwe ha ''Ngoe'' ka ha na ndị na-asụ [[Manenguba languages|Asụsụ Ngoe]] nwere mmalite akụkọ ifo, mana asụsụ ha abụghị akụkụ {{Languages of Cameroon}}{{authority control}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Fred Zinnemann</title>
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{{Databox}} 

'''Alfred Zinnemann''' (April 29, 1907 - March 14, 1997) bụ onye Austria-America &lt;ref name=&quot;rzenews&quot;&gt;/onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. O meriri [[Academy Awards|Ihe nrite Academy]] Awards anọ maka iduzi na imepụta ihe nkiri n'ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere ihe egwu, ọdịda anyanwụ, ihe nkiri noir na egwuregwu. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Europe tupu ọ kwaga US, ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na mkpirikpi tupu o mee ihe nkiri iri abụọ na ise n'oge ọrụ afọ iri ise ya.

Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nduzi mbụ na-ekwusi ike na iji ezigbo ebe na iji ngwakọta kpakpando na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara na-eme ihe nkiri iji mee ka ihe nkiri ya bụrụ ihe dị adị. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike maka itinye onwe ya n'ihe ize ndụ ma si otú ahụ mepụta ihe nkiri pụrụ iche, ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ ya bụ ihe nkiri banyere ndị mmadụ na-anọ naanị ha na ndị nwere ụkpụrụ nke ihe omume ọdachi nwalere. Dị ka otu ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme si kwuo, ụdị Zinnemann gosipụtara echiche ya nke &quot;echiche nke uche na mkpebi siri ike ya ime foto bara uru nke na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu.

N'etiti ihe nkiri ya bụ The Search (1948), The Men (1950), High Noon (1952), From Here to Eternity (1953), ''Oklahoma!''  (1955), The Nun's Story (1959), The Sundowners (1960), A Man For All Seasons (1966), The Day of the Jackal (1973), na ''Julia'' (1977). Ihe nkiri ya enwetala nhọpụta Oscar iri isii na ise, merie iri; a họpụtara Zinnemann n'onwe ya maka iri, ma merie Onye nduzi kacha mma maka From Here to Eternity (1953), ihe nkiri kacha mma na onye nduzi kachasị mma maka A Man for All Seasons (1966), na Best Documentary, Short Subjects maka ''Benjy'' (1951).

Zinnemann duziri ma webata ọtụtụ kpakpando na ihe nkiri mbụ ha na US, gụnyere [[Marlon Brando]], Rod Steiger, Pier Angeli, Julie Harris, Brandon deWilde, Montgomery Clift, Shirley Jones na Meryl Streep. Ọ duziri ndị na-eme ihe nkiri iri na itoolu na nhọpụta Oscar, gụnyere Frank Sinatra, Montgomery Clift, Audrey Hepburn, [[Glynis Johns]], Paul Scofield, Robert Shaw, Wendy Hiller, Jason Robards, [[Vanessa Redgrave]], Jane Fonda, Gary Cooper na Maximilian Schell.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiK_3d6a7DQC&amp;pg=PR17|title=Fred Zinnemann: Interviews|first=Fred|author=Zinnemann|date=August 3, 2018|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|accessdate=August 3, 2018|isbn=9781578066988}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvFkAAAAMAAJ|title=My Life in the Movies: An Autobiography|first=Fred|author=Zinnemann|date=August 3, 1992|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|accessdate=August 3, 2018|isbn=9780684190501}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://szukajwarchiwach.pl/59/533/0/-/72/skan/full/TDq-ZPkV34DdrvisxIldFA|title=Civil Registration Book of Jewish Children in Rzeszów 1906–1909|date=1909|publisher=National Records Office in Rzeszów|accessdate=August 26, 2018|archivedate=October 30, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233234/https://szukajwarchiwach.pl/59/533/0/-/72/skan/full/TDq-ZPkV34DdrvisxIldFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; mụrụ Zinnemann na Rzeszów, &lt;ref name=&quot;rzenews&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;forbes22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Immigrant who Directed The American Classic High Noon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2018/09/07/the-immigrant-who-directed-the-american-classic-high-noon/ |work=Forbes |accessdate=October 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why Fred Zinnemann never mentioned his native Rzeszów?|url=http://www.biznesistyl.pl/ludzie/sylwetki/7293_fred-zinnemann-nigdy-nie-wspominal-o-rodzinnym-rzeszowie.html|work=biznesistyl|date=August 16, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwa Anna (Feiwel) na Oskar Zinnemann, onye dọkịta. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/proms/10233613/The-music-behind-Hollywoods-golden-age.html the London telegraph: &quot;The music behind Hollywood's golden age – As the Proms pays tribute to Hollywood's golden age, Tim Robey looks at the composers who redefined the film score&quot;] By Tim Robey. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hillstrom&quot;&gt;Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. &lt;/ref&gt; nna ya bụ ndị Juu Austria. O nwere otu nwanne nwoke nke obere. 

Zinnemann tolitere na Vienna n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, n'oge ọtụtụ n'ime ha nna ya na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka agha na ndị agha Austro-Hungarian na Eastern Front. Zinnemann mechara cheta &lt;ref&gt; Fred Zinnemann (1992), ''A Life in the Movies: An Autobiography'', Charles Scribner Sons. &lt;/ref&gt; ahụmahụ agha ya na-echegbu ya nke ukwuu ma na-arịa ọrịa nrọ ọjọọ mgbe niile.

Mgbe ọ na-etolite na First Austrian Republic, nke e guzobere dị ka ala nke Alaeze Ukwu dara ada na 1918 na nke o mechara kọwaa dị ka, &quot;obere, meriri, mba dara ogbenye&quot;, &lt;ref&gt; Fred Zinnemann (1992), ''A Life in the Movies: An Autobiography'', Charles Scribner Sons. &lt;/ref&gt; Zinnemann chọrọ ịghọ onye na-agụ egwú, mana ọ gara n'ihu gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Vienna na 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hillstrom&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe ọ na-amụ iwu, ọ malitere ịmasị ihe nkiri ma mee ka ndị mụrụ ya kwenye ka ha hapụ ya ka ọ mụọ mmepụta ihe nkiri na Third French Republic. Mgbe &lt;ref name=&quot;Hillstrom&quot;/&gt; gụsịrị akwụkwọ otu afọ na Ecole Technique de Photographie et Cinématographie na Paris, Zinnemann ghọrọ Onye na-ese foto ma chọta ọrụ na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri a na-eme na Babelsberg Studio na Berlin, n'oge Weimar Republic, tupu ọ kwaga United States. Nne na nna Zinnemann abụọ, bụ ndị o mechara kọwaa dị ka ndị na-achọsi ụbọchị ndị eze Habsburg ike ike, laghachiri [[Poland]] mgbe Anschluss gasịrị ebe ndị Germany mechara gbuo ha n'oge Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ. Ruo mgbe &lt;ref name=&quot;Nolletti&quot;&gt;Nolletti, Arthur, ed. &lt;/ref&gt; nwụrụ, Zimmerman na ha na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi, ha niile dere na Polish.: 86 

== Ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Zinnemann rụrụ ọrụ na Germany na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-amalite (Billy Wilder na Robert Siodmak sokwa ya rụọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri People on Sunday nke 1929) mgbe ọ gụsịrị ihe nkiri na France. Mmasị ya maka eziokwu na izi ezi pụtara ìhè na ihe ngosi mbụ ya The Wave (1936), nke a gbara na Mexico na ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara na-eme ihe nkiri n'etiti ndị obodo ahụ, nke bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ mbụ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ihe nkiri akụkọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hillstrom&quot;/&gt; mbido afọ iri, n'ezie, Zinnemann so onye na-ede akwụkwọ Robert Flaherty rụọ ọrụ, &quot;ma eleghị anya, ọ bụ onye kachasị nwee mmetụta n'ọrụ m dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri&quot;, ka o kwuru.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị nka nke Germany masịrị ya, na ihe nkiri ya, egwu na ihe nkiri, ọ makwaara na mba ahụ nọ na nnukwu nsogbu akụ na ụba. Ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na Berlin mgbe ọ nọgidere na-ahụ mmebi anya na okomoko dị n'akụkụ enweghị ọrụ. Ndị ọgaranya na-aga n'aka nri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ogbenye n'aka ekpe. &quot;Ọ dịla anya mmetụta uche amalitela iwepụ uche&quot;, ka o kwuru.:: 16  N'ihi mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana eziokwu ahụ bụ na Ihe nkiri na-ada ụda abịala na Europe, nke na-akwadoghị iji mepụta nke ha, mmepụta ihe nkiri na Europe niile belatara nke ukwuu. ;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;, onye dị naanị afọ iri abụọ na otu n'oge ahụ, nwetara ikike nne na nna ya ịga America ebe o nwere olileanya na ohere ime ihe nkiri ga-akawanye ukwuu. : 16 (Norma Barzman). Ọ zutere Barzman na UCLA; ha abụọ arụkọwo ọrụ n'ọrụ dị iche iche ruo ọtụtụ afọ, site na edemede ihe nkiri ruo na mmepụta na iduzi Norma Barzman). Ọ zutere Barzman na UCLA; ha abụọ arụkọwo ọrụ n'ọrụ dị iche iche ruo ọtụtụ afọ, site na edemede ihe nkiri ruo na mmepụta na iduzi.


== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
* {{IMDb name|3593}}
* [http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/3994/fred-zinnemann Akwụkwọ banyere Fred Zinnemann]
* [http://catalog.oscars.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=65700 Akwụkwọ Fred Zinnemann], Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
* [https://www.mediathek.at/nc/type/8000/searchQuery/1634/hash/8qAzHrD5// Fred Zinnemann] (n'asụsụ German) site na ebe nchekwa ihe ochie nke Österreichische Mediathek
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Kilmeri</title>
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      <text bytes="6239" sha1="amevg8km6gp05zsuylsh5wqde7zryoy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Kilmeri|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]|region=[[Sandaun Province]]|speakers={{sigfig|1970|2}}|date=2004|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[Border languages (New Guinea)|Border]]|fam2=Bewani Range|fam3=Poal River|iso3=kih}}

'''Kilmeri''', ma ọ bụ '''bo apulyo''' bụ [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]]Asụsụ Papua nke Papua New Guinea dị nso n'ókè ya na Papua Indonesia. Ụmụaka anaghị amụta ya.

A na-asụ Kilmeri gburugburu Ossima ward (2°54′59′′S 141°17′53′′E / 2.916313°S 141.298028°E / -2.916316; 141.294028 (Ossima)) na Bewani/Wutung Onei Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN-PNG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup|title=Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup|author=United Nations in Papua New Guinea|work=Humanitarian Data Exchange|date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Speakers of Kilmeri refer to their own language as ''bo apulyo'', meaning ''sound in the middle''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gerstner-Link|first=Claudia|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501506765/html|title=A Grammar of Kilmeri|date=2018-09-24|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-5015-0676-5|language=en|doi=10.1515/9781501506765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asụsụ ==
Dialects are:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* Asụsụ Western Kilmeri (nke a na-asụ n'obodo ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ) 
** Elau
** Osol
** Kilipau
** Kiliwes
** Isi
** M
** Isi nke Abụọ
** Sosi
** Ilup
* Asụsụ Kilmeri nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (nke a na-asụ n'obodo nta na obodo nta ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ) 
** ''Ossima''
** ''Isi Daru''
** ''Akos''
** ''Awol''
** ''Airu''
** Asue
** Omoi
** Omula

Ìgwè &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Brown, Robert. 1981. [http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/show_work.asp?id=928474523659 A sociolinguistic survey of Pagi and Kilmeri]. Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages 29. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.&lt;/ref&gt; abụọ ahụ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-eme atụmatụ nke 82% dabere na lexicostatistics.

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==
Kilmeri &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume iri na asatọ, iri na abụọ n'ime ha bụ ụdaume.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Mkpụrụ okwu
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Bilabial
!Ọmụmụ anụmanụ
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Mkpịsị aka
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Plosive
!a na-ekwupụta olu
|b
|
|d
|
|Nkọwa
|
|-
!Enweghị olu
|p
|
|
|
|k
|Nkọwa
|-
!Akpụkpọ ụkwụ
| (Nke a) 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
|m
|
|n
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Rhotic
|na-eme
|
|r
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-esiri ike
| (β / ̆) 
|__ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ
|s
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |N'akụkụ
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
|
|Akụkọ banyere ya
|
|j
|
|
|}
Ụda ndị dị n'ime oghere bụ allophones nke bilabial trill. [β] nwere ike ịbụ intervocalical, [X] nwere ike bụrụ ụda ikpeazụ, na [X] enwere ike ịbụ mkpụrụedemede-mbido. Ụda ndị dị na ọkara brackets na-apụta nke ukwuu ma eleghị anya enwere ike ịkọwa ya na okwu mgbazinye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kilmeri nwere ụdaume asatọ, ha niile dị mkpụmkpụ mgbe niile. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Mkpụrụedemede
!
! (N'akụkụ) Ihu
!Central
! (N'ebe dị nso) Nlaghachi
|-
|Elu
|i
|
|u
|-
|Ihe dị nso n'elu
|ɪ
|
|Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ
|-
|N'etiti
|Ọ bụ
|
|Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya
|-
| (N'akụkụ) --dị ala
|æ
|a
|
|}
Mkpụrụedemede &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; nso na nke dị nso na-adịkarị obere. &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-Sepik&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|date=2018|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7|editor=Palmer|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|pages=197-432|chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs}}&lt;/ref&gt; mere, a kwenyere na Kilmeri nwere ụdaume asaa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ruo mgbe obere nhọrọ nke okwu, dị ka /bi/ (ezì) na /bI/ (oghere) gosipụtara ọdịiche doro anya n'etiti /i/ na /I/ .

Isi okwu bụ CV nwere mkpụrụedemede abụọ a na-ahọrọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Orthography ==
Nchịkọta ụdaume na-asụgharị n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ime mkpụrụedemede Latin. Mkpụrụedemede dị ala na-eji ae na ụdaume dị elu na-eji diacritics. Ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; akara ''p'' maka trill bilabial, mana a họọrọ pp iji gosipụta ụdaume abụọ dị iche iche.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Phoneme
!Ihe osise
|-
|/b/
|b
|-
|/d/
|d
|-
|/k/
|k
|-
|/l/
|l
|-
|/m/
|m
|-
|/n/
|n
|-
|/p/
|p
|-
|[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
|peeji nke
|-
|/r/
|r
|-
|/s/
|s
|-
|/ʋ/
|w
|-
|/j/
|na
|-
|/a/
|a
|-
|/æ/
|ae
|-
|/ɛ/
|na
|-
|/i/
|i
|-
|/I/
|Àgwàetiti
|-
|/ɔ/
|o
|-
|/u/
|u
|-
|/ʊ/
|U
|}

== Aha nnọchiaha ==
Kilmeri nwere nnọchiaha iri na otu na-enweghị ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-Sepik&quot; /&gt;
{| {{table}}
|+Aha nnọchiaha
!
!Otu
!Abụọ
!Ọtụtụ
|-
!INCL nke Mbụ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ko
|dedukoyo
|Ọ bụ n'ezie
|-
!Ihe Nlereanya nke Mbụ
|Ọmụmụ ihe
|uke
|-
!Nke abụọ
|nke
|deyo
|na-abụghị
|-
!Nke atọ
|ki ~ ke
|kiyo
|iki
|}
Ụdị abụọ ahụ na-ejedebe na nsonaazụ locative -yo ma sitere na otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; na-ejikarị ọnụọgụ abụọ dochie anya ọnụọgụgụ abụọ, ọkachasị na akụkọ akụkọ.

== Ngwaa ==
ụdị ngwaa Kilmeri nwere ike igosipụta usoro dị mgbagwoju anya. Ihe atụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-Sepik&quot; /&gt;

A pụkwara itinye usoro okirikiri na ngwaa na Kilmeri.

Nkwekọrịta ọnụ ọgụgụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-Sepik&quot; /&gt; bụ ihe na-enweghị isi kama ịbụ ebubo.

Na Kilmeri, ngwaa intransitive, yana ngwaa abụọ na-agafe agafe 'eri' na 'atụba ala', kwekọrọ na isiokwu dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ. Usoro a dịkwa na Amanab. Ngwaa ndị a bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-Sepik&quot; /&gt;

Otú &lt;ref name=&quot;Foley-Sepik&quot; /&gt; dị, akara ọnụọgụ maka ngwaa na-agafe agafe, ma e wezụga maka 'eri' na 'atụba ala', na-ezo aka na ọnụọgụ nke ihe ahụ, karịa isiokwu ahụ.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}}{{Border languages (New Guinea)}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matt Bishop</title>
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      <text bytes="10253" sha1="o0pqdogb5prkx2s7vnd17ngg4kmv9db" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Matt Bishop''' (amụrụ na 25 Disemba 1962) bụ onye nta akụkọ Bekee, onye edemede, onye edemedo na onye isi mmekọrịta ọha na eze.

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe &lt;ref name=&quot;SunTimes&quot;/&gt; hapụsịrị Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School, Holland Park, na 1981, ọ rughị eru dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala London wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba chaa chaa, onye njikwa ụlọ ahịa ịkụ nzọ, na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala obere ụgbọ ala ruo n'afọ ndị 1990, mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'onwe ya dị ka onye edemede maka Sporting Life ma tinye akwụkwọ na mahadum iji mụọ nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Velasco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Velasco|first=Paul|title=Matt Bishop, F1 media man extraordinaire|url=https://www.grandprix247.com/2018/12/07/video-matt-bishop-f1-media-man-extraordinaire/|work=GrandPrix247|date=7 December 2018|publisher=PeeVeeMedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ịhapụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị, ọ malitere ọrụ edemede ya zuru oke na magazin Car na 1993, na-aghọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ, mgbe ahụ na Septemba 1995 ọ kwagara na magazin Focus dị ka osote onye nchịkọta akụkọ mgbe ahụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-anọchite anya, tupu ọ banye na magazin F1 Racing (nke a na-akpọ GP Racing ugbu a) dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ n'ọnwa Disemba 1996, na-anọgide ruo Septemba 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=F1 editor: Stability at the top helps titles reach pole position|url=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/f1-editor-stability-at-the-top-helps-titles-reach-pole-position/|work=Press Gazette|date=23 November 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Velasco&quot; /&gt; Racing rere nde 1.25 kwa ọnwa n'ụwa niile n'oge Bishop nọ n'ọkwa.

N'ihi esemokwu nledo nke Formula 1 nke afọ 2007, nke mere ka a kwụọ ndị otu McLaren Formula 1 ụgwọ $ 100 nde, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Spurgeon|first=Brad|title=McLaren fined $100 million in Formula One spying scandal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/sports/13iht-prix.5.7500107.html|work=New York Times|date=13 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi oche McLaren bụ Ron Dennis kpọrọ Bishop ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nkwukọrịta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Goren|first=Biranit|title=McLaren appoint Bishop as head of PR|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/62731/mclaren-appoint-bishop-as-head-of-pr|work=Autosport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Matt Bishop announces decision to leave McLaren Technology Group|url=https://www.mclaren.com/group/news/articles/matt-bishop-announces-decision-leave-mclaren-technology-group/|work=McLaren.com|date=31 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; hapụrụ McLaren na Julaị 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;BoyReview&quot;/&gt; dere akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, The Boy Made the Difference (nke e bipụtara na 2020), [1] tupu ọ laghachi n'ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na 2018 dị ka onye otu ndị isi nke W Series, asọmpi ịgba ọsọ ụgbọ ala mbụ n'ụwa maka ụmụ nwanyị naanị.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Velasco|first=Paul|title=Szafnauer: Matt Bishop will add enormous value to Aston Martin F1 team|url=http://www.grandprix247.com/2020/12/10/szafnauer-matt-bishop-will-add-enormous-value-to-aston-martin-f1-team/|work=GrandPrix247|date=10 December 2020|publisher=PeeVee Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; 10 Disemba 2020 a mara ọkwa na ndị otu Aston Martin Formula 1 akpọbatala Bishop ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nkwukọrịta ya, malite na 2021.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2023)&quot;&gt;better&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;source&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmalite na ọrụ edemede ==
 
A mụrụ Bishop na London na Bernardine Bishop (1939-2013), onye Bekee na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye nkuzi na onye na-agwọ ọrịa uche, na onye America na-eme ihe nkiri piano Stephen Kovacevich . &lt;ref name=&quot;SunTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fox|first=Sue|title=Relative Values: Stephen Kovacevich and his son, Matt Bishop|journal=Sunday Times Magazine|date=January 7, 2001}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFox2001&quot;&gt;Fox, Sue (7 January 2001). &quot;Relative Values: Stephen Kovacevich and his son, Matt Bishop&quot;. ''Sunday Times Magazine'': 7.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Onye edemede &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tumulty|first=Desmond|title=Bernardine Bishop obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/05/bernardine-bishop|work=Guardian.com|date=5 July 2013|publisher=Guardian News &amp; Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ama nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ise, otu n'ime ha, Unexpected Lessons in Love, nke edepụtara maka 2013 Costa Novel Award, Bernardine Bishop nwụrụ na ọrịa kansa eriri afọ na July 2013. [1]

Nne nne Matt Bishop bụ Barbara Lucas (née Wall, 1911-2009), onye nta akụkọ Bekee, onye edemede, onye edemedi na onye na-eme mkpọsa udo. Nwanne nne &lt;ref name=&quot;BoyReview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=Matt|title=The Boy Made the Difference is harrowing yet realistic tale of the effects of HIV/AIDS|url=https://gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/|work=Gaytimes.co.uk|date=August 2020|publisher=Gay Times Group|accessdate=11 November 2020|archivedate=19 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119144840/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMoore2020&quot;&gt;Moore, Matt (August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201119144840/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/ &quot;The Boy Made the Difference is harrowing yet realistic tale of the effects of HIV/AIDS&quot;]. ''Gaytimes.co.uk''. Gay Times Group. Archived from [https://gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/ the original] on 19 November 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 November&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; bụ Viola Meynell (1885-1956), onye edemede Bekee, onye edemede na onye na-ede uri, nne nne ya bụ Alice Meynell (afọ 1847-1922), onye edemedi Bekee, na-ede abụ na onye na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye di ya bụ Wilfrid Meynell (1852-1948), onye edemedo Bekee na onye nchịkọta akụkọ.

Matt Bishop arụwo ọrụ dị ka onye na-anakọta ego n'afọ ofufo maka ọrụ ebere ụmụaka na-ahụ maka ọrịa kansa CLIC Sargent ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ebe onye bụbu onye isi otu Formula 1 bụ Eddie Jordan webatara ya na ọrụ ebere na 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;BoyReview&quot;/&gt; niile sitere &lt;ref name=&quot;SunTimes&quot;/&gt; ahịa nke The Boy Made the Difference, akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Bishop, ga-aga CLIC Sargent.

Na mbido oge Bishop dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke F1 Racing, magazin ahụ nwetara ihe dị ịrịba ama site n'ikpughe usoro 'brake-steer' na McLaren MP4/12, ihe ọhụrụ nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala nwere ike iji brekọ ụkwụ azụ n'onwe ha n'ihu, na-agbanwe njikwa ụgbọ ala iji melite oge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Collantine|first=Keith|title=Banned: McLaren's rear brake pedal|url=https://www.racefans.net/2007/05/24/banned-mclarens-rear-brake-pedal/|work=RaceFans.net|date=24 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; machibidoro ya iwu mgbe Ferrari mere ngagharị iwe. Bishop &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The search for the extra pedal|url=https://www.mclaren.com/racing/inside-the-mtc/mclaren-extra-pedal-3153421/|work=McLaren.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-ese foto Darren Heath hụrụ na foto na diski brek azụ McLarens na-enwu n'etiti nkuku, ma hazie iji foto n'ime ụlọ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu site na atụmatụ nke Bishop gwara Heath site na ekwentị ma ọ bụrụ na nke ọ bụla n'ime ụgbọala ahụ mebiri n'etiti ọsọ.

Mgbe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bishop|first=Matt|title='From The Pulpit'|url=https://www.autosport.com/all/feature/18/matt-bishop-from-the-pulpit|work=Autosport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke F1 Racing, Bishop dekwara kọlụm maka Autosport na Autosport.com, nke akpọrọ 'Praise Be!&quot; na 'From the Pulpit&quot;.

The Boy Made the Difference, akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi nke Bishop, na-ewere nsogbu HIV / AIDS nke ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990. Akụkọ ifo banyere ezinụlọ &lt;ref name=&quot;BoyReview&quot;/&gt; n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ London, ọ na-adabere na ahụmịhe Bishop nke ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na-akwado ụlọ, ma ọ bụ 'enyi', maka London Lighthouse, n'oge ahụ bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Bishop &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ambassadors|url=http://racingpride.com/ambassadors/|work=Racingpride.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya n'ihu ọha, ọ bụ onye na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ na LGBTQ+ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya Racing Pride, otu e mepụtara na Stonewall ma malite na June 2019, ebumnuche ya ịkwalite LGBTQ+ na ụlọ ọrụ motorsport. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Page|first=Ian|title=In 1996, I Was Absolutely The Only Gay In The F1 Village|url=http://overtakemotorsport.com/2020/09/28/in-1996-i-was-absolutely-the-only-gay-in-the-formula-one-village/|work=OvertakeMotorsport.com|date=28 September 2020|publisher=Crowther Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; bi na London na di ya Angel Bautista, onye isi nri na onye na-eme ihe ntecha.

== Ọrụ ==

=== Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo ===

* Emmo: a Racer's Soul (nke ya na Emerson Fittipaldi dere, 2014) 

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* ''Nwa okorobịa ahụ mere ihe dị iche'' (2020) 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishop, Matt}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2789" sha1="enzdyvfm94hvhtlbzbf7xofpam6v7ur" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}{{Infobox film|name=Sex, Okra and Salted Butter|image=|caption=|director=[[Mahamat Saleh Haroun]]|producer=Agat Films &amp; Cie|writer=|starring=Marius Yelolo&lt;br&gt;[[Aïssa Maïga]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mata Gabin]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lorella Cravotta]]&lt;br&gt;Diouc Koma&lt;br&gt;Marie-Philmène Nga&lt;br&gt;[[Claudia Tagbo]]|distributor=|released={{Film date|2008}}|runtime=81 minutes|country=France|language=|budget=|gross=|screenplay=Mahamat-Saleh Haroun&lt;br/&gt;Marc Gautron&lt;br/&gt;Isabelle Boni Claverie|cinematography=François Kuhnel|editing=[[Marie-Hélène Dozo]]|music=}}Sex, Okra and Salted Butter (Sexe, gombo et beurre salé) bụ ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke afọ 2008 nke e mepụtara maka telivishọn. Ihe nkiri ahụ na- elekwasị anya n'ezinụlọ Mali bi na Bordeaux, France.

== Atụmatụ ==
Hortense (Mata Gabin), onye nọọsụ si Africa n'afọ iri anọ ya, hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya ka ya na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya, Jean-Paul - onye na-azụ oyster na Arcachon Bay. Di ya, Malik (Marius Yelolo) nọgidere na-agọnahụ ọpụpụ nwunye ya ka a hapụrụ ya ka ọ na-elekọta ụmụ ha - ụmụ nwoke abụọ dị afọ 12 na 6. Ka Malik na-arọ nrọ ịlaghachi n'ụlọ ya na Mali, ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ ya (gụnyere nwa ya nwoke nke okenye Dani (Diouc Koma), onye a kpughere Malik na mberede) nabatara ndụ na France. Ọbịbịa a na-atụghị anya ya nke Aminamara mma ma dị omimi (Aïssa Maïga) na-eme ka ọnọdụ ezinụlọ sie ike, yana mmekọrịta chiri anya nke na-etolite n'etiti Malik na onye agbata obi ya owu na-ama Mme Myriam (Lorella Cravotta).

E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na mmemme Film Africa na 2012 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmafrica.org.uk/film/sex-okra-and-salted-butter|title=Sex, Okra and Salted Butter|author=|date=2013-11-06|publisher=Film Africa|accessdate=2012-02-04|archivedate=2012-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101022128/http://filmafrica.org.uk/film/sex-okra-and-salted-butter}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma gosipụta ya na telivishọn UK na The Africa Channel International (Sky 209 &amp; Virgin y 828). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/africa-picture-house-presents-sex-okra-salted-butter/|title=Africa Picture House presents Sex, Okra and Salted Butter|author=|date=2013-11-06|publisher=The Africa Channel|accessdate=2012-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122165821/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/africa-picture-house-presents-sex-okra-salted-butter/|archive-date=2014-01-22|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}{{RefFCAT|662}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
na-eme ka ọnọdụ ezinụlọ sie ike, yana mmekọrịta chiri anya nke na na-eme ka ọnọdụ ezinụlọ sie ike, yana mmekọrịta chiri anya nke na

* {{IMDb title|1254774}}
{{Mahamat-Saleh Haroun}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jorge Cohen</title>
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      <text bytes="4659" sha1="81d2okun5y316kidfirsent8xg81mqj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Jorge Cohen|other_names=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|birth_date=1986|birth_name=Jorge Cohen|birth_place=[[Luanda]], [[Angola]]|death_date=|death_place=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=&lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --&gt;|nationality=[[Angola]]n|alma_mater=University of London&lt;br&gt;Catholic University of Lisbon|education=|height=|years_active=2008–present|party=|spouse=|children=|awards=|father=|mother=|relatives=|signature=|website=|footnotes=|occupation=Producer}}

'''Jorge Cohen''' (amụrụ 1986) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/cast/jorge-cohen|title=JORGE COHEN: PRODUCER|publisher=MUBI|accessdate=9 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;, bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Angolan .  [1] A mara ya nke ọma dị ka onye na-ahụ ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama nke Alambamento, Luanda 24/7 na Air Conditioning .

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;cohen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://geracao-80.com/jorge-cohen|title=JORGE COHEN : PRODUCER|publisher=Geração 80 official website|accessdate=9 November 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://geracao-80.com/jorge-cohen &quot;JORGE COHEN : PRODUCER&quot;]. Geração 80 official website&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 November&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ụlọ akwụkwọ ya na 1986 na Luanda, Angola.  N'afọ 2009, ọ kwagara Portugal wee gụchaa nzere masters na Business Administration na Mahadum nke Lisbon.  Mgbe ahụ ọ kwagara England wee akara akara ugo nhọrọ nna ya ọzọ na Global Cultural and Creative Industries na SOAS, Mahadum London na 2018.

== Ọrụ ==
Na 2009, Cohen mere mmalite mbụ ya Alambamento, obere ihe nkiri.  Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke ahụ, bụ nke ike otuto dị egwu.  Mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma nke ahụ ahụ, ọ na-ekiri onye na-arụ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ 'Geração 80' na 2010. Mgbe e gosiri, o mere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị fim: Luanda 24/7, Havemos de Voltar na  1999 yana akwụkwọ;  Triângulo, Independência nke Mário Bastos duziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;cinafrica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cinafrica.letras.ufrj.br/index.php/filmes/angola/116-jorge-cohen|title=Angola: Jorge Cohen|publisher=cinafrica|accessdate=9 November 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://cinafrica.letras.ufrj.br/index.php/filmes/angola/116-jorge-cohen &quot;Angola: Jorge Cohen&quot;]. cinafrica&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 November&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Independência'' meriri ihe nrite maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na Cameron International Film Festival wee bụrụ nhọrọ gọọmentị na Durban International Film Festival, Luxor African Film Festival na Pan African Film Festival. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmatique.com/archive-1/2018/independencia|title=Independência: Memories of Colonialism in Angola|work=Filmatique|accessdate=17 October 2020|archivedate=16 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116043259/https://www.filmatique.com/archive-1/2018/independencia}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://filmfreeway.com/independencia|title=Independence|work=Film Freeway|accessdate=17 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nkiri 2013 ya ''Triângulo'' bụ ihe nrụpụta Angola-Brazil-Portugal. Na 2014, o wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ telivishọn ''Afripedia Angola'' dị ka mmekọ Sweden-Angola. N'afọ 2017, o wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ''El Último País'' nke onye isi Cuban Gretel Marín duziri. The film mere Official Nhọrọ nke Amsterdam Festival 2017 nakwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;cinafrica&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2020, o mere ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo mbụ ya, ''Ikuku ikuku'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;cohen&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
! Ihe nkiri
! Ọrụ
! Ụdị
! Ref.
|-
| 2011
| ''Alambamento''
| Onye na-emepụta eriri
| Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Luanda 24/7''
| Onye na-emepụta ihe, onye edemede
| Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Triângulo''
| Onye nrụpụta
| Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Afripedia Angola''
| Onye na-emepụta ihe
| Ihe nkiri usoro onyonyo
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Independência''
| Onye nrụpụta, onye ọrụ ọganihu
| Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|
|-
| 2017
| ''El Último País''
| Onye na-emepụta ihe
| Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Haemos de Voltar''
| Onye nrụpụta
| Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|
|-
| 2018
| ''1999''
| Onye mmekọ mmekọ
| Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Igwe ntụ oyi''
| Onye nrụpụta
| Ihe nkiri
|
|}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|nm4024464}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Cohen,Jorge}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Nike Akande</title>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;nike&quot;/&gt;Onikepo Olufunmike Akande, OON&lt;/link&gt; CON (née Adisa, nti 29 Ọktoba 1944) bụ onye akụ na azụ Nigeria, onye na-edekọ ego na onye ọrụ nke jere ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry  na nri ndụ osote onye isi oche nke Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines na Ọrụ ugbo .

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/people/ad.asp?blurb=113|title=Onikepo Akande|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Onye Ibadan, Oyo State, Nike njikọ na Legọs dị ka nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ anọ n'ime ihe eze.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Queen's School, Ede (ugbu a Queen's School, Ibadan ) ka ọ gụchara akwụkwọ n'Ibadan.  [1] [2] O Core B.Sc na Akaụntụ si North-Western Polytechnic (Ugbu a Mahadum North London ) ka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1968. Ọ bụkwa onye akwụkwọ na Harvard Business School na International Institute for Management Development .

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ ọha ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;nike&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/achievement-time-management-chief-dr-mrs-onikepo-akande-70/|title=Achievement is about Time Management — Chief Dr. Mrs. Onikepo Akande at 70|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|author=Taire|first=Ike|date=29 October 2014|accessdate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTaire2014&quot;&gt;Taire, Ike (29 October 2014). [http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/achievement-time-management-chief-dr-mrs-onikepo-akande-70/ &quot;Achievement is about Time Management — Chief Dr. Mrs. Onikepo Akande at 70&quot;]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Nike ikpe Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ nke mbụ na Naijiria ka emechara ya ugboro abụọ na Disemba 1997 na Ọgọst 1998 n'okpuruokpuru Sani Abacha .  [1] [2] Ọ bụkwa onye amaghị na 2014 National Conference and one of Nigeria Vision 2010 and Vision 20:2020 .

&lt;ref name=&quot;nike&quot; /&gt;Nike bụ onye ọrụ ihe na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na mụrụ onye bụbu onye isi ala Goodluck Jonathan akwụkwọ dị ka &quot;ihe mkpali&quot;.  [1] Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Union Bank of Nigeria na PZ Foundation .  [2] Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dịka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ego nke Naijiria na ụlọ akụ ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria.

&lt;ref name=&quot;oni&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/my-pledge-to-lcci-economy-nike-akande/|title=My pledge to LCCI, economy —Nike Akande|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|author=Uzor|first=Naomi|date=7 December 2015|accessdate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 8 Disemba 2015, ihe Nike Oga oche nke NEPAD Business Group Nigeria na-ekiri Chris Ezeh.  [1] Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi oche nke Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry, ọnọdụ ọ na-ejide jide 5 December 2015.

== Ihe nrite na nnabata ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;nik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.encomium.ng/short-takes-from-nike-akandes-70th-birthday-celebration/|title=Short takes from Nike Akande’s 70th birthday celebration|work=Ecomium Magazine|date=14 November 2014|accessdate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na mmemme na Addis Ababa, Ethiopia na 1998, e nyere Nike onyinye nturu ugo African Federation of Women Entrepreneur.  [1] N'afọ 2003, e nyere ya onye ọrụ nke Order of Niger (OON).  [2] Nike bụkwa onye nnata dị mba nke Onye Nna nke Order nke Niger (CON)pamo 2014.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;akande&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleng.com/nike-akanda-hits-it-big-in-corporate-nigeria/|title=Nike Akanda hits it big in Corporate Nigeria|work=City People Magazine|author=Kehinde|first=Seye|date=25 November 2015|accessdate=8 December 2015|archive-date=10 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220746/http://citypeopleng.com/nike-akanda-hits-it-big-in-corporate-nigeria/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nike nwera aha &quot;Ekerin Iyalode nke Ibadanland&quot;, ọkwa ụdị omenala n'ala nna ya.  Ọ mụrụ Chief Adebayo Akande, bụ nnukwu ọchụnta ego na onye nwe Splash FM, Ibadan onye na ya nwere ụmụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;nik&quot;/&gt;Na 1 Nọvemba 2014, Nike mere eme ememe ọkụ 70th ya.  [1] A haziri mmemme ahụ n' oriri oriri na mmeri Eko na ndị ọchụnta ego ama ama na ndị ndọrọndọrọ nhọrọ bịara onye bụbu Gọvanọ Lagos steeti, Babatunde Fashola na Gọvanọ Ogun steeti Ibikunle Amosun .

== Ntụaka ==
 {{Reflist|2}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akande, Nike}}</text>
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      <text bytes="5243" sha1="6aie8ylj7dr1x0e94ab63eky2vog7gn" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Peru_-_estadisticas_de_pobreza.png|thumb|363x363px|Agba ndị ahụ na-anọchite anya pasent nke ndị dara ogbenye: acha anụnụ anụnụ, ihe na-erughị 10%; akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, 10-20%; odo, 20-40%; oroma, 40-60%; ọbara ọbara, ihe karịrị 60%.]]
'''Ịda ogbenye na [[Peru]]''' adaala ngwa ngwa kemgbe mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abuo na otu, n'ihi ọganihu sitere na ahịa mba ụwa, njem nleta, ọnụ ahịa dị ala, ohere akụ na ụba ka ukwuu, na iwu akụ na ụba neoliberal, n'otu n'ime ọnụego kachasị ọsọ na mba South America. Ịda ogbenye belatara site na pacenti 58.7% na- afo 2004 ruo 20.5% na-afo 2018, ma ọ bụ site na nde mmadụ 14.9 dara ogbenye ruo ihe na-erughị nde mmadụ 6.8 na-afo 2018, na ọtụtụ nde ndị Peruvian na-esi na ịda ogbenye na-ebili dị ka Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) si kwuo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1106/index.html|title=Perfil de la pobreza 2012, Perú|author=|first=|authorlink=|date=|year=|editor=|work=|publisher=INEI|pages=|language=|format=PDF|doi=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018073545/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1106/index.html|archivedate=2021-10-18|accessdate=2019-12-23|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dara ogbenye jiri 1.7 ọzọ belata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PER/peru/poverty-rate|title=Peru Poverty Rate 1997-2022|access-date=2024-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228025402/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PER/peru/poverty-rate|archive-date=2024-02-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, pacenti 20.5% nke ndị bi na Peru nọ ma ọ bụ n'okpuru akara ịda ogbenye, na-eme ihe dị ka mmadụ onu ogugu 6,765,000. Naanị pacenti 2.8% (~924,000 mmadụ) nke ndị Peruvian na-ahụ onwe ha na oke ịda ogbenye. Dị ka INEI si kwuo, a na-akọwa oke ịda ogbenye dị ka ndị na-enweta ihe na-erughị onu egoUS $ 80 kwa ọnwa (S./264 PEN), a na-ekwukwa ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta dị ka US $ 415 kwa ọnwa.

Ịda ogbenye na Peru dị karịsịa na mpaghara ndị na-emepebeghị emepe na-ọtụtụ mpaghara dị n'ime Peru, ọkachasị Huancavelica na Cajamarca, n'ihi obere ohere akụ na ụba na nnweta nke isi obodo na mpaghara ndị ahụ. Mpaghara ndị nwere nnukwu mmepe, dị ka Lima, Moquegua na Ica, nwere obere ịda ogbenye n'ihi ohere akụ na ụba ahu.

Peru bụ otu n'ime mba ndị ahu nọ n'ụwa nke hụrụ mbelata kachasị ngwa nke ịda ogbenye, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi iwu akụ na ụba na uto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=PE|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Peru {{!}} Data|work=data.worldbank.org|accessdate=2019-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị na- afo 2020 ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye nke Peru mụbara n'ihi ọrịa nke akporo COVID-19.

== Enweghị ọrụ na njem ọha na eze ==
[[Usòrò:Lima_Peru_City_Skyline_San_Isidro_2013.jpg|thumb|364x364px|[[Lima]]&quot; id=&quot;mwIw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;San Isidro District, Lima&quot;&gt;'''San Isidro''', mpaghara dị na Lima, bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke na-akwalite ọrụ ma belata ịda ogbenye na Lima.]]
National Institute of Informational Data (INEI) nke Peru kọrọ ihe dị ka ndị Peruvian 686,300 nwere ike dị ka ndị na-enweghị ọrụ. 
[[Usòrò:Living_in_Outskirts_of_Lima,_Peru_(6864703175).jpg|thumb|365x365px|Mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na '''ogige akụ na ụba''' nke Lima, [[Peru]], ebe ọtụtụ ịda ogbenye na Lima dị]]

== Akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ịda ogbenye ==
Inweta ihe ndị dị- mkpa emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma na Peru kemgbe afọ 2000, dị ka a hụrụ site na pasentị nke ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ihe ndị dị mfe na-ebelata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipe.org.pe/portal/evolucion-de-la-pobreza-monetaria-2007-2017/|title=Evolución de la Pobreza monetaria 2007-2017 – Instituto Peruano de Economía|date=24 April 2018|language=es-PE|accessdate=2020-02-02|archivedate=2019-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422075821/http://www.ipe.org.pe/portal/evolucion-de-la-pobreza-monetaria-2007-2017/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Pasentị nke ndị bi na-enweghị ohere maka ihe eji eme ihe
!Afọ
!Mmiri
!Ịdị ọcha
!Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị akarị
|-
|2007
|28.0%
|42.0%
|12.3%
|-
|2008
|27.6%
|40.4%
|11.6%
|-
|2009
|25.9%
|38.3%
|11.0%
|-
|2010
|23.8%
|36.4%
|9.6%
|-
|2011
|23.2%
|34.9%
|9.6%
|-
|2012
|17.7%
|33.4%
|8.9%
|-
|2013
|16.9%
|33.0%
|8.3%
|-
|2014
|14.3%
|32.3%
|7.6%
|-
|2015
|14.2%
|31.5%
|7.4%
|-
|2016
|12.0%
|30.6%
|7.3%
|-
|2017
|12.0%
|29.7%
|7.0%
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ebe e si nweta ya: INEI (2017) 
|}

== Ndemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

* Akụkọ banyere ịda ogbenye na Peru
* Ịda ogbenye site na Ngalaba 2010, Peru
* Ịda ogbenye site na Mpaghara 2007, Peru

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta mpaghara nke Peru site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ
* Ndepụta obodo dị na Peru
* [[Peru]]
{{Poverty}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Ọrụ St James</title>
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{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_096_-_Workhouse,_St_James's_Parish_(tone).jpg|thumb| Ihe atụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dị na St James parish na ''[[Microcosm of London|Microcosm nke London]]'', Mpịakọta 3]]
'''Ụlọ ọrụ St James''' meghere na 1725 na Poland Street na mpaghara Soho nke [[London|London, England]], n'oge ahụ bụ parish nke Westminster St James, wee gaa n'ihu na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. &lt;ref name=&quot;higginbotham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Peter Higginbotham|url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/StJames/|title=The Workhouse in Westminster (St James), London: Middlesex|publisher=Workhouses.org.uk|accessdate=8 September 2013}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPeter_Higginbotham&quot;&gt;Peter Higginbotham. [http://www.workhouses.org.uk/StJames/ &quot;The Workhouse in Westminster (St James), London: Middlesex&quot;]. Workhouses.org.uk&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 September&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Higginbotham chepụtara na ụlọ ọgwụ na St James Workhouse bụ nke e zoro aka na ya na egwu America &quot; St. James Infirmary Blues &quot;, na ndabere na egwu ahụ sitere na 'opekata mpe mmalite narị afọ nke 19'. &lt;ref name=&quot;higginbotham&quot;/&gt;

Ndị bi gụnyere onye na-ese ihe Charlotte Mercier, bụ onye nwụrụ n'ebe ahụ na 1762. &lt;ref name=&quot;PastellistsBefore1800&quot;&gt;[http://www.pastellists.com/Articles/MERCIERc.pdf Profile of Claude Mercier] in the ''Dictionary of Pastellists Before 1800''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a bụ ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala Q Park na-ebi n'etiti Poland Street na Marshall Street. &lt;ref&gt;'The burial ground and workhouse', Survey of London: volumes 31 and 32: St James Westminster, Part 2 (1963), pp. 209-218. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41472 Date accessed: 1 October 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
ndabere na egwu ahụ sitere na 'opekata mpe mmalite{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Ahịa Canterbury</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Foodbank Canterbury''' bụ ụlọ akụ nri na Christchurch, New Zealand. Ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ akụ nri nke Christchurch. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Christchurch's largest foodbank to close just days before Christmas|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/12/07/christchurchs-largest-foodbank-to-close-just-days-before-christmas/|accessdate=2023-12-06|work=1 News|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/12/07/christchurchs-largest-foodbank-to-close-just-days-before-christmas/ &quot;Christchurch's largest foodbank to close just days before Christmas&quot;]. ''1 News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2020|December}} , ọrụ ebere ahụ na-ebugara ndị mmadụ nri 9,000 kwa ụbọchị, ma na-ebugharị tọn 100 nri pụọ na nsị nsị n'ime obodo kwa ọnwa. Ọ bụ John na Janice Milligan na-elekọta ya, ma bụrụkwa onye otu [[Global Foodbanking Network]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Vicki|date=2020-12-17|title=Foodbank Canterbury struggling to cope with demand as Covid hits families hard|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/122979361/foodbank-canterbury-struggling-to-cope-with-demand-as-covid-hits-families-hard|accessdate=2023-12-06|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnderson2020&quot;&gt;Anderson, Vicki (17 December 2020). [https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/122979361/foodbank-canterbury-struggling-to-cope-with-demand-as-covid-hits-families-hard &quot;Foodbank Canterbury struggling to cope with demand as Covid hits families hard&quot;]. ''Stuff''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, a kọrọ na Foodbank Canterbury na-enye ndị New Zealand 200,000 nri kwa ọnwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-24|title=Space transport company and charity pantry take out top Canterbury business awards|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/business/127090583/space-transport-company-and-charity-pantry-take-out-top-canterbury-business-awards|accessdate=2023-12-06|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Foodbank Canterbury malitere gburugburu 2015, aha mbụ City Harvest. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Littlewood|first=Matthew|date=2019-06-28|title=Foodbank Canterbury's Timaru branch to open in July|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/news/113850838/foodbank-canterburys-timaru-branch-to-open-in-july|accessdate=2023-12-06|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLittlewood2019&quot;&gt;Littlewood, Matthew (28 June 2019). [https://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/news/113850838/foodbank-canterburys-timaru-branch-to-open-in-july &quot;Foodbank Canterbury's Timaru branch to open in July&quot;]. ''Stuff''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2018, ndị ọrụ ebere meriri Westpac Business Champions Award Supreme Award for Small Enterprises maka &quot;mmetụta obodo&quot; na Christchurch City Council Business For Good award. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-24|title=Space transport company and charity pantry take out top Canterbury business awards|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/business/127090583/space-transport-company-and-charity-pantry-take-out-top-canterbury-business-awards|accessdate=2023-12-06|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Foodbank Canterbury mepere alaka na Timaru na Julaị 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; N'August, Foodbank Canterbury mepere &quot;ebe nnapụta nri&quot;, nke bụ nke mbụ na South Canterbury . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Holden|first=Joanne|date=2019-08-08|title=South Canterbury's first-ever food rescue centre off to strong start|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/news/114848809/south-canterburys-firstever-food-rescue-centre-off-to-strong-start|accessdate=2023-12-06|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge oria ojoo COVID-19, Foodbank Canterbury natara ihe karịrị arịrịọ iri atọ maka nri kwa ụbọchị. Nke a tụnyere arịrịọ nri anọ a na-enweta kwa izu tupu ọrịa a. Ha kwuru na ha dị 28% mkpụmkpụ na ihe achọrọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Foodbank Canterbury tinyere akwụkwọ maka nkwado Sistemụ Njikwa Ihe Nleba anya n'afọ ahụ, mana anabataghị ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Mmechi ===
Na mbido Disemba 2023, Foodbank Canterbury kwupụtara na ha ga-emechi tupu ekeresimesi n'ihi ịrị elu ọnụ ahịa. Foodbank Canterbury aghaghị iwebata ụgwọ ọrụ n'ihi ọnụ ahịa na-arị elu, nke mere ka ha ghara iru eru maka ego kansụl. Ndị ọrụ ebere ahụ kpọrọ oku maka enyemaka gọọmentị, na-ekwu na Foodbank Canterbury ga-achọ $1 nde iji gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe ọkwa ahụ gasịrị, Woolworths malitere inye ndị ọrụ ebere ego nke mmechi ahụ ga-emetụta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Supermarket and food rescue agencies fill gap left by Canterbury food bank|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/12/08/supermarket-and-two-food-rescue-agencies-step-in-to-fill-gap-left-by-canterbury-food-bank/|accessdate=2023-12-07|work=1 News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọrụ ebere Kairos Food Rescue ga-enwe ike ịnakọta njupụta nri n'ụlọ ahịa Woolworths. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-08|title=Woolworths steps in to help Canterbury food rescue organisations|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/star-news/star-business/woolworths-steps-help-canterbury-food-rescue-organisations|accessdate=2023-12-07|work=Otago Daily Times Online News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Foodbank Canterbury na-enweta nri ha site na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa, ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwoke na mpaghara ahụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; na onyinye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ashby-Coventry|first=Esther|date=2020-05-27|title=Demand for food parcels expected to sky rocket in South Canterbury|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/news/121638644/demand-for-food-parcels-expected-to-sky-rocket-in-south-canterbury|accessdate=2023-12-06|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekesa nri ahụ nye ndị ọrụ ebere (ndị ọrụ ebere 125 {{As of|2020|December}}  ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Foodbank Canterbury nwere &quot;ụlọ ọrụ oge niile&quot; na Timaru na West Coast . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

n'ihi ọnụ ahịa na-arị elu, nke mere ka ha ghara iru eru maka ego kansụl. Ndị ọrụ ebere ahụ kpọrọ oku maka enyemaka gọọmentị, na</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọrụ St Luke</title>
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      <text bytes="2075" sha1="8nolrph5otjht4kukxl1q1m3jvfov0v" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:St Luke Workhouse site 1.jpg|thumb]]
Ụlọ ọrụ St. Luke guzoro n'okporo ụzọ obodo dị n'etiti Wellesley Terrace na Shepherdess Walk n'ihe bụ taa ógbè London nke Hackney.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Na mbụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị n'egwú ugwu nke Featherstone Street, Bunhill Fields, ọ meghere na 1724. N'ịbụ nke dị n'ụdị parish City nke London nke St Giles na-achọ Cripplegate, ọ dara n'okpuru ọkwa nke  ndị obodo abụọ.  Mgbazinye ụlọ ahụ kubiri na 1782 yana iwu ime obodo nke abụọ nyere ndị parish aka iwu ụlọ ọrụ na ọnụ ahịa £2,000.

Ozugbo e wuchara ya, saịtị ahụ nwere ngalaba, ebe a na-amụ ihe na ụlọ akwa akwa.  [1] Ọ dabara n'ime mpaghara Finsbury tupu agbanwee oke.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Workhouse in St Luke Old Street, London: Middlesex|url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/StLuke/|work=www.workhouses.org.uk|accessdate=2020-05-15}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.workhouses.org.uk/StLuke/ &quot;The Workhouse in St Luke Old Street, London: Middlesex&quot;]. ''www.workhouses.org.uk''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 May&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Luk ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ Holborn na Finsbury na ụlọ ọgwụ St. Matthews, mgbe a akwụkwọ ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ndị na-arịa ọrịa.  Mbi ogbunigwe n'Agha mmetụta nke amaghị bibiri nke dị n'ebe ndịda, bụ́ nke a na-arụzi nke ọma.

E mechiri ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A rụzigharịrị ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ na-adọkpụ Shepherdess Walk ma bụrụ ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ ebe ngalaba ndị na-adọkpụ Wellesley Terrace pụtara na mbụ, eresịkwara ha ma tụgharịa gaa n'ụlọ.

Ihe fọdụrụ na saịtị ahụ - njedebe ndịda - bụ ugbu a carpark. Mgbidi mbụ na ọnụ ụzọ ámá ka na-eguzo, mkpịrịsị mkpịrịsị 'HJ' na 'SM' ka dị na ogidi kọmpụta na brik. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Dr. Francis B. Warnock</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Ụlọ Dr. Francis B. Warnock''' bụ ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị na Battle Creek, Iowa, United States. Dr. Warnock bụ onye Iowa nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na Mahadum Iowa na 1882. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ malitere omume ya na Battle Creek, wee nata akwụkwọ ya n'aka Board of Health na 1886. Ọ zụtara nza abụọ ụlọ ahụ n'aka Samuel nwanne ya na 1883 na 1894. Nhazi nke ụlọ ahụ na-egosipụta otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi nke George Franklin Barber .  Ndị na-ewu Ida Grove Thomas na William Bassett wuru ya, wee wuchaa ya na 1899. Ụlọ ahụ bụ ụlọ nwere okpukpu abụọ ½ nwere ntọala granite uhie Sioux Falls. A na-ekpuchi ya n'elu ụlọ úkwù nke nwere akụkụ atọ. Ụlọ Warnock bụ ihe atụ nke ihe owuwu ebe obibi mgbanwe na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 nke jikọtara ụdị Queen Anne na Colonial Revival style. &lt;ref name=&quot;Long&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/nrhp/text/88001945.PDF|title=Dr. Francis B. Warnock House|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=2016-02-03|author=Barbara Beving Long}} with {{NRHP url|id=88001945|photos=y|title=photos}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmetụta Queen Anne gụnyere turret gburugburu na ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata. Ihe ntughari nke Colonial gụnyere dentils, nnukwu windo Palladian, ogidi ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata, na rịbọn sitere n'ike mmụọ nke Adamesque . Edepụtara ụlọ ahụ na National Register of Historic Places na 1988.  Agbanwela ya ka ọ bụrụ akwa na nri ụtụtụ a maara dị ka Inn na Battle Creek. &lt;ref name=&quot;Inn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theinnatbattlecreek.com/about/|title=About|publisher=Inn at Battle Creek|accessdate=2016-02-03|author=|date=18 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
ntọala granite uhie Sioux Falls. A na-ekpuchi ya n'elu nwanne ya na 1883 na 1894. Nhazi nke ụlọ ahụ na{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ọrụ maka Enyemaka na Mgbanwe Site na Enweghị Ebe Obibi</title>
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[[Usòrò:PATH_building_(Los_Angeles)_July_2023.jpg|thumb| Ụlọ PATH, Los Angeles]]
Emepụtara n'okpuru iwu McKinney-Vento, PATH (Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness ) taba, bụ usoro inye onyinye nke na-akwado steeti 50, District nke Columbia, Puerto Rico, na mpaghara US anọ iji kwado na-arụ ọrụ nye ndị mmadụ.  n'otu n'otu.  ọrịa uche siri ike, yana ndị nwere nsogbu nsogbu iji ọgwụ eme ihe na-emekọ ihe, ndị na-eche ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ndị na-eche ebe obibi.  Nlekọta ihe na-eme ihe na-eme ihe na-egosi uche (SAMHSA) na-enye nhọrọ aka nka na steeti na ndị na-eweta mpaghara nke mmemme PATH akwụkwọ.  Nke a na-agụnye nleba anya na saịtị, ndị nchịkọta nchịkọta akụkọ kwa afọ, ntoka nke kwa afọ na Congress, na-enwe akwụkwọ kwa afọ nke ndị PATH, na ịgba na ịgbasa usoro mma site na mmemme.

== Hụkwa ==

* Otu enyemaka onwe onye maka ahụike uche
* Mmemme nzọụkwụ iri na abụọ

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061017162556/http://pathprogram.samhsa.gov/ Ihe omume PATH ibe]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060923014938/http://www.pathprogram.samhsa.gov/text_only/consumer_invol_report.asp Ntinye aka ndị ahịa na mmemme ụzọ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160404151236/http://pathprogram.samhsa.gov/Path/ListStateContacts.aspx Ndị ana-akpọ PATH steeti]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ihe Omume Ụmụ nwanyị</title>
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The Feminine Mystique bụ akwụkwọ nke Betty Friedan dere, nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-akpali ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/us/betty-friedan-who-ignited-cause-in-feminine-mystique-dies-at-85.html|title=Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85|date=5 February 2006|author=Margalit Fox|work=The New York Times|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke mbụ W. W. Norton bipụtara na Febụwarị 19, 1963, The Feminine Mystique ghọrọ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa, na mbụ na-ere ihe karịrị otu nde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Strange Stirring: The Feminine Mystique and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s|url=https://archive.org/details/strangestirringf0000step|author=Coontz|first=Stephanie|publisher=New York: Basic Books|year=2011|pages=[https://archive.org/details/strangestirringf0000step/page/145 145]–149}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Feminine Mystique|url=https://archive.org/details/femininemystique0000frie_t4z5|author=Friedan|first=Betty|publisher=W.W.Norton &amp; Company, Inc|year=2013|isbn=978-0-393-93465-6|pages=xi-xx}}&lt;/ref&gt; Friedan jiri akwụkwọ ahụ mee ihe iji gbaghaa nkwenye a na-ekerịta n'ọtụtụ ebe na &quot;mmezu dị ka nwanyị nwere naanị otu nkọwa maka ụmụ nwanyị America mgbe 1949 gasịrị - nne-nwere ụlọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1957, a gwara Friedan ka ọ mee nnyocha banyere ụmụ klas ya na Smith College maka nnọkọ ncheta afọ iri na ise ha; nsonaazụ, nke ọ chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị obi ụtọ na ndụ ha dị ka ndị inyom na-elekọta ụlọ, kpaliri ya ịmalite nyocha maka The Feminine Mystique, na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ dịpụrụ adịpụ, yana nyocha gbasara akparamàgwà mmadụ, mgbasa ozi, na mgbasa ozi. O bu n'obi na mbụ ịmepụta isiokwu banyere isiokwu ahụ, ọ bụghị akwụkwọ, mana ọ nweghị magazin ga-ebipụta ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/04/AR2006020401385_2.html|title=Voice of Feminism's 'Second Wave'|author=Patricia Sullivan|work=[[Washington Post]]|page=2|date=February 5, 2006|accessdate=2011-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwu ahụ bụ &quot;feminine mystique&quot; bụ nke Friedan chepụtara iji kọwaa echiche na ụmụ nwanyị ga-emezu site na ọrụ ụlọ ha, alụmdi na nwunye, ndụ mmekọahụ, na ụmụ. Nkwenye a ma ama bụ na ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị inyom n'ezie ekwesịghị ịchọ ịrụ ọrụ, nweta agụmakwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ nwee echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Friedan chọrọ igosi na ụmụ nwanyị enweghị afọ ojuju ma ghara ikwupụta mmetụta ha.[6]
[[Usòrò:Betty_Friedan_1960.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Betty Friedan na 1960]]
The Feminine Mystique na-amalite site na mmeghe na-akọwa ihe Friedan kpọrọ &quot;nsogbu na-enweghị aha&quot; - enweghị obi ụtọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na 1950s na mmalite 1960s. Ọ na-akọwa ndụ ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-elekọta ụlọ si gburugburu United States bụ ndị na-enweghị obi ụtọ n'agbanyeghị na ha bi na ntụsara ahụ ma lụọ ụmụ.[7] Friedan jikwa magazin ụmụ nwanyị, usoro agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, na ndị mgbasa ozi maka ịmepụta onyinyo ụmụ nwanyị a zuru oke. Mmetụta na-emebi emebi nke onyinyo a kpatara bụ na ọ na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ụlọ, nakwa na ọ na'ime ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị tụfuo njirimara nke ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

'''Isi nke 1''': Friedan na-ekwu na nkezi afọ nke alụmdi na nwunye na-ada, akụkụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-aga kọleji na-ebelata na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ na-abawanye maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ime afọ ndị 1950, ma omume zuru oke nke ụmụ nwanyị enweghị obi ụtọ nọgidere na-aga n'ihu, ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị America siri ọnwụ na enwere ike ịchọta mmezu maka ụmụ nwanyị na alụmdi na nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na ha maara ma na-ekerịta enweghị afọ ojuju a, ụmụ nwanyị na 1950s ghọtahie ya dị ka nsogbu onwe onye ma na-agwa ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ okwu banyere ya. Dị ka Friedan si kwuo,  n' ihe ọhụrụ dị ịtụnanya nke nsogbu ahụ bụ na a pụghị ịghọta ya n'ihe gbasara nsogbu ihe onwunwe ochie nke mmadụ: ịda ogbenye, ọrịa, agụụ, oyi. &quot; Isiokwu a mechiri site n'ikwu, sị: &quot;Anyị enweghịzi ike ileghara olu ahụ anya n'ime ụmụ nwanyị nke na-ekwu: 'Achọrọ m ihe karịrị di m na ụmụ m na ụlọ m.'&quot;[8]

'''Isi nke 2''': Friedan na-ekwu na mkpebi nchịkọta akụkọ gbasara magazin ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ bụ nke ụmụ nwoke na-eme, ndị na-ekwusi ike na akụkọ na isiokwu ndị gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị nne nwere obi ụtọ ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ na-enweghị obi ụtọ, si otú a na-emepụta &quot;ihe omimi ụmụ nwanyị&quot; - echiche na ụmụ nwanyị na-emezu site n'inye ndụ ha ịbụ ndị inyom na nne. Friedan kwukwara na nke a dị iche na afọ 1930, mgbe magazin ụmụ nwanyị na-egosipụtakarị ndị dike nwere obi ike na ndị nweere onwe ha, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-etinye aka na ọrụ.[9]

'''Isi nke 3''': Friedan na-echeta mkpebi nke ya ime ihe ọha na eze tụrụ anya ya site n'ịhapụ ọrụ ya na-ekwe nkwa na nkà mmụta uche iji zụlite ụmụaka, ma gosipụta na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ ka na-alụ ọgụ na otu ụdị mkpebi ahụ. Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge iji lụọ di, na-atụ egwu na ọ bụrụ na ha chere ogologo oge ma ọ bụ bụrụ na ha gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu, ha agaghị enwe ike ịdọta di. Friedan na-ekwu na njedebe nke isi na ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọkà mmụta na-atụle otú ndị ikom si achọta njirimara ha, a na-atụ anya ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ikike. Ọ na-ekwu, &quot;Anatomy bụ ọdịnihu nwanyị, ka ndị na-ekwu maka ịbụ nwanyị; njirimara nwanyị na-ekpebi site na nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ ya. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Friedan 1963&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/9807682/Friedan_Betty---The-Feminine-Mystique-chapter-3---The-Crisis-in-Womans-Identity|author=Friedan|first=Betty|title=The Feminine Mystique|chapter=The Crisis in Woman's Identity|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=1963|accessdate=2011-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; gara n'ihu na-ekwu na nsogbu ahụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ ntozu okè ma chọta njirimara mmadụ ha: &quot;N'echiche nke gafere ndụ nwanyị ọ bụla, echere m na nke a bụ nsogbu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-etolite - oge mgbanwe site na enweghị ntozu okè nke a kpọrọ ịbụ nwanyị na njirimara mmadụ zuru oke. &quot;[10]

'''Isi nke 4''': Friedan na-atụle ndị inyom America oge ochie na otu ha si lụọ ọgụ megide echiche na ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke nwanyị bụ ịbụ naanị nwunye na nne. Ọ na-ekwu na ha nwetara ikike dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ, ikike ịchụso ọrụ, na ikike ịtụ vootu.[11]

'''Isi nke 5''': N'isi a, Friedan, onye nwere akara ugo mmụta na nkà mmụta uche, katọrọ onye guzobere psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud (onye echiche ya nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na United States n'oge mbipụta akwụkwọ ahụ). Ọ na-ekwu na Freud hụrụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka nwatakịrị ma bụrụ ndị a kara aka ịbụ ndị inyom na-elekọta ụlọ, mgbe ọ na-ekwu, na Freud dere, &quot;Ekwenyere m na omume mgbanwe niile na iwu na agụmakwụkwọ ga-ada n'ihu eziokwu ahụ bụ na, ogologo oge tupu afọ nwoke nwere ike inweta ọnọdụ n'etiti ọha mmadụ, Nature ekpebiela ọdịnihu nwanyị site na ịma mma, amara, na ịdị n'amami, ga-enye ụmụ nwanyị nke a na-egbochi ha, mana ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị ga-abụrị ihe ọ bụ: n'oge ntorobịa, ndị Freud na-adọrọ mmasị na-achọ ka ha na-achọ imezu echiche ndị inyom &quot;na&quot; nke ndị Freud na ndị na-enweghị isi na-elekọta&quot; nke ndị inyom a na-achọkarị &quot;na ndị na-achọsi ike imezu ike imezu ohi&quot; nke ndị na-ahụ Anyaụfụ.[12]

'''Isi nke 6''': Friedan na-akatọ ọrụ, nke gbalịrị ime ka sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụrụ ihe a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi site n'ịmụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha mmadụ dị ka a ga-asị na ha bụ akụkụ nke ahụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, dịka na nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ. A na-amụ ụlọ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ha na ọha mmadụ, a na-ejikwa ụmụ nwanyị arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ dị ka ndị inyom na ndị nne ma gwa ha na ime ihe ọzọ ga-emebi nguzozi ọha na eze. Friedan na-ekwu na nke a egosighi na Margaret Mead, onye a ma ama na-arụ ọrụ, nwere ọrụ na-aga nke ọma dị ka onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ.[11]

'''Isi nke 7''': Friedan na-atụle mgbanwe na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị site na 1940s ruo mmalite 1960s, ebe ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị lekwasịrị anya na klas ndị na-abụghị ihe ịma aka nke lekwasịrị anya n'alụmdi na nwunye, ezinụlọ, na isiokwu ndị ọzọ a na-ewere dị ka ndị kwesịrị ekwesị maka ụmụ nwanyị, dịka ndị nkụzi nwere mmetụta nke ọrụ chere na agụmakpọ ga-emebi ụmụ nwanyị na ikike maka mmezu mmekọahụ. Friedan na-ekwu na mgbanwe a na agụmakwụkwọ jidere ụmụ agbọghọ na mmepe mmetụta uche ha n'oge ha dị obere, n'ihi na ha enwetụbeghị nsogbu njirimara na-egbu mgbu na ntozu okè na-abịa site na imeso ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka ndị okenye.[11]

'''Isi nke 8''': Friedan na-ekwu na ejighị n'aka na egwu n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na Agha Nzuzo mere ka ndị America na-achọsi nkasi obi n'ụlọ ike, yabụ ha gbalịrị ịmepụta ndụ ụlọ dị mma na nna dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ na nne dị ka onye nwe ụlọ.[13] Friedan na-ekwu na nke a nyeere aka n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị rụrụ ọrụ n'oge agha na-arụ ọrụ ndị nwoke na-arụbu chere nchụpụ, ịkpa ókè, ma ọ bụ ibu iro ihu mgbe ụmụ nwoke laghachiri, nakwa na ndị nkụzi boro ndị nne gụrụ akwụkwọ karịa, ndị na-elekwasị anya n'ọrụ maka mmejọ nke ndị agha na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ma dị ka Friedan na-egosi, nnyocha ndị e mechara mee chọpụtara na ndị nne na-achịkwa, ọ bụghị ndị na-achọ ọrụ, bụ ndị zụlitere ụmụaka na-adịghị mma.[11]

'''Isi nke 9: Friedan na-egosi na ndị mgbasa ozi gbalịrị ịgba ndị nwunye ume ka ha were onwe ha dị ka ndị ọkachamara bụ́ ndị chọrọ ọtụtụ ngwaahịa pụrụ iche iji na-arụ ọrụ ha, ma na-akụda ndị nwunye ka ha ghara inwe ezigbo ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na nke ahụ ga-apụta na ha agaghị etinye oge na mgbalị dị ukwuu.  na ọrụ ụlọ na ya mere agaghị azụta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ụlọ, na-ebelata uru nke ndị mgbasa ozi.[11]  Ndị nkatọ echiche a na-arụtụ aka na n'ọnọdụ ndị a, ndị nwoke, ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị, ga-azụta ngwaahịa ụlọ ndị a na ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ezie ga-abawanye ikike ịzụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ma na-abawanye uru ndị mgbasa ozi.'''

'''Isi nke 10''': Friedan gbara ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ oge niile ajụjụ ọnụ, na-achọpụta na ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ụlọ ha anaghị emezu ha, ha niile na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ya. Ọ na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-amaghị ama na-agbatị ọrụ ụlọ ha iji mejupụta oge dịnụ, n'ihi na ihe omimi ụmụ nwanyị akụziwo ụmụ nwanyị na nke a bụ ọrụ ha, ma ọ bụrụ na ha emechaa ọrụ ha, ha agaghị adị mkpa.'''[11]'''

'''Isi nke 11''': Friedan na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-elekọta ụlọ achọtala mmezu na mmekọahụ, enweghị ike ịchọta ya na ọrụ ụlọ na ụmụaka. Ọ na-ekwu na mmekọahụ enweghị ike imezu mkpa niile nke mmadụ, nakwa na mgbalị ime nke a na-akpali ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di ka ha nwee mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ chụpụ di ha ka ha na-echegbu onwe ha banyere mmekọahụ.'''[11]'''

'''Isi nke 12''': Friedan na-atụle eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ụmụaka enweghị mmasị na ndụ ma ọ bụ uto mmetụta uche, na-ekwu na mgbanwe ahụ bụ n'ihi enweghị mmezu nke nne, mmetụta dị n'akụkụ nke ihe omimi nwanyị. Mgbe nne ahụ enweghị onwe ya, Friedan na-ekwu, ọ na-agbalịkarị ibi ndụ site na ụmụ ya, na-eme ka ụmụaka ghara inwe mmetụta nke onwe ha dị ka mmadụ dị iche iche na ndụ nke ha.'''[11]'''

'''Isi nke 13''': Friedan na-atụle usoro mkpa nke onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Abraham Maslow ma kwuo na ụmụ nwanyị ejidere n'ọkwa dị mkpa, nke anụ ahụ, nke a na-atụ anya ịchọta njirimara ha site na ọrụ mmekọahụ ha naanị. Friedan na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ ọrụ bara uru dịka ụmụ nwoke na-eme iji nweta mmezu onwe onye, ọkwa kachasị elu na usoro mkpa.'''[11]'''

'''Isi nke 14: N'isi nke ikpeazụ nke Mystique Feminine, Friedan na-atụle ọtụtụ ọmụmụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ndị malitere imegide ihe omimi nwanyị.  Ọ na-akwado atụmatụ ndụ ọhụrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ akwụkwọ ya, gụnyere eleleghị ọrụ ụlọ dị ka ọrụ, ọ bụghị ịnwa ịchọta mmezu zuru oke site n'alụmdi na nwunye na ịbụ nne naanị, na ịchọta ọrụ bara uru nke na-eji ikike uche ha zuru oke.  Ọ na-atụle esemokwu ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike iche ihu na njem a iji nweta onwe ha, gụnyere egwu nke onwe ha na iguzogide ndị ọzọ.  Maka esemokwu ọ bụla, Friedan na-enye ihe atụ nke ndị inyom meriri ya.  Friedan mechie akwụkwọ ya site n'ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ bara uru dị ka ụzọ kachasị mma nke ụmụ nwanyị America nwere ike isi zere ịbụ ndị a tọrọ n'ime ihe omimi nwanyị, na-akpọ maka ịtụgharị uche siri ike nke ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ nwanyị, na inye ọtụtụ aro mmụta na ọrụ. [11]'''

== Ihe ọzọ a chọrọ ime ==
Friedan bu n'obi ide ihe na-esote The Feminine Mystique, nke a ga-akpọ Woman: The Fourth Dimension, mana kama nke ahụ, o dere naanị otu isiokwu aha ahụ, nke pụtara na Ladies' Home Journal na June 1964.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-03896.html American National Biography Online: Friedan, Betty]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradley2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Patricia Bradley|title=Mass Media and the Shaping of American Feminism, 1963-1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU97L2XVGN4C&amp;q=%22woman+the+fourth+dimension%22+1964+ladies&amp;pg=PT312|year=2004|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-60473-051-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ==
Isiokwu Friedan banyere Freud sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex (1949). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webster, Richard|title=Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis|url=https://archive.org/details/whyfreudwaswrong0000rich|publisher=The Orwell Press|location=Oxford|year=2005|isbn=0-9515922-5-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Nketa ==
The Feminine Mystique dọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị ọcha, ndị inyom nọ n'etiti na ebumnuche ụmụ nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;W.W. Norton&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Friedan|first=Betty|title=The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique|url=https://archive.org/details/femininemystique0000frie_t4z5|edition=1st|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton|pages=xvii|date=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ ya &quot;ewere echiche dị mgbagwoju anya na nke jupụtara na okwu nke ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ, ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, na ndị na-ekwu maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma sụgharịa ha n'ụdị dị ike, nke a na-agụ, nke metụtara ọtụtụ nde mmadụ. &quot; 

A sụgharịrị Feminine Mystique n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, gụnyere nsụgharị Katalan na 1965: La mística de la feminitat . Friedan bụ onye mbụ na-eche echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke e bipụtara n'oge ọchịchị aka ike nke Francoist Spain.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A haziri National Organization for Women (NOW) na 1966 na ụmụ nwanyị 30 sitere na nzụlite dị iche iche; Friedan bụ otu n'ime ha, ma nyere aka dee nkwupụta ntọala nke NOW. Nkwupụta ahụ kpọrọ maka &quot;ezi nha nhata maka ụmụ nwanyị niile&quot;. NOW chọrọ ka ewepụ ihe mgbochi niile maka &quot;ịha nhata na ọganihu akụ na ụba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The World Transformed|url=https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed0000hunt_e9u3|author=Hunt|first=Michael H.|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199371020|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed0000hunt_e9u3/page/219 219]–226|date=2015-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta Friedan na nkwupụta ntọala; isi ihe e mesiri ike n'akwụkwọ ahụ bụ &quot;mkpa ụmụ nwanyị nwere maka njirimara na nnwere onwe&quot;, na nkwupụta NOW na-ekwu &quot;NOW raara onwe ya nye echiche na ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụmụ mmadụ, ndị... ga-enwe ohere ịzụlite ikike mmadụ ha zuru oke&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;W.W. Norton&quot;/&gt;

A na-ewere The Feminine Mystique dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ifo kachasị emetụta na narị afọ nke 20, a na-ekwukwa na ọ na-akpali mmalite nke ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes2006&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spender&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Spender|first=Dale|title=For the Record: The Making and Meaning of Feminist Knowledge|date=1985|publisher=[[Women's Press]]|isbn=0704328623|pages=[https://archive.org/details/forrecord00dale/page/7 7–19]|url=https://archive.org/details/forrecord00dale/page/7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Futurist Alvin Toffler kwupụtara na ọ &quot;kpaliri akụkọ ihe mere eme. &quot; [1] Friedan natara ọtụtụ narị akwụkwọ ozi site n'aka ndị inyom na-enweghị obi ụtọ mgbe e bipụtara ya, ya onwe ya gara n'ihu nyere aka chọta, ma ghọọ onye isi oche mbụ nke  National Organization for Women, otu ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McGuire|first=William|title=Betty Friedan|year=2013|url=http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/246830?terms=The%20Feminine%20Mystique&amp;webSiteCode=SLN_AMHIST&amp;returnToPage=%2fSearch%2fDisplay%2f246830%3fterms%3dThe+Feminine+Mystique&amp;token=F58303DA8EDA843AE8D46ED51A510EE4&amp;casError=False|accessdate=January 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iv4-Qy82BJ0C&amp;q=it+changed+my+life+betty+friedan|title=It changed my life: writings on the women's movement|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1998|edition=reprint|isbn=0-674-46885-6|accessdate=2011-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na enyemaka ya na ụmụ nwanyị, The Feminine Mystique metụtara ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọzọ na-adaba. &quot;Ọrụ ya na-egosi anyị ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị si ejikọta ya na ọgụ nke ndị ikom na ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ, na ọgụ ndị isi ojii na ndị Juu megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmegide ndị Juu... N'ihi ya, The Feminine Mystique nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị na-eche echiche, na ndị nkịtị. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Friedan|first=Betty|title=The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique|url=https://archive.org/details/femininemystique0000frie_t4z5|edition=1st|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton|pages=xx|date=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2000, The Feminine Mystique ereela ihe karịrị nde 3 ma sụgharịa ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ mba ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes2006&quot;/&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Na Febụwarị 22 na 23, 2013, e mere nnọkọ nnọkọ akpọrọ React: The Feminine Mystique at 50, nke The New School for Public Engagement na The Parsons School of Design kwadoro.[30] Ihe ngosi na-esote nke akpọrọ REACT dịkwa na ngosi, nke nwere ihe osise iri abụọ na ise na-azaghachi The Feminine Mystique.[23]

Ọzọkwa na Febụwarị 2013, e bipụtara mbipụta ncheta afọ iri ise nke The Feminine Mystique, ya na mmeghe ọhụrụ nke Gail Collins.[25] 

Ọzọkwa na 2013, iji mee emume otu narị afọ ya, Ngalaba Ọrụ US mepụtara ndepụta nke ihe karịrị 100 Akwụkwọ ndị Shaped Work na America, nke gụnyere The Feminine Mystique .[26][27]  Ngalaba Ọrụ mechara họrọ The Feminine Mystique dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ iri kachasị elu site na ndepụta ahụ.[27]

Ọzọkwa na 2013, a tụlere The Feminine Mystique na Makers: Women Who Make America.[28] 

N'afọ 2014, kọmitii Betty Friedan Hometown Tribute meriri ihe nrite Superior Achievement na ngalaba ọrụ pụrụ iche maka emume ncheta afọ 50 nke mbipụta nke The Feminine Mystique. Ha natara onyinye ahụ site na Illinois State Historical Society . [29] 

== Nkatọ ==

=== Enweghị nkwekọrịta ===
Ozugbo e bipụtachara ya, The Feminine Mystique bụ onye natara ọtụtụ nzaghachi megide nwanyị.  Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama nke ndị inyom zara akwụkwọ ahụ iwe, bụ́ nke ha chere na ọ dịghị mgbe a pụghị imezu ndị nwunye na ndị nne.[30]  &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ji ọrụ ha kpọrọ ihe dị ka ndị nne na ndị nwunye na-akọwa ozi Friedan dị ka nke na-eyi nkwụsi ike ha egwu, na-eleda ọrụ ha anya, ma na-asọpụrụ ọgụgụ isi ha.&quot;[31] N'akwụkwọ ozi e degaara Editor na McCall's, otu nwanyị dere, sị, &quot;N'oge a niile m  Echere m na enwere m obi ụtọ, na onye mara mma ugbu a, achọpụtara m na enweela m nhụsianya na ụdị anụ ọhịa na-adịghị mma - ugbu a, lee ka o si jọgburu onwe ya!&quot;  ndị chọrọ ya n’ezie—ọkara ndị agụụ na-agụ, ndị a na-emegbu emegbu n’ụwa.”[33] Mgbe ndị inyom na-akatọ ọrụ ahụ adịghị egosipụta iwe onwe ha na nkọwa Friedan banyere ọnọdụ nwunye ụlọ, ha na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-eme atụmatụ ibibi ezinụlọ ndị America.  [30]  Jessica Weiss kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya, &quot;Ọ bụrụ na ndị nne, (ma ọ bụ ndị nwunye ụlọ dị ka a na-akpọ anyị) na-ewere ndụmọdụ a, gịnị ga-abụ ụmụ anyị? Ma ọ bụ ka mma, ọdịnihu nke ụwa. &quot;[33]

Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Joanne Meyerowitz na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime magazin na isiokwu nke oge ahụ etinyeghị ụmụ nwanyị naanị n'ụlọ, dịka Friedan kwuru, mana n'ezie ọ kwadoro echiche nke ọrụ zuru oke ma ọ bụ nke nwa oge maka ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ịgbaso ụzọ ọrụ kama ịbụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ.[34] Otú ọ dị, isiokwu ndị a ka na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịdị ọdịnala nke ịbụ nwanyị.[35]

=== Onye edemede na usoro mbipụta ===
Daniel Horowitz, Prọfesọ nke American Studies na Smith College, kwuru na ọ bụ ezie na Friedan gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ na mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ, ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọrụ mgbasa ozi n'oge ọ bụ nwata, n'oge o dere The Feminine Mystique ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya maka magazin ụmụ nwanyị na dị ka onye nhazi obodo.[36][37]

Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ W. W. Norton, ebe e kesara ọrụ Betty Friedan na mbụ ka e bipụta ya dị ka akwụkwọ mekwara nkatọ ụfọdụ. N'ezie, otu onye ọrụ n'okpuru aha ọzọ &quot;L M&quot; dere na akwụkwọ ozi dị peeji abụọ na[35] echiche Friedan bụ &quot;ihe doro anya na nke nwanyị&quot;, yana ịkatọ ụzọ ya site n'inye ya aro ka ọ bụrụ nke na-abụghị nke sayensị.

=== Ìgwè ndị inyom a na-ewepụghị ===
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a katọrọ Friedan maka ilekwasị anya naanị na ọnọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha dị n'etiti, na ịghara itinye uche zuru oke na ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe n'ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na-esighị ike, ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị agbụrụ ọzọ ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị trans.  Dị ka Kirsten Fermaglich na Lisa Fine si kwuo, &quot;ụmụ nwanyị ndị nwere agba - African American, Latina, Asian American na American American - anọghị kpamkpam n'ọhụụ Friedan, dịka ndị ọcha na-arụ ọrụ na ndị inyom dara ogbenye.&quot;[17] N'agbanyeghị na e dere ya n'oge.  Civil Rights Movement, ederede Friedan &quot;na-ekwuchaghị banyere ụmụ nwanyị Africa-American.&quot;[38] Na Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, Black feminist mgbịrịgba na-ede, &quot;O kwughị maka mkpa ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị nwoke, na-enweghị ụmụaka,  na-enweghị ebe obibi.  Nwunye ụlọ na-enwe ntụrụndụ O mere ka ọnọdụ ya na ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha dị ka onwe ya bụrụ otu ihe na ọnọdụ na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị America niile N'ime nke a, ọ tụpụrụ uche na klaasị ya, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ya, àgwà mmekọahụ n'ebe ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị America nọ.  N'ihe gbasara akwụkwọ ya, Friedan mere ka o doo anya na ndị inyom ọ hụrụ ka ihe metụtara mmekọahụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum.&quot;[39]

A katọkwara Friedan maka ajọ mbunobi megide nwoke idina nwoke.[40][41]  N'akụkụ ụfọdụ, nkatọ a sitere na nrapagidesi ike na nkwenkwe paradaịs n'oge ahụ na &quot;ndị nne ọjọọ&quot; kpatara mgbapụ site na ọha mmadụ na-adịghị mma na nke cisnormative[42].

N'agbanyeghị nkatọ ndị a, &quot;asụsụ ya ezubere iche maka ụmụ nwanyị etiti etiti America meriri ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-akwado ihe gbasara nwanyị,&quot; na-egosi ikekwe na mkpebi Friedan achụpụ ndị otu ndị ọzọ bụ ụma kpachapụrụ anya n'ịchịkọta otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-echeghị n'oge ụfọdụ.  maka imeziwanye ikike ha.[17]

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndị bishọp nke Bible
* Okpukpe nke Ịdị n'Ụlọ
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị
* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ụlọ
* ''Mmekọahụ na Nwa agbọghọ Na-alụbeghị Di''
* ''Nna maara nke ọma''
* ''Nwanyị Eunuch''
* ''Ndị nwunye Stepford''

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Jemal Yimer Mekonnen</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Jemal Yimer Mekonnen''' (amuru 11 Septemba 1996) &lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;/&gt; bu onye oso uzo di anya Etiopia .

O tinyere nke anọ na asọmpi mba ụwa nke 2017 IAAF, wee gụchaa n'ọkwa ise na asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa nke afọ 2017 – 10,000 nke ụmụ nwoke . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=10,000 Metres Men − Final − Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5151/AT-10K-M-f----.RS6.pdf|work=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yimer meriri 10,000&amp;nbsp;m aha na 2018 African Athletics Championship na [[Asaba|Asaba, Nigeria]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yimer takes 10,000m crown as African Championships begin in Asaba|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/jemal-yimer-african-championships-asaba-day-o|work=World Athletics|accessdate=14 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee tinye nke atọ na mmemme na 2019 African Games mere na Rabat, Morocco. &lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/ethiopia/jemal-yimer-312708|title=Jemal Yimer profile|publisher=iaaf.org|accessdate=18 August 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/ethiopia/jemal-yimer-312708 &quot;Jemal Yimer profile&quot;]. iaaf.org&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 August&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gụchara nke atọ na Marathon Boston 2021 na oge nke 2:10:38. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Boston Marathon results: Updated list of 2021 winners from all six divisions|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/athletics/news/boston-marathon-results-2021-winners/ltb1jk9zxn8w1szyh3qwunafz|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=www.sportingnews.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yimer bụ onye meriri ugboro abụọ nke Clearer Water Antrim Coast Half Marathon, na mmeri na mbipụta 2021 na 2022 nke agbụrụ ahụ, yana oge 1:00:30 na 59:04 n'otu n'otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Yehualaw and Yimer clinch repeat Antrim Coast wins|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/62705943|accessdate=2023-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe kacha mma nkeonwe ==

* 10,000 mita - 26:54.39 ( Hengelo 2019)
* kilomita 10 – 27:50 ( Atlanta, GA 2022)
* Ọkara marathon – 58:33 ( Valencia 2018) NR
* Marathon – 2:06:08 ( Sol 2024)

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ụmụnne Frenkel</title>
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'''Ụmụnne Frenkel''' bụ ụmụnne ndị Juu atọ nke [[Egypt|Ijipt]] - Herschel Frenkel (1902-1972), Shlomo Frenkel (1912-2001), na David Frenkel (1914-1994) - bụ ndị malitere ihe nkiri animated na Ijipt. Ihe nkiri mbụ ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma, ''Mafish Fayda'' (1936), mere ka ónyé ọtú nke ọbọdọ na ahụ na-erizi mmụta sayensị na-eme ihe nkiri ya Mish-Mish Effendi bụrụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri Arab mbụ. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hsje.org/Arts/MishMish/mishmish.pdf Mickey Mouse got an Egyptian brother], Historical Society of Jews From Egypt.&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Israel kwupụtara nnwere onwe, ụmụnne ahụ kwagara [[France]]. N'ebe ahụ, ha gara n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri, mana enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma ha nwere na Ijipt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenberg&quot;&gt;Raz Greenberg, [https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/the-jewish-disney-family-of-egypt The Jewish Disney Family of Egypt], ''Tablet'', February 25, 2020. Accessed September 24, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Ha mere ihe karịrị fim iri atọ n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bendazzi2015&quot;/&gt;

== Ijipt ==
Herschel, Shlomo na Hershel Frenkel bụ otu n'ime ụkpụrụ ezubere mmadụ ụmụnne isii a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu Belarus. Nna ha Bezalel bụ onye na-eme oche nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa. N'afọ 1914, ezinụlọ ahụ si [[Jerusalem]] kwaga Ijipt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fahmy2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ziad Fahmy|title=Street Sounds: Listening to Everyday Life in Modern Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=om7wDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT316|year=2020|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-1-5036-1304-1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFZiad_Fahmy2020&quot;&gt;Ziad Fahmy (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=om7wDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT316 ''Street Sounds: Listening to Everyday Life in Modern Egypt'']. Stanford University Press. p.&amp;nbsp;316. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche: Akwụkwọ/978-1-5036-1304-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5036-1304-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

''Al Ahram'' katọrọ ihe nkiri mbụ ha, Marco Monkey n'ụzọ siri ike na 1936. N'ihi ya, ha goro ndị ọrụ ibe ha iji melite ọrụ ha mgbe e mesịrị. Na National Festival of Egyptian Cinema na 1936, ha gosipụtara obere ihe nkiri asatọ na-acha oji onwe na mmehie na ọcha nke oru nke ọbọdọ na ahụ na-erizi na ọcha, ihe ngosi na ebe mgbasa ozi. Mafish profit (1936), na-ewebata onye Mish Mish Effendi, bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, ma nọrọ na sinima ndị Ijipt ruo 1939. Ihe ịga nke ọma karị nke ọma karị niile nke onye ahụ mere ka gọọmentị chọọ ka o jiri ya mee ihe na fim mgbasa ozi mba. ''Nchebe mba'', nke e nyochara na 1940, bụ iji kwado mgbalị iji melite ndị agha Ijipt. ''Nri gị na-atọ ụtọ!'' bụ Mish Mish ọzọ dị mkpirikpi, na nke e mere na circus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bendazzi2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Giannalberto Bendazzi|title=Animation: A World History: Volume II: The Birth of a Style - The Three Markets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=razMCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT989|year=2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-317-51990-4|pages=989–}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiannalberto_Bendazzi2015&quot;&gt;Giannalberto Bendazzi (2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=razMCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT989 ''Animation: A World History: Volume II: The Birth of a Style - The Three Markets'']. CRC Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;989–. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche: Akwụkwọ Isi iyi/978-1-317-51990-4|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-317-51990-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụnne ahụ mere ihe dị ka iri na abụọ Mishmish Effenfi cartoons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fahmy2020&quot;/&gt; Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ụmụnne ahụ malitekwara ime mkpọsa: Bravo Osman bụ mkpọsa maka Vim powder.&lt;ref name=&quot;TFF&quot;&gt;[https://www.torinofilmfest.org/en/19-torino-film-festival/film/bravo-osman/256/ Bravo Osman], [[Torino Film Festival]]. Accessed September 24, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== France ==
Mgbe ha kwagara Paris na mbido afọ 1950, ụmụnne ahụ gbalịrị imepụta nsụgharị French nke Mish Mish, Mimiche, onye na-eyi beret kama ịchọ ọdịmma nke oru ngo nke ọma karị nke ịbụ fez. Ụmụnne ahụ gara n'ihu na-emepụta ihe nkiri otu afọ, na-ejikọta Mimiche na onye ọzọ Jenny, onye e mechara jikọta ya na onye a na-akpọ Danny. Otú ọ dị, ha ahụghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bendazzi2015&quot;/&gt; Ha gara n'ihu na-eme mkpọsa. Na Atomic Experience, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ara tụfuru ụwa n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, na-eziga Eiffel Tower, Arc de Triomphe, Pyramids nke Ijipt na Sphinx niile n'ime ikuku.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bendazzi2015&quot; /&gt;

== Nchọpụta ọzọ ==
A chọtara ihe nkiri ndị Ijipt nke ụmụnne Frenkel na 1995, ma weghachite ya maka ngosi na ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri. Ụmụnne ahụ bụrụ nke na adịghị gafere isiokwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ 2019 Bukra fil Mish-Mish, nke Tal Michael duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenberg&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

* Marco Monkey a sympa enwe, 1935.
* ''Mafish Fayda'' (Ọ baghị uru/Ọ dịghị Ihe Ị ga-eme), 1936.
* Mish el shater (Mish Mish onye nwere obi ike), 1939.
* N'ebe a na-anọkarị n'ebe a nọ
* ''Bilhana Oushefa'' (Nwee nri gị / ezi nri), 1946
* Bravo Osman, 1949/1950. E gosipụtara ya na 19th Torino Film Festival, 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;TFF&quot;/&gt;
* ''Simfoniyya ala difaf na Naịl'', 1949
* ''Ìhè Anyanwụ'', 1949
* ''Abu ras nashfa'', 1950
* ''Al walad al nagib'' (Nwa mara mma). Ahịa, 1951.
* Nnyocha atọm (Atomic Adventure). Ahịa, 1954.
* ''Ihe omuma na ihe omuma''
* ''Mụ na nkịta m, mkpụrụ obi m''
* ''Ọ bịarutere n'ogige a na-edebe anụmanụ''
* ''Pịlị anwansi''
* ''Nnukwu mmeri''
* ''Krismas nke Paris''
* ''Akpa anwansi''
* ''Akụ̀ A Na-apụghị Ichebe''
* Reve du Beau Danube bleu (Dream of the Beautiful Blue Danube), 1964

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|9507192|David Frenkel}}
* {{IMDb name|9507193|Herschel Frenkel}}
* {{IMDb name|9507194|Schlomo Frenkel}}</text>
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    <title>Sawsan Amer</title>
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      <text bytes="4489" sha1="hdxsg9r3ng1c6zv2yb5gypigafkvy8j" xml:space="preserve">'''Sawsan Amer''' (سوسن عامر; amụrụ na 1937, na Cairo) &lt;ref name=&quot;Benezit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amer, Sawsan|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/benezit/abstract/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00004016|work=Benezit Dictionary of Artists|accessdate=10 October 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye Egypt na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi nka, nke a na-ewere na dị ka nwanyị ahụ n'anya ọbá Akwụkwọ Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=El saadi|first=Hoda|title=Women Pioneers of Egyptian Art: Words and Images|year=2007|publisher=Women and Memory forum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nduzi na nke Art Research Unit na Academy of the Arts na prọfesọ na ngalaba nke Art Education na College of Art Education.

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Amer gụsịrị akwụkwọ na College of Art Education, ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Art Research Unit na Academy of the Arts na prọfesọ na ngalaba ochichi okpuru na miri nmaka na nke ime mmụọ nke Art Education. O dere akwụkwọ na ọtụtụ isiokwu gbasara nka ọdịnala, &lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sawsan Amer|url=http://wwol.is.asu.edu/amer.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929190902/http://wwol.is.asu.edu/amer.html|archivedate=29 September 2018|accessdate=28 February 2018|work=The World's Women On-Line!}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke mekwara ka ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Karnouk|first=Lilian|title=Modern Egyptian art, 1910-2003|url=https://archive.org/details/modernegyptianar0000karn_t3q8|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, a makwaara ya maka ihe osise ya na iko na collages ya,  na-ejikọta ihe oyiyi ọdịnala na ihe oyiyi onwe onye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mullin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Burnham|first=Anne Mullin|title=Reflections in Women's Eyes|work=Saudi Aramco World|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199401/reflections.in.women.s.eyes.htm|accessdate=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201180112/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199401/reflections.in.women.s.eyes.htm|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.docshare.com/doc/161644/The-contemporary-art-of-Arab-women|title=The contemporary art of Arab women}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ọrụ ya, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ọdịnala Arabic,  maka nghọta ya bara ọgaranya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Aziza|first=Mohamed|title=L'Image et l'Islam: l'image dans la société arabe contemporaine|publisher=Albin Michel|year=1978|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nashashibi|first=Salwa Mikdadi|title=Forces of change: artists of the Arab world|publisher=International Council for Women in the Arts|year=1994}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ==

* Cairo Salon, 1972&lt;ref name=&quot;Nawar&quot; /&gt;
* Onyinye nyocha sitere na Kọmitii Ijipt na nka ọha, 1991 [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nawar&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==

* Egyptian Cultural Center, Paris, 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;Nawar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nawar|first=Ahmed|date=January 2005|title=Sawsan Amer|language=Arabic|work=Al Hayat|url=http://www.fenon.com/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1-sawsan-amer/|archive-date=2011-06-15|access-date=2024-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615085653/https://fenon.com/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1-sawsan-amer/|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNawar2005&quot;&gt;Nawar, Ahmed (January 2005). . ''Al Hayat'' (in Arabic). Archived from  on 15 June 2011.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Egyptian Cultural Center, Paris, 1984[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nawar&quot; /&gt;
* Ndị Arab Artists, National Museum of Women in the Arts, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], 1994 [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nawar&quot; /&gt;\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;Archived&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; from the original on 3 July 2022&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwbQ\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwbg\&quot;&gt;24 January&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 2023&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-Mullin_5-1&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Sawsan_Amer#cite_note-Mullin-5 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]
* Ihe ngosi nka oge a nke Ijipt, Beirut, 1995[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nawar&quot; /&gt;
* Ndị Ijipt na-ese ihe, Beijing, 1994-1995 [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nawar&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
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[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Willie Obere</title>
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      <text bytes="17149" sha1="io1m9591fpdu7oqvdt0zan89pts1iw4" xml:space="preserve"> [[File:American Obsession - Artist Willie Little.jpg|thumb|Willie Obere]]

Willie Little (afọ 25, 1961) bụ echiche, mgbasa ozi, onye na-ese ihe nrụnye na onye na-akọ, onye omenala nke ime obodo North Carolina na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu ukwuu. &lt;ref name=&quot;CharlotteObserver-InTheHood-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Schreiber|first=Barbara|title=Willie Little takes on tea party, Klan in exhibition|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/article9167288.html|accessdate=19 February 2016|work=[[The Charlotte Observer]]|date=19 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.willielittle.com/SouthParkMixedCompanysm.pdf|title=The Darker Side of Mixed Company|date=|accessdate=|work=|publisher=|author=Barden|first=Louise|archivedate=2018-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142636/http://www.willielittle.com/SouthParkMixedCompanysm.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A obere ma tolite n'ugbo ụtaba na Pactolus Township, North Carolina .  O buru ihe eji mgbe ọ bụ nwata na gburugburu ụlọ nri nne na nna ya n'ime ihe ọrụ ya.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum North Carolina na Chapel Hill wee akara akara ugo ojiji na Communications.  [1] Obere oge biri na Charlotte, NC, afọ 18. Mgbe ọ biri na 2002 na Headlands Center for Arts na California, ọ kwagara na mpaghara San Francisco ebe ọ ka bi.

== Ọrụ ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/remember-the-local-juke-joint-exhibit-opens-at-the-charles-h-wright-museum-of-african-american-history-78080687.html|title=Remember the Local Juke Joint? Exhibit Opens at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History|author=History|first=Charles H. Wright Museum of African American|work=www.prnewswire.com|accessdate=2016-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbe mahadum, Little usoro mgbasa atɔ nke nyere ya ụzọ mgbasa mgbasa ozi nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndụ na 1995 nke na-egosi ụlọ na-enye ụlọ na ụlọ Juke Joint.  Obere ndị na-azụ aha ụlọ akwụkwọ mebere na-eji mannequins ejiri akwụkwọ, ụrọ, peat moss na agba acrylic kpụrụ akpụ.  Ọ kpọkwara ụdị ngwaọrụ na-eso ya nke a na-ekpuchi na jukebox na ihe ngosi ahụ na banter echetara sitere na nkedo nke ndị na-elekọta ụlọ ụlọ na egwu sitere na na-eche '60s .  [1] &quot;Ahụrụ m ịgba egwu na-eme omume na-egosi nke Clarence Carter, Wilson Pickett na Aretha Franklin --kpọkọta akwa na ụkwụ ezi, yana ngwa ngwa 50 centi gin na iko akwụkwọ Dixie,&quot; Little kwuru.  [2] Juke Joint gakwara n'obodo ndị ọzọ ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Africa-American na Dallas.  [1] Samella S. Lewis n' akwụkwọ ya bụ African American Art and Artists dere, &quot;Juke Joint bụ ọnụ ụzọ site n'oge ruo n'ụzọ ndụ efu. &quot; [1] Ntọala dị ka ụlọ nri ngwaahịa Little bụ ihe a.  na- na obodo ndị dị na South.  Aha aha nne na nna ya mechiri na 1980. [3] Ụdị Juke Joint pere mpe mepere na 1994 na Afro-American Cultural Center dị na Charlotte, NC Little wee tinye mbụ wee buru ya n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ buru ibu ibu ibu.

Na 2003, ihe ngosi Juke Joint sere na Smithsonian Institution Arts and Industries Building na Washington, DC ma ọ bụrụ na nke mkpokọta Smithsonian na-adịgide adịgide.  [1] Na mmeghe nke nrụnye Washington Post Art Critic Paul Richard na-ekwu na na nhazi niile bụ eziokwu mere ka nrụnye ahụ bụ abụ.  &quot;'Juke Joint' dị ka blues atɔ, mana blues nwere ekele &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=At Smithsonian's 'Juke Joint,' Last Call for a Vanished South|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/09/29/at-smithsonians-juke-joint-last-call-for-a-vanished-south/2c5359f9-2837-47b8-a6f2-ce468efbd8a9/|work=The Washington Post|date=2003-09-29|accessdate=2016-02-19|language=en-US|first=Paul|author=Richard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ahụ ndị agha ndị agha na nke nsogbu na-eduzi ọrụ obere.  N'oge obibi obibi obibi akwụkwọ na Caversham Press na Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa na 2000, Little kere usoro ọ pịa &quot;Baggage,&quot; na-Man ihe ọ akwụkwọ na Njụjụ ọnụ dị ka akpa America: ezi omume onwe onye na  iji Akwụkwọ Nsọ mee ka onye na-ewepụ isi.  [1] Ọsọ na oke oji na ọcha bụ isi na ụfọdụ ọrụ ya.  Na 2008, orị ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi In Mixed Company na Levine Museum of the New South na Charlotte, NC [2] [3] Nrụnye bụ obere ọnụ ụlọ na arịa na ihe ndị sitere na ụwa ọcha na oji nwere ikike  .  nke ụgbụgba agba na-ekewapụ ha.  E ji ahọrọ nke ọ gbala n'ime ike ihe ndị eclectic o ji mee ihe atụ ya.  Na Mixed Company na-agụnye ihe ochie nke Premium Crackers, na-emesi okwu Crackers ike, okwu mkparị maka ime obodo ndị ọcha;  igbe akwụkwọ edo edo nwere ola edo nke e ji-enye dollar 20 nke confederate ọzọ;  na osisi ndị Africa akpụrụ akpụ.  [3] Obere dị ka onye na-akọ akụkọ bụ nke ihe ngosi ahụ, na-etinye ndị na-azụ ihe ngosi nka site n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ekiri nke otu agadi nwoke Africa America mụrụ &quot;ọbụbụbụ  ọnụ&quot; nke ntutu isi &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Two shows in Charlotte tear down walls|url=http://clclt.com/charlotte/two-shows-in-charlotte-tear-down-walls/Content?oid=2145075|work=Creative Loafing Charlotte|accessdate=2016-02-19|first=Scott|author=Lucas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ricepolakgallery.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Rice-Polak-Gallery-Online-Catalog-2015.pdf|title=Rice Polak Gallery Online Catalogue|author=|first=|date=2015|work=Rice Polak Gallery|publisher=Rice Polak Gallery|accessdate=26 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 2010 site na ndị sitere na Pollock-Krasner Foundation a ma ama, Obere obere ihe ike ike mgbaàmà arịa na ụdị Tea Party .  N'ihe dị iche iche nke ọ na-arụ ọrụ, na-akpụ akpụ, na-ese ihe, na multimedia ihe e kere eke, o àmà Tea Party ọhụrụ na ihe onye na ọ bụ Ku Klux Klan nke oge a.  [1] Maka ihe ngosi 2014 Na Hood na New Gallery of Modern Art na Charlotte, NC, o kere 20-ụkwụ ogologo, ije na Ku Klux Klan hood .  [2] N'ime nnukwu, ahụ bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ nke ndụ nke South Africa ohu, Sarah Baartman, bụ onye a manyere ịpụta na London freak gosiri iji nnukwu azụ ya.  Obere mere sket ya site na 1,000 akpa tii ojii ejiri aka tinye.  Na Hood na- anọkwa arịa nke ọma, e sere gbara ya gburugburu akara nke egwu hip-hop, nke Little kwuru bụ ụzọ isi iche na imegide KKK na omenala ọ set  &lt;ref name=&quot;CharlotteObserver-InTheHood-2014&quot; /&gt;

Obere ọrụ n'alitere mgbasa ozi, mgbasa ozi nchara, nke a na-akpọ oxidation, ebe a na-etinye ihe ndị dị ka acid na mmiri na ntọala dịka akwa, akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ akwa.  [1] N'ime ụzọ nchara ya bụ usoro Blue Moon .  Njụajụjụ ọnụ magazin, Little kwuru na nchara na-acha uhie na-echetara ala ụrọ na-acha uhie nke North Carolina na nchara nchara n'elu ụlọ, yana blue cerulean nke na-dị n'ụdị ụdị, mbara mbara.  igwe ya.  [2] echiche na-eyi ndụ egwu na 2013, nri Little ọrụ na ụzọ oxidation.  &quot;N'oge mgbake m, ihe ndị ọrụ ndị a multimedia - asụsụ na Blood Orange - n'ụzọ ihe atụ nke oke iwe m, ọnụma, ọchịchọ na-egosi nkepụ onwe m site na ọnwụ dị nso site na nkwụsi ike na na-egwu siri ike.  na-agbapụ na ikpo n'elu - nke dị n'Ịdịrị - banye n'ìhè nke ndụ, ịlanarị na-eme nke ọma, nye ekele na nwee ekele ekele ụmụ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Agụnyere ọrụ obere na John na Vivian Hewitt Collection of African-American Art. &lt;ref name=&quot;CharlotteObserver-DoorAmCult-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Schreiber|first=Barbara|title=Gantt Center celebrates with 3 distinct exhibitions|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/article9251438.html|accessdate=19 February 2016|work=[[The Charlotte Observer]]|date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ redio ọha nke Charlotte WFAE kwuru ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ọrụ omenkà Heather Hart iji tinyekwuo ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa na Wikipedia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wfae.org/post/artist-heather-hart-brings-radical-archiving-charlotte|title=Artist Heather Hart Brings 'Radical Archiving' To Charlotte|author=Delia|first=Sarah|work=wfae.org|date=8 March 2016|accessdate=2016-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na June 2016, Little la ihie na McColl Center for Art + Innovation na Charlotte, NC, maka ihe ngosi &quot;ngwa ngwa&quot; nke ndị omenkà atọ n'ime ụlọ mebere.  Obere bụ onye omenkà bi na McColl na 1999. E nyere ndị okenye ahụ izu alọ ka ha tax nrụnye onye ọ dabere na mkpali atọ: okwu &quot;nkewa na akwụkwọ&quot; ga-abụ ihe na- akpali akpali, ndị na-ese ihe ga  -eji ihe usoro ma ọ bụ ịbịaru ya nso nso, ọ ga-egosikwa ihe na-eme ihe.  ya na ndị na-ekiri ya.  [1] Nrụnye mgbasa ozi agwakọta nke Little &quot;American Obsession&quot; (gosiri na ndị wiki a dị na akuku aka nri elu) na- ihe ime ihe ike egbe, na-ama mma, dị ka obodo nke onye na-ese ihe so na  ọrụ ahụ siri kwuo.  &quot;Egbugbere ọnụ na azụ.  &quot;Chaịnụ, dị ka nke a na-alụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ị na-ahụ ebe a, na-ama anya ịgba ohu na mmachi. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-amachibido ya nwere ike ịmanye ike ihe.&quot;  A Shon ndị ọbịa gallery ka ha tinye aka na nrụnye site n'ịkwado ihe egwuregwu egwuregwu AK-47 iji gosi ma mgbaàmà mara mma na egwuregwu a bụ onye ebubu , onye mmeri ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.  Ọ batara na ozi ndị America gbasara selfies site n'ịgba ndị na-ekiri ume ka ha were selfie na njikọ ma biputere ha na #AmericanObsession

Na June 2016, Little la ihie na McColl Center for Art + Innovation na Charlotte, NC, maka ihe ngosi &quot;ngwa ngwa&quot; nke ndị omenkà atọ n'ime ụlọ mebere.  Obere bụ onye omenkà bi na McColl na 1999. E nyere ndị okenye ahụ izu alọ ka ha tax nrụnye onye ọ dabere na mkpali atọ: okwu &quot;nkewa na akwụkwọ&quot; ga-abụ ihe na- akpali akpali, ndị na-ese ihe ga  -eji ihe usoro ma ọ bụ ịbịaru ya nso nso, ọ ga-egosikwa ihe na-eme ihe.  ya na ndị na-ekiri ya.  [1] Nrụnye mgbasa ozi agwakọta nke Little &quot;American Obsession&quot; (gosiri na ndị wiki a dị na akuku aka nri elu) na- ihe ime ihe ike egbe, na-ama mma, dị ka obodo nke onye na-ese ihe so na  ọrụ ahụ siri kwuo.  &quot;Egbugbere ọnụ na azụ.  &quot;Chaịnụ, dị ka nke a na-alụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ị na-ahụ ebe a, na-ama anya ịgba ohu na mmachi. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-amachibido ya nwere ike ịmanye ike ihe.&quot;  A Shon ndị ọbịa gallery ka ha tinye aka na nrụnye site n'ịkwado ihe egwuregwu egwuregwu AK-47 iji gosi ma mgbaàmà mara mma na egwuregwu a bụ onye ebubu , onye mmeri ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.  Ọ batara na ozi ndị America gbasara selfies site n'ịgba ndị na-ekiri ume ka ha were selfie na njikọ ma biputere ha na #AmericanObsession

== Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara ==
Egosiwo obere ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi otu na otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;AfricanAmericanArtArtists-2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hewitt|first=Samella Lewis|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/705469837|title=African American Art and Artists|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, Calif.|isbn=978-0-520-23929-6|edition=3rd (revised and expanded)|accessdate=19 February 2016|oclc=705469837}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi solo ahọpụtara ===

* 1997: Tubman African American Museum, Macon, Georgia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Samella S.|title=African American Art and Artists|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000lewi_u4q5|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0520239350|ref=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1998: Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, Detroit, Michigan &quot;Jook Joint&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;ArtDaily-JukeJoint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Juke Joint, An Installation by Willie Little|url=http://artdaily.com/news/2075/-quot-Juke-Joint--An-Installation-by-Willie-Little-quot-#.Vsc5sZMrKRs|work=ArtDaily|publisher=Jose Villarreal|accessdate=19 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2000: Dallas African-American Museum, Dallas, TX: &quot;Jook Joint&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;ArtDaily-JukeJoint&quot; /&gt;
* 2000: Noel Gallery, Charlotte, North Carolina: &quot;Site na windo banye n'ogige nne nne m&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Willie Little&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Willie Little|url=http://aavad.com/artistbibliog.cfm?id=9416|work=African American Visual Arts Database|publisher=African American Visual Arts Database|accessdate=19 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Levine nke New South, Charlotte, NC: &quot;Na ụlọ ọrụ Mixed&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=In Mixed Company|url=http://www.museumofthenewsouth.org/exhibits/archive|work=Museum of the New South|publisher=Levine Museum of the New South|accessdate=19 February 2016|archivedate=1 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301061247/http://www.museumofthenewsouth.org/exhibits/archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: Winston-Salem State University, NC: &quot;Jook Joint&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Young&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Young|first=Monica|title=Diggs Gallery at WSSU continues its role as a center for community|url=http://www.journalnow.com/news/state_region/diggs-gallery-at-wssu-continues-its-role-as-a-center/article_a376710a-cf90-574f-9b09-0104a9cfbdbb.html|work=Winston-Salem Journal|accessdate=19 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202161317/https://journalnow.com/news/state_region/diggs-gallery-at-wssu-continues-its-role-as-a-center/article_a376710a-cf90-574f-9b09-0104a9cfbdbb.html|archive-date=2 December 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: Winston-Salem State University, NC: Akụkọ na Willie Little &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Presentations, Performances and Exhibit Scheduled for Black History Month at WSSU - January 28, 2011|url=http://www.wssu.edu/about/news/2011/black-history-month-events-m.aspx|work=Winston-Salem State University|publisher=WSSU|accessdate=19 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: [http://www.visitgreenwoodsc.com/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/755/348 Ụlọ Ọrụ Arts nke Greenwood], SC: na-arụ ọrụ site na usoro &quot;Na Hood&quot; na &quot;Kinfolk&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=10th Annual Black History Exhibition - Artist Reception|url=http://www.visitgreenwoodsc.com/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/755/348|work=visitgreenwoodsc|publisher=visitgreenwoodsc|accessdate=25 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ngosi otu ahọpụtara ===

* 2000: Rice/Polak Gallery, Provincetown, MA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Juke Joint, An Installation by Willie Little|url=http://artdaily.com/news/2075/-quot-Juke-Joint--An-Installation-by-Willie-Little-quot-#.Vsc5sZMrKRs|work=ArtDaily|publisher=Jose Villarreal|accessdate=19 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=August Gallery Guide|url=http://provincetowngalleryguide.com/wordpress/events/|work=Provincetown Gallery Guide|publisher=The Graphics Guy LLC|accessdate=19 February 2016|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303020210/http://provincetowngalleryguide.com/wordpress/events/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2001: Arkansas Art Center, Little Rock, AR &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Myth, Memory and Imagination: The Julia J. Norrell Collection|url=https://arkansasartscenter.org/document.doc?id=343|work=ARKANSAS ARTS CENTER|publisher=Arkansas Arts Center|accessdate=19 February 2016|archivedate=22 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922222211/https://arkansasartscenter.org/document.doc?id=343}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2001: Lew Allen Contemporary Gallery, Santa Fe, NM &lt;ref name=&quot;Willie Little&quot;/&gt;
* 2009: California African American Museum, Los Angeles, CA: &quot;N'ogige: N'ofè akwụkwọ nkịtị&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Past Exhibitions|url=http://www.caamuseum.org/web_pages/past_exhibitions_pages/past_exhibitions_beyond_the_literal.htm|work=Caam Museum|publisher=California African American Museum|accessdate=19 February 2016|archivedate=19 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319234505/http://www.caamuseum.org/web_pages/past_exhibitions_pages/past_exhibitions_beyond_the_literal.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: McColl Center for Art + Innovation, Charlotte, NC: &quot;Ngwa ngwa&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mccollcenter.org/events/prompt/143|title=Prompt|author=|first=|date=|work=|publisher=McColl Center for Art + Innovation|accessdate=June 8, 2016|archivedate=June 9, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609232825/http://mccollcenter.org/events/prompt/143}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==

* 1994: North Carolina Arts &amp; Science Council, onyinye nka na-apụta
* 1996: North Carolina Arts &amp; Science Council, onyinye ọrụ nka
* 1999: Tryon Center for Visual Art, ebe obibi ndị nka
* 1999: Ihe Nketa Omenala, Onye Omenkà nke Afọ
* 2000: Afro-American Cultural Center, Chivas Regal onye na-ese ihe na-ebi na ụlọ ọrụ
* 2000: Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa, Caversham Press obibi obibi obibi
* 2000: North Carolina Arts &amp; Science Council, mkpakọrịta okike
* 2002: Headlands Center for Arts (Sausalito, California), ebe obibi nka
* 2003: North Carolina Arts &amp; Science Council, onyinye pụrụ iche
* 2006: Onyinye Pollock-Krasner Foundation
* 2010: Onyinye Pollock-Krasner Foundation

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>io1m9591fpdu7oqvdt0zan89pts1iw4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụzọ Melvin</title>
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Melvin Way (January 3, 1954 - Febụwarị 4, 2024) bụ onye omenkà ndị America.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Melvin Way, self-taught American artist, 1954–2024|url=https://artreview.com/melvin-way-self-taught-american-artist-1954-2024/|accessdate=February 6, 2024|work=artreview.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejide ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke American Folk Art Museum, [1] American Visionary Art Museum, [1] Center Pompidou, [1] Collection de l'Art Brut, [1] Museum of Modern Art, [2] na  Smithsonian American Art Museum. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Melvin Way|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/melvin-way-30956|accessdate=February 6, 2024|work=Smithsonian American Art Museum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gómez|first=Edward M.|date=March 3, 2018|title=Melvin Way Holds the Keys to the Universe|url=http://hyperallergic.com/429473/melvin-way-the-cocaine-files-dossier-1989-2017-andrew-edlin-gallery/|accessdate=February 6, 2024|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGómez2018&quot;&gt;Gómez, Edward M. (March 3, 2018). [http://hyperallergic.com/429473/melvin-way-the-cocaine-files-dossier-1989-2017-andrew-edlin-gallery/ &quot;Melvin Way Holds the Keys to the Universe&quot;]. ''Hyperallergic''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ụlọ Melvin Way na Jenụwarị 3, 1954, na Ruffin, South Carolina.  [1] [2] Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, o biri ma n'ebe ahụ ma na Brooklyn .  [3] [4] Ọ kwagara New York City na-adịgide adịgide na 1970s ka ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nka RCA na midtown Manhattan, ebe ọ na-akpa nkà iji ọrụ dị ka igwe igwe.  [3] [5] Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ gbakwara bass maka ndị otu mpaghara.

== Ọrụ nka ==
Ka ọ na-erule 1989, Way biri na Keener Men's Shelter na Wards Island .  Ọ bụ Hospitallọ Ọgwụgwụ Audiences International na-elekọta ebe nchekwa ahụ, bụ nke nyere ndị nwere ikike ihe ọmụma ihe nka.  N'ebe ahụ, Way artist zutere Andrew Casrucci, onye na-agba ọsọ art ogbako maka ndo si bi.  Casrucci egwuregwu nkà Way wee bụrụ enyi ogologo ndụ yana onye Nkwado. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

Mpempe nka ụzọ mbụ bụ njikwa anya ejiri ike mee n'akwụkwọ a imera.  [1] Ụbọchị ya gụkọ ederede, nhazi na ụkpụrụ na usoro kemịkal.  [2] [3] Ọ na-ebukarị ọrụ ya ma na-arụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu n'akpa ya, na-eji teepu scotch iji chebe elu ha.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule ngosi 1990s, Way gosiri ọrụ na ihe nkiri Outsider. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Saltz|first=Jerry|date=June 17, 2015|title=Studying the Masterpieces of Visionary Melvin Way|url=https://www.vulture.com/2015/06/melvin-way-is-a-visionary-master.html|accessdate=February 6, 2024|work=Vulture|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSaltz2015&quot;&gt;Saltz, Jerry (June 17, 2015). [https://www.vulture.com/2015/06/melvin-way-is-a-visionary-master.html &quot;Studying the Masterpieces of Visionary Melvin Way&quot;]. ''Vulture''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;

Andrew Edlin Gallery nọchitere anya Way. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ onwe na ọnwụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Ụzọ bụ African-American.  [1] Ọ nta onye na- mama ebe obibi na 20s ya, mgbechara schizophrenia na iji ọgwụ eme ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Melvin Way - Artists|url=https://www.edlingallery.com/artists/melvin-way|accessdate=February 6, 2024|work=Andrew Edlin Gallery|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.edlingallery.com/artists/melvin-way &quot;Melvin Way - Artists&quot;]. ''Andrew Edlin Gallery''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Way nwụrụ na Smoaks, South Carolina n'ihi nsogbu nke ọrịa strok na February 4, 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 70. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rosenwald|first=Michael S.|date=2024-02-27|title=Melvin Way, Outsider Artist Who Depicted Inner Mysteries, Dies at 70|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/27/arts/melvin-way-dead.html|accessdate=2024-03-03|work=The New York Times|page=B12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Villa|first=Angelica|date=February 6, 2024|title=Melvin Way, Self-Taught Artist Whose Intricate Drawings Gained a Cult Following, Dies at 70|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/melvin-way-dead-1234695137/|accessdate=February 6, 2024|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVilla2024&quot;&gt;Villa, Angelica (February 6, 2024). [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/melvin-way-dead-1234695137/ &quot;Melvin Way, Self-Taught Artist Whose Intricate Drawings Gained a Cult Following, Dies at 70&quot;]. ''ARTnews.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;February 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara ==

* 2015: ''Ụzọ Melvin: Obodo Gaga'' ; Christian Berst Art Brut, Manhattan &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Martinez|first=Alanna|date=July 17, 2015|title=Artist Melvin Way’s Journey From Homelessness to Art World Acclaim|url=https://observer.com/2015/07/artist-melvin-ways-journey-from-homelessness-to-art-world-acclaim/|accessdate=February 6, 2024|work=Observer|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Melvin Way: The Cocaine Files Dossier (1989-2017)'' ; Andrew Edlin Gallery, New York City &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
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    <title>Shiva Ahmadi</title>
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Shiva Ahmadi (born 1975; Persian: كیواف آدمی) bu onye omenkà amuru America, mara maka ire ya, vidiyo na nrụnye ya.  Anyị gosila ọrụ ya n'ihu ihe mgbe ochie na North America na Middle East.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Ahmadi na Tehran, Iran na 1975. [1] [2] Nzụlite ya, nke na-egosipụta na nka ya, bụ mgbanwe nke Iran na agha Iran-Iraq . [3] O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke ọmarịcha nka na Mahadum Azad na 1998 wee kwaga USA ka ọ gaa mụọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ gara Mahadum Wayne State na Detroit, Michigan wee nweta Master of Art Degree na Drawing (2000) na Master of Fine Arts in Drawing (2003). [4] [5] [2] Na 2003 ọ gara ebe obibi onye na-ese ihe na Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture . [6] Na 2005 Ahmadi nwetara MFA nke abụọ ya, na eserese sitere na Cranbrook Academy of Art . [5] A họpụtara Ahmadi ka ọ bụrụ onye mmekọ Prọfesọ Art na Mahadum California, Davis na 2015 &lt;ref name=&quot;DavisBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shiva Ahmadi|url=http://arts.ucdavis.edu/faculty-profile/shiva-ahmadi|work=arts.ucdavis.edu|date=28 June 2013|publisher=UC Davis Arts|accessdate=10 March 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheets&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sheets|first=Hilarie M.|title=Shiva Ahmadi's Subversive Beauty|url=https://www.1stdibs.com/introspective-magazine/shiva-ahmadi/|publisher=Introspective Magazine|accessdate=10 March 2017|date=8 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Omume Ahmadi sitere na omenala nka nke Iran na Middle East iji nyochaa esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge a. Ịgbakwunye akara omenala Ahmadi ewerela nlezianya anya na okwu ọha na eze ugbu a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Villarreal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Villarreal|first=Ignacio|title=New Paintings and Oil Barrels by Shiva Ahmadi at Leila Taghinia-Milani Heller|url=http://artdaily.com/news/35982/New-Paintings-and-Oil-Barrels-by-Shiva-Ahmadi-at-Leila-Taghinia-Milani-Heller#.WMH3On8502x|work=artdaily.com|accessdate=10 March 2017|language=en|date=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahmadi na-arụ ọrụ n'ofe mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, ike mmiri mmiri, ihe ọkpụkpụ, na nkiri ihe nkiri;  agbanwe agbanwe site n'ibe ya bụ mmebi mma na agba mara mma nke sitere na nka Persian, India na Middle Eastern.  N'ime ụwa ya ejiri akara mee ihe atụ, ịma mma akara na-eme ka ihe nketa na mmegbu zuru ụwa ọnụ sie ike.  Ebe ndị a na-egwu egwu egwu dị na nyọcha nke ọma macabre ihe nkiri ndị soja na agha: watercolor na-agba agba agba, na nna nna zuru ụwa na-.  na-anya ihu bi na ndị ọrụ ọrụ na labyrinthine na-achịkwa.  N'ịbụ onye ma ama maka ihe ndị ọrụ rụzuru na nri, ọrụ ya mechara bụrụ akara site na iji vidiyo-animation.  [1] [2] Emere ihe ngosi Lotus izizi ya nke ukwuu na US na gburugburu ụwa wee nwetara amara n'aka ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ na ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ.  Ihe ngosi ohuru ya Ascend (2017) sitere na nke Aylan Kurdi na nsogbu ndị gbara ndụ ọsọ Syria na 2015. Ọ bụ ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Eshia dị na San Francisco sawir ya &lt;ref name=&quot;BazaarAscend&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Shiva Ahmadi Combines The Beautiful and the Violent|url=http://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/art/exhibitions/shiva-ahmadi-combines-the-beautiful-and-the-violent|accessdate=20 July 2017|work=Harper's BAZAAR Arabia|date=17 April 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AscendExhibitPage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shiva Ahmadi: Ascend – Exhibitions – Leila Heller Gallery|url=http://www.leilahellergallery.com/exhibitions/shiva-ahmadi-ascend|work=www.leilahellergallery.com|publisher=Leila Heller Gallery|accessdate=20 July 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172918/http://www.leilahellergallery.com/exhibitions/shiva-ahmadi-ascend|archive-date=14 September 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụbọchị Ahmadi ikpeazụ na mkpokọta nke Museum of Contemporary Art na Los Angeles, Asia Society Museum, Detroit Institute of Arts, DePaul Art Museum, Morgan Library &amp; Museum, Herbert F. Johnson Museum, [1] na Eshia Art Museum na San Francisco, chịkọtara.  ụlọ ọrụ TDIC na United Arab Emirates, yana mkpokọta Farjam na Dubai.  [2] [3] Mpempe ya bụ Pipes, agba mmiri dị n' ike dị n'ụkwụ ise [4] , ikike site n'aka ndị dike ihe ngosi nke Obodo ukwu na 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rooney&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rooney|first=Julia|title=A Closer Look: Shiva Ahmadi's Pipes|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2016/closer-look-shiva-ahmadi-pipes|work=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|publisher=The Met|accessdate=10 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, e nyere ya ihe nrite Anonymous Was A Woman. Na 2018 Ahmadi enwetara mkpakọrịta na Civitella Ranieri Art Residency na Umbria, Italy.

== Ihe ngosi ==

* 2024 – ''Strands of Resilience'', Manetti Shrem Museum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exhibitions - Shiva Ahmadi|url=http://www.shivaahmadistudio.com/exhibitions|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=www.shivaahmadistudio.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 – ''Rising Sun'': ''Artists in an Uncertain America'', Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
* 2023 – ''Shiva Ahmadi: The Courage of Eve'', Gallery Rosenfeld, London
* 2023 – ''Shiva Ahmadi: Unbound'', Saint Joseph's Art Society
* 2022 – ''From Moment to Movement'', Manetti Shrem Museum of Art
* 2021 – ''Inspirations from the Ancient'', Gallery Rosenfeld, London
* 2021 – ''With Eyes Opened: Cranbrook Academy of Art Since 1932'', Cranbrook Museum of Art
* 2021 – ''A Boundless Drop to a Boundless Ocean'', Orlando Museum of Art, Florida
* 2020 – ''Unrealism'', Shoshana Wayne Gallery, Los Angeles
* 2020 –''The Body Politic'', Haines Gallery
* 2020 – ''Labyrinths'', Elaine L. Jacob Gallery
* 2019 – ''Shrine Room Projects'', Rubin Art Museum, New York City
* 2019 – ''How the Light Gets In'', Johnson Museum of Art, Ithaca
* 2019 – ''Once at Present'', Minnesota Street Project, San Fransico
* 2018 – ''Revolution Generations'', Arab Museum of Modern Art, Qatar
* 2018 – ''Catastrophe and the Power of Art'', Mori Art Museum, Tokyo
* 2018 – B''urning Song'', Haines Gallery, San Francisco
* 2018 – ''This Land Is Whose Land?,'' Sun Valley Center For the Arts, Idaho
* 2018 – ''Catastrophe and the Power of Art'', Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, Japan
* 2017 – ''Ascend'', Leila Heller Gallery, New York, NY&lt;ref name=&quot;AscendExhibitPage&quot;/&gt;
* 2017 – ''Rebel, Jester, Mystic, Poet: Contemporary Persians'' – Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, Ontario&lt;ref name=&quot;RebelExhibit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rebel, Jester, Mystic, Poet: Contemporary Persians|url=https://www.agakhanmuseum.org/contemporary-persians|work=Aga Khan Museum|accessdate=10 March 2017|language=en|date=1 November 2016|archivedate=12 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312043231/https://www.agakhanmuseum.org/contemporary-persians}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gairola&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gairola|first=Vibhu|title=A look at the splendid, politically charged pieces at the Aga Khan Museum's massive new Iranian art exhibition|url=http://torontolife.com/culture/art/aga-khan-contemporary-persians-rebel-jester-mystic-poet-gallery/|work=Toronto Life|accessdate=10 March 2017|date=10 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 – ''Global/Local 1960–2015: Six Artists from Iran'' – Grey Art Gallery, New York, City&lt;ref name=&quot;GreyGallery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global/Local 1960–2015: Six Artists from Iran – Grey Gallery|url=https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/exhibition/globallocal-1960/|work=Grey Gallery|accessdate=10 March 2017|date=2016|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312081850/https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/exhibition/globallocal-1960/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cotter&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|title=Six Artists From Iran at Grey Art Gallery|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/15/arts/design/six-artists-from-iran-at-grey-art-gallery.html?_r=0|accessdate=27 August 2017|work=The New York Times|date=14 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 –  ''Homeland Security'', For-Site Foundation, San Francisco&lt;ref name=&quot;HomelandExhibitPage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home Land Security|url=https://www.for-site.org/project/home-land-security/|work=www.for-site.org|publisher=FOR-SITE Foundation|accessdate=20 July 2017|archivedate=14 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714011125/https://www.for-site.org/project/home-land-security/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 –  ''Spheres of Suspension'', Charles B. Wang Center, New York, NY&lt;ref name=&quot;SpheresExhibitPage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Past Exhibitions|url=https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/wang/other_programs/past_programs/2016/exhibitions.html|work=www.stonybrook.edu|publisher=Charles B. Wang Centre|accessdate=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 – ''Shiva Ahmadi: In Focus'' – Asia Society, New York City&lt;ref name=&quot;Rooney&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AsiaSocietyBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shiva Ahmadi: In Focus|url=http://asiasociety.org/new-york/exhibitions/shiva-ahmadi-focus|work=Asia Society|accessdate=10 March 2017|language=en|date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 – ''Artist in Exile: Creativity, Activism, and the Diasporic Experience,'' Geoffrey Yeh Art Gallery, New York, NY
* 2013 – ''Apocalyptic Playland'' – Leila Heller Gallery, New York City
* 2012 – ''The Fertile Crescent'', Rutgers University Museum Exhibition, Newark, NJ
* 2011 – ''Art X Detroit'', Museum of Contemporary Art, Detroit, MI
* 2010 – ''Shiva Ahmadi: Reinventing the Poetics of Myth'' – Leila Heller Gallery, New York City&lt;ref name=&quot;Villarreal&quot;/&gt;
* 2008--  ''Ahmadi and Zhang: Looking Back'', Feldman Gallery, Pacific Northwest College of Art, Portland, OR.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794365492|title=The fertile crescent : gender, art, and society|author=K.|first=Brodsky, Judith|date=2012|publisher=Rutgers University Institute for Women and Art|others=Olin, Ferris., Mason Gross School of the Arts (Rutgers University). Galleries.|isbn=9780979049798|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|oclc=794365492}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2005 -- ''Oil Crisis'', Leila Heller Gallery, New York, NY&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==

* 2016 - Amaghị aha bụ ihe nrite nwanyị &lt;ref name=&quot;AWAA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2016 Award Winners|url=http://www.anonymouswasawoman.org/2016-award-winners.html|publisher=Anonymous Was A Woman Award|accessdate=10 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306002739/http://www.anonymouswasawoman.org/2016-award-winners.html|archivedate=6 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CAA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shiva Ahmadi and Sonya Clark Named a 2016 Recipient of the &quot;Anonymous Was A Woman&quot; Award|url=http://cranbrookart.edu/2016/10/shiva-ahmadi-named-2016-recipient-anonymous-woman-award/|work=Cranbrook Academy of Art|accessdate=10 March 2017|date=10 October 2016|archivedate=12 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312081404/http://cranbrookart.edu/2016/10/shiva-ahmadi-named-2016-recipient-anonymous-woman-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 - Kresge Artist Fellowship, Kresge Foundation
* 2003 - Nrite mbụ, [https://bbartcenter.org/mfac/ Michigan Fine Arts Asọmpi]
* 2001 – Thomas C. Rumble University Graduate Fellowship, Wayne State University

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị Iranian nka

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Cite web|title=Artist Profile: Shiva Ahmadi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKgYSyppTdQ|publisher=Asia Society|accessdate=20 July 2017|date=23 June 2014}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>David Hammons</title>
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'''David Hammons''' (amuru July 24, 1943) bu onye omenka America, mara amara maka oru ya na na gburugburu New York City na Los Angeles n'oge 1970s na 1980s.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ David Hammons na 1943 na Springfield, Illinois, nke ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụaka iri nke otu nne na-azụrụ ya.  Nke a na-akpa ike kpatara nnukwu nsogbu ego n'ahụ ezinụlọ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata; o mesịrị kwuo na ya ejighị n'aka otú ha siri 'gabiga' n'oge a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=David Hammons Paintings, Bio, Ideas|url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/hammons-david/|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=The Art Story}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị na o nweghị mmasị na agụmakwụkwọ, Hammons gosipụtara nkà mbụ maka ịse na nka; otu o sila dị mfe omume ndị a na-abịara ya mere ka ọ malite ịkpọ ya asị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Na 1962 ọ kwagara Los Angeles, ebe ọ malitere ịga Chouinard Art Institute (ugbu a CalArts ) site na 1966 ruo 1968 na Otis Art Institute site na 1968 ruo 1972. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ debanyere aha ya n'ihu ọha, mana Charles White kwere ka ọ gaa ọmụmụ ihe abalị.  N'ebe ahụ, ndị na-ese ihe dị ka [[Charles Wilbert White|Charles White]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charles White {{!}} Yale University Press|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300232981/charles-white|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=yalebooks.yale.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bruce Nauman, John Baldessari, [[Noah Purifoy]], na Chris Burden na-emetụta ya, bụ ndị a ga-amata n'oge na-adịghị anya mba ụwa. N'oge oge ya na LA, ọ zutere [[Senga Nengudi]], onye na-arụ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe na-eche echiche bụ onye ya na ya mesịrị kesaa ihe nkiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Ya na [[Senga Nengudi|Nengudi]] na ndị ọzọ, Hammons hibere [[Studio Z (artist collective)|Studio Z (onye na-ese ihe)]] (aka LA Rebellion), mkpokọta nka nke jikọrọ aka na ọrụ nka. &lt;ref name=&quot;theartstory.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=David Hammons Biography, Life &amp; Quotes|url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/hammons-david/|accessdate=2021-02-18|work=The Art Story}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọzọ so na Studio Z gụnyere Maren Hassinger, [[Ronn Davis]], Duval Lewis, RoHo, Franklin Parker, [[Barbara McCullough]], [[Houston Conwill]], na [[Joe Ray (onye na-ese ihe)]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Individual Collective: A Conversation with Senga Nengudi|url=https://walkerart.org/collections/publications/side-by-side/http:://walkerart.org/collections/publications/side-by-side/individual-collective-a-conversation-with-senga-nengudi|accessdate=2023-04-10|work=walkerart.org|language=en-US|archivedate=April 10, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410231458/https://walkerart.org/collections/publications/side-by-side/http:://walkerart.org/collections/publications/side-by-side/individual-collective-a-conversation-with-senga-nengudi}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1974, Hammons biri na New York City, bụ ebe ọ bịara bụrụ onye amara nke ọma na mba. Ọ ka bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na New York.

=== Ọkpụkpụ ===
[[Usòrò:Hammons_flag.jpg|thumb| ''Enweghị aha (ọkọlọtọ Africa-American)'' (1990) na Studio Museum na Harlem na [[New York City|New York]] .]]
Mgbe e mesịrị na ọrụ ya, Hammons enyochala usoro ihe ọkpụkpụ na ịmepụta iberibe. N'ime usoro ''Spade'' nke 1970 ya gụnyere ọrụ dị ka ''Bird'' (1973) ebe onye egwu jazz Charlie Parker kpalitere site na spade na-apụta site na ọnụ nke saxophone. Aha nke mpempe akwụkwọ na-egosipụta aha njirimara Parker nke &quot;Yardbird&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Nnụnụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bird {{!}} Hammer Museum|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/art/bird|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=hammer.ucla.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, e nwere ''Spade with Chains'' (1973), ebe onye na-ese ihe na-eji okwu mkparị, okwu mkparị, jikọtara ya na ngwá ọrụ ugbo nkịtị, iji mee ka ihe ngosi anya n'etiti agụba nke shọvelụ na ihe mkpuchi Africa, na nkwupụta nke oge a. banyere okwu nke agbụ na iguzogide. N'ime mpempe akwụkwọ seminal ya, ''Flag Hammons African-American'' na-eme isiokwu ahụ n'isi. Ibe ahụ na-egosi ọkọlọtọ America na agba Garvey nke Black, Red na Green ( Pan-African Colors ), a na-ejikwa agba ndị a na ọkọlọtọ UNIA . &lt;ref name=&quot;crwflags.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African American Flag by David Hammons (U.S.)|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/us_aadh.html#:~:text=Description%20of%20the%20flag%20David%20Hammons%20(b.%201943),the%20U.S.%20national%20flag%20in%20the%20Garvey%20colors.|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=www.crwflags.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-egosipụta mkpa nke mpempe a na ọnọdụ ya dị ka akụkụ nke nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Museum of Modern Art na New York. Esenyere otu ọkọlọtọ n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na Harlem. &lt;ref name=&quot;crwflags.com&quot; /&gt;

A enyochala isiokwu agbụrụ ndị a n'ụdị ọkpụkpụ ndị ọzọ. Ojiji hammons eji ihe atufuru ma ọ bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya, gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na nsị elephant, akụkụ ọkụkọ, eriri ntutu nke ndị America America, na karama mmanya dị ọnụ ala &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-03-11|title=What You Should Know About David Hammons|url=https://news.artnet.com/market/david-hammons-mnuchin-gallery-show-447974|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=Artnet News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-enye nkọwa dị oke mkpa nke ndụ ndị America, na akụkọ nka nka, site n'echiche nke onye oji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phillips {{!}} David Hammons - African-American Flag {{!}} 20th Century &amp; Contemporary Art Evening Sale New York Thursday, May 18, 2017 Lot 2|url=https://www.phillips.com/detail/david-hammons/NY010317/2|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=Phillips|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ na-ahụ ihe ndị a dị ka ihe na-akpalite enweghị olileanya nke ndị ogbenye, klaasị obodo mepere emepe, mana Hammons hụrụ ụdị sacrosanct ma ọ bụ ike ọdịnala n'ihe ndị a, ya mere o jiri jiri ha mee ihe nke ukwuu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji ntutu gbakọtara na ụlọ ahịa na-akpụ isi na mado ya n'elu nnukwu nkume. Ihe ndị a a tụfuru aghọọla ụfọdụ ihe osise David Hammons kacha mara amara na-anọchi anya ndụ onye Africa-America bi na United States. A na-eresị mpempe akwụkwọ ya ''na-enweghị aha'', nke emere n'elu ụlọ ihe owuwu ihe eji ekpuchi ntutu, na Whitney Museum maka otu narị puku dollar na 1992.  Ibe Hammons ''Na Hood'' apụtala ka ọ bụrụ akara ngosi nke ihe ọ dị ka ịbụ nwata, ojii na nwoke. Emere ihe ọkpụkpụ a na 1993 wee gosi na Mnuchin Gallery na New York. Ihe a kpụrụ akpụ dị mfe bụ akwa a kpụrụ akpụ a kpọgidere n'ahụ mgbidi ya na eriri eriri wee meghee mkpuchi ahụ na-eme ka echiche nke lynching pụta wee ghọọ microcosm maka ihe ọ dị ka oji na America. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-04-27|title=David Hammons Makes a Hood Stand for a Race|url=https://news.artnet.com/market/david-hammons-at-mnuchin-482738|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=Artnet News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nwere ike ịdị mfe, mana ọ dị irè ma kwekọọ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ Hammons na-arụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; ' ''Na Hood'' ' e recast na omenala-nhụjuanya mgbe ihe oyiyi nke ibe na-eji dị ka profaịlụ foto na-elekọta mmadụ media maka Black Lives Matter na-akwado na-eso ogbugbu nke Trayvon Martin . &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;

Agbanyeghị, ihe osise Hammons ejedebeghị na imekọ ihe gbasara isiokwu agbụrụ. Ọ na-akwado usoro klaasị ọkwa ọkwa site n'igosipụta ya na ike dị n'etiti ụmụ okorobịa ojii na basketball. Hammons mepụtara usoro bọọlụ bọọlụ buru ibu karịa ndụ, nke ejiri okpu karama chọọ ya nke ọma, na-ebuli mosaic na imewe nke Islam. Otu ihe atụ nke 'ebe ịchụàjà' ndị a bụ ''High Falutin''' ma ọ bụ ''Basketball Chandelier'', nke ikpeazụ na-etinye a basketball hoop na ya ọkọlọtọ elu, ma mere unusable site n'iji ya ihe - bee iko beads na ornamental sconces. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2016-03-24|title=David Hammons Is Still Messing With What Art Means (Published 2016)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/arts/design/david-hammons-is-still-messing-with-what-art-means.html|accessdate=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''.'' Agbanyeghị, ebe a kacha gosipụta isiokwu a bụ na mpempe 1986 ya ''dị elu'' . Hammons dobere bọọlụ basketball nkịtị, ụgbụ na azụ azụ n'osisi dị elu nwere okpukpu atọ - na-ekwu maka ebumnuche egwuregwu egwuregwu na-agaghị ekwe omume dịka ụzọ isi pụọ na ghetto. Hammons kwuru na ọ na-ekwu, sị, &quot;Ọ na-ewe ise na-egwu n'otu egwuregwu, ma e nwere ọtụtụ puku ndị chọrọ igwu egwu-ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla ga-eme ya, ma ọ bụrụgodị na ha emeghị ma ọ dịkarịa ala, ha gbalịrị.&quot; ''Ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị elu ka'' a na-elele na ogige Cadman Plaza dị na New York site na 1986 ruo 1987. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Higher Goals - Public Art Fund|url=https://www.publicartfund.org/exhibitions/view/higher-goals/|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=www.publicartfund.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu na iberibe 'Nnụnụ' ya na ọrụ 1990 nke otu aha ya. Oge a ọ na-ekwu maka otu esi enye ndị Africa-America ohere ohere dị ukwuu na ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ, dị ka egwu na egwuregwu, n'agbanyeghị ohere dị na ndị ọzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Arts. Iberibe a na-edobe basketball, nke e ji ábụbà na waya ọkụkọ chọọ ya mma, n'ime etiti ụlọ nnụnụ ndị Victoria na-acha ọcha. Ụlọ a na-anọchi anya ọnụ ụlọ ihe atụ nke ndị obodo Africa-America ka na-ahụ onwe ha na ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lidz|first=Franz|title=This $1.4 Million &quot;Bird&quot; Makes an African-American Art Collection Soar to New Heights|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/this-million-bird-makes-african-american-art-collection-soar-to-new-heights-180960914/|accessdate=2021-02-18|work=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2007 Hammons jikọrọ aka na nwunye ya, Chie Hasegawa na mpempe nke nwere mmasi ọha. &lt;ref&gt;''The Brooklyn Rail'' (April 2007), &quot;David and Chie Hammons,&quot; review by Jen Schwarting; ''The Village Voice'' (February 27, 2007), &quot;Fur What It's Worth,&quot; by Jerry Saltz; among others.&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ụlọ elu posh nke Hammons họpụtara nke ọma (onye na-anabataghị ka e jikọtara ya na ụlọ ngosi ọ bụla), ha wụnyere uwe ogologo ajị anụ n'ụdị ejiji oge ochie - minks abụọ, fox, sable, wolf na chinchilla. Ha na-agba ọkụ, gbanye ma tee azụ nke uwe ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schwarting&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schwarting|first=Jen|date=2007-04-02|title=David and Chie Hammons|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2007/04/artseen/david-chie-hammons|accessdate=2021-02-20|work=The Brooklyn Rail|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a tụgharịrị uwe mwụda ahụ ka ọ bụrụ 'ọnyà sartorial' na-ejikọta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ịzụ ahịa, animism, ikike anụmanụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schwarting&quot; /&gt; Ihe nlere anya nke ihe ngosi a na-enweghị aha abụghị naanị na uwe n'onwe ha, kamakwa ebe ngosi ahụ. Igosi ya na L &amp; M Arts dị n'elu obodo Manhattan bụ mkpebi nke Hammons mere kpọmkwem, ebe ọ na-achọ ịkpọku uwe mkpuchi dabara adaba maka ụdị ndụ Upper East Manhattan, mana ọ dabara adaba na ebe ndị ọzọ na New York. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schwarting|first=Jen|date=2007-04-02|title=David and Chie Hammons|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2007/04/artseen/david-chie-hammons|accessdate=2021-02-18|work=The Brooklyn Rail|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ọrụ ya na 1990-95 ''Smoke Screen'' bụ nke ejiri akwa ọla edo mee, na-enye mpempe ahụ, na nlele mbụ, ọkwa dị elu ma ọ bụ ọdịdị eze. Otú ọ dị, na nyocha nke ọma, ákwà ahụ na-ekpuchi oghere na-ere ọkụ ma na-ese sịga na-achọ ibe ahụ na ala gbara ya gburugburu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2016-03-24|title=David Hammons Is Still Messing With What Art Means (Published 2016)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/arts/design/david-hammons-is-still-messing-with-what-art-means.html|accessdate=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2021, Hammons jikọrọ aka na Hudson River Park Trust na Whitney Museum imepụta ''Days End'' . Ibe a bụ &quot;ihe ncheta mmụọ&quot; nye onye omenkà nwụrụ anwụ, Gordon Matta-Clark. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=VIA Art Fund {{!}} David Hammons: Day's End|url=http://viaartfund.org/grants/david-hammons-days-end/|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=VIA Art Fund|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kpọmkwem, nka na-eje ozi dị ka ụtụ maka Matta-Clark's 'Pier 52' site na ịmepụta usoro nhazi nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke mebere ọrụ nka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Matta-Clark ebipụla oghere ise n'ime mgbidi, uko ụlọ, na elu ụlọ nke ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala gbahapụrụ.  Nke a ga-abụ Hammons naanị mpempe ọha na-adịgide adịgide ruo taa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A na-eji mkpanaka ígwè mee ibe ahụ n'onwe ya, ebe ọkara nọ n'elu ala na ndị ọzọ nọ n'obo ígwè na Osimiri Hudson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tomkins&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Tomkins |first=Calvin |title=David Hammons Follows His Own Rules |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/david-hammons-follows-his-own-rules |access-date=2021-02-18 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=November 27, 2019 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Mee 2021 , Whitney Museum of American Art ekpughere Hammons dechara ''ngwụcha'' ihe ọkpụkpụ na Hudson River Park n'ofe ebe ngosi nka n'onwe ya. Ihe ngosi exoskeletal nke mmụọ nke mmụọ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ wee kee ya na ụtụ maka ''njedebe ụbọchị, Cinical Inversion'' nke mbụ Gordon Matta-Clark (1943-1978) dere ebe onye na-ese ihe mbụ mere nbibi ise n'ime ụlọ Pier 52 nke guzoro na ya. otu saịtị na mbụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hypebeast.com/2021/4/david-hammons-days-end-2021-installation-the-whitney-museum|title=David Hammons Installs Massive 'Day's End' Permanent Sculpture in NYC|date=April 30, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/david-hammons-days-end|title=David Hammons: Day's End}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Arụmọrụ ===
Hammons agbasawanye akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'ime usoro mmemme. Usoro a nyere Hammons ohere ikwurịta echiche nke oghere ọha na nke onwe, yana ihe mejupụtara ngwa ahịa bara uru. Ahụrụ nke a nke ọma na mpempe ''Bliz-aard Ball Sale'' ya na 1983. Hammons nọnyere onwe ya n'akụkụ ndị na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá dị na ogbe ndịda Manhattan iji ree bọọlụ snoo nke a na-ere dịka nha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Can you remove the rainbow from happening? {{!}} InEnArt|url=http://www.inenart.eu/?p=13122|accessdate=2021-02-18|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Omume a na-eje ozi ma dị ka ihe nlegharị anya na mgbanwe ngwa ahịa yana nkọwa maka ọdịdị nka nke nka nke ụlọ ọrụ nka na-akwalite. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-etinye a satirical premium na &quot; ịcha ọcha &quot;, na-akwa emo nke elu okomoko nke agbụrụ nkewa nakwa dị ka critiquing siri ike na-elekọta mmadụ n'ezie nke n'okporo ámá na-ere ahịa ahụmahụ nke ndị e kpasuru megide n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ ma ọ bụ klaasị. Onye na-ese foto na enyi ya bụ [[Dawoud Bey]] weghaara arụmọrụ a. 

Hammons na Bey rụkọrọ ọrụ ọzọ na ''Pissed Off'', ebe ọ na-agbanye mmamịrị na Richard Serra nnukwu ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ ''TWU'' ; tupu ịkwanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sneakers n'elu ọrụ na ''Osisi akpụkpọ ụkwụ'' . Nke a nyere vibes nke akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-agbanye n'ahịrị ekwentị na mpaghara ime obodo ma tinye mmetụta ojii na ọrụ nke onye na-ese ihe na-acha ọcha na-arụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.artnet.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-03-11|title=What You Should Know About David Hammons|url=https://news.artnet.com/market/david-hammons-mnuchin-gallery-show-447974|accessdate=2021-02-18|work=Artnet News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’ihe ngosi na Gallery Shimada, dị na Yamaguchi, Japan, Hammons debere otu nnukwu okwute n’azụ otu gwongworo wee gawa obodo ahụ gburugburu. 

Ihe osise ajị anụ ya nwere ihe arụrụ arụ ya. Hammons jụrụ Dominique Levy, onye nwe ụlọ L&amp;M Gallery ebe a ga-egosi uwe, ka o yiri otu n'ime uwe mwụda ahụ gaa n'ala Madison Avenue ka Hammons na-ese foto. 

N'afọ 2020, Hammons kesara onyonyo arụmarụ ebipụtaghị mbụ n'ime edemede nke Daniel S. Palmer maka New York Times. N'oge oke mmiri ozuzo na 2007, na ndị ọzọ kemgbe, Hammons kechie ịchafụ oyi n'isi nke ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nke nwanyị ojii na ntọala Henry Ward Beecher Monument na Columbus Park, Brooklyn. &lt;ref name=&quot;Palmer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Palmer|first=Daniel S.|date=2020-10-09|title=A Poignant Take on the Controversy Surrounding Public Monuments|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/09/t-magazine/david-hammons-monuments.html|accessdate=2021-08-03|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbasa ozi na ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ ===
Ihe ngosi New York mbụ ya mere na 1975 na Just Above Midtown (JAM), ebe ihe osise ya nọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na agba, gụnyere enyi ya na onye ndụmọdụ Charles White.  Ọ kpọrọ ihe ngosi a ''n'akpa Greasy na ọkpụkpụ Barbeque.''

N'afọ 1980, Hammons sonyere na Colab 's nbibi ''The Times Square Show'', bụ nke mere dị ka nnọkọ maka mgbanwe echiche maka ndị na-eto eto nke ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na New York. E ji enyo enyo gbasasịrị agbasasị mee echichi ya (nke sitere na karama mmanya abalị ụgbọ oloko gbajiri agbaji). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Times Square Show Revisited - Charlie Ahearn|url=http://timessquareshowrevisited.com/accounts/charlie-ahearn.html|accessdate=2021-02-18|work=timessquareshowrevisited.com|archivedate=2014-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009070126/http://www.timessquareshowrevisited.com/accounts/charlie-ahearn.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hammons alaghachila otu egwuregwu bọọlụ basketball na ụmụ okorobịa ojii n'usoro ihe osise na-agba ara site n'ịgba bọọlụ bọọlụ ruru unyi ugboro ugboro na nnukwu akwụkwọ ọcha dị ọcha edobere n'ala. ''Njem njem'' fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 10-ụkwụ n'ogologo yana aha a na-ezo aka ma okwu basketball nke ' Ịga njem ' na ibugharị ya.

O gosipụtakwala isiokwu agbụrụ n'usoro ndị ọzọ. ''Kedu ka m si dị ugbu a'' gosipụtara onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Jesse Jackson dị ka nwoke ọcha, nwere ntutu isi na anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ iji gosipụta ajọ mbunobi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America. Ndị ikom abụọ ji mma agha mebie ọrụ a, nke e sere n'elu mgbidi. Hammons na-aga n'ihu na-egosipụta ọrụ mebiri emebi, na ọbụna gụnyere sledgehammers iji gbakwunye na njirimara nke ibe. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.artnet.com&quot;/&gt;

N'ihe ngosi 2011 na L &amp; M Arts, o gosipụtara ọtụtụ eserese na eserese na-ekpuchi ma ọ bụ kpuchie site na tarpaulins ma ọ bụ akwa plastik - n'otu oge ejiri ihe agha osisi kpuchie ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Russeth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Russeth|first=Andrew|date=2015-02-17|title=Looking at Seeing: David Hammons and the Politics of Visibility|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/david-hammons-and-the-politics-of-visibility-3612/|accessdate=2021-02-18|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mewo ihe osise nke Kool-Aid ntụ ntụ tupu ọ were ákwà mgbochi kpuchie ha; A na-ebuli ákwà mgbochi ahụ naanị n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Russeth&quot; /&gt; Mpempe akwụkwọ ndị a na-egosipụta echiche ahụ na n'oge nleba anya na ozi na-ejubiga ókè, Hammons na-anwa ịkwụsị usoro a ma gbochie ozi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Russeth&quot; /&gt; A hụkwara echiche a n'ụzọ nkịtị na ''Concerto ya na Black and Blue'' ebe a tụbara Ace Gallery na New York n'ọchịchịrị na ndị ọbịa kwesịrị iji obere ọkụ na-eduzi onwe ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Russeth&quot; /&gt;

Hammons nyochara usoro vidiyo, na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe [[Alex Harsley]] na ọtụtụ ọrụ vidiyo, gụnyere ''Phat Free'' (nke akpọrọ ''Kick the Bucket'' ), nke etinyere na Whitney Biennial na ebe ndị ọzọ. Hammons na Harsley arụkọla ọrụ ọnụ na nrụnye na New York's 4th Street Photo Gallery, ihe ngosi nka nke East Village na oghere ọrụ.

Na &quot;Ohere: Mgbazinye Ụwa: David Hammons&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exhibitions|url=https://archive.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/27|accessdate=2021-02-18|work=New Museum Digital Archive|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe ngosi mbụ solo na New Museum, Hammons mesoro mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ime mmụọ na nkà na ụzụ na-emegiderịta onwe ya site n'ijikọta ihe mkpuchi agbụrụ Africa na ihe ọhụrụ nke oge a-nke nwatakịrị. ihe onyonyo ihe eji egwuri egwu.

Na 2016, Hammons mere ihe ngosi gallery na mmekorita ya na Mnuchin Gallery akpọrọ &quot;David Hammons: Afọ iri ise&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.artnet.com&quot;/&gt; Dị ka a hụrụ na ngosi L &amp; M Arts Exhibition, nhọrọ a nke ọnọdụ na nkwụsị ọ na-eje ozi n'etiti ya na nka ya bụ Hammons na-achọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-04-04|title=David Hammons at Mnuchin: Institutional Critique|url=https://www.ronifeinstein.com/1565/david-hammons-mnuchin-institutional-critique/|accessdate=2021-02-18|work=Roni Feinstein|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2014 Hammons zụtara ụlọ nkwakọba ihe mbụ na Yonkers, New York n'ebumnobi imepụta ụlọ ngosi nka nke ya n'ebe ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Russeth&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/2014/04/10/artist-david-hammons-buys-yonkers-property-to-open-gallery/7546679/|title=Artist David Hammons buys Yonkers property; to open gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2019 Hauser &amp;amp;amp; Wirth gbagoro nnukwu azụ azụ nke ọrụ ya na Los Angeles nke gụnyere ogige enweghị ebe obibi na saịtị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-david-hammons-hauser-wirth-review-20190618-story.html|title=Review: If an artist sets up a homeless camp inside a blue-chip art gallery, does anyone care?|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 18, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ==
Otu n'ime mmetụta kachasị Hammons bụ ụwa egwu. N'ime ''nnụnụ'' ahụ e kwuru n'elu, ọ na-asọpụrụ onye egwu Jazz bụ Charlie Parker. N'otu aka ahụ, mgbe Hammons nụrụ na Miles Davis anwụọla, o butere igbe boombox na New York's Museum of Modern Art mgbe ọ na-etinye ọrụ ya maka ihe ngosi 1991 ya 'Dislocations'. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.artnet.com&quot;/&gt; Ọzọkwa, aha nke otu n'ime ọrụ ya ''How Ya Like Me Now'' sitere na egwu Kool Moe Dee . &lt;ref name=&quot;news.artnet.com&quot; /&gt; N'ihe ngosi Mnuchin ya, o debere igwe igwe okwu atọ, nke ọnụ ha gbatịpụrụ nke ukwuu nke na ọtụtụ mmadụ enweghị ike iru ha, nke isiokwu ya ''bụ Kedu Mike ka ịchọrọ ịdị ka...?'' (Na-ezo aka Mike Tyson, Michael Jordan na [[Michael Jackson]] ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2016-03-24|title=David Hammons Is Still Messing With What Art Means (Published 2016)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/arts/design/david-hammons-is-still-messing-with-what-art-means.html|accessdate=2021-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ raara onwe ya nye ihe ngosi na Hauser &amp; Wirth Gallery na Los Angeles Ornette Coleman, na-akọwa ya dị ka &quot;Duchamp nke egwu, onye gbanwere ihe niile&quot;. 

Otu n'ime isi mmetụta Hammons bụ onye omenkà France Marcel Duchamp. Hammons akọwaala onwe ya dị ka onye isi 'Duchamp Outpatient Clinic' &lt;ref name=&quot;news.artnet.com&quot;/&gt; na ụlọ ọrụ nwere Yonkers Gallery ya bụ 'Duchamp Realty'. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.artnet.com&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==
Hammons nwetara mkpakọrịta MacArthur (nke a maara dị ka &quot;Gentius Grant&quot;) na Julaị 1991. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.artnet.com&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==
 

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* Hammons, David na Heiss, Alana. ''David Hammons: Na-ebugharị ihe mkpofu'', MIT Press, 1991.
* 
* 
* Herbert, Martin, 'Ọkwa n'okporo ámá', ''Gwa Ha Akwuru m Mba'', Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2016.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://archive.newmuseum.org/index.php/Detail/Entity/Show/entity_id/792 David Hammons], ebe nchekwa ihe ngosi nka ohuru
* [http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=81317 Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Modern Art], New York
* [http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork-search/results/Hammons Ụlọ ọrụ Art nke Chicago]
* [http://www.hirshhorn.si.edu/search-results/?edan_search_value=David%20Hammons Hirshhorn], Washington, DC
* [https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=%22David%20Hammons%22&amp;ss=0&amp;ct=0&amp;mt=all&amp;w=all&amp;adv=1 Foto Flicker: &quot;David Hammons&quot;]
* [http://www.inenart.eu/?p=13122 InEnArt: Ị nwere ike iwepu egwurugwu na-eme?]
* [http://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/search@/0?t:state:flow=e7aa506f-4f4e-45ca-8644-5dbdfa59077e &quot;Njem njem,&quot;] 2001-2001. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Baltimore
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190603104839/http://www.maumaus.org/Maumaus/Lumiar_Cite_-_David_Hammons.html David Hammons na Lumiar Cité, Lisbon, Portugal], 2019
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hammons, David}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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  <page>
    <title>Bobby Carter</title>
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      <text bytes="3730" sha1="jw1k5bv3i8due9kb7qc0ff0katzzvf9" xml:space="preserve">'''Robert E. Carter''' (Ọktoba 7, 1939 - Jenụwarị 5, 2015) bu onye America n'eme Ihe ndoro ndoro Ọchịchị nakwa buru onye nkuzi umuakwukwo si na Tennessee. . &lt;ref name=&quot;wwbbj&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Carter na Scott County, Virginia na Robert na Estelle Carter. Ọ gara Virginia High School na Bristol, Virginia &lt;ref name=&quot;3cities&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Carter, Robert|url=http://www.tricities.com/obituaries/article_7f7dd20d-0f32-5128-88b8-e1c13a3c0545.html|accessdate=January 7, 2015|publisher=Tricities.com|date=January 7, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nweta BS na MS na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Tennessee, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 105|url=http://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/103/Bill/SJR0105.pdf|accessdate=January 5, 2015|date=February 25, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ gbakwara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu basketball nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka osote onye nkuzi maka oge 1961-1962, Carter hapụrụ Tennessee.&lt;ref name=&quot;sunshields&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Shields|first1=Brandon|last2=Whetstone|first2=Tyler|title=Sen. Bobby Carter 'was committed to helping people'|url=http://www.jacksonsun.com/story/news/obituaries/2015/01/05/sen-bobby-carter-committed-helping-people/21319923/|access-date=January 6, 2015|work=The Jackson Sun|date=January 5, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kụziri ma zụọ na Beaver High School na Pennsylvania, &lt;ref name=&quot;3cities&quot; /&gt; Humboldt High School na Humboldt, Tennessee na Union University. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Coca-Cola na Jackson. Carter ghọrọ onye otu ụlọ ọrụ mba atọ nwere alaka na Jackson, Boys and Girls Club, Salvation Army na West Tennessee United Way, yana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;sunshields&quot;&gt; O nyere aka chọta West Tennessee Healthcare Foundation. Onye Republican, Carter meriri Joe McKnight na ntuli aka 1994. Carter jere ozi na kọmitii atọ n'oge niile ọ nọ n'ọchịchị: Azụmaahịa, Ọrụ na Ọrụ Ugbo, Mmụta na Ọrụ Gọọmentị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Whetstone|first=Tyler|title=Bobby Carter, former state senator, died Monday morning|url=http://www.jacksonsun.com/story/news/obituaries/2015/01/05/bobby-carter-former-state-senator-died-monday-morning/21286817/|accessdate=January 6, 2015|work=The Jackson Sun|date=January 5, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ meriri na ntuli aka nke afọ 2002, Don McLeary nọchiri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=2002 General Election|url=http://www.state.tn.us/sos/election/results/2002-11/tn-senate.pdf|accessdate=January 5, 2015|publisher=TN.gov|date=November 5, 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Achoputara na Carter nwere otutu sclerosis n'afo 1980s. O nwuru na January 5, 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;sunshields&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wwbbj&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Former state senator, Jackson businessman Bobby Carter dies at 75|url=http://www.wbbjtv.com/2015/01/05/former-state-senator-jackson-businessman-bobby-carter-dies-at-75/|accessdate=January 5, 2015|publisher=WBBJ-TV|date=January 5, 2015|archive-date=January 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105213930/http://www.wbbjtv.com/news/local/Former-state-senator-Bobby-Carter-dies-287532381.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150105213930/http://www.wbbjtv.com/news/local/Former-state-senator-Bobby-Carter-dies-287532381.html &quot;Former state senator, Jackson businessman Bobby Carter dies at 75&quot;]. WBBJ-TV. January 5, 2015. Archived from  on January 5, 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 5,&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carter, Bobby}}

== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Living people]]
[[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]]
[[Òtù:WikiforMiniorities]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Françoise Ellong</title>
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'''Françoise Ellong''' (amuru 8 February 1988) bu onye isi ihe nkiri na onye ode akwukwo Cameroon.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Ellong na Douala, Cameroon na 1988. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 11, ọ kwagara Brunoy ka ya na nwanne nna ya biri, o dekwara akụkọ mbụ ya. Ellong sonyere na asọmpi maka ndị odee na-eto eto na-asụ French na 2002. N'ihi asọmpi ahụ, ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'ide ihe n'ihu. &lt;ref name=&quot;africultures&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Francoise Ellong |url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=30098 |website=Africultures |accessdate=2 October 2020|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2006, e wepụtara obere ihe nkiri mbụ ya, ''Les Colocs'' . Ellong na-eduzi ihe nkiri mbụ ya, ''WAKA'', na 2013. Ọ bụ Séraphin Kakouang dere ya, dabere na akụkọ izizi Ellong dere. ''WAKA'' nwetara ihe nrite Jury pụrụ iche na Festival du Cinéma Africain de Khoribga, yana onyinye Dikalo na International Pan-African Film Festival na Cannes . &lt;ref name=&quot;africultures&quot;&gt; / A na-enyocha ya na mmalite nke Ecrans Noirs Festival. Ihe nkiri ngosi ya nke abụọ, ''E liri'', pụtara na 2020. Ọ bụ banyere nchikota nke ndị enyi nwata na egwuregwu nke kpughere ihe nzuzo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Buried - Francoise Ellong, Cameroon, 2020|url=https://ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za/buried/|work=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]]|accessdate=2 October 2020|archivedate=11 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111214215/https://ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za/buried/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sere ya n’ime ime obodo Nkassomo, akụkọ akụkọ ọ hụrụ na telivishọn sitere n’ike mmụọ nsọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;nlend&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nlend|first=Jeanne|title=Françoise Ellong : &quot; J’aime prendre des risques quand je raconte une histoire &quot;|url=http://www.crtv.cm/2020/05/francoise-ellong-jaime-prendre-des-risques-quand-je-raconte-une-histoire/|accessdate=2 October 2020|work=CRTV|date=24 May 2020|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
sonyere na asọmpi maka ndị odee na-eto eto na-asụ nkiri ngosi ya nke abụọ, E liri, pụtara na 2020. Ọ bụ banyere nchikota nke ndị enyi nwata

* 2006: ''Les Colocs'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi)
* 2007: ''Dade'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi)
* 2008: ''Miseria'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi)
* 2009: ''Nnukwu nwanyị anaghị akwa ákwá'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi)
* 2010: ''Nek'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi)
* 2011: ''Na nso nso'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi)
* 2011: ''Mgbe Soukhina kwụsịrị'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi)
* 2012: ''Ugbu a na ha'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi)
* 2013: ''WAKA'' (onye nduzi)
* 2017: ''Ashia'' (obere ihe nkiri, onye edemede / onye nduzi)
* 2020: ''E liri ya'' (onye edemede/onye ntụzi)
==Edensibia==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [[imdbname:4397793|Françoise Ellong]] na [[IMDb|nchekwa data ihe nkiri ịntanetị]]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Freemartin</title>
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      <text bytes="12064" sha1="rtxgyzpycgtsh91ri2d524r7tzcr239" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Portrait_of_a_Freemartin.JPG|thumb|Efere na-egosi &quot;Free Martin&quot; site na ọrụ John Hunter.]]
A freemartin ma ọ bụ free-martin (mgbe ụfọdụ martin heifer) bụ ehi na-amụghị amụ nke nwere omume nwoke na ovaries na-adịghị arụ ọrụ.[1] N'ụzọ doro anya, anụmanụ ahụ na-egosi nwanyị, mana akụkụ dị iche iche nke mmepe ịmụ nwa na-agbanwe n'ihi inweta ọgwụ mgbochi Müllerian n'aka ejima nwoke. Na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, anụmanụ ahụ bụ chimeric: karyotypy nke ihe nlele nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-egosi chromosomes XX/XY. Anụmanụ ahụ sitere na nwanyị (XX), mana ọ na-enweta akụkụ nwoke (XY) na utero site na mgbanwe ụfọdụ ihe cellular sitere na ejima nwoke, site na njikọ vaskụla n'etiti placentas: ihe atụ nke microchimerism.[3]. Chimerism na-adịkarị na mkpụrụ ndụ hematopoietic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702072338000094|title=Veterinary reproduction and obstetrics|date=2019|others=David E. Noakes, Timothy J. Parkinson, Gary C. W. England|chapter=9 - Abnormalities of Development and Pregnancy|pages=168–194|isbn=978-0-7020-7238-3|edition=Tenth|location=[Edinburgh, Scotland]|doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-7233-8.00009-4|oclc=1077474208}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Usòrò:Sawrey_Gilpin_-_The_Free-Martin_-_B1998.32.6(46)_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg|thumb|Onye nweere onwe ya (Sawrey Gilpin) ]]
A maara na onye edemede Rom bụ Varro kọwara ndị Freemartins, onye kpọrọ ha &quot;{{Lang|la|&quot;taura&quot;}}&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Swett&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:sim_journal-of-agricultural-research_1940-10-15_61_8/page/586/mode/2up|EARLY RECOGNITION OF THE FREEMARTIN CONDITION IN HEIFERS TWINBORN WITH BULLS]], by W.W. Swett, C.A. Matthews, and R. R. Graves, in the ''Journal of Agricultural Research'', vol. 61, no. 8 (October 15, 1940); p. 587–623; via [[archive.org]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Dọkịta nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ bụ John Hunter chọpụtara na freemartin nwere ejima nwoke mgbe niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hunter|first=John|year=1779|title=Account of the Free Martin. By Mr. John Hunter, F. R. S.|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume=69|pages=279–93|doi=10.1098/rstl.1779.0020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E chepụtara na mbido narị afọ nke 20 na ihe ndị na-eme ka nwoke bụrụ nwoke na-aga site na ejima nwoke gaa na ejima nwanyị site na njikọ vascular nke placenta n'ihi njikọta vascular ma na-emetụta ahụ dị n'ime nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;(Nelson, Randy. An introduction to behavioral endocrinology. Sinauer Associates: Massachusetts. 2005: pg 145)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta mere nchọpụta na freemartin na-apụta mgbe nwa ebu n'afọ nwere fuse chorion n'ime akpanwa yana nke ejima nwoke. Tandler na Keller bipụtara nsonaazụ ya na 1916.[1] Ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ America bụ Frank R. Lillie mere nchọpụta ahụ n’adabereghị ya, bụ́ onye bipụtara ya na Sayensị na 1916.[2] Ndị otu abụọ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka nchọpụta ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Freeman G|title=Explaining the freemartin: Tandler and Keller vs. Lillie and the question of priority|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology B|volume=308|issue=2|pages=105–12|date=March 2007|pmid=17219370|doi=10.1002/jez.b.21151}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ime obodo, akụkọ ọdịnala na-ekwukarị na ọnọdụ a abụghị naanị maka ehi, kamakwa gbasaa na ejima mmadụ. Nkwenye a gara n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ, dịka e kwuru n'ihe odide Cuthbert Bede.

=== Okwu mmalite ===
Nkọwa okwu nke okwu ahụ bụ &quot;freemartin&quot; bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka: ịkọ nkọ gụnyere na &quot;n'efu&quot; nwere ike igosi &quot;ọ dị njikere&quot; (na-ezo aka na nnwere onwe nke freemartin ịrụ ọrụ) ma ọ bụ &quot;na-enweghị ike ịmụpụta ya&quot; (na-ezo aka na ọmụmụ ya, ma ọ bụ na mkpebi onye ọrụ ugbo na-agaghị ekwe omume). na-agbasi mbọ ike ịmụba freemartin, ma ọ bụ abụọ), ma ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike nweta ya site na okwu Flemish maka ehi nke na-enye mmiri ara ehi na / ma ọ bụ kwụsịrị inwe ike ịmụ nwa; enwetara site na okwu Irish ma ọ bụ Gaelic mart maka &quot;ehi&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;oke ehi&quot;, ọ bụ ezie na etinyela njikọ na Martinmas.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Swett&quot;/&gt;

== Usoro ==
N'ọtụtụ ụmụ ejima ehi, akwara ọbara dị na chorions na-ejikọta, na-emepụta mmegharị maka ụmụ ejima abụọ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ụmụ abụọ ahụ bụ otu nwoke na nwanyị nke a enweghị ihe ọ bụla, mana ọ bụrụ na ha dị iche, [[Hormone|homonụ]] nwoke na-agafe site na ejima nwoke gaa na ejima nwanyị. Hormone nwoke (testosterone na hormone na-emegide Müllerian) wee mee ka ejima nwanyị bụrụ nwoke, nsonaazụ ya bụ freemartin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Padula AM|title=The freemartin syndrome: an update|journal=Animal Reproduction Science|volume=87|issue=1–2|pages=93–109|date=June 2005|pmid=15885443|doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.09.008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdịdị nwoke dị ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na njikọta ahụ na&amp;#x2D; n'oge ime - n'ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ọnọdụ ọ dịghị njikọta na-ewere ọnọdụ ma nwanyị ahụ na-anọgide na-amụ nwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Steenholdt|first=Christian W.|title=Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology|chapter=Infertility Due to Noninflammatory Abnormalities of the Tubular Reproductive Tract|publisher=Elsevier|date=2007|isbn=978-0-7216-9323-1|doi=10.1016/b978-072169323-1.50051-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Parkinson|first=Timothy J.|title=Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics|chapter=Infertility in the Cow Due to Functional and Management Deficiencies|publisher=Elsevier|date=2019|isbn=978-0-7020-7233-8|doi=10.1016/b978-0-7020-7233-8.00022-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụ ejima nwoke anaghị emetụta ya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na njikọta ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ogo nke testicles nwere ike belata ntakịrị. A na-ejikọta ogo testicle na ọmụmụ, n'ihi ya enwere ike inwe mbelata ụfọdụ na ọmụmụ ehi.

Freemartins na-akpa àgwà ma na-eto n'ụzọ yiri nke ehi ndị a kpụrụ akpụ (ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala).

== Nnyocha ==
Ọ bụrụ na a na-enyo ya enyo, enwere ike ịme nyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke Y-chromosomes nwoke na ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha na-agagharị agagharị nke onye ahụ. Enwere ike ịme Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka Y-chromosome n'ime ụbọchị ọmụmụ ma nwee ike inye aka na nchọpụta mbụ nke ehi nwanyị na-adịghị amị.

Nnyocha anụ ahụ nke nwa ehi ahụ nwekwara ike ikpughe ọdịiche: nyocha nke uche bụ na a na-enwekarị ntutu isi dị ogologo n'akụkụ ventral nke vulva na nwa ehi freemartin na-enweghị atụ na nwa ehi na-amị mkpụrụ. Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ mgbe (ma ọ bụghị ha niile) freemartins ga-enwe ogologo oge dị mkpirikpi nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke nwa ehi na-amụ nwa. A na-enweta nyocha azụmahịa iji nyochaa ụmụ ehi maka nnwere onwe doro anya kama ịme nyocha ọbara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Eldridge FE, Blazak WF|title=Chromosomal analysis of fertile female heterosexual twins in cattle|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-dairy-science_1977-03_60_3/page/458|journal=Journal of Dairy Science|volume=60|issue=3|pages=458–63|date=March 1977|pmid=845292|doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83888-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ==
A freemartin bụ nsonaazụ nkịtị nke ejima agwakọta na ụdị ehi niile a mụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peek Divers&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-adịkarị n'ụmụ ehi ma ọ naghị emekarị n'ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-enye nwa ara, &lt;ref name=&quot;Peek Divers&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Peek|first=Simon|title=Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle|publisher=Saunders|date=2017-04-01|isbn=978-0-323-39055-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na edere ya na atụrụ, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wilkes PR, Munro IB, Wijeratne WV|title=Studies on a sheep freemartin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_veterinary-record_1978-02-18_102_7/page/n15|journal=The Veterinary Record|volume=102|issue=7|pages=140–2|date=February 1978|pmid=565559|doi=10.1136/vr.102.7.140}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Youngquist&quot;&gt;class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;67&quot; href=&quot;./Goat&quot; id=&quot;mwbA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Goat&quot;&gt;ewu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ilbery PL, Williams D|title=Evidence of the freemartin condition in the goat|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cytogenetic-and-genome-research_1967_6_3-4/page/276|journal=Cytogenetics|volume=6|issue=3|pages=276–85|year=1967|pmid=6035567|doi=10.1159/000129948}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ezì. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bruere AN, Fielden ED, Hutchings H|title=XX-XY mosaicism in lymphocyte cultures from a pig with freemartin characteristics|journal=New Zealand Veterinary Journal|volume=16|issue=3|pages=31–8|date=March 1968|pmid=5241942|doi=10.1080/00480169.1968.33743}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ojiji ==
A na-eji Freemartins eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ na nyocha stem cell na immunology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Niku M, Ilmonen L, Pessa-Morikawa T, Iivanainen A|title=Limited contribution of circulating cells to the development and maintenance of nonhematopoietic bovine tissues|journal=Stem Cells|volume=22|issue=1|pages=12–20|year=2004|pmid=14688387|doi=10.1634/stemcells.22-1-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge uto nwa ọhụrụ, a na-agbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ n'etiti mgbasa nke ejima ehi. Ihe ruru 95% nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara nke freemartin nwere ike isite na nke ejima ya. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị sitere na nwoke na ụmụ ha nwere ike ịhụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na anụ ahụ freemartin, ebe ọ bụ naanị ha nwere Y chromosome nwoke. Ya mere, site n'inyocha anụ ahụ ndị a, mmadụ nwere ike ịchọpụta ikike nke hematopoietic stem cells ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ na-agagharị agagharị iji mepụta anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ na mgbakwunye na ọbara. Ihe nlereanya freemartin na-enye ohere ka mmadụ nyochaa anụmanụ ndị nwere ahụike zuru oke na ndị a na-ejighị aka mee ihe, na-enweghị ịmegharị mkpụrụ ndụ a na-eji eme nchọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ stem.

== Ojiji e chepụtara echepụta ==

* N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Aldous Huxley bụ Brave New World, &quot;freemartin&quot; (nke a kpọtụrụ aha na isi nke 1, 3, 11 na 17) bụ nwanyị a kpachapụrụ anya mee ka ọ bụrụ nwa amụrụ site na ikpughe homonụ n'oge mmepe nwa; n'akwụkwọ ahụ, iwu gọọmentị chọrọ ka ndị nweere onwe ha mepụta 70% nke ndị inyom. Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke a bụ ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị freemartin nwere afụ ọnụ.
* Akwụkwọ akụkọ Robert A. Heinlein Beyond This Horizon depụtara &quot;ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi na ndị mara mma pseudo-feminine freemartins&quot; dị ka otu n'ime ụdị ụmụ mmadụ ndị ọkachamara na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke e kere na &quot;Alaeze nke Great Khans&quot; (isi 2).
* N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Robert Heinlein Farnham's Freehold, a na-enye onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Hugh Farnham, onye ibe (&quot;onye na-ehi ụra&quot;) nke a kọwara dị ka &quot;onye nweere onwe ya&quot;.
* N'akụkọ Avram Davidson &quot;Ụlọ Blakeneys wuru&quot;, ehi bụ ndị nweere onwe ha.
* N'ime usoro akwụkwọ fantasy ''Bazil Broketail'' nke Christopher Rowley, &quot;freemartin&quot; bụ aha maka ụdị dragọn nwanyị na-adịghị amị mkpụrụ.
* Na Footfall nke Larry Niven na Jerry Pournelle, otu nwanyị mmadụ e wuru nke ọma na-eji okwu ahụ bụ &quot;freemartin&quot; akọwa onwe ya, mgbe ọ na-enwe obi abụọ banyere mmekọahụ ya.
* N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Nicola Griffith bụ Hild, ndị ọzọ na-akpọ onye a mgbe ụfọdụ freemartin, na-ezo aka na àgwà ya na-abụghị nwanyị na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.
* N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Lauren Groff bụ ''Matrix'' (New York: Riverhead Books, 2021), ndị ọrụ ugbo England nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ na-eji freemartins adọta ụgbọ ala.

== Ebem si dee ==
{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Freddie Davidson</title>
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      <text bytes="3053" sha1="0525dmhzccxmqzvto771ekh67oo1m8d" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Freddie Davidson at the Paris Olympics.jpg|thumb|Freddie Davidson]]
 

'''Frederick Davidson''' (amụrụ 26 Mee 1998) bụ onye nnọchi anya ụgbọ mmiri Britain. &lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;/ Ọ bụ onye mmeri ụwa ugboro abụọ na-emeri utu aha ya na 2022 na 2023 na coxless anọ nke ụmụ nwoke.

== Mahadum na ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri ==
Davidson gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Paul's School, London wee malite ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na St Paul's School Boat Club . &lt;ref name=&quot;Profile&quot;&gt;/ Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Cambridge ahọpụtara ya na Cambridge okenye asatọ maka asọmpi ụgbọ mmiri nke 2017, 2018 na 2019. Ọ gbara na mmeri Cambridge ndị ahụ nke 2018 (na ọrịa strok) na 2019 (na oche asaa). A họpụtara ya, dị ka onye isi ala, na 2020 Cambridge asatọ mana ọ nweghị agbụrụ emere n'afọ ahụ.

== Nnọchite anya ọrụ ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri ==
A họpụtara Davidson nke mbụ ịnọchite anya Great Britain na obere ụmụ nwoke asatọ maka asọmpi ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke 2015 Junior . Ha debere nke ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;Career&quot;&gt;[https://worldrowing.com/athlete/freddie-davidson?id=47107 Davidson at World Rowing]&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ sochirinụ mgbe ahọpụtara ya maka 2016 Junior World Championship, Davidson kụdara ndị Britain coxless anọ ka ọ bụrụ nrite ọla ọcha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Career&quot; /&gt;

Site na 2017 Davidson mere ngosi atọ na U23 World Rowing Championship . Ọ gbara otu ụzọ na 2017 nke gụchara nke isii, asatọ nke ụmụ nwoke na 2018 nke meriri nrite ọla ọcha wee nọrọ ọdụ na atọ na 2019 na coxless anọ nke meriri ọla edo na U23 World Championship. &lt;ref name=&quot;Career&quot;/&gt;

Na 2021 Davidson kwagara n'ime ndị otu egwuregwu mana ọ bụ naanị otu onye nnọchi anya pụtara na coxless anọ na World Rowing Cup III. &lt;ref name=&quot;Career&quot;/&gt; 2022 agbanyeghị bụ afọ ama ama Davidson. O nwetara oche strok nke British coxless four. Ha meriri ọla edo na iko mba ụwa abụọ, &lt;ref name=&quot;Career&quot; /&gt; wee nweta aha European na asọmpi ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke 2022 European . &lt;ref name=&quot;guard&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/aug/13/british-rowing-bounces-back-with-four-golds-in-european-championships?amp;amp;amp|title=British rowing bounces back with four golds in European Championships|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 August 2022|accessdate=2022-08-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; tupu ọ merie aha asọmpi ụwa mbụ ya na asọmpi ụwa nke 2022 .

Na 2023, ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla edo nke abụọ nke World Championship n'ime ụmụ nwoke na-enweghị isi, na asọmpi ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke 2023 na Belgrade &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-sports.org/rowing-world-championships-results-2023-men-epm110899.html|title=Rowing - World Championships - 2023|work=The Sports.org|accessdate=18 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ọ chịchara ọzọ n'oge asọmpi European 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;Career&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Freddie Davidson at World Rowing 

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'''Francisco Igea Arisqueta''' (amụrụ 17 Eprel 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Spanish nke pati [[Ụmụ amaala (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Spain)|ụmụ amaala]] n'etiti 2016 na 2023. Dọkịta site n'ọrụ ya, o duuru otu ahụ na ntuli aka mpaghara Castilian-Leonese nke 2019, wee bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke Junta of Castile na León mgbe ya na onye isi otu People's Party Alfonso Fernández Mañueco guzobe ọchịchị. Na ntuli aka 2022, otu ya tụfuru oche ha niile ma e wezụga nke ya. Ọ bụbu onye so na Congress of Deputies (2015–2019) wee bụrụ onye gbara ọsọ na ntuli aka onye isi otu ya na 2020 . A chụpụrụ ya na ụmụ amaala n'afọ 2023 maka ịkatọ mkpebi ha ịghara ịzọ ntuli aka izugbe nke 2023 na Spen, ma jigide oche ya dị ka onye nweere onwe ya .

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Amụrụ na Valladolid, Igea gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Medicine na Mahadum Valladolid . Ọkachamara na usoro nri nri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Palencia dị ka onye isi ngalaba ruo n'afọ 2013, mgbe o wepụtara onwe ya maka mgbapụta n'ihi mbelata. &lt;ref name=&quot;quien&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gamarra |first1=Lorena |title=Quién es Francisco Igea, el rival de Silvia Clemente que impugnó su elección |trans-title=Who is Francisco Igea, Silvia Clemente's rival who challenges her election|url=https://www.elindependiente.com/politica/2019/03/10/quien-francisco-igea-rival-silvia-clemente-impugno-eleccion/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=El Independiente |date=10 March 2019 |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Igea zọọrọ primaries ka ọ duru Union, Progress and Democracy na 2015 Castilian-Leonese ntuli aka, meriri na Rafael Delgado. Ọ hapụrụ pati ahụ, maka [[Ụmụ amaala (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Spain)|ụmụ amaala]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;quien&quot;&gt; / A họpụtara ya na Congress of Deputies na Valladolid constituency na December 2015 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=La 'vuelta al cole' de los 32 diputados|url=https://www.eldiadevalladolid.com/noticia/zc54a4905-a59a-ce53-66d09f75ff9ea45a/201601/la-vuelta-al-cole-de-los-32-diputados|accessdate=27 March 2021|work=[[El Norte de Castilla]]|date=11 January 2016|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na June na-esote, ọ bụ naanị onye otu ya na Castile na León iji merie nhoputa ndi ozo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Igea, único diputado de C's en CyL, promete &quot;sudar&quot; tanto para un nuevo gobierno como para que cambien las cosas|url=https://www.lainformacion.com/espana/Igea-diputado-Cs-CyL-gobierno_0_929907139.html|accessdate=28 March 2021|work=La Información|date=27 June 2016|language=Spanish|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828102856/https://www.lainformacion.com/espana/Igea-diputado-Cs-CyL-gobierno_0_929907139.html/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Jenụwarị 2017, ọ banyere na kọmitii etiti nke otu ya, na-ahụ maka ahụike. &lt;ref name=&quot;quien&quot; /&gt;

Na njedebe nke 2021, Mañueco kpọrọ ntuli aka mbụ na ebumnuche nke ịchị naanị ya, dịka onye otu ya Isabel Díaz Ayuso nwetara na Community of Madrid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Pablo Casado muestra su apoyo a Mañueco para liderar una victoria &quot;en solitario&quot;|url=https://www.laopiniondezamora.es/castilla-leon/2021/12/30/pablo-casado-muestra-apoyo-manueco-61135332.html|accessdate=4 January 2022|work=La Opinión de Zamora|date=30 December 2021|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị isi otu pati mba ahụ họpụtara Igea onye ga-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke ụmụ amaala na-enweghị mkpa nke mbụ, na-ehota iwu ọhụrụ n'ime pati ahụ maka mgbe enwere obere mkpọsa ntuli aka na-atụghị anya ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carvajal|first=Álvaro|title=Ciudadanos nombra a Francisco Igea candidato en Castilla y León sin primarias y apelando a la &quot;unidad&quot;|url=https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2021/12/27/61c9978421efa02e318b456e.html|accessdate=4 January 2022|work=El Mundo|date=27 December 2021|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntuli aka ahụ kwụsịrị na ụmụ amaala tụfuru oche ha niile ma e wezụga nke Igea ebe Vox nwetara uru; o kwere nkwa ịkwado na PP na ọchịchị Vox kacha elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Igea lamenta la &quot;catástrofe&quot; de Cs y se ofrece al PP para evitar la entrada de Vox en el Gobierno de CyL|url=https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-igea-lamenta-catastrofe-cs-ofrece-pp-evitar-entrada-vox-gobierno-cyl-20220214104158.html|accessdate=14 February 2022|date=14 February 2022|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Septemba 2023, a chụpụrụ Igea na [[Edmundo Bal]] na ụmụ amaala maka ịkatọ mkpebi pati ahụ ịghara ịzọ ntuli aka izugbe nke 2023 Spanish . Igea anabataghị mkpebi ahụ ma ọ hapụghị oche ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ciudadanos expulsa a Edmundo Bal y a Francisco Igea|url=https://www.publico.es/politica/ciudadanos-expulsa-francisco-igea-edmundo-bal.html|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=[[Público (Spain)|Público]]|date=28 September 2023|language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
mba ahụ họpụtara Igea onye ga-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke ụmụ amaala na-enweghịduuru otu ahụ na ntuli aka mpaghara Castilian
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Igea, Francisco}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Jennie Chua</title>
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'''Jennie Chua Kheng Yeng''' ( Chinese    ) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego nke Singapore bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Beeworks, Inc. Akpọrọ ya aha otu n'ime Forbes Asia 's &quot;50 Women In the Mix&quot; na 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Forbes Asia's 50 Women In the Mix|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fdgk45ehfi/jennie-chua/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305042640/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/fdgk45ehfi/jennie-chua/|archivedate=March 5, 2013|work=[[Forbes Asia]]|accessdate=4 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akpọ ya &quot;Singapore's Grande Dame&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sevilla&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sevilla|first=Jan|title=What's cooking? Jennie Chua and Jollibee|url=http://www.eturbonews.com/32879/what-s-cooking-jennie-chua-and-jollibee|publisher=Global Travel Industry News|accessdate=5 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Jennie Chua na Batam, Indonesia wee zụlite ya na mpaghara Tanglin na Singapore . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụ iri na abụọ. Nna ya, Chua Kok Kuan, bụ onye ọchụnta ego bara ọgaranya nke na-ere cloves na nutmeg, mana ọ tụfuru azụmahịa ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Chua gụrụ akwụkwọ na Singapore Chinese Girls' School &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; wee malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntorobịa, dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.swhf.sg/the-inductees/12-business-enterprise/34-jennie-chua|title=SINGAPORE WOMEN'S HALL OF FAME - Jennie Chua|author=SWHF|work=www.swhf.sg|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụchara A Level na Anglo-Chinese School, e nyere ya akwụkwọ mmụta ịga Mahadum Singapore (ugbu a bụ National University of Singapore ), ebe ọ kwụsịrị mgbe otu afọ gasịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nothing keeps Jennie Chua down|date=12 August 2012|work=The Straits Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&quot;Nothing keeps Jennie Chua down&quot;. ''The Straits Times''. 12 August 2012.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ zutere Goh Kian Chee, nwa Goh Keng Swee, mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ afọ asatọ ka e mesịrị na 1968. Ka Goh gara Mahadum Cornell, Chua kwagara ebe ahụ wee gaa Cornell maka njikwa ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ . Di na nwunye a nwere ụmụ abụọ, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://womanoftheyear.herworldplus.com/1999-jennie-chua|title=1999 Jennie Chua – Her World Woman of The Year|work=womanoftheyear.herworldplus.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-09-02|archivedate=2017-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902143801/http://womanoftheyear.herworldplus.com/1999-jennie-chua}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170902143801/http://womanoftheyear.herworldplus.com/1999-jennie-chua &quot;1999 Jennie Chua – Her World Woman of The Year&quot;]. ''womanoftheyear.herworldplus.com''. Archived from [http://womanoftheyear.herworldplus.com/1999-jennie-chua the original] on 2017-09-02&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-09-02&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; mana ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 1977 wee nọgide na-adị n'udo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hotelier Jennie Chua's New Challenge: Bringing Jollibee Fast Food to Singapore|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2012/11/28/hotelier-jennie-chuas-new-challenge-bringing-jollibee-fast-food-to-singapore/2/|work=[[Forbes Asia]]|accessdate=4 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
dị afọ 16. Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ afọ asatọ ka e mesịrị na 1968. Ka Goh gara Mahadum{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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{{Databox}} 

'''Jennifer Lee Juengel''' FRSNZ bụ onye nyocha ahụike anụmanụ na New Zealand. Ọ bụbu onye otu Royal Society Te Apārangi kemgbe 2016.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Juengel tolitere na [[Michigan]], wee gaa Mahadum Michigan State . Juengel nwetara PhD site na Mahadum Missouri na 1992, na akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ ''Mechanisms of luteal regression na anụ ụlọ'' mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nyocha postdoctoral na Mahadum Colorado State .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Honour for oocyte identifier|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/the-country/news/honour-for-oocyte-identifier/OA5ORUQCLJT6BTBPAHQWVSENMU/|accessdate=2021-08-17|work=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ|archivedate=17 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817114512/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/the-country/news/honour-for-oocyte-identifier/OA5ORUQCLJT6BTBPAHQWVSENMU/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Juengel na-arụ ọrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke atụrụ. A họpụtara Juengel ka ọ bụrụ AgResearch na 1998. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Juengel bụ onye isi sayensị nke otu mmeputakwa AgResearch na ogige Invermay . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AgResearch scientist honoured {{!}} Farm Research {{!}} AgResearch|url=https://www.agresearch.co.nz/news/agresearch-scientist-honoured/|accessdate=2021-08-17|work=AgResearch NZ|language=en-NZ|archivedate=17 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817114515/https://www.agresearch.co.nz/news/agresearch-scientist-honoured/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu ==
A họpụtara Juengel ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Royal Society Te Apārangi na 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Jennifer Juengel FRSNZ Year Elected: 2016|url=https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/who-we-are/our-people/our-fellows/view-our-fellows/|accessdate=2021-08-17|work=Royal Society Te Apārangi|archivedate=7 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007100927/https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/who-we-are/our-people/our-fellows/view-our-fellows/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/who-we-are/our-people/our-fellows/view-our-fellows/ &quot;Dr Jennifer Juengel FRSNZ Year Elected: 2016&quot;]. ''Royal Society Te Apārangi''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211007100927/https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/who-we-are/our-people/our-fellows/view-our-fellows/ Archived] from the original on 7 October 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 August&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara ==
 

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== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Jennifer Juengel publications indexed by Google Scholar
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'''Beatriz''' &quot; '''Gigi''' &quot; '''Fernández''' (amuru Febụwarị 22, 1964) bụ onye Puerto Rican bụbu onye ọkpọ egwuregwu tennis . Fernández nwetara aha 17 isi okpukpu abụọ na ihe nrite ọla edo abụọ nke Olympic na-anọchite anya United States, wee rute n'ọkwa mba ụwa nke mbụ n'ọkwa abụọ. O ruru ogo 17 n'otu n'otu na 1991 n'ọrụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ lara ezumike nká na njem ọkachamara na 1997 mgbe ọ dị afọ 33, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WTA, Players, Stats, Gigi Fernandez|url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/page/Player/Stats/0,,12781~2347,00.html|publisher=Sony Ericsson WTA Tour|accessdate=May 17, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612033525/http://www.wtatennis.com/page/Player/Stats/0,,12781~2347,00.html|archivedate=June 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fernández bụ onye nchịkwa tennis na onye ọchụnta ego. Ugbu a ọ na-ekerịta ihe ọmụma ya banyere okpukpu abụọ n'etiti ndị na-anụ tenis na US niile site na iji Gigi Clinics na Doubles Boot Camps duzie Master Doubles. Fernández bụ Puerto Rican mbụ a kpọbatara n'Ụlọ Nzukọ Tenis nke Mba Nile . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/gigi-fernandez|title=Gigi Fernandez|work=International Tennis Hall of Fame|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032520/http://www.tennisfame.com/gigi-fernandez|archivedate=2011-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n22/PRSportsBeat0622-en.html|title=Gigi Fernández: &quot;We Have A Mixed Identity&quot;|publisher=Puerto Rico Herald|date=May 30, 2002|accessdate=May 17, 2011|archivedate=June 5, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605165008/http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n22/PRSportsBeat0622-en.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
A ghọtara Fernández nke ọma dị ka ọkachamara abụọ n'oge ọrụ ọkachamara ya. Ọ meriri ọrụ Grand Slam okpukpu abụọ na aha 17 Grand Slam ụmụ nwanyị - French Open isii, US Open ise, Wimbledon anọ na Open Australian Open na-emeri opekata mpe otu Grand Slam kwa afọ site na 1988 ruo 1997, ewezuga 1989, na atọ. afọ kwụ ọtọ na-emeri okpukpu atọ n'ime Grand Slam anọ n'otu afọ (1992–1994). Ọ meriri 14 n'ime aha 17 Grand Slam ya na Natasha Zvereva ; Mmekọrịta ha bụ ụzọ abụọ na-aga nke ọma nke abụọ na Open era ka Martina Navratilova na Pam Shriver gasịrị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://web.wm.edu/tenniscenter/2008inductees/fernandez/fernandez.html|title=ITA Women's Hall of Fame: 2008 Inductee – Gigi Fernandez|work=Web.wm.edu|accessdate=May 17, 2011|archivedate=June 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610174227/http://web.wm.edu/tenniscenter/2008inductees/fernandez/fernandez.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na agwakọta abụọ, Fernández bụ onye gbara ọsọ n'ime atọ n'ime ihe anọ Grand Slam agwakọtara na 1995 ( Australian Open, Wimbledon, na US Open) na Cyril Suk na-emekọ ihe. Fernández weghaara utu aha ọrụ 68 na okpukpu abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị wee rute ọkwa ọnụọgụ abụọ nke ụwa nke 1 na 1991 wee nweta ọkwa nke 1 ọzọ na 1993, 1994 na 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;tennisfame.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/gigi-fernandez|title=Gigi Fernandez, International Tennis Hall of Fame|work=Tennisfame.com|accessdate=May 17, 2011|archivedate=May 14, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032520/http://www.tennisfame.com/gigi-fernandez}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ meriri ngụkọta aha 69 okpukpu abụọ n'oge ọrụ ya.

Fernández nọchitere United States na egwuregwu Olympic na 1992 ( Barcelona ) na 1996 ( Atlanta ). Ya na Mary Joe Fernández (enweghị njikọ) jikọtara ọnụ iji nweta ihe nrite ọla edo abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na oge abụọ ahụ. E meriri ihe nrite ọla edo nke mbụ megide ndị otu ụlọ nke Conchita Martínez na Arantxa Sánchez Vicario na eze na eze nwanyị Spain na ndị na-ege ntị. Ihe nrite abụọ a dị na tebụl Fernández, na mpempe akwụkwọ ikike n'ụgbọ ala ya kwuru &quot;DBL GLD&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sports.espn.go.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/hispanicheritage2008/news/story?id=3616855|title=Fernandez remembered for her trademark zeal on the court|first=Joel|author=Drucker|publisher=ESPN|date=September 30, 2008|accessdate=May 17, 2011|archivedate=October 24, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024211008/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/hispanicheritage2008/news/story?id=3616855}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fernández nọchitere anya Puerto Rico mgbe San Juan gbara ndị ọbịa egwuregwu Pan Am na 1979. Naanị afọ 15, Fernández nwetara nrite ọla. Na 1982 na Central American-Caribbean Games na Cuba, ya na Marilda Julia jikọrọ aka iji nweta ọla edo okpukpu abụọ ma nwetakwa ihe nrite ọlaọcha na otu. Ọ nọchitere anya Puerto Rico na 1984 Olympics.

Fernández sokwa na ndị otu United States meriri Federation Cup na 1990 .

N'alụmdi na nwunye, Fernández ruru n'ọkwa mba ụwa nke iri na asaa. Ọ merikwara utu aha abụọ kachasị elu wee rute semifinal na Wimbledon na 1994 (ọkwa 99 ghọrọ onye ọkacha mmasị Grand Slam singles semifinalist na Wimbledon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/2347|title=WTA, Players, Info, Gigi Fernández|publisher=WTA Tour|accessdate=May 29, 2015|archivedate=June 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602080455/http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/2347}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) na nkeji iri na ise na US Open na 1991 na 1994.

Fernández lara ezumike nká na njem nlegharị anya ọkachamara na 1997, na 1999, akpọrọ ya Puerto Rico's &quot;Female Athlete of the Century&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;sports.espn.go.com&quot;/&gt;

Na July 12, 2010, a kpọbatara Fernández na Ụlọ Nzukọ Tenis nke Mba Nile na Zvereva. &lt;ref name=&quot;tennisfame.com&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ndị mụrụ ya bụ Tuto Fernández, bụ́ dọkịta a ma ama na Puerto Rico, na Beatriz Fernández.  Nwa nwanne nna ya José Ferrer bụ onye omere na onye nduzi Puerto Rican a ma ama. &lt;ref name=&quot;according to WTA players guide&quot;&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;according to WTA players guide&quot;&gt;according to WTA players guide&lt;/ref&gt; Fernández malitere ịkụ tenis mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Academia San José a ma ama na Guaynabo. Mgbe ọ tụgharịrị ọkachamara na 1983, ọ ghọrọ onye egwuregwu izizi nwanyị mbụ Puerto Rico. Tupu ọ bụrụ ọkachamara, ọ gbara tenis maka otu oge na Mahadum Clemson na 1982 – 83, ebe ọ bụ onye na-alụbeghị di na onye America abụọ wee ruo asọmpi ikpeazụ nke National Collegiate Athletics Association .

Kemgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na njem ahụ, Fernández rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa tennis. Ọ zụọla ndị egwuregwu gụnyere onye bụbu onye ọkpụkpọ ụwa mbụ nke 1 Rennae Stubbs, Lisa Raymond, na Samantha Stosur . Ọ zụrụ Sam Stosur na aha Grand Slam mbụ ya na 2005 US Open na Lisa Raymond. Ọ zụkwara ọzụzụ maka otu mba Puerto Rican na Mahadum South Florida.

O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na akparamaagwa na Mahadum South Florida na 2003 wee gụchaa na Rollins College 's Crummer School of Business ebe ọ nwetara Master of Business Administration. Ọ bụ nne ejima, Karson Xavier na Madison Jane, yana onye mmekọ golfer ọkachamara lara ezumike nka na onye bụbu onye isi LPGA na WWE Jane Geddes . &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-2010-08-29&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Crouse|first=Karen|title=A Dream Deferred, Almost Too Long|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/30/sports/tennis/30motherhood.html?ref=tennis|date=August 29, 2010|accessdate=February 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2010, Fernández malitere ụlọ ọrụ aha ya bụ Baby Goes Pro. &lt;ref name=&quot;BabyGoesPro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://babygoespro.com/buzz/pdf/Baby_Goes_Pro_PR_12-18-09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601041716/http://babygoespro.com/buzz/pdf/Baby_Goes_Pro_PR_12-18-09.pdf|title=Tennis champion Gigi Fernandez launches Baby Goes Pro with the goal of 'Inspiring a generation to move'|work=babygoespro.com|archivedate=2011-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bi ugbu a na Tampa, Florida ma bụrụ onye isi oche Tennis ndị okenye na Chelsea Piers Connecticut yana onye isi oge okpomọkụ na Long Ridge Tennis Club. &lt;ref name=&quot;ChelseaPier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chelseapiersct.com/tennis/staff/gigi-fernandez.cfm|title=Gigi Fernandez: Chelsea Piers Director of Tennis|publisher=Tennis Club at Chelsea Piers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406173451/http://chelseapiersct.com/tennis/staff/gigi-fernandez.cfm|archivedate=April 6, 2013|accessdate=July 21, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2021, Fernández kwuru na ya na-enweta ọtụtụ okwu ọjọọ sitere n'aka ụfọdụ ndị Puerto Rican site na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ya na ọ na-ewute ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Collazo|first=Fernando A.|title=Gigi Fernández lamenta el &quot;odio&quot; que le tienen los boricuas: &quot;Vende patria es lo más nice que me dicen&quot;|work=El Calce|date=October 7, 2021|url=https://elcalce.com/deportes/gigi-fernandez-lamenta-el-odio-que-le-tienen-los-boricuas-vende-patria-es-lo-mas-nice-que-me-dicen/|language=es|accessdate=October 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agba ikpeazụ ==

=== Agba ikpeazụ nke Grand Slam ===

==== Ugboro abụọ: 23 (17-6) ====
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:40px&quot; |Result
! style=&quot;width:40px&quot; |Year
! style=&quot;width:140px&quot; |Championship
! style=&quot;width:180px&quot; |Partner
! style=&quot;width:180px&quot; |Opponents
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:140px&quot; |Score
|- style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1988
|US Open &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Robin White (tennis)|Robin White]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Patty Fendick]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Jill Hetherington]]
|6–4, 6–1
|- style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1990
|US Open &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Martina Navratilova]]
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jana Novotná]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Helena Suková]]
|6–2, 6–4
|- style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|1991
|Australian Open
|{{flagicon|TCH}} Jana Novotná
|{{flagicon|USA}} Patty Fendick&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mary Joe Fernández]]
|6–7&lt;sup&gt;(4–7)&lt;/sup&gt;, 1–6
|- style=&quot;background:#ebc2af;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1991
|French Open &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|CZE}} Jana Novotná
|{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Larisa Savchenko Neiland]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|BLR|1991}} [[Natasha Zvereva]]
|6–4, 6–0
|- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|1991
|Wimbledon
|{{flagicon|TCH}} Jana Novotná
|{{flagicon|LAT}} Larisa Savchenko Neiland&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|BLR|1991}} Natasha Zvereva
|4–6, 6–3, 4–6
|- bgcolor=&quot;#ebc2af&quot; style=&quot;border: 2px solid blue&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1992
|French Open &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|CIS}} [[Natasha Zvereva]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Conchita Martínez]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario]]
|6–3, 6–2
|- bgcolor=&quot;#cfc&quot; style=&quot;border: 2px solid blue&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1992
|Wimbledon &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|CIS}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|LAT}} Larisa Savchenko Neiland&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|TCH}} Jana Novotná
|6–4, 6–1
|- bgcolor=&quot;#ccf&quot; style=&quot;border: 2px solid blue&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1992
|US Open &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|CIS}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|LAT}} Larisa Savchenko Neiland&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|TCH}} Jana Novotná
|7–6&lt;sup&gt;(7–4)&lt;/sup&gt;, 6–1
|- bgcolor=&quot;#ffc&quot; style=&quot;border: 2px solid blue&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1993
|Australian Open &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1991}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pam Shriver]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Elizabeth Smylie]]
|6–4, 6–3
|- bgcolor=&quot;#ebc2af&quot; style=&quot;border: 2px solid blue&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1993
|French Open &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1991}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|CZE}} Jana Novotná&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|LAT}} Larisa Savchenko Neiland
|6–3, 7–5
|- bgcolor=&quot;#cfc&quot; style=&quot;border: 2px solid blue&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1993
|Wimbledon &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1991}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|LAT}} Larisa Savchenko Neiland&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|TCH}} Jana Novotná
|6–4, 6–7&lt;sup&gt;(9–11)&lt;/sup&gt;, 6–4
|- style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1994
|Australian Open &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1991}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Patty Fendick]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Meredith McGrath]]
|6–3, 4–6, 6–4
|- style=&quot;background:#ebc2af;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1994
|French Open &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1991}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Lindsay Davenport]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} [[Lisa Raymond]]
|6–2, 6–2
|- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1994
|Wimbledon &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1991}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|TCH}} Jana Novotná&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ESP}} Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
|6–4, 6–1
|- style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|1995
|Australian Open
|{{flagicon|BLR|1991}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|CZE}} Jana Novotná&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ESP}} Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
|3–6, 7–6&lt;sup&gt;(7–3)&lt;/sup&gt;, 4–6
|- style=&quot;background:#ebc2af;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1995
|French Open &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|CZE}} Jana Novotná&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ESP}} Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
|6–7&lt;sup&gt;(6–8)&lt;/sup&gt;, 6–4, 7–5
|- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|1995
|Wimbledon
|{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|TCH}} Jana Novotná&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ESP}} Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
|7–5, 5–7, 4–6
|- style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1995
|US Open &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Brenda Schultz-McCarthy]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rennae Stubbs]]
|7–5, 6–3
|- style=&quot;background:#ebc2af;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|1996
|French Open
|{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|USA}} Lindsay Davenport&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} Mary Joe Fernández
|2–6, 1–6
|- style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1996
|US Open &lt;small&gt;(5)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|CZE}} Jana Novotná&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ESP}} Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
|1–6, 6–1, 6–4
|- style=&quot;background:#ebc2af;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1997
|French Open &lt;small&gt;(6)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|USA}} Mary Joe Fernández&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond
|6–2, 6–3
|- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|1997
|Wimbledon &lt;small&gt;(4)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Arendt]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|NED}} [[Manon Bollegraf]]
|7–6&lt;sup&gt;(7–4)&lt;/sup&gt;, 6–4
|- style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|1997
|US Open
|{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} Natasha Zvereva
|{{flagicon|USA}} Lindsay Davenport&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|CZE}} Jana Novotná
|3–6, 4–6
|}

==== Ngwakọta abụọ agwakọtara: 3 (0-3) ====
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:40px&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! style=&quot;width:40px&quot; | Afọ
! style=&quot;width:140px&quot; | Asọmpi
! style=&quot;width:180px&quot; | Onye mmekọ
! style=&quot;width:180px&quot; | Ndị mmegide
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:140px&quot; | Akara
|- style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; | Ọnwụ
| 1995
| Australian Open
|&lt;/img&gt; [[Cyril Suk]]
|&lt;/img&gt;[[Natasha Zvereva]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Rick Leach]]
| 6–7 &lt;sup&gt;(4–7)&lt;/sup&gt;, 7–6 &lt;sup&gt;(7–3)&lt;/sup&gt;, 4–6
|- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; | Ọnwụ
| 1995
| Wimbledon
|&lt;/img&gt; Cyril Suk
|&lt;/img&gt; [[Martina Navratilova]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Jonathan Stark (tennis)|Jonathan Stark]]
| 4–6, 4–6
|- style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; | Ọnwụ
| 1995
| US mepere
|&lt;/img&gt; Cyril Suk
|&lt;/img&gt; [[Meredith McGrath]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Matt Lucena]]
| 4–6, 4–6
|}

==== Ugboro abụọ: 2 (ihe nrite ọla edo 2) ====
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:40px&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! style=&quot;width:40px&quot; | Afọ
! style=&quot;width:140px&quot; | Asọmpi
! style=&quot;width:180px&quot; | Onye mmekọ
! style=&quot;width:180px&quot; | Ndị mmegide
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:140px&quot; | Akara
|- bgcolor=&quot;#ffea5c&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | Ọlaedo
| 1992
| Barcelona
|&lt;/img&gt; [[Mary Joe Fernández]]
|&lt;/img&gt;[[Conchita Martínez]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario|Arantxa Sanchez]]
| 7–5, 2–6, 6–2
|- bgcolor=&quot;#ffea5c&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | Ọlaedo
| 1996
| Atlanta
|&lt;/img&gt; Mary Joe Fernández
|&lt;/img&gt; [[Jana Novotná]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/img&gt;[[Helena Suková]]
| 7–6 &lt;sup&gt;(8–6)&lt;/sup&gt;, 6–4
|}

== Aha WTA Tour ==

=== Ndị na-alụbeghị di (2) ===
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:40px&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:30px&quot; | W/L
! style=&quot;width:60px&quot; | Ụbọchị
! style=&quot;width:150px&quot; | Asọmpi
! style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Otu
! style=&quot;width:50px&quot; | Elu
! style=&quot;width:160px&quot; | Onye mmegide
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; style=&quot;width:120px&quot; | Akara
|-
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; | Mmeri
| 1.
| Ọkt 1986
| Singapore, Singapore
| Ọkwa V
| siri ike (i)
|&lt;/img&gt; [[Mercedes Paz]]
| 6–4, 2–6, 6–4
|- style=&quot;background:#6cf;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; | Mmeri
| 2.
| Eprel 1991
| Albuquerque, US
| Ọkwa IV
| siri ike
|&lt;/img&gt; [[Julie Halard-Decugis]]
| 6–0, 6–2
|}

=== Ugboro abụọ (69) ===

* 1985: Washington (ya na Martina Navratilova ), Miami (w/Navratilova), Toronto (w/Navratilova), Fort Lauderdale (ya na Robin White )
* 1987: Asọmpi ime ime US (ya na Lori McNeil ), Newport (w/McNeil), Mahwah (w/McNeil)
* 1988: N'èzí Tokyo (w/White), '''US Open (w/White)'''
* 1989: Newport (w/McNeil), Toronto (w/White), asọmpi egwuregwu abụọ nke Tokyo (w/White), Filderstadt (w/White)
* 1990: Tokyo/Pan Pacific (ya na Elizabeth Smylie ), Hamburg (w/Navratilova), Los Angeles (ya na Jana Novotná ), '''US Open (w/Navratilova)''', New England (ya na Helena Suková )
* 1991: Brisbane (w/Novotná), Chicago (w/Novotná), Light n' Lively Doubles (w/Suková), '''French Open (w/Novotná)''', Oakland (ya na Patty Fendick ), Indianapolis (w/Fendick)
* 1992: Houston (w/Fendick), '''French Open (ya na Natasha Zvereva )''', '''Wimbledon (w/Zvereva)''', '''Olimpik Barcelona (ya na Mary Joe Fernández )''', '''US Open (w/Zvereva)''', Oakland (w/Zvereva), Philadelphia ( w/Zvereva)
* 1993: '''Australian Open (w/Zvereva)''', Delray Beach (w/Zvereva), Light n' Lively Doubles (w/Zvereva), Hilton Head (w/Zvereva), Berlin (w/Zvereva), '''French Open (w/Zvereva).''', Eastbourne (w/Zvereva), '''Wimbledon (w/Zvereva)''', San Diego ( '''w''' /Suková), Leipzig (w/Zvereva), Filderstadt (w/Zvereva), '''Virginia Slims Championship (w/Zvereva)'''
* 1994: '''Australian Open (w/Zvereva)''', Chicago (w/Zvereva), Miami (w/Zvereva), Italian Open (w/Zvereva), Berlin (w/Zvereva), '''French Open (w/Zvereva)''', Eastbourne (w) /Zvereva), '''Wimbledon (w/Zvereva)''', Filderstadt (w/Zvereva), Philadelphia (w/Zvereva), '''Virginia Slims Championship (w/Zvereva)'''
* 1995: Tokyo/Pan Pacific (w/Zvereva), Hamburg (ya na Martina Hingis ), Rome (w/Zvereva), '''French Open (w/Zvereva)''', San Diego (w/Zvereva), Los Angeles (w/Zvereva), '''US Open (w/Zvereva)''', Filderstadt (w/Zvereva)
* 1996: Tokyo/Pan Pacific (w/Zvereva), '''Olimpik Atlanta (w/Mary Joe Fernández)''', San Diego (ya na Conchita Martínez ), '''Open US (w/Zvereva)'''
* 1997: Sydney (ya na Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ), '''Open French (w/Zvereva)''', '''Wimbledon (w/Zvereva)'''

== Usoro iheomume na-arụ ọrụ okpukpu abụọ ==
{{Performance key|active=no}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:95%&quot;
! width=&quot;140&quot; |Tournament
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1983
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1984
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1985
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1986
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1987
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1988
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1989
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1990
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1991
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1992
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1993
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1994
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1995
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1996
! width=&quot;35&quot; |1997
! width=&quot;50&quot; |SR
! width=&quot;50&quot; |W–L
|-
| colspan=&quot;25&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Grand Slam tournaments'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Australian Open
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |2R
| style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |NH
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |2R
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAtc&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAto&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
|2 / 12
|38–10
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |French Open
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |2R
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAvg&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAvs&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAv4&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAwE&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAwQ&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAwk&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|6 / 9
|45–3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Wimbledon
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |3R
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAyM&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAyY&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAyk&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwAzA&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|4 / 13
|53–9
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |US Open
|&lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |2R
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwA0I&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwA0c&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwA0w&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwA1M&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwA1Y&quot;&gt;W&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
|5 / 14
|57–9
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Win–loss
!0–1
!3–3
!4–2
!5–2
!8–4
!9–1
!7–3
!13–2
!18–3
!21–1
!22–1
!22–1
!22–2
!18–3
!21–2
!17 / 48
!193–31
|-
| colspan=&quot;25&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''Olympic Games'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Summer Olympics
| style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |NH
|A
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Not Held
|A
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Not Held
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwA3s&quot;&gt;G&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Not Held
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwA38&quot;&gt;G&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |NH
|2 / 2
|9–0
|-
| colspan=&quot;25&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''Year-end championships'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Tour Championships
|A
|A
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
|2 / 10
|13–8
|-
| colspan=&quot;25&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''Category 5 &amp; Tier I tournaments'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Washington
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |No Levels
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Tier II
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Not Held
|0 / 1
|2–1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Tokyo
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |NH
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |No Levels
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Category 4
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Tier II
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
|2 / 4
|13–2
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Boca Raton
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |NH
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |No Levels
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |T II
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
|A
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Tier II
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Not Held
|0 / 2
|3–2
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Indian Wells
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Not Held
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |C 4
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Tier II
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
|0 / 1
|2–1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Miami
| style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |NH
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |No Levels
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;#afeeee&quot; |2R
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
|A
|A
|1 / 7
|25–6
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Hilton Head
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |No Levels
|A
|A
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
|1 / 7
|18–6
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Rome
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |No Levels
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |C 3
|A
|A
|A
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
|2 / 5
|15–3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Berlin
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |No Levels
|A
|A
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
|2 / 6
|17–4
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Montreal / Toronto
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |No Levels
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
|A
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|1 / 2
|7–1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Zurich
| style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |NH
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |No Levels
| style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |C 3
| style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |C 4
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Tier II
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
|A
|A
|A
|A
|0 / 1
|3–1
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Philadelphia
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Not Held
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Tier II
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |Tier II
|1 / 3
|7–2
|-
| colspan=&quot;25&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |'''Career statistics'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Year-end ranking
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|17
|20
| bgcolor=&quot;#eee8aa&quot; |6
| bgcolor=&quot;#eee8aa&quot; |8
| bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; |3
| bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; |4
| bgcolor=&quot;#eee8aa&quot; |6
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''1'''
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |2
| bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; |3
| bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; |4
| bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; |4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|}
{{Clear}}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>0mkmuyy37xfe6wjvy8ogyx519cu771p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jenni Williams</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>735324</id>
      <parentid>196542</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-06T11:57:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IgboRefBot</username>
        <id>66663</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reference error corrected</comment>
      <origin>735324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10104" sha1="dpe9dgs1aucqrcrbqfy3j9vlpswzxfg" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jenni Williams&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Jenni_Williams_of_WOZA.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Williams na 2009&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |A mụrụ ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1962 (afọ 61-62) &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Gwanda]], Zimbabwe&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mba
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |[[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwean]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ọrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; |Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Nhazi
| class=&quot;infobox-data org&quot; |[[Women of Zimbabwe Arise|Ụmụ nwanyị nke Zimbabwe Na-ebilite]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Onyinye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |International Women of Courage Award (2007) Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award (2009) [[Ginetta Sagan Fund]] prize (2012) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}
Jenni Williams (amụrụ 1962) bụ onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe na onye guzobere Women of Zimbabwe Arise (WOZA). Onye nkatọ ama ama nke gọọmentị President Robert Mugabe, nke The Guardian kọwara ya na 2009 dị ka &quot;otu n'ime ogwu kachasị njọ n'akụkụ Mugabe.&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;G2009&quot;/&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Williams na Gwanda, Zimbabwe, ma nne ya bụ Margaret Mary née McConville zụlitere ya, nwa nwanyị onye Irish nke si County Armagh kwaga ebe bụ Rhodesia mgbe ahụ.[1] Ọ ghọrọ onye na-achọ ọla edo wee lụọ Bahlezi Moyo sitere na ebo Matabele.[2] Nna Williams Irish sitere na Listowel, County Kerry.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, Williams hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị iji rụọ ọrụ ka nne ya wee nwee ike ịkwụ ụgwọ agụmakwụkwọ ụmụnne ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;G2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/10/jenni-williams-freedom-campaigner|title=The woman who took on Mugabe|author=Elizabeth Day|date=9 May 2009|work=The Guardian|accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFElizabeth_Day2009&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Day (9 May 2009). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/10/jenni-williams-freedom-campaigner &quot;The woman who took on Mugabe&quot;]. ''The Guardian''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 June&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2008&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 1994, nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye nwụrụ n'[[HIV/AIDS|Ọrịa AIDS]].&lt;ref name=&quot;G2009&quot; /&gt;

== Mgbalị ==
Site na 1994 ruo 2002, ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Williams nwere na onye isi ya nọchitere anya otu Commercial Farmers' Union of Zimbabwe. N'oge na-adịghị anya nke a wetara ụlọ ọrụ Williams na Mugabe esemokwu n'ihi amụma ya nke ijide ugbo ndị ọcha dị ka ihe ngbanwe ala.[1] Ka Mugabe gbachara ndị agha agha ume ka ha were ike weghara ugbo ndị ọcha nwere, Williams malitere ime mkpesa ihe ọ kọwara dị ka mmegide ikike mmadụ. O kwukwara na e nyere ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Mugabe ugbo kacha mma.[2] N'ime mkpagbu ndị uwe ojii kpatara, a manyere Williams imechi ụlọ ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;G2009&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2002, Williams ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị guzobere WOZA, otu ndị mmegide nke e guzobere n'ihi enweghị ihe ndị Zimbabwe na-eme megide gọọmentị Mugabe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/18/world/africa/18williams.html?pagewanted=all|title=From Underground, Leading a March for Democracy|first=Celia W.|author=Dugger|date=17 October 2008|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDugger2008&quot;&gt;Dugger, Celia W. (17 October 2008). [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/18/world/africa/18williams.html?pagewanted=all &quot;From Underground, Leading a March for Democracy&quot;]. ''[[The New York Times]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 June&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nzukọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ngagharị iwe ọha na eze megide Mugabe, ma too ruo ndị otu 70,000 n'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;G2009&quot;/&gt; Williams na ndị isi WOZA ndị ọzọ setịpụrụ dị ka &quot;iwu kadinal&quot; na ndị isi ga-esonye na ngagharị iwe dị ize ndụ mgbe ụfọdụ yana ndị otu ọkwa: &quot;Anyị agaghị agwa onye ọ bụla ka o mee ihe anyị na-achọghị ime onwe anyị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2008&quot; /&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2008, gọọmentị Mugabe jidere Williams ugboro iri atọ na atọ maka omume ya na otu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2008&quot;/&gt; Mgbe otu n'ime njide ya na 2003, Amnesty International họpụtara ya dị ka Onye mkpọrọ nke akọ na uche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.ie/sites/default/files/A45874%20Amnesty%20Int_%20Story%20Factsheet%20B%20Design%20Only%205%20FINALHR.pdf|title=Prisoner of conscience: Jenni Williams|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=9 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902224629/http://amnesty.ie/sites/default/files/A45874%20Amnesty%20Int_%20Story%20Factsheet%20B%20Design%20Only%205%20FINALHR.pdf|archivedate=2 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Human Rights Watch katọkwara njide ugboro ugboro nke Williams na onye isi WOZA [[Magodonga Mahlangu]], na-ekwu na gọọmentị Zimbabwe kwesịrị ịtọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị ma &quot;ikwe ka ndị obodo nwee ikike igosipụta n'udo&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/10/28/zimbabwe-end-crackdown-peaceful-demonstrators|title=Zimbabwe: End Crackdown on Peaceful Demonstrators|date=28 October 2008|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe e jidere ya ọzọ n'etiti afọ 2008, onye nnọchi anya US James D. McGee kpọrọ oku ka a tọhapụ ya, na-akọwa Williams dị ka &quot;onye a ma ama nke a ga-anụ olu ya&quot; na ebubo megide ya dị ka &quot;ihe ihere&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-07-02-1313254554_x.htm|title=US calls for Zimbabwe to free rights activists|first=Celean|author=Jacobson|date=2 July 2008|work=USA Today|accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya mgbapụta n'ụbọchị na-esote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.ie/campaigns/woza-leaders-jenni-williams-and-magodonga-mahlangu-freed-bail|title=Woza Leaders Jenni Williams and Magodonga Mahlagu Released on Bail|date=4 July 2008|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=9 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311232440/http://amnesty.ie/campaigns/woza-leaders-jenni-williams-and-magodonga-mahlangu-freed-bail|archivedate=11 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2012, e jidere ya maka oge nke iri anọ na njem [[Valentine's Day|Ụbọchị Valentine]] nke WOZA kwa afọ, nke na-echeta ncheta afọ iri nke otu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/cases/zimbabwe-women-of-zimbabwe-arise?id=1361020|title=Still Fighting Despite the Odds|date=9 March 2012|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==
[[Faịlụ:Jenni_Williams_and_Magodonga_Mahlangu_of_WOZA_receive_Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award.jpg|thumb|Jenni Williams, n'aka ekpe, na [[Magodonga Mahlangu]], n'etiti, natara Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award site n'aka Onye isi ala United States [[Barack Obama]], n' aka nri, na Nọvemba 23, 2009.]]
E nyere Williams onyinye International Women of Courage Award nke gọọmentị US na 2007 maka &quot;inye ihe atụ nke obi ike na idu ndú site n'ịrụ ọrụ maka mgbanwe site n'ụzọ udo na nke na-enweghị ime ihe ike&quot;. Onye nyere onyinye ahụ bụ Odeakwụkwọ nke steeti Condoleezza Rice. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, e nyere Williams na onye isi WOZA [[Magodonga Mahlangu]] Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award, nke Onye isi ala US [[Barack Obama]] nyere. N'ememe ahụ, Obama kwuru na ha abụọ &quot;gosiri ụmụ nwanyị Woza na ndị Zimbabwe na ha nwere ike iji ike nke ha mebie ike ndị mmegbu ha - na ha nwere ikike nke onye ọchịchị aka ike&quot;, ma n'inye onyinye ahụ, ha susuru nwanyị ọ bụla ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8376167.stm|title=Obama awards – and kisses – Zimbabwe women activists|date=24 November 2009|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ụwa n'afọ 2012, e nyere Williams ihe nrite Ginetta Sagan Fund nke Amnesty International, nke na-asọpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị &quot;ndị na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe nnwere onwe na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka n'ógbè ebe mmebi ikike mmadụ zuru ebe niile&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;GSF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/about-us/grants-and-awards/ginetta-sagan-fund|title=The Ginetta Sagan Fund|year=2011|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=13 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere onyinye ahụ iji kwado ọrụ ya &quot;ịkpali ma kụziere ụmụ nwanyị ịnakwere ma chọọ ikike mmadụ na nke obodo ha na Zimbabwe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blog.amnestyusa.org/africa/celebrating-a-fearless-human-rights-defender-jenni-williams/|title=Celebrating a Fearless Human Rights Defender, Jenni Williams|first=Sarah|author=Hager|date=26 March 2012|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=9 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'okpuru nchebe nke mmemme nna nna nke ndị omeiwu Germany maka ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, Marina Schuster anọwo na-eme ka a mara ọrụ Williams.

== Ezinụlọ ==
Williams lụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ọkụ eletrik, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ atọ toro eto. Ụmụ nwoke abụọ Williams sooro nwanne ha nwanyị gaa United Kingdom n'etiti afọ 2000 na-esote egwu ịkpọrọ ụmụ ha gaa na ndị agha ntorobịa. Mgbe ọtụtụ oge gachara, di ya sooro ụmụaka ahụ pụọ na Zimbabwe. Williams nọgidere na Zimbabwe na-alụ ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi n'agbanyeghị mmegide gọọmentị na-arịwanye elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2008&quot;/&gt; N'oge ezumike ya, Williams na-eme nchọpụta banyere osisi ezinụlọ ya na-ekpuchi ndị nna nna ya Irish na Matabele.

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Francis Wodié</title>
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      <text bytes="6528" sha1="qh3uw54l7q4kvat61ptt8xkcd2l02cd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Francis Vangah Romain Wodié (25 February 1936 - 3 Julaị 2023) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọkàiwu na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ. O duuru otu ndị ọrụ Ivorian Workers' Party (PIT) site na 1990 ruo 2011. N'oge ahụ, Wodié jere ozi dị ka osote na National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire site 1990 ruo 1995 na dị ka Minister nke Higher Education site 1998 ruo 1999. Ọ bụ ya. Onye isi oche nke Council Constitutional nke Côte d'Ivoire site na 2011 ruo 2015.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== 1936–1990 ===
A mụrụ Wodié na Abidjan na 25 Febụwarị 1936.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abidjan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abidjan.net/elections2000/candidats/wodie.asp|title=Candidate profile|language=fr|accessdate=17 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019125025/http://www.abidjan.net/elections2000/candidats/wodie.asp|archivedate=19 October 2004|publisher=abidjan.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na M'Bahiakro na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Abidjan. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu na Dakar, Senegal, na France na Poitiers na Caen. Mgbe ọ nọ na France, ọ bụ onye otu Executive Bureau nke Association of Ivorian Students na France. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 1961, e jidere ya &quot;maka itinye nchekwa nke steeti Côte d'Ivoire na France n'ihe ize ndụ&quot;, chụpụ ya na France, ma tinye ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Abidjan. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya na Jenụwarị 1962, ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na France. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya, ọ laghachiri Côte d'Ivoire, ebe ọ malitere ịkụzi na Mahadum Abidjan. Ọ bụ onye guzobere [[National Union for Research and Higher Education]] (SYNARES) ma bụrụkwa odeakwụkwọ ukwu ya. N'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 1971, e boro ya ebubo na ọ na-arụ ọrụ &quot;na-eme ngagharị iwe&quot;, n'ihi ya, ọ biri na Algiers ruo n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1973.

Wodié bụ dean nke ngalaba iwu na Mahadum Abidjan site na 1980 ruo 1986.  Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Ivorian League of Human Rights, ma site na 1985 ruo 1989, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba Ivorian nke Amnesty International.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abidjan&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ onye guzobere otu ndị ọrụ Ivorian (PIT) n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1990 ma duzie otu ahụ site n'oge e guzobere ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ mba mbụ ya.&lt;ref name=PIT&gt; N'ọnwa Mee afọ 1990, na-ezo aka na mgbasa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche n'Africa, nke otu ọchịchị na-achịkwa n'oge gara aga, Wodié kwuru na &quot;ịmepụta usoro dị iche iche bụ naanị nzọụkwụ n'ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ọ bụghị njedebe n'onwe ya&quot;.

=== 1990–2023 ===
Wodié bụ naanị onye PIT na-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu na Nọvemba 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abidjan&quot;/&gt;  O meriri oche maka mpaghara Cocody na Abidjan, na-emeri ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị abụọ sitere na Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI) na onye na-azọ ọkwa site na ndị na-emegide Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). Mgbe a mara ọkwa nsonaazụ ntuli aka ahụ, na-egosi na PDCI enwetala mmeri n'ọtụtụ ndị omeiwu, Wodié kwuru na ọ hụrụ nsonaazụ ahụ &quot;na-esiri ike ikwere&quot;, n'ihi na ha tụrụ aro na ndị mmegide ahụ anaghị ewu ewu karịa ka ọ chere; iji kọwaa nsonaazụ ya, ọ gosipụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala n'etiti ndị na-eme ntụli aka, na-arụ ụka na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịtụ vootu na nkwenye na PDC I ga-emeri site na aghụghọ.

Wodié jere ozi na Mgbakọ Mba ruo mgbe ọ tụfuru oche ya na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu 1995.[1] Dị ka naanị onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị megide Onye isi ala Henri Konan Bédié na ntuli aka onye isi ala October 1995, nke ndị otu mmegide ndị ọzọ wepụrụ, [2] [3] Wodié meriri 3.52% nke votu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;DB&quot;&gt;[http://africanelections.tripod.com/ci.html Elections in Côte d'Ivoire], African Elections Database.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime gọọmentị akpọrọ na 11 Ọgọst 1998, a họpụtara Wodié onye minista nke agụmakwụkwọ ka elu na nyocha sayensị.[1] N'ịkọwa mkpebi ya ịbanye na gọọmentị, Wodié kwuru na, n'agbanyeghị na PIT bụ otu mmegide, ọ kwadoro ndụmọdụ na-eme ka otu ahụ nwee ike itinye aka na mmepe mba.[2]. Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa ozi ya ruo mgbe a chụrụ Bédié n'ọchịchị ndị agha nke 24 Disemba 1999. Ya na ndị ozi ndị ọzọ, a kpọchiri Wodié mgbe ọchịchị ahụ gasịrị, ma a tọhapụrụ ya na 28 December.[3] Na February 2000, Wodié kwupụtara ọkwa ya maka ntuli aka onye isi ala October 2000.[4] Na ntuli aka a, Wodié debere nke atọ na 5.7% nke votu.[5] N'oge ntuli aka nke 2000, ndị Associated Press kọwara ya dị ka &quot;onye ọgụgụ isi na-enweghị onye mba siri ike na-eso ya.. 

Ebe ọ bụ na ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ mba mbụ nke PIT kemgbe oge nke Constitutive Congress, a họpụtara Wodié dị ka onye isi oche nke PIT na 3rd Ordinary Congress nke pati ahụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2004. 

Wodié guzoro ọzọ dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro PIT na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Ọktoba 2010, mana ọ dọtara obere nkwado. Ya na ndị otu ya kwadoro Alassane Ouattara na agba nke abụọ nke ntuli aka onye isi ala. Nhoputa ndi ochichi weputara esemokwu di ogologo na nke ime ihe ike maka nchoputa; Ouattara mechara merie mgbe ndị agha na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye ya weghaara Abidjan n'April 2011. Wodié rituru dị ka onye isi nke PIT na 2011, ma Ouattara mechara họpụta ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke Council Constitutional na 25 July 2011; A họpụtara Wodié ka ọ nọchie Paul Yao N'Dre, onye na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nke onye iro Ouattara chụpụrụ Laurent Gbagbo.. 

Wodié gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi oche nke Kansụl Iwu na 28 Jenụwarị 2015.  [[Mamadou Koné (judge)|Mamadou Koné]] nọchiri ya na 20 Febụwarị.

Francis Wodié nwụrụ na 3 Julaị 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ 87. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Info|first=R. T. I.|date=3 July 2023|title=Décès du Professeur Francis Wodié ce lundi 03 juillet 2023 à 87 ans|url=https://www.rti.info/depeches/2023/7/3/deces-du-professeur-francis-wodie-ce-lundi-03-juillet-2023-a-87-ans|accessdate=3 July 2023|work=RTI Info|language=fr|archivedate=3 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113552/https://www.rti.info/depeches/2023/7/3/deces-du-professeur-francis-wodie-ce-lundi-03-juillet-2023-a-87-ans}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Hae Nang Maew</title>
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{{Databox}}Ememe nke '''''Hae Nang Maew''''' (Thai; Khmer; 'Procession of Lady Cat') bụ ememe ọdịnala nke na-eme ememe mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụ na Cambodia yana Central na Northeast Thailand n'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, site na Mee ruo Ọgọst.

== Nkọwa ==
Ememe mmiri ozuzo nke Hae Nang Maew bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara etiti na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Thailand na-emekarị.[1]  A na-eme ya na Cambodia, n'agbanyeghị na amabeghị ebe emume a si malite, ma ọ bụ na mmepeanya Angkorian ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ ma ọ bụ na nso nso a na Laos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Porée-Maspero |first=Eveline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qOAAAAAMAAJ |title=Étude sur les rites agraires des Cambodgiens |date=1962 |publisher=Mouton |pages=264 sq |language=fr |chapter=L'obtention de la pluie |trans-chapter=Obtaining rain}}&lt;/ref&gt; by a musical band consisting of drums, gongs, cymbals and claves. and singing which varies in various locations but lyrics are often close to this ancient tune: &quot;Rain, rain, come pouring down. We barely had any this year. Without rain, our rice will die.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;

A na-ahọrọ nwamba Sisawat Siamese ma ọ bụ nwamba ojii ma tinye ya na nkata achara ma ọ bụ rattan kpuchie ya iji gbochie nwamba ahụ ịgbapụ. A na-ahọrọ nwamba na-acha igwe ojii ma ọ bụ oji n'ihi na a na-eche na ha na-eweta akụ na ụba. A na-akwụnye nkata ahụ n'osisi osisi ma ọ bụ achara nke ndị na-ebu ya abụọ bu. Igwe kandụl ise na okooko osisi ise jikọtara ọnụ. Onye kasị okenye n'ime ndị na-eme ememe ahụ na-amalite ngagharị ahụ site n'ịgwa nwamba ka o nye mmiri ozuzo maka ala ahụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ngagharị ahụ na ndị na-agụ egwú na-agafe n'okporo ámá obodo ahụ na-arịọ ndị na-ekiri ka ha wụsa nwamba ahụ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Thanwadee|first=Sookprasert|date=2016-09-12|title=Hae Nang Meaw|url=https://rituals.sac.or.th/en/detail.php?id=9|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=[[Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre]]|archivedate=2024-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430040919/https://rituals.sac.or.th/en/detail.php?id=9}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFThanwadee2016&quot;&gt;Thanwadee, Sookprasert (2016-09-12). [https://rituals.sac.or.th/en/detail.php?id=9 &quot;Hae Nang Meaw&quot;]. ''[[Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre]]''. Rituals, Ceremonies and Local Festivals in Thailand Database. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240430040919/https://rituals.sac.or.th/en/detail.php?id=9 Archived] from the original on 2024-04-30&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-04-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Usoro a na-emekarị mgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-aghọ ihe na-echegbu ndị ọrụ ugbo.  Ndị obodo na-amalite ịkụ ihe ozugbo mmiri ozuzo rutere mgbe emume mgbo ala eze gachara na mbido Mee.  Enweghị mmiri ozuzo mgbe emume a gachara, ndị obodo na-ekpebikarị ịme ngagharị nwamba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2010-06-14|title=Catcalls for cloudbursts|url=https://thethaiger.com/news/national/catcalls-cloudbursts|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=Thaiger|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Njem nwamba ahụ dị egwu ma na-eme ka ọ dị egwu dị ka Egwú Trot &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; site n'ìgwè egwu nwere ịgbà, gongs, cymbals na claves. na ịbụ abụ nke dịgasị iche n'ebe dị iche iche mana okwu ya na-adịkarị nso na abụ oge ochie a: &quot;Oké mmiri ozuzo, mmiri ozuzo na-abịa. Anyị nwere ihe ọ bụla n'afọ a. Na-enweghị mmiri ozuzo. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2015-07-09|title=Thai farmers ask spirits for rain to end crippling drought|url=https://nypost.com/2015/07/09/thai-farmers-ask-spirits-for-rain-to-end-crippling-drought/|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=New York Post|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430040912/https://nypost.com/2015/07/09/thai-farmers-ask-spirits-for-rain-to-end-crippling-drought/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-eme ngagharị a dị ka nke a na Cambodia, na Thailand, emelitere &quot;ọdịnala na-adọrọ mmasị&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McIntosh|first=Matthew|date=2017-03-21|title=Cross-Cultural Ancient Rainmaking Rituals|url=https://brewminate.com/cross-cultural-ancient-rainmaking-rituals/|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; iji zere ihe a ga-akọwa dị ka mmekpa ahụ anụmanụ, nwamba na-atụ egwu mmiri. Iji zere nkatọ nke mmekpa ahụ anụmanụ, na Isan, a na-eji anụ ọhịa bea dochie anya nwamba mgbe ụfọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-03|title=Parched Isaan village opts for politically correct 'cat parade'|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/in-focus/30353614|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=The Nation (Thailand)|language=en|archivedate=2024-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430040912/https://www.nationthailand.com/in-focus/30353614}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọbụna karịa, na Uttaradit, ụmụaka na ndị mụrụ ha na-edochi nwamba site n'iji ejiji dị ka tomcats na-etinye ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ anụ ọhịa.  Ndị obodo dị na Tamnak Tham Subdistrict, Nong Muang Khai District, Phrae Province na-eme nwamba adịgboroja site na achara na akị oyibo, nke ha na-akpọ &quot;Nong Saifon&quot; [2]  Ndewo Kitty ma ọ bụ Doraemon dummies ejiriwokwa dị ka nnọchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-04-22|title=แล้งจัด! ชาวบ้าน จ.แพร่ นำตุ๊กตาคิตตี้ทำพิธีขอฝนแห่นางแมว|url=https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9620000039009|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=mgronline.com|language=th}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sitthipoj|first=Kebui|date=2018-06-21|title=Doraemon joins rain-asking ritual in Phichit|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1489654/doraemon-joins-rain-asking-ritual-in-phichit|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=Bangkok Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebumnuche ==
Dị ka ọkà mmụta gbasara gbasara mmadụ na Thai, Phraya Anuman Rajadhon si kwuo, nwamba na-adịghị amasị mmiri ma na-ejikọta ya kemgbe oge ochie na ịkpata ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.  Na ibuli ọbụbụ ọnụ ahụ, ya mere mmiri na-eju ha.  A na-ejikọta usoro ahụ na ememe eze na aha ya n'onwe ya na-ezo aka na pusi dị ka Neang Maew ma ọ bụ &quot;Princess Cat&quot;, na-egosi ebe nsọpụrụ a na-enye anụ ọhịa na-ebugharị n'ụdị  palanquin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
Dị ka emume mgbaghara nke Europe nke oge ochie dị ka ''Kattenstoet'', olileanya na-eme ngagharị a bụ na ọ ga-abụ &quot;ụmụ nwamba na nkịta mmiri ozuzo&quot; ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Geyer|first=Georgie Anne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRGnwXxqHqkC&amp;dq=cat+rain+ritual&amp;pg=PA107|title=When Cats Reigned Like Kings: On the Trail of the Sacred Cats|date=2004|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|isbn=978-0-7407-4697-0|pages=107|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụrụ na nwamba na-eme mkpesa n'oge ihe omume ahụ, a na-eche na ọ ga-ezo n'oge na-adịghị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Daovisith|first=Douangbouppha|date=2023-10-15|title=Preserving Rain Traditions in Southeast Asia|url=https://theaseanmagazine.asean.org/article/preserving-rain-traditions-in-southeast-asia/|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=The ASEAN Magazine|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430040913/https://theaseanmagazine.asean.org/article/preserving-rain-traditions-in-southeast-asia/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Khmer na ndị Thai nwere olileanya na mmiri ozuzo ga-abịa site na ụbọchị 3 ruo 7 mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị. Nke a na-enyere aka iwulite obi ike ha na mmiri ga-ezo, ọ na-eweta ịdị n'otu nke ndị nọ n'obodo n'ihi ọrụ achọrọ site na obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Klallam</title>
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      <text bytes="14648" sha1="4prtd2t9oiainsjb828gqjwvdu66h1x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Klallam|nativename={{lang|clm|nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən}}|states=[[United States]]|region=[[Washington (state)|Washington]]|extinct=2014, with the death of [[Hazel Sampson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Jonathan |last=Kaminsky |title=Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-klallam-death-idUSBREA1605W20140207 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2014-02-06 |access-date=2014-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;|familycolor=salishan|fam1=[[Salishan languages|Salishan]]|fam2=[[Coast Salish language|Coast]]|fam3=Central|fam4=[[Straits Salish languages|Straits Salish]]|iso3=clm|map=klallam.png|notice=IPA|pronunciation={{IPA|/nxʷst͡ɬʼajˀˈmut͡sn/}}|image=Makah Reservation (48663161302).png}}

'''Klallam,''' '''Clallam, Ns'Klallam ma ọ bụ S'klallam''' ( endonym : {{Lang|clm|nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən}}, {{IPA|/nxʷst͡ɬʼajˀˈmut͡sn/}} ), bụ asụsụ Straits Salishan nke ndị Klallam na-asụ na [[Becher Bay]] na Vancouver Island na British Columbia na n'ofe Strait nke Juan de Fuca nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Peninsula Olympic na [[Washington (nkeji obodo)|Washington]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Linguist keeping language, culture of Pacific Northwest tribes alive|work=News, University of North Texas|accessdate=2013-01-12|date=2002-09-26|url=https://news.unt.edu/news-releases/linguist-keeping-language-culture-pacific-northwest-tribes-alive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ nke Klallam dị ka asụsụ mbụ nwụrụ na 2014,  mana enwere ìgwè ndị na-asụ Klallam na-eto eto dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ.

Klallam nwere njikọ chiri anya na Northern Straits Salish, Sooke, Leekwungen, Saanich, Lummi, na Samish  mana asụsụ ndị ahụ anaghị aghọta ibe ha . Enwere ọtụtụ olumba nke Klallam, gụnyere Elwha Klallam, Becher Bay Klallam, Jamestown S'Klallam na Little Boston S'Klallam. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Mgbalị iji na ume ọhụrụ ==
Ebipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Klallam nke mbụ na 2012. Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Port Angeles, na Port Angeles, Washington, na-enye klas Klallam, kụziri dị ka asụsụ ihe nketa &quot;iji zute ngụsị akwụkwọ na ihe ntinye akwụkwọ kọleji.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Arwyn Rice|title=First Klallam language dictionary revives ancient Native American tongue|work=Olympic Peninsula Daily NEWS|accessdate=2013-01-12|date=2012-12-13|url=http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/article/20121214/NEWS/312149988/first-klallam-language-dictionary-revives-ancient-native-american}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malite ọdịda 2020, a kuziri asụsụ Klallam na kọleji Peninsula na Port Angeles.

Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ nke Klallam dị ka asụsụ mbụ bụ Hazel Sampson nke Port Angeles, onye nwụrụ na February 4, 2014, mgbe ọ dị afọ 103.  Hazel Sampson na nwanne Ed Sampson rụkọrọ ọrụ (d. 1995), Tom Charles (d. 1999), Bea Charles (d. 2009) na Adeline Smith (d. 2013), ndị ọzọ na-asụ asụsụ Klallam, yana onye nkuzi asụsụ [[Jamie Valadez]] na onye mmụta asụsụ Timothy Montler sitere na 1992 iji chịkọta K.lal. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rice&quot;&gt; N'afọ 1999, mbọ a mere ka e wepụta atụmatụ nkuzi na akwụkwọ ntuziaka iji kuziere ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe ndabere asụsụ site na ịkọ akụkọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rice&quot;&gt;Arwyn Rice, [http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/article/20140206/news/302069983/eldest-member-among-klallam-tribes-last-native-speaker-of-language &quot;Last Native Klallam Speaker Dies in Port Angeles,&quot;] ''Peninsula Daily News,'' Feb. 5, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2015, e bipụtara ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ Klallam zuru oke maka nkuzi asụsụ nke abụọ na ichekwa asụsụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Awụnyere akara n'okporo ámá Bekee-Klallam na-asụ asụsụ abụọ n'akụkụ ụzọ abụọ na Port Angeles na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.peninsuladailynews.com/news/port-angeles-street-signs-honor-klallam-history/|title=Port Angeles street signs honor Klallam history|work=Peninsula Daily News|date=February 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2020, Donald Sullivan, onye otu Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, tinye akara n'okporo ámá na Klallam n'akụkụ ndị bekee dị na Little Boston . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kitsapsun.com/story/news/2020/03/09/sklallam-land-new-street-signs-reminder-our-language-important-and-alive/4976713002/|title=On S'Klallam land, new street signs a reminder that 'our language is important and alive'|author=Pilling|first=Nathan|work=Kitsap Sun|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== fonology ==

=== Udaume ===
Klallam nwere ụdaume ụdaume anọ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
! N'ihu
! Central
! Azu
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Mechie
| i
|
| u
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! N'etiti
| ( ɛ )
| ə
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Mepee
|
| a
|
|}

* /i/ nwere allophones [e, ɛ] mgbe nrụgide tupu / ʔ/, na maka ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu tupu /j/, /jˀ/, /ɴ/, ma ọ bụ /ɴˀ/. N'otu aka ahụ, nrụgide /u/ na-aghọ [o] tupu / ʔ /, na maka ụfọdụ, kwa tupu /j / ma ọ bụ / jˀ / (ma ọ bụghị tupu / w / ma ọ bụ / wˀ / ). A na-egosi nke mbụ n'asụsụ ọdịnala, ma nke ikpeazụ abụghị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* Mgbe enweghị nchekasị, /ə/ nwere ike ịkpọ dị ka /ʌ/, ma ọ bụ dị ka /ɪ/, /ʊ/, ma ọ bụ /ɑ/ na gburugburu ụfọdụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Klallam dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/klallamdictionar0000mont|first=Montler|date=2012|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=9780295992075|location=Seattle|oclc=779740399|author=Timothy.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTimothy.2012&quot;&gt;Timothy., Montler (2012). ''Klallam dictionary''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780295992075|&lt;bdi&gt;9780295992075&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779740399 779740399].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
** Tupu ʔ ma ọ bụ h, ọ na-aghọ /ɑ/.
** Gburugburu č na š, ọ na-aghọ /ɪ/.
** Tupu consonants azụ agbachie, ọ na-aghọ /ʊ/.
* Enwere ike inwe nrụgide ma ọ bụ enweghị nchekasị. Udaume na-enweghị nrụgide dị mkpụmkpụ ma dị ala karịa ụdaume nrụgide.
** A na-ehichapụkarị schwas enweghị nchekasị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọkarị ''nətán'' (&quot;nne m&quot;) dị ka ''ntán'' .
** N'ihe banyere ihichapụ schwa mgbe consonant imi nke na-esochi ụdaume nrụgide ozugbo, a na -enwekarị consonant imi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ ''čánəs'' (&quot;ịkwagharị ihe&quot;) dị ka ''čánns'', ọbụna n'ikwu okwu nke ọma.

=== Consonants ===

==== Infixes ====
Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji infix akara plurality (agbanyeghị, e nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ isi mara plurality). Infix a na-egosi ọnụọgụgụ mkpokọta, nke pụtara na kama ịkanye otutu aha, ọ na-emepụta otu aha. Nke a infix na-ewe otu n'ime ụdị ''-əy̓-'', ''-aʔy-'', ''-éy-'', ma ọ bụ ''-éye-'' dabere n'usoro mgbọrọgwụ na ntinye nrụgide na-aga n'ihu na infix. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

=== Mgbanwegharị ===
Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị mmụgharịgharị na Klallam, nke ọ bụla na-agbazinye okwu a pụtara otu ihe. Mgbanwegharị nke consonant abụọ bụ ụzọ isi gosipụta ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dịka 10% nke okwu Kalam. A na-eṅomiri consonants abụọ mbụ ma tinye tupu ebe ha nọ na azuokokoosisi, ma tinye schwa n'etiti ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''ləmətú'' (atụrụ) na-aghọ ''ləmləmətú'' (ìgwè atụrụ) site na usoro a. Mgbanwegharị mkpụrụedemede mbụ bụ otu n'ime ụzọ atọ iji mepụta ụdị ngwaa na-aga n'ihu. A na-etinye consonant mbụ nke okwu mgbe ụdaume nke mbụ gasịrị, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-etinye schwa ma emesịa; ọmụmaatụ, ''qán̓ cn'' (m na-ezu ohi) na-aghọ ''qáqən̓ cn'' (m na-ezu ohi). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Klallam grammar|author=Timothy|first=Montler|isbn=9780295994611|location=Seattle|oclc=891427525|year=2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTimothy2015&quot;&gt;Timothy, Montler (2015). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Iji mepụta ụdị mbelata, a na-emegharị consonant nke mbụ na mgbakwunye 'suffix' nke ''-aʔ'' emesia yana infix nke ''-ʔ-'' emesia na okwu ahụ, nke enwere ike dochie ya site na glottalization. Na nke a ''músmes'' (ehi) na-aghọ ''maʔmúʔsməs'' (obere ehi, nwa ehi). Mbelata ahụ ejedebeghị na ụdị aha. Mgbe ejiri ngwaa mee ihe, ihe ọ pụtara na-ewere njirimara nke &quot;naanị ntakịrị&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;site na obere ihe.&quot; Site na adjective, a na-atụgharị ihe ọ pụtara ruo ntakịrị karịa ụdị mbụ. Ụdị mmụgharị ndị ọzọ dị na nkọwa nke akụkụ &quot;agwa,&quot; &quot;inceptive,&quot; na &quot;dị irè&quot; pụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Syntax ==
Usoro usoro okwu na Klallam bụ VSO, mana ọ bụrụ na isiokwu nke ngwaa pụtara ìhè mgbe ahụ ihe na isiokwu nwere ike ịdị n'usoro ọ bụla. Nke a pụtara na VOS bụ usoro ọzọ na-emekarị. Na mgbakwunye na mgbe ahịrịokwu enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ na isiokwu ahụ yana ọrụ ihe gbanwere, a na-ewere isiokwu a doro anya mgbe ma ndị sonyere bụ mmadụ ma otu nwere nke ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ''kʷənáŋəts cə swéʔwəs cə táns'', n'ezie 'nyere nwa nwoke aka nne ya' (Nwa nwoke nyeere nne ya aka), nne nwere nwa nwoke ahụ ya mere enweghị ike ịbụ isiokwu. N'okwu a, enwere ike dee ahịrịokwu ahụ ka ''kʷənáŋəts cə táns cə swéʔwəs'', na-atụgharị ihe na isiokwu. Mgbe adjective na-etinye aka na nkebi ahịrịokwu, ọ na-abịa n'ihu aha ọ na-akọwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

After the first verb, either the main verb or an auxiliary verb, often there are one or more enclitic particles, which can indicated tense and a variety of moods and evidentials.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Usoro ikpe ===
N'ahịrịokwu ndị bụ isi, Klallam na-eji ụkpụrụ na-adịghị mma na-eji akara onye nke atọ. Ndị nke mbụ na nke abụọ na nkebi ahịrịokwu, agbanyeghị, yana ndị niile nọ na nkebiokwu dị n'okpuru, na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nhọpụta-ebubo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Verbs are intransitive unless marked with one of several transitivizing suffixes. The suffix ''-t'' on a verb indicates control by the actor. For example, in ''c̕áʔkʷ cn ʔaʔ cə nətán'' &quot;I got washed by my mother&quot;, the root is unmarked and the subject ''cn'' is a patient while the agent is the object of the oblique preposition ''ʔaʔ'', but in ''c̕áʔkʷt cn cə nəŋənaʔ'' &quot;I washed my child&quot;, the ''-t'' transitive suffix marks that the agent subject, ''cn'' is in control of the action. In a similar manner, the transitivizer ''-nəxʷ'' indicates a lack of control, or a &quot;finally&quot; or &quot;manage to&quot; sense ─ it's out of the subject's control whether they will succeed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Mgbakwunye ''-əŋ'' na ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-emepụta ihe owuwu na-agafe agafe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''c̕áʔkʷtəŋ cn ʔaʔ cə nəŋə́naꞌ'' &quot;Nwa m sachara m&quot;. Enwekwara olu etiti nke suffix ''-əŋ'' na azuokokoosisi intransitive na-emepụta ihe owuwu mgbochi na-egosi isiokwu nnọchite anya. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị onye ọrịa akpọtụrụ aha n'etiti olu, a na-eche na onye ọrịa na onye nnọchi anya bụ otu, dịka n'omume a na-emere onwe ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ewerekarị ''c̕áʔkʷəŋ cn'' ka ọ pụtara &quot;Asara m onwe m&quot;, ma ọ na-enwe mgbagwoju anya, dịka ọ pụkwara ịpụta &quot;Asụrụ m (mgbe niile)&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Ahụrụ m onwe m&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==

* Brooks, Pamela. (1997). Aha ebe John P. Harrington Klallam na Chemakum. ''Usoro nke Mgbakọ Mba Nile na asụsụ Salish na Agbata Obi'', ''32'', 144–188.
* Fleisher, Mak. (1976). ''Clallam: Ọmụmụ na Coast Salish ethnolinguistics'' . (Nka mmụta doctoral, Washington State University).
* Fleisher, Mak. (1977). Akụkụ nke Clallam phonology na ihe ha pụtara maka nrụzigharị. ''Usoro nke ọgbakọ mba ụwa na asụsụ Salishan'', ''12'', 132–141.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''Asụsụ ndị obodo North America'' . Cambridge: Mahadum Mahadum Cambridge. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7|0-521-23228-7]] (hbk);  .
* Montler, Timoti . (1996). Asụsụ na olumba dị na Straits Salishan. ''Usoro nke Mgbakọ Mba Nile na asụsụ Salish na Agbata Obi'', ''31'', 249–256.
* Montler, Timoti. (1996). Ụfọdụ Klallam paradigms. ''Usoro nke Mgbakọ Mba Nile na asụsụ Salish na Agbata Obi'', ''31'', 257–264.
* Montler, Timoti. (1998). Usoro ndị bụ isi na-emetụta ụdaume Kllalam. ''Usoro nke Mgbakọ Mba Nile na asụsụ Salish na Agbata Obi'', ''33'', 366–373.
* Montler, Timoti. (1999). Ụdị asụsụ na olumba dị na Straits Salishan. ''Ọkà mmụta asụsụ ụmụ mmadụ'', ''41'' (4), 462–502.
* Montler, Timoti. (2005). [Nkwukọrịta nkeonwe].
* Montler, Timoti. (2012). ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Kllalam'' . Seattle: Mahadum nke Washington Press.
* Montler, Timoti. (2015). ''Kllalam Grammar'' . Seattle: Mahadum nke Washington Press.
* Thompson, Laurence; &amp; Thompson, M. Terry. (1969). Metathesis dị ka ngwa ụtọ asụsụ. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ International nke American Linguistics'', ''35'', 213-219.
* Thompson, Laurence; &amp; Thompson, M. Terry. (1971). Clallam: Nhụchalụ. ''Mahadum California Publications na Linguistics'', ''65'', 251–294.
* Thompson, Laurence; Thompson, M. Terry; &amp; Efrat, Barbara. (1974). Ụfọdụ mmepe ụda olu na Straits Salish. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ International nke American Linguistics'', ''40'', 182-196.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://klallamlanguage.org/ Asụsụ Kllalam &lt;small&gt;(isi ibe)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [https://scalar.usc.edu/works/klallam-grammar/index/ Klallam Grammar, Mbipụta Scalar]
* Nancy Kolsti, &quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160605180150/http://www.unt.edu/northtexan/archives/s03/culture.htm Ịchekwa Omenala] &quot;, Mahadum North Texas, 2003.
* [http://www.elwha.org/ Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe]
* [http://www.jamestowntribe.org/ Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110513235815/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&amp;contentId=A54559-2003Mar30&amp;notFound=true Washington Post: &quot;Eborị Northwest na-agbasi mbọ ike iweghachi asụsụ ya&quot;]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050207231929/http://nwfolklife.org/P_ED/nativeamerican.html#grinnell Elaine Grinnell, onye na-akọ akụkọ Klallam na onye na-eme nkata &amp; drum]
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  <page>
    <title>Vedrana Rudan</title>
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Vedrana Rudan (amuru 29 October 1949) bu onye ode akwukwo [[Kroatia|Croatia]].

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Vedrana Rudan mụrụ na Opatija, Yugoslavia, na 1949. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Rijeka na-agụsị akwụkwọ na Croatian na German.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi, onye ndu njem, onye ode akwụkwọ maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Croatian (Feral Tribune, Slobodna Dalmacija, ndepụta Novi, ndepụta Jutarnji), [1] na onye nta akụkọ maka redio steeti..

N'afọ 1991, Redio Rijeka goro ya maka nna ya Franjo Tuđman.[1]  Mgbe ị na-enweghị ọrụ, ka anyị chọtara gị ụlọ.[2]  O dere Mba Nacional, akwụkwọ akụkọ Croatian kacha ibu, ruo n'afọ 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;dalkeyint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dalkeyarchive.com/an-interview-with-vedrana-rudan|author=Lucic|first=Ana|title=An Interview with Vedrana Rudan|publisher=Dalkey Archive Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=Nacional|url=http://arhiva.nacional.hr/autor/84/Vedrana-Rudan|title=Vedrana Rudan: Archives|accessdate=23 June 2015|language=Croatian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 2010 ruo 2015, o dere banyere isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na blọọgụ ya a na-agụkarị nke a na-akpọ &quot;Olee otu esi anwụ n'enweghị nrụgide&quot; (&quot;Kako umwenn bez stresa&quot;). Ọ kwụsịrị ide blọọgụ ya na 21 Ọgọstụ 2015 dị ka &quot;ihe niile anyị na-ede bụ ịkpọasị. Amaghị m ebe anyị nọ, ma anyị nọ na 2015, 1991 ma ọ bụ 1941. A ka na-achụ nta ndị [[Serbia]] niile na-aga n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike nke mba Croatia. Ikike maka ihe? Agụ, nhụsianya, mgbazinye ego?&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.index.hr/black/clanak/vedrana-rudan-prestala-pisati-blog-ne-mogu-podnijeti-mrznju-koja-vlada-hrvatskom/837924.aspx|title=Vedrana Rudan prestala pisati blog: Ne mogu podnijeti mržnju koja vlada Hrvatskom - black|work=Index.hr|date=24 August 2015|accessdate=10 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gụrụ ozi ikpeazụ ya &quot;I Give Up&quot; (&quot;Odustajem&quot;) ihe dị ka ugboro 50,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rudan.info/odustajem|title=Odustajem &amp;#124; Vedrana Rudan|work=Rudan.info|date=24 August 2015|accessdate=10 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2017, ọ bịanyere [[Nkwuputa N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu|aka na nkwupụta nke akaụntụ Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia na Montenegro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Derk|first=Denis|title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca|language=Serbo-Croatian|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|pages=6–7|date=28 March 2017|archivedate=6 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406003911/http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142|accessdate=5 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ edemede ==
N'ibị onye a n'ịề n'ọọ odeậtya ya, Rudan malitere ide akụkọ.  The first book, Uho, grlo, //, published in the year 2002. Otu okwu na-hevelin isi site nka femme lwût di na-ewe iwe na nke na-hevelin obi lhug, Tonka Babić, was accept and nke well for you the article of women of olu na-aww akpataoy nkee.[1]  Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, Ljubav na aldejnji tuҡ (2003), bụ mkpesa siri ike megide alụmdi na nwunye, dabere na ahụmahụ alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya.  Rudan kọwara na ọ dị ka catharsis, m nyeere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nọ n'otu ọnọdụ ahụ aka, mana ọ bụ ọdachi nwanyị mere na emegbu emegbu nke nwere ike ọ gaghị agwọta site na saịtị nke otu akwụkwọ ahụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;gracija10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=Gracija|language=Bosnian|url=http://www.gracija.ba/novost/10503/muskarci-ne-vole-dobre-zene|date=9 July 2010|accessdate=26 June 2015|first=Mersiha|author=Drinjaković|title=Muškarci ne vole dobre žene|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030180205/http://www.gracija.ba/novost/10503/muskarci-ne-vole-dobre-zene|archive-date=30 October 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'oge akwụkwọ ya nke atọ, Crnci u Firenci (2006), Rudan eguzobewo onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese okwu na onye edemede na-ese esemokwu. Echiche ndị na-akọ akụkọ, ndị niile nọ n'ezinụlọ Rijeka, bụ mmepe ọhụrụ na mgbagwoju anya nke ọrụ Rudan, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị jikọtara ya na ihe nkiri American Beauty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mvinfo.hr/clanak/vedrana-rudan-crnci-u-firenci|first=Jagna|author=Pogačnik|publisher=Moderna vremena|date=25 May 2006|title=Vedrana Rudan – &quot;Crnci u Firenci&quot;|accessdate=26 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mana ọ bụ ezie na o nwere ike igosipụta onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-akọ akụkọ ya n'ụzọ doro anya, ọ dị obere ihe dị iche n'etiti ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kupus.net/kupus_stari/wwwroot/crnci-u-firenzi.htm|title=bijela vrana poet grakće|language=Croatian|publisher=Kupus.net|accessdate=26 June 2015|archivedate=2 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002005757/http://www.kupus.net/kupus_stari/wwwroot/crnci-u-firenzi.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ Rudan dere ọzọ, Kad je Fry, kad je jutarac peder (2008), bụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke Nacional kwa ki bipụtara nke mbụ.  N'ime ha, it's better nhihu na-emeso okwu ụ dị ka ime ihe ike megide nwanyi, machismo, morals in manyere netiti កានានានាន្ន្ន្, nrụọ aka politics, of poor.  Na 2014, e mere akwụkwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri a na-akpọ Kurva (Whore), nke Zijah Sokolović na-eduzi, bụ nke e kere na ngwakọta nke ụda na-awụ akpata oyi, obi ụtọ, ọdachi, ezigbo egwu, na ụda dị iche iche nke Rudan..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Kurva&quot; napokon dolazi u Split!|language=Croatian|url=http://szssplit.hr/kurva-napokon-dolazi-u-split|date=11 November 2014|first=Zvonimir|author=Parać|publisher=S4S Portal|accessdate=26 June 2015|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070105/http://szssplit.hr/kurva-napokon-dolazi-u-split}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2010, Dabogda te执行 rodila, ọ tụgharịrị uche ya na mmekọrịta dị nro n'etiti ndị nne na ụmụ nwanyị. Ọzọkwa, akwụkwọ a dabeere na ahụmịhe nke ya. Ya na nne ya anọghị mgbe niile dị ka ha nwere ike ịbụ; ọ na-enwe obi amamikpe na nhụjuanya mgbe nne ya nwụrụ; ọ na na-enwekwa mmetụta kwa ụbọchị na nne ya ka na-ele ya anya ma na-ekpe ya ikpe ma na-ahụ ya na-achọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;gracija10&quot;/&gt;

== Arụmụka ==
E boro Rudan ebubo igbu ndị Juu ugboro abụọ.  Na kọlụm mba, mkpesa nke ndị Juu Croatia bụ na ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado ndị Fascist na-akwadokwa ndị ọzọ nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na [[Israel]].[1]  N'afọ 2009, Rudan kwuru okwu na Nova TV's International Holocaust Ncheta Ụbọchị, na-atụnyere ọnọdụ Gaza na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ.  E mechara chụpụ ya na netwọkụ ahụ, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi Nova TV na Nzukọ Ndị Juu Ụwa..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://arhiva.dalje.com/en-croatia/vedrana-rudans-statement-is-pure-anti-semitism/228794|title=Vedrana Rudan's Statement is Pure Anti-Semitism|date=January 28, 2009|publisher=Dalje|accessdate=15 June 2018|archivedate=15 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214548/http://arhiva.dalje.com/en-croatia/vedrana-rudans-statement-is-pure-anti-semitism/228794}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’afọ 2011, e wepụtara Rudan n’ọtọ na Nacional Mba ọọcọc Catholic “òtù mộ omempớ”.&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ms.sta.si/2012/03/croatian-writer-rudan-dismayed-by-state-of-society/|title=Croatian Writer Rudan Dismayed by State of Society|publisher=Misli|date=27 March 2012|accessdate=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Rudan lụrụ Ljubiša Drageljević, onye ọka iwu, ma biri na Rijeka. O nwere nwa nwoke Slaven na nwa nwanyị Asja site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kosmo.at/news/Vedrana-Rudan-Jugoslawien-ist-lebendiger-denn-je|publisher=Kosmo|language=German|first=Vera|author=Marjanović|date=10 April 2015|title=Vedrana Rudan: &quot;Jugoslawien ist lebendiger denn je&quot;|accessdate=10 September 2016|archivedate=September 20, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920081436/http://www.kosmo.at/news/Vedrana-Rudan-Jugoslawien-ist-lebendiger-denn-je}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;politika11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/spektar/zivot-i-stil/Uzivam-dva-ugleda.lt.html|publisher=Politika|date=18 December 2011|first=Slavko|author=Trošelj|title=Uživam dva ugleda|language=Serbian|accessdate=23 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rudan kọrọ banyere mmetọ alụmdi na nwunye site n'aka di mbụ ya n'ime afọ iri na anọ nke alụmdi na ụba. Ọ malitere mmekọrịta ya na Drageljević mgbe ọ ka lụrụ di.&lt;ref name=&quot;gracija10&quot;/&gt;

Na Maachị 2025, mgbe a gbara Aleksandar Stanković ajụjụ ọnụ, o kwuru na a chọpụtara na ya nwere ọrịa kansa nakwa na ọ na-anwụ.  Mgbe a jụrụ ya ihe bụ ihe ikpeazụ ọ gwara ọha, ọ sịrị: “Anwụghị m, m na-anwụ, ma enweghị m mgbaàmà ọ bụla.&quot;.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* ''Uho, grlo, nož'' (Ear, Throat, Knife) (2002) – ({{Cite book|title=Night|publisher=[[Dalkey Archive Press]]|isbn=978-1-56478-347-9|url=https://archive.org/details/night00ruda|year=2004}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot;&gt;Translated by Celia Hawkesworth. Dalkey Archive Press. 2004. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot;&gt;[[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-56478-347-9&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;)
* ''Ljubav na posljednji pogled'' (Love at Last Sight) (2003)
* ''Ja, nevjernica'' (I, Unbeliever) (2005)
* ''Crnci u Firenci'' (Blackmen in Florence) (2006)
* ''Kad je žena kurva / kad je muškarac peder'' (When Woman Is a Whore / When Man Is a Faggot) (2008)
* ''Strah od pletenja'' (Fear of Knitting) (2009)
* ''Dabogda te majka rodila'' (May Your Mother Give Birth to You) (2010)
* ''Kosturi okruga Madison'' (Skeletons of Madison County) (2012)
* ''U zemlji krvi i idiota'' (In a Land of Blood and Idiots) (2013)
* ''Amaruši'' (Amaruši) (2013)
* ''Zašto psujem'' (Why I Curse) (2015)
* ''Muškarac u grlu'' (Man in the Throat) (2016)
* ''Život bez krpelja'' (Life Without Ticks) (2018)
* ''Ples oko sunca, autobiografija'' (Dancing Around the Sun, an Autobiography) (2019)
* ''Dnevnik bijesne domaćice, predgovor novom izdanju'' (Diary of a Mad Housewife, a Preface to the New Edition) (2020)
* ''Puding od vanilije'' (Vanilla Pudding) (2021)
* ''Doživotna robija'' (Imprisoned for Life) (2022)
* ''Besplatna dostava'' (Free delivery) (2023)

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.rudan.info Vedrana Rudan: Kako umwenn bez stresa]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ]]
[[Òtù:Ndị bịanyere aka na Nkwupụta N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ Eze Olowo</title>
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Obí Olowo Aghọfẹn Ụlọghọ, bụ nnukwu obí na Africa. Ọ dị na Owo, ọchịchị ime obodo na Ondo steeti, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria. Ma bụ ihe ncheta mba nke gọọmenti etiti Naijiria kpọrọ ya na 2000.[1][2] Ụlọ eze ahụ na-eji omenala dị mkpa na ndị mmadụ 14 Olowo nke owo rịgoro n'ocheeze kemgbe e nwere ụlọ eze..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=May 24, 2019|title=Omolowos take custody of Olowo’s palace|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/omolowos-take-custody-of-olowos-palace/|work=TheNation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Olowo's_Palace,_Owo,_Ondo_state.jpg|thumb|Obí Olowo, Owo, Ondo steeti]]

== Ihe owuwu ==
Obí ahụ nwere ogige 100, nke a na-akpọ Ugha, nke ọ bụla nwere ọrụ dị iche iche ma na-agwa otu chi. Obí a na-anọdụ ala 180 acres. A na-azọrọ na ọ karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke egwuregwu bọọlụ America, a na-ejikwa ya eme mmemme na mgbakọ ọha. A na-eji okwute quartz mee ụfọdụ n'ime ogige ndị ahụ yana ndị ọzọ nwere ite gbajiri agbaji. A na-eji ihe oyiyi eze nọkwasịrị n’elu ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ gosi ya na nwunye ya merela agadi kpụrụ ogidi ndị na-akwado elu ụlọ nke ọ bụla na veranda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ewubere ụlọ eze ahụ n'oge ọchịchị Olowo Irengenje na 1340 ma nwee ihe dị ka ọnụ ụlọ 1,000, ụfọdụ n'ime ha rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ arụsị na ebe ofufe nke ndị nna ochie.[1]. na ihe dị ka ndị eze iri na atọ ejirila ụlọ eze kemgbe Olowo nke mbụ. Ha bụ (ọ bụghị n'usoro): Oba Ojugbelu Arere, Rerengejen, Ajaka, Ajagbusi Ekun, Olagbegi Atanneye I, Olagbegi Atanneye II, Elewuokun, Olateru Olagbegi I, Olateru Olagbegi II, Ajike Ogunoye, Adekola Ogunoye II, na Folagbade Olateru Olagbegi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Newspaper|first=The Hope|date=2021-12-16|title=Preserving Olowo palace as cultural heritage|url=https://www.thehopenewspaper.com/preserving-olowo-palace-as-cultural-heritage/|accessdate=2024-11-08|work=The Hope Newspaper|language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNewspaper2021&quot;&gt;Newspaper, The Hope (16 December 2021). [https://www.thehopenewspaper.com/preserving-olowo-palace-as-cultural-heritage/ &quot;Preserving Olowo palace as cultural heritage&quot;]. ''The Hope Newspaper''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moses|first=Adams|date=2024-09-08|title=The Olowo Palace in Owo: A Royal Heritage|url=https://rexclarkeadventures.com/the-olowo-palace-in-owo-a-royal-heritage/amp/|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=Rex Clarke Adventures|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Olowo_Folagbade.jpeg|thumb|Folagbade Olateru Olagbegi (na uwe uhie) n'oge emume Igogo nke afọ 2013]]
A na-ewere Owo dị ka Mecca ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] tupu [[Naijiria|Nnwere onwe Naịjirịa]] site na ịmepụta Action Group nke a maara dị ka Egbe Omo Yoruba nke a na-eme n'ime obí eze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-03-27|title=Inside Africa's largest palace|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/inside-africas-largest-palace/|accessdate=2021-12-17|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2019-06-13|title=Olowo: Africa’s ‘biggest’ palace|url=https://thesun.ng/olowo-africas-biggest-palace/|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obí eze dị ka ebe a na-eku ume ==
'''Ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na nyocha'''

Obí eze Olowo na-eje ozi dị ka ebe agụmakwụkwọ, na-enye mmemme ndị na-eme ka ndị ọbịa mara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị, na ọdịnala nke ndị Yourba. Njikọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na-eme ka ohere nyocha lekwasị anya na ụlọ na ihe nketa nke Yourba, na-enye aka na nghọta miri emi nke ihe ngosi ọdịbendị a dị mkpa &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moses|first=Adams|date=2024-09-08|title=The Olowo Palace in Owo: A Royal Heritage|url=https://rexclarkeadventures.com/the-olowo-palace-in-owo-a-royal-heritage/|accessdate=2024-12-26|work=Rex Clarke Adventures|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMoses2024&quot;&gt;Moses, Adams (8 September 2024). [https://rexclarkeadventures.com/the-olowo-palace-in-owo-a-royal-heritage/ &quot;The Olowo Palace in Owo: A Royal Heritage&quot;]. ''Rex Clarke Adventures''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 December&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mgbalị Ndị Na-eme n'Obodo'''

Obí eze ahụ na-etinye aka na obodo site na atụmatụ ndị na-eme ka nkà nke ndị omenkà, Ndị na-eti egwu na Ndị na-akọ akụkọ pụta ìhè. A na-ahazi ogbako na ihe ngosi iji nye ndị bi na ya ohere igosi ọrụ aka ha na omenala ha, na-akwalite mmetụta siri ike nke obodo ma na-enye ihe nketa ha &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe ọhụrụ ndị e mepụtara n'oge ochie ==
'''Omume Ndị Na-adịgide Adịgide n'Ime Ihe'''

Ụdị ihe owuwu nke obí eze Olowo na-agụnye usoro iwu ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide, na-eji ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka [[Uzuzu|apịtị]], ahịhịa, na [[Ńkú|osisi]]. Usoro a abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosipụta gburugburu ebe obibi kamakwa ọ na-ahụ na obí eze ahụ na-adịgide adịgide na nkwekọrịta ya na gburugburu ya, na-egosi mkpebi maka iwu ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

'''Ihe Ndị Na-anọchi Anya n'Ụlọ'''

A na-achọ obí eze ahụ mma na akara dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-anọchite anya echiche ụwa nke Yoruba. Nhazi nke archaectuiral na-ekwusi ike na oghere ọha na eze e mere maka nchịkọta na emume, na-eme ka mkpa mmekọrịta obodo dị na omenala Yoruba &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme jikọtara ya na obí eze ==
'''Ọrụ Ndị Ọ rụrụ n'oge Ọchịchị Ndị Na-achị'''

N'oge niile a na-achị ala ọzọ, obí eze Olowo bụ ebe ogbenye maka mkparịta ụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi usoro ọchịchị ime obodo n'etiti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọchịchị, na-emetụta ikike obí eze na mmekọrịta ya na obodo &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

'''Ọganihu Mgbe Nnwere Onwe'''

Mgbe [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] nwetara nnwere onwe, ọrụ obí eze gbanwere n'ime obodo, na-eme mgbanwe iji gbochie mkparịta ụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka ikpo okwu maka daiogue na ọchịchị, na-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Mmetụta obí eze ahụ nwere n'ebe a na-ahụ obodo ahụ ==
'''Omenala na mpako mba'''

Obí Olowo na-eguzo dị ka nganga ihe atụ maka ndị Ogo, na-akwalite mmetụta nke ihe onwunwe na ọdịbendị, mbọ nchekwa na-eme ka ihe nketa obodo dịkwuo mma, na-emezi ka mmekọrịta obodo sie ike ma na-emewanye mkpa ọdịnala ha &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Obí eze ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta na ndị ọkà mmụta mba ụwa, na-eme ka a mara ha n'ụwa niile. Aha ya nwere ike ịbụ ebe ihe nketa ụwa nke [[Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị UNESCO|UNESCO]] na-emesi ike mkpa ọdịbendị ya na mkpa ọ dị maka mbọ nchekwa na-aga n'ihu &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Edemsibia ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Otú:Ȯra Ondo]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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Obí Olowo Aghọfẹn Ụlọghọ, bụ nnukwu obí na Africa. Ọ dị na Owo, ọchịchị ime obodo na Ondo steeti, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria. Ma bụ ihe ncheta mba nke gọọmenti etiti Naijiria kpọrọ ya na 2000.[1][2] Ụlọ eze ahụ na-eji omenala dị mkpa na ndị mmadụ 14 Olowo nke owo rịgoro n'ocheeze kemgbe e nwere ụlọ eze..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=May 24, 2019|title=Omolowos take custody of Olowo’s palace|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/omolowos-take-custody-of-olowos-palace/|work=TheNation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Olowo's_Palace,_Owo,_Ondo_state.jpg|thumb|Obí Olowo, Owo, Ondo steeti]]

== Ihe owuwu ==
Obí ahụ nwere ogige 100, nke a na-akpọ Ugha, nke ọ bụla nwere ọrụ dị iche iche ma na-agwa otu chi. Obí a na-anọdụ ala 180 acres. A na-azọrọ na ọ karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke egwuregwu bọọlụ America, a na-ejikwa ya eme mmemme na mgbakọ ọha. A na-eji okwute quartz mee ụfọdụ n'ime ogige ndị ahụ yana ndị ọzọ nwere ite gbajiri agbaji. A na-eji ihe oyiyi eze nọkwasịrị n’elu ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ gosi ya na nwunye ya merela agadi kpụrụ ogidi ndị na-akwado elu ụlọ nke ọ bụla na veranda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ewubere ụlọ eze ahụ n'oge ọchịchị Olowo Irengenje na 1340 ma nwee ihe dị ka ọnụ ụlọ 1,000, ụfọdụ n'ime ha rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ arụsị na ebe ofufe nke ndị nna ochie.[1]. na ihe dị ka ndị eze iri na atọ ejirila ụlọ eze kemgbe Olowo nke mbụ. Ha bụ (ọ bụghị n'usoro): Oba Ojugbelu Arere, Rerengejen, Ajaka, Ajagbusi Ekun, Olagbegi Atanneye I, Olagbegi Atanneye II, Elewuokun, Olateru Olagbegi I, Olateru Olagbegi II, Ajike Ogunoye, Adekola Ogunoye II, na Folagbade Olateru Olagbegi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Newspaper|first=The Hope|date=2021-12-16|title=Preserving Olowo palace as cultural heritage|url=https://www.thehopenewspaper.com/preserving-olowo-palace-as-cultural-heritage/|accessdate=2024-11-08|work=The Hope Newspaper|language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNewspaper2021&quot;&gt;Newspaper, The Hope (16 December 2021). [https://www.thehopenewspaper.com/preserving-olowo-palace-as-cultural-heritage/ &quot;Preserving Olowo palace as cultural heritage&quot;]. ''The Hope Newspaper''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moses|first=Adams|date=2024-09-08|title=The Olowo Palace in Owo: A Royal Heritage|url=https://rexclarkeadventures.com/the-olowo-palace-in-owo-a-royal-heritage/|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=Rex Clarke Adventures|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Olowo_Folagbade.jpeg|thumb|Folagbade Olateru Olagbegi (na uwe uhie) n'oge emume Igogo nke afọ 2013]]
A na-ewere Owo dị ka Mecca ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] tupu [[Naijiria|Nnwere onwe Naịjirịa]] site na ịmepụta Action Group nke a maara dị ka Egbe Omo Yoruba nke a na-eme n'ime obí eze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-03-27|title=Inside Africa's largest palace|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/inside-africas-largest-palace/|accessdate=2021-12-17|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2019-06-13|title=Olowo: Africa’s ‘biggest’ palace|url=https://thesun.ng/olowo-africas-biggest-palace/|accessdate=2024-12-30|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obí eze dị ka ebe a na-eku ume ==
'''Ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na nyocha'''

Obí eze Olowo na-eje ozi dị ka ebe agụmakwụkwọ, na-enye mmemme ndị na-eme ka ndị ọbịa mara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị, na ọdịnala nke ndị Yourba. Njikọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na-eme ka ohere nyocha lekwasị anya na ụlọ na ihe nketa nke Yourba, na-enye aka na nghọta miri emi nke ihe ngosi ọdịbendị a dị mkpa &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moses|first=Adams|date=2024-09-08|title=The Olowo Palace in Owo: A Royal Heritage|url=https://rexclarkeadventures.com/the-olowo-palace-in-owo-a-royal-heritage/|accessdate=2024-12-26|work=Rex Clarke Adventures|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMoses2024&quot;&gt;Moses, Adams (8 September 2024). [https://rexclarkeadventures.com/the-olowo-palace-in-owo-a-royal-heritage/ &quot;The Olowo Palace in Owo: A Royal Heritage&quot;]. ''Rex Clarke Adventures''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 December&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mgbalị Ndị Na-eme n'Obodo'''

Obí eze ahụ na-etinye aka na obodo site na atụmatụ ndị na-eme ka nkà nke ndị omenkà, Ndị na-eti egwu na Ndị na-akọ akụkọ pụta ìhè. A na-ahazi ogbako na ihe ngosi iji nye ndị bi na ya ohere igosi ọrụ aka ha na omenala ha, na-akwalite mmetụta siri ike nke obodo ma na-enye ihe nketa ha &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe ọhụrụ ndị e mepụtara n'oge ochie ==
'''Omume Ndị Na-adịgide Adịgide n'Ime Ihe'''

Ụdị ihe owuwu nke obí eze Olowo na-agụnye usoro iwu ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide, na-eji ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka [[Uzuzu|apịtị]], ahịhịa, na [[Ńkú|osisi]]. Usoro a abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosipụta gburugburu ebe obibi kamakwa ọ na-ahụ na obí eze ahụ na-adịgide adịgide na nkwekọrịta ya na gburugburu ya, na-egosi mkpebi maka iwu ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

'''Ihe Ndị Na-anọchi Anya n'Ụlọ'''

A na-achọ obí eze ahụ mma na akara dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-anọchite anya echiche ụwa nke Yoruba. Nhazi nke archaectuiral na-ekwusi ike na oghere ọha na eze e mere maka nchịkọta na emume, na-eme ka mkpa mmekọrịta obodo dị na omenala Yoruba &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme jikọtara ya na obí eze ==
'''Ọrụ Ndị Ọ rụrụ n'oge Ọchịchị Ndị Na-achị'''

N'oge niile a na-achị ala ọzọ, obí eze Olowo bụ ebe ogbenye maka mkparịta ụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi usoro ọchịchị ime obodo n'etiti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọchịchị, na-emetụta ikike obí eze na mmekọrịta ya na obodo &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

'''Ọganihu Mgbe Nnwere Onwe'''

Mgbe [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] nwetara nnwere onwe, ọrụ obí eze gbanwere n'ime obodo, na-eme mgbanwe iji gbochie mkparịta ụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka ikpo okwu maka daiogue na ọchịchị, na-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Mmetụta obí eze ahụ nwere n'ebe a na-ahụ obodo ahụ ==
'''Omenala na mpako mba'''

Obí Olowo na-eguzo dị ka nganga ihe atụ maka ndị Ogo, na-akwalite mmetụta nke ihe onwunwe na ọdịbendị, mbọ nchekwa na-eme ka ihe nketa obodo dịkwuo mma, na-emezi ka mmekọrịta obodo sie ike ma na-emewanye mkpa ọdịnala ha &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Obí eze ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta na ndị ọkà mmụta mba ụwa, na-eme ka a mara ha n'ụwa niile. Aha ya nwere ike ịbụ ebe ihe nketa ụwa nke [[Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị UNESCO|UNESCO]] na-emesi ike mkpa ọdịbendị ya na mkpa ọ dị maka mbọ nchekwa na-aga n'ihu &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Edemsibia ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Otú:Ȯra Ondo]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Ogbi nke Ijipt</title>
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      <text bytes="3358" sha1="gyy9opeey75ny3uz68n2lf5itlpcjx8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Egyptian Sign Language|nativename=[[File:Egyptian Sign Language - لغة الاشارة المصرية.PNG]]|region=[[Egypt]]|speakers=500,000|date=2021|familycolor=sign|fam1=[[Arab Sign Language family]]|iso3=esl}}

Asụsụ Ogbi [[Egypt|Ijipt]] (Arabic) bụ asụsụ ndị ogbi nke ndị nti chiri na-asụ n’Ijipt.

== Asụsụ Ogbi ==
Ọ bụ ezie na e nwebeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nti chiri ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eji asụsụ ndị ogbi nke Ijipt eme ihe dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha, Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Gallaudet University's library resources website hotara atụmatụ 1999 nke ụmụaka abụọ na-adịghị anụ ihe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LibGuides: Deaf Statistics: Africa &amp; the Americas|url=http://libguides.gallaudet.edu/content.php?pid=119476&amp;sid=1061107|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613212211/http://libguides.gallaudet.edu/content.php?pid=119476&amp;sid=1061107|archivedate=2017-06-13|accessdate=2012-05-01|work=Gallaudet University Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nyocha 2007 nke World Health Organization na-etinye mmụba nke ntị na Ijipt na 16.02% n'ofe ọgbọ niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abdel-Hamid|first=O.|date=2007|title=Prevalence and Patterns of Hearing Impairment in Egypt: A National Household Survey|url=http://www.emro.who.int/publications/emhj/1305/article21.htm|journal=Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal|volume=13|issue=5|pages=1170–1180|doi=10.26719/2007.13.5.1170|pmid=18290411|accessdate=2012-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gọvumenti anabataghị asụsụ ogbi nke Ijipt.  &lt;ref name=&quot;WFDsurvey&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://www.wfdeaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/7.-RSAR-Regional-Survey-Report-No-7-English-Version.pdf |title=Global Survey Report WFD Interim Regional Secretariat for the Arab Region (WFD RSAR) |last1=World Federation of the Deaf |last2=Swedish National Association of the Deaf |date=2008 |isbn=978-952-9648-12-2 |access-date=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316045220/http://www.wfdeaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/7.-RSAR-Regional-Survey-Report-No-7-English-Version.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-16 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'asụsụ, Asụsụ Ogbi Ijipt enweghị njikọ na asụsụ ndị ogbi ndị ọzọ nke Arab World, dị ka Asụsụ Ogwe Jọdan, Asụsụ ogbi Palestine, ma ọ bụ Asụsụ Ogbe Libya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abdel-Fattah|first=M. A.|date=2005|title=Arabic Sign Language: A Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-deaf-studies-and-deaf-education_spring-2005_10_2/page/n107|journal=The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education|volume=10|issue=2|pages=212–221|doi=10.1093/deafed/eni007|pmid=15778217}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbalị ijikọ ọnụ, imepụta &quot;Asụsụ ogbi nke Arab&quot;, adaala, n'ihi na ụdị ejikọtara ọnụ ga-abụ asụsụ ọhụrụ kpamkpam.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ntị na-adịghị ekwu okwu n'Ijipt

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Egyptian Sign Puddle - Dictionary of Egyptian Sign Language (n'okpuru iwu) 
* YouTube ESL Dictionary - Animated Dictionary of Egyptian Sign Language (n'okpuru iwu) 
* The Deaf Unit - Ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Cairo, nke jikọtara ya na The Nardine Association NGO - جمعية الناردين
{{Languages of Egypt}}{{sign language navigation}}</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Kedang</title>
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Kédang (Kdang, Dang, Kedangese) bụ egwuregwu a na-na mpaghara Kedang n'ịsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Lembata Island, n'ebe ọmụmụ ihe Flores, na Indonesia.  Asụsụ a sitere n'ụdị Austronesian na obere obere ya, Malayo-Polynesian .  [1] gosiri, ahụ dị n'ime Flores-Lembata sub-group.[1]  E nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asṄṄede 30,000.

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Aha aha ahụ bụkwa aha mpaghara ebe a na-asahụ ahụ, Kedang .  [1] ahụ dị ihe dị ka square kilomita 26 ngosi mpaghara mgbaàmà - Omesuri na Buyasuri .  [1] Ka ọ dị taa, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asự 30,000.  [2] Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekwu okwu na-arụ ọrụ ugbo nke bụ ọrụ ugbo na-eche azụ.[1]  Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu bụ ndị na-akpata ma ọ bụ ndị nwe mana ole na ole ka nwere ike na-enwe ike ime akwụkwọ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Weekes|first=Richard V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ3FEAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Muslim+Peoples:+A+World+Ethnographic+Survey|title=Muslim Peoples [2 Volumes]: A World Ethnographic Survey|date=1984|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-313-23392-0|pages=399|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụedemede ===
Kédang nwere ihe nke ise nke ise iri na abụọ n'asụsụ ya, nke e kewara n'ime usoro abụọ n'otu n'otu na ụzọume isii n'otu.[1]  Otuጠቅ nwere ikeume modal ma ọ bụ nke a isi ike dị ka isiume ebe ike nke ọzọ bụ isi na-eku ume.[1]  Enwere ike ụfọdụ ụzọ na ụzọ dị iche iche: site na ọnọdụ okwu na site na ibu.  mapedemede modal (mkpụrụedemede n'ebe) na-iche n'etiti na ọnọdụ ikpeazụ ebe mgbaume na-eku ume eme.[1]  Ọ bụ ebe na a na-akpọ akpọume na-eku ume na ike dị ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p11&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Samely|1991|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ okwu ===
E nwere otuume iri na ihe Kédang.[1]  asụsụ okwu na- ụzọ dị iche iche nke articulation plosives, nasal, lateral, flap, trill, fricatives na continuant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p36&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Samely|1991|page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Klas okwu ==
Kédang isi klas okwu ya iji tinye aha, isiaha, adjectives, ngwaa, adverbs, nọmba, prepositions, interjections, conjunctions na classifiers..

=== Aha ===
A na-ahụ aha mgbe a na- mkpa adreesị na ngwaa.  Mgbakwunye Kédang bụ prefix nominalising N-, nomalising infix -an-, suffix -n na ụdị n'efu wala..

* The nominalizing prefix N- replaces the initial consonant. For example:
** t →  n      {{Lang|ksx|'''t'''adaq}} 'to advise' → {{Lang|ksx|'''n'''adaq}} 'advice'&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p65&quot; /&gt;
** k → n      {{Lang|ksx|'''k'''ariq}} 'to speak' → {{Lang|ksx|'''n'''ariq}} 'language' &lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p65&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Samely|1991|page=65}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The nominalizing prefix N- replaces the initial consonant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p65&quot; /&gt; 
* The nominalizing infix {{Lang|ksx|-an-}} is added after the initial consonant. For example:
** {{Lang|ksx|kawang}} 'to flow' → {{Lang|ksx|ka'''na'''wang}} 'current'&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p66&quot;&gt;
** {{Lang|ksx|tangul}} 'to cover a pot with a lid' → {{Lang|ksx|ta'''na'''ngul}} 'lid'&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p66&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Samely|1991|page=66}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The suffix {{Lang|ksx|-n}} is added to verbs and adjectives at the end of the words. For example:
** {{Lang|ksx|dei}} 'to follow' → {{Lang|ksx|dei'''n'''}} 'offspring'&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p67&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Samely|1991|page=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** {{Lang|ksx|mate}} 'dead' → {{Lang|ksx|mate'''n'''}} 'corpse'&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p67&quot; /&gt;
* The free form {{Lang|ksx|wala}} follows after a verb to indicate the person who is acting out the verb.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p67&quot; /&gt; For examples:
** {{Lang|ksx|durung}} 'to sell' → {{Lang|ksx|durung '''wala'''}} 'seller'&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p67&quot; /&gt;
** {{Lang|ksx|huang}} 'to play' → {{Lang|ksx|huang '''wala'''}} 'player'&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p67&quot; /&gt;

=== Aha nnọchiaha ===
osisi Kédang na-agbasọ usoro ụzọ atọ nke otu-abụọ-ọtụtụ.  A na-ekewa ha n'ụdị asaa: onwe onye,,ahụ ihe,ahụ-ihe akwụkwọ. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Onye ọ bụla
!Nkwado
!Ihe onwunwe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nkwado-Onye Ọchịchọ
!Ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ
!Ihe E Na-elekwasị Anya
!Ihe E Na-elekwasị Anya
|-
|Echiche
|Ihe Ebumnuche
|
|
|Echiche
|Ihe Ebumnuche
|
|
|
|-
|Onye
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Otu onye nke mbụ
|&gt;{{Lang|ksx|ei}}, &gt;{{Lang|ksx|eqi}}
|&lt;sup&gt;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;{{Lang|ksx|eqi}}
|{{Lang|ksx|ko}}
|{{Lang|ksx|koq}}
|{{Lang|ksx|koqo}}
|{{Lang|ksx|koqi}}
|&lt;sup&gt;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;{{Lang|ksx|eko}}
|{{Lang|ksx|eti}}
|{{Lang|ksx|èrèg}}
|-
|Onye nke abụọ
|{{Lang|ksx|o}}
|{{Lang|ksx|o}}
|{{Lang|ksx|mo}}
|{{Lang|ksx|moq}}
|{{Lang|ksx|moqo}}
|{{Lang|ksx|meqi}}
|{{Lang|ksx|omo}}
|{{Lang|ksx|oti}}
|{{Lang|ksx|mèrèq}}
|-
|Otu nke atọ
|{{Lang|ksx|nuo}}, {{Lang|ksx|ni}}
|{{Lang|ksx|nuo}}
|{{Lang|ksx|ne}}
|{{Lang|ksx|neq}}
|{{Lang|ksx|neqe}}
|{{Lang|ksx|neqi}}
|{{Lang|ksx|nene}}
|{{Lang|ksx|neti}}
|{{Lang|ksx|nèrèq}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;10&quot; |
|-
|Ọdịdị nke mbụ
(ewepu onye natara ozi) 
|{{Lang|ksx|ke}}-language text&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;''e'', ke
|{{Lang|ksx|e}}
|{{Lang|ksx|ke}}
|{{Lang|ksx|keq}}
|{{Lang|ksx|keqe}}
|{{Lang|ksx|keqi}}
|{{Lang|ksx|eke}}
|{{Lang|ksx|keti}}
|{{Lang|ksx|mèrèq}}
|-
|1st otutu gụnyere
(gụnyere onye natara ozi) 
|{{Lang|ksx|te}}
|{{Lang|ksx|te}}
|{{Lang|ksx|te}}
|{{Lang|ksx|teq}}
|{{Lang|ksx|teqe}}
|{{Lang|ksx|teqi}}
|{{Lang|ksx|tete}}
|{{Lang|ksx|teti}}
|{{Lang|ksx|tèrèq}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;10&quot; |
|-
|Ugboro abụọ
|{{Lang|ksx|me}}
|{{Lang|ksx|me}}
|{{Lang|ksx|me}}
|{{Lang|ksx|meq}}
|{{Lang|ksx|meqe}}
|{{Lang|ksx|meqi}}
|{{Lang|ksx|meme}}
|{{Lang|ksx|meti}}
|{{Lang|ksx|mèrèq}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;10&quot; |
|-
|Ugboro nke atọ
|nke a, nke a
|{{Lang|ksx|suo}}
|{{Lang|ksx|se}}
|{{Lang|ksx|seq}}
|{{Lang|ksx|seqe}}
|{{Lang|ksx|seqi}}
|{{Lang|ksx|sese}}
|{{Lang|ksx|seti}}
|{{Lang|ksx|sèrèq}}
|}

=== Adjectives ===
A na-ekewa adjectives Kédang n'ime ọrụ abụọ: predicative na attributive.[1]  Iji mee ka ọrụ a dị iche, a na- calaamadaha -n mgbe ụfọdụ ikpeazụ nke adjective predicative ka ọ bụrụ attributive.[1]  Ọ bụrụ na adjective ji ụzọume mechiri, ọ go enwe enwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p84&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Samely|1991|page=84}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!Ihe na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe na-egosi
!Ihe kpatara ya
|-
|Mmiri
|{{Lang|ksx|baha}}
|{{Lang|ksx|baha'''n'''}}
|-
|'ndị dị ndụ'
|{{Lang|ksx|bita}}
|{{Lang|ksx|bita'''n'''}}
|-
|'Ọ dị ilu'
|{{Lang|ksx|kiru}}
|{{Lang|ksx|kiru'''n'''}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|-
|'ọhụrụ'
|{{Lang|ksx|werun}}
|{{Lang|ksx|'''werun'''}}
|-
|'red'
|{{Lang|ksx|korong}}
|{{Lang|ksx|'''korong'''}}
|-
|'na-eme ihere'
|{{Lang|ksx|iwiq}}
|{{Lang|ksx|'''iwiq'''}}
|}

=== Ngwaa ===
Enwere naanị otu ngwaa oge na Kédang nke zuru oke - oge egwu.[1]  Oge ndị ọzọ na-achọkarị adverb nke na-egosi oge (oge gara aga, ugbu a ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ) iji kwado yana ngwaa ihe eme eme.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samely 1991 p87&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Samely|1991|page=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Oge Ọdịnihu ('will') 
|-
|
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |
!Otu
!Ọtụtụ
|-
|Onye
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
|Nke mbụ pụrụ iche
(ewepu onye na-ede akwụkwọ) 
|{{Lang|ksx|ena}}
|{{Lang|ksx|kena}}
|-
|Nke mbụ gụnyere 

(gụnyere ndị natara ozi) 
|
|{{Lang|ksx|tena}}
|-
|Nke abụọ
|{{Lang|ksx|ona}}
|{{Lang|ksx|mena}}
|-
|Nke atọ
|{{Lang|ksx|nena}}
|{{Lang|ksx|sena}}
|}

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihe odide ==

* {{Cite book|author=Samely|first=Ursula|title=Kedang (Eastern Indonesia): some aspects of its grammar|date=1991|publisher=Buske|location=Hamburg|isbn=3875480163}}
* {{Cite book|author=Samely|first=Ursula|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQFG-jfGswgC|title=A Dictionary of the Kedang Language: Kedang-Indonesian-English|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-9004256361}}</text>
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    <title>Gróa</title>
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[[:en:Norse_mythology|N'akụkọ ifo Norse]], Gróa (ikekwe sitere na [[:en:Old_Norse|Old Norse]] &quot;na-eto eto&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ORCHARD63&quot;&gt;Orchard (1997:63).&lt;/ref&gt; bụ [[:en:Völva|völva]] (ahụhụ) na onye na-eme ''[[:en:Seid_(shamanic_magic)|seiðr]]''.  Ọ bụ nwunye [[:en:Aurvandil|Aurvandil the Bold]].  Groa bụkwa chi nwaanyị ihe ọmụma.

== Ihe akaebe dị na isi mmalite ==

=== ''Edda Prose'' ===
[[Faịlụ:Awake_Groa_Awake_Mother_-_John_Bauer.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|&quot;Teta Groa Teta Nne&quot; Ihe osise nke John Bauer]]
Gróa pụtara n’akwụkwọ ''[[:en:Prose_Edda|Prose Edda]]'', bụ ''[[:en:Skáldskaparmál|Skáldskaparmál]]'', n’akụkọ banyere ọgụ [[:en:Thor|Thor]] yana [[:en:Jötunn|jötunn]] [[:en:Hrungnir|Hrungnir]]. Mgbe Thor ji hama Mjollnir merie Hrungnir, a rịọrọ Gróa ka o jiri anwansi nye aka wepụ iberibe nkume ịmụ mma nke Hrungnir, ndị batara n’isi Thor.

N’ụzọ dị mwute, ka Gróa nọ n’ọrụ ya, Thor dọpụrụ uche ya site n’ịkọrọ ya otu o si nyere Aurvandil aka ịgafe osimiri Élivágar na mbụ, nakwa otu o si zọpụta ndụ di ya site n’ịkwụpụ mkpịsị ụkwụ ya nke oyi kpara. Anwansi Gróa emeghị nke ọma, ya mere iberibe nkume ịmụ mma ahụ nọgidere n’isi Thor ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.

=== ''Edda nke uri'' ===
[[Faịlụ:Groa's_Incantation.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Groa's Incantation&quot; (1908) nke W. G. Collingwood dere.]]
Gróa bụkwa ''völva'' (ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-ahụ ihe ndị ga-eme n’ọdịnihu), onye a kpọpụtara site n’ụwa ndị nwụrụ anwụ n’uri Old Norse a na-akpọ ''Grógaldr'', nke bụ akụkụ nke ''Svipdagsmál'', nke nwa ya nwoke Svipdagr kpọrọ ya.

Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọ tụfughị ikike ya nke ịkọ ihe ga-eme n’ọdịnihu, ma nwee ike inyere nwa ya nwoke aka imecha nke ọma ọrụ nne di ya obi ọjọọ nyere ya.

O nwere ike ịbụ na Gróa nke abụọ a bụ otu onye ahụ na Gróa nke mbụ, mana uri a bụ ihe e ji ṅomie ''Edda'' nke e dere n’oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asaa.

Mkparịta ụka dị n’etiti Gróa na nwa ya nwoke Svipdag na-enyekwa nghọta banyere otu e si eme emume ịkpọku ndị nwụrụ anwụ. Anyị na-ahụ Svipdag ka ọ na-akpọ nne ya n’ọnụ ụzọ ili ya site n’ịkpọ aha ya. N’ihi na naanị ihe Svipdag mere bụ ịkpọ aha nne ya ma rịọ ya maka enyemaka, ọ dị ka anwansi ahụ esighị n’okwu ndị ahụ n’onwe ha, kama ọ bụ n’ihi na o kwuru ha n’ọnụ ụzọ ili ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eriksen |first=Marianne |date=December 2013 |title=Doors to the dead. The power of doorways and thresholds in Viking Age Scandinavia |url=https://www.proquest.com/pqrl/docview/1449380729/59469D24CF4242E0PQ/2?accountid=8141&amp;sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals |access-date=November 26, 2025 |website=Proquest.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ahụ nka Gróa dịka ''völva'' nke ọma mgbe ọ na-ekwu ọgwụ anwansi itoolu n’elu Svipdag iji nyere ya aka ịlanarị ule nne di ya nyere ya. Otu n’ime ha na-eme ka oké ifufe dị n’oké osimiri dajụọ; nke ọzọ na-eme ka ngwa agha ndị iro ya ghara ịdị nkọ; ebe nke ọzọ na-eme ka agbụ hapụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ fụọ ume n’elu ihe e ji kee ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luyster |first=Robert |date=Summer 1998 |title=The wife's lament in the context of Scandinavian myth and ritual |url=https://www.proquest.com/pqrl/docview/211223952/59469D24CF4242E0PQ/3?accountid=8141&amp;sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals |access-date=November 26, 2025 |website=Proquest.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Gesta Danorum'' ===
Na Gesta Danorum, Gro bụ nwanyị a zọpụtara n'ịlụ nnukwu onye King Gram.  Ọ bụ ada Sigtrygg, Eze nke Sweden, na nne Guthorm (na ikekwe nwanne Guthorm) site na Gram.

N'echiche zuru oke nke Viktor Rydberg banyere akụkọ ifo Norse, a na-ejikọta Gro a na onye na-ahụ ụzọ akọwapụtara na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060116175744/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/rydberg/024.php Rydberg's Teutonic Mythology, Chapter 24]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edensibia ==
{{reflist}}
*Orchard, Andy (1997). ''Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend''. [[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell]]. {{ISBN|0-304-34520-2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Groa}}
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above summary album&quot; |Abụ Ọma nke 119
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot; |&quot;Ndị a gọziri agọzi bụ ndị a na-agbaghaghị n'ụzọ&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot; |[[Psalms#Primary types|Abụ Ọma]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Giovannino_de'_grassi,_Psalm_118-81,_Biblioteca_Nazionale,_Florence.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke amaokwu 81 nke [[Giovannino de' Grassi]], [[National Central Library (Florence)|Biblioteca Nazionale, Florence]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Aha ọzọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Abụ Ọma 119 (Vulgate) 
* &quot;Beati inmaculati in via&quot;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Asụsụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Hibru (nke mbụ) 
|}
{{Reflist|group=note}}.
Abụ Ọma nke 119 *Oziokwu Akwụkwọ Nsọ* 1. *Ebe*: Abụ Ọma nke 119 bụ Abụ Ọma nke iri na iri na itoolu n’ime Akwụkwọ Abụ Ọma. 2. * Nkebi *: Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Ketuvim (edemede) na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru na Agba Ochie na Akwụkwọ Nsọ [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]. *Amadụ Abụ Ọma* 1. *Odee*: Abụghị onye a ma ama. 2. * Aha Hibru *: &quot;Ashrei temimei derech&quot; (&quot;Obi ụtọ na-adịrị ndị ụzọ ha na-enweghị ntụpọ&quot;). 3. *Latin aha*: &quot;Beati inmaculati in via qui ambulant in lege Domini&quot; *Mpụtara* Abụ Ọma nke 119 bụ ihe a ma ama maka ilekwasị anya n'iwu Chineke na nraranye ọbụ abụ ahụ na-agbaso ya.

abụ ọma ahụ bụ abụ ọma na abụ uri, nke ọ bụla n'ime amaokwu asatọ na-amalite na mkpụrụedemede Hibru. Isiokwu nke amaokwu ndị ahụ bụ ekpere nke onye na-enwe obi ụtọ ma na-ebi ndụ site na Torah, iwu dị nsọ. Enwere ike ịkpọ Abụ Ọma 1, 19 na 119 &quot;abụ ọma nke Iwu ahụ&quot;.  

N'usoro nọmba dịtụ iche nke e ji mee ihe na nsụgharị [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] nke Grik Septuagint na Latin Vulgate, abụ ọma a bụ Abụ Ọma 118. N'inwe amaokwu 176, ọ bụ abụ ọma kachasị ogologo yana isiakwụkwọ kachasị ogologo na Bible.

Abụ Ọma ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Ndị Juu, ndị Ọtọdọks, ndị Katọlik, Ndị Lutheran, ndị Anglịkan na liturgies ndị ọzọ nke ndị Protestant. A na-ejikarị ya egwu. Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Britain bụ William Wilberforce kwughachiri abụ ọma ahụ dum mgbe ọ na-esi n'ụlọ omebe iwu, site na Hyde Park, gaa n'ụlọ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://members.classicalconversations.com/article/reminders-god|title=Reminders from God|work=Classical Conversations|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Na [[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]], Abụ Ọma 119 nwere aha ''Alpha-Beta'' na ''Temanya Apin'' (Aramaic: &quot;ihu asatọ&quot;). 

== Ọdịdị ya ==
[[Faịlụ:Psalms_WesternWall.jpg|thumb|Onye Juu Haredi na-agụ abụ ọma 119 na Mgbidi Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ]]
Nhazi nke Abụ Ọma 119 * Akụkụ pụrụiche* 1. *Acrostic Ọdịdị*: Abụ Ọma ahụ nwere amaokwu 176, e kewara ya gaa na stanza iri abụọ na abụọ, nke ọ bụla kwekọrọ n'akwụkwọ ozi nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Hibru. 2. * mkpụrụedemede Hibru *: stanza ọ bụla nwere amaokwu asatọ, ma amaokwu nke ọ bụla na-amalite n'otu mkpụrụedemede Hibru. *Ihe odide* 1. *Septuagint*: Ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-edobe ụkpụrụ acrostic na ihe odide Septuagint. 2. * Ụfọdụ ihe odide *: Ụfọdụ ihe odide na-agụnye mkpụrụedemede Hibru na mmalite nke ahịrị nke ọ bụla.

N'ihi nhazi a, Abụ Ọma bụ otu n'ime isi ihe ndị a na-ahụ na mkpụrụedemede Hibru n'ihe odide nke oge ochie na nke oge a. A pụrụ ịhụ nsụgharị ''Romanized'' nke aha mkpụrụedemede Hibru niile, na mkpụrụedemede na-acha ọbara ọbara, na mbipụta Gutenberg nke Latin Vulgate n'ihe dị ka 1455; ebe mmadụ gbakwunyere mkpụrụedemede Hebrew Aleph site na Zayin n'akụkụ.

Nke ọ bụla n'ime ngalaba 22 nke amaokwu 8 nwere aha mkpụrụedemede na mkpụrụedemede Hibru. A na-asụpe isiokwu ndị a n'ụzọ dị iche iche na nsụgharị Bible dị iche iche, ọbụna na nsụgharị. E dere mkpụrụedemede oge ochie ha gosipụtara na Authorized King James Version nke 1611 na mmetụta nke Latin na German nke oge ochie - ụdị ndị dị nnọọ iche na nsụgharị nke oge a.

Ụfọdụ mbipụta e biri ebi (dị ka The Holy Scriptures nke Jewish Publication Society,  New International Version na Legacy Standard Bible) na-egosikwa mkpụrụedemede Hibru n'ezie yana isiokwu ndị a.
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Akụkụ'''
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Asụsụ Hibru'''
'''Akwụkwọ ozi'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Aha Akwụkwọ ozi Hibru'''
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Amaokwu'''
|-
!'''KJV (1611) '''
!'''Oge A'''
|-
|M
|'''א'''
|Aleph
|Nnụnụ
|1–8
|-
|Nke Abụọ
|'''ב'''
|Beth
|Beth
|9–16
|-
|Nke Atọ
|'''ג'''
|Gimel
|Gimel
|17–24
|-
|Nke anọ
|'''ד'''
|Daleth
|Daleth
|25–32
|-
|V
|'''ה'''
|Ya
|Heʾ
|33–40
|-
|Nke isii
|'''ו'''
|Vau (Vav) 
|Nwa
|41–48
|-
|Nke asaa
|'''ז'''
|Za (j) na
|Zayin
|49–56
|-
|Nke asatọ
|'''Ọ bụ'''
|Cheth
|Ọdịdị
|57–64
|-
|IX
|'''Otu onye'''
|Ihe E Ji Eme
|Ṭeth
|65–72
|-
|X
|'''י'''
|Jod
|Yudh
|73–80
|-
|Nke iri na otu
|'''כ'''
|C (h) aph
|Kaf
|81–88
|-
|Iri na Abụọ
|'''Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri'''
|Ịkwa ákwá
|Lamedh
|89–96
|-
|Iri na Atọ
|'''Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akọwa ya'''
|Mem
|Mem
|97–104
|-
|Iri na Anọ
|'''Ọ bụghị eziokwu'''
|Nwanyị
|Nwanyị
|105–112
|-
|XV
|'''Ọ dị njọ'''
|Otu
|Samekh
|113–120
|-
|Iri na Isii
|'''ע'''
|A (j) na
|ʿAyin
|121–128
|-
|XVII
|'''פ'''
|Pe
|Peʾ
|129–136
|-
|Nke iri na asatọ
|'''Ihe ndị e ji mara'''
|Tzaddi (k) 
|Ṣadheh
|137–144
|-
|XIX
|'''Ọ bụ'''
|Koph
|Quf
|145–152
|-
|XX
|'''Ọ bụ'''
|Res (c) h
|Resh
|153–160
|-
|XXI
|'''ש'''
|S (ch) na
|Śin / Shin
|161–168
|-
|Iri Abụọ na Abụọ
|'''Ịkpọasị'''
|Tau (Tav) 
|Taw
|169–176
|}

== Ihe odide ==
Abụ Ọma 119 bụ otu n'ime ihe dị ka abụ iri na abụọ na-ede akwụkwọ na Bible. A na-ekewa amaokwu 176 ya n'ime ahịrị iri abụọ na abụọ, otu ahịrị maka mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla nke mkpụrụedemede Hibru; n'ime amaokwu ọ bụla, nke ọ bụla n'ime Amaokwu asatọ ahụ na-amalite (n'asụsụ Hibru) na mkpụrụedemede ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;murphy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Gift of the Psalms|url=https://archive.org/details/giftofpsalms0000murp|author=Murphy|first=Roland E.|publisher=Hendrickson|year=2000|isbn=1565634748}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aha Chineke (Yahweh / Jehova) pụtara ugboro iri abụọ na anọ.

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Ugboro na ụdị dị iche iche* 1. * Okwu Torah*: Abụ ọma na-ejikarị okwu dị iche iche eme ihe maka Torah, dịka &quot;dabar&quot; (okwu, nkwa) na &quot;mishpatim&quot; (ikpe). *Ntụle Ọkammụta* 1. * Mkpokọta okwu asatọ*: Ọkammụta C. S. Rodd mere ka a mata okwu asatọ maka iwu Chineke. 2. * Ihe ịma aka ntụgharị asụsụ *: A sụgharịrị okwu ndị a dị ka &quot;iwu,&quot; &quot;nkwa,&quot; &quot;okwu,&quot; &quot;iwu,&quot; &quot;iwu,&quot; &quot;iwu,&quot; na &quot;iwu&quot; na New Revised Standard Version. 3. * Nkesa *: Rodd chere na ọ gaghị ekwe omume maka usoro asatọ niile ịpụta na stanza ọ bụla, megidere ụfọdụ aro ndị ọkà mmụta.

Ụdị acrostic na ojiji nke okwu Torah bụ usoro nke ekpere zuru oke. E guzobere ihe ndabere maka ekpere ahụ na stanzas abụọ mbụ (''alef'' na ''Beth''): a na-eweli Torah dị ka isi iyi nke ngọzi na [[Noble eightfold path|omume ziri ezi]], onye na-ede abụ na-ekwe nkwa itinye onwe ya n'iwu. Ekpere ahụ n'onwe ya malitere na ahịrị nke atọ (''gimel'', v. 17). Dị ka ọtụtụ abụ ọma ndị ọzọ, ọ na-agụnye ịkwa ákwá dị egwu (dịka amaokwu 81-88), otuto ọṅụṅụ (dịka Amaokwu 45-48), na ekpere maka ndụ, nnapụta, na nzaghachi (dịkaamaokwu 132-34). Ihe na-eme ka Abụ Ọma 119 dị iche bụ ụzọ arịrịọ ndị a si adabere n'onyinye nke Torah na iguzosi ike n'ihe nke onye na-ede abụ na ya.

Amaokwu mbụ nke stanza nke ise na-ekwukarị banyere otu isiokwu na-esochi mmegide, ma ọ bụ ndị nke ike ikpeazụ (nke ike) na-adọta ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ ekpere gụnyere n'Abụ Ọma, dị ka &quot;Meghee anya m ka m wee hụ ihe ndị dị njikere ịdị n'iwu gị.&quot; ndepụta nke mmegide nke mmadụ, obi, ụtọ na iwu na nke ịdị mma nke Chineke, nke mgbe ụfọdụ intertwine na onye ọ bụla ọzọ: &quot;Amaara m, Onyenwe anyị, na iwu gị ziri ezi, na m na-adịghị afọ ojuju ịhụ ya), iwu ma ọ bụ ọnwụ m &quot; (iwu ma ọ bụ m &quot;), iwu ma ọ bụ.&quot; (v.). Ọ na-ejedebe site n'ịkpọku Chineke ka ọ gbatara ohu ya furu efu ọsọ enyemaka.

== Ojiji ==

=== Okpukpe ndị Juu ===

* A na-agụ amaokwu 66 tupu shofar na-afụ Rosh Hashanah.
* A na-ehota amaokwu 72 na Pirkei Avot, Isi nke 6, nke 9. 
* A na-agụ amaokwu 89-91 n'oge ngọzi n'ihu Shema n'ụbọchị nke abụọ nke Rosh Hashanah.
* A na-ehota amaokwu 99 na Pirkei Avot, Isi nke 4, No. 1.
* A na-agụ amaokwu 108 tupu shofar na-afụ Rosh Hashanah.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title= The Complete Artscroll Machzor for Rosh Hashanah |page= 435}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* A na-agụ amaokwu 122 tupu shofar na-afụ Rosh Hashanah.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* Amaokwu 142 bụ akụkụ nke Uva Letzion  na Tzidkatcha . 
* Akụkụ nke amaokwu 153-54 gụnyere ngọzi ''Re'eh'' nke ụbọchị izu Amidah.
* A na-agụ amaokwu 160 tupu shofar na-afụ Rosh Hashanah.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* A na-agụ amaokwu 162 tupu shofar na-afụ Rosh Hashanah.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* Amaokwu 165 bụ akụkụ nke Talmud Berachos 64a. 
* Amaokwu 166, 162, na 165 ka mohel na-agụ n'usoro ahụ na Brit milah. 

=== Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Folio_48v_-_Psalm_CXIX.jpg|thumb|Oge Ndị Ọgaranya nke Duke de Berry, Folio 49r - David tọhapụrụ ndị mkpọrọ na Musée Condé, Chantilly]]
Abụ Ọma ahụ (118 na Septuagint) pụtara ìhè n'ofufe nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. E nwere ọdịnala na Eze Devid jiri abụ ọma a kụziere nwa ya nwoke Solomọn mkpụrụedemede - mana ọ bụghị naanị mkpụrụedemede maka ide mkpụrụedemede: mkpụrụedemede nke ndụ ime mmụọ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Okpukpe Latịn ===
[[Faịlụ:Hammerhof_Hinterglasbild_Psalm_119_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke nwanyị na-ekpe ekpere Abụ Ọma 119 (118):22, Aufer a me opprobrium et contemptum (&quot;Wụpụ m n'ebe m nlelị na nlelị&quot;) ]]
Dịka Iwu nke Saint Benedict siri dị: Sọnde 1. * Akụkụ anọ *: A na-agụ Abụ Ọma nke 119 n'ihe karịrị obere awa anọ. - *Prime*: mkpụrụedemede anọ nke mbụ nke mkpụrụedemede Hibru. - * Terce, Sext, Ọ dịghị *: Akụkụ atọ na-esote. Monday 1. * Akụkụ atọ *: Akụkụ ndị fọdụrụ, nke kwekọrọ na mkpụrụedemede itoolu ikpeazụ nke mkpụrụedemede Hibru, ka a na-agụ n'oge Terce, Sext, na Ọ dịghị.

1568 Roman Breviary nke Pope Pius V nwere Abụ Ọma 119 a na-agụ n'ozuzu ya kwa ụbọchị: ngalaba ndị kwekọrọ na mkpụrụedemede Hibru na Prime, na ndị ọzọ na usoro nke ngalaba isii nke ọ bụla na Terce, Sext na None, n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gregorianbooks.com/gregorian/www/www.kellerbook.com/PRE-19~1.HTM|title=Pre-Pius X Psalter (up to 1911)|work=Gregorian books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Foursch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gregorianbooks.com/gregorian/www/www.kellerbook.com/Foursch.htm|title=Arrangement of the Psalms|work=Gregorian books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbanwe 1910 nke Roman Breviary site na Pope Pius X, a na-agụ Abụ Ọma 119 na Sunday na nnukwu oriri, kewara dị ka nhazi nke Pius V. &lt;ref name=&quot;Foursch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gregorianbooks.com/gregorian/www/www.kellerbook.com/1911-1~2.HTM|title=Pius X Psalter (1911–1971)|work=Gregorian books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịgbaso ngbanwe nke okpukperechi nke Roman Rite mgbe Kansụl Vatican nke Abụọ gasịrị, Liturgy of the Hours tinyere akụkụ nke Abụ Ọma 119 n'ime nhazi ya. Abụ ọma a bụ ihe a ma ama maka nhazi ya pụrụ iche, bụ́ ebe akụkụ nke ọ bụla kwekọrọ na mkpụrụedemede nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Hibru. Na Liturgy of the Hours, a na-ekesa akụkụ ndị a n'ụbọchị dum, kpọmkwem n'oge ekpere ehihie, n'ime izu anọ. Ewezuga na okirikiri izu anọ Enwere ihe ewepu na nhazi a: 1. * Mọnde nke izu mbụ*: Kama Abụ Ọma nke 119, e ji akụkụ nke abụọ nke Abụ Ọma nke 19 mee ihe. O yikarịrị ka ngbanwe a bụ n'ihi myirịta isiokwu dị n'etiti abụ ọma abụọ ahụ. 2. *Friday nke Izu Atọ*: Abụ Ọma nke 22, bụ́ nke a maara maka isiokwu mmasị ya, ka e ji mee ihe kama akụkụ nke kwekọrọ n'Abụ Ọma nke 119. Ojiji Liturgical Ndị Ọzọ E wezụga ngụgharị a na-agụ kwa ụbọchị n'ekpere nke ụbọchị, a na-etinyekwa Abụ Ọma nke 119 n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Liturgy of the Hours: 1. *Ụbọchị Satọde n'izu nke mbụ na nke atọ*: Akụkụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke Abụ Ọma 119 gụnyere n'ekpere ụtụtụ (Ekele) nke Satọde n'izu ndị a. 2. *Ụbọchị Satọde n’izu nke mbụ*: A na-eji akụkụ ọzọ nke Abụ Ọma 119 eme ihe n’ekpere mgbede (Vespers) nke izu mbụ. Ụzọ a ahaziri ahazi nke ịgụ Abụ Ọma na-eme ka o doo anya na mkpuchi nke Psalter zuru oke n'oge usoro usoro ọmụmụ, na-enye nnukwu isi iyi nke ekpere na ntụgharị uche maka ndị na-ekere òkè na Liturgy nke Awa.

N'ime ememe ndị Rom: Abụ Ọma nke 119 Ojiji 1. *Ọgụgụ ụbọchị Sọnde*: - Afọ A: Sunday 6 na 17. - Agbanye: Saturday nke izu 1. - Eastertide: Mọnde nke izu 3. 2. *Ọgụgụ ụbọchị izu*: - Afọ I: Ụbọchị ise n'izu n'oge nkịtị. Afọ II: Ụbọchị 15. 3. *Ememe pụrụ iche*: - Ememme ndị dọkịta nke Ụka.

=== Akwụkwọ Ekpere A Na-ekpọrọ Okpukpe ===
Eji Liturgical mee ihe na omenala Anglican *Ụka nke England's Book of Common Prayer* 1. * Ọgụgụ nke ọnwa *: Abụ Ọma nke 119 ka a họpụtara maka ịgụ ihe n’agbata 24 na 26 nke ọnwa. *Ọfịs Ụka Episcopal kwa ụbọchị* 1. *Ọgụgụ izu ụka*: 1. Izu ụka ka Ista gachara. 2. Izu ahụ gachara Pentikọst. *Ekpere mgbede* 1. *Ngụnye nhọrọ*: A na-enye akụkụ nke Abụ Ọma 119 dị ka nhọrọ maka Ekpere mgbede, na-esite na obere awa nke Terce, Sext, na Ọ dịghị.

=== Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Copt ===
Na Agpeya, akwụkwọ awa nke Chọọchị Copt, a na-ekpe ekpere a n'oge elekere mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Midnight. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Midnight|url=https://www.agpeya.org/Midnight/midnight.html|accessdate=3 March 2025|publisher=agpeya.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaokwu 153-176 dịkwa n'ekpere nke Veil, nke naanị ndị mọnk na-ekpe ekpere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Veil|url=https://www.agpeya.org/Veil/veil.html|accessdate=3 March 2025|publisher=agpeya.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntọala egwu ==
[[Faịlụ:Scottish_Metrical_Psalter_(24970711791).jpg|thumb|&quot;O Chineke, Ike na Ike m&quot; na narị afọ nke iri na isii nke Scottish Psalter''Abụ Ọma nke Scotland'']]

* Abụ Ọma ahụ bụ nke Charles Villiers Stanford tinyere n'egwú na Three Latin Motets, Op. 38.
* Abụ Ọma 119:18 kpaliri ukwe Open My Eyes, That I May See nke Clara H. Scott. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Donovan|first=Richard Niell|title=Hymn Story: Open My Eyes|url=http://www.lectionary.org/HymnStories/Open%20My%20Eyes.htm|publisher=Lectionary|date=2007|accessdate=2015-03-27|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231948/http://www.lectionary.org/HymnStories/Open%20My%20Eyes.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abụ Ọma 119:33-38 ka William Byrd setịpụrụ n'egwú dị ka Teach Me, O Lord.
* Abụ Ọma 119:57-64 bụ nke Robert White (onye na-ede egwu)  setịpụrụ na egwu dị ka ''Portio mea Domine''.
* Abụ Ọma 119:89 bụ abụ otuto na-ewu ewu na Naijiria.
* Abụ Ọma N'ụzọ bụ isi bụ nke Amy Grant setịpụrụ n'egwú dị ka &quot;Okwu Gị&quot; na 1984 album Straight Ahead .
* Henry Purcell setịpụrụ Abụ Ọma5-111 n'egwú dị ka &quot;Okwu gị bụ oriọna&quot;.
* Abụ Ọma minọ-176 ka Heinrich Schütz dechara na 1671, onye dekwara ntọala asatọ nke akụkụ nke abụ ọma ahụ na German, malite na &quot;Wohl denen, die da leben&quot;, SWV 217 ruo 224, maka Becker Psalter, nke mbụ e bipụtara na 1628.
* Abụ Ọma, 36, na 133 dị ka &quot;Mmeghe Anya m&quot; nke John Rutter. Ndị Cambridge Singers mere ya na &quot;Gloria&quot; na abọm ndị ọzọ.
* Onye Czech na-ede egwu Antonín Dvořák setịpụrụ amaokwu 114, 117, 119 na 120 na egwu na Bible Songs (1894).

N'Iso Ụzọ Kraịst Protestant, e bipụtara usoro dị iche iche nke Abụ Ọma 119, gụnyere &quot;O Chineke, Ike m na Ike&quot; nke Thomas Sternhold, nke pụtara na Scottish Psalter nke 1564. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Stevenson|first=William Fleming|title=Hymns for the church and home, selected and ed. by W.F. Stevenson|date=1873|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhADAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=o%20god%20my%20strength%20and%20fortitude%20scottish%20psalter&amp;pg=PT185|accessdate=6 June 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=O God, My Strength and Fortitude|url=https://hymnary.org/text/o_god_my_strength_and_fortitude|work=Hymnary.org|accessdate=6 June 2020|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606095227/https://hymnary.org/text/o_god_my_strength_and_fortitude|archive-date=6 June 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-etinye Abụ Ọma ahụ n'egwú na The Book of Psalms for Worship, nke Crown and Covenant Publications bipụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.crownandcovenant.com/The_Book_of_Psalms_for_Worship_p/cm101.htm|title=The Book of Psalms for Worship, Psalter, Book of Psalms|work=Crown and covenant}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
Tebụl na-esonụ na-egosi ederede Hibru &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26b9.htm|title=Psalms – Chapter 119|publisher=Mechon Mamre}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke Abụ Ọma na ụdaume, n'akụkụ ederede Grik Koine na Septuagint &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.119?ven=The_Holy_Scriptures:_A_New_Translation_(JPS_1917)&amp;lang=bi|title=Psalms 119 - JPS 1917|publisher=[[Sefaria |Sefaria.org]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nsụgharị Bekee sitere na King James Version.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Psalm 118 - Septuagint and Brenton's Septuagint Translation|url=https://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/septuagint/chapter.asp?book=24&amp;page=118|accessdate=3 March 2025|publisher=Ellopos}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rịba ama na nkọwa ahụ nwere ike ịdịtụ iche n'etiti nsụgharị ndị a, dịka Septuagint na ederede Masoretic sitere na ọdịnala ederede dị iche iche. [Ihe odide ala peeji ]Na Septuagint, a na-agụ abụ ọma a Abụ Ọma 118.

== Hụkwa ==

* Lamentations 3, nke nwekwara acrostic, nke nwere amaokwu atọ n'otu ahịrịokwu 
* Oge eruola ịrụ ọrụ maka Onyenwe anyị

== Ihe edeturu ==
References——Edensibia{{Reflist|32em}}&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Edensibia ==
References——Edensibia{{Reflist|32em}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Psalm 119: Ihe odide, ntụgharị na ndepụta nke egwu n'efu site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị na-ede egwu naỌ́bá Akwụkwọ Ọha na Eze (ChoralWiki) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250212231016/https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26b9.htm Abụ Ọma Isi nke 119] ederede na Hibru na Bekee, Mechon-mamre.
* Abụ Ọma na okwu mmeghe na ederede, ngwá ọrụ ọmụmụ Bible.
* [https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/psalm-119/ Abụ Ọma 119 - Ịdị ukwuu na Ebube nke Okwu Chineke], Okwu Na-adịgide adịgide.
* Ndị Juu Yemen na-agụ Abụ Ọma 119, Aharon Amram (nke [https://web.archive.org/web/20200305175229/http://www.nosachteiman.co.il/?CategoryID=725&amp;ArticleID=3078 Nosach Teiman] bipụtara).
* Abụ Ọma maka Abụ Ọma 119, Abụ Ọma.
* [[Chabad.org]]/article.asp?aid=16340&quot; id=&quot;mwCX0&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Tehillim - Abụ Ọma 119 (Judaica Press)  nsụgharị na nkọwa Rashi na Chabad.org
* . 
* &quot;Abụ Ọma 118 (LXX numbering) &quot;, Holy Transfiguration Monastery Psalter translation, POMOG, echekwara site na nke mbụ na 2005-12-16. 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Psalm 119: Ihe odide, ntụgharị na ndepụta nke egwu n'efu site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị na-ede egwu naỌ́bá Akwụkwọ Ọha na Eze (ChoralWiki) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250212231016/https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26b9.htm Abụ Ọma Isi nke 119] ederede na Hibru na Bekee, Mechon-mamre.
* Abụ Ọma na okwu mmeghe na ederede, ngwá ọrụ ọmụmụ Bible.
* [https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/psalm-119/ Abụ Ọma 119 - Ịdị ukwuu na Ebube nke Okwu Chineke], Okwu Na-adịgide adịgide.
* Ndị Juu Yemen na-agụ Abụ Ọma 119, Aharon Amram (nke [https://web.archive.org/web/20200305175229/http://www.nosachteiman.co.il/?CategoryID=725&amp;ArticleID=3078 Nosach Teiman] bipụtara).
* Abụ Ọma maka Abụ Ọma 119, Abụ Ọma.
* [[Chabad.org]]/article.asp?aid=16340&quot; id=&quot;mwCX0&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Tehillim - Abụ Ọma 119 (Judaica Press)  nsụgharị na nkọwa Rashi na Chabad.org
* . 
* &quot;Abụ Ọma 118 (LXX numbering) &quot;, Holy Transfiguration Monastery Psalter translation, POMOG, echekwara site na nke mbụ na 2005-12-16. 
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Jefta Foingha</title>
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      <comment>reference error corrected</comment>
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      <text bytes="2328" sha1="ot35otg48t7gyrjjwgav40263eceoi8" xml:space="preserve">Jephthah Foingha bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke nọchitere anya Brass / Nembe Federal Constituency nke Bayelsa Steeti na 7th na 8th  Ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya site na 2011 ruo 2019, n'okpuru People's Democratic Party (PDP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/jephthah-foingha/|accessdate=2025-01-04|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hon. Jephthah Foingha biography, net worth, age, family, contact &amp; picture|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16699/hon-jephthah-foingha|accessdate=2025-01-04|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16699/hon-jephthah-foingha &quot;Hon. Jephthah Foingha biography, net worth, age, family, contact &amp; picture&quot;]. ''www.manpower.com.ng''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-01-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=vanguard|date=2014-10-02|title=Bayelsa: Raging internal discord|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/bayelsa-raging-internal-discord/|accessdate=2025-01-04|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite na mmalite ndụ ==
Jephthah Foingha si Nembe, Bayelsa Steeti . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
A họpụtara Foingha ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya ụlọ omebe iwu n'afọ 2011 ma họpụta ya ọzọ n'afọ 2015, na-anọchite anya Brass / Nembe Federal Constituency, Bayelsa Steeti, Naịjirịa  . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2014-09-27|title=Zoning arrangement truncates NASS members' return bid in Bayelsa|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/zoning-arrangement-truncates-nass-members-return-bid-bayelsa-2/|accessdate=2025-01-04|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Jephthah nwụrụ na 2024, a na-ewerekwa ọnwụ ya dị ka ọnwụ nye obodo Nembe na mba Ijaw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=tnnonline|date=2024-03-21|title=Jephthah's Death, Great Loss To Nembe, Ijaw Nation, Says Degi|url=https://tnnonline.info/jephthahs-death-great-loss-to-nembe-ijaw-nation-says-degi/?utm_source=chatgpt.com|accessdate=2025-01-04|work=TNN Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Module:Toolbar</title>
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      <comment>import from en wikipedia</comment>
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      <text bytes="1266" sha1="dat0yzyzu635n4je30cyef668afrodq" xml:space="preserve">-- This module implements {{toolbar}}.

local mArguments -- Lazily initialise [[Module:Arguments]]
local mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools')
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')

local p = {}

function p.main(frame)
	mArguments = require('Module:Arguments')
	local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame)
	return p._main(args)
end

function p._main(args)
	local toolbarItems = p.makeToolbarItems(args)
	if not toolbarItems then
		-- Return the blank string if no arguments were specified, rather than
		-- returning empty brackets.
		return ''
	elseif yesno(args.span) == false then
		return string.format(
			'(%s)',
			toolbarItems
		)
	else
		return string.format(
			'&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks%s&quot;%s&gt;(%s)&lt;/span&gt;',
			type(args.class) == 'string' and ' ' .. args.class or '',
			type(args.style) == 'string' and string.format(' style=&quot;%s&quot;', args.style) or '',
			toolbarItems
		)
	end
end

function p.makeToolbarItems(args)
	local nums = mTableTools.numKeys(args)
	local sep = (args.separator or 'pipe') .. '-separator'
	sep = mw.message.new(sep):plain()
	local ret = {}
	for i, v in ipairs(nums) do
		ret[#ret + 1] = mw.ustring.gsub(args[v], &quot;%[%[::+(.-)%]%]&quot;, &quot;[[:%1]]&quot;)
	end
	if #ret &gt; 0 then
		return table.concat(ret, sep)
	else
		return nil
	end
end

return p</text>
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      <comment>Restored revision 671822 by [[Special:Contributions/King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[User talk:King ChristLike|talk]]) (TwinkleGlobal)</comment>
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{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="28911" sha1="aqrni5zcj7adp5rb20tifjszvmup02n" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Satellite_Galaxies.svg|thumb|Ụyọkọ kpakpando Satellite nke Milky WayỤzọ Mmiri Ojii]]
'''[[ụyọkọ kpakpando]] Satellite''' bụ ụyọkọ kpakbando ibe ya nke na agagharị na gburugburu n'ime ikike ndọda nke ụyọkọ ụyọkọkọ kpakpadas buru ibu ma na egbuke egbuke (nke a makwaara dị ka ụyọkọ nke isi). &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Galactic dynamics|author=Binney, James|date=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|others=Tremaine, Scott, 1950-|isbn=9781400828722|edition=2nd|location=Princeton|oclc=759807562}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụyọkọ kpakpando Satellite na ihe ndị mejupụtara ha na ejikọta na ụyọkọ kpakpi ha, n'otu ụzọ ahụ na [[mbara ala]] ndị dị n'ime Usoro Anyanwụ na ejikarị ike ndọda ejikọta na Anyanwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/satellite-galaxies/en/|title=What Is a Satellite Galaxy?|publisher=NASA Spaceplace|language=en|accessdate=10 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite bụ ụyọkọ ụyọkọ ndị dị obere, ụyọkọ Satellite nke nnukwu ụyọkọkọ kpakpinda nwere ike ịdị ukwuu karịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~lsales/DwarfGalaxies.html|title=Dwarf Galaxies|work=www.cfa.harvard.edu|accessdate=2018-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe dị ka ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite iri ise na agba Milky Way gburugburu, nke kachasị ukwuu n'ime ha bụ Nnukwu Igwe ojii Magellanic.

Ọzọkwa, ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite abụghị naanị ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe nke na ejikọta na ụyọkọ ụyọkọ ndị buru ibu (lee ụyọkọ globular). N'ihi nke a, ndị na enyocha mbara igwe akọwaala ụyọkọ [[kpakpando]] dị ka nchịkọta kpakpando ndị nwere ikike ndọda nke na egosipụta njirimara ndị a na apụghị ịkọwa site na njikọta nke ihe baryonic (ya bụ ihe nkịtị) na iwu Newton nke ike ndọdịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Willman|first=Beth|date=2012-09-01|title=&quot;Galaxy,&quot; Defined|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=144|issue=3|pages=76|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/144/3/76|issn=0004-6256}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụọgụ nke ọsọ nke kpakpando na gas n'ime ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị na-agba gburugburu na eme ka ọsọ ọsọ nke na agbanwe nke ukwuu site na amụma amụma. Nchọpụta a akpaliwo nkọwa dị iche iche dị ka ozizi nke [[ihe gbara ọchịchịrị]] na mgbanwe na Newtonian dynamics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt; Ya mere, n'agbanyeghị na ha bụkwa satellites nke ụyọkọ kpakpando, a gaghị echefu ụyọkọ globular maka ụyọkọ satellite. Ọ bụghị naanị na ụyọkọ kpakpando Satellite dịkwuo ogologo ma gbasaa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụyọkọ globular, kamakwa a na ekpuchi ha na nnukwu ihe gbara ọchịchịrị nke a na eche na e nyere ha n'oge usoro nhazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Forbes|first=Duncan A.|date=2009-06-29|title=Globular Clusters and Satellite Galaxies: Companions to the Milky Way|url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~dforbes/mw.pdf|journal=Mercury|volume=38|issue=2|pages=24–27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326192031/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~dforbes/mw.pdf|archive-date=2020-03-26|access-date=2025-07-05|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụyọkọ kpakpando Satellite na ebukarị ndụ ọgba aghara n'ihi mmekọrịta ha na ụyọkọ kpakbando buru ibu na satellites ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụyọkọ kpakpando nwere ike imebi satellites na agba gburugburu site na iwepu nrụgide mmiri na nke ram. Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a nwere ike iwepu nnukwu gas oyi site na satellites (ya bụ, mmanụ maka mmepụta kpakpando), nke a nwere ike ime ka satellites bụrụ ndị na adịghị ike n'echiche na ha akwụsịla ịmepụta kpakpando.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wetzel|first=Andrew R.|date=2015-07-22|title=Rapid Environmental Quenching of Satellite Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Group|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=808|issue=1|pages=L27|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/808/1/L27|issn=2041-8213}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, satellites nwekwara ike imegide ụyọkọ kpakpando ha na akpata obere njikọta (ya bụ, njikọta n'etiti ụyọkọ ụyọkọ nke ịdị arọ dị iche iche). N'aka nke ọzọ, satellites nwekwara ike ijikọ ibe ha na akpata nnukwu njikọta (ya bụ, njikọta n'etiti ụyọkọ kpakpando nke ịdị arọ yiri). Ụyọkọ kpakpando na ejikarị ohere efu, gas na uzuzu, ya mere njikọta ụyọkọ kpakpa anaghị agụnye mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ihe sitere n'otu ụyọkọkọ kpakpade na ihe sitere na nke ọzọ, Otú ọ dị, ihe omume ndị a na akpata ọtụtụ ụyọkọ. N'ihi ya, ndị na enyocha mbara igwe na achọ igbochi ọnụego nke obere na nnukwu njikọta na eme iji ghọtakwuo mmepụta nke nnukwu ihe ndị jikọtara ụyọkọ kpakpando dịka ìgwè ụyọkọ ụyọkọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cseligman.com/text/galaxies/milkyway.htm|title=Our Galaxy and its Satellites Link for sharing this page on Facebook|publisher=Cseligman|language=en|accessdate=8 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2011-30|title=HubbleSite: News - Astronomers Pin Down Galaxy Collision Rate|work=hubblesite.org|accessdate=2018-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20 ===
Tupu narị afọ nke 20, echiche ahụ bụ na ụyọkọ kpakpando dị karịa Milky Way abụghị nke a kwadoro nke ọma. N'ezie, echiche ahụ bụ ihe arụmụka n'oge ahụ nke mere ka ihe a na akpọsa ugbu a dị ka &quot;Shapley Curtis Great Debate&quot; nke a kpọrọ aha ndị na enyocha mbara igwe Harlow Shapley na Heber Doust Curtis bụ ndị rụrịtara ụka banyere ọdịdị nke &quot;nebulae&quot; na nha nke Milky Way na National Academy of Sciences na Eprel 26, 1920. Shapley kwuru na Milky Way bụ eluigwe na ala dum (nke gafere ihe karịrị 100,000 lightyears ma ọ bụ 30 [[Parsec|kiloparsec]] gafee) nakwa na &quot;nebulae&quot; niile a hụrụ (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ụyọkọ kpakpando) bi n'ime mpaghara a. N'aka nke ọzọ, Curtis kwuru na Milky Way dị obere karịa nakwa na nebulae ndị a hụrụ bụ n'ezie ụyọkọ kpakpando yiri Milky Way.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Galactic astronomy|url=https://archive.org/details/galacticastronom0000binn|author=Binney, James|date=1998|publisher=Princeton University Press|others=Merrifield, Michael, 1964-|isbn=978-0691004020|location=Princeton, NJ|oclc=39108765}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arụmụka a akwụsịghị ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1923 mgbe onye na enyocha mbara igwe Edwin Hubble tụrụ anya anya M31 (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ụyọkọ kpakpando Andromeda) site na iji kpakpando Cepheid Variable. Site n'ịtụle oge nke kpakpando ndị a, Hubble nwere ike ịtụle ìhè ha dị n'ime ma mgbe ọ jikọtara nke a na oke ha, o mere atụmatụ na ọ dị anya nke 300 kpc, nke bụ usoro nke ịdị ukwuu karịa oke nke eluigwe na ala nke Shapley mere. Nnyocha a gosipụtara na ọ bụghị naanị na eluigwe na ala buru ibu karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya na mbụ, kamakwa ọ gosipụtara na nebula ndị a hụrụ bụ n'ezie ụyọkọ kpakpando dị anya nwere ọdịdị dịgasị iche iche (lee [[Usoro Hubble]]). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Oge Ndị A ===
N'agbanyeghị nchọpụta Hubble na eluigwe na ala jupụtara na ụyọkọ kpakpando, ọtụtụ n'ime ụyọkọ Satellite nke Milky Way na Local Group nọgidere na enweghị nchọpụta ruo mgbe ọbịbịa nke nyocha mbara igwe nke oge a dị ka Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) na Dark Energy Survey (DES).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=The DES Collaboration|date=2015-11-04|title=Eight Ultra-faint Galaxy Candidates Discovered in Year Two of the Dark Energy Survey|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=813|issue=2|pages=109|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/813/2/109|issn=1538-4357}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Peng|date=2018-05-15|title=The shape alignment of satellite galaxies in galaxy pairs in SDSS|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=484|issue=3|pages=4325–4336|doi=10.1093/mnras/stz285}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karịsịa, a maara Milky Way ugbu a na ọ na anabata ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite 59 (lee ụyọkọ satellite nke Milky Way), nke abụọ n'ime ha a maara dị ka Nnukwu Igwe Magellanic na Obere Igwe Magelanic ka a na ahụ na Southern Hemisphere na anya na enweghị enyemaka kemgbe oge ochie. Ka o sina dị, echiche nke oge a nke usoro mbara igwe na evolushọn na ebu amụma ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite karịa ihe a hụrụ (lee Nsogbu Satellite na efu efu).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klypin|first=Anatoly|date=September 1999|title=Where Are the Missing Galactic Satellites?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1999-09-01_522_1/page/82|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=522|issue=1|pages=82–92|doi=10.1086/307643|issn=0004-637X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, simulations dị elu na nso nso a egosila na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke satellites a hụrụ ugbu a anaghị eme ka echiche a na ahụkarị nke mmalite ụyọkọ kpakpando ghara ịdị egwu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Wetzel L23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wetzel|first=Andrew R.|date=2016-08-11|title=Reconciling dwarf galaxies with LCDM cosmology: Simulating a realistic population of satellites around a Milky Way-mass galaxy|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=827|issue=2|pages=L23|doi=10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L23|issn=2041-8213}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kim|first=Stacy Y.|year=2018|title=There is No Missing Satellites Problem|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=121|issue=21|pages=211302|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.211302|pmid=30517791}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Milky_Way_Satellite_Discoveries.gif|alt=|center|thumb|600x600px|Ihe nkiri na egosi akụkọ nchọpụta nke ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite nke Milky Way n'ime afọ 100 gara aga. Ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite oge ochie dị na acha anụnụ anụnụ (nke e ji aha ha dee), nchọpụta SDSS dị na eji ọbara ọbara, na nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na adịbeghị anya (karịsịa na DES) dị na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.]]

=== Ihe na akpali ịmụ ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite ===
Spectroscopic, photometric na kinematic observations nke ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite emeela ka e nwee ọtụtụ ozi e ji mụọ, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, nhazi na evolushọn nke ụyọyọkọ kpakpi, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke na eme ka ọnụego nke mmepụta kpakpando n'ime ụyọkọkọ kpakpadas na nkesa nke ihe gbara ọchịchịrị n'ime halo. N'ihi ya, ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite na eje ozi dị ka ebe nnwale maka amụma nke ụdị mbara igwe mere. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wetzel L23&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Zhao-Zhou|date=2017-11-22|title=Determination of Dark Matter Halo Mass from Dynamics of Satellite Galaxies|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=850|issue=2|pages=116|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aa94c0|issn=1538-4357}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wojtak|first=Radoslaw|date=2013-01-21|title=Physical properties underlying observed kinematics of satellite galaxies|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=428|issue=3|pages=2407–2417|doi=10.1093/mnras/sts203|issn=1365-2966}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta nke ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite ==
Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, a na ekewa ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite dị ka ụyọkọ ụyọkọ nke dwarf ma ya mere soro atụmatụ nhazi Hubble yiri nke ahụ dị ka onye na elekọta ha na obere mgbakwunye nke obere &quot;d&quot; n'ihu ụdị dị iche iche iji kọwaa ọnọdụ ụyọkọ dwarf. Ụdị ndị a gụnyere dwarf irregular (dI), dwarf spheroidal (dSph), dwarf elliptical (dE) na dwarf spiral (dS). Otú ọ dị, n'ime ụdị ndị a niile, a kwenyere na dwarf spirals abụghị satellites, kama ọ bụ obere ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị a na ahụ naanị n'ọhịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schombert|first=James M.|date=November 1995|title=Dwarf Spirals|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=110|pages=2067|doi=10.1086/117669|issn=0004-6256}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị na adịghị mma ===
A na akọwa ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite ndị na adịghị mma site na ọdịdị ha na-enweghị atụ, obere gas fractions, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke kpakpando na obere metallicity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Atọ n'ime satellites ndị dị nso na Milky Way gụnyere Small Magellanic Cloud, Canis Major Dwarf, na Antlia 2 a chọpụtara ọhụrụ.
[[Faịlụ:Large.mc.arp.750pix.jpg|alt=|thumb|350x350px|Nnukwu Igwe ojii Magellanic, ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite kachasị ukwuu na Milky Way, na nke anọ kachasị ukwuu na Local Group. A na ahazi satellite a dị ka ụdị mgbanwe n'etiti dwarf spiral na dwarf irregular.]]

=== ụyọkọ kpakpando ===
A na akọwa ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite ndị dị obere site na ọdịdị ha dị ka oval n'eluigwe, mmegharị nke kpakpando ndị mejupụtara ya, nke dị n'etiti na nke dị ala, obere gas na ọnụ ọgụgụ kpakpando ochie. Ụyọkọ kpakpando dwarf elliptical dị na Local Group gụnyere NGC 147, NGC 185, na NGC 205, nke bụ satellites nke ụyọkọ kpakbando Andromeda dị nso.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hensler|first=Gerhard|date=2011|title=The Morphological Origin of Dwarf Galaxies|journal=EAS Publications Series|volume=48|pages=383–395|doi=10.1051/eas/1148086|issn=1633-4760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụyọkọ kpakpando ===
A na akọwa ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite ndị dị obere site na ọdịdị ha dị iche iche, obere ìhè elu, oke oke na ìhè (ya bụ, ihe gbara ọchịchịrị na achịkwa), obere metallicity, obere gas fractions na ọnụ ọgụgụ kpakpando ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt; Ọzọkwa, dwarf spheroidals mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite a maara nke Milky Way. Ụfọdụ n'ime satellites ndị a gụnyere Hercules, Pisces II na Leo IV, nke a na akpọ aha ya site na [[Ìgwè kpakpando]] ebe a na-ahụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Galaxies in the universe : an introduction|author=Sparke|first=Linda Siobhan|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521855938|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge|oclc=74967110}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụdị mgbanwe ===
N'ihi obere njikọta na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, a na ekewa ụfọdụ ụyọkọ kpakpando dị ka ụyọkọ ụyọkọ satellite dị n'etiti ma ọ bụ nke na agafe agafe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na ekewa Phoenix na LGS3 dị ka ụdị dị n'etiti nke yiri ka ọ na agbanwe site na dwarf irregular gaa na dwarf spheroidals. Ọzọkwa, a na ewere nnukwu igwe ojii Magellanic ka ọ na agbanwe site na obere okirikiri gaa na obere okpomọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Ọdịdị nke ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite ==
Dabere na ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ nke Cosmology (nke a maara dị ka ụdị ΛCDM), mmepụta nke ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite nwere njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya na nnukwu ọdịdị nke eluigwe na ala. N'ụzọ doro anya, ihe nlereanya ΛCDM dabeere n'echiche na usoro a hụrụ nke buru ibu bụ nsonaazụ nke usoro nhazi nke malitere mgbe oge recombination nke e guzobere atọm Hydrogen na anọpụ iche na eletrik n'ihi na electrons na protons nwere onwe ha na ejikọta ọnụ. Ka ọnụọgụ nke hydrogen na anọpụ iche na protons na electrons na enweghị onwe ha na eto, otú ahụ ka mgbanwe na njupụta nke baryonic. Mgbanwe ndị a toro ngwa ngwa ruo n'ókè nke na ha ghọrọ ihe a pụrụ iji tụnyere mgbanwe nke [[ihe gbara ọchịchịrị]]. Ọzọkwa, obere mgbanwe ndị ahụ toro na nonlinearity, ghọrọ virialized (ya bụ, ruru nguzozi ike ndọda), wee bụrụ ndị a chịkọtara n'ime usoro ndị buru ibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Blumenthal|first=George R.|date=October 1984|title=Formation of galaxies and large-scale structure with cold dark matter|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1984-10-11_311_5986/page/517|journal=Nature|volume=311|issue=5986|pages=517–525|doi=10.1038/311517a0|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gas dị n'ime usoro ndị a na ejikọta ma na-ajụ oyi ngwa ngwa n'ime Ihe gbara ọchịchịrị na ajụ okpomọkụ nke na-abawanye n'ogo site na ijikọta ọnụ ma na agbakọta gas ọzọ site na usoro a maara dị ka accretion. A maara ihe ndị kachasị ukwuu sitere na usoro a dị ka superclusters, dị ka Virgo Supercluster, nke nwere obere ụyọkọ kpakpando nke onwe ha gbara gburugburu ọbụna obere ụyọnụ kpakpando. Ọzọkwa, n'ime ihe nlereanya a, a na ewere ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị dị obere dị ka ihe owuwu bụ isi nke na ebute ụyọkọkọ kpakpade ndị buru ibu karị, na satellites ndị a na ahụ gburugburu ụyọkọ ndị a bụ ndị dị obere nke onye nwe ha ka na eri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kravtsov|first=Andrey V.|date=2010|title=Dark matter substructure and dwarf galactic satellites|journal=Advances in Astronomy|volume=2010|pages=281913|doi=10.1155/2010/281913|issn=1687-7969}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkọta nke ịdị arọ na halo nke ihe gbara ọchịchịrị ===
Usoro crured ma bara uru iji chọpụta ka ihe gbara ọchịchịrị na eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na enweta oke site na njikọ nke obere halos nwere ike ịkọwa site na iji njem nlegharị anya set formalism, nke a makwaara dị ka agbatị Press-Schechter formalism (EPS). Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, enwere ike iji usoro EPS mee ihe iji mee ka ọ dị ntakịrị 𝑀2 nke sitere na ihe dara ada nke otu oke n'oge mbụ 𝑡1 &lt; 𝑡2 site n'itinye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Markovian random ije na trajectories nke uka ọcha na (𝑆,𝛿) -oghere, ebe 𝑆=𝜎2(𝑀) na 𝛿=𝜌(𝑥)-𝜌 Ihe 𝜌 Ihe na anọchi anya nnukwu ọdịiche na oke njupụta, n'otu n'otu. 

Karịsịa EPS formalism tọrọ ntọala na ansatz nke na ekwu na &quot;obere akụkụ nke trajectories na mbụ upcrossing nke mgbochi ahụ. 

𝛿𝑆=𝛿𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (t) na 𝑆 &gt;𝑆1 =𝜎2(𝑀1 )hà nhata na ntakiri uka n'oge

𝑡 nke a na etinye na halos na masses 𝑀&lt;𝑀1 &quot;[1] 

N'ihi ya, ansatz a na eme ka a mata na trajectory ọ bụla ga agafe ihe mgbochi ahụ. 𝛿𝑆=𝛿𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐

𝑎𝑙(𝑡) nyere ụfọdụ nnukwu aka ike 𝑆, na n'ihi ya, ọ na ekwe nkwa na nke ọ bụla mass element ga emecha bụrụ akụkụ nke a halo.[1]

Ọzọkwa, akụkụ nke ịdị arọ M2  nke sitere na ihe ndị dara ada nke otu oke n'oge gara aga t1 &lt; t2 enwere ike iji ya chọpụta nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nne na nna n'oge t1 n'ime oghere (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na M1, M1 + dM1) nke jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta halo nke M2 n'oge t2 . A na-eme nke a site n'ịtụle mpaghara dị gburugburu nke ịdị arọ M2 na ọdịiche dị n'etiti S2= σ2 (M2) na oke oke oke δ2 = δc( t2 ) =δc / D ( t2 )  ebe D ( t2 ) bụ ọnụọgụ uto nke a na eme ka ọ dị n'otu n'oge t2 na δc bụ oke oke oke nke mpaghara mbụ ahụ dị gburugburu adaala iji mepụta ihe na eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe. Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, a na egosipụta ọrụ nna nna dị ka:  N (M1, t1 / M2, t2 ) dM1 = M2 /M1 *fPS (ν12)  dIn(v12)/ dIn(M1) dM1ebe  ν12 = δ1 − δ2 / S1 −  S2 na  fPS   (ν12  ) =  2/π  ν12 exp (  −  ν2  12 /2)   bụ ọrụ mmụba nke Press-Schechter nke na-akọwa akụkụ nke ịdị arọ metụtara halo n'etiti  In(ν12 ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Galaxy formation and evolution|author=Houjun.|first=Mo|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Van den Bosch, Frank, 1969-, White, S. (Simon D. M.)|isbn=9780521857932|location=Cambridge|oclc=460059772}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntụnyere dị iche iche nke ọrụ nna nna na simulations ọnụọgụ ekwuola na a na enweta nkwekọrịta dị mma n'etiti ozizi na simulations naanị mgbe Δt =t2 − t1  dị obere, ma ọ bụghị ya, a na eleda oke oke n'ime ndị nne na nna dị elu anya nke ukwuu, nke a nwere ike ịkọwa na echiche ndị na enweghị isi dị ka iche na eche na ihe nlereanya zuru oke nke ọdịda na iji mpaghara njupụta njupụta dị iche iche dị iche na mpaghara njupụta na abụghị nke na aga n'ihu iji gosipụta ihe ndị dara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Somerville|first=Rachel S.|date=December 1999|title=Semi-Analytic Modelling of Galaxy Formation: The Local Universe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-notices-of-the-royal-astronomical-society_1999-12-21_310_4/page/1087|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=310|issue=4|pages=1087–1110|doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.03032.x|issn=0035-8711}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Jun|date=2008-10-01|title=How to Grow a Healthy Merger Tree|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=389|issue=4|pages=1521–1538|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13671.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka o sina dị, uru nke usoro EPS bụ na ọ na-enye usoro nhazi maka ịchọpụta njirimara nke ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

=== Ọnụ ọgụgụ njikọta Halo ===
Uru ọzọ nke usoro EPS bụ na enwere ike iji ya chọpụta ọnụego nke halo nke ibu mbụ M na agwakọta na halo nke oke dị n'etiti M na M + ΔM.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ọnụ ego a na enye site na

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\mathcal{P}(\Delta M | M,t)\operatorname{d}\ln\Delta M \operatorname{d} \ln t =  \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\Bigg[\frac{S_{1}}{(S_1 - S_2)}\Bigg]^{3/2} \exp \Bigg[- \frac{\delta_c^2(S_1 - S_2)}{2S_1 S_2}\Bigg]\Bigg|\frac{\operatorname{d} \ln \delta_c}{\operatorname{d} \ln t}\Bigg| \Bigg|\frac{\operatorname{d} \ln S_2}{\operatorname{d} \ln \Delta M}\Bigg| \frac{\delta_c}{\sqrt{S_2}} \mathrm{d} \ln t \, \mathrm{d} \ln \Delta M&lt;/math&gt;

ebe S1 = σ2 (M), S2= σ2 (M + Δ M)  N'ozuzu mgbanwe n'ìgwè, ΔM, bụ ngụkọta nke ọtụtụ obere njikọta. Ka o sina dị, nyere obere oge na enweghị njedebe Ọ bụ n'oge ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịtụle mgbanwe ahụ n'ìgwè ka ọ bụrụ n'ihi otu ihe jikọtara ọnụ nke M1 mgbanwe gaa na M2 .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Galactic cannibalism (obere njikọta) ==
[[Faịlụ:Ngc5907_stellar_stream.jpg|thumb|Enwere ike ịhụ ihe ndị fọdụrụ na obere njikọta n'ụdị iyi kpakpando na ada na ụyọkọ kpakpando NGC 5907.]]
N'oge ndụ ha niile, ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite na agba gburugburu n'ime ihe gbara ọchịchịrị halo na enwe mkpakọ dị egwu ma si otú a gbadaa n'ime ikike ndọda nke onye na elekọta ha n'ihi mbibi nke okirikiri. N'oge niile a na agbadata, a na ewepụ kpakpando dị na mpaghara mpụga nke satellite n'ihi [[Ike ebili mmiri]] sitere na ụyọkọ kpakpando. Usoro a, nke bụ ihe atụ nke obere njikọta, na aga n'ihu ruo mgbe ụyọkọ kpakpando na elekọta ya mebiri satellite kpamkpam ma rie ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Galactic dynamics|author=Binney, James|date=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|others=Tremaine, Scott, 1950-|isbn=9781400828722|edition=2nd|location=Princeton|pages=705|oclc=759807562}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ịhụ ihe akaebe nke usoro mbibi a na mpempe akwụkwọ kpakpando gburugburu ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị dị anya.

=== Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọdịda nke Orbital ===
Ka satellites na agba gburugburu onye na elekọta ha ma na emekọrịta ihe, ha na eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na efunahụ obere ike na nkuku n'ihi mkpakọ dị ike. N'ihi ya, anya dị n'etiti onye na elekọta ya na satellite na eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na ebelata iji chekwaa ike nkuku. Usoro a na aga n'ihu ruo mgbe satellite na ụyọkọ kpakpando na elekọta ya jikọtara. Ọzọkwa, Ọ bụrụ na anyị eche na onye ọbịa ahụ bụ otu isothermal sphere (SIS) na satellite ahụ bụ SIS nke a na ebibi nke ọma na radius nke ọ na amalite ịgba ọsọ na onye ọbịa (nke a maara dị ka Jacobi radius), mgbe ahụ oge t fric 2.34 σ2 M /In ^σ3 s ri= 2.7 Gyr /In^  ri /30 kpc  (σ M / 200km/ s−1)^2 (100km / σs )  ebe ri bụ radius mbụ na t = 0 , σM  bụ ọsọ nke mgbasa nke ụyọkọ kpakpando, σs bụ ọsọ nke satellite na In^  bụ Coulomb logarithm akọwapụtara dị ka In^= In( bmax/ max (rh,GM / v2 typ ) ) na bmax ,rh na v2typ na-anọchite anya ọnụọgụ kachasị elu, ọkara radius na ọsọ ọsọ. Ọzọkwa, ma ọkara radius na ọsọ ọsọ nwere ike idegharị na usoro radius na mgbasa ọsọ dị ka nke rh = σs/ 2  3/2 σM r na GM /v2typ= 2σ2s / σ3M *r . N'iji mmekọrịta Faber-Jackson, enwere ike ịtụle ọsọ ọsọ nke satellites na onye na-elekọta ha n'otu n'otu site na ìhè ha hụrụ. Ya mere, site na iji usoro dị n'elu, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọ oge ọ na-ewe maka ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite ka ụyọkọ ụyọkọkọ kpakpadas na-eri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;/&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Needle_Galaxy_4565.jpeg|alt=|thumb|Foto dị n'akụkụ nke Needle Galaxy (NGC 4565) nke na egosi nnukwu diski na obere diski nke ụyọkọ kpakpando satellite.]]

=== Obere njikọta na-akpali mmepụta kpakpando ===
N'afọ 1978, ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ nke gụnyere ịtụle agba nke njikọta nke ndị na enyocha mbara igwe Beatrice Tinsley na Richard Larson mere ka echiche ahụ dị na njikọta na eme ka ọdịdị kpakpando dịkwuo mma. Ihe ha chọpụtara gosiri na a na ejikọta ụcha na acha anụnụ anụnụ na ihe ndị fọdụrụ na njikọta ahụ. Tupu nchọpụta a, ndị na enyocha mbara igwe ekewapụlarị kpakpando (lee nhazi kpakpando) ma amaara na kpakpando ndị na eto eto, ndị buru ibu na acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ihi ìhè ha na enwu na obere oge. Ọzọkwa, a makwaara na kpakpando ndị a na adị ndụ dị mkpirikpi n'ihi ngwa ngwa ha na eri mmanụ ụgbọala iji nọgide na [[Nkwado mmiri|nguzozi mmiri]]. Ya mere, nchọpụta na a na ejikọta ihe ndị fọdụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke kpakpando na eto eto, nnukwu na-atụ aro na njikọta na akpata mmepụta kpakpando ngwa ngwa (lee ụyọkọ kpakpando). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Larson|first=R. B.|date=January 1978|title=Star formation rates in normal and peculiar galaxies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1978-01-01_219_1/page/46|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=219|pages=46|doi=10.1086/155753|issn=0004-637X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe e mere nchọpụta a, nchọpụta dị iche iche emeela ka njikọta na akpata mmepụta kpakpando siri ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;/&gt; N'agbanyeghị na nnukwu njikọta dị irè karịa na akwọta mmepụta kpakpando karịa obere njikọta, a maara na obere njikọta dị iche iche karịa nnukwu njikọta ya mere mmetụta nchịkọta nke obere njikọta n'Oge mbara igwe na-ekwukwa na ọ ga enye aka nke ukwuu na mgbawa nke mmepụta kpakwando.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kaviraj|first=Sugata|date=2014-06-01|title=The importance of minor-merger-driven star formation and black-hole growth in disk galaxies|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=440|issue=4|pages=2944–2952|doi=10.1093/mnras/stu338|issn=1365-2966}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Obere njikọta na mmalite nke ihe ndị dị na diski buru ibu ===
Nnyocha nke ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị dị n'akụkụ na atụ aro ọnụnọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke obere diski, nnukwu diski na akụkụ halo nke ụyọdị kpakpando. N'agbanyeghị ihe doro anya nke ihe ndị a, a ka na eme nchọpụta iji chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na nnukwu diski na obere diski bụ ihe dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bovy|first=Jo|date=2012|title=The Milky Way Has No Distinct Thick Disk|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=751|issue=2|pages=131|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/751/2/131|issn=0004-637X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka o sina dị, a tụwo aro ọtụtụ echiche iji kọwaa mmalite nke akụkụ diski dị arọ, na n'etiti echiche ndị a bụ otu nke na emetụta obere njikọta. Karịsịa, a na eche na akụkụ diski dị arọ nke ụyọkọ kpakpando na ekpo ọkụ n'oge obere njikọta ma n'ihi ya, diski dị warara na agbasa iji mepụta akụkụ diski ka ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Di Matteo|first=P.|date=January 2011|title=The formation of a thick disk through the heating of a thin disk: Agreement with orbital eccentricities of stars in the solar neighborhood|journal=Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics|volume=525|pages=L3|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201015822|issn=0004-6361}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
{{cmn|*[[Dwarf galaxy]]
*[[Dwarf spheroidal galaxy]]
*[[Dwarf elliptical galaxy]]
*[[Galaxy merger]]
*[[Orbital decay]]
*[[Tidal stripping]]
*[[Hubble sequence]]
*[[Starburst galaxy]]
* [[Galactic tide]]
* [[Interacting galaxy]]
* [[Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way]]
* [[Satellite galaxies of Andromeda]]
*[[Ram pressure]]}}{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>aqrni5zcj7adp5rb20tifjszvmup02n</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adalbert von Blanc</title>
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      <text bytes="4989" sha1="okizb60vqfzijhy6pj61krwa1mrpgpx" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Flottillenadmiral Adalbert von Blanc.jpg|thumb|Adalbert von Blanc]]
'''Adalbert Pierre Louis Karl Erich Johann von Blanc''' (11 Julaị 1907&amp;nbsp;- 7 Nọvemba 1976) bụ onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri German n'oge [[World War II|Agha ụwa nke abụọ]] ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi na ndị agha mmiri West German . N'oge agha ụwa nke abụọ, e nyere ya onyinye nke Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi nke mbụ na ụgbọ mmiri inyeaka &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwDQ&quot;&gt;Orion&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dörr|first=Manfred|year=1995|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Überwasserstreitkräfte der Kriegsmarine—Band 1: A–K|language=German|location=Osnabrück, Germany|publisher=Biblio Verlag|isbn=978-3-7648-2453-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ Blanc na Wilhelmshaven dị ka nwa Louis Ferdinand von Blanc (* 27. Septemba afọ 1878 na Berlin; nwụrụ 28. Ọgọst afọ 1914 KIA dị ka onye isi mbụ nke SMS Cöln). Nna nna ya bụ Admiral Louis Karl Emil von Blanc (1832-1903). Ọ sonyeere oge Weimar Reichsmarine n'afọ 1926 ma zụọ ya na ụgbọ mmiri &quot;Niobe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fellgiebel|first=Walther-Peer|authorlink=Walther-Peer Fellgiebel|year=2000|origdate=1986|title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile|language=German|location=Friedberg, Germany|publisher=Podzun-Pallas|isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe [[World War II|agha ụwa nke abụọ]] gasịrị, Blanc sonyeere Mine Sweeping Administration nke Britian na 15 Ọgọst afọ 1945. Blanc nwere ikike nke 1. Minenräum-Nkewa (nkewa na-ekpochapụ nke mbụ) na Kiel . Mgbe a gbasasịrị nchịkwa ahụ na 31 Disemba afọ 1947, Blanc gafere na nzukọ a na-akpọ ''Minenräumverband Cuxhaven'' wee bụrụ onye isi ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Patzwall|first=Klaus D.|year=2001|title=Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II|language=German|location=Norderstedt, Germany|publisher=Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall|isbn=978-3-931533-45-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scherzer|first=Veit|year=2007|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives|language=German|location=Jena, Germany|publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-938845-17-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 18 Disemba afọ 1950, ụmụ akwụkwọ Georg von Hatzfeld na René Ledesdorff si Heidelberg weghaara agwaetiti Helgoland iji zọpụta ya na mbibi nke ndị agha Britain. Prince Hubertus zu Loewenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg sonyeere ha abụọ na 29 Disemba afọ 1950. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya etoola ruo 13 mgbe ndị ọchịchị Britain nyere Blanc iwu iziga ụgbọ mmiri abụọ maka mwepụ nke Helgoland. Blanc jụrụ irube isi n'iwu ahụ, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ nọ n'okpuru nrụgide siri ike ma kwụsị ọrụ ya. A malitere ikpe megide Blanc na Jenụwarị 3 afọ 1951. Ụlọ ikpe Britain kpebiri na iwu ahụ abụghị otu n'ime ọrụ nkwekọrịta ya ma weghachite ya n'ọkwa ya dị ka onyeisi nke ''Minenräumverband Cuxhaven'' . 

== Onyinye ==

* Iron Cross (1939) Klas nke abụọ (15 Septemba 1940) na Klas nke mbụ (17 Ọktoba 1940) 
* Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class (2 October 1936) &amp; 3rd Class (1 April 1938) &lt;ref name=&quot;Dörr p51&quot;&gt;Dörr 1995, p. 51.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe nrite Sudetenland (20 Disemba 1939) &lt;ref name=&quot;Dörr p51&quot; /&gt;
* Baajị Auxiliary Cruiser (23 August 1941) &lt;ref name=&quot;Dörr p51&quot; /&gt;
* German Cross na Gold na 11 Septemba 1942 dị ka ''Korvettenkapitän'' na 2. Sicherungs-Division
* Baajị Agha nke Minesweeper (25 Machị 1943) &lt;ref name=&quot;Dörr p51&quot; /&gt;
* Knight's Cross nke Iron Cross na Oak Leaves
** Knight's Cross na 27 Nọvemba 1944 dị ka ''Fregattenkapitän'' na onye ndú nke 9. Sicherungs-Division
** (866th) Oak Leaves na 10 Mee 1945 dị ka ''Fregattenkapitän'' na onye ndú nke 9. Marine-Sicherungs-Division{{refn|There is no reference of the Oak Leaves were awarded to Adalbert von Blanc in the [[German Federal Archives]]. His personal file contains a letter from Admiral [[August Thiele]] indicating that Blanc had been recommended for the Oak Leaves by Thiele. In a file of the German Minenräumdienst dated just after the capitulation is an entry &quot;Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves&quot; without indicating a date of the award. The sequential number &quot;866&quot; and date was assigned by the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross#Association of Knight's Cross Recipients|Association of Knight's Cross Recipients]] (AKCR). Blanc was member of the AKCR.&lt;ref&gt;Scherzer 2007, p. 121.&lt;/ref&gt;|group=&quot;Note&quot;}}
* Grand Cross nke Order of Merit nke Federal Republic of Germany na 1964 &lt;ref name=&quot;Dörr p51&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala ==
{{Reflist|group=&quot;Note&quot;}}

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>okizb60vqfzijhy6pj61krwa1mrpgpx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Chiara Daraio</title>
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'''Chiara Daraio''' bụ onye Ịtali-Amerịka na-ahụ maka sayensị ihe onwunwe na onye injinia na-ahụkarị maka ụda. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke ndị Bradford Jones Prọfesọ nakwa Injinia Mechanical na Applied Physics na California Institute of Technology.

== Ntunye ==
Nnyocha Daraio na-emepụta ihe onwe ọhụrụ ndị na-ejikọta ihe kemịkal na-adọrọ mmasị na ihe owuwu e mere na micro- na macro-scales. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ntunye ya gụnyere ụdị nke Newton nke nwere ike ịmepụta &quot;mgbọ ụda&quot; - ebili mmiri na-elekwasị anya nke ọma iji mebie ihe;  {{R|brill|cradle}} mgbidi jupụtara na ihe ndị na-agba bọl nke nwere ike ịgafe ụda n'otu ụzọ;  {{R|ballpit|engadget}} robots 3d na ebipụta ma mgbakọta onwe ya; [4] panel anyanwụ maka ọrụ mbara igwe nke e ji polymer na-echeta ọdịdị mee na ìhè; [4] na akpụkpọ anụ na-emetụta okpomọkụ nke e ji pectin mee maka ma robotic na prosthetic ojiji.{{R|roll}}{{R|solar}}{{R|viper}} Ọrụ ya nwere ngwa na robotics dị nro, ngwaọrụ ahụike, na mmetọ ịma jijiji.

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Daraio nwetara akara ugo mmụta, ana kpokwa laurea, na injinia igwe site na Mahadum Marche Polytechnic n'afo 2001, na Ph.D. nke sayensị na injinịa ihe n'afo 2006 site na Machị California, San Diego.{{R|bio}} Akwụkwọ edemede ya, Design of materials: Configurations for enhanced phononic and electronic properties, bụ nke Prọfesọ Sungho Jin na Vitali F. Nesterenko jikọrọ aka ọnụ lekọta.{{R|diss}}

Ọ sonyeere ngalaba California Institute of Technology (Caltech) n'afo 2006, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ kemgbe ezumike ọrụ ya site n'afo 2013 ruo 2016, iji were oche nke Mechanics na Materials nke ETH Zurich. Na Caltech, ọ malitere na mbụ na ngalaba Aeronautics na Applied Physics, ebe a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke na 2010; ọ kwagara na Ngalaba Injinịa Mechanical na Applied physics na 2016. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka G. Bradford Jones Prọfesọ na Ngalaba Injinia na Sayensị A na-etinye n'ọrụ ma na-eje ije ozi dị ka Caltech Director nke NSF Center to Stream Healthcare in Place (C2SHIP). {{R|bio}}

== Nkwado ==
N'afọ 2018, Daraio meriri na UC San Diego Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Outstanding Alumna Award, &quot;maka ihe ndị pụtara ìhè ọ rụzuru na metamaterials na sayensị ihe onwunwe&quot;.{{R|alum}}

Daraio natara Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) site n'aka Onye isi ala Obama n'afọ 2012.

A họpụtara ya dị ka onye ibe Sloan Research na'afo 2011.

N'afọ 2010, Popular Science ghọtara Daraio dị ka otu n'ime &quot;Brilliant 10&quot; ma nata kwa ihe nrite ONR Young Investigator Award.

O meriri ihe nrite NSF CAREER n'afo 2009.

Daraio nwetakwara ihe nrite Felice De Carli nke Italian Metallurgical Society na 2006,  na Richard von Mises Prize nke Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik n'afọ 2008. {{R|fdc}}{{R|mises}}

== Edensibia ==

&lt;references&gt;

&lt;ref name=alum&gt;{{citation|url=http://maeweb.ucsd.edu/node/1123|title=MAE Alumni Awards Recipients|publisher=UCSD Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering|date=November 20, 2018|accessdate=2020-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ballpit&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/super-soundproofing-is-all-about-little-balls/|publisher=CNET|title=Super soundproofing is all about little balls|first=Eric|last=Smalley|date=July 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bio&gt;{{citation|url=http://www.daraio.caltech.edu/daraio.html|title=Group chair: Chiara Daraio|work=Daraio Research Group|publisher=California Institute of Technology|accessdate=2020-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=brill&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-10/brilliant-10-chiara-daraio-sound-magician/|title=Brilliant 10: Chiara Daraio, the Sound Magician|first=Bjorn|last=Carey|date=November 30, 2010|magazine=[[Popular Science]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=cradle&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/4/100405-sound-bullets-acoustic-lens-cancer-ultrasound/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228072757/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/4/100405-sound-bullets-acoustic-lens-cancer-ultrasound/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 28, 2020|title=&quot;Sound Bullets&quot; to Zap Off Tumors? Popular office toy inspired new acoustic device|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|first=Ker|last=Than|date=April 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=diss&gt;{{citation|title=Design of materials Configurations for enhanced phononic and electronic properties|first=Chiara|last=Daraio|series=PhD Dissertation|year=2006|publisher=University of California, San Diego|bibcode=2006PhDT........31D|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/56t086f8|via=University of California eScholarship Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=engadget&gt;{{citation|magazine=[[engadget]]|title=Caltech researchers devise acoustic diode that sends sound one-way, could harvest energy|first=Donald|last=Melanson|date=July 29, 2011|url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/07/29/caltech-researchers-devise-acoustic-diode-that-sends-sound-one-w/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=fdc&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.metallurgia-italiana.net/eng/riconoscimenti.php|title=Awards|publisher=Italian Metallurgical Society|accessdate=2020-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=mises&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.gamm-ev.de/index.php/de/stiftungen-preise/mises-preis-laureaten.html|title=Richard von Mises Prize winners|publisher=GAMM|accessdate=2020-02-27|archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920134237/https://gamm-ev.de/index.php/de/stiftungen-preise/mises-preis-laureaten.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roll&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-08-22/soft-robots-fold-themselves-like-origami|title=This 3D-printed robot assembles itself and then rolls away|first=Amina|last=Khan|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=solar&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2208408-a-solar-panel-that-unfolds-in-sunlight-could-power-spacecraft/|magazine=New Scientist|first=Leah|last=Crane|date=July 3, 2019|title=A solar panel that unfolds in sunlight could power spacecraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=viper&gt;{{citation|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/heatsensitive-skin-could-let-prosthetics-feel-warmth|title=Heat-Sensitive Skin Could Let Prosthetics Feel Warmth: New heat sensors are as sensitive as those of rattlesnakes|first=Charles Q.|last=Choi|magazine=IEEE Spectrum|date=February 1, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;/references&gt;


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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.daraio.caltech.edu/ Òtù Nnyocha Daraio]
* Chiara Daraiombipụta ndị edepụtara site na Onye Ọkà mmụta Google
{{Authority control}}Njikwa ikike{{DEFAULTSORT:Daraio, Chiara}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daraio, Chiara}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:University of California, San Diego alu]]
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      <text bytes="4075" sha1="frm5e9o2d8zq9cp5iospbdq5r20eqxk" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Pierre Venter, 2026.jpg|thumb|Pierre Venter]]
 

'''Pierre Venter''' bụ kwa onye nkuzi South African-New Zealand na onye nchịkwa mahadum. A họpụtaru ya ka ónyé isi nkè Mahadum Massey bịdọrọ na 2 Febụwarị 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;MasseyAppoint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa Massey University appoints new Vice-Chancellor|url=https://www.massey.ac.nz/about/news/te-kunenga-ki-p%C5%ABrehuroa-massey-university-appoints-new-vice-chancellor/|work=Massey University|date=21 October 2025|accessdate=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RNZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Massey University appoints Pierre Venter as new vice-chancellor|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/576531/massey-university-appoints-pierre-venter-as-new-vice-chancellor|work=Radio New Zealand|date=21 October 2025|accessdate=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmụta ==
Venter gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Free State, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ wee Nweta BSc, BSc (Hons) na microbiology, na PhD na microbiological.&lt;ref name=&quot;MasseyAppoint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa Massey University appoints new Vice-Chancellor|url=https://www.massey.ac.nz/about/news/te-kunenga-ki-p%C5%ABrehuroa-massey-university-appoints-new-vice-chancellor/|work=Massey University|date=21 October 2025|accessdate=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Venter rụkwara ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na South Africa tupu ọ banye n'ọrụ idu ndú nyocha na ngalaba mmiri ara ehi nke New Zealand.&lt;ref name=&quot;MasseyAppoint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa Massey University appoints new Vice-Chancellor|url=https://www.massey.ac.nz/about/news/te-kunenga-ki-p%C5%ABrehuroa-massey-university-appoints-new-vice-chancellor/|work=Massey University|date=21 October 2025|accessdate=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; O banyere  Fonterra wee bụrụ onye nduzi nke nyocha na mmepe, na-eduga otu pọtụfoliyo lekwasịrị anya na nchekwa nri, sayensị dị mma na ihe ọhụrụ ngwaahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fonterra Director of Research and Development clinches prestigious food safety award|url=https://www.fonterra.com/nz/en/our-stories/articles/fonterra-director-of-research-and-development-clinches-prestigious-food-safety-award.html|work=Fonterra|date=5 July 2024|accessdate=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye isi oche nke Mahadum Massey ==
Venter rụrụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na South Africa tupu ọ banye n'ọrụ idu ndú nyocha na ngalaba mmiri ara ehi nke New Zealand.[1] Ọ banyere ￼￼Fonterra￼￼ wee bụrụ onye nduzi nke nyocha na mmepe, na-ede oge ya na 2 Febụwarị 2026. &lt;ref name=&quot;MasseyAppoint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa Massey University appoints new Vice-Chancellor|url=https://www.massey.ac.nz/about/news/te-kunenga-ki-p%C5%ABrehuroa-massey-university-appoints-new-vice-chancellor/|work=Massey University|date=21 October 2025|accessdate=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị mgbasa ozi mba ahụ na New Zealand kọrọ banyere nhọpụta ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;RNZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Massey University appoints Pierre Venter as new vice-chancellor|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/576531/massey-university-appoints-pierre-venter-as-new-vice-chancellor|work=Radio New Zealand|date=21 October 2025|accessdate=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ na mmata ==
Na afọ 2024, Venter natara onyinye dị ezigbo mkpa maka nchekwa nri site na New Zealand Institute of Food Science and Technology. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Outstanding commitment to food safety and quality science recognised|url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/news/media-releases/outstanding-commitment-to-food-safety-and-quality-science-recognised/|work=New Zealand Food Safety (MPI)|date=4 July 2024|accessdate=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Significant Contribution to Food Safety Award|url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/about-mpi/our-work-at-mpi/sponsorships/significant-contribution-to-food-safety-award|work=New Zealand Food Safety (MPI)|date=26 June 2025|accessdate=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Faisal Shuaib</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Dr Faisal Shuaib, OON, MPH, DrPH
| image               = Dr_Faisal_Shuaib.jpg
| office              = Executive Director of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency
| president           = [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
| deputy              = 
| term_start          = January 11, 2017
| term_end            = October 20, 2023
| predecessor         = Dr. Emmanuel Odu
| successor           = 
| office1             = Incident Manager of the Nigeria Ebola Emergency Operations centre (EEOC)
| president1          = 
| termstart1          = 2014
| termend1            = 2014
| predecessor1        = 
| successor1          = 
| office2             = Deputy Incident Manager (DIM) and Chief Operations Officer of the National Polio Emergency Operation Center
| president2          = 
| termstart2          = 2014
| termend2            = 2014
| predecessor2        = 
| successor2          = 
| birth_name          = Faisal Shuaib
| birth_date          = August 15
| birth_place         = 
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| spouse              = 
| children            = 
| education           = [[Ahmadu Bello University]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]])&lt;br&gt;[[University of Alabama at Birmingham]] ([[Doctor of Public Health|DrPH]])
| net_worth           = 
| awards              = Officer of the Order of Niger, National Productivity Order of Merit, Nigerian Excellence Award in Public Service
}}

'''Faisal Shuaib''' OON, MPH, DrPH, ) bụ dọkịta na ọkachamara ahụike ọha na eze nke Naịjirịa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye isi nchịkwa na onye isi nchịkwa nke National Primary Health Care Development Agency, otu ngalaba nke Federal Ministry of Health (Naijiria). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/national-primary-health-care-development-agency-implements-4-prong-agenda|title=National Primary Health Care Development Agency Implements 4-Prong Agenda|work=World Health Organization|date=August 25, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; site na 2017 ruo 2023. Tupu onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ahọpụta ya na Jenụwarị 2017, ọ bụ onye isi mmemme na Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation na [[Seattle]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|USA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/220209-buhari-appoints-new-head-primary-healthcare-agency.html|title=Buhari appoints new head of primary healthcare agency|work=Premium Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;POLIO: Our true story&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/polio-our-true-story-dr-faisal-shuaib/|title=POLIO: Our true story|work=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shuaib jere ozi dịka onye njikwa ihe mberede/onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ mberede Ebola na Naịjirịa n'oge ọrịa Ebola virus malitere na Julaị ruo Ọktoba 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/278819/talking-to-the-doctor-who-helped-stop-ebola-in-nigeria/|title=How one African country beat Ebola|work=Quartz|date=October 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na ije ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ teknụzụ dị elu nye Minista Steeti maka ahụike na ọgwụ mgbochi na iwepụ polio, ọ bụkwa onye isi ọrụ/osote onye njikwa ihe mberede nke National Polio Emergency Operation Centre.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eradicating polio in Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/eradicating-polio-in-nigeria|title=Eradicating polio in Nigeria|work=Mckinsey|accessdate=2025-11-27|archivedate=2022-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004161739/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/eradicating-polio-in-nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/features/advancing-plans-for-local-vaccines-polio-eradication-2/|title=Advancing plans for local vaccines, polio eradication|work=Guardian|date=August 9, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ natala ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere Onye Ọrụ nke Order of the Niger (OON), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675375576/RO=10/RU=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Niger/RK=2/RS=zsyk7XVmyOOeSsUSwHUYsPBdRmw-|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=r.search.yahoo.com|title=Archived copy|archivedate=February 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154044/http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675375576/RO=10/RU=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Niger/RK=2/RS=zsyk7XVmyOOeSsUSwHUYsPBdRmw-}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nigeria Excellence Award in Public Service (NEAPS), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675375766/RO=10/RU=https://neapsawards.com/aboutneaps//RK=2/RS=HDODxY0HY_w_7jHc9quiReQZ3IA-|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=r.search.yahoo.com|title=Archived copy|archivedate=February 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154044/http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675375766/RO=10/RU=https://neapsawards.com/aboutneaps//RK=2/RS=HDODxY0HY_w_7jHc9quiReQZ3IA-}}&lt;/ref&gt; National Productivity Order of Merit (NPOM), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675375854/RO=10/RU=https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2022/05/12/nphcda-receives-productivity-order-of-merit-award//RK=2/RS=YMbB2ledXVG0C0X69IcUHYBqcZU-|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=r.search.yahoo.com|title=Archived copy|archivedate=February 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154044/http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675375854/RO=10/RU=https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2022/05/12/nphcda-receives-productivity-order-of-merit-award//RK=2/RS=YMbB2ledXVG0C0X69IcUHYBqcZU-}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa COVID-19 Hero Award, n'etii ndị ọzọ.

Shuaib bụ ọkachamara a na-akwanyere ùgwù na njikwa ọrịa na-efe efe ma dee ma soro dee ihe karịrị akwụkwọ sayensị 70 ndị ọgbọ nyochara. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ihe bara uru maka ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze ma nye ndị World Health Organization (WHO) na Ministry of Health nke Naịjirịa ndụmọdụ n'ọtụtụ isiokwu.

== Mmụta ==
. &lt;ref name=&quot;uab.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uab.edu/news/campus/item/5361-uab-graduate-leads-ebola-containment-efforts-in-nigeria|title=UAB graduate leads Ebola containment efforts in Nigeria|work=University of Alabama at Birmingham}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uab.edu/uabmagazine/features/outwitting-an-outbreak|title=Faisal Shuaib and the fight against Ebola|work=University of Alabama at Birmingham|accessdate=2025-11-27|archivedate=2021-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023105147/https://www.uab.edu/uabmagazine/features/outwitting-an-outbreak}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/panel-biographies/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315094339/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/panel-biographies/en/|archivedate=March 15, 2015|title=Biographies: A panel of independent experts to assess WHO's response in the Ebola outbreak|work=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
Shuaib malitere ọrụ mbụ ya na Ministri Ahụike nke steeti Nasarawa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675376389/RO=10/RU=https://nsmoh.gov.ng//RK=2/RS=LbcRXcDVLqS9h.NimiaI1X3cAds-|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154041/http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675376389/RO=10/RU=https://nsmoh.gov.ng//RK=2/RS=LbcRXcDVLqS9h.NimiaI1X3cAds-|archivedate=February 2, 2023|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=r.search.yahoo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ rịgooro n'ọkwa onye nduzi nke nlekọta ahụike na Nchịkwa Ọrịa. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi mpaghara nke WHO na mpaghara maka Nasarawa na mpaghara North Central. Tụkwasị na nke a, Shuaib rụrụ ọrụ ị ka onye nyocha na Mahadum Alabama na Birmingham.

Ruo mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi nchịkwa / onye isi oche nke National Primary Health Care Development Agency na Jenụwarị 2017, ọ bụ onye isi mmemme na Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), Seattle, Washington, USA. Na BMGF, Shuaib bụ onye na-ahụ maka ịmepụta na itinye n'ọrụ atụmatụ maka ọrụ mmeghachi omume na ntiwapụ polio n'Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;uab.edu&quot;/&gt;

Shuaib haziri mmeghachi omume gara nke ọma nke Naijiria maka ntiwapụ nke ọrịa Ebola Virus (EVD) dị ka onye njikwa ihe omume nke Ebola Emergency Operations Center (EEOC) na 2014. N'ọnọdụ a, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ịmepụta usoro zuru oke nke nyere nyocha dị mma, ọgwụgwọ, nlekọta na nlekota nke ndị ọrịa EVD, kọntaktị ha na ezinụlọ ha. Ọ bụkwa onye otu mmadụ isii e guzobere iji nyochaa mmeghachi omume nke WHO na ntiwapụ Ebola zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vO3tt9pdy8c|title=How Nigeria is combating Ebola|work=CNN – YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation dị ka Onye isi mmemme na-ahụ maka nlekota polio na nzaghachi ntiwapụ na Africa, ọ mepụtara ngwa smartphone ọhụrụ (AVADAR) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675376680/RO=10/RU=https://www.ehealthafrica.org/avadar/RK=2/RS=Ntjbb.RkfhsL4fZ8ZfUHV7s4tSs-|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=r.search.yahoo.com|title=Archived copy|archivedate=February 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154049/http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675376680/RO=10/RU=https://www.ehealthafrica.org/avadar/RK=2/RS=Ntjbb.RkfhsL4fZ8ZfUHV7s4tSs-}}&lt;/ref&gt; na atụmatụ nke ji okpukpu anọ mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nchọpụta nke ọrịa polio dị n'Africa ma jiri ya mee ka akụkọ na nzaghachite COVID-19.

N'oge gara aga, o nyere ndụmọdụ teknụzụ na Ngalaba Ahụike nke Naijiria na National Primary Health Care Development Agency na mpaghara nke ọgwụ mgbochi na ọrụ mkpochapụ polio. &lt;ref name=&quot;Eradicating polio in Nigeria&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;POLIO: Our true story&quot;/&gt;

Shuaib bụ osote onye njikwa ihe mberede (DIM) na onye isi ọrụ nke National Polio Emergency Operation Center. Dị ka osote onye njikwa ihe omume (DIM) nke National Polio EOC, ọ na-ejikọ aka na nhazi zuru oke nke mmemme mkpochapụ polio na Naịjirịa ma duzie Operations Working Group n'ime EOC, nke na-ahụ maka ịhazi mmejuputa atụmatụ ọkwa nke nnukwu otu gụnyere ndị mmekọ mmepe mba ụwa. N'afọ 2014, ọ duziri otu EOC nke jikọtara aka mepụta ma tinye usoro ọhụrụ iji nye ụmụaka bi n'ebe nchekwa dị na Borno na Yobe States ọgwụ mgbochi. Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ a, ọ duziri ndị otu nke mere mkpọsa mbụ, nke obodo buru ibu site na iji ọgwụ mgbochi Polio Inactivated (IPV).&lt;ref name=&quot;Eradicating polio in Nigeria&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afro.who.int/pt/node/12097|title=Polio Eradication: Africa Regional Certification Commission begins verification visit to Nigeria|work=World Health Organization|date=August 3, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'okpuru nlekọta ya dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke National Primary Health Care Development Agency (ụlọ ọrụ bụ isi nwere ikike ịchịkwa ọrịa ndị a na-egbochi, kpochapụ polio, na igbochi ọbịbịa na mmetụta nke ọrịa site na iji agụmakwụkwọ, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na ntinye aka ndị ọzọ a nwapụtara) ọ duziri mkpọsa maka kpochapụ poliovirus ọhịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Poliomyelitis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a mere ka WHO kwupụta na Naịjirịa enweghị nje poliovirus n'ọhịa na 25 Ọgọst 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/features/leveraging-polio-elimination-strategies-to-contain-covid-19-disease-outbreaks/|title=Leveraging polio elimination strategies to contain COVID-19, disease outbreaks|work=Guardian|date=June 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/aug/25/africa-to-be-declared-free-of-wild-polio-after-decades-of-work#:~:text=Four%20years%20after%20the%20last,and%20in%20some%20cases%20death.|title=Africa declared free of wild polio after decades of work|work=The Guardian|date=August 25, 2020|author=Akinwotu|first=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shuaib malitere ọrụ mbụ ya na Ministri Ahụike nke steeti Nasarawa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675376389/RO=10/RU=https://nsmoh.gov.ng//RK=2/RS=LbcRXcDVLqS9h.NimiaI1X3cAds-|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154041/http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675376389/RO=10/RU=https://nsmoh.gov.ng//RK=2/RS=LbcRXcDVLqS9h.NimiaI1X3cAds-|archivedate=February 2, 2023|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=r.search.yahoo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe o rigooro n'ọkwa Onye Nduzi nke Nlekọta Ahụike na Nchịkwa Ọrịa. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi nke WHO na  Steeti na na Mpaghara, nyere Nasarawa na mpaghara Etiti nke &quot;North&quot;. Ọzọkwa, Shuaib rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye Nchọcha nke Inyeaka na Mahadum Alabama na Birmingham.

Ruo mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka Onyeisi Nchịkwa/ Onyeisi Oche nke National Primary Health Care Development Agency na Jenụwarị 2017, ọ bụ Onyeisi Mmemme na Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), Seattle, Washington, USA. Na BMGF, Shuaib bụ onye na-ahụ maka ịmepụta na itinye n'ọrụ atụmatụ maka ọrụ nzaghachi ntiwapụ polio n'Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;uab.edu&quot;/&gt;

Shuaib haziri ọzịza oku gara nke ọma nke Naịjịrịa nyere ntiwapụ nke ọrịa Ebola Virus (EVD) dị ka Onye Njikwa Ihe Omume nke Ebola Emergency Operations Center (EEOC) na 2014. N'ọnọdụ a, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ịmepụta usoro zuru oke nyere nyochaahụ dị mma, ọgwụgwọ, nlekọta na nlebanya nke ndị ọrịa EVD, kọntaktị ha na ezinụlọ ha.

Ọ bụkwa onye otu mmadụ isii e guzobere iji nyochaa nzaghachi nke WHO na ntiwapụ Ebola zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;who.int&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vO3tt9pdy8c|title=How Nigeria is combating Ebola|work=CNN – YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation dị ka Onyeisi Mmemme na-ahụ maka nlekọta nke polio na nzaghachi ntiwapụ na Afrika, o mepụtara ngwa &quot;smartphone&quot; ọhụrụ (AVADAR) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675376680/RO=10/RU=https://www.ehealthafrica.org/avadar/RK=2/RS=Ntjbb.RkfhsL4fZ8ZfUHV7s4tSs-|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=r.search.yahoo.com|title=Archived copy|archivedate=February 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154049/http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675376680/RO=10/RU=https://www.ehealthafrica.org/avadar/RK=2/RS=Ntjbb.RkfhsL4fZ8ZfUHV7s4tSs-}}&lt;/ref&gt; na atụmatụ nke jiri ụzọ anọ mee ka nchọpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrịa polio dị n'Afrika ma jikwa ya kwado akụkọ na nzaghachite COVID-19.

N'oge gara aga, o nyere ndụmọdụ nkà na Ngalaba Ahụike nke Naịjịrịa na National Primary Health Care Development Agency na mpaghara nke ọgwụ mgbochi na ọrụ mkpochapụ polio. &lt;ref name=&quot;Eradicating polio in Nigeria&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;POLIO: Our true story&quot;/&gt;

Shuaib bụ Osote Onye Njikwa Ihe Ndepụta (DIM) na Onyeisi Ọrụ nke National Polio Emergency Operation Center. Dị ka osote Onye Njikwa Ihe Ndepụta (DIM) nke National Polio EOC, ọ na-ejikọ aka na-ahụta maka nhazi zuru oke nke mmemme mkpochapụ polio na Naịjịrịa ma duzie Operations Working Group n'ime EOC, nke na-ahụ maka ịhazi mmejuputa atụmatụ metụtara ebe ihe na-eme nke nnukwu otu gụnyere ndị mmekọ mmepe mba ụwa kwekọrịtara.

N'afọ 2014, o duru otu EOC nke jikọtara aka mepụta ma tinye usoro ọhụrụ iji nye ụmụaka bi n'ebe nchekwa adịghị na Borno na Yobe States ọgwụ mgbochi. Dị ka otu n'ime ọrụ a, o duru ndị otu nke mere mkpọsa mbụ, nke obodo buru ibu site n'iji ọgwụ mgbochi Polio Inactivated (IPV).&lt;ref name=&quot;Eradicating polio in Nigeria&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afro.who.int/pt/node/12097|title=Polio Eradication: Africa Regional Certification Commission begins verification visit to Nigeria|work=World Health Organization|date=August 3, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;


N'okpuru nlekọta ya dị ka onyeisi nchịkwa nke National Primary Health Care Development Agency (isi ụlọ ọrụ nwere ikike ịchịkwa ọrịa ndị a na-egbochi egbochi, kpochapụ polio, ma gbochie ọbịbịa na mmetụta ọrịa site n'iji agụmakwụkwọ, ihe ọgwụ mgbochi nakwa ụzọ ọzọ esi agbata ọsọ enyemaka a hụrụ dị mma) o duru mkpọsa maka mkpochapụ [[poliovirus]] na-efegharị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Poliomyelitis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a mere ka WHO kwupụta nnwereonwe Naịjịrịa n'aka poliovirus na-efegharị ebe nile na 25 Ọgọst 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/features/leveraging-polio-elimination-strategies-to-contain-covid-19-disease-outbreaks/|title=Leveraging polio elimination strategies to contain COVID-19, disease outbreaks|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|date=June 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/aug/25/africa-to-be-declared-free-of-wild-polio-after-decades-of-work#:~:text=Four%20years%20after%20the%20last,and%20in%20some%20cases%20death.|title=Africa declared free of wild polio after decades of work|work=The Guardian|date=August 25, 2020|author=Akinwotu|first=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ==
N'ịghọta ihe ndị pụtara ìhè ọ rụzuru, Shuaib &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675376923/RO=10/RU=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Shuaib/RK=2/RS=Uxq4B0FxHxqr.HD_KdrHB8o1GXo-|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=r.search.yahoo.com|title=Archived copy|archivedate=February 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154050/http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675376923/RO=10/RU=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Shuaib/RK=2/RS=Uxq4B0FxHxqr.HD_KdrHB8o1GXo-}}&lt;/ref&gt; enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye na nsọpụrụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ:

* Onyinye nke ịdị mma maka inye nlekọta ahụike nye ndị nwere nchegbu n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 site na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide nje ahụ, National Commission for Refugees, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons (November 2022) 
* Onye isi nke Order of Niger (OON), National Honours Award (Ọktoba 2022) 
* Njikọ nke College of Education, Akwanga, Nasarawa State (2023) 
* Usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi dị ịrịba ama na Naijiria, Nigerian Excellence Award in Public Service (NEAPS) (Ọktoba 2022) 
* National Productivity Order of Merit Award (May 2022) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675377947/RO=10/RU=https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2022/05/12/nphcda-receives-productivity-order-of-merit-award//RK=2/RS=eG_nbewlJdaWRPsw1uUDUjV_DQg-|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=r.search.yahoo.com|title=Archived copy|archivedate=February 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154044/http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1675377947/RO=10/RU=https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2022/05/12/nphcda-receives-productivity-order-of-merit-award//RK=2/RS=eG_nbewlJdaWRPsw1uUDUjV_DQg-}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye maka arụmọrụ dị ịrịba ama n'ịkwado itinye aka na ọrịa ndị ọzọ site na iji usoro AVADAR  na ịhazi ihe onwunwe maka mmejuputa oru ngo AVADAR n'ụzọ dị irè, iji kwado echiche ya na mmepe nke ngwa nyocha AVADAR ọtụtụ ọrịa, WHO AFRO AVADAR Team (May 2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=AVADAR|url=https://www.ehealthafrica.org/avadar|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=eHealth Africa - Building stronger health systems in Africa|date=March 20, 2020|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche na Omume na Ọrụ Ọha site na Generational Citizen for Better Leadership Initiative (Ọktoba 2022) 
* National Human Rights Awards (NHRA)  (December 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2021 NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AWARDS - National Human Rights Commission|url=https://nigeriarights.gov.ng/nhrc-media/news-and-events/228-2021-national-human-rights-awards.html|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=nigeriarights.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Africa's COVID-19 Hero of All Time Award Certificate, iji kwado mbọ a na-agba ịkwụsị mgbasa nke COVID-19 na ụdị nkesa ọgwụ mgbochi dị ka nke kachasị mma n'Africa (July 2021) 
* Certificate of Performance Award, site na Civil Society Groups for Good Governance (July 2020) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://csggg.org.ng/|accessdate=2023-02-02|work=CSGGG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nlekọta ahụike pụtara ìhè maka mmepe nlekọta ahụike bụ isi, site n'aka Onye isi nke Health Media Nigeria
* asambodo ekele maka onyinye bara uru na mmemme gbasaa na mgbochi ọrịa, site na WHO (June 2008) 

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20045048/ ''Mmetụta ahụike ọmụmụ nke aflatoxins: nyocha nke akwụkwọ'' (2010)]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4584877/ ''Ntiwapụ nke Ọrịa Ebola - Nigeria, July-September 2014'' (2014)]
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27488940/ ''Mgbochi nke Ebola na Polio na Ntọala Low-Resource Site n'iji Ụkpụrụ na Omume nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọrụ Mberede na Ahụike Ọha'' (2017)]
* [https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-6187-x &quot;AVADAR (Auto-Visual AFP Detection and Reporting): ngosipụta nke ngwa smartphone ọhụrụ dabeere na SMS iji melite nyocha nke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ (AFP) na Naịjirịa&quot; (2018)]

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Dr Faisal Shuaib Executive Director / CEO NPHCDA E debere ya n'October 27, 2020, na Wayback Machine
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=Dr Emmanuel Odu}}
{{s-ttl|title=Executive Director of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency|years=2017–present}}
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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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  <page>
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'''Atinuke''' bụ onye edemede akwụkwọ ụmụaka a mụrụ na Naijiria na onye na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala ọdịnala Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-07|title=Reading with... Atinuke|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/readers-issue.html?issue=1019|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Atinuke was born in [[Ibadan]] and grew up in [[Lagos]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] with her parents and three siblings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About me|url=https://atinuke.co.uk/about/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=Atinuke}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her father was a Nigerian university lecturer and her mother was an English editor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Atinuke is of [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] ancestry through her father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; / &gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Atinuke|url=https://authorfy.com/masterclasses/atinuke/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=authorfy|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atinuke chose to attend a boarding school in England from ages ten to thirteen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Atinuke |url=https://www.gaithersburgbookfestival.org/featured_author/atinuke/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Gaithersburg Book Festival |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her parents and three siblings then moved to England, and Atinuke began attending public school. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

na mahadum, Atinuke gụrụ Bekee na Commonwealth Literatures . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

O nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Atinuke|url=https://milesstottagency.co.uk/author/atinuke/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=Miles Stott Agency|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322201505/https://milesstottagency.co.uk/author/atinuke/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bi na Wales ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Atinuke, Nigerian Born Storyteller and Children's Book Author ★|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Atinuke|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=African American Literature Book Club|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Akụkọ mbụ Atinuke kọrọ nye ndị na-ege ntị na England n'afọ 1990, mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ emeghị ka ọ pụta ìhè. Ọ malitere njem okike na ọrụ ọkachamara nke ịchịkọta akụkọ sitere n'Africa na ndị Africa bi na mba ọzọ ma gwa ha ndị na-ege ntị n'obodo na mba ụwa, n'ememe na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị njem na 2005 n'ihi ọrịa, ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ mbụ ya, gbasara agwa akụkọ ifo Anna Hibiscus, nwa agbọghọ bi na &quot;Amazing Africa&quot;. Atinuke bụ onye dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ ụmụaka iri abụọ dabere na ndụ ya na Naịjirịa na akụkọ ọdịnala. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ụmụaka na-abụghị akụkọ ifo gbasara mba iri ise na ise nke Africa. Akwụkwọ ya bụ &quot;Baby Goes To Market&quot; ka ebipụtara na US na UK yana na French na Japanese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Atinuke|url=https://www.booktrust.org.uk/authors/a/atinuke/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=BookTrust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
The African American Literature Book Club kpọrọ Atinuke na ndepụta ha nke &quot;Top 100 Bestselling Authors&quot; n'ọnọdụ nke 60.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 100 Bestselling Black Authors|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/bestselling-authors2.php|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=African American Literature Book Club|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, Good Luck, Anna Hibiscus! The Horn Book Magazine kpọrọ ya otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka kachasị mma n'afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2012-12-05|title=Horn Book Fanfare 1938 to present|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/horn-book-fanfare-1938-to-present|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, akpọrọ Double Trouble for Anna Hibiscus otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka na ndị na-eto eto kacha mma n'afọ site na Shelf Awareness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2015-12-11|title=Our 2015 Best Books of the Year|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=2652|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2017, ''Ị dị ịtụnanya, Anna Hibiscus!'' gụnyere na ndepụta &quot;Best Books for Middle Graders of 2017&quot; nke Kirkus Reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Vicky|first=Vicki|date=2017-11-27|title=Old Friends Return in the Best Books for Middle Graders|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/old-friends-return-best-books-middle-graders/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2018, a gụnyere Baby Goes to Market na ndepụta Children's Africana Book Awards 'Best Books for Young Children'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meadows|first=Rebecca|title=UCF Research Guides: Award Winning and Notable Children's Books PreK - 8: CABA Children's Africana Book Awards|url=https://guides.ucf.edu/c.php?g=851147&amp;p=8600797|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[University of Central Florida]]|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322193008/https://guides.ucf.edu/c.php?g=851147&amp;p=8600797}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, akpọrọ Too Small Tola otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka kachasị mma n'afọ site na The Horn Book Magazine, School Library Journal na Shelf Awareness &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gershowitz|first=Elissa|date=2021-12-10|title=Fanfare Family Reading 2021|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/fanfare-family-reading-2021|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blair|first=Monisha|date=2021-11-22|title=Best Chapter Books 2021 {{!}} SLJ Best Books|url=https://www.slj.com/story/best-chapter-books-2021-slj-best-books|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[School Library Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2021-11-23|title=Our 2021 Best Children's &amp; YA Books of the Year|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=4119|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, The Horn Book Magazine kpọrọ Too Small Tola and the Three Fine Girls otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka kachasị mma n'afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2022-12-14|title=Fanfare 2022 Annotations|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/fanfare-2022-annotations|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Onyinye maka edemede Atinuke'''Ihe odide Atinuke'''
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ihe nrite
!Nsonaazụ
!Ihe mgbochi.
|-
|2010
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Anna Hibiscus''
|Onyinye Cybils maka Akwụkwọ Isiokwu Dị Mkpirikpi
|Ndị ikpeazụ
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2010 Cybils Finalists|url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2010-cybils-finalists|accessdate=2023-03-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2011
|Boston Globe-Horn Book Award maka akụkọ ifo
|Nsọpụrụ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2022-01-10|title=Past Boston Globe–Horn Book Award Winners|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/past-boston-globe-horn-book-award-winners|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Na-ekpori ndụ, Anna Hibiscus!''
|Onyinye Cybils maka Akwụkwọ Isiokwu Dị Mkpirikpi
|'''Onye mmeri'''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2011 Cybils Winners|url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2011-cybils-winners|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321170942/https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2011-cybils-winners|archivedate=2023-03-21|accessdate=2023-03-21|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|''Obi ụtọ, Anna Hibiscus!''
|Mind the Gap Awards: Ka mma ihu ọma n'oge ọzọ
|'''Onye mmeri'''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2012-07-09|title=Out of the Box {{!}} 2012 Mind the Gap Awards|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/2012-mind-the-gap-awards|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=The Horn Book}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|The No. 1 Car Spotter and the Firebird
|Ihe nrite Carnegie
|Onye a họpụtara
|
|-
|2014
|''Ụgwọ maka Anna Hibiscus!''
|Ihe nrite Audie maka utu aha ụmụaka ruo afọ 8
|'''Onye mmeri'''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Audie Award Finalists and Winners|url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/audies/2014/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[AudioFile Magazine]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-02-18|title=2014 Audie Finalists Announced|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/audio-books/article/61095-2014-audie-finalists-announced.html|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2018
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Nwa A Na-aga Ahịa''
|ALSC Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka A Ma Ama
|Nhọrọ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schulte-Cooper|first=Laura|date=2018-04-12|title=ALSC names 2018 Notable Children's Books|url=https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2018/04/alsc-names-2018-notable-childrens-books|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[American Library Association]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nrite Charlotte Zolotow
|Nsọpụrụ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-01-12|title=Awards: Charlotte Zolotow; Edward Stanford Travel Writing|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3163|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nrite akwụkwọ Mathical: Pre-K
|'''Onye mmeri'''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-02-27|title=Awards: Mathical Book; Jane Grigson Trust|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3193|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
|''Afrịka, Afrịka Dị ịtụnanya''
|Ihe nrite akwụkwọ ozi nke School Library Association maka afọ 8 ruo 12
|Ndepụta dị mkpirikpi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Shortlist Announced for School Library Association Information Book Award 2020 :: NEWS|url=https://www.sla.org.uk/article/richard-leveridge/shortlist-announced-for-school-library-association-information-book-award-2020|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[School Library Association]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''B bụ maka nwa ọhụrụ''
|ALSC Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka A Ma Ama
|Nhọrọ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schulte-Cooper|first=Laura|date=2020-02-25|title=ALSC names 2020 Notable Children's Books|url=https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2020/02/alsc-names-2020-notable-childrens-books|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[American Library Association]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nrite Carnegie
|Ndepụta dị ogologo
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-20|title=Longlists for 2020 CILIP Carnegie and Kate Greenaway Medals Announced|url=https://yotocarnegies.co.uk/longlists-for-2020-cilip-carnegie-and-kate-greenaway-medals-announced/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=The Yoto Carnegies|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Obere Tola''
|Onyinye Cybils maka Akwụkwọ Isiokwu Dị mfe
|Onye ikpeazụ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2021 Cybils Finalists|url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2021-cybils-finalists|accessdate=2023-03-27|work=Children's and Young Adult Book Lover's Literary Awards|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nrite Jhalak maka Ụmụaka YA
|Ndepụta dị ogologo
|
|-
|2022
|ALSC Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka A Ma Ama
|Nhọrọ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schulte-Cooper|first=Laura|date=2023-02-01|title=2022 Notable Children's Books|url=https://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/notalists/ncb/ncbpastlists/ncb_2022|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Association for Library Service to Children]] (ALSC)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

=== Akụkọ ifo ===

==== Usoro Anna Hibiscus ====
[[Lauren Tobia]] gosipụtara usoro Anna Hibiscus

# ''Anna Hibiscus'' (2010) 
# ''Ụgwọ maka Anna Hibiscus!'' (2010)
# ''Na-ekpori ndụ, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2011)
# ''Welcome Home, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2012)
# ''Gaa nke ọma, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2014)
# ''Ịhụnanya sitere n'aka Anna Hibiscus!'' (2015)
# ''Ị dị ịtụnanya, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2016)
# ''Obi ụtọ Krismas, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2023)

===== Akwụkwọ foto Anna Hibiscus =====

* ''Abụ Anna Hibiscus'' (2012) 
* ''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]'' (2014)
* ''Nsogbu Abụọ Maka Anna Hibiscus!'' (2015)

==== Usoro ụmụaka ====
[[Angela Brooksbank]] gosipụtara usoro Baby.

# ''Nwa A Na-aga Ahịa'', (2017) 
# ''B bụ maka nwa ọhụrụ'' (2019) 
# ''Nwa, Nwa Na-ehi Ụra'' (2021) 
# ''M bụ maka Mango'' (2025) 

==== Usoro No. 1 Car Spotter ====
Usoro No. 1 Car Spotter bụ nke [[Warwick Johnson-Cadwell]] gosipụtara.

# The No. 1 Car Spotter (2011) 
# The No. 1 Car Spotter na Firebird (2011) 
# ''Onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọala nke 1 na ndị ohi ụgbọ ala'' (2012) 
# ''Onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọala nke 1 na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ'' (2014) 
# The No. 1 Car Spotter na Broken Road (2015) 
# Onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọala nke 1 na-alụ ọgụ na ụlọ ọrụ (2016) 

==== Usoro Tola Obere ====
[[Onyinye Iwu]] gosipụtara usoro Too Small Tola.

# ''Obere Tola'' (2020) 
# Too Obere Tola na Ụmụ agbọghọ Atọ mara mma (2021) 
# Obere Obere Obodo Na-esi Ike (2023) 

==== Akwụkwọ ndị kwụụrụ onwe ha ====

* ''Jide ọkụkọ ahụ!'' , nke [[Angela Brooksbank]] sere (2020) 
* ''Hugo'', nke [[Birgitta Sif]] sere (2020) 
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị isi ojii na Britain (nke a tụrụ anya ya na 2023) 
* Beti na Little Round House, nke Emily Hughes sere, Walker Books (2024) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tolkien|first=Tom|title=Year 2 Reading List|url=https://schoolreadinglist.co.uk/reading-lists-for-ks1-school-pupils/year-2/|work=School Reading List|publisher=School Reading List|accessdate=24 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Ndị Na-abụghị Akụkọ ifo ===

* ''Africa Amazing Africa: Mba site na Mba'', nke [[Mouni Feddag]] sere (2019) 

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Marguerite Abouet]]

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Atinuke''' bụ onye edemede akwụkwọ ụmụaka a mụrụ na Naijiria na onye na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala ọdịnala Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-07|title=Reading with... Atinuke|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/readers-issue.html?issue=1019|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Atinuke was born in [[Ibadan]] and grew up in [[Lagos]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] with her parents and three siblings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About me|url=https://atinuke.co.uk/about/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=Atinuke}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her father was a Nigerian university lecturer and her mother was an English editor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Atinuke is of [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] ancestry through her father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Atinuke|url=https://authorfy.com/masterclasses/atinuke/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=authorfy|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atinuke chose to attend a boarding school in England from ages ten to thirteen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Atinuke |url=https://www.gaithersburgbookfestival.org/featured_author/atinuke/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Gaithersburg Book Festival |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her parents and three siblings then moved to England, and Atinuke began attending public school. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

na mahadum, Atinuke gụrụ Bekee na Commonwealth Literatures . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

O nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Atinuke|url=https://milesstottagency.co.uk/author/atinuke/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=Miles Stott Agency|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322201505/https://milesstottagency.co.uk/author/atinuke/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bi na Wales ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Atinuke, Nigerian Born Storyteller and Children's Book Author ★|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Atinuke|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=African American Literature Book Club|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Akụkọ mbụ Atinuke kọrọ nye ndị na-ege ntị na England n'afọ 1990, mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ emeghị ka ọ pụta ìhè. Ọ malitere njem okike na ọrụ ọkachamara nke ịchịkọta akụkọ sitere n'Africa na ndị Africa bi na mba ọzọ ma gwa ha ndị na-ege ntị n'obodo na mba ụwa, n'ememe na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị njem na 2005 n'ihi ọrịa, ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ mbụ ya, gbasara agwa akụkọ ifo Anna Hibiscus, nwa agbọghọ bi na &quot;Amazing Africa&quot;. Atinuke bụ onye dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ ụmụaka iri abụọ dabere na ndụ ya na Naịjirịa na akụkọ ọdịnala. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ụmụaka na-abụghị akụkọ ifo gbasara mba iri ise na ise nke Africa. Akwụkwọ ya bụ &quot;Baby Goes To Market&quot; ka ebipụtara na US na UK yana na French na Japanese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Atinuke|url=https://www.booktrust.org.uk/authors/a/atinuke/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=BookTrust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
The African American Literature Book Club kpọrọ Atinuke na ndepụta ha nke &quot;Top 100 Bestselling Authors&quot; n'ọnọdụ nke 60.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 100 Bestselling Black Authors|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/bestselling-authors2.php|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=African American Literature Book Club|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, Good Luck, Anna Hibiscus! The Horn Book Magazine kpọrọ ya otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka kachasị mma n'afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2012-12-05|title=Horn Book Fanfare 1938 to present|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/horn-book-fanfare-1938-to-present|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, akpọrọ Double Trouble for Anna Hibiscus otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka na ndị na-eto eto kacha mma n'afọ site na Shelf Awareness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2015-12-11|title=Our 2015 Best Books of the Year|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=2652|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2017, ''Ị dị ịtụnanya, Anna Hibiscus!'' gụnyere na ndepụta &quot;Best Books for Middle Graders of 2017&quot; nke Kirkus Reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Vicky|first=Vicki|date=2017-11-27|title=Old Friends Return in the Best Books for Middle Graders|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/old-friends-return-best-books-middle-graders/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2018, a gụnyere Baby Goes to Market na ndepụta Children's Africana Book Awards 'Best Books for Young Children'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meadows|first=Rebecca|title=UCF Research Guides: Award Winning and Notable Children's Books PreK - 8: CABA Children's Africana Book Awards|url=https://guides.ucf.edu/c.php?g=851147&amp;p=8600797|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[University of Central Florida]]|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322193008/https://guides.ucf.edu/c.php?g=851147&amp;p=8600797}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, akpọrọ Too Small Tola otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka kachasị mma n'afọ site na The Horn Book Magazine, School Library Journal na Shelf Awareness &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gershowitz|first=Elissa|date=2021-12-10|title=Fanfare Family Reading 2021|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/fanfare-family-reading-2021|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blair|first=Monisha|date=2021-11-22|title=Best Chapter Books 2021 {{!}} SLJ Best Books|url=https://www.slj.com/story/best-chapter-books-2021-slj-best-books|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[School Library Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2021-11-23|title=Our 2021 Best Children's &amp; YA Books of the Year|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=4119|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, The Horn Book Magazine kpọrọ Too Small Tola and the Three Fine Girls otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka kachasị mma n'afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2022-12-14|title=Fanfare 2022 Annotations|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/fanfare-2022-annotations|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Onyinye maka edemede Atinuke'''Ihe odide Atinuke'''
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ihe nrite
!Nsonaazụ
!Ihe mgbochi.
|-
|2010
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Anna Hibiscus''
|Onyinye Cybils maka Akwụkwọ Isiokwu Dị Mkpirikpi
|Ndị ikpeazụ
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2010 Cybils Finalists|url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2010-cybils-finalists|accessdate=2023-03-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2011
|Boston Globe-Horn Book Award maka akụkọ ifo
|Nsọpụrụ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2022-01-10|title=Past Boston Globe–Horn Book Award Winners|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/past-boston-globe-horn-book-award-winners|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Na-ekpori ndụ, Anna Hibiscus!''
|Onyinye Cybils maka Akwụkwọ Isiokwu Dị Mkpirikpi
|'''Onye mmeri'''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2011 Cybils Winners|url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2011-cybils-winners|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321170942/https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2011-cybils-winners|archivedate=2023-03-21|accessdate=2023-03-21|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|''Obi ụtọ, Anna Hibiscus!''
|Mind the Gap Awards: Ka mma ihu ọma n'oge ọzọ
|'''Onye mmeri'''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2012-07-09|title=Out of the Box {{!}} 2012 Mind the Gap Awards|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/2012-mind-the-gap-awards|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=The Horn Book}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|The No. 1 Car Spotter and the Firebird
|Ihe nrite Carnegie
|Onye a họpụtara
|
|-
|2014
|''Ụgwọ maka Anna Hibiscus!''
|Ihe nrite Audie maka utu aha ụmụaka ruo afọ 8
|'''Onye mmeri'''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Audie Award Finalists and Winners|url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/audies/2014/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[AudioFile Magazine]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-02-18|title=2014 Audie Finalists Announced|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/audio-books/article/61095-2014-audie-finalists-announced.html|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2018
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Nwa A Na-aga Ahịa''
|ALSC Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka A Ma Ama
|Nhọrọ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schulte-Cooper|first=Laura|date=2018-04-12|title=ALSC names 2018 Notable Children's Books|url=https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2018/04/alsc-names-2018-notable-childrens-books|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[American Library Association]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nrite Charlotte Zolotow
|Nsọpụrụ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-01-12|title=Awards: Charlotte Zolotow; Edward Stanford Travel Writing|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3163|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nrite akwụkwọ Mathical: Pre-K
|'''Onye mmeri'''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-02-27|title=Awards: Mathical Book; Jane Grigson Trust|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3193|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
|''Afrịka, Afrịka Dị ịtụnanya''
|Ihe nrite akwụkwọ ozi nke School Library Association maka afọ 8 ruo 12
|Ndepụta dị mkpirikpi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Shortlist Announced for School Library Association Information Book Award 2020 :: NEWS|url=https://www.sla.org.uk/article/richard-leveridge/shortlist-announced-for-school-library-association-information-book-award-2020|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[School Library Association]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''B bụ maka nwa ọhụrụ''
|ALSC Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka A Ma Ama
|Nhọrọ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schulte-Cooper|first=Laura|date=2020-02-25|title=ALSC names 2020 Notable Children's Books|url=https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2020/02/alsc-names-2020-notable-childrens-books|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[American Library Association]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nrite Carnegie
|Ndepụta dị ogologo
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-20|title=Longlists for 2020 CILIP Carnegie and Kate Greenaway Medals Announced|url=https://yotocarnegies.co.uk/longlists-for-2020-cilip-carnegie-and-kate-greenaway-medals-announced/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=The Yoto Carnegies|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Obere Tola''
|Onyinye Cybils maka Akwụkwọ Isiokwu Dị mfe
|Onye ikpeazụ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2021 Cybils Finalists|url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2021-cybils-finalists|accessdate=2023-03-27|work=Children's and Young Adult Book Lover's Literary Awards|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nrite Jhalak maka Ụmụaka YA
|Ndepụta dị ogologo
|
|-
|2022
|ALSC Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka A Ma Ama
|Nhọrọ
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schulte-Cooper|first=Laura|date=2023-02-01|title=2022 Notable Children's Books|url=https://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/notalists/ncb/ncbpastlists/ncb_2022|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Association for Library Service to Children]] (ALSC)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

=== Akụkọ ifo ===

==== Usoro Anna Hibiscus ====
[[Lauren Tobia]] gosipụtara usoro Anna Hibiscus

# ''Anna Hibiscus'' (2010) 
# ''Ụgwọ maka Anna Hibiscus!'' (2010)
# ''Na-ekpori ndụ, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2011)
# ''Welcome Home, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2012)
# ''Gaa nke ọma, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2014)
# ''Ịhụnanya sitere n'aka Anna Hibiscus!'' (2015)
# ''Ị dị ịtụnanya, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2016)
# ''Obi ụtọ Krismas, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2023)

===== Akwụkwọ foto Anna Hibiscus =====

* ''Abụ Anna Hibiscus'' (2012) 
* ''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]'' (2014)
* ''Nsogbu Abụọ Maka Anna Hibiscus!'' (2015)

==== Usoro ụmụaka ====
[[Angela Brooksbank]] gosipụtara usoro Baby.

# ''Nwa A Na-aga Ahịa'', (2017) 
# ''B bụ maka nwa ọhụrụ'' (2019) 
# ''Nwa, Nwa Na-ehi Ụra'' (2021) 
# ''M bụ maka Mango'' (2025) 

==== Usoro No. 1 Car Spotter ====
Usoro No. 1 Car Spotter bụ nke [[Warwick Johnson-Cadwell]] gosipụtara.

# The No. 1 Car Spotter (2011) 
# The No. 1 Car Spotter na Firebird (2011) 
# ''Onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọala nke 1 na ndị ohi ụgbọ ala'' (2012) 
# ''Onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọala nke 1 na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ'' (2014) 
# The No. 1 Car Spotter na Broken Road (2015) 
# Onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọala nke 1 na-alụ ọgụ na ụlọ ọrụ (2016) 

==== Usoro Tola Obere ====
[[Onyinye Iwu]] gosipụtara usoro Too Small Tola.

# ''Obere Tola'' (2020) 
# Too Obere Tola na Ụmụ agbọghọ Atọ mara mma (2021) 
# Obere Obere Obodo Na-esi Ike (2023) 

==== Akwụkwọ ndị kwụụrụ onwe ha ====

* ''Jide ọkụkọ ahụ!'' , nke [[Angela Brooksbank]] sere (2020) 
* ''Hugo'', nke [[Birgitta Sif]] sere (2020) 
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị isi ojii na Britain (nke a tụrụ anya ya na 2023) 
* Beti na Little Round House, nke Emily Hughes sere, Walker Books (2024) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tolkien|first=Tom|title=Year 2 Reading List|url=https://schoolreadinglist.co.uk/reading-lists-for-ks1-school-pupils/year-2/|work=School Reading List|publisher=School Reading List|accessdate=24 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Ndị Na-abụghị Akụkọ ifo ===

* ''Africa Amazing Africa: Mba site na Mba'', nke [[Mouni Feddag]] sere (2019) 

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Marguerite Abouet]]

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>sx3xb0fldz7g9cb1fui4ws1lbam5moi</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Kanikkaran</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73724</id>
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      <minor />
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{{Infobox Language|name=Kanikkaran|nativename=கணிக்காரன்/കണ്ണിക്കാരൻ|states=[[India]]|region=[[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kanyakumari District|Kanyakumari]]|speakers=19,000|date=2007|familycolor=Dravidian|fam2=Southern|fam3=[[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]|fam4=Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]|fam5=Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]|fam6=Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]|fam7=Tamil–Irula|fam8=Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]|fam9=[[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]|fam10=[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]|script=[[Tamil script]], [[Malayalam script]]|iso3=kev}}

''''''Kani'''''' ( []),a makwaara dị ka Kani, bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke ihe dị ka ndị agbụrụ Kanikkar 19,000 na-asụ na ndịda India &lt;ref name=e25 /&gt; . Ha na-ebi n'ime ọhịa na ugwu nke Thiruvananthapuram na mpaghara Kollam nke Kerala, yana mpaghara Kanyakumari na Tirunelveli nke Tamil Nadu. A na-akpọ ya malambhāsha, ma ọ bụ “asụsụ ugwu. &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụedemede ===
Kanikkaran nwere ụdaume 5, /a, e, i, o, u/. Ọ na-egosipụta ogologo ụdaume dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ okwu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Akpụkpọ ahụ
!Ezé ezé
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
|m
|n̪
|n
|ɳ
|ɲ
|ŋ
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kwụsị
!&lt;small&gt;enweghịolu&lt;/small&gt;
|p
|t̪
|
|ʈ
|c
|k
|-
!&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwXQ&quot;&gt;kwuru okwu&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|b
|d̪
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
|ʋ
|
|l
|ɭ
|j
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ
|
|
|r
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Flap
|
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|}
Ha na-eji phoneme /l̩/ mgbe ụfọdụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shyam|first=S.K.|date=12 December 2017|title=Aspects of Life and Language of Kanikkar Tribal Community of Kerala –A Study|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2017/syamlanguagekanikar1.html|journal=Language in India}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShyam2017&quot;&gt;Shyam, S.K. (12 December 2017). [http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2017/syamlanguagekanikar1.html &quot;Aspects of Life and Language of Kanikkar Tribal Community of Kerala –A Study&quot;]. ''Language in India''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asụsụ ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!otu
!ọtụtụ
|-
!Nke Mbụ
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|-
!Nke abụọ
|Il
|nīṇkaḷu
|-
!Nke atọ
|avanu/avaḷu
|avaru
|}
Asụsụ ahụ enweghị ike iji nkwụsị nke onwe, dịka Old Malayalam. Ihe atụ: ''Pova'' (ga ma ọ bụ gaa ma ọ bụ ka anyị gaa) na ''vārā'' (ga-abịa, ma ọ bụ &quot;hụ gị&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>05ovg61cs52ueyht0yoxvvka7fmcuak</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Allan MacDonald (onye na-ede uri)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73765</id>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>reference error corrected</comment>
      <origin>735058</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31519" sha1="dp4d0c1jsiobxhb5lvch1m0e9vp1vvn" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above n&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color:
#BDBDBD;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;honorific-prefix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;&quot;&gt;[[The Reverend|Onye Reverend]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;Allan MacDonald&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Allan_MacDonald_(poet).jpg|frameless]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Chọọchị
| class=&quot;infobox-data org&quot; |[[Latin Church|Chọọchị Latịn]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Diocese
| class=&quot;infobox-data label&quot; |[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles|Argyll na agwaetiti ndị ahụ]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;&quot; |Iwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ịhọpụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |9 Julaị 1882 site n'aka [[Charles Eyre (bishop)|Charles Eyre]]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;&quot; |Nkọwa nke onwe
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |A mụrụ ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |25 Ọktoba 1859&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot;&gt;[[Fort William, Highland|Fort William]], Inverness-shire, Scotland&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Nwụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |8 Ọktoba 1905 (afọ 45) &lt;div class=&quot;deathplace&quot;&gt;[[Eriskay]], Scotland&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}

Reverend '''Allan MacDonald''' (Scottish Gaelic: '''Maighstir Ailein''', An t-Athair Ailean Dòmhnallach) (25 Ọktoba 1859, Fort William - 8 Ọktobe 1905, Eriskay) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik nke Scotland na onye na-eme mkpọsa n'àgbà ndị ikpeazụ nke Highland Clearances. Ọ bụ onye na-ede uri okpukpe na nke ụwa n'asụsụ Scottish Gaelic na onye na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ọma na onye na-anakọta ihe site na ọdịnala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ na Highlands na Islands.

A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ nọ n'ọkwá dị n'etiti, nne na nna ya zụlitere ya ka ọ na-asụ naanị asụsụ [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]]. Mgbe ọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụkọchukwu, MacDonald họọrọ ịmalite ịmụ Gaelic, asụsụ ndị nna nna ya, ga emesị bụrụ onye na-asụ mana ede ya nke ọma. Mgbe e techara ya mmanụ ịbụ onye ụkọchukwu, e zigara MacDonald na Diocese nke Argyll na Isles n'ime afọ iri ikpeazụ nke Highland Clearances. Nke a bụ n'oge ọgba aghara Highland Land League kacha biri ọkụ nke mere na MacDonald ghọrọ onye ọgụ ala ndị Ireland kpaliri mmụọ ya. N'okpuru iwu sitere n'aka bishọp ya, ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama maka ime mkpọsa banyere ikike ndị mbịarambịa, ụgwọ ụlọ dịtụ mma ọkwụkwụ, nchekwa nke ọnụnọ, ime ntuli aka n'efu, na megide Ịkpa ókè n'okpukpe nke na-eme ka ndị parish ya na Outer Hebrides daa ogbenye.  &lt;ref name=&quot;scalan.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scalan.co.uk/eriskay.htm|title=Home Page|work=www.scalan.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1889, MacDonald bipụtara akwụkwọ ukwe Katọlik nke ukwe ọdịnala na Gaelic, nke a ka na-eji eme ihe ma ugbua. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa oyi bara ya n'ahụ, pleurisy, yana azụzụ na Eriskay mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ iri anọ na ise. Onye Celtic Ronald Black dere na ọ bụrụ na MacDonald, onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ihe nnọchianya na uri nke oge a na Gaelic, anwụghị n'oge, &quot;ọdịdị nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Gaelic na narị afọ nke iri abụọ nwere ike ịdị iche. &quot;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
[[Faịlụ:Ben_Nevis_Inn.jpg|thumb|Ben Nevis Inn ebe a kwenyere na ọ bụ ebe a mụrụ Allan MacDonald]]
Nna Allan, John MacDonald (Scottish Gaelic: Iain Ailein Òg) (1821–1873), ka a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ ndị Carter, dị nso na Grantown-on-Spey e wee were ya n'ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ na General Post Office  dịka onye nche kwajuru ngwá nke ọma, onye iwu e nyèrè ya bụ ka o chebe &quot;Marquess nke Breadalbane&quot; Royal Mail Coach pụọ n'aka ndị ókpóró nọ n'ụzọ warawara dị n'etiti Fort William, Glencoe, Blackmount, and Glasgow. Mgbe ọ lụchara Margaret MacPherson, bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Strathspey dị na Fort William n'afọ 1852, John MacDonald dokọtara ego zụụrụ ya ịzụta ụlọ ndị ọbịa na 179 High Street n'obodo ahụ. Allan bụ nwa nne na nna ya nke atọ dị ndụ onye a mụrụ n'ime ụlọ dị n'elu n'ụlọ ndị ọbịa nke nna ya na abalị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba 1859. A kpọrọ ya aha nna nna ya na-adịchabeghị anya ọ nwụrụ, Allan MacDonald (Scottish Gaelic: Ailein Òg) (1782–1859). MacDonald chetara òtù, na mgbé ọ ka bụ nwata, ma obodo both the town of Fort William na obodo nta ndị gbara ya gburugburu nwere mgbanwe asụsụ site na Gaelic gaa Highland English. O kọwara Fort William dị mgbe ọ ka na-eto eto dịka, &quot;nke ọkara ya dị n'ebe dị ala, ọkara ya dị n'ebe dị elu.&quot; Dịka Roger Hutchinson si kwuo, okwu MacDonald mèchàrà kwuo gbasaraIwebata asụsụ Bekee na Fort William nanmgbe ọ ka bụ nwata bụ egbe okwu. Ndekọ e mere site n'ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ e mere n'oge ahụ kpughere na pasent iri asaa nke ndị bi na Fort William population kwuru na ha nwenwuru ike ịsụ asụsụ Bekee na Gaelic. Òtù ọ dị, asụsụ Bekee bụụrụ asụsụ azụmahịa nke a hụtara dịka asụsụ a ga-eji gbanwee n'ọdịniihu, nke mere na John na Margaret MacDonald, bụ ndị na-ejikwa ụlọ ndị ọbịa, họọrọ ikuziri ụmụ ha naanị asụsụ Bekee .

Mmasị MacDonald nwere n'oge ndụ ya niile n'akụkọ ọdịnala Scotland nke Highlands na Islands, mmasị nna ya nwekwuru, malitere mgbe ọ bụ nwata na Fort William. O kwenyere dị ka nwatakịrị n'akụkọ obodo banyere each-uisge, ma ọ bụ &quot;ịnyịnya mmiri&quot;, nke Loch Linnhe dị nso, nke azụ ya nwere ike isi n'ụzọ anwansi gbasaa iji mee ka ụmụaka niile chọrọ ịgba ya nwee ike. Ma mgbe ahụ, ịnyịnya mmiri ahụ ga-agba ọsọ banye n'ọdọ mmiri kacha nso ebe ahụ iji gbuo ma rie ụmụaka nọ n'azụ ya. MacDonald mechara cheta, &quot;Ọtụtụ ịnyịnya dị ndị m na-agaghị abanye dị ka nwatakịrị n'ihi egwu ọ ga-abụ ''each-uisge''. &quot;  Mmasị MacDonald nwere n'oge ndụ ya niile maka egwu ọdịnala Scotland a na-akpọ na Great Highland bagpipe sikwa na mgbe ọ bụ nwata na Fort William. Ọ gwara enyi ya Frederick Rea &quot;na a mụrụ ya n'ụkwụ Ben Nevis ya mere na ịhụnanya o nwere maka ọkpọkọ ọdịnala agaghị abụghị nke kwesịrị iju anya. Achọpụtara m etu anya ya si na-enwu gbaa mgbe a kpọrọ egwu strathspey, yana, na pibroch, ihu ya siri ike, nke ihu igwe tipịalara ga-ejupụta n'ụcha) ọ ma dọtịa ogologo dị ụkwụ isii n'ozuzu ebe ọ na-agbaso ụda egwu ahụ dị ka nke agha.

== Agụmakwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Fada ==

=== Kọleji Blairs ===
N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 1871, Allan MacDonald dị afọ iri na abụọ banyere obere ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Fada na Blairs College dị na Aberdeen. N'oge ọ bịara, ọ na-asụ naanị Bekee. Ma ọnọdụ obibi ndụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị bụ nke dị oke egwu na Blairs College n'oge afọ ndị 1870. Nke ukwuu nke na MacDonald na-ekwukarị n'afọ ndị sochirinụ na, mgbe ihe ọ hụchara na Blairs College gasịrị, ihe isi ike niile nke ịbụ onye ụkọchukwu na Outer Hebrides yiri ihe okomoko ma e jiri ya tunyere ya. MacDonald ga-anọgide na-enwe, &quot;ịkpọ asị yiri ka ha a dị na mma&quot;, nke onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Blairs, [[Peter Joseph Grant]], maka ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roger Hutchinson 2010 Page 44&quot;&gt; Ndị nkuzi ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere James A. Smith, onye ga-abụ Achịbishọp nke St Andrews na Edinburgh. Isi okwu a na-elekwasị anya bụ ọmụmụ nke Ecclesiastical Latin. E nyere ndị seminarị chọrọ ịmụkwa Gaelic akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Gaelic nke [[Ewen MacEachen]] na nsụgharị ya nke Imitatio Christi nke Thomas a Kempis dere Christi dị ka akwụkwọ nkuzi. A gbara ha ume ka ha gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ Gaelic n'onwe ha. Asụsụ ndị ọzọ a kụziri gụnyere [[Asụsụ French|French]], Spanish, na Italian, nke e bu n'uche na ọ ga-akwadebe ndị seminarị na Blairs maka ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ na kọleji Scots dị na Paris, Douai, Rom, na Valladolid. A na-akụzikwara ha [[Ọmúmú-àlà|Ọdịdị ala]] site na iji ihe gbara Gburugburu ka ụwa, dịka ọ dị, &quot;[[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]] na alaka ya niile&quot;, na nkà mmụta okpukpe.

Nne na nna MacDonald nwụrụ n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Blairs College. Iain Ailein Òg nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị ọbịa ya dị na Fort William n'ihi ụkwara nta na Gastritis na-adịghị ala ala na 25 Machị 1873. Ọ dị naanị afọ iri ise na asatọ. Nwunye ya di ya nwụrụ, Margaret MacPherson MacDonald dị afọ iri anọ na ise, nwụkwara na Fort William n'ihi nkụchi akpa ume na 20 Disemba 1875.  Ụmụ MacDonald ndị dị ndụ hapụrụ ụlọ ozugbo wee gbasaa. Elizabeth &quot;Lizzie&quot; MacDonald dị afọ iri na abụọ bụ onye nwanne nna nne ya Alexander MacIntosh kpọbatara, onye kpọ̀ọkwara nne ya na-enweghị nna afọ iri atọ tupu mgbe ahụ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Fort William, Elizabeth MacDonald sonyeere nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ ya Charlotte MacDonald dị ka ony ọrụ ụlọ na Glasgow. Nwanne ha nwoke dị afọ iri na ụma Ronald MacDonald kwagara Glenshiel na Lochalsh, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roger Hutchinson 2010 Pages 48&quot;&gt;Roger Hutchinson (2010), ''The Life and Legacy of a Hebridean Priest'', Birlinn Limited. Pages 48–49.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Valladolid ===
Na Septemba 1876, ndị prọfesọ ya dụrụ MacDonald ọdụ ka ọ gaa n'ihu na ọzụzụ ya na Royal Scots College dị na Madrid. Ọ malitere njem gaa [[Spain]] obere oge tupu afọ iri na asaa ya  wee rute Valladolid site na njem ụgbọ okporo ígwè o mere gafere Paris na Bordeaux.  Dị ka John Lorne Campbell si kwuo, &quot;Na Valladolid, e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Highland ma ha na-emepụta magazin holograph Gaelic, nke a chekwaara ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ha. MacDonald mère ntinye na nke a, o doro anya na n'okpuru ọtụtụ aha nzuzo, maka ederede aka ya na-apụta ugboro ugboro na mbipụta ndị ahụ ndị fọdụrụ&quot;

Na Machị 1882, MacDonald dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ laghachiri Scotland mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ ise na Spain. MacDonald ga-eleghachi anya azụ n'obi ụtọ icheta afọ ọmụmụ seminarị ya na Spain ma dee uri Gaelic Rannan do Mgr Mac an Tóisich (&quot;Akwụkwọ ozi nye Fr John MacIntosh nke Bornish&quot;) n'oge ya n'ebe ahụ.

=== Ịte ya Mmanụ ===
Mgbe ọ lọtara, ndị nnyocha MacDonald gwara Achịbishọp Charles Eyre na ha nwere afọ ojuju, ọ bụghị naanị na ihe ọmụma ya, kamakwa na amamihe na ezi uche nke o ji tinye ihe ọmụma a n'okwu ụfọdụ. &quot; Allan MacDonald bụ, n'okwu onye isi David MacDonald, &quot;onye na-enweghị ihe mgbochi ọbụla ichi ya ụkọchukwu, ma e wezụga afọ ole ọ dị&quot;  Archbishop Eyre tere Allan MacDonald mmanụ ka ọ bụrụ onye ụkọchukwu na St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow, site na 9 Julaị 1882.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roger Hutchinson 2010 Page 67&quot;&gt;Roger Hutchinson (2010), ''The Life and Legacy of a Hebridean Priest'', Birlinn Limited. Page 67.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ozi dịka ụkọchukwu na Oban ===
Mgbe e techara ya mmanụ, AchịBishọp Eyre nyere Allan MacDonald ọrụ nkuzi na Blairs College, nke ọ jụrụ. E kenyere ya ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi nke St Columba's Cathedral na Oban, nke bụ katidral osisi nwa oge nke dị n'ebe a rụrụ Cathedral Hall nke oge a. MacDonald zụlitere ọbụbụenyi chiri anya ma dị ogologo oge ya na Bishọp Angus MacDonald nke Catholic Diocese nke Argyll na Isles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ronald Black 2002 Page 64&quot;&gt;Edited by Ronald Black (2002), ''Eilein na h-Òige: The Poems of Fr. Allan MacDonald'', Mungo Press. Page 64.&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka John Lorne Campbell si kwuo, &quot;Naanị ezinụlọ Katọlik bi n'obodo Oban n'onwe ya bụ nke Donald McLeod, onye Isle nke Eigg, e wee site na Donald McLead Allan nweta ọtụtụ ukwe ọdịnala, ụfọdụ n'ime ha ka e mechara bipụta n'akwụkwọ ukwe o bipụtara na 1893. Nke a bụ mmalite nke inwe mmasị na ọdịnala a kọrọ n'ọnụ nke Allan tinyere ike ya n'oge ezumike ya ruo afọ iri na asaa sochirinụ, na-ewepụ akụkọ ọdịnala ndị a kọrọ n'ọnụ, ekpere, ukwe, abụ, akụkọ, aha ebe, omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Gaelic mgbe bụla o nwetara oghere ya. Na-erule afọ 1884, etu MacDonald si ghọta asụsụ Gaelic bụzi nke e mechara kpọọ nke zuru ezu. Mgbe ọ jụkwara ọzọ ọkwa ngalaba e nyèrè ya na Blairs College, e kenyere Allan MacDonald dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ na parish dị na Outer Hebrides wee gafee The Minch.

== Ọnwụ ==
Otú ọ dị, MacDonald ga-anwụ ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị. Dị ka asambodo ọnwụ ya na General Register Office dị na Edinburgh si kwuo, ''Maighstir Ailein'' nwụrụ n'ihi oyi bara ya n'ahụ, pleurisy, na influenza n'àkwà nke Rectory ya n'elekere mbụ nke ụtụtụ na 8 Ọktoba 1905. Nwanne ya nwoke nke obere, Ronald MacDonald, onye si n'ugbo ya na Glenshiel bịa n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nọ ya mgbe ọ nwụrụ. E mere usoro Mass Tridentine maka mkpụrụ obi ya na St. Michael's Church site n'aka nwa nwanne nna Allan MacDonald nke mbụ, Canon Alexander MacKintosh (1853-1922), nke ndị ụkọchukwu iri abụọ na otu, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị enyi Allan MacDonald na ndị niile bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bịara. MacDonald ahọrọla ebe ili ozu maka onwe ya n'akụkụ ụlọ ụka ahụ ma chee ihu na Sound of Barra, kpochapụchaa nettles ndị juru na ya, ma jiri osisi na-adọkpụ gbaa ogige ahụ gburugburu. O kwuru, &quot;Ka e lie m n'etiti ndị m nwụrụ anwụ dịkwa nso na ndị m dị ndụ, ka m nọrọ ha nso, nakwa ka mụ na ha bilie n'otu n'Ụbọchị Ikpe.&quot;  Mgbe Requiem gasịrị, e si na ''Am Rubha Bàn'' buru igbe ozu MacDonald gaa n'ebe ili ozu ọ họọrọ. Otu n'ime ndị bịara ya mechara cheta na ọ bụ olili ozu ikpeazụ nke e ji omenala Keening, ma ọ bụ ''Coronach'', mee ihe na Hebrides. Mgbe e wedara igbe ozu MacDonald n'ili, ndị Katọlik na-ebe ákwá nke Eriskay chụpụrụ ndị na-egwu ili ma jiri aka ha kpochie ili ahụ site n'onye ọ bụla ikporo obere aja n'aka n'otu n'otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roger Hutchinson 2010 Page 191&quot;&gt;Roger Hutchinson (2010), ''The Life and Legacy of a Hebridean Priest'', Birlinn Limited. Page 191.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ewezuga nwanne ya nwoke nke obere Ronald, ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ lụrụ di, Mrs. Charlotte McHardy nke Helensburgh, nwunye onye uwe ojii, na Mrs. Elizabeth MacInnes nke Anderston bụkwa ndị Allan MacDonald hapụrụ na-eru uju ya. Dị ka akụkọ 14 Ọktoba 1905 si kwuo na Glasgow Observer, ụmụnne atọ ahụ dị ndụ nọọrọ na Eriskay maka aka Mass na olili  MacDonald. Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1930, nwa nwanyị Elizabeth MacInnes, Margaret &quot;Meg&quot; MacInnes، aghọwo onye a ma ama dị ka onye na-agụ egwú ọdịnala Gaelic. Ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1947, MacInnes nọ na-eleta Eriskay mgbe niile, ebe a na-ewere ya dị ka onye nketa MacDonald.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ronald Black 2002 Pages 9&quot;&gt;Edited by Ronald Black (2002), ''Eilein na h-Òige: The Poems of Fr. Allan MacDonald'', Mungo Press. Pages 9–10.&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na inye Requiem Mass, Canon MacKintosh dere ma bipụta nkwuputa ọnwụ mmadụ maka nwa nwanne nna ya nwụrụ anwụ, &quot;nke nyere ihe ndabere maka akụkọ ndụ niile sochirinụ&quot;.

N'afọ 1909, a raara obe Celtic High nye n'ili Allan MacDonald n'ebe olili ozu St Michael. Kemgbe ọnwa Julaị afọ 2001, ụzọ dị otu kilomita gafere Sound of Barra n'etiti Eriskay na South Uist, nke enwere ike ị̀gbara gbafee n'ụzọ dị mfe, kama ịbụ, dị ka ọ dị n'oge ndụ MacDonald, nke obere ụgbọ mmiri na-egbu azụ na-agbagharị n'elu ya n'ụzọ doro anya.Ebe a rụrụ ụlọ ekpere nke afọ 1852ebe MacDonald bu ụzọ nye Mas n'oge nleta mbụ ya na Eriskay bụ ugbu a ụlọ nsọ Marian ebe ihe oyiyi nke Our Lady of Fatima guzo na-ele Sound of Barra anya.

== Akụkọ ọdịnala, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, na nchịkọta abụ ọdịnala ==

=== Akwụkwọ Abụ ===
MacDonald malitere ịnakọta akụkọ ọdịnala mgbe e kenyere ya Oban obere oge ka e techara ya mmanụ dịka ụkọchukwu. Site na Donald MacLeod, onye ọkụ azụ na onye parish nke St Columba's Cathedral si Isle of Eigg, MacDonald chịkọtara ọtụtụ ukwe Katọlik n'asụsụ Scottish Gaelic. O gbakwunyere ọtụtụ ihe ndị a na ndepụta na nsụgharị nke ya ma bipụta akwụkwọ ukwe Gaelic a na-edeghị aha ya n'afọ 1893. 

=== Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ===
Akwụkwọ edemede MacDonald gụnyekwara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu zuru ezu nke okwu Scottish Gaelic ndị nọ n'oké ihe ize ndụ nke ịpụ kpamkpam n'iji ha n'asụsụ ma chefuo nkọwa ọdịnala ha. Ọbá akwụkwọ MacDonald gụnyere ọtụtụ mpịakọta dị ụkọ nke akụkọ ifo Celtic, nchịkọta abụ Scottish Gaelic, na uri Bardic nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ, nke ọ ghọtara na-ejuputakarị n'okwu na atụmatụokwu ndị na-apụtaghị a na-kọwakwanụghị na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Scottish Gaeic ọ bụla dị. MacDonald nwere ihe o ji karịa onye ọ bụla chọrọ ịmụta okwu na atụmatụokwu ndị a taa, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ndị parish ya bụ ndị agadi na-asụ naanị otu asụsụ Gaelic ndị  a mụrụ tupu Agha nke Waterloo nke afọ 1815 na ndị bi n'onwe ha site na Highland Clearances. N'ihi ya, MacDonald na-arịọkarị ndị agadi a na-ebu ọdịnala ka ha mee ka ihe okwu na atụmatụokwu ndị a a na-ejighịzi eme ihe pụtara doo anya, ọ wee dezie nkọwa zuru ezu na akwụkwọ edemede ya, na-edekwa aha ndị kọwaara ya ihe ọ na-ede.

Writing in 1953, John Lorne Campbell nwere nnukwu òtùtò màkà ọrụ  MacDonald dịka onye lexicographer, na-ekwu &quot;Nchịkọta a na-egosipụta ngalaba niile nke ndụ Hebridean. E nwere ike isi na ya nweta okwu ndị doro anya, nwee nghọta, na-egosipụta nkà asụsụ nke dị sụrụ asụsụ Hebridean yana Gaelic nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, gbasara omenala ha, akparamagwa na orụ ha, nakwa nkwenye nke okpukpe ha dị ike nakwa nchọpụta ha nke a kpachapụrụ anya mee banyere akụmakụ na ụmụ anụmanụ gbara ha gburugburu; e nwere ike isi na ya nweta ihe ọmụma banyere akụnaụba nke akụkọ ifo na omenala a na-akọ n'ọnụ nke ndị Gael chekwara n'agbanyeghị ụbịam, mmegbu na mbịatụ nke asụsụ ha sitere n'iwu, ọdịbendị na-akpali échìchè ha nke rọpụtaara ha echiche ụgha dị iche iche na mkparịtaụka kwa ụbọchị ha.&quot; Site n'enyemaka ọtụtụ ndị ji kọmputa dee ya bu ihe, Campbell deziri akwụkwọ nkọwa okwu ahụ maka mbipụta, site, n'ime ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ, idenye ihe ndị dị na ya n'usoro A B Ch D maka mbipụta. E bipụtara agba nke mbụ nke akwụkwọ nkọwa okwu ahụ na Dublin n'afọ 1958, a kọwaakwala ya kemgbe ahụ dịka isi ihe maka ọmụmụ Celtic, asụsụ Scottish Gaelic, yana akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya n'afọ ndị 2010, Catriona Black kwụrụ maka akwụkwọ nkọwa okwu ahụ, &quot;A hụrụ ma okwu ndị dị ya n'anya. Ha mara mma nke ukwuu ma na-atụ aka na ihe ndị mere eme kpọmkwem. Ha na-adịtụkwa ịkwa emu - e nwere mmetụta mmadụ ebe ahụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ ha na-eji nwayọ akwa mmadụ emu.&quot;

=== Akwụkwọ edemede ===
Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na St. Peter's Church na South Uist, onye nkuzi MacDonald, Alexander Campbell (1820-1893), gbara ya ume ka ọ gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ nchịkọta ya ma lekwasị anya na akụkọ ifo ndị Hebride na akụkọ ọdịnala nke South Uist. Campbell, onye nyeere onye na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala a ma ama Alexander Carmichael aka ịnakọta ihe e bipụtara na ''Carmina Gadelica'', na-agwakarị Allan MacDonald, &quot;Nwa m nwoke, mgbe ị na-akọ ihe ndị m tara ahụhụ kparie, ị ga-ekwere ihe ndị ọzọ. &quot;  Dị ka John Lorne Campbell si kwuo, &quot;Nchịkọta akụkọ ọdịnala ya, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka a ka ga-ebipụta, na-eru ọtụtụ puku narị okwu, ma eleghị anya nchịkọta akụkọ ọdịnala kachasị ukwuu metụtara otu mpaghara doro anya nke otu onye edemede, ọ bụla merela. O nwetara ụtọ ndụ sitere na ọbụbụenyi na nkwanye ùgwù nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkammụta a ma ama na Scotland yana Ireland ndị na-egbughi oge ịjụ ya ụdịrị ajụjụ ọ bụ naanị ya nwere ike ịza n'oge ahụ. Ọ hapụrụ, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, ụtọ asụsụ nke South uist Gaelic na akwụkwọ mkpirikpi n'asụsụ Gaelic, nke ebiputarala na akwụkwọ ozi Faire, Na ọtụtụ uri ndị ọzọ.&quot; E mechara hụta MacDonald dịka otu ọkachamara a ma ama na nkà ya, nke mere na ndị dịka Walter Blackie, Alexander na Ella Carmichael, George Henderson, William MacKenzie na Neil Munro na-edetara ya akwụkwọ ozi iji jụta ya ucheobi ya gbasara ihe..

== Akwụkwọ edemede mbụ ==

=== Abụ okpukpe ===
Abụ MacDonald bụkarịrị Abụ Ndị Kraịst, dịka a ga-atụ anya n'aka onye nwere ọkpụkpọ òkù o nwere. O dere Abụ Ekeresimesi nke Scottish Gaelic, ukwe na amaokwu iji sọpụrụ Nné Jesu dị ngọzi, Kraịst dị ka nwata, na Sakramentị dị Ngọzi. Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ uri Ekeresimesi ya, MacDonald na-ekwu na Kraịst dịka nwata bịara n'ụwa ma ejighị ọṅụ nabata ya, kama site na Mkpagbu okpukpe na ịkpọasị nke agbụrụ mmadụ.

MacDonald sụgharịrị Mas Tridentine  na akwụkwọ ndị Kraịst n'asụsụ Latin gaa n'amaokwu Gaelic; gụnyere Dies irae nke Thomas nke Celano,  Stabat Mater,  Ave Maris Stella,  A ''Solis ortus cardine'',  ''Te lucis ante terminum'', [4] na Salve Regina.

Uri okpukpe mbụ nke MacDonald gbalịkwara imejupụta oghere ndị dị n'akụkọ ọdịnala n'ọnụ nke ndị Hebride Mpụga. A gwara MacDonald na ụmụ aka South uist eburula katkizim dị n'uri ọnụ nke ndị Gaelic n'isi tupu Nnwere onwe Katọlik na 1829. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị onye a hụrụ nke ka nwere ike ịgụghachite katkizim ndị ahụ furu efu site na ncheta, MacDonald kpebiri imepụta ya ọzọ kama ide ya. N'ihi ya, o dere usoro &quot;abụ nkuzi&quot;, nke bụ nsụgharị n'asụsụ Gaelic yana ime ya ka ọ dị n'ụdị amookwu bụ A Catechism of Christian Doctrine, &quot;Penny Catechismo&quot; a ma ama nke Bishop Richard Challonerdere. Mgbe ọ na-ede abụ- na uri An Eaglais (&quot;Chọọchị&quot;), MacDonald jiri ihe atụ oge ochie nke Chọọchị Katọlik dị ka Ụgbọ mmiri nke St. Peter, mee ka ọ kwekọọ na ọdịbendị nke Outer Hebrides, ma chetagharịa [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs Kraịst]] dị ka Onye na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri na Hebridean. Ọzọkwa, MacDonald, onye na-enwe mmasị mgbe niile n'ime ka ọdịnala nke akwụkwọ Gaelic na ntụziaka okpukpe jikọọ, dere uri a na-agbaso ụdị abụ Waulking.

== Ihe Ncheta ==
[[Faịlụ:Canna_house.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Canna House, ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndekọ nke John Lorne Campbell na [[Margaret Fay Shaw]] nke Akwụkwọ Scottish Gaelic, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na akụkọ ọdịnala.]]
Akwụkwọ ncheta Amy Murray banyere ọbụbụenyi ha, bụ 'Father Allan's Island' ka Padraic Colum bipụtara nke nwere okwu mbido na 1920. Dị ka Ray Perman si kwuo, &quot;E dere ya n'ụzọ akụkọ ifo dị aňaa - ụfọdụ ga-ekwu na ọ na-akpasu iwe, akwụkwọ ya bụ n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, akwụkwọ nwere mmetụta, na-abụghị nke na-enweghị isi nke Allan na ndụ ya na Eriskay na mbido narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ọ nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].&quot;  Aha mbụ a ga-akpọ maka ịzọpụta Allan MacDonald pụọ n'ịbụ onye a na-amaghị ama yana iweghachi aha ya na mkpa ọ na-egbo na Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Scottish Gaelic, ga abụrịrị di Margaret Fay-Shaw, onye ọkà mmụta na onye mba Scotland bụ John Lorne Campbell. Nnyocha Campbell banyere MacDonald malitere na 1936, mgbe magazin Outlook gwachara ya ka ọ nyochaa mbipụta nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ ncheta nke onye na-agụ egwú Amy Murray bụ Father Allan's Island. Campbell, n'agbanyeghị na a zụlitere ya na chọọchị Scottish Episcopal,  &quot;nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na Father Allan&quot;, onye ọ nụrụ otuto dị elu site n'aka ndị bi na South Uist, Eriskay, na Barra bụ ndị maara ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ray Perman 2013 Page 156&quot;&gt;Ray Perman (2013), ''The Man Who Gave Away His Island: A Life of John Lorne Campbell'', [[Birlinn Limited]]. Page 156.&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'enyemaka nke ndị enyi dị iche iche yana mahadum nke Glasgow na Edinburgh, Campbell nwerenwuru Ike ịchọpụta ihe odide uri, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na nchịkọta akụkọ ọdịnala zuru ezu nke Allan MacDonald, nke a na-ahụghị a ma chee na ọ furu efu kemgbe ọnw''ụ'' ya na 1905. Ka okwu ahụ na-agbasa, ndị ọzọ kesara akwụkwọ ozi ndị a hụrụ, ma nke e zigaara MacDonald ma nke yanwa degaara ndị ọzọ. Nnyocha zuru ezu Campbell mekwuru banyere ndụ MacDonald, oge, na ihe odide ya, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, ka a chịkọtara ma debe ya na Canna, na Inner Hebrides nke Scotland. Nchịkọta mbụ nke amookwu MacDonald n'asụsụ Gaelic, ''Bàrdachd Mghr Ailein: The Gaelic Poems of Fr Allan McDonald of Eriskay (1859-1905) '', bụ nke John Lorne Campbell bipụtara n'onwe ya na 1965. N'afọ 1966, onye ga-abụ ọkà mmụta akwụkwọ Gaelic n'ọdịnihu Ronald Black natara akpa jupụtara na akwụkwọ Gaelic site n'aka Dr. Campbell ma weta ha Eriskay maka ire ere n'ụgbọ mmiri si Ludag, South Uist. N'oge ahụ, Eriskay ka nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ naanị otu asụsụ Scottish Gaelic ndị maara MacDonald n'onwe ha. Black echetawo na akwụkwọ uri ahụ na &quot;obere akụkọ ndụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Nna Allan&quot; nke Campbell, ha abụọ &quot;ka a nọ na-ere dị ka achịcha dị ọkụ&quot;.

Site n'ịgba ume nke [[Ferdi McDermott]] nke ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ Saint Austin,  Ronald Black dezigharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ agbasakwuru ma dị n'asụsụ abụọ nke amaokwu Gaelic nke ụkọchukwu ahụ, ma nke okpukpe ma nke ụwa, ebe Mungo Books bipụtara ya na 2002, nke bụ mgbe ahụ, ụdị ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ Saint Austin nke ndị Scotland nwe. Otú ọ dị, Ronald Black kwuru na ọtụtụ n'ime uri MacDonald ka a na-ebipụtaghị nke na mbipụta Mungo Books nwere ike ịdị ogologo okpukpu abụọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nsụgharị ọkammụta site na Ecclesiastical Latin gaa na Scottish Gaelic nke Compline service enwetara na Roman Breviary, nke John Lorne Campbell chọtara n'aka Canon William MacMaster na Fort William n'afọ 1950, ka na-ebipụtaghị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Black|year=2002|title=Eilein na h-Òige: The Poems of Fr. Allan MacDonald|publisher=Mungo Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E guzobere Comann Eachdraidh Eirisgeidh (&quot;The Eriskay Historical Society&quot;) na 2010 ma, ka ọ na-erule 2021, ọ zụụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke agwaetiti ahụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke mechiri kemgbe 2013, iji gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe ngosi ǹkà na Akụkọ ihe mere eme. Iji sọpụrụ Allan MacDonald na mkpa ọ dị na Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Scottish Gaelic, Comann Eachd养 Eirisgeidh eguzobewokwa &quot;Maighstir Ailein's Poetry Trail&quot;, ụzọ njem nleta ebe ndị mara mma na-esonyere peeji ndị e dèrè n'asụsụ abụọ na igbe site na uri a ma ama nke onye ụkọchukwu na onye ode-uri ahụ, ''Eilein na h-Òige'' (&quot;Isle of Youth&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20211129-the-scottish-isle-where-native-ponies-roam|title=The Scottish isle where native ponies roam] by Karen Gardiner|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=30 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara ==

* E bipụtara ya n'amaghị aha ya (1889), LaoDS Caitliceach Tricky, Oban, bipụtara ya ọzọ na 1936. 
* E bipụtara ya n'amaghị aha ya (1893), Comi-Chru Nate de LaoDS Spioradail, Oban. O nwere ukwe Gaelic, dị ka ''Tàladh Chrìosda'', nke a chịkọtara site na ọdịnala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ, yana ukwe mbụ na nsụgharị akwụkwọ nke MacDonald.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ronald Black 2002 Page 503&quot;&gt;
* Nchịkọta site na Allan MacDonald (1958, 1972, 1991), Gaelic Words from South Uist and Eriskay - Edited, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Mbipụta nke abụọ na mgbakwunye, nke Oxford University Press bipụtara. [CH2/1/13]
* Edere ma depụtaghachi site na John Lorne Campbell (1965), Bàrdachd Mhgr Ailein: The Gaelic Poems of Fr Allan McDonald of Eriskay (1859-1905), T &amp; A. Constable, Edinburgh. [CH2/1/13]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ronald Black 2002 Page 503&quot;&gt;
* ''Eilein na h-Òige; Abụ nke Fr. Allan MacDonald'', nke Ronald Black dezigharịrị, Mungo Books, Glasgow, 2002.

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụrụ Gawa ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* Edited by Ronald Black (2002), Eilein na h-Òige: The Poems of Fr. ''Allan MacDonald'', Mungo Press, Glasgow.
* {{Cite book|title=Strange things: the story of Fr. Allan McDonald, Ada Goodrich Freer, and the Society for Psychical Research's enquiry into Highland second sight|url=https://archive.org/details/strangethingssto0000camp|first=John Lorne|author=Campbell|publisher=Birlinn|year=1968|isbn=1-84158-458-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Strange Story of Ada Goodrich Freer|url=https://archive.org/details/strangestoryofad0000hall|first=Trevor H.|author=Hall|year=1980|publisher=[[Gerald Duckworth and Company]]|isbn=0-7156-1427-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=Father Allan : The Life and Legacy of a Hebridean Priest|url=https://archive.org/details/fatherallanlifel0000hutc|first=Roger|author=Hutchinson|publisher=Birlinn|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84158-548-2}}
* Amy Murray (1920), Father Allan's Island, Harcourt, Brace na Howe, New York. Site n'okwu mbido nke Padraic Colum.

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ naanị kwa mgbe ===

* John Lorne Campbell, The Sources of the Gaelic Hymnal, 1893, The Innes Review, December 1956 Vol. VII, Nke 2, peeji nke 101-111.&amp;nbsp;
* Allan MacDonald, nke Ronald Black sụgharịrị, A Christmas Hymn: May the Trinity be Praised, St Austin Review (December 2001), peeji nke 2.
* Jim Donohoe, ''Nnukwu Onye Nchụàjà nke Eriskay'', nke Ireland, (6 Septemba 2024).

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.scalan.co.uk/eriskay.htm Akụkọ ndụ John Lorne Campbell banyere Allan MacDonald]
* Another Flower of Scotland, nke Joseph Pearce dere, sitere na usoro edemede &quot;The Unsung Heroes of Christendom&quot;, Crisis Magazine, 1 June 2024.
* [https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/track/93382?l=en Ajụjụ ọnụ Peigi MacRae gbara ya banyere MAIGHSTIR SEÒRAS AGUS MAIGHStIR AILEAN], (n'asụsụ Scottish Gaelic) 
{{Scottish Gaelic literature}}</text>
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      <text bytes="5323" sha1="ta46lzt43zwzxl1t7z2gyzh4656kh0e" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Cover-page-of-samkshepa-vedartham.jpg|thumb|349x349px|Ihu akwụkwọ nke ''Samkshepa Vedartham'', nke e bipụtara na Rom na 1772, akwụkwọ Malayalam mbụ e bipụtara.]]
'''Samkshepa Vedartham''' (n'asụsụ Malayalam; aha zuru ezu n'asụsụ Maalayalam; aha zuo ezu n'ụdị Latịn: '''Compendiosa legis explanatio omnibus Christianis scitu necessaria Malabarico idiomate'''). &lt;ref name=&quot;Babu&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Seminar on Samkshepavedartham|url=http://kearchives.in/samkshepavedartham-and-njanapeeyusham|work=kearchives.in|publisher=St. Kuriakose Elias Chavara Archives and Research Centre|accessdate=17 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asụsụ Malayalam bụ otu n'ime asụsụ iri abụọ na abụọ e depụtara na India, ọ dịkarịa ala nde mmadụ iri atọ na ise na-asụ ya na India, a kpọkwara ya asụsụ oge ochie nke India. Samkshepa Vedartham bụ akwụkwọ katekism nke e dere n'ụdị ajụjụ na azịza. Clemente Peani (1731–1782), nke a makwaara dị ka Clemens Peanius, dere ya, onye so na Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples nke rutere Kerala na 1757 ma nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ ebe ahụ dị ka onye ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị Kraịst..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Saju Chelangad|title=മലയാളഭാഷയും ക്രൈസ്തവ മിഷണറിമാരും|url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/samkshepa-vedartham-old-malayalam-books-1.2763742|work=mathrubhumi.com|publisher=Mathrubhumi Publications|accessdate=17 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ n'afọ 1772 na Rom site na iji ụdị a na-ebugharị ebugharị. Peanius ga-ebipụ ihe ruru ụdị mkpụrụedemede 1128 maka ibipụta akwụkwọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Babu&quot; /&gt; Peani bụkwa onye dere akwụkwọ ọzọ akpọrọ &quot;Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum&quot; nke e bipụtara na Rom na 1772 na-ekwu maka mkpụrụedemede Malayalam. Akwụkwọ ikpeazụ a bụ akwụkwọ e dere na Latin; ọ bụghị akwụkwọ na Malayalam ọ bụ ezie na mkpụrụedemede Malayalam na ahịrịokwu pụtara n'akwụkwọ ahụ. 

== Ihe ndị dị n'ime ya ==
A chịkọtara ihe dị n'ime ''Samkshepa Vedartham'' n'ụzọ a:

: &quot;A na-eme nkewa nke ọdịnaya dị ka ìgwè, nkuzi na abụ. Akwụkwọ ahụ dị n'ụdị mkparịta ụka n'etiti onye nkuzi na nwa akwụkwọ ya. Isiokwu ndị a tụlere na-emetụta ụkpụrụ ndị kadinal na okwukwe nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na ime mmụọ. Ihe omimi nke okike, ndụ mgbe ọnwụ gasịrị, ihe omimi nke Atọ n'Ime Otu na anụ ahụ, akara nke obe, Ekpere Onyenwe anyị, ozizi nke Iso Ụkpụrụ Kraịst, sakraments asaa, ịdị ọcha na mmehie, ndị edemede wdg. na-akọwa n'ụzọ zuru ezu ha n'ụzọ dị mfe nghọta. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Babu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dr Babu Cherian|title=Report of the MRP Titled Book Publishing in Malayalam: The Beginnings|url=https://cmscollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/MRP-Report-BABU-CHERIAN.pdf|work=cmscollege.ac.in|publisher=CMS College, Kottayam|accessdate=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713140159/https://cmscollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/MRP-Report-BABU-CHERIAN.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDr_Babu_Cherian&quot;&gt;Dr Babu Cherian. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240713140159/https://cmscollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/MRP-Report-BABU-CHERIAN.pdf &quot;Report of the MRP Titled Book Publishing in Malayalam: The Beginnings&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''cmscollege.ac.in''. CMS College, Kottayam&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 July&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbipụta nke oge a ==
Mbipụta nke abụọ nke ''Samkshepa Vedartham'' ka D. C. Books, Kottayam na Carmel Publishing Centre, Thiruvananthapuram bipụtara na 1980 na mmeghe nke Chummar Choondal na nkọwa nke Mathew Ulakanthara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Samkshepavedartham|url=https://www.thecmsindia.org/resources/resources-for-researchers/no-450-to-401/samkshepavedartham|work=www.thecmsindia.org|publisher=Christian Musicological Society of India|accessdate=17 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị mkpụrụedemede Malayalam ọhụrụ ==
Ụdị mkpụrụedemede e ji mee mbipụta mbụ nke Samkshepa Vedartham emeela ka ụfọdụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ edemede Malayalam chepụta ma wuo ụdị mkpụrụedemede ọhụrụ nke oge a na Malayalam nke yiri ụdị mkpụrụedemede Samkshepa Vedartham nke ọma..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Raniya Jalal|title=Malayalam Type Design Inspired from Samkshepavedartham* for the Contemporary Setting *the first printed book in Malayalam script|url=https://typoday.in/spk_papers/Raniya_Jalal_Typoday2023.pdf|work=www.typoday.in|publisher=Typography Today|accessdate=18 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide zuru ezu ==

* A digitized version nke ederede zuru ezu nke mbụ mbipụta nke '''Samkshepa Vedartham''' dị na Internet Archive na njikọ HERE.
* Ihe odide zuru ezu nke ''Samkshepa Vedartham'' na mkpụrụedemede Malayalm nke oge a d na Malayalam Wikisource na njikọ HERE.
* A digitized version of ''Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum'' dị na njikọ HERE.

== Hụkwa ==

== Edensibịa ==
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'''Frances &quot;Fanny&quot; Brough''' (1803 - November 23, 1897) bụ onye Britain na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ na onye na-ede uri. Ọ bụ nne nke ezinụlọ nke ndị edemede na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, gụnyere ụmụ ya nwoke William Brough, Robert Barnabas Brough, John Cargill Brough, na Lionel Brough, yana ụmụ Fanny Brough na Robert Brough.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Author: Frances Brough|url=https://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=261|accessdate=2026-04-08|work=www.victorianresearch.org}}

A mụrụ ya Frances Whiteside na 1803. Na 1827, ọ lụrụ Barnabas Brough.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Author: Frances Brough |url=https://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=261 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=www.victorianresearch.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche n'ebe ugwu England na Wales, gụnyere mkpịsị aka, onye na-ere mmanya, onye na-aṅụ mmanya, na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye akaebe na-eduga megide Chartist John Frost na Newport Rising, na iwe nke ndị na-akwado Frost a ma ama mere ka azụmahịa ya daa na ezinụlọ ya kwaga London na 1845. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere akụ, onye ahịa na onye edemede.

Fanny Brough bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ. Nke mbụ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere mpịakọta abụọ, Madame Vernet (1864). Nke abụọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mpịakọta atọ, Ọkụ zoro ezo (1867), gbasara ndị Chartists.[1] Egwu ya gụnyere &quot;Karl the Marytr,&quot; nke e bipụtara na mbụ na The ọbịa ọbịa.[2]

Frances Brough nwụrụ na 23 Nọvemba 1897 na Wandsworth Common mgbe ọ dị afọ 94. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1897|title=Obituary|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000494201|journal=[[The Annual Register]]|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Boase|first=Frederic|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Modern_English_Biography/gplo_YZ19LQC|title=Modern English Biography: Containing Many Thousand Memoirs of Persons who Have Died Since the Year 1850, with an Index to the Most Interesting Matter|date=1908|publisher=Netherton and Worth, for the author|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

# Oriakụ Vernet Mpịakọta 2. London: Tinsley Brothers, 1864.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
# ''Ọkụ zoro ezo: Akwụkwọ akụkọ''. Mpịakọta 3. London: Tinsley Brothers, 1867.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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      <text bytes="57979" sha1="mhwakxoxi0tski5e49ih08vtqtiw93z" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Cristobal_Rojas_37a.JPG|thumb|La Miseria nke Cristóbal Rojas dere (1886). Rojas nwere ọrịa ụkwara nta mgbe o sere nke a. N'ebe a, ọ na-egosi ''ọrịa ahụ ka o si metụta m''mekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya,, na mmekọrịta ya na ọnọdụ ndụ na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu.]]
'''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụkwara nta''' na-agụnye mmalite, mgbanwe, na mgbasa nke ụkwara nta (TB) n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile nke mmadụ, yana mmepe nke nghọta ahụike, ọgwụgwọ, na usoro nchịkwa maka ọrịa oge ochie a.

Ọrịa ụkwara nta bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke nje bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) na-akpata. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, e jirila aha dị iche iche mara ụkwara nta, gụnyere ''consumptio'', phthisis, na White Plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Ihe akaebe paleopathological chọpụtara ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'oge Neolithic (ihe dị ka puku afọ iri ruo puku afọ iri na otu gara aga), ebe ọmụmụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-atụ aro mmalite ya na mbụ tupu mgbe ahụ nakwa ka o si gbanwee n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;

Nnyocha phylogenetic e mere na-egosi na ụkwara nta malitere n'Africa ma na-agbanwe n'aka n'aka ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ruo ọtụtụ iri puku afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Ọrịa ahụ gbasara n'ụwa niile site na ngagharị nke mmadụ si n'otu ebe gaa ebe ọzọ, na-eme mgbanwe na ndabere n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị iche iche ma mesịa ghọọ ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche nwere nkesa dịgasị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dutour|first=Olivier|date=2023|title=The paleopathology and paleoepidemiology of Upper paleolithic tuberculosis: Review of evidence and hypotheses|journal=Tuberculosis|language=en|volume=143|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2023.102348|pmid=38012915}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ụkwara nta emetụtala ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama nke ọma  n'oge mmepe obodo mgbe ndị mmadụ jupụtara n'obodo ukwu, nke nyere aka na nkesa ya. Nghọta ahụike banyere ụkwara nta gbanwere na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu site na nchọpụta Robert Koch nke afọ  1882 nke ịchọpụta  Mycobacterium tuberculosis dịka nje bacteria na-akpata ya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; nke mmepe nke ọgwụ mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ nje sochiri n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

== Mmalite ya ==
Nghọta nke oge a banyere mmalite na usoro mgbanwe nke Mycobacterium tuberculosis agbanweela site na nnyocha genomic na phylogenetic emere na nso nso a. Ihe akaebe dị ugbu a na-egosi na ụkwara nta bụ ọrịa mmadụ oge ochie nke so ndị mmadụ gbasaa ruo ọtụtụ iri puku afọ, kama ịbụ nke enwetara  n'oge na-adịbeghị anya site n'aka ụmụ anụmanụ a zụrụ n'oge Neolithic dị ka e kwenyere na mbụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; Enwekwara ihe akaebe nke mmerụ ahụ nke yiri nke ụkwara nta na-akpata na fossil ''Homo erectus'' dị puku narị afọ ise ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta a bụ nke a na-arụ arụmụka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Roberts|first=Charlotte A.|date=1 July 2009|title=Letter to the editor: Was tuberculosis present in Homo erectus in Turkey?|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=139|issue=3|pages=442–444|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21056|issn=1096-8644|pmid=19358292|url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1524313}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe akaebe nke phylogenetic ===
Nnyocha phylogenetic zuru oke nke Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) na-egosi mmalite n'Africa maka nje a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke nke ụdị ụkwara nta nke oge a na-ekpughe na nje bacteria a pụtara n'Africa ma soro ọpụpụ mmadụ pụọ n'Africa. Nnyocha na-enyocha ọrịa ụkwara nta dị narị abụọ na iri ise na itoolu zuru ụwa ọnụ na-egosi na ụkwara nta malitere ihe dị ka afọ puku asaa gara aga, na-agbasa n'ime nnukwu okpukpu abụọ: nke mbụ ihe dị ka ebe puku afọ iri isii na asaa gara aga n'oge ndị mmadụ na-akwaga South Asia, na nke ọzọ ihe dị ka puku afọ iri anọ na isii gara aga n&quot;oge ndị mmadụ na-akwaga Near East, Europe, na Eshia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

N'ime ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtala ọtụtụ agbụrụ (nke dị ugbu a agbụrụ itoolu nke sitere na mmadụ) metụtara mpaghara dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị a gụnyere Lineage 1 (East Africa, Philippines), Lineages 2-4 (Eurasia), Lineages 5-6 (West Africa), Lineage 7 (Ethiopia), Lineage 8 (East Afrika), na Lineage 9 (East Afrịka). &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Ezinụlọ ndị na-anabata anụmanụ, gụnyere ''M. bovis'' nke na-emetụta ehi, sitere na ụdị mmadụ kama na nke ọzọ, na-emegide echiche ndị gara aga banyere mmalite TB.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;

Nchọpụta nke ụdị ''M. ụkwara nta'' Lineage 8 na East Africa, nke na-ejigide ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a hụrụ na mycobacteria ndị nna nna ma ọ dịghị na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ nke ụkwara nta, na-enye ihe akaebe maka mmalite Africa oge ochie nke ụkwara nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

=== Ihe akaebe paleopathological ===
Ihe akaebe kachasị ochie nke ọrịa ụkwara nta mmadụ sitere n'oge Pre-Pottery Neolithic (puku afọ iri ruo puku afọ iri na otu afọ gara aga) na Near East.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=30 April 2020|title=The paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị bụ isi rịara ọrịa a na  mbụ gụnyere ihe fọdụrụ na Dja'de el Mughara na Tell Aswad na Siria (8800-7600 BCE), Ain Ghazal na Jọdan (7250 BCE), na Atlit Yam na Israel (6200-5500 BCE), ebe nnyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ kwadoro ọnụnọ nke TB DNA. Na Europe, ndị mbụ e gosipụtara na ha sitere na ebe ọdịbendị Linear Pottery nke Early Neolithic na Germany (5400-4800 BCE). &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Nchọpụta na-ese okwu nke e mere na 2014 dabeere na DNA sitere na ọkpụkpụ ndị dị otu puku afọ na Peru tụrụ aro na ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbụ nke ụmụ mmadụ butere site na akara, ikekwe malite naanị af puku isii gara aga. Agbanyeghị, nnyocha ndị sochirinụ agbaghaala nkọwa a. Ihe nnwale ndị Peru gosipụtara ihe akaebe nke ụdị ụkwara nta metụtara ''M. pinnipedii'' (ụkwara nta seal), mana nke a na-anọchite anya nnyefe zoonotic dị kpọmkwem na South America tupu ọchịchị ndị mmadụ kama ịbụ nke mmalite nke ọrịa ụkwara nta mmadụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Ụdị ndị a sitere na akara gafeere na ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma gbasaa baa n'ime ime obodo mana emesịrị jiri ụdị ''M. ụkwara nta'' nke ndị Europe na-achị ala wetara wee dochie ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Nchọpụta a na-anọchite anya ihe atụ nke nnyefe site n'anụmanụ gaa na mmadụ, mana ọ naghị emegide ihe akaebe maka ụkwara nta mmadụ n'oge gara aga n'Africa na Eurasia.

Ihe akaebe paleopathological dị ole na ole sitere na Upper Paleolithic (afọ puku ii anọ ruo afọ puku iri gara aga) n'agbanyeghị mkpa ọ dị na evolushọn TB na-anọchite anya ihe mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt; Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta Paleolithic, nke ga-enwe nkesaTB n'Udị ahịkwara achịkwa na ihe ịrịba ama na-erijughị afọ, ma ọ bụ site na njedebe n'ịchọpụta ụkwara nta oge ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbanwe Ya Na Mbido ===
Nnyocha genomic na-egosi na mmalite na mgbasa nke ụkwara nta ejikọtaghị ya na anụ ụlọ n'oge Neolithic, kama ọ bụ na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; Mgbanwe nke ndị mmadụ nke Neolithic (nke nwere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ịnọ otu ebe) nyere aka na-ebufe ụkwara nta ma kwe ka ọ gbasakwuo, mana ogologo oge tupu nke a, nje a na-akpata ọrịa amarala ụmụ mmadụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

A na-egosi njikọ aka n'etiti mmalite ụkwara nta na uto nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ mmadụ site na mgbanwe nke agbụrụ ụkwara nta dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị iche iche, na-egosipụta usoro ala nke mbata na obibi mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-egosikwa ihe akaebe nke nrụgide nhọrọ nke ụkwara nta na-eme na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, dị ka mgbanwe ugboro ole ụdị ụkwara nta dị ka TYK2 P1104A na ndị Europe n'ime afọ 2,000 gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị ihe ọ bụla banyere ugboro ole o mere tupu narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a na-eche na ọdịdị ọrịa a rịrị elu n'etiti ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na ngwụcha nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Ka oge na-aga, ọdịbendị dị iche iche nke ụwa nyere ọrịa ahụ aha dị iche iche: ''phthisis'' (Grik),  ''consumptio'' (Latin), ''yaksma'' (India), na ''chaky oncay'' (Incan), nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ezo aka na mmetụta &quot;ịmịkpọ ihe&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;nripịa&quot; nke ọrịa ahụ, cachexia.

Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ nke ụkwara nta kpatara n'etiti ndị na-eto eto na ndị okenye nọ n'etiti afọ iri anọ gbagowe, na ịrị elu nke Romanticism, nke kwusiri ike maka mmetụta ya karịa ihe kpatara ya, mere ka ọtụtụ ndị kpọwa ọrịa ahụ &quot;ọrịa roman&quot;.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

N'afọ 2008, a chọtara ihe akaebe maka ọrịa ụkwara nta n'ime ozu mmadụ sitere n'oge Neolithic nke malitere na afọ puku itoolu gara aga, na Atlit Yam, ebe obibi dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mediterenian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hershkovitz e3426&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hershkovitz|first=Israel|date=2008|title=Detection and molecular characterization of 9,000-year-old Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a Neolithic settlement in the Eastern Mediterranean|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=10|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003426|pmid=18923677|id={{CORE output|1683642}} {{Gale|A472574981}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A kwadoro nchọpụta a site na usoro ọdịdị na nke mkpụrụ ndụ; ruo ugbu a ọ bụ ihe akaebe kachasị ochie maka ọrịa ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mousavi-Sagharchi|first=Seyyed Mohammad Amin|date=1 March 2025|title=Historical examination of tuberculosis; from ancient affliction to modern challenges|journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health|volume=18|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102649|issn=1876-0341|pmid=39826381}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A chọpụtakwara ihe akaebe nke ọrịa ahụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ n'ebe ili ozu dị nso na Heidelberg, n'ime ọkpụkpụ Neolithic nke na-egosi ihe akaebe banyere ụdị angulation a na-ahụkarị na ụkwara nta nke ọkpụkpụ azụ. A chọpụtakwala ihe ịrịba ama nke ọrịa ahụ n'ime ozu ndị Ijipt nke e dere n'etiti afọ 3000 na 2400 BC. A chọtara ihe akaebe kachasị doo anya na ozu onye ụkọchukwu Nesperehen, nke Grebart chọpụtara na 1881, nke gosipụtara ihe akaebe nke ụkwara nta ọkpụkpụ azụ na enwe njirimara psoas abscesses. A chọtara ihe ndị yiri nke ahụ na ozu ndị ọzọ dị ka nke onye ụkọchukwu Philoc na n'ebe ili ozu niile dị na Thebes. O yikarịrị ka Akhenaten na nwunye ya Nefertiti nwụrụ site na ọrịa ụkwara nta, ihe akaebe na-egosi na ụlọ ọgwụ maka ụkwara nta dị n'Ijipt ihe dịrị ka afọ 1500 BC. Ebers papyrus, akwụkwọ ọgwụ dị mkpa nke ndị Ijipt site na 1550 BC, na-akọwa oriri nke akpa ume metụtara cervical lymph nodes. Agba Ochie nke akwụkwọ nsọ kwuru banyere ọrịa ogbugbu na-efe efe nke ga-emetụta ndị Juu ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahapụ Chineke.

=== India oge ochie ===
A na-ahụ ihe mbụ a rụtụr ụ aka gbasara ụkwara nta na mmepeanya na-abụghị nke Europe na Vedas. Nke kacha ochie n'ime ha (Rigveda, 1500 BC) na-akpọ ọrịa a ''yaksma''. Ndị Atharvaveda kpọrọ ya ''Balasa''. Ọ bụ na Atharvaveda ka e nyere nkọwa mbụ nke scrofula.  ''Sushruta Samhita'', nke a chịkọtara n'oge ca. 200 BCE - 500 CE, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Meulenbeld|first=G. Jan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm42207455|title=A history of Indian medical literature|date=1999|publisher=E. Forsten|isbn=978-90-6980-124-7|series=Groningen Oriental studies|location=Groningen|oclc=ocm42207455}}&lt;/ref&gt; tụrụ aro ka e were mmiri ara, anụ dị iche iche, mmanya na-aba n'anya na ezumike gwọọ ọrịa ahụ.  Yajurveda dụrụ ndị ọrịa a metụtara ọdụ ka ha kwaga n'ebe ndị dị elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghose214&quot; /&gt;

=== China oge ochie ===
Okwu Ndị China oge ochie bụ lao &quot;nripịa; ụkwara nta&quot; bụ aha a na-anụkarị na Ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị China, na ''fèijiéhé'' 肺結核 (pụtara &quot;mfikọ akpa ume kernel&quot;) &quot;ụkwara nta usoro okuku ume ahụ&quot; bu okwu ahụike nke ''ebe a''. ''A'' na-agwakọta Lao na aha ndị dị ka ''xulao'' 虛́ na &quot;[[wiktionary:虛|Ihe efu]]; ịtọgbọrọ na nkịtị&quot;, ''láobíng'' São病 na &quot;[[wiktionary:病|Ọrịa&quot;]], ''Laozhài'' na &quot;ọrịa oge ochie&quot;, na ''feilao'' 肺á na &quot;akpa ume&quot;. Zhang na Unschuld na-akọwa na okwu ahụike a bụ ''xulao'' &quot;ike ọgwụgwụ&quot; gụnyere ọrịa na-efe efe na nke na-erimi ahụ, dị ka ''Laozhai'' &quot;ike ọgwụgwụ na nrimi ahụ&quot; ma ọ bụ ''Laozhaichong'' &quot;ọtị maọbụ okpo nke ike ọgwụgwụ na nrimi ahụ&quot;. Ha na-akọwa ''feilao'' 肺 肺 &quot;ike ọgwụgwụ nke akpa ume&quot; na ''feilao chuanshi'' na-efe efe &quot;ike ọgwụgwụ nke akpa ume site na nnyefe ozu [ajọ] dị ka &quot;nri / ụkwara nta&quot;.  N'ịkọwa okwu ndị si na mba ọzọ a gbazitere n'okwu ahụike mbụ, Zhang na Unschuld na-ekwu na [[wiktionary:瘵|Ọdịdị]] ụdaume dị n'etiti Chinese ''feixiao'' 肺消 (sitere n'asụsụ China oge ochie **phot-ssew) &quot;oriri nke akpa ume&quot; yana okwu Greek oge ochie ''[[wiktionary:phthisis|phthisis]] &quot;bụ ụkwara nta nke usoro iku ume&quot;''

Ihe odide ahụike nke ''Huangdi Neijing'' nke China (ihe dị ka  - 260 CE), nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Eze Ukwu Yellow a na-akọ n'akụkọ ifo, na-akọwa ọrịa e kwenyere na ọ bụ ụkwara nta, nke a na'akpọ ''xulao bing'' (虛病 &quot;ọrịa na-adịghị ike na-erimi ahụ&quot;), nke ihe ndị ya na ya na-eso gụnyere ụkwara na-adịgide adịgide, ọdịdị na-adịghị mma, ahụ ọkụ, ọkụkụ-obi na-adịtụ nwanyọọ adịkwa ọsịịsọ, mgbochi nke obi, na ume nkụda. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2015)&quot;&gt;verification needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

''Huangdi Neijing'' na-akọwa otu ọrịa a na-apụghị ịgwọta nke a na-akpọ ''huai''fu'''' 壞府 &quot;obí eze ọjọọ&quot;, nke ndị na-akọ akụkọ na-akọwa dị ka ụkwara nta. &quot;N'ihe banyere eriri a na-ebibi, ụda ya na-adị oke njọ. N'ihe banyere osisi nke meworo agadi, a kpatuchaala akwụkwọ ya. Gbasara ọrịa nke dị n'ime [ime ahụ], ụda ọ na-emepụta bụ etuketu. Mgbe mmadụ nwere [ọnọdụ] atọ ndị a, a na-akpọ nke a 'obí eze mebiri emebi'. Ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu anaghị eweta ọgwụgwọ; agịga dị mkpirikpi enweghị ike ijide [ọrịa ahụ].  Wang 府 &quot;obí eze&quot; na-anọchite anya Hujikwa ọnụ &quot;obí&quot; na-emebi&quot; N'ihi ya, [ihe odide ahụ] na-ekwu: ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu anaghị ewere ọgwụgwọ; a pụghị iji agịga dị mkpirikpi jide ya. &quot;
  {{History of infectious disease}}

=== Oge Ochie ===
[[Faịlụ:Hippocrates_Light.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Hippocrates]]
Hippocrates, n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Of the Epidemics, kọwara njirimara nke ọrịa ahụ: ahụ ọkụ, mamịrị na-enweghị ụcha, ụkwara na-akpata ọsụ mmiri rọrọ arọ, na mmiri ma agụụ agaghị ịna-agụ onye ahụ. Ọ na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahụ nwere ọrịa a ghọrọ ndị isi mgbaka tupu ha anwụọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Internet Classics Archive {{!}} Of the Epidemics by Hippocrates|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/epidemics.1.i.html|accessdate=8 August 2025|work=classics.mit.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hippocrates na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ n'oge ahụ kwenyere na phthisis bụ ihe nketa. Aristotle ekwenyeghị, na-ekwere na ọrịa ahụ na-efe efe.

Pliny the Younger degaara Priscus akwụkwọ ozi ebe ọ kọwapụtara mgbaàmà nke phthisis dịka ọ hụrụ ha na Fannia:{{Reflist}}Galen tụrụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche maka ọrịa ahụ, gụnyere: opium dị ka ihe na-atụ ụra na ihe ga-akwụsị mgbu; ịhapụ ọbara; nri mmiri ọka bali, azụ, na mkpụrụ osisi. Ọ kọwakwara phyma (otito) nke akpa ume, nke a na-eche na ọ kwekọrọ na tubercles nke na-etolite na akpa ume n'ihi ọrịa ahụ.

Vitruvius kwuru na &quot;ịtụ oyi na ọwara ikuku, ụkwara, plurisy, phthisis,  ịgbọ ọbara&quot;, bụ ọrịa a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè ebe ifufe na-esi n'ebe ugwu efega n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ma dụọ ọdụ ka e wuo mgbidi iji chebe ndị mmadụ pụọ n'ikuku.

Aretaeus bụ onye mbụ kọwara mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike n'ihe odide ya De causis et signis diuturnorum morborum: 
 

=== Mmetụ Aka Eze ===
[[Faịlụ:Henri_IV_touche_les_escrouelles.jpg|thumb|Henry nke anọ nke France na-emetụ ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa aka n'oge emume nke &quot;mmetụta eze&quot;. Okwu mbụ ahụ na-agụ: ''Des mirabili strumas sanandi vi solis Galliae regibus christianissimis divinitus concessa liber unus''.]]
A na-ahụ ndị eze dị ka ndị okpukpe nwere ikike ime anwansi ma ọ bụ nye ọgwụgwọ. Ekwenyere na imetu aka eze, nke England ma ọ bụ France, nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa n'ihi ikike Chineke nke ndị eze nyere ha. Eze Henry nke Anọ nke France na-emekarị emume a otu ugboro n'izu, mgbe ọ nwesịrị oriri nsọ. Omume ọgwụgwọ a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na France, nke mere na a maara scrofula dị ka &quot;mal du roi&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;King's Evil&quot;.

Na mbido, emume mmetụ aka ahụ bụ usoro na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa nwere ike ịrịọ ụlọ ikpe maka mmetụ aka eze, nke eze ga-eme mgbe ọ dịkarịchaara ya mfe n'isi ụtụtụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, Eze nke France ga-emetụ ndị ọrịa n'oge ọ na-agagharị n'ala. Otú ọ dị, mgbasa ngwa ngwa nke ụkwara nta gafee France na England, mere ka usoro mmetụ aka bụrụzie nke a na-eme kwa mgbe na n'usoro. Ka ọ na-erule n'oge Louis nke Iri na Anọ nke France, a na-edepụta bọọdụ na-egosi ụbọchị na oge Eze ga-anọ maka mmetụ aka mgbe niile; a nọkwa na-ewepụta ego dị ka nkwado ọrụ ebere. N'England, usoro ahụ bụ nke a haziri ahazi ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1633, Book of Common Prayer nke Chọọchị Anglịkan nwere emume Royal Touch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mitchinson|first=John|title=QI: Quite Interesting facts about Kings|work=Telegraph.co.uk|date=9 January 2009|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/4176490/QI-Quite-interesting-facts-about-Kings.html|accessdate=23 December 2009|archive-date=29 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129132446/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/4176490/QI-Quite-interesting-facts-about-Kings.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye eze (eze ma ọ bụ eze nwanyị), nke ga-anọ ọdụ n'elu ocheeze, metụrụ onye ahụ ahụ na-arịa ọrịa aka, ma nye ya mkpụrụ ego - ọ na-abụkarị Mmụọ ozi, mkpụrụ ego ọla edo nke ọnụ ahịa ya dịgasị iche site na ihe dị ka shillings isii ruo ihe dị kashilling iri - site na ịpị ya n'olu onye ọrịa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dang231&quot;&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na emume ahụ abaghị uru ọgwụ, ndị òtù ụlọ ikpe eze na-agbasa ozi na ndị natara aka eze na-anata ọgwụgwọ ọrụ ebube. André du Laurens, onye isi dọkịta nke Henry nke anọ, kpọsara nchọpụta na ọ dịkarịa ala ọkara nke ndị natara aka eze gwọrọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole. Mmetụta eze nọgidere na-ewu ewu na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Ndebanye aha parish sitere na Oxfordshire, England gụnyere ọ bụghị naanị ndekọ nke baptizim, alụmdi na nwunye, na ọnwụ, kamakwa ndekọ nke ndị ruru eru maka aka eze.

=== Mmetụta na-efe efe ===
Girolamo Fracastoro ghọrọ onye mbụ tụrụ aro, n'ọrụ ya De contagione n'afọ 1546, na nje a na-adịghị ahụ anya na-ebusa phthisis. Otu n'ime nkwupụta ya bụ na nje ahụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ n'agbata ''afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ'' na uwe ndị nwere ọrịa ahụ nakwa na a na-ebute ya site na mmetụ ahụ na ahụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nke si n'ahụ ndị bu ya, nke ọ kpọrọ ''fomes''. O kwuru na enwere ike ibute phthisis n'enweghị mmetụ ahu na ahu ma ọ bụ fomes, manaoejighị n'aka usoro ọrịa ahụ si gbasaa n'ebe dị anya.[46]

=== Usoro tartaric nke Paracelsus ===
Paracelsus kwalitere nkwenye na ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ site na ọdịda nke akụkụ dị n'ime iji mezuo ọrụ alchemical ya. Mgbe nke a mere n'akpa ume, nkume ga-amalite na-akpata ụkwara nta n'ihe ọ kpọrọ usoro ''tartaric''.

=== Mgbanwe ụlọ ọgwụ ===
[[Faịlụ:1950_Census_Enumeration_District_Maps_-_Puerto_Rico_(PR)_-_Aibonito_Municipality,_Tuberculosis_Sanatorium.jpg|thumb|1950 Census Enumeration District Map nke Aibonito, Puerto Rico, United States, na-egosi &quot;Tuberculosis Sanatorium&quot; ka ọ bụrụ ebe pụrụ iche (maka ịgụ ọnụ) ]]
Ọganihu nke nghọta sayensị banyere ụkwara nta, na ọdịdị ya na-efe efe mere ka ọ dị mkpa ka ụlọ ọrụ nwee ụlọ ndị nwere ọrịa.

George Bodington mere atụmatụ mbụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'akwụkwọ nke  ọ kpọrọ An essay on the treatment and cure of pulmonary consumption, on natural, rational and successful principles na 1840. N'akwụkwọ a, ọ tụrụ aro usoro nri, ezumike, na nlekọta ahụike maka ụlọ ọgwụ ọ na-eme atụmatụ imepe na Maney. Mwakpo sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike, ọkachasị isiokwu dị na The ''Lancet'', mere ka Bodington nwee nkụda mmụọ, mere na ọ tụgharịrị gaa na atụmatụ maka imepe ụlọ ndị isi mgbaka.

Hermann Brehmer, onye dọkịta Germany, kwenyesiri ike na ụkwara nta malitere site na ihe isi ike nke obi ịgba akpa ume mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Ya mere, ọ tụrụ aro na mpaghara ndị dị n'elu oke osimiri, ebe nrụgide ikuku dị obere, ga-enyere obi aka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Site na agbamume nke onye nchọpụta Alexander von Humboldt na onye nkuzi ya J. L. Schönlein, e guzobere ụlọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ụkwara nta mbụ n'afọ 1854, mita narị isii na iri ise n'elu oke osimiri, na Görbersdorf. Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, o bipụtara nchọpụta ya n'akwụkwọ ''Die chronische Lungenschwindsucht und Tuberkulose der Lunge: Ihre Ursache und ihre Heilung'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brehmer|first=Herrmann|url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/details/bsb10470952|title=Die chronische Lungenschwindsucht und Tuberkulose der Lunge|publisher=Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin (Adolph Enslin)|year=1869|location=Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brehmer na otu n'ime ndị ọrịa ya, [[Peter Dettweiler]], ghọrọ ndị na-akwado usoro mmepe ụlọ ahụike ụdị ndị ahụ, nke mere na mgbe a na-erule afọ 1877, ụlọ ọgwụ malitere ịgbasa karịa Germany na Europe dum. Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau mechara guzobe Adirondack Cottage Sanitorium na Saranac Lake, New York na 1884. Otu n'ime ndị ọrịa mbụ Trudeau bụ onye edemede Robert Louis Stevenson; aha ya nyere aka guzobe Saranac Lake dị ka ebe ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta. N'afọ 1894, mgbe ọkụ mebiri obere ụlọ nnyocha Trudeau, ọ haziri ụlọ nnyocha Saranac maka ọmụmụ nke ụkwara nta; nke a gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Trudeau Institute, ụlọ nnyocha ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-amụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.

Peter Dettweiler gara n'ihu guzobe ụlọ ọgwụ nke ya na Falkenstein na 1877 ma bipụta nchọpụta na-azọrọ na otu narị na iri atọ na abụọ n'ime ndị ọrịa tu puku na iri abụọ na abụọ ya abụrụla ndị agwọrọ kpamkpam mgbe ha nọchara n'ụlọ ọgwụ ya.  N'ikpeazụ, ụlọ ọgwụ malitere ịpụta na nso obodo ukwu na n'ebe ndị dị ala, dị ka Sharon Sanatorium na 1890 na nso Boston.

Ọ bụghị naanị ụlọ ọgwụgwọ ka ụlọ ọgwụ ndị ahụ bụ. Ụlọ ọgwụ ụkwara nta pụrụ iche malitere ịpụta na mpaghara ndị buru ibu. Sir Robert Philip guzobere Royal Victoria Dispensary for Consumption na Edinburgh na 1887. Dispensaries rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ pụrụ iche maka ndị rịawara ụkwara nta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke e meghekwara maka ndị na-ejichaghị ego. Ojiji nke dispensaries iji gwọọ ndị nọ n'ọkwa gbagotetụrụ na ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị ala n'ógbè ndị dị mkpa na nhazi n'etiti ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmemme ahụike dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ, ụlọ ọgwụ, na mpaghara ụkwara nta ghọrọ ihe a maara dị ka &quot;Edinburgh Anti-tuberculosis Scheme&quot;.

N'afọ 1913, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Queen Mary maka Ụmụaka Consumptive na Toronto, Canada, ghọrọ ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ n'ụwa a raara nye  maka ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burke&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Burke|first=Stacie|date=2023|title=Review of Building Resistance: Children, Tuberculosis, and the Toronto Sanatorium|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/onhistory/2023-v115-n1-onhistory07936/1098788ar.pdf|journal=Eruid|volume=115|pages=140}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Annual Report - Canadian Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis|publisher=Canadian Tuberculosis Association|year=1919|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Annual_Report_Canadian_Association_for_t/B242AQAAMAAJ|pages=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Narị afọ nke iri abụọ ==

=== Njikwa ===
[[Faịlụ:Map_of_the_City_of_Washington_Showing_Location_of_Fatal_Cases_of_Consumption.jpg|thumb|Map nke ọnwụ sitere na ụkwara nta na [[Washington, D.C.]] na 1900 ruo 1901.]]
Na mbido narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ụkwara nta bụ otu n'ime nsogbu ahụike kachasị chọọ ụsa ngwa ngwa na UK. E guzobere kọmitii eze n'afọ 1901, The Royal Commission A họpụtara ka ọ nyochaa mmekọrịta nke ọrịa ụkwara nta na mmadụ na n'anụmanụ. Ọrụ ya bụ ịchọpụta ma ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ otu ọrịa ahụ, nakwa ka a mara ma ụmụ anụmanụ ma ụmụ mmadụ enwere ike ibunye ibe ha ọrịa ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1919, Commission ahụ aghọwo Kansul Nnyocha Ahụike nke UK.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'afọ 1902, Nzukọ Mba Nile na-ahụ maka ụkwara nta gbakọtara na Berlin. N'etiti mkpebi ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro Cross of Lorraine ka ọ bụrụ ihe nnọchianya na mba ụwa niikle nke ọgụ megide ụkwara nta. Mgbasa ozi mba gbasara na Europe na United States nile iji gbochie mgbasawanye nke ụkwara nta. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Mgbe o doro anya nke ọma 'afọ ndị 1880 na ọrịa ahụ na-efe efe, e mere ka ụkwara nta bụrụ ọrịa a na-ahụ anya na Britain; a bịara nwewe mkpọsa iji kwụsị ịgbọ ọnụ mmiri n'ebe ọha na eze, a na-arụgidekwa ndị ogbenye butere ọrịa ahụ ka ha banye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ; ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndị nọ n'etiti na ndị dị elu nyere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile. Ihe ọ bụla a na-ekwu na ọ bụ uru nke ikuku dị ọcha na ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, ọkara nke ndị batara na ha nwụrụ n'ime afọ ise (1916). &lt;ref name=&quot;sanatoria&quot;&gt;

Nkwalite nke Christmas Seals malitere na Denmark n'afọ 1904 dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ego maka mmemme ụkwara nta. Ọ gbasara gaa na United States na Canada na 1907-1908 iji nyere National Tuberculosis Association aka (nke e mechara kpọwa American Lung Association). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Swine_tuberculosis.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Chaatị na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta n'ụmụ anụ ụlọ e nyochara na mbipụta 1938 nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States.]]
Na mba United States, nchegbu banyere mgbasa nke ụkwara nta keere òkè na mmachibido nke ịgbụ ọnụ mmiri n'ebe ọhaneze ma e wezụga n'ime ọnụ ebe ndị e kwesịrị ịgbụnye ha. E wepụtara usoro ahụike ọha na eze iji soro ma chịkwaa mgbasa nke ụkwara nta n'ime anụ ụlọ nke nwere ike ibufe ụmụ mmadụ. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọgwụ mgbochi ===
Ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ n'ịgba ọgwụ megide ụkwara nta bụ nke Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin mepụtara site na ụkwara nta bovine-strain nke e belatara ebelata n'afọ 1906. A kpọrọ ya &quot;BCG&quot; (Bacille Calmette-Guérin). A malitere ịgba ụmụ mmadụ Ọgwụ mgbochi BCG a n'afọ 1921 na France, mana ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị ka BCG nwetara nnabata zuru oke na Great Britain yana Germany. N'ụbọchị ndị mbụ nke British National Health Service nnyocha X-ray maka ụkwara nta mụbara nke ukwuu mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi dị ala na mbụ. N'afọ 1953, e kwekọrịtara na ụmụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị kwesịrị ịgba ha ọgwụ mgbochi, mana ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1954, ọ bụ naanị mmadụ narị puku abụọ na iri ise ka a gbara ọgwụ mgbochi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1956, nke a arịgoola ruo narị uyku isii, ihe dị ka ọkara n'ime ha bụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Charles|title=The Health Services Since the War|date=1988|publisher=HMSO|location=London|isbn=978-0-11-630942-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'Ịtali, e jiri Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa Salvioli ({{Lang|it|Vaccino Diffondente Salvioli}}; VDS) mee ihe site na 1948 ruo 1976. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Gaetano Salvioli nke Mahadum Bologna mepụtara ya.

=== Ọgwụgwọ ===
[[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_in_the_USA_1861-2014.png|alt= Tuberculosis mortality in the USA from 1861 to 2014.|thumb|Ọnwụ ụkwara nta na USA site na 1861 ruo 2014.]]
[[Faịlụ:TB_Specialist_Nurse_Eleanor_Pond_at_the_18_bed_'Fresh_Air_School'_for_TB_patients,_Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Montreal._1939.tif|thumb|Nọọsụ ọkachamara na 'Fresh Air School' nwere àkwà iri na asatọ maka ụmụaka na-arịa ụkwara nta. Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. 1939.]]
Ka narị afọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu, a bịara jiriwe ụfọdụ usoro ịwa ahụ, gụnyere usoro pneumothorax ma ọ bụ plombage - ịkụkpọ akpa ume na-arịa ọrịa ka o &quot;zuo ike&quot; ma mee ka mmerụ ahụ ya gwọọ - iji gwọọ ụkwara nta. Pneumothorax abụghị usoro ọhụrụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. N'afọ 1696, Giorgio Baglivi kọrọ na mgbake dịtụ n'etiti ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta mgbe ha nwetara ọnyá mma agha n'obi. [[F.H. Ramadge]] nyere usoro ọgwụgwọ pneumothorax mbụ gara nke ọma n'afọ 1834, wee kọọ ka e mesịrị na a gwọrọ onye ọrịa ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọrọ iji nlezianya nyochaa ịdị irè nke usoro ndị dị otú ahụ. Carlo Forlanini nwalere site n'iji usoro pneumothorax aka ya site na 1882 ruo 1888, nke a malitere ịgbaso naanị afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hansson|first=Nils|title=Therapeutic Pneumothorax and the Nobel Prize|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|date=August 2015|volume=100|issue=2|pages=761–765|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.03.100|pmid=26234863}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1939, ''British Journal of Tuberculosis'' bipụtara nyocha nke [[Oli Hjaltested]] na [[Kjeld Törning]] na ndị ọrịa dị otu narị na iri itoolu na otu ndị a nọ na-enye usoro ahụ n'etiti 1925 na 1931; na 1951, Roger Mitchell bipụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu banyere nsonaazụ ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ọrịa narị ise na iri ise na asaa ndị a gwọrọ n'etiti 1930 na 1939 na Trudeau Sanatorium dị na Saranac Lake. Otú ọ dị, ọchụchọ maka ọgwụgwọ sitere n'inye ọgwụ gara n'ihu n'ụzọ siri ike.

N'oge Mgbe ndị Nazi biri na Poland, SS-Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Koppe haziri ogbugbu nke ihe karịrị ndị Poland puku iri atọ na-arịa ụkwara nta - nwere obere ihe ọmụma ma ọ bụ echiche na ọgwụgwọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dị.

N'afọ 1944, Albert Schatz, Elizabeth Bugie, na Selman Waksman wepụtara streptomycin nke nje bacteria ''Streptomyces griseus.'' mepụtara. Streptomycin bụ ọgwụ nje mbụ rụrụ ọrụ megide M. tuberculosis. A na-ewere nchọpụta a dị ka mmalite nke oge a nke ụkwara nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniel1868&quot;&gt; Para-aminosalicylic acid, nke a chọpụtara na 1946, ka ejiri ya na Streptomycin belata mpụta nke ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ, nke mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrịa belata.&lt;ref name=&quot;snider&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis Then and Now: A Personal Perspective on the Last 50 Years|author=Snider|first=Gordon|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=126|date=1 December 1997|pages=237–243|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-126-3-199702010-00011|pmid=9027277}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke bụ ezigbo mgbanwe malitere afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, na 1952, site na mmepụta nke isoniazid, ọgwụ mbụ na-egbu nje ụkwara nta a na-etinye n'ọnụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Daniel1868&quot;&gt;Daniel 2006:1868&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, o gosikwara na ọnwụ sitere na ọrịa ụkwara nta na England na Wales ejirila ihe ruru pasent iri itoolu ruo pasent iri itolu na ise belata tupu streptomycin na ọgwụ mgbochi BCG  adị n'ọtụtụ ebe, nakwa na enyemaka nke ọgwụ nje na mbelata nke ọnwụ site na ụkwara ume dị obere n'ezie: &quot;maka ngụkọta oge kemgbe e dekọrọ ihe kpatara ọnwụ (1848-71) mbelata ahụ bụ pasent atọ na ụma abụọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a enwetakla nkwado na mba niile dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ (lee dịka ọmụmaatụ mbelata nke ọnwụ sitere na TB na USA) na maka ọrịa niile a maara n'oge ahụ na-efe efe. McKeown kọwara mbelata nke ọnwụ site na ọrịa na-efe efe site na ọnọdụ ndụ ka mma, ọkachasị site na nri na-edozi ahụ, na site na ịdị ọcha ka mma, na obere site na enyemaka nke ọgwụ. McKeown, onye a na-ewere dị ka nna nke ọgwụgwọ ọha na eze, &lt;ref name=&quot;:142&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Great Escape. Health, wealth, and the origins of inequality|url=https://archive.org/details/greatescapehealt0000deat|author=Deaton|first=Angus|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-691-15354-4|location=Princeton and Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatescapehealt0000deat/page/91 91]–93|quote=McKeown's views, updated to modern circumstances, are still important today in debates between those who think that health is primarily determined by medical discoveries and medical treatment and those who look to the background social conditions of life.}}&lt;/ref&gt; arịọọla kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, na site n'inye ọgwụ na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dị iche iche n'anyị nwere ike imeri n'agha ahụ mana a ga-emeri anyị n'ọgụ megide ọrịa nke ịda ogbenye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poverty (Chapter 8) In: The Origins of Human Disease|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|publisher=Basil Blackwell|year=1988|isbn=978-0-631-17938-2|location=Oxford, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/originsofhumandi0000mcke/page/181 181–199]|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofhumandi0000mcke/page/181}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, mgbalị na ihe onwunwe kwesịrị ịgakarịa n'idozi na imeziwanye ọnọdụ ndụ nke ndị mmadụ na mba ndị nwere obere ihe onwunwe, nakwa n'imeziwanye gburugburu ebe obibi ha site n'inye ha mmiri dị ọcha, ịdị ọcha, ụlọ ka mma, agụmakwụkwọ, nchekwa na ikpe ziri ezi, yana ịnweta nlekọta ahụike. Karịsịa ọrụ nke ndị nrite Nobel Robert W. Fogel (1993)  &lt;ref name=&quot;:142&quot;&gt;  na Angus Deaton (2015)  enyela aka nke ukwuu na nzaghachi nke inye ekele na nso nso a maka ihe McKeown na-ekwu mgbe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fogel|first=R. W.|year=2004|title=Technophysio evolution and the measurement of economic growth|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Economics|volume=14|issue=2|pages=217–21|doi=10.1007/s00191-004-0188-x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World|url=https://archive.org/details/escapefromhunger0000foge|author=Fogel|first=Robert|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 189 pp|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-80878-1|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World since 1700|author=Fogel, Robert|publisher=Cambridge University Press, New York|year=2011|isbn=978-0-521-87975-0|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/changingbodyheal0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Explaining Long-Term Trends in Health and Longevity|url=https://archive.org/details/explaininglongte0000foge|author=Fogel|first=Robert W.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-107-02791-6|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwado na-adịghị mma nke okwu McKeown bụ na mmụba nrụgide na ụgwọ ọrụ site na mgbazinye ego IMF nye Eastern Europe nke ndị Kọmunist nwere njikọ ya na ịrị elu nke ọrịa TB, mgbasa na ọnwụ ndị mmadụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Stuckler, David|title=International Monetary Fund programs and tuberculosis outcomes in post-communist countries|journal=PLOS Medicine|date=22 July 2008|volume=5|issue=7|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050143|pmid=18651786}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na United States, e nwere mbelata dị egwu n'ọrịa ụkwara nta site na afọ 1970. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ ndị 1900, a malitere mkpọsa maka ahụike ọha na eze iji kụziere ndị mmadụ banyere ọrịa ahụ. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, akwụkwọ mmado, akwụkwọ mpịakọta na akwụkwọ akụkọ nọgidere na-agwa ndị mmadụ banyere ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ na usoro iji zeere ya, gụnyere ịbawanye ụba nke mmata ọha na eze banyere mkpa ịdị ọcha. Ọ bụ ezie na mmata ka mma banyere omume ịdị ọcha belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-arịa ya, ọnọdụ ahụ kaara njọ na mpaghara ndị dara ogbenye. E guzobere ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze iji melite mmata na inye nnyocha. Na Scotland, Dr Nora Wattie duziri ihe ọhụrụ ahụike ọha na eze ma na mpaghara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=26 November 1913|title=Watch Your Health|page=3|work=Motherwell Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na nke mba n'ozuzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=10 July 1939|title=Solving the problems of adolescence, Conference of National Council of Girls' Clubs, Growth of Nervous Diseases.|page=13|work=The Scotsman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a mere ka mbelata dị egwu dị n'ime afọ 1920 na 1930.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/plague-gallery/|title=TB in America: 1895-1954 &amp;#124; American Experience|work=[[PBS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mwakpoghachị Ozọ ===
[[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|Afọ ndụ nkwarụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ụkwara nta kpatara maka otu puku mmadụ na otu puku mmadụ, 2012: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Health Organization Disease Burden Estimates for 2000-2012|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index2.html|year=2012|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112174339/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index2.html|archivedate=12 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

  56-248
  271-911
  930-1,483
  1,511-1,511
  1,559-3,130 

  3,254-7,760
  7,860-9,008
  9,297-9,297
  9,550-14,199
  14,284-74,731 

&amp;nbsp;{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{legend|#ffff20|56-248}}
{{legend|#ffe820|271-911}}
{{legend|#ffd820|930-1,483}}
{{legend|#ffc020|1,511-1,511}}
{{legend|#ffa020|1,559-3,130}}
{{Col-break}}
{{legend|#ff9a20|3,254-7,760}}
{{legend|#f08015|7,860-9,008}}
{{legend|#e06815|9,297-9,297}}
{{legend|#d85010|9,550-14,199}}
{{legend|#d02010|14,284-74,731}}
{{Col-end}}]]
Olileanya na enwere ike iwepụ ọrịa ahụ kpamkpam dara n'afọ ndị 1980 site na ịrị elu nke ụdị ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ. Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta na Britain, dị n'ọnụ ọgụ dị ihe dị ka otu narị puku na iri na asaa n'afọ 1913, dara ruo ihe dị ka puku ise n'afọ 1987, mana ndị na-arịa ya rịrị elu ọzọ, ruo puku isii na narị atọ n'afọ 2000 na puku asaa na narị isii n'afọ 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_AZ/tb/epidemiology/table1.htm|title=Tuberculosis&amp;nbsp;— Respiratory and Non-respiratory Notifications, England and Wales, 1913–2005|publisher=Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections|date=21 March 2007|accessdate=1 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi mwepụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze na New York na mpụta nke nje HIV, e nwere mwakpoghachị ọzọ nke ụkwara nta na ngwụcha afọ 1980. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrịa na-emezughị usoro ọgwụ ha dị elu. New York aghaghị ịnagide ihe karịrị ndị ọrịa TB puku iri abụọ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ dị iche iche (na-eguzogide, ma ọ dịkarịa ala, ma rifampin na isoniazid).

N'ịzaghachi nlọghachi nke ụkwara nta, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa wepụtara nkwupụta nke ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993. Kwa afọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nde ụdị ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ (MDR-TB) na-eme n'ụwa niile.

== Hụkwa ==

* Akụkọ banyere ịba
* Usoro iheomume nke ahụike ụwa
* Ndepụta nke ndị nwụrụ n'ihi ụkwara nta

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edensibịa ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* Abel, Emily K. Ọrịa ụkwara nta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Exclusion: Akụkọ banyere ahụike ọha na eze na mbata na Los Angeles (Rutgers University Press 2007) 
* {{Cite book|title=A Short History of Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofme00acke|author=Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz|publisher=JHU Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-471-06762-7}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Obodo Na-arịa Ọrịa: Ahụike, Ụkwara nta, na Ọdịbendị na Buenos Aires, 1870-1950'' (2011) 
* {{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000aufd|author=Aufderheide, Arthur C.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-55203-5}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Making of a Social Disease: Tuberculosis in Nineteenth-century France|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofsocialdi0000barn|author=Barnes, David S.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-520-08772-9}}
* {{Cite book|title=Epidemics Laid Low: A History of what Happened in Rich Countries|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicslaidlow0000bour|author=Bourdelais, Patrice|publisher=JHU Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8018-8294-4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Brock|first=Thomas D.|title=Milestones in Microbiology 1546 to 1940|url=https://archive.org/details/milestonesinmicr0000unse|date=1999|publisher=ASM Press|isbn=978-1-55581-142-6}}
* {{Cite book|doi=10.1128/9781555818272|title=Robert Koch|date=1998|author=Brock|first=Thomas D.|isbn=978-1-68367-266-1}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] N'okpuru Ugwu Ime Anwansi: Akụkọ Ọha nke Ụkwara Ọrịa Mgbasa na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na Britain (1988), 298p.
* {{Cite book|title=Pioneers of Medicine and Their Impact on Tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/pioneersofmedici0000dani|author=Daniel, Thomas M.|publisher=Boydell &amp; Brewer|year=2000|isbn=978-1-58046-067-5}}
* {{Cite book|author=Dubos|first=René Jules|title=The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man, and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/whiteplaguetuber0000dubo|date=1987|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1224-2}}
* {{Cite book|title=Chemistry and Medical Debate: Van Helmont to Boerhaave|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistrymedical0000debu|author=Debus, Allen G.|authorlink=Allen G. Debus|publisher=Science History Publications|year=2001|isbn=978-0-88135-292-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=Sediments of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History|url=https://archive.org/details/sedimentsoftimee0000unse|author=Elvin, Mark|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998}}
* {{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-36488-9|title=Biotechnology in India I|series=Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology|date=2003|isbn=978-3-540-00609-1|editor=Ghose}}
* {{Cite book|doi=10.1163/9789004253520|title=Princes and Princely Culture 1450–1650|date=2003|editor=Gosman|isbn=978-90-04-25352-0}}
* {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=Everything Is Tuberculosis: The History and Persistence of Our Deadliest Infection|url=https://archive.org/details/everythingistube0000unse|date=2025|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}}
* {{Cite book|title=Bittersweet: The Story of Sugar|author=Macinnis, Peter|publisher=Allen &amp; Unwin|year=2002|isbn=978-1-86508-657-6|url=https://archive.org/details/bittersweetstory00maci}}
* McMillen, Christian W. Ịchọpụta ụkwara nta: Akụkọ zuru ụwa ọnụ, 1900 ruo ugbu a (2014) 
* {{Cite book|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-18937-1|title=Tuberculosis|date=2004|isbn=978-3-642-62365-3|editor=Madkour}}
* {{Cite book|title=A History of the Life Sciences|author=Magner, Lois N.|publisher=CRC Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8247-8942-8|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflifesci0000magn}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=Tuberculosis|author=Nathanson|first=Constance A.|title=Disease Prevention as Social Change|url=https://archive.org/details/diseasepreventio0000nath|date=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diseasepreventio0000nath/page/80 80]–106|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|isbn=978-0-87154-644-9}}
* {{Cite book|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/pulmonarytubercu00otis|author=Otis, Edward Osgood|publisher=W.M. Leonard|year=1920}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Medicine|author=Porter, Roy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-55791-7}}
* {{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9780429433702|title=Tuberculosis in the Americas, 1870–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosisinam0000rebe|date=2018|author=Reber|first=Vera Blinn|isbn=978-0-429-43370-2}}
* 446 + peeji nke iri na abụọ.{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosisgrea0000ryan|author=Ryan, Frank|publisher=Swift Publishers, England|year=1992|isbn=1-874082-00-6}}
* {{Cite book|title=Doctors and Their Patients: A Social History|url=https://archive.org/details/doctorstheirpati0000shor|author=Shorter, Edward|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1991|isbn=978-0-88738-871-2}}
* {{Cite book|title=National Tuberculosis Association, 1904-1954: A Study of the Voluntary Health Movement in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/nationaltubercul0000shry|author=Shryock, Richard Harrison|publisher=Ayer Publishing|year=1988|isbn=978-0-405-09831-4}}
* Smith, F. B. Nlaghachi nke ụkwara nta, 1850-1950 (1988) 271p
* {{Cite book|title=The Conquest of Tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/conquestoftuberc0000unse|author=Waksman, Selman A.|publisher=University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles|year=1964}}
* {{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis|author=Yancey, Diane|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7613-1624-4|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosistwen00dian}}
* Zumla, Alimuddin et al. eds. Ọrịa ụkwara nta: Nkwupụta Ọgwụ zuru oke (Saunders, 2009) 

* {{Cite book|author=Dang|first=B|chapter=The Royal Touch|pages=229–234|editor=Whitelaw|title=The Proceedings of the 10th Annual History of Medicine Days: Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Held March 23rd and 24th, 2001 in the Libin Theatre, Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, AB|date=2001|publisher=University of Calgary|doi=10.11575/PRISM/10355|oclc=51294903}}

=== Ọmụmụ ihe nke ochie ===

* {{Cite book|title=A Treatise on Tuberculosis: The Constitutional Origin of Consumption and Scrofula|url=https://archive.org/details/treatiseontuberc00ance|author=Ancell, Henry|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green &amp; Longmans|year=1852}}
* {{Cite book|title=An Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption: On Principles Natural, Rational, and Successful; with Suggestions for an Improved Plan of Treatment of the Disease Amongst the Lower Classes of Society|url=https://archive.org/details/b2172779x|author=Bodington, George|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green &amp; Longmans|year=1840}}
* Unschuld, Paul U. na Hermann Tessenow (2011), Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: Annotated Translation of Huang Di's Inner Classic - Basic Questions, University of California Press.
* {{Cite book|title=Observations on the Dropsy in the Brain|url=https://archive.org/details/b30549966|author=Whytt, R|publisher=Balfour, Auld &amp; Smellie|year=1768|location=Edinburgh}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Divine Farmer's Materia Medica: A Translation of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing|author=Yang, Shou-zhong|publisher=Blue Poppy Enterprises, Inc.|year=1998}}
* Zhang Zhibin na Paul U. Unschuld (2014), ''Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu, Mpịakọta 1: Chinese Historical Illness Terminology'', Mahadum California Press.

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta dere ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Bonah|first=Christian|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|date=December 2005|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003|pmid=16337557}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Chalke|first=H.D.|title=Some historical aspects of tuberculosis|journal=Public Health|date=December 1959|volume=74|issue=3|pages=83–95|doi=10.1016/S0033-3506(59)80055-X|pmid=13809031}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Comstock|first=G. W.|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: A Pioneering Venture in Mass Vaccination and Research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1994-09_19_3/page/528|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|date=September 1994|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–540|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528|pmid=7811874}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Daniel T|title=The impact of tuberculosis on civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2004-03_18_1/page/157|journal=Infect Dis Clin N Am|volume=18|issue=1|pages=157–65|year=2004|doi=10.1016/s0891-5520(03)00096-5|pmid=15081511}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Egedesø|first=Peter Juul|title=Preventing the White Death: Tuberculosis Dispensaries|journal=The Economic Journal|date=July 2020|volume=130|issue=629|pages=1288–1316|doi=10.1093/ej/ueaa014}}
* {{Cite journal|title=The Treatment of Tuberculosis|author=Graham JE|journal=The Montreal Medical Journal|volume=21|pages=253–273|date=1893}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Henius|first=Kurt|title=Erfahrungen mit dem Tuberkulomuzin Weleminsky|language=de|journal=Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift|date=December 1925|volume=51|issue=52|pages=2149–2150|doi=10.1055/s-0028-1137468}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Herzog|first=H.|title=History of Tuberculosis|journal=Respiration|date=1998|volume=65|issue=1|pages=5–15|id={{ProQuest|228284362}}|doi=10.1159/000029220|pmid=9523361}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Jones|first=Susan D.|title=Mapping a Zoonotic Disease: Anglo-American Efforts to Control Bovine Tuberculosis before World War I|journal=Osiris|date=January 2004|volume=19|pages=133–148|doi=10.1086/649398|pmid=15478271}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Koch|first=Robert|title=Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose|language=de|journal=Berliner Klinischen Wochenschrift|volume=19|issue=15|date=10 April 1882|pages=221–230}}
* {{Cite journal|author=McDonald|first=S. K.|title='TB or not TB': the conundrum of pre-European contact tuberculosis in the Pacific|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=23 November 2020|volume=375|issue=1812|doi=10.1098/rstb.2019.0583|pmid=33012234}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Ts'Un-Yan|first=Liu|title=The Taoists' Knowledge of Tuberculosis in the Twelfth Century|journal=T'oung Pao|date=1971|volume=57|issue=5|pages=285–301|doi=10.1163/156853271X00011|pmid=11633350}}
* {{Cite journal|title=The King's Evil in Oxfordshire|journal=Med Hist|volume=17|issue=1|pages=87–89|year=1973|pmid=4595538|doi=10.1017/s0025727300018251}}
* {{Cite journal|author=McCarthy OR|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_royal-society-of-medicine-great-britain-journal_2001-08_94_8/page/413|journal=J R Soc Med|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–7|year=2001|pmid=11461990|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Galen on Tuberculosis|journal=The Physician and Surgeon|volume=31|date=September 1909|author=McClelland C|pages=400–404}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis in New York city: recent lessons and a look ahead|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=4|issue=5|pages=287–93|year=2004|pmid=15120345|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01004-7}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Prehistoric Tuberculosis in America: Adding Comments to a Literature Review|author=Prat JG|journal=Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz|issue=Suppl. I|volume=98|pages=151–159|year=2003|doi=10.1590/S0074-02762003000900023|pmid=12687776}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Stivelman|first=Barnet P|title=Address on Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of the National Medical Association|volume=23|issue=3|date=1931|pages=128–130}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Waddington|first=Keir|title='Unfit for Human Consumption': Tuberculosis and the Problem of Infected Meat in Late Victorian Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_fall-2003_77_3/page/636|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|date=2003|volume=77|issue=3|pages=636–661|doi=10.1353/bhm.2003.0147|id={{Project MUSE|46371}}|pmid=14523263}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Wilson Leonard G|year=1990|title=The historical decline of tuberculosis in Europe and America: its causes and significance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_1990-07_45_3/page/366|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|volume=45|issue=3|pages=366–396|doi=10.1093/jhmas/45.3.366|pmid=2212609}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Wolfart W|title=Surgical treatment of tuberculosis and its modifications—collapse therapy and resection treatment and their present-day sequelae|journal=Offentl Gesundheitswes|volume=52|issue=8–9|pages=506–11|year=1990|pmid=2146567}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNAs from Egyptian Mummies by Spoligotyping|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2003-01_41_1/page/359|journal=J Clin Microbiol|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|year=2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}
* {{Cite journal|doi=10.11141/ia.5.3|issue=5|title=Detecting Ancient Tuberculosis|journal=Internet Archaeology|year=1998|author=Gernaey|first=Angela M.}}
* {{Cite journal|title=The Edinburgh Anti=Tuberculosis Scheme|journal=The British Journal of Nursing|volume=52|date=7 January 1914|url=http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME052-1914/page117-volume52-07thfebruary1914.pdf}}

=== Nzukọ Ndị E megasaịrị ===

*  {{cite thesis|last1=Kolchinsky|first1=Anna|title=Tuberculosis as Disease and Politics in Germany, 1871-1961|date=2013|publisher=[[Boston College]]. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|url=https://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir:101513|type=[[PhD thesis]]}}

=== Edensibịa ndị ọzọ ===

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>mhwakxoxi0tski5e49ih08vtqtiw93z</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ụmụ nwanyị na Ukraine</title>
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      <comment>reference error corrected</comment>
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      <text bytes="33826" sha1="eomwyxg46e1rbulfkgr2k3xrmidttgz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na [[Ukraine]]''' nwere ikike nhata [[iwu nke Ukraine|iwu obodo]] dịka ụmụ nwoke na [[akụnụba Ukraine|akụnụba]], [[Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ukraine|ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị]], [[Omenala nke Ukraine|omenala]], na ngalaba mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, tinyere n'ime ezinụlọ.

Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị ka pasent 45 nke ndị bi na Ukraine (nde 45&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 |title=Ukraine country profile - Overview |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ndị na-ata ahụhụ ime ihe ike - anụ ahụ, mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ uche - bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=KPWRU14213&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/kyivans-join-global-rally-to-end-violence-against-women-320424.html |title=Kyivans join global rally to end violence against women |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=14 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Feminism na Ukraine ==
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ukraine n'ime narị afọ abụọ gara aga nwere njikọ chiri anya na nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Russia]] na mgbe e mesịrị na [[Soviet Union]]. Yukren nwetara nnwere onwe na 1991, ọ bụkwa steeti nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri anọ bi na ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ Ndị Kraịst Ọtọdọks, ebe pasentị iri asaa nke ndị obodo bi n'obodo ukwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Europe :: Ukraine — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110024014/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=[[CIA]] |accessdate=2026-05-12 |archivedate=2021-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214235424/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu n'ime otu ndị otu nwanyị kachasị ukwuu na [[Europe]] ka e hiwere n'afọ 1920 na ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a [[Ukraine]] ma ọ bụ [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2010/12/29/11244/ |script-title=uk:Галицькі феміністки 1930-х: нацистське &quot;Кухня-Церква-Діти&quot; не для нас |language=uk |title=Halytsʹki feministky 1930-kh: natsyst·skoe &quot;Kukhnya-Tserkva-Dity&quot; ne dlya nas |trans-title=Galician feminists of the 1930s: the Nazi &quot;Kitchen-Church-Children&quot; is not for us |work=Історична правда |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ otu a [[Ukrainian Women's Union]], [[Milena Rudnytska]] duziri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gazeta.lviv.ua/articles/2005/03/04/3194/ |script-title=uk:Львівські феміністки. Мілена Рудницька |language=uk |title=Lʹvivsʹki feministky. Milena Rudnytsʹka |trans-title=Lviv feminists. Milena Rudnytska |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209160508/http://www.gazeta.lviv.ua/articles/2005/03/04/3194/ |archive-date=2007-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge [[oge Soviet]], a na-akpọ echiche ụmụ nwanyị dị ka echiche [[bourgeois]], nke mere na ọ bụ echiche megidere mgbanwe na nke megidere Soviet.&lt;ref name=book/&gt; Ọha mmadụ na echiche ụmụ nwanyị adịghị adị n'oge Soviet.&lt;ref name=WPost/&gt; Mgbe Yukren nwetaghachiri nnwere onwe na 1991, otu ndị otu ikike ụmụnwaanyị malitere ịgbasa.&lt;ref name=book&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsgQjbgBOAkC&amp;pg=PA412 |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries |first1=Francisca |last1=De Haan |author1-link=Francisca de Haan |first2=Krasimira |last2=Daskalova |author2-link=Krassimira Daskalova |first3=Anna |last3=Loutfi |publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-963-7326-39-4 |page=411 |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruo 2010, e nwere ọtụtụ otu ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na Ukraine,&lt;ref name=AzWoNo&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62995/ |title=Women accuse Ukraine's Azarov of discrimination |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=1 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/124777/ |title=New Feminist Offensive aims to lift women |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=22 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/29898/ |title=Feminine Femen targets 'sexpats' |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=22 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; gụnyere Feminist Ofenzyva&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/entertainment/2012/05/120524_abortions_ukraine_rl Аборти в Україні: право на вибір чи право на життя? ''Abortions in Ukraine: the right to choose or the right to life?''], [[BBC Ukrainian]] (25 May 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Njikọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Ukraine]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=tOVlvvrMJhUC&amp;dq=feminism+Ukraine&amp;pg=PA324 Historical Dictionary of Feminism (Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies and Movements)] by Janet K. Boles, [[The Scarecrow Press]], 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-4946-4}} (page 324)&lt;/ref&gt; E mechiri [[FEMEN]], otu kachasị arụ ọrụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na [[Kyiv]], n'afọ 2013. Òtù ahụ hapụrụ Yukren n'ihi na ndị isi na-atụ egwu &quot;maka ndụ na nnwere onwe ha&quot;.&lt;ref name=KyivOCUP&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/10/23/7000584/ У колишньому офісі Femen відкрили книжкову крамницю ''In the former office Femen opened a bookstore''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (23 October 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=KyivOCUP2&gt;{{cite news |language=uk |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/08/31/6997008/ |script-title=uk:Активістки Femen втекли з України |title=Aktyvistky Femen vtekly z Ukrayiny |trans-title=Femen activists fled from Ukraine |work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=31 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=KyivOCUP3&gt;{{cite news |language=uk |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/08/27/6996762/ |script-title=uk:Femen закриє офіс в Україні, але діяльність не припинить  |title=Femen zakryye ofis v Ukrayini, ale diyalʹnistʹ ne prypynytʹ |trans-title=Femen closes office in Ukraine, however, the activities do not stop |work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=27 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge [[Agha na Donbas (2014–2022)|agha na Donbas]] nke malitere na 2014, &quot;nnukwu mmegharị afọ ofufo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ahazi ihe gbasara ọdịmma mmadụ na mkparịta ụka obodo&quot; mepụtara, dịka [[Oksana Potapova]] si kwuo, onye nyocha na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị na onye na-eme nchọpụta na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị bụ onye kere ''Ụlọ ihe nkiri maka mkparịta ụka'', otu [[òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị]] iji kwado mmegharị afọ ofufo ụmụnwaanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;OSCE_networking_platform_women&quot; /&gt;

== Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ==
Ihe dị ka pasent 45 nke ndị bi na Ukraine (nde 45) na-ata ahụhụ ime ihe ike - n'anụ ahụ, n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ n'uche - ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụkwa ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=KPWRU14213/&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'okporo ámá bụ ndị kacha nwee nsogbu; ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ n'ime ha na-enwe mmeso ike mmekọahụ, pasentị iri abụọ na ise n'ime ha erubeghị afọ iri na asatọ.&lt;ref name=KPWRU14213/&gt; Na 2001, mba Ukraine bịanyere aka n'iwu  ''Iwu Ime Ihe Ike n'Ụlọ (Mgbochi) nke 2001''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://rm.coe.int/law-of-ukraine-on-preventing-and-combating-domestic-violence-eng/1680a1dc0e |title=Law of Ukraine: On Preventing and Combating Domestic Violence}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkeji edemede 173-2 nke Iwu Mmejọ Nchịkwa nke Yukren na-ekwukwa maka &quot;ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://yurist-online.com/en/kodeks/001.php |title=Download, to load, read through the Code of Ukraine about administrative violations. Item of item 1-212 |website=yurist-online.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nuzhat Ehsan]], onye nnọchiteanya [[UN Population Fund]] na Ukraine, kwuru na Febụwarị 2013 &quot;Ukraine nwere oke ime ihe ike a na-anabataghị, ọkachasị site n'aka ụmụ nwoke nakwa n'ihi oke mmanya na-aba n'anya&quot;. O kwukwara na ọ bụ maka ihe ndị anaghị akọwapụta ihe dị n'iwu ahụ kpatara nsogbu ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ, &quot;Ị nwere ike imebi ụmụ nwanyị, ma ọ bụrụ na ị bụ onye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ si n'ezinụlọ dị elu, ị nwere ike ịgbanahụ ya.&quot;&lt;ref name=KPWRU14213/&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọrụ ==
Ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara pasentị iri ise na anọ nke [[Ọnọdụ mmadụ nke Ukraine|ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ nke Ukraine]] na pasentị iri anọ na asaa na anọ nke ndị ọrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Labor force, female (% of total labor force) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS|access-date=2020-12-15|website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe karịrị 60% nke ụmụ nwanyị Ukraine niile nwere agụmakwụkwọ ka elu (ọkwa kọleji na n'elu). Otú ọ dị, enweghị ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị dị oke elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ikom nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (80% nke ndị niile na-enweghị ọrụ na Ukraine bụ ụmụ nwanyị), ka aghara ikwu maka enweghị ọrụ zoro ezo nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.belgium.iom.int/StopConference/relevantdocs/030%20Pyschulina.%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20Ukraine%20and%20prevention.pdf |title=Human Trafficking in Ukraine and Perspective of {{as written|I|t's [sic]}} Prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624205601/http://www.belgium.iom.int/STOPConference/relevantdocs/030%20Pyschulina.%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20Ukraine%20and%20prevention.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iwu ọrụ na-egosi nha nhata iwu kwadoro nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ụgwọ ọrụ nhata maka ọrụ nhata, ụkpụrụ a na-agbasokarị. Agbanyeghị, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ nwanyị na-achị nwere ụgwọ ọnwa kacha ala ma bụrụkwa ndị a na-akwụkarị n'ihi ụgwọ ọnwa. [[Afọ ezumike nka]] na-aga n'ihu iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amụba, ruo afọ 60 maka ụmụ nwanyị na afọ 62 maka ụmụ nwoke-ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ka ọ na-erule 2021 (afọ mbụ bụ 55 maka ụmụ nwanyị na 60 maka ụmụ nwoke).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-07-08 |script-title=ru:Рада приняла пенсионную реформу, повышающую пенсионный возраст |title=Rada prinyala pensionnuyu reformu, povyshayushchuyu pensionnyy vozrast |trans-title=The Rada adopted a pension reform that raises the retirement age |url=https://ria.ru/20110708/398714861.html |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere akụkọ gbasara ụfọdụ ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ na-ajụ ịnye ụmụ nwanyị dị obere nwere ike ịtụrụ ime ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị karịrị afọ 35 ọrụ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwetakwa obere ụgwọ ọnwa ma nwee obere ohere maka ọganihu ọrụ. Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nọ n'ọkwa nchịkwa kachasị elu n'ọchịchị maọbụ n'ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ma ọ bụ nkeonwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaUkraine.asp |title=Internet |website=[[Interpol]] |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629030101/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaUkraine.asp |url-status=dead |accessdate=12 May 2026 |archivedate=29 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629030101/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaUkraine.asp }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.technorati.ro/node/59332 |title=Choose language - Drupal |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100590.htm |title=Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Ukraine |work=[[U.S. Department of State]] |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3979725.stm |title=Europe - A modern slave's brutal odyssey |date=3 November 2004 |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị na azụmaahịa Ukraine ==
Ná nkezi, ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ihe na-erughị pasentị iri atọ na ise pekarịa ụmụ nwoke ndị na-arụ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ.&lt;ref name=WPost/&gt;&lt;ref name=WPostIWD2012&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/123896/ On Women's Day, struggle for equality remains], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (8 March 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe dị ka pasentị iri ise nke ụlọ ọrụ niile na-enweghị ndị ọrụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị nwe ya. Ụlọ ọrụ nwere ndị ọrụ otu ruo ise nwere pasentị iri abụọ na asaa bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwe. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere ihe na-erughị ndị ọrụ iri ise nwere pasentị iri atọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị nwe ya. Ọnụọgụgụ ndị a yiri nke ndị ọzọ dị na akụ na ụba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-edukarị azụmaahịa nta na azụmaahịa, azụmaahịa n'ogbe na nri.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=vThcPhxPmOAC&amp;dq=Ukraine+Business+woman&amp;pg=PA251 New Perspectives on Women Entrepreneurs] by John Butler, [[Information Age Publishing]], 2000, {{ISBN|978-1-931576-78-9}} (page 251)&lt;/ref&gt; 2% nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edu.&lt;ref name=WPost&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/19/AR2010111901968.html Topless protesters gain fame in Ukraine]{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[The Washington Post]] (November 19, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt;

Na afọ 2008, ọnụọgụ ndị inyom na-esonye n'ọrụ (LPR) dị ihe dịka pasentị iri isii na abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wageindicator.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wageindicator.org/main/Wageindicatorfoundation/wageindicatorcountries/country-report-ukraine |title=Ukraine - An Overview of Women's Work, Minimum Wages and Employment |website=wageindicator.org |accessdate=2026-05-12 |archivedate=2017-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074626/https://wageindicator.org/main/Wageindicatorfoundation/wageindicatorcountries/country-report-ukraine }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Yukren ==
N'ime ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine nke [[2019]], a họpụtara ụmụ nwanyị 87 ka ha bịa n'ụlọ omeiwu, nke bụ ihe ndekọ maka Ukraine, nke bụ 20.52% nke ngụkọta ọnụọgụ ndị nnọchiteanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pravda7221668&quot;&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/07/23/7221668/ The new Council has increased the number of women deputies], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (23 July 2019)&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ntuli aka ahụ, ihe dị ka pasentị iri ise nke ndị nnọchite anya [[Voice (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ukraine)|Voice]] a họpụtara bụ ụmụ nwanyị, pasentị iri atọ na asaa nke ndị omeiwu [[European Solidarity]] ahọpụtara bụ ụmụ nwanyị; ebe kacha nta maka ụmụ nwanyị dị na [[Opposition Platform – For Life]] na 11.4%.&lt;ref name=&quot;pravda7221668&quot;/&gt; Na 2014, ihe dị ka 12.1% [[Verkhovna Rada]] (ndị omeiwu Yukren) bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipu.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://tsn.ua/ru/politika/portret-novogo-nardepa-rada-obnovitsya-bolee-chem-na-80-pomolodeet-i-v-ney-stanet-bolshe-zhenschin-1383912.html |title=Women in Parliaments: World Classification |website=ipu.org |date=25 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na [[2014 ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine|ntuli aka ndị omeiwu 2014]] ruo ntuli aka 2019, ọnụọgụgụ a mụbara ruo 53, ya bụ, 12.6%.&lt;ref name=&quot;pravda7221668&quot;/&gt; Pasentị nke ndị omeiwu nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe kwa [[ntụli aka na Ukraine|ntụli aka]].&lt;ref name=WPostIWD2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=woukpolitics&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=F1fhvklyl-IC&amp;q=elections&amp;pg=PA86 Women's Social Activism in the New Ukraine] by Sarah D. Phillips, [[Indiana University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-253-21992-3}} (page 57/58)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/&gt; N'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri anọ na asaa a họpụtara na 2014 gaa na omeiwu, naanị mmadụ abụọ mere nke a site n'inweta otu ntuli aka (Ntuli aka ahụ jiri usoro ntuli aka agwakọtara agwakọta nke nwere ndị omeiwu 53.2% ahọpụtara n'okpuru ndepụta pati na 46.8% na 198 [[ndị mpaghara]]&lt;ref name=27sIU2510&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/230595.html Parliamentary elections not to be held at nine constituencies in Donetsk region and six constituencies in Luhansk region – CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (25 October 2014)&lt;/ref&gt;). Na 2019, ụmụ nwanyị iri abụọ na isii meriri oche ntuli aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;pravda7221668&quot;/&gt; N'ime ndị omeiwu a họpụtara na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine [[2012]], ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara 9.9% nke ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref name=woukpolitics/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/too-few-women-in-the-ukrainian-parliament-317670.html Too few women in the Ukrainian parliament], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (14 December 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime [[1994 ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine|nhọpụta mbụ nke omeiwu]] nke emere mgbe [[nnwere onwe Ukraine | nnwere onwe Ukraine nke 1991]] nke emere na 1994, naanị ụmụ nwanyị iri na otu (2.3% nke ndị omeiwu) ka a họpụtara.&lt;ref name=woukpolitics/&gt;&lt;ref name=IPUwUp/&gt; Nnyocha [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] e bipụtara na 12 Nọvemba 2014 gosiri na n'ụwa niile, pasentị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ndị omeiwu mejupụtara ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ọ bụ na [[mba nke European Union]] ọnụọgụgụ a bụ 25%.&lt;ref name=RUefW14UP&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/11/12/7044034/ The new parliament greatest women in history], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (12 November 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka nnyocha (bipụtara na 1 Nọvemba 2014) nke [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] si kwuo, Ukraine nọ n'ọkwa nke 112 n'ime mba 189 n'ihe gbasara nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na omeiwu.&lt;ref name=IPUwUp&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/parliament-has-record-number-of-women-374872.html Parliament has record number of women], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (11 December 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; Iwu ndị a ga-eji mee ihe ọzọ gbasara oke ụmụ nwanyị na omeiwu [[oge Soviet]] (30% ma ọ bụ 35%&lt;ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/&gt;) a rụrịtara ụka n'ụlọ omeiwu mana ha anabataghị ya.&lt;ref name=woukpolitics/&gt;
[[File:Y. Tymoshenko in Poland (2008).JPG|thumb|[[Praịm Minista nke Yukren]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] na [[Onyeisiala nke Poland]] [[Lech Kaczyński]] (July 2008)]]
[[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]] na onye na-anọchi ya [[Batkivshchyna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CESOlszańskiUKel12&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130317180048/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-11-07/after-parliamentary-elections-ukraine-a-tough-victory-party-regions After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317180048/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-11-07/after-parliamentary-elections-ukraine-a-tough-victory-party-regions |date=2013-03-17 }}, [[Centre for Eastern Studies]] (7 November 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; abụwo naanị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-edu nke banyere na nzuko omeiwu.&lt;ref name=woukpolitics/&gt;&lt;ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/&gt; [[Hanna Hopko]] bụ onye mbụ na ndepụta pati nke [[Ntụkwasị Obi Onwe (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|Self Reliance]], nke gbárá nke atọ na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Yukren nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014.&lt;ref name=KP141023&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/new-faces-in-parliament-possible-with-samopomich-party-369116.html |title= New faces in parliament possible with Samopomich Party |first= Olena |last= Goncharova |work= [[Kyiv Post]] |date= 23 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;allcountedCECIU81114&quot;&gt;[http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/poroshenko_bloc_to_have_greatest_number_of_seats_in_parliament_327072 Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament], [[Ukrinform]] (8 November 2014)&lt;br /&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233404.html People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections – CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 November 2014)&lt;br /&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233426.html Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament – CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 November 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu ntuli aka ahụ [[Nadiya Savchenko]] ka e tinyere n'ọnọdụ mbụ na ndepụta pati Batkivshchyna (pati ahụ mechara bụ nke isii na ntuli aka ahụ).&lt;ref name=&quot;allcountedCECIU81114&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/tymoshenkos-batkivshchyna-two-women-at-top-will-propel-party-to-parliament-367835.html Tymoshenko's Batkivshchyna: Two women at top will propel party into parliament], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (Oct. 13, 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; E nweela ọtụtụ payị ụmụ nwanyị na-edu na Yukren na ọbụna ụfọdụ pati &quot;okwu ụmụnwaanyị&quot; (ndị nyocha akọwaala ha dị ka &quot;pati emebere emebe iji zuru votu n'aka pati ndị mmegide&quot;).&lt;ref name=woukpolitics/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CEEPCDSE2011&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=zQtFouCjFSMC&amp;dq=azarov+government&amp;pg=PA354 Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy Second Edition], edited by  [[Sharon Wolchik]] and  [[Jane Curry]], [[Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, Inc.]], 2011, {{ISBN|0-7425-6734-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Virtual Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]], [[Yale University Press]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-09545-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gọọmentị Yatsenyuk nke abụọ]] (a họpụtara ya na Disemba 2, 2014) nwere ndị minista nwanyị abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/237576.html Rada supports coalition-proposed government lineup], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (2 December 2014)&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/rada-approves-new-cabinet-with-three-former-foreigners-in-it-373861.html Rada approves new Cabinet with three foreigners], [[Kyiv Post]] (2 December 2014)&lt;br /&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/12/2/7046214/ Rada voted the new Cabinet], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (2 December 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; Onye bu ya ụzọ [[Gọọmentị Yatsenyuk mbụ]] (a họpụtara ya na 27 Febụwarị 2014) nwere otu nwanyị minista.&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193035.html Maidan nominates Yatseniuk for prime minister], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (26 February 2014)&lt;br /&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193222.html Ukrainian parliament endorses new cabinet], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (27 February 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; Afọ 2016–2019 [[Gọọmentị Groysman]] kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị ise so na ya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unian.info/politics/1319232-new-cabinet-formed-in-ukraine.html New Cabinet formed in Ukraine], [[UNIAN]] (14 April 2016)&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.unian.info/economics/1322801-weeks-balance-pm-groysman-radas-sabotage-and-disappointing-imf-forecast.html Week's balance: PM Groysman, Rada's sabotage, and disappointing IMF forecast], [[UNIAN]] (18 April 2016)&lt;br /&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/articles/id_7105548/ Spring transplantation: Prime Groisman and without a coalition Cabinet], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (14 April 2016)&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.unian.info/m/politics/10348734-ukraine-parliament-appoints-markarova-friz-ministers.html Ukraine parliament appoints Markarova, Friz ministers], [[UNIAN]] (22 November 2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7116046/ The government appointed Acting Minister of Health], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (27 July 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruo ugbu a, naanị gọọmentị enweghị ndị minista nwanyị (ọ bụkwa naanị gọọmentị [[Europe]] nke enweghị ndị otu nwanyị n'oge ahụ&lt;ref name=newHminister1422012/&gt;) bụ ụbọchị 11 nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2010 a họpụtara ya&lt;ref&gt;[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-366951.html VR approved structure of Cabinet of Ministers (update)], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (March 11, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gọọmentị Azarov mbụ]] ruo mgbe a họpụtara [[Raisa Bohatyryova]] [[Ministri nke Ahụike (Ukraine)|Minista nke Ahụike]] na [[Osote Praịm Minista nke Ukraine]] na 14 Febụwarị 2012.&lt;ref name=newHminister1422012&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/122428/ Bohatyriova appointed vice premier and health minister], [[Kyiv Post]] (14 February 2012)&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/61805/ Azarov's cabinet has highest number of ministers in Europe], [[Kyiv Post]] (March 16, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/&gt; [[Prime Minista nke Ukraine|Prime Minista]] [[Mykola Azarov]] kwuru na Machị 2010 na enweghị ndị minista nwanyị n'ọchịchị a n'ihi na &quot;Mgbanwe anaghị adaba n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị&quot;, ebe o kwukwara na ọ na-akwanyere ụmụ nwanyị ùgwù nke ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/34554/ Ukrainian Prime Minister Azarov had his office blessed], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (March 19, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Azorov&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/24/ukraine-mykola-azarov-women Ukrainian women berate 'Neanderthal' PM for sexist remarks], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (March 24, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu ụmụnwaanyị dị na Yukren kọọrọ Azarov onye na-ahụ maka ndị ombudsman nke mba ahụ mgbe okwu a gasịrị. Ha boro ya ebubo na ọ bụ onye na [[akpa ókè n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị]] ma na-enwe echiche [[wiktionary:neanderthal|neanderthal]]&lt;ref name=Azorov/&gt; ma tinye akwụkwọ dị iche iche n'ụlọ ikpe megide ya.&lt;ref name=AzWoNo/&gt; [[Gọọmentị Azarov nke abụọ]] nke Azorov (nke dịgidere site na 24 Disemba 2012&lt;ref name=USMG241212&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131211161007/http://www.unian.info/news/543116-yanukovych-appoints-new-staff-of-cabinet-of-ministers-of-ukraine.html President of Ukraine has appointed new staff of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211161007/http://www.unian.info/news/543116-yanukovych-appoints-new-staff-of-cabinet-of-ministers-of-ukraine.html |date=2013-12-11 }}, [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (24 December 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; ruo 27 Febụwarị 2014&lt;ref name=Afg27214&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193220.html Rada dismisses previous government, to form new one], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (27 February 2014)&lt;/ref&gt;) nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ bụ́ ndị minista.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-is-appointing-new-cabinet-of-ministers-318086.html Yanukovych appoints new Cabinet of Ministers], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (24 December 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RLL4713&gt;[https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-justice-minister-appointment/25036829.html Ukrainian President Appoints New Justice Minister ], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (4 July 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge [[2010 ntuli aka onyeisiala Yukren | ntuli aka onyeisiala nke 2010]], onye na-azọ ọkwa [[Viktor Yanukovych]] jụrụ ịrụrịta ụka nke ya na onye ya na ya azo ọkwa bụ nwanyị [[Prime Minista nke Ukraine|praịm minista]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] ma kwado ya site n'ikwu na &quot;ọnọdụ nwanyị dị n'ime kichin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.promes.org/en/s15/2525.html |title=Yanukovych: The Place of women – in the kitchen |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/ |title=Barclays announces further Non Core disposal |last=Newseditor |access-date=2013-02-08 |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404192737/https://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-05-12 |archivedate=2019-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404192737/https://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Onye bụbu) [[Onyeisi oche Verkhovna Rada]] [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] ekwuwokwa okwu ndị a pụrụ iwere dị ka mkparị nye ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine_womens_day/24509276.html Honoring Women, Ukrainian Government-Style ], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (8 March 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

E debanyere iwu machibidoro [[imebi ime]] (nke [[Andriy Shkil]] dere) na Verkhovna Rada dịka ndị ụkọchukwu nke [[Ụka Katọlik Gris]] na [[Lee Nsọ|Vatican]] rịọrọ na 12 Maachị 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/125838/ Ukrainian clergy condemn FEMEN protest on Sophia Cathedral bell tower], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (11 April 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'òtù ndị agha Ukraine ==
A na-enye ụmụ nwanyị na Ukraine ohere isonye na ndị agha,&lt;ref&gt;[[Women in the military by country#Ukraine]]&lt;/ref&gt; mana n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke a bụ naanị ọrụ ndị na-abụghị ndị agha: dọkịta, onye na-esi nri, onye na-ahụ maka akaụntụ, wdg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |title=Country Policy and Information Note, Ukraine: Military service |version=3.0 |date=November 2016 |page=9 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |access-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091414/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Malite na Julaị 2016, ndị agha Yukren malitere ikwe ka ụmụ nwanyị sonye n'ọrụ agha gụnyere, mana ọ bụghị naanị na, [[onye ogbunigwe]], [[onye agha scout]], na [[sniper]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |title=Country Policy and Information Note, Ukraine: Military service |version=3.0 |date=November 2016 |page=15 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |access-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091414/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/content/files/whitebook/WB_2016_ENG_WEB.pdf |author=[[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]] |title=White Book 2016: The Armed Forces of Ukraine |year=2017 |page=57 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị n'oge mwakpo Russia wakporo Ukraine n'afọ 2022 == 
Ụmụ nwanyị Ukraine dị ime na mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa na-eche ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche ihu, dị ka ịmụ nwa n'ụlọ nchekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=As pregnant flee Ukraine, war imposes long-term health effects: Experts |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/pregnant-flee-ukraine-war-imposes-long-term-health/story?id=83724438 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=ABC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ kwadoro mwakpo 75 e mere n'ebe a na-agwọ ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Update to the Human Rights Council on Ukraine |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/03/update-human-rights-council-ukraine |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  E sere foto otu nwanyị dị ime ka ọ nọ n'elu ihe ndina site n'ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka dị na Mariupol, mgbe e wakporo ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mariupol children's hospital destroyed in targeted attack, Ukrainian officials say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/mariupol-childrens-hospital-destroyed-targeted-attack-ukrainian-officials/story?id=83350914 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=ABC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị nne nwere ụmụ atọ ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike ịpụ na mba ahụ na di ha maka nchekwa; a naghị ekwe ka ụmụ nwoke nwere ụmụ otu ma ọ bụ abụọ pụọ na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Mother Ukraine {{!}} Pregnant in Wartime {{!}} 52 Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oTwHXO6bFY&amp;t=413s |access-date=2024-11-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Òtù UN Human Women na-akọ na ọnụọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-ebuga n'ahịa na ime ihe ike n'ihi nwoke na nwanyị dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Focus: War in Ukraine is a crisis for women and girls |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/in-focus/2022/03/in-focus-war-in-ukraine-is-a-crisis-for-women-and-girls |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==
* [[Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọrụ agha site na mba#Ukraine]]
* [[Ụmụ nwanyị na Yuropu]]

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;OSCE_networking_platform_women&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= OSCE Networking Platform for Women Leaders including Peacebuilders and Mediators | website= [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] |date =2021-12-06 | url = https://www.osce.org/secretariat/506891 | access-date = 2022-02-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211214142143/https://www.osce.org/secretariat/506891 |archive-date= 2021-12-14 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

== Ịgụkwu ihe ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Nadina L. |title=To provide and protect: gendering money in Ukrainian households |journal=[[Gender &amp; Society]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359&amp;ndash;382 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] |doi=10.1177/0891243217705875 |date=June 2017 |s2cid=149266787}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{commons category|Women of Ukraine}}


[[Category:Women in Ukraine| ]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Ukraine| ]]
[[Category:Women by country|Ukraine]]</text>
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{{Nnọọ|username=Ginikanwachimamkpa|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 00:02, 13 Mee 2026 (UTC)}}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077]
* DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), templates (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), HTML and parser tags (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), and magic words (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews.
* The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-helpusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-help&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604]
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533]
* From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the &quot;User&quot; namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:49, 27 Julaị 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30856308 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
* The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-readinglists&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia.
* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:46, 3 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30872536 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:45, 10 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30901051 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:04, 17 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30922806 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:45, 24 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 31 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback.
* The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option, as gadgets are always loaded through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:44, 7 Septemba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-38&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]].
* The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a &quot;read more&quot; button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks.
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:31, 14 Septemba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-39&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551]
* For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|&quot;Suggestion mode&quot; Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing &quot;experimental&quot; edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
* A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]].
* The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;formatversion=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:56, 27 Septemba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-40&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013]
* Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769]
* An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058]

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]].
* Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Draft:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section.
* New magic words &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].  For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual.
* On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:49, 28 Septemba 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31092225 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-41&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:52, 5 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
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    <title>Aline Coutrot</title>
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      <text bytes="4940" sha1="i6vaj5q65hryxl8985c7vjliyyg5jlp" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Aline Coutrot.jpg|thumb|Aline Coutrot]]
 

'''Aline Coutrot''' (17 June 1927 20 Ọktoba 1987) bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France na ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1/&quot;&gt; Ọrụ nyocha ya na mbipụta ya lekwasịrị anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na narị afọ nke 20, yana ndị ntorobịa na France.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pomfret|first=David M.|year=2004|title=Young People and the European City: Age Relations in Nottingham and Saint-Etienne, 1890–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZmGAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Leuven|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-754-60930-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1967, ọ natara Prix Broquette-Gonin (akwụkwọ) Award maka ọrụ ya Religious Forces in French Society . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aline COUTROT|url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/aline-coutrot|work=academie-francaise.fr|accessdate=21 July 2023|archivedate=21 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721105040/https://www.academie-francaise.fr/aline-coutrot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya na 17 June 1927 na Paris, Aline Coutrot bụ nwa nwanyị nke Coutrot Jacques (1898 - 1965) na Seringe Georgette (1905 - 1985), ha abụọ si Seine-et-Marne, Northern France.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; Coutrot bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Collège Sévigné, ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Paris. O mechara gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu na Mahadum Sorbonne . N'afọ 1972, ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ na Institute of Political Studies na Paris, ebe ọ nọrọ ọrụ ọkachamara ya niile na-akụzi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Louise|first=Thérèse|title=COUTROT, Aline|url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010|work=maitron.fr|accessdate=21 July 2023|archivedate=21 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721105037/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLouise&quot;&gt;Louise, Thérèse. [https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010 &quot;COUTROT, Aline&quot;]. ''maitron.fr''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230721105037/https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article21010 Archived] from the original on 21 July 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 July&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1983, ọ nwetara nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'okpuru nlekọta nke René Rémond, onye ya na ya bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ nyocha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hellman|first=John|year=2002|title=Communitarian Third Way: Alexandre Marc and Ordre Nouveau, 1930–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FktLgT8B2yQC|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Montreal|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-773-52376-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ntinye aka ọsụ ụzọ, n'adịghị ka ihe odide ndị ọzọ gbasara mkpokọta ndị ntorobịa lekwasịrị anya na mmegharị nke onye ọ bụla n'oge ahụ, o lere anya n'ụzọ sara mbara banyere mmegharị ntorobịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; Ọ nyochara ọrụ okpukpe na mmetụta agha na ndị ntorobịa na-arụ na ọha mmadụ na France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Whitney|first=Susan|date=11 September 2009|title=Mobilizing Youth: Communists and Catholics in Interwar France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_RnlqMaEloC|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Durham, North Carolina|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-822-39156-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Reynolds|first=Sian|year=1996|title=France Between the Wars: Gender and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXDVCuW9xD8C|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=London|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-12736-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka Coutrot siri kwuo, JOC enyeghị ndị otu ya ntụzịaka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, kama ọ kụziiri ha ụkpụrụ nke ntinye aka na ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Horn|first=Gerd-Rainer|year=2001|title=Left Catholicism, 1943–1955: Catholics and Society in Western Europe at the Point of Liberation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gkUlNqDNm4C|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Leuven|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-9-058-67093-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Ka oge na-aga n'ọrụ ya, o nwere mmasị n'ịmepụta Atomic Energy Commission . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Imlay|first=Talbot C.|date=24 January 2007|title=The Fog of Peace and War Planning: Military and Strategic Planning under Uncertainty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3E5_AgAAQBAJ|accessdate=21 July 2023|location=Oxfordshire|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-21087-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwụrụ na 20 Ọktoba 1987 na Paris.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chicana feminism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="82199" sha1="1k39d63z1azskazieibe997vtg3fw2x" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Las_Chicanas_Poster.jpg|thumb|Osisi ụmụ agbọghọ na LA Plaza de Cultura y ArtesEbe Ọdịbendị na Nkà]]
Chicana/o femism bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, echiche, na praxis nke na-enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị, ime mmụọ, agụmakwụkwọ, na akụ na ụba na-emetụta Chicanas na obodo Chicana / ma ọ bụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|year=2014|chapter=The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse|chapterurl=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315022277-16/development-chicana-feminist-discourse-alma-garcia|title=Feminist Nationalism|language=en|pages=247–268|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315022277|isbn=9781136669675|editor=West}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chicana femism na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịma ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze aka ma na-ewere onye ọ bụla dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke na-alụ ọgụ maka njedebe nke [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|Mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị]] na obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=NietoGomez|first=Anna|title=Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-91801-5|editor=Garcia|pages=52–57|chapter=Chicana Feminism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxIe4JwcmqEC&amp;pg=PA52}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Feminism nke Chicana gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha nwetaghachi ịdị adị ha n'etiti na n'etiti Chicano Movement na mmegharị nwanyị nke abụọ site na 1960 ruo 1970. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke Chicana ghọtara na inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ga-enye obodo Chicana/o ike, ma na-eche mmegide ihu mgbe niile. Mmepe dị egwu n'ọhịa, gụnyere site na ndị nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị nke Chicana, gbasaara obere echiche nke Chicana karịa nghọta nkịtị.

Xicanisma hibere dị ka ntinye aka dị mkpa nke Ana Castillo mepụtara na 1994 iji mee ka nwanyị chicana nwee ume ma mata mgbanwe n'ime mmụọ nke mere kemgbe Chicano Movement, dị ka ndọtị na mgbasawanye nke Chicanismo. O nwere akụkụ kpaliri nguzobe nke Xicanx. Ihe mmepụta omenala Chicana, gụnyere nka, akwụkwọ, uri, egwu, na ihe nkiri na-aga n'ihu na-akpụzi chicana feminism n'ụzọ ọhụrụ. A na-etinyekarị okpukpe chicana na mkparịta ụka ya na feminism decolonial.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
[[Faịlụ:Corcoran,_San_Joaquin_Valley_California._Company_housing_for_Mexican_cotton_pickers_on_large_ranch._-_NARA_-_521720.jpg|thumb|Ụmụaka Mexico nọ n'ụlọ obibi ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na Corcoran, California (1940) &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rosales|first=F. Arturo|title=Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement|publisher=Arte Público Press|year=1997|isbn=9781611920949|pages=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị America ndị Mexico tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị mbụ. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a gụnyere ndị inyom dị ka Adelina Otero-Warren na Maria de G.E. Lopez. A mụrụ Otero-Warren n'ezinụlọ Hispano a ma ama. Ọtụtụ ndị America America, ọkachasị ndị na-enweghị ego na ndị na-adịghị ọcha, ndị na-etoliteghị n'ezinaụlọ ndị ama ama nọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche.
[[Faịlụ:Sylvia_Mendez.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mendez v. Westminster (1947) kwụsịrị Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. A malitere ikpe ahụ mgbe a jụrụ Sylvia Mendez (nke e sere na foto) ka ọ ghara idebanye aha na &quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha. &quot; Ụmụaka ndị Mexico America, ọkachasị ndị nwere akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị, ka a na-ekwe ka ha mụta agụmakwụkwọ aka, ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-akụzi nkwadebe agụmakwụkwọ. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ &quot;Mexican, a na-akụziri ụmụ agbọghọ naanị ịkwa akwa na ime ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gonzalez|first=Gilbert G.|title=Chicano education in the era of segregation|date=2013|isbn=978-1-57441-516-2|location=Denton, Texas|pages=175–180|oclc=843881943}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Tupu ngwụcha 1940s, ụmụaka ndị America Mexico na-etolitekarị na colonias kewapụrụ iche na obodo ụlọ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ugbo. Ọ bụ naanị gọọmentị US nyere ụmụaka Mexico, ọkachasị akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị ka ha gaa &quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ Mexico&quot; kewapụrụ iche. Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-akụzi nkwadebe agụmakwụkwọ, ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na &quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ Mexico&quot; ka a na-ekwe ka a kuziere ụlọ na ịkwa akwa, ebe a na-akụziri ụmụ nwoke ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ. Nke a na-echekwa klaasị na nkewa ego. A kwụsịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke De jure na 1947 na Mendez vs Westminster, ma nkewa ka nọgidere na-eme n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-aga n'ihu na mmegide Mexico.
[[Faịlụ:Dora_Barrios,_Frances_Silva,_and_Lorena_Encinas.png|thumb|A na-elegharakarị Pachucas anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mexico America n'ihi ihe ịma aka ha na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị ma mesoo ha dị ka &quot;nwoke dị ize ndụ  nwanyị dị egwu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ramírez|first=Catherine S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO5b9OvxuG4C&amp;dq=pachuca+feminism&amp;pg=PA146|title=The Woman in the Zoot Suit: Gender, Nationalism, and the Cultural Politics of Memory|date=2009-01-16|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-8864-7|pages=20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;[and]]]
Pachucas, ndị bụ onye mmekọ na Pachucos na 1940s, ejirila lens nwanyị megharịa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi ihe ịma aka ha na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ọkachasị n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Pachuca anaghị abụkarị onye a na-eme ememe na akụkọ ihe mere eme America nke Mexico, na mmepụta omenala Chicano, ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'okwu nwanyị nke Chicana, bụ nke ekwuru na ụzọ Pachucas siri gbaghaa ọrụ nwanyị na ezinụlọ omenala. Pachucas na-ejikarị ngwa agha nchebe onwe ya, dị njikere ịchụpụ ndị nwere ike ịwakpo. A na-emeso Pachuca ahụ dị ka &quot;nwoke dị ize ndụ na nke nwanyị.&quot; Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ajụ njirimara Chicana ma na-ahọrọ ịkọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị Hispanic nwere ike &quot;agaghị ahụ ma ọ bụ chọọ ịmata onwe ya&quot; na ọnụ ọgụgụ Pachuca.

N'adịghị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha anaghị emeso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ndị inyom Europe-American ma ọ bụ ndị ọcha lụrụ ọgụ megide ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị ọcha site na ebili mmiri nke nwanyị; Ebili nke mbụ lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ma nke abụọ lekwasịrị anya n'okwu gbasara mmekọahụ, ọha na eze na nzuzo, ikike ịmụ nwa, na ndina n'ike. Otú ọ dị, a napụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmegharị ndị a. Nke a gbara Chicanas ume bụ ndị bụ ndị nwanyị ma chọọ inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ịkatọ na ịzaghachi nchụpụ ha site na ma ndị Chicano na ndị isi ọgbọ nke abụọ, bụ ndị ghọrọ ntọala nke chicana feminism site na 1960.

== Usoro iheomume ==

=== Chicanas na Chicano Movement (1960s-1970s) ===
[[Faịlụ:EL_PASO'S_SECOND_WARD,_A_CHICANO_NEIGHBORHOOD_-_NARA_-_545331.jpg|thumb|Nwa agbọghọ na-agwa otu ìgwè ụmụ okorobịa okwu na El Segundo Barrio, El Paso (1971) ]]
Ọ bụ ezie na a haziri Chicano Movement iji nye ndị Mexico America ike, akụkọ na uche nke Movement leghaara ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-etinye aka na nhazi n'oge nnupụisi obodo a anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gutiérrez-Jones|first=Carl|title=Rethinking the Borderlands: Between Chicano Culture and Legal Discourse|url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingborder0000guti_v5r8|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=9780520085794|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rethinkingborder0000guti_v5r8/page/134 134]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:292&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Saldívar-Hull|first=Sonia|title=Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismonborder0000sald|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=9780520207332|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feminismonborder0000sald/page/29 29]–34}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ihe omume ndị a, ndị Chicana ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ha ghọtara mkpa ọ dị ijikọ okwu gbasara okike na ebumnuche nnwere onwe ndị ọzọ nke Chicano Movement.

''Chicanas'' gbahapụrụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ maka enweghị ike itinye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha. Chicanas n'oge a chere na a chụpụrụ ha n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na ha nwere mkpa, nchegbu, na ihe achọrọ dị iche iche. Site na mmegide na-aga n'ihu na nchụpụ ha, ụmụ nwanyị esila na a na-akpọ ''Ụmụ nwanyị Chicano'' gaa na Chicanas iji webata nkuchi nke a / o ma ọ bụ o / a dị ka ụzọ isi kweta nwoke na nwanyị mgbe ha na-atụle obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World|date=2011|publisher=SAGE Reference|editor=Stange|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=249–251}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alma Garcia dere na e kere òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Chicana ka ọ na-agbasosi nsogbu ndị ahụ metụtara ụmụ nwanyị Chicana, ma malite na ọgwụgwọ ha na Chicano Movement na mmegharị nwanyị nke abụọ. Ha chọrọ ka a na-emeso ha otu ihe nakwa ka a kwanyere ha ùgwù. Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Chicana mere ka ọtụtụ ndị Chicanas na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-agbachitere ikike ha ọ bụghị nanị dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị di, kama dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikọta ọnụ na-agbakọta ọnụ na-etolite obodo na-enye aka nhata.

==== Nhazi nke Chicana walkout (1968) ====
[[Faịlụ:Founding_co-editor_of_La_Raza_Ruth_Robinson_(right)_with_Margarita_Sanchez_at_the_Belmont_High_School_walkout,_part_of_a_series_of_1968_student_protests_for_education_reform_in_LA.jpg|thumb|Onye guzobere onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Raza Ruth Robinson (n'aka nri) na Margarita Sanchez na Belmont High School walkout, akụkụ nke usoro ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ 1968 maka mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ na LA.]]
Na Machị 1, 1968, ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 15,000 sonyere na ihe a bịara mara dị ka East Los Angeles School Blowouts. Ụmụ akwụkwọ Chicano n'ofe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị asaa dị na East Los Angeles siri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha pụọ na ngagharị iwe a haziri ahazi. Ụmụ akwụkwọ haziri maka mkpesa na-ekerịta gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ego ezughị oke, na nleghara akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Mexico n'ime usoro mmụta dị ugbu a. Ndị nwoke sonyere na njem ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ nlebara anya mgbasa ozi, ọkachasị ndị nwoke na-ahazi ụmụ akwụkwọ iri na atọ bụ ndị ejidere ma tụọ mkpọrọ maka ebubo izu nzuzo. Dolores Delgado Bernal, onye nyocha Chicana, na-ekwu na site n'itinye uche naanị na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke, nsonye na idu ndú nke ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị belatara nke ukwuu yana ebelata mgbalị a chọrọ iji hazie njem njem ahụ.

Ka e mesịrị n'etiti afọ ndị 1990, Dolores Delgado Bernal gbara ụmụ nwanyị asatọ dị mkpa sonyere ma ọ bụ ndị isi ajụjụ ọnụ, na-ewetara ụmụ nwanyị ndị mgbasa ozi leghaara anya: Celeste Baca, Vickie Castro, Paula Crisostomo, Mita Cuaron, Tanya Luna Mount, Rosalinda M. González, Rachael Ochoa Cervera, na Cassandra Zacarías.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Delgado Bernal|first=Dolores|date=1998|title=Grassroots Leadership Reconceptualized: Chicana Oral Histories and the 1968 East Los Angeles School Blowouts|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347162|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=19|issue=2|pages=113–142|doi=10.2307/3347162}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a kpughere na ha haziri nzukọ obodo, guzobere njikọ, n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ gafee ụlọ akwụkwọ na òtù dị iche iche, ma bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nzuzo iji gbasaa okwu nke mmegharị ahụ ma nata ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè na nkwado. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

Otu afọ mgbe ngagharị iwe ahụ gasịrị, e mere Nzukọ Nnwere Onwe Ndị Ntorobịa Chicano na 1969. Ihe dị ka 1,500 ndị Mexico American nọ n'afọ iri na ụma si n'akụkụ nile nke mba ahụ gara nzukọ ahụ, nke dugara n'ịkpọpụta okwu &quot;Chicanismo,&quot; &quot;El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán,&quot; na MEChA, nzukọ ụmụ akwụkwọ mba niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chicano Movement Geography - Mapping American Social Movements|url=https://depts.washington.edu/moves/Chicano_geography.shtml|accessdate=2022-11-18|work=depts.washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nnọkọ ahụ, a haziri ogbako iji kwurịta ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ na mmegharị ahụ na iji dozie nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Otú ọ dị, ogbako ahụ kwubiri na, &quot;Ọ bụ nkwekọrịta nke otu ahụ na nwanyị Chicana achọghị ka a tọhapụ ya. &quot; Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Anna Nieto-Gómez, na-ahụ nkwupụta a dị ka otu n'ime omume ndị siri ike nke kpaliri Chicana Feminist Movement. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nieto-Gomez, Anna: &quot;La Feminista&quot;, 1974 {{!}} Special Collections &amp; University Archives Finding Aid Database|url=https://archives.sdsu.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/86050|accessdate=2022-11-18|work=archives.sdsu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịgbaso nkwupụta a, e mere Nzukọ Chicana nke mbụ na Houston, Texas na Mee 1971. Nzukọ ahụ dọtara ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 600 si n'akụkụ nile nke United States iji kwurịta okwu gbasara ohere nhata maka agụmakwụkwọ, ikpe ziri ezi nke ọmụmụ, ịmepụta ebe nlekọta ụmụaka, na ndị ọzọ. A haziri nzukọ ahụ n'ime ogbako itoolu dị iche iche: &quot;Mmekọahụ na Chicana: Aha na Okwu,&quot; &quot; Nhọrọ maka Chicanas: Mmụta na Ọrụ,&quot; &quot;Alụmdi na nwunye: Chicana-Style,&quot; &quot;Okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị - Anyị Nwere Ebe na Ya?,&quot; &quot;Njuputa ụmụ nwanyị - Echiche Chicana, &quot;Ndị inyom na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - Onye ọ bụla nọ n'ebe ahụ, &quot;Militancy / Conservatism: Olee Ụzọ Na-aga n'ihu,&quot; na &quot;De Colores y Klas dị iche iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Reflecting on the Chicana Regional Conference of 1971: Fifty Years of Chicana Feminism in LA | date=11 May 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcPeUi9InhM |language=en |access-date=2022-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na ihe omume ahụ bụ nnukwu nnọkọ mbụ nke ụdị ya, nzukọ ahụ n'onwe ya jupụtara na esemokwu dị ka Chicanas si n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche na echiche dị iche iche lụrụ ọgụ maka ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ime òtù Chicano. Esemokwu ndị a dugara n'ịgba arụkwaghịm n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke nnọkọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blackwell|first=Maylei|title=¡Chicana Power!: Contested Histories of Feminism in the Chicano Movement|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1477312667|location=Austin, TX|pages=161–164}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Anna Nieto-Gómez si kwuo, &quot;mgbaghara ahụ mere ka esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Chicana na ndị na-akwado ya&quot;.

==== A na-ele ha anya dị ka ndị sabo na Movement ====
N'ịbụ ndị ọkà mmụta Maylei Blackwell kọwara dị ka &quot;vendida logic&quot;, a na-ebo ndị Chicana ụmụ nwanyị ebubo na ha bụ &quot;vendidas&quot; ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba ọchịchị Chicano mgba okpuru, nke a kọwara dị ka ndị na-emegide ezinụlọ, ndị na-egbochi mmadụ, na ndị na-eme ngagharị Chicano. N'akụkụ vendida, a na-akpọ ndị Chicana femists &quot;women's libber,&quot; &quot;agringadas,&quot; ma ọ bụ lesbians. A maara Chicanas ndị butere ụzọ na ihe kpatara ya dị ka ndị Loyalists.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;

Ụmụ nwanyị chọkwara ịlụ ọgụ nke ịkpọasị onwe onye nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọchịchị nke ndị ha. Nke a gụnyere imebi akụkọ ifo mujer buena/mujer mala, ebe a na-ele nwanyị Spanish anya dị ka onye dị mma na nwanyị ụmụ amaala nke bụ akụkụ nke obodo anya dị ka ihe ọjọọ. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị Chicana pụtara dị ka nzaghachi nye nna ochie, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa oke, na ọchịchị nchịkwa yana nzaghachi maka ụzọ niile ihe nketa mmegbu ndị a si abanye n'ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hurtado|first=Aida|title=Voicing Chicana Feminisms: Young Women Speak Out on Sexuality and Identity|publisher=NYU Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8147-3573-2|pages=94–96|chapter=Review of Part I: Implications for Feminist Theorizing|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2jfGPg3V9cC&amp;pg=PA94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ụmụ agbọghọ n'''ezinụlọ'' ====
[[Faịlụ:Mexican_woman_washing_clothes,_San_Antonio,_Texas_LCCN2017739367.tif|thumb|247x247px|Nwanyị Mexico America na-asa uwe na San Antonio, Texas (1944) ]]
Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke Chicana gbara aka ọrụ ha nyere n'iwu na la familia, ma chọọ ka ha nweta ahụmịhe intersectional nke ha chere ihu. Chicanas na-amata dị ka ndị maara nke ọma, kpebisiri ike, na mpako maka mgbọrọgwụ, ihe nketa, na ahụmahụ ha mgbe ha na-ebute La Raza ụzọ. Site na mmalite nke Chicano Movement, usoro ezinụlọ Chicano hụrụ mgbanwe dị egwu. Kpọmkwem, ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịjụ ajụjụ dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma nke ike ezinụlọ guzosiri ike na ebe ebe ha nọ n'ime mgba mba Chicano.

Ọ bụghị nanị na Chicanas nwetara mmetụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọchịchị alaeze ukwu na ndị ọcha America, kamakwa mmekọahụ n'ime ezinụlọ nke ha. N'okwu seminal &quot;La Chicana&quot;, Elizabeth Martinez, na-ekwu na: &quot;[La Chicana] na-emegbu ndị agha nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu, na mmekọahụ. Nke a nwere ike ikwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị niile na-adịghị ọcha na United States. Mmegbu ya site n'aka ndị agha nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu dị ka nke ndị ikom anyị na-atachi obi. Mmegbu site na mmekọahụ, naanị ya. &quot;

==== Nhazi ọrụ Chicana ====
[[Faịlụ:Mexican_American_women_at_Friedrich_Refrigeration.png|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị America nke Mexico na-arụ ọrụ na Friedrich Air Conditioning (1942) ]]
[[Emma Tenayuca]] bụ onye na-ahazi ọrụ na Mexico America na Dolores Huerta bụ isi ike na nzukọ ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ui7PDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=martha+cotera+Diosa+y+Hembra&amp;pg=PA14|title=Intersectional Chicana Feminisms: Sitios y Lenguas|date=2020-02-11|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-4123-2|pages=14–15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe akaebe nke onye ọrụ ugbo na-akwaga mba ọzọ bụ Maria Elena Lucas na-ekpughe nnukwu ihe isi ike nke ịhazi ndị ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lucas|first=María Elena|title=Forged under the sun: the life of María Elena Lucas = Forjada bajo el sol|url=https://archive.org/details/forgedundersunli0000luca|date=1993|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-06432-8|series=Women and culture series|location=Ann Arbor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farah Strike, 1972-1974, nke a na-akpọ &quot;strike nke narị afọ,&quot; bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Mexico America haziri ma duzie karịsịa na El Paso, Texas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-01-20|title=The Best of the Texas Century—Business|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/the-best-of-the-texas-century-business/|accessdate=2018-12-07|work=Texas Monthly|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọrụ nke Farah Manufacturing Company mere ngagharị iwe iji kwado nchekwa ọrụ na ikike ha iguzobe ma sonye n'òtù ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Shabecoff|first=Philip Shabecoff|date=16 June 1973|title=Farah Strike Has Become War of Attrition|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/16/archives/farah-strike-has-become-war-of-attriton-the-worst-part.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Chicana Feminist Organizations (1960s-1970s) ====
Otu n'ime òtù Chicana mbụ bụ East Los Angeles Chicana Welfare Rights Organization, nke Alicia Escalante guzobere na 1967. &lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Logan|first=Jim|date=11 April 2017|title=A Chicana Warrior|url=https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2017/017860/chicana-warrior|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415060447/http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2017/017860/chicana-warrior|archivedate=2017-04-15|accessdate=|work=UC Santa Barbara}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya olu nke East Los Angeles na nzukọ mkpọsa ebe ọ dịghị onye ọzọ si n'ógbè ahụ nọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Theoharis|first=Jeanne|title=A more beautiful and terrible history : the uses and misuses of civil rights history|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780807075876|date=2018|isbn=978-0-8070-7587-6|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780807075876/page/136 136]|oclc=1008773899}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kwuru okwu megide imerụ ndị na-enweta ọdịmma, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na Black.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chicana por mi Raza|url=https://chicanapormiraza.org/chicanas/alicia-escalante|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=chicanapormiraza.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu edemede 1968 maka Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Raza, o dere na steeti kwenyere na ndị na-enweta ọdịmma &quot;kwesịrị ihere maka ndụ&quot;.  Ọ haziri ime mkpesa maka mbelata ego ọdịmma maka mkpa ndị dị mkpa nke steeti kpọrọ &quot;mkpa pụrụ iche&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Brown_Berets.png|thumb|Chicana Brown Berets (1970) ]]
The Brown Berets were a youth group that took on a more militant approach to organizing for the Mexican-American community formed in California in the late 1960s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Herrera|first=Juan|date=22 January 2015|title=¡La Lucha Continua! Gloria Arellanes and the Making of a Chicano Movement in El Monte and Beyond|url=https://tropicsofmeta.com/2015/01/22/la-lucha-continua-gloria-arellanes-and-the-making-of-a-chicano-movement-in-el-monte-and-beyond/|work=Tropics of Meta|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They heavily valued strong bonds between women, stating that women Berets must acknowledge other women in the organization as ''hermanas en la lucha'' and encouraging them to stand together. Membership in the Brown Berets helped to give Chicanas autonomy, and the ability to express their own political views without fear.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Espinoza|first=Dionne|year=2001|title='Revolutionary Sisters': Women's Solidarity and Collective Identification among Chicana Brown Berets in East Los Angeles, 1967–1970|url=https://history.msu.edu/hst327/files/2018/05/Revolutionary-Sisters.pdf|journal=Aztlán|volume=26|issue=1|pages=17–58|doi=10.1525/azt.2001.26.1.17|accessdate=2020-08-23|archive-date=2020-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901144518/https://history.msu.edu/hst327/files/2018/05/Revolutionary-Sisters.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An important Chicana in the Brown Berets was Gloria Arellanes, the only female minister of the Brown Berets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-03-26|title=¡La Lucha Continua! Gloria Arellanes and Women in the Chicano Movement|url=https://www.kcet.org/history-society/la-lucha-continua-gloria-arellanes-and-women-in-the-chicano-movement|accessdate=2021-11-19|work=KCET|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E hiwere Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional (CFMN) na 1973. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2011|title=Yo Soy Chicana: A Chicana Feminist Movement|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/departures/yo-soy-chicana-a-chicana-feminist-movement|accessdate=24 March 2018|publisher=KCET|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Echiche maka CFMN malitere n'oge National Chicano Issues Conference mgbe otu ìgwè ndị Chicanas na-aga chọpụtara na echeghị nchegbu ha nke ọma na nzukọ Chicano. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ zutere n'èzí nzukọ ahụ wee dee usoro maka CFMN nke guzobere ha dị ka ndị isi obodo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndị maara ihe nke ndị mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Leon|first=Kendall|date=2013|title=La Hermandad and Chicanas Organizing: The Community Rhetoric of the Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional|url=https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&amp;context=communityliteracy|journal=Community Literacy Journal|volume=7|issue=2|pages=1–20|doi=10.1353/clj.2013.0004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Vilma_Martínez_por_la_TV_Publica_(8162663167).jpg|thumb|195x195px|Vilma Martinez (nke e sere na foto) guzobere Chicana Rights Project na 1974.]]
Emebere Chicana Rights Project na 1974 dị ka ọgbakọ iwu gbasara nwanyị nke Chicana iji chebe ikike iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị America America. Vilma Martinez butere ya wee kwuo okwu gbasara ọrụ, ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ na ikike ụlọ maka Chicanas. Ọ na-enyocha mmejuputa iwu zuru oke nke ọrụ na ọzụzụ (CETA), bụ nke butere mmụba nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na mmemme San Antonio. Ndị otu a gbakwara akwụkwọ maka mmetọ mmetọ nwoke na nwanyị Latina na Texas. O mere mgbanwe ná ndụ ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị. Nzukọ ahụ kwụsịrị na 1983.

=== Ọganihu dị egwu (Ọgwụgwụ afọ 1970s-1980s) ===
[[Faịlụ:ACRUSHLOVE_HiRes1.jpg|thumb|195x195px|Martha P. Cotera onye dere Diosa y Hembra (1976) na The Chicana Feminist (1977) ]]
Site na ngwụcha afọ 1970 ruo mmalite afọ 1990, Chicana femism mere ọganihu dị ịrịba ama n'ịmepụta Chicana critical consciousness site na ọtụtụ ederede ntọala na-ekpuchi ndụ na ahụmịhe Chicana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:292&quot;/&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a kpuchiri isiokwu ndị a na-enyochabeghị n'ụzọ miri emi, gụnyere mmekọahụ, Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, [[حقوق الإنجاب|ikike ọmụmụ]], ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, [[Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], na nkatọ ụcha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:292&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;/&gt;

Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị mkpa dị oke mkpa nke ederede ndị a, a nọgidere na-ahapụ ọtụtụ n'ime okwu nkatọ na ọmụmụ Chicana / ma ọ bụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, a ka na-elegharakarị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;/&gt; Nke a gosipụtara na ''Chicanismo'' na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwoke jụrụ ịgbanwe echiche ya ma nye echiche Chicana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Ihe odide ndị dị mkpa metụtara oge a bụ ntọala maka ọmụmụ Chicana / o, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-anabata ya, gụnyere: &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:292&quot;/&gt;

* Diosa y Hembra: The History and Heritage of Chicanas in the U.S. (1976) nke Martha P. Cotera dere
* The Chicana Feminist (1977) nke Martha P. Cotera dere
* Essays on La Mujer (1977) ed. nke Rosaura Sánchez na Rosa Martinez Cruz dere
* ''Ụmụ nwanyị Mexico na United States'' (1980) nke Magdalena Mora na Adelaida R. Del Castillo dere
* Àkwà mmiri a kpọrọ My Back (1981) ed. nke Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherríe Moraga dere
* ''Ịhụnanya n'Afọ Agha: Ihe Ọ dịghị Mgbe Ọ gafere n'Ebe Mgbere Ya'' (1983) nke Cherríe Moraga dere
* Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) nke Gloria Anzaldúa
* Ndị ibe: Latina Lesbians (1987) ed. nke Juanita Ramos dere
* The Sexuality of Latinas (1989) ed. site na Norma Alarcon, Ana Castillo, na Cherrie Moraga
* Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About (1991) ed. nke Carla Trujillo dere

=== ''Xicanisma'' (1990s-Ugbu a) ===
[[Faịlụ:Ana_Castillo_by_David_Shankbone.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Ana Castillo mepụtara Xicanisma iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị Chicana dị ike ma gosipụta mgbanwe n'ịmara ihe kemgbe Chicano Movement.]]
[[Faịlụ:Cross-image.svg|thumb|134x134px|''X'' na ''Xicanisma'' abụghị naanị mkpụrụedemede, kama ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị ma ọ bụ ịdị na nkuku ụzọ.]]
Okporo ụzọ a ma ọ bụ X na-ezo aka na ndụ ụmụ amaala ka ọtụtụ narị afọ nke ọchịchị colonial gasịrị. Ọ na-ekweta na oge “ebe ụmụ nwoke kpachaara anya weghara ikike okike nke ụmụ nwanyị” site na nchịkwa nke okike amachibidoro ụmụ nwanyị. Xicanisma na-ekwu maka mkpa ọ dị ọ bụghị nanị iji nwetaghachi mgbọrọgwụ na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ mmadụ, kamakwa iji &quot;weghachi nwanyị ahụ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na nsụhọ anyị&quot; nke ndị ọchịchị colonial wedara. Ya mere, ọ na-ama aka na akụkụ ndị nwoke na-eme ka mmegharị ahụ na ajọ mbunobi nke asụsụ Spanish: ịbụ Xicanisma karịa Chicanismo.

Castillo na-ekwu na iji X dị ka akara ntụziaka dị mkpa n'ihi na &quot;asụsụ bụ ụgbọ nke anyị na-ahụ onwe anyị n'ihe metụtara ụwa.&quot; Ihe ọ pụtara bụ na ọ bụrụ na anyị agbanwee asụsụ anyị ji aghọta onwe anyị, anyị nwere ike ịgbanwe otú anyị si ele ihe na otú anyị si eme ihe n’ụwa. Ebumnuche nke Xicanism maka Castillo abụghị iji dochie nna ochie na matriarchy, kama ịmepụta &quot;obodo na-enweghị ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya na mmegbu nke ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ịzụlite na ịchịkwa obodo&quot; na ebe a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ha nọ ugbu a site na ọchịchị okike.

== Isiokwu ==
[[Faịlụ:Alternativa_Feminista_4.djvu|thumb|177x177px|A na-enyocha nsogbu nke onyinyo onwe onye na Latin American femism n'ozuzu ya.]]
Enwere ọtụtụ isiokwu dị mkpa nke chicana feminism nke Chicanas mepụtara. Chicana feminism na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta mmegharị ka ukwuu karịa ka ọ na-emekarị; a na-enye ọtụtụ ndị nta n'otu ikpo okwu iji lụso ndị na-emegbu ha ọgụ, ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ụdị ikpe na-ezighị ezi.  Ntọhapụ nke Chicana na-emebi ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, yana ndị buru ibu n'ozuzu ha, na-enye ha ohere ibi ndụ dịka masịrị ha-na nkwanye ùgwù omenala na nha anya. Nkwụghachi azụ bụ isi isiokwu nke chicana feminism: ike ọ na-ewe ọ bụghị nanị iji kewaa kamakwa ịmepụta echiche ọhụrụ nke nha anya.

=== Ụdị ụmụ nwanyị ===
Isi ihe na-elekwasị anya maka ọtụtụ ndị inyom Chicana bụ ịmaliteghachi ụdị nwanyị nke La Virgen de Guadalupe, La Llorona, na La Malinche.[1] Ụdị ndị a egbochila Chicanas ịnweta mmekọahụ na ịdị mma nke ahụ n'ihi otú e si wuo ha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ụdị ọjọọ site na oghere nke ndị nna ochie na ọchịchị. Ịgbanwe akụkọ sitere na ihe nnọchianya ọdịnala (ndị nna ochie) nke ụdị ndị a na nghọta nke oge a banyere ụmụ nwanyị bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ nwanyị chicana, ma na-anọchite anya mmalite maka ịnaghachi ike ụmụ nwanyị Chicane, mmekọahụ, na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ. Ọrụ canonical nke Gloria Anzaldúa Borderlands / La Frontera na-ekwu maka ike na-akpaghasị nke ịweghachi ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ amaala iji wepụ ihe owuwu na ihe mgbochi ndị inyom, mmekọahụ ha, na nghọta ha banyere ịbụ nne: &quot;Agakwaghị m enwe ihere nke ihe dị adị. M ga-enwe olu m: India, Spanish, ọcha. &quot; 

==== Ihe oyiyi nke La Virgen de Guadalupe ====
[[Faịlụ:Virgin_de_Guadalupe,_in_Love_everything_is_possible.jpg|thumb|A kwadoro La Virgen de Guadalupe n'obodo Chicano na Mexico dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị ọcha na ịbụ nne ọma, nke a na-aghọta dị ka njirimara na-akọwa uru ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|date=April 1998|title=Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypatia_spring-1998_13_2/page/134|journal=Hypatia|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–161|doi=10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A na-ewere La Virgen de Guadalupe, n'okwukwe Katọlik dị ka ihe nlereanya nke ịdị ọcha nke nwanyị na ịbụ nne, karịsịa na omenala Mexico na Chicano. Ndị otu Chicana feminist ije, dị ka onye na-ese ihe bụ Yolanda Lopez, achọla ị nwetaghachi ihe oyiyi nke La Virgen ma mebie echiche ahụ na amaghị nwoke bụ nanị ihe e ji amata uru na omume ọma nwanyị. Maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Lopez, onyinyo nke Guadalupe nwere ihe ọ pụtara nke na-abụghị okpukpe ọ bụla.

A na-ejikarị ọnụ ọgụgụ La Virgen de Guadalupe tụnyere La Malinche, nke na-egbochi Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị Chicana site na dichotomy patriarchal nke puta / nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke: ihe nlereanya dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma. A na-eweli ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma na-aga n'ihu n'ihu ụmụ nwanyị Mexico na Chicanas dị ka ihe oyiyi na enyo iji nyochaa onyinyo onwe ha ma kọwaa ùgwù onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

==== Ihe osise nke La Llorona ====
[[Faịlụ:MOM_D093_Donna_Marina_(La_Malinche).jpg|thumb|243x243px|A na-eji ihe oyiyi nke Malintzin mee ihe na obodo Chicano na Mexico dị ka ihe nnọchianya iji gbochie nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, site na ịhazi ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ngosipụta mmekọahụ dị ka onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;]]
Malintzin (ndị Spanish maara dị ka Doña Marina ma ọ bụ &quot;La Malinche&quot; mgbe Mexico nwesịrị nnwere onwe na Spain) mụrụ na 1505 na ndị nne na nna nwere ezigbo ego n'ime ime Mexico. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị ụmụ nwanyị eme ihe dị ka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge a, nne ya na di nke abụọ nne ya raara ya nye ma resị ya ndị Maya ịbụ ohu iji nweta ihe nketa maka nwanne ya nwoke mụrụ ọhụrụ. N'agbata afọ 12-14, e rere ya Hernan Cortés dị ka iko nwanyị, na n'ihi ọgụgụ isi ya na nkà ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, a kwalitere ya na &quot;nwunye&quot; ya na onye nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ntụgharị okwu Cortés, na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mmeri Spanish nke Tenochtitlan na, site na mgbakwunye, mmeri nke Alaeze Ukwu Aztec. Ọ mụrụ nwa Cortés, Martín, onye a na-ewere dị ka mestizo mbụ na mmalite nke agbụrụ &quot;Mexica&quot;.

When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, a person was needed to be executed to uphold centuries of colonial rule. Because of Malintzin's association with Cortés and her role as a translator and informant in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, she was seen as a traitor to her own race. In contrast, Chicana feminism calls for a different understanding.[1] Since patriotism was a concept unknown to natives in the sixteenth century, Malintzin had no sense of herself as an &quot;Indian,&quot; making it impossible for her to demonstrate ethnic loyalty or conscientiously act as a traitor. Malintzin was one of the millions of women bought and sold in pre-colonial Mexico. Unable to escape a group of men, and raped, Malintzin showed loyalty to Cortés to ensure her survival.

La Malinche abụrụla ihe nnọchianya nke adịghị arụ ọrụ, &quot;ndina n'ike,&quot; na ikpe mgbe niile maka mwakpo mmekọahụ. Kama ịbụ onye sabo ma ọ bụ &quot;nwanyị akwụna,&quot; Chicana feminism na-akpọ maka nghọta ya dị ka onye nnọchiteanya, iguzogide ndina n'ike na mmekpa ahụ (dị ka ọ na-emekarị n'etiti ndị ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ) site n'ịghọ onye mmekọ na onye ntụgharị okwu nke Cortés. Ịkatọ mmeri Mexico na Malinche na-emepụta ihe ndabere maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ nke ọha mmadụ na ịta ha ụta maka mmekọahụ ha, nke na-emegide nghọta. Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta Malinche dị ka onye Cortés tara ahụhụ, kama ịbụ akụkọ ifo. Chicana feminism na-akpọ maka nghọta nke a na-eto ya maka iguzogide mgbanwe ndị o mechara weta na ndụ.

Site n'ịgba ndị nnọchi anya ndị nna ochie na ndị ọchịchị aka ike, ndị edemede Chicana na-eweghachi mmekọrịta ha na La Malinche na ndị ọzọ dị ike, ma megharịa ha imepụta mmụọ na njirimara nke na-atọhapụ ma na-enye ike.  La Malinche bụ ihe atụ nke ọtụtụ narị afọ nke akụkọ ifo ndị nna ochie emetụtala nhụta ụmụ nwanyị Mexico, mgbe mgbe n'amaghị ya.

==== Ihe osise nke La Llorona ====
A maara La Llorona dị ka akụkọ ifo nke nne na-abọ ọbọ nke na-erikpu ụmụ ya mgbe ọ chọpụtara na di ya ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi. Ekwuru na mmuo ya na-aghari na mmiri. Ebufela akụkọ a site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ, omenala Chicano na ịrị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana chegharịala ya ọzọ. La Llorona ka eweghachiri dị ka dike siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana nwere ike imekọrịta ma mata ya. Akụkọ ifo nke La Llorona, nke a na-ahụta dị ka nne na-atụ egwu, enyochala ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na ndị edemede Chicana site n'echiche dị iche iche nke ha na-ahụ onwe ha na La Llorona. Ndị na-ede Chicana ejirila ọnụ ọgụgụ a mee ka a mara echiche ndị nna ochie nke ndị nọ n'èzí na n'ime omenala ha tinyeworo na Chicanas. Emepụtara akụkọ ọdịnala nke ọdachi ahụ dịka ntuziaka maka mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-eche ihu.

=== Duality na &quot;The New Mestiza&quot; ===
[[Faịlụ:Gloria_Anzaldua.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Ọrụ na echiche nke Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa (September 26, 1942 - May 15, 2004) bụ ntọala maka mmeghachi omume na Chicana femism.]]
Echiche nke &quot;Mestiza Ọhụrụ&quot; sitere n'aka onye edemede nwanyị bụ Gloria Anzaldúa. N'akwụkwọ ya, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, ọ na-ede, sị: &quot;Na a mgbe nile ọnọdụ nke uche nepantilism, okwu Aztec pụtara adọwara n'etiti ụzọ, la mestiza bụ a ngwaahịa nke nyefe nke omenala na ime mmụọ ụkpụrụ nke otu ìgwè ọzọ. N'ịbụ tricultural, monolingual, asụsụ abụọ ma ọ bụ multilingual, na-ekwu okwu a patois, na na a ọnọdụ nke ụdị nke perstimma ihu: nke meghere nke perstima. N'ime anyị na n'ime la Cultura Chicana, a na-ekwenyekarị na nkwenkwe nke omenala ndị Mexico, ma ọgụ abụọ a na-enwekarị nkwenkwe nke omenala ụmụ amaala, anyị na-ahụ ọgụ megide onwe anyị na nkwenkwe anyị dị ka ihe iyi egwu na anyị na-anwa igbochi. &quot;

Anzaldúa na-ewepụta ụzọ ịbụ ndị Chicanas na-asọpụrụ echiche ha pụrụ iche na ahụmahụ ndụ ha. Echiche a nke ọdịdị na-enye ụzọ nke ịbụ ndị Chicanas bụ ndị na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka mgbe nile banyere njikọ omenala na esemokwu, n'ụzọ ndị na-enye nghọta ọhụrụ na nghọta nke onwe ha, mgbe mgbe na nkwụsị nke ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche. Echiche a na-ekpughe otú mmegide na-apụghị ịbụ ụzọ ndụ n'ihi na ọ dabeere n'iwu nke ịchịisi, n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ, mba, na omenala. Ọnọdụ mmegide na-eme ka mmadụ banye n'ọgụ n'etiti onye mmegbu na onye mmegbu; ndị kpọchiri n'agha na-egbu egbu, dị ka ndị uwe ojii na ndị omekome, na-agbadata n'otu ime ihe ike.

Ịbụ naanị onye na-emeghachi omume pụtara na ọ dịghị ihe e kere, megharịa, ma ọ bụ megharịa n'ọnọdụ nke omenala na-achị achị na omenala ahụ aghaghị ịnọgide na-achịkwa iji guzogide ịdị adị. Maka Anzaldua n'echiche nke a, a ga-enwerịrị ohere maka okike ọhụrụ. &quot;Mestiza ọhụrụ&quot; bụ ederede na-akọwa ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ Chicana. N'echiche a, ịbụ Chicana gụnyere ngwakọta, esemokwu, nnabata maka enweghị mgbagwoju anya, na, nke kachasị, ọ dịghị ihe a na-ajụ ma ọ bụ wepụ ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe nketa nke mmegbu. Ọzọkwa, echiche a nke ọdịdị na-achọ ijikọta akụkụ niile nke njirimara na ịmepụta nkọwa ọhụrụ, ọ bụghị nanị ijikọta ma ọ bụ jikọta akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara.

=== Onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ===
[[Faịlụ:MayDay2014-0806.jpg|thumb|Ụbọchị Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile (2014) na Oakland, California]]
The term mujerista was coined by Ada María Isasi-Díaz in 1996 and was heavily influenced by the African American feminist &quot;Womanist&quot; approach proposed by Alice Walker. This Latina feminist identity is rooted in the core idea of feminism by fighting inequality and oppression through participation in justice movements within the Latina/o community. Mujerismo is rooted in social relationships and emphasizes the individual's experience of &quot;community struggles&quot; to define Latina/o identity.

Mujerismo na-anọchi anya ahụ nke ihe ọmụma mgbe Mujerista na-ezo aka na onye na-egosipụta nkwenkwe ndị a. Mmalite nke okwu ndị a laghachiri na Gloria Anzaldúa's Bridge a Anyị na-akpọ Ụlọ (1987), Massacre Ana Castillo of the Dreamer: Essays in Xicanisma (1994), na Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherríe Moraga's This Bridge Called My Back (1984). Mujerista bụ ụzọ &quot;nwanyị&quot; Latina na-elekwasị anya na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na mmekọrịta. Ọ na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị ijikọta ndụ ọha na eze nke ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na ndụ onwe nke omenala na ụlọ site n'ịkwalite ahụmahụ omenala. Dị ka nke a, ọ dị iche na Feminista, nke na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị. Ịbụ Mujerista bụ ijikọta ahụ, mmetụta, mmụọ na obodo n'otu njirimara. Mujerismo ghọtara ka ahụmahụ onwe onye si bụrụ isi iyi bara uru nke ihe ọmụma. Mmepe nke ihe ndị a niile bụ ihe ndabere maka ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ụdị omume.

=== Mmụọ Nepantla ===
A na-ejikọta Nepantla na onye edemede Chicana feminist Gloria Anzaldúa, onye chepụtara okwu ahụ, &quot;Nepantlera.&quot; Nepantla bụ okwu Nahua nke sụgharịrị &quot;n'etiti ya&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;n'etiti&quot;. Enwere ike ịkọwa Nepantla dị ka echiche ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke enwere ọtụtụ eziokwu n'otu oge (Duality). Dị ka onye Chicana, nghọta na inwe ihe ọmụma nke ndị nna ochie banyere ọnọdụ ime mmụọ na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ụzọ nke ịgwọ ọrịa, ntọhapụ, ekele omenala, nghọta onwe onye, na ịhụ onwe ya n'anya.[1] &quot;Nepantleras bụ ọnụ ụzọ ndị mmadụ; ha na-agagharị n'ime na n'etiti ọtụtụ, na-enwekarị esemokwu, ụwa ma jụ ịkwado onwe ha nanị na onye ọ bụla, otu, ma ọ bụ usoro nkwenye.&quot; Nepantla bụ ụdị nke ịbụ onye Chicana ma na-akọwa ụzọ o si enweta ụwa na usoro mmegbu dị iche iche.

=== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ ===
Encarnación: Ọrịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anụ ahụ na Chicana Akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke Suzanne Bost na-enyocha otú Chicana feminism si gbanwee otú ụmụ nwanyị Chicana si ele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anya. Feminism agabigala nanị ilele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, ma ugbu a na-eleba anya na &quot;mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ahụ, omenala, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&quot; Ọ na-ele anya ugbu a karịa agbụrụ, ma na-agụnye njikọ, yana ka mmegharị, ohere, ike, ndị nlekọta, na ọrụ ha na ndụ si arụ ọrụ na ahụ Chicana. A na-atụle ihe atụ nke Frida Kahlo na ike ya, yana ọrịa shuga Gloria Anzaldúa, iji gosi otú e si ele ike anya mgbe a na-ekwu maka njirimara. Bost na-ede na &quot;Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị otu ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide jikọrọ ọnụ, nchọpụta anyị ga-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro omenala dị iche iche, mgbanwe mmetụta, na mgbanwe eziokwu. Echiche anyị banyere ahụ, njirimara, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-anọgide na-aga n'ihu. ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche ugbu a.

=== Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị ===
Chicana feminist theory gbanwere dị ka a theory of incodiment na a theory of flesh n'ihi canonical ọrụ nke Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherrie Moraga, ha abụọ na-akọwa dị ka queer. Ntinye aka nke ndị na-eme ihe ike na echiche ụmụ nwanyị Chicana kpọrọ maka itinye na nsọpụrụ nke jotería ọdịbendị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Na La Conciencia de la Mestiza, Anzaldúa dere na &quot;ndị mestizo na ndị na-eme ihe ike dị n'oge a ma na-ezo aka na evolushọn na-aga n'ihu maka ebumnuche. Anyị na-agwakọta nke na-egosi na a na-akpa ọbara niile ọnụ ma na anyị sitere na mkpụrụ obi ndị yiri ya. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Borderlands La Frontera The New Mestiza, 4th Edition|author=Anzaldua|first=Gloria|publisher=aunt lute|year=1987|location=San Francisco|pages=99–114}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntinye aka a na-eme ka ndị na-adịghị mma dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke nnwere onwe, ahụmịhe dị ndụ nke a na-apụghị ileghara anya ma ọ bụ wepụ. 

Na Queer Aztlán: The Reformation of Chicano Tribe, Cherríe Moraga na-ajụ ajụjụ banyere iwulite njirimara Chicano n'ihe gbasara queerness. Na-enye nkatọ banyere mwepu nke ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ime òtù ndị na-eme enyi nwoke na nwanyị nakwa homophobia na-arịwanye elu n'ime ndị na-ahụ mba Chicano.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vázquez|first=Francisco H|title=Latino/a Thought : Culture, Politics, and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/latinoathoughtcu0000unse|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|year=2009|isbn=9780742563544|pages=[https://archive.org/details/latinoathoughtcu0000unse/page/212 212]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moraga na-atụle Aztlán, ala na mba metaphysical nke bụ nke echiche Chicano, yana otu echiche dị n'ime obodo si gaa n'ihu n'ime ụdị ọdịbendị na obodo ọhụrụ iji dịrị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &quot;Ndị nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka n'ichebe ọdịbendị Chicano, mana anyị maara na ọdịbendị anyị agaghị adị ndụ n'ike n'alụmdi na nwunye, iti ihe, ịlụ di na nwunye, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ na mmanya na-aba n'anya eme ihe, ọrịa AIDS, na nchụpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Moraga na-eweta nkatọ banyere Chicano Movement na otu o si eleghara nsogbu ndị dị n'ime òtù ahụ anya, na nke ahụ ga-edozi ya anya iji chekwaa ọdịbendị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Chicana lesbian femism ===
Na Chicana Lesbians: Fear and Loathing in the Chicano Community &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Trujillo|first=Carla|title=Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About|url=https://archive.org/details/chicanalesbiansg0000unse|publisher=Third Woman Press|year=1991|isbn=9780943219066|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chicanalesbiansg0000unse/page/186 186]–195}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carla Trujillo na-atụle etu ịbụ Chicana lesbian si sie ike nke ukwuu n'ihi atụmanya ọdịbendị ha na ezinụlọ na heteronormativity. Ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-aghọ ndị nne na-emebi atụmanya a ma na-atọhapụ ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta nke ọdịbendị ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Maythee|first=Rojas|title=Women of Color and Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofcolorfemi0000roja|date=2009|publisher=Seal Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-1-58005-272-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trujillo na-ekwu na ịdị adị nke ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ya na-emebi ụkpụrụ e guzobere nke mmegbu ndị nna ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings.|author=Alma M.|first=Garcia|publisher=Routledge|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ekwu na a na-ele ụmụ nwanyị Chicana anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu n'ihi na ha na-ama ndị nwoke na-achịkwa òtù Chicano aka; ha na-eme ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Chicane mara banyere nnwere onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na Chicanas, ma ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na ha abụghị, a na-akụziri ha ịgbaso ụzọ ụfọdụ nke omume gbasara mmekọahụ ha: a &quot;na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị ịkwụsị ọchịchọ na mkpa mmekọahụ anyị site n'inye nwoke ihe ụtọ niile&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1991, Carla Trujillo dezigharịrị ma chịkọta, akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About (1991), nke Third Woman Press bipụtara.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;'' Akwụkwọ akụkọ a gosipụtara ihe osise mkpuchi nke Ester Hernandez nke akpọrọ &quot;La Ofrenda&quot;. ''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;'' Vincent Carillo kwuru na mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na-agbagha ihe ngosi omenala nke Chicanas na ike nwoke na nwanyị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Carrillo|first=Vicente|date=2020-12-01|title=Vicente Carrillo. Review of &quot;To Tame a Wild Tongue: Art after Chicanismo&quot; .|url=http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/3840|journal=Caa.reviews|language=en|doi=10.3202/caa.reviews.2020.107|issn=1543-950X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ a gụnyere uri na edemede nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-emepụta nghọta ọhụrụ banyere onwe ha site na mmekọahụ na agbụrụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe osise Chicana ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Faịlụ:Nao_Bustamonte_on_Dale_Radio.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Onye na-ese ihe na Chicana Nao Bustamante n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ (2012) ]]
Art gives Chicana women a platform to voice their unique challenges and experiences, such as artists Ester Hernandez and Judite Hernandez.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dicochea|first=Perlita R.|date=2004|title=Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=25|issue=1|pages=77–92|doi=10.1353/fro.2004.0032}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the Chicano Movement, Chicanas used art to express their political and social resistance. Through different art mediums both past and contemporary, Chicana artists have continued to push the boundaries of traditional Mexican-American values.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Chicana art utilizes many different mediums to express their views including murals, painting, photography, etc. to embody feminist themes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

The momentum created from the Chicano Movement spurred a cultural renaissance among Chicanas and Chicanos. Political art was created by poets, writers, playwrights, and artists and used to defend against their oppression as second-class citizens. During the 1970s, Chicana feminist artists differed from their Anglo-feminist counterparts in the way they collaborated. Chicana feminist artists often utilized artistic collaborations and collectives that included men, while Anglo-feminist artists generally utilized women-only participants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Through different art mediums both past and contemporary, Chicana artists have continued to push the boundaries of traditional Mexican-American values.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.laweekly.com/arts/how-mexicos-zapatistas-helped-inspire-a-feminist-chicana-art-movement-in-east-la-7988774|title=How Mexico's Zapatistas Helped Inspire a Feminist, Chicana Art Movement of East L.A.|author=Langlois|first=Jessica|date=March 3, 2017|work=LA Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị Chicana ===

==== Ụmụ nwanyị Muralist ====
[[Faịlụ:Precita_Eyes_building.jpg|thumb|247x247px|Precita Eyes (2015) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mujeres Muralistas.]]
Mujeres Muralistas bụ otu nka ụmụ nwanyị na Mission District nke San Francisco. Ndị otu gụnyere Patricia Rodriguez, Graciela Carrillo, Consuelo Mendez, Irene Perez, Susan Cervantes, Ester Hernandez, na Miriam Olivo.

Ndị otu Las ''Chicanas'' bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ma gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe Judy Baca, Judithe Hernández, Olga Muñiz, na Josefina Quesada. N'afọ 1976, otu ahụ gosipụtara Venas de la Mujer na Ụlọ Nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

==== Ndị Anọ ====
Onye na-ese ihe na-ese onyinyo Judithe Hernández sonyeere ndị ọrụ nka nwoke niile na 1974 dị ka onye otu ya nke ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere Frank Romero, Beto de la Rocha, Gilbert Luján, na Carlos Almaráz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11616098/the-fiery-visions-of-iconic-l-a-artist-carlos-almaraz.4|title=The 'Fiery' Visions of Iconic L.A. Artist Carlos Almaráz|date=2017-09-15|work=KQED|language=en-us|accessdate=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgwè ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na 1970s ruo mmalite 1980s. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

==== Social Public Art Resource Center (SPARC) ====
N'afọ 1976, ndị guzobere Judy Baca (naanị Chicana), Christina Schlesinger, na Donna Deitch guzobere SPARC. SPARC nwere oghere studio na oghere ọmụmụ ihe maka ndị na-ese ihe. SPARC na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe ngosi nka ma na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke mgbidi. Taa, SPARC ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma yie nke gara aga, na-agba ume maka njikọ aka Chicana / ma ọ bụ obodo na mkpọsa ọdịbendị na nka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ụlọ Nwaanyị (1973-1991) ====
The Woman's Building meghere na Los Angeles, CA na 1973. Na mgbakwunye na ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi nka na oghere studio. Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara, gụnyere ''Chicanas'', nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè n'ime ụlọ ahụ site n'aka ndị ọcha. Ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe Chicana ka a hapụrụ isonye na ngosi ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi nke Ụlọ Nwaanyị. Ndị na-ese ihe Chicana Olivia Sanchez Brown na Rosalyn Mesquite so na ole na ole gụnyere. Na mgbakwunye, otu Las Chicanas gosipụtara Venas de la Mujer na 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

Mgbidi bụ ihe kachasị amasị ndị na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Chicana ji mee ihe n'oge Chicano Movement. Judy Baca duziri nnukwu ọrụ mbụ maka SPARC, The Great Wall of Los Angeles. O were oge okpomọkụ ise iji mezue mgbidi ahụ dị mita 700 n'ogologo. Ọ bụ Baca, Judithe Hernández, Olga Muñiz, Isabel Castro, Yreina Cervántez, na Patssi Valdez rụchara ihe osise ahụ na mgbakwunye na ihe karịrị ndị omenkà 400 na ndị ntorobịa obodo. N'ịbụ nke dị na Tujunga Flood Control Channel na mpaghara Valley Glen nke San Fernando Valley, ihe osise ahụ na-egosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke California nke ndị na-acha uhie uhie na ndị ka nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 1989, Yreina Cervántez na ndị enyemaka Claudia Escobedes, Erick Montenegro, Vladimir Morales, na Sonia Ramos malitere mural, La Ofrenda, nke dị na etiti Los Angeles. Ihe osise ahụ, otuto nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Latina / ma ọ bụ, gosipụtara Dolores Huerta n'etiti na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ n'akụkụ ọ bụla iji nọchite anya ''''Onyinye'','' ụmụ nwanyị na United Farmer Workers Movement. Na mgbakwunye na mgbidi asatọ ndị ọzọ, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọdịbendị weere La Ofrenda dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'afọ 2016, mweghachi nke La Ofrenda malitere mgbe e sere ihe odide na mgbidi ọzọ n'elu ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sparcinla.org/projects/iconic-la-mural-saved-la-ofrenda/|title=Iconic LA mural SAVED: &quot;La Ofrenda&quot; by Yreina Cervantez|work=SPARCinLA|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-07|archivedate=2018-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123635/http://sparcinla.org/projects/iconic-la-mural-saved-la-ofrenda/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi nke LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes na California Historical Society haziri nke gosipụtara ihe osise ndị a na-emegbu emegbu ma ọ bụ ndị a na'enyocha n'oge gara aga họọrọ Barbara Carrasco's L.A History: A Mexican Perspective na mgbakwunye na ndị ọzọ. Malite na 1981 ma were ihe dị ka ọnwa asatọ iji mechaa, mgbidi ahụ nwere akụkụ 43 dị mita asatọ nke na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles ruo 1981. Carrasco nyochara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles ma zute ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere mere eme ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ na mbụ. A kwụsịrị ihe osise ahụ mgbe Carrasco jụrụ mgbanwe ndị a chọrọ n'aka Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo n'ihi ihe ngosi ya nke onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọrụ ebere bụbu ohu Biddy Mason, ụlọ mkpọrọ nke ụmụ amaala Japan America n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na 1943 Zoot Suit Riots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-barbara-carrasco-mural-20170930-htmlstory.html|title=After 27 years in a warehouse, a once-censored mural rises in L.A.'s Union Station|author=Vankin|first=Deborah|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=30 September 2017|accessdate=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe nkiri ===
Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ''Chicana'', nke Sylvia Morales mepụtara na 1979, ka Library of Congress debere na National Film Registry na 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hinckle|first=Jessica|date=2021-12-21|title=2021 National Film Registry Selections Reflect Diversity &amp; Challenge Stereotypes|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/1205446-2021-national-film-registry-selections-reflect-diversity-challenge-stereotypes|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=ComingSoon.net - Movie Trailers, TV &amp; Streaming News, and More|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ihe nkiri ahụ maka ụzọ nka ya na ihe ngosi, na-etinye &quot;ihe osise, ihe nkiri, akụkọ, na akaebe&quot; site na oghere ụmụ nwanyị Chicana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;

[[Linda García Merchant]] bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Afro-Chicana nke e mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere Las Mujeres de la Caucus Chicana, Palabras Dulces, Palabras Amargas, na obere akụkọ ndụ onwe onye No Es Facil . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Linda García Merchant will present on &quot;Intergenerational Witness as Praxis: Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage and Chicana por mi Raza Digital Memory Collective&quot;|url=https://events.ithaca.edu/event/linda_garcia_merchant_will_present_on_intergenerational_witness_as_praxis_recovering_the_us_hispanic_literary_heritage_and_chicano_por_mi_raza_digital_memory_collective#.Y8kFP-zMI1I|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=IC Events|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Espinoza|first=Dionne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Y9DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Afro+chicana%22&amp;pg=PA304|title=Chicana Movidas: New Narratives of Activism and Feminism in the Movement Era|date=2018-06-01|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-1-4773-1683-2|pages=304|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Xandra_Ibarra_(cropped).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|289x289px|Xandra Ibarra bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri na Chicana.]]
A naghị eji ihe osise eme ihe n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Chicana mana ọ ka nwere ndị na-akwado ya. Patssi Valdez bụ onye otu egwu Asco site na mbido afọ 1970 ruo n'etiti afọ 1980. Ihe osise Asco kwuru banyere nsogbu ndị na-esite na Chicanas / ahụmahụ pụrụ iche bi na njikọ nke agbụrụ, okike, na mmegbu mmekọahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

Laura Aguilar, bụ onye a maara maka &quot;foto ọmịiko&quot; ya, nke na-ejikarị onwe ya eme ihe dị ka isiokwu nke ọrụ ya kamakwa ndị mmadụ na-enweghị nnọchiteanya na ndị isi: Chicanas, obodo LBGTQ, na ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị ahụ dị iche iche. N'ime afọ ndị 1990, Aguilar sere foto ndị na-akwado ụlọ mmanya ụmụ nwanyị dị na Eastside Los Angeles. Aguilar jiri ahụ ya n'ọzara mee ihe dị ka isiokwu nke foto ya ebe ọ na-eji ya eme ihe iji yie ihe a tụrụ site na ala. N'afọ 1990, Aguilar mepụtara Three Eagles Flying, foto nwere akụkụ atọ nke gosipụtara onwe ya ọkara gba ọtọ n'etiti etiti ya na ọkọlọtọ Mexico na United States n'akụkụ dị iche iche ka eriri ahụ ya na-eke ya ma kpuchie ihu ya. Triptych ahụ na-anọchite anya mkpọrọ ọ na-enwe site na ọdịbendị abụọ ọ bụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-me-laura-aguilar-photographer-20180425-htmlstory.html|title=Photographer Laura Aguilar, chronicler of the body and Chicano identity, dies at 58|author=Miranda|first=Carolina A.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=25 April 2018|accessdate=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, Guadalupe Rosales malitere akaụntụ Instagram nke ga-aghọ Veterans na Rucas (@veterans_and_rucas). Ihe malitere dị ka ụzọ maka ezinụlọ Rosales iji jikọọ na ọdịbendị ha na-ekerịta site na itinye foto nke Chicana / o akụkọ ihe mere eme na nostalgia n'oge na-adịghị anya toro na ebe nchekwa a raara nye ọ bụghị naanị '90 Chicana / ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị ndị ntorobịa kamakwa laa azụ na 1940s. Tụkwasị na nke a, Rosales emeela ihe osise iji gosipụta ihe ndekọ ahụ site na usoro dijitalụ mbụ ya ma gosipụta onwe ya Echoes of a Collective Memory na Legends Never Die, A Collective Memory . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-guadalupe-rosales-veteranas-rucas-vpam-20181019-story.html|title=Guadalupe Rosales used Instagram to create an archive of Chicano youth of the '90s — now it's an art installation|author=Miranda|first=Carolina A.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=19 October 2018|accessdate=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Echiche nke ịkekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chicanas / os abụwo ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Chicana malite na 1970s ruo taa. Judy Baca na Judithe Hernández ejirila isiokwu ahụ ma ọ bụ dozie akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ezo aka na ọrụ mural ha. Na nka nke oge a, Guadalupe Rosales na-eji isiokwu nke ncheta mkpokọta iji kesaa akụkọ Chicana / o na nostalgia.

=== Nwa Agbọghọ Na-amaghị Nwoke ===
[[Faịlụ:Yolanda_Lopez.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Nkọwa nke 1978 nke Yolanda Lopez nke La Virgen de Guadalupe, nke akpọrọ 'Portrait of the Artist as the Virgin of Guadalube'.]]
Yolanda López na Ester Hernandez bụ ndị Chicana abụọ na-ese ihe na-eji ntụgharị nke La Virgen de Guadalupe mee ka Chicanas nwee ike. La Virgen bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ihe ịma aka ndị Chicanas na-eche ihu n'ihi mmegbu pụrụ iche ha na-enwe n'okpukpe, ọdịbendị, na site na okike ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Serna|first=Cristina|title=Locating A Transborder Archive of Queer Chicana Feminist and Mexican Lesbian Feminist Art|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2017|volume=29|issue=3|pages=49–79|doi=10.1353/ff.2017.0030}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ester Hernández zoro aka na Virgen de Guadalupe dị nsọ na ihe osise ya, La Ofrenda (1988). Ihe osise na-amata ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ama ọrụ ọdịnala nke la familia aka. Ọ na-agbagha nsọpụrụ na ịdị nsọ nke La Virgen site n'igosi ya dị ka egbugbu n'azụ nwanyị. [http://www.palgrave-journals.com/lst/journal/v7/n3/images/lst200925f1.jpg Nwanyị Na-amaghị Nwoke nke Guadalupe Na-agbachitere Ihe Ndị Ruuru nke Ndị Xican (1975)] 
* Alma Lopez - Our Lady of Controversy &quot;Irreverent Appearance&quot; (2001). Ihe oyiyi a bụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta ma bụrụ ihe ngosi nke La Virgen. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-27-ca-2979-story.html Lee isiokwu L.A. Times]

== Akwụkwọ Chicana ==
[[Faịlụ:Lorna_Dee_Cervantes_(cropped).jpg|thumb|221x221px|Lorna Dee Cervantes (2017) bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede uri Chicana kachasị nwee mmetụta.]]
Kemgbe afọ 1970, ọtụtụ ndị edemede Chicana (dị ka Cherríe Moraga, Gloria Anzaldúa na Ana Castillo) ekwupụtala nkọwa nke ha banyere ụmụ nwanyị Chicana site na akwụkwọ ha. Moraga na Anzaldúa dezigharịrị akwụkwọ edemede nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara nke akpọrọ This Bridge Called My Back &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adair|first=Cassius|title=The Digital Afterlives of This Bridge Called My Back : Woman of Color Feminism, Digital Labor, and Networked Pedagogy|url=https://archive.org/details/american-literature_2017-06_89_2/page/255|journal=American Literature|date=June 2017|volume=89|issue=2|pages=255–278|doi=10.1215/00029831-3861505}}&lt;/ref&gt; (nke Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press bipụtara) na mbido afọ 1980. Cherríe Moraga, ya na Ana Castillo na Norma Alarcón, gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ a n'ime ederede asụsụ Spanish nke akpọrọ Esta Puente, Mi Espalda: Voces de Mujeres Tercermundistas en los Estados Unidos. Anzaldúa bipụtakwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Asụsụ Abụọ (Spanish / English), Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza . Mariana Roma-Carmona, Alma Gómez, na Cherríe Moraga bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ akpọrọ Cuentos: Stories by Latinas, nke Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press bipụtara. A na-ezo aka n'asụsụ Spanish dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa maka ichekwa ọdịbendị Chicana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Irene_Lora_Silva_2016.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|240x240px|Chicana feminist poet ire'ne lara silva (2016) ]]
E bipụtara Chicana Feminist Journal mbụ na 1973, nke a na-akpọ Encuentro Femenil: The First Chicana Feminista Journal, nke Anna Nieto-Gómez bipụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Massacre of the Dreamers : Essays on Xicanisma. 20th Anniversary Updated Edition.|url=https://archive.org/details/massacreofdreame0000anac|author=Castillo|first=Anna|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|year=2014|isbn=9780826353580|pages=[https://archive.org/details/massacreofdreame0000anac/page/35 35]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicana mbụ bụ Sheila Ortiz Taylor's Faultline, nke e bipụtara na 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Esquibel|first=Catrióna Rueda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV5c7ItQeWEC&amp;q=chicana+lesbian+feminism|title=With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians|date=2009-09-15|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78210-5|pages=xvi-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Juanita Ramos na Latina Lesbian History Project chịkọtara otu anthology gụnyere tatiana de la tierra's first published poem, &quot;De ambiente&quot;,  na ọtụtụ Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Latina lesbians a na-akpọ Compañeras: Latina Lesbians (1987). &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;/&gt;

Onye na-ede uri Chicana lesbian-feminist Gloria Anzaldúa na-ekwu na ịkpọ aha onye edemede dabere na ọnọdụ ha na-enye ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ohere ịghọta ebe onye edemede nọ na ọha mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpa ịmata na njirimara njirimara na-etinye onye edemede, ha anaghị egosipụta ederede ha. Anzaldúa na-ekwu na ụdị akara a nwere ike iwepụ ndị edemede na-agbasoghị na omenala a.

Kemgbe afọ 1990, e nweela ịrị elu na akwụkwọ Chicana na-anabata ụmụ nwanyị mba na Isiokwu ọdịbendị, ọkachasị ijikọ ahụmịhe Chicana na ọnọdụ Latin America.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=DeGuzmán|first=María|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pm3oFeMZQYC&amp;dq=%22Afro+chicana%22&amp;pg=PA242|title=Buenas Noches, American Culture: Latina/o Aesthetics of Night|date=2012-07-09|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00190-0|pages=241–42|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a gosipụtara nke a na ọrụ Graciela Limón In Search of Bernabe (1997) na Erased Faces (2001). &lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt;

== Egwú Chicana ==
[[Faịlụ:New_Romantic_photo_shoot.jpg|thumb|212x212px|Alice Bag, onye na-ese egwu Chicana (1980s) ]]
N'ịnọgide na-anọghị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Chicano, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu Chicana, dị ka Rita Vidaurri na María de Luz Flores Aceves, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Lucha Reyes, site na 1940s na 50s, nwere ike ịbụ na ọtụtụ ọganihu nke Chicana Feminist movements mere na narị afọ gara aga. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Vidaurri na Aceves so n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Mexico mbụ na-eyi uwe charro mgbe ha na-eme rancheras.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vargas|first=Deborah|title=Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda|date=2012|publisher=The University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7316-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&amp;q=chicana+feminist+music+artists+girl+in+a+coma&amp;pg=PP2|accessdate=2015-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nwere ọtụtụ ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Chicana, onye ọ bụla na-enye Chicanas njirimara ọhụrụ site na egwu ha. Ihe atụ dị mkpa nke onye egwu Chicana bụ Rosita Fernández, onye na-ese ihe si San Antonio, Texas. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, [[Lady Bird Johnson]] kpọrọ ya &quot;San Antonio's First Lady of Song&quot;, onye na-agụ egwu Tejano bụ ihe nnọchianya nke Chicana feminism maka ọtụtụ ndị Mexico America ka bụ taa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt; A kọwara ya dị ka &quot;onye buru ibu karịa ndụ&quot;, na-eme ihe ugboro ugboro na uwe China poblana, n'oge ọrụ ya, nke na-ewe ihe karịrị afọ 60. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwetụbeghị nnukwu aha na mpụga San Antonio, n'agbanyeghị ọchịchị ogologo oge ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị inyom Mexico America na-eme ihe nkiri ọha na eze na narị afọ nke 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vargas|first=Deborah|title=Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda|date=2012|publisher=The University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7316-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&amp;q=chicana+feminist+music+artists+girl+in+a+coma&amp;pg=PP2|accessdate=2015-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Chelo Silva - Tejana Onye na-agụ egwú&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rodríguez|first=Juan Carlos|title=Silva, Consuelo [Chelo]|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/silva-consuelo-chelo|work=Texas State Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eva Ybarra - Onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na Tejana (1945-) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://americansabor.org/musicians/eva-ybarra|title=Eva Ybarra - American Sabor|accessdate=2015-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504005904/http://americansabor.org/musicians/eva-ybarra|archivedate=2017-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ventura Alonzo - Chicana Accordionist (1904-2000) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kutx.org/this-week-in-texas-music-history/ventura-alonzo|title=KUTX » Ventura Alonzo, Queen of the Accordion|date=31 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eva Garza - Tejana Singer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fgaak|title=GARZA, EVA - The Handbook of Texas Online- Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)|date=30 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Selena Quintanilla-Pérez - Tejana Singer (1971-1995) 
* Gloria Ríos - Onye na-agụ egwú Hispanic &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maph49.galeon.com/avandaro/gloriarios.html|title=Gloria Ríos: La reina ignorada del rock and roll mexicano|accessdate=2015-06-10|archivedate=2011-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923004659/http://www.maph49.galeon.com/avandaro/gloriarios.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Girl in a Coma - Tejana indie rock band si San Antonio
* Quetzal - East Los Angeles Chicano alternative rock band &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://content.lib.washington.edu/wwrweb/making-scenes/bioGonzalez_Martha.html|title=Women Who Rock Oral History Archive :: Martha Gonzalez}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bags - òtù egwu punk rock nke Los Angeles, nke Alice Bag duziri.

== Ndị ama ama ==

* Alma M. Garcia - Prọfesọ nke Sociology na Mahadum Santa Clara.
* Ana Castillo - Onye edemede, onye edemede, ode akwukwo, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye edemedo na onye na-ede egwuregwu nke a maara maka ịkọwa eziokwu nke ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Chicana.
* Anna Nieto-Gómez - Onye isi nhazi nke Chicana Movement na onye guzobere Hijas de Cuauhtémoc.''Ụmụ nwanyị Cuauhtémoc''
* Carla Trujillo - Onye edemede, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye nkuzi.
* Chela Sandoval - Onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Chicano na Chicana na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara.
* Cherríe Moraga - Onye edemede, onye na-ede uri, onye nkuzi na-eme ngagharị iwe, na onye na-ese ihe na Mahadum Stanford.
* Adriana Yadira Gallego - Onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese foto ọha na eze, onye nchịkwa nka, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Arts Foundation maka Tucson na Southern Arizona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adriana Yadira Gallego|url=https://artsfoundtucson.org/directory/adriana-yadira-gallego/|accessdate=2025-03-07|work=Arts Foundation for Tucson and Southern Arizona|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312083446/https://artsfoundtucson.org/directory/adriana-yadira-gallego/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dolores Huerta - Ya na César Chavez malitere National Farm Worker's Association na 1962 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://doloreshuerta.org/dolores-huerta/|title=Dolores Huerta {{!}} Dolores Huerta Foundation|work=doloreshuerta.org|accessdate=2020-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ester Hernandez - Site n'iji nka, na-eji usoro dị iche iche dị ka pastel, mbipụta, na ihe osise, ọ nwere ike igosi ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Latina / Native.
* Gloria Anzaldúa - Ọkà mmụta nke Chicana omenala na onye dere Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, n'etiti akwụkwọ Chicana ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta.
* Judithe Hernandez - onye na-ese ihe na Los Angeles nke na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ Cesar Chavez iji see ihe osise ndị mebiri ihe mgbochi iji kwalite usoro Chicana.
* Martha Gonzalez (onye egwu) - Chicana artivist na onye isi nke Quetzal (ìgwè)  nwetara Grammy Award.
* Martha P. Cotera - Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye edemede n'oge Chicana Feminist Movement na Chicano Civil Rights Movement.
* Norma Alarcón - Onye edemede Chicana nwere mmetụta.
* Sandra Cisneros - Onye isi na-enye aka na akwụkwọ Chicana.
* Vicki L. Ruiz - onye America na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị Mexico-America na narị afọ nke iri abụọ.
* Elizabeth Martinez - onye na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na onye edemede ogologo oge.
* Francisca Flores - Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Chicana. O so guzobe Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional . 

== Òtù ndị a ma ama ==

* Alianza Hispano-Americana - E hiwere ya na 1894, ndị otu Alianza na-akwalite omume ọma na omenala, na-enye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na uru ahụike dị iche iche na mkpuchi maka ndị otu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=From Out of the Shadows|url=https://archive.org/details/fromoutofshadows0000ruiz|author=Ruiz|first=Vicki L.|publisher=Oxford University Press Inc.|year=1998|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [http://www.chicasrockerassela.org/ Chicas Rockeras South East Los Angeles] - Na-akwalite ọgwụgwọ, uto, na obi ike maka ụmụ agbọghọ site na agụmakwụkwọ egwu
* California Latinas for Reproductive Justice - Na-akwalite ikpe ziri ezi na ikike mmadụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ Latina site na usoro ikpe ziri ezi ọmụmụ
* Las Foto Project - Na-eme ka ndị ntorobịa Latina nwee ike, na-enyere ụmụ agbọghọ aka iwulite ùgwù onwe onye na obi ike site na foto na nkwupụta onwe onye
* Museum of Latin American Art (MOLAA) - Nke dị na Long Beach, CA ebe ngosi nka a na-agbasawanye ihe ọmụma na ekele maka nka Latin America nke oge a na nke oge a.
* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)  - Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na United States, nke W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, na Moorfield Storey na Ida B. Wells guzobere na 1909 iji kwalite ikpe ziri ezi maka ndị Africa America.
* National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference - Nke Crusade for Justice haziri, ihe omume ahụ sitere na El Plan Espiritual de Aztlan, nke chọrọ ịhazi ndị Chicano gburugburu mmemme mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) - Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke Congress guzobere na 1935 iji jikwaa National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) nke na-echebe ikike ndị ọrụ ịhazi na ma ọ bụ ije ozi na òtù dị ka ndị nnọchi anya na ndị were ha n'ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* Ovarian Psycos - Ndị na-eto eto na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na East Los Angeles bụ ndị na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ike site na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na'elu ha.
* Radical Monarchs - otu ikpe ziri ezi nke dị na California, maka ụmụ agbọghọ na-acha uhie uhie iji nweta baajị ikpe ziri ezi. N'ịbụ ndị Brown Berets na Black Panthers nwere mmetụta, ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a chọrọ ịmepụta mgbanwe na obodo ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://radicalmonarchs.org/|title=Radical Monarchs|date=October 2018|work=Radical Monarchs|accessdate=October 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Black feminism|Ụmụ nwanyị ojii]]
* Ọmụmụ ihe Chicano
* Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Latina na United States
* Ịbụ onye inyom na Mexico
* Enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Mexico
* Ụmụ nwanyị Gypsy
* [[Intersectionality]]
* Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụwa nke atọ
* Ụmụ nwanyị ọcha
* [[Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị]]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Anzaldúa, Gloria, and Cherríe Moraga, editors. ''This bridge called my back: writings by radical women of color''. Watertown, Massachusetts: Persephone Press, c1981., Kitchen Table Press, 1983  .
* {{Cite book|editor=Alarcón|title=The Sexuality of Latinas|date=1989|publisher=Third Woman|oclc=555824915}}
* Anzaldúa, Gloria. ''Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza'', Aunt Lute Books,  
* Anzaldúa, Gloria. ''Making Face. Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative &amp; Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color'', Aunt Lute Books, 1990,  
* Arredondo, Gabriela, ''et al.'', editors. ''Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader''. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8223-3105-5|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8223-3105-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]].
* Balderrama, Francisco. In Defense of La Raza: The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community, 1929–1936. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982.
* {{Cite book|author=Castillo|first=Adelaida R. Del|year=2005|title=Between Borders: Essays on Mexicana/Chicana History|publisher=Floricanto Press|isbn=978-0-915745-70-8}}
* Castillo, Ana. ''Massacre of the dreamers : essays on Xicanisma''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8263-1554-2|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8263-1554-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].
* Cotera, Martha. ''The Chicana feminist''. Austin, Texas: Information Systems Development, 1977.
* {{Cite journal|author=Córdova|first=Teresa|title=Anti-colonial Chicana feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/new-political-science_1998-12_20_4/page/379|journal=New Political Science|date=December 1998|volume=20|issue=4|pages=379–397|doi=10.1080/07393149808429837}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Davalos|first=Karen Mary|title=Sin Vergüenza: Chicana Feminist Theorizing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_spring-summer-2008_34_1-2/page/151|journal=Feminist Studies|date=2008|volume=34|issue=1/2|pages=151–171}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Dicochea|first=Perlita R.|title=Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|date=2004|volume=25|issue=1|pages=77–92|doi=10.1353/fro.2004.0032}}
* DuBois, Ellen Carol, and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. Unequal Sisters: A multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History. New York: Routledge, 1990.
* García, Alma M., and Mario T. Garcia, editors. ''Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings''. New York: Routledge, 1997.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-91800-6|&lt;bdi&gt;0-415-91800-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].
* {{Cite journal|author=Garcia|first=Alma M.|title=The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse, 1970-1980|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_1989-06_3_2/page/217|journal=Gender and Society|date=1989|volume=3|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.1177/089124389003002004}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Havlin|first=Natalie|title='To Live a Humanity under the Skin': Revolutionary Love and Third World Praxis in 1970s Chicana Feminism|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|date=2015|volume=43|issue=3/4|pages=78–97|doi=10.1353/wsq.2015.0047}}
* Hurtado, Aida. ''The Color of Privilege: Three Blasphemies on Race and Feminism''. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1996.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06531-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-472-06531-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]].
* {{Cite journal|author=Moya|first=Paula M. L.|title=Chicana Feminism and Postmodernist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_winter-2001_26_2/page/441|journal=Signs|date=2001|volume=26|issue=2|pages=441–483|doi=10.1086/495600}}
* Ramos, Juanita. ''Companeras: Latina Lesbians'', Latina Lesbian History Project, 1987,  
* {{Cite journal|id={{EBSCOhost|109928863}}|author=Rodriguez|first=Samantha M.|title=Carving Spaces for Feminism and Nationalism: Texas Chicana Activism during the Chicana/O Movement|journal=Journal of South Texas|volume=27|issue=2|year=2014|pages=38–52}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
* Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600–1940. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.
* Roma-Carmona, Mariana, Alma Gomez and Cherríe Moraga. ''Cuentos: Stories by Latinas'', ''Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press''.
* Roth, Benita. ''Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave'', Cambridge University Press, 2003,  
* Ruiz, Vicki L. From out of the Shadows. Oxford University Publishing Inc., 1998.
* {{Cite journal|author=Saldivar-Hull|first=Sonia|title=Women hollering transfronteriza feminisms|url=https://archive.org/details/cultural-studies_1999-04_13_2/page/251|journal=Cultural Studies|date=April 1999|volume=13|issue=2|pages=251–262|doi=10.1080/095023899335275}}
* Trujillo, Carla, ed. Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About. Berkeley, Calif.: Third Woman Press, 1991.
* {{Cite book|author=Pérez|first=Ricardo F. Vivancos|year=2013|title=Radical Chicana Poetics|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-34358-1}}
* Whaley, Charlotte. Nina Otero-Warren of Santa Fe. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.chicanas.com Chicana Feminisms Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070708053325/http://www.floricantopress.com/BetweenBo.htm Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chicanas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070914081139/http://chicana-swicki.eurekster.com/ Peeji Ọchụchọ Obodo Chicana]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="82188" sha1="ovl3nm14mur3kjgfb0k7g8kfumtj1j3" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Las_Chicanas_Poster.jpg|thumb|Osisi ụmụ agbọghọ na LA Plaza de Cultura y ArtesEbe Ọdịbendị na Nkà]]
Chicana/o femism bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, echiche, na praxis nke na-enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị, ime mmụọ, agụmakwụkwọ, na akụ na ụba na-emetụta Chicanas na obodo Chicana / ma ọ bụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|year=2014|chapter=The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse|chapterurl=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315022277-16/development-chicana-feminist-discourse-alma-garcia|title=Feminist Nationalism|language=en|pages=247–268|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315022277|isbn=9781136669675|editor=West}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chicana femism na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịma ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze aka ma na-ewere onye ọ bụla dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke na-alụ ọgụ maka njedebe nke [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|Mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị]] na obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=NietoGomez|first=Anna|title=Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-91801-5|editor=Garcia|pages=52–57|chapter=Chicana Feminism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxIe4JwcmqEC&amp;pg=PA52}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Feminism nke Chicana gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha nwetaghachi ịdị adị ha n'etiti na n'etiti Chicano Movement na mmegharị nwanyị nke abụọ site na 1960 ruo 1970. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke Chicana ghọtara na inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ga-enye obodo Chicana/o ike, ma na-eche mmegide ihu mgbe niile. Mmepe dị egwu n'ọhịa, gụnyere site na ndị nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị nke Chicana, gbasaara obere echiche nke Chicana karịa nghọta nkịtị.

Xicanisma hibere dị ka ntinye aka dị mkpa nke Ana Castillo mepụtara na 1994 iji mee ka nwanyị chicana nwee ume ma mata mgbanwe n'ime mmụọ nke mere kemgbe Chicano Movement, dị ka ndọtị na mgbasawanye nke Chicanismo. O nwere akụkụ kpaliri nguzobe nke Xicanx. Ihe mmepụta omenala Chicana, gụnyere nka, akwụkwọ, uri, egwu, na ihe nkiri na-aga n'ihu na-akpụzi chicana feminism n'ụzọ ọhụrụ. A na-etinyekarị okpukpe chicana na mkparịta ụka ya na feminism decolonial.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
[[Faịlụ:Corcoran,_San_Joaquin_Valley_California._Company_housing_for_Mexican_cotton_pickers_on_large_ranch._-_NARA_-_521720.jpg|thumb|Ụmụaka Mexico nọ n'ụlọ obibi ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na Corcoran, California (1940) &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rosales|first=F. Arturo|title=Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement|publisher=Arte Público Press|year=1997|isbn=9781611920949|pages=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị America ndị Mexico tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị mbụ. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a gụnyere ndị inyom dị ka Adelina Otero-Warren na Maria de G.E. Lopez. A mụrụ Otero-Warren n'ezinụlọ Hispano a ma ama. Ọtụtụ ndị America America, ọkachasị ndị na-enweghị ego na ndị na-adịghị ọcha, ndị na-etoliteghị n'ezinaụlọ ndị ama ama nọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche.
[[Faịlụ:Sylvia_Mendez.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mendez v. Westminster (1947) kwụsịrị Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. A malitere ikpe ahụ mgbe a jụrụ Sylvia Mendez (nke e sere na foto) ka ọ ghara idebanye aha na &quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha. &quot; Ụmụaka ndị Mexico America, ọkachasị ndị nwere akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị, ka a na-ekwe ka ha mụta agụmakwụkwọ aka, ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-akụzi nkwadebe agụmakwụkwọ. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ &quot;Mexican, a na-akụziri ụmụ agbọghọ naanị ịkwa akwa na ime ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gonzalez|first=Gilbert G.|title=Chicano education in the era of segregation|date=2013|isbn=978-1-57441-516-2|location=Denton, Texas|pages=175–180|oclc=843881943}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Tupu ngwụcha 1940s, ụmụaka ndị America Mexico na-etolitekarị na colonias kewapụrụ iche na obodo ụlọ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ugbo. Ọ bụ naanị gọọmentị US nyere ụmụaka Mexico, ọkachasị akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị ka ha gaa &quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ Mexico&quot; kewapụrụ iche. Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-akụzi nkwadebe agụmakwụkwọ, ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na &quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ Mexico&quot; ka a na-ekwe ka a kuziere ụlọ na ịkwa akwa, ebe a na-akụziri ụmụ nwoke ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ. Nke a na-echekwa klaasị na nkewa ego. A kwụsịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke De jure na 1947 na Mendez vs Westminster, ma nkewa ka nọgidere na-eme n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-aga n'ihu na mmegide Mexico.
[[Faịlụ:Dora_Barrios,_Frances_Silva,_and_Lorena_Encinas.png|thumb|A na-elegharakarị Pachucas anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mexico America n'ihi ihe ịma aka ha na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị ma mesoo ha dị ka &quot;nwoke dị ize ndụ  nwanyị dị egwu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ramírez|first=Catherine S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO5b9OvxuG4C&amp;dq=pachuca+feminism&amp;pg=PA146|title=The Woman in the Zoot Suit: Gender, Nationalism, and the Cultural Politics of Memory|date=2009-01-16|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-8864-7|pages=20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;[and]]]
Pachucas, ndị bụ onye mmekọ na Pachucos na 1940s, ejirila lens nwanyị megharịa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi ihe ịma aka ha na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ọkachasị n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Pachuca anaghị abụkarị onye a na-eme ememe na akụkọ ihe mere eme America nke Mexico, na mmepụta omenala Chicano, ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'okwu nwanyị nke Chicana, bụ nke ekwuru na ụzọ Pachucas siri gbaghaa ọrụ nwanyị na ezinụlọ omenala. Pachucas na-ejikarị ngwa agha nchebe onwe ya, dị njikere ịchụpụ ndị nwere ike ịwakpo. A na-emeso Pachuca ahụ dị ka &quot;nwoke dị ize ndụ na nke nwanyị.&quot; Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ajụ njirimara Chicana ma na-ahọrọ ịkọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị Hispanic nwere ike &quot;agaghị ahụ ma ọ bụ chọọ ịmata onwe ya&quot; na ọnụ ọgụgụ Pachuca.

N'adịghị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha anaghị emeso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ndị inyom Europe-American ma ọ bụ ndị ọcha lụrụ ọgụ megide ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị ọcha site na ebili mmiri nke nwanyị; Ebili nke mbụ lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ma nke abụọ lekwasịrị anya n'okwu gbasara mmekọahụ, ọha na eze na nzuzo, ikike ịmụ nwa, na ndina n'ike. Otú ọ dị, a napụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmegharị ndị a. Nke a gbara Chicanas ume bụ ndị bụ ndị nwanyị ma chọọ inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ịkatọ na ịzaghachi nchụpụ ha site na ma ndị Chicano na ndị isi ọgbọ nke abụọ, bụ ndị ghọrọ ntọala nke chicana feminism site na 1960.

== Usoro iheomume ==

=== Chicanas na Chicano Movement (1960s-1970s) ===
[[Faịlụ:EL_PASO'S_SECOND_WARD,_A_CHICANO_NEIGHBORHOOD_-_NARA_-_545331.jpg|thumb|Nwa agbọghọ na-agwa otu ìgwè ụmụ okorobịa okwu na El Segundo Barrio, El Paso (1971) ]]
Ọ bụ ezie na a haziri Chicano Movement iji nye ndị Mexico America ike, akụkọ na uche nke Movement leghaara ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-etinye aka na nhazi n'oge nnupụisi obodo a anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gutiérrez-Jones|first=Carl|title=Rethinking the Borderlands: Between Chicano Culture and Legal Discourse|url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingborder0000guti_v5r8|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=9780520085794|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rethinkingborder0000guti_v5r8/page/134 134]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:292&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Saldívar-Hull|first=Sonia|title=Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismonborder0000sald|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=9780520207332|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feminismonborder0000sald/page/29 29]–34}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ihe omume ndị a, ndị Chicana ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ha ghọtara mkpa ọ dị ijikọ okwu gbasara okike na ebumnuche nnwere onwe ndị ọzọ nke Chicano Movement.

''Chicanas'' gbahapụrụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ maka enweghị ike itinye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha. Chicanas n'oge a chere na a chụpụrụ ha n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na ha nwere mkpa, nchegbu, na ihe achọrọ dị iche iche. Site na mmegide na-aga n'ihu na nchụpụ ha, ụmụ nwanyị esila na a na-akpọ ''Ụmụ nwanyị Chicano'' gaa na Chicanas iji webata nkuchi nke a / o ma ọ bụ o / a dị ka ụzọ isi kweta nwoke na nwanyị mgbe ha na-atụle obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World|date=2011|publisher=SAGE Reference|editor=Stange|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=249–251}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alma Garcia dere na e kere òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Chicana ka ọ na-agbasosi nsogbu ndị ahụ metụtara ụmụ nwanyị Chicana, ma malite na ọgwụgwọ ha na Chicano Movement na mmegharị nwanyị nke abụọ. Ha chọrọ ka a na-emeso ha otu ihe nakwa ka a kwanyere ha ùgwù. Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Chicana mere ka ọtụtụ ndị Chicanas na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-agbachitere ikike ha ọ bụghị nanị dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị di, kama dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikọta ọnụ na-agbakọta ọnụ na-etolite obodo na-enye aka nhata.

==== Nhazi nke Chicana walkout (1968) ====
[[Faịlụ:Founding_co-editor_of_La_Raza_Ruth_Robinson_(right)_with_Margarita_Sanchez_at_the_Belmont_High_School_walkout,_part_of_a_series_of_1968_student_protests_for_education_reform_in_LA.jpg|thumb|Onye guzobere onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Raza Ruth Robinson (n'aka nri) na Margarita Sanchez na Belmont High School walkout, akụkụ nke usoro ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ 1968 maka mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ na LA.]]
Na Machị 1, 1968, ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 15,000 sonyere na ihe a bịara mara dị ka East Los Angeles School Blowouts. Ụmụ akwụkwọ Chicano n'ofe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị asaa dị na East Los Angeles siri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha pụọ na ngagharị iwe a haziri ahazi. Ụmụ akwụkwọ haziri maka mkpesa na-ekerịta gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ego ezughị oke, na nleghara akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Mexico n'ime usoro mmụta dị ugbu a. Ndị nwoke sonyere na njem ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ nlebara anya mgbasa ozi, ọkachasị ndị nwoke na-ahazi ụmụ akwụkwọ iri na atọ bụ ndị ejidere ma tụọ mkpọrọ maka ebubo izu nzuzo. Dolores Delgado Bernal, onye nyocha Chicana, na-ekwu na site n'itinye uche naanị na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke, nsonye na idu ndú nke ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị belatara nke ukwuu yana ebelata mgbalị a chọrọ iji hazie njem njem ahụ.

Ka e mesịrị n'etiti afọ ndị 1990, Dolores Delgado Bernal gbara ụmụ nwanyị asatọ dị mkpa sonyere ma ọ bụ ndị isi ajụjụ ọnụ, na-ewetara ụmụ nwanyị ndị mgbasa ozi leghaara anya: Celeste Baca, Vickie Castro, Paula Crisostomo, Mita Cuaron, Tanya Luna Mount, Rosalinda M. González, Rachael Ochoa Cervera, na Cassandra Zacarías.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Delgado Bernal|first=Dolores|date=1998|title=Grassroots Leadership Reconceptualized: Chicana Oral Histories and the 1968 East Los Angeles School Blowouts|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347162|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=19|issue=2|pages=113–142|doi=10.2307/3347162}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a kpughere na ha haziri nzukọ obodo, guzobere njikọ, n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ gafee ụlọ akwụkwọ na òtù dị iche iche, ma bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nzuzo iji gbasaa okwu nke mmegharị ahụ ma nata ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè na nkwado. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

Otu afọ mgbe ngagharị iwe ahụ gasịrị, e mere Nzukọ Nnwere Onwe Ndị Ntorobịa Chicano na 1969. Ihe dị ka 1,500 ndị Mexico American nọ n'afọ iri na ụma si n'akụkụ nile nke mba ahụ gara nzukọ ahụ, nke dugara n'ịkpọpụta okwu &quot;Chicanismo,&quot; &quot;El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán,&quot; na MEChA, nzukọ ụmụ akwụkwọ mba niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chicano Movement Geography - Mapping American Social Movements|url=https://depts.washington.edu/moves/Chicano_geography.shtml|accessdate=2022-11-18|work=depts.washington.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nnọkọ ahụ, a haziri ogbako iji kwurịta ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ na mmegharị ahụ na iji dozie nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Otú ọ dị, ogbako ahụ kwubiri na, &quot;Ọ bụ nkwekọrịta nke otu ahụ na nwanyị Chicana achọghị ka a tọhapụ ya. &quot; Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Anna Nieto-Gómez, na-ahụ nkwupụta a dị ka otu n'ime omume ndị siri ike nke kpaliri Chicana Feminist Movement. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nieto-Gomez, Anna: &quot;La Feminista&quot;, 1974 {{!}} Special Collections &amp; University Archives Finding Aid Database|url=https://archives.sdsu.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/86050|accessdate=2022-11-18|work=archives.sdsu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịgbaso nkwupụta a, e mere Nzukọ Chicana nke mbụ na Houston, Texas na Mee 1971. Nzukọ ahụ dọtara ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 600 si n'akụkụ nile nke United States iji kwurịta okwu gbasara ohere nhata maka agụmakwụkwọ, ikpe ziri ezi nke ọmụmụ, ịmepụta ebe nlekọta ụmụaka, na ndị ọzọ. A haziri nzukọ ahụ n'ime ogbako itoolu dị iche iche: &quot;Mmekọahụ na Chicana: Aha na Okwu,&quot; &quot; Nhọrọ maka Chicanas: Mmụta na Ọrụ,&quot; &quot;Alụmdi na nwunye: Chicana-Style,&quot; &quot;Okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị - Anyị Nwere Ebe na Ya?,&quot; &quot;Njuputa ụmụ nwanyị - Echiche Chicana, &quot;Ndị inyom na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - Onye ọ bụla nọ n'ebe ahụ, &quot;Militancy / Conservatism: Olee Ụzọ Na-aga n'ihu,&quot; na &quot;De Colores y Klas dị iche iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Reflecting on the Chicana Regional Conference of 1971: Fifty Years of Chicana Feminism in LA | date=11 May 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcPeUi9InhM |language=en |access-date=2022-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na ihe omume ahụ bụ nnukwu nnọkọ mbụ nke ụdị ya, nzukọ ahụ n'onwe ya jupụtara na esemokwu dị ka Chicanas si n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche na echiche dị iche iche lụrụ ọgụ maka ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ime òtù Chicano. Esemokwu ndị a dugara n'ịgba arụkwaghịm n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke nnọkọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blackwell|first=Maylei|title=¡Chicana Power!: Contested Histories of Feminism in the Chicano Movement|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1477312667|location=Austin, TX|pages=161–164}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Anna Nieto-Gómez si kwuo, &quot;mgbaghara ahụ mere ka esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Chicana na ndị na-akwado ya&quot;.

==== A na-ele ha anya dị ka ndị sabo na Movement ====
N'ịbụ ndị ọkà mmụta Maylei Blackwell kọwara dị ka &quot;vendida logic&quot;, a na-ebo ndị Chicana ụmụ nwanyị ebubo na ha bụ &quot;vendidas&quot; ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba ọchịchị Chicano mgba okpuru, nke a kọwara dị ka ndị na-emegide ezinụlọ, ndị na-egbochi mmadụ, na ndị na-eme ngagharị Chicano. N'akụkụ vendida, a na-akpọ ndị Chicana femists &quot;women's libber,&quot; &quot;agringadas,&quot; ma ọ bụ lesbians. A maara Chicanas ndị butere ụzọ na ihe kpatara ya dị ka ndị Loyalists.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;

Ụmụ nwanyị chọkwara ịlụ ọgụ nke ịkpọasị onwe onye nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọchịchị nke ndị ha. Nke a gụnyere imebi akụkọ ifo mujer buena/mujer mala, ebe a na-ele nwanyị Spanish anya dị ka onye dị mma na nwanyị ụmụ amaala nke bụ akụkụ nke obodo anya dị ka ihe ọjọọ. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị Chicana pụtara dị ka nzaghachi nye nna ochie, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa oke, na ọchịchị nchịkwa yana nzaghachi maka ụzọ niile ihe nketa mmegbu ndị a si abanye n'ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hurtado|first=Aida|title=Voicing Chicana Feminisms: Young Women Speak Out on Sexuality and Identity|publisher=NYU Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8147-3573-2|pages=94–96|chapter=Review of Part I: Implications for Feminist Theorizing|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2jfGPg3V9cC&amp;pg=PA94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ụmụ agbọghọ n'''ezinụlọ'' ====
[[Faịlụ:Mexican_woman_washing_clothes,_San_Antonio,_Texas_LCCN2017739367.tif|thumb|247x247px|Nwanyị Mexico America na-asa uwe na San Antonio, Texas (1944) ]]
Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke Chicana gbara aka ọrụ ha nyere n'iwu na la familia, ma chọọ ka ha nweta ahụmịhe intersectional nke ha chere ihu. Chicanas na-amata dị ka ndị maara nke ọma, kpebisiri ike, na mpako maka mgbọrọgwụ, ihe nketa, na ahụmahụ ha mgbe ha na-ebute La Raza ụzọ. Site na mmalite nke Chicano Movement, usoro ezinụlọ Chicano hụrụ mgbanwe dị egwu. Kpọmkwem, ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịjụ ajụjụ dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma nke ike ezinụlọ guzosiri ike na ebe ebe ha nọ n'ime mgba mba Chicano.

Ọ bụghị nanị na Chicanas nwetara mmetụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọchịchị alaeze ukwu na ndị ọcha America, kamakwa mmekọahụ n'ime ezinụlọ nke ha. N'okwu seminal &quot;La Chicana&quot;, Elizabeth Martinez, na-ekwu na: &quot;[La Chicana] na-emegbu ndị agha nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu, na mmekọahụ. Nke a nwere ike ikwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị niile na-adịghị ọcha na United States. Mmegbu ya site n'aka ndị agha nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu dị ka nke ndị ikom anyị na-atachi obi. Mmegbu site na mmekọahụ, naanị ya. &quot;

==== Nhazi ọrụ Chicana ====
[[Faịlụ:Mexican_American_women_at_Friedrich_Refrigeration.png|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị America nke Mexico na-arụ ọrụ na Friedrich Air Conditioning (1942) ]]
[[Emma Tenayuca]] bụ onye na-ahazi ọrụ na Mexico America na Dolores Huerta bụ isi ike na nzukọ ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ui7PDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=martha+cotera+Diosa+y+Hembra&amp;pg=PA14|title=Intersectional Chicana Feminisms: Sitios y Lenguas|date=2020-02-11|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-4123-2|pages=14–15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe akaebe nke onye ọrụ ugbo na-akwaga mba ọzọ bụ Maria Elena Lucas na-ekpughe nnukwu ihe isi ike nke ịhazi ndị ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lucas|first=María Elena|title=Forged under the sun: the life of María Elena Lucas = Forjada bajo el sol|url=https://archive.org/details/forgedundersunli0000luca|date=1993|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-06432-8|series=Women and culture series|location=Ann Arbor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farah Strike, 1972-1974, nke a na-akpọ &quot;strike nke narị afọ,&quot; bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Mexico America haziri ma duzie karịsịa na El Paso, Texas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-01-20|title=The Best of the Texas Century—Business|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/the-best-of-the-texas-century-business/|accessdate=2018-12-07|work=Texas Monthly|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọrụ nke Farah Manufacturing Company mere ngagharị iwe iji kwado nchekwa ọrụ na ikike ha iguzobe ma sonye n'òtù ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Shabecoff|first=Philip Shabecoff|date=16 June 1973|title=Farah Strike Has Become War of Attrition|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/16/archives/farah-strike-has-become-war-of-attriton-the-worst-part.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Chicana Feminist Organizations (1960s-1970s) ====
Otu n'ime òtù Chicana mbụ bụ East Los Angeles Chicana Welfare Rights Organization, nke Alicia Escalante guzobere na 1967. &lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Logan|first=Jim|date=11 April 2017|title=A Chicana Warrior|url=https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2017/017860/chicana-warrior|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415060447/http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2017/017860/chicana-warrior|archivedate=2017-04-15|accessdate=|work=UC Santa Barbara}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya olu nke East Los Angeles na nzukọ mkpọsa ebe ọ dịghị onye ọzọ si n'ógbè ahụ nọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Theoharis|first=Jeanne|title=A more beautiful and terrible history : the uses and misuses of civil rights history|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780807075876|date=2018|isbn=978-0-8070-7587-6|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780807075876/page/136 136]|oclc=1008773899}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kwuru okwu megide imerụ ndị na-enweta ọdịmma, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na Black.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chicana por mi Raza|url=https://chicanapormiraza.org/chicanas/alicia-escalante|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=chicanapormiraza.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu edemede 1968 maka Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Raza, o dere na steeti kwenyere na ndị na-enweta ọdịmma &quot;kwesịrị ihere maka ndụ&quot;.  Ọ haziri ime mkpesa maka mbelata ego ọdịmma maka mkpa ndị dị mkpa nke steeti kpọrọ &quot;mkpa pụrụ iche&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Brown_Berets.png|thumb|Chicana Brown Berets (1970) ]]
The Brown Berets were a youth group that took on a more militant approach to organizing for the Mexican-American community formed in California in the late 1960s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Herrera|first=Juan|date=22 January 2015|title=¡La Lucha Continua! Gloria Arellanes and the Making of a Chicano Movement in El Monte and Beyond|url=https://tropicsofmeta.com/2015/01/22/la-lucha-continua-gloria-arellanes-and-the-making-of-a-chicano-movement-in-el-monte-and-beyond/|work=Tropics of Meta|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They heavily valued strong bonds between women, stating that women Berets must acknowledge other women in the organization as ''hermanas en la lucha'' and encouraging them to stand together. Membership in the Brown Berets helped to give Chicanas autonomy, and the ability to express their own political views without fear.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Espinoza|first=Dionne|year=2001|title='Revolutionary Sisters': Women's Solidarity and Collective Identification among Chicana Brown Berets in East Los Angeles, 1967–1970|url=https://history.msu.edu/hst327/files/2018/05/Revolutionary-Sisters.pdf|journal=Aztlán|volume=26|issue=1|pages=17–58|doi=10.1525/azt.2001.26.1.17|accessdate=2020-08-23|archive-date=2020-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901144518/https://history.msu.edu/hst327/files/2018/05/Revolutionary-Sisters.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An important Chicana in the Brown Berets was Gloria Arellanes, the only female minister of the Brown Berets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-03-26|title=¡La Lucha Continua! Gloria Arellanes and Women in the Chicano Movement|url=https://www.kcet.org/history-society/la-lucha-continua-gloria-arellanes-and-women-in-the-chicano-movement|accessdate=2021-11-19|work=KCET|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E hiwere Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional (CFMN) na 1973. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2011|title=Yo Soy Chicana: A Chicana Feminist Movement|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/departures/yo-soy-chicana-a-chicana-feminist-movement|accessdate=24 March 2018|publisher=KCET|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Echiche maka CFMN malitere n'oge National Chicano Issues Conference mgbe otu ìgwè ndị Chicanas na-aga chọpụtara na echeghị nchegbu ha nke ọma na nzukọ Chicano. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ zutere n'èzí nzukọ ahụ wee dee usoro maka CFMN nke guzobere ha dị ka ndị isi obodo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndị maara ihe nke ndị mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Leon|first=Kendall|date=2013|title=La Hermandad and Chicanas Organizing: The Community Rhetoric of the Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional|url=https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&amp;context=communityliteracy|journal=Community Literacy Journal|volume=7|issue=2|pages=1–20|doi=10.1353/clj.2013.0004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Vilma_Martínez_por_la_TV_Publica_(8162663167).jpg|thumb|195x195px|Vilma Martinez (nke e sere na foto) guzobere Chicana Rights Project na 1974.]]
Emebere Chicana Rights Project na 1974 dị ka ọgbakọ iwu gbasara nwanyị nke Chicana iji chebe ikike iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị America America. Vilma Martinez butere ya wee kwuo okwu gbasara ọrụ, ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ na ikike ụlọ maka Chicanas. Ọ na-enyocha mmejuputa iwu zuru oke nke ọrụ na ọzụzụ (CETA), bụ nke butere mmụba nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na mmemme San Antonio. Ndị otu a gbakwara akwụkwọ maka mmetọ mmetọ nwoke na nwanyị Latina na Texas. O mere mgbanwe ná ndụ ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị. Nzukọ ahụ kwụsịrị na 1983.

=== Ọganihu dị egwu (Ọgwụgwụ afọ 1970s-1980s) ===
[[Faịlụ:ACRUSHLOVE_HiRes1.jpg|thumb|195x195px|Martha P. Cotera onye dere Diosa y Hembra (1976) na The Chicana Feminist (1977) ]]
Site na ngwụcha afọ 1970 ruo mmalite afọ 1990, Chicana femism mere ọganihu dị ịrịba ama n'ịmepụta Chicana critical consciousness site na ọtụtụ ederede ntọala na-ekpuchi ndụ na ahụmịhe Chicana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:292&quot;/&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a kpuchiri isiokwu ndị a na-enyochabeghị n'ụzọ miri emi, gụnyere mmekọahụ, Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, [[حقوق الإنجاب|ikike ọmụmụ]], ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, [[Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], na nkatọ ụcha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:292&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;/&gt;

Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị mkpa dị oke mkpa nke ederede ndị a, a nọgidere na-ahapụ ọtụtụ n'ime okwu nkatọ na ọmụmụ Chicana / ma ọ bụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, a ka na-elegharakarị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;/&gt; Nke a gosipụtara na ''Chicanismo'' na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwoke jụrụ ịgbanwe echiche ya ma nye echiche Chicana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Ihe odide ndị dị mkpa metụtara oge a bụ ntọala maka ọmụmụ Chicana / o, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-anabata ya, gụnyere: &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:292&quot;/&gt;

* Diosa y Hembra: The History and Heritage of Chicanas in the U.S. (1976) nke Martha P. Cotera dere
* The Chicana Feminist (1977) nke Martha P. Cotera dere
* Essays on La Mujer (1977) ed. nke Rosaura Sánchez na Rosa Martinez Cruz dere
* ''Ụmụ nwanyị Mexico na United States'' (1980) nke Magdalena Mora na Adelaida R. Del Castillo dere
* Àkwà mmiri a kpọrọ My Back (1981) ed. nke Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherríe Moraga dere
* ''Ịhụnanya n'Afọ Agha: Ihe Ọ dịghị Mgbe Ọ gafere n'Ebe Mgbere Ya'' (1983) nke Cherríe Moraga dere
* Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) nke Gloria Anzaldúa
* Ndị ibe: Latina Lesbians (1987) ed. nke Juanita Ramos dere
* The Sexuality of Latinas (1989) ed. site na Norma Alarcon, Ana Castillo, na Cherrie Moraga
* Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About (1991) ed. nke Carla Trujillo dere

=== ''Xicanisma'' (1990s-Ugbu a) ===
[[Faịlụ:Ana_Castillo_by_David_Shankbone.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Ana Castillo mepụtara Xicanisma iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị Chicana dị ike ma gosipụta mgbanwe n'ịmara ihe kemgbe Chicano Movement.]]
[[Faịlụ:Cross-image.svg|thumb|134x134px|''X'' na ''Xicanisma'' abụghị naanị mkpụrụedemede, kama ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị ma ọ bụ ịdị na nkuku ụzọ.]]
Okporo ụzọ a ma ọ bụ X na-ezo aka na ndụ ụmụ amaala ka ọtụtụ narị afọ nke ọchịchị colonial gasịrị. Ọ na-ekweta na oge “ebe ụmụ nwoke kpachaara anya weghara ikike okike nke ụmụ nwanyị” site na nchịkwa nke okike amachibidoro ụmụ nwanyị. Xicanisma na-ekwu maka mkpa ọ dị ọ bụghị nanị iji nwetaghachi mgbọrọgwụ na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ mmadụ, kamakwa iji &quot;weghachi nwanyị ahụ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na nsụhọ anyị&quot; nke ndị ọchịchị colonial wedara. Ya mere, ọ na-ama aka na akụkụ ndị nwoke na-eme ka mmegharị ahụ na ajọ mbunobi nke asụsụ Spanish: ịbụ Xicanisma karịa Chicanismo.

Castillo na-ekwu na iji X dị ka akara ntụziaka dị mkpa n'ihi na &quot;asụsụ bụ ụgbọ nke anyị na-ahụ onwe anyị n'ihe metụtara ụwa.&quot; Ihe ọ pụtara bụ na ọ bụrụ na anyị agbanwee asụsụ anyị ji aghọta onwe anyị, anyị nwere ike ịgbanwe otú anyị si ele ihe na otú anyị si eme ihe n’ụwa. Ebumnuche nke Xicanism maka Castillo abụghị iji dochie nna ochie na matriarchy, kama ịmepụta &quot;obodo na-enweghị ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya na mmegbu nke ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ịzụlite na ịchịkwa obodo&quot; na ebe a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ha nọ ugbu a site na ọchịchị okike.

== Isiokwu ==
[[Faịlụ:Alternativa_Feminista_4.djvu|thumb|177x177px|A na-enyocha nsogbu nke onyinyo onwe onye na Latin American femism n'ozuzu ya.]]
Enwere ọtụtụ isiokwu dị mkpa nke chicana feminism nke Chicanas mepụtara. Chicana feminism na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta mmegharị ka ukwuu karịa ka ọ na-emekarị; a na-enye ọtụtụ ndị nta n'otu ikpo okwu iji lụso ndị na-emegbu ha ọgụ, ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ụdị ikpe na-ezighị ezi.  Ntọhapụ nke Chicana na-emebi ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, yana ndị buru ibu n'ozuzu ha, na-enye ha ohere ibi ndụ dịka masịrị ha-na nkwanye ùgwù omenala na nha anya. Nkwụghachi azụ bụ isi isiokwu nke chicana feminism: ike ọ na-ewe ọ bụghị nanị iji kewaa kamakwa ịmepụta echiche ọhụrụ nke nha anya.

=== Ụdị ụmụ nwanyị ===
Isi ihe na-elekwasị anya maka ọtụtụ ndị inyom Chicana bụ ịmaliteghachi ụdị nwanyị nke La Virgen de Guadalupe, La Llorona, na La Malinche.[1] Ụdị ndị a egbochila Chicanas ịnweta mmekọahụ na ịdị mma nke ahụ n'ihi otú e si wuo ha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ụdị ọjọọ site na oghere nke ndị nna ochie na ọchịchị. Ịgbanwe akụkọ sitere na ihe nnọchianya ọdịnala (ndị nna ochie) nke ụdị ndị a na nghọta nke oge a banyere ụmụ nwanyị bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ nwanyị chicana, ma na-anọchite anya mmalite maka ịnaghachi ike ụmụ nwanyị Chicane, mmekọahụ, na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ. Ọrụ canonical nke Gloria Anzaldúa Borderlands / La Frontera na-ekwu maka ike na-akpaghasị nke ịweghachi ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ amaala iji wepụ ihe owuwu na ihe mgbochi ndị inyom, mmekọahụ ha, na nghọta ha banyere ịbụ nne: &quot;Agakwaghị m enwe ihere nke ihe dị adị. M ga-enwe olu m: India, Spanish, ọcha. &quot; 

==== Ihe oyiyi nke La Virgen de Guadalupe ====
[[Faịlụ:Virgin_de_Guadalupe,_in_Love_everything_is_possible.jpg|thumb|A kwadoro La Virgen de Guadalupe n'obodo Chicano na Mexico dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị ọcha na ịbụ nne ọma, nke a na-aghọta dị ka njirimara na-akọwa uru ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|date=April 1998|title=Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hypatia_spring-1998_13_2/page/134|journal=Hypatia|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–161|doi=10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A na-ewere La Virgen de Guadalupe, n'okwukwe Katọlik dị ka ihe nlereanya nke ịdị ọcha nke nwanyị na ịbụ nne, karịsịa na omenala Mexico na Chicano. Ndị otu Chicana feminist ije, dị ka onye na-ese ihe bụ Yolanda Lopez, achọla ị nwetaghachi ihe oyiyi nke La Virgen ma mebie echiche ahụ na amaghị nwoke bụ nanị ihe e ji amata uru na omume ọma nwanyị. Maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Lopez, onyinyo nke Guadalupe nwere ihe ọ pụtara nke na-abụghị okpukpe ọ bụla.

A na-ejikarị ọnụ ọgụgụ La Virgen de Guadalupe tụnyere La Malinche, nke na-egbochi Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị Chicana site na dichotomy patriarchal nke puta / nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke: ihe nlereanya dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma. A na-eweli ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma na-aga n'ihu n'ihu ụmụ nwanyị Mexico na Chicanas dị ka ihe oyiyi na enyo iji nyochaa onyinyo onwe ha ma kọwaa ùgwù onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

==== Ihe osise nke La Llorona ====
[[Faịlụ:MOM_D093_Donna_Marina_(La_Malinche).jpg|thumb|243x243px|A na-eji ihe oyiyi nke Malintzin mee ihe na obodo Chicano na Mexico dị ka ihe nnọchianya iji gbochie nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, site na ịhazi ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ngosipụta mmekọahụ dị ka onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;]]
Malintzin (ndị Spanish maara dị ka Doña Marina ma ọ bụ &quot;La Malinche&quot; mgbe Mexico nwesịrị nnwere onwe na Spain) mụrụ na 1505 na ndị nne na nna nwere ezigbo ego n'ime ime Mexico. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị ụmụ nwanyị eme ihe dị ka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge a, nne ya na di nke abụọ nne ya raara ya nye ma resị ya ndị Maya ịbụ ohu iji nweta ihe nketa maka nwanne ya nwoke mụrụ ọhụrụ. N'agbata afọ 12-14, e rere ya Hernan Cortés dị ka iko nwanyị, na n'ihi ọgụgụ isi ya na nkà ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, a kwalitere ya na &quot;nwunye&quot; ya na onye nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ntụgharị okwu Cortés, na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mmeri Spanish nke Tenochtitlan na, site na mgbakwunye, mmeri nke Alaeze Ukwu Aztec. Ọ mụrụ nwa Cortés, Martín, onye a na-ewere dị ka mestizo mbụ na mmalite nke agbụrụ &quot;Mexica&quot;.

When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, a person was needed to be executed to uphold centuries of colonial rule. Because of Malintzin's association with Cortés and her role as a translator and informant in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, she was seen as a traitor to her own race. In contrast, Chicana feminism calls for a different understanding.[1] Since patriotism was a concept unknown to natives in the sixteenth century, Malintzin had no sense of herself as an &quot;Indian,&quot; making it impossible for her to demonstrate ethnic loyalty or conscientiously act as a traitor. Malintzin was one of the millions of women bought and sold in pre-colonial Mexico. Unable to escape a group of men, and raped, Malintzin showed loyalty to Cortés to ensure her survival.

La Malinche abụrụla ihe nnọchianya nke adịghị arụ ọrụ, &quot;ndina n'ike,&quot; na ikpe mgbe niile maka mwakpo mmekọahụ. Kama ịbụ onye sabo ma ọ bụ &quot;nwanyị akwụna,&quot; Chicana feminism na-akpọ maka nghọta ya dị ka onye nnọchiteanya, iguzogide ndina n'ike na mmekpa ahụ (dị ka ọ na-emekarị n'etiti ndị ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ) site n'ịghọ onye mmekọ na onye ntụgharị okwu nke Cortés. Ịkatọ mmeri Mexico na Malinche na-emepụta ihe ndabere maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ nke ọha mmadụ na ịta ha ụta maka mmekọahụ ha, nke na-emegide nghọta. Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta Malinche dị ka onye Cortés tara ahụhụ, kama ịbụ akụkọ ifo. Chicana feminism na-akpọ maka nghọta nke a na-eto ya maka iguzogide mgbanwe ndị o mechara weta na ndụ.

Site n'ịgba ndị nnọchi anya ndị nna ochie na ndị ọchịchị aka ike, ndị edemede Chicana na-eweghachi mmekọrịta ha na La Malinche na ndị ọzọ dị ike, ma megharịa ha imepụta mmụọ na njirimara nke na-atọhapụ ma na-enye ike.  La Malinche bụ ihe atụ nke ọtụtụ narị afọ nke akụkọ ifo ndị nna ochie emetụtala nhụta ụmụ nwanyị Mexico, mgbe mgbe n'amaghị ya.

==== Ihe osise nke La Llorona ====
A maara La Llorona dị ka akụkọ ifo nke nne na-abọ ọbọ nke na-erikpu ụmụ ya mgbe ọ chọpụtara na di ya ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi. Ekwuru na mmuo ya na-aghari na mmiri. Ebufela akụkọ a site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ, omenala Chicano na ịrị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana chegharịala ya ọzọ. La Llorona ka eweghachiri dị ka dike siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana nwere ike imekọrịta ma mata ya. Akụkọ ifo nke La Llorona, nke a na-ahụta dị ka nne na-atụ egwu, enyochala ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na ndị edemede Chicana site n'echiche dị iche iche nke ha na-ahụ onwe ha na La Llorona. Ndị na-ede Chicana ejirila ọnụ ọgụgụ a mee ka a mara echiche ndị nna ochie nke ndị nọ n'èzí na n'ime omenala ha tinyeworo na Chicanas. Emepụtara akụkọ ọdịnala nke ọdachi ahụ dịka ntuziaka maka mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-eche ihu.

=== Duality na &quot;The New Mestiza&quot; ===
[[Faịlụ:Gloria_Anzaldua.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Ọrụ na echiche nke Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa (September 26, 1942 - May 15, 2004) bụ ntọala maka mmeghachi omume na Chicana femism.]]
Echiche nke &quot;Mestiza Ọhụrụ&quot; sitere n'aka onye edemede nwanyị bụ Gloria Anzaldúa. N'akwụkwọ ya, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, ọ na-ede, sị: &quot;Na a mgbe nile ọnọdụ nke uche nepantilism, okwu Aztec pụtara adọwara n'etiti ụzọ, la mestiza bụ a ngwaahịa nke nyefe nke omenala na ime mmụọ ụkpụrụ nke otu ìgwè ọzọ. N'ịbụ tricultural, monolingual, asụsụ abụọ ma ọ bụ multilingual, na-ekwu okwu a patois, na na a ọnọdụ nke ụdị nke perstimma ihu: nke meghere nke perstima. N'ime anyị na n'ime la Cultura Chicana, a na-ekwenyekarị na nkwenkwe nke omenala ndị Mexico, ma ọgụ abụọ a na-enwekarị nkwenkwe nke omenala ụmụ amaala, anyị na-ahụ ọgụ megide onwe anyị na nkwenkwe anyị dị ka ihe iyi egwu na anyị na-anwa igbochi. &quot;

Anzaldúa na-ewepụta ụzọ ịbụ ndị Chicanas na-asọpụrụ echiche ha pụrụ iche na ahụmahụ ndụ ha. Echiche a nke ọdịdị na-enye ụzọ nke ịbụ ndị Chicanas bụ ndị na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka mgbe nile banyere njikọ omenala na esemokwu, n'ụzọ ndị na-enye nghọta ọhụrụ na nghọta nke onwe ha, mgbe mgbe na nkwụsị nke ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche. Echiche a na-ekpughe otú mmegide na-apụghị ịbụ ụzọ ndụ n'ihi na ọ dabeere n'iwu nke ịchịisi, n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ, mba, na omenala. Ọnọdụ mmegide na-eme ka mmadụ banye n'ọgụ n'etiti onye mmegbu na onye mmegbu; ndị kpọchiri n'agha na-egbu egbu, dị ka ndị uwe ojii na ndị omekome, na-agbadata n'otu ime ihe ike.

Ịbụ naanị onye na-emeghachi omume pụtara na ọ dịghị ihe e kere, megharịa, ma ọ bụ megharịa n'ọnọdụ nke omenala na-achị achị na omenala ahụ aghaghị ịnọgide na-achịkwa iji guzogide ịdị adị. Maka Anzaldua n'echiche nke a, a ga-enwerịrị ohere maka okike ọhụrụ. &quot;Mestiza ọhụrụ&quot; bụ ederede na-akọwa ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ Chicana. N'echiche a, ịbụ Chicana gụnyere ngwakọta, esemokwu, nnabata maka enweghị mgbagwoju anya, na, nke kachasị, ọ dịghị ihe a na-ajụ ma ọ bụ wepụ ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe nketa nke mmegbu. Ọzọkwa, echiche a nke ọdịdị na-achọ ijikọta akụkụ niile nke njirimara na ịmepụta nkọwa ọhụrụ, ọ bụghị nanị ijikọta ma ọ bụ jikọta akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara.

=== Onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ===
[[Faịlụ:MayDay2014-0806.jpg|thumb|Ụbọchị Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile (2014) na Oakland, California]]
The term mujerista was coined by Ada María Isasi-Díaz in 1996 and was heavily influenced by the African American feminist &quot;Womanist&quot; approach proposed by Alice Walker. This Latina feminist identity is rooted in the core idea of feminism by fighting inequality and oppression through participation in justice movements within the Latina/o community. Mujerismo is rooted in social relationships and emphasizes the individual's experience of &quot;community struggles&quot; to define Latina/o identity.

Mujerismo na-anọchi anya ahụ nke ihe ọmụma mgbe Mujerista na-ezo aka na onye na-egosipụta nkwenkwe ndị a. Mmalite nke okwu ndị a laghachiri na Gloria Anzaldúa's Bridge a Anyị na-akpọ Ụlọ (1987), Massacre Ana Castillo of the Dreamer: Essays in Xicanisma (1994), na Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherríe Moraga's This Bridge Called My Back (1984). Mujerista bụ ụzọ &quot;nwanyị&quot; Latina na-elekwasị anya na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na mmekọrịta. Ọ na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị ijikọta ndụ ọha na eze nke ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na ndụ onwe nke omenala na ụlọ site n'ịkwalite ahụmahụ omenala. Dị ka nke a, ọ dị iche na Feminista, nke na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị. Ịbụ Mujerista bụ ijikọta ahụ, mmetụta, mmụọ na obodo n'otu njirimara. Mujerismo ghọtara ka ahụmahụ onwe onye si bụrụ isi iyi bara uru nke ihe ọmụma. Mmepe nke ihe ndị a niile bụ ihe ndabere maka ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ụdị omume.

=== Mmụọ Nepantla ===
A na-ejikọta Nepantla na onye edemede Chicana feminist Gloria Anzaldúa, onye chepụtara okwu ahụ, &quot;Nepantlera.&quot; Nepantla bụ okwu Nahua nke sụgharịrị &quot;n'etiti ya&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;n'etiti&quot;. Enwere ike ịkọwa Nepantla dị ka echiche ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke enwere ọtụtụ eziokwu n'otu oge (Duality). Dị ka onye Chicana, nghọta na inwe ihe ọmụma nke ndị nna ochie banyere ọnọdụ ime mmụọ na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ụzọ nke ịgwọ ọrịa, ntọhapụ, ekele omenala, nghọta onwe onye, na ịhụ onwe ya n'anya.[1] &quot;Nepantleras bụ ọnụ ụzọ ndị mmadụ; ha na-agagharị n'ime na n'etiti ọtụtụ, na-enwekarị esemokwu, ụwa ma jụ ịkwado onwe ha nanị na onye ọ bụla, otu, ma ọ bụ usoro nkwenye.&quot; Nepantla bụ ụdị nke ịbụ onye Chicana ma na-akọwa ụzọ o si enweta ụwa na usoro mmegbu dị iche iche.

=== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ ===
Encarnación: Ọrịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anụ ahụ na Chicana Akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke Suzanne Bost na-enyocha otú Chicana feminism si gbanwee otú ụmụ nwanyị Chicana si ele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anya. Feminism agabigala nanị ilele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, ma ugbu a na-eleba anya na &quot;mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ahụ, omenala, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&quot; Ọ na-ele anya ugbu a karịa agbụrụ, ma na-agụnye njikọ, yana ka mmegharị, ohere, ike, ndị nlekọta, na ọrụ ha na ndụ si arụ ọrụ na ahụ Chicana. A na-atụle ihe atụ nke Frida Kahlo na ike ya, yana ọrịa shuga Gloria Anzaldúa, iji gosi otú e si ele ike anya mgbe a na-ekwu maka njirimara. Bost na-ede na &quot;Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị otu ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide jikọrọ ọnụ, nchọpụta anyị ga-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro omenala dị iche iche, mgbanwe mmetụta, na mgbanwe eziokwu. Echiche anyị banyere ahụ, njirimara, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-anọgide na-aga n'ihu. ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche ugbu a.

=== Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị ===
Chicana feminist theory gbanwere dị ka a theory of incodiment na a theory of flesh n'ihi canonical ọrụ nke Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherrie Moraga, ha abụọ na-akọwa dị ka queer. Ntinye aka nke ndị na-eme ihe ike na echiche ụmụ nwanyị Chicana kpọrọ maka itinye na nsọpụrụ nke jotería ọdịbendị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Na La Conciencia de la Mestiza, Anzaldúa dere na &quot;ndị mestizo na ndị na-eme ihe ike dị n'oge a ma na-ezo aka na evolushọn na-aga n'ihu maka ebumnuche. Anyị na-agwakọta nke na-egosi na a na-akpa ọbara niile ọnụ ma na anyị sitere na mkpụrụ obi ndị yiri ya. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Borderlands La Frontera The New Mestiza, 4th Edition|author=Anzaldua|first=Gloria|publisher=aunt lute|year=1987|location=San Francisco|pages=99–114}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntinye aka a na-eme ka ndị na-adịghị mma dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke nnwere onwe, ahụmịhe dị ndụ nke a na-apụghị ileghara anya ma ọ bụ wepụ. 

Na Queer Aztlán: The Reformation of Chicano Tribe, Cherríe Moraga na-ajụ ajụjụ banyere iwulite njirimara Chicano n'ihe gbasara queerness. Na-enye nkatọ banyere mwepu nke ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ime òtù ndị na-eme enyi nwoke na nwanyị nakwa homophobia na-arịwanye elu n'ime ndị na-ahụ mba Chicano.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vázquez|first=Francisco H|title=Latino/a Thought : Culture, Politics, and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/latinoathoughtcu0000unse|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|year=2009|isbn=9780742563544|pages=[https://archive.org/details/latinoathoughtcu0000unse/page/212 212]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moraga na-atụle Aztlán, ala na mba metaphysical nke bụ nke echiche Chicano, yana otu echiche dị n'ime obodo si gaa n'ihu n'ime ụdị ọdịbendị na obodo ọhụrụ iji dịrị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &quot;Ndị nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka n'ichebe ọdịbendị Chicano, mana anyị maara na ọdịbendị anyị agaghị adị ndụ n'ike n'alụmdi na nwunye, iti ihe, ịlụ di na nwunye, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ na mmanya na-aba n'anya eme ihe, ọrịa AIDS, na nchụpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Moraga na-eweta nkatọ banyere Chicano Movement na otu o si eleghara nsogbu ndị dị n'ime òtù ahụ anya, na nke ahụ ga-edozi ya anya iji chekwaa ọdịbendị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Chicana lesbian femism ===
Na Chicana Lesbians: Fear and Loathing in the Chicano Community &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Trujillo|first=Carla|title=Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About|url=https://archive.org/details/chicanalesbiansg0000unse|publisher=Third Woman Press|year=1991|isbn=9780943219066|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chicanalesbiansg0000unse/page/186 186]–195}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carla Trujillo na-atụle etu ịbụ Chicana lesbian si sie ike nke ukwuu n'ihi atụmanya ọdịbendị ha na ezinụlọ na heteronormativity. Ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-aghọ ndị nne na-emebi atụmanya a ma na-atọhapụ ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta nke ọdịbendị ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Maythee|first=Rojas|title=Women of Color and Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofcolorfemi0000roja|date=2009|publisher=Seal Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-1-58005-272-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trujillo na-ekwu na ịdị adị nke ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ya na-emebi ụkpụrụ e guzobere nke mmegbu ndị nna ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings.|author=Alma M.|first=Garcia|publisher=Routledge|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ekwu na a na-ele ụmụ nwanyị Chicana anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu n'ihi na ha na-ama ndị nwoke na-achịkwa òtù Chicano aka; ha na-eme ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Chicane mara banyere nnwere onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na Chicanas, ma ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na ha abụghị, a na-akụziri ha ịgbaso ụzọ ụfọdụ nke omume gbasara mmekọahụ ha: a &quot;na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị ịkwụsị ọchịchọ na mkpa mmekọahụ anyị site n'inye nwoke ihe ụtọ niile&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1991, Carla Trujillo dezigharịrị ma chịkọta, akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About (1991), nke Third Woman Press bipụtara.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;'' Akwụkwọ akụkọ a gosipụtara ihe osise mkpuchi nke Ester Hernandez nke akpọrọ &quot;La Ofrenda&quot;. ''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;'' Vincent Carillo kwuru na mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na-agbagha ihe ngosi omenala nke Chicanas na ike nwoke na nwanyị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Carrillo|first=Vicente|date=2020-12-01|title=Vicente Carrillo. Review of &quot;To Tame a Wild Tongue: Art after Chicanismo&quot; .|url=http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/3840|journal=Caa.reviews|language=en|doi=10.3202/caa.reviews.2020.107|issn=1543-950X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ a gụnyere uri na edemede nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-emepụta nghọta ọhụrụ banyere onwe ha site na mmekọahụ na agbụrụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe osise Chicana ==

[[Faịlụ:Nao_Bustamonte_on_Dale_Radio.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Onye na-ese ihe na Chicana Nao Bustamante n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ (2012) ]]
Art gives Chicana women a platform to voice their unique challenges and experiences, such as artists Ester Hernandez and Judite Hernandez.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dicochea|first=Perlita R.|date=2004|title=Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=25|issue=1|pages=77–92|doi=10.1353/fro.2004.0032}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the Chicano Movement, Chicanas used art to express their political and social resistance. Through different art mediums both past and contemporary, Chicana artists have continued to push the boundaries of traditional Mexican-American values.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Chicana art utilizes many different mediums to express their views including murals, painting, photography, etc. to embody feminist themes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

The momentum created from the Chicano Movement spurred a cultural renaissance among Chicanas and Chicanos. Political art was created by poets, writers, playwrights, and artists and used to defend against their oppression as second-class citizens. During the 1970s, Chicana feminist artists differed from their Anglo-feminist counterparts in the way they collaborated. Chicana feminist artists often utilized artistic collaborations and collectives that included men, while Anglo-feminist artists generally utilized women-only participants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Through different art mediums both past and contemporary, Chicana artists have continued to push the boundaries of traditional Mexican-American values.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.laweekly.com/arts/how-mexicos-zapatistas-helped-inspire-a-feminist-chicana-art-movement-in-east-la-7988774|title=How Mexico's Zapatistas Helped Inspire a Feminist, Chicana Art Movement of East L.A.|author=Langlois|first=Jessica|date=March 3, 2017|work=LA Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị Chicana ===

==== Ụmụ nwanyị Muralist ====
[[Faịlụ:Precita_Eyes_building.jpg|thumb|247x247px|Precita Eyes (2015) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mujeres Muralistas.]]
Mujeres Muralistas bụ otu nka ụmụ nwanyị na Mission District nke San Francisco. Ndị otu gụnyere Patricia Rodriguez, Graciela Carrillo, Consuelo Mendez, Irene Perez, Susan Cervantes, Ester Hernandez, na Miriam Olivo.

Ndị otu Las ''Chicanas'' bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ma gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe Judy Baca, Judithe Hernández, Olga Muñiz, na Josefina Quesada. N'afọ 1976, otu ahụ gosipụtara Venas de la Mujer na Ụlọ Nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

==== Ndị Anọ ====
Onye na-ese ihe na-ese onyinyo Judithe Hernández sonyeere ndị ọrụ nka nwoke niile na 1974 dị ka onye otu ya nke ise. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere Frank Romero, Beto de la Rocha, Gilbert Luján, na Carlos Almaráz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11616098/the-fiery-visions-of-iconic-l-a-artist-carlos-almaraz.4|title=The 'Fiery' Visions of Iconic L.A. Artist Carlos Almaráz|date=2017-09-15|work=KQED|language=en-us|accessdate=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgwè ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na 1970s ruo mmalite 1980s. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

==== Social Public Art Resource Center (SPARC) ====
N'afọ 1976, ndị guzobere Judy Baca (naanị Chicana), Christina Schlesinger, na Donna Deitch guzobere SPARC. SPARC nwere oghere studio na oghere ọmụmụ ihe maka ndị na-ese ihe. SPARC na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe ngosi nka ma na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke mgbidi. Taa, SPARC ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma yie nke gara aga, na-agba ume maka njikọ aka Chicana / ma ọ bụ obodo na mkpọsa ọdịbendị na nka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ụlọ Nwaanyị (1973-1991) ====
The Woman's Building meghere na Los Angeles, CA na 1973. Na mgbakwunye na ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi nka na oghere studio. Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara, gụnyere ''Chicanas'', nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè n'ime ụlọ ahụ site n'aka ndị ọcha. Ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe Chicana ka a hapụrụ isonye na ngosi ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi nke Ụlọ Nwaanyị. Ndị na-ese ihe Chicana Olivia Sanchez Brown na Rosalyn Mesquite so na ole na ole gụnyere. Na mgbakwunye, otu Las Chicanas gosipụtara Venas de la Mujer na 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

Mgbidi bụ ihe kachasị amasị ndị na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Chicana ji mee ihe n'oge Chicano Movement. Judy Baca duziri nnukwu ọrụ mbụ maka SPARC, The Great Wall of Los Angeles. O were oge okpomọkụ ise iji mezue mgbidi ahụ dị mita 700 n'ogologo. Ọ bụ Baca, Judithe Hernández, Olga Muñiz, Isabel Castro, Yreina Cervántez, na Patssi Valdez rụchara ihe osise ahụ na mgbakwunye na ihe karịrị ndị omenkà 400 na ndị ntorobịa obodo. N'ịbụ nke dị na Tujunga Flood Control Channel na mpaghara Valley Glen nke San Fernando Valley, ihe osise ahụ na-egosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke California nke ndị na-acha uhie uhie na ndị ka nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 1989, Yreina Cervántez na ndị enyemaka Claudia Escobedes, Erick Montenegro, Vladimir Morales, na Sonia Ramos malitere mural, La Ofrenda, nke dị na etiti Los Angeles. Ihe osise ahụ, otuto nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Latina / ma ọ bụ, gosipụtara Dolores Huerta n'etiti na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ n'akụkụ ọ bụla iji nọchite anya ''''Onyinye'','' ụmụ nwanyị na United Farmer Workers Movement. Na mgbakwunye na mgbidi asatọ ndị ọzọ, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọdịbendị weere La Ofrenda dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'afọ 2016, mweghachi nke La Ofrenda malitere mgbe e sere ihe odide na mgbidi ọzọ n'elu ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sparcinla.org/projects/iconic-la-mural-saved-la-ofrenda/|title=Iconic LA mural SAVED: &quot;La Ofrenda&quot; by Yreina Cervantez|work=SPARCinLA|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-07|archivedate=2018-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123635/http://sparcinla.org/projects/iconic-la-mural-saved-la-ofrenda/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi nke LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes na California Historical Society haziri nke gosipụtara ihe osise ndị a na-emegbu emegbu ma ọ bụ ndị a na'enyocha n'oge gara aga họọrọ Barbara Carrasco's L.A History: A Mexican Perspective na mgbakwunye na ndị ọzọ. Malite na 1981 ma were ihe dị ka ọnwa asatọ iji mechaa, mgbidi ahụ nwere akụkụ 43 dị mita asatọ nke na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles ruo 1981. Carrasco nyochara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles ma zute ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere mere eme ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ na mbụ. A kwụsịrị ihe osise ahụ mgbe Carrasco jụrụ mgbanwe ndị a chọrọ n'aka Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo n'ihi ihe ngosi ya nke onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọrụ ebere bụbu ohu Biddy Mason, ụlọ mkpọrọ nke ụmụ amaala Japan America n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na 1943 Zoot Suit Riots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-barbara-carrasco-mural-20170930-htmlstory.html|title=After 27 years in a warehouse, a once-censored mural rises in L.A.'s Union Station|author=Vankin|first=Deborah|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=30 September 2017|accessdate=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe nkiri ===
Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ''Chicana'', nke Sylvia Morales mepụtara na 1979, ka Library of Congress debere na National Film Registry na 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hinckle|first=Jessica|date=2021-12-21|title=2021 National Film Registry Selections Reflect Diversity &amp; Challenge Stereotypes|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/1205446-2021-national-film-registry-selections-reflect-diversity-challenge-stereotypes|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=ComingSoon.net - Movie Trailers, TV &amp; Streaming News, and More|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ihe nkiri ahụ maka ụzọ nka ya na ihe ngosi, na-etinye &quot;ihe osise, ihe nkiri, akụkọ, na akaebe&quot; site na oghere ụmụ nwanyị Chicana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;

[[Linda García Merchant]] bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Afro-Chicana nke e mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere Las Mujeres de la Caucus Chicana, Palabras Dulces, Palabras Amargas, na obere akụkọ ndụ onwe onye No Es Facil . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Linda García Merchant will present on &quot;Intergenerational Witness as Praxis: Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage and Chicana por mi Raza Digital Memory Collective&quot;|url=https://events.ithaca.edu/event/linda_garcia_merchant_will_present_on_intergenerational_witness_as_praxis_recovering_the_us_hispanic_literary_heritage_and_chicano_por_mi_raza_digital_memory_collective#.Y8kFP-zMI1I|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=IC Events|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Espinoza|first=Dionne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Y9DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Afro+chicana%22&amp;pg=PA304|title=Chicana Movidas: New Narratives of Activism and Feminism in the Movement Era|date=2018-06-01|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-1-4773-1683-2|pages=304|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Xandra_Ibarra_(cropped).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|289x289px|Xandra Ibarra bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri na Chicana.]]
A naghị eji ihe osise eme ihe n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Chicana mana ọ ka nwere ndị na-akwado ya. Patssi Valdez bụ onye otu egwu Asco site na mbido afọ 1970 ruo n'etiti afọ 1980. Ihe osise Asco kwuru banyere nsogbu ndị na-esite na Chicanas / ahụmahụ pụrụ iche bi na njikọ nke agbụrụ, okike, na mmegbu mmekọahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

Laura Aguilar, bụ onye a maara maka &quot;foto ọmịiko&quot; ya, nke na-ejikarị onwe ya eme ihe dị ka isiokwu nke ọrụ ya kamakwa ndị mmadụ na-enweghị nnọchiteanya na ndị isi: Chicanas, obodo LBGTQ, na ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị ahụ dị iche iche. N'ime afọ ndị 1990, Aguilar sere foto ndị na-akwado ụlọ mmanya ụmụ nwanyị dị na Eastside Los Angeles. Aguilar jiri ahụ ya n'ọzara mee ihe dị ka isiokwu nke foto ya ebe ọ na-eji ya eme ihe iji yie ihe a tụrụ site na ala. N'afọ 1990, Aguilar mepụtara Three Eagles Flying, foto nwere akụkụ atọ nke gosipụtara onwe ya ọkara gba ọtọ n'etiti etiti ya na ọkọlọtọ Mexico na United States n'akụkụ dị iche iche ka eriri ahụ ya na-eke ya ma kpuchie ihu ya. Triptych ahụ na-anọchite anya mkpọrọ ọ na-enwe site na ọdịbendị abụọ ọ bụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-me-laura-aguilar-photographer-20180425-htmlstory.html|title=Photographer Laura Aguilar, chronicler of the body and Chicano identity, dies at 58|author=Miranda|first=Carolina A.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=25 April 2018|accessdate=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, Guadalupe Rosales malitere akaụntụ Instagram nke ga-aghọ Veterans na Rucas (@veterans_and_rucas). Ihe malitere dị ka ụzọ maka ezinụlọ Rosales iji jikọọ na ọdịbendị ha na-ekerịta site na itinye foto nke Chicana / o akụkọ ihe mere eme na nostalgia n'oge na-adịghị anya toro na ebe nchekwa a raara nye ọ bụghị naanị '90 Chicana / ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị ndị ntorobịa kamakwa laa azụ na 1940s. Tụkwasị na nke a, Rosales emeela ihe osise iji gosipụta ihe ndekọ ahụ site na usoro dijitalụ mbụ ya ma gosipụta onwe ya Echoes of a Collective Memory na Legends Never Die, A Collective Memory . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-guadalupe-rosales-veteranas-rucas-vpam-20181019-story.html|title=Guadalupe Rosales used Instagram to create an archive of Chicano youth of the '90s — now it's an art installation|author=Miranda|first=Carolina A.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=19 October 2018|accessdate=2018-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Echiche nke ịkekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chicanas / os abụwo ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Chicana malite na 1970s ruo taa. Judy Baca na Judithe Hernández ejirila isiokwu ahụ ma ọ bụ dozie akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ezo aka na ọrụ mural ha. Na nka nke oge a, Guadalupe Rosales na-eji isiokwu nke ncheta mkpokọta iji kesaa akụkọ Chicana / o na nostalgia.

=== Nwa Agbọghọ Na-amaghị Nwoke ===
[[Faịlụ:Yolanda_Lopez.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Nkọwa nke 1978 nke Yolanda Lopez nke La Virgen de Guadalupe, nke akpọrọ 'Portrait of the Artist as the Virgin of Guadalube'.]]
Yolanda López na Ester Hernandez bụ ndị Chicana abụọ na-ese ihe na-eji ntụgharị nke La Virgen de Guadalupe mee ka Chicanas nwee ike. La Virgen bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ihe ịma aka ndị Chicanas na-eche ihu n'ihi mmegbu pụrụ iche ha na-enwe n'okpukpe, ọdịbendị, na site na okike ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Serna|first=Cristina|title=Locating A Transborder Archive of Queer Chicana Feminist and Mexican Lesbian Feminist Art|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2017|volume=29|issue=3|pages=49–79|doi=10.1353/ff.2017.0030}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ester Hernández zoro aka na Virgen de Guadalupe dị nsọ na ihe osise ya, La Ofrenda (1988). Ihe osise na-amata ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ama ọrụ ọdịnala nke la familia aka. Ọ na-agbagha nsọpụrụ na ịdị nsọ nke La Virgen site n'igosi ya dị ka egbugbu n'azụ nwanyị. [http://www.palgrave-journals.com/lst/journal/v7/n3/images/lst200925f1.jpg Nwanyị Na-amaghị Nwoke nke Guadalupe Na-agbachitere Ihe Ndị Ruuru nke Ndị Xican (1975)] 
* Alma Lopez - Our Lady of Controversy &quot;Irreverent Appearance&quot; (2001). Ihe oyiyi a bụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta ma bụrụ ihe ngosi nke La Virgen. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-27-ca-2979-story.html Lee isiokwu L.A. Times]

== Akwụkwọ Chicana ==
[[Faịlụ:Lorna_Dee_Cervantes_(cropped).jpg|thumb|221x221px|Lorna Dee Cervantes (2017) bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede uri Chicana kachasị nwee mmetụta.]]
Kemgbe afọ 1970, ọtụtụ ndị edemede Chicana (dị ka Cherríe Moraga, Gloria Anzaldúa na Ana Castillo) ekwupụtala nkọwa nke ha banyere ụmụ nwanyị Chicana site na akwụkwọ ha. Moraga na Anzaldúa dezigharịrị akwụkwọ edemede nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara nke akpọrọ This Bridge Called My Back &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adair|first=Cassius|title=The Digital Afterlives of This Bridge Called My Back : Woman of Color Feminism, Digital Labor, and Networked Pedagogy|url=https://archive.org/details/american-literature_2017-06_89_2/page/255|journal=American Literature|date=June 2017|volume=89|issue=2|pages=255–278|doi=10.1215/00029831-3861505}}&lt;/ref&gt; (nke Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press bipụtara) na mbido afọ 1980. Cherríe Moraga, ya na Ana Castillo na Norma Alarcón, gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ a n'ime ederede asụsụ Spanish nke akpọrọ Esta Puente, Mi Espalda: Voces de Mujeres Tercermundistas en los Estados Unidos. Anzaldúa bipụtakwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Asụsụ Abụọ (Spanish / English), Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza . Mariana Roma-Carmona, Alma Gómez, na Cherríe Moraga bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ akpọrọ Cuentos: Stories by Latinas, nke Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press bipụtara. A na-ezo aka n'asụsụ Spanish dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa maka ichekwa ọdịbendị Chicana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Irene_Lora_Silva_2016.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|240x240px|Chicana feminist poet ire'ne lara silva (2016) ]]
E bipụtara Chicana Feminist Journal mbụ na 1973, nke a na-akpọ Encuentro Femenil: The First Chicana Feminista Journal, nke Anna Nieto-Gómez bipụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Massacre of the Dreamers : Essays on Xicanisma. 20th Anniversary Updated Edition.|url=https://archive.org/details/massacreofdreame0000anac|author=Castillo|first=Anna|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|year=2014|isbn=9780826353580|pages=[https://archive.org/details/massacreofdreame0000anac/page/35 35]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicana mbụ bụ Sheila Ortiz Taylor's Faultline, nke e bipụtara na 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Esquibel|first=Catrióna Rueda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV5c7ItQeWEC&amp;q=chicana+lesbian+feminism|title=With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians|date=2009-09-15|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78210-5|pages=xvi-20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Juanita Ramos na Latina Lesbian History Project chịkọtara otu anthology gụnyere tatiana de la tierra's first published poem, &quot;De ambiente&quot;,  na ọtụtụ Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Latina lesbians a na-akpọ Compañeras: Latina Lesbians (1987). &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;/&gt;

Onye na-ede uri Chicana lesbian-feminist Gloria Anzaldúa na-ekwu na ịkpọ aha onye edemede dabere na ọnọdụ ha na-enye ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ohere ịghọta ebe onye edemede nọ na ọha mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpa ịmata na njirimara njirimara na-etinye onye edemede, ha anaghị egosipụta ederede ha. Anzaldúa na-ekwu na ụdị akara a nwere ike iwepụ ndị edemede na-agbasoghị na omenala a.

Kemgbe afọ 1990, e nweela ịrị elu na akwụkwọ Chicana na-anabata ụmụ nwanyị mba na Isiokwu ọdịbendị, ọkachasị ijikọ ahụmịhe Chicana na ọnọdụ Latin America.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=DeGuzmán|first=María|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pm3oFeMZQYC&amp;dq=%22Afro+chicana%22&amp;pg=PA242|title=Buenas Noches, American Culture: Latina/o Aesthetics of Night|date=2012-07-09|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00190-0|pages=241–42|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a gosipụtara nke a na ọrụ Graciela Limón In Search of Bernabe (1997) na Erased Faces (2001). &lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt;

== Egwú Chicana ==
[[Faịlụ:New_Romantic_photo_shoot.jpg|thumb|212x212px|Alice Bag, onye na-ese egwu Chicana (1980s) ]]
N'ịnọgide na-anọghị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Chicano, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu Chicana, dị ka Rita Vidaurri na María de Luz Flores Aceves, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Lucha Reyes, site na 1940s na 50s, nwere ike ịbụ na ọtụtụ ọganihu nke Chicana Feminist movements mere na narị afọ gara aga. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Vidaurri na Aceves so n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Mexico mbụ na-eyi uwe charro mgbe ha na-eme rancheras.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vargas|first=Deborah|title=Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda|date=2012|publisher=The University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7316-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&amp;q=chicana+feminist+music+artists+girl+in+a+coma&amp;pg=PP2|accessdate=2015-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nwere ọtụtụ ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Chicana, onye ọ bụla na-enye Chicanas njirimara ọhụrụ site na egwu ha. Ihe atụ dị mkpa nke onye egwu Chicana bụ Rosita Fernández, onye na-ese ihe si San Antonio, Texas. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, [[Lady Bird Johnson]] kpọrọ ya &quot;San Antonio's First Lady of Song&quot;, onye na-agụ egwu Tejano bụ ihe nnọchianya nke Chicana feminism maka ọtụtụ ndị Mexico America ka bụ taa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt; A kọwara ya dị ka &quot;onye buru ibu karịa ndụ&quot;, na-eme ihe ugboro ugboro na uwe China poblana, n'oge ọrụ ya, nke na-ewe ihe karịrị afọ 60. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwetụbeghị nnukwu aha na mpụga San Antonio, n'agbanyeghị ọchịchị ogologo oge ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị inyom Mexico America na-eme ihe nkiri ọha na eze na narị afọ nke 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vargas|first=Deborah|title=Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda|date=2012|publisher=The University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7316-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&amp;q=chicana+feminist+music+artists+girl+in+a+coma&amp;pg=PP2|accessdate=2015-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Chelo Silva - Tejana Onye na-agụ egwú&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rodríguez|first=Juan Carlos|title=Silva, Consuelo [Chelo]|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/silva-consuelo-chelo|work=Texas State Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eva Ybarra - Onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na Tejana (1945-) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://americansabor.org/musicians/eva-ybarra|title=Eva Ybarra - American Sabor|accessdate=2015-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504005904/http://americansabor.org/musicians/eva-ybarra|archivedate=2017-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ventura Alonzo - Chicana Accordionist (1904-2000) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kutx.org/this-week-in-texas-music-history/ventura-alonzo|title=KUTX » Ventura Alonzo, Queen of the Accordion|date=31 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eva Garza - Tejana Singer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fgaak|title=GARZA, EVA - The Handbook of Texas Online- Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)|date=30 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Selena Quintanilla-Pérez - Tejana Singer (1971-1995) 
* Gloria Ríos - Onye na-agụ egwú Hispanic &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maph49.galeon.com/avandaro/gloriarios.html|title=Gloria Ríos: La reina ignorada del rock and roll mexicano|accessdate=2015-06-10|archivedate=2011-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923004659/http://www.maph49.galeon.com/avandaro/gloriarios.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Girl in a Coma - Tejana indie rock band si San Antonio
* Quetzal - East Los Angeles Chicano alternative rock band &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://content.lib.washington.edu/wwrweb/making-scenes/bioGonzalez_Martha.html|title=Women Who Rock Oral History Archive :: Martha Gonzalez}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bags - òtù egwu punk rock nke Los Angeles, nke Alice Bag duziri.

== Ndị ama ama ==

* Alma M. Garcia - Prọfesọ nke Sociology na Mahadum Santa Clara.
* Ana Castillo - Onye edemede, onye edemede, ode akwukwo, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye edemedo na onye na-ede egwuregwu nke a maara maka ịkọwa eziokwu nke ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Chicana.
* Anna Nieto-Gómez - Onye isi nhazi nke Chicana Movement na onye guzobere Hijas de Cuauhtémoc.''Ụmụ nwanyị Cuauhtémoc''
* Carla Trujillo - Onye edemede, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye nkuzi.
* Chela Sandoval - Onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Chicano na Chicana na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara.
* Cherríe Moraga - Onye edemede, onye na-ede uri, onye nkuzi na-eme ngagharị iwe, na onye na-ese ihe na Mahadum Stanford.
* Adriana Yadira Gallego - Onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese foto ọha na eze, onye nchịkwa nka, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Arts Foundation maka Tucson na Southern Arizona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adriana Yadira Gallego|url=https://artsfoundtucson.org/directory/adriana-yadira-gallego/|accessdate=2025-03-07|work=Arts Foundation for Tucson and Southern Arizona|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312083446/https://artsfoundtucson.org/directory/adriana-yadira-gallego/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dolores Huerta - Ya na César Chavez malitere National Farm Worker's Association na 1962 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://doloreshuerta.org/dolores-huerta/|title=Dolores Huerta {{!}} Dolores Huerta Foundation|work=doloreshuerta.org|accessdate=2020-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ester Hernandez - Site n'iji nka, na-eji usoro dị iche iche dị ka pastel, mbipụta, na ihe osise, ọ nwere ike igosi ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Latina / Native.
* Gloria Anzaldúa - Ọkà mmụta nke Chicana omenala na onye dere Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, n'etiti akwụkwọ Chicana ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta.
* Judithe Hernandez - onye na-ese ihe na Los Angeles nke na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ Cesar Chavez iji see ihe osise ndị mebiri ihe mgbochi iji kwalite usoro Chicana.
* Martha Gonzalez (onye egwu) - Chicana artivist na onye isi nke Quetzal (ìgwè)  nwetara Grammy Award.
* Martha P. Cotera - Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye edemede n'oge Chicana Feminist Movement na Chicano Civil Rights Movement.
* Norma Alarcón - Onye edemede Chicana nwere mmetụta.
* Sandra Cisneros - Onye isi na-enye aka na akwụkwọ Chicana.
* Vicki L. Ruiz - onye America na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị Mexico-America na narị afọ nke iri abụọ.
* Elizabeth Martinez - onye na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na onye edemede ogologo oge.
* Francisca Flores - Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Chicana. O so guzobe Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional . 

== Òtù ndị a ma ama ==

* Alianza Hispano-Americana - E hiwere ya na 1894, ndị otu Alianza na-akwalite omume ọma na omenala, na-enye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na uru ahụike dị iche iche na mkpuchi maka ndị otu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=From Out of the Shadows|url=https://archive.org/details/fromoutofshadows0000ruiz|author=Ruiz|first=Vicki L.|publisher=Oxford University Press Inc.|year=1998|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [http://www.chicasrockerassela.org/ Chicas Rockeras South East Los Angeles] - Na-akwalite ọgwụgwọ, uto, na obi ike maka ụmụ agbọghọ site na agụmakwụkwọ egwu
* California Latinas for Reproductive Justice - Na-akwalite ikpe ziri ezi na ikike mmadụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ Latina site na usoro ikpe ziri ezi ọmụmụ
* Las Foto Project - Na-eme ka ndị ntorobịa Latina nwee ike, na-enyere ụmụ agbọghọ aka iwulite ùgwù onwe onye na obi ike site na foto na nkwupụta onwe onye
* Museum of Latin American Art (MOLAA) - Nke dị na Long Beach, CA ebe ngosi nka a na-agbasawanye ihe ọmụma na ekele maka nka Latin America nke oge a na nke oge a.
* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)  - Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na United States, nke W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, na Moorfield Storey na Ida B. Wells guzobere na 1909 iji kwalite ikpe ziri ezi maka ndị Africa America.
* National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference - Nke Crusade for Justice haziri, ihe omume ahụ sitere na El Plan Espiritual de Aztlan, nke chọrọ ịhazi ndị Chicano gburugburu mmemme mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) - Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke Congress guzobere na 1935 iji jikwaa National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) nke na-echebe ikike ndị ọrụ ịhazi na ma ọ bụ ije ozi na òtù dị ka ndị nnọchi anya na ndị were ha n'ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* Ovarian Psycos - Ndị na-eto eto na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na East Los Angeles bụ ndị na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ike site na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na'elu ha.
* Radical Monarchs - otu ikpe ziri ezi nke dị na California, maka ụmụ agbọghọ na-acha uhie uhie iji nweta baajị ikpe ziri ezi. N'ịbụ ndị Brown Berets na Black Panthers nwere mmetụta, ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a chọrọ ịmepụta mgbanwe na obodo ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://radicalmonarchs.org/|title=Radical Monarchs|date=October 2018|work=Radical Monarchs|accessdate=October 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Black feminism|Ụmụ nwanyị ojii]]
* Ọmụmụ ihe Chicano
* Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Latina na United States
* Ịbụ onye inyom na Mexico
* Enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Mexico
* Ụmụ nwanyị Gypsy
* [[Intersectionality]]
* Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụwa nke atọ
* Ụmụ nwanyị ọcha
* [[Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị]]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Anzaldúa, Gloria, and Cherríe Moraga, editors. ''This bridge called my back: writings by radical women of color''. Watertown, Massachusetts: Persephone Press, c1981., Kitchen Table Press, 1983  .
* {{Cite book|editor=Alarcón|title=The Sexuality of Latinas|date=1989|publisher=Third Woman|oclc=555824915}}
* Anzaldúa, Gloria. ''Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza'', Aunt Lute Books,  
* Anzaldúa, Gloria. ''Making Face. Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative &amp; Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color'', Aunt Lute Books, 1990,  
* Arredondo, Gabriela, ''et al.'', editors. ''Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader''. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8223-3105-5|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8223-3105-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]].
* Balderrama, Francisco. In Defense of La Raza: The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community, 1929–1936. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982.
* {{Cite book|author=Castillo|first=Adelaida R. Del|year=2005|title=Between Borders: Essays on Mexicana/Chicana History|publisher=Floricanto Press|isbn=978-0-915745-70-8}}
* Castillo, Ana. ''Massacre of the dreamers : essays on Xicanisma''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8263-1554-2|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8263-1554-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].
* Cotera, Martha. ''The Chicana feminist''. Austin, Texas: Information Systems Development, 1977.
* {{Cite journal|author=Córdova|first=Teresa|title=Anti-colonial Chicana feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/new-political-science_1998-12_20_4/page/379|journal=New Political Science|date=December 1998|volume=20|issue=4|pages=379–397|doi=10.1080/07393149808429837}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Davalos|first=Karen Mary|title=Sin Vergüenza: Chicana Feminist Theorizing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_feminist-studies_spring-summer-2008_34_1-2/page/151|journal=Feminist Studies|date=2008|volume=34|issue=1/2|pages=151–171}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Dicochea|first=Perlita R.|title=Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|date=2004|volume=25|issue=1|pages=77–92|doi=10.1353/fro.2004.0032}}
* DuBois, Ellen Carol, and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. Unequal Sisters: A multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History. New York: Routledge, 1990.
* García, Alma M., and Mario T. Garcia, editors. ''Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings''. New York: Routledge, 1997.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-91800-6|&lt;bdi&gt;0-415-91800-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].
* {{Cite journal|author=Garcia|first=Alma M.|title=The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse, 1970-1980|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_1989-06_3_2/page/217|journal=Gender and Society|date=1989|volume=3|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.1177/089124389003002004}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Havlin|first=Natalie|title='To Live a Humanity under the Skin': Revolutionary Love and Third World Praxis in 1970s Chicana Feminism|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|date=2015|volume=43|issue=3/4|pages=78–97|doi=10.1353/wsq.2015.0047}}
* Hurtado, Aida. ''The Color of Privilege: Three Blasphemies on Race and Feminism''. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1996.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06531-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-472-06531-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]].
* {{Cite journal|author=Moya|first=Paula M. L.|title=Chicana Feminism and Postmodernist Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_winter-2001_26_2/page/441|journal=Signs|date=2001|volume=26|issue=2|pages=441–483|doi=10.1086/495600}}
* Ramos, Juanita. ''Companeras: Latina Lesbians'', Latina Lesbian History Project, 1987,  
* {{Cite journal|id={{EBSCOhost|109928863}}|author=Rodriguez|first=Samantha M.|title=Carving Spaces for Feminism and Nationalism: Texas Chicana Activism during the Chicana/O Movement|journal=Journal of South Texas|volume=27|issue=2|year=2014|pages=38–52}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
* Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600–1940. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.
* Roma-Carmona, Mariana, Alma Gomez and Cherríe Moraga. ''Cuentos: Stories by Latinas'', ''Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press''.
* Roth, Benita. ''Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave'', Cambridge University Press, 2003,  
* Ruiz, Vicki L. From out of the Shadows. Oxford University Publishing Inc., 1998.
* {{Cite journal|author=Saldivar-Hull|first=Sonia|title=Women hollering transfronteriza feminisms|url=https://archive.org/details/cultural-studies_1999-04_13_2/page/251|journal=Cultural Studies|date=April 1999|volume=13|issue=2|pages=251–262|doi=10.1080/095023899335275}}
* Trujillo, Carla, ed. Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About. Berkeley, Calif.: Third Woman Press, 1991.
* {{Cite book|author=Pérez|first=Ricardo F. Vivancos|year=2013|title=Radical Chicana Poetics|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-34358-1}}
* Whaley, Charlotte. Nina Otero-Warren of Santa Fe. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.chicanas.com Chicana Feminisms Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070708053325/http://www.floricantopress.com/BetweenBo.htm Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chicanas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070914081139/http://chicana-swicki.eurekster.com/ Peeji Ọchụchọ Obodo Chicana]
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    <title>Ecofeminism</title>
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      <text bytes="73710" sha1="e6ln9bu3vc301fzya4fv83imqfg4aeg" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Françoise_d'Eaubonne_wikipédia.jpg|thumb|9Onye edemede French bụ [[Françoise d'Eaubonne]] chepụtara okwu ahụ n'akwụkwọ 1974.]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Environmental social science}}Ecofeminism na-ejikọta feminist na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ndị na-eche echiche banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-adabere n'echiche nke okike iji nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ụwa okike.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacGregor&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye edemede French bụ [[Françoise d'Eaubonne]] chepụtara okwu a n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1974 bụ {{Lang|fr|[[Feminism or death|Le Féminisme ou la Mort]]}} .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=d'Eaubonne|first=Françoise|title=Le Féminisme ou la Mort|date=1974|publisher=Horay|location=Paris}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Merchant&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Warren&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Glazebrook|first=Trish|date=September 2002|title=Karen Warren's Ecofeminism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ethics-and-the-environment_autumn-2002_7_2/page/12|journal=[[Ethics &amp; the Environment]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=12–26|doi=10.2979/ETE.2002.7.2.12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Echiche nke Ecofeminist na-ewebata echiche ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Green ma na-akpọ maka otu ndị na-ahụ maka ịha nhata, ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ nke na-enweghị otu ìgwè na-achịkwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalecologyse00merc_0|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/radicalecologyse00merc_0/page/200 193]–221|chapter=Ecofeminism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taa, e nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba nke ekofeminizim (ecofeminism), nke ọ bụla nwere ụzọ na nyocha dị iche iche. Ndị a gụnyere '''ekofeminizim nnwere onwe (liberal ecofeminism), ekofeminizim ime mmụọ na omenala (spiritual/cultural ecofeminism), na ekofeminizim mmekọrịta ọha ma ọ bụ soshalist (social/socialist ecofeminism).'''(ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe ecofeminismo). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Nkọwa nke ecofeminism na otu esi etinye ya n'echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere nka ecofeminist, ikpe ziri ezi na Nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, okpukpe, akụ na ụba, ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a, na akwụkwọ.

Nnyocha nke Ecofeminist na-ekwu maka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọdịbendị na-ewu n'etiti mmegbu nke Anụ ọhịa na [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị]]. '''Ndị a yiri ibe ha n’ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere ma ọ bụghị naanị ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịdị ala (nature) dịka ihe onwunwe, ịhụ ụmụ nwoke dịka ndị na-elekọta omenala ebe ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị na-elekọta ọdịdị ala, yana otú ụmụ nwoke si achị ụmụ nwanyị na otú mmadụ si achị ọdịdị ala. Ekofeminizim na-ekwusi ike na a ga-asọpụrụ ma ụmụ nwanyị ma ọdịdị ala.'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminism and the Sacred|author=Adams|first=Carol|publisher=Continuum|year=2007|pages=1–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ ==
Ndị prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Maria Mies, Ariel Salleh na Susan Mann niile na-ejikọta mmalite nke ecofeminism ọ bụghị na ndị inyom kama na ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche nke ghọtara njikọ dị n'etiti okike, agbụrụ, klas, na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-akwado echiche nke [[intersectionality]] site n'echiche na n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-eche echiche ga-etinye ndị a na-emebi emebi na mkparịta ụka ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mmalite nke North America gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-ekewa okwu agbụrụ na ọkwa mgbe ụfọdụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mann&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=Susan A|title=Pioneers of U.S. Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=1–25|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0028}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụ nwanyị anọwo na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe Anụ ọhịa, nri, ikuku na mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Glazebrook|first=Trish|date=Autumn 2002|title=Karen Warren's Ecofeminism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ethics-and-the-environment_autumn-2002_7_2/page/12|journal=Ethics &amp; the Environment|volume=7|issue=2|pages=12–27|doi=10.2979/ete.2002.7.2.12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbalị ndị a dakọtara na mmepe ọhụrụ na echiche gburugburu ebe obibi site n'aka ndị edemede dịka Henry David Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, John Muir, na Rachel Carson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Norlock|first=Kathryn J.|date=December 2011|title=Building Receptivity: Leopold's Land Ethic and Critical Feminist Interpretation|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/NORBRL|journal=[[Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture]]|volume=5|issue=4|pages=491–509|doi=10.1558/jsrnc.v5i4.491|accessdate=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Seager|first=Joni|date=Spring 2003|title=Rachel Carson Died of Breast Cancer: The Coming of Age of Feminist Environmentalism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_spring-2003_28_3/page/945|journal=[[Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]]|volume=28|issue=3|pages=945–973|doi=10.1086/345456}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe atụ ndị yiri ibe ha sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ akwụkwọ Silent Spring nke Rachel Carson na Refuge nke Terry Tempest Williams.

Ecofeminist Karen Warren depụtara edemede Aldo Leopold &quot;Land Ethic&quot; (1949) '''...dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke ukwuu n'ime nkà ihe ọmụma ekofeminizim nke ya, n'ihi na Leopold bụ onye mbụ dere ụkpụrụ omume gbasara ala nke na-ahụ akụkụ niile nke obodo ahụ na-abụghị mmadụ—dị ka anụmanụ, osisi, ala, ikuku, na mmiri—dị ka ndị ha na mmadụ hà nhata ma nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya na mmadụ.'''. Nghọta ahụ na-agụnye gburugburu ebe obibi nyeere aka ịmalite usoro nchekwa nke oge a na-egosi otu esi ele nsogbu gburugburu ebe obuibi anya site na usoro nlekọta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters|url=https://archive.org/details/ecofeministphilo0000warr|author=Warren|first=Karen J.|publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]] Publishers, Inc|year=2000|isbn=9780847692996|location=Lanham, Maryland}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na [[Ndia|India]], na steeti Uttarakhand na 1973, ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na mmegharị Chipko iji chebe ọhịa site na mgbukpọ ọhịa. '''N’oge a, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke na-akwaga n’obodo ukwu ịchọ ọrụ, ebe ụmụ nwanyị ndị fọdụrụ n’ime ime obodo India na-adabere n’ọhịa maka ihe ndị ha ji ebi ndụ na mkpa ha kwa ụbọchị.'''i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhpr.org/environment/2021-06-26/sunderlal-bahuguna-chipko-movement-in-india|title=The Life and Legacy of Sunderlal Bahuguna and the Chipko Movement in India|author=Poon|first=Felix|work=New Hampshire Public Radio|date=10 January 2022|accessdate=April 9, 2023|archivedate=2023-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409183940/https://www.nhpr.org/environment/2021-06-26/sunderlal-bahuguna-chipko-movement-in-india}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Vandana Shiva dere, a na-eji usoro mkpesa na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike mee ihe iji bi n'osisi ka ndị na-egbutu osisi ghara igbu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Wangari_Maathai_no_Brasil.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Onye Kenya na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Wangari Maathai]]
Na [[Kenya]] n'afọ 1977, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Prọfesọ Wangari Maathai malitere Green Belt Movement. Ọ bụ mmemme Ịkụ osisi n'ime ime obodo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eduzi, nke Maathai mepụtara iji nyere aka gbochie ọzara n'ógbè ahụ. Ihe omume ahụ mepụtara 'ihe mkpofu ahịhịa ndụ' nke ọ dịkarịa ala 1,000 osisi gbara obodo nta gburugburu, ma nye ndị sonyere ikike ilekọta obodo ha. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Green Belt Movement bụ onye na-akwado inye ụmụ amaala ihe ọmụma na inye ike site na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe maka agụmakwụkwọ obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ijide ndị isi mba na-aza ajụjụ maka omume ha na ịkụnye ụlọ ọrụ na ụmụ amaala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/who-we-are/our-history|title=Our History|work=The Green Belt Movement|accessdate=October 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ nke Green Belt Movement na-aga n'ihu taa.

N'afọ 1978 na [[Nú Yọk|New York]], nne na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Lois Gibbs duuru obodo ya mee ngagharị iwe mgbe ọ chọpụtara na e wuru agbata obi ha dum, Love Canal, n'elu ebe a na-atụfu ihe na-egbu egbu. Mmetụta ndị dị n'ala na-akpata ọrịa n'etiti ụmụaka na nsogbu ọmụmụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, yana nkwarụ ọmụmụ n'ime ụmụ ọhụrụ a mụrụ n'aka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-ahụ nsí ahụ. Mgbalị Love Canal mesịrị mee ka gọọmentị etiti wepụ ma kwaga ebe ọzọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ezinụlọ 800.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://chej.org/about-us/story/love-canal/|title=Love Canal|work=Center for Health, Environment, &amp; Justice|accessdate=October 8, 2016|archivedate=October 6, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006173400/http://chej.org/about-us/story/love-canal/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1980 na 1981, ụmụ nwanyị dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị bụ Ynestra King haziri ngagharị iwe udo na Pentagon. Ụmụ nwanyị guzo, n'aka n'aka, na-achọ ikike nhata (gụnyere ikike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na ịmụ nwa) yana njedebe nke omume agha nke gọọmentị na-eme na mmegbu nke obodo (ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi). A maara òtù a dị ka Women's Pentagon Actions . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lehar|first=Stephanie|year=1991|title=Ecofeminist Theory and Grassroots Politics|journal=[[Hypatia (journal)|Hypatia]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=28–45|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1991.tb00207.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1985, Katsi Cook malitere Akwesasne Mother's Milk Project. Ọ bụ gọọmentị kwadoro nnyocha a, ma nyochaa otu ọkwa dị elu nke mmetọ na mmiri dị nso na ebe nchekwa Mohawk si emetụta ụmụ ọhụrụ. Ọ kpughere na site na mmiri ara, ụmụaka Mohawk na-ahụ 200% karịa nsí karịa ụmụaka na-anọghị na nchekwa ahụ. Mmetụta na-egbu egbu na-emetọ mmiri n'ụwa niile, mana n'ihi [[Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], ụfọdụ ndị a na-ewepụ iche na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/cjm5/blogs/english/2012/04/mothers-milk-project.html|title=Mother's Milk Project|author=Doverspike|first=Nicole|year=2012|work=English 487W Blog: West of Everything|accessdate=October 9, 2016|archivedate=October 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010211601/http://www.personal.psu.edu/cjm5/blogs/english/2012/04/mothers-milk-project.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Greening of Harlem Coalition bụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke òtù ecofeminist. N'afọ 1989, [[Bernadette Cozart]] guzobere njikọ ahụ, nke na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ Ogige obodo gburugburu Harlem. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ Cozart bụ ime ka ogige ndị tọgbọrọ n'efu bụrụ ogige obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bernstein|first=Emily|date=1993|title=Neighborhood Report: Harlem; Sowing a Future With Green in It|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/26/nyregion/neighborhood-report-harlem-sowing-a-future-with-green-in-it.html?scp=1&amp;sq=Bernadette%20Cozart&amp;st=cse|accessdate=October 9, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Nke a bara uru n’akụkụ akụ na ụba, ma na-enyekwa ụzọ ka obodo ndị mepere emepe nke ukwuu nwee mmekọrịta na ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na ibe ha. Ọtụtụ ndị nwere mmasị n’ọrụ a (dị ka e kwuru n’afọ 1990) bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Site n’ubi ndị a, ha nwere ike isonye n’ọrụ obodo ha ma bụrụkwa ndị ndu n’ime obodo ha.''' A na-ahụkwa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'obodo ukwu n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Malite na 1994, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America nọ na [[Detroit]] mepụtara ogige obodo, ma na-akpọ onwe ha ndị mmụọ ozi na-elekọta ubi. Omume ubi yiri nke a emeela n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Wild Politics: Feminism, Globalisation, Bio/diversity|url=https://archive.org/details/wildpoliticsfemi0000hawt|author=Hawthorne|first=Susan|publisher=Spinifex Press|year=2002|location=Melbourne, Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na njedebe nke afọ iri, ecofeminism agbasaala na ụsọ oké osimiri USA ma kọwaa nyocha nke ụmụ nwanyị na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ikpeazụ, na-ama echiche nke ịkpa ókè gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ aka, na-eguzogide nsị na-egbu egbu na egwu ndị ọzọ na-eyi ndị ogbenye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaard&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta|title=Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=26–53|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihe gbasara mmegharị mba ụwa, akwụkwọ Ariel Salleh bụ Ecofeminism as Politics (nke ikpeazụ e bipụtara na 2017) nwere akụkọ zuru ezu banyere omume ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi site na [[Japan]] na Pacific ruo Scandinavia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shiva&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shiva|first=Vandana|authorlink=Vandana Shiva|title=Staying alive: women, ecology and development|year=1988|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-86232-823-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zed Books&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Salleh|first=Ariel|authorlink=Ariel Salleh|title=Ecofeminism as Politics: nature, Marx, and the postmodern|url=https://archive.org/details/ecofeminismaspol0000sall|date=1997|publisher=Zed Books|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na oke nyocha nke ecofeminist dị ike na echiche dịgasị iche iche nke ecofemenist apụtawo site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe na ndị na-eche echiche n'ụwa niile, ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ecofeminism abụwo nke mahadum North America. N'ihi ya, Charlene Spretnak kọwara ọrụ ecofeminist na-emepe emepe: 1) site na ọmụmụ nke echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị yana akụkọ ihe mere eme; 2) site na nkwenye na ọmụmụ nke Okpukpe ndị dabeere na okike; na 3) site na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Spretnak|first=Charlene|chapter=Ecofeminism: Our Roots and Flowering|title=Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/reweavingworld00iren|editor=Diamond|publisher=Sierra Club Books|date=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/reweavingworld00iren/page/3 3]–14}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu edemede nke afọ 1993 nke akpọrọ &quot;Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health&quot;, ndị edemede Greta Gaard na Lori Gruen kọwara ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;usoro ecofeminist&quot;. Edemede ahụ na-enye ọtụtụ data na ọnụ ọgụgụ na mgbakwunye na ịkọwa akụkụ echiche nke nkatọ ecofeminist. Ebumnuche nke usoro ahụ bụ iji guzobe ụzọ isi lee anya ma ghọta nsogbu ụwa dị ugbu a iji ghọta nke ọma etu anyị si rute n'oge a na ihe a ga-eme iji melite ya.

N'ịdabere n'ọrụ Rosemary Ruether na Carolyn Merchant, Gaard na Gruen kwuru na e nwere ike anọ n'azụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a:

# Mmụba nke [[Patriarchal religion|Okpukpe ndị nna ochie]] na nguzobe ha nke usoro okike nwoke na nwanyị tinyere ịgọnahụ chi ha.
# Ihe nlereanya nke ihe onwunwe nke eluigwe na ala nke sitere na Mgbanwe sayensị na mbelata nke ihe niile n'ime ihe onwunwa ka a ga-emeziwanye, ihe nwụrụ anwụ a ga-eji mee ihe.
# Omenala ọdịnala abụọ dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, onwe na ndị ọzọ, mmadụ na okike, na ike na nchịkwa ụkpụrụ omume ndị a.
# Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mkpa ya dị mkpa maka iji anụmanụ, ala na ndị mmadụ eme ihe maka naanị ebumnuche nke ịmepụta akụ na ụba.

'''Ihe anọ ndị a emeela ka omenala ọdịda anyanwụ rute n’ọnọdụ nke ndị ecofeminist na-akpọ “nkewa dị n’etiti okike na omenala,” nke ha kwenyere na ọ bụ isi mmalite nsogbu ndị na-emetụta ụwa any'''ị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta|date=1993|title=Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health|journal=[[Society and Nature]]|volume=2|pages=1–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụzọ ụfọdụ nke ecofeminist mepụtara site na nchegbu anarcha-feminist iji kpochapụ ụdị ọchịchị niile, gụnyere àgwà mmegbu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tuana&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Tuana|title=Feminism And Philosophy: Essential Readings In Theory, Reinterpretation, And Application|date=2018|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-8133-2212-4|pages=327–9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wDFDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=ecofeminist+ecofeminism|chapter=Anarcha Feminist and Ecological Feminist Perspectives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka akwụkwọ d'Eaubonne bụ Le Féminisme ou la Mort si kwuo, ecofeminism na-ejikọta mmegbu nke ndị otu niile a na-akparaghị ókè (ndị inyom, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, ụmụaka, ndị ogbenye) na mmegbu na ịchịkwa okike (anụmanụ, ala, mmiri, ikuku, wdg). O kwuru na ọchịchị, mmegbu, na ọchịchị n'okpuru ndị isi ọdịda anyanwụ emeela ka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ghara ịgbanwe. Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye na-ahazi ihe, d'Eaubonne rụrụ ọrụ maka iwepụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi niile, ọ bụghị naanị ikpe na-enweghị isi megide [[ụmụ nwanyị na gburugburu ebe obibi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Ihe odide ndị nwere mmetụta gụnyere: Women and Nature (Susan Griffin 1978), The Death of Nature (Carolyn Merchant 1980) na ''Gyn/Ecology'' (Mary Daly 1978), nke nyeere aka ịkwalite njikọ dị n'etiti ọchịchị ụmụ nwoke na ọchịchị nke ọdịbendị n'elu okike. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1980 gụnyere ndị na-eme ihe dị ka National Toxics Campaign, Mothers of East Los Angeles (MELA), na Native Americans for a Clean Environment (NACE) nke ụmụ nwanyị raara onwe ha nye nsogbu ahụike mmadụ na ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalecologyse00merc_0|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/radicalecologyse00merc_0/page/176 169]–173}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe odide sitere na gburugburu a tụlere ecofeminism sitere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Green Party, òtù udo, na òtù na-eme ihe kpọmkwem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Onye dị mkpa n'oge a bụ [[Petra Kelly]], onye guzobere German Green Party.

== Okike okike ==
[[Faịlụ:Petra_Kelly.jpg|thumb|[[Petra Kelly]], onye guzobere Green Party na Germany]]
Nkwupụta a na-ekwughachi n'ime akwụkwọ ecofeminist bụ na usoro [[nwoke]] na-akwado ọchịchị ha site na mmegide abụọ, ndị a gụnyere ma ọ bụghị naanị: eluigwe / ụwa, uche / ahụ, nwoke / [[Nwanyi|nwanyị]], mmadụ / anụmanụ, mmụọ / ihe, ọdịbendị / okike, [[Ndi ocha|ọcha]] / na-abụghị ọcha, na ndị nwere ike / ndị nwere nkwarụ. A na-eme ka mmegbu sie ike site na itinye binaries ndị a na ikpe ọha na eze nke uru / enweghị uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hobgood-Oster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/bron/PDF--Christianity/Hobgood-Oster--Ecofeminism-International%20Evolution.pdf|title=Ecofeminism: Historic and International Evolution|first=Laura|author=Hobgood-Oster|accessdate=March 17, 2012|archivedate=October 16, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016225245/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/bron/pdf--christianity/Hobgood-Oster--Ecofeminism-International%20Evolution.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Echiche nke Ecofeminist na-ekwusi ike na a na-ewulite Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ụkpụrụ nna na nke nwoke, nke mere na mmetụta nke ọchịchị onye kwuo ego enweghị ike ịba uru ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Oksala|first=Johanna|date=Spring 2018|title=Feminism, Capitalism, and Ecology|journal=[[Hypatia (journal)|Hypatia]]|volume=33|issue=2|pages=216–234|doi=10.1111/hypa.12395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọkà mmụta ecofeminist kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị ''n'ihi na'' ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ &quot;nwaanyị&quot; ka ha na-emetụta okike, kama n'ihi nde ha na-enwe mmegbu site n'otu ike nwoke ahụ. A na-ahụkarị nke a n'asụsụ a na-ejikarị akọwa okike, dị ka &quot;Nne Ụwa&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Nne Okike&quot;, na asụsụ anụmanụ a na-eji akọwa ụmụ nwanyị n'okwu mkparị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Warren|first=Karen J.|title=Feminist Environmental Philosophy|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-environmental/#LinPer|work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị ọzọ ecofeminists na-ahọrọ ikwusi ike uru nke nkà ụmụ nwanyị mụtara site na ọrụ mmekọrịta ọdịnala dị ka 'onye nlekọta'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Stoddart|first=Mark|year=2011|title=Ecofeminism, Hegemonic Masculinity, And Environmental Movement Participation In British Columbia, Canada, 1998-2007: &quot;Women Always Clean Up The Mess&quot;|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sociological-spectrum-mid-south-sociological-assoc_may-june-2011_31_3/page/342|journal=Sociological Spectrum|volume=31|issue=3|pages=342–368|doi=10.1080/02732173.2011.557065}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye India na-akwado echiche ecofeminism ma bụrụkwa onye mgba ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi, Vandana Shiva, dere na ụmụnwaanyị ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere njikọ pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi site n’ahụmahụ ha kwa ụbọchị, nakwa na e legharala mkpa njikọ a anya ma ọ bụ e nyebeghị ya uru kwesịrị ekwesị.. Dị ka akwụkwọ Shiva Staying Alive (1989), ụmụ nwanyị nọ na akụ na ụba na-emepụta &quot;akụ̀ na ụba na mmekorita ya na okike, abụwo ndị ọkachamara na ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi nke usoro okike&quot;. Ọ na-ekwu na &quot;ụzọ ndị ọzọ a nke ịmara, nke na-elekwasị anya na uru mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mkpa nke ihe oriri anaghị anabata ya site na usoro nke reductionist capitalist, n'ihi na ọ naghị aghọta njikọ nke okike, ma ọ bụ njikọ nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọrụ na ihe ọmụma na okike nke akụ na ụba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shiva&quot;/&gt; Shiva na-ekwu na ọdịda a sitere n’ịchịkwa ụwa dum site n’echiche ọdịda anyanwụ banyere mmepe na ọganihu. Dị ka Shiva aakwuo, nna ochie ahapụla ụmụ nwanyị, okike, na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọzọ n'èzí akụ na ụba, na-akpọ ha &quot;ndị na-adịghị arụpụta ihe&quot;. N'otu aka ahụ, Ariel Salleh na-eme ka usoro a nke ecofeminist dị omimi na mkparịta ụka dị oke egwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ecosocialism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zed Books&quot;/&gt;

== Ụzọ e si ele ya anya ==

=== Ịhụnanya maka ihe onwunwe ===
N'akwụkwọ Ecofeminism (1993), Vandana Shiva na Maria Mies na-ajụ sayensị nke oge a na nnabata ya dị ka usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ na nke na-enweghị uru. Ha na-ele usoro sayensị kachasị elu anya ọ bụghị dị ka ebumnuche kama dị ka ngosipụta nke Western patriarchal instrumentalism. Mkpebi nke ihe a na-ewere dị ka ihe ọmụma sayensị na ojiji ya bụ naanị ụmụ nwoke. Ihe atụ gụnyere ọgwụgwọ nke [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]] na mmepụta ihe nke ọmụmụ osisi.

Ndị isi na-eme ihe ike na ndị ọkà mmụta na-azụlite ihe onwunwe ecofeminism bụ Maria Mies na Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen na Germany; Vandana Shiva na India; Ariel Salleh na Australia; Mary Mellor na UK; na Ana Isla na [[Peru]]. A maghị ecofeminism nke ihe onwunwe n'ọtụtụ ebe na North America ma e wezụga akwụkwọ akụkọ na Capitalism Nature Socialism. Nnyocha ihe onwunwe na-amụ ụlọ ọrụ akụ na ụba dị ka ọrụ, ike, na ihe onwunwa dị ka usoro dị oke mkpa maka ịchịkwa ụmụ nwanyị na okike. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmepụta, nke a na-eji akpọrọ ihe, na mmepụta nke mmekọrịta dị ndụ, nke na-abụghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Borders&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ecofeminism: Is the Movement Still Relevant?|url=http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/03/22/ecofeminism-is-the-movement-still-relevant/|publisher=Gender Across Borders|accessdate=2014-05-13|archivedate=2019-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103848/http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/03/22/ecofeminism-is-the-movement-still-relevant/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akpọ ecofeminism a n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka &quot;socialist feminist&quot;, &quot;socialist ecofeminist&quot;, ma ọ bụ &quot;Marxist ecofeminalism&quot;. Dị ka Carolyn Merchant si kwuo, &quot;Social ecofeminism na-akwado nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị site na ịtụgharị usoro akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-agbanwe akụkụ niile nke ndụ ka ọ bụrụ ọha mmadụ ahịa nke taa ọbụna na-awakpo afọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ecofeminism n'echiche a na-achọ iwepụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-akwado mmepụta nke ngwaahịa maka uru karịa ọmụmụ nke ihe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze nke a na-ahụkarị dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị.

=== Ịhụnanya maka ụmụ nwanyị ===
ÒEcofeminism nke akwụkwọ nri bụ ụzọ dị oke egwu iji tinye mmegbu nke anụmanụ ndị na-abụghị mmadụ n'ime nyocha ecofeminism. Ndị ọkà mmụta nkatọ na-ekwu na iwepu mmegbu nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nyocha nke ecofeminist ekwekọghị na ntọala nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka òtù nke na-achọ ịkwụsị ụdị mmegbu niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;gaard&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta Claire|year=2002|title=Vegetarian ecofeminism: A review essay|journal=[[Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies]]|volume=23|issue=2|pages=117–146|doi=10.1353/fro.2003.0006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ga-achọpụta echiche ndị na-eri nri na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị site na ọmịiko maka ụmụ anụmanụ na-abụghị mmadụ na mmegharị omenala nke 1960s na 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;gaard&quot; /&gt; Dị ka Carol Adams si kwuo, &quot;Anyị enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi ma maa mmegbu nke okike aka n'enweghị nghọta na ụzọ kachasị anyị na okike na-emekọrịta ihe bụ site na iri anụmanụ. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;gaard&quot; /&gt; &quot;A na-ewu nwoke na ọdịbendị anyị n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na ịnweta anụ na ịchịkwa ahụ ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1995|title=Do Feminists Need to Liberate Animals, Too?|url=https://caroljadams.com/new-page-2|accessdate=2019-04-30|work=Carol J. Adams|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501213319/https://caroljadams.com/new-page-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Greta Gaard'' na-ekwu na, &quot;onye bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&quot;, ma na-akpọ iri anụ dị ka ụdị ime ihe ike nke nna, dịka ọ na-egosipụta ma na-eme ka usoro nke ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa anụmanụ na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị.

=== Mmụọ na ọdịbendị ecofeminism ===
Ekofeminizim ime mmụọ bụ ụzọ echiche nke ndị odee si North America na-akwado ma na-ewu ewu n'etiti ha, dịka ndị a: ... (okwu a ka ezughị ezu, ya mere a hapụrụ ya ka ọ dị).   Starhawk, Riane Eisler, Carol Christ and Carol Adams. Starhawk kpọrọ njọ màkà earth-based spirituality, Nke na-ekweta na Ụwa dị ndụ, nakwa na anyị niile nwere njikọ na mmekọrịta n’etiti onwe anyị.. Ekofeminizim ime mmụọ ejikọtaghị ya na okpukpe ọ bụla pụrụ iche, kama ọ dabere n’ụkpụrụ nke nlekọta, ịhụnanya, na ilekọta ibe mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. obi ebere na enweghị ime ihe ike. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị ekofeminizim na-ezo aka n’omenala ochie, dịka ofufe Gaia, chi nwanyị nke okike na mmụọ (a na-akpọkwa ya Nne Ụwa)).&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Eisler, Riane. &quot;The Gaia Tradition &amp; The Partnership Future: An Ecofeminist Manifesto.&quot; ''Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism,'' edited by Irene Diamond and Gloria Orenstein, Sierra Club Books, 1990, pp. 23-34.&lt;/ref&gt; Wicca na Paganism nwere mmetụta pụrụ iche na ekofeminizim ime mmụọ. Wicca, karịsịa … Dianic Wicca, N’omenala, ọ na-egosipụta nkwanye ùgwù miri emi nye okike, echiche nwanyị, na ebumnuche ịzụlite ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta obodo siri ike.s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalecologyse00merc_0|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/radicalecologyse00merc_0/page/131 124]–125|chapter=Spiritual Ecology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’akwụkwọ ya Radical Ecology, Carolyn Merchant kpọrọ ekofeminizim ime mmụọ “ekofeminizim omenala” (cultural ecofeminism). Dị ka Merchant si kwuo, ekofeminizim omenala “na-eme emume ma na-asọpụrụ mmekọrịta dị n’etiti ụmụ nwanyị na okike site n’ịtụteghachi emume ochie ndị dabere n’ofufe chi nwanyị, ọnwa, anụmanụ, na …”, na usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Omenala ecofeminist na-eme intuition na ụkpụrụ nke nlekọta na mmekọrịta mmadụ na okike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ecofeminism na Latin America ===
Ecofeminism nke Latin America pụtara dị ka ihe dị iche n'ime nnukwu òtù ecofeminist. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ecofeminist mbụ bụ nke a kpụrụ na Global North, mbipụta nke Staying Alive nke Vandana Shiva na etiti afọ 1980 gosipụtara oge mgbanwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Arriagada Oyarzún|first=Evelyn|date=2019-09-01|title=Apuntes iniciales para la construcción de una Ecología Política Feminista de y desde Latinoamérica|url=https://journals.openedition.org/polis/17802|journal=Polis. Revista Latinoamericana|language=es|issue=54|issn=0717-6554|accessdate=2025-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ a webatara ntọala maka postcolonial ecofeminism nke ga-akpali ma gwa arụmụka na reformulations na Global South, gụnyere Latin America.

Latin America nwekwara usoro mmalite nke ecofeminist, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-enweghị mgbasa na mmetụta na echiche ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ga-ekwenye na a ka nwere ogologo ụzọ iji gaa n'iwulite Latin American ecofeminism, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kuhnen|first=Tânia|date=2022-01-01|title=Marcha das Margaridas: Notes for a Latin American (Eco)Feminism|url=https://www.academia.edu/98395990|journal=Revista Sul Sul|volume=3|pages=101–121|doi=10.53282/SULSUL.V3I01.919}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-ewere ọrụ na-eduga na ọgụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na Global South na-etinye aka na nkwado nke omume ha nke mmepụta nri, ndụ nke ezinụlọ ha, mmekọrịta obodo, akụ na ụba na-agụnye na nkwado nke ndụ mmadụ na nke na-abụghị mmadụ. 

Site n'echiche nke Feminist Political Ecology, enwere nkwenye ọhụrụ site na mmetụta nke echiche post-humanist, yana echiche postcolonial na decolonial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LaDanta LasCanta|date=2017|title=De la teología al antiextractivismo: ecofeminismos en Abya Yala|url=http://www.ecologiapolitica.info/?p=10152|journal=Ecología Política|volume=54}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmetụta ọhụrụ ndị a na-enye ohere maka mmekọrịta ọhụrụ na Latin America na Global South ecofeminisms, ebe ọ na-emeghe ohere maka itinye usoro echiche, ahụmịhe ndụ, na onyinye nyocha site na agụmakwụkwọ Latin America na ime ihe ike.

Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịkọwa ọrụ nke ime obodo dị ka ebe maka ime ihe ike miri emi megide ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Nke na-ewepụkarị akụkọ, ihe ọmụma, na ahụmahụ nke ọtụtụ mmadụ, bụ ndị a naghị enye ohere ikwu ma ọ bụ nyefee ihe ọmụma ziri ezi gbasara onwe ha na gbasara mmekọrịta nlekọta, ịdị adị, na nkwado ndụ ha na-ewu na okike, na-atụle nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na ịdịgide adịgide ya.

==== Ógbè ====
Echiche nke &quot;Cuerpo-Territorio&quot; - Body-Territory bụ echiche dị mkpa n'ime Latin American ecofeminism, na-apụta site na ọgụ nke obodo ndị nwe obodo megide ụdị mmegbu ndị jikọtara ọnụ: nna ochie, ọchịchị nchịkwa, na iwepụ ihe. Ọ na-eje ozi ma dị ka usoro echiche na usoro dị irè nke iguzogide, na-ejikọta ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ókèala a ga-echebe na Ụwa dị ka ihe e nyere ikike megide mmegbu. A na-ekwu na ọ pụtara dị ka echiche na usoro sitere n'otu òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị Maya-Xinka na Guatemala ma bụrụkwa isi na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị inyom obodo.

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala na-agụnye mmeri na mmegbu nke ókèala, nke na-agụnyekwa ịchịkwa ahụ, ọkachasị ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'oge ndị Spain na-achị Amerịka, a na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ịzụ ahịa, ndina n'ike, na igbu ọkpụkpụ. N'ihi ya, mmeri nke ala jikọtara ya na mmegbu nke ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-eme ka a chebe ókèala ahụ ha.

Mgbapụta echiche cuerpo-territorio n’etiti obodo ụmụ amaala abụghị ihe mere na mberede. A na-elekwasịkarị ókèala ndị a anya n’usoro ịwepụ akụ (extractivism) na mmepe ọchịchị kolonial. Ụmụ nwanyị n’obodo ndị a na-enweta mmetụta n’ahụ ha, ma ha na-ejikwa ahụ ha dịka ụzọ iguzogide na ịlụ ọgụ. A na-ewu ma na-eji echiche a megide nkewa na nhazi ọkwa dị elu (hierarchical dichotomy) n’etiti ahụ na okike, n’etiti ime na mpụta, nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-enye ikike iji mee ka a kwado mwepu na mmegbu okike site n’ahụ mmadụ.. 

Echiche nke cuerpo territorio na-ekwusi ike na ahụ dị ka ihe na-aga n'ihu n'ala, na-ahụ &quot;ahụ dị ka ókèala, na ókèala dị ka ahụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nohely|first=Guzmán Narváez|date=2024|title=Review of Embodied Geographies: Feminist Body-Mapping with Amazonian Indigenous Girls, Cuerpo-Territorio, and the Outlining of a New Academic Grammar|url=https://sites.utexas.edu/llilas-benson-magazine/|journal=Portal Web Magazine. LLILAS Benson Latin American Studies and Collections, the University of Texas at Austin.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;. Ọ na-eme ka ahụ dị ka &quot;onye kachasị nso na ala &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; &quot; ma na-akwado echiche ụwa nke ahụ bụ akụkụ nke netwọk sara mbara nke ndụ niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Lorena Cabnal nke Indigenous Women’s Association nke Santa María Xalapán kọwara na, “territorio cuerpo-tierra bụ okwu a ga-eweghachite, chebe ma mekwaa ka ọ bụrụ ọkọlọtọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n’ịgbachitere ala. Ọ bụ usoro ọgụ megide ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na igwu ala (mining). Ọ bụ ụdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ekofeminizim obodo ụmụ amaala, ụzọ isi tụlee ma nwee mmetụta na ahụ mmadụ dịka ókèala dị ndụ ma nwee akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ na-ezo aka na nkọwa cosmological na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-amata na ahụ mmadụ nwere njikọ na ịdị n’ime netwọkụ nke ndụ niile. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-akpalite anyị ka anyị tụgharịa uche n’otú e si wulite ahụ mmadụ site n’ọtụtụ ụdị mmegbu, usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke patriarki, colonialism, racism, na neoliberal capitalism, nke butere mmegbu na mwepu akụ site n’usoro nkwekọrịta na iwu dị iche iche.”

Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ usoro usoro nke dabeere na ozizi nke cuerpo-territorio. Usoro ya na-elekwasị anya n'ahụ dị ka isi iyi nke ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sweet|first=Elizabeth L.|date=2017-04-03|title=Engaging territorio cuerpo-tierra through body and community mapping: a methodology for making communities safer|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2016.1219325|journal=Gender, Place &amp; Culture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=594–606|doi=10.1080/0966369X.2016.1219325|issn=0966-369X}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eme ya dị ka usoro decolonial ka ọ na-achọ imegide usoro nyocha ọdịnala nke Euro-centric nke na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na asụsụ edere site na ajụjụ ọnụ, ìgwè ndị na-elekwasị anya, na nzaghachi nyocha. N'adịghị ka usoro ndị a dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, eserese ahụ na-enye ụzọ dị nchebe, nke nwere nsogbu iji nwee mmetụta na mmetụta ndị metụtara ahụmịhe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke decolonial emeela ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka ike onwe onye na ime ihe jikọrọ ọnụ.

Mapịng ahụ (body mapping) na-emepụta ihe nnọchite anya anụ ahụ site n’ịse ihe osise nke ahụ na ime ihe ike niile ahụ tara. Mapịng a na-etinye esemokwu ala na okike n’elu ahụ mmadụ ka e wee ghọta ha site n’echiche nke ahụ na ahụmahụ onwe onye (subjective perspective). Onye nyocha Delmy Tania Cruz Hernández nyere ihe atụ doro anya n’akwụkwọ ya, mgbe ọ kọwara akụkọ otu onye lanarịrị ihe mgbu nke Acteal massacre; mgbe ihe ahụ mere, onye ahụ sere obe uhie n’elu obi n’ime mapịng ya, ma hapụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ahụ ka ha ghara inwe ihe osise n’ihi mmerụ uche (trauma). N’ụzọ a, mapịng na-aghọ ụdị iguzogide, na-eme ka mmetụta na ihe mgbu nke mwepu akụ n’ógbè pụta ìhè n’ahụ mmadụ..

Usoro body mapping na-agụnyekarị ụfọdụ mgbanwe nke usoro ndị a:

# N'ozuzu ha na-emepụta ohere nchekwa na nkwado. A na-ejikarị nzọụkwụ a eme ihe iji wulite ntụkwasị obi n'etiti ndị sonyere na n'etiti ha na ndị nchọpụta. Maka ọrụ ụfọdụ, nke a na-agụnye ịhazi usoro ụkpụrụ omume ọnụ nke na-akọwa etu ha si chọọ iso ibe ha, oghere, na mmepụta nyocha ikpeazụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sweet|first=et. al; Ventos Lopes Heimer, Rosa dos, and Nina Franco|title=Travelling Body-territories: A video-essay on survivors mapping coloniality, violence and resistance|url=https://www.artscabinet.org/imagingsocialjustice/travelling-body-territories-a-video-essay-on-survivors-mapping-coloniality-violence-and-resistance|accessdate=2025-05-27|work=Arts Cabinet|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Mee mmega ahụ nke otu mmetụta iji banye n'ime ahụ ma mata ha dị ka ndị jupụtara na ndụ, mmetụta, ncheta na mmetụta uche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
# Nkọwa nke ógbè ahụ.''ala ahụ.''
# Ndị sonyere na-enyere ibe ha aka ịchọta ọdịdị nke ọdịdị ha na mpempe akwụkwọ buru ibu.
# Ndị sonyere na-atụgharị uche n'usoro ajụjụ ndị nchọpụta jụrụ gbasara isiokwu ahụ, ebe ndị sonyere na ya na-aza ha site na ide, ise, na ịmepụta n'ụdị ọ bụla ha masịrị na ise ahụ ha dị ka nzaghachi. Onye ọ bụla nwere map nke ókèala ahụ ya pụrụ iche.
# Enwere ike ịjụ ndị sonyere ka ha kọwaa ihe map ha rụchara.
# Ọtụtụ ọrụ na-emesi ike na ọ bụ ezie na map bụ ngosipụta nke ahụmịhe, akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ahụ bụ ịkekọrịta akụkọ ha na obodo. A na-ekpughe njikọ, ọmịiko, na isiokwu ndị buru ibu, na-emepụta usoro nke imepụta ihe jikọrọ ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Body Territory: Mapping women's resistance to violence in the favelas of Maré, Rio de Janeiro |url=https://peoplespalaceprojects.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/body-mapping-report-1.pdf |access-date=June 7, 2026 |website=peoplespalaceprojects.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== Mmiri Ógbè ====
A na-eji echiche nke &quot;Agua Territorio&quot; - Water-Body-Territory akọwa njikọ ihe onwunwe na ihe nnọchianya dị n'etiti ihe onwunwa okike, ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na ala, sitere na obodo ime obodo na Latin America, ọkachasị na Andes, ma na Chile ma na Argentina, ebe mmiri bụ ọbara nke ókèala ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Panez Pinto|first=Alexander|date=2018|title=Agua-Territorio en América Latina: Contribuciones a partir del análisis de estudios sobre conflictos hídricos en Chile|url=http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-24662018000100193&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=es|journal=Revista Rupturas|language=es|volume=8|issue=1|pages=193–217|doi=10.22458/rr.v8i1.1978|issn=2215-2466}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ echiche a na-eji eme ihe na decolonial ecofeminism, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara dị oke egwu. Echiche decolonial nke Latin America na ọdịdị ala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eje ozi iji chee echiche banyere ngosipụta nke ọnwụ mkpokọta na arụmụka ndị ọzọ gbasara nnwere onwe anụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zaragocin|first=Sofia|date=2024-11-01|title=Agua-cuerpo-territorio/Water-body-territory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629824001793|journal=Political Geography|volume=115|doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103230|issn=0962-6298}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lobos Castro na-ekwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme na nhazi nke mmiri na Chile - nke iwu mmiri nke Chile nke 1981 mere ka ọ dị ngwa na mmiri dị ka ihe ọma malitere ịpụ - emeela ka mmerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke onwe. Nke a na-agụnye mmetọ, mbelata mmiri maka ọrụ ugbo, na ikpughe na agrochemicals na-egbu egbu. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ndị a, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Chile mepụtara &quot;ịdị adị ọzọ&quot;: omume nke iguzogide na ntachi obi nke gụnyere iweghachite ihe ọmụma ndị nna nna, ịzụlite ịdị n'otu obodo, na ịgbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi mpaghara. Omume ndị a na-ekwughachi njikọ ha na ala na ụlọ ọrụ ha n'ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lobos Castro|first=Fany|date=2021|title=Agua-cuerpo-territorio. Las cicatrices y reexistencias de las mujeres rurales en el Maule Sur precordillerano de Chile|url=https://www.ecologiapolitica.info/?p=14880|journal=Ecología Política|issue=61|pages=112–116|doi=10.53368/EP61FCrr04|accessdate=2025-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Video_Vandana_Shiva_2014.webm|thumb|Vandana Shiva, onye India ọkà ihe ọmụma, ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi]]
N’afọ 1980 na 1990, ndị nkatọ jụrụ radicalism ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ekofeminizim site n’ikwu na ọ bụ “essentialist”. A hụrụ ndị ekofeminizim dịka ndị na-eme ka ụkpụrụ ọchịchị nna-ukwu (patriarchy) nke ịchị achị sikwuo ike site n’ịkwusi ike na e nwere njikọ pụrụ iche n’etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịdị okike.

Ndị echiche [post-structural feminism](&lt;nowiki&gt;https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/post-structural_feminism?utm_source=chatgpt.com&lt;/nowiki&gt;) na ụfọdụ ndị [Third-wave feminism](&lt;nowiki&gt;https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-wave_feminism?utm_source=chatgpt.com&lt;/nowiki&gt;) karịsịa, hụrụ “essentialism” dịka ịchịkọta ụmụ nwanyị niile n’otu otu dị ka ndị a na-ewere dị ala, nke si otú ahụ na-akwado otu ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ ahụ feminism na-agbalị ịkwụsị.

Nsogbu dị bụ na n’omenala ọdịnala, dịka a na-elekarị àgwà a na-akpọ “nwanyị” anya dị ka ihe na-erughị uru, otu ahụkwa ka a na-ekpebi na ọdịdị okike na ụwa anụmanụ bụ ndị nwere “uru dị ala” ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọdịnala patriarchy nke nwoke na-achị na-akpọ “mmadụ n’ezie.”'. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị ecofeminists na-emegide nnwere onwe ma ọ bụ 'ịha nhata' feminism na ndabere na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị isi na-amaghị ama bụ ndị nwoke - ma ndị na-ewepu mmekọahụ / ndị na-ebibi gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ajụjụ ọnụ, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị [[Noel Sturgeon]] kwuru na ihe ndị na-emegide ihe dị mkpa na-amaghị bụ atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị eji eme ka ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị buru ibu na nke dị iche iche, ndị na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ihe ike. Tụkwasị na nke a, Charlene Spretnak gosipụtara ecofeminism dị ka ihe na-emetụta atụmatụ sara mbara, gụnyere teknụzụ ọmụmụ, ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata na ikike nhata, mmetọ na-egbu egbu, mmepe Ụwa nke Atọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Norie Ross Singer mesiri ike na a ga-aghọta ecofeminism dị ka ịkwalite ọtụtụ axis nke njirimara dịka okike, agbụrụ, na klas dị ka inter-meshed na mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ na-abụghị mmadụ. A. E. Kings gosipụtara nyocha a dị ka '[[Intersectionality|intersectional]]' n'ụzọ bụ isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kings|first=A.E.|title=Intersectionality and the Changing Face of Ecofeminism|journal=Ethics and the Environment|date=2017|volume=22|issue=1|pages=63–87|doi=10.2979/ethicsenviro.22.1.04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịdị anụmanụ na-enye aka na nyocha intersectional, site na itinye uche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikike ụmụ anụmanụ na ime ihe maka ụdị ndụ niile a na-emegbu emegbu, gụnyere ndị ọrụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọkà mmụta okpukpe Rosemary Radford Ruether jụrụ mysticism, ọ rụrụ ụka na ime mmụọ na ime ihe ike nwere ike ijikọta n'ụzọ dị irè na ecofeminism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ecofeminism&amp;Globalization&quot; /&gt; N'aka nke ọzọ, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Janet Biehl katọrọ ecofeminism maka ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ọgụgụ dị omimi nke ụmụ nwanyị na okike na-enweghị nlebara anya zuru ezu maka ọnọdụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. Biehl kpebiri ecofeminism dị ka òtù na-emegide ọganihu maka ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biehl&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Biehl|first=Janet|authorlink=Janet Biel|title=Rethinking eco-feminist politics|url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingecofem0000bieh|year=1991|publisher=[[South End Press]]|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-89608-392-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, ụfọdụ ndị ecofeminists maara banyere nkatọ ndị a malitere ịgbanwe aha ọrụ ha n'okpuru akara ndị ọzọ - dị ka 'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi', 'ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ', ma ọ bụ 'mmekọahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi'.

Taa, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eche echiche na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-amata ma ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmekọahụ / nwoke na nwanyị. Ọzọkwa, ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na usoro akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-arụ ụka maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ahụkarị ihe onwunwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rocheleau|first=Dianne|title=Feminist Political Ecology: Global Issues &amp; Local Experiences|location=New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Socialist femists na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na njikọ ụmụ nwanyị na okike bụ echiche a na-ewu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Dị ka Ariel Salleh si kwuo, nchegbu banyere ịdị mkpa na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke North America. Na Europe na South ụwa, mmekọrịta nke klas, agbụrụ, okike na ụdị na mmegbu dabeere na nyocha nke mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na akụ na ụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Salleh|first=Ariel|title=Essentialism and Ecofeminism|journal=Arena|volume=94|pages=167–173|date=1991}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkatọ dị iche iche ===
Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ nlekọta ụmụ nwanyị emeela ka ndị otu niile a na-akparaghị ókè sonye, na-arụ ọrụ megide Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịka nká, ikike. Andrew Charles na-ekwu na ndị nwere nkwarụ ka na-eche nsogbu nke ịnweta na nnọchiteanya ihu na ime iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Charles|first=Andrew|date=June 2007|title=Deafness and Disability—Forgotten Components of Environmental Justice: Illustrated by the Case of Local Agenda 21 in South Wales|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13549830601183677|journal=Local Environment|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=209–221|doi=10.1080/13549830601183677|issn=1354-9839}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-atụ aro na akụkụ na-azụlite nke ecofeminism nwere ike ịbụ ịkwado ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. N'otu aka ahụ, mgbagwoju anya nke onye nzọpụta ọcha nwere ike imebi nkwado onwe onye nke ndị agbụrụ a na-akparaghị ókè gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bandyopadhyay|first=Ranjan|date=2017-08-08|title='The white woman's burden' – the racialized, gendered politics of volunteer tourism|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14616688.2017.1298150|journal=Tourism Geographies|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=644–657|doi=10.1080/14616688.2017.1298150|issn=1461-6688}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Catia Faria na-arụ ụka megide echiche ecofeminist na nnukwu mmerụ ahụ nye ụmụ anụmanụ na-abụghị mmadụ n'ọhịa sitere na omenala nna ochie. Ọ na-esote, ọ na-ekwu, na ọ bụ ihe na-ezighi ezi ikwu na nchekwa nke okike bụ ihe ngwọta kachasị mma ebe a. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, usoro okike n'onwe ha bụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ahụhụ maka anụ ọhịa nakwa na anyị kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ iji belata mmerụ ahụ ha na-enwe, yana iwepụ isi iyi nke mmerụ ahụ, dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ruiz Carreras|first=María|date=2016-11-04|title=&quot;La lucha por la igualdad y la justicia es necesariamente feminista y antiespecista&quot;|language=es|work=Diagonal|url=https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/global/29972-lo-personal-es-politico-feminismo-y-antiespecismo.html|accessdate=2021-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị na-ekwu okwu ==

* Carol J. Adams  – Adams is an American vegetarian-ecofeminist scholar and activist.
* Judi Bari – Bari was a principal organizer of the Earth First! movement and experienced sexist hostility.
* [[Françoise d'Eaubonne]] – Called upon women to lead an ecological revolution in order to save the planet. This entailed revolutionizing gender relations and human relations with the natural world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merchant&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|chapter=Chapter 8|title=Radical ecology: the search for a livable world|location=New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=1992}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMerchant1992&quot;&gt;Merchant, Carolyn (1992). &quot;Chapter 8&quot;. ''Radical ecology: the search for a livable world''. New York: [[Routledge]]. p.&amp;nbsp;184.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Greta Gaard – Gaard is an American ecofeminist scholar and activist. Her major contributions to the field connect ideas of queer theory, vegetarian ecofeminism, and animal liberation. Her major theories call to expand ecofeminism and other feminist theories to address a wider range of social issues. She is an ecological activist and leader in the U.S. Green Party, and the Green Movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwrf.edu/FacultyStaff/5617517.cfm|title=Greta Gaard|work=www.uwrf.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Susan Griffin - A radical feminist philosopher, essayist and playwright particularly known for her innovative, hybrid-form ecofeminist works. A Californian, she taught as an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley as well as at Stanford University and California Institute of Integral Studies.
* Ana Isla – Sociologist from Peru, member of Capitalism Nature Socialism ecofeminist editorial collective.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Isla|first=Ana|editor=Brownhill|title=The Routledge Handbook on Ecosocialism|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|location=London|chapter=“Greening,” the highest stage of extractivism in Latin America}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vanessa Lemgruber]] – Lemgruber is a Brazilian lawyer, writer,&lt;ref name=&quot;amazon.com.br&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com.br/Guia-ecofeminista-mulheres-direito-ecologia-ebook/dp/B08C1FNZ55/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_pt_BR=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&amp;dchild=1&amp;keywords=guia+ecofeminista&amp;qid=1593658492&amp;sr=8-1|title=Guia ecofeminista: Mulheres, direito, ecologia|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; activist, and ecofeminist. She defends [[the Doce river]] in Brazil and advocates for [[Ịdị mma mmiri|water quality]] and [[Ihe mkpofu efu|zero waste]] movements.
* Sallie McFague – A prominent ecofeminist theologian, McFague uses the metaphor of God's body to represent the universe at large. This metaphor values inclusive, mutualistic and interdependent relations amongst all things.
* Carolyn Merchant – Historian of science who taught at University of California, Berkeley for many years. Her book ''The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution'' is a classic ecofeminist text.
* Mary Mellor – UK sociologist who moved to ecofeminist ideas from an interest in cooperatives. Her books ''Breaking the Boundaries'' and her later book ''Feminism and Ecology'' are grounded in a materialist analysis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mellor|first=Mary|title=Breaking the Boundaries|url=https://archive.org/details/breakingboundari0000mell|date=1992|publisher=Virago|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mellor|first=Mary|title=Feminism and Ecology|date=1997|publisher=Polity Press|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Maria Mies – Mies is a German social critic who has been involved in feminist work throughout [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] and [[Ndia|India]]. She works particularly on the intersections of patriarchy, poverty, and the environment on a local and global scale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ecofeminism&amp;Globalization&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ruether|first=Rosemary Radford|authorlink=Rosemary Radford Ruether|title=Ecofeminism and Globalization|url=https://archive.org/details/ecofeminismgloba0000eato|year=2003|editor=Eaton|publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]]|location=Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford|isbn=978-0-7425-2697-6|pages=vii–xi}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRuether2003&quot;&gt;[[Rosemary Radford Ruether|Ruether, Rosemary Radford]] (2003). Eaton, Heather; Lorentzen, Lois Ann (eds.). ''Ecofeminism and Globalization''. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford: [[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]]. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;vii–&lt;/span&gt;xi. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2697-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7425-2697-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Adrian Parr – A cultural and environmental theorist. She has published eight books and numerous articles on [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|environmental activism]], feminist new materialism, and imagination. Most notable is her trilogy ''Hijacking Sustainability''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Parr|first=Adrian|title=Hijacking Sustainability|url=https://archive.org/details/hijackingsustain0000parr|date=2009|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; See also: ''The Wrath of Capital'', and ''Birth of a New Earth''.
* Val Plumwood – Val Plumwood, formerly Val Routley, was an Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, who was prominent in the development of radical ecosophy from the early 1970s through the remainder of the 20th century. In her work ''Feminism and the Mastery of Nature'' she describes the relationship of mankind and the environment relating to an eco-feminist ideology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Feminism and the Mastery of Nature|author=Plumwood|first=Val|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2003|location=New Fetter Lane, London}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alicia Puleo – The author of several books and articles on ecofeminism and gender inequality, Alicia Puleo has been characterized as &quot;arguably Spain's most prominent explicator-philosopher of the worldwide movement or theoretical orientation known as ecofeminism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1RWyk2PwEgC&amp;pg=PA107|title=Global Issues in Contemporary Hispanic Women's Writing|chapter=For a Better World: Alicia Puleo's Critical Ecofeminism|first=Roberta|author=Johnson|editor=Cibreiro|isbn=9780415626941|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=20 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rosemary Radford Ruether – Has written 36 books and over 600 articles exploring the intersections of feminism, theology, and creation care.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=LaRosa|first=Patricia|title=Finding Aid for Rosemary Radford Ruether Papers, 1954-2002|url=http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/libraries/burke/fa/awts/ldpd_5632346.pdf|accessdate=15 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221205023/http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/libraries/burke/fa/awts/ldpd_5632346.pdf|archivedate=21 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruether was the first person to connect the domination of the earth with the oppression of women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bouma-Prediger|first=Steven|title=The greening of theology: the ecological models of Rosemary Radford Ruether, Joseph Sittler, and Juergen Moltmann|url=https://archive.org/details/greeningoftheolo00boum_0|date=1995|publisher=Scholars Press|isbn=0-7885-0163-1|location=Atlanta, Ga.|oclc=33105042}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;page&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* Ariel Salleh – Australian ecofeminist with a global perspective; a founding editor of the journal ''Capitalism Nature Socialism''; author of four books and some 300 articles examining ecofeminist links with deep and social ecology, green politics and eco-socialism, digitalisation and decoloniality.
* Vandana Shiva – Shiva is a scientist by training, prolific author and Indian ecofeminist activist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who's Who of Women and the Environment|url=http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=107|accessdate=15 March 2013|archivedate=28 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028084032/http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was a participant in the Chipko movement of the 1970s, which used non-violent activism to protest and prevent [[Igbukpọ osisi|deforestation]] in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, India, then in Uttar Pradesh. Her fight against genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (together with the fights led by Rachel Carson against DDT and Erin Brockovich against hexavalent chromium) has been described as an example of ecofeminist position.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Barthold|first=Charles|title=An ecofeminist position in critical practice: Challenging corporate truth in the Anthropocene|journal=Gender, Work &amp; Organization|year=2022|volume=29|issue=6|pages=1796–1814|doi=10.1111/gwao.12878}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Charlene Spretnak – Spretnak is an American writer largely known for her writing on ecology, politics and spirituality. Through these writings Spretnak has become a prominent ecofeminist. She has written many books which discuss ecological issues in terms of effects with social criticisms, including feminism. Spretnak's works had a major influence in the development of the Green Party. She has also won awards based on her visions on ecology and social issues as well as feminist thinking.
* Starhawk – An American writer and activist, Starhawk is known for her work in spiritualism and ecofeminism. She advocates for social justice in issues surrounding nature and spirit. These social justice issues fall under the scope of feminism and ecofeminism. She believes in fighting oppression through intersectionality and the importance of spirituality, eco consciousness and sexual and gender liberation. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;circular reference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* Douglas Vakoch – An American ecocritic whose edited volumes include ''Ecofeminism and Rhetoric: Critical Perspectives on Sex, Technology, and Discourse'' (2011),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminism and rhetoric: critical perspectives on sex, technology, and discourse|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|date=2011-01-01|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=9780857451873|location=New York|language=en|oclc=714734848}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature'' (2012),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Feminist ecocriticism: environment, women, and literature|url=https://archive.org/details/feministecocriti0000unse|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|date=2012-01-01|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|isbn=9780739176825|location=Lanham, Md.|language=en|oclc=815941726}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Dystopias and Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction'' (2021),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/Dystopias-and-Utopias-on-Earth-and-Beyond-Feminist-Ecocriticism-of-Science/Vakoch/p/book/9780367716233|title=Dystopias and Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2021|isbn=9780367716233|editor=Vakoch|location=London|accessdate=2020-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature'' (2021),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/Ecofeminist-Science-Fiction-International-Perspectives-on-Gender-Ecology/Vakoch/p/book/9780367716417|title=Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2021|isbn=9780367716417|editor=Vakoch|location=London|accessdate=2020-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature'' (2023),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Ecofeminism-and-Literature/Vakoch/p/book/9781032050119|title=The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2023|isbn=9781032050119|editor=Vakoch|accessdate=2022-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; (with Nicole Anae) ''Indian Feminist Ecocriticism'' (2022), and (with Sam Mickey) ''Ecofeminism in Dialogue'' (2018),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminism in Dialogue|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|year=2018|isbn=9781498569279|location=Lanham, MD|oclc=1005695115}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Literature and Ecofeminism: Intersectional and International Voices'' (2018),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Literature and Ecofeminism: Intersectional and International Voices|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2018|isbn=978-0815381723|location=London|oclc=1020319048}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Women and Nature?: Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment'' (2018).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Women and Nature?: Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2018|isbn=9781138053427|location=London|language=en|oclc=975383028}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Karen J. Warren – Warren received her B.A. in philosophy from the University of Minnesota (1970) and her Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst in 1978. Before her long tenure at Macalester College, which began in 1985, Warren was Professor of Philosophy at St. Olaf College in the early 1980s. Warren was the Ecofeminist-Scholar-in-Residence at Murdoch University in Australia.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacGregor&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=MacGregor|first=Sherilyn|title=Beyond mothering earth: ecological citizenship and the politics of care|year=2006|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-0-7748-1201-6}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMacGregor2006&quot;&gt;MacGregor, Sherilyn (2006). ''Beyond mothering earth: ecological citizenship and the politics of care''. Vancouver: [[University of British Columbia Press]]. p.&amp;nbsp;286. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1201-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7748-1201-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In 2003, she served as an Oxford University Round Table Scholar and as Women's Chair in Humanistic Studies at Marquette University in 2004. She has spoken widely on environmental issues, feminism, critical thinking and peace studies in many international locations including Buenos Aires, Gothenburg, [[Helsinki]], Oslo, Manitoba, Melbourne, Moscow, Perth, the U.N. Earth Summit in [[Rio de Janeiro]] (1992), and San Jose.

== Hụkwa ==
 

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaard&quot;/&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Mann&quot;/&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Borders&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

=== Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa ===

* Oge Ochie Ọdịnihu: Ịmụta site na Ladakh, nke Helena Norberg-Hodge
* The Body of God nke Sallie McFague dere
* The Chalice and The Blade: Our History, Our Future, nke Riane Eisler dere
* ''Ọnwụ nke Okike: Ụmụ nwanyị, Ecology, na Mgbanwe Sayensị'' nke Carolyn Merchant
* Ecofeminism nke Maria Mies na Vandana Shiva
* ''Ecofeminism na Latin America'' site na Mary Judith Ross
* Ecofeminist Philosophy nke Karen J. Warren
* ''Omenala Gburugburu Ebe Obibi'' site na Val Plumwood
* ''Feminism na Nchịkwa nke Okike'' site na Val Plumwood
* ''Gaia na Chineke: Nkà mmụta okpukpe nke Ecofeminist nke Ọgwụgwọ Ụwa'' nke Rosemary Radford Ruether
* Njikọ Ecofeminism, Globalization, na okpukpe ụwa site na Rosemary Radford Ruether
* Ọ dịghị Nwoke ma ọ bụ Anụ nke Carol J. Adams dere
* Ebe mgbaba: Akụkọ na-abụghị nke okike nke Ezinụlọ na Ebe site na Terry Tempest Williams
* Mbilite n'Ọnwụ nke Ezi: Ahụ, Okike, na Ebe n'Ụwa Hypermodern nke Charlene Spretnak dere
* Nsọ Longings: Nkà mmụta okpukpe Ecofeminist na Globalization nke Mary Grey
* The Sexual Politics of Meat nke Carol J. Adams dere
* Silent Spring nke Rachel Carson dere
* Egwú na-agba gburugburu nke Starhawk
* ''Ịnọgide na-adị ndụ: Ụmụ nwanyị, gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe'' nke Vandana Shiva
* ''Na-eche Green! edemede banyere gburugburu ebe obibi, ụmụ nwanyị, na enweghị ime ihe ike'' site na [[Petra Kelly]]
* Ụdị Biodiversity nke echi site na Vandana Shiva
* Nwaanyị na Okike: Ịzụ n'ime Ya site na Susan Griffin
* ''Ịmebi ókèala'' site na Mary Mellor
* Feminism na Ecology nke Mary Mellor dere
* ''Ecofeminism dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị: Okike, Marx, na Postmodern'' nke Ariel Salleh dere
* ''Decolonize EcoModernism!'' nke Ariel Salleh dere
* Osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke Costa Rica site n'aka Ana Isla

* Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations, nke Carol J. Adams na Josephine Donovan dezigharịrị
* Dystopias na Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị
* Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature, nke Greta Gaard dezigharịrị
* Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature, nke Karen J. Warren dezigharịrị na enyemaka nchịkọta akụkọ sitere na Nisvan Erkal
* ''EcoFeminism &amp; Globalization: ịchọpụta ọdịbendị, ihe gbara ya gburugburu na okpukpe'', nke Heather Eaton &amp; Lois Ann Lorentzen dezigharịrị
* Ecofeminism and Rhetoric: Critical Perspectives on Sex, Technology, and Discourse, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị
* Ecofeminism and the Sacred, nke Carol J. Adams dezigharịrị
* Ecofeminism in Dialogue, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị
* Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị
* ''Eco-Sufficiency &amp; Global Justice: Ụmụ nwanyị na-ede Political Ecology'', nke Ariel Salleh dezigharịrị
* Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị
* Indian Feminist Ecocriticism, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Nicole Anae dezigharịrị
* ''Akwụkwọ na Ecofeminism: Intersectional na International Voices'', nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị
* The Politics of Women's Spirituality: Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement, nke Charlene Spretnak dezigharịrị
* Ntụziaka na Ecology na Feminist Theology, nke Mary Heather MacKinnon na Moni McIntyre dezigharịrị
* Reclaim the Earth, nke Leonie Caldecott na Stephanie Leland dezigharịrị
* Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism, nke Irene Diamond na [[Gloria Feman Orenstein]] dezigharịrị
* The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị
* Ụmụ nwanyị na Okike? : Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị
* Women Healing Earth: Third World Women on Ecology, Feminism, and Religion, nke Rosemary Radford Ruether dezigharịrị
* ''GUIA ECOFEMINISTA: mujeres, direito, ecologia, nke Vanessa Lemgruber dere nke Ape'Ku dezigharịrị''

* {{Cite journal|author=Buckingham|first=Susan|title=Ecofeminism|journal=International Encyclopedia of the Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)|date=2015|pages=845–850|doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.91020-1}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta Claire|year=2011|title=Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism|journal=[[Feminist Formations]]|volume=23|issue=2|pages=26–53|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0017}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Huggan|first=Graham|year=2004|title=&quot;Greening&quot; Postcolonialism: Ecocritical Perspectives|journal=MFS Modern Fiction Studies|volume=50|issue=3|pages=701–733|doi=10.1353/mfs.2004.0067}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Mack-Canty|first=Colleen|year=2004|title=Third-Wave Feminism and the Need to Reweave the Nature/ Culture Duality|journal=[[NWSA Journal]]|volume=16|issue=3|pages=154–179|doi=10.1353/nwsa.2004.0077}}
* {{Cite journal|author=MacGregor|first=Sherilyn|year=2004|title=From care to citizenship: Calling ecofeminism back to politics|journal=Ethics &amp; the Environment|volume=9|issue=1|pages=56–84|doi=10.1353/een.2004.0007}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Mallory|first=Chaone|year=2013|title=Locating Ecofeminism in Encounters with Food and Place|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics|volume=26|issue=1|pages=171–189|doi=10.1007/s10806-011-9373-8}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke U.S. Ecofeminism na Ikpe Ziri Ezi, Feminist Formations, 23 (2): 1-25.
* {{Cite journal|author=Wildy|first=Jade|year=2012|title=The Artistic Progressions of Ecofeminism: The Changing Focus of Women in Environmental Art|journal=International Journal of the Arts in Society|volume=6|issue=1|pages=53–65|doi=10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/v06i01/35978}}
* Salleh, Ariel (1984) 'From Feminism to Ecology', Social Alternatives, Vol. 4, Nke 3, 8-12.
* Salleh, Ariel (2019) 'Ecofeminist Sociology as a New Class Analysis' na Klaus Dorre na Brigitte Aulenbacher (ed.), Global Dialogue, International Sociological Association Newsletter: Vol. 9, Nke 1.
* Salleh, Ariel (1991) 'Essentialism and Ecofeminism', Arena No. 94:167-173.
* David Pellow (2018), 'Review of EcoFeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx and the Postmodern', Journal of World-Systems Research, doi:10.5195/JWSR.2018.864.

* Ọnụ ụzọ n'Oké Osimiri nke [[Joan Slonczewski]] dere
* Always Coming Home nke Ursula K. Le Guin dere
* Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight nke Ursula K. Le Guin dere
* Ihe Nsọ nke Ise nke Starhawk
* The Gate to Women's Country nke Sheri S. Tepper dere
* The Holdfast Chronicles nke Suzy McKee Charnas dere
* ''Ihe Nzuzo Madonna'' nke Sophie Strand
* ''Asụsụ Obodo'' nke Suzette Haden Elgin
* ''Ilu nke Onye na-akụ mkpụrụ'' site n'aka Octavia Butler
* Oge Ọchịchị na-efu efu nke Barbara Kingsolver
* N'elu ya site na Margaret Atwood
* The Wanderground nke Sally Miller Gearhart
* Nwanyị Na-eru N'Oge Oge nke Marge Piercy dere
* ''Ndị ikwu Ata na-echere gị'' site na Dorothy Bryant
* Bear nke Marian Engel dere
* Ụlọ Nsọ nke Onye Amụma m nke [[Alice Walker]] dere
* ''Nrọ Sultana'' nke Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain

* The Sea of Affliction (1987, bipụtara ọzọ na 2010) nke Rosemarie Rowley dere

== Njikọ mpụga ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

* [http://lgruen.faculty.wesleyan.edu/files/2011/05/Gaard.pdf Ecofeminism: N'ihu ikpe ziri ezi zuru ụwa ọnụ na ahụike ụwa] Feminist Greta Gaard na Lori Gruen's ecofeminist framework
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001140008/http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article2.asp?id=2669 &quot;An Ecology of Knowledge: Feminism, Ecology and the Science and Religion Discourse&quot;] Metanexus Institute nke Lisa Stenmark
* &quot;Ecofeminism and the Democracy of Creation&quot; nke Catherine Keller (2005); cf. Carol P. Christ, &quot;Ecofeminism&quot;, na Michel Weber na Will Desmond (ed.), Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought, Frankfurt / Lancaster, ontos verlag, 2008, peeji nke 87-98.&amp;nbsp;
* &quot;Toward a Queer Ecofeminism&quot; nke Greta Gaard
* [https://www.cadtm.org/Feminism-and-ecology-the-same-struggle-The-shaping-of-ecofeminism Feminism na gburugburu ebe obibi: otu ọgụ ahụ? - Ọdịdị nke ecofeminism] site na Marijke Colle
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-environmental/ Nkà ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụmụ nwanyị] site na Karen Warren
* [https://www.perlego.com/knowledge/study-guides/what-is-ecofeminism/ Gịnị bụ Ecofeminism?] Akwụkwọ Perlego
{{Feminist theory}}
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'''Ifeanyi Chukwu-Agah Benedict''' (20 Eprel 1991 - 8 Ọgọst 2024), A maara nke ọma dịka Abuja Area Mama, ọ bụ onye ọrụ mmekọahụ na Naịjirịa, onye na-akwado ndị LGBTQ na soshal midia, nakwa onye na-akwado ikike ndị LGBTQ.&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng&quot;&gt;[https://punchng.com/police-identify-slain-abuja-crossdresser-as-family-aids-probe/ Police identify slain Abuja crossdresser as family aids probe]. ''Punch Nigeria''. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;. E gburu ya n'ụbọchị nke 8 n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024 ma ikpe ya ka na-edozighị.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Ifeanyi Chukwu-Agah Benedict na Mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo [[Afikpo North]] nke Ebonyi State,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1609548-abuja-area-mama-police-share-facts-tiktok-star-death/ Abuja Area Mama: Police Share Background of Deceased TikTok Star, Evokes Emotions, &quot;After 2 Weeks?&quot;]. Legit Nigeria. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;.  ma zụlite ya na [[Abuja|Gwagwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;premiumtimes&quot;&gt;[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/722422-popular-crossdresser-murdered-in-abuja.html?tztc=1 Popular crossdresser murdered in Abuja]. Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved on August 8, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;.  Mgbe ọ dị obere, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na &quot;cross-dressing&quot;, na-eyikarị uwe dị ka nwanyị ma na-eyi ihe ntecha na wig.&lt;ref name=&quot;kainekrandashow&quot;&gt;Pillow Talk televised interview with The Kaine Kranda Show. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Benedict matara banyere mmekọahụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, na-ewere onwe ya dị ka nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;kainekrandashow&quot; /&gt; Ọ kpughere na ndị okenye a na-akpọghị aha na-emetọ ya n'ụzọ mmekọahụ bụ ndị jiri vaseline &quot;na-asa kpekus ya&quot;;  okwu Pidgin nke Naijiria maka akụkụ ahụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;kainekrandashow&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Benedict nakweere aha ahụ '''Shantel Kay''' (sometimes spelled '''Chantelle''').&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/share/p/16Yn1HTRfZ/ Abuja Area Mama Facebook post on October 5, 2022]. Facebook. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.them.us/story/abuja-area-mama-tiktok-nigeria-found-dead LGBTQ+ Nigerian Groups Demand Justice After the Death of TikToker &quot;Abuja Area Mama&quot;]. Them. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng1&quot;&gt;[https://punchng.com/abuja-cross-dressers-killers-must-face-justice-police/ Abuja cross-dresser's killers must face justice – Police]. ''Punch Nigeria''. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpụ isi na onye na-eme etemeete.&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng1&quot; /&gt; O mechara kwaga na [[Abuja]]. N'afọ 2006, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ mmekọahụ maka ego na inwe mmekọahụ na ndị ahịa na-amaghị, na-enye aha.'''Abuja Area Mama'''. Ndị ahịa ya, gụnyere ndị agadi na ndị lara ezumike nká bụ́ ndị a na-anaghị ekpughe aha ha n'ihu ọha, ga-abịa eburu ya n'abalị.&lt;ref name=&quot;kainekrandashow&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gistreel.com/i-dont-get-turned-on-by-women-even-if-shes-naked-abuja-based-crossdresser-video/ &quot;I don't get turned on by women even if she's naked&quot; – Abuja-based crossdresser (Video)]. Gistreel. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-achọ ọrụ mmekọahụ, Benedict tara ahụhụ ọtụtụ ihe ike, gụnyere mma mma e ji aka kụchie nke e mechara dekọọ na vidiyo mgbasa ozi ọha ya na Septemba 2023. N'agbanyeghị akụkọ ndị uwe ojii mpaghara ahụ nyere ya, ọ dịghị nyocha ma ọ bụ njide ọ bụla e mere. N'afọ 2024 dum, Benedict malitere ịpụta na ọtụtụ ihe ngosi TV na ihe ngosi weebụ na-ekwu maka ndụ ya, na-eme ka a mara ihe egwu dị na ịgba akwụna na ndụ n'okporo ámá.&lt;ref name=&quot;kainekrandashow&quot; /&gt;Na Machị 2024, o kwuru na ọ chọrọ ịla ezumike nka n'ọrụ mmekọahụ ma chọta di ọ ga-alụ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gistreel.com/i-am-hoping-for-a-good-man-to-come-into-my-life-and-marry-me-abuja-based-crossdresser/ &quot;I am hoping for a good man to come into my life and marry me&quot; – Abuja-based crossdresser]. Gistreel. Retrieved on July 5, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
N'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kpọrọ ya transgender, Benedict gosipụtara dị ka nwoke na-eme enyi nwoke nke &quot;na-eyi uwe dị iche iche&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;kainekrandashow&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1BsfJSktRY/ Abuja Area Mama Facebook post on September 4, 2023]. Facebook. Retrieved on July 5, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;  ihe omume ebe ọ ga-eyi uwe dịka nwanyị. Ọ kọwakwara site na iji nnọchiaha ya. N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2023, ọ kpughere na nna ya anwụọla.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DnWxauKwS/ Abuja Area Mama Facebook post on November 15, 2023]. Facebook. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ọnwụ ==
N'abalị nke 7 Ọgọstụ 2024,  Benedict tinyere vidiyo na TikTok ya nke na-egosi etemeete ya na wig, yi uwe kimono gbara ọchịchịrị. Benedict, onye nọ n'azụ ụgbọala ọrụ na-aga ije, na-aga izute onye ahịa ya. N'ụtụtụ echi ya na 8 Ọgọst, a hụrụ ozu Benedict nke ọbara juru ma tie ihe n'akụkụ ụzọ Katampe-Mabushi Expressway na mpaghara Banex, Wuse 2 nke Federal Capital Territory.&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng&quot; /&gt; Kọmishọna nke ndị uwe ojii FCT, CP Benneth C. Igweh ka a kọrọ na ọ meghere nyocha mana ogbugbu Benedict ka na-edozighị.&lt;ref name=&quot;punchng&quot; /&gt; Ụbọchị anọ tupu e gbuo ya, Benedict kesara vidiyo site na Instagram na-egosi onye ahịa na-emegide onwe ya nke kwụrụ naira 200,000 na ọrụ ma chọọ ka ego ha laghachi. E liri ya n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025.

=== Ncheta na mmeghachi omume ===
Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mba ụwa gụnyere BBC News,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0rwg5krq98o Nigerian transgender TikToker found dead]. BBC News. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; [[CNN]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/09/africa/abuja-area-mama-nigeria-trans-killing-intl-scli Nigerian police investigate killing of trans TikToker Abuja Area Mama]. CNN. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;  CNN,  na PinkNews,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/08/12/abuja-area-mama-death-trans-nigeria/ Nigerian transgender TikTok star found dead]. PinkNews. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;   kọrọ banyere ogbugbu Abuja Area Mama. Òtù Naijiria na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ The Initiative For Equal Rights (TIERS) nyere ọmịiko ha.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mambaonline.com/2024/08/10/nigeria-lgbtiq-community-shaken-by-murder-of-trans-social-media-figure/ Nigeria: LGBTIQ+ Community Shaken by Murder of Trans Social Media Figure]. ''Mamba Online''. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;. A malitere mkpesa n'ịntanetị, nke All Out kwadoro, na ebumnuche nke iru 10,000 bịanyere aka ka e zigara Ministri Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Naịjirịa. Onye nta akụkọ Naijiria bụ Martins Ifijeh zoro aka na ogbugbu ahụ dị ka &quot;ụdị obi ọjọọ kachasị njọ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.africanews.com/2024/08/09/police-order-investigation-into-the-murder-of-nigeria-cross-dresser-abuja-area-mama// Police order investigation into the murder of Nigeria cross-dresser &quot;Abuja Area Mama&quot;]. Africa News. Retrieved on July 4, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Na ụbọchị ise nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2025, otu òtù na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na Naịjirịa nke a maara dịka Minority Watch (Minority Advocates for Education and Equitable Access to Rights Initiative) gbara akwụkwọ n'Ụlọikpe Ukwu nke Federal nke Naịjirịa megide ngalaba ndị uwe ojii Abuja maka na ha emeghị nnyocha nke ọma gbasara ogbugbu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1668148-nigerian-government-police-dragged-court-death-tiktok-star-abuja-area-mama/ FG, Police Face Legal Action over Failure to Investigate TikTok Star's Death]. Legit Nigeria. Retrieved on August 9, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Minority Watch, na mmekorita ya na òtù abụọ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa na Kọmishọna nke ndị uwe ojii, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), na 8 Ọgọstụ 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardiannigeria2&quot;&gt;[https://guardian.ng/news/rights-group-sues-police-for-failing-to-probe-abuja-area-mama-murder/ Rights group sues police for failing to probe Abuja 'Area Mama' murder]. The Guardian Nigeria. Retrieved on August 9, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; E tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa ọzọ na 12 Febụwarị 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;guardiannigeria2&quot; /&gt; Ìgwè ahụ na-achọ nkwupụta na ndị uwe ojii na-emeghị ihe ọ bụla bụ mmebi ọzọ nke ikike ndụ Benedict n'okpuru iwu Naijiria.&lt;ref name=&quot;streetjournal&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20260110152740/https://thestreetjournal.org/rights-group-sues-police-for-failing-to-probe-abuja-area-mama-murder/ Rights Group Sues Police For Failing To Probe Abuja 'Area Mama' Murder]. The Street Journal. Retrieved on August 9, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ha na-achọ iwu nke na-agwa ndị uwe ojii ka ha malite nyocha zuru oke ozugbo banyere ogbugbu ahụ, jide ndị na-eme ya, ma hụ na a na-ekpe ha ikpe dịka iwu si dị.&lt;ref name=&quot;streetjournal&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Bobrisky - Nwanyị transgender nke Naijiria (amụrụ na 1991) 
* Fola Francis - Ihe nlereanya transgender nke Naijiria (1994-2023) 
* Ikike LGBTQ na Naịjirịa

== Edensibia ==
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'''Siegfried Fred Singer''' (September 27, 1924 - April 6, 2020) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dr. S. Fred Singer, R.I.P.|url=https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/dr-s-fred-singer-rip|accessdate=April 7, 2020|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụbụ onye ọka mmụta sayensị na America a mụrụ na Austria na prọfesọ emeritus nke sayensị gburugburu na Mahadum Virginia, zụrụ azụ dịka onye physics ikuku. A maara ya maka ịjụ nkwekọrịta sayensị n'ọtụtụ okwu, gụnyere Mgbanwe ihu igwe,   njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụgụ melanoma,  mmebi ozone stratospheric nke chlorofluoro compounds, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dịka refrigerants,  na ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2013|author=Dunlap|first=R. E.|title=Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-behavioral-scientist_2013-06_57_6/page/699|journal=The American Behavioral Scientist|volume=57|issue=6|pages=699–731|pmid=24098056|doi=10.1177/0002764213477096}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/science/naomi-oreskes-a-lightning-rod-in-a-changing-climate.html|title=Naomi Oreskes, a Lightning Rod in a Changing Climate|work=The New York Times|date=June 15, 2015|author=Gillis|first=Justin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (1970), The Ocean in Human Affairs (1989), Global Climate Change (1989), The Greenhouse Debate Continued (1992), na Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997). O deekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Unstoppable Global Warming: Kwa afọ 1,500 Years (2007)  na Dennis Avery, na Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) na Craig Idso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|title=S. Fred Singer, Ph.D.|accessdate=March 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045629/http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|archivedate=January 25, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye na-abụ abụ nwere ọrụ dị iche iche, na-eje ozi na ndị agha, gọọmentị, na agụmakwụkwọ. O rụrụ ogbunigwe maka ndị agha mmiri US n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, tupu ọ nweta Ph.D. ya na physics na Mahadum Princeton n'afọ 1948 ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta sayensị na U.S. Embassy na London. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi na nyocha mbara igwe mbụ, na-etinye aka na mmepe nke satellites na-ahụ maka ụwa, n'afọ 1962 guzobere National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Mahadum nke Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences n'afọ 1964, ma nwee ọtụtụ ọkwa gọọmentị, gụnyere osote osote onye nchịkwa maka Ngalaba Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, na onye isi sayensị maka Ngalaba Transportation. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Virginia site n'afọ 1971 ruo n'afọ 1994, na Mahadum George Mason ruo n'afọ 2000.

N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science &amp; Environmental Policy Project,   n'afọ 2006 ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Canada kpọrọ ya aha dịka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ole na ole kwuru na ha na-emepụta nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe ihu igwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot; /&gt; Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru, n'ụzọ megidere nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọ nweghị ihe aka ebe na okpomọkụ ụwa bụ n'ihi mmụba nke carbon dioxide ikuku sitere na mmadụ, nakwa na ụmụ mmadụ ga-erite uru ma ọ bụrụ na okpompe arịgo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Louise Gray|title=Fred Singer to speak at climate change sceptics conference|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6592414/Fred-Singer-to-speak-at-climate-change-sceptics-conference.html|accessdate=October 4, 2019|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|date=November 18, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-emegide Kyoto Protocol, ma kwuo na ụdị ihu igwe anaghị adabere na eziokwu ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe. A na-ebo onye na-abụ abụ ebubo ịjụ ihe aka ebe sayensị nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara ma kwado n'onwe ya na nkwupụta ya gbasara ahụike ọha na eze na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt; &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming|url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores|location=New York|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|date=2010|isbn=9781596916104}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singer, S. Fred 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Singer|first=S. Fred|chapter=The Revelle-Gore Story: Attempted Political Suppression of Science|editor=Gough|chapterurl=http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817939326_283.pdf|title=Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking|publisher=Hoover Press|date=2003|accessdate=May 10, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ onye na-abụ abụ na Vienna, Austria, n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu. Nna ya bụ onye na-ere ọla na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Mgbe Anschluss gasịrị n'etiti Nazi Germany na Austria n'afọ 1938, ezinụlọ ahụ gbapụrụ Austria, onye na-abụ abụ wee soro ụmụaka ndị Juu ndị ọzọ banye n'ụgbọ okporo igwe ụmụaka. Ọ gara England, ebe ọ biri na Northumberland, na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge dịka onye na-ahụ maka anya n'afọ iri na ụma. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gachara, ọ kwagara Ohio wee ghọọ nwa amaala America n'afọ 1944.  Ọ natara nzere Bachelor nke Injinia Eletrik (B.E.E.) na Mahadum steeti Ohio n'afọ 1943. Ọ kụziri physics na Princeton mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na masters ya na doctorate ya, na-enweta Ph.D. ya n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1948.  A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, &quot;The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air shoers&quot;.  Onye nlekọta ya bụ John Archibald Wheeler, na kọmitii edemede ya gụnyere J. Robert Oppenheimer na Niels Bohr. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singer, S. Fred|year=1949|title=The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air showers|journal=American Doctoral Dissertations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== 1950: Ndị Agha Mmiri nke United States ===
Mgbe nna ya ukwu gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ sonyeere ndị agha, na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị agha mmiri United States na agha ogbunigwe na mgbochi site n'afọ 1944 ruo n'afọ 1946. Mgbe ọ nọ na Naval Ordnance Laboratory, ọ mepụtara ihe arithmetic maka Kọmputa dijitalụ nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;ụbụrụ eletrọniki&quot;. A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ 1946 wee sonye na Upper Atmosphere Rocket Program na Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory na Silver Spring, Maryland, na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1950. O lekwasịrị anya na ozone, cosmic rays, na ionosphere, niile a tụrụ site na balloons na rocket ndị sitere na White Sands, New Mexico, ma ọ bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri na oké osimiri. [[Rachel White Scheuering]] dere na maka otu ọrụ iji gbaa rọket, ọ ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa [[Arktik|Arctic]], ma na-agbapụ rọket site na ụgbọ mmiri na equator.

Site n'afọ 1950 ruo n'afọ 1953, ọ nọ na U.S. Embassy na London dị ka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta sayensị na Office of Naval Research, ebe ọ mụrụ mmemme nyocha na Europe na radiation cosmic na physics nuklia. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya asatọ nwere nzụlite na ọrụ Ngwá agha ndị a na-eduzi iji kwuo okwu na Nzukọ nke anọ nke International Congress of Astronautics na Zurich n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1953, n'oge, dịka ''The New York Times'' kọrọ, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị hụrụ ụgbọ elu dịka akụkọ sayensị zoro ezo.
[[Faịlụ:MOUSE_(Fred_Singer).jpg|thumb|188x188px|Satellite Singer's MOUSE, nke o mepụtara na mbido afọ 1950 ]]
Onye na-abụ abụ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ gbara ume ka a tụọ satellites ụwa maka nyocha sayensị n'oge afọ 1950.  N'afọ 1951 ma ọ bụ n'afọ 1952, ọ tụrụ aro MOUSE (&quot;Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth&quot;), satịlaịtị 100 pounds (45 kg) nke ga-enwe Geiger counters maka ịlele ụzarị mbara igwe, mkpụrụ ndụ foto maka inyocha ụwa, telemetry electronics maka iziga data azụ n'ụwa, ngwaọrụ nchekwa data magnetic, na mkpụrụ ndụ ike anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na MOUSE enwetụbeghị ụgbọelu, ''Baltimore News-Post'' kọrọ n'afọ 1957 na arụmụka Singer banyere mkpa maka satellites ka a na-ege ntị, US gaara emeri Russia site na ịmalite Satellite mbụ nke ụwa. Ọ tụkwara aro (ya na R. C. Wentworth) na enwere ike iji nyocha satellite nke ultraviolet backscatter mee ihe dịka usoro iji tụọ profaịlụ ozone ikuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singer|first=S. F|title=A method for the determination of the vertical ozone distribution from a satellite|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-geophysical-research_1957-06_62_2/page/299|journal=J. Geophys. Res.|date=June 1957|volume=62|issue=2|pages=299–308|doi=10.1029/JZ062i002p00299|issn=2156-2202}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara jiri usoro a mee ihe na Satellite ihu igwe mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Zerefos|title=Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer|date=2000|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4353-0|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780792365136|series=Nato Science Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=[[Dordrecht]]|isbn=978-0-7923-6513-6|quote=Recent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth's surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1953: Mahadum nke Maryland ===
Onye na-abụ abụ laghachiri na United States n'afọ 1953, ebe ọ malitere ọrụ dịka prọfesọ na physics na Mahadum Maryland, ma n'otu oge ahụ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Center for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Scheuering dere na ọrụ ya gụnyere ịme nnwale na rọket na satellites, remote sensing, radiation belts, [[magnetosphere]], na meteorites. Ọ mepụtara usoro ọhụrụ nke ịtụba rọket na mbara igwe: ịgba ha site na ụgbọ elu na-efe elu, ma na-enweghị onye na-anya ụgbọelu. Ndị agha mmiri nabatara echiche ahụ ma Singer lekọtara ọrụ ahụ. Ọ natara White House Special Commendation site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower n'afọ 1954 maka ọrụ ya. 

Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu 12 nke American Astronautical Society, otu e guzobere n'afọ 1954 iji nọchite anya ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia 300 na-eduga na mpaghara nke mgbọ ogbunigwe - ọ bụ otu n'etiti ndị otu asaa gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa disemba 1956 mgbe usoro esemokwu banyere ntụziaka na njikwa nke otu ahụ. 

N'ọnwa nọvemba afọ 1957, onye na-abụ abụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ nọ na mahadum ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ma gbaa bọmbụ &quot;Oriole&quot; ọhụrụ atọ na Virginia Capes. Rocket ndị ahụ dị ihe na-erughị pounds 25 (11 kg) ma nwee ike iwu ya maka ihe dịka $ 2000. A chụpụrụ ha site na LSM Navy a gbanwere agbanwe, ha nwere ike iru n'ịdị elu nke 50,000 feet (15,000 m) ma nwee usoro telemetry zuru oke iji zipụ ozi gbasara cosmic, ultraviolet na X-rays. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ịgba égbè ahụ debere &quot;nnyocha nke mbara igwe dị elu na rọket dị elu n'otu ihe ahụ, ọnụahịa na mgbalị, dị ka ọnụọgụ ikuku dị ala na balloons ihu igwe. Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, anyị nwere ike ịgba ọtụtụ puku rọket ndị a n'ụwa niile na obere ego&quot;. 

N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1958, mgbe ọ bụ onye isi nke otu cosmic ray nke ngalaba physics nke Mahadum Maryland, ọ natara otuto pụrụ iche site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower maka &quot;ihe ndị pụtara ìhè ọ rụzuru na mmepe nke satellites maka ebumnuche sayensị&quot;.  N'ọnwupụta n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1958. A họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ na Kọmitii Nhọrọ Ụlọ na Astronautics na Space Exploration, nke na-akwadebe ịnwe ntị na aro Onye isi alaisenhower maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ iji jikwaa nyocha mbara igwe mee nchọpụta, otu ọnwa ka ọ nwetakwuo ihe nrite Distinguished Alumnus nke Mahadụ. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na Maryland n'afọ 1959, ma họrọ ya n'afọ ahụ site na United States Junior Chamber of Commerce dịka otu n'ime ụmụ okorobịa iri pụtara ìhè na mba ahụ.

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 1960 na American Physical Society, Singer depụtara ọhụụ ya banyere ihe gburugburu ụwa nwere ike ịgụnye, na-agbasa ruo 40,000 kilomita (64,000 km) n'ime mbara igwe. A maara ya maka amụma mbụ ya banyere njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri eletrik ndị tọrọ n'ụwa, nke nchọpụta ndị e mechara chọpụta na nnwale satellite. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1960, ọ tụrụ aro ịdị adị nke mkpokoro ájá a na-ahụ anya gburugburu ụwa ihe dịka 600 ruo 1,000 kilomita (1,600 km)  na mbara igwe, karịa nke e nwere obere ihe, micrometer ma ọ bụ obere n'obosara, na-agbasa 2,000 ruo 4,000 kilomita (6,400 km).  N'ọnwa Maachị 1961, onye na-abụ abụ na onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka physics na Mahadum Maryland, E. J. Opik, nyere onyinye $ 97,000 site na NASA iji mee nyocha afọ atọ nke gas na uzuzu interplanetary.

=== 1960: Echiche nke Phobos aka mere ===
N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Astronautics nke afọ 1960, onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na echiche Iosif Shklovsky  na usoro ọnwa Phobos na-atụ aro na ọ bụ oghere, nke na-egosi na ọ bụ nke aka mere. onye na-abụ abụ dere, sị: &quot;Nkwupụta m dị, ebe a ka m kwadoro Shklovsky, na ọ bụrụ na satellite na agbagharị n'ime dịka e si nweta ya site na nyocha nke mbara Egwu, mgbe ahụ enwere obere ihe ọzọ maka echiche ahụ na ọ bụ oghere ma ya mere e mere na Mars. Nnukwu 'ọ bụrụ' dị na nyocha nke astronomical; ha nwere ike ịbụ na ha na-ezighị ezi. Ebe ọ bụ na ha dabere na ọtụtụ usoro nke ndị na-ekiri dị iche iche na-ekiri ihe dị iche iche jiri ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche iche iche mee ihe, njehie nwere ike ịmetụta ha. &quot; Foto site na nyocha malitere n'afọ 1972 na-egosi elu nkume sitere n'okike nwere oghere.  Ndị na-ahụ maka Ufology na-aga n'ihu na-egosi onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye na-akwado echiche Phobos nke Shklovsky. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|title=Andrew Kelleher, &quot;Phobos: the odd moon of Mars&quot;, in Alienation News #211 Nov 2002.|accessdate=May 26, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902064151/http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|archivedate=September 2, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mag Time dere n'afọ 1969 na onye na-abụ abụ nwere mmasị ndụ ya niile na Phobos na ọnwa nke abụọ nke Mars, Deimos. Ọ gwara o''''ge'''' na ọ nwere ike ikwe omume ịdọrọ Deimos n'ime usoro ụwa ka e wee nwee ike inyocha ya. N'oge nnọkọ mbara igwe mba ụwa n'ọnwa Mee 1966, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbara igwe si United States na Soviet Union bịara, ọ bu ụzọ kwuo na ịdakwasị ndị mmadụ n'ọnwa Martian ga-abụ nzọụkwụ ezi uche dị na ya mgbe ndị mmadụ rutere n'ọnwụrụ ụwa. O kwuru na obere nha nke Phobos na Deimos - ihe dịka  iri na anọ na asatọ (23 na 13 km) n'obosara na ikike ndọda nke sub milli-g - ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ụgbọ mbara igwe mfe ịdakwasị ma bido ọzọ.

=== 1962: National Weather Center na Mahadum Miami ===
N'afọ 1962, o''ge'' ọ nọ na ezumike na mahadum ahụ, a kpọrọ Singer dịka onye nduzi mbụ nke ọrụ satellite ihu igwe maka National Weather Satellite Center, nke bụzi akụkụ nke National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ma duzie mmemme maka iji satellites ịkọ ihu igwe. Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1964. Ọ gwara magazin Time n'afọ 1969 na ọ na-atọ ya ụtọ ịgagharị. &quot;Njem ọ bụla nyere m echiche ọhụrụ&quot;, ka o kwuru. &quot;Ọ bụrụ na m nọdụrụ ala, ma eleghị anya m ka na-atụle ụzarị mbara igwe, isiokwu nke thesis m na Princeton. Nke ahụ bụ ihe na-eme ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. &quot;  Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị dịka onye nduzi, ọ natara ihe nrite Gold Medal nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa maka Ọrụ Federal. 

N'afọ 1964,  ọ ghọrọ onye isi mbụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Environmental and Planetary Sciences na University of Miami n'afọ 1964, ụlọakwụkwọ mbụ nke ụdị ya na mba ahụ, raara onwe ya nye nyocha nke afọ.. N'ọnwa Disemba 1965, akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times kọrọ banyere otu ogbako Singer kwadoro na Miami Beach n'oge nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ise, na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị onwe ha, gosipụtara nyocha nke na-egosi ihe ha kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe foduru nke ọkụ primordial nke mere mgbe a mụrụ eluigwe na ụwa..

=== 1967–1994 ===
N'afọ 1967, ọ nakweere ọkwa osote odeakwụkwọ na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime Obodo nke United States, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ịdị mma mmiri na nyocha. Mgbe e guzobere [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] na 1970, ọ ghọrọ osote osote onye nchịkwa iwu ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=S. Fred Singer (1924 - 2020)|url=https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer/|accessdate=2025-03-27|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer|title=S. FRED SINGER (1924 - 2020)|publisher=Heartland Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=October 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1987 he took up a two-year post as chief scientist at the U.S. Department of Transportation, and in 1989 joined the [[Institute of Space Science and Technology]] in Gainesville, Florida where he contributed to a paper on the results from the Interplanetary Dust Experiment using data from the Long Duration Exposure Facility satellite. When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000.

Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway na-ekwu na Singer tinyere aka na mbọ gọọmentị Reagan na-agba iji gbochie usoro nchịkwa iji belata mmiri ozuzo acid.

== Arụmụka ọha na eze ==

=== Ide ihe ===
N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, Singer na-ede ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''The New York Times'', The Washington Post, na Wall Street Journal, na-ekwukarị n'ọnọdụ ndị na-ese okwu n'echiche. Ọnọdụ ya n'ozuzu ya bụ otu n'ime enweghị ntụkwasị obi na iwu gọọmentị etiti na nkwenye siri ike na ịdị irè nke ahịa nweere onwe ya. O kwenyere na ihe Rachel White Scheuering na-akpọ &quot;nwere onwe ahịa gburugburu ebe obibi&quot;: na ụkpụrụ ahịa na ihe mkpali kwesịrị ezu iji duga na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe. Isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị n'isiokwu ya bụ ike, mmachibido iwu mmanụ, OPEC, Iran, na ọnụahịa na-arị elu. N'ime afọ ndị 1970 niile, dịka ọmụmaatụ, o belatara echiche nke Nsogbu ike ma kwuo na ọ bụ ihe omume mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004/&gt;

Dịka [[David Biello]] na John si kwuo na Scientific American, a maara onye na-abụ abụ nke ọma maka ịgọnahụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga. O sonyere n'afọ 1994 dịka onye edemede na onye nyocha nke akụkọ banyere okwu ahụ site na Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, ebe ọ bụ onye isi. Akụkọ ahụ katọrọ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) maka nyocha ha n'afọ 1993 banyere ihe ize ndụ cancer nke ịṅụ sịga, na-akpọ ya &quot;sayensị mkpofu&quot;. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC's Ụlọ nke ise n'afọ 2006 na ọ kwụsiri ike n'ọnọdụ na EPA &quot;esiri data&quot; iji gosi na anwụrụ ọkụ nke abụọ na-akpata ọrịa kansa akpa ume. CBC kwuru na ego ụtaba akwụla ụgwọ maka nyocha onye na-abụ abụ na nkwalite ya, nakwa na ọ bụ APCO haziri ya. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche ebe ego ahụ si. &quot;Ha anaghị ebu akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ ego dollar na-asị 'Nke a sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba,'&quot; ka o kwuru. &quot;N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla amaghị m banyere ya, ajụghịkwa m APCO ebe ha na-enweta ego ha. Nke ahụ abụghị azụmahịa m. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|title=The Denial Machine|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026050126/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|archivedate=October 26, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ozi n'afọ 2003 degara ''Financial Times'', Onye na-abụ abụ dere na &quot;enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na ihu igwe ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'ezie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Climate concern is just a tax ruse|author=Singer|first=S.|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=November 26, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, CBC's Fifth Estate kpọrọ onye na-abụ abụ dị ka otu n'ime obere ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kpọrọ nkwụsị nke na-emebi nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpomọkụ ụwa. .&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt;  N'afọ sochirinụ ọ pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ British Channel 4 ''The Great Global Warming Swindle''. Onye na-abụ abụ na-arụ ụka na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ebili na ọ ga-adị mma maka mmadụ. Ọ gwara CBC: &quot;Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ otu puku afọ gara aga karịa ka ọ dị taa. Vikings biri Greenland. Nke ahụ ọ dị mma ma ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ? Echere m na ọ dị mma. Ha na-eto mmanya na England, n'ebe ugwu England. echere m na nke ahụ dị mma. Ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ ndị na-eche otú ahụ.&quot; &quot;Anyị na-etinyekwu carbon dioxide na ikuku, &quot;ka ọ gwara Daily Telegraph na 2009. Otú ọ dị, ikuku dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya na mmadụ enweghị ike ịrụ ụka na nnị n'ihi na CO2 bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpat okpomọkụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;/&gt; O kwenyere na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebiga ihe ókè na-ekwubiga okwu ókè. &quot;Mgbalị dị n'okpuru ebe a yiri ka ọ bụ iji okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji belata iji ike eme ihe,&quot; ka o kwuru. &quot;Ọ dị nnọọ mfe: ọ bụrụ na ị belata iji ike eme ihe, mgbe ahụ, ị na-ebelata ọganihu akụ na ụba. Ma kwere ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, e nwere ndị mmadụ n'ụwa kwenyere na anyị agafewo oke na ụba akụ na ụba.&quot;

Echiche ndị na-agụ egwú na-emegide nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, &lt;ref name=&quot;The MIT Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren|editor=DiMento|year=2007|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-54193-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime/page/n82 65]–66|chapter=The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We’re Not Wrong?|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|quote=The evidence for human influence on the climate system has grown since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together|publisher=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|title=CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers|accessdate=March 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227220848/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|archivedate=February 27, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe enwere nkwekọrịta siri ike maka okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ kpatara, yana njikọ dị n'etiti oke carbon dioxide na okpomọkụ nke ụwa, yana nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe dị otú ahụ na ihu igwe ga-enwe ihe dị ize ndụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stern&quot;&gt;
{{Cite book|title=The Economics of Climate Change — The Stern Review|first=Nicholas Herbert|author=Stern|authorlink=Nicholas Stern|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-70080-1|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/climatology-and-climate-change/economics-climate-change-stern-review|accessdate=February 19, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=How Dangerous Is Global Warming?|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=April 14, 2007|date=June 17, 2001|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/74167018.html?dids=74167018:74167018&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+17%2C+2001&amp;author=&amp;pub=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=M.3&amp;desc=DIALOGUE|archive-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220913/http://www.climateark.org/articles/2001/2nd/howdangi.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2005, magazin nne Jones kọwara Singer dị ka &quot;nna nna nke ịGọnahụ okpomọkụ ụwa&quot;.  Otú ọ dị, onye na-abụ abụ kọwara onwe ya dị ka &quot;onye na-enwe obi abụọ&quot; kama ịbụ &quot;onye na'agọnahụ&quot; mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mj200505&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/put-tiger-your-think-tank|title=Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank|date=May 2005|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|accessdate=October 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science &amp; Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) iji rụrịta ụka megide usoro mgbochi megide okpomọkụ ụwa. Mgbe 1991 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit, onye na-abụ abụ malitere ide ma kwuo okwu iji mee ka obi abụọ na sayensị. O buru amụma na ọdachi akụ na ụba sitere na mgbochi ọ bụla na ojiji mmanụ ala, ma kwuo na ụwa okike na usoro ihu igwe ya dị mgbagwoju anya ma bụrụ nke a na-aghọtaghị nke ọma, nakwa na a maghị ihe gbasara mgbanwe okpomọkụ site n'oké osimiri gaa na ikuku, ma ọ bụ ọrụ igwe ojii. Ka nkwekọrịta sayensị na-eto, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka site na ọnọdụ na-eleghara anya. Ọ katọrọ ụdị ihu igwe nke na-ebu amụma okpomọkụ ụwa ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 1994, o jiri nsonaazụ ihe nlereanya tụnyere okpomọkụ a hụrụ ma chọpụta na okpomọkụ e buru n'amụma maka  afọ 1950 rụọ afọ 1980 si na okpompe nke mere n'ezie, nke o kwubiri na kọlụm ya na The Washington Times - na isiokwu nke ụbọchị ahụ &quot;Mkpesa ihu igwe na-ada n'okpuru ọkụ Sayensị na-egbuke egbuke&quot; - na ụdị ihu igwe adịghị mma. N'afọ 2007, ọ rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha nke chọpụtara na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tropospheric nke ụdị &quot;Ihu igwe nke narị afọ nke 20&quot;&quot; dị iche na nyocha satellite site na okpukpu abụọ nke ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ejighị n'aka.

Rachel White Scheuering dere na, mgbe SEPP malitere, ọ nwere njikọ na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche nke onye isi Unification Church Sun Myung Moon guzobere. Akụkọ n'afọ 1990 maka Cato Institute gosipụtara onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye nduzi nke ọrụ sayensị na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, na ezumike site na Mahadum Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;Singer, S. Fred. {{Cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|title=Environmental Strategies with Uncertain Science|accessdate=January 15, 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110224712/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|archivedate=January 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scheuering dere na Singer akwụsịla mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ kwadoro ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt;[[Rachel White Scheuering|Scheuering, Rachel White]], &quot;S. Fred Singer,&quot; in [https://books.google.com/books?id=vngGt6mA30AC&amp;pg=PA116 ''Shapers of the Great Debate on Conservation: A Biographical Dictionary''], Greenwood Press, 2004, p.115-127&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nkatọ nke IPCC ====
 
N'afọ 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) wepụtara [[Akụkọ nnyocha nke Abụọ nke IPCCnyocha|akụkọ]] na-egosipụta nkwekọrịta ''Sayensị'' na nguzozi nke ihe akaebe na-egosi na enwere mmetụta mmadụ a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe ụwa. Onye na-abụ abụ ji akwụkwọ ozi zaghachi na sayensị na-ekwu na akụkọ IPCC gosipụtara ihe ahọpụtara. O dere, sị: &quot;Nchịkọta ahụ ekwughị na afọ iri na asatọ nke data satellite ihu igwe nke na-egosi obere ọnọdụ oyi zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-emegide ụdị niile nke okpomọkụ ihu igwe. &quot;  Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ kwetara na thermometers nke elu site na ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe na-egosi okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ekwu na satellites na-enye data ka mma n'ihi na nha ha na-ekpuchi ogidi na ogidi.  Dịka Edward Parson na Andrew Dessler si kwuo, data satịlaịtị egosighi okpomọkụ elu ozugbo, mana a ghaghị idozi ya site na iji ụdị. Mgbe emere mgbanwe maka ihe omume ndị na-agafe agafe, data ahụ gosipụtara obere okpomọkụ, na nyocha tụrụ aro na ọdịiche dị n'etiti data elu na nke satellite bụ nsogbu dị ka odịiche dị na satellite.

Onye na-abụ abụ dere &quot;Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change in the U.S.&quot; n'afọ 1995, na emelite ya n'afọ 1997 iji gbaghaa Kyoto Protocol. [[Nkwekọrịta Kyoto]] bụ nsonaazụ nke mgbakọ mba ụwa nke e mere na Kyoto, Japan, n'oge ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe kwetara belata gas ha na-eme ka okpomọkụ. Nkwupụta onye na-abụ abụ na-agụ, sị: &quot;Ike dị mkpa maka uto akụ na ụba ... Anyị ghọtara ihe na-akpali iwepụ ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe nwee ike; mana anyị kwenyere na Kyoto Protocol - iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide site na naanị akụkụ nke obodo ụwa dị ize ndụ, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ, ma na-ebibi akụ na ụba na ọrụ na ụkpụrụ ndụ. &quot;

Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ gbasara nke a na United States na Europe ma kpọkọta 100 ndị bịanyere aka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu na a na-enyo ụfọdụ n'ime asambodo ndị bịa nyekwara aka enyo. Ọ dịkarịa ala 20 bụ ndị nta akụkọ ihu igwe televishọn, ụfọdụ enweghị nzere sayensị, na  ụbọchị iri na anọ edepụtara dịka ndị prọfesọ n'ekwughị otu mpaghara. Dịka Scheuering si kwuo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha mechara kwuo na ha kwenyere na ha na-abịanye aka n'akwụkwọ iji kwado ime ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) n'afọ 2004 mgbe 2003 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Milan. NIPCC haziri ogbako ihu igwe mba ụwa na Vienna n'ọnwa eprel afọ 2007, &lt;ref name=&quot;nature1&quot;&gt;Singer, S. Fred (ed.). [http://www.odlt.org/dcd/docs/singer_Nature_Not%20Human%20Activity,%20Rules%20the%20Climate.pdf &quot;Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, March 2, 2008, accessed May 17, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; iji nye ihe ha kpọrọ nyocha onwe onye nke ihe akaebe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.  Singer kwadebere akụkọ NIPCC akpọrọ &quot;Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate,&quot; nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Heartland Institute bipụtara n'ọnwa maachị 2008.  ABC Ozi kwuru n'otu ọnwa ahụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe a na-akpọghị aha sitere na NASA, Stanford, na Princeton bụ ndị gwara ABC okwu banyere akụkọ ahụ jụrụ ya dị ka &quot;ihe nzuzu efu&quot;. N'akwụkwọ ozi mkpesa o degaara ABC Ozi, Singer kwuru na akwụkwọ ha jiri &quot;okwu ajọ mbunobi, eziokwu gbagọrọ agbagọ, nkwutọ, na nkwutọ na-amaghị aha&quot;. 

N'ọnwa Septemba 18, 2013, e bipụtara akụkọ nke anọ nke NIPCC, nke akpọrọ Climate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020171042/http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archivedate=2013-10-20|title=Summary for Policymakers|publisher=[[The Heartland Institute]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka akụkọ NIPCC gara aga, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ ya mgbe e bipụtara ya; dịka ọmụmaatụ, David Suzuki dere na ọ &quot;jupụtara na nkwupụta a na ekwughị, gụnyere na ikuku carbon dioxide dị mma n'ihi na ha na-akpali ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/david-suzuki/climate-change-deniers_b_3984750.html|title=Climate Change Deniers Don't Deserve an Equal Voice|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 25, 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014|author=Suzuki, David}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe akụkọ ahụ nwetara akụkọ dị mma site n'aka Doug McKelway nke Fox News Channel,  ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe Kevin Trenberth na Michael Oppenheimer katọrọ akụkọ a, Trenberth kpọrọ ya &quot;ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-enweghị isi&quot; na Oppenheims na-akpọ ya &quot;ihe na-ezighi ezi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/new-study-says-threat-of-man-made-global-warming-greatly-exaggerated|title=New study says threat of man-made global warming greatly exaggerated|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=September 19, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/09/18/fox-equates-faux-un-climate-report-with-the-rea/195947|title=Fox Equates Faux UN Climate Report With The Real Thing|work=[[Media Matters for America]]|date=September 18, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ====
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, mgbe esemokwu email nke Climatic Research Unit gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ dere otu echiche maka Reuters nke o kwuru na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ejirila Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, rụgidere ndị editọ ka ha gbochie mbipụta nke echiche ndị ọzọ, ma mebie ndị mmegide. O kwukwara na ozi ịntanetị ndị a na-agbapụta gosipụtara na &quot;ihe ọmụma okpomọkụ nke [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|IPCC]] dabere na ya dabere na data na algọridim gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agaghị ekerịta. &quot; O kwuru na ihe omume ahụ kpughere usoro na-adịghị mma, nakwa na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-aga n'okpuru ọbụna ka gas ndị na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka CO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAvA&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-abawanye na ikuku. O dere, sị: &quot;Njikọ a na-adịghị mma na-emegide nsonaazụ nke ụdị nke IPCC dabere na ya ma na-egosi na okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ (AGW) dị obere,&quot; na-ekwubi &quot;ma ugbu a ọ na-apụta na okpomanya ụwa nwere ike ịbụ 'mmadụ mere' n'ezie. &quot;  Kọmitii British House of Commons Science and Technology Select mechara wepụta akụkọ nke wepụrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/science/earth/08climate.html|author=Gillis|first=Justin|title=British Panel Clears Climate Scientists|date=July 8, 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=August 23, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kọmitii asatọ nyochara ebubo ahụ, na-enweghị ihe aka ebe nke aghụghọ ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ sayensị. 

== Ọnwụ ==
N'ọnwa Eprel 6, 2020, onye na-abụ abụ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị agadi na Rockville, Maryland. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Sayensị dịpụrụ adịpụ
* Ịṅụ sịga nke abụọ
* ''Ike nke Nnukwu Mmanụ''

== Ihe edeturu ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721005121/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/merchants-of-doubt-9781596916104/ Oreskes, Naomi na Erik Conway. 2010. Ndị na-ere ahịa nke obi abụọ: Otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si kpuchie eziokwu na nsogbu site na anwụrụ sịga ruo okpomọkụ ụwa. Bloomsbury] E debere ya na July 21, 2017, na Wayback Machine

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
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      <text bytes="24174" sha1="9mm79qv8ij8sjnkp5ck920hfb36wk3j" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Shannon Olsson - 1.png|thumb|Shannon Olsson]]
'''Shannon B. Olsson''' (onye amụrụ na Bice, &lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Parish|first=Grace|date=27 July 1977|title=Baby Girl Born to Joyce and Norman Bice|page=22|publisher=Tribune Press|url=https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=trp19770727-01.1.22|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 Julaị 1977) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na kemịkalụ gburugburu ebe obibi &lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lemming|first=Jack|title=This ecologist uses fake flowers to study India's insects|journal=Nature|date=13 December 2022|volume=612|issue=582|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04427-4|pmid=36510016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nkwado, &lt;ref name=&quot;ET Insights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nair|first=Queenie|title=The Global Director of The Echo Network discusses the future of sustainability in India and globally|url=https://etinsights.et-edge.com/a-fresh-approach-or-an-indian-model-of-sustainability-is-the-future/|work=ET Insights|date=12 January 2023|publisher=Economic Times|accessdate=24 April 2023|archivedate=24 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424073248/https://etinsights.et-edge.com/a-fresh-approach-or-an-indian-model-of-sustainability-is-the-future/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Elizabeth|first=Shilpa|date=3 August 2023|title='Sustainability is not just about reduction of consumption, but also about uplifting those in the bottom of the pyramid'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sustainability-is-not-just-about-reduction-of-consumption-but-also-about-uplifting-those-in-the-bottom-of-the-pyramid/article67150456.ece|accessdate=27 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olsson bụ onye nchọpụta na onye nduzi ụwa   nke netwọk echo, netwọk &quot;sayensị na ọha mmadụ&quot; na-agafe mba 45.&lt;ref name=&quot;EchoBioScience&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Krishnan|first=Anusha|title=The echo network – raising voices for a better future|url=https://indiabioscience.org/columns/indian-scenario/the-echo-network-raising-voices-for-a-better-future|work=India Bioscience|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2020-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eje ozi site na netwọk mba ụwa dị ka onye nnọchi anya sayensị pụrụ iche na India  ya na Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV) na mmekọrịta chiri anya na Innovation Centre Denmark na India (n'okpuru nkwado nke MFA Denmark na Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark) ). &lt;ref name=&quot;NNF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ATV will be a central focal point for Danish research's contribution to India's green transition|url=https://atv.dk/nyheder/nyhed/atv-bliver-centralt-omdrejningspunkt-dansk-forsknings-bidrag-til-indiens-groenne|work=Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber|date=24 January 2022|publisher=ATV|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụburu ọrụ dị ka onye ndu ọrụ na Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology na Jena, Germany,  wee bụrụ onye otu ngalaba nke National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research na Bangalore, India. &lt;ref name=&quot;iChem&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Olsson|first=Shannon|title=Biosynthetic infochemical communication|journal=Bioinspiration &amp; Biomimetics|date=2015-07-10|volume=10|issue=4|doi=10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001|pmid=26158233|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001/meta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NCBS Join&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NCBS welcomes new faculty member – Shannon Olsson|url=https://news.ncbs.res.in/archivednews/story/ncbs-welcomes-new-faculty-member-shannon-olsson|work=NCBS News|publisher=National Centre for Biological Sciences|accessdate=23 April 2023|date=2014-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Malite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ Olsson ka '''Shannon Bryn Bice''' nye Norman Allen Bice na Joyce Elaine Parish na De Peyster, New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;/&gt; Olsson gụrụ akwụkwọ na Heuvelton Central Skọlụ dị na Heuvelton, New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;HCS Alumni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Herron|first=Tessa|title=HCS Alumni Newletter|url=https://issuu.com/therron1/docs/hcs_alumni_newsletter_spring_2017_-|work=issuu.com|accessdate=23 April 2023|date=2017-08-11|archivedate=2023-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423122936/https://issuu.com/therron1/docs/hcs_alumni_newsletter_spring_2017_-}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu gụọ akwụkwọ na   kọleji Nazaret (New York) ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelọ nke Sayensị  na kemistri yana Agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị sayensị na 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naz Fulbright&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Student Fulbright Scholars|url=https://www2.naz.edu/academics/fulbright/student-fulbright-scholars/|work=Nazareth College|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere Olsson  PhD na 2005 na ngalaba Neurobiology na Akparamàgwà na  Mahadum Cornell &lt;ref name=&quot;Thesis&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=Cornell University|title=The scent of speciation – The chemosensory basis for behavioral divergence involved in sympatric host shifts|first=Shannon Bryn|last=Olsson|year=2005|url=https://catalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/5867959}}&lt;/ref&gt;. nwere ọkachamara na Chemical Ecology n'okpuru nlekọta nke Prọfesọ Thomas Eisner na Wendell L. Roelofs.  ''Rhagoletis pomonella''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thesis&quot; /&gt; E nyere ya onyinye &quot;Distinguished Alumni Award&quot; site na Heuvelton Central Skọlụ,  &lt;ref name=&quot;HCS Alumni&quot; /&gt;  &quot;Graduate of the Last Decade&quot; site na kọleji Nazareth &lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Geib |first1=Alan |title=Shannon Bice Olsson Receives GOLD Award |date=2010-03-21 |publisher=Nazareth College |location=Rochester NY, US |page=32 |edition=Vol. 22, No. 2 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/31170976/connections-spring-2010-nazareth-college |access-date=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;, na nnyocha oge okpomọkụ ya na Clarkson University na Prọfesọ Yuzhuo Li e gosipụtara na United States Capitol maka Council on Undergraduate Research &quot;Posters on the Hill&quot; ihe omume.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clarkson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clarkson Prof And Mentor From De Peyster Present Research At U.S. Capitol Tomorrow|url=https://www.clarkson.edu/news/clarkson-prof-and-mentor-de-peyster-present-research-us-capitol-tomorrow|work=Clarkson|publisher=Clarkson University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428234551/https://www.clarkson.edu/news/clarkson-prof-and-mentor-de-peyster-present-research-us-capitol-tomorrow|accessdate=23 April 2023|archivedate=28 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, E nyere Olsson onyinye Fulbright Mmekọrịta nye Mahadum Lund. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pachnoda 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Stensmyr|first=Marcus C.|title=Detection of fruit- and flower-emitted volatiles by olfactory receptor neurons in the polyphagous fruit chafer Pachnoda marginata (Coleoptera: Cetoniinae)|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A|date=2001-09-01|volume=187|issue=7|pages=509–519|doi=10.1007/s003590100222|pmid=11730298|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003590100222|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pachnoda 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Larsson|first=Mattias C.|title=Attractiveness of Fruit and Flower Odorants Detected by Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Fruit Chafer Pachnoda marginata|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|date=2003-05-01|volume=29|issue=5|pages=1253–1268|doi=10.1023/A:1023893926038|pmid=12857034|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1023893926038}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'okpuru Bill Hansson.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naz Fulbright&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GOLD&quot; /&gt; Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell, ma n'afọ 2006–2007 mee nnyocha postdoctoral na mahadum ahụ na University of California, Los Angeles&lt;ref name=&quot;UCLA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shannon Olsson|url=http://zimmerlab.biology.ucla.edu/solsson/index.html|work=Zimmer Lab|publisher=UCLA|accessdate=23 April 2023|archivedate=23 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423132948/http://zimmerlab.biology.ucla.edu/solsson/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; na gburugburu ebe obibi kemịkalụ nke invertebrates mmiri na California  kelp forests.

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2007, ọ malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya dị ka onye ndu ọrụ maka mmemme EU &quot;Biosynthetic Infochemical Communication&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;iChem EU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biosynthetic Info-chemical Communication|url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/032275|work=CORDIS|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology na Jena, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;iChem&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2014, Olsson sonyeere ngalaba nke National Center for Biological Sciences (NCBS) na Tata Institute of Fundamental Research na Bangalore, India, na-akwalite kemịkal gburugburu ebe obibi gafee usoro okike India. &lt;ref name=&quot;NCBS Join&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu NER Grant&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rao|first=Mohit|title=Rs. 25-cr. grant to study if flowers talk to each other|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/rs-25crore-grant-to-study-if-flowers-talk-to-each-other/article7142295.ece|accessdate=23 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2015-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;collaborations in CE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bharath|first=Harini|title=Fostering collaborations and creating a roadmap for Indian chemical ecology|url=https://indiabioscience.org/news/2016/fostering-collaborations-and-creating-a-roadmap-for-indian-chemical-ecology|work=India Bioscience|accessdate=23 April 2023|date=2016-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na NCBS, Olsson malitekwara otu Naturalist-Inspired Chemical Ecology (NICE), nke jikọtara usoro okike na ngwaọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ sitere na kemịkal, molecular biology, ecology, na neuroscience iji nyochaa otu ihe ndị dị ndụ si eji kemịkal iji soro ibe ha na-emekọrịta ihe ma mata ihe ndị dị mkpa na gburugburu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naturalism&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Saldanha|first=Dahlia|date=2016-07-18|title=Dr Shannon Olsson: naturalism, chemistry and neuroscience|publisher=Biotechin.Asia|url=https://biotechinasia.wordpress.com/2016/07/18/dr-shannon-olsson-naturalism-chemistry-and-neuroscience/|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha Olsson ekwuola maka isiokwu ndị dị ka gụnyere nkwurịta okwu kemịkal na Indian antelope blackbuck &lt;ref name=&quot;Blackbuck&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nair|first=Jyothi V.|title=An optimized protocol for large-scale in situ sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds|journal=Ecology and Evolution|date=2018-05-18|volume=8|issue=11|pages=5924–5936|doi=10.1002/ece3.4138}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọrụ ugbo gburugburu ebe obibi na ubi kọfị India, &lt;ref name=&quot;coffee&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rajus|first=Santosh|title=Behavioral Ecology of the Coffee White Stem Borer: Toward Ecology-Based Pest Management of India's Coffee Plantations|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2021-02-09|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.607555}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;coffee2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Desikan|first=Shubashree|title=Knowing the ways of the coffee white stem borer|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/knowing-the-ways-of-the-coffee-white-stem-borer/article35247915.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2021-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; mmetụta nke mmetọ ikuku na anụ ọhịa anyị na ụmụ ahụhụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;air pollution&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Thimmegowda|first=Geetha G.|title=A field-based quantitative analysis of sublethal effects of air pollution on pollinators|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|date=2020-08-10|volume=117|issue=34|pages=20653–20661|doi=10.1073/pnas.2009074117|pmid=32778582}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Science&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bharath|first=Harini|title='Its body looked like a warzone.' Air pollution could kill off critical honey bees in India|journal=Science|date=2020-08-10|issue=Science News|doi=10.1126/science.abe2623|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/its-body-looked-warzone-air-pollution-could-kill-critical-honey-bees-india|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; mmetụta nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi anyị na [[Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hoverflies&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nordström|first=Karin|title=In situ modeling of multimodal floral cues attracting wild pollinators across environments|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|date=2017-11-07|volume=114|issue=50|pages=13218–13223|doi=10.1073/pnas.1714414114|pmid=29180408}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CEN&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Katsnelson|first=Alla|title=Decoding how insects use visual and chemical cues to find food|journal=Chemical and Engineering News|date=2018-06-18|volume=96|issue=27|pages=785–787|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.8b00367|pmid=30062105|url=https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/chemical-communication/Decoding-insects-use-visual-chemical/96/i27}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ejikọta COVID-19 na uto na mmetụta, [5] [6] [7] na ọgbọ egwuregwu nke eziokwu dị iche iche maka ụmụ ahụhụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;COVID&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Parma|first=Valentina|title=More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthes|journal=Chemical Senses|date=2020-06-20|volume=45|issue=7|pages=609–622|doi=10.1093/chemse/bjaa041|pmid=32564071|url=https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article/45/7/609/5860460|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;COVID2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fernandez|first=Snehal|title=Indian researchers set to study Covid-19 link with loss of smell, taste|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/indian-researchers-set-to-study-covid-19-link-with-loss-of-smell-taste/story-UBaUT7sf8VgYuoz9t2WeJM.html|accessdate=24 April 2023|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VR&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kaushik|first=Pavan Kumar|date=2020-05-18|title=Characterizing long-range search behavior in Diptera using complex 3D virtual environments|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|volume=117|issue=22|pages=12201–12207|doi=10.1073/pnas.1912124117|pmid=32424090}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hunt|first=Katie|title=Scientists create video game to unlock how flies navigate|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/18/world/insects-virtual-reality-study-scn/index.html|accessdate=23 April 2023|publisher=CNN|date=2020-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== netwọk echo ===
N'afọ 2019, Olsson guzobere [[The echo network|netwọk echo]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=the echo network|url=https://www.echonetwork.in|work=the echo network|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke onwe iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a na nkwado mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, &lt;ref name=&quot;EchoBioScience&quot;/&gt; nke mbụ na India, ma mesịa n'ụwa niile. &lt;ref name=&quot;ECHO_RM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-19|title=An 'EChO Network' for cross-disciplinary leadership in India|url=https://researchmatters.in/news/echo-network-cross-disciplinary-leadership-india|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=Research Matters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi ndụmọdụ sayensị nke Gọọmentị India, K. VijayRaghavan, malitere netwọk ahụ na 19 Disemba 2019, ya na Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation, Hindustan Unilever Limited, RoundGlass Foundation, India Climate Collaborative, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), na Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP) dị ka ndị mmekọ ntọala.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECHO_RM&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2023, netwọk echo nwere ihe karịrị ndị otu 2100 na-agafe mba 45.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Olsson kwuru na &quot;Ebumnuche nke netwọk echo bụ ịmepụta usoro maka òtù na ndị mmadụ si na ngalaba dị iche iche iji rụọ ọrụ ọnụ yana agụmakwụkwọ ma jiri sayensị na teknụzụ mepụta obodo ndị na-adịgide adịgide. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2022, a họpụtara Olsson dị ka &quot;Onye nnọchi anya sayensị pụrụ iche na India&quot; na Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV) na mmekọrịta chiri anya na Innovation Centre Denmark na India (n'okpuru nkwado nke MFA Denmark na Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark) ).  Nke a na-akwado Novo Nordisk Foundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;NNF&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Adaptation for Resilient Incomes (ECOBARI),  na Biodiversity Collaborative .  &lt;ref name=&quot;ECOBARI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=D'Souza|first=Marcella|title=ECOBARI – Upscaling Ecosystem Restoration Through Collective Action|url=https://wotr.org/2022/02/23/ecobari-upscaling-ecosystem-restoration-through-collective-action/|work=WOTR|date=23 February 2022|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bawa|first=Kamal|title=India can become a biodiversity champion|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/india-can-become-a-biodiversity-champion/article66541444.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2023-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BC2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bawa|first=Kamal|title=Envisioning a biodiversity science for sustaining human well-being|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA|date=2020-09-30|volume=117|issue=42|pages=25951–25955|doi=10.1073/pnas.2018436117|pmid=32999073}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, o guzobere Citizen Science for Biodiversity (CitSci India),  ma soro ha hazie nzukọ ha kwa afọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://citsci-india.org/|accessdate=2023-05-22|work=Citizen Science India|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CitSci&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Menon|first=Rashmi|title=How inclusive is citizen science in India?|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/smart-living/environment/how-inclusive-is-citizen-science-in-india-111631260777683.html|accessdate=24 April 2023|publisher=Live Mint|date=2021-09-10|archive-date=2023-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424122146/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/smart-living/environment/how-inclusive-is-citizen-science-in-india-111631260777683.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ (&quot;Guru&quot;) maka Future Climate Leaders Programme  ma nọrọ na kọmitii ndụmọdụ maka Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad (RICH). &lt;ref name=&quot;FCL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Gurus|url=https://www.futureclimateleaders.org/gurus.php|work=Future Climate Leaders|publisher=FCL|accessdate=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424122147/https://www.futureclimateleaders.org/gurus.php|archive-date=24 April 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FCL2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TERI and Evergreen Story launch Future Climate Leaders program to engage schoolchildren in climate action measures|url=https://www.teriin.org/press-release/teri-and-evergreen-story-launch-future-climate-leaders-program-engage-schoolchildren|work=The Energy and Research Institute|publisher=TERI|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RICH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Advisory Committee|url=https://rich.telangana.gov.in/advisory-committee.html|work=Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad (RICH)|publisher=RICH|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; \

=== Ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha ===
Olsson ekwuola okwu ihu ọha maka TEDx.&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxChennai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Connecting with tiny insect brains through virtual reality|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/dr_shannon_olsson_connecting_with_tiny_brains_through_virtual_reality_jan_2018?language=en|work=TED|publisher=TEDxChennai|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxAU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Empathic Science: How we're more connected to nature than we think|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/shannon_olsson_empathic_science_how_we_re_more_connected_to_nature_than_we_think/details|work=TED|publisher=TEDxAshokaUniversity|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2017-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxMAIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Theme: Do you see what I see?|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/17525|work=TED|publisher=TEDxMAIS|accessdate=24 April 2023|date=2015-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya apụtawokwa na Science Gallery Dublin, Ireland,  The Victoria and Albert Museum na London, UK,  na Ngalaba sayensị na teknụzụ (India)  Science Express train.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science Gallery Dublin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Insect VR|url=https://dublin.sciencegallery.com/field-test-exhibits/insect-vr|work=Science Gallery Dublin|date=8 September 2020|publisher=Science Gallery|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;V&amp;A&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Deepika|first=K.C.|title=A non-flower, but just as bright for insects|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/a-non-flower-but-just-as-bright-for-insects/article27893961.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2019-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rao|first=Mohit M.|title=NCBS, ATREE travel with Science Express|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ncbs-atree-travel-with-science-express/article7953641.ece|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Hindu|date=2015-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2023, o kwuru okwu na Nzukọ Nobel nke iri ise na itoolu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel Conference&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shannon Olsson Nobel Conference 59|url=https://gustavus.edu/events/nobelconference/2023/speakers/olsson.php|work=Gustavus Adolphus College|publisher=Nobel Conference}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na mmata ==
Maka ọrụ sayensị ya, e nyela Olsson United Nations Pinning for Research Excellence site na Ghandian Scholars &lt;ref name=&quot;Ghandian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=IIIM organizes interaction session between Scientists, Gandhian scholars|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/iiim-organizes-interaction-session-between-scientists-gandhian-scholars/|accessdate=23 April 2023|publisher=Daily Excelsior|date=2015-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụkwa Ramanujan Fellow.  Nnyocha Olsson gosipụtara site na CNN,  Nature (akwụkwọ akụkọ) ,  Science (akwụkwọ akụkọ, &lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt; Inverse (weebụsaịtị), &lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;/&gt; Haaretz, [4] USA Today, &lt;ref name=&quot;Science&quot;/&gt; Chemical and Engineering News, [4] The Conversation (weebụbaịtị), [4] na The Hindu, [4] n'etiti ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ mba ụwa ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sciencetwo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vignieri|first=Sacha|date=2020-09-04|title=Air pollution is bad for bees|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2020-09-04_369_6508/page/1204|journal=Science|volume=369|issue=6508|pages=1204–1205|doi=10.1126/science.2020.369.6508.twil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Inverse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sarah|first=Wells|date=2020-05-18|title=These insects are annoying, but they might just save your life|url=https://www.inverse.com/innovation/vr-environment-for-flies|accessdate=2023-04-23|work=Inverse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haaretz&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Schuster|first=Ruth|date=2020-05-21|title=Scientists Just Figured Out Why It's So Hard to Swat a Fruit Fly|publisher=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2020-05-21/ty-article/.premium/scientists-just-figured-out-why-its-so-hard-to-swat-a-fruit-fly/0000017f-ef01-ddba-a37f-ef6fe6590000|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USA Today&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rice|first=Dole|date=2020-08-14|title=Air pollution harms honey bees too, study finds: Dirty air could kill 80% of bees in India|publisher=USA Today|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/08/14/air-pollution-asian-honey-bees-harmful-study/3374325001/|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CEN&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Conversation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Barbara|date=2020-08-10|title=Air pollution could be making honey bees sick – new study|url=https://theconversation.com/air-pollution-could-be-making-honey-bees-sick-new-study-144155|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;coffee2&quot;/&gt;

A kpọrọ Olsson onye INK Fellow na 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;INK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=INK Fellows 2016|url=https://inktalks.com/ink-fellows-2016/|work=INK Talks|publisher=INK|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi mgbalị ya na nkwado, a matara Olsson dị ka otu n'ime &quot;Ndị inyom 75 na STEAM na India&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;75women&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=PSA|first=Content Desk|date=2022-03-08|title=She Is: 75 Indian Women in STEAM|url=https://www.psa.gov.in/article/she-75-indian-women-steam/3628|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|publisher=Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ginger</title>
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      <text bytes="44879" sha1="6pyagit7rw28mrzcfuig6oeghuzom46" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Koeh-146-no text.jpg|thumb|Ginger ]]
'''Jinja''' (''Zingiber officinale'') bụ osisi na-amịpụta okooko osisi, nke a na-eji rhizome ya, ya bụ mgbọrọgwụ '''jinja''', eme ngwa nri ma na-ejikwa ya eme ọgwụ ọdịnala n'ọtụtụ ebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;nccih&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ahịhịa na-adị ndụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ (herbaceous perennial) nke na-amịpụta pseudostems kwa afọ—ya bụ, ogwe osisi ụgha nke e si n'okpuru akwụkwọ a tụgharịrị ọnụ kpụọ—nke nwere ike iru ihe dị ka otu mita n'ịdị elu. Osisi ahụ na-amịpụta akwụkwọ dị ogologo ma dị warara. Okooko ya nwere petal ndị na-acha odo odo dị mfe, nke akụkụ ya nwere agba odo-acha anụnụ anụnụ (purple), ma na-apụta ozugbo site na rhizome n'elu ome dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Plant resources of South-East Asia: no.13: Spices|publisher=Backhuys Publishers|year=1999|location=Leiden (Netherlands)|pages=238–244|chapter=Zingiber officinale Roscoe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jinja dị n'ezinụlọ Zingiberaceae, nke gụnyekwara turmeric (''Curcuma longa''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=''Curcuma longa'' L.|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:796451-1|publisher=Plants of the World Online, Kew Science, Kew Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England|accessdate=26 March 2018|year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; cardamom (''Elettaria cardamomum''), na galangal. Jinja malitere na Maritime Southeast Asia ma o yikarịrị ka ndị Austronesia buru ụzọ zụọ ya. E ji ha buru ya gaa Indo-Pacific n'oge mgbasa Austronesia (ihe dị ka 5,000 BP), ruo Hawaii. Ginger bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ e si Eshia na-ebupụ, na-abata na Europe site na azụmaahịa ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ, ndị Gris na ndị Rom oge ochie jikwa ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kew&quot;/&gt; A na-akpọkarị dicots ndị yiri ya n'ụdị ''Asarum'' ginger ọhịa n'ihi uto ha yiri nke ahụ.

A na-eji ginger eme ihe n'ọgwụ ọdịnala na Chaịna, India na Japan ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, nakwa dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ginger nwere ike inye uru karịa placebo maka ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ n'oge ime,&lt;ref name=&quot;preg&quot; /&gt; mana enweghị ezigbo ihe akaebe na ọ na-enyerf&gt;e aka na ọgbụgbọ n'oge [[Ọgwụ Ọgwụ|chemotherapy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chemo&quot; /&gt;&gt; O doghị anya ma ginger ọ dị irè maka ịgwọ ọrịa ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot; /&gt; Na 2023, mmepụta ginger n'ụwa niile bụ 4.9 nde tọn, nke India na-edu, nke nwere 45% nke mkpokọta.

== Okwu mmalite ==
Mmalite Bekee nke okwu &quot;ginger&quot; sitere na etiti narị afọ nke 14, site na {{Lang|ang|gingifer}} Bekee Ochie, nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi Latin Medieval {{Lang|la|gingiber}}, {{Lang|la|gingiber}} sitere na Greek {{Lang|grc|ζιγγίβερις}} zingiberis sitere na Prakrit (Middle Indic) siṅgabera, na siṅgabera sitere na Sanskrit śṛṅgavera. A na-eche na okwu Sanskrit sitere na okwu Dravidian ochie nke mekwara [[Tamil language|Tamil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Das|first=Abhaya Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ei4gAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Tamil+inchi+ver+ginger|title=Perspectives of Plant Biodiversity: Proceedings of National Seminar on Plant Biodiversity – Systematics, Conservation and Ethnobotany, Department of Botany, North Bengal University, November 9-11, 2000|date=2002|publisher=Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh|isbn=978-81-211-0298-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na okwu Malayalam iñci-vēr (site na vēr, &quot;mgbọrọgwụ&quot;);&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC&amp;q=ginger+from+tamil+word+inji&amp;pg=PA578|title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages|last=Caldwell|first=Robert|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0117-8|edition=3rd|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;W1&quot;&gt;{{OEtymD|ginger}}&lt;/refnkọwa ọzọ bụ na okwu Sanskrit sitere na srngam, nke pụtara &quot;mpi&quot;, na vera, nke pụtara &quot;ahụ&quot; (na-akọwa ọdịdị nke mgbọrọgwụ ya), mana nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ usoro mmụta ọdịnala. O yikarịrị ka e si na Bekee etiti gụgharịa ya site na {{Lang|fro|gingibre}} French ochie ({{Lang|fr|gingembre}} nke oge a nke French).&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

== Mmalite na nkesa ==
[[Faịlụ:Flower_of_Ginger1.jpg|thumb|Okooko osisi Ginger]]
Jinja malitere n'akụkụ mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia. Ọ bụ ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ, ọ dịghịkwa adị n'ime ọhịa ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ravindran2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ginger: The Genus Zingiber|author=Ravindran|first=P.N.|date=2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-2336-7|location=Boca Raton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement|author=Singh|first=Ram J.|date=2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-7386-7|series=Medicinal Plants|location=Boca Raton}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe akaebe kacha ochie nke ezi ihe kpatara ya bụ n'etiti ndị Austronesian ebe ọ nọ n'etiti ọtụtụ ụdị ginger a na-akọ ma na-eri eri kemgbe oge ochie. Ha kụrụ ginger ndị ọzọ dịka turmeric (''Curcuma longa''), turmeric ọcha (''Curcuma zedoaria''), na ginger ilu (''Zingiber zerumbet''). A na-eji rhizomes na akwụkwọ ya ekpomeekpo nri ma ọ bụ rie ya ozugbo. A na-ejikwa akwụkwọ ndị ahụ akpa ákwà. E wezụga ojiji ndị a, ginger nwere ihe dị mkpa n'etiti ndị Austronesian, a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ememe maka ọgwụgwọ na ịrịọ nchebe site na mmụọ. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe n'ihi ngọzi nke ụgbọ mmiri Austronesian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Viestad&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvQhVrQ7bzkC|title=Where Flavor Was Born: Recipes and Culinary Travels Along the Indian Ocean Spice Route|author=Viestad|first=Andreas|publisher=Chronicle Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8118-4965-4|location=San Francisco}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ross2008Lexicon&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/106908|title=The lexicon of Proto Oceanic: The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society|author=Ross|first=Malcolm|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|year=2008|isbn=978-0-85883-589-4|editor=Ross|location=Canberra|pages=389–426|chapter=Other cultivated plants}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blusttrusell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2013|title=The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265931196|journal=[[Ocean. Linguist.]]|volume=52|issue=2|pages=493–523|doi=10.1353/ol.2013.0016|issn=0029-8115}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ujang2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Ginger Species and Their Traditional Uses in Modern Applications|url=https://docplayer.net/48110504-Ginger-species-and-their-traditional-uses-in-modern-applications-section-2-p-o-box-7035-40700-shah-alam-selangor-malaysia-2.html|journal=Journal of Industrial Technology|volume=23|issue=1|pages=59–70|doi=10.21908/jit.2015.4|archive-date=2023-07-03|access-date=2026-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703151909/https://docplayer.net/48110504-Ginger-species-and-their-traditional-uses-in-modern-applications-section-2-p-o-box-7035-40700-shah-alam-selangor-malaysia-2.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalby2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|author=Dalby|first=Andrew|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-23674-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KikusawaReid&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/33035/A67.2007.pdf|title=Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley|author=Kikusawa|first=Ritsuko|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Co.|year=2007|isbn=978-90-272-9294-0|editor=Siegel|pages=339–352|chapter=Proto who used turmeric, and how?|accessdate=23 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ebu ginger n'ụgbọ mmiri ha n'oge njem ha dị ka osisi ụgbọ mmiri n'oge mgbasa Austronesian, malite na ihe dị ka 5,000 BP. Ha webatara ya na Agwaetiti Pasifik tupu oge eruo, ogologo oge tupu ha na mmepeanya ndị ọzọ akpakọrịta. Mgbanwe nke okwu [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] ''*{{Lang|mis|laqia}}'' A na-ahụ ya n'asụsụ Austronesian ruo [[Hawaii]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Blust1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective|journal=Asian Perspectives|author=Blust|first=Robert|volume=26|issue=1|year=1984}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blusttrusell&quot; /&gt; O yikarịrị ka ha webatara ya na India yana osisi nri ndị ọzọ dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na teknụzụ ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri Austronesian, n'oge ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Austronesian zutere ndị na-asụ asụsụ Dravidian nke Sri Lanka na Ndịda India na ihe dị ka 3,500 BP.&lt;ref name=&quot;Viestad&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalby2002&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahdi1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|author=Mahdi|first=Waruno|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-51870-3|editor=Blench|series=One World Archaeology|location=London|pages=144–179|chapter=The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị njem Austronesian burukwa ya gaa [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] na Narị afọ nke mbụ nke oge a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2011|title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|volume=46|issue=2|pages=169–189|doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ref name=&quot;W1&quot;&gt;{{OEtymD|ginger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'India, ndị ahịa na-ebuga ya na Middle East na Mediterenian n'ihe dị ka Narị afọ nke mbụ nke oge a. A na-akọkarị ya na ndịda India na Greater Sunda Islands n'oge azụmaahịa ose, tinyere ose, klọvụ, na ọtụtụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;singh&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Doran&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=South East Asia in the World-Economy|author=Doran|first=Charles F.|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31237-0|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ndekọ mbụ e dere gbasara ginger sitere na ''Analects'', nke Ndị Na-eso Ụzọ Confucius dere&lt;ref name=&quot;Rainey2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ID4gMCaLr0MC&amp;pg=PA10|title=Confucius and Confucianism: The Essentials|author=Lee Dian Rainey|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4443-2360-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Chaịna n'oge Agha Steeti (475–221 TOA).&lt;ref name=&quot;pickersgill&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Prance|author=Pickersgill|first=Barbara|authorlink=Barbara Pickersgill|date=2005|title=The Cultural History of Plants|publisher=Routledge|pages=163–164|isbn=0-415-92746-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ya, a sịrị na [[Konfúkius|Confucius]] na-eri ginger mgbe ọ bụla a na-eri ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pickersgill&quot; /&gt; Na 406, mọnk Faxian dere na a na-akọ ginger n'ime ite ma na-ebu ya n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị Chaịna iji gbochie ọrịa scurvy.&lt;ref name=&quot;pickersgill&quot; /&gt; N'oge ọchịchị Song (960–1279), a na-ebubata ginger na Chaịna site na mba ndịda.&lt;ref name=&quot;pickersgill&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Balakrishnan|first=K.V.|chapter=Postharvest and Industrial Processing of Ginger|pages=401–443|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-2336-7|doi=10.1201/9781420023367-15|title=Ginger|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Nair|first=Kodoth Prabhakaran|chapter=Ginger as a Spice and Flavorant|date=2019|pages=541–554|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-29188-4|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-29189-1_26|title=Turmeric (''Curcuma longa'' L.) and Ginger (''Zingiber officinale'' Rosc.) - World's Invaluable Medicinal Spices|s2cid=208647553}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Madan|first=M. S.|chapter=Production, Marketing, and Economics of Ginger|pages=444–477|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-2336-7|doi=10.1201/9781420023367-16|title=Ginger|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ndị Arab webatara ose ginger na Mediterenian, ndị edemede dịka Dioscorides (40-90) na Pliny the Elder (24-79) kọwara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pickersgill&quot; /&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Prance|author=Pickersgill|first=Barbara|authorlink=Barbara Pickersgill|date=2005|title=The Cultural History of Plants|publisher=Routledge|pages=163–164|isbn=0-415-92746-3}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPickersgill2005&quot;&gt;[[Barbara Pickersgill|Pickersgill B]] (2005). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na 150, Ptolemy kwuru na a na-emepụta ginger na Ceylon (Sri Lanka).&lt;ref name=&quot;pickersgill&quot; /&gt; A na-ebubata ginger—ya na galangal —n'Alaeze Ukwu Rom dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụ ahịhịa dị oke ọnụ nke naanị ndị ọgaranya nwere ike ịzụta, dịka ọmụmaatụ maka akụrụ. Aëtius nke Amida kọwara ma ginger na galangal dị ka ihe ndị dị na ọgwụ ahịhịa ya dị mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;dalby2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dalby|first=Andrew|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|url=https://archive.org/details/dangeroustastess0000dalb|date=2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-22789-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ebubata ginger a na-esighị esi na nke echekwara na Europe n'ọtụtụ buru ibu n'oge Middle Ages mgbe ụtọ ndị Europe gbanwere nke ọma na ihe oriri ya; n'oge a, a kọwara ginger na ọgwụ gọọmentị nke ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot;/&gt; Na narị afọ nke 14 England, otu paụnd nke ginger na-efu dị ka atụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;pickersgill&quot; /&gt;

Ihe akaebe ihe ochie nke ginger n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Yuropu sitere na mbibi nke ụgbọ mmiri Denmark-Norwegian, ''Gribshunden''. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dara n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Sweden n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1495 mgbe ọ na-ebuga Eze Hans n'elu ugwu ya na Kansụl Sweden. N'ime ihe okomoko ndị e ji ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mee bụ ginger, cloves, saffron, na ose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Larsson|first=Mikael|date=2023-01-26|title=The king's spice cabinet–Plant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0281010|issn=1932-6203|pmid=36701280}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E si Eshia ree osisi ginger n'agwaetiti Karịbian n'oge dị ka narị afọ nke 16, tinyere ose ojii, klọvụ, na sinamọn, n'ihi agbamume nke Eze Ukwu Spen, ọ bụ ezie na naanị ginger ka toro. O mechara wepụ shuga ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ mbupu na Hispaniola na Puerto Rico na ngwụcha narị afọ ahụ, ruo mgbe ewebatara ọrụ ohu site n'Afrịka mere ka shuga dịkwuo ọnụ ala iji mepụta na narị afọ nke 17.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Aram|first=Bethany|date=2015|title=Caribbean ginger and Atlantic trade, 1570–1648|journal=Journal of Global History|volume=10|issue=3|pages=410–430|doi=10.1017/S1740022815000200}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubi ugbo ==
Jinja na-emepụta otu okooko osisi ọcha na pink nke na-ama ifuru na-acha odo odo. N'ihi ịma mma ya na mgbanwe nke osisi ahụ na ihu igwe ọkụ, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka ubi gburugburu ụlọ ndị dị n'okpuru okpomọkụ. Ọ bụ osisi dị ka ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere akwụkwọ ndụ kwa afọ, ihe dị ka mita (ụkwụ 3 ruo 4). Dịka omenala si dị, a na-achịkọta rhizome ahụ mgbe osisi ahụ kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ; a na-agba ya ọkụ ozugbo, ma ọ bụ saa ya ma kpụchaa ya, iji gbuo ya ma gbochie ya itolite. Bantu na-eji perisperm na-esi ísì ụtọ nke Zingiberaceae eme ihe dị ka anụ ụtọ, yana dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na sialogogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/medicinalpoisono0002john|author=Watt|first=John Mitchell|publisher=E &amp; S Livingstone|year=1962}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmepụta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Table alignment/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright col2right&quot;
|+Mmepụta ginger Raw 2023, tọn&lt;br /&gt;2023, tonnes
| India
|2,201,000
|-
| Naịjirịa
|781,641
|-
| China
|672,914
|-
| Nepal
|309,533
|-
| Indonesia
|198,873
|-
| Thailand
|174,103
|-
|'''Ụwa'''
|'''4,877,179'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Ginger production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=30 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
N'afọ 2023, mmepụta nke ginger a na-esighi esi n'ụwa niile ruru 4.9 nde tọn, nke India na-edu na pasentị iri anọ na ise nke mkpokọta ahụ, na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na Chaịna dịka ndị na-emepụta ihe nke abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat&quot; /&gt;

=== Mmepụta na India ===
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akọ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa niile, ginger bụ &quot;otu n'ime ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ mbụ e dekọrọ edekọtara iji kọọ ma na-ebupụ site na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ India&quot;.[1] India nwere ọkwa nke asaa na mbupụ ginger n'ụwa niile, mana ọ bụ &quot;onye na-emepụta ginger kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa&quot;.[2] Mpaghara ndị dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ India kacha mma maka mmepụta ginger n'ihi ihu igwe ha na-ekpo ọkụ na iru mmiri, mmiri ozuzo nkezi na oghere ala.[3]

Ginger nwere ike itolite n'ụdị ala na mpaghara dị iche iche; agbanyeghị, ọ na-eto nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na a kụọ ya n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ ma nwee iru mmiri, n'ebe dị elu ruru mita 300 ruo 900 (ma ọ bụ ụkwụ 1,000 ruo 3,000), nakwa n'ala na-adịghị ejigide mmiri nke ukwuu ma nwee omimi opekata mpe sentimita 30. Oge mmiri ozuzo pere mpe tupu e too ya na oge mmiri ozuzo kesara nke ọma n'oge a na-eto ya dịkwa mkpa ka ginger wee too nke ọma n'ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Aryal|first=Suman|date=2013-02-10|title=Rainfall And Water Requirement of Rice During Growing Period|journal=Journal of Agriculture and Environment|volume=13|pages=1–4|doi=10.3126/aej.v13i0.7576|issn=2091-1009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akọkarị ginger n'India site n'ịkọ ugbo n'ụlọ, ebe ezinụlọ na ndị obodo na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=ITAA Annual Conference Proceedings|author=Sneed|first=Christoper|date=2017|title=Do They Matter? The Impact of Atmospherics on Farmers' Market Consumers' Purchase Intention and Word-of-Mouth|doi=10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-389|url=https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2328&amp;context=itaa_proceedings}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkpa Ginger ==
[[Faịlụ:Gingerfield.jpg|thumb|Ubi Ginger]]
Ogo nke mkpọrọgwụ ginger dị oke mkpa n'ọrụ ịkọ ginger. Ka mkpọrọgwụ ahụ buru ibu, ka ginger ga-esi too ngwa ngwa, nke pụtara na a ga-enwe ike ịkpọga ya n'ahịa ngwa ngwa. Tupu a kụọ rhizome mkpụrụ, a chọrọ ka ndị ọrụ ugbo gwọọ mkpụrụ ahụ iji gbochie ụmụ ahụhụ, ire ere rhizome na ọrịa ndị ọzọ sitere na mkpụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ụzọ dị iche iche ndị ọrụ ugbo India si agwọ mkpụrụ gụnyere itinye mkpụrụ ahụ n'ime mmiri nsị ehi, ise anwụrụ mkpụrụ tupu echekwa ha, na ịsacha mmiri ọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ozugbo e mechachara mkpụrụ ndị ahụ nke ọma, onye ọrụ ugbo ga-egwu ala ubi ebe a ga-akụ ha nke ọma ma ọ bụ kọọ ala ahụ nke ọma iji gbawaa ala ahụ. Mgbe e gwuchara ala ahụ nke ọma (ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro 3-5), a na-eme ọwa mmiri 60–80 feet (18–24 m) iche iji mee ka ihe ubi ahụ gbaa mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ ịkụ mkpụrụ rhizome. Na India, a na-akụ mkpụrụ ginger a gbara mmiri n'ime ọnwa dị n'etiti Maachị na Juun ebe ọnwa ndị ahụ na-egosi mmalite nke mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ oge mmiri ozuzo. Ozugbo a kụrụ ihe, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-aga n'ihu na-akụ mkpụrụ ahụ iji chekwaa mmiri ma lelee uto ahịhịa, yana ịlele mmiri mmiri n'elu iji chekwaa ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter|first=Philip|date=1975|title=An Evaluation of Several Mulch Materials on Landscape Plant Growth, Weed Control, Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture: Interim Report|url=https://archive.org/details/evaluationofseve7514carp|journal=Purdue University E-Pubs|doi=10.5703/1288284313900}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-etinye mulch (dịka ọmụmaatụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ) n'elu akwa osisi ozugbo a kụrụ ya, ọzọ ụbọchị 45 na 90 ka ọ na-eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mgbe a kụrụ mulch, a na-akpọ climbing, nke bụ ịkpalite na ịgbawa ala iji lelee uto ahịhịa, mebie ike nke ala site na mmiri ozuzo, ma chekwaa mmiri ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-ahụ na ihe ubi ginger ha na-enweta mmiri mmiri ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ozuzo dị ala na mpaghara ha. Na India, ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-agba mmiri ginger ha kwa izu abụọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'etiti Septemba na Nọvemba (mgbe mmiri ozuzo gwụchara) iji hụ na mkpụrụ kachasị elu na ngwaahịa dị elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Oge ikpeazụ maka ịkọ mkpụrụ osisi ginger bụ oge owuwe ihe ubi. Mgbe a kụrụ mkpụrụ osisi rhizome maka ngwaahịa dịka akwụkwọ nri, soda, na swiit, a ga-ewe ihe ubi n'etiti ọnwa anọ na ise nke ịkụ ihe, ebe mgbe a kụrụ mkpụrụ osisi rhizome maka ngwaahịa dịka ginger kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ mmanụ ginger, a ga-ewe ihe ubi ọnwa asatọ ruo iri mgbe a kụchara ya.

Jinja kpọrọ nkụ bụ otu n'ime ụdị ginger kachasị ewu ewu n'ahịa. A na-egbute rhizomes ginger maka ginger kpọrọ nkụ mgbe ha tozuru oke (ọnwa 8-10).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Mgbe a mikpusịrị ha na mmiri, a na-eji aka kpụchaa akpụkpọ ahụ mpụta ya n'ihi na ọ dị oke nro nke na igwe anaghị arụ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A na-agweri rhizomes kpọrọ nkụ niile n'ebe a na-eri nri. Jinja ọhụrụ anaghị achọ nhazi ọzọ mgbe a gbuchara ya, a na-aghọkwa ya obere oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Njem na mbupụ nke ginger ==
A na-eziga ginger n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche ka e buru ya gaa ebe ikpeazụ ọ na-aga ma n'ime obodo ma n'ụwa niile. Njem ahụ na-amalite mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo rere akụkụ nke ihe ha mepụtara nye ndị ahịa obodo na-anakọta ihe ubi kpọmkwem n'ọnụ ụzọ ugbo. Ozugbo a chịkọtara ihe ubi ahụ, a na-ebuga ya n'ahịa mgbakọ kacha nso ebe a na-ebuga ya na ebe a na-ere ahịa mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere nnukwu mkpụrụ ga-ebuga ihe ha mepụtara ozugbo na ahịa mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mpaghara. Ozugbo ihe ubi ahụ &quot;rutere ahịa mpaghara&quot;, a na-ehicha ha, na-enye ha ọkwa, ma na-etinye ha n'ime akpa ihe dị ka 60kg&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A na-ebuga ha n'ahịa ndị dị n'ọdụ dịka New Delhi, Kochi, na Bombay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Steeti ebe a na-ebupụ ginger na-agbaso ụzọ ahịa nke ahịa akwụkwọ nri na India, usoro ndị a yikwara nke a na-ebuga n'ime obodo. Agbanyeghị, kama iru ahịa njedebe mgbe e mechara ebe a na-ebuga ihe ubi mpaghara, ihe ubi ahụ ga-erute ahịa mbupụ wee jiri ụgbọala, ụgbọelu ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ziga ya ruo ebe ikpeazụ mba ụwa na-aga, ebe ọ ga-erute n'ahịa ahịa mpaghara ma mechaa ruo onye ahịa ozugbo azụrụ ya.

A na-ere ginger kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'etiti mba Eshia site na usoro nkesa pụrụ iche nke gụnyere netwọk nke obere ụlọ ahịa. A na-ere ginger ọhụrụ na nke echekwara ozugbo na ụlọ ahịa ndị dị n'ahịa, na mba ụfọdụ, a na-ahụ ginger ọhụrụ naanị n'ụlọ ahịa obere pụrụ iche maka obodo ụfọdụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; India na-ebuga ginger na ihe oriri akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ na Pakistan na Bangladesh dị nso, yana &quot;Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Morocco, United States, Yemen Republic, United Kingdom, na Netherlands&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na India bụ mba kachasị emepụta ginger n'ụwa, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ebupụ ihe ma na-akpata naanị ihe dị ka 1.17% nke mbupụ ginger niile. Ịkọ ginger na India bụ azụmahịa dị oke ọnụ ma dị ize ndụ, ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo anaghị enweta nnukwu ego site na mbupụ na &quot;ihe karịrị 65% nke mkpokọta ọnụ ahịa e nwetara bụ maka ọrụ na ihe ọkụkụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Onye nwe ugbo nwere ike irite uru ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mfu na mmepụta ma ọ bụ mbelata ọnụahịa, nke a na-apụghị izere ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mmepụta ginger kpọrọ nkụ na-egosi na ọ nwere uru na ọnụ ahịa dị elu, yana ginger a kụrụ n'usoro ịkọ ihe kama ịbụ ihe ọkụkụ dị ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Ojiji ==

=== Nri ===
[[Faịlụ:Ingwer_2_(fcm).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ginger rhizome ọhụrụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Fresh_ginger.jpg|thumb|Ginger a sachara ọhụrụ]]
A na-ejikarị ginger eme ihe n'ụwa niile, ma ọ bụ maka nri ma ọ bụ dịka ọgwụ ndị mmadụ. A pụrụ iji ginger mee ọtụtụ ihe oriri dịka akwụkwọ nri, swiiti, soda, pickles, na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya.

Jinja bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ n'ime kichin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798372-1|title=''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe|date=2017|work=Kew Science, Plants of the World Online|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate=25 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798372-1 &quot;''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rizme ginger na-eto eto na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu, ha na-atọkwa ụtọ nke ukwuu. A na-etinyekarị ha na mmanya vinega ma ọ bụ sherry dị ka ihe oriri ma ọ bụ sie ha dị ka ihe e ji eme ọtụtụ nri. A pụrụ itinye ha na mmiri ọkụ iji mee tii ahịhịa ginger, nke a pụrụ itinye mmanụ aṅụ na ya. A pụrụ ime ginger ka ọ bụrụ swiit ma ọ bụ mmanya ginger.

==== Eshia ====
Mkpụrụ osisi ginger ndị toro eto na-enwe eriri afọ ma fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpọọ nkụ. A na-ejikarị ihe ọṅụṅụ sitere na mgbọrọgwụ ginger eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na nri ndị India, ọ bụkwa ihe a na-ejikarị eme nri ndị China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, na ọtụtụ nri ndị South Asia maka nri na-esi ísì ụtọ dị ka nri mmiri, anụ, na nri ndị anaghị eri anụ.
[[Faịlụ:Ginger_in_China_01.jpg|thumb|Ụdị abụọ nke ginger na China]]
N'ihe oriri ndị India, ginger bụ ihe dị mkpa, ọkachasị n'ime gravies ndị buru ibu, yana n'ọtụtụ nri ndị ọzọ, ma ndị anaghị eri anụ ma ndị e ji anụ mee. Jinja nwere ọrụ na ọgwụ Ayurvedic ọdịnala. Ọ bụ ihe e ji eme ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala ndị India, ma oyi ma ọkụ, gụnyere masala chai a ṅara n'ọkụ. Jinja ọhụrụ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi e ji eme ka curries pulse na lentil na ihe oriri akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ. A na-akụ ginger ọhụrụ yana klọọkụ galik a kpụchara akpụcha ma ọ bụ gwerie ya iji mee ginger galik masala. A na-eji ginger ọhụrụ, yana nke kpọrọ nkụ, eme tii na kọfị, karịsịa n'oge oyi. Na ndịda India, &quot;sambharam&quot; bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ yogọt oge okpomọkụ nke e ji ginger mee dị ka ihe dị mkpa, yana ose akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nnu na akwụkwọ curry. A na-eji ntụ ntụ ginger eme ihe na nkwadebe nri nke a na-eme karịsịa maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ma ọ bụ ndị na-enye nwa ara, nke kachasị ewu ewu bụ katlu, nke bụ ngwakọta nke resin chịngọm, ghee, mkpụrụ, na shuga. A na-erikwa ginger n'ụdị candied na pickled. Na Japan, a na-apịcha ginger iji mee beni shōga na gari ma ọ bụ gwere ma jiri ya mee ihe na tofu ma ọ bụ noodles. A na-eme ya ka ọ bụrụ swiit a na-akpọ shoga no sato zuke. N'ime kimchi ọdịnala nke Korea, a na-agweri ginger nke ọma ma ọ bụ tee ya mmiri ka ọ ghara ịdị ka eriri afọ ma tinye ya na ihe ndị e ji mee ya tupu e mee ka ọ gbaa ọkụ.
[[Faịlụ:Steamed_salted_fish_diced_chicken_rice_02.jpg|thumb|Nri ndị China nwere akụkụ ginger. Ọ na-egosi ọnụọgụ ginger a na-eri nri ọ bụla.]]
Na Myanmar, a na-akpọ ginger ''gyin''. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'isi nri, ọ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa n'ọgwụ ọdịnala. A na-eri ya dị ka nri salad a na-akpọ ''gyin-thot'', nke nwere ginger a gbuturu agbutu nke echekwara na mmanụ, ya na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ na mkpụrụ. Na Thailand ebe a na-akpọ ya ขิง ''khing'', a na-eji ya eme ihe na-eme ka galik ginger dị nro n'isi nri. Na Indonesia, a na-eji ginger na shuga nkwụ eme ihe ọṅụṅụ a na-akpọ ''wedang jahe''. Ndị Indonesia na-ejikwa mgbọrọgwụ ginger a gbuturu agbutu, nke a na-akpọ ''jahe'', dị ka ihe a na-ahụkarị na nri obodo. Na [[Malaysia]], a na-akpọ ginger ''halia'' ma na-eji ya eme ọtụtụ nri, ọkachasị ofe. A na-akpọ ya ''luya'' na Philippines, ginger bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na nri obodo ma a na-eme ya dị ka tii a na-akpọ ''salabat''.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardon&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HzoNfy-__EC&amp;q=ginger+philippines+sore+throat|title=Applied health research manual: anthropology of health and health care|publisher=Het Spinhuis|year=2001|isbn=978-90-5589-191-7|edition=3rd|location=Amsterdam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;co&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Common medicinal plants of the Cordillera region (Northern Luzon, Philippines)|url=https://archive.org/details/commonmedicinalp0000cole|publisher=Community Health Education, Services and Training in the Cordillera Region (CHESTCORE)|year=1984|isbn=978-971-8640-00-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Vietnam, a pụrụ itinye akwụkwọ ọhụrụ, nke a gbuturu agbutu nke ọma, na ofe oporo na yam ( ''canh khoai mỡ'' ) dị ka ihe ịchọ mma na ose iji tinye ụtọ ginger dị nro karịa mgbọrọgwụ a gbuturu agbutu. Na Chaịna, a na-ejikọkarị mgbọrọgwụ ginger a gbuturu agbutu ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke na nri dị ụtọ dịka azụ, a na-ejikọkarị mgbọrọgwụ ginger a gbuturu agbutu na anụ, mgbe a na-esi ya. Mgbe ụfọdụ ginger a gbuturu agbutu bụ ihe mejupụtara igbe swiiti ndị Chaịna, a pụkwara iji ginger kwadebe tii ahịhịa. Enwere ike iji mmiri ginger a na-anaghị agwakọta agwakọta agwakọta agwakọta agwakọta mmiri ara ehi ma mee ihe ụtọ, mmiri ara ehi ginger.

==== Ebe Ugwu America ====
Na Karịbian, ginger bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a ma ama maka isi nri na ime ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka sorrel, ihe ọṅụṅụ a na-eme n'oge ekeresimesi. Ndị Jamaica na-eme biya ginger ma dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated ma dịkwa ọhụrụ n'ụlọ ha. A na-emekarị tii jinja ọhụrụ, e nwekwara achịcha jinja a ma ama na mpaghara Jamaica.

==== Mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ ====
[[Faịlụ:Gingerbread_landscape.jpg|thumb|Nwoke Gingerbread na nwunye ya na ụlọ Gingerbreadeụlọ achịcha ginger]]
N'ihe oriri ndị ọdịda anyanwụ, a na-ejikarị ginger eme ihe n'ọtụtụ nri dị ụtọ dịka ginger ale, gingerbread, ginger snaps, parkin, na speculaas. A na-emepụta mmanya mmanya a na-akpọ Canton na Jarnac, France. Mmanya ginger bụ mmanya a na-esi ísì ụtọ ginger emepụtara na United Kingdom, nke a na-erekarị na karama iko akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. A na-ejikwa ginger eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a na-etinye na kọfị na tii ọkụ. N'agwaetiti Corfu, Gris, a na-eme ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala a na-akpọ τσιτσιμπύρα ( ''tsitsibira'' ), ụdị biya ginger . Ndị Corfu na agwaetiti ndị ọzọ nke Ionian nakweere ihe ọṅụṅụ sitere n'aka ndị Britain, n'oge United States of the Ionian Islands.

A pụrụ iji ginger ọhụrụ dochie ginger a gwere egweri na nha isii ruo otu, ọ bụ ezie na ụtọ ginger ọhụrụ na nke kpọrọ nkụ dịtụ iche. A na-ejikarị mgbọrọgwụ ginger kpọrọ nkụ eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ maka ntụziaka dị ka achịcha ginger, kuki, achịcha crackers na achịcha, ginger ale, na biya ginger. Ginger a mịrị amị ma ọ bụ nke a mịrị amị, nke a maara na UK dị ka &quot;'''ginger stem'''&quot;, bụ mgbọrọgwụ esi nri na shuga ruo mgbe ọ dị nro, ọ bụkwa ụdị ihe eji eme achịcha. A pụrụ ịkpụcha ginger ọhụrụ tupu e rie ya. Maka nchekwa ogologo oge, enwere ike itinye ginger ahụ n'ime akpa plastik ma tinye ya na friji ma ọ bụ kpọnwụọ.

==== Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa ====
A na-eji ginger eme nri ndị Iran. Achịcha ginger bụ ụdị kuki a na-esikarị esi n'obodo Gorgan n'oge ezumike nke Nowruz (Ụbọchị Afọ Ọhụrụ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/golestan-17943/%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1/|title=National registration of Gorgan gingerbread as an intangible cultural heritage in the national monuments of the country (translated from Farsi)|publisher=Iranian Students News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ndị yiri ya ===
A na-eji ndị ọzọ so n'ezinụlọ Zingiberaceae eme ihe n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Ha gụnyere ''myoga'' (''Zingiber mioga''), ụdị galangal dị iche iche, mgbọrọgwụ mkpịsị aka (''Boesenbergia rotunda''), na ginger ilu ( ''Zingiber zerumbet'').

A makwaara ''Asarum canadense'' dị ka ụdị dicotyledonous nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ North America, nke a makwaara dịka &quot;ginger ọhịa &quot;, mgbọrọgwụ ya nwekwara ihe ndị yiri ya na-esi ísì ụtọ, mana ọ nweghị njikọ na ezi ginger. Osisi ahụ nwere aristolochic acid, ihe na -akpata kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;2001FDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/SafetyAlertsAdvisories/ucm096388.htm|title=Aristolochic Acid: FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic Acid|date=11 April 2001|publisher=US [[FDA]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603091617/https://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/SafetyAlertsAdvisories/ucm096388.htm|archivedate=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngalaba Nri na Ọgwụ nke United States na-adọ aka ná ntị na iri ngwaahịa nwere aristolochic acid na-ejikọta ya na &quot;mmebi akụrụ na-adịgide adịgide, mgbe ụfọdụ na-ebute ọdịda akụrụ nke chọrọ dialysis akụrụ ma ọ bụ transplant akụrụ. Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa enwetala ụdị kansa ụfọdụ, nke na-emekarị na urinary tract.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;2001FDA&quot; /&gt;

== Nri ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Ginger a na-esighị esi bụ mmiri 79%, carbohydrates 18%, protein 2%, na abụba 1% (tebụl). N'ime ọnụọgụ ntụaka nke 100 g (3.5) oz), ginger a na-esighi esi na-enye 333 kilojoules (80 kilocalories) nke ike nri na obere potassium (14% nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV), magnesium (10% DV) na manganese (10% DV), mana ọ dị obere na ọdịnaya micronutrient (tebụl).

== Ọdịdị na nchekwa ==
Ọ bụrụ na a rie ya n'ọtụtụ dị mma, ginger anaghị enwe mmetụta ọjọọ ọ bụla, mana nnukwu ọnụọgụ nwere ike ibute ihe ọjọọ, dịka nsogbu afọ, na mmekọrịta na-adịghị mma na ọgwụ ndị dọkịta nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spinella2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/psychopharmacolo0000spin|title=The Psychopharmacology of Herbal Medications: Plant Drugs That Alter Mind, Brain, and Behavior|publisher=MIT Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-262-69265-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/psychopharmacolo0000spin/page/272 272]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị na ndepụta FDA &quot;a maara dị ka ihe nchekwa&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=182.20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030915162222/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?FR=182.20|archivedate=15 September 2003|title=Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 182, Sec. 182.20: Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates): Substances Generally Recognized As Safe|date=1 September 2014|publisher=US [[FDA]]|accessdate=21 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana ọ na- ejikọ ya na ụfọdụ ọgwụ, gụnyere ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara warfarin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2007|title=Risk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pharmacotherapy_2007-09_27_9/page/1237|journal=[[Pharmacotherapy (journal)|Pharmacotherapy]]|volume=27|issue=9|pages=1237–47|doi=10.1592/phco.27.9.1237|pmid=17723077}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ọgwụ obi nifedipine.&lt;ref name=&quot;nccih&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger|title=Ginger, NCCIH Herbs at a Glance|date=1 December 2020|publisher=US [[NCCIH]]|accessdate=4 September 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger &quot;Ginger, NCCIH Herbs at a Glance&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Chemistry ===
Isi na ụtọ pụrụ iche nke ginger sitere na mmanụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke mejupụtara 1–3% nke ibu nke ginger ọhụrụ, nke gụnyere sesquiterpenes, dị ka beta-bisabolene na zingiberene, zingerone, shogaols, na gingerols nwere [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) dị ka ihe mejupụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;an&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2016|title=Comparison of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure|journal=[[Food Chem.]]|volume=197|issue=Part B|pages=1292–300|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.033|pmid=26675871}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe dị ka kemịkalụ 400 dị na ginger a na-esighi esi.&lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot; /&gt;

A na-emepụta Zingerone site na gingerols mgbe a na-akpọ nkụ, ọ na-enwe obere ntụpọ na isi ụtọ dị ụtọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;an&quot; /&gt; Shogaols na-esi ísì karịa, a na-emepụtakwa ha site na gingerols n'oge a na-ekpo ọkụ, na-echekwa ha ma ọ bụ site na acidity.&lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;an&quot; /&gt; Ọtụtụ monoterpenes, amino acids, eriri nri, protein, phytosterols, vitamin, na mineral nri bụ ihe ndị ọzọ mejupụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot; /&gt; Ginger ọhụrụ nwekwara enzyme zingibain nke bụ cysteine protease ma nwee ihe ndị yiri ya na rennet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=X. W.|date=2011-05-01|title=Purification, characterization, and milk coagulating properties of ginger proteases|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-dairy-science_2011-05_94_5/page/2259|journal=Journal of Dairy Science|language=en|volume=94|issue=5|pages=2259–2269|doi=10.3168/jds.2010-4024|pmid=21524515|issn=0022-0302}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha ==
Ihe akaebe na iji ginger eme ihe na-ejikọta ya na mbelata agbọ onunu n'oge ime dị ala&lt;ref name=&quot;preg&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Treatments for Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review|journal=JAMA|volume=316|issue=13|pages=1392–1401|date=October 2016|pmid=27701665|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.14337|url=https://research.tees.ac.uk/en/publications/6b0f7e5c-6bc8-4f8e-9419-bf43b3eea727}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcParlinO'DonnellRobsonBeyer2016&quot;&gt;McParlin C, O'Donnell A, Robson SC, Beyer F, Moloney E, Bryant A, et&amp;nbsp;al. (October 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị ezigbo ihe akaebe ginger na-enyere aka belata agbọ onunu na ịgbọ agbọ nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ na-akpata.&lt;ref name=&quot;chemo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Ginger as an antiemetic modality for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Oncol Nurs Forum|volume=40|issue=2|pages=163–70|date=March 2013|pmid=23448741|doi=10.1188/13.ONF.163-170|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oncology-nursing-forum_2013-03_40_2/page/163}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLeeOh2013&quot;&gt;Lee J, Oh H (March 2013). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na iji ginger agwọ ọgbụgbọ n'oge ime dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ginger|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html|publisher=Drugs.com|date=26 September 2022|accessdate=4 September 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html &quot;Ginger&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Giacosa&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=Can nausea and vomiting be treated with ginger extract?|url=https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1291-1296.pdf|journal=European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences|volume=19|issue=7|pages=1291–6|issn=1128-3602|pmid=25912592}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ernst-meta&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2000|title=Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-anaesthesia_2000-03_84_3/page/367|journal=[[Br. J. Anaesth.]]|volume=84|issue=3|pages=367–371|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013442|pmid=10793599}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginger anaghị arụ ọrụ maka ịgwọ dysmenorrhea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2016|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea|journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.]]|volume=2016|issue=3|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2|pmid=27000311}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere ihe akaebe na ọ nwere mmetụta mgbochi mbufụt, mana enweghị ihe akaebe zuru oke maka na ọ na-emetụta ihe mgbu na osteoarthritis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2011|title=The use of ginger (''Zingiber officinale'') for the treatment of pain: A systematic review of clinical trials|journal=Pain Medicine|volume=12|issue=12|pages=1808–18|doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01261.x|pmid=22054010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị ezigbo ihe akaebe na ginger na-emetụta mkpokọta platelet na coagulation ọbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx McKavanagh McCarthy Bird p=e0141119&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marx|first=Wolfgang|title=The Effect of Ginger (''Zingiber officinale'') on Platelet Aggregation: A Systematic Literature Review|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=10|date=21 October 2015|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141119|pmid=26488162}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2018 gosiri na ginger nwere ike ibelata ibu ahụ n'ime ndị buru ibu ma mee ka cholesterol HDL dịkwuo elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Maharlouei|first=N|year=2019|title=The effects of ginger intake on weight loss and metabolic profiles among overweight and obese subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2018.1427044|volume=59|issue=11|pages=1753–1766|doi=10.1080/10408398.2018.1427044|pmid=29393665}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ọjọọ ==
Ọ bụ ezie na a maara ya dị ka ihe dị mma, ginger nwere ike ibute obi mgbawa na mmetụta ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na e jiri ya mee ntụ ntụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;nccih&quot;/&gt; Ọ nwere ike imetụta ndị nwere nkume gallstone n'ụzọ dị njọ, ma nwee ike igbochi mmetụta nke ọgwụ mgbochi mkpali, dị ka warfarin ma ọ bụ aspirin, na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ edepụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;nccih&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Faịlụ:Ginger_Plant_vs.jpg|Ginger plant with flower
Faịlụ:Opening_ginger_flower.jpg|Ginger flower about to bloom
Faịlụ:Ginger_flower_stamen.jpg|Ginger flower stamen
Faịlụ:Ginger_crop.jpg|Ginger crop, Myanmar
Faịlụ:Ginger_on_Dark_Board.jpg|Chopped ginger
Faịlụ:Gari_ginger.jpg|alt=Gari, a type of pickled ginger|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwA74&quot;&gt;Gari&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, a type of pickled ginger
Faịlụ:German_Ginger_wine_with_stem_ginger_decoration_4.jpg|German ginger-flavored wine (grape-based) with stem ginger decoration
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Osisi na anụmanụ e ji aka ha rụọ n'ụlọ nke Austronesia

== Edensibịa ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==
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* Zingiber officinale Ndepụta nke Chemicals (Dr. Duke's) (echekwara na 14 Nọvemba 2004) 
{{Ginger Plant}}{{Herbs &amp; spices}}{{Medicinal herbs &amp; fungi}}{{Transient receptor potential channel modulators}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q35625}}{{Authority control}}
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    <title>Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia</title>
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      <text bytes="139541" sha1="7ttwc7u4x9cpz6mln37s1yr6oxzmi1q" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:First_preserved_Main_Page_of_Wikipedia.jpeg|thumb|Isi peeji nke Wikipedia (20 Disemba 2001) ]]
[[Wikipidia|Wikipedia]], encyclopedia dị n'ịntanetị n'efu nke òtù ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo a maara dị ka Ndị Wikipedia na-ede ma na-elekọta, jiri ndezi mbụ ya malite na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, ụbọchị abụọ mgbe edebachara aha ngalaba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org WHOIS, DNS, &amp; Domain Info – DomainTools|url=http://whois.domaintools.com/wikipedia.org|accessdate=24 October 2016|work=[[WHOIS]]|archivedate=17 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417083509/http://whois.domaintools.com/wikipedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere dịka [[Nupedia]], encyclopedia dị n'efu nke ahaziri ahazi karị, dị ka ụzọ isi nye ohere ide edemede  na mee nsụgharị n'ụzọ ka dị mfe ma dị ngwa.

Ihe ndabere teknụzụ na echiche nke Wikipedia bu nke a ụzọ; Rick Gates mere atụmatụ mbụ a maara maka encyclopedia n'ịntanetị n'afọ 1993, &lt;ref name=&quot;listserv.uh.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2010|title=Wikipedia of Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger|url=http://history-computer.com/Internet/Conquering/Wikipedia.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415133700/http://history-computer.com/Internet/Conquering/Wikipedia.html|archivedate=15 April 2012|accessdate=9 November 2013|publisher=History Computer}}&lt;/ref&gt; na echiche nke encyclopedia ịntanetị n'efu (dị ka dị iche na naanị isi iyi mepere emepe) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Philosophy|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#open-source|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132149/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#open-source|archivedate=14 October 2013|accessdate=5 November 2013|publisher=GNU}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ nke Richard Stallman chepụtara na 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;stallmanencyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stallman|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Stallman|year=1998|title=The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource (1998 Draft)|url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia-1998-draft.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124065108/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia-1998-draft.html|archivedate=24 January 2021|accessdate=29 October 2021|publisher=GNU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Echiche Stallman gụnyere kpọmkwem echiche na ọ dịghị nzukọ dị n'etiti kwesịrị ịchịkwa nhazi. Nke a dị iche na encyclopedia dijitalụ nke oge a dị ka [[Wiki|Microsoft Encarta]] na ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' N'afọ 2001, a gbanwere akwụkwọ ikikere maka [[Nupedia]] ka ọ bụrụ [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]], meziri ka [[Jimmy Wales]] na [[Larry Sanger]] malite Wikipedia dị ka ọrụ ga-anọchi ya, na-eji wiki n'ịntanetị dị ka ngwá ọrụ nchịkọta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WikiHistory|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621221535/http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory|archivedate=21 June 2002|accessdate=15 May 2013|publisher=[[WikiWikiWeb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na e cheburu Wikipedia na mbụ dị ka ebe a ga na-edetu edemede na echiche ndị a ga-achọ ibipụta na Nupedia, ọ gafere onye bu ya ụzọ ngwa ngwa, na-aghọ ma oghere ndetu ederede nwa mgbe nakwa ọ̀bà maka edemede ikpeazụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ọtụtụ narị asụsụ, na-akpali ọtụtụ ọrụ ntanetị ndị ọzọ.

N'afọ 2014, Wikipedia nwere ihe dịka nde mmadụ narị anọ na iri itoolu na ise na-agụ ya kwa ọnwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;EconWikiPeaks&quot; /&gt; Na 2015, dị ka comScore si kwuo, Wikipedia natara ihe karịrị nde mmadụ otu narị na iri na ise na-eleta ya kwa ọnwa site na United States naanị. &lt;ref name=&quot;comScore2012&quot; /&gt; Na Septemba 2018, ọrụ Wikipedia hụrụ ndị nkiri peeji ya dị ijeri iri na ise na ọkara kwa ọnwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monthly overview|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/all-projects|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124235329/https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/all-projects|archivedate=24 January 2020|accessdate=31 May 2019|work=Wikimedia statistics|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

== Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ===
Echiche nke ịchịkọta ihe ọmụma ụwa niile n'otu ebe malitere na [[:en:Library_of_Alexandria|Ọbá Akwụkwọ oge ochie nke Alexandria]] na [[Library of Pergamum|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Pergamum]], ma e nwere ndị bu ụzọ n'oge ochie n'echiche inweta encyclopedia zuru oke, dị ka ''[[:en:Natural_History_(Pliny)|Naturalis historia]]'', ''nke'' [[:en:Pliny_the_Elder|Pliny the Elder]] mana echiche nke oge a nke encyclopedia zuru oke, nke a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe, nke e biri ebi sitere na [[Denis Diderot]] na ndị French dere [[Encyclopédie|encyclopedia]] nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Miloš|first=Todorović|year=2018|title=From Diderot's Encyclopedia to Wales's Wikipedia: a brief history of collecting and sharing knowledge|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347489594|journal=Časopis KSIO|volume=1|pages=88–102|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3235309|accessdate=20 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Echiche nke iji ígwè ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya karịa [[Printing press|ígwè obibi akwụkwọ]] iji wuo encyclopedia bara uru karị ka e nwere ike ịchọta mmalite ya site na akwụkwọ [[Paul Otlet]] nke afọ 1934 bụ ''[[:en:Traité_de_Documentation|Traité de Documentation]]''. Otlet guzobekwara [[Mundaneum]], ụlọ ọrụ raara onwe ya nye ndepụta nke ihe ọmụma ụwa, na 1910. Echiche a nke encyclopedia nke ígwè na-enyere aka ka [[H. G. Wells]] gbasakwuru n'akwụkwọ ederede ya bụ ''[[:en:World_Brain|World Brain]]'' (1938) na ọhụụ Vannevar Bush n'ọdịnihu nke Memex dabeere na microfilm na edemede ya &quot;[[:en:As_We_May_Think|As We May Think]]&quot; (1945).  Ihe ọzọ dị ịrịba ama bụ atụmatụ [[hypertext]] nke [[Ted Nelson]] bụ [[:en:Project_Xanadu|Project Xanadu]], nke malitere na 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;reaglechap2&quot;&gt;

Ojiji nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ime na idebe Wikipedia. Otú ọ dị, ọbụlagodi ma enweghị ịntanetị, nnukwu ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị ahụ ejirila ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo mee ihe. N'ụzọ doro anya, e chepụtara echiche ide akwukwọ nkọwa okwu ''Oxford English Dictionary'' na okwu ngosi pụta e kwuru na London Library,ụbọchị ncheta [[:en:Guy_Fawkes_Day|Guy Fawkes]], 5 Nọvemba 1857, site n'aka [[:en:Richard_Chenevix_Trench|Richard Chenevix Trench]]. O weere ihe dị ka afọ iri asaa iji mezue ya. Dr. Trench chepụtara nnukwu akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọhụrụ nke okwu ọ bụla n'asụsụ Bekee dị na ya, nke a ga-eji mee ihe n'ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na n'efu. Dị ka onye edemede Simon Winchester si kwuo, &quot;Nrụ ọrụ nke atụmatụ ahụ, ka o kwuru, karịrị ikike nke otu nwoke ọ bụla. Ịgụ akwụkwọ Bekee niile - na ịchọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ London na New York niile na magazin na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a kachasị agụ - ga-abụrịrị 'ihe ọtụtụ ndị ga-eme.' Ọ ga-adị mkpa iwebata otu ìgwè n'ọru- ọkacha, nke dị nnukwu - ma eleghị anya nwere ọtụtụ narị na narị ndị aka esibeghị ike na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ, ha niile na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo.        

Ọganihu ndị e nwere na teknụzụ ozi n'ebe ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ dugara na mgbanwe n'ụdị encyclopedia ndị a. Ebe encyclopedia ndị gara aga, ọkachasị ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', na-adabere n'akwụkwọ ọtụtụ mgbe, Encarta nke Microsoft, nke e bipụtara na 1993, dị na CD-ROM, e mekwara ya hyperlink. Mmepe nke [[:en:World_Wide_Web|World Wide Web]] dugara n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji mepụta Ọrụ encyclopedia ịntanetị. Otu aro mbụ a tụtara maka encyclopedia n'ịntanetị bụ Interpedia na 1993 site n'aka Rick Gates; &lt;ref name=&quot;listserv.uh.edu&quot;/&gt; ọrụ a nwụrụ tupu ọ mepụta ọdịnaya encyclopedia ọ bụla. Onye na-akwado ngwanrọ n'efu Richard Stallman kọwara uru nke &quot;Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource&quot; na 1998. &lt;ref name=&quot;stallmanencyclopedia&quot;/&gt; Akwụkwọ o bipụtara depụtara otu a ga-esi &quot;hụ na ọganihu na-aga n'ihu na nsonaazụ a kachasị mma&quot;.

Onye so guzobe Wikipedia bụ Jimmy Wales kwuru na echiche nke Wikipedia bịara mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Indiana, ebe ọ masịrị ya na ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmegharị na-emeghe ma chọpụta na  Emacs Manifesto nke Richard Stallman na-akwalite ngwanrọ dị n'efu yana ọnọdụ nkesa ihe n'efu na-adọrọ mmasị ya. Wales na-ekwukwa okwu otuto gbasara ederede onye ọkachamara mkpata na mmefu nke [[:en:Austrian_School|Ụlọ akwụkwọ Austria]] bụ Friedrich Hayek, &quot;The Use of Knowledge in Society,&quot; nke ọ gụrụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ mahadum,  na ọ bụ ya  nọ &quot;n'etiti&quot; n'echiche ya banyere &quot;otú ọ ga-esi jikwaa ọrụ Wikipedia.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mangu-Ward|first=Katherine|date=2007-05-30|title=Wikipedia and Beyond|url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/|accessdate=2024-11-07|work=Reason.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ojiji nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ime na idebe Wikipedia. Otú ọ dị, ọbụlagodi n'enweghị ịntanetị, nnukwu ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị ahụ ejirila ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo mee ihe. N'ụzọ doro anya, e chepụtara ''[[Oxford English Dictionary|Akwụkwọ Nkọwa Okwu Bekee Oxford]]'' n'oge okwu [[:en:Richard_Chenevix_Trench|Richard Chenevix Trench]] kwuru na London Library, na [[:en:Guy_Fawkes_Day|Guy Fawkes Day]], 5 Nọvemba 1857. O weere ihe dị ka afọ iri asaa iji mezue. Dr. Trench chepụtara nnukwu akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọhụrụ nke okwu ọbụla n'asụsụ Bekee ga-adị na ya, nke a ga-eji mee ihe n'ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na n'efu. Dị ka onye edemede Simon Winchester si kwuo, &quot;Nrụ ọrụ nke atụmatụ ahụ, ka o kwuru, karịrị ikike nke otu nwoke ọbụla. Ịgụ akwụkwọ Bekee niile - na ịgụkwa akwụkwọ akụkọ London na New York niile ya na magazin na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị gụsịri akwụkwọ ike dere - ga-abụrịrị 'ihe ọtụtụ ga-eme.' Ọ ga-adị mkpa iwebata ìgwè nbdị mmadụ - karịa, nke dị nnukwu - ma eleghị anya nwere ọtụtụ narị na narị ndị na-amụ ọrụ a na-adịghị, ha niile na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo.&lt;ref&gt;Winchester, Simon (1998).&lt;/ref&gt; Ọganihu na teknụzụ ozi na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ dugara na mgbanwe n'ụdị encyclopedias. Ọ bụ ezie na encyclopedia ndị gara aga, ọkachasị ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', na-adabere n'akwụkwọ ọtụtụ mgbe, [[Encarta]] nke Microsoft, nke e bipụtara na 1993, dị na CD-ROM na dị n'ụdị [[Hyperlink|hyperlinked]]. Mmepe nke [[:en:World_Wide_Web|World Wide Web]] dugara n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji mepụta [[Online encyclopedia|Ọrụ encyclopedia ịntanetị]]. Otu aro mbụ a tụrụ maka encyclopedia a ga-enwe n'ịntanetị bụ [[Interpedia]] na 1993 site n'aka [[Rick Gates (Internet pioneer)|Rick Gates]]; &lt;ref name=&quot;listserv.uh.edu2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2010|title=Wikipedia of Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger|url=http://history-computer.com/Internet/Conquering/Wikipedia.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415133700/http://history-computer.com/Internet/Conquering/Wikipedia.html|archivedate=15 April 2012|accessdate=9 November 2013|publisher=History Computer}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọrụ a nwụrụ tupu ọ mepụta ihe ọbụla n'ime encyclopedia ahụ. Onye na-akwado [[:en:Free_software|ngwanrọ n'efu]] bụ [[Richard Stallman]] kọwara uru nke &quot;Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource&quot; na 1998. &lt;ref name=&quot;stallmanencyclopedia2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stallman|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Stallman|year=1998|title=The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource (1998 Draft)|url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia-1998-draft.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124065108/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia-1998-draft.html|archivedate=24 January 2021|accessdate=29 October 2021|publisher=GNU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ ya o bipụtara depụtara otu a ga-esi &quot;hụ na ọganihu na-aga n'ihu na nsonaazụ a kachasị mma na nke kachasị mma&quot;. Onye so guzobe Wikipedia bụ Jimmy Wales kwuru na echiche nke Wikipedia bịara mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na [[Indiana University Bloomington|Mahadum Indiana]], ebe ọ masịrị ya bụ ihe ịga nke ọma nke [[Open-source movement|mmegharị na-emeghe emeghe]] ma hụta [[GNU Manifesto|Emacs Manifesto]] nke Richard Stallman nke na-akwalite [[Free software movement|ngwanrọ n'efu]] na akụ na ụba gụnyere nkerịta akụ dịka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ya. Wales na-ekwukwa na edemede &quot;[[:en:The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society|The Use of Knowledge in Society]],&quot; nke onye ọkachamara na ọmụmụ mkpata na mmefu na [[:en:Austrian_School|Austrian School]] bụ [[Friedrich Hayek]] dere, nke ya bụ Wales gụrụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ mahadum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=2014-09-30|title=Know It All - The New Yorker|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930011944/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-09-30|access-date=2024-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; nọ n'&quot;etiti&quot; na echiche ya banyere &quot;otú ọ ga-esi jikwaa ọrụ Wikipedia.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mangu-Ward|first=Katherine|date=2007-05-30|title=Wikipedia and Beyond|url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/|accessdate=2024-11-07|work=Reason.com|language=en-US|archivedate=July 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edemede ahụ na-ekwusi ike na [[:en:Dispersed_knowledge|e kesara ozi ekesa]] - na onye ọbụla maara naanị obere akụkụ nke ihe a maara n'ozuzu ya - nakwa n'ihi ya, ndị nwere ihe ọmụma mpaghara na-eme mkpebi kachasị mma, karịa site na ndị isi ọchịchị nọ n'etiti. N'oge ahụ, Wales na-amụ ego ma nwee mmasị site na mkpali nke ọtụtụ ndị nyere aka dị ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo iji mepụta ngwanrọ n'efu, ebe ọtụtụ ihe atụ na-enwe ezigbo nsonaazụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}} Richard Stallman discussed at 20min, with further Open Source discussion at 16min.&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ''[[:en:The_Economist|The Economist]]'' si kwuo, Wikipedia &quot;nwere mgbọrọgwụ ya na [[:en:Technological_utopianism|nchekwube teknụzụ]] nke e ji mara ịntanetị na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. O kwenyere na ndị nkịtị nwere ike iji kọmputa ha dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka nnwere onwe, agụmakwụkwọ, na ihe ọmụma. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=9 January 2021|title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|accessdate=29 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nhazi nke echiche ahụ ===
E bu ụzọ chepụta Wikipedia dị ka ọrụ ebe a ga-esi na-enweta ihe ndị ga-adị na [[Nupedia]] nke Wales guzobere, nke bụ ọrụ mbụ ya iji mepụta encyclopedia dị n'ịntanetị n'efu, nke [[Bomis]], ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi weebụ nke Jimmy Wales, [[Tim Shell]] na [[Michael E. Davis (businessman)|Michael E. Davis]] nwere wepụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jonathan Sidener2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sidener|first=Jonathan|date=6 December 2004|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|accessdate=25 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;memoirofwiki2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Larry|author=Sanger|url=http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&amp;tid=95&amp;tid=149&amp;tid=9|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir – Part I|date=2005-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722235956/http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F18%2F164213&amp;tid=95&amp;tid=149&amp;tid=9|archivedate=22 July 2009}} {{Cite web|url=http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/19/1746205&amp;tid=95|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir – Part II|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108094801/http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F19%2F1746205&amp;tid=95|archivedate=8 November 2006|work=[[Slashdot]]|date=19 April 2005|quote=My initial idea was that the wiki would be set up as part of Nupedia; it was to be a way for the public to develop a stream of content that could be fed into the Nupedia process. I think I got some of the basic pages written—how wikis work, what our general plan was, and so forth—over the next few days. I wrote a general proposal for the Nupedia community, and the Nupedia wiki went live January 10. The first encyclopedia articles for what was to become Wikipedia were written then. It turned out, however, that a clear majority of the Nupedia Advisory Board wanted to have nothing to do with a wiki. Again, their commitment was to rigor and reliability, a concern I shared with them and continue to have. Still, perhaps some of those people are kicking themselves now. They (some of them) evidently thought that a wiki could not resemble an encyclopedia at all, that it would be too informal and unstructured, as the original WikiWikiWeb was (and is), to be associated with Nupedia. They of course were perfectly reasonable to doubt that it would turn into the fantastic source of content that it did. Who could reasonably guess that it would work? But it did work, and now the world knows better.}}&lt;/ref&gt; E guzobere Nupedia n'elu ojiji nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ruru eru na usoro nyocha nke ọtụtụ nzọụkwụ.&lt;ref&gt;Kaplan Andreas, Haenlein Michael (2014) Collaborative projects (social media application): About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị ndepụta ozi ya nke ihe karịrị ndị editọ 2000 nwere mmasị, na ọnụnọ nke Sanger dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ oge niile, mmepụta nke ọdịnaya maka Nupedia dị nnọọ nwayọ, naanị isiokwu 12 edere n'ime afọ mbụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;resignation2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=My resignation – Larry Sanger – Meta|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en|quote=I was more or less offered the job of editing Nupedia when I was, as an ABD philosophy graduate student, soliciting Jimbo's (and other friends') advice on a website I was thinking of starting. It was the first I had heard of Jimbo's idea of an open content encyclopedia, and I was delighted to take the job.|archivedate=20 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320142105/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;memoirofwiki2&quot; /&gt;

Ndị odee Nupedia tụlere ụzọ dị iche iche iji mepụta ọdịnaya ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jonathan Sidener3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sidener|first=Jonathan|date=6 December 2004|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|accessdate=25 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejibu [[wiki]] eme ihe n'ebe ndị ọzọ na ịntanet iji hazie ihe ọmụma, na echiche nke ihe mgbakwunye dabeere na [[wiki]] nye Nupedia sitere na mkparịta ụka dị n'etiti Sanger na Ben Kovitz, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-01-12|title=From the archives: Highland Park teen is finalist in web competition|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-01-12-chi-archives-aaron-swartz-20130112-story.html|accessdate=2023-08-21|work=Chicago Tribune|archivedate=January 19, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119130522/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-01-12-chi-archives-aaron-swartz-20130112-story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ben_Kovitz2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ben Kovitz|publisher=[[WikiWikiWeb]]|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?BenKovitz|accessdate=25 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ọzọkwa dị n'etiti Wales na Jeremy Rosenfeld.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glyn Moody2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Moody|first=Glyn|date=13 July 2006|title=This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/jul/13/media.newmedia|accessdate=25 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins_of_Wikipedia2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sidener|first=Jonathan|date=23 September 2006|title=Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html|accessdate=25 March 2007|quote=The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kovitz bụ onye [[:en:Computer_programmer|ọkachamara na ngwanrọ kọmputa]] na onye na-ahụkarị na wiki mgbanwe nke [[Ward Cunningham]] bụ &quot;[[WikiWikiWeb]]&quot;. Ọ kọwaara Sanger ihe wikis bụ, n'oge ha na-eri nri abalị na Jenụwarị 2, 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ben_Kovitz2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glyn Moody2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins_of_Wikipedia2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;the hive&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Poe|first=Marshall|date=September 2006|title=The Hive|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/3|url-status=live|magazine=[[The Atlantic Monthly]]|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110160718/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/3|archive-date=10 November 2006|access-date=25 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wales kwuru n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2001 na &quot;Larry nwere echiche iji ngwanrọ Wiki&quot; maka ndị na-enweghị mmasị na usoro Nupedia, ma mesịa kwuo na Disemba afọ 2005 na Rosenfeld mere ka ọ mata maka echiche wiki.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Wikipedia-l-0006712&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wales|first=Jimmy|date=30 October 2001|title=LinkBacks?|publisher=Wikimedia|format=Email|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|accessdate=25 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wired News&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=3 May 2007|title=Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness|url=https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium|url-status=dead|magazine=[[Wired News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328235925/http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium|archive-date=28 March 2014|access-date=1 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cadenhead2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rogers Cadenhead|title=Wikipedia Founder Looks Out for Number 1|url=http://www.cadenhead.org/workbench/news/2828/wikipedia-founder-looks-out-number-1|accessdate=15 October 2006|archivedate=26 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926103410/http://www.cadenhead.org/workbench/news/2828/wikipedia-founder-looks-out-number-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rosenfeld&quot;&gt;Also stated on Wikipedia, on Friday 2 December 2005 [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Wales&amp;diff=next&amp;oldid=29849184 permanent reference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311054329/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Wales&amp;diff=next&amp;oldid=29849184|date=11 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stated on Wikipedia on Monday 14 March 2005: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=11139857 reference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222221915/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=11139857|date=22 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanger chere na wiki ga-abụ ezigbo ikpo okwu iji mee ihe, ma tụọ aro na [[Mailing list|Ndepụta ozi]] Nupedia na a ga-eguzobe wiki dabeere na [[:en:UseModWiki|UseModWiki]] (nke bụ v. 0.90  mgbe ahụ) dị ka ọrụ &quot;ebe e si eweta ihe ga-adị&quot; na Nupedia. N'okpuru isiokwu &quot;Ka anyị mee wiki&quot;, o dere, sị: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=10 January 2001|title=Let's make a wiki|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 Mba, nke a abụghị atụmatụ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ nke na-akpata ihere. Ọ bụ echiche ịgbakwunye obere atụmatụ na Nupedia. Jimmy Wales chere na ọtụtụ mmadụ nwere ike ịjụ ma ọ bụ ghara ịnabata echiche a, mana echere m na ọ gaghị adị otu ahụ... Banyere iji '''wiki''' eme ihe na Nupedia, nke a bụ usoro “emeghe” ma dị mfe nke ukwuu maka imepụta ọdịnaya. Anyị ekwuola mgbe ụfọdụ banyere echiche nke ịmepụta ọrụ ndị dị mfe ma meghee karịa, ma ọ bụ iji dochie Nupedia ma ọ bụ tinye ha n’akụkụ ya. Ọ dị m ka enwere ike itinye wikis n’ọrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ozugbo, ha anaghị achọ nlekọta dị ukwuu, ma n’ozuzu ha nwere obere ihe ize ndụ. Ha bụkwa isi iyi ọdịnaya nwere nnukwu ohere. Ya mere, dịka m nwere ike ịhụ, ọ dịghị nnukwu ọghọm dị na ya.

Wales guzobere otu ma tinye ya n'ịntanetị na Wednesday abalị iri ọnwa Jenụwarị 2001, n'okpuru ngalaba [[Nupedia]].com.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=10 January 2001|title=Nupedia's wiki: try it out|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html|archive-date=25 April 2003|access-date=14 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030425173342/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ghọrọ wiki ọhụrụ n'okpuru ngalaba wikipedia.com na Jenụwarị 15. Na 17 Jenụwarị, ọrụ GNUPedia nke Free Software Foundation (FSF) gara n'ịntanetị, na-enwe ike ịsọ mpi ya na [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]], mana n'ime afọ ole na ole FSF gbara ndị mmadụ ume &quot;ịga ma nye aka na [Wikipedia]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 January 2001|title=Slashdot Comments &amp;#124; GNUPedia Project Starting|url=http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990&amp;threshold=1&amp;commentsort=0&amp;mode=thread&amp;cid=502603|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612010030/https://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990|archivedate=12 June 2022|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Slashdot.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2012|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221000617/http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/|archivedate=21 December 2012|accessdate=20 December 2012|publisher=GNU.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ntọala nke Wikipedia ===
E nwere ịsụ ngọngọ n'etiti ndị ndezi maka ijikọ Nupedia n'ebe o chiri anya yana ụdị ịrụ ọrụ Wiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;memoirofwiki&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Larry|author=Sanger|url=http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&amp;tid=95&amp;tid=149&amp;tid=9|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir – Part I|date=2005-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722235956/http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F18%2F164213&amp;tid=95&amp;tid=149&amp;tid=9|archivedate=22 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a malitecharaa Nupedia wiki n'okpuru [[:en:Nupedia|nupedia.com]] na 10 Jenụwarị 2001,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-04-25|title=[Nupedia-l] Nupedia's wiki: try it out|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html|accessdate=2023-08-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030425173342/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html|archivedate=25 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wales tụrụ aro inye ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ aha nke ya, Sanger  e wee tụọ aro aha ''Wikipedia'', na-asị na ọ bu &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ọrụ mgbakwunye nye Nupedia nke kwụụrụ onwe ya na-arụ ọrụ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|archive-date=14 April 2003|access-date=14 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A malitere wiki ọhụrụ na wikipedia.com na Mọnde 15 Jenụwarị 2001. Isi ebe nrụọrụ ya na sava ya (nke dị na San Diego) nke e ji malite ọrụ  ndị a na mbido bụ Bomis nyere ha n'efu. Ọtụtụ ndị na-arụbu ọrụ na Bomis mechara na-eme ntinye na encyclopedia ahụ: nkekanke Tim Shell, onye so hiwe ma mechaa bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Bomis, na onye njikwa ngwanro Jason Richey.
[[Faịlụ:Jimmy_Wales'_Mac_and_the_First_Wikipedia_Edit_—_&quot;Hello_World&quot;_(51738433963).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|iMac Jimmy Wales jiri mee ndezi mbụ na Wikipedia]]
Wales kwuru na Disemba 2008 na o mere ndezi mbụ nke Wikipedia, ndezi nnwale nke nwere ederede &quot;Alo, Ụwa!&quot;, mana nke a nwere ike ịbụ na Wikipedia ochie nke e wepụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya ma jiri ịmalitegharị nke ọhụrụ dochie ya. Ndezigharị mbụ e nwetara na Wikipedia.com bụ na Ihu Mbụ ya na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, nke na-agụ &quot;Nke a bụ WikiPedia ọhụrụ!&quot;; enwere ike ịchọta ya ebe a. A mara ọkwa ịdị adị nke ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya ma rịọ arịrịọ ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo tinye aka n'ịmepụta ọdịnaya na ndepụta nzipu Nupedia na 17 Jenụwarị 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=31 March 2003|title=&amp;#91;Nupedia-l&amp;#93; Wikipedia is up!|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030331101007/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|archivedate=31 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ ndị ọhụrụ sonyere mgbe a kpọtụrụ ya aha na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ [[:en:Slashdot|Slashdot]] na Julaị  2001, &lt;ref name=&quot;slashdot26july&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 July 2001|title=Britannica and Free Content|url=http://slashdot.org/articles/01/07/26/0312258.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114204227/http://slashdot.org/articles/01/07/26/0312258.shtml|archivedate=14 January 2009|publisher=Slashdot}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ nwetabururị obere ịkpọ aha ugboro abụọ na Maachị 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 March 2001|title=Nupedia and Project Gutenberg Directors Answer|url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/02/1422244&amp;tid=99|publisher=Slashdot}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 March 2001|title=Everything2 Hits One Million Nodes|url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/29/2035230&amp;tid=95|publisher=Slashdot}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ahụ, ọ natara ihe ngosi a ma ama maka akụkọ dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ teknụzụ na ọdịbendị nke obodo niile na-edezi Kuro5hin na 25 Julaị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 July 2001|title=Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of Free Encyclopedias|url=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/7/25/103136/121|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011107050810/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/7/25/103136/121|archivedate=7 November 2001|publisher=Kuro5hin}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'etiti nnubata nke ndị mmadụ a, e nweelarị ọtụtụ ndị na-abịa na ya na-aga n'ihu site n'ebe weebụ ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị Google, nke naanị ya zigara ọtụtụ narị ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ na saịtị ahụ kwa ụbọchị. [[:en:Mainstream_media|Ihe mgbasa ozi mbụ ya bụ isi]] bụ na ''The New York Times'' na 20 Septemba 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Meyers|first=Peter|date=20 September 2001|title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html|accessdate=16 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkewa na Ịbanye mba ụwa Ndị Ọzọ ===
Na mmalite Wikipedia, no bidoro gbasawa, na-aga mba ndị ọzọ, na-enwe nkepụta nke namespace ọhụrụ gasị, nke ọbụla n'ime usoro ndetu aha ndị ojieme dị iche na nke ibe ya. Nkega subdomain mbụ nke e kepụtara maka Wikipedia na-abụghị n'asụsụ Bekee bụ  deutsche.wikipedia.com (nke e kere na Fraịdee 16 Maachị 2001, 01:38 UTC),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 March 2001|title=Alternative language Wikipedias|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000049.html|accessdate=13 April 2010|work=Lists|publisher=Wikimedia|archivedate=20 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620120726/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000049.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke ihe sochiri ya ka awa ole na ole gasịrị bụ {{Mono|[[Catalan Wikipedia|catalan.wikipedia.com]]}} (n'elekere 13:07 UTC).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of the Catalan Homepage|url=http://catalan.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=history&amp;id=HomePage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413083954/http://catalan.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=history&amp;id=HomePage|archivedate=13 April 2001|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Wikipedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Japanese Wikipedia, nke a malitere dịka  {{Mono|nihongo.wikipedia.com}}, ka e kepụtakwara na gburugburu oge ahụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 April 2001|title=Nihongo No Wikipedia: HomePage|url=http://nihongo.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=browse&amp;id=HomePage&amp;revision=3|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010420120143/http://nihongo.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=browse&amp;id=HomePage&amp;revision=3|archivedate=20 April 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=31 March 2001|title=Wikipedia: HomePage|url=http://www.wikipedia.com/|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/|archivedate=31 March 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na-eji naanị Romanized Japanese mgbe ahụ. Ruo ihe dịka ọnwa abụọ Catalan bụ ya bụ nke kacha nwee ederede na-abụghị n'asụsụ bekee &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80bac&amp;oldid=1|title=First edition in the Catalan Wikipedia|language=ca|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=13 April 2010|archivedate=12 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014959/https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80bac}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'agbanyeghị na ngụkọta nke mmalite oge ahụ adịchaghị kpọmkwem.

E mepụtara Wikipedia French na ma ọ bụ gburugburu 11 Mee 2001,  n'oge nnubata nke ọtụtụ nsụgharị asụsụ ọhụrụ nke gụnyere Chinese, Dutch, Esperanto, Hebrew, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, na Swedish.  N'oge na-adịghị anya, Arabic  na [[:en:Hungarian_Wikipedia|Hungarian]] sonyeere asụsụ ndị a.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Homepage from the Internet Archive|url=http://ar.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?HomePage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011118054300/http://ar.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?HomePage|archivedate=18 November 2001|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Wikipedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=International_Wikipedia&amp;action=history|title=International Wikipedia|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=13 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2001, otu ọkwa a mara kwere nkwa itinye aka na ndokwa asụsụ dị iche iche nke Wikipedia,  na-agwa ndị ọrụ banyere nnupụta n'uju nke Wikipedia na-abịanụ n'asụsụ niile dị mkpa, nguzobe ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi, na ịmanye ntụgharị nke isi peeji maka wiki ọhụrụ ndị ahụ. Na ngwụcha afọ ahụ, mgbe mbụ a malitere idepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mba ụwa, a mara ọkwa nsụgharị n'asụsụ [[:en:Afrikaans_Wikipedia|Afrikaans]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_Wikipedia][[:en:Norwegian_Wikipedia|Norway]], na Serbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Wikipedias statistics|url=http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:International_wikipedias_statistics|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030305012547/http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:International_wikipedias_statistics|archivedate=5 March 2003|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Wikipedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Jenụwarị 2002, pasent iri itoolu nke ederede Wikipedia nile dị n'asụsụ Bekee. Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2004, ihe n'eruughị ọkara ya dị n'asụsụ Bekee, ịgazu mba ụwa ọnụ a na-agakwa n'ihu n'abawanye dịka encyclopedia a na-eto. {{As of|2014}}, ihe dịka pasent iri asatọ na ise nke ederede Wikipedia niile dị na nsụgharị ndị na-abụghị n'asụsụ Bekee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grand20&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2023}}, English na Simple English Wikipedias nwere ederede dị nde asaa n'etiti ha mana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent ịrị itoolu nke ederede Wikipedia niile bụ ndịa-adịghị n'asụsụ Bekee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=List of Wikipedias – Meta|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias|accessdate=2023-08-21|work=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmepe nke Wikipedia ===
[[Faịlụ:Old_Wikipedia.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Isi peeji nke Wikipedia (28 Septemba 2002) ]]
N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2002, mgbe Bomis wepụrụ ego n'oge nkwụsịtụ dot-com, Sanger hapụrụ ma Nupedia na Wikipedia.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2002, ya na Wales dị iche n'echiche ha banyere otu esi elekọta encyclopedias mepere emepe. Ha abụọ ka na-akwado echiche imekọ ihe ọnụ, mana ha ekwekọrịtaghị n'otú ha ga-esi jikwaa ndị editọ na-akpaghasị, ọrụ ụfọdụ maka ndị ọkachamara, na ụzọ kachasị mma iji duzie ọrụ ahụ gaa n'ihu.

Wales gara n'ihu guzobe ọchịchị onwe onye na ntụziaka onwe onye [[:en:Business_development|site na ndị dị ala ruo na ndị isi]] site n'aka ndị editọ na Wikipedia. O mere ka o doo anya na ọ gaghị etinye aka na njikwa kwa ụbọchị nke otu ndị ọrụ ahụ, mana ọ ga-agba ya ume ịmụta njikwa onwe ya ma chọta ụzọ kachasị mma nke ya. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, Wales mere ka ọrụ ya jedebe mgbe ụfọdụ naanị na ntinye aka n'ihe ndị dị mkpa, ọrụ ndị isi, nkwado nke ihe ọmụma, na ịgba ume maka ọrụ ntụaka yiri ya.

Sanger kwuru na ọ bụ &quot;onye na-agụnye&quot; ma dịrị njikere ịnabata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ bụla, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Nate|date=25 February 2007|title=Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia|url=https://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars/3|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020001720/http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars/3|archivedate=20 October 2008|accessdate=22 October 2011|work=Ars Technica}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma kwuo na ndị ọkachamara ka nwere ọnọdụ na ụwa Web 2.0. N'afọ 2006, o guzobere [[:en:Citizendium|Citizendium]], encyclopedia mepere emepe nke jiri ezigbo aha maka ndị na-eme ntinye na ya iji belata nhazi ọgba aghara, ma nwee olileanya ime ka &quot;nlekọta ọkachamara dị nro&quot; dịkwuo mfe iji mee ka ihe ziri ezi bụrụ ọdịnaya ya. Mkpebi banyere ọdịnaya isiokwu ga-abụ otu ndị editọ ga-eme ya, mana saịtị ahụ ga-agụnye nkwupụta banyere &quot;ihe dị mma gbasara ezinụlọ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archive: Family-Friendly Policy – Citizendium|url=http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Family-Friendly_Policy|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=en.citizendium.org|archivedate=20 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120030154/http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Family-Friendly_Policy}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Nate Anderson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Nate|date=25 February 2007|title=Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia|url=https://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324225040/http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars|archivedate=24 March 2007|accessdate=25 March 2007|work=Ars Technica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ndị dị na Wikipedia n'oge gara aga ===
Isiokwu encyclopedia ochie, ọbụnakwa nke ochie na-adịghịzị bara uru nke ukwuu maka nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 January 2021|title=Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules – The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035016/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/|archivedate=26 January 2021|accessdate=25 June 2022|work=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka isiokwu Wikipedia ọ bụla, n swere ike inweta nụgharị nmaọbụ ddezi nị gara aga nite na njikọ &quot;Vlee onye rụrụ ọrụ a n'ke na-adị nelu ibe ahụ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru ezu nke isiokwu Wikipedia niile dịkwa maka nbudata dị ka [[:en:Wikipedia:Database_download|data dumps]], dị n'ụdị faịlụ XML.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Koehrsen|first=Will|date=2018-10-26|title=Wikipedia Data Science: Working with the World's Largest Encyclopedia|url=https://medium.com/towards-data-science/wikipedia-data-science-working-with-the-worlds-largest-encyclopedia-c08efbac5f5c|accessdate=2025-02-04|work=Towards Data Science|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye, ZIM File Archive, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ZIM File Archive: Free Data: Free Download, Borrow and Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/zimarchive|accessdate=25 June 2022|work=Internet Archive|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; dị na [[:en:Internet_Archive|Internet Archive]], nwere foto zuru ezu gara aga nke Wikipedia niile yana nhọrọ isiokwu, dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, site na afọ dị iche iche. Enwere ike ijimanrọ Kiwix.  meghee haN'etiti 20afọ 07 na 2011, a tọhapụrụ nsụgharị [[:en:History_of_Wikipedia#English_Wikipedia_CD/DVD/Kiwix_ZIM_file_releases|CD/DVD]] atọ (nke a na-akpọ Wikipedia Version 0.5, 0.7 na 0.8) nwere nhọrọ nke isiokwu ụfọdụ sitere na [[Wikipedia nke ndị bekee|Wikipedia Bekee]]. Ha dị ka faịlụ Kiwix ZIM, ma site na ZIM File Archive &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ma site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Kiwix. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Index of /archive/zim/wikipedia|url=https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/|accessdate=25 June 2022|work=download.kiwix.org|archivedate=22 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622124809/https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbanwe nke akara ngosi Ya ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Old wikipedia logo.png|alt=This is the very first logo|Nke o ji malite – na ngwụcha 2001 (nke dị naanị nwa oge)
File:Wiki logo The Cunctator.png|alt=This is the second &quot;improved&quot; logo|Site na ngwụcha 2001 ruo 12 Ọktoba 2003
File:Wikipedia-logo-en.png|alt=This is the next logo.|13 October 2003 – 13 May 2010
File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|alt=This is the present logo|13 May 2010 ruo ugbu a
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Usoro Ka Ihe Si Na-Eme ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

=== Afọ iri mbụ: 2000 ruo 2009 ===

==== 2000 ====
[[Faịlụ:Bomis-staff-summer-2000.jpg|alt=The Bomis staff, summer 2000|thumb|Ndị ọrụ Bomis n'etiti afọ 2000]]
Na Machị 2000, a malitere ọrụ [[Nupedia]]. Ebumnuche ya bụ ibipụta isiokwu ndị ọkachamara dere nke a ga-enye ikikere dị ka [[Free content|ọdịnaya n'efu]]. Nupedia bụ nke Wales guzobere, ebe Sanger dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, ma ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi weebụ Bomis kwadoro ya.

==== 2001 ====
Na Jenụwarị 2001, Wikipedia malitere dị ka ọrụ dịniche 'akụkụ Nupedia, iji nye ohere imekọ ihe ọnụ na isiokwu ọbụla tupu ịbanye n'usoro nnyocha ndị ọgbọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=10 January 2001|title=Let's make a wiki|work=Nupedia-l mailing list|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanger tụrụ aro aha ahụ na 11 Jenụwarị 2001 dị ka [[:en:Portmanteau|njikọ okwu]] nke okwu ''[[wiki]]'' (okwu Hawaiian pụtara &quot;ngwa ngwa&quot;) yana ''encyclopedia''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=[Nupedia-l] Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|archivedate=14 April 2003|work=nupedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; E debara aha ngalaba ''wikipedia.com'' na ''wikipedia.org'' na 12  na 13 Jenụwarị,  n'otu n'otu, ebe ewebatara wikipedia. org n'ịntanetị n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006010812/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archivedate=6 October 2010|accessdate=6 September 2010|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ahụ meghere n'ozuzu na 15 Jenụwarị (&quot;[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Day|Ụbọchị Wikipedia]]&quot;), na-enwe ndị Wikipedia mba ụwa ndị ọzọ mbụ - mbipụta German, Katalan, French, Swedish, na Italian - na-emepụta n'etiti Machị na Mee. E guzobere iwu &quot;n'ụzọ na-anọpụ iche&quot; ([[wikipedia:Neutral point of view|NPOV]]) n'oge a, na [[:en:Slashdot_effect|slashdotter wave]] nke mbụ nke Wikipedia rutere na 26 Julaị. &lt;ref name=&quot;slashdot26july&quot;/&gt; Akụkọ mgbasa ozi mbụ banyere Wikipedia pụtara n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2001 na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''[[:en:Western_Mail_(Wales)|Wales on Sunday]]''. 

[[:en:September_11_attacks|Mwakpo nke Septemba 11]] kpaliri mpụta nke akụkọ na-akpali akpali na isi peeji ya, yana igbe ozi na-ejikọta isiokwu ndị metụtara ya. N'oge ahụ, e mepụtara ihe dịka isiokwu otu narị metụtara 9/11 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Keegan|first=Brian|date=17 November 2020|title=How 9/11 Made Wikipedia What It Is Today|url=https://slate.com/technology/2020/11/wikipedia-september-11-breaking-news.html|accessdate=10 May 2021|work=Slate|language=en|archivedate=6 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506060557/https://slate.com/technology/2020/11/wikipedia-september-11-breaking-news.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe mwakpo nke Septemba 11 gasịrị, njikọ na-eduga n'akụkọ Wikipedia banyere mwakpo ahụ pụtara n'isi peeji Yahoo!, nke kpatara mmụba nke ndị na-enubata na Wikipedia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pasternack|first=Alex|date=11 September 2021|title=How 9/11 turned a new site called Wikipedia into history's crowdsourced front page|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90674998/how-9-11-turned-a-new-site-called-wikipedia-into-historys-crowdsourced-front-page|accessdate=11 September 2021|work=Fast Company|language=en-US|archivedate=11 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911121514/https://www.fastcompany.com/90674998/how-9-11-turned-a-new-site-called-wikipedia-into-historys-crowdsourced-front-page}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2002 ====
2002 hụrụ mbelata nke inye ego maka Wikipedia site na Bomis na ọpụpụ Sanger. Otu ngwanrọ yiri ibe ya nke Spanish Wikipedia mere, na nguzobe nke ''[[:en:Enciclopedia_Libre|Enciclopedia Libre]]'' Jimmy Wales kwupụtara na Wikipedia agaghị eme mkpọsa azụmahịa. Ngwá ọrụ [[MediaWiki]] mbụ a na-ebugharị ebugharị malitere na Jenụwarị 25. E webatara [[:en:Internet_bot|Bots]]. A malitere ọrụ nwanne mbụ ya ([[Wiktionary]]) yana [[:en:Manual_of_Style|Manual of Style]]. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-eme ntinye narị abụọ na-edezi Wikipedia kwa ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singer2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Singer|first=Michael|date=16 January 2002|title=Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One|work=[[Mecklermedia|Jupitermedia]]|url=http://siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2003 ====
[[Faịlụ:2003-08-31_English_Wikipedia_main_page.svg|thumb|Isi peeji nke Wikipedia (Ọgọst 2003) ]]
Wikipedia Bekee gafere isiokwu dị otu narị puku n'afọ 2003, ebe mbipụta n'asụsụ ọzọ n'abụghị asụsụ bekee kachasị ukwuu, Wikipedia German, gafere isiokwu puku iri. E guzobere [[Wikimedia Foundation|Ntọala Wikimedia]]. Wikipedia nakweere akara ngosi ụwa jigsaw ya. E weghachiri usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ site na iji TeX na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ. [[:de:Wikipedia:Stammtisch München/Archiv/2003|Nzukọ mmekọrịta mbụ nke Wikipedia]] mere na Munich, Germany, n'ọnwa Ọktoba. E mepụtara ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke usoro Arnitration na Kọmitii nke Wikipedia Bekee (&quot;ArbCom&quot;). E mepụtara [[:en:Wikisource|Wikisource]] dị ka ọrụ nwanne ya dịkwa iche na 24 Nọvemba 2003, iji kwado ederede ndị dị n'efu dị ka ebumnuche ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ na nsụgharị si dị.

==== 2004 ====
Akụkọ Wikipedia zuru ụwa ọnụ nọgidere na-eto ngwa ngwa na 2004, na-eto okpukpu abụọ n'ime ọnwa iri na abụọ, site na ihe na-erughị isiokwu narị puku ise na ngwụcha afọ 2003 ruo ihe karịrị otu nde n'ihe karịrị asụsụ  otu narị na ngwụcha afọ 2004. Wikipedia Bekee nwere ihe na-erughị ọkara nke isiokwu ndị a niile. A kwapụrụ ugbo sava weebụsaịtị ahụ site na California gaa Florida. E webatara ụhazi isiokwu n'ụdị n'ụdị ({{self-reference link|Wikipedia:Categories|Categories}}) na ụdị nhazi usoro CSS. Mgbalị mbụ iji gbochie Wikipedia mere, ebe e gbochiri ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ na China ruo izu abụọ na Juun. Ime ntụli aka nke iwu kwadoro malitere maka bọọdụ maka Ntọala ahụ, yana Kọmitii Arbitration na Wikipedia Bekee. A nabatara isi nke mba mbụ nke Ntọala ahụ, [[:en:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]. Nzukọ mmekọrịta mbụ na United States mere na Boston, na Juaị. E kere [[Wikimedia Commons]] na 7 Septemba 2004 iji kwadoo faịlụ ndị dị n'ụdị foto na vidiyo maka Wikipedia n'asụsụ niile.

Bourgeois v. Peters, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bour v Pete&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=387 F.3d 1303|url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140312/http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|archivedate=21 December 2012|accessdate=19 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; (11th Cir. 2004), bụ ikpe ụlọ ikpe nke [[:en:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit|United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] kpebiri bụ otu n'ime echiche ụlọ ikpe mbụ kpọrọ Wikipedia aha maọbụ rụtụ ya aka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peoples, Lee|date=January 2010|title=The Citation of Wikipedia in Judicial Opinions|url=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&amp;context=yjolt|journal=Yale Journal of Law and Technology|volume=12|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru, sị: &quot;Anyị jụkwara echiche ahụ na ọkwa ndụmọdụ maka iyi egwu nke Ngalaba Nchebe Obodo n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-akwado ọchụchọ ndị a. Ọ bụ ezie na e mere ka ọkwa iyi egwu ahụ 'buo ibu' i' n'oge ngagharị iwe ahụ, 'ruo ugbu a, ọkwa egwu ana-hụ eguzo na oodo do (ebul ebuliiri) maka ọtụtụ oge ọrịla dị. E buliri gaa na ka oromịa (dị elu) ugboro isi i.'&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bour v Pete&quot; /&gt;

Na 29 Mee, Wikipedia gbanwere akpụkpọ ahụ ya site na [[mw:Skin:Standard|Standard]] gaa na [[mw:Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]], interface nke nọgidere na-abụ ndabara maka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Wikimedia Foundation ruo 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MonoBook|url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Skin:MonoBook|work=MediaWiki|accessdate=30 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2005 ====
N'afọ 2005, Wikipedia ghọrọ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ kachasị ewu ewu na Ịntanetị, dị ka [[:en:Hitwise|Hitwise]], si kwuo, ebe naanị Wikipedia Bekee karịrị isiokwu narị puku asaa na iri ise.(750,000). E guzobere pọtal dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ nakwa ọtụtụ isiokwu mbụ nke Wikipedia na 2005. Nchịkọta ego nke emere n'ime ọnwa atọ mbụ  nke afọ ahụ nwetara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị puku dọla (US $100,000) maka mmelite usoro iji dozie ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu. China gbochiri Wikipedia ọzọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2005.

Ihe ihere mbụ dị na Wikipedia, [[:en:Seigenthaler_incident|ihe omume Seigenthaler]], mere n'afọ 2005 mgbe a chọpụtara na otu onye a ma ama nwere akụkọ ndụ e mebiri emebi nke a na-amaghị ama ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. N'ihi nke a na nchegbu ndị ọzọ,  e guzobere iwu mbụ na mgbanwe usoro kpọmkwem iji gbochie ụdị mmegbu a. Ihe ndị a gụnyere mmelite iwu ọhụrụ nke [[m:CheckUser policy|Checkuser]] iji nye aka na nnyocha megide sọks, ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ọkara nchebe, iwu siri ike karị maka akụkọ ndụ nke ndị dị ndụ, na mkpado nke isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ maka nyocha siri ike. E tinyere ihe mgbochi nke ịmepụta isiokwu ọhụrụ maka ndị ọrụ edebanyere aha ha na Disemba 2005 na Wikipedia Bekee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Terdiman|first=Daniel|title=Growing pains for Wikipedia|url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/growing-pains-for-wikipedia/|accessdate=16 March 2023|publisher=CNET|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://www.cnet.com/culture/growing-pains-for-wikipedia/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wikimania 2005, nzukọ Wikimania mbụ, ka e mere site na 4 ruo 8 Ọgọst 2005 na Haus der Jugend dị na Frankfurt, na-adọta ihe dị ka ndị bịara narị atọ na iri asatọ (380).
[[Faịlụ:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumbtime=00:17|thumb|200x200px|''Wikimania – the Wikimentary'', akụkọ nkọwa maka Wikimania 2005, nke [[Jimmy Wales]] na Ward Cunningham nọ na ya]]

==== 2006 ====
Wikipedia Bekee nwetara isiokwu mezuru edemede dị na ya otu nde, nke bụ [[:en:Jordanhill_railway_station|ọdụ ụgbọ okporo igwe Jordanhill]], na Machị 1, 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lemon|first=Sumner|date=2 March 2006|title=Millionth English article posted on Wikipedia|work=[[Computerworld]]|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2563140/millionth-english-article-posted-on-wikipedia.html|accessdate=1 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kwadoro nhọrọ isiokwu Wikipedia mbụ n'efu maka nbudata, e wee debanyekwa aha &quot;Wikipedia&quot; dị ka akara ahịa nke Wikimedia Foundation. [[:en:United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia|ihe ihere akụkọ ndụ ndị enyemaka nke ndị omeiwu]]  - ihe mere ọtụtụ ugboro ebe e jidere ndị ọrụ omeiwu na onye njikwa mkpọsa na-anwa ịgbanwe akụkọ ndụ ndị mmadụ dị na Wikipedia na nzuzo - bịara n'uche ọha na eze, na-eduga n'ịgba arụkwaghịm nke onye njikwa mkpọsa ahụ. Ka o sina dị, a họpụtara Wikipedia dị ka otu n'ime ụdị ise kachasị elu n'ụwa niile nke afọ 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 March 2007|title=brandchannel.com &amp;#124; branding news|url=http://www.brandchannel.com/start1.asp?fa_id=352|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321033410/http://www.brandchannel.com/start1.asp?fa_id=352|archivedate=21 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jimmy Wales gosipụtara na Wikimania 2006 na Wikipedia enwetala ọnụ ọgụ isiokwu edemede juru afọ ma kpọọ oku ka a kwusie ike maka ịdị mma nke edemede ndị ahụ, ikekwe nke o gosipụtara n'ụzọ kachasị mma n'oku ọ kpọrọ maka isiokwu otu narị puku dị mma ([[:en:Wikipedia:100,000_feature-quality_articles|100,000 feature-quality articles]]). E mepụtara ikike ọhụrụ, &quot;nlekọta&quot;, na-enye ohere ka e nwee nsụgharị kpọmkwem ụfọdụ nke ibe ndị echekwara ndị nwere ọdịnaya a na-anabataghị dị ka ndị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya. Ọkara nchebe megide mmebi siteina ndị  na-amaghị aha yh, nke e webatara na 2005, gosipụtara niu ewu karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya, ebe ihe karịrị 1otuppuku eeji nka c hebe rey'oge ọ bụla na 2006.

==== 2007 ====
Wikipedia gara n'ihu na-eto ngwa ngwa na 2007, na-enwe ihe karịrị nde mmadụ ise debanyere aha ha ka ọ na-erule 13 Ọgọst.  Mbipụta n'asụsnarị abụọ na iri ise nke Wikipedia nwere ngụkọta nke nde isiokwu asaa na ọkara (7.5 million), nke ruru ijeri okwu otu na ụma asaa na anọ (1.74 biilion), ka ọ na-erule 13 Ọgọst.  Wikipedia Bekee nwetara isiokwu ndị a na-edebata na ya n'ogo kwụ chịm na isiokwu otu puku na narị asaa (1,700) kwa ụbọchị, nke mere na  aha ngalaba wikipedia.org ghọrọ nke iri kachasị arụ ọrụ n'ụwa. Wikipedia gara n'ihu na-enweta ngosi ya na [[:en:Category:Wikipedia_publicity|ndị nta akụkọ]] - [[:en:Essjay_controversy|esemokwu Essjay]] malitere mgbe a chọpụtara na onye otu Wikipedia a ma ama ghara ụgha banyere asambodo ya. [[:en:Citizendium|Citizendium]], encyclopedia na-amasa Wikipedia aka n'ịntanetị, malitere n'ihu ọha. Omume ọhụrụ mepụtara na Wikipedia, nke na encyclopedia ahụ tinyewara anya na ndị e bidoro mawa site n'ịbụ ndị so na akụkọ wuru ewu a kọrọ site n'ịgbakwunye njikọ nduga site na aha ha gaa na ya bụ akụkọ a kọrọ, kama ịmepụtara ha akụkọ ndụ dị iche.

Na 9 Septemba 2007, Wikipedia Bekee nwetara edemede nke mezuru ya nde abụọ ya, ''El Hormiguero'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;WFpressrelease&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/Wikipedia_Reaches_2_Million_Articles|title=English Wikipedia Reaches 2 Million Articles|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708005830/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/Wikipedia_Reaches_2_Million_Articles|archivedate=8 July 2017|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=9 September 2007|accessdate=3 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere ụfọdụ esemokwu na ngwụcha afọ 2007 mgbe [[:en:Volapük_Wikipedia|Volapük Wikipedia]] si na edemede isiokwu dị narị asaa na iri itoolu na asaa (797) gaa n'ihe karịrị otu narị puku na iri na abụọ (112,000) isiokwu, na-aghọ mbipụta Wikipedia nke iri na ise kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi ụmụ irighiri edemede a na-akpọ stub ndị na-ede n'onwe ha, nke ọ bụ otu onye ọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka asụsụ [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]. mere ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1 December 2007|title=Ciekawe wydarzenia w Internecie|url=http://www.pcworld.pl/artykuly/56502/MySpace.kontra.Facebook.html#t_34252|journal=PC World (Polish)|language=pl|accessdate=26 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yves Nevelsteen|date=15 September 2007|title=Volapuko jam superas Esperanton en Vikipedio|url=http://www.liberafolio.org/2007/volapukapedio|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329091247/http://www.liberafolio.org/2007/volapukapedio|archivedate=29 March 2013|accessdate=26 April 2013|work=Libera Folio|language=eo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ''[[:en:MIT_Technology_Review|MIT Technology Review]]'' si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị editọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Wikipedia asụsụ Bekee ruru n'ókè dị elu n'afọ 2007 na ihe karịrị puku mmadụ ise na otu (51,000), ma kemgbe ahụ na-ebelata.&lt;ref name=&quot;MIT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Simonite|first=Tom|date=22 October 2013|title=The Decline of Wikipedia|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/|journal=[[MIT Technology Review]]|accessdate=6 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, e bipụtara mbipụta nke Wikipedia Version 0.5 . 

==== 2008 ====
Ọrụ Wiki dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ebe nọgidere na-agbasawanye ma na-emeziwanye ọdịnaya isiokwu n'ime ha. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, e mepụtara akụkọ Wikipedia nke mezuru ya nde iri, ma na-erula na ngwụcha afọ ahụ, Wikipedia Bekee nwezuru ma gafee nde isiokwu abụọ na ọkara.

==== 2009 ====
Na 25 Jun 2009 n'elekere 22:15 UTC, mgbe [[:en:Death_of_Michael_Jackson|ọnwụ Michael Jackson]] gasịrị, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ dara nwa oge. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] kọrọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nde ndị ọbịa bịara na akụkọ ndụ Jackson n'ime otu awa, ma eleghị anya na nke ahụ bụ ọnụ ọgụ ndị ọbịa kachasị ukwuu n'ime oge otu awa na isiokwu ọ bụla na akụkọ ihe mere eme Wikipedia. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Ọgọstụ 2009, ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu dị na mbipụta Wikipedia niile agafeela nde iri na anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wikistats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesArticlesTotal.htm|title=Wikipedia Statistics, Article count (official)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305100104/https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesArticlesTotal.htm|archivedate=5 March 2014|work=Wikimedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kere isiokwu nke mezuru ya nde atọ na Wikipedia Bekee, Beate Eriksen, na 17 Ọgọst 2009 na 04:05 UTC. Na 27 Disemba 2009, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|German Wikipedia]] gafere otu nde isiokwu, na-aghọ mbipụta nke abụọ ma e wepụ Wikipedia asụsụ bekee mere ya. Akụkọ [[:en:Time_(magazine)|''TIME'']]&lt;nowiki/&gt;depụtara Wikipedia n'etiti ebe nrụọrụ weebụ kachasị mma nke afọ 2009. Ihe dị na Wikipedia nwetara ikikere n'okpuru ikikere Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike na 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 October 2020|title=Licensing update/Timeline – Meta|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline|accessdate=29 August 2022|work=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en|archivedate=17 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afọ iri nke abụọ: 2010-2019 ===

==== 2010 ====


Na 13 Mee, saịtị ahụ wepụtara ihu peeji ọhụrụ. Ihe ọhụrụ ndị e wepụtaragụnyere akara ngosi emelitere, ngwaọrụ igodo ọhụrụ, na ihe nchịkwa njikọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;New features&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UsabilityInitiativePrefSwitch|title=New features|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]|accessdate=6 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822062045/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3AUsabilityInitiativePrefSwitch|archivedate=22 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, interface ochie ahụ nọgidere na-adị maka ndị chọrọ iji ya arụ ọrụ. N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Disemba, Wikipedia Bekee gafere isiokwu nde atọ na ọkara, ebe e mepụtara isiokwu nke mezuru ya otu nde na Wikipedia French na 21 Septemba. E mere ndezi mezuru ya otu ijeri na Wikimedia na 16 Eprel.  Na mbido afọ 2010, e bipụtara mbipụta nhọrọ isiokwu Wikipedia agba nke 0.7. 

==== 2011 ====
[[Faịlụ:Armwikicake.png|thumb|Otu n'ime [[c:Wikipedia 10 Photo gallery#Wikipedia_10_Cakes|ọtụtụ achịcha]] e mere iji mee emume ncheta afọ iri nke Wikipedia na 2011 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia 10|url=https://ten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231212611/http://ten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archivedate=31 December 2013|accessdate=26 February 2014|publisher=Ten.wikipedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Wikipedia na ndị ọrụ ya mere ọtụtụ ememe [[:en:Wikipedia:10_years_of_Wikipedia|ncheta ịgba afọ iri]] nke saịtị ahụ n'ụwa niile na Jenụwarị 15. Ebe nrụọrụ ahụ malitere mgbalị ịgbasawanye uto ya na India, na-enwe nzukọ India mbụ ya na Mumbai na Nọvemba 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 November 2011|title=Wikipedia hosts India conference amid expansion push|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|first=Rajini|author=Vaidyanathan|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15803308|accessdate=16 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 January 2011|title=Wikipedia, 10 years old, targets India|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1116765620110112|accessdate=13 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wikipedia nke ndị bekee|Wikipedia Bekee]] gafere inwezu isiokwu dị nde atọ na ụma isii na 2 Eprel, wee ruo nde isiokwu atọ na ụma asatọ na 18 Nọvemba. Na 7 Nọvemba 2011, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|German Wikipedia]] gafere ndezi peeji dị nde otu narị, na-aghọ mbipụta asụsụ nke abụọ mere ya ma e wepụ mbipụta nke asụsụ Bekee, nke ruru nde ndezi narị ise ya na 24 Nọvemba 2011. [[:en:Dutch_Wikipedia|Dutch Wikipedia]] gafere otu nde isiokwu na 17 Disemba 2011, na-aghọ mbipụta Wikipedia nke anọ mere ya.

Na 3 Machị 2011, e bipụtara mbipụta nhọrọ isiokwu Wikipedia nke agba 0.8.  Israel Post wepụtara stampụ&quot;Wikimania 2011 - Haifa, Israel&quot;  bụ nke na 2 Ọgọst 2011. Nke a bụ stampụ mbụ ya kemgbe ụwa a raara nye ọrụ metụtara Wikimedia. N'agbata 4 na 6 Ọktoba 2011, Wikipedia Italian kpachapụrụ anya bụrụ nke a na-apụghị iru iji mee mkpesa megide iwu DDL intercettazioni nke [[:en:Italian_Parliament|Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Itali]], nke, ma ọ bụrụ na a kwadoo ya, ga-enye onye ọ bụla ohere ịmanye ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ọbụla iwepu ozi a na-ele anya dị ka ihe na-abụghị eziokwu ma ọ bụ dịka mkparị, na-enweghị mkpa ọ ga-adị inye ihe akaebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;PCmagDDL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Italian Wikipedia Hidden To Protest WireTap Law|url=https://www.pcmag.com/archive/italian-wikipedia-hidden-to-protest-wiretap-law-288689|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=PC Magazine|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://www.pcmag.com/archive/italian-wikipedia-hidden-to-protest-wiretap-law-288689}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011, Wikimedia kwupụtara mwepụta nke Wikipedia Zero, atụmatụ iji mee ka ị na-enweta Wikipedia dị n'efu n'ekwentị na akụrụngwa mkpanaaka ndị ọzọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe site na mmekorita ya na ndị ọrụ mkpanaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kapoor|first=Amit|date=26 October 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks global operator partners to enable free access|work=Wikimedia blog|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2011/10/26/wikipedia-seeks-global-operator-partners-to-enable-free-access/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia Zero|url=http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529101704/http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero|archivedate=29 May 2012|accessdate=27 May 2012|publisher=MediaWiki}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2012 ====
[[Faịlụ:Wikimedia_Foundation_Wikipedia_Blackout_SOPA_January_18,_2012.theora.ogv|thumbtime=13|thumb|200x200px|Ndị ọrụ [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] n'oge SOPA blackout mere]]
Na 16 Jenụwarị, onye so guzobe Wikipedia bụ [[Jimmy Wales]] kwupụtara na Wikipedia Bekee ga-emechi ruo awa iri abụọ na anọ na 18 Jenụwarị dị ka akụkụ nke ngagharị iwe iji mee ka ọha na eze mara Iwu [[:en:Stop_Online_Piracy_Act|Iwu Kwụsị Izu Ohi n'ịntanetị]] yana [[:en:PROTECT_IP_Act|Iwu PROTECT IP]], iwu abụọ na-emegide ndị [[Copyright infringement|ohi n'ịntanetị]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;a ka nọ n'arụmụka ya na [[:en:United_States_Congress|United States Congress]]. N'ịkpọ mgbanyụ ọkụ ahụ &quot; mkpebi obodo&quot;, Wales na ndị ọzọ na-emegide iwu ahụ kwenyere na ha ga-etinye nnwere onwe ikwu okwu na ihe ọhụrụ n'ịntanetị n'ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ortenzi|first=T. J.|date=17 January 2012|title=Wikipedia blackout coming Wednesday, says co-founder Jimmy Wales|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/wikipedia-blackout-coming-jan-18-says-co-founder-jimmy-wales/2012/01/16/gIQAh2Ke3P_blog.html|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=The Washington Post|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mekwara mgbanyụ ọkụ yiri nke ahụ na 10 Julaị site na Wikipedia nke Russia, iji mee mkpesa megide iwu nchịkwa ịntanetị nke Russia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 July 2012|title=Russian Wikipedia shuts in protest|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/332016/Russian-Wikipedia-shuts-in-protest|publisher=UKPA via Google}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ngwụcha Machị 2012, [[m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]] kwupụtara Wikidata, ikpo okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịkekọrịta data n'etiti mbipụta asụsụ Wikipedia niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikidata announcement on Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/wikipedia/posts/158388724283345|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101031943/https://www.facebook.com/wikipedia/posts/158388724283345|archivedate=1 January 2016|accessdate=28 October 2015|publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|accessdate=October 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ufọdụ n'ime ego e ji rụọ ọrụ iwepụta Wikidata ahụ furu otu nde dọla na ụma asaa (US $1.7) sitere na Google, [[:en:Gordon_and_Betty_Moore_Foundation|Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]], na Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Terdiman|first=Daniel|title=Wikidata to provide structured data for all Wikipedia versions|url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikidata-to-provide-structured-data-for-all-wikipedia-versions/|accessdate=16 March 2023|publisher=CNET|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055527/https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikidata-to-provide-structured-data-for-all-wikipedia-versions/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wikimedia Deutschland hụrụ maka akụkụ mbụ nke Wikidata, ma na mbụ ha mere atụmatụ ime ka ndị editọ nweenwuo ike ịrụ ọrụ na ikpo okwu site na Disemba 2012. Akụkụ mbụ nke Wikidata malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na Machị 2013.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Perez|first=Sarah|date=30 March 2012|title=Wikipedia's Next Big Thing: Wikidata, A Machine-Readable, User-Editable Database Funded By Google, Paul Allen And Others|work=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/wikipedias-next-big-thing-wikidata-a-machine-readable-user-editable-database-funded-by-google-paul-allen-and-others/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WikidataLiveNow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pintscher, Lydia|date=13 February 2013|title=Wikidata live on the English Wikipedia|url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219054033/http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/|archivedate=19 February 2013|accessdate=15 February 2013|publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Justin_Anthony_Knapp_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|231x231px|Justin Knapp]]
N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, Justin Knapp ghọrọ onye ndezi mbụ naanị ya nyere aka mee ndezi karịrị otu nde na Wikipedia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=First man to make 1 million Wikipedia edits|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9215151/First-man-to-make-1-million-Wikipedia-edits.html|first=James|author=Titcomb|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=20 April 2012|archivedate=19 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119233646/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9215151/First-man-to-make-1-million-Wikipedia-edits.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Skelton|first=Alissa|date=24 April 2012|title=Wikipedia Volunteer Editor Reaches 1 Million Edits|url=https://mashable.com/archive/wikipedia-volunteer-editor|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=Mashable|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://mashable.com/archive/wikipedia-volunteer-editor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimmy Wales kelere Knapp maka ọrụ ya ma nye ya ihe nrite Special Barnstar nke saịtị ahụ yana onyinye ''Golden Wiki'' maka ihe ọ rụzuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hardest working man on the internet passes one million Wikipedia edits|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/20/one-million-wikipedia-edits/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820003926/http://www.engadget.com/2012/04/20/one-million-wikipedia-edits|archivedate=20 August 2012|accessdate=3 September 2012|work=Engadget|date=20 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wales kwupụtakwara na 20 Eprel ga-abụ &quot;Ụbọchị Ncheta Justin Knapp&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;declared&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Skelton|first=Alissa|date=23 April 2012|title=Wikipedia Volunteer Editor Reaches 1 Million Edits|work=Mashable|url=http://mashable.com/2012/04/23/wikipedia-volunteer-editor/|accessdate=24 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2012, Wikipedia Bekee nwetara edemede nde anọ ya, Izbat al-Burj . &lt;ref name=&quot;4Million2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 July 2012|title=English language Wikipedia hits 4 million articles!|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/07/english-language-wikipedia-hits-4-million-articles/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222030833/http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/07/english-language-wikipedia-hits-4-million-articles/|archivedate=22 December 2012|accessdate=13 July 2012|work=Wikimedia UK Blog|publisher=[[Wikimedia UK]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2012, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia Richard J. Jensen kwuru na Wikipedia Bekee &quot;na-eru ọgwụgwụ&quot;, na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị editọ na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile adaala nke ukwuu kemgbe afọ 2007, n'agbanyeghị uto ngwa ngwa nke Wikipedia na ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu na ndị na-agụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rosen|first=Rebecca J.|date=25 October 2012|title=Surmounting the Insurmountable: Wikipedia Is Nearing Completion, in a Sense|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/surmounting-the-insurmountable-wikipedia-is-nearing-completion-in-a-sense/264111/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028064456/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/surmounting-the-insurmountable-wikipedia-is-nearing-completion-in-a-sense/264111/|archivedate=28 October 2012|accessdate=27 October 2012|work=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Alexa Internet si kwuo, Wikipedia bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke isii kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa ka ọ na-erule Nọvemba 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;AlexaSiteInfoNov12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amazon Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=alexa.com|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dow Jones họọrọ Wikipedia nke ise n'ụwa niile ka ọ na-erula Disemba 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Fifth-Biggest Site in the World Operated on a Budget of $27M Last Year|url=http://allthingsd.com/20121220/the-fifth-biggest-site-in-the-world-operated-on-a-budget-of-27m-last-year|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206225138/http://allthingsd.com/20121220/the-fifth-biggest-site-in-the-world-operated-on-a-budget-of-27m-last-year/|archivedate=6 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2013 ====
Na 22 Jenụwarị 2013, Wikipedia Italian ghọrọ mbipụta asụsụ nke ise nke Wikipedia nwere karịaotu nde isiokwu, ebe Wikipedia nke Russia na [[:en:Spanish_Wikipedia|Spanish]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;nwetara isiokwu nke nde ha na 11 na 16 Mee n'otu n'otu. Na 15 Julaị Wikipedia Swedish yana na 24 Septemba [[:en:Polish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia Polish]] nwetara edemede nke otu nde ha, na-aghọ mbipụta Wikipedia nke asatọ na nke itoolu iji mee ya. N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Jenụwarị, [[:en:Committee_for_Small_Body_Nomenclature#Minor_planets|Kọmitii maka Ịgụ obere ahụ aha]] gbanwere aha [[:en:Main_belt_asteroid|main belt asteroid]] [[:en:274301_Wikipedia|274301]] n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ịbụzi &quot;Wikipedia&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TND-20130205&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Workman|first=Robert|date=5 February 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|url=http://www.technewsdaily.com/16749-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206105134/http://www.technewsdaily.com/16749-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|archivedate=6 February 2013|accessdate=7 February 2013|publisher=[[TechMediaNetwork, Inc.|TechNewsDaily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụkụ mbụ nke nchekwa data Wikidata, na-enye njikọ otu asụsụ na ibe ya na data ndị ọzọ na-akpaghị ya aka, gh nke dị ọrọ maka mbipụta asụsụ niile na Machị 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;WikidataLiveNow&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2013, e boro ndị Ọrụ nzuzo nke France ebubo ịnwa inyocha Wikipedia site n'iyi onye ọrụ afọ ofufo Wikipedia egwu ịnwụchi ya ọgwụla ma ehichapụrụ &quot;ihe ọmụma nzuzo&quot; banyere ụlọ ọrụ redio ndị aghana saịtị ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Willsher|first=Kim|date=7 April 2013|title=French secret service accused of censorship over Wikipedia page|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/07/french-secret-service-wikipedia-page|accessdate=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Wikimania_2013_-_VisualEditor_-_The_present_and_future_of_editing_our_wikis.webm|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Nkuzi ihe banyere Wikipedia VisualEditor]]
N'ọnwa Julaị, a malitere usoro nhazi VisualEditor, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na mgbalị e mere iji kwe ka a na-edezi isiokwu na interface yiri  kama iji [[Wiki|akara wiki]].&lt;ref name=&quot;VisualEd2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Arthur|first=Charles|date=2 July 2013|title=Boot up: wireless contact lens, Wikipedia's visual editing, Samsung's share slide and more|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2013/jul/02/rabbit-contact-lens|accessdate=2 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; E weputaraa onngwahrọ maka ime ndezi nke e mere kpọmkwem maka ekwentị na ngwaọrụ mkpanaka ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MobileWiki2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gonera|first=Juliusz|date=25 July 2013|title=Edit Wikipedia on the go|url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/07/25/edit-wikipedia-on-the-go/|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=Diff|language=en-US|archivedate=25 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325104612/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/07/25/edit-wikipedia-on-the-go/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2014 ====
[[Faịlụ:Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Nnyocha vidiyo nke ọdịnaya Wikipedia n'afọ 2014, na-agba ndị na-ekiri ya ume idezi Wikipedia]]
N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2014, ndị na-enye aka na Wikipedia nke Germany malitere ọrụ iji bipụta mbipụta nke Wikipedia Bekee, nke nwere mpịakọta otu puku na ihe karịrịotu nde na narị puku peeji.&lt;ref name=&quot;EconWikiPeaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=1 March 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|work=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|accessdate=2 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ahụ chọrọ nkwado ego site na Indiegogo, ọ ma buru n'uche ịsọpụrụ ntinye nke ndị editọ Wikipedia mere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 February 2014|title=Wikipedia 1,000-volume print edition planned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/20/wikipedia-1000-volume-print-edition-crowdfunding|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311014332/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/20/wikipedia-1000-volume-print-edition-crowdfunding|archivedate=11 March 2014|accessdate=12 April 2014|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2014, a kpughere ihe ncheta a kpụrụ akpụ mbụ nke Wikipedia n'obodo Slubice dị na Poland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Day, Matthew|date=10 October 2014|title=Polish town to build statue honouring Wikipedia|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/11153603/Polish-town-to-build-statue-honouring-Wikipedia.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011191441/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/11153603/Polish-town-to-build-statue-honouring-Wikipedia.html|archivedate=11 October 2014|accessdate=11 October 2014|work=The Daily Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 8 Jun, 15 Jun, na 16 Julaị 2014, [[:en:Waray_Wikipedia|Waray Wikipedia]], Wikipedia Vietnamese yana [[:en:Cebuano_Wikipedia|Cebuano Wikipedia]] nke ọ bụla gafere akara otu nde isiokwu. Ha bụ Wikipedias nke iri, nke iri na otu na nke iri na abụọ iji ruzuo ihe dị ịrịba ama ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ndị ọrụ ole na ole na-arụsi ọrụ ike, Wikipedias nke Wai na Cebuano nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke isiokwu ndị e dere na-akpaghị aka nke bots mepụtara.

==== 2015 ====
[[Faịlụ:Wikipedia_5_million_articles_milestone_video_November_2015.ogv|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Vidio na-egosi ihe ịrịba ama nke Wikipedia inwe [[:en:Wikipedia:Five_million_articles|isiokwu nde ise]]  na 1 Nọvemba 2015]]
N'etiti afọ 2015, Wikipedia bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke asaa kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa niile dịka Alexa Internetsi kwuo, &lt;ref name=&quot;AlexaSiteInfoOct26&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009035134/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|archivedate=9 October 2017|accessdate=9 October 2017|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbadaa n'otu ọnọdụ site n'ọnọdụ ọ nọbu na Nọvemba 2012. Na mbido afọ 2015, Wikipedia ihe ọmụma izugbe nọgidere bụrụ encyclopedia kachasị n'ịntanetị, nke nwere ngụkọta nke ihe karịrị nde isiokwu iri atọ na isii n'asụsụ niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grand20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=List of Wikipedias – Grand Total (retrieved 2014)|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219233704/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|archivedate=19 December 2014|accessdate=20 December 2014|publisher=Wikimedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nkezi, Wikipedia na-enweta ngụkọta dị ijeri iri zuru ụwa ọnụ nke [[:en:Page_view|ndị na-abịa na saịtị ahụ]] site na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị anọ na iri itoolu na ise na-eleta pụrụ iche kwa ọnwa, gụnyere nde mmadụ iri asatọ na ise si United States naanị, ebe ọ bụ saịtị nke isii kachasị ewu ewu.&lt;ref name=&quot;EconWikiPeaks&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 April 2011|title=Wikimedia Statistics|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|archivedate=20 October 2011|accessdate=14 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;comScore2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 February 2015|title=comScore Ranks the Top 50 U.S. Digital Media Properties for January 2015|url=http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317071240/http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015|archivedate=17 March 2015|accessdate=17 March 2015|publisher=comScore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AlexaSiteInfoOct26&quot; /&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Print_Wikipedia_(no_subtitles).webm|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Onye na-ese ihe Michael Mandiberg dịka ọ na-ekwu maka Print Wikipedia.]]
Print Wikipedia bụ ọrụ nka nke Michael Mandiberg mepụtara ikike ibipụta mpịakọta puku asaa, narị anọ na iri asaa na atọ (7473) nke Wikipedia dị ka ọ dị na 7 Eprel 2015. Mpịakọta ọ bụla nwere peeji narị asaa mana ọ bụ naanị otu narị na iri ka onye na-ese ya bụ ihe bipụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|date=16 June 2015|title=Moving Wikipedia From Computer to Many, Many Bookshelves|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/books/moving-wikipedia-from-computer-to-many-many-bookshelves.html|accessdate=24 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2015, Wikipedia Bekee ruru nde isiokwu ise site n'ịmepụta otu isiokwu na ''Persoonia terminalis'', bụ ụdị akụmakụ.

N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, Wikipedia natara ''Onyinye Princess of Asturias maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na mba ụwa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-06-17|title=Wikipedia, Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación|url=https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2015/06/17/actualidad/1434535111_709353.html|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=El País|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Poyo|first=Ana|date=2015-10-22|title=Los Premios Princesa de Asturias 2015 (al detalle)|url=https://www.vogue.es/moda/news/articulos/agenda-premios-princesa-asturias-2015-ceremonia-entrega-reyes-felipe-letizia-mejores-looks-leonor-de-borbon/23909|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=Vogue España|language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2016 ====
Na abalị iri na itoolu ọnwa Jenụwarị 2016, Wikipedia nke Japan gafere inweta otu nde isiokwu, na-aghọ Wikipedia nke iri na atọ ya ruru ihe dị ịrịba ama ahụ. Akụkọ ahụ nke mezuru ya otu nde bụ maka Wave 224, ụgbọ mmiri n'okpuru mmiri nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] nke Ndị ọlụagha na mmiri Imperial nke Japan. N'etiti afọ 2016, Wikipedia ghọkwara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke isii kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa dịka [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]] si kwuo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706214359/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|archivedate=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbagoo n'otu ọnọdụ pụọ n'ọnọdụ ọ nwere n'afọ gara aga.

==== 2017 ====
N'etiti afọ 2017, edepụtara Wikipedia dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke ise kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa dịka [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]]  si kwuo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011642/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|archivedate=4 July 2017|accessdate=4 July 2017|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-arịgo site n'otu ọnọdụ pụọ na ọnọdụ ọ nwere n'afọ gara aga. E mere ka Wikipedia Zero dị na Iraq  na Afghanistan. N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2017, ndị ọchịchị Turkey [[:en:Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey|gbochiri ịnweta Wikipedia n'ịntanetị n'ofe mbipụta asụsụ niile dị na Turkey]]. Mgbochi a dịgidere ruo 15 Jenụwarị 2020, ebe ụlọ ikpe nke Turkey kpebiri na mgbochi ahụ mebiri ikike mmadụ. A na-egbochi Wikipedia nke Japan ezoro ezo na China kemgbe 28 Disemba 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ja.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.greatfire.org/https/ja.wikipedia.org|work=[[GreatFire]]|accessdate=7 April 2018|archivedate=20 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065845/https://en.greatfire.org/https/ja.wikipedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2018 ====
N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu ndị dị na  Wikipedia nke China gafere otu nde, na-aghọ Wikipedia nke iri na anọ iji ruo ọkwa ahụ. A machibidola Wikipedia nke China na Mainland China kemgbe Mee 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 September 2015|title=Wikipedia founder defends decision to encrypt the site in China|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/4/9260981/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-china|accessdate=17 April 2018|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141751/https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/4/9260981/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-china}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, na 26 Jun, Wikipedia Portuguese gafere otu nde isiokwu, na-aghọ Wikipedia nke iri na ise ruru ihe dị ịrịba ama ahụ. Isiokwu nke mezuru ya otu nde bụ ''[[:pt:Perdão de Richard Nixon|Perdão de Richard Nixon]]'' (''[[:pt:Perdão de Richard Nixon|Mgbaghara nke Richard Nixon]]''). N'afọ 2018, Wikipedia nọgidere na-ndepụta ya dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke ise kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa dịka Alexa Internet si kwuo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors – Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|accessdate=28 October 2018|work=alexa.com|language=en|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu mmepe a ma ama bụ iji [[:en:Artificial_Intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] mepụta edemede na isiokwu ndị a na-eleghara anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=AI spots 40,000 prominent scientists overlooked by Wikipedia|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/8/17663544/ai-scientists-wikipedia-primer|accessdate=28 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2019 ====
N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, ndị ọchịchị China gbasara mmachibido nke Wikipedia gaa na nsụgharị niile. &lt;ref name=&quot;cn2019apr&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gandolfo|first=Ryan|title=Wikipedia Currently Down in China|work=That's Beijing|url=http://www.thatsmags.com/beijing/post/27660/wikipedia-currently-down-in-china|accessdate=24 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ooni&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sukhbir Singh|date=4 May 2019|title=China is now blocking all language editions of Wikipedia|url=https://ooni.io/post/2019-china-wikipedia-blocking/|accessdate=7 May 2019|publisher=Open Observatory of Network Interference|quote=The following chart, based on OONI data, illustrates that multiple language editions of Wikipedia have been blocked in China as of April 2019.{...}OONI measurements show that many of these Wikipedia domains were previously accessible, but all measurements collected from 25 April 2019 onwards present the same DNS anomalies for all Wikipedia sub-domains.{...}Based on these tests, we were able to conclude that China Telecom does in fact block all language editions of Wikipedia by means of both DNS injection and SNI filtering.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oge nke mgbochi ahụ dakọtara ya na mmemme ncheta afọ iri atọ nke [[:en:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|ngagharị iwe na ogbugbu Tiananmen Square nke afọ 1989]] na ncheta nke ịgba afọ otu narị  nke [[:en:May_Fourth_Movement|May Fourth Movemen]], nke mere ka [[:en:Internet_censorship_in_China|nnyocha ịntanetị na China]] sie ike karịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;515news18&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 May 2019|title=Ahead of Tiananmen Anniversary, Chinese Government Blocks Wikipedia|publisher=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/ahead-of-tiananmen-anniversary-chinese-government-blocks-wikipedia-2142621.html|accessdate=2 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2019, dị ka Alexa.com si kwuo, Wikipedia si na ọnọdụ nke ise dalaa na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke asaa n'ụwa maka itinye aka n'ịntanetị zuru ụwa ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;alexa.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=wikipedia.org Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic – Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|work=alexa.com|accessdate=10 February 2018|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'otu afọ ahụ, e zigara otu Wikipedia n'ọnwa, dị ka akụkụ nke Arch Lunar Library. N'ihi ọdịda mere, rọket ahụ dara n'elu ọnwa, mana, n'ihi iji diski nickel pụrụ iche, nke na-eguzogide onwe ya, a kwenyere na ọ lanarịrị ọdịda ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Chris|date=2019-04-17|title=There may be a copy of Wikipedia somewhere on the moon. Here's how to help find it.|url=https://mashable.com/article/moon-library-beresheet-crash-wikipedia|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=Mashable|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Afọ Iri Nke Atọ (2020 ruo Ugbu a)===

====2020====
N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ ọnwa Jenụwarị 2020, agbakwunyere isiokwu mezuru ya  nde isii, bụ akụkọ ndụ [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]], na Wikipedia Bekee. N'agbanyeghị uto a n'isiokwu ndị dị na ya, ntinye aka n'ịntanetị zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Wikipedia, dịka Alexa tụrụ, nọgidere na-ebelata. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị 2020, Wikipedia dara ruo ịbụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke iri na otu n'ụwa maka itinye aka n'ịntanetị zuru ụwa ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;alexa.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=wikipedia.org Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic – Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|work=alexa.com|accessdate=10 February 2018|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na akụkọ Wikipedia banyere [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|nsogbu ọrịa COVID-19]] na ndezi nkwado ndị metụtara ya, mkparịta ụka gasị, na ọbụna nhichapụ ndị e mere bụ ihe bara uru maka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ọdịnihu ga-achọ ịghọta oge ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=27 May 2020|title=Future Historians Will Need Access to Coronavirus Misinformation|url=https://slate.com/technology/2020/05/wikipedia-coronavirus-information-future-historians.html|work=Slate|accessdate=9 June 2020|archivedate=27 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527165139/https://slate.com/technology/2020/05/wikipedia-coronavirus-information-future-historians.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[World Health Organization|Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa]] jikọrọ aka ha na Wikipedia dị ka isi ihe maka mgbasa ozi metụtara COVID-19 iji nyere aka lụso mgbasa ozi na-ezighi ezi ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Matt|first=Chase|date=9 January 2021|title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher|work=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|accessdate=9 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McNeil|first=Donald G.|date=22 October 2020|title=Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227064918/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|archivedate=27 December 2020|accessdate=25 October 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''2021'''

Na Jenụwarị 2021, e kwuru n'ụlọ ọrụ  mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na a na-eme ncheta [[Wikipedia:20th anniversary|Afọ iri abụọ nke Wikipedia]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kelly&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kelly|first=Heather|date=15 January 2021|title=Technology: On its 20th birthday, Wikipedia might be the safest place online|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/15/wikipedia-20-year-anniversary/|quote=The world's largest online encyclopedia has learned lessons from fighting misinformation for two decades|accessdate=16 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Kent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kent|first=German|date=15 January 2021|title=In a post-truth world, we need Wikipedia more than ever|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/in-a-post-truth-world-we-need-wikipedia-more-than-ever/|publisher=[[CNET]]|quote=Commentary: Wikipedia celebrated its 20th anniversary today. The free encyclopedia may not be exciting, but its neutral, volunteer-driven content is incredibly valuable.|accessdate=16 January 2021|archivedate=21 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221144855/https://www.cnet.com/news/in-a-post-truth-world-we-need-wikipedia-more-than-ever/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World in Progress: 20 years of Wikipedia|url=https://www.dw.com/en/world-in-progress-20-years-of-wikipedia/av-56212410|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|format=Audio|quote=The year marks the 20th anniversary of Wikipedia. Every month, more than 1.7 billion people visit the open-source website in search of information about, well, just about anything! We speak with Dr. Bernie Hogan from the [[Oxford Internet Institute]] about Wikipedia's successes, where it fits into the discrimination crisis, and the website's future.|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=5 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005082902/https://www.dw.com/en/world-in-progress-20-years-of-wikipedia/av-56212410}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wales&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wales|first=Jimmy|date=14 January 2021|title=As Wikipedia turns 20 it aims to reach more readers|url=https://news.yahoo.com/wikipedia-turns-20-aims-reach-035212015.html?guccounter=1&amp;guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tLw&amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHKHaTI72xUEUz_BdVPt8DFvi-uLdmApcbSckrJrAbM_GpTwHsHtNHRdxX-KYAS6xk81e_p_w46bfh10PJVV7cmUzE-pWR5gsID2T8Kd1k0u-2r78p4Y4V16CKTPFcWRJzV0LwQMJyuEeeR7Vv-_lfVBiCT30KvF47aGzyE3QP-a|quote=Wikipedia is the web's seventh-most visited site|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=23 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923105157/https://news.yahoo.com/wikipedia-turns-20-aims-reach-035212015.html?guccounter=1&amp;guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tLw&amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHKHaTI72xUEUz_BdVPt8DFvi-uLdmApcbSckrJrAbM_GpTwHsHtNHRdxX-KYAS6xk81e_p_w46bfh10PJVV7cmUzE-pWR5gsID2T8Kd1k0u-2r78p4Y4V16CKTPFcWRJzV0LwQMJyuEeeR7Vv-_lfVBiCT30KvF47aGzyE3QP-a}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na atọ ọnwa Jenụwarị 2021, Wikipedia Bekee ruru otu ijeri ndezi e mere na ya, ebe [[Steven Pruitt]] mere ndezi nke mezuru ya otu ijeri.&lt;ref name=&quot;vice.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 January 2021|title=The English Language Wikipedia Just Had Its Billionth Edit|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115145145/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit|archivedate=15 January 2021|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:MIT_Press|MIT Press]] bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede [[:en:Open_access|open access]] bụ ''[[:en:Wikipedia_@_20|Wikipedia @ 20]]'': Stories of an Unfinished Revolution, nke [[Joseph M. Reagle Jr.|Joseph Reagle]] na Jackie Koerner dezigharịrị nke ntinye banyere ya  sitere n'aka ndị Wikipedia, ndị Wikimedia, ndị nchọpụta, ndị nta akụkọ, ndị na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ na ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ na-atụgharị uche na akụkọ na isiokwu ụfọdụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20|title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution|date=2020|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0262538176|editor=Reagle|location=Cambridge, MA|language=en|accessdate=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, Wikipedia adaala bụrụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke iri na atọ n'ụwa maka itinye aka n'ịntanetị zuru ụwa ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;alexa.com3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=wikipedia.org Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic – Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|work=alexa.com|accessdate=10 February 2018|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''2022'''

N'abalị isii ọnwa Disemba 2022, onye Wikipedian [[Richard Knipel]] mepụtara isiokwu [[:en:Artwork_title|Artwork title]], nke mmezigharị mbụ ya bụ draft nke [[:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] mepụtara, nke Knipel mere obere ndezi na ya iji kwekọọ na ụkpụrụ Wikipedia. Knipel kwuru na [[:en:Talk_page|ibe mkparịtaụka]] na o kwenyere na nke a bụ oge mbụ onye ọbụla jiri ChatGPT dee edemede Wikipedia. Ndị ndezi ndị ọzọ katọrọ mbipụta nke isiokwu a ma kpata esemokwu n'ime obodo Wikipedia, na-eduga na arụmụka sara mbara banyere ma a ga-eji ChatGPT na ụdị ndị yiri ya dee ọdịnaya maka Wikipedia na, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị otú ahụ, ruo n'ókè ole?.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=12 January 2023|title=Should ChatGPT Be Used to Write Wikipedia Articles?|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/chatgpt-wikipedia-articles.html|accessdate=30 January 2023|work=Slate|language=en|archivedate=28 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128200141/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/chatgpt-wikipedia-articles.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''2023'''

Na Jenụwarị 2023, a gbanwere interface desktọọpụ Wikipedia na nke mbụ kemgbe 2010, gaa na [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia|Vector 2022]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Wikimedia Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=19 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119234339/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Njikọ ọhụrụ ahụ nwetara nkatọ dị ukwuu site n'aka ndị ọrụ. Ọtụtụ mmegide lekwasịrị anya na nhazi nke obosara ya, nke mepụtara ohere ọcha gabigara ókè n'akụkụ ya niile na monitor ndị sara mbara, na-eduga na mkparịta ụka dị okwu puku iri itoolu ma akpụkpọ ọhụrụ ahụ kwesịrị ịghọ nke ndabara. [[Swahili Wikipedia|Wikipedia Swahili]] ji otu olu tụọ vootu ịjụ akpụkpọ ọhụrụ ahụ ma &quot;n'ụzọ dị njọ&quot; chọọ ịlaghachi na akpụkpọ nke ochie. Nkatọ ndị ọzọ gara na Wikimedia Foundation maka iwe ndị otu imepụta ihe nwere obere ahụmịhe na wikis. Brandon Harris, onye bụ onye isi na-emepụta ihe na Wikipedia site na 2010 ruo 2014, kwuru, sị: &quot;Wikimedia Foundation mgbe ụfọdụ na-ewe ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị na-amaghị wiki nke ọma, ha na-abata ma gbalịa ime mgbanwe ndị a niile - na-agba ọsọ na mbụ banye n'ime mkpọtụ ụzụ - bụ ụzọ obodo ahụ na-esi eguzogide nke ọma&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point.|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Slate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Wikimedia Sound Logo Finalist VQ97.wav|thumb|[[Sound logo]] of Wikimedia (including Wikipedia)&lt;ref name=&quot;wikimediafoundation.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=Wikipedia's new sound logo: Winner of The Sound of All Human Knowledge contest announced |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/28/wikipedias-new-sound-logo-winner/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Wikimedia Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101352/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/28/wikipedias-new-sound-logo-winner/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Mgbe mkparịta ụka na asọmpi gasịrị, a nabatara [[:en:Sound_logo|akara ngosi ụda]] mbụ nke Wikimedia (gụnyere Wikipedia). &lt;ref name=&quot;wikimediafoundation.org&quot; /&gt;

'''2024'''

Na Jenụwarị 13, 2024, etinyere otu Wikipedia Bekee, echekwara na [[5D optical data storage|Nchekwa data anya 5D]], n'ụlọ nnyocha dị n'okpuru ala na Switzerland, na-enwe ikike ịnọgide na nchekwa ruo ijeri afọ iri na anọ, n'ihi teknụzụ nchekwa ejiri. Enwere ike ịgụ akwụkwọ ahụ site na iji [[:en:Microscope|microscope]], na-enweghị mkpa iji [[Digital electronics|teknụzụ dijitalụ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Knowledge Vault|url=https://www.archmission.org/gkv|accessdate=2026-05-26|work=Arch Mission Foundation - Preserving humanity forever, in space and on Earth.|language=en-US|archivedate=July 30, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730024832/https://www.archmission.org/gkv}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2024, e nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ibugo otu Wikipedia Bekee n'ime ọnwa, dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ Galactic Legacy Archive. Ọrụ ahụ bụ nke [[:en:Intuitive_Machines|Intuitive Machines]], ebe [[SpaceX]] tụbara rọket ahụ. A na-echekwa data ahụ dị ka iji layer iri na isii nke nickel, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ nwere ike ịnọ n'elu ọnwa ruo ijeri afọ ise. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Galactic Legacy Archive|url=https://www.archmission.org/galactic-legacy-archive|accessdate=2026-05-26|work=Arch Mission Foundation - Preserving humanity forever, in space and on Earth.|language=en-US|archivedate=March 28, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328153354/https://www.archmission.org/galactic-legacy-archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''2025'''

N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2025, ewepụtara [[:en:Wikipedia:Temporary_accounts|akaụntụ nwa oge]] maka ndị editọ Wikipedia pụrụ na akaụntụ ha, na-anọchi anya iji [[Wikipedia:IP users|Adreesị IP]].

'''2026'''
[[File:Work-in-progress animation of the Wikipedia 25 birthday mascot scrolling on a phone.gif|thumb|Illustration of Baby Globe scrolling on a phone]]
N'abalị iri na ise ọnwa Jenụwarị 2026, Wikipedia mere emume ncheta afọ iri abụọ na ise ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-28|title=Wikipedia is needed now more than ever, 25 years on|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00074-1|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=649|issue=8099|pages=1079–1080|doi=10.1038/d41586-026-00074-1|pmid=41606158|issn=1476-4687|accessdate=February 4, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mepụtara ihe ngosi na &quot;oge capsule&quot; dị ka akụkụ nke ememe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Roth|first=Emma|date=2026-01-15|title=Wikipedia turns 25 and shares a glimpse into the lives of its volunteer editors|url=https://www.theverge.com/news/861935/wikipedia-25th-anniversary-2026|accessdate=2026-02-25|work=The Verge|language=en-US|archivedate=February 27, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227081325/https://www.theverge.com/news/861935/wikipedia-25th-anniversary-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tọhapụrụ ihe nkedo nke onye ọrụ BaduFerreira mepụtara nke a na-akpọ [[Baby Globe]]. Ọ pụtara mgbe emere usoro ncheta ọmụmụ na Wikipedia. E mepụtara [[:en:Collectable|ihe mkpofu]] [[:en:Plush|na-anakọta]] Baby Globe na mmekorita ya na Makeship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fear|first=Natalie|date=2026-01-15|title=Wikipedia's new mascot is too cute for words|url=https://www.creativebloq.com/design/wikipedia-unveils-adorable-mascot-for-25th-anniversary|accessdate=2026-02-25|work=Creative Bloq|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wepụrụ Baby Globe na saịtị Wikipedia na Eprel 7. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Baby Globe, Wikipedia's 25th birthday mascot|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wikipedia25/wikipedia-mascot/|accessdate=2026-04-14|work=Wikimedia Foundation|language=en|archivedate=February 24, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260224032253/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wikipedia25/wikipedia-mascot/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị ir abụọ na asaa ọnwa Machị 2026, Wikipedia machibidoro iji ọdịnaya nke [[Large language model|LLMs]] mepụtara na isiokwu ya, ma e wezụga nsụgharị na obere mbipụta ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Milman|first=Oliver|date=2026-03-27|title=Wikipedia bans AI-generated content in its online encyclopedia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/mar/27/wikipedia-bans-ai|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-03-27|title=Wikipedia bans one type of content after 'heated debate'|url=https://www.newsweek.com/wikipedia-bans-ai-content-after-debate-11746790|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=Newsweek|language=en|archivedate=July 29, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260729125759/https://www.newsweek.com/wikipedia-bans-ai-content-after-debate-11746790}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị ir na otu ọnwa Mee 2026, Wikipedia wepụtara 25th Anniversary Reading Challenge maka ngwa iOS site na Mee iri na otu ruo Jun abalị iri na asatọ, ma weghachitekwa Baby Globe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-05-11|title=Wikimedia Apps/Team/25th Birthday Reading Challenge|url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|accessdate=2026-06-14|work=MediaWiki|language=en|archivedate=June 5, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605021801/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Akụkọ ihe mere eme site n’akụkụ isiokwu==
===Ngwaike na Ngwanrọ===
* N’ọnwa Jenụwarị 2001, Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ n’elu [[:en:UseModWiki|UseModWiki]], nke [[:en:Clifford_Adams|Clifford Adams]] dere n’asụsụ mmemme [[:en:Perl|Perl]]. Sava ahụ ka na-arụ ọrụ n’elu [[:en:Linux|Linux]], ọ bụ ezie na e debere ederede mbụ n’ime faịlụ kama ịnọ n’ime nchekwa data. A na-akpọ isiokwu ndị ahụ site n’iji usoro [[:en:CamelCase|CamelCase]].
* N’ọnwa Jenụwarị 2002, e webatara '''“'''Phase II'''”''' nke ngwanrọ wiki na-akwado Wikipedia, dochie [[:en:UseModWiki|UseModWiki]] ochie. [[:en:Magnus_Manske|Magnus Manske]] dere ya kpọmkwem maka ọrụ ahụ, ma o nwere [[:en:Wiki_engine|wiki engine]] nke e dere n’asụsụ [[:en:PHP|PHP]]'''.'''
* N’ọnwa Julaị 2002, e tinyere n’ọrụ [[:en:Rewrite_(programming)|mmegharị ukwu nke ngwanrọ]] na-akwado Wikipedia; a kpọrọ ya '''“'''Phase III'''”'''. Ọ dochiri ụdị “Phase II” ochie ma bụrụ [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. Ọ bụ [[:en:Lee_Daniel_Crocker|Lee Daniel Crocker]] dere ya n’ihi mkpa ọrụ ahụ na-abawanye ka Wikipedia na-eto.
* N’ọnwa Ọktoba 2002, Derek Ramsey mepụtara [[:en:Internet_bot|bot]] —usoro mmemme na-arụ ọrụ na-akpaghị aka nke a kpọrọ [[:en:Rambot|Rambot]] — iji tinye ọtụtụ isiokwu gbasara obodo ndị dị na United States. E mepụtara isiokwu ndị a na-akpaghị aka site na data [[:en:U.S._census|ngụkọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na United States]]'''.''' N’ụzọ dị otú a, o mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu Wikipedia bawanye site n'ọnụọgụ dị puku iri atọ na atọ narị asatọ na iri atọ na abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lih|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWuZAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22Derek+Ramsey+%28Wikipedian%29%22|title=The Wikipedia Revolution|date=2009|publisher=Hachette Digital, Inc|isbn=978-1401395858|pages=99–106|authorlink=Andrew Lih}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ihe omume a '''“'''mmegharị kacha kpatara esemokwu n’akụkọ ihe mere eme Wikipedia.'''”'''.&lt;ref&gt;Lih, p. 99.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N’ọnwa Jenụwarị 2003, agbakwunyere nkwado maka usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ n’asụsụ [[:en:TeX|TeX]]. Ọ bụ Tomasz Węgrzanowski nyere koodu ahụ
* Na 9 Juún 2003, a gbanwere [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] interface nke Wikipedia iji mee ka ISBN ndị dị n’ime isiokwu wee nwee njikọ ha na Special:Booksources, nke na-enweta ọdịnaya ya site na ibe ndị ọrụ nwere ike idezi, Wikipedia:Book sources. Tupu oge ahụ, e tinyere ebe njikọ ISBN gaa n’ime ngwanrọ ahụ n’onwe ya, ma na-atụ aro njikọ ọhụrụ na ibe Wikipedia:ISBN. Lee ndezi nke gbanwere nke a.
* Mgbe abalị isii ọnwa Disemba 2003 gachara, ozi sistemụ dị iche iche a na-egosi ndị ọrụ Wikipedia kwụsịziri ịbụ ụdị [[:en:Hard_coding|hard coded]]; nke a nyere ndị nchịkwa Wikipedia ohere ịgbanwe akụkụ ụfọdụ nke interface MediaWiki, dịka ozi a na-egosi ndị ọrụ a kpọchiri.
* Na 12 Febụwarị 2004, a kpaliri ọrụ sava site na San Diego, California gaa [[Tampa, Florida]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Server swapping soon|url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2004-February/008420.html|work=lists.wikimedia.org|accessdate=10 February 2007|archivedate=18 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618061009/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2004-February/008420.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu ọnwa Mee 2004''',''' e melitere ebe nrụọrụ weebụ dị iche iche niile ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ọhụrụ nke ngwanrọ [[MediaWiki]]
* N'abalị iri atọ ọnwa Mee 2004, ihe atụ mbụ nke ntinye '''“'''categorization'''”''' (nhazi n’ụdị otu/category) pụtara. Usoro ụdị dị iche iche dịka Recent Changes yana Edit This Page adịlarị kemgbe e guzobere Wikipedia. Otú ọ dị, Sanger lere usoro ndị a anya dịka ndepụta, ma ọbụna na-etinye isiokwu ụfọdụ n’aka ya, ebe ọrụ nhazi n’ụdị otu lekwasịrị anya n’itinye category nke ọbụla n’isiokwu nke ọbụla dị na encyclopedia ahụ, dịka akụkụ nke usoro buru ibu nke iji akpaghị aka hazie isiokwu niile nke encyclopedia &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[Wikipedia:Categorization]]&quot;, Wikipedia.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mgbe 3 Jun 2004 gachara, ndị nchịkwa nwere ike idezi ụdị na ọdịdị interface ahụ site n’ịgbanwe [[:en:Cascading_Style_Sheets|CSS]] (Cascading Style Sheets) dị na stylesheet monobook na[[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]]
* Ọzọkwa na 30 Mee 2004, na MediaWiki 1.3, e mepụtara oghere aha Template, na-enye ohere [[:en:Transclusion|ịmegharị]] ederede ọkọlọtọ.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[Wikipedia:Template namespace]]&quot;, Wikipedia.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 7 Jun 2005 n'elekere atọ nke ụtụtụ, oge [[:en:Eastern_Time_Zone|Eastern Standard Time]], a kpaliri ọtụtụ sava Wikimedia gaa n’ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ dị n’akụkụ okporo ụzọ ahụ. Ọrụ Wikimedia niile kwụsịrị nwa oge n’oge a
* N’ọnwa Maachị 2013, e mere ka akụkụ mbụ nke [[:en:Wikidata|Wikidata]] interwiki database dịrị n’akwụkwọ Wikipedia n’asụsụ dị iche iche &lt;ref name=&quot;WikidataLiveNow2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pintscher, Lydia|date=13 February 2013|title=Wikidata live on the English Wikipedia|url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219054033/http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/|archivedate=19 February 2013|accessdate=15 February 2013|publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N’ọnwa Julaị 2013, a malitere VisualEditor editing interface, nke nyere ndị ọrụ ohere idezi Wikipedia site na iji [[:en:WYSIWYG|WYSIWYG]] text editor (nke yiri [[:en:Word_processor|word processor]]) kama iji [[:en:Wiki_markup|akara wiki]]. E wepụtakwara interface ndezi nke e mere ka ọ daba adaba maka ngwa mkpanaka (mobile devices).&lt;ref name=&quot;VisualEd20132&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Arthur|first=Charles|date=2 July 2013|title=Boot up: wireless contact lens, Wikipedia's visual editing, Samsung's share slide and more|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2013/jul/02/rabbit-contact-lens|accessdate=2 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MobileWiki20132&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gonera|first=Juliusz|date=25 July 2013|title=Edit Wikipedia on the go|url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/07/25/edit-wikipedia-on-the-go/|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=Diff|language=en-US|archivedate=25 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325104612/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/07/25/edit-wikipedia-on-the-go/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ọdịdị Ile Anya Na Mmetụta===
* N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2002, a kpaliri BrilliantProse, nke e mechara kpọọ Featured Articles, site na article namespace gaa na Wikipedia namespace&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[Wikipedia:Featured articles]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N’ihe dị ka abalị iri na ise ọnwa Ọktoba 2003, e tinyere akara ngosi njirimara Wikipedia ọhụrụ. A họpụtara echiche logo ahụ site n’usoro ịtụ vootu, nke e mechara soro usoro mmegharị iji họrọ ụdị ndị kacha mma. David Friedland (onye na-edezi Wikipedia site n’aha njirimara ''“nohat”'') mepụtara ụdị ikpeazụ ahụ, dabere na atụmatụ na echiche logo nke Paul Stansifer mepụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;logovote&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=International logo vote/Finalists|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/International_logo_vote/Finalists|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716073834/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/International_logo_vote/Finalists|archivedate=16 July 2006|accessdate=8 July 2006|work=Meta-Wiki|publisher=Wikimedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2004, Did You Know (DYK) pụtara na Main Page nke mbụ ya.
* N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2004, n’elekere 19:46 UTC, e gosipụtara ọdịdị ọhụrụ ahaziri nke ọma maka Ihu Mbụ. Ihe ndị a họpụtara n’aka maka Daily Featured Article, Anniversaries, In the News, na Did You Know mezuru ọdịdị ọhụrụ ahụ.
* N'abalị iri ọnwa Jenụwarị 2005, e guzobere portal nwere ọtụtụ asụsụ na www.wikipedia.org, iji dochie njikọ ntụgharị (redirect) nke na-eduga na Wikipedia nke asụsụ Bekee.
* N'abalị ise ọnwa Febụwarị 2005, e mepụtara Portal:Biology, na-aghọ &quot;portal&quot; mbụ na Wikipedia Bekee.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[[Portal:Biology]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, echiche a malitere na German Wikipedia, ebe e guzobere [[:de:Portal:Recht|Portal:Recht]] (ọmụmụ iwu) n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2003. &lt;ref&gt;[[:de:Wikipedia:WikiProjekt Portale/2003|Portals on German Wikipedia ordered by date of creation]].&lt;/ref&gt;
** N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2005, Wikipedia Bekee malitere itinye &quot;ihe osise ndị e gosipụtara&quot; n'ụbọchị ahụ na Ihu Mbụ ya.
** N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2006, mgbe ntuli aka gasịrị, Ihu Mbụ nke Wikipedia asụsụ Bekee gosipụtara nhazigharị mbụ ya n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ abụọ.
** N'abalị iri na atọ ọnwa Mee 2010, saịtị ahụ wepụtara interface ọhụrụ. Ihe ọhụrụ ndị e wepụtara gụnyere akara ngosi emelitere, ngwaọrụ ngagharị n'ibe ahụ, na link wizard.&lt;ref name=&quot;New features2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UsabilityInitiativePrefSwitch|title=New features|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]|accessdate=6 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822062045/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3AUsabilityInitiativePrefSwitch|archivedate=22 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mgbanwe nhazi E Mere na 2023===
A mara ọkwa Vector 2022, bụ mmelite nke [[Skin (computing)|akpụkpọ ahụ]] Wikipedia a na-ejibu bụ Vector 2010, nke e mere atụmatụ maka mmalite ya na mbụ na 2021, tupu emesịa tinye ya n'ọrụ na Jenụwarị 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kurtz|first=Jason|date=24 September 2020|title=Wikipedia due to get its first substantial website redesign in a decade|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/24/tech/wikipedia-redesign-trnd/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120112945/https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/24/tech/wikipedia-redesign-trnd/index.html|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|publisher=CNN Business|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2023, Wikimedia emeela ka mmelite ahụ dị na nari atọ nke [[List of Wikipedias|mbipụta asụsụ ya dị cihe iche]]; ọ bụkwa ndabara maka nsụgharị Arabic na Greek.&lt;ref name=&quot;engadget&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia's first desktop design update in a decade doesn't rock the boat (updated)|url=https://www.engadget.com/wikipedia-desktop-web-redesign-211000932.html|first=Jon|author=Fingas|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119195554/https://www.engadget.com/wikipedia-desktop-web-redesign-211000932.html|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Engadget|date=19 January 2023|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slate2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point.|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Slate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pcmag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia Desktop Site Gets New Look, Its First in Over 10 Years|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-desktop-site-gets-new-look-its-first-in-over-10-years|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119123429/https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-desktop-site-gets-new-look-its-first-in-over-10-years|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=PC Magazine|date=18 January 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vector 2022 na-egosipụta [[User interface|interface onye ọrụ]] e degharịrị nke nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe na nhazi nke ihe ndị dị na ya bụ interface. N'etiti ha, menu nhọrọ asụsụ, nke dịbu n'aka ekpe nke ihuenyo onye ọrụ, dị ugbu a n'elu aka nri na ngosipụta nke isiokwu nke ọbụla a na-agụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;pcmag2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia Desktop Site Gets New Look, Its First in Over 10 Years|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-desktop-site-gets-new-look-its-first-in-over-10-years|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119123429/https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-desktop-site-gets-new-look-its-first-in-over-10-years|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=PC Magazine|date=18 January 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, a ga-abịachinwu sidebar nke dị n'azụ [[Hamburger button|bọtịnụ hamburger]]. Vector 2022 na-mgbakwunye, na-amụba [[Margin (typography)|akụkụ obosara]] nke ngosipụta isiokwu ahụ, nke nwere mmetụta nke igbochi ogologo nke isiokwu ahụ; &lt;ref name=&quot;pcmag2&quot; /&gt; mgbanwe dị nke nwere ike ibelata akụkụ ma gbasaa obosara akara nke isiokwu ahụ iji mejupụta ihuenyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;techcrunch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perez|first=Sarah|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia gets its first makeover in over a decade... and it's fairly subtle|url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-its-first-makeover-in-over-a-decade-and-its-fairly-subtle/|work=techcrunch.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119214848/https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-its-first-makeover-in-over-a-decade-and-its-fairly-subtle/|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slate3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point.|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Slate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mụbabeghị nha ndabara nke ederede ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] gwara ''Engadget'' na ha nwere olileanya ime ka nke a bụrụ nhọrọ n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;engadget2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia's first desktop design update in a decade doesn't rock the boat (updated)|url=https://www.engadget.com/wikipedia-desktop-web-redesign-211000932.html|first=Jon|author=Fingas|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119195554/https://www.engadget.com/wikipedia-desktop-web-redesign-211000932.html|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Engadget|date=19 January 2023|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mekwara ka nhọrọ ọchụchọ ahụ dị ọhụrụ na Vector 2022, dịka nsonaazụ a tụrụ aro ha na nzaghachi maka ajụjụ ndị ọrụ na-ajụ, gụnyere ugbu a foto na nkọwa dị mkpirikpi site na ibe ndị a na-ekwu maka ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;pcmag2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;business-insider&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nguyen|first=Britney|title=It's not just you {{snd}} Wikipedia looks different|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-wikipedia-update-looks-different-desktop-redesign-2023-1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012218/https://www.businessinsider.com/new-wikipedia-update-looks-different-desktop-redesign-2023-1|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Business Insider|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] kwuru na ọ bụ ọchịchọ imeziwanye saịtị ahụ ma melite ahụmịhe mkpagharị na ndezi na saịtị ahụ maka ndị na-agụ ya na-amaghị ka e si eji ịntanetị kpaliri mgbanwe ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-eweere akpụkpọ dịbu adị dị ka &quot;ihe na-adịghị mma na ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kurtz|first=Jason|date=24 September 2020|title=Wikipedia due to get its first substantial website redesign in a decade|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/24/tech/wikipedia-redesign-trnd/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120112945/https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/24/tech/wikipedia-redesign-trnd/index.html|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|publisher=CNN Business|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;engadget3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia's first desktop design update in a decade doesn't rock the boat (updated)|url=https://www.engadget.com/wikipedia-desktop-web-redesign-211000932.html|first=Jon|author=Fingas|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119195554/https://www.engadget.com/wikipedia-desktop-web-redesign-211000932.html|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Engadget|date=19 January 2023|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;techcrunch2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perez|first=Sarah|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia gets its first makeover in over a decade... and it's fairly subtle|url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-its-first-makeover-in-over-a-decade-and-its-fairly-subtle/|work=techcrunch.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119214848/https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-its-first-makeover-in-over-a-decade-and-its-fairly-subtle/|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nnyocha ndị foundation ahụ mere gosiri na mmụba ruru pasent iri atọ nke ndị ọrụ ịchọ ihe na saịtị ahụ, na mbelata n'ogo ruru pasent iri na ise na mkpagharị na saịtị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;engadget3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;techcrunch2&quot; /&gt; Ụdị mbụ nke Vector 2022 malitere na 2020 na saịtị Wikipedia French-, Hebrew-, na Portuguese, &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2&quot; /&gt; dịka a na-agbasa ihe ọhụrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ ọhụrụ ahụ nye ndị ọrụ iji nwalee ya nke nta nke nta tupu a tọhapụ ya kpamkpam. &lt;ref name=&quot;verge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lyles|first=Taylor|date=24 September 2020|title=Wikipedia is getting its first desktop redesign in 10 years|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/23/21453300/wikipedia-desktop-redesign-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120152848/https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/23/21453300/wikipedia-desktop-redesign-2021|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=The Verge|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akpụkpọ ahụ malitere ịbụ akpụkpọ ahụ ndabara maka ndị na-agụ saịtị Wikimedia n'asụsụ nari atọ (n'ime narị atọ na iri na asatọ) n'abalị iri na asatọ ọnwa Jenụwarị 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;engadget3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slate4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point.|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Slate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pcmag3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia Desktop Site Gets New Look, Its First in Over 10 Years|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-desktop-site-gets-new-look-its-first-in-over-10-years|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119123429/https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-desktop-site-gets-new-look-its-first-in-over-10-years|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=PC Magazine|date=18 January 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịgbaso mgbasa n'igwe nke Vector 2022, ọ ka ga-ekwe omume ịgụ Wikipedia site na iji akpụkpọ ahụ gara aga. Otú ọ dị, ime nke a chọrọ ka ndị na-agụ ya debanye aha maka imepe akaụntụ Wikipedia, wee mee nhọrọ ha iji gosipụta Vector 2010 kama.&lt;ref name=&quot;pcmag4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia Desktop Site Gets New Look, Its First in Over 10 Years|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-desktop-site-gets-new-look-its-first-in-over-10-years|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119123429/https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-desktop-site-gets-new-look-its-first-in-over-10-years|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=PC Magazine|date=18 January 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị mgbanwe e mere na akpụkpọ Wikipedia dị ugbu a dị ka Monobook na Timeless, nke ka dị kwa iji mee ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point.|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Slate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gizmodo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 January 2023|title=Try and Spot the Differences in Wikipedia's First New Look in 11 Years|url=https://gizmodo.com/wikipedia-wikimedia-online-encyclopedia-1850002977|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119134259/https://gizmodo.com/wikipedia-wikimedia-online-encyclopedia-1850002977|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Gizmodo|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Wikipedia users|Ndị ọrụ Wikipedia]] kewara na mgbanwe ndị ahụ e mere. Arịrịọ maka ịza ajụjụ na [[Wikipedia nke ndị bekee|Wikipedia Bekee]] nke na-ajụ ndị ọrụ ma a ga-etinye Vector 2022 dị ka akpụkpọ ahụ ndabara ka ọ bụ na-agaghị etinye ya gbakọtara ihe karịrị okwu puku iri itoolu na nzaghachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point.|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Slate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akatọ mgbanwegharị  ahụ megidere ya n'ụzọ doro anya maka [[White space (visual arts)|oghere ọcha]] a hapụrụ n'efu na akpụkpọ ọhụrụ ahụ, ebe ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ katọrọ ndị nkatọ ahụ kwuru na ha dị ka ndị ọ na-ara ahụ ịnabata gbanwee.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate6&quot; /&gt; Ndị ọrụ dị otu narị na iri isii na ise sonyere na mkparịta ụka ahụ jụrụ akpụkpọ ahụ ọhụrụ ahụ, ebe otu narị na iri ise na atọ kwadoro ya, itoolu nọgidekwara na-anọpụ iche. &lt;ref name=&quot;slate6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;mashable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pearl|first=Mike|date=18 January 2023|title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out.|url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Mashable|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc-history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia history page|work=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3ARequests_for_comment%2FDeployment_of_Vector_%282022%29&amp;diff=latest&amp;oldid=1117412136|accessdate=February 5, 2023|archivedate=July 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709223623/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3ARequests_for_comment%2FDeployment_of_Vector_(2022)&amp;diff=latest&amp;oldid=1117412136}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị editọ kwuru na ha achọghị ka ewepụta Vector 2022 n'ụdị ya dị mgbe ahụ ugbu a, ebe ọ bụ na a naghị ekpebi nkwekọrịta na Wikipedia site na ịtụ vootu, e mechiri mkparịta ụka ahụ na nkwado ndị nabatara ndozigharị ahụ, na-atụle okwu dị mma ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ hapụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;slate6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;mashable&quot; /&gt; Ndị mmepe Vector 2022 mere mgbanwe ụfọdụ na akpụkpọ ahụ iji zaghachị nkatọ ahụ, dị ka ịgbakwunye mgbanwe iji mee ka ọdịnaya isiokwu ọbụla jupụta n'obosara niile nke ihuenyo onye ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;slate6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rfc-history2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Deployment_of_Vector_(2022)&amp;oldid=1138588215|title=Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Deployment of Vector (2022)|date=10 February 2023|accessdate=March 16, 2023|archivedate=July 9, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709190532/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Deployment_of_Vector_(2022)&amp;oldid=1138588215}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọrụ na [[Swahili Wikipedia|Wikipedia Swahili]] ekwenyeghị n'otu olu na iwu nke akpụkpọ ọhụrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate6&quot; /&gt;

Ndị nta akụkọ na-azaghachi mmelite nke Vector 2022 weere mmelite na atụmatụ ọhụrụ ndị e webatara dị ka mgbakwunye bara uru, mana n'ozuzu ha gosipụtara akpụkpọ ahụ dị ka obere mmelite nke na-agbanweghị ahụmịhe ọgụgụ ha na-enwe na Wikipedia. &lt;ref name=&quot;business-insider2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nguyen|first=Britney|title=It's not just you {{snd}} Wikipedia looks different|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-wikipedia-update-looks-different-desktop-redesign-2023-1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012218/https://www.businessinsider.com/new-wikipedia-update-looks-different-desktop-redesign-2023-1|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Business Insider|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;slate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rauwerda|first=Annie|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point.|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Slate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;techcrunch3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perez|first=Sarah|date=18 January 2023|title=Wikipedia gets its first makeover in over a decade... and it's fairly subtle|url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-its-first-makeover-in-over-a-decade-and-its-fairly-subtle/|work=techcrunch.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119214848/https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-its-first-makeover-in-over-a-decade-and-its-fairly-subtle/|archivedate=19 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Annie Rauwerda]], onye mepụtara [[:en:Depths_of_Wikipedia|Depths of Wikipedia]] social media accounts, dere na ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' na Vector 2022 abụghị &quot;ụdị dị iche&quot; site na akpụkpọ ahụ dịbu. Rauwerda kwukwara maka myiri dị n'etiti nnukwu nkatọ nke ndị obodo Wikipedia megide mgbanwe akpụkpọ ahụ ahụ na nguzogide ndị gara aga e mere na mgbanwe anya yiri nke ahụ na saịtị ndị a ma ama dị ka [[Reddit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;slate7&quot; /&gt; Rauwerda, na Mike Pearl nke ''Mashable'', kwuru na ndị ọrụ na-enweghị obi ụtọ na mgbanwe ahụ nwere ike ịtụle ịkparịta ụka banyere akpụkpọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ jiri atụmatụ nhazi nke saịtị ahụ gbanwee ahụmịhe ịgụ akwụkwọ ha.  &lt;ref name=&quot;slate7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mashable2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pearl|first=Mike|date=18 January 2023|title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out.|url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|archivedate=20 January 2023|accessdate=20 January 2023|work=Mashable|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ihe ndekọ Wikipedia na ndị E Chekwara'''

Faịlụ ọrụ Wikipedia nwere ọtụtụ ntụaka na ihe ndị echekwara. Ihe onwunwe bara uru n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia gụnyere:

'''Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme'''

* Ụdị: Afọ Wikipedia - ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'afọ
* [[m:History of Wikipedia|Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia]] - site na [[wikipedia:Meta|Wikipedia:Meta]]
* meta:Wikimedia News - akụkọ na ihe ịrịba ama index site na Wikipedias niile
* Wikipedia:BrilliantProse - onye bu Wikipedia ụzọ:Akụkọ ndị a na-ahụ anya na Wikipedia:Akụkọ ọmaWikipedia:Ezi isiokwu
* Wikipedia:Nkwurịta okwu akụkọ ihe mere eme
* Wikipedia:Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia bots
* Wikipedia: Ihe ndekọ Wikipedia
* Wikipedia:Akụkọ kachasị ochie nke Wikipedia

'''Ihe ịrịba ama, ogo na ọnụ ọgụgụ'''

* [[stats:|Stats.wikimedia.org]] - isi interface nke Wikimedia Foundation maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ niile, gụnyere Wikipedia dị iche iche na nke jikọtara ọnụ.
* [[m:Wikipedia milestones|Ihe ịrịba ama Wikipedia]]
* Wikipedia:Milestones &lt;small&gt; (na-adịghị arụ ọrụ) &lt;/small&gt; 
* Wikipedia: Iri na abụọ nke Wikipedia
* Wikipedia: Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ

'''Ebe Nchekwa Nkwurịta okwu na arụmụka'''

* Wikipedia:Nkwupụta Archive
* Wikipedia: Ndepụta ozi

Na 24 Maachị, sava niile nke Wikipedia Europe pụrụ n'ịntanetị n'ihi nsogbu inwe oke okpomokụ. [[:en:Failover|Failover]] gaa na sava niile dị na Florida gbajiri, na-akpata nhazigharị nke [[:en:Domain_Name_System|DNS]] maka Wikipedia daa n'ụwa niile. E doziri nsogbu ahụ ngwa ngwa, mana n'ihi nsogbu caching nke DNS, o gbuturu oge ụfọdụ ebe inwetakwa Wikipedia karịa ebe ndị ọzọ.

* [[mw:MediaWiki history|Akụkọ MediaWiki]]
* [https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org Nostalgia Wikipedia] - foto nke Wikipedia site na 20 Disemba 2001 dị ka saịtị MediaWiki na-eji akpụkpọ ahụ nke yiri ngwanrọ nke oge ahụ
* Wikipedia:CamelCase na Wikipedia
* Wikipedia:Magnus Manske Day - Software MediaWiki na-aga ndụ na mmepụta
* Wikipedia: Ngalaba Ọkụ Ọkụ Ndị Ofu Ofu - njikwa nke nnukwu nchịkọta akụkọ. A gbasara ya mgbe ọ na-adịghịzi mkpa (2004) 
* ZIM File Archive, na Internet Archive, nwere foto zuru ezu nke Wikipedia (yana nhọrọ isiokwu) n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, site na afọ dị iche iche. Enwere ike imeghe faịlụ na ngwanrọ Kiwix.
{{Clear}}

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

* [http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf &quot;Fatally Flawed: Gbagha ọmụmụ ihe na-adịbeghị anya banyere izi ezi encyclopedic site na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature&quot;]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. March 2006.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010303221706/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/HomePage Foto mbụ nke Wikipedia] site na Internet Archive. 28 Febụwarị 2001.
* Giles, Jim, &quot;Encyclopedias nke Ịntanetị na-aga isi na isi&quot;. Ntụnyere &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwGXE&quot;&gt;Okike&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; n'etiti Wikipedia na ''Britannica''. 14 Disemba 2005 (a chọrọ ndebanye aha) 
* [[Larry Sanger]] &quot;The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir&quot; na &quot;Part II&quot;. Ihe na-adịghị mma. 18 Eprel 2005 ruo 19 Eprel 2005.
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html Nzaghachi] ''Okike'' na ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Okike. 23 Machị 2006.  (A chọrọ ndebanye aha) 
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html ''New York Times'' na Wikipedia]. Septemba 2001.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250916022442/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html The Free Universal Encyclopedia na Learning Resource] E debere na  Wayback Machine - Free Software Foundation nkwado nke Nupedia (mgbe e mesịrị melite iji tinye Wikipedia). 1999.


[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Bells Comprehensive Secondary School</title>
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|-
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|- class=&quot;adr&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot; style=&quot;display:inline;&quot;&gt;KM 11 Idiroko Road[[Ota, Nigeria|Ota]], Ogun State&lt;br /&gt;[[Ogun State|Ógbè Ogun]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;country-name&quot; style=&quot;display:inline;&quot;&gt;[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bells_Comprehensive_Secondary_School&amp;params=6.6865_N_3.22126_E_type:edu_globe:earth_region:NG &lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;6°41′11′′N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;3°13′17′′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;/&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x6F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x6F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x6F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x1ECC;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x1EE5;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x65;&amp;#x7A;&amp;#x69;&amp;#x65;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x6E;&amp;#x61;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x1ECD;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x62;&amp;#x1EE5;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;6.68650°N 3.22126°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;﻿ / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;6.68650; 3.22126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bells_Comprehensive_Secondary_School&amp;params=6.6865_N_3.22126_E_type:edu_globe:earth_region:NG &lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;6°41′11″N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;3°13′17″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;6.68650°N 3.22126°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;6.68650; 3.22126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header notheme&quot; |Ihe ọmụma
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ụdị
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ụkpụrụ nduzi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mụta ihe. Na-ebi ndụ. Ọkpụkpụ.
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |E guzobere ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1991
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Isi&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Olajumoke T. Odesanya (Nwunye) 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Onye nwe ya&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Olusegun Obasanjo&lt;ref name=&quot;Admin&quot;&gt;[http://www.thebellsschools.org/team.php Board of Directors and Staff] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510174443/http://www.thebellsschools.org/team.php |date=May 10, 2008 }}. Bells Comprehensive Secondary School. Retrieved on 2008-08-22.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mmekọahụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Co-Education|Mmụta Mmekọrịta]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Afọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |9 ruo 19&amp;#x20;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ndebanye aha
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |500-1000
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://www.thebellsschools.org/ www.thebellsschools.org]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Bells Comprehensive Secondary School bu''' Ulo akwukwo sekondri nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị di na [[Ota, Ogun|Ota]], Ogun Stati, Nigeria. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-akụziri ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ narị ise wee ruo otu puku.

== Edensibia ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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    <title>Clare Byarugaba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Clare Byarugaba''' bụ onye na-akwado LGBT na [[Uganda]] na Kampala, onye kwuchitere ọnụ megide okwu gọọmentị na-ekwu megide ndị LGBT . &lt;ref name=&quot;Essence&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ onye nhazi nke otu [[Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Advocate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.advocate.com/news/world-news/2013/12/20/ugandan-lgbt-activists-we-have-stay-and-fight|title=Ugandan LGBT Activists: 'We Have to Stay and Fight'|date=2013-12-21|work=www.advocate.com|accessdate=2016-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2013, Byarugaba dị njikere ịmalite isi otu PFLAG nke Kampala iji kwado ndị ikwu nke ndị LGBT n'obodo ebe onyeisiala ya machibidoro [[nwoke idina nwoke]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Essence&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.essence.com/2016/01/27/pride-prejudice-african-lgbt-activists-risking-lives-bring-tolerance|title=Pride &amp; Prejudice: How African LGBT Activists are Risking Their Lives to Bring Tolerance to Their Homes|date=2016-01-27|work=Essence.com|accessdate=2016-06-21}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.essence.com/2016/01/27/pride-prejudice-african-lgbt-activists-risking-lives-bring-tolerance &quot;Pride &amp; Prejudice: How African LGBT Activists are Risking Their Lives to Bring Tolerance to Their Homes&quot;]. ''Essence.com''. 2016-01-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-06-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe mmachibido iwu a gasịrị, otu akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ahụ gosiri  gbasara nkwenye mmekọahụ ya n'ihu oha, nke mere ka ndụ ya nwe ihe iyi egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Romano&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/15/at-women-in-the-world-the-reality-of-uganda-s-brutal-gay-ban.html|title=At Women in the World, the Reality of Uganda's Brutal Gay Ban|author=Romano|first=Andrew|date=2014-03-15|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=2016-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2014, Byarugaba sonyeere nzukọ ụmụnwaanyị n'ụwa iji kesaa akụkọ nkeonwe ya site na ọrụ nke otu ahụ inye ụmụnwaanyị olu na ikike. &lt;ref name=&quot;Romano&quot; /&gt; Byarugaba bụ onye otu Oak Fellow nke afọ 2014 maka ọmụmụ nke mmụta International Human Rights na Colby College. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clare Byarugaba • Aspen Global Innovators|url=https://www.aspenglobalinnovators.org/en/our_fellows/clare-byarugaba/|accessdate=2026-08-12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ nkeonwe ==
A mụrụ Byarugaba ma zụlite ya na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Essence&quot;/&gt; Mgbe Onyeisiala Yoweri Museveni machibidoro nwoke idina nwoke na Uganda, Nne Byarugaba yiri ya egwu na ọ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye ndị uwe ojii ji maka na ọ bụ nwanyị d na-enwe mmasị nwanyị na nwanyị . &lt;ref name=&quot;Day&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/03/16/ugandan-gay-rights-activist-people-call-daily-basis-say-give-five-reasons-shouldnt-kill/|title=Ugandan gay rights activist says her own mother threatened to hand her into police over anti-gay laws|work=PinkNews|date=16 March 2014|accessdate=2016-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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[[Otú:Umụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ nwanyị na nwanyị si Uganda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Farah Abdullahi Abdi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79114</id>
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      <id>735232</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-06T10:47:32Z</timestamp>
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'''Farah Abdullahi Abdi''' (amụrụ na 21 Julaị 1995 na Beledweyne) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. Ọ bụ onye gbara ọsọ ndụ si Somalia &lt;ref name=&quot;world forum democracy 2016&quot;/&gt; na onye isi iwu maka ebe mgbaba ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ yana nkwagharị n'ụlọ ọrụ Transgender Europe. &lt;ref name=&quot;europride program&quot;/&gt;

== Mmalite Ndụ Ya na ịgbaga Malta ==
Farah na ndị mụrụ ya na nwanne ya nwoke gbapụrụ n'agha dị na Somalia mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;maltatoday&quot;/&gt; Ezinụlọ ya bu ụzọ nọrọ n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ma mechaa ha akwaga n'isi obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ratsch-menke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ratsch-Menke|first=Britta|title=Laudatio für Farah Abdullahi Abdi|url=https://dieschwelle.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Bilder_Dokumente/Friedenspreis/Laudatio/2015_Farah_Abdi_Laudatio.pdf|work=dieschwelle.de|publisher=dieschwelle|accessdate=23 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ tolitere na Nairobi, Kenya. Nna ya bụ onye na-ekpe Alakụba. Ezinụlọ ahụ nọ na-ekpe ekpere ma na-agụ Koran mgbe niile. Farah kọwara ndị mụrụ ya dị ka ndị na-agbaso omenala na ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ọ tolitere n'ogo akụnaụba etiti. Ọ kọwara nne ya na nne nne ya, ndị ya na ezinụlọ ahụ bi na Nairobi, dị ka ndị na-akwalite mmetụta siri ike nke uru onwe onye n'ime ya site na nwata. Nne na nna ya nyere ya na nwanne ya nwoke ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ. Farah tolitere na-asụ asụsụ atọ, na-asụ Bekee na [[Swahili language|Swahili]], na-asụkwa [[Asusu Somali|Somalia]] na ezinụlọ ya n'ụlọ. Ọ zochiri mmasị ya na egwu, ọdịbendị America, ejiji na ime ihe nkiri pụọ n'aka ezinụlọ ya ma mesịa zoo mmekọahụ ya na nkwenye njirimara nwoke na nwanyị ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ratsch-menke&quot; /&gt; N'ihi na a nabataghị ya maka ịbụ nwoke na-edina nwoke nakwa nwoke na-edina nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwoke na-agbanwe ghọọ nwanyị, ọ gbapụrụ ọzọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii site na Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan na Libya gaa Malta. N'oge ịgba ọsọ ahụ, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ugboro ise, mekpọọ ya ọnụ ma metọọ ya ma manye ya ịrụ ọrụ n'akwụghị ụgwọ na ebe a na-ewu ihe na Libya. Ọnụ ego nke ịgbapụ site na Kenya gaa Malta bụ puku dọla iri na abụọ ka o furu ezinụlọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;weser kurier&quot;/&gt;

Abdi rutere Malta n'afọ 2012. Ọ gbapụrụ na Somalia site na Libya wee jiri ụgbọ mmiri bịa Malta.&lt;ref name=&quot;world forum democracy 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Farah ABDI|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/2016-speakers/-/asset_publisher/JTQ3V5aITSo7/content/abdi-farah|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=Council of Europe|publisher=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/2016-speakers/-/asset_publisher/JTQ3V5aITSo7/content/abdi-farah &quot;Farah ABDI&quot;]. ''Council of Europe''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 September&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Onye dị afọ iri na isii,  e jidere Abdi nwa oge mgbe ọ rutere Malta n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye na-eto eto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-15|title=Journey of a Somali youngster|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/journey-of-a-somali-youngster.612171|accessdate=2024-04-01|work=Times of Malta|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, ọ gwara onye na-agwọ ya ọrịa banyere mkpagbu ọ na-enwe maka mmekọahụ na okike ya na mba ya nke mere e ji hapụ ya.

Mgbe ọ bịarutere, Abdi rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị asụsụ maka NGO na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị na Senglea.&lt;ref name=&quot;maltatoday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/author/farah_abdi/|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=Malta Today}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/author/farah_abdi/ &quot;Farah Abdi&quot;]. ''Malta Today''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 September&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwuchite-ọnụ ==
Abdi malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Maltese bụ ''[[:en:Malta_Today|Malta Today]]''. &lt;ref name=&quot;maltatoday&quot;/&gt; O dere banyere mmeso ọjọọ na nsogbu nke ndị mbịarambịa na Malta na-eche ihu ma bụrụ onye a ma ama karịsịa n'etiti ndị mbịarambịa nke mba ahụ. Farah kwupụtara na ha nọ ebe ahụ &quot;ịrụ ọrụ ma nye aka na mmepe obodo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;weser kurier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schaefer|first=York|title=Bremer Friedenspreis für Flüchtlingsaktivist|url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremer-friedenspreis-fuer-fluechtlingsaktivist-doc7e4h1vt2qd195z7hd1o|work=weser kurier|accessdate=23 September 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchaefer&quot;&gt;Schaefer, York. [https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremer-friedenspreis-fuer-fluechtlingsaktivist-doc7e4h1vt2qd195z7hd1o &quot;Bremer Friedenspreis für Flüchtlingsaktivist&quot;]. ''weser kurier''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 September&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-emegide mbata na ọpụpụ katọrọ ya maka ikwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;dieschwelle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Für die Rechte von Flüchtlingen in Europa: Farah Abdullahi Abdi|url=https://dieschwelle.de/friedenspreis-2015/farah-abdullahi-abdi|work=dieschwelle.de|accessdate=23 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2014, Farah kwuru okwu n'ihu ndị omeiwu Europe na nkwado nke nzukọ [[:en:Terre_des_hommes|terre des hommes]] n'oge ihe omume &quot;A maghị ebe m na-aga&quot; ma rịọ maka nchebe nke ụmụaka na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ. Kọmishọna Europe Cecilia Malmström kwuru na ọ ga-ekwe omume n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro maka ụmụaka na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-eto eto ịkwaga na European Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;reliefweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=From chains to freedom: why I decided to migrate to Europe|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/chains-freedom-why-i-decided-migrate-europe|work=reliefweb|date=20 February 2014|accessdate=23 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O bipụtara akụkọ ndụ onwe ya, Never Arrive, na 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;unhcr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Book reading of Never Arrive|url=https://www.unhcr.org/mt/3228-book-reading-never-arrive.html|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=UNHCR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2023, Abdi kwuru okwu na LGBTIQ+ Human Rights Conference, akụkụ nke [[:en:EuroPride|EuroPride]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ịkwaga Berlin ==
Farah Abdi mechara si Malta kwaga Berlin, n'ihi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ o chere ihu na Malta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-09-13|title=Common EU migration policy will harm LGBTIQ asylum seekers - activist|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/common-eu-migration-policy-harm-lgbtiq-asylum-seekers-activist.1054993|accessdate=2024-04-01|language=en-gb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://timesofmalta.com/article/common-eu-migration-policy-harm-lgbtiq-asylum-seekers-activist.1054993 &quot;Common EU migration policy will harm LGBTIQ asylum seekers - activist&quot;]. ''Times of Malta''. 13 September 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 April&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Berlin, Abdi na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ebe mgbaba ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na onye mgbasa ozi n'ụlọ ọrụ Transgender Europe. Ọ bụ onye otu Alfred Landecker Foundation for Democracy, onye otu Torschreiber Foundation maka ndị edemede nọ n'ebe a chụgara ha ma natakwa &quot;Digital Europe fellowship&quot; maka ịkwalite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;humanity in action&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://humanityinaction.org/person/farah-abdi/|accessdate=7 October 2023|work=Humanity in Action|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Abdi bụ onye Alakụba na nwanyị gbanwere ghọọ nwoke.&lt;ref name=&quot;europride program&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Program Europride 2023|url=https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/|work=europride2023.mt|accessdate=23 September 2023|archivedate=22 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922091626/https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230922091626/https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/ &quot;Program Europride 2023&quot;]. ''europride2023.mt''. Archived from [https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/ the original] on 22 September 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 September&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite Ndị O Nwetara ==

* Ihe nrite International Bremen Peace Award sitere na German NGO, Stiftung &quot;die Schwelle&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;weser kurier&quot;/&gt;
* Onyinye Eze Nwanyị nke England maka ndị isi na-eto eto
* Ihe nrite Forbes mmadụ iri atọ  na-erubeghị afọ iri atọ na Europe 2017 &lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/farah-abdi/?sh=2457b81a7d2b|work=Forbes|accessdate=7 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara ==

* {{Cite book|author=Abdi|first=Farah Abdullahi|title=Never Arrive|url=https://archive.org/details/neverarrive0000abdi|year=2015|isbn=9789995709006}}

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Carla Antonelli</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Carla Antonelli
| image               = Carla Antonelli 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Antonelli in 2023
| honorific_suffix    = [[Senate of Spain|Senator]]
| office1             = [[15th Senate of Spain|Senator of Spain]]
| termstart1          = 17 August 2023
| office2             = [[Assembly of Madrid|Member of the Assembly of Madrid]]
| termstart2          = 7 June 2011
| termend2            = 8 June 2021
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1959|07|13|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Güímar]], Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| occupation          = {{hlist|Actress|politician|activist}}
| website             = [http://www.carlaantonelli.com carlaantonelli.com]
| otherparty          = [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (1997–2022)
| party               = {{plainlist|
* [[Más Madrid]] (since 2023)
* [[Sumar (electoral platform)|Sumar]] (since 2023)
}}
| appointer1          = [[Assembly of Madrid]]
}}
'''Carla Delgado Gómez''' (amụrụ na 13 Julaị 1959), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha egwu ya bụ '''Carla Antonelli''', bụ onye Spain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-ahụ maka LGBT. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na conservatory dị na Santa Cruz nke Tenerife ma malite ọrụ ime ihe nkiri, o mechara banye na  ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu [[:en:Assembly_of_Madrid|Assembly nke Madrid]] n'etiti afọ 2011 na 2021. Onye bụ onye otu [[:en:Spanish_Socialist_Workers'_Party|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE) ruo 2022, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye omeiwu mba dị ka onye nweere onwe ya nke e jikọtara ya na Más Madrid. Onye a ma ama na-ekwuchite ọnụ ndị mbugharị okike, Antonelli bụ onye nwanyị nwoke mbụ a họpụtara ịga Cortes Generales, yana onye mbugharị okike mbụ na-eje ozi na ndị omeiwu mpaghara na [[Spain]].

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Antonelli na Güímar na [[:en:Canary_Islands|Canary Islands]] na 1959. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na Conservatory of Music and Dramatic Arts na Santa Cruz nke Tenerife tupu ọ hapụ obodo ya na 1977 n'ihi na ọ na-enwe transphobia, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ime ime obodo ya. N'otu afọ ahụ, Antonelli malitere ọrụ ya mgbe ọ kpọrọ oku ka a kwụsị Iwu 1970 [[:en:1970_Law_on_dangerousness_and_social_rehabilitation|1970 gbasara ihe ize ndụ na imezigharị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya]], nke etinyere n'ọrụ n'oge Ọchịchị aka ike nke Franco ma mee ka nwoke idina nwoke bụrụ arụ ma bụrụ ndị LGBT ka e lekwasịrị anya mee iwu a. N'oge [[:en:Spanish_transition_to_democracy|mgbanwe banye na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya]] na njedebe nke ọchịchị Franco, Antonelli sonyeere PSOE n'ihi na o cheere na ọ bụ òtù nwere ike ịkwanyere ugwu ma kwalite ikike nke ndị nwoke nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-02-14|title=Carla Antonelli: Woman on a transformative mission|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2011/02/14/inenglish/1297664451_850210.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[El País]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi Ya ==
N'afọ 1980, Antonelli sonyere na ihe ngosi akụkọ ndụ nke bụ nke mbụ e mere na Spain nke lekwasịrị anya na ndị nwoke nwanyị. Na mbụ, e hiwere ka ọ malite na TVE2, mana n'ihi nnyocha nke steeti, a gbasaghị ya  ruo na Septemba 1982, mgbe [[:en:1981_Spanish_coup_d'état_attempt|mgbalị ịnara ọchịchị Spain n'ike nke afọ 1981]] dara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 June 2019|title=Carla Antonelli y el primer documental sobre personas trans censurado en 1980|url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/sociedad/orgullo-lgtbi/cuando-ser-transexual-era-motivo-para-ser-censurada-un-memo-no-me-puede-decir-que-voy-a-ir-a-la-tumba-hecho-hombre-video_201906265d1631050cf2027aaeb6940a.html|accessdate=19 August 2023|work=[[LaSexta]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, a maara Antonelli nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Gloria na usoro ihe nkiri ahụike ''El síndrome de Ulises'' (2007-2008). Nke a bụ oge mbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwoke nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro telivishọn mba Spain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ Nkwuchite-ọnụ ==
N'afọ 1997, Antonelli malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na PSOE, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nhazi nke otu ndị nwoke nwanyị nke otu LGBT gọọmentị etiti. O nyere aka na mmemme ntuli aka nke PSOE na okwu nke Alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na [[:en:Gender_identity|iwu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2007-03-01|title=El PP rechaza en el Congreso la ley de identidad sexual tras apoyarla en el Senado|language=es|work=[[El País]]|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2007/03/01/actualidad/1172703608_850215.html|accessdate=2023-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2004, PSOE meriri na ntuli aka n'ozuzu ya na ikpo okwu nke kwadoro alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị ma nweekwa nnabata nye ndị nwoke nwanyị, mana iwu nke ikpeazụ gburu oge ịnabata ya na [[:en:Congress_of_Deputies|Congress of Deputies]]. Antonelli yiri egwu na ọ ga-aga [[:en:Hunger_strike|anọ agụụ]] ma ọ bụrụ na [[:en:Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)|Council of Ministers]] emeghị iwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mengual|first=Elena|date=26 April 2006|title=La coordinadora de transexuales del PSOE hará huelga de hambre ante el 'olvido' del Gobierno|url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/04/26/sociedad/1146044684.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]], Praịm Minista nke Spain, na Juan Carlos nke Mbụ, Eze nke Spain mechara kwado ma bịanye aka na iwu ahụ na 17 Machị 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Noticias Jurídicas|url=https://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo3-2007.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=Noticias Jurídicas|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antonelli mechara bụrụ onye mbụ na [[:en:Community_of_Madrid|Community of Madrid]] iji gbanwee okike ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Corcuera|first=Álvaro|date=2007-04-05|title=Carla será por fin Carla|language=es|work=[[El País]]|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2007/04/05/sociedad/1175724006_850215.html|accessdate=2023-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2007, Antonelli kwụsịrị ịrụrụ ndị PSOE ọrụ iji were ọrụ dị mkpa na ''El síndrome de Ulises'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2007-07-29|title=Primera transexual protagonista de una serie de ficción|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/265820/0/transexual/serie/television/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[20 minutos]]|language=es}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/265820/0/transexual/serie/television/ &quot;Primera transexual protagonista de una serie de ficción&quot;]. ''[[20 minutos]]'' (in Spanish). 29 July 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 August&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere [[:en:Federación_Estatal_de_Lesbianas,_Gays,_Transexuales_y_Bisexuales|Federación Estatal de Lesbianas]], [[:en:Federación_Estatal_de_Lesbianas,_Gays,_Transexuales_y_Bisexuales|Gays]], [[:en:Federación_Estatal_de_Lesbianas,_Gays,_Transexuales_y_Bisexuales|Transexuales y Bisexuales]] ma kwuo okwu banyere ikike ndị mbugharị okike ma na Spain ma na mba ụwa ndị ọzọ, gụnyere na [[Venezuela]], [[Chile]], [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[:en:Cuba|Cuba]], [[Colombia]] na [[Argentina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009|title=Noticias|url=http://www.matronasdenavarra.com/noticias/?no=47|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105735/http://www.matronasdenavarra.com/noticias/?no=47|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=19 August 2023|work=Asociación Navarra de Matronas|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=27 September 2006|title=Transexuales chilenos inauguraron congreso sobre sus problemas|url=https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/sociedad/salud/transexuales-chilenos-inauguraron-congreso-sobre-sus-problemas/2006-09-27/140326.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=Cooperativa|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Novaresio|first=Luis|date=14 October 2018|title=Carla Antonelli: &quot;Argentina ha sentado las bases de muchas políticas a favor de la igualdad de las personas trans&quot;|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2018/10/14/carla-antonelli-argentina-ha-sentado-las-bases-de-muchas-politicas-a-favor-de-la-igualdad-de-las-personas-trans/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[infobae]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Antonelli bụ onye na-akwado ka ọrụ mmekọahụ bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro, ma kwuo okwu maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị nwokd nwanyị na-ekere òkè na ya.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Ebe ọ bụ na nwere njikọ ya na PSOE kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1970, na Ntuli aka mpaghara nke afọ 2011, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu PSOE nke Nzukọ nke Madrid, na-aghọ nwanyị mbugharị okike mbụ ọha maara nke a họpụtara n'ọfịs ndị omeiwu na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-19|title=Carla Antonelli, la primera diputada trans en un parlamento español|url=https://www.infolibre.es/veranolibre/carla-antonelli-primera-diputada-trans-parlamento-espanol_1_1173686.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=infoLibre|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a họpụtachara ya na 2015 na 2019, ọ tụfuru oche ya na Ntuli aka mpaghara nke 2021 mgbe PSOE meriri oche iri abụọ na anọ naanị na Madrid, ebe Antonelli nọ na onye nke iri atọ na ise na ndepụta ndị so na ntuli aka.

Antonelli kwupụtara na 18 Ọktoba 2022 na ọ na-ahapụ PSOE n'ihi esemokwu banyere àgwà ya n'ebe ndị LGBT nọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Omedes|first=Elena|date=2022-10-18|title=Carla Antonelli solicita su baja del PSOE por el retraso en la tramitación de la ley trans: &quot;Hay gotas que colman los vasos llenos&quot;|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5069514/0/carla-antonelli-solicita-baja-psoe-retraso-tramitacion-ley-trans/|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[20 minutos]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ikwu na ọ bụ onye nweere onwe ya, na 23 Jun 2023, Más Madrid kwupụtara na ọ ga-anọchi Pablo Gómez Perpinyà dị ka onye nnọchi anya ha ọzọ n'ụlọ nzukọ omeiwu site na nhọpụta mpaghara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Navarro|first=Anna Villar|date=2023-06-23|title=Vox Aragón quiere acordar un programa para entrar en el Gobierno de la comunidad|url=https://www.infolibre.es/politica/directo-infolibre-minuto-minuto-viernes-23-junio_6_1531962.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=infoLibre|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, ọ malitere ọrụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbughatrị okike mbụ jere ozi n'ụlọ elu nke gọọmentị Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Galaup|first=Laura|date=2023-08-17|title=Carla Antonelli se convierte en la primera mujer trans en las Cortes españolas: &quot;Hoy es un gran día para la democracia&quot;|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/constitucion-cortes-sigue-votaciones-congreso-senado-directo_6_10449561_1102726.html|accessdate=2023-08-19|work=[[elDiario.es]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pn-21aug2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Billson|first=Chantelle|title=Spain's first openly transgender senator, Carla Antonelli, pledges to protect queer and trans rights|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/08/21/carla-antonelli-spain-trans-rights/|accessdate=21 August 2023|work=[[PinkNews]]|date=21 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri na ọrụ telivishọn ==

* ''Hijos de papá'' (onye duziri ya Rafael Gil, 1980) 
* ''Corridas de alegría'' (onye duziri ya Gonzalo García Pelayo, 1980) 
* ''Pepe no me des tormento'' (onye duziri ya José María Gutiérrez, 1980) 
* ''Las guapas y locas chicas de Ibiza'' (onye ndu [[Siggi Ghotz]], 1981) 
* ''Adolescencia'' (onye nduzi [[Germán Llorente]], 1982) 
* ''[[:en:Strangers_(1999_film)|Extraños]]'' (onye nduzi Imanol Uribe, 1999) 
* ''Tío Willy'' (TVE, 1999) 
* ''Periodistas'' (Telecinco, 2000) 
* ''Policías'' (Antenna 3, 2001) 
* ''El comisario'' (Telecinco, 1999 na 2002) 
* ''El síndrome de Ulises'' (Antenna 3, 2007) 
* ''El vuelo del tren'' (nke [[Paco Torres]] duziri, 2009) 

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Njikọ Mpụga ==

* [http://www.carlaantonelli.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị (n'asụsụ Spanish)]
* {{IMDb name|0031270}}
{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Antonelli, Carla}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Artemether</title>
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      <text bytes="11885" sha1="mtsf57mggnh1yltve3y7jefhn65ffrj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox drug|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=457818137|drug_name=|IUPAC_name=(3''R'',5a''S'',6''R'',8a''S'',9''R'',10''S'',12''R'',12a''R'')-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyldecahydro-12''H''-3,12-epoxy[1,2]dioxepino[4,3-''i'']-2-benzopyran|image=artemether.svg|width=150|image2=Artemether ball-and-stick model from xtal 2007.png|width2=200
&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=Many&lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Artemether and Lumefantrine (Monograph)|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html|publisher=Drugs.com|date=22 February 2023|access-date=17 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|artemether}}|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_US=C|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=&lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--&gt;|legal_CA=&lt;!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_UK=POM|legal_US=&lt;!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --&gt;|legal_status=Rx only|routes_of_administration=Intramuscular&lt;ref name=Esu2019 /&gt; Oral

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|CAS}}|CAS_number=71963-77-4|ATC_prefix=P01|ATC_suffix=BE02|ATC_supplemental=|PubChem=68911|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB06697|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=62138|UNII=C7D6T3H22J|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D02483|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEBI=195280|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=|PDB_ligand=D8Z

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|chemical_formula=|C=16|H=26|O=5|SMILES=C[C@@H]1CC[C@@H]3C42OO[C@](C)(CC[C@@H]12)O[C@H]4O[C@H](OC)[C@@H]3C|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C16H26O5/c1-9-5-6-12-10(2)13(17-4)18-14-16(12)11(9)7-8-15(3,19-14)20-21-16/h9-14H,5-8H2,1-4H3/t9-,10-,11+,12+,13+,14-,15-,16-/m1/s1|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=SXYIRMFQILZOAM-HVNFFKDJSA-N|melting_point=86|melting_high=88}}
'''Artemether''' bụ mkpụrụ ọgwụ a na-eji agwọ [[Iba|ịba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artemether for severe malaria|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|date=June 2019|pmid=31210357|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEsuEffaOpieMeremikwu2019&quot;&gt;Esu EB, Effa EE, Opie ON, Meremikwu MM (June 2019). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji ụdị ọgwụ a na-agbanye maka oke ịba karịa quinine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot; /&gt; N'ime ndị okenye, ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ dị ka Artesunate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot; /&gt; Eji ntụtụ gbaa ya n'ime akwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot; /&gt; Ọ dịkwa na ụdị  ngwakọta ana -anụ na onụ ya na [[lumefantrine]], nke a maara dị ka artemether / lumefantrine. &lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Coartem FDA label&quot;/&gt;

Artemether na-akpata mmetụta ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kov2015&quot; /&gt; Obi na-akụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịpụta obere oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kov2015&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ihe akaebe na iji ya eme ihe n'oge ime nwere ike imerụ anụmanụ ahụ, o nweghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na ọ na-ebute nsogbu nye ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kov2015&quot; /&gt; N'ihi ya, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro iji ya mee ihe n'oge ime ime.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kov2015&quot; /&gt; Ọ dị na klas ọgwụ artemisinin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kov2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Treating severe malaria in pregnancy: a review of the evidence|journal=Drug Safety|volume=38|issue=2|pages=165–181|date=February 2015|pmid=25556421|doi=10.1007/s40264-014-0261-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-amụ Artemether kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'afọ 1981, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ ọya kemgbe afọ 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Tu Youyou and the Discovery of Artemisinin: 2015 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine|date=2016|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-310-991-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmZtDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA162}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị na Ndepụta Ọgwụ Ndị Dị Mkpa nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Organization|first=World Health|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ojiji ihe gbasara ahụ ike ==
Artemether bụ ọgwụ na-egbochi ịba maka ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya nke ''P. falciparum'' (na P.''P. falciparum'' na-eguzogide chloroquine) ma ọ bụ ''P. vivax'' na-egide chloroquin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The clinical efficacy of artemether/lumefantrine (Coartem)|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=8|issue=Suppl 1|date=October 2009|pmid=19818172|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-8-S1-S5}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;A pụkwara iji Artemether gwọọ oke ịba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot;/&gt;

Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ọgwụgwọ nke ''P. falciparum'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya na ọgwụgwọ ngwakọta nke artemisinin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294441/|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria|date=2015-01-01|publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'inye ya na [[lumefantrine]], enwere ike ịgbaso usoro ụbọchị iri na anọ nke primaquine iji gbochie mmeghachi omume nke ''P. vivax'' ma ọ bụ ''P. oval'' ma ọ bụ nje ịba ma nye ọgwụgwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294428/|title=Treatment Of Uncomplicated Malaria Caused By P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae or P. knowlesi|date=2015-01-01|publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

A pụkwara iji Artemether gwọọ ma gbochie ọrịa trematode nke [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]] mgbe ejiri ya na praziquantel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of artemisinin based therapies for the treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=9|date=2012-01-01|pmid=23029285|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0045867}}&lt;/ref&gt;

FDA kewara Artemether n'ọkwa C dabere na nnyocha emere n'ahụ anụmanụ bu ihe ndị sitere na artemisinin gosipụtara njikọ ya na ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ na nkwarụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ nnyocha anaghị egosi ihe akaebe nke mmerụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The safety of artemisinins during pregnancy: a pressing question|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=6|date=February 2007|pmid=17300719|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-6-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine compared with quinine in pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=11|pages=762–769|date=November 2010|pmid=20932805|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70202-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ==
Mmetụta ọjọọ ndị nwere ike ịkpata gụnyere mmetụta obi dịka bradycardia na ịgbatị oge QT.[1][13] Ọzọkwa, egosipụtala na enwere ike merụọ sistemụ akwara etiti na ọmụmụ anụmanụ.[14][5]

== Mmekọrịta ọgwụ ọjọọ ==
A chọpụtara na ọkwa artemether nke Plasma dị ala mgbe ejirila ọgwụ ahụ agwakọtara agwakọta mee ihe tinyere  lopinavir / ritonavir mee ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Askling2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Management of imported malaria in Europe|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|date=September 2012|pmid=22985344|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-328}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ebelata ikpughe ọgwụ na-ejikọta ya na efavirenz ma ọ bụ nevirapine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Interactions between malaria and human immunodeficiency virus anno 2014|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=20|issue=4|pages=278–285|date=April 2014|pmid=24528518|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12597}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Clinical pharmacokinetic drug interactions associated with artemisinin derivatives and HIV-antivirals|journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics|volume=53|issue=2|pages=141–153|date=February 2014|pmid=24158666|doi=10.1007/s40262-013-0110-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E kwesịghị iji Artemether / Lumefantrine mee ihe ọnụ na ọgwụ ndị  na-egbochi CYP3A4 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Stover2012&quot;/&gt;

Ọgwụ mgbochi afọ na-arụ ọrụ site na usoro homonụ nwere ike ighara idi irè ma ọ bụrụ na ana eji ha eme ihe n'otu oge na  artemether / lumefantrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stover2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artemether-lumefantrine: an option for malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2012-04_46_4/page/567|journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=46|issue=4|pages=567–577|date=April 2012|pmid=22496476|doi=10.1345/aph.1Q539}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStoverKingRobinson2012&quot;&gt;Stover KR, King ST, Robinson J (April 2012). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ==

=== Usoro ọrụ ===
Usoro nwere ike ime na ọgwụ artemisinin na-arụ ọrụ cidal ha site na igbochi PfATP6. Ebe ọ bụ na PfATP6 bụ enzyme na-achịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ calcium nke mkpụrụ ndụ, mmebi ya ga-eduga n'ịchịkọta calcium intracellular, nke na-akpata ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guo2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artemisinin anti-malarial drugs in China|journal=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B|volume=6|issue=2|pages=115–124|date=March 2016|pmid=27006895|doi=10.1016/j.apsb.2016.01.008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọgwụ ọgwụ ===
A na-enweta ahụ nke ọma karịa (ihe dịka okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bu atọ) mgbe ana aňu  artemether ya na nri. Ọ na-ejikọta ya nke ukwuu na protein (95.4%). A na-ahụ oke artemether awa 2 mgbe nlekọta gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coartem FDA label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coartem- artemether and lumefantrine tablet|work=DailyMed|date=5 August 2019|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=7866ec19-dfac-47d4-a53f-511a12643cbf|accessdate=26 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=7866ec19-dfac-47d4-a53f-511a12643cbf &quot;Coartem- artemether and lumefantrine tablet&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-agbanwe Artemether n'ime ahụ mmadụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, karịsịa site na enzymes imeju CYP3A4/5 .&lt;ref name=&quot;Coartem FDA label&quot;/&gt; A na-ewepụ ma ọgwụ nne na nna na metabolite na-arụ ọrụ na ọkara ndụ nke ihe dị ka awa 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coartem FDA label&quot; /&gt;

== Kemistri ==
Artemether bụ methyl ether sitere na artemisinin, nke bụ lactone nwere peroxide nke e wepụrụ site na osisi na-egbochi ịba ''Artemisia annua''. A makwaa''R'' ya dị ka di''H'' methyl ether, mana aha kemịkal ya ziri ezi bụ (+) - (3α,5aβ,6β,8aβ,9α,12β,12aR) -decahydro-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-''j'']-1,2-benzodioxepine. 
Ọ bụ ọgwụ na-adịghị akwụsi ike na nke na-adịghị eguzosi ike, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Relative response factor determination of β-artemether degradants by a dry heat stress approach|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis|volume=70|pages=111–116|date=November 2012|pmid=22770733|doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2012.06.002|url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2938963}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-arụ ọrụ site na ịmepụta free radicals na arụ si ọrụ ike tinyere ịmetụta usoro njem n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke nje plasmodium ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Artemether&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.antimicrobe.org/drugpopup/artemether.htm|title=Artemether|work=www.antimicrobe.org|accessdate=2016-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223123545/http://www.antimicrobe.org/drugpopup/artemether.htm|archivedate=2017-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>mtsf57mggnh1yltve3y7jefhn65ffrj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Artesunate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79138</id>
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      <id>735070</id>
      <parentid>720099</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T19:02:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IgboRefBot</username>
        <id>66663</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reference error corrected</comment>
      <origin>735070</origin>
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{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;border-spacing:2px;&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Artesunate&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;Artesunate&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Artesunate.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Artesunate_ball-and-stick_model_from_xtal_2002.png|class=bg-transparent|frameless]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ọmụma ahụike
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nkwupụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |ahr-tez′ŭ-nāt&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;457&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/dict/artesunate.html &quot;Artesunate definition&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;458&quot;&gt;''Drugs.com''. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;459&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223311/https://www.drugs.com/dict/artesunate.html Archived] from the original on 20 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;460&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;#x20;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |ọtụtụ &lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/international/artesunate.html &quot;Artesunate&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Aha ndị ọzọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |SM-804, AS
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/artesunate.html Akwụkwọ edemede]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Ihe ndekọ ikike]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt; DailyMed: &lt;span title=&quot;dailymed.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&amp;query=Artesunate Artesunate]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụzọ nchịkwa&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Site n'ọnụ, intravenous, intramuscular
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Klas ọgwụ ọjọọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Artemisinin
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Koodu ATC
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* P01BF06 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BE03 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) P01BF02 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BF02 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) P01BF03 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;title=][https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BF06 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BF04&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BF03&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO)) P01BBF04 (WHO) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-&lt;a class=&quot; cx-link=&quot;&quot; data-linkid=&quot;96&quot; href=&quot;./Prescription_drug&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Prescription drug&quot;&gt;Nanị&quot; data-mw='{&quot;attribs&quot;:[[{&quot;txt&quot;:&quot;title&quot;},{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=\&quot;mw:Nowiki\&quot; id=\&quot;mwEg\&quot;&gt;Canada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}]]}' title=&quot;Canada&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:ExpandedAttrs&quot;&gt;CA&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt;: naanị&amp;#x20;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;Nanị
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;European Union&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EU&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; Rx-naanị&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nọmba CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=88495-63-0 88495-63-0]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=82864-68-4 82864-68-4]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6917864 6917864]&lt;/span&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/44410736 44410736]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB09274 DB09274]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DBSALT001279 DBSALT001279]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5293084.html 5293084]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.23269779.html 23269779]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/60W3249T9M 60W3249T9M]&lt;/span&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/CN5E49Z611 CN5E49Z611]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02482 D02482]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEBI
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:63918 CHEBI:63918]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL361497 ChEMBL361497]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL207675 ChEMBL207675]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |NIAID ChemDB
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemdb.niaid.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250913041927/https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=112081 112081]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |PDB ligand
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* D95 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=D95 PDBe]&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span title=&quot;www.rcsb.org&quot;&gt;[https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/D95 RCSB PDB&amp;nbsp;]&lt;/span&gt;) 
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3042681 DTXSID3042681][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q707939#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.106.898 100.106.898][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q707939#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nhazi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;19&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |384,425 g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BH%5D%5BC%40%40%5D12CC%5BC%40%40%5D3%28C%29OO%5BC%40%40%5D11%5BC%40%40%5D%28%5BH%5D%29%28CC%5BC%40H%5D2C%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40H%5D%28OC%28%3DO%29CCC%28O%29%3DO%29O%5BC%40%5D1%28%5BH%5D%29O3 Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Udo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;[H][C@@]12CC[C@@@]3 (C) OO[C@ @]11[C@&quot; ([H]) (CC[C @H]2C) [C@H] (C@H) (OC (=O) CCC (O) =O) O[C@]1 ([H)) O3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;=1S/C19H28O8/c1-10-4-5-13-11 (2) 16 (23-15 (22) 7-6-14 (20) 21) 24-17-19 (13) 12 (10) 8-9-18 (3,25-17) 26-27-19/h10-13,16-17H,4-9H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21) /t10-,11-,12+,13+,16-,17-,18-,19-/m1/s1 N&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Isi: FIHJKUPCHIPAT-AHIGJZGOSA-&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp; (Gịnị bụ nke a?) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=457818909&amp;page2=Artesunate  (Nnyocha)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;border-spacing:2px;&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Artesunate&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;Artesunate&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Artesunate.svg|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Artesunate_ball-and-stick_model_from_xtal_2002.png|class=bg-transparent|frameless]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ọmụma ahụike
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nkwupụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |ahr-tez′ŭ-nāt&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;457&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/dict/artesunate.html &quot;Artesunate definition&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;458&quot;&gt;''Drugs.com''. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;459&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223311/https://www.drugs.com/dict/artesunate.html Archived] from the original on 20 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;460&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;#x20;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |ọtụtụ &lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/international/artesunate.html &quot;Artesunate&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Aha ndị ọzọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |SM-804, AS
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/artesunate.html Akwụkwọ edemede]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Ihe ndekọ ikike]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt; DailyMed: &lt;span title=&quot;dailymed.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&amp;query=Artesunate Artesunate]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụzọ nchịkwa&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Site n'ọnụ, intravenous, intramuscular
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Klas ọgwụ ọjọọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Artemisinin
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Koodu ATC
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* P01BF06 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BE03 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) P01BF02 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BF02 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) P01BF03 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;title=][https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BF06 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BF04&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BF03&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO)) P01BBF04 (WHO) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-&lt;a class=&quot; cx-link=&quot;&quot; data-linkid=&quot;96&quot; href=&quot;./Prescription_drug&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Prescription drug&quot;&gt;Nanị&quot; data-mw='{&quot;attribs&quot;:[[{&quot;txt&quot;:&quot;title&quot;},{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=\&quot;mw:Nowiki\&quot; id=\&quot;mwEg\&quot;&gt;Canada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}]]}' title=&quot;Canada&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:ExpandedAttrs&quot;&gt;CA&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt;: naanị&amp;#x20;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;Nanị
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;European Union&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EU&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; Rx-naanị&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nọmba CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=88495-63-0 88495-63-0]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=82864-68-4 82864-68-4]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6917864 6917864]&lt;/span&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/44410736 44410736]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB09274 DB09274]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DBSALT001279 DBSALT001279]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5293084.html 5293084]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.23269779.html 23269779]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/60W3249T9M 60W3249T9M]&lt;/span&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/CN5E49Z611 CN5E49Z611]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02482 D02482]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEBI
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:63918 CHEBI:63918]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL361497 ChEMBL361497]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
* dị ka nnu: &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL207675 ChEMBL207675]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |NIAID ChemDB
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemdb.niaid.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250913041927/https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=112081 112081]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |PDB ligand
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* D95 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=D95 PDBe]&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span title=&quot;www.rcsb.org&quot;&gt;[https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/D95 RCSB PDB&amp;nbsp;]&lt;/span&gt;) 
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3042681 DTXSID3042681][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q707939#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.106.898 100.106.898][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q707939#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nhazi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;19&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |384,425 g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BH%5D%5BC%40%40%5D12CC%5BC%40%40%5D3%28C%29OO%5BC%40%40%5D11%5BC%40%40%5D%28%5BH%5D%29%28CC%5BC%40H%5D2C%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40H%5D%28OC%28%3DO%29CCC%28O%29%3DO%29O%5BC%40%5D1%28%5BH%5D%29O3 Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Udo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;[H][C@@]12CC[C@@@]3 (C) OO[C@ @]11[C@&quot; ([H]) (CC[C @H]2C) [C@H] (C@H) (OC (=O) CCC (O) =O) O[C@]1 ([H)) O3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;I&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;=1S/C19H28O8/c1-10-4-5-13-11 (2) 16 (23-15 (22) 7-6-14 (20) 21) 24-17-19 (13) 12 (10) 8-9-18 (3,25-17) 26-27-19/h10-13,16-17H,4-9H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21) /t10-,11-,12+,13+,16-,17-,18-,19-/m1/s1 N&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Isi: FIHJKUPCHIPAT-AHIGJZGOSA-&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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'''Artesunate''' bụ [[Medication|ọgwụ]] a na-eji agwọ [[Iba|ịba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/artesunate.html|title=Intravenous Artesunate for Treatment of Severe Malaria in the United States|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|accessdate=28 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029044719/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/artesunate.html|archivedate=29 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; A na-ahọrọ ụdị intravenous karịa quinine maka oke ịba.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012&quot; /&gt; A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ngwakọta, dị ka artesunate gbakwunyere mefloquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; A naghị eji ya eme ihe maka igbochi ịba.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Enwere ike inye Artesunate site na ịgba ọgwụ n'ime akwara, ịgba ọgwụ n&quot;ime uru ahụ, site n'ọnụ, na site na eriri afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artesunate|url=http://apps.who.int/prequal/WHOPAR/WHOPARPRODUCTS/MA044part3v1.pdf|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=7 December 2016|date=March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228164417/http://apps.who.int/prequal/WHOPAR/WHOPARPRODUCTS/MA044part3v1.pdf|archivedate=28 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artesunate for the treatment of severe falciparum malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-04-24_358_17/page/1827|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=17|pages=1829–1836|date=April 2008|pmid=18434652|doi=10.1056/NEJMct0709050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmetụta ndị a na-ahụkarị na-agụnye nkụchi akụrụ nke chọrọ dialysis, Hemoglobinuria (ọnụnọ nke hemoglobin na mamịrị) na jaundice.

A na-anabata artesunate nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2008&quot;/&gt; Mmetụta ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgụnye ịkụ obi nwayọ, mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma, isi ọwụwa, na obere mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;/&gt; N'[[Afọ ime|ime ime]], o yiri ka ọ bụ nhọrọ dị nchebe karị, ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ anụmanụ ahụla mmerụ ahụ nye nwa ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Treating severe malaria in pregnancy: a review of the evidence|journal=Drug Safety|volume=38|issue=2|pages=165–181|date=February 2015|pmid=25556421|doi=10.1007/s40264-014-0261-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; O yikarịrị ka ojiji ya dị mma n'oge [[Ị chu ara|inye nwa ara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artesunate use while Breastfeeding {{!}} Drugs.com|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/artesunate.html|work=www.drugs.com|accessdate=7 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220222313/https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/artesunate.html|archivedate=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị na klas ọgwụ artemisinin.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012&quot;/&gt;

Ọ bụ Liu Xu mepụtara Artesunate na 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EuxjDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA20|title=Artemisinin-Based and Other Antimalarials: Detailed Account of Studies by Chinese Scientists Who Discovered and Developed Them|date=28 November 2017|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-813211-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị na Ndepụta Ọgwụ Ndị Dị Mkpa nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kwadoro ya maka oijiji ahụike na United States na Mee afọ 2020.  Ọ dị na klas nke ọgwụ ndị a maara dị ka artemisinins, nke sitere na &quot;qinghao&quot;, ma ọ bụ Osisi wormwood na-atọ ụtọ (''Artemisia annua'').  &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012&quot;/&gt;

== Ojiji nke ọgwụ ==
Artesunate bụ ọgwụ mbụ a na eji agwọ ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị okenye nwere oke ịba, &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO Malaria&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guidelines for treatment of malaria|series=WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|date=April 2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|edition=3rd|location=Geneva|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294440/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Malaria: Guidelines For Clinicians (United States)|work=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|date=8 February 2009|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/clinicians1.html|accessdate=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-ejikọta ya na ọgwụ ọzọ na-egbochi ịba. E nwere ihe akaebe dị mma na ọgwụgwọ na artesunate gbakwunyere mefloquine dị elu karịa ọgwụgwọ na artsunate gbakọrọ amodiaquine ma ọ bụ artesunate tinyere sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Efficacy and safety of artesunate-mefloquine therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=110|issue=11|pages=626–636|date=November 2016|pmid=28039388|doi=10.1093/trstmh/trw077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike iji ọgwụgwọ jikọtara Artemisinin mee ihe site n'ọnụ na ndị nwere ike ịnagide ya mgbe awa 24 gasịrị site na ịgba ọgwụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2022)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A na-ahọrọ Artesunate karịa parenteral quinine maka ọgwụgwọ ọtụtụ ịba.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012&quot;/&gt; E gosipụtara na Artesunate kaegbochi ọnwụ site na oke ịba karịa quinine na nnukwu nnwale abụọ achịkwara site na mbaAfrica  na Eshia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): an open-label, randomised trial|journal=Lancet|volume=376|issue=9753|pages=1647–1657|date=November 2010|pmid=21062666|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61924-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-27-september-2-2005_366_9487/page/n40|journal=Lancet|volume=366|issue=9487|pages=717–725|year=2005|pmid=16125588|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67176-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha usoro nke nnwale asaa a na-achịkwa na mberede chọpụtara na ọganihu a na ọnụego ndị dị ndụ na-agbanweghi agbanwe n'ofe nnwale niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|issue=6|date=June 2012|pmid=22696354|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005967.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ịdị irè nke Artesunate yiri nke [[artemether]], ọgwụ artemisinin ọzọ, n'ịgwọ ndị okenye maka nnukwu ịba  ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kpatara, ọ bụ ezie na artesunate na-ewepụkwa nje ndị na akpata ọrịa na mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Randomized controlled trial of artesunate or artemether in Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=9|issue=1|date=April 2010|pmid=20398339|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-97}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọgwụ jikọtara artesunate nwere ọtụtụ uru karịa ọgwụ ndị dabeere na artemether n'ihe gbasara ụzọ ọ na-ewepụta na ụzọ nchịkwa ya ma nwee ike ịdị irè karị n'ịgwọ ịba siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya n'ime ụmụaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Artesunate: The Best Drug in the Treatment of Severe and Complicated Malaria|journal=Pharmaceuticals|volume=3|issue=7|pages=2322–2332|date=July 2010|pmid=27713355|doi=10.3390/ph3072322}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikwa Artesunate agwọ ụdị ịba na-adịghị njọ nke ukwuu mgbe enwere ike ijiya mee ihe site  n'ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO Malaria&quot;/&gt; Ọ na-arụ ọrụ megide ''P. oval&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwxQ&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'', P. malariae, na ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi|P. knowlesi&amp;nbsp;]]'' siri ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO Malaria&quot; /&gt;

Artesunate + sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine maka ọgwụgwọ nke ''P. vivax&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mw1A&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' anaghị akwado ya aro ya n'ihi oke  ọgụ nguzogide.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikari artesunate agwọ oria ịba, enwere ihe akaebe ụfọdụ na ọ nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta bara uru na ọrịa ''Schistosoma haematobium'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Antischistosomal efficacy of artesunate combination therapies administered as curative treatments for malaria attacks|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=101|issue=2|pages=113–116|date=February 2007|pmid=16765398|doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.03.003|url=https://hal.ird.fr/ird-00177064/file/Boulanger_artesunate_2007.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana enyochabeghị ya na ọtụtụ nnwale ndị a na enweghi usoro nhazi.

A na-eji Artesunate eme ihe dị ka ọgwụgwọ nke kachasi oke maka ịba siri ike na World Health Organization (WHO) karịa quinine.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2012&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO Malaria&quot;/&gt;

=== Ime ===
Mgbe e nyere ya na oge nke  abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ nke ime, edekọbeghi ihe ojoo obula metụtara ime nke sitere n'ihi artesunate eme ihe. Otú ọ dị, e nweghị  akaebe zuru oke gbasara nchekwa nke iji ọgwụ artesunate na nkeji atọ nke ime. WHO na-atụ aro na iji artesunate eme ihe maka oke ịba n'ime ọnwa atọ mbụ kwesịrị ịdabere na ihe ize ndụ nke onye ọ bụla na uru. Ọ bụrụ na enweghi uzo ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ dị irè, enwere ike iji artesunate mee ihe.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ụmụaka ===
Artesunate dị mma maka iji ya gwọ oria  na ahụ ụmụaka. Artesunate + sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine kwesịrị izere na ụmụ ọhụrụ n'ihi mmetụta sulfadoxin / pyrmethamine na bilirubin.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO Malaria&quot;/&gt; A ga enye ụmụaka na erubeghi kilogram 20 nwere oke iba ọgwu artesunate a na-agbanye n'ahụ n'ogo dị elu karịa nke ndị okenye iji mee ka ọgwụ ahụ banye na ahụ ha nke oma.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO Malaria&quot; /&gt; &amp;nbsp;Mgbe enweghị ike inye artesunate site n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ intramuscular n'ihi adịghị ike ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ilo, enwere ike inye nchịkwa eriri afọ dị ka ọgwụgwọ tupu a na-enye ya ma ọ bụrụhaala na a malitere nchịkwa nne na nna mgbe a gafere ya na ụlọ ọrụ dị elu.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmetụta ọjọọ ==
Artesunate nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta siri ike gụnyere hemolytic anemia (ọnọdụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ebibi), na mmeghachi omume nfukasi ahụ siri ike.

A-na ewere Artesunate dịka ihe na adịghị emeru ahụ ma na adabara ahụ nke ọma. Usoro ndị dabeere na Artesunate nwere ike ọ gaghị akpata ịgbọ agbọ na tinnitus karịa quinine tinyere ọgwụ nje na-egbochi ịba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Should we abandon quinine plus antibiotic for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=115|issue=3|pages=903–912|date=March 2016|pmid=26661109|doi=10.1007/s00436-015-4842-z}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmetụta ọjọọ a ma ama nke artemisinins bụ na ha na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ reticulocyte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of artemisinins on reticulocyte count and relationship to possible embryotoxicity in confirmed and unconfirmed malarial patients|journal=Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology|volume=94|issue=2|pages=61–75|date=February 2012|pmid=22125126|doi=10.1002/bdra.22868}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a anaghị adịkarị mkpa na ihe gbasara nlekọta ahụike.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Site n'iji I.V. artesunate eme ihe, enwere akụkọ banyere haemolysis na-egbu oge (PADH). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Post-artesunate delayed haemolysis ‒ report of four cases and review of the literature|journal=[[Swiss Medical Weekly]]|volume=145|issue=4546|pages=w14181|year=2015|pmid=26524733|doi=10.4414/smw.2015.14181}}&lt;/ref&gt; A hụla ọnọdụ mgbawa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na eme na oge na egbu oge ,(ihe dịka izu abụọ ka emechara ọgwụgwọ) n'ahụ ndị ejị ọgwụ artesunate gwọọ maka oke iba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Delayed hemolysis after treatment with parenteral artesunate in African children with severe malaria--a double-center prospective study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2014-06-15_209_12/page/1921|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=209|issue=12|pages=1921–1928|date=June 2014|pmid=24376273|doi=10.1093/infdis/jit841}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe mgbochi ==
Artesunate bụkari  ọgwụ ahụ na-anabata nke ọma. Ihe mgbochi ndị a ma ama gụnyere mmeghachi omume siri ike na artesunate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Intravenous artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria|journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=44|issue=7–8|pages=1250–1258|date=1 January 2010|pmid=20551300|doi=10.1345/aph.1M732|url=https://works.bepress.com/goad/3/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọgwụ ndị ekwesiri izere maka  mgbe a na-eji artesunate eme ihe  bụ ndị egbochi enzyme imeju CYP2A6. Ọgwụ ndị a gụnyere amiodarone, desipramine, isoniazid, ketoconazole, letrozole, methoxsalen na tranylcypromine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/research/en/data/sanofi/marketed_products/Artesunate_and_Amodiquine.pdf|title=Artesunate Amodiaquine Winthrop (artesunate, amodiaquine) [summary of product characteristics]|publisher=Sanofi-Aventis|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024090154/http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/research/en/data/sanofi/marketed_products/Artesunate_and_Amodiquine.pdf|archivedate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro nke ime ihe ==
Usoro ọrụ nke artesunate ka bụ ihe a na-aghotaghi nke ọma ma bụrụ kwa ihe ana-arụrịta ụka. Artesunate bụ ọgwụ na-emepụta ọgwụ nke a na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa ka ọ bụrụ ụdị dihydroartemisinin (DHA). Usoro a na-agụnye hydrolysis nke 4-carbon ester group site na plasma esterase enzyme.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cui2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Discovery, mechanisms of action and combination therapy of artemisinin|journal=Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy|volume=7|issue=8|pages=999–1013|date=October 2009|pmid=19803708|doi=10.1586/eri.09.68}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na nkewa nke endoperoxide bridge na pharmacophore nke DHA na-emepụta Ụdị oxygen na-emeghachi omume (ROS), nke na-eme ka nrụgide oxidative dịkwuo elu ma na-akpata mmebi protein ịba site na alkylation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cui2009&quot; /&gt; Na mgbakwunye, Artesunate na-egbochi ''Plasmodium falciparum'' mbupụ protein 1 (EXP1), membrane glutathione S-transferase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Supergenomic network compression and the discovery of EXP1 as a glutathione transferase inhibited by artesunate|journal=Cell|volume=158|issue=4|pages=916–928|date=August 2014|pmid=25126794|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.011}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, a na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ glutathione na nje ahụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'afọ 2016, egosila na artemisinin na-ejikọta ya na ọtụtụ ebe dị icheiche nke na egosi na ọ na arụ ọrụ na ụzọ ihe na-emetụta ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Haem-activated promiscuous targeting of artemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|date=December 2015|pmid=26694030|doi=10.1038/ncomms10111}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere ihe akaebe na-atụ aro na DHA na-egbochi calcium-dependent ATPase na endoplasmic membrane, nke na-emebi protein folding nke parasites.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cui2009&quot;/&gt;

A kọwọkwa na aga egbu so ya agha tubulin, na-akwado polymerization ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=NanoDSF Screening for Anti-tubulin Agents Uncovers New Structure–Activity Insights|journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry|date=2025|volume=68|issue=16|pages=17485–17498|doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01008|pmid=40815226}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọgwụ ọgwụ ==
N'ime ndị butere ọrịa, ọkara ndụ nke artesunate bụ ihe dịka awa 0.22. Mkpụrụ ndụ ya na-arụ ọrụ, DHA, nwere ọkara ndụ dịtụ ogologo nke 0.34 awa. N'ozuzu, nkezi ọkara ndụ dị site na 0.5 ruo 1.5 awa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morris2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Review of the clinical pharmacokinetics of artesunate and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin following intravenous, intramuscular, oral or rectal administration|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|date=September 2011|pmid=21914160|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-263}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi obere ọkara ndụ ya, ojiji ya na mgbochi ịba pere mpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cui2009&quot;/&gt;

DHA na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ metabolite na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site na enzymu imeju CYP2B6, CYP2C19, na CYP3A4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Intravenous artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria|journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=44|issue=7–8|pages=1250–1258|date=1 July 2010|pmid=20551300|doi=10.1345/aph.1M732|url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pharmacy_articles/4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngwakọta kemịkal ==
A na-eme Artesunate site na dihydroartemisinin (DHA) site na ime ka ọ na succinic acid anhydride na emekorita ihe  ihe n'ime gburugburu nwere agwa. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ole na ole sitere na artemisinin nke na-agbaze na mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morris2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldofchemicals.com/chemicals/chemical-properties/artesunate.html|title=World of Chemicals – online chemical directory, chemistry portal, articles, news|work=www.worldofchemicals.com|accessdate=10 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110114544/http://www.worldofchemicals.com/chemicals/chemical-properties/artesunate.html|archivedate=10 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha ==
A na-amụ Artesunate maka ọgwụgwọ nke COVID-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Repurposing Antimalarials to Tackle the COVID-19 Pandemic|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=37|issue=1|pages=8–11|date=January 2021|pmid=33153922|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2020.10.003|authorlink=Sanjeev Krishna}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2020, a kwadoro artesunate maka ojiji ike nke mba United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Drug Approval Package: Artesunate|work=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|date=25 June 2020|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2020/213036Orig1s000TOC.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001140650/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2020/213036Orig1s000TOC.cfm|archivedate=1 October 2020|accessdate=24 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu nkwenye a, intravenous (IV) artesunate dị naanị site na mmemme Expanded Access nke US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), nke nyere ohere ka Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) nye ndị nọ na US na-arịa ọrịa ịba siri ike na ndị na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya na-enweghị ike ịṅụ ọgwụ n'okpuru usoro nyocha ọhụrụ (IND). &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR&quot;&gt;{{citation-attribution|1={{cite press release | title=FDA Approves Only Drug in U.S. to Treat Severe Malaria | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=26 May 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-only-drug-us-treat-severe-malaria | access-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513080218/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-only-drug-us-treat-severe-malaria|archive-date=13 May 2025}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị ọgwụ FDA kwadoro maka ịgwọ oke ịba na United States kemgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị ahịa quinidine na Machị afọ 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR&quot; /&gt;

A tụlere  nchekwa na ịdị mma  nke IV artesunate maka ọgwụgwọ nke ịba siri ike na nwalee na achikwaghi nke ọma na Eshia (Nlegharị anya 1) na nnwale na-akwado randomized na-achịkwa na Africa (Nlebi anya 2).  E mere ikpe 1 na ebe 10 na Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, na Indonesia. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA snapshot&quot;&gt;{{citation-attribution|1={{cite web | title=Drug Trials Snapshots: Artesunate | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=26 May 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drug-trials-snapshots-artesunate | access-date=5 June 2020}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ule 1 debanyere aha 1,461 ndị sonyere natara ma ọ bụ IV artesunate ma ọ bụ ọgwụ quinine ma gụnyere ịrị abụọ na abụọ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ iri na ise. Ule nke abụọ gụnyere ndị na-eme egwuregwu ụmụaka 5,425 na-erubeghị afọ iri na ise na-arịa oke ịba bụ ndị e ji artesunate ma ọ bụ quinine gwọọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR&quot; /&gt; N'ime nnwale abụọ ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị sonyere na-agwọ ndị nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị ala karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n&quot;òtù nchịkwa a gwọrọ na quinine.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR&quot; /&gt; E mere ikpe nke abụọ n'afọ 2005-2010 na mba itoolu dị n'Afrịka.  E mere ikpe nke atọ, Trial 3, n'oge 2007-2008 na Gabon na Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA snapshot&quot; /&gt;

Na Trial 1, mmeghachi omume ọjọọ kachasị n'etiti ndị sonyere na ịba na-agwọ site na IV artesunate bụ nkụchi akụrụ siri ike nke chọrọ dialysis, hemoglobinuria na jaundice. Profaịlụ nchekwa na Trial 2 yiri nke Trial 1 . &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR&quot; /&gt;

E ji otu nnwale nyochaa ma, nchekwa na uru nke artesunate. Ule ahụ debanyere aha ndị sonyere na-arịa oke ịba bụ ndị chọrọ ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA snapshot&quot; /&gt; Ndị sonyere natara ma ọ bụ artesunate ma ọ bụ ọgwụ eji agwọ ịba (quinine). &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA snapshot&quot; /&gt; Ndị sonyere na ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike maara ọgwụgwọ a na-enye.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA snapshot&quot; /&gt;

A tụlere uru nke artesunate ma e jiri ya tụnyere quinine site n'iji ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị sonyere nwụrụ mgbe ha nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ (ọnwụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ). 

Uru nke artesunate kwadoro site na data sitere na nwale abụọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ iri na ise na-arịa oke ịba na-enye ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị isi na artesunate ma ọ bụ quinine.

E nyere akwụkwọ maka IV artesunate nyocha kachasị mkpa na aha ọgwụ na-enweghị nne na nna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artesunate Orphan Drug Designation and Approval|work=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|date=5 September 2017|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/opdlisting/oopd/detailedIndex.cfm?cfgridkey=598517|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726092511/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/opdlisting/oopd/detailedIndex.cfm?cfgridkey=598517|archivedate=26 July 2020|accessdate=27 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; FDA nyere nkwado nke artesunate maka ọgwụ Amivas.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa (ọgwụ)</title>
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      <text bytes="37440" sha1="q0d27n8ahzyv27pwovmday9zj0ylc10" xml:space="preserve">Na nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, ikike mgbochi ọrịa bụ ọnọdụ nke ịbụ onye na-adịghị anabata ma ọ bụ onye na-eguzogide ihe ma ọ bụ usoro na-emerụ ahụ, ọkachasị nje na-akpata ọrịa ma ọ bụ Ọrịa na-efe efe. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa nwere ike ime n'ụzọ ebumpụtaụwa ma ọ bụ e mepụta ya site na inweta ya enweta ma ọ bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi.

== Nke Ebumpụtaụwa na nke E nwetara Enweta ==
[[Faịlụ:Fc_receptor_schematic_big.png|thumb|Atụmatụ nke Onye na-anabata Fc]]
[[:en:Immune_system|Usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ]] nwere [[:en:Innate_immune_system|ndị e bu pụta ụwa]] na ndị a na-enweta enweta. Ikike mgbochi ọrịabu nke ebumpụtaụwa dị na [[Animal|Metazoans]] niile, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Molecules, cells, and tissues of immunity|journal=Immunology Guidebook|date=1 January 2004|pages=1–15|doi=10.1016/B978-012198382-6/50025-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; mmeghachi omume nke nguzogide ọrịa: [[:en:Inflammation|ọzịza nke akụkụ ahụ ọbụla]] na phagocytosis.  Akụkụ ya bụ nke e nwetara enweta, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-agụnye mkpụrụ ndụ [[:en:Lymphocyte|lymphatic]] dị elu karị nke nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe &quot;ndị na-esighi n'ahụ&quot; ndị dị &quot;n'ahụ&quot;. A na-akọwa mmeghachi omume nye ihe ndị na-esighi na ahụ dị ka ọzịza ebe a na-akọwakarị adịghị mmeghachi omume na-eme nye ihe ndị si n'ahụ dị ka nguzogide ọrịa. Akụkụ abụọ a nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ike ebe a pụrụ ịhụ &quot;ahụike&quot; dị ka ọnọdụ anụ ahụ ebe a na-echebe onwe onye, wee wepụ ihe dị batara abata site n'ụzọ ọzịza na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. &quot;Ọrịa&quot; nwere ike ibilite mgbe a na-enweghị ike iwepụ ihe ndị batara abata n'ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị n'ahụ adịghị nchekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Innate immunity|journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=125|issue=2 Suppl 2|pages=S24-32|date=February 2010|pmid=19932920|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ikike mgbochi ọrịa ebumpụtaụwa, nke a makwaara dị ka ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnatarachi, bụ ụdị mgbochi ọrịa bụ n'otu akụkụ kpọmkwem maka ụfọdụ nje na-ebute ọrịa na nke a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe. A na-akọwa ya dị ka akara mbụ nke nchebe megide nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa, na-anọchite anya nzaghachi dị oke egwu nke usoro ahụ iji gbochie ọrịa na ịnọgide na-enwe homeostasis, na-enye aka n'ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ e nwetara enweta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Innate immunity in vertebrates: an overview|author=Riera Romo|first=M.|journal=Immunology|year=2016|volume=146|issue=2|pages=125–139|doi=10.1111/imm.12597|pmid=26878338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ naghị emeghachi omume nye ihe ụfọdụ na-akpali akpali ma ọ bụ ọrịa gara aga, mana ọ na-adabere na njirimara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke usoro ụfọdụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Pathogen recognition and innate immunity|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2006-02-24_124_4/page/783|language=en|journal=Cell|volume=124|issue=4|pages=783–801|date=February 2006|pmid=16497588|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ikike mgbochi ọrịa e nwetara enweta bụ akụkụ nke ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ikike ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bu nke ebumpụtaụwa, nke [[:en:Lymphocytes|lymphocytes]] na-elekwasị anya kpọmkwem na antigens na-achịkwa. N'adịghị ka ikike mgbochi ọrịa ebumpụta ụwa, ikike mgbochi ọrịa a na-enweta enweta bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka otu nje na-akpata ọrịa, gụnyere mmepe nke [[:en:Immunological_memory|ncheta mgbochi ọrịa]]. Dị ka usoro nke ebumpụta ụwa, usoro e nwetara enweta na-agụnye ma ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa humoral na ihe ndị na'egbochi ọrịa cell.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Enwere ike inweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke a na-enweta enweta ma ọ bụ 'n'ụzọ okike' (site na ọrịa) ma ọ bụ &quot;n'ụzọ aka mere&quot; (site na [[:en:Artificial_induction_of_immunity|omume ndị a kpachapụrụ anya mee]] dị ka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi). A pụkwara ịhazi ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke a na-enweta enweta dị ka 'nke na-arụ ọrụ' ma ọ bụ 'nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ'. A na-enweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke na-arụ ọrụ site na ikpughe onwe onye nye nje na-ebute ọrịa, nke na-akpali mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ime ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/immunity-types.htm|work=cdc.gov|title=Immunity types|date=2 November 2021|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-enweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site na nnyefe nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ T na-arụ ọrụ nke sitere na onye na-alụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ site n'ụzọ aka mere ma ọ bụ site na placenta; ọ na-adị ndụ mkpụmkpụ, na-achọ [[:en:Booster_dose|booster doses]] maka ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adị gawa n'ihu.

Ihe osise dị n'okpuru ebe a chịkọtara nkewa ndị a nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke a na-enweta enweta na-amata usoro dịgasị iche iche. N'adịghị ka ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ebumpụta ụwa, ọ na-ejikọta ya na ncheta nke nje ahụ na-ebute ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Immunity.svg|center|600x600px]]

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme Nke Echiche Dị Iche Iche Gbasara Ya ==
[[Faịlụ:Cholera_art.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke ọrịa ntiwapụ ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu]]
Kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ enweela mmasị na ihe na-akpata ọrịa na echiche nke ikike ahụ ji egbochi ọrịa. Echiche tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ na ọ bụ ike karịrị mmadụ kpatara ọrịa, nakwa na ọrịa bụ ụdị ntaramahụhụ [[:en:Theurgy|theurgic]] maka &quot;omume ọjọọ&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;echiche ọjọọ&quot; nke ndị bụ chi ma ọ bụ ndị iro mmadụ tinyere na mkpụrụ obi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Disease and Immunity|date=Spring 2006|publisher=Rhodes College|url=http://www.rhodes.edu/biology/glindquester/disimm/history.html|title=Introduction to the History of disease.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721232232/http://www.rhodes.edu/biology/glindquester/disimm/history.html|archivedate=2006-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ndị Gris oge ochie, Hippocrates, onye a na-ewere dị ka Nna nke Ọgwụ, kwuru na ọrịa sitere na mgbanwe ma ọ bụ enweghị nkwekọ nke [[:en:Four_humors|otu n'ime ihe anọ ahụ mejupụtara mmadụ]] (ọbara, phlegm, mgbiilu odo odo ma ọ bụ mgbiilu ojii). &lt;ref name=&quot;Silverstein&quot;/&gt; Nkọwa mbụ e dere ede nke echiche nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa nwere ike ịbụ nke onye [[Atens]] Thucydides mere, onye, na 430 BC, kọwara na mgbe ihe otiti ahụ dakwasịrị [[:en:Athens|Athens]]: &quot;ndị ọrịa na ndị na-anwụ anwụ ka a nọ na-elekọta site na nlekọta ọmịiko nke ndị gbakere, n'ihi na ha maara usoro ọrịa ahụ ma ha onwe ha enweghị egwu ya. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gheradi&quot;/&gt;

Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nwere ike ịmalite na [[:en:Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus|Mithridates VI nke Pontus]] (120-63 BC) &lt;ref name=&quot;Maleissye&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title={Histoire du poison}|author=Jean Tardieu de Maleissye|year=1991|location=Paris|publisher=Francois Bourin|isbn=2-87686-082-1|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye, iji mee ka ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dị ike maka nsí agwọ, tụrụ aro iji usoro yiri nke Ọgwụgwọ serum Toxoid nke oge a, site na ịṅụ ọbara nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-eri agwọ na-egbu egbu. A na-ahụta ya na ọ na-eche na anụmanụ ndị ahụ nwetara ụfọdụ ikike iwepụ nsị, nke ga-eme ka ọbara ha nwee nsị agwọ ahụ n'ụdị a gbanwere agbanwe nke nwere ike ime ka o guzogide ya kama inwe mmetụta na-egbu egbu. Mithridates chere na, site na ịṅụ ọbara nke anụmanụ ndị a, ọ nwere ike inweta nguzogide yiri nke ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maleissye&quot; /&gt; N'ịtụ egwu nsí igbu ya, ọ nọ na-aṅụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu n'ụdị na-esichaghị ike kwa ụbọchị iji mee ka nnagide dị mma. A na-ekwukwa na ọ gbalịrị ịmepụta 'ọgwụgwọ zuru ụwa ọnụ' iji chebe ya pụọ na nsí niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silverstein&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mayor|first=Adrienne|title=Mithridates of Pontus and His Universal Antidote|journal=Toxicology in Antiquity|date=2019|pages=161–174|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815339-0.00011-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ puku abụọ, a nọ na-eche na nsí bụ [[:en:Proximate_causation|ihe na-akpata ọrịa]], nke a na-ejikwa ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe dị iche iche, nke a na-akpọ Mithridate, gwọọ nsí n'oge [[:en:Renaissance|Renaissance]].  &lt;ref name=&quot;Silverstein&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Chambers|first=Ephraim|title=History of Science: Cyclopædia|date=1728|location=London|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&amp;id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia02&amp;entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia02.p0210&amp;q1=Mithridate|accessdate=4 October 2020|chapter=Mithridate}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jiiri ụdị ọgwụgwọ a emelitere, Theriacum Andromachi, mee ihe ruo na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. A na-ahụkwa okwu ahụ bụ &quot;immunes&quot; n'abụ uri &quot;[[:en:Pharsalia|Pharsalia]]&quot; nke onye na-ede uri bụ Marcus Annaeus Lucanus dere n'ihe dị ka 60 BC iji kọwaa nguzogide otu agbụrụ North Africa nwere nye nsí agwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silverstein&quot; /&gt;

Nkọwa n'ụzọ ahụike mbụ banyere ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke sitere na otu nje kpọmkwem na-akpata ọrịa bụ ikekwe ''A Treatise on Smallpox and Measles'' (&quot;Kitab fi al-jadari wa-al-hasbah″, nke a sụgharịrị na 1848&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rāzī|first=Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkQ-AAAAcAAJ|title=A Treatise on the Small-pox and Measles|date=1848|publisher=Sydenham Society|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) nke onye dọkịnta [[Àlakụ̀ba|Alakụba]] bụ Al-Razi dere na narị afọ nke itoolu. N’akwụkwọ ahụ, Al-Razi kọwara ihe mgbaàmà na ọdịdị ahụike nke smallpox na measles, ma gaa n’ihu ịkọwa na ịnweta ọrịa ndị a kpọmkwem na-enye ahụ́ mmadụ ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịte aka (ọ bụ ezie na o jighị okwu a bụ “immunity”).

.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silverstein&quot;/&gt;

Ruo na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a nabatara [[:en:Miasma_theory_of_disease|echiche miasma]] n'ọtụtụ ebe. Echiche ahụ lere ọrịa ndị dị ka ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Black_Plague|Black Plague]] anya dị ka ihe miasma na-akpata, ụdị &quot;ikuku ọjọọ&quot; na-egbu egbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ ekpughee onwe ya nye miasma n'ime ala mmiri, n'ikuku mgbede, ma ọ bụ n'ikuku mgbe ọ na-eku ume n'ime ụlọ ebe ndị ahụ na-adịghị na-anọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ, ha nwere ike ibute ọrịa. Kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a bịara na-ele ọrịa na-efe efe anya dị ka nke nje / microbes na-akpata.

Okwu nke oge a bụ &quot;ikike mgbochi ọrịa&quot; sitere na okwu Latịn bụ immunis, nke pụtara nnwere onwe pụọ n'ọrụ ndị agha, ịkwụ ụtụ isi ma ọ bụ ọrụ ọha na eze ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gheradi&quot;/&gt;

Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ mepụtara echiche zuru oke gbasara ikke mgbochi ọrịa bụ Ilya Mechnikov &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1908/mechnikov/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908|work=NobelPrize.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye kpughere phagocytosis na 1882. Site na [[:en:Germ_theory_of_disease|echiche nje na-ebute ọrịa]] nke Louis Pasteur, sayensị na-eto eto nke immunology malitere ịkọwa etu nje bacteria si akpata ọrịa, na otu, mgbe ọrịa gasịrị, ahụ mmadụ nwetara ikike iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gheradi&quot;/&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Louis Pasteur na ụlọ nnyocha ya, 1885, nke Albert Edelfelt sere]]
N'afọ 1888, Emile Roux na Alexandre Yersin wepụtara [[:en:Diphtheria_toxin|nsị diphtheria]], ma na nsochi nke nchọpụta nke  afọ 1890 nke [[:en:Emil_Adolf_von_Behring|Behring]] na [[Kitasato Shibasaburo|Kitasato]] mere gbasara ikike mgbochi ọrịa [[:en:Diphtheria|diphtheria]] na [[:en:Tetanus|tetanus]] dabeere na anti-toxin, [[:en:Antitoxin|antitoxin]] ahụ ghọrọzi ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ nke oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silverstein&quot;/&gt;

Na [[Europe]], induction nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa  na-arụ ọrụ pụtara na mgbalị iji gbochie kịtịkpa. Igbochi ọrịa adịla n'ụdị dị iche iche ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu puku afọ, na-ejighị okwu ahụ egosipụta ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gheradi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nfs.unipv.it/nfs/minf/dispense/immunology/immun.html|title=The Concept of Immunity. History and Applications.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102170207/http://nfs.unipv.it/nfs/minf/dispense/immunology/immun.html|archivedate=2007-01-02|work=Immunology Course Medical School|publisher=University of Pavia}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGherardi&quot;&gt;Gherardi E. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070102170207/http://nfs.unipv.it/nfs/minf/dispense/immunology/immun.html &quot;The Concept of Immunity. History and Applications&quot;]. ''Immunology Course Medical School''. University of Pavia. Archived from [http://nfs.unipv.it/nfs/minf/dispense/immunology/immun.html the original] on 2007-01-02.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A maghị ojiji mbụ nke okwu a bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, mana, n'ihe dị ka 1000 AD, Ndị China malitere ime ụdị dịka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi site n'ịmịkpọ na ikuru n'imi ajịrịja sitere na mkpocha nke ọrịa kịtịkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gheradi&quot; /&gt; N'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke iri na ise na [[Ndia|India]], Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, na [[:en:East_Africa|ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka]], omume nke [[:en:Inoculation|inoculation]] (iji ụdị ya dị ntụ ntụ sitere na mkpocha kịtịkpa na-etinye akpụkpọ ahụ) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gheradi&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ Lady Mary Wortley Montagu bu ụzọ webata omume a n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'afọ 1721.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gheradi&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1798, Edward Jenner webatara usoro ka dị nchebe nke gụnyere ịkpachara anya bute nje [[:en:Cowpox|cowpox]], ([[:en:Smallpox_vaccine|bụ ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa]]), nke webatara obere nje nke mekwara ka e nwee ike igbochi ọrịa kịtịkpa. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1800, e bidoro na-akpọ usoro ahụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi. Iji zeere inwe mgbagwoju anya, a nọ na-akpọ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa dị ka variolation, ọ ghọkwara ihe a na-emekarị iji okwu a n'echebaraghị usoro iheomume echiche. Ihe ịga nke ọma na nnabata zuru oke nke usoro Jenner ga-emecha mee ka ọdịdị ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi nke Pasteur na ndị ọzọ mepụtara na njedebe nke narị afọ nke iri na itolu dị izugbe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silverstein&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|date=1989|title=History of Immunology (Hardcover)|publisher=Academic Press|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/012643770X}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSilverstein1989&quot;&gt;Silverstein AM (1989). [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/012643770X ''History of Immunology (Hardcover)'']. Academic Press &amp;#x2013; via Amazon.com.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1891, Pasteur gbasara nkọwa nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi iji sọpụrụ Jenner, ọ ghọkwara ihe dị mkpa ịkọwaru okwu ahụ n'ozuzu site n'izo aka na [[:en:Polio_vaccine|ọgwụ mgbochi polio]], [[:en:Measles_vaccine|ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa]] wdg.

== Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ bụ ikike mgbochi ọrịa e nwetara site na mbufe nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ na ahụ site n'otu onye gaa na onye ọzọ. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nwere ike ime n'ụzọ ebumpụtaụwa, dịka mgbe a na-ebufe ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ nke nne nye nwa e bu n'afọ site na placenta, a pụkwara ime ka ọ bụrụ ihe aka mere, mgbe a na-ebufe ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ nke [[Madụ̀|mmadụ]] (ma ọ bụ nke ịnyịnya) nke bụ maka nje na-ebute ọrịa kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ nsí n'ebe ọ dị elu bunye ya ndị na-enweghị [[:en:Immune_system|ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ]]. A na-eme ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na-adịghị arụ ọrụ mgbe enwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa na mgbe oge ezughi oke maka ahụ iji mepụta ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke ya, ma ọ bụ iji belata mgbaàmà nke ọrịa na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ nke [[:en:Immunosuppression|na-abịatu ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;USC&quot;/&gt; Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na-enye nchebe ozugbo, mana ahụ anaghị echeta, ya mere onye ọrịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute otu nje ahụ na-ebute ọrịa mgbe e mesịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Janeway&quot;/&gt;

=== Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ E Nwetara N'ụzọ Ọnatarachi ===
Nwa e bu n'afọ na-enweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site n'aka nne ya n'oge ọ dị ime. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke nne bụ ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke [[:en:Antibody|ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ]] nọ n'etiti ya. A na-ebufe ihe ndị na-alụso nne ọgụ nke nne (MatAb) site na Placenta gaa na nwa e bu n'afọ site na ihe nnabata FcRn ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ placenta. Nke a na-eme n'ihe dị ka ọnwa nke atọ nke ịdị ime. IgG bụ naanị di n'otu ụdị ka ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ nke nwere ike ịgafe placenta.

A na-enyekwa ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site na mbufe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa IgA dị na mmiri ara nke a na-ebufe na eriri afọ nke nwa ọhụrụ na-aṅụ ara, na-echebe ya megide nje bacteria, ruo mgbe nwa ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa nke ya. Colostrum dị na mmiri ara ndị nne bụ ihe atụ nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Janeway&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Immunobiology|edition=Fifth|publisher=Garland Science|year=2001|location=New York and London|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10757/?depth=10|isbn=978-0-8153-4101-7}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJanewayTraversWalportShlomchik2001&quot;&gt;[[Charles Janeway|Janeway C]], Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M (2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10757/?depth=10 ''Immunobiology''] (Fifth&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York and London: Garland Science. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4101-7|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8153-4101-7&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Antitoxin_diphtheria.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|176x176px|Otu n'ime karama mbụ nke diphtheria antitoxin e mepụtara (nke e dere n'afọ 1895) ]]

=== Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ E Nwetara N'ụzọ Aka Mere ===
Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ e nwetara n'ụzọ aka mere bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dị mkpirikpi nke a na-ebute site na mbufe nke ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa n'ahụ, nke enwere ike inye n'ụdị dị iche iche; dị ka plasma ọbara mmadụ ma ọ bụ nke  anụmanụ, dị ka immunoglobulin mmadụ maka ịgbanye ya n'akwara (IVIG) ma ọ bụ ịgbanye ya n'uru anụ (IG), yana n'ụdị [[:en:Monoclonal_antibodies|monoclonal antibodies]] (MAb). A na-eji nnyefe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ eme ihe n'ụdị [[:en:Prophylactic|prophylactic]] n'ihe gbasara ọrịa [[:en:Immunodeficiency|immunodeficiency]], dị ka hypogammaglobulinemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Keller&quot;/&gt; A na-ejikwa ya agwọ ọtụtụ ụdị ọrịa siri ike, na iji gwọọ nsị.&lt;ref name=&quot;USC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/immunization.htm|title=Microbiology and Immunology On-Line Textbook|publisher=USC School of Medicine}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/immunization.htm &quot;Microbiology and Immunology On-Line Textbook&quot;]. USC School of Medicine.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke sitere na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na-adịru naanị obere oge, e nwekwara ihe ize ndụ maka mmeghachi omume [[:en:Hypersensitivity|hypersensitivity]], na Ọrịa serum, ọkachasị site na gamma globulin nke na-abụghị nke si na mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Janeway&quot;/&gt;

E jirila ntinye n'ụzọ aka mere nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụsi ọrụ ike mee ihe ihe ihe karịrị otu narị afọ iji gwọọ ọrịa na-efe efe, na tupu ọbịbịa nke ọgwụ nje, ọ na-abụkarị naanị ọgwụgwọ a kapịrị ọnụ maka ọrịa ụfọdụ. Ọgwụgwọ immunoglobulin nọgidere na-abụ ọgwụgwọ mbụ na ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa iku ume siri ike ruo n'afọ ndị 1930, ọbụlagodi mgbe eweputacharara ọgwụ nje sulfonamide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Keller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Passive immunity in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-microbiology-reviews_2000-10_13_4/page/602|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=13|issue=4|pages=602–14|date=October 2000|pmid=11023960|doi=10.1128/CMR.13.4.602-614.2000}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKellerStiehm2000&quot;&gt;Keller MA, Stiehm ER (October 2000). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88952 &quot;Passive immunity in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases&quot;]. ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. '''13''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;602–&lt;/span&gt;14. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1128/CMR.13.4.602-614.2000|10.1128/CMR.13.4.602-614.2000]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88952 88952]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11023960 11023960].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mbufe nke mkpụrụ ndụ T na-arụ ọrụ ===
Mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụsi ọrụ ike, ma ọ bụ “[[:en:Adoptive_immunity|mbufe mgbochi ọrịa site n’ịnabata mkpụrụ ndụ]]” nke mgbochi ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-achịkwa, ka a na-enweta site n’ibufe mkpụrụ ndụ T ndị “a kpaliri ịrụ ọrụ” ma ọ bụ ndị rụwalara ọrụ site n’otu onye gaa n’ahụ onye ọzọ. A naghị eji usoro a eme ihe ugboro ugboro n’ebe mmadụ nọ, n’ihi na ọ chọrọ ndị na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ nwere histocompatible (ndị ahụ́ ha kwekọrọ), ndị na-esikarị ike ịchọta. N’ebe ndị na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịghị ekwekọ, ụdị mbufe a nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft_versus_host_disease&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Graft versus host disease&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;192&quot;&gt;graft versus host&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;USC&quot;/&gt; Otú ọ dị, ejirila ya agwọ ụfọdụ ọrịa, gụnyere ụfọdụ ụdị '''ọrịa''' kansa na erughị eru nke usoro mgbochi ọrịa ([[:en:Immunodeficiency|immunodeficiency]]) . Ụdị mbufe a dị iche na [[:en:Bone_marrow_transplant|mbugharị ụmị ọkpụkpụ]], nke a na-ebufe [[:en:Hematopoietic_stem_cell|mkpụrụ ndụ stem hematopoietic]] (nke na-adịbeghị iche n’ọrụ ha) n’ime ahụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ikike Mgbochi ọrịa Na-arụ Ọrụ ==
 
[[Faịlụ:Immune_response2.svg|thumb|350x350px|Oge nke mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. N'ihi mmepụta nke [[:en:Immunological_memory|ihe ncheta nke immunological]], ibute ọrịa ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị na-eduga na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ na mmepụta nke antibody na ọrụ T cell. Ọrịa ndị a na-esote nwere ike ịdị nro ma ọ bụ ọbụna ghara ịdị.]]
Mgbe Mkpụrụ ndụ B na Mkpụrụ ndụ T ka a kpaliri ị na-arụ ọrụ site na nje na-ebute ọrịa, ncheta mkpụrụ ndụ B na mkpụrụ ndụT- na-etolitekwa, mmeghachi omume mbụ nke usoro ilụso ọrịa ọgụ nke ahụ na-apụta. N'oge ndụ niile nke anụmanụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ncheta ndị a niile &quot;ga-echeta&quot; nje na-ebute ọrịa nke  ọ bụla o zutere, ma nwee ike ịmalite nzaghachi siri ike ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta nje ahụ na-ebute ọrịa ọzọ. Nzaghachi mbụ na nke abụọ ka onye Bekee na-ahụ maka ahụike Alexander Glenny kọwara na 1921 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Notes on the Production of Immunity to Diphtheria Toxin|journal=The Journal of Hygiene|volume=20|issue=2|pages=176–220|date=October 1921|pmid=20474734|doi=10.1017/S0022172400033945}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na achọtaghị usoro ahụ dị na ya ruo mgbe e mesịrị. Ụdị mgbochi a na-arụ ọrụ ma na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi na usoro mgbochi ọrịa nke ahụ na-akwadebe onwe ya maka ihe ịma aka n'ọdịnihu. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụ ọrụ na-agụnyekarị ma akụkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-achịkwa na nke humoral nke mmegide yana ntinye sitere na usoro ahụike ebumpụta ụwa.{{immune system}}

=== Ihe e nwetara n'ụzọ aka Mere ===
{{Authority control}}Enwere ike ịkpali ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke e nwetara n’ụzọ aka mere site n’iji ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ([[:en:Vaccine|vaccine]]), nke bụ ihe nwere antigen n’ime ya. Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-akpali nzaghachi mbụ nke usoro mgbochi ọrịa megide antigen ahụ n’enweghị ịkpata ihe mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;USC&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ Richard Dunning, onye ya na Edward Jenner, na-arụkọ ọrụ, chepụtara okwu “vaccination”, ma Louis Pasteur mechara were okwu ahụ mee ihe n’ọrụ ya a ma ama banyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa. Usoro Pasteur jiri gụnyere ịgwọ ma ọ bụ imezi ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe ka ha ghara inwezi ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike. Pasteur jiri aha '''“vaccine”''' mee ihe dịka okwu izugbe iji sọpụrụ nchọpụta Jenner, nke ọrụ Pasteur wuru.
[[Faịlụ:Poster_for_vaccination_against_smallpox.jpg|thumb|314x314px|Ihe ngosi nke tupu mkpochapụ nke kịtịkpa na 1979, na-akwalite ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi]]
N'afọ 1807, Bavaria ghọrọ otu mbụ chọrọ ka a gbaa ndị agha ha ọgwụ mgbochi megide kịtịkpa, ebe mgbasa nke kịtịkpa ka e jikọrọ ya na agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH-Variolation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|work=Smallpox – A Great and Terrible Scourge|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html|title=Variolation}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ikpeazụ, omume ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abawanye na mgbasa nke agha.

E nwere ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi ọdịnala anọ: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.cdc.gov/nip/isd/ycts/mod1/courses/genrec/10300.asp?student_id=|title=Immunization: You call the shots.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929162613/http://www2.cdc.gov/nip/isd/ycts/mod1/courses/genrec/10300.asp?student_id=|archivedate=2006-09-29|work=The National Immunization Program|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ọgwụ mgbochi ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nwere nje ndị e ji kemịkal na/ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ gbuo ma bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ebufenwuzi ọrịa. Ihe atụ bụ ọgwụ mgbochi megide influenza, ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, [[Plague immunization|Ihe otiti]], na [[:en:Hepatitis_A|ịba ọcha n'anya A]]. Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi nke ụdị a nwere ike ịchọ mmụba.
* Ọgwụ mgbochi dị ndụ, nke e belatara ikike ya, bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nke e ji ụmụ nje ndị a zụlitere n’ọnọdụ pụrụ iche mee, nke mere ka ha ghara inwe ike ịkpata ọrịa. Nzaghachi usoro mgbochi ọrịa ndị a na-adịte aka karịa; Otú ọ dị, mmadụ nwere ike ịchọ ịgba ọgwụ nkwado. Ihe atụ gụnyere [[:en:Yellow_fever|yellow fever]], [[:en:Measles|measles]], rubella, na [[:en:Mumps|mumps]].
* Toxoids bụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu sitere n’ime ụmụ nje ndị a kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ, n’ọnọdụ ebe ihe ndị a—kama ịbụ nje ahụ n’onwe ya—na-akpata ọrịa. A na-eji ha eme ihe tupu mmadụ ezute nsị nke nje ahụ. Ihe atụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa sitere na toxoid gụnyere tetanus na diphtheria.
* Ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Subunit_vaccine|Subunit]], [[:en:Recombinant_DNA|recombinant]], &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Polysaccharide&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;258&quot;&gt;polysaccharide&lt;/a&gt;, na [[:en:Conjugate_vaccine|conjugate]] bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ndị e ji obere akụkụ ma ọ bụ iberibe sitere n’ahụ́ nje na-akpata ọrịa mee. &lt;ref name=&quot;vaccines.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vaccine Types|url=https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types|accessdate=2020-08-07|work=www.vaccines.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe atụ doro anya bụ ọgwụ mgbochi subunit megide nje [[:en:Hepatitis_B_virus|Hepatitis B]].

Na mgbakwunye, e nwere ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi ọhụrụ a na-eji eme ihe:

* Ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacterial_outer_membrane_vesicles|Outer Membrane Vesicle]] (OMV) bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nwere akpụkpọ mpụta (outer membrane) nke nje bacteria, na-enweghị akụkụ dị n’ime nje ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. N’ihi ya, n’ụzọ zuru oke, ha na-akpali usoro mgbochi ọrịa ka o nwee ike ịlụso nje bacteria mbụ ahụ ọgụ, n’enweghị ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Acevedo|first=R|year=2014|title=Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and vaccine applications|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=5|pmid=24715891|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2014.00121}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[:en:Genetic_vaccine|Ọgwụ mgbochi sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]] na-ebunye nucleic acid nke nwere koodu maka antigen n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke onye a na-agwọ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ahụ na-emepụtazi antigen ahụ, nke na-akpalite nzaghachi usoro mgbochi ọrịa. Ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi a gụnyere Ọgwụ mgbochi DNA, &lt;ref name=&quot;DNA immunization&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=DNA immunization as a technology platform for monoclonal antibody induction|first=Shuying|author=Liu|date=April 27, 2016|journal=Emerging Microbes &amp; Infections|volume=5|issue=4|pages=e33|doi=10.1038/emi.2016.27|pmid=27048742}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọgwụ mgbochi RNA, &lt;ref name=&quot;Pardi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pardi|first=Norbert|date=April 2018|title=mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|volume=17|issue=4|pages=261–279|doi=10.1038/nrd.2017.243|pmid=29326426|issn=1474-1784}}&lt;/ref&gt; na &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Viral vector vaccine&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;272&quot;&gt;Ọgwụ mgbochi viral vector&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Recombinant vector vaccine evolution|journal=PLOS Computational Biology|volume=15|issue=7|date=July 2019|pmid=31323032|doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006857}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Multivalent and Multipathogen Viral Vector Vaccines|journal=Clinical and Vaccine Immunology|volume=24|issue=1|pages=e00298–16, e00298–16|date=January 2017|pmid=27535837|doi=10.1128/CVI.00298-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ụ́ ndị dị iche n’ụdị kemịkalụ nke nucleic acid ha na ụzọ e si ebufe ya n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ onye a na-agwọ.

Ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi dị iche iche ka na-emepe emepe; lee [[:en:Vaccine#Experimental|Ụdị ọgwụ mgwọ ọrịa ndị a ka na-anwale]].

A na-enye ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa site n’ịgba ọgwụ n’okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'ime uru anụ n’ihi na eriri afọ anaghị anabata ha nke ọma mgbe niile. A na-enye ọgwụ mgbochi Ọrịa polio  dị ndụ nke e mebelatara ike ya yana ụfọdụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa [[:en:Typhoid|typhoid]] na ọrịa [[:en:Cholera|ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ]] [[:en:Mouth|site n'ọnụ]] iji mepụta mgbochi ọrịa nke na-adabere n’usoro mgbochi ọrịa dị n’ime eriri afọ.

=== Ikike Mgbochi ọrịa nke ngwakọta ===
Ikike Mgbochi ọrịa nke ngwakọta bụ njikọta nke ikike mgbohi ọrịa nke ọnatarachi na ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke aka mere. Nnyocha nke ndị nwere ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ngwakọta chọpụtara na ọbara ha nwere ike igbochi Beta na ụdị SARS-CoV-2 ndị ọzọ karịa ndị na-enwetụbeghị ọrịa, ndị gbara ọgwụ mgbochi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=2021-10-14|title=COVID super-immunity: one of the pandemic's great puzzles|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02795-x|journal=Nature|volume=598|issue=7881|pages=393–394|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02795-x|pmid=34650244|issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, na 29 Ọktọba 2021, [[:en:Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) kwubiri na &quot;Ọtụtụ nnyocha e mere na ntọala dị iche iche egosila na nje SARS-CoV-2 na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'otu n'otu na-ebute obere ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ka e mesịrị na ụdị ndị yiri ya ruo ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa isii.  Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ gbasara usoro mgbochi ọrịa, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ọmụmụ gbasara mgbasa na nkesa ọrịa n’obodo (epidemiology), egosila na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nye ndị mmadụ bu ọrịa ahụ mbụ na-eme ka nzaghachi usoro mgbochi ọrịa ha sie ike nke ukwuu, ma na-ebelata nke ọma ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ọzọ, gụnyere n’ọnọdụ ebe ụdị nje ndị na-efe efe ngwa ngwa na-agbasawanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-20211029&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Staff|title=Science Brief: SARS-CoV-2 Infection-induced and Vaccine-induced Immunity|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/vaccine-induced-immunity.html|date=29 October 2021|work=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|accessdate=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ==
A na-ekpebi ikike mgbochi ọrịa site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Genome ndị dị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ na [[Animal|Ụmụ anụmanụ]] na-edepụta [[:en:Antibody|ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ]]  na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ọzọ na-emeghachi omume nye ọrịa. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-achọkarị ọtụtụ n'ime Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a maka ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụ ọrụ na nke na-adịghị arụsi ọrụ ike (lee ngalaba ndị dị n'elu), e nwekwara ọtụtụ [[:en:Gene|mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]] nke yiri ka a chọrọ ha maka mmeghachi omume ahụike pụrụ iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a chọrọ [[:en:Tumor_necrosis_factor|Tumor Necrosis Factor]] (TNF) maka nchebe pụọ na [[Ụkwara Nta|ụkwara nta]] n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. Ndị nwere nkwarụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na TNF nwere ike ịnata ọrịa na-egbu egbu na nke na-abịaghachị ugboro ugboro ndụ na nje ụkwara nta (''[[:en:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis|Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'') mana ha nwere ahụike. O yikwara ka ha na-emeghachi omume nye ọrịa ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Ya mere, a na-akpọ ọnọdụ ahụ ''Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease'' (MSMD) na ụdị ya nwere ike e bute ya site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ọzọ metụtara mmepụta ma ọ bụ mgbaàmà interferon (dịka site na mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ''''&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Interferon gamma&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;306&quot;&gt;IFNG&lt;/a&gt;'''', ''[[:en:Interleukin-12_subunit_beta|IL12B]], [[:en:Interleukin_12_receptor,_beta_1_subunit|IL12RB1]],'' ''''''IL12RB2'''''', ''IL23R'', ''ISG15'', ''MCTS1'', ''RORC'', ''TBX21'', ''TYK2'', ''CYBB'', ''JAK1'', ''IFNGR1'', ''[[:en:Interferon_gamma_receptor_2|IFNGR2]]'', ''STAT1'', ''USP18,'' ''[[:en:IRF1|IRF1]],'' ''&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRF8&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;IRF8&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;323&quot;&gt;IRF8&lt;/a&gt;'', ''NEMO'', ''SPPL2A'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Arias|first=Andrés A.|date=2024-09-12|title=Tuberculosis in otherwise healthy adults with inherited TNF deficiency|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=633|issue=8029|pages=417–425|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07866-3|issn=0028-0836|pmid=39198650}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.modelingimmunity.org/ The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens (MIEP)]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>q0d27n8ahzyv27pwovmday9zj0ylc10</sha1>
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    <title>Holy Rosary College, Enugu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>reference error corrected</comment>
      <origin>735291</origin>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above fn org notheme&quot; |Holy Rosary College, Enugu
|-
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]&lt;/mapframe&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header notheme&quot; |Ihe ọmụma
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Boarding school|Ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |E guzobere ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1935&lt;span class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;; Afọ 91 gara aga&amp;#x20;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;bday dtstart published updated&quot;&gt;1935&lt;/span&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mmekọahụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Single-sex education|Ụmụ agbọghọ]]
|}
Holy Rosary College bụ Ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi ụmụ agbọghọ niile nke onye ozi ala ọzọ na-ahazi dị na Enugu, Naịjirịa. Archbishop Charles Heerey meghere ya na 2 Febụwarị n'afo1935.. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ezeh&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Archbishop Charles Heerey and the History of the Church in Nigeria, 1890–1967|first=Mary-Noëlle|author=Ezeh|year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nwosu&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Catholic Church in Onitsha: People, Places, and Events, 1885–1985|chapter=The First Catholic Teacher Training College for Women in Igboland|pages=89 et seq.|year=1985|editor=Vincent A. Nwosu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị nọn ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ireland sitere na Missionary Sisters of the Holy Rosary bụ ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na ya. Ọ bụbu Kọleji ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi maka ụmụ agbọghọ. 

== Ụmụ akwụkwọ ama ama ==

* Joy Nwosu Lo-Bamijoko, ethnomusicologist, onye nduzi ukwe, onye nkatọ egwu na soprano

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Agụmakwụkwọ na Naijiria
* Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ na Naịjirịa

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ezeh&quot;/&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Nwosu&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chloroquine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79201</id>
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      <text bytes="42630" sha1="r6frfcwmpraztykywagbqwbcfemzk0d" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;border-spacing:2px;&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;9&quot; |'''Chloroquine'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Chloroquine-ligand-CLQ-A-from-PDB-xtal-4FGL-Mercury-3D-balls.png|class=bg-transparent|233x233px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ọmụma ahụike
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nkwupụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;rt-commentedText nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-fonipa&quot; class=&quot;IPA nopopups noexcerpt&quot;&gt;[[Help:IPA/English|/ˈklɔːrəkwiːn/]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x20;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Aha azụmahịa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Aralen, ndị ọzọ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Aha ndị ọzọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Chloroquine phosphate
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html Akwụkwọ edemede]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Ihe ndekọ ikike]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/small&gt; DailyMed: &lt;span title=&quot;dailymed.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&amp;query=Chloroquine Chloroquine]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụzọ nchịkwa&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Site n'ọnụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Koodu ATC
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* P01BA (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BA01 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) P01BB52 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01BB52 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọnọdụ iwu
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United Kingdom&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;UK&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; P (Ọgwụ ọgwụ) &amp;#x20;
* &lt;small&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;country-name&quot; title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;United States&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;US&lt;/abbr&gt;:&lt;/small&gt;&amp;#x20;Nanị
* N'ozuzu: China (naanị ọgwụgwọ) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma pharmacokinetic
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Metabolism
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Imeju
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;ọkara ndụ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; e wepụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ọnwa 1-2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aha IUPAC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt; (''RS'') -''N''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'- (7-chloroqui''N''-4-yl) -N,N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nọmba CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-05-7 54-05-7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[./PubChem#&amp;#x3C;span&amp;#x20;style= &lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Compound ID&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;CID&lt;/abbr&gt;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;PubChem&quot;&gt;PubChem] CID
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2719 2719]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |IUPHAR/BPS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.guidetopharmacology.org&quot;&gt;[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=5535 5535]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00608 DB00608]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChemSpider
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2618.html 2618]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |UNII
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/886U3H6UFF 886U3H6UFF]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02366 D02366]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEBI
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:3638 CHEBI:3638]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL76 ChEMBL76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |NIAID ChemDB
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemdb.niaid.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=000733 000733]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2040446 DTXSID2040446][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.175 100.000.175][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422438#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Nhazi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;26&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Chlorine&quot;&gt;Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;319.88&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Clc1cc2nccc%28c2cc1%29NC%28C%29CCCN%28CC%29CC Foto na-emekọrịta ihe]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Udo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Clc1cc2nccc (c2cc1) NC (C) CCCN (CC) CC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22 (5-2) 12-6-7-14 (3) 21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15 (19) 8-9-16 (17) 18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21) &lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Isi:WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAO&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;-N Y&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=459442331&amp;page2=Chloroquine  (Nnyocha)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Chloroquine''' bụ ọgwụ eji egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site n'imụba &lt;nowiki&gt;[[heme]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; n'ọbara, nke bụ nsị nye nje ịba ahụ, wee si otú a gbuo ya ma mebie mgbasa ya&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;. Ụdị ịba ahụ siri ike ma ọ bụ nke ọgwụ na-anaghị arụ na ya na-achọkarị usoro ọgwụgwọ dị iche. Ewezuga ịba, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ [[amebiasis]] na-abụghị nke [[eriri afọ]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], na [[lupus erythematosus]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chloroquine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=16 April 2019 |quote=There are no controlled data in human pregnancies. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416201619/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-aṅụ ọgwụ a site n'ọnụ, o doro anya na ọ dị mma maka ndị dị ime ebe a mụchaghị mmetụta ya anya. N'agbanyeghị na a nwalere ya maka [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] n'oge ọrịa ahụ tiwapụrụ, a kwụsịrị nyocha ndị ahụ n'afọ 2020, [[National Institutes of Health|NIH]] anaghịkwa akwado ya maka nke ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|archivedate=28 August 2020|accessdate=14 February 2021|work=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;/&gt;Mmetụta ndị na-emekarị mgbe a ṅụrụ ọgwụ a gụnyere mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ, enweghị mmasị iri nri, afọ ọsịsa, na mgbakasị ahụ. Mmetụta ndị ka njọ nwere ike ịgụnye nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, mmerụ ahụ n'uru ahụ, nkụchi obi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ, gụnyere mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Chloroquine nọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ ọgwụ a na-akpọ 4-aminoquinoline. Maka ịba, ọ na-alụso nje ahụ ọgụ mgbe ọ nọ n'agba asexual n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Seyanịtịstị ka na-enyocha kpọmkwem otú ọ sị arụ ọrụ n'ịgwọ rheumatoid arthritis na lupus.

E mepụtara Chloroquine site n'aka Hans Andersag n'afọ 1934. Ọ dị na ndepụta nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ahọpụta maka ọgwụ ndị sịrị ike. A na-enweta ya n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka ọgwụ nkịtị n'ahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aralen Phosphate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=2 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ojiji ọgwụ ==

=== Ịba ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|chapter=Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence|pages=55–79|year=2005|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0000unse/page/55|isbn=3-540-25363-7|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|publisher=Springer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2|chapter=Antimalarial Multi-Drug Resistance in Asia: Mechanisms and Assessment|title=Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology|url=https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0295unse|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0295unse/page/39 39]–53|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-25363-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba nke ụdị Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, na P. malariae na-akpata. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ejikarị ya agwọ Plasmodium falciparum n'ihi na ụdị nje ahụ a mụbara ebe dị iche iche emepụtala ikike ịnagide ya.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|work=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=4 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164343/http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b585ad5-ae86-4403-b83f-8d8363d43da5|archivedate=8 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ebe ọ bụ na ejiri chloroquine mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'enweghị mgbochi, nke a mefuru ohere nkwalite ma mee ka nje na-anagide ọgwụ ahụ gbasaa. N'ihi nke a, ọ dị mma ịgbaso nyocha iji hụ ma ọ na-arụ oru n'obodo tupu e nye ya mmadụ. N'akụkụ ebe ọgwụ ahụ na- anaghị anya ọrụ, e nwere ike iji ndị ọzọ dị ka mefloquine ma ọ bụ atovaquone. Ụlọ ọrụ CDC na-atụ aro ka ejikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ karịa iji naanị chloroquine agwọ ịba.

=== Ọrịa Amebiasis ===
Maka trịtmentị nke afọ ọsịsa na-ebute pụs n'akpa ume (amoebic liver abscess), enwere ike iji chloroquine mechie ohere ma ọ bụ tinyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ mgbe metronidazole ma ọ bụ nitroimidazole na-arụghị ọrụ mgbe ụbọchị ise gachara, ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-enweghị ike iji ha mee ihe.

=== Ọrịa akpịrị ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;/&gt;Ebe ọ nwere ikike ibelata ike usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, a na-eji chloroquine agwọ ọrịa autoimmune ụfọdụ. Nke a gụnyere rheumatoid arthritis, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ lupus erythematosus n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke edepụtara na mbụ.

== Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html|title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ọrịa a nwere ike iweta gụnyere ịhụ ụzọ mberede, ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu na mpaghara afọ, na isi ọwụwa siri ike. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ ọzịza n'ụkwụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ, ume nkpu, agba agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ, n'mbọ ma ọ bụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ, gụnyere adịghị ike n'uru ahụ, mmerụ ahụ mfe ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgbọ, yana nsogbu n'ịnụ ihe na steeti uche mmadụ.

* Ebe mmetụta ndị siri ike nwere ike ịpụta gụnyere mmegharị ahụ a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa dị ka jijiji ire na ihu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ. Ndị mmadụ nwekwara ike inwe nsogbu na ntị gụnyere ntị chiri, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ dị ka ọgbụgbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, afọ ọsịsa na afọ mgbu, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa siri ike. N'akụkụ uche, ọ nwere ike iweta mgbagwoju anya, mmerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ obi, paranoia, nrọ efu, ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi. Ihe mgbaama ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ gụnyere oke ahụ ọkụ, ntutu ịla n'iyi, mgbanwe agba akpụkpọ ahụ, na mgbakasị ahụ.rị a na-achọghị / nke a na-achịkwaghị (gụnyere ire na ihu na-ama jijiji, diskenesia, na dystonia) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|work=www.webmd.com|accessdate=22 March 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details &quot;Drugs &amp; Medications&quot;]. ''www.webmd.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;/&gt;

=== Ndị agadi ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet|work=DailyMed|date=8 October 2018|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc|accessdate=7 April 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;E nwebeghị data zuru ezu eji amụta ma chloroquine ọ dị mma n'ezie maka ndị agadi gbara afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụrụ na-ehichapụ ọgwụ a n'ahụ, ọ dị mkpa nyochaa ọkwa nsị ya n'ahụ ndị nwere nsogbu akụrụ—nke bụ ihe na-emekarị n'etiti ndị agadi.

== Mmekọrịta ọgwụ ọjọọ ==
Chloroquine nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ nwere ike iweta nsogbu na trịtmentị:

* Ampicillin - chloroquine nwere ike belata ọkwa; &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;/&gt;  
* Mefloquine - nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nkụchi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;  

== ⁰Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hydroxychloroquine overdose: case report and recommendations for management|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=16–18|date=February 2008|pmid=18180661|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3280adcb56}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ịṅụ chloroquine ebe ókè nwere ike iwebata ihe ize ndụ ọnwụ nke ruru ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ. Eriri afọ na-aṅụcha ọgwụ a n'ọsọ, ebe ihe mgbaama na-amalite pụta n'ime otu awa. Mgbe a ṅụbigara ya ókè, mmetụta ndị gụnyere ihu ụra, nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, nkụchi, nkwụsị iku ume, gụnyere nsogbu obi dị ka ventricular fibrillation na mgbada dị ukwuu nke ọbara mgbali. Mbelata nke potassium n'ọbara nwekwara ike ime mgbe nke a mee.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Are 1-2 dangerous? Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in toddlers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-emergency-medicine_2005-05_28_4/page/437|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=28|issue=4|pages=437–443|date=May 2005|pmid=15837026|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.12.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;/&gt;Mgbe usoro trịtmentị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ miligram iri maka kịlogram ọ bụla nke ibu ahụ (10 mg/kg), mmetụta nsị na-amalite mgbe ọ ruru miligram iri abụọ (20 mg/kg). Ọnwa nwere ike ime ma a ṅụọ miligram iri atọ (30 mg/kg). Maka ụmụaka, naanị otu mbadamba ọgwụ a nwere ike ibute fatalitị ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ.

Usoro trịtmentị a na-atụ aro mgbe e ṅụbigara ọgwụ a ókè gụnyere inye ikuku oxygen ngwa ngwa, nlekọta siri ike nke obi, na iji charcoọl emepụtara pụrụ iche (activated charcoal). N'ọnọdụ ebe mgbada ọbara mgbali na-eme, enwere ike inye mmiri na ọgwụ vasopressor, nke epinephrine bụ nhọrọ kacha mma. N'ihi nkụchi, benzodiazepines bụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ahụ dajụọ. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike inye potassium chloride n'ọbara iji gboo mbelata ya, nke a nwere ike iweta oke potassium karia nke kwesịrị mgbe mmadụ na-alụso nsogbu ahụ ọgụ. Nnyocha gosipụtakwara na dialysis anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'okwu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ling2008&quot; /&gt;

== Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Nchịkọta nke ọgwụ a n'ahụ nwere ike iweta mkpụrụ ọgwụ ga-edobe n'anya, nke nwere ike ịkpata nhụjuanya anya na-adịghị mma na kpuru kpuru. Ọgwụ a na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ metụtara quinine ka ejikọtara na nsogbu nke mbibi retina, karịsịa mgbe e nyere ha n'ọtụtụ oke ma ọ bụ mgbe e ji ha mee ihe ogologo oge. Mgbe a na-ṅụ ya ogologo oge, a na-atụ aro ka a na-agakwuru dọkịta anya mgbe niile.

Chloroquine bụ ọgwụ na-aga n'ihu ahọrọ banye n'ime lysosome nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ (lysosomotropic agent). Ebe pKa nke nitrogen dị n'akụkụ quinoline nke chloroquine bụ 8.5, nke a pụtara na naanị ihe dị ka pasentị iri (10%) ka ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya na physiological pH (dị ka usoro Henderson-Hasselbalch si kọwaa). Ọkwa a na-agbada gaa na ihe dị ka pasentị 0.2 n'ime lysosome ebe pH ya nọ n'agbata 4.6. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị nke ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya nwere ike ịfe mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa nke nwere proton, nke a na-eme ka ọgwụ ahụ &quot;mịkọrọ ma kpọchie&quot; n'ime lysosomes n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu.

== Usoro nke ọrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Medical_quinolines_pathway.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|626x626px|Quinolin ọgwụ]]

=== Ịba ===
[[Faịlụ:Birefringence_of_malaria_pigment.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị Hemozoin na ''P. falciparum'': ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ịba bụ ihe na-eme ka uto nke hemozoin crystal ghara ito.]]
A kwenyere na ikike chloroquine nwere iji mịkọrọ n'ime lysosome na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ ọ sị alụso ịba ọgụ. Ọgwụ a na-aga kpọmkwem n'akpa nri nwere acid nke nje ịba, ebe ọ na-emebi usoro dị mkpa na-eme ka nje ahụ dị ndụ. Njirimara a na-enye mfe iji ya mee nyocha na kọmputa ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nyocha (in vitro) gbasara ọrịa metụtara abụba dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ, mmepụta nke autophagy, na ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ (apoptosis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine treatment of ARPE-19 cells leads to lysosome dilation and intracellular lipid accumulation: possible implications of lysosomal dysfunction in macular degeneration|journal=Cell &amp; Bioscience|volume=1|issue=1|date=March 2011|pmid=21711726|doi=10.1186/2045-3701-1-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Abeta-mediated NMDA receptor endocytosis in Alzheimer's disease involves ubiquitination of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP61|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuroscience_2010-04-28_30_17/page/5948|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=30|issue=17|pages=5948–5957|date=April 2010|pmid=20427654|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0157-10.2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine activates the p53 pathway and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells|journal=Neuro-Oncology|volume=12|issue=4|pages=389–400|date=April 2010|pmid=20308316|doi=10.1093/neuonc/nop046}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nje ịba—nke nọ n'agba ndụ ya na-enweghị mmekọahụ (asexual stage)—na-agbari protein hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid dị mkpa. Amino acid ndị a dị ezigbo mkpa maka imepụta protein nke aka ya na maka iwepụta ike (metabolism). Usoro nri a na-eme kpamkpam n'ime akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ahụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Hemoglobin nwere akụkụ protein (nke nje ahụ na-agbari) na akụkụ heme (nke nje ahụ na-adịghị eji eme ihe). N'oge usoro a, nje ahụ na-ewepụta heme nke nwere nsị siri ike ma nwee ike ịgbaze n'ọbara. Akụkụ heme a nwere mgbanaka porphyrin nke a na-akpọ Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). Iji zere mbibi nke molekul nke a ga-emere ya, nje ahụ na-agbanwe heme ka ọ ghọọ hemozoin—molekul na-adịghị egbu egbu. Hemozoin a na-akwakọba n'akpa nri nje ahụ dị ka kristal siri ike na-adịghị agbaze agbaze.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Chloroquine na-abanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie site na mgbasa dị mfe, na-erute n'akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ịba ahụ. N'ihi na akpa nri a nwere acid (pH 4.7), chloroquine na-enweta proton ma gbanwee gaa na \text{CQ}^{2+}; nke a na-eme ka ọ ghara nwee ike ịpụta ọzọ n'ihi mgbasa. Chloroquine na-ekpuchi kristal hemozoin iji gbochie biocrystallization nke heme, nke na-eme ka akụkụ heme na-egbu egbu na-akpakọba. Chloroquine na-ejikọta na heme (ma ọ bụ FP) iji mepụta ogige FP-chloroquine; ogige a nwere nsị siri ike ma na-emebi mgbidi (membrane) mkpụrụ ndụ. Nsị a sitere na FP-chloroquine na FP na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ daa ma gbawaa (lysis), nke na-eduga n'ikpeazụ na mbibi na nri aka ya nke nje ahụ (autodigestion). Nje ịba ndị na-adịghị emepụta hemozoin na-enwe ike iguzogide chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lin2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine resistance|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=212|issue=6|pages=893–903|date=June 2015|pmid=25941254|doi=10.1084/jem.20141731|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/500975/3/2015113.pdf|accessdate=4 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịkwụsị ịba ====
Mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara mmeghachi omume iguzogide chloroquine site na P. falciparum n'afọ ndị 1950, ụdị nje na-enweghị ike ịnwụ n'ọgwụ a apụtala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Africa, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na South America. Ịdị irè chloroquine nwere megide P. falciparum adaala nke ukwuu ka ụdị nje ndị a na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-agbasa gburugburu ụwa.

Nje ịba ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nwere ike ịchụpụ chloroquine ngwa ngwa site n'akpa nri ha site n'ijikwa usoro mgbapụta (transmembrane pump). Nje P. falciparum ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-achụpụ chloroquine okpukpu iri anọ (40x) karịa ka ndị nke na-anabata ọgwụ na-eme. A na-akpọ protein na-ahụ maka mgbapụta a P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). Ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mgbapụta a sitere n'okike bụ ibuga protein x-a (peptides); mgbanwe e ji mara mgbapụta a iji nwee ike ịchụpụ chloroquine na-emebi ikike o nwere ibuga peptides. Nke a na-eweta mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ &quot;ọnụahịa&quot; n'ahụ nje ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ike itolite ma ọ bụ mụbaa n'ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The natural function of the malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|date=August 2020|pmid=32764664|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17781-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-enwekarị mgbanwe na jinetik gene a na-akpọ P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (PfMDR1)—nke bụ otu n'ime ABC transporter. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-alere mgbanwe ndị a anya dị ka ihe na-enweghị nnukwu mkpa ma e jiri ha tụnyere mgbanwe na-eme na PfCRT. Dị ka mgbanwe si mee na protein CG2 ejikọtara na nsogbu iguzogide chloroquine, usoro ndị ọzọ na-akpata iguzogide ọgwụ a pụtara na ha nwekwara aka na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Medical Pharmacology|edition=fifth|date=2003|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd|pages=739–740}}&lt;/ref&gt;

r.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alcantara2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemosensitization potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in malaria parasites|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=134|issue=2|pages=235–243|date=June 2013|pmid=23541983|doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.022}}&lt;/ref&gt;A chọpụtala na Verapamil—ọgwụ na-egbochi ụzọ calcium (\text{Ca}^{2+} channel blocker)—nwere ike iweghachi ikike chloroquine nwere na ime ka nje ịba nwee mmetụta maka ọgwụ a ọzọ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe gosipụtakwara na ha nwere ike ịalụso iguzogide chloroquine ọgụ na ịba gụnyere chlorpheniramine, gefitinib, imatinib, tariquidar, na zosuquidar.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, chloroquine ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ n'ala Thailand. N'edemede nyocha Sohsuebngarm na ndị otu ya mere n'afọ 2014 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum Chulalongkorn, ha nwalere Plasmodium gallinaceum wee chọpụta na ụdị nje ịba a echeghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ iguzogide chloroquine anya. E wezụga nke a, ọgwụ antidepressants dị ka sertraline, fluoxetine, na paroxetine nwere ike iweghachi mmetụta chloroquine, na-eme ka ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nwee ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na e jikọtara ha na ọgwụgwọ chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellido-et-al-2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=14|issue=3|pages=177–180|date=April 2000|pmid=10773485|doi=10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00154-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe na-egbochi nje virus ===
Chloroquine nwere ikike igbochi mmụba na mgbasa nke nje (viruses) ụfọdụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọkwa acidity (pH) dị n'ime endosome na lysosome rịọ elu, nke na-atụgharị na mmebi nke usoro nje ahụ si esi pụta n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ—ebe ọ bụ na ntọhapụ nke nje ahụ chọrọ pH dị ala ma na-atọ ụtọ na acid. Sịtị n'ihe a, nje ahụ enweghịzi ike ịhapụ ihe nketa ya (genetic material) n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ iji mụbaa ma mepụta gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al-Bari 2020 p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases|journal=Pharmacology Research &amp; Perspectives|volume=5|issue=1|pages=e00293|date=February 2017|pmid=28596841|doi=10.1002/prp2.293}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fredericksen Wei Yao Luo p.&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal degradation increases the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2002-11_76_22/page/11440|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=76|issue=22|pages=11440–11446|date=November 2002|pmid=12388705|doi=10.1128/JVI.76.22.11440-11446.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chloroquine pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka zinc ionophore, nke na-eme ka zinc dị n'èzí mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ike ịbanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe nke a mee, zinc ahụ na-egbochi enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nke nje na-eji amụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|date=1 October 2014|pmid=25271834|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=11|date=November 2010|pmid=21079686|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
Chloroquine na-egbochi imịkọrọ na nsụsụ nke thiamine (vitamin B1) n'ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ a site na imetụta ma na-egbochi protein na-ebugharị thiamine nke a na-akpọ SLC19A3.

Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo (rheumatoid arthritis). Ọ na-eme nke a site n'igbochi mmụba mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocyte, igbochi enzyme phospholipase A2, na igbochi ngosi antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ dendritic. E wezụga nke a, ọ na-egbochi ntọhapụ enzymes sịtị n'akpa lysosome, ntọhapụ nke ụdị oxygen na-emebi ihe (reactive oxygen species) sịtị na macrophages, gụnyere igbochi mmepụta nke protein IL-1. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2024)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Quinine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Quinine]]
Na Peru, ụmụ amaala wepụtara ụgbụgbọ osisi Cinchona (Cinchona officinalis) ma jiri ya mee ihe iji lụso oyi na ahụ ọkụ ọgụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'afọ 1633, e webatara ọgwụ ahịhịa a na Yurop, ebe e jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu ma malite iji ya na-agwọ ịba. N'afọ 1820, a chọpụtara quinine—bụ ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ—site na ihe e wepụtara n'ụgbụgbọ osisi a.
[[Faịlụ:3-methylchloroquine.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|3-Methylchloroquine (sontochin) ]]
Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gachara, gọọmentị Germany chọrọ ihe ga-anọchi quinine. N'afọ 1934, Hans Andersag na ndị otu ya n'ụlọ nyocha Bayer chọpụtara chloroquine—bụ kemikal arụpụtara arụpụta (synthetic analogue) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka quinine—ndị mepụtara ya kpọrọ ya resochin. A hapụrụ ya aka ruo afọ iri n'ihi na a chere na ọ nwere nsị ga-emerụ mma mmadụ. Kama nke ahụ, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị agha German Afrika Korps jiri ogige dị ka chloroquine a na-akpọ 3-methyl-chloroquine (nke e ji sontochin mara). Mgbe ndị agha jikọrọ aka (Allied forces) rutere Tunis, sontochin a dabara n'aka ndị America, bụ ndị zighachiri ya na United States maka nyocha—nke a mere na mmasị na chloroquine maliteghachiri. Nyocha ahụike nke gọọmentị United States kwadoro gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na chloroquine nwere uru dị ukwuu dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ. N'ihi nke a, e webatara ya n'ọrụ ahụike n'afọ 1947 maka mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ịba&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#chloroquine|title=The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828183012/http://www.cdc.gov//malaria//history//index.htm#chloroquine|archivedate=28 August 2010|date=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwakọta kemịkal ===
A kọwara usoro mbụ e ji mepụta chloroquine site na njikọ kemikal (synthesis) n'akwụkwọ ikike nrụpụta (patent) nke ụlọ ọrụ IG Farben tinyere n'afọ 1937. N'alụdị ikpeazụ nke usoro a, ogige kemikal 4,7-dichloroquinoline na 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane jikọtara iji mepụta ọgwụ ahụ.

: [[Faịlụ:Chloroquin_Synthese.svg|class=skin-invert-image|650x650px]]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1949, e guzobere usoro mmepụta chloroquine dị mma iji hụ na e mepụtara ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu maka ojiji zuru ebe kato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ie50472a002|title=Chloroquine manufacture|date=1 April 1949|journal=Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry|volume=41|issue=4|pages=654–662}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọha na omenala ==
[[Faịlụ:Esochin®_Tabletten_(Rückseite).jpg|thumb|Ngwongwo mbadamba Resochin]]

=== Nkọwa ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroquine#section=U-S-Imports|work=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=24 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Chloroquine na-abịa n'ụdị mbadamba (tablets) dị ka nnu phosphate, sulfate, na hydrochloride. Mgbe niile, a na-enyekarị chloroquine n'ụdị chloroquine phosphate.

=== Aha ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|title=Ipca Laboratories: Formulations – Branded|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132110/https://ipca.com/pharmaceutical-formulations-manufacturers-india.html|archivedate=6 April 2019|accessdate=14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Aha ahịa nkwalite (brand names) e ji mara ọgwụ a gụnyere Chloroquine FNA, Resochin, Dawaquin, na Lariago.

== Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;McDougald-et-al-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poultry|edition=14|chapter=Protozoal Infections|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|date=22 November 2019|isbn=978-1-119-37119-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji chloroquine—n'ụdị kemịkal dị iche iche pụta—agwọ na iji chịkwaa uto nke anemones na algae (ahịhịa mmiri). E wezụga nke a, a na-eji ya egbu ọtụtụ ụdị nje protozoan n'akwarium (aquarium), dị ka nje na-arịa azụ ahụike bụ Amyloodinium ocellatum. A na-ejikwa ọgwụ a eme ihe maka ịgwọ na igbochi ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ.

== Nnyocha ==
Na sayensị biomedicinal, a na-eji chloroquine eme ihe maka nnwale ''in vitro'' iji gbochie mmebi lysosomal nke ngwaahịa protein.

=== SARS-CoV ===
A tụpụtara Chloroquine dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka SARS, na nyocha ''in vitro'' na-egbochi ọrịa iku ume siri ike coronavirus (SARS-CoV).&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine|url=https://archive.org/details/biochemical-and-biophysical-research-comms_2004-10-08_323_1/page/264|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=323|issue=1|pages=264–268|date=October 2004|pmid=15351731|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?|journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents|volume=55|issue=5|date=May 2020|pmid=32171740|doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004, otu akụkọ e bipụtara kwuru na chloroquine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmụba nke SARS-CoV in vitro.&lt;ref name=&quot;In vitro inhibition of severe acute&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2005, nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kwadoro ma gbasaa nsonaazụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread|journal=Virology Journal|volume=2|date=August 2005|pmid=16115318|doi=10.1186/1743-422X-2-69}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excerpt|Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic}}

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
A na-atụle Chloroquine na 2003, na ụdị tupu ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka onye nwere ike ịlụso [[chikungunya]] fever ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=3|issue=11|pages=722–727|date=November 2003|pmid=14592603|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha ihe onwunwe nke chloroquine maka usoro mgbochi ọrịa kansa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies|journal=The Lancet. Oncology|volume=7|issue=10|pages=792–793|date=October 2006|pmid=17012039|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70875-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2006-03-07_144_5/page/n66|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=337–343|date=March 2006|pmid=16520474|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00008}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Summaries for patients. Adding chloroquine to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=144|issue=5|pages=I31|date=March 2006|pmid=16520470|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyocha Chloroquine na ụdị ya gbanwere dịka nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ maka ọnọdụ ọzịza dị ka rheumatoid arthritis na ọrịa ọzịza eriri afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goel_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Chloroquine|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing LLC.|date=January 2020|doi=|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551512/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Event:Shesaid 2026 in the Igbo Community</title>
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[[Otú:Mmemme 2026]]
[[Faịlụ:Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group_Logo.svg|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group|align|centre|200x200px]]

[[File:WLW logo element.svg|align|right|200px]][[File:WLW Hashtag in a Speech bubble.svg|align|200px|alt=Wiki Loves Women ]]
[[Faịlụ:SheSaid_2026_Central_Notice_banner.svg|centre|600px|SheSaid 2026 Central Notice banner using the WLW SheSaid Logo.]]
The [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wiki_Loves_Women/SheSaid Shesaid] campaign is an international campaign under the umbrella of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wiki_Loves_Women Wiki Loves Women] that focuses on the creation and improvements of entries about Women on [[Wikiquote]]. This campaign amplifies Women Voice and addresses persistent gender gap in the representation of notable women across the digital space. 

This year the Igbo Wikimedians User Group joins the international campaign, to address gender gap in the representation of notable women across digital platforms like [[Wikiquote]] and [[Wikipidia|Wikipedia]].


&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#333999; color:white; padding:30px; border-radius:12px; font-size:20px;&quot;&gt;

The campaign will be combined with '''''International Translation Day on 30th September''''' to highlight the importance of translation in making knowledge accessible across languages and communities. Participants will translate  articles about notable women into Igbo, improve existing Igbo Wikipedia and Wikiquote articles, and contribute sourced quotations from women to Igbo Wikiquote.

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&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; margin-top: 20px; border-bottom: 1px solid #333999; color: #333999;&quot;&gt;'''Activities'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* SheSaid Wikiquote Editing Session
* International Translation Day Edit-a-thon 

&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; margin-top: 20px; border-bottom: 1px solid #333999; color: #333999;&quot;&gt;'''Schedule'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
''''Launch date'''' : 2nd September,2026 {{Done}}

'''location''':Zoom

'''Time''': 5PM

'''Check in session 30th September,2026'''

&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; margin-top: 20px; border-bottom: 1px solid #333999; color: #333999;&quot;&gt;'''Photos'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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Flyer of Igbo Community's SheSaid 2026 Campaign &amp; International Translation Day.jpg
SheSaid 2026 Event in Igbo Community 1.jpg
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Participants during a training session on International Translation Day in Igbo community 2026 01.jpg|Cross section of participants during a virtual training session on International Translation Day.
Participants during a training session on International Translation Day in Igbo community 2026 02.jpg
Participants during a training session on International Translation Day in Igbo community 2026 03.jpg
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&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; margin-top: 20px; border-bottom: 1px solid #333999; color: #333999;&quot;&gt;'''Organizers'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg
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File:Wiki Loves Women logo 2024.svg
File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg
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  <page>
    <title>Idei Mmiri nke Etiopia na 2016</title>
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N'afọ 2016, nnukwu [[idei mmiri]] dakwasịrị [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]], na-ahapụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 200 nwụrụ na ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 enweghị ebe obibi ka mmiri ozuzo na-abịa n'oge na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ethiopia-28-people-killed-in-floods-in-remote-regions/3269777.html|title=Ethiopia: 28 People Killed in Floods in Remote Regions|date=5 April 2016|publisher=VOA|accessdate=14 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọnwụ ndị a mere n'obodo Jijiga ebe n'ebe ndị ọzọ, a kọrọ na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-atụ anya idei mmiri ọzọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/deadly-floods-hit-ethiopia-160406101102909.html|title=Flood killed 28 people in Ethiopia|date=6 April 2016|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=3 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akọ na idei mmiri ahụ dị elu karịa nke idei mmiri ndị ọzọ karịa nke afọ ndị gara aga.

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==

=== Idei Mmiri na Etiopia ===
Ethiopia nwere ahụmịhe dị ukwuu na idei mmiri na idei mmiri. A makwaara afọ idei mmiri nke akụkọ ihe mere eme (1988, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2012, na 2016) na mba ahụ dị ka ihe omume La Niήa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Melesse|first=Assefa M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H46gDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=flood+in+the+country+were+also+known+as+La+Ni%CE%AEa+episodes.&amp;pg=PA381|title=Extreme Hydrology and Climate Variability: Monitoring, Modelling, Adaptation and Mitigation|date=2019-07-03|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-815999-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkọwa nke Ógbè Iju Mmiri ===
[[Faịlụ:Basin_map_of_Ethiopia_with_flood-prone_extents.png|thumb|Map nke ọdọ mmiri nke Etiopia nke nwere oke idei mmiri.]]
Ethiopia nwere ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ, nke asatọ n'ime ha bụ ọdọ mmiri, otu bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere osimiri na-adịgide adịgide na atọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kpọrọ nkụ. Ọtụtụ nnukwu osimiri na-agafe ókèala na ókèala. Ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-emetụta idei mmiri na idei mmiri.

=== Ọnọdụ Iju Mmiri ===
Njirimara nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na nkesa, yana ọnọdụ nke mgbanwe mmiri (ihe mmiri dị n'ala, mmiri dị n&quot;okpuru ala na mmiri dị n n'elu), na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mgbanwe anụ ahụ nke ihe ndị metụtara idei mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guan|first=DongJie|date=2011-10-01|title=Modeling urban land use change by the integration of cellular automaton and Markov model|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380011004698|journal=Ecological Modelling|language=en|volume=222|issue=20|pages=3761–3772|doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.09.009|issn=0304-3800}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na Iju Mmiri ===
Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-ejikọta ihe omume La Nina na mmiri ozuzo dị elu karịa nke a na-ahụkarị n'etiti June na Septemba na etiti ugwu Ethiopia, na-eduga na idei mmiri. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ihe omume La Nina ndị a na Etiopia bu ụzọ site na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke ihe omume El Nino.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rosenzweig|first=Cynthia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-UbmSxLWlUC&amp;dq=ROSENZWEIG%2C+C.+&amp;pg=PR5|title=Climate Variability and the Global Harvest: Impacts of El Niño and Other Oscillations on Agro-Ecosystems|date=2008-01-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803147-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ihe omume El Nino
* Ihe omume Nina

=== Iju Mmiri nke Ethiopia na 2016 ===
N'afọ 2016, ụfọdụ ebe dị na Horn of Africa nwere idei mmiri na-esote ihe omume El Nino (oké ọkọchị) nke afọ 2015. Na Etiopia, ihe mere na idei mmiri nke afọ 2016 mere na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo Kiremt ma kpatara ọtụtụ idei mmiri, mbuze, na oke osimiri na mpaghara Lower Omo Valley, Dire Dawa, Amhara, Afar, Somali, Tigray, Gambella, Oromia, na Harari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Tim|date=2020-08-12|title=Regional Climates|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|language=EN|volume=101|issue=8|pages=S321–S420|doi=10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1|issn=0003-0007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ala na nke anụ ahụ ==
Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ bi n’ebe idei mmiri metụtara enweghị ebe obibi ma ọ bụ nri zuru oke, ma ha na-eche ihu n’ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike, tinyere ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa. Idei mmiri ahụ gbakwụnyere n’ịkpata ọnwụ nke anụ ụlọ na ibibi nnukwu mpaghara ala ubi. [citation needed]

=== Mmetụta Mmetụta Na Mmiri ===
Dị ka NAPA (2011) si kwuo, mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emetụta ngalaba akụ mmiri site n’ibelata mmiri na-asọba n’osimiri,[1] ibelata mmepụta ume, yana ịba ụba nke idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri. N’ihi nke a, gburugburu ebe obibi, nke bụ isi iyi mmiri ozuzo na akụ mmiri, ga-emetụtakwa. Ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ga-emetụta ndụ ndị dị n’ime mmiri site n’imebi ogo na oke mmiri dị n’ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ebe mmiri.[citation needed]

=== Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'inweta nri ===
N’ihi ọdịda mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ụkọ mmiri, mba ahụ na-enwe mbelata n’mmepụta nri n’akụkụ dị iche iche. O yikarịrị ka mmụba nke ọdachi ihu igwe siri ike, mmụba nke nkụ nke ala, mbelata mmiri ozuzo, mbelata ihe onwunwe ahịhịa maka anụ ụlọ, na mbelata mmiri dị n’ala ga-eme ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ. Ịnweta nri aghọọla nnukwu ihe mgbochi nye ọtụtụ nde ezinụlọ n’ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Etiopia n’ihi ugboro ugboro nke ụkọ mmiri na ọdịiche dị n’oke mmiri ozuzo. Ezinụlọ ndị na-ejikọta ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ anụ ụlọ, yana ezinụlọ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ naanị, bụ ndị na-adabere n’anụ ụlọ maka ibi ndụ ha, na-enwekwa nnukwu mfu nke ihe onwunwe n’oge ụkọ mmiri.[citation needed]

=== Mmetụta na Settlement na Infrastructure ===
Mgbanwe ihu igwe, gụnyere ihe omume ndị siri ike dị ka oké ifufe, idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-adịgide adịgide, enweela mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na ebe obibi na akụrụngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Raymond, C.|title=Understanding and managing connected extreme events|journal=Nature Climate Change|year=2020|volume=10|issue=7|pages=611–621|doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0790-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ezie, maka ndị na-eme atụmatụ obodo, a na-atụkarị anya na nnukwu egwu maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ógbè dị iche iche nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe na-esite na ọdachi ndị na-amalite ngwa ngwa na ndị a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta dịka oke mmiri ozuzo, idei mmiri na Oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ (Freeman, 2003). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Settlements, industry and infrastructure|url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch9s9-4-8.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219023821/https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch9s9-4-8.html|archivedate=2019-12-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịmepụta ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ọhụrụ, ndị nwere ike ịkwaga n'ime ebe obibi ọhụrụ, chọọ ụzọ ndụ ọhụrụ ma tinye ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ na akụrụngwa (IPCC, 2007). &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Mmetụta N'Oké Mfe na Etiopia ==
Idei mmiri na Etiopia nwere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya; ndị a gụnyere mmetụta nke mmetọ na gburugburu ebe ahụ na mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụba nke mmebi ụlọ ndị mmadụ na ihe onwunwe akụ na ụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Demissie|first=Biadgilgn|date=2021|title=Flood hazard in a semi-closed basin in northern Ethiopia: Impact and resilience|journal=Geo: Geography and Environment|language=en|volume=8|issue=2|doi=10.1002/geo2.100|issn=2054-4049}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbukpọ ndị mmadụ na ihe onwunwe ===
Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ e nwetara si kwuo, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ezinụlọ 20,000 chụpụrụ n’ebe obibi ha na Etiopia n’afọ 2016 n’ihi idei mmiri na ọdachi ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche mere n’akụkụ dị iche iche nke mba ahụ. Oké mmiri ozuzo kpatara idei mmiri na mbuze ala na mpaghara Oromia na mpaghara ndịda mba ahụ, nke butere ọnwụ mmadụ opekata mpe 202. Ihe karịrị otu puku anụ ụlọ nwụkwara, ebe hectare 559 nke ala a kụrụ ihe ọkụkụ mebiri emebi.[1]

=== Ime ka ihe na-esi n'oké ọkọchị pụta ===
Oké ọkọchị na idei mmiri nke otu afọ ahụ metụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngalaba niile dị na Etiopia, na ọnwụ nke ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ na mmetụta nke mbelata mmiri dị ịrịba ama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Taye|first=Meron|title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water – a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate|date=22 August 2019|doi=10.64628/AAJ.udtg33kf5|url=https://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822131642/http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844|archivedate=2019-08-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'etiti ha, mpaghara Tigray, Afar na Somalia metụtara nke ukwuu, ebe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ kpatara ọnwụ nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 50% nke anụ ụlọ na mpaghara ahụ ma metụta 24%, 25% na 21% nke ndị bi na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mera|first=Getachew Alem|date=December 2018|title=Drought and its impacts in Ethiopia|journal=Weather and Climate Extremes|volume=22|pages=24–35|doi=10.1016/j.wace.2018.10.002|issn=2212-0947}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inye Aka N'Iwu Mgbasa Ọrịa ===
Idei mmiri na Etiopia na-edugakarị ọrịa na-efe efe, ọrịa ndị na-ebute ọrịa, nsogbu na-edozi ahụ, nsogbu ahụike uche na mmebi nke akụrụngwa ahụike. Idei mmiri na-eme ka mgbasa nke [[Afọ ọsịsa|ọrịa afọ ọsịsa]] ka njọ n'ihi adịghị ọcha, mmiri na-ezughị ezu na nlekota na nchọpụta na-adịghị mma. N'otu oge ahụ, idei mmiri enweela mmetụta kpọmkwem na usoro ọrịa na-efe efe nke [[Iba|ịba]] na Etiopia n'ihi na ha na-emepụta ọtụtụ ebe anwụnta na-amụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wakuma Abaya|first=Samson|date=2009-10-28|title=Floods and health in Gambella region, Ethiopia: a qualitative assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of coping mechanisms|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v2i0.2019|journal=Global Health Action|volume=2|issue=1|pages=2019|doi=10.3402/gha.v2i0.2019|pmid=20027252|issn=1654-9716}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta Ahụike Na-emetụta Ndị Etiopia ==
Mwakpo nke idei mmiri na-eweta nnukwu ihe egwu maka ahụike nke ndị Etiopia. Ihe atụ gụnyere ọnwụ, mmerụ ahụ, ọrịa na-efe efe, ọrịa na'adịghị ebute ọrịa, ahụike na-adịghị ebute na nri na-edozi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alderman|first=Katarzyna|date=2012-10-15|title=Floods and human health: A systematic review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412012001237|journal=Environment International|language=en|volume=47|pages=37–47|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003|pmid=22750033|issn=0160-4120}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmetụta dị mkpirikpi: Uto nje bacteria ===
N'oge idei mmiri, a na-agbanwe ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, okpomọkụ, iru mmiri na ahịhịa dị n'elu. Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike ịkwado uto nke pathogens. N'ihi ya, pathogens nwere ike ịgbasa ngwa ngwa site na mmiri emetọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=de Man|first=H.|date=January 2014|title=Quantitative assessment of infection risk from exposure to waterborne pathogens in urban floodwater|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.022|journal=Water Research|volume=48|pages=90–99|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.022|pmid=24095592|issn=0043-1354}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tinyere ihe isi ike nke ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha nke ụlọ ọrụ nhicha dị ọcha na mmiri dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha ka mma, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ibufe ọrịa na-abawanye ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Ọrịa ọsịsa na ịba ====
Nsogbu nke oke afọ ọsịsa mmiri mgbe idei mmiri ahụ gasịrị ka njọ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, mbibi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri, na obere ịdị ọcha. N'oge idei mmiri, enwere ike ịmanye ndị mmadụ ịṅụ mmiri na-adịghị ọcha (dịka mmiri na-emetọ emetọ) iji dịrị ndụ. Mmiri na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dịka nsị mmadụ na anụmanụ na ozu anụmanụ site n'elu mmiri, na-eme ka ọrịa ndị a na-efe efe bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike maka ntiwapụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== Nsogbu Nri Na-edozi Ahụ ====
Ethiopia nwere oke nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụaka, na 46% stunting.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wasihun|first=Araya Gebreyesus|date=2018-11-26|title=Risk factors for diarrhoea and malnutrition among children under the age of 5 years in the Tigray Region of Northern Ethiopia|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=11|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0207743|issn=1932-6203|pmid=30475875}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ọkụkụ na idei mmiri tara ahụhụ site na ụkọ nri na mpaghara ahụ mgbe idei mmiri ahụ gasịrị, na-eduga na nsogbu na-edozi ahụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Mmetụta na-adịte aka: Enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ n'etiti ndị bi na ya ===
Nsogbu na-edozi ahụ na ọnwụ afọ ọsịsa nwere njikọ chiri anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mazumder|first=Ramindra N.|title=Effect of Energy Dense Diet on Clinical Course of Acute Shigellosis in Undernourished Children|date=August 1998|journal=Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology &amp; Nutrition|volume=27|issue=2|pages=261|doi=10.1097/00005176-199808000-00101|issn=0277-2116}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a bụ ajọ okirikiri n'ihi na nsogbu na-edozi ahụ na-eduga na adịghị ike na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na n'aka nke ọzọ afọ ọsịsa na-edughi n'ihi mbelata ike na-eri na mal absorption.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ikike maka ọrịa ndị na-ebute mmiri na-akawanye njọ site na mbelata ike nke ndị mmadụ n'ihi ụkọ nri na ọnọdụ ndụ nwa oge, yana mmebi nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-adịghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wakuma Abaya|first=Samson|date=2009-11-11|title=Floods and health in Gambella region, Ethiopia: a qualitative assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of coping mechanisms|url=https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v2i0.2019|journal=Global Health Action|volume=2|issue=1|pages=2019|doi=10.3402/gha.v2i0.2019|issn=1654-9716|pmid=20027252}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba ndị dara ogbenye na ndị laghachiri azụ chọrọ oge iji wughachi ụlọ mgbe ọdachi ahụ gasịrị, a pụghịkwa ijide n'aka na ndụ dị mma nke ndị Etiopia n'oge.

== Nzaghachi ==

=== Nzaghachi Obodo ===
National Disaster Risk Management Commission (NDRMCC) rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia: Floods Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) DREF Operation n° MDRET017 - Ethiopia|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-floods-emergency-plan-action-epoa-dref-operation-n-mdret017|access-date=2021-10-23|website=ReliefWeb|date=20 May 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ na mba gụnyere Ethiopian Red Cross Society (ERCS), National Flood Task Forces (FTF), National Meteorological Agency (NMA), Ethiopia Humanitarian Country Team (EHCT), Ethiopia Humanitaarian Fund (EHF) na alaka ndị ọzọ nke National Society.

ERCS bụ ọrụ ịkwado NDRMC site na izipu ngwaahịa NFI (ebe mgbaba mberede na ihe ndị dị n'ụlọ) na mpaghara ndị metụtara (lee Tebụl 1) na ịmepụta ìgwè nyocha ngwa ngwa n'ime ebe ndị dị ize ndụ, yana nyochaa amụma ihu igwe NMA na ọnọdụ ahụike dị mkpa n'etiti obodo site n'enyemaka nke alaka National Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Tebụl 1: Nkesa nke ihe 800 nke NFI (blankets, mat na-ehi ụra, ncha ahụ, ncha ịsa ákwà, tarpaulins, arịa kichin) 
!Mpaghara
!Ihe ndị a na-eme n'oge a
!Ụbọchị
!Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe eji eme ihe NFI
|-
|Somalia
|Jijiga
|Eprel 8
|200 HH kits (jupụtara) 
|-
|Oromia
|Arsi
|Eprel 24
|Ngwá ọrụ 200 HH
|-
|SNNPR
|Gurage
|25 Eprel
|Ngwá ọrụ 200 HH
|-
|SNNPR
|Silita
|26 Eprel
|Ngwá ọrụ 200 HH
|}
N'ọnwa Eprel 2016, FTF wepụtara ịdọ aka ná ntị maka idei mmiri iji chetara ndị mmadụ oke ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia: 2016 Belg National Flood Contingency Plan - Snapshot (as of 4 May 2016) - Ethiopia|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-2016-belg-national-flood-contingency-plan-snapshot-4-may-2016|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=ReliefWeb|date=11 May 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2 Septemba 2016, EHCT wepụtara atụmatụ jikọrọ aka iji nyere aka ịgwọ oke afọ ọsịsa mmiri (AWD) na Ethiopia, na EHF na-enye nde dollar 5.4 na nzaghachi maka ego AWD chọrọ.

=== Nzaghachi Mba Nile ===
Ndị mmekọ Red Cross Red Crescent Movement gụnyere [https://www.ifrc.org/ IFRC], ICRC, Austrian RC, Swiss RC, Spanish RC, Canada RC, NLRC, na Swedish RC na ndị mmekọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere IOM, UNICEF, IRC, Save the children international (SCI) na Gọọmentị nke Ethiopia (GoE) sonyere na nzaghachi maka ọdachi a n'ụzọ dị mma. Ha ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi kọọ ihe ize ndụ ndị a na nkwado ndị kwekọrọ na IFRC, ICRC na PNS na-ekere òkè na nzukọ nhazi mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe Ndị A mụtara Site na Ọdachi ahụ ==

=== Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị na Nnyocha Nzaghachi ===
Na mbido Eprel 2016, National Disaster Risk Management Commission (NDRMC), Early Warning and Response Directorate dọrọ aka ná ntị na idei mmiri nwere ike ime n'ebe idei mmiri nwere nnukwu ohere na mpaghara ndịda na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-atụ anya idei mmiri na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, etiti na ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke mba ahụ. N'iburu n'uche ọnụnọ nke mmetụta El Niño na mmiri ozuzo a na-atụ anya ya karịa nke ọma n'oge belg, ihe ize ndụ nke ọkụ na idei mmiri dị elu. Iji chetara na ndị ọrụ ahụ kwesịrị ime ihe kwesịrị ekwesị tupu oge eruo iji belata mmetụta nke ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri na mpaghara ndị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

NDRMC eruola ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị 258,136 MAM na woredas abụọ kachasị mkpa nke mba ahụ. Ya mere, ịdọ aka ná ntị na nyocha nzaghachi sitere na NDRMC nwere ike inye aka n'ibelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

=== Imeziwanye Ebe Nchekwa Mmiri maka Ugbo ===
N'ebe ụfọdụ, nnukwu ọdịda a tụrụ anya ya ga-akwado ọrụ ugbo nke oge ahụ, ọkachasị maka ihe ọkụkụ ogologo oge. N'ezie, ngalaba ahụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ime ihe kwesịrị ekwesị iji jiri mmiri a tụrụ anya ya mee ihe nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Disaster Risk Management Commission (NDRMC), Early Warning and Response Directorate: Early Warning and Response Analysis - April 2016 - Ethiopia|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/national-disaster-risk-management-commission-ndrmc-early-warning-and-response|accessdate=2021-10-27|work=ReliefWeb|date=12 May 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya mere, Gọọmentị Etiopia na-eme atụmatụ iwu ihe mgbochi mmiri ọhụrụ abụọ iji belata idei mmiri na-ebibi ihe na-eme ugboro ugboro na ọkara nke abụọ nke afọ 2016. Mkpebi ahụ na-abịa naanị ọnwa ole na ole mgbe idei mmiri mebiri mba ahụ, na-akpata ihe ruru otu narị ọnwụ ma na-akpụ ọtụtụ iri puku mmadụ. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ihe mmụta dị mkpa nke ọdachi idei mmiri wetara ndị Etiopia.

=== Ihe ịma aka nke Humanitarian Fund na Financial Requirements ===
Ego enyemaka nke Ethiopia (EHF) nyere aka na nzaghachi zuru oke, na-akwado atụmatụ na ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ndị otu / ngalaba mepụtara. N'afọ 2016, ntiwapụ nke AWD kara njọ n'ihi idei mmiri n'ọnwa Eprel-Mee nke metụtara mmadụ 480,000, nke 190,000 n'ime ha gbara ọsọ ndụ. Na mgbakwunye, ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-efe efe na-eme ka nrụgide na usoro ahụike siri ike. N'ozuzu, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 3.6 na Etiopia chọrọ enyemaka ahụike mberede.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Ihe achọrọ ego nọgidere na-adị elu n'ofe ngalaba niile n'afọ 2016. E dezigharịrị ngụkọta ihe achọrọ nke Humanitarian Requirements Document (HRD). Enweghị ego zuru oke na-eweta ihe ịma aka maka ọrụ ebere dị irè. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund (EHF) Annual Report 2016 - Ethiopia|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-humanitarian-fund-ehf-annual-report-2016|accessdate=2021-10-27|work=ReliefWeb|date=19 June 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mere, ego enyemaka nke Ethiopia nwere ike ịchọ nkwado ọzọ n'ọdịnihu.

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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    <title>Febụwarị 2009 Mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na Cairo</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na Febụwarị 2009 na Cairo bụ ihe atọ mere na Cairo, Egypt site na 22 Febụwarụ 2009 ruo 28 Febụwar's 2009. N'ime mwakpo atọ, ọ bụ naanị nke mbụ nwụrụ, na-akpata ọnwụ nke onye French dị afọ iri na asaa. O yiri ka a na-eduzi mwakpo ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche na Ndị njem nleta si mba ọzọ na ndị mba Ijipt. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime mwakpo ndị ọrụ nchekwa Ijipt kọwara dị ka nke dị mgbagwoju anya. Ihe kpatara ma ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ n'ime mwakpo ahụ edoghị anya, mana oke ime ihe ike bịara n'etiti esemokwu dị elu na-esote esemokwu Israel-Gaza nke 2008-2009, mgbe ndị Ijipt mere ngagharị iwe megide mmechi gọọmentị ha nke Rafah Border Crossing.

== Ihe omume mbụ: Bọmbụ Khan el-Khalili ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;N'elekere 18:30 nke oge mpaghara na 22 n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2009, otu bọmbụ gbawara na Khan el-Khalili, a ''Souq'' n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Cairo.

Mwakpo ahụ mere ozugbo chi jiri n'ihu ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ jupụtara na ndị mmadụ na-ezukọta iji kirie egwuregwu bọọlụ a na-egosi na telivishọn. E nwere akụkọ na-emegiderịta onwe ha na a tụbara bọmbụ ahụ site na veranda ma ọ bụ site na ọgba tum tum,  mana ndị ọrụ nchekwa kọrọ na bọmbụ yango gbawara n'okpuru bench n'ogige dị n'oghere ahụ. Bọmbụ nke abụọ agbawaghị ma gbanyụọ ya. Bọmbụ ndị ahụ dị kilogram 1.5 (3.3  ma nwee mbọ na iberibe ígwè.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC (23 February 2009). [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7907655.stm 'Small cell' behind Cairo blast]. [[BBC]]. Updated 24 February 2009. Retrieved 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; E gburu nwa agbọghọ French dị afọ iri na asaa, onye so n'ìgwè ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma iri ise na anọ si Levallois-Perret, nso Paris. 17 French, otu German na ndị njem nleta Saudi atọ, yana ndị Ijipt atọ, merụrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rasmussen&quot;&gt;Rasmussen, Will (14 January 2009). {{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20130201075421/http://uk.reuters.com/article/UKNews1/idUKTRE50D3UK20090114|title=Egypt police hold 16 Islamists after Gaza protests.}} [[Reuters]]. Uploaded 14 January 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ndị mbụ tụrụ aro na ihe ndị na-agbawa agbawa bụ &quot;ndị mbụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rasmussen&quot; /&gt;

Dịka isi mmalite ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa si kwuo, ọ dịghị otu ndị agha nnupụisi kwuru ozugbo na ha kpatara ihe ahụ, mana e jidere mmadụ atọ a na-enyo enyo.

== Ihe omume nke abụọ: Ogbugbu Khan el-Khalili ==
N'ụbọchị nke 28 n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2009, otu nwoke si mba Egypt mara otu onye nkuzi si mba America mma mgbe ọ na-agafe na mpaghara Khan el-Khalili. Onye ahụ a wakporo, bụ́ onye na-akụzi ihe gbasara sayensị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ American School of Alexandria dị n'obodo Alexandria, mba Ijipt,  nwetara ọnyá mma n'ihu. 

Ndị uwe ojii jidere onye ọrụ Ijipt dị afọ iri anọ na isii, Abdel Rahman Saleh Taher Mohammed ([[Arabic]]), onye ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke mba Ijipt bụ MENA kwuru na ọ bụ &quot;ịkpọ ndị mba ọzọ asị n'ihi Mwakpo Israel na Gaza&quot;. E mechara kpughee na e jidere onye a na-enyo enyo n'Ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka n'afọ 2000 maka mwakpo a wakporo ndị njem nleta na ndị uwe ojii.

== Ihe omume nke atọ: Bọmbụ Metro ==
Ka e mesịrị na 28 n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2009, a tụbara ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu bọmbụ ọkụ site na àkwà mmiri n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agafe agafe na Cairo Metro. Mwakpo ahụ mere na nso ọdụ ụgbọ oloko Line 1 nke Helmiet El-Zaitoun, nso Ain Shams na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Cairo. Ndị omempụ ahụ gbapụrụ n'ebe ahụ, na akụkọ ndị akaebe gosipụtara ndị a na-enyo enyo n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka otu nwoke ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Africasia&quot;&gt;AFP (28 February 2009). [http://www.africasia.com/services/news/newsitem.php?area=mideast&amp;item=090228180739.cqfmn85u.php Cairo metro incendiary bottle fails to explode.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153051/http://www.africasia.com/services/news/newsitem.php?area=mideast&amp;item=090228180739.cqfmn85u.php |date=18 July 2011 }} [http://www.africasia.com/ ''Africasia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122065903/http://africasia.com/ |date=22 January 2009 }}. Updated 28 February 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston (2009-02-28)&quot;&gt;Johnston, Cynthia (28 February 2009). [http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2009/02/28/africa/OUKWD-UK-EGYPT-FIREBOMB.php Firebomb thrown at crowded Cairo metro station.] ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''. Updated 28 February 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; O yighị ka ọ ga-emerụ ahụ, na Ngwaọrụ ọkụ ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị agbawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Africasia&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
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* 2004 Bọmbụ a tụrụ na Sinai
* Eprel 2005 Mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na Cairo
* 2005 Mwakpo Sharm el-Sheikh
* 2006 Bọmbụ Dahab
* 2009 Bọmbụ Khan el-Khalili

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>2006-2007 esemokwu Tunisia</title>
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{{Campaignbox Algeria 2002-present}}Na 23 ọnwa Disemba afọ 2006 na 3 Jenụwarị afọ 2007, ndị ọrụ nchekwa Tunis na ndị otu nwere njikọ na otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islamist Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) na obodo Soliman na Hammam-Lif ndịda isi obodo Tunis, na-egbu ihe karịrị mmadụ iri na abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17308138|title=Profile: Al-Qaeda in North Africa|work=BBC News|date=17 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Esemokwu ==
N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Disemba, e gburu ndị Alakụba abụọ ma jide abụọ n'ọgụ ha na ndị uwe ojii na obodo Hammam-Lif n'ebe ndịda Tunis.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 3, e gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị ọrụ nchekwa Tunisia abụọ na ndị Alakụba iri na abụọ, ma jide mmadụ iri na ise n'ọgụ n'otu ọhịa dị nso na Soliman.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot; /&gt;

N'ime ndị e gburu gụnyere onye ndu otu ahụ, bụ Lassaad Sassi—onye bụbu onye uwe ojii Tunisia nke nọrọla oge na Afghanistan ma na-eduzi otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Milan, Italy. A kọrọ na ndị otu Sassi guzobere ogige ọzụzụ n'ugwu dị na DJebel Ressas na Bukornine n'ebe ndịda isi obodo Tunisia.&lt;ref name=&quot;iss&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Anneli|author=Botha|title=Chapter 4: Terrorism in Tunisia|url=https://issafrica.org/chapter-4-terrorism-in-tunisia|date=June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ French Le Parisien si kwuo, ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri  isii nwụrụ na esemokwu ahụ. E mechara kpughee na ndị Alakụba nwere ụkpụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ dị ka ndị a ga-elekwasị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/world/africa/14tunisia.html|title=Tunisia Says Suspects in Gun Battle Had Blueprints of Embassies|work=The New York Times|date=14 January 2007|author=Smith|first=Craig S.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-13-fg-briefs13.3-story.html|title=Archives|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=13 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwakpo ndị ahụ bụ nke kachasị njọ site n'aka ndị Alakụba na Tunisia kemgbe bọmbụ ụlọ nzukọ Ghriba n'afọ 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;weekly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/terror-in-the-maghreb/article/14408|title = Terror in the Maghreb|date = 14 February 2007}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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{{Campaignbox Algeria 2002-present}}Na 23 ọnwa Disemba afọ 2006 na 3 Jenụwarị afọ 2007, ndị ọrụ nchekwa Tunis na ndị otu nwere njikọ na otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Islamist Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) na obodo Soliman na Hammam-Lif ndịda isi obodo Tunis, na-egbu ihe karịrị mmadụ iri na abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17308138|title=Profile: Al-Qaeda in North Africa|work=BBC News|date=17 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Esemokwu ==
N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Disemba, e gburu ndị Alakụba abụọ ma jide abụọ n'ọgụ ha na ndị uwe ojii na obodo Hammam-Lif n'ebe ndịda Tunis.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 3, e gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị ọrụ nchekwa Tunisia abụọ na ndị Alakụba iri na abụọ, ma jide mmadụ iri na ise n'ọgụ n'otu ọhịa dị nso na Soliman.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot; /&gt;

N'ime ndị e gburu gụnyere onye ndu otu ahụ, bụ Lassaad Sassi—onye bụbu onye uwe ojii Tunisia nke nọrọla oge na Afghanistan ma na-eduzi otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Milan, Italy. A kọrọ na ndị otu Sassi guzobere ogige ọzụzụ n'ugwu dị na DJebel Ressas na Bukornine n'ebe ndịda isi obodo Tunisia.&lt;ref name=&quot;iss&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Anneli|author=Botha|title=Chapter 4: Terrorism in Tunisia|url=https://issafrica.org/chapter-4-terrorism-in-tunisia|date=June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ French Le Parisien si kwuo, ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri  isii nwụrụ na esemokwu ahụ. E mechara kpughee na ndị Alakụba nwere ụkpụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ dị ka ndị a ga-elekwasị anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/world/africa/14tunisia.html|title=Tunisia Says Suspects in Gun Battle Had Blueprints of Embassies|work=The New York Times|date=14 January 2007|author=Smith|first=Craig S.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-13-fg-briefs13.3-story.html|title=Archives|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=13 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwakpo ndị ahụ bụ nke kachasị njọ site n'aka ndị Alakụba na Tunisia kemgbe bọmbụ ụlọ nzukọ Ghriba n'afọ 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;weekly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.weeklystandard.com/terror-in-the-maghreb/article/14408|title = Terror in the Maghreb|date = 14 February 2007|access-date = 5 October 2026|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200301135649/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/terror-in-the-maghreb-14408|archive-date = 1 March 2020|url-status = dead}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Deborah Victoria Deas''' bụ onye American psychiatrist na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ na-eje ozi dị ka dean nke UC Riverside School of Medicine kemgbe 2016. Ọ bụ onye ọkachamara a ma ama na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche. 

== Ndụ ==
Deas si Adams Run, South Carolina . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Dean Deborah Deas {{!}} School of Medicine|url=https://medschool.ucr.edu/deas|accessdate=2024-01-29|work=medschool.ucr.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara B.S. na Biology na College of Charleston na 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị M.P.H. na Mahadum nke South Carolina na 1979. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1989, Deas nwetara M.D. ya na Mahadum Ọgwụ nke South Carolina (MUSC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ndị isi mgbaka (1992) na mkpakọrịta ụmụaka na ndị na-eto eto (1994) na mkpakọrịta mmụta uche maka ndị riri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Deborah Deas, M.D., M.P.H. – CIRM|url=https://www.cirm.ca.gov/board-member/deborah-deas-md-mph/|accessdate=2024-01-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere mkpakọrịta nnyocha maka iji ọgwụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Deas na-eme nnyocha maka ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ psychosocial na ndị okenye na ndị ntorobịa nwere “Nsogbu enweghị itinye uche na imebịga ihe oke, nsogbu nchekwa si, na nsogbu iji ihe ndị na-akpata ahụ riri ahụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Deas bụ onye guzobere usoro ihe omume MUSC nke ndị na-eto eto na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche maka agụmakwụkwọ ahụike, onye isi agụmakwụkwọ, na onye isi oche dị elu maka ịdị iche iche na nnabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Deas bụ onye isi oche nke kọleji nke ọgwụ na ọkachamara nke ọrịa uche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Na Mee 2016, Deas sonyeere Mahadum California, Riverside dị ka osote chancellor ya maka sayensị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụkwa Mark na Pam Rubin dean nke UC Riverside School of Medicine na ọkachamara pụrụ iche nke psychiatry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A họpụtara ya na National Academy of Medicine na 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye otu American College of Psychiatrists na American College of Neuropsychopharmacology . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

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'''Deborah Victoria Deas''' bụ onye dibia amerika Nke ndị ịsị mgbaka  na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ na-eje ozi dị ka dean nke UC Riverside School of Medicine kemgbe 2016. Ọ bụ onye ọkachamara a ma ama na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche. 

== Ndụ ==
Deas si Adams Run, South Carolina . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Dean Deborah Deas {{!}} School of Medicine|url=https://medschool.ucr.edu/deas|accessdate=2024-01-29|work=medschool.ucr.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara B.S. na Biology na kọleji  Charleston na 1978. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị M.P.H. na Mahadum nke South Carolina na 1979. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1989, Deas nwetara M.D. ya na Mahadum Ọgwụ nke South Carolina (MUSC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ndị isi mgbaka (1992) na mkpakọrịta ụmụaka na ndị na-eto eto (1994) na mkpakọrịta mmụta uche maka ndị riri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Deborah Deas, M.D., M.P.H. – CIRM|url=https://www.cirm.ca.gov/board-member/deborah-deas-md-mph/|accessdate=2024-01-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere mkpakọrịta nnyocha maka iji ọgwụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Deas na-enyocha ọgwụgwọ ọrịa na ọgwụgwọ nke metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na nkwado uche n’etiti ndị okenye na ndị nọ n’afọ iri na ụma nwere nsogbu enweghị nlebara anya na oke mmegharị ahụ, nsogbu nchekasị, na nsogbu iji ihe na-eri ahụ eme ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Deas bụ onye guzobere usoro ihe omume MUSC nke ndị na-eto eto na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche maka agụmakwụkwọ ahụike, onye isi agụmakwụkwọ, na onye isi oche dị elu maka ịdị iche iche na nnabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Deas bụ onye isi oche nke kọleji nke ọgwụ na ọkachamara nke ọrịa uche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Na Mee 2016, Deas sonyeere Mahadum California, Riverside dị ka osote chancellor ya maka sayensị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụkwa Mark na Pam Rubin dean nke UC Riverside School of Medicine na ọkachamara pụrụ iche nke psychiatry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A họpụtara ya na National Academy of Medicine na 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye otu Amerika College of Psychiatrists na Amerika College of Neuropsychopharmacology . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coor|36.716|3.666}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Campaignbox Algeria 2002-present}}Mwakpo ogbunigwe nke Issers nke afọ 2008 mere na August 19, 2008, mgbe onye ogbunigwe gbara ogbunigwe gbara ma gbawaa ụgbọ ala bujuru ihe mgbawa n'ime igwe mmadụ ndị ọrụ agha na-echere ịga ule n'èzí ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị uwe ojii dị na Issers, Boumerdès Province, [[Algeria]] wee gbuo mmadụ iri anọ na atọ ma merụọ mmadụ iri atọ na asatọ ahụ. A na-enyo Al-Qaeda na Islamic Maghreb enyo na ọ bụ ya kpatara ya.[needs update]

== Mmeghachi omume mba ụwa ==

=== Òtù mba ụwa ===

* European Union - Onye isi oche EU nke France katọrọ bọmbụ ahụ, na-ewepụta nkwupụta nke EU &quot;na-akatọ ọrụ ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke gburu ọtụtụ ndụ&quot;, na-ekwu na ndị Algeria bụ &quot;ndị mmegide nke ndị na-eme ihe ike na-eyi egwu&quot;.

=== Mba ===

* ''' Algeria''' Minista ime obodo nke Algeria, Yazid Zerhouni, kpọrọ ogbunigwe ahụ &quot;ihe megidere ndị Algeria, ndị otu iyi ọha egwu a na-achọ site na mwakpo megide ndị nkịtị iji belata ụgbụ gbara ha gburugburu ka ndị nchekwa na-akwaga ha na mgbidi&quot;.
* ''' France''' - Onye isi ala France, François Fillon, kpọrọ onye ibe ya nke Algeria n'ekwentị iji gwa ya na France ga-akwado ha n'ọgụ a na-alụso iyi ọha egwu&quot;.
* ''' Italy''' - Onye isi ala Ịtali bụ Silvio Berlusconi kwupụtara nkwado ya maka ndị ndu Algeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-Issers&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/20/terrorism.algeria At least 43 killed as suicide bomber attacks police academy in Algeria] [[The Guardian]], 20-08-2008. Retrieved 23-01-2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''' Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic''' - Mohamed Abdelaziz, onye isi ala SADR katọrọ n'ụzọ siri ike &quot;mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke ndị hụrụ naanị onwe ha n'anya mere na Issers na Bouira (Algeria), bụ nke kpatara ọnwụ ndị aka ha dị ọcha,&quot; ma kwughachi nkwado siri ike nke gọọmentị na ndị Sahrawi na-enye Algeria n'oge ndị a jupụtara n'mwute.&quot;.
* ''' Spain''' - Minista na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba ofesi nke Spain, bụ Miguel Ángel Moratinos, kpọrọ onye ibe ya nke Algeria ka o gosi ọmịiko ya na nkwado sitere n'aka ndị obodo Spain. &quot;Gọọmentị na-egosipụta oke iwe ya na mkpesa siri ike megide mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu ahụ na-enweghị obi ike nke mere na Wenezde megide ndị nkịtị bi na Bouira—nke kpatara ọnwụ na mmerụ ahụ nke ọtụtụ mmadụ—naanị otu ụbọchị ka mwakpo ọzọ gasịrị na Issers,&quot; ka ozi sitere n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru.

== Hụkwa ==

* Bọmbụ ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na Algeria
* Ndepụta nke ihe omume ndị na-eyi ọha egwu, 2008

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7569941.stm Bọmbụ gburu ọtụtụ mmadụ na Algeria]</text>
      <sha1>ncctoe71uf6xox3qe23y6sv2js6jm4k</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Karrie G. Dixon</title>
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        <username>Mmesoma Mary Faustina</username>
        <id>24635</id>
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      <comment>Mmezi peeji</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Karrie G. Dixon
| office              = 13th Chancellor of [[North Carolina Central University]]
| office1             = 7th Chancellor of [[Elizabeth City State University]]
| termstart1          = April 9, 2018
| termend1            = June 30, 2024 &lt;br&gt; ''Interim: April 9, 2018 - December 14, 2018''
| predecessor1        = Thomas Conway
| successor1          = Catherine Edmonds
| education           = [[North Carolina State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[EdD]]) &lt;br&gt;[[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| children            = 2
| birth_name          = Karrie Gibson
}}
'''Karrie Gibson Dixon''' bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ Amerịka na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nke iri na atọ na onye isi nchịkwa nke Mahadum North Carolina Central kemgbe 2024. Ọ bụbu onye isi ọchịchị nke Elizabeth City State University.

== Ndụ ==
Dixon si Winston-Salem, North Carolina .  Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Pamela na Aldine Gibson.N'afọ 1993, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Carver High School . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; details=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrie_G._Dixon&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot; /&gt; Dixon gụsịrị B.A. na nkwukọrịta na mkpokọta ihe gbasara nkwukọrịta ọha na eze na mmekọrịta ọha na eze yana obere na Bekee na Mahadum North Carolina State na 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Levitan|first=Monica|date=2018-12-16|title=Elizabeth City State University Appoints Dr. Karrie G. Dixon as its Next Chancellor|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/news-roundup/article/15103829/elizabeth-city-state-university-appoints-dr-karrie-g-dixon-as-its-next-chancellor|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2000, ọ nwetara nzere M.A. na nkwukọrịta okwu okwu na itinye uche na nkwurugwu na nyocha na Mahadum North Carolina na Greensboro . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara Ed.D. na agụmakwụkwọ kọleji ndị okenye na obodo site na Mahadum North Carolina State . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akụkọ ya nke afọ 2003 bụ, Factors Associated with Academic and Social Integration of Freshman Students in the First Year College at North Carolina State University . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wynetta Lee bụ onye ndụmọdụ dọktọ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Dixon ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa na Mahadum nke North Carolina (UNC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Deen|first=Lango|date=March 27, 2019|title=Female Presidents at the Nation's HBCUs|url=https://www.blackengineer.com/article/female-college-presidents-at-the-nations-hbcus/|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=Black Engineer|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka osote osote provost na Mahadum Steeti North Carolina nakwa prọfesọ enyemaka na ngalaba nduzi, amụma, ndị okenye, na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2014, Dixon ghọrọ osote onye isi oche ya maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chancellor Karrie G. Dixon's Biography|url=https://www.ecsu.edu/about/leadership/chancellor-bio.php|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=www.ecsu.edu|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214053130/https://www.ecsu.edu/about/leadership/chancellor-bio.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi ọrụ UNC na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Mahadum Elizabeth City State, nọchiri [[Thomas Conway, Jr.]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2018|title=Dr. Karrie G. Dixon Named Chancellor of Elizabeth City State University|url=https://www.northcarolina.edu/news/dr-karrie-g-dixon-named-chancellor-of-elizabeth-city-state-university/|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=University of North Carolina}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke iri na abụọ na onye isi oche asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Dixon bụ nwanyị nke abụọ ga-ejide ọkwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>735141</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mmesoma Mary Faustina</username>
        <id>24635</id>
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      <comment>Mmezi peeji</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Karrie G. Dixon
| office              = 13th Chancellor of [[North Carolina Central University]]
| office1             = 7th Chancellor of [[Elizabeth City State University]]
| termstart1          = April 9, 2018
| termend1            = June 30, 2024 &lt;br&gt; ''Interim: April 9, 2018 - December 14, 2018''
| predecessor1        = Thomas Conway
| successor1          = Catherine Edmonds
| education           = [[North Carolina State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[EdD]]) &lt;br&gt;[[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| children            = 2
| birth_name          = Karrie Gibson
}}
'''Karrie Gibson Dixon''' bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ Amerịka na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nke iri na atọ na onye isi nchịkwa nke Mahadum North Carolina Central kemgbe 2024. Ọ bụbu onye isi ọchịchị nke Elizabeth City State University.

== Ndụ ==
Dixon si Winston-Salem, North Carolina .  Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Pamela na Aldine Gibson.N'afọ 1993, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Carver High School . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; details=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrie_G._Dixon&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot; /&gt; Dixon gụsịrị B.A. na nkwukọrịta na mkpokọta ihe gbasara nkwukọrịta ọha na eze na mmekọrịta ọha na eze yana obere na Bekee na Mahadum North Carolina State na 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Levitan|first=Monica|date=2018-12-16|title=Elizabeth City State University Appoints Dr. Karrie G. Dixon as its Next Chancellor|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/news-roundup/article/15103829/elizabeth-city-state-university-appoints-dr-karrie-g-dixon-as-its-next-chancellor|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2000, ọ nwetara nzere M.A. na nkwukọrịta okwu okwu na itinye uche na nkwurugwu na nyocha na Mahadum North Carolina na Greensboro . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara Ed.D. na agụmakwụkwọ kọleji ndị okenye na obodo site na Mahadum North Carolina State . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akụkọ ya nke afọ 2003 bụ, Factors Associated with Academic and Social Integration of Freshman Students in the First Year College at North Carolina State University . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wynetta Lee bụ onye ndụmọdụ dọktọ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Dixon ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa na Mahadum nke North Carolina (UNC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Deen|first=Lango|date=March 27, 2019|title=Female Presidents at the Nation's HBCUs|url=https://www.blackengineer.com/article/female-college-presidents-at-the-nations-hbcus/|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=Black Engineer|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka osote osote provost na Mahadum Steeti North Carolina nakwa prọfesọ enyemaka na ngalaba nduzi, amụma, ndị okenye, na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2014, Dixon ghọrọ osote onye isi oche ya maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chancellor Karrie G. Dixon's Biography|url=https://www.ecsu.edu/about/leadership/chancellor-bio.php|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=www.ecsu.edu|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214053130/https://www.ecsu.edu/about/leadership/chancellor-bio.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi ọrụ UNC na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Mahadum Elizabeth City State, nọchiri [[Thomas Conway, Jr.]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2018|title=Dr. Karrie G. Dixon Named Chancellor of Elizabeth City State University|url=https://www.northcarolina.edu/news/dr-karrie-g-dixon-named-chancellor-of-elizabeth-city-state-university/|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=University of North Carolina}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke iri na abụọ na onye isi oche asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Dixon bụ nwanyị nke abụọ ga-ejide ọkwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Otú:Amerika]]</text>
      <sha1>b2gmlgv68il61c9ezm0jxylkh04n05x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>735142</id>
      <parentid>735141</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T23:18:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mmesoma Mary Faustina</username>
        <id>24635</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mmezi peeji</comment>
      <origin>735142</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Karrie G. Dixon
| office              = 13th Chancellor of [[North Carolina Central University]]
| office1             = 7th Chancellor of [[Elizabeth City State University]]
| termstart1          = April 9, 2018
| termend1            = June 30, 2024 &lt;br&gt; ''Interim: April 9, 2018 - December 14, 2018''
| predecessor1        = Thomas Conway
| successor1          = Catherine Edmonds
| education           = [[North Carolina State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[EdD]]) &lt;br&gt;[[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| children            = 2
| birth_name          = Karrie Gibson
}}
'''Karrie Gibson Dixon''' bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ Amerịka na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nke iri na atọ na onye isi nchịkwa nke Mahadum North Carolina Central kemgbe 2024. Ọ bụbu onye isi ọchịchị nke Elizabeth City State University.

== Ndụ ==
Dixon si Winston-Salem, North Carolina .  Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Pamela na Aldine Gibson.N'afọ 1993, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Carver High School . Dixon gụsịrị B.A. na nkwukọrịta na mkpokọta ihe gbasara nkwukọrịta ọha na eze na mmekọrịta ọha na eze yana obere na Bekee na Mahadum North Carolina State na 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Levitan|first=Monica|date=2018-12-16|title=Elizabeth City State University Appoints Dr. Karrie G. Dixon as its Next Chancellor|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/news-roundup/article/15103829/elizabeth-city-state-university-appoints-dr-karrie-g-dixon-as-its-next-chancellor|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2000, ọ nwetara nzere M.A. na nkwukọrịta okwu okwu na itinye uche na nkwurugwu na nyocha na Mahadum North Carolina na Greensboro . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara Ed.D. na agụmakwụkwọ kọleji ndị okenye na obodo site na Mahadum North Carolina State . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akụkọ ya nke afọ 2003 bụ, Factors Associated with Academic and Social Integration of Freshman Students in the First Year College at North Carolina State University . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wynetta Lee bụ onye ndụmọdụ dọktọ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Dixon ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa na Mahadum nke North Carolina (UNC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Deen|first=Lango|date=March 27, 2019|title=Female Presidents at the Nation's HBCUs|url=https://www.blackengineer.com/article/female-college-presidents-at-the-nations-hbcus/|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=Black Engineer|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka osote osote provost na Mahadum Steeti North Carolina nakwa prọfesọ enyemaka na ngalaba nduzi, amụma, ndị okenye, na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2014, Dixon ghọrọ osote onye isi oche ya maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chancellor Karrie G. Dixon's Biography|url=https://www.ecsu.edu/about/leadership/chancellor-bio.php|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=www.ecsu.edu|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214053130/https://www.ecsu.edu/about/leadership/chancellor-bio.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi ọrụ UNC na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Mahadum Elizabeth City State, nọchiri [[Thomas Conway, Jr.]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2018|title=Dr. Karrie G. Dixon Named Chancellor of Elizabeth City State University|url=https://www.northcarolina.edu/news/dr-karrie-g-dixon-named-chancellor-of-elizabeth-city-state-university/|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=University of North Carolina}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke iri na abụọ na onye isi oche asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Dixon bụ nwanyị nke abụọ ga-ejide ọkwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Otú:Amerika]]</text>
      <sha1>cek1sx9ifl7ibrt87vwqc1lz80c0ct8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>735146</id>
      <parentid>735142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T23:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed reference error</comment>
      <origin>735146</origin>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Karrie G. Dixon
| office              = 13th Chancellor of [[North Carolina Central University]]
| office1             = 7th Chancellor of [[Elizabeth City State University]]
| termstart1          = April 9, 2018
| termend1            = June 30, 2024 &lt;br&gt; ''Interim: April 9, 2018 - December 14, 2018''
| predecessor1        = Thomas Conway
| successor1          = Catherine Edmonds
| education           = [[North Carolina State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[EdD]]) &lt;br&gt;[[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| children            = 2
| birth_name          = Karrie Gibson
}}
'''Karrie Gibson Dixon''' bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ Amerịka na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nke iri na atọ na onye isi nchịkwa nke Mahadum North Carolina Central kemgbe 2024. Ọ bụbu onye isi ọchịchị nke Elizabeth City State University.

== Ndụ ==
Dixon si Winston-Salem, North Carolina .  Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Pamela na Aldine Gibson.N'afọ 1993, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Carver High School . Dixon gụsịrị B.A. na nkwukọrịta na mkpokọta ihe gbasara nkwukọrịta ọha na eze na mmekọrịta ọha na eze yana obere na Bekee na Mahadum North Carolina State na 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Dixon |first=Karrie Gibson |title=Factors Associated with Academic and Social Integration of Freshman Students in the First Year College at North Carolina State University |date=2003 |degree=D.Ed. |publisher=North Carolina State University |oclc=52218691 |access-date=2024-02-14 |url=https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/89bd0e97-2c35-4ca5-8e5a-5f2dfbec49c3/content}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Levitan|first=Monica|date=2018-12-16|title=Elizabeth City State University Appoints Dr. Karrie G. Dixon as its Next Chancellor|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/news-roundup/article/15103829/elizabeth-city-state-university-appoints-dr-karrie-g-dixon-as-its-next-chancellor|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2000, ọ nwetara nzere M.A. na nkwukọrịta okwu okwu na itinye uche na nkwurugwu na nyocha na Mahadum North Carolina na Greensboro . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara Ed.D. na agụmakwụkwọ kọleji ndị okenye na obodo site na Mahadum North Carolina State . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akụkọ ya nke afọ 2003 bụ, Factors Associated with Academic and Social Integration of Freshman Students in the First Year College at North Carolina State University . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wynetta Lee bụ onye ndụmọdụ dọktọ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Dixon ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa na Mahadum nke North Carolina (UNC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Deen|first=Lango|date=March 27, 2019|title=Female Presidents at the Nation's HBCUs|url=https://www.blackengineer.com/article/female-college-presidents-at-the-nations-hbcus/|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=Black Engineer|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka osote osote provost na Mahadum Steeti North Carolina nakwa prọfesọ enyemaka na ngalaba nduzi, amụma, ndị okenye, na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2014, Dixon ghọrọ osote onye isi oche ya maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chancellor Karrie G. Dixon's Biography|url=https://www.ecsu.edu/about/leadership/chancellor-bio.php|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=www.ecsu.edu|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214053130/https://www.ecsu.edu/about/leadership/chancellor-bio.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi ọrụ UNC na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Mahadum Elizabeth City State, nọchiri [[Thomas Conway, Jr.]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2018|title=Dr. Karrie G. Dixon Named Chancellor of Elizabeth City State University|url=https://www.northcarolina.edu/news/dr-karrie-g-dixon-named-chancellor-of-elizabeth-city-state-university/|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=University of North Carolina}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke iri na abụọ na onye isi oche asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Dixon bụ nwanyị nke abụọ ga-ejide ọkwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Tashni-Ann Dubroy</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Tashni-Ann Dubroy
| office              = Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer [[Howard University]]
| image               = 
| caption             = 
| appointer           = [[Wayne A.I. Frederick]]
| office2             = 17th President [[Shaw University]]
| preceded2           = Gaddis Faulcon
| term_start          = October 2, 2017
| termstart2          = July 1, 2015
| termend2            = October 1, 2017
| alma_mater          = [[Kingsborough Community College]] &lt;br&gt; [[Shaw University]] &lt;br&gt; [[North Carolina State University]] &lt;br&gt; [[Rutgers University]]
| birth_place         = [[Mandeville, Jamaica]]
| succeeded2          = [[Paulette Dillard]]
}}
'''Tashni-Ann Dubroy''' (nee Coote; amụrụ ihe dị ka afọ 1981) bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ na mahadum Jamaica na United States.. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche na onye isi ọrụ (COO) nke Mahadum Howard kemgbe 2017, ebe ọ jere ozi na mbụ dịka onye isi oche nke Mahadum Shaw site na 2015 ruo 2017.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Tashni-Ann Dubroy na Mandeville, Jamaica, nwa nwanyị nke Emerson na Greta Coote. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụnne isii. Dubroy tolitere na May Pen, n'agụ na Glenmuir High School. O mechara kwaga n'isi obodo [[Kingston]] ịga Holy Childhood High na Wolmer's Girls' School . 

A nabatara Dubroy na Mahadum nke West Indies,mana maka ezinụlọ, ihe mere ha ji họrọ ịkwaga United States mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ ịga akwụkwọ na Kingsborough Community College na Brooklyn, New York. Ọ bụ onye na-ekwu okwu ikpeazụ na klassị n'afọ 2000,ma mechaa mụọ ihe ndị ọzọ na Mahadum Shaw (B.Sc. na kemistri, 2002), Mahadum North Carolina State (Ph.D. na kemistri,2007), na Mahadum Rutgers ([[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|M.B.A.]] na ịzụ ahịa, 2010).  Ọrụ mbụ Dubroy bụ dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eme nchọpụta na BASF. E were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha teknụzụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ime ngalaba ahịa polyolefin catalysts, ma mesịa ghọọ onye njikwa ịzụta kemịkal.

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==

=== Mahadum Shaw ===
Mgbe afọ abụọ gachara na BASF, Dubroy sonyeere Mahadum Shaw - na Raleigh, [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]] - dịka osote ọkammụta  na kemistri. O mechara bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Ngalaba Sayensị Okike na Mgbakọ na Mwepụ nke mahadum ahụ, ma jeekwa ozi dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nye onyeisi oche mahadum ahụ nwere ọrụ maka njikarịcha usoro. Na June 2015, ndị nlekọta mara ọkwa na Dubroy ga-anọchi Gaddis Faulcon dị ka onye isi oche mahadum. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na anọ n'oge ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ala nke abụọ kachasị nta n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mahadum ahụ na nwanyị nke atọ nwere ọkwa ahụ. N'afọ mbụ ya, ọchịchị Dubroy gbanwere mbelata ndebanye aha afọ isii n'usoro ma nye mmụba pasentị ịrị na ịse (15) nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na ndị na-alọta na 2015.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Holston |first=Paul |date=2017-07-07 |title=Shaw president Tashni-Ann Dubroy leaving to become Howard's executive vice president and COO |url=https://andscape.com/features/shaw-president-tashni-ann-dubroy-to-become-howard-executive-vice-president-and-coo/ |accessdate=2022-04-27 |work=Andscape |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, gọọmentị mechiri oghere $ 4 nde nke gụnyere ndekọ ụlọ ọrụ $ 630,000 nwetara n'oge ngwụsị izu Shaw na-abata n'ụlọ kwa afọ, ma nweta mgbanwe dị mma na akụ iji gbochie mfu afọ abụọ - nke niile nwetara nsọpụrụ ya dị ka 2017 Onyeisi oche nke Afọ na mpaghara Triangle. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Snipes |first=Cameron |date=May 18, 2017 |title=2017 CEO of the Year Awards: Tashni-Ann Dubroy (Video) |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/news/2017/05/18/2017-ceo-of-the-year-awards-tashni-ann-dubroy.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613084345/https://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/news/2017/05/18/2017-ceo-of-the-year-awards-tashni-ann-dubroy.html |archivedate=June 13, 2017 |accessdate=20 April 2023 |work=www.bizjournals.com |publisher=Triangle Business Journal |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya na ndepụta ndị ịrị anọ na-erubeghị afọ ịrị anọ: Excellence in Leadership site na Triangle Business Journal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Dubroy Named to TBJ's 40 Under 40 list |url=https://www.shawu.edu/President_Dubroy_Named_to_TBJ_s_40_Under_40_list.aspx |accessdate=2022-04-27 |work=www.shawu.edu |archive-date=2016-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521220712/http://www.shawu.edu/President_Dubroy_Named_to_TBJ_s_40_Under_40_list.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mahadum Howard ===
N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, a mara ọkwa na Dubroy na-agba arụkwaghịm na Mahadum Shaw ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche (EVP) na onye isi ọrụ (COO) na Mahadum Howard na [[Washington, D.C.]] Ọ malitere nhọpụta ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2017, na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru onye isi mahadum Wayne Frederick . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Tashni-Ann Dubroy joins Howard |url=https://www.blackengineer.com/news/dr-tashni-ann-dubroy-joins-howard-evp-coo/ |accessdate=2022-04-27 |work=www.blackengineer.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya gụnyere nlekọta nke ngalaba ọrụ mmadụ na mahadum, ndị enyemaka azụmaahịa, teknụzụ ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ na njikwa ala na ụlọ, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na mberede, nchekwa ọha na eze na njikwa mberede, yana nnabata ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Campus Operations {{!}} Howard University |url=https://howard.edu/operations |accessdate=2022-04-27 |work=howard.edu |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827220157/https://howard.edu/operations |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'okpuru nduzi ya, Mahadum Howard meziwanyere ọnọdụ enyemaka ego ya na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, ewepụrụ ya na ọnọdụ Nlekọta Ego Dị Elu na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Howard U is off cash monitoring, but some colleges linger under sanctions |url=https://www.highereddive.com/news/howard-u-is-off-cash-monitoring-but-some-colleges-linger-under-sanctions/572864/ |accessdate=2022-04-27 |work=Higher Ed Dive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;. O jerela ozi dịka onye ndu n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa iji weghachite akụrụngwa, gụnyere mweghachi ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ steam mgbe oké ifufe oyi mere n'afọ 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=Damage at Howard U. worse than many imagined |url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/damage-at-howard-u-worse-than-many-imagined/65-509288666 |accessdate=2022-04-27 |work=wusa9.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;na mwakpo ransomware na 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Collins |first=Sam P. K. |date=2021-09-15 |title=Howard University Gradually Bounces Back from Ransomware Attack |url=http://www.washingtoninformer.com/howard-university-gradually-bounces-back-from-ransomware-attack/ |accessdate=2022-04-27 |work=The Washington Informer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ Dubroy aha n'etiti 'Women Who Mean Business' nke Washington Business Journal na mpaghara Washington-Metropolitan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women Who Mean Business 2021 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/women-who-mean-business/2021 |accessdate=2022-04-27 |work=www.bizjournals.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2022, mahadum ahụ kwupụtara atụmatụ ihe owuwu na ịzụta ala na ụlọ nke ruru nde dọla 785, nke kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme Howard..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Howard University Announces $785 Million Investment to Accelerate Renovations and Construct New Academic Centers |url=https://thedig.howard.edu/all-stories/howard-university-announces-785-million-investment-accelerate-renovations-and-construct-new-academic |accessdate=2022-04-27 |work=The Dig at Howard University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Charlene Dukes</title>
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      <comment>reference error corrected</comment>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Charlene Dukes
| image               = Charlene Dukes (48488649097).jpg
| caption             = Dukes in 2019
| office              = Chair of the [[Maryland Democratic Party]]
| status              = Acting
| term_start          = June 13, 2025
| term_end            = June 27, 2025
| predecessor         = [[Ken Ulman]]
| successor           = [[Steuart Pittman]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1954|8|12}}
| birth_place         = [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = 
| children            = 2
| education           = [[Indiana University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])&lt;br&gt;[[University of Pittsburgh]] ([[Master of Education|MEd]], [[Doctor of Education|EdD]])
}}
'''Charlene Mickens Dukes''' (amụrụ n'August 12, 1954) bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ America na-eje ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ nke Maryland Democratic Party kemgbe November 18, 2023. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Prince George's Community College site na July 1, 2007, ruo August 7, 2020.

== Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ==
A mụrụ Dukes na August 12, 1954, na Johnstown, Pennsylvania .  Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ kacha okenye n'ime ụmụ itoolu, a zụlitekwara ya n'ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ abụọ n'ime afọ iri na ise mbụ nke ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Workneh |first=Lilly |date=2017-09-26 |title=Two Trailblazers On Growing Up Black And Female In The North And South |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/two-black-trailblazing-women-on-overcoming-racial-barriers-to-achieve-success_n_59c52d76e4b06ddf45f77a6c |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukes gara Mahadum Indiana nke Pennsylvania (IUP) ruo otu afọ tupu ọ pụọ n'ihi ịkpa oke agbụrụ na ịchọ ịmụtakwu gbasara onwe ya. Ọ kwagara na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] wee rụọ ọrụ na Bell Telephone Company ma mesịa Chase Bank na New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ọ debanyere aha ọzọ na IUP, nweta B.S. na bekee nakwa agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị na 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ Nwa akwụkwọ kọleji nke ọgbọ mbụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Black Student Union . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dukes gụsịrị M.Ed.  (1987) na Ed.D. (1992) na ọmụmụ nchịkwa na iwu site na Mahadum Pittsburgh . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dukes |first=Charlene Mickens |title=Resume Charlene Dukes |url=https://www.montgomerycollege.edu/_documents/about-mc/leadership/board-of-trustees/charlene-dukes-resume.pdf |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Montgomery College}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede ya, Factors Contributing to the Process of Transferring by a African-American Students from a Urban Community College to a Four-Year College.

== Ọrụ ==
Dukes bụ onye na-anabata na onye na-enyere aka na Mahadum Pittsburgh na Johnstown site na 1980 ruo 1981.  O mechara sonye na Community College of Allegheny County na 1981 dị ka osote onye nduzi nke nnabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke nnabata na 1985 na onye nduzi maka ihe ndị ka nta na 1991. N'afọ 1995, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka dean nke ụmụ akwụkwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Site na 1995 ruo 2007, Dukes bụ osote onye isi oche maka ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na Prince George's Community College . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Na Julaị 1, 2007, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke asatọ na nwanyị mbụ jere ozi na ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Duke lara ezumike nká na August 7, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2013, a nabatara ya na Maryland Women's Hall of Fame .  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Prince George's County Board of Education, gọvanọ họpụtara ya na Maryland State Board of Education . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ugboro abụọ dịka osote onyeisi oche tupu a họpụta ya dịka onyeisi oche bọọdụ.[6] Dukes rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Meyer Foundation na odeakwụkwọ nke Greater Washington Community Foundation .  N'August 7, 2021, ọ nọchiri DeRionne P. Pollard dịka onyeisi oche nwa oge nke Montgomery College.   Jermaine F. William nọchiri ya n'afọ 2022. Dukes bụ osote onyeisi oche na bọọdụ nke CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield . 

N'ọnwa Julaị 2023, Duke bụ otu n'ime ndị gọvanọ Wes Moore họpụtara isii na Maryland Higher Education Commission. [1.2] Ọ na-eje ozi fọdụrụ n'afọ ise nke James Coleman malitere na July 1, 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=William J. |date=2023-07-18 |title=Moore appoints a nearly entire new membership for Maryland Higher Education Commission |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2023/07/18/moore-appoints-a-nearly-entire-new-membership-for-maryland-higher-education-commission/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Maryland Matters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukes ghọrọ osote onyeisi oche mbụ nke Maryland Democratic Party na Nọvemba 18, 2023.  Ọ zọọla ọkwa n'enweghị onye mmegide, gọvanọ Moore kwadoro ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Josh |date=2023-11-18 |title=Ulman overwhelmingly wins election to be new Democratic state chair |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2023/11/18/ulman-overwhelmingly-wins-election-to-be-new-democratic-state-chair/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Maryland Matters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2024, Dukes vootu dị ka onye na-eme ntụli aka kwere nkwa inye osote onye isi ala Kamala Harris.

== ndụ nkeonwe ==
Dukes nwere nwa nwoke na nwa nwa nwoke.

== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}

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        <id>24635</id>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Charlene Dukes
| image               = Charlene Dukes (48488649097).jpg
| caption             = Dukes in 2019
| office              = Chair of the [[Maryland Democratic Party]]
| status              = Acting
| term_start          = June 13, 2025
| term_end            = June 27, 2025
| predecessor         = [[Ken Ulman]]
| successor           = [[Steuart Pittman]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1954|8|12}}
| birth_place         = [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = 
| children            = 2
| education           = [[Indiana University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])&lt;br&gt;[[University of Pittsburgh]] ([[Master of Education|MEd]], [[Doctor of Education|EdD]])
}}
'''Charlene Mickens Dukes''' (amụrụ n'August 12, 1954) bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ America na-eje ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ nke Maryland Democratic Party kemgbe November 18, 2023. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Prince George's Community College site na July 1, 2007, ruo August 7, 2020.

== Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ==
A mụrụ Dukes na August 12, 1954, na Johnstown, Pennsylvania .  Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ kacha okenye n'ime ụmụ itoolu, a zụlitekwara ya n'ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ abụọ n'ime afọ iri na ise mbụ nke ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Workneh |first=Lilly |date=2017-09-26 |title=Two Trailblazers On Growing Up Black And Female In The North And South |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/two-black-trailblazing-women-on-overcoming-racial-barriers-to-achieve-success_n_59c52d76e4b06ddf45f77a6c |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukes gara Mahadum Indiana nke Pennsylvania (IUP) ruo otu afọ tupu ọ pụọ n'ihi ịkpa oke agbụrụ na ịchọ ịmụtakwu gbasara onwe ya. Ọ kwagara na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] wee rụọ ọrụ na Bell Telephone Company ma mesịa Chase Bank na New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ọ debanyere aha ọzọ na IUP, nweta B.S. na bekee nakwa agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị na 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ Nwa akwụkwọ kọleji nke ọgbọ mbụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Black Student Union . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dukes gụsịrị M.Ed.  (1987) na Ed.D. (1992) na ọmụmụ nchịkwa na iwu site na Mahadum Pittsburgh . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dukes |first=Charlene Mickens |title=Resume Charlene Dukes |url=https://www.montgomerycollege.edu/_documents/about-mc/leadership/board-of-trustees/charlene-dukes-resume.pdf |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Montgomery College}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede ya, Factors Contributing to the Process of Transferring by a African-American Students from a Urban Community College to a Four-Year College.

== Ọrụ ==
Dukes bụ onye na-anabata na onye na-enyere aka na Mahadum Pittsburgh na Johnstown site na 1980 ruo 1981.  O mechara sonye na Community College of Allegheny County na 1981 dị ka osote onye nduzi nke nnabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke nnabata na 1985 na onye nduzi maka ihe ndị ka nta na 1991. N'afọ 1995, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka dean nke ụmụ akwụkwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Site na 1995 ruo 2007, Dukes bụ osote onye isi oche maka ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na Prince George's Community College . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Na Julaị 1, 2007, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke asatọ na nwanyị mbụ jere ozi na ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Duke lara ezumike nká na August 7, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2013, a nabatara ya na Maryland Women's Hall of Fame .  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Prince George's County Board of Education, gọvanọ họpụtara ya na Maryland State Board of Education . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ugboro abụọ dịka osote onyeisi oche tupu a họpụta ya dịka onyeisi oche bọọdụ.[6] Dukes rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Meyer Foundation na odeakwụkwọ nke Greater Washington Community Foundation .  N'August 7, 2021, ọ nọchiri DeRionne P. Pollard dịka onyeisi oche nwa oge nke Montgomery College.   Jermaine F. William nọchiri ya n'afọ 2022. Dukes bụ osote onyeisi oche na bọọdụ nke CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield . 

N'ọnwa Julaị 2023, Duke bụ otu n'ime ndị gọvanọ Wes Moore họpụtara isii na Maryland Higher Education Commission. [1.2] Ọ na-eje ozi fọdụrụ n'afọ ise nke James Coleman malitere na July 1, 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=William J. |date=2023-07-18 |title=Moore appoints a nearly entire new membership for Maryland Higher Education Commission |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2023/07/18/moore-appoints-a-nearly-entire-new-membership-for-maryland-higher-education-commission/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Maryland Matters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukes ghọrọ osote onyeisi oche mbụ nke Maryland Democratic Party na Nọvemba 18, 2023.  Ọ zọọla ọkwa n'enweghị onye mmegide, gọvanọ Moore kwadoro ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Josh |date=2023-11-18 |title=Ulman overwhelmingly wins election to be new Democratic state chair |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2023/11/18/ulman-overwhelmingly-wins-election-to-be-new-democratic-state-chair/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Maryland Matters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2024, Dukes vootu dị ka onye na-eme ntụli aka kwere nkwa inye osote onye isi ala Kamala Harris.

== ndụ nkeonwe ==
Dukes nwere nwa nwoke na nwa nwa nwoke.

== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Mahadum]]
[[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1954]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Blanca de Castejón</title>
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      <text bytes="6690" sha1="0yxqjy88la1mfiqyqtii3hofqtcqayn" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Puerto Rican actress (1906–1969)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Blanca de Castejón
| image         = Blanca de Castejón en 1955 (cropped).jpg
| caption       = Blanca de Castejón in 1955
| birth_name    = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1906|05|13}}
| birth_place   = [[Comerío, Puerto Rico]]
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1969|12|26|1906|05|13}}
| death_place   = [[Mexico City, Mexico]]
| occupation    = Actress
| years_active  =
| spouse        = {{marriage|[[Rafael Banquells]]|1934|1942|reason=divorce}}
}}
  {{Authority control}} 
'''Blanca de Castejón''' (Mee 13, 1906 - Disemba 26, 1969) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Puerto Rican nke rụrụ ọrụ na Golden Age nke sinima Argentina n'ime 1930 na karịsịa Golden Age nke sinima Mexico kemgbe ime 1940, ebe ihe gaara ya nke ọma na nweta nkwanye ùgwù nke ukwuu. A mụrụ ya na Comerío, Puerto Rico, ma nwụọ na Mexico City. 

Castejón malitere ọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ na FOX na 1931. Ka ọ na-erute n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ malitela gosipụta ọrụ ya na Mexico dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ mba ụwa nke ga-akpọrọ ya gaa Spain, Uruguay na Argentina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivera59&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Rivera|2010|pp=59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ pụtara na Crimen a las tres (1935), ''Carnival del Diablo'' (1936), Mis dos Amores (1938), Los Hijos Mandan (1938), Las Dos Huérfanas (1941), Ave sin nido (1943), La razón de la culpa (1943), Que hombre tan simpático (1943), El Mujer del otro (1948) and Mamá me quita los novios (1952), tinyere ndị ọzọ.

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
[[File:José_Gola_y_Blanca_de_Castejón_en_Por_buen_camino.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|With José Gola in a film still for the 1935 Argentine film ''Por buen camino'', directed by Eduardo Morera.]]
[[File:Blanca_de_Castejón_en_1945.jpg|thumb|232x232px|Blanca de Castejón in the ''Novelas de la Pantalla'' magazine in 1945]]
A mụrụ Blanca de Castejón Otero na Comerío, Puerto Rico, n'ezinụlọ Rafael Castejón Arnáiz, onye na-ahụ maka telegraf na Josefa Otero Rivera,  nwunye ya na-anọ n'ụlọ. O nwere nwanne nwaanyị nke obere aha ya bụ Margarita, onye na-agba egwú. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya site na isonye na ihe nkiri na redio nke Puerto Rico.  Ndị nkuzi ya chere na Castejón na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ụdị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivera59&quot; /&gt;

Fox nyere Castejón nkwekọrịta ọrụ, onye o mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na Hollywood na 1931 Resurrección, otu n'ime ihe nkiri atọ o mere maka ụlọ ọrụ asụsụ Spanish nke Fox. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ pụtara na El impostor (1931) na Eran Trece (1931) maka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivera59&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na Mexico City na Havana, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri, Castejón gara Buenos Aires, ebe o mere ihe nkiri abụọ: Crimen a las tres (1935, a box-office flop) na Por buen camino (1935).

Ka ọ na-eru ngwụcha afọ 1930, ọ laghachiri Hollywood ma mee ihe nkiri na asụsụ Spanish, ọ kachasị Mis dos amores (1938), nke onye a ma ama na Mexico bụ Tito Guizar, na Los hijos mandan (Gabriel Soria, 1939), ya na Fernando Soler na Arturo nke Córdova. Castejón so dee ihe nkiri nke Los hijos mandan na ihe nkiri abụọ ahụ bụ nke onye Puerto Rican Rafael Ramos Cobián mepụtara. Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ lụrụ onye na-emeeme ihe nkiri na Mexico Rafael Banquells mgbe ọ kwagara Mexico City wee sonye n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri mba ahụ, ebe o mere ihe dị ka ihe nkiri iri atọ, na-ekere òkè n'ihe a maara dị ka Golden Age of Mexican Cinema . &lt;ref name=&quot;Rivera60&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Rivera|2010|pp=60}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri dịka La razón de la culpa (Juan José Ortega, 1943), ya na Pedro Infante na María Elena Marqués, na Divorciadas (Alejandro Galindo, 1943), nke ya na René Cardona na Delia Magaña, Blanca de Castejón ghọrọ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ nkwado ya na ndị na-eme ihe na-atọ ọchị dị ka Luis Sandrini na Fernando Soler. O nwetara Awọọdụ Ariel nke 1954 (Mexico version of the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]]) maka ọrụ nkwado ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'Escuela de vagabundos (School for Tramps), ihe a ma ama nke ihe nkiri screwball nke 1938 Merrily We Live, nke jikọtara ya na Pedro Infante. Castejón meriri na 1956 Ariel de Plata maka iso na Escuela de Vagabundos (1955).  Ọ pụtakwara n'ụdị ihe ọzọ, Escuela para suegras (1956).  Ihe nkiri ikpeazụ Castejón mere bụ Los Signos del Zodiaco (1963). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rivera60&quot; /&gt;

== Fimọgrafị ==

* ''Resurrection'' (1931)
* ''El impostor'' (1931) – Sandra
* ''Esclavas de la moda'' (1931) – Dora Durke
* ''Eran trece'' (''There Were Thirteen'') (1931) – Peggy Minchin (credited as Blanca Castejón)
* ''Crimen a las tres'' (1935)
* ''Por buen camino'' (1936)
* ''El carnaval del diablo'' (1936)
* ''Mis dos amores'' (1938) – Rita Santiago
* ''Los hijos mandan'' (1939)
* ''Qué hombre tan simpático'' (1943) – Doña Blanca
* ''La razón de la culpa'' (1943) – María de la Paz
* ''[[Ave sin nido]]'' (1943) – Anita de Medina
* ''Divorciadas'' (1943) – Cristina
* ''Imprudencia'' (1944)
* ''¡Ya tengo a mi hijo!'' (1946) – Ana María
* ''Los maridos engañan de 7 a 9'' (1946)
* ''Yo soy tu padre'' (1948) – Doña Carmen
* ''Cuide a su marido'' (1950) – Rosario
* ''Yo también soy de Jalisco'' (1950)
* ''Nosotras las taquígrafas'' (1950) – Blanquita
* ''My Goddaughter's Difficulties'' (1951) – Doña Carmen Martínez
* ''Todos son mis hijos'' (1951) – Doña María de Salgado
* ''Mamá nos quita los novios'' (1952) – Amadora
* ''Prefiero a tu papá'' (1952) – Anita Adalis
* ''Escuela para vagabundos'' (''School for Tramps'') (1955) – Emilia de Valverde
* ''El gallo colorado'' (1957)
* ''Escuela para suegras'' (''School for Mothers-In-Law'') (1958) – Amalia
* ''Mientras el cuerpo aguante'' (1958) – Regina Sarmiento
* ''Tres lecciones de amor'' (1959) – Doña Angustias
* ''Vagabundo y millonario'' (1959) – María de Aguilar
* ''Los signos del zodiaco'' (1963) – Lola Casarini

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị Puerto Rican

== Edensibịa ==
'''Ndetu n'okpuru akwụkwọ''' 
'''Footnotes'''
{{reflist|2}}


'''Akwụkwọ'''

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Ndị a mụrụ na 1906]]
[[Otú:Ndi nwụrụ na 1969]]
[[Otú:Ndi mmadụ si na Comerío, Puerto Rico]]
[[Otú:Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri fiim si Puerto Rico]]
[[Otú:Ndị natara Awọọdụ Best Supporting Actress]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kate Crawford</title>
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{{Databox}} &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Kate Crawford''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1974)  bụ onye nchọpụta ihe na Australia, onye edemede, na onye nkuzi nke na-amụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[Ọgụgụ isi|ọgụgụ isi aka]]. 

Ọ bi na obodo [[New York City|New York]] ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta na Microsoft Research .  Ọ bụ onye nchọpụta na onye bụbu onye nduzi nyocha na AI Now Institute na Mahadum New York,  bụbu prọfesọ nleta na MIT Center for Civic Media,  bụbu onye isi na Information Law Institute na NYU,  na onye bụzi osote prọfesor na Journalism and Media Research Centre na Mahadim New South Wales. Ọ bụkwa onye òtù World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Data-Driven Development . 

Nnyocha Crawford na-elekwasị anya na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na teknụzụ mgbasa ozi, ọkachasị na njikọ nke ụmụ mmadụ, ngwaọrụ mkpanaka, na netwọk mmekọrịta. Nnyocha ya na-enyocha otu AI si emetụta akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ mmadụ, dị ka okike, agbụrụ, na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba. Ọ na-ekwu na usoro AI abụghị nke na-anọpụ iche ma ọ bụ nke ziri ezi, kama ọ na-egosipụta ma na-eme ka usoro ike na enweghị nhata dị ugba a sie ike. Ọ na-enyocha ụkpụrụ omume na Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, yana akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị nke mmepe ya. O bipụtara banyere ọdịbendị nke iji teknụzụ eme ihe na ụzọ akụkọ mgbasa ozi si agwa ugbu a, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-18 |title=5 Women at the Forefront of Next-Gen Innovation |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/women-forefront-next-gen-innovation |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Architectural Digest |language=en-US|last=Cherner|first=Jessica}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma gosipụta ọrụ okike na egwu na nka na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị ka Museum of Modern Art na New York na Victoria na Albert Museum na London.  

== Ọrụ ==
Crawford so na Canberra electronic music duo B (if) tek (ya na Nicole Skeltys) ma ha wepụtara abọm atọ n'etiti afọ 1998 na 2003. Crawford so guzobe ụlọ ọrụ Deluxe Mood Recordings nke dị na Sydney ma bụrụ onye otu Clan Analogue otu ndị egwu.  

Crawford edeela maka The Sydney Morning Herald  na Foreign Policy .  Ọ bụ onye otu Centre for Policy Development  na ọnwa Machị, afọ 2008 a họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị Australia 1000 ịga Australia 2020 Summit na Canberra na abalị 19-20 Eprel 2008. 

Ọ bụ onye otu ụmụ nwanyị Deep Lab . 

N'afọ 2017, Crawford guzobere AI Now Institute na Meredith Whittaker. Ọ na-ejikọta ya na Mahadum New York Tandon School of Engineering . 

N'afọ 2019 ọ bụ onye mbụ na-achị AI na Onye isi nleta ikpe ziri ezi na École Normale Supérieure na Paris, na mmekorita ya na Abeona Foundation.

== Ọrụ ==
[[File:Kate_Crawford_@_SXSW_2019_(46438155835).jpg|thumb|Crawford na South site na Southwest 2019]]

=== Ide ihe na ikwu okwu ===
Crawford has a PhD from the University of Sydney. In 2006, her book based on her doctoral dissertation,  ''Adult Themes: Rewriting the Rules of Adulthood'', won the individual category of the Manning Clark National Cultural Award,na afọ 2008 Ona tara ihe nrite Max Crawford Medal maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche sitere n'aka Australian Academy of the Humanities.

Crawford ekwuola ma bipụta akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na isiokwu ndị dị ka mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta,    usoro mgbasa ozi ọha na eze,  okike na ekwentị mkpanaaka,  ndị na-eto eto na Sexting,  na nnukwu data. O nyela adreesị isi okwu na ebe ndị dị ka 2013 O'Reilly Strata Conference  na 2013 DataEDGE conference nke UC Berkeley School of Information kwadoro.   Ya na Chris Chesher na Anne Dunn dere akwụkwọ akpọrọ Understanding the Internet: Language, Technology, Media, and Power na 2014. [ihe na-abụghị isi iyi dị mkpa] 

O bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence site na Yale University Press na 2021. Akụkọ ya &quot;Artificial Intelligence Is Misreading Human Emotion&quot; bụ nke e depụtara maka The Bragg UNSW Press Prize for Science Writing na 2022.

Crawford bụ onye mbụ Cybernetic Imagination Resident site na 2022-2023 ma kwuo okwu na mmalite nke mmemme ahụ.  Ọ rụzuru ọrụ nyocha na nka, Calculating Empires: A Genealogy of Technology and Power since 1500, ya na Vladan Joler n'oge a.

=== Ọrụ nka ===
Anatomy of an AI System bụ nnukwu map na edemede nke e bu n'uche ikpughe ihe onwunwe, mmadụ, na ihe ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke Amazon Echo. E kere ya na onye na-ese ihe Vladan Joler ma merie Beazley Design of the Year Award na 2019. Ọ dị na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Museum of Modern Art na New York na Victoria and Albert Museum na London.

Na mmekorita ya na onye na-ese ihe na onye na - onye na-egbu foto Trevor Paglen, Training Humans nwere ihe oyiyi eji zụọ usoro AI nke egosiri na Fondazione Prada na Milan na 2019. Ebumnuche nke a bụ igosi na usoro AI nọ n'okpuru Echiche algorithmic, nwere ike igosipụta usoro ike dị ugbu a, ma nwee ike ime ka enweghị nhata sie ike. A katọrọ ihe ngosi ahụ maka iji ihe oyiyi ihu na-enweghị nkwenye.

Calculating Empires: A Genealogy of Technology and Power since 1500 bụ nnukwu ihe ngosi nke na-egosi co-evolution nke usoro teknụzụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke e kere na mmekorita ya na onye na-ese ihe Vladan Joler. N'afọ 2024, ọrụ a meriri European Commission's Grand Prize in Artistic Exploration  ma gosipụta ya na Jeu de Paume na Paris n'afọ 2025.  Na Mee afọ 2025, Calculating Empires natara Ọdụm Ọlaọcha na Venice Biennale of Architecture 2025 .  

== Edensịbia==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
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* Official website
* [http://www.biftek.com B (ma ọ bụrụ na) tek website]
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    <title>Dolly Anwar</title>
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'''Dolly Anwar''' (onye aha mbụ ya bụ Ibrahim; 1 Julaị 1948 – 3 Julaị 1991) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Bangladesh nke gụnyere ihe nkiri a na-eme n'elu ikpo okwu, na telivishọn, na nke sinima, nakwa onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ''Saatdin''. E nyere ya ihe nrite Bangladesh National Film Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ihi ọrụ ọ rụrụ na ihe nkiri ''Surjo Dighol Bari'' (1979).

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Anwar bụ ada Nilima Ibrahim, onye na-akwado mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na Muhammad Ibrahim, bụ dọkịta. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ mahadum na-amụ gbasara akwụkwọ edemede na Jagannath College.&lt;ref name=&quot;flutter&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-100389|title=She caused a flutter in young hearts|date=2009-08-07|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-12-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Anwar malitere ọrụ ya n'elu ikpo okwu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, o mere ihe nkiri ''Aktala Dotala'' nke Munier Choudhury na ''Roj Roj'' (1981) dere, nke bụ egwuregwu mbụ na nke mbụ na Bangladesh Television. O mechara mee ihe n'egwuregwu Zahir Raihan 's Borof Gola Nodi na Arek Phalgun.&lt;ref name=&quot;flutter&quot; /&gt; Ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ ''Surja Dighal Bari,'' onye meriri ọtụtụ ihe nrite ihe nkiri mba na 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;flutter&quot; /&gt; Ihe nkiri nke abụọ na nke ikpeazụ o mere bụ ''Dahan'' (1986), nke Sheikh Niamat Ali duziri.

Anwar hapụrụ ọrụ ime ihe nkiri wee malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na-apụta kwa izu, bụ́ ''Saatdin''.

== Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ ==
Anwar lụrụ Raju na mbụ n'afọ 1966, onye bụ onyeisi ụmụ akwụkwọ. O mechara lụọ Anwar Hossain, onye na-ese foto, na onye na-ese ihe nkiri.

Anwar gburu onwe ya na 3 Julaị 1991 wee nwụọ na Dhaka Medical College and Hospital n'abalị ahụ.

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|2638123}}
{{Bangladesh National Film Award Best Actress}}{{Bachsas Award for Best Actress}} 
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'''Apu Biswas''' (amụrụ na 11 Ọktoba 1989) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nlereanya na Bangladesh. Ná mmalite ọrụ ya, ọ gbalịsiri ike ịmalite ịbụ onye ndu ihe nkiri na fim dịka ''Kaal Sokale'', ''O Amar Chhele'', ''Machine Man'' na ''Pitar Ason'', mana ihe nkiri ndị ama ama dịka ''Koti Takar Kabin'', ''Chachchu'' mere ka ọrụ ya ka mma dịka otu n'ime ndị isi ihe nkiri nke Dhallywood. Ná ngwụcha afọ 2010, ihe nkiri dịka ''Nọmba Mbụ Shakib Khan'' na ''Bhalobaslei Ghor Bandha Jay Na'' gara n'ihu na-achị dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha elu n'oge ahụ, mmekọrịta ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Shakib Khan ghọrọ otu n'ime di na nwunye ihe nkiri a ma ama kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma.

N'afọ 2006, o mere ihe nkiri na ''Koti Takar Kabin'' nke FI Manik duziri dịka onye ndu nwanyị megide Shakib Khan maka oge mbụ, onye ya na ya mechara rụọ ọrụ ihe nkiri karịrị iri asaa na ise.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Apu Biswas Megha mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 11 n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1989 na Bogra, Bangladesh, nye Upendronath Bishwas (onye nwụrụ n'afọ 2014) na Shefali Bishwas (onye nwụrụ n'afọ 2020). Apu bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ na otu nwa nwoke.&lt;ref name=&quot;mom&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:করোনায় মা হারালেন অপু বিশ্বাস |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/করোনায়-মা-হারালেন-অপু-বিশ্বাস |access-date=18 September 2020 |work=Prothom Alo |date=18 September 2020 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Biswas malitere ọrụ ya n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri site na ihe nkiri bụ ''Kal Shokale'' n'afọ 2006.Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ pụtara na ''Koti Takar Kabin''. Biswas rụrụ ọrụ Parvati na ihe nkiri ''Devdas'' nke afọ 2013, nke bụgharịrị ihe nkiri mbụ ahụ n'ụdị nke mba Bangladesh. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri ''My Name Is Khan'' nke afọ 2013.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Na 18 Eprel 2008, Biswas lụrụ onye ome ihe nkiri Shakib Khan. Di na nwunye a nwere nwa nwoke, Abraham Khan Joy (amụrụ na Septemba 27, 2016). Ha zoro alụmdi na nwunye ha ruo ụbọchị iri nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, mgbe Apu pụtara na telivishọn ya na nwa ya nwoke wee kpughee ya. Khan tinyere akwụkwọ maka ịgba alụkwaghịm na 22 Nọvemba 2017, di na nwunye ahụ wee gbaa alụkwaghịm na 22 Febụwarị 2018.

Biswas kwuru na mbụ na 2017 na ọ gbanwere okpukpe Islam site na okpukpe Hindu iji lụọ Khan. Agbanyeghị, n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ''The Daily Ittefaq'' nke ọnwa Mee afọ 2025, Biswas mere ka o doo anya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye Alakụba n'oge alụmdi na nwunye ya na Shakib Khan, n'ụzọ megidere ihe o kwuru na mbụ. O kwuru na ọ manyere ya ịgha ụgha gbasara mgbanwe ahụ n'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ezinụlọ ya na ọdịnihu nwa ya nwoke, nakwa na ya anọgidewo na-eso okpukpe Hindu.

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe nkiri
!Ọrụ
!Ihe edeturu
! 
|-
|2005
|''Kaal Sokale''
|Bashonti
|Ihe nkiri izizi
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2006
|''O Amar Chhele''
|Ihe Na-atọ Mma
|
|
|-
|''Koti Takar Kabin''
|Simran Shikder
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|''Pitar Ason''
|Dina
|
|
|-
|''Dadima''
|Tasmina Sultana &quot;Preeti&quot;
|
|
|-
|''Chachchu''
|Riya Chowdhury
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2007
|''Enyi Bachte Chai''
|Tania
|
|
|-
|''Kotha Dao Sathi Hobe''
|Alo
|
|
|-
|''Swamir Songshar''
|Sajani Chowdhury
|
|
|-
|''Nwoke Na-arụ Ọrụ Na-arụ''
|Labonno
|
|
|-
|''Kabin Nama''
|Kajol Chowdhury
|
|
|-
|''Were Jonno Nwụrụ Anwụ Pari''
|Jui
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |2008
|''Ek Buk Bhalobasha''
|Preeti
|
|
|-
|''Amader Choto Shaheb''
|Riya
|
|
|-
|''Amar Jaan Amar Pran''
|Aditi
|
|
|-
|''Sontan Amar Ohongkar''
|Ịkwurịta Okwu
|
|
|-
|''Tumi Swapno Tumi Sadhona''
|Ful
|
|
|-
|''Mone Prane Acho Tumi''
|Nila
|
|
|-
|''Jodi Bou Sajogo''
|Kotha
|
|
|-
|''Tumi Amar Prem''
|Tasneem Akter &quot;Mou&quot; / Priya
|
|
|-
|''Pita Matar Amanat''
|Apu
|
|
|-
|''Maa Babar Shopno''
|Mati
|
|
|-
|''Goriber Chele Boro Loker Meye''
|Srabanti
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |2009
|''Jekhane Hridoy Sekhane''
|Jhinuk
|
|
|-
|''Bhalobashar Lal Golap''
|Aboni
|
|
|-
|''Mone Boro Kosto''
|Ishara
|
|
|-
|''Jaan Amar Jaan''
|Priya
|
|
|-
|''O Sathii Re''
|Sathi
|
|
|-
|''Jonmo Tomar Jonno''
|Nandini
|
|
|-
|''Bolona Kobul''
|Alo
|
|
|-
|''Mayer Hate Beheshter Chabi''
|Mishti
|
|
|-
|''Shubho Bibaho''
|Meghna
|
|
|-
|''Bhalobasha Dibi Kina Bol''
|Chandni
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;15&quot; |2010
|''Bajao Biyer Bajna''
|Deepika
|
|
|-
|''Bhalobaslei Ghor Bandha Jay Na''
|Aleya Alo
|
|
|-
|''Preme Porechi''
|Priya
|
|
|-
|''Onye Mbụ Shakib Khan''
|Rosy Chowdhury aka Rose
|
|
|-
|''Nissash Amar Tumi''
|Asha
|
|
|-
|''Chachchu Amar Chachchu''
|Bubly Talukdar
|
|
|-
|''Amar Buker Moddikhane''
|Titli
|
|
|-
|''Onye dike kachasị elu''
|Kahini
|
|
|-
|''Takar Cheye Prem Boro''
|Priya
|
|
|-
|''Hai Prem Hai Bhalobasha''
|Kiran
|
|
|-
|''Jonom Jonomer Prem''
|Sathi
|
|
|-
|''Premik Purush''
|Simran
|
|
|-
|''Jibon Moroner Sathi''
|Kajol
|
|
|-
|''Tumi Amar Moner Manush''
|Nila
|
|
|-
|''Prem Mane Na Badha''
|Upoma
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |2011
|''Moner Jala''
|Chandni
|
|
|-
|''Ontore Acho Tumi''
|Roja Shikder
|
|
|-
|''Koti Takar Prem''
|Alo
|
|
|-
|''Tor Karone Beche Achi''
|Priya
|
|
|-
|''Ekbar Bolo Bhalobashi''
|Shikha Chowdhury
|
|
|-
|''Moner Ghore Boshot Kore''
|Bubly / Advocate Nusrat Jahan
|
|
|-
|''Eze Khan''
|Munia
|
|
|-
|''Ke Apon Ke Por''
|
|
|
|-
|''Onye Na-efe Jamai''
|Gohona
|
|
|-
|''Jaan Kurbaan''
|Sathi
|
|
|-
|''Priya Amar Jaan''
|Priya
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2012
|''Ek Takar Denmohor''
|Priya
|
|
|-
|''Ek Mon Ek Pran''
|Asha
|
|
|-
|''Eze Dhakar''
|Nila
|
|
|-
|''Durdorsho Premik''
|Dina
|
|
|-
|''Ziddi Mama''
|Nilima
|
|
|-
|''Buk Fatey Na Mukh Foteyna''
|Tuli
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Devdas''
|Parvati &quot;Paro&quot;
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
|''Aha m bụ Khan''
|Jhinuk Chowdhury
|
|
|-
|''Premik Nke Mbụ''
|Simi
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2014
|''Bhalobasha Express''
|Bonna
|
|
|-
|''Onye Nwanyị Na-atụghị Anya n'anya''
|Priya Chowdhury
|
|
|-
|''Onye dike: Onye ama ama''
|Priya Khan
|
|
|-
|''Onye Ọkụ ahụ''
|Tania
|
|
|-
|''Kothin Protishodh''
|Dola
|
|
|-
|''Shera Nayok''
|Nwa
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2015
|''Alụmdi na Nwunye Ịhụnanya''
|Monica a.k.a. Moni
|
|
|-
|''Dui Prithibi''
|Moyna
|
|
|-
|''Rajababu - Ike''
|Sathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|''Raja 420''
|Rani
|
|
|-
|''Samraat: Eze nọ ebe a''
|Ruhi
|
|
|-
|2017
|''Rajneeti''
|Orsha
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2018
|''Panku Jamai''
|Nusrat Jahan &quot;Nupur&quot;
|
|
|-
|2021
|''Priyo Komola''
|Komola
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022
|''Shoshurbari Zindabad 2''
|Ishana
|
|
|-
|''Ajker Shortcut''
|Nargis
|E wepụtara ya na ZEE5; ihe nkiri Bengali nke India
|
|-
|''Isha Kha''
|Ebe a na-anọ efe úkwù
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2023
|''Prem Pr Pritir Bandhan''
|Priti
|
|
|-
|''Chayabazi''
|Nishtha Rahman
|E wepụtara ya na RTV
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Chayabazi {{!}} ছায়াবাজি {{!}} Apu Biswas, Sajjad Hossain, Tariq Anam Khan {{!}} Web Film 2023 {{!}} Rtv Movies |date=26 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0G6OHu436EY |access-date=2023-07-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Lal Shari''
|Sraboni
|Onye na-emepụta ihe
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|''Ọnyà: Akụkọ A Na-akparaghị ókè''
|Ihe mere e ji mee ya
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|''Chhaya Brikkho''
|Tuli
|
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-12-31 |script-title=bn:অপু–বুবলী–পরিমনি–ফারিয়াদের অবৈধ জুয়ার প্রচারণা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/rgq49qgtag |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2026
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot; |''Durbar'' †
|TBA
|Ihe nkiri
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |
|-
|TBA
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot; |''Egwuregwu Chondroboti'' †|{{TBA}}
|Oge igbu oge
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|-
|}

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

*  
*  

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
* {{IMDb name|4457593}}
* Apu Biswasna Bangla Movie Database (n'asụsụ Bengali) 
{{Bachsas Award for Best Actress}} 
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    <title>Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SafariScribe</title>
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      <text bytes="4491" sha1="n0jtdhrqo2g9v7dbm1c79h0l2hq33a7" xml:space="preserve">===[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SafariScribe|SafariScribe]]===
'''[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/SafariScribe|action=edit}} Voice your opinion]'''
'''(0/0/0); Scheduled to end 17:14, [[25 Septemba]] [[2026]] (UTC)'''

{{User|USERNAME}} - Aha m bụ SafariScribe. A chọrọ m ịbụ admin n'ihi na odi nnukwu mkpa tụmadi oge ugbua ufọdụ ihe kwesịrị ka edozie; Ihe ndị ahụ kwesịrị ka-edozie dika iwepu ịhụ akwukwo (deletion), na ndị ọzọ abụghị ihe onye na enweghị ya bu akara ga emenwu. Ana m ede ma na edezikwa otutu ibe (pages) na Wikipedia a. Ọrụ admin a ga enyere m aka idozi templeeti ma Ihe ndị ọzọ kwesịrị na aga edozi. Nke a bụ ugboro abụọ m. Daalụ![[Ojiarụ:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 17:14, 18 Septemba 2026 (UTC)
====Questions for candidate====
Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Wikipedia as an administrator. You may wish to answer the following &lt;u&gt;optional&lt;/u&gt; questions to provide guidance for participants:
:'''1.''' What admin work do you intend to take part in?
::'''A:''' Ọrụ admin karịrị akari mànà nke mu na-arunye aka karịa bu nwepu otutu ibe na-enweghi isi okachasi ndị gbara abụọ. Ọzọkwa bụ idozi ihu Wikipedia Anyị a (main page), ịdezikwa ibe dika mụ si emebu.

:'''2.''' What are your best contributions to Wikipedia, and why?
::'''A:''' Ndezi ịhụ akwukwo na ntụgharị otutu ibe site na Wikipedia asụsụ bekee.

:'''3.''' Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or have other users caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
::'''A:''' Oburu maka Wikipedia a, mba.

====Comments and Discussions====
* Links for USERNAME: {{usercheck-short|SafariScribe}}
----
'''Support, oppose, or abstain below this line:'''

Pinging some active community members @[[User:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]], @[[User:Olugold|Olugold]], @[[User:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]], @[[User:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]], @[[User:Vivian Amalachukwu|Vivian Amalachukwu]], @[[User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] because it appears this request has not been transcluded at [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]]. Please make sure there's a discussion among your community given that the admin candidate is indefinitely blocked on English Wikipedia for undisclosed paid editing per [[:en:Special:PermaLink/1364851174#Potential mass improper AfC acceptances]]. --[[Ojiarụ:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Johannnes89|ṅkátá]]) 20:58, 3 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
* Comment: Also noting that this user didn't have a successful RfA to gain community support before being granted the current admin flag they presently have which expires October 5th. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 06:37, 4 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
*:@[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]], &lt;s&gt;this is really the case of having a fellow country man stab another&lt;/s&gt;. So, you didn't see the instructions? Where were you that you couldn't even vote then? Even when I was granted Sysop with no one to support/oppose, I made great changes which you saw. So then, why didn't you question how possible it was to get the right? Assuming Johannes didn't tag you guys, so you don't know when one is applying for admin herein? If I were to judge, what have you been doing, if not importing from enwiki? What are other admins here doing? How can't any draw up list of admins or even modify the RFA page? Indeed! [[Ojiarụ:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 22:25, 4 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
*::This is nothing about backstabbing. There are already established processes and you know them.  Yes, we need more admins on the wiki. But if any or every other user decides to have admin rights without consensus from the community, what then becomes of the wiki? I was away for a while and couldn’t support/oppose your RFA, doesn’t mean that other editors couldn’t. 
*::Also, I find your comment about the activities of other admins on here demeaning and rather unnecessary. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 02:06, 5 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)
*:::I read your argument one sidedly. I have already struck them. You're right anyway. [[Ojiarụ:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 05:54, 6 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>n0jtdhrqo2g9v7dbm1c79h0l2hq33a7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carmelita González</title>
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      <text bytes="13706" sha1="oglogub6pm55l7fgeoxsifebjy3jird" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Mexican actress (1928–2010)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox artist
| name          = Carmelita González
| image         = Carmelita González en 1945 (cropped).jpg
| caption       = Carmelita González in 1945  
| birth_name    =
| birth_date    = July 11, 1928
| birth_place   = [[Mexico City]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|2010|04|30|1928|07|11}}
| death_place   = Mexico City, Mexico
| known_for     = [[Leading actor|&quot;Primera actriz&quot; (lead actress)]]&lt;ref name=&quot;informadormx043010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.informador.mx/Entretenimiento/Carmelita-Gonzalez-deja-un-gran-legado-en-cine-y-television-20100430-0061.html|title=Carmelita González deja un gran legado en cine y televisión|date=April 30, 2010|work=El Informador|publisher=www.informador.com.mx|access-date=May 26, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cronicamx050210&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=503784 |title=Se fue una estrella más del cine mexicano |date=May 2, 2010 |newspaper=[[La Crónica de Hoy]] |language=es |access-date=May 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504075139/http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=503784 |archive-date=May 4, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eluniversalmx052610&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://obituarios.eluniversal.com.mx/ObituariosCel/6974ce5ac660610b44d9b9fed0ff9548.html|title=Obituarios de Celebridades Carmelita González|publisher=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|accessdate=May 26, 2010|location=obituarios.eluniversal.com.mx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505005713/http://obituarios.eluniversal.com.mx/ObituariosCel/6974ce5ac660610b44d9b9fed0ff9548.html|archive-date=May 5, 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Cinema, [[telenovela]]
| spouse        = [[Eduardo Fajardo]]
| training      =
| movement      =
| notable_works =
| patrons       = Luis Aguilar&lt;ref name=informadormx043010/&gt;&lt;ref name=cronicamx050210/&gt;
| awards        = [[Diosas de Plata|Diosa de Plata]] (Silver Goddess Award), ''Dos tipos de cuidado'' (1953)&lt;br/&gt;[[Ariel Award for Best Supporting Actress]], ''Motel'' (1984)
}}
 

'''Carmelita González''' (Julaị 11, 1928 - Eprel 30, 2010) bụ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Mexico nke a maara maka ọrụ ihe nkiri ya n'oge Golden Age nke ihe nkiri Mexico. &lt;ref name=&quot;informadormx043010&quot; /&gt;  Ọ pụtara na ihe fọdụrụ obere ka ọ bụrụ otu narị n'ihe nkiri fiim Mexico n'oge ọrụ ya, n'ihu ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị ka Mario Moreno Cantinflas, Pedro Infante na Jorge Negrete.&lt;ref name=&quot;universal&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Muere la actriz Carmelita González|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/676911.html|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|date=April 30, 2010|accessdate=2010-05-22|archive-date=November 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102202203/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/676911.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; González malitere ọrụ ya site n'inweta $21 mana ọ gara n'ihu nata Awọọdụ Ariel maka Best Supporting Actress maka ọrụ ya na 1984 na Luis Mandoki's Motel . &lt;ref name=&quot;cronicamx050210&quot; /&gt;

== Golden Age ihe nkiri Mexico ==
Carmelita González mere ihe nkiri nke mbụ ya na 1945 na Camino de Sacramento nke gosipụtara Negrete. N'ihi na a naghị agụnye ya, González nwetara naanị $ 21.&lt;ref name=&quot;informadormx043010&quot; /&gt; O nwetara elele ihe nkiri mbụ ya dị ka Carmelita González na 1946 n'akụkụ onye na-eme ihe ọchị Cantinflas na Soy un prófugo .  Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'oge Golden Age nke ihe nkiri Mexico, ihe nkiri fiim González gụnyere Dos tipos de cuidado nke 1952, nke Jorge Negrete na Pedro Infante so. Ọrụ ya dị ka Rosario, onye e dinara n'ike, na Dos tipos de cuidado nwetara Diosa de Plata (Silver Goddess Award), e wekwara ya dị ka nnukwu ọrụ. González ga-apụta na-erighi elele, ya na Mario Moreno n'Around the World in 80 Days, nke 1956.  Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'oge ya bụ [[Charito Granados]], Esther Fernández na Marga López.&lt;ref name=&quot;elsiglodetorreonmx050110&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/520448.html|title=Se apaga la estrella de Carmelita González|date=May 1, 2010|publisher=El Siglo de Torrejon|accessdate=May 27, 2010|location=elsiglodetorreon.com.mx}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di ka ha na-apụta n'oge Golden Age nke ihe nkiri Mexico, ndị a dị ka González bụ ndị dike na-enweghị atụ n'oge ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;elsiglodetorreonmx050110&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1952, González pụtara na Huracán Ramírez, nke bụ ihe nkiri na-eji oji ma na-acha ọcha n'ụdị na-apụta n'oge ahụ nke ihe nkiri wrestler masked lucha.  N'ime afọ 1940, usoro ihe nkiri malitere na El Santo na El Hijo del Santo na 1942 mere ka lucha libre, ọgụ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, Ndị na-agba mgba na-ekpuchi ihu. González ga-aga n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri na El misterio de Huracán Ramírez nke 1962, El Hijo de Huracán ramírez nke 1966 na mmegharị La venganza de Huracán Ramsirez nke 1967

== Ọrụ telivishọn ==
González mechara rụọ ọrụ na telivishọn Mexico, gụnyere telenovelas. Ọ pụtara dị ka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri na ọrụ dị iche iche na telenovelas Así son ellas, Amar otra vez na Alegrijes y rebujos .  Mpụta ikpeazụ nke González bụ na Amar Otra Vez na 2004 ka ahụike ya malitere ịgbada

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Gonzalez na Mexico City na Jụlaị 11, 1928.  Nna ya siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-enweta nzere na Industrial Relations mana González gụrụ Bekee na French na United States.  Na mbụ, nna ya megidere ọchịchọ Gonzalez ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri mana nne ya kwadoro ya wee pụta n'ihe nkiri Bésame mucho . &lt;ref name=&quot;informadormx043010&quot; /&gt; González lụrụ Eduardo Fajardo nwa oge, ha mụtara nwa nwaanyị, Paloma del Rocío.&lt;ref name=&quot;informadormx043010&quot; /&gt;

== Afọ ndị ikpeazụ na ọnwụ ==
González nwụrụ n'ihi oyi bara ya n'ahụ n'elekere ise nke ụtụtụ n'ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2010, n'ụlọ ọgwụ Santelena dị na Mexico City, ebe ọ nọ na-anata ọgwụgwọ n'ụbọchị ole na ole. &amp;nbsp;Ọ nọ na-agbake site na nsogbu eriri afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;universal&quot; /&gt; Ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;universal&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe nkiri
!Ọrụ
!Ihe edeturu na onyinye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1945
|''Okporo ụzọ e si aga Sacramento''
|
|
|-
|''Ụgbọ Mmiri''
|Pueblerina
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1945
|-
|''Ịdọ aka ná ntị ise nke Setan''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1946
|''Abụ m onye na-agba ọsọ''
|
|dị ka Carmen González
|-
|''O zuoghị ịbụ onye na-agba chaa chaa''
|
|
|-
|''Eze Nwanyị Operetta''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1946
|''Àkwà mmiri nke ntaramahụhụ''
|
|
|-
|''Ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1946
|-
|''Onye na-ere ahịa Neguib''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1947
|-
|''Onye na-ere uwe''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1947
|''Nwanyị a na-amaghị ama''
|
|
|-
|''Ọchịchịrị n'Osimiri Rio Grande''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1947
|''Nwa agbọghọ nke anya m''
|Nwanne nwanyị
|
|-
|''Onye Ọchịchị Ukwu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1948
|''Ụwa Na-atọ Mmasị''
|
|dị ka Carmen González
|-
|''Nwa okorobịa ahụ nwere obi ụtọ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1948
|-
|''Ka Chineke gbaghara m''
|Alicia
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1948
|''Kasba''
|
|
|-
|''Iwu nke anọ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1948
|''Egwuregwu Nkịta''
|
|
|-
|''Remington buuru ya''
|Gloria
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1949
|''Onye isi na-arụ ọrụ''
|
|dị ka Carmen Gonzalez
|-
|''Agwara m Juan Charrasqueado''
|
|dị ka Carmen Gonzalez
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1949
|''Nwa onye ohi ahụ''
|
|
|-
|''Ndị Mmụọ Ozi nke Arrabal''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1949
|-
|''Charro Negro n'ebe ugwu''
|Anita
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1950
|''Alụmdi na nwunye na ozu''
|
|
|-
|''Abụ m onye Jalisco''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1950
|''Ahụmahụ nke onye ọgaranya ọhụrụ''
|
|
|-
|''Obodo dị ala''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1951
|''Nsogbu Nwa m nke Nna''
|
|dị ka Carmen González
|-
|''Doña Clarines''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1951
|-
|''Ụgbọelu''
|Irene
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1952
|''Ihe nzuzu nke Tin-Tan''
|Lolita
|
|-
|''Ịrịgo n'eluigwe''
|Albina
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1952
|''Ụmụ María Morales''
|Gloria Magaña
|
|-
|''Ụmụ Ọ dịghị Onye''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1952
|-
|''Nwanne nwanyị Alegría''
|Nwanne nwanyị Monica
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1953
|''Oké ifufe Ramírez''
|Laura
|
|-
|''Abụ a na-akpọ &quot;Abril&quot;''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1953
|''Onye ọkpụkpọ''
|
|
|-
|''Ụdị nlekọta abụọ''
|Rosario
|Chi nwanyị ọlaọcha (Silver Goddess Award) 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1953
|-
|''Akụkọ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1954
|''Ịbọ ọbọ n'egwuregwu circus''
|Laura
|
|-
|''Onye ohi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1954
|''Ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di''
|
|
|-
|''Onyinye''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1956
|''Ndụ dị ebube''
|
|
|-
|''Ndụ Dị Ọhụrụ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1956
|''Nwoke ahụ chọrọ ịbụ ogbenye''
|Elena
|
|-
|''Gburugburu Ụwa n'ime Ụbọchị 80''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1958
|-
|''O mere na Mexico''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1959
|-
|''S.O.S., abuelita''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1960
|-
|''Nwoke ahụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ furu efu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1961
|''Ebubo ndị ọzọ''
|
|
|-
|''Ndị aka ha dị ọcha''
|
|E kwesịghị ịgbagwoju ya anya na The Innocents (ihe nkiri 1963)  
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1962
|''Nwoke nke Express nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ''
|
|
|-
|''Ime Anwansi''
|Alicia García
|Nwunye di ya nwụrụ Garcia
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1965
|''Ihe nzuzo nke nkwupụta''
|
|
|-
|''Maazị dọkịta''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1966
|-
|''Nwa nke Hurricane Ramírez''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1967
|''Ịbọ ọbọ nke Hurricane Ramirez''
|
|
|-
|''Ihe omuma n'obí eze ochie''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1969
|-
|''Anya enyo''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1971
|-
|''Obere Obere Obodo''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1972
|''Ụmụnne Obi Ike''
|
|
|-
|''Ịgba chaa chaa agwụla''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1972
|-
|''Pedro Só''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1975
|''Ịgbapụta''
|
|
|-
|''Albures ndị Mexico''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1976
|-
|''Ndị ohi nke osimiri oyi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1977
|-
|''Nwanne nwoke tequila''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1978
|''Rosalia''
|
|
|-
|''Ndị hụrụ n'anya na-enweghị isi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1978
|-
|''Akwụkwọ ozi ịhụnanya nke onye nọn''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1979
|-
|''Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ọlaedo''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1980
|''Obi na-enweghị ebe ọ na-aga''
|
|
|-
|''Ọkara ntutu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1981
|''Pachanga''
|
|
|-
|''Ihe ubi ụmụ nwanyị''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1981
|-
|''Ebe a na-etinye ọkụ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1982
|''Nnụnụ a na-akpọ Tepito''
|
|
|-
|''Leona Vicario''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1983
|''Akara uwe ojii''
|
|
|-
|''Nwatakịrị dara ogbenye, nwatakịrị bara ọgaranya''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1984
|''La Divina Lola''
|
|
|-
|''Ọ na-ata ahụhụ mana ọ na-atọ ụtọ''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1984
|''Ikpe''
|
|
|-
|''Ihe ihere''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1984
|-
|''Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ''
|Carolina López
|Nwunye di ya nwụrụ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1985
|-
|''Ihe ihere ma bụrụ onye a na-akwanyere ùgwù''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1986
|-
|''Ebe a na-echekwa ọlaedo''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1987
|''Nacos ise wakporo Las Vegas''
|
|
|-
|''Ekwensu, onye nsọ na onye nzuzu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1988
|''Onye na-ere ihe nkiri na nri ya''
|
|
|-
|''Ihe ihere''
|
|
|-
|-
|''Mmehie Oyuki''
|Shizuko
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1989
|''Ndị mmụọ ozi ọcha''
|Ihe mgbu
|
|-
|''Garñón''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1990
|''N'abalị egwu''
|
|
|-
|''Mgbe Ịhụnanya bịara''
|Carmen
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1990
|''Otu obi maka mmadụ abụọ''
|
|
|-
|''Ihe ọjọọ nke Super Chi-do''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1991
|''Pedro Infante dị ndụ?''
|Carmelita Gonzalez
|
|-
|''Mgbe m hụrụ gị n'elu ikpo okwu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1992
|''Ebe Nri Na-anọ''
|Nwaanyị Mexico
|dị ka Carmen Gonzales
|-
|''Ndị mmụọ ozi na-enweghị paradaịs''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1993
|-
|''Clarisa''
|Sofia
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1994
|''Kafe àkwà mmiri ahụ''
|Queta
|
|-
|''Ịmalite ọzọ''
|Encarnación
|
|-
|
|''Ịhụnanya na-egbu egbu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1995
|-
|''N'okpuru otu ihu''
|Lucia
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1996
|''Mmetụta Ndị Ọzọ''
|Inés
|
|-
|''Onyinyo nke onye nke ọzọ''
|Akị bekee
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1997
|-
|''Ihe nzuzo nke Alejandra''
|Carolina
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1998
|-
|''Gotita nke ịhụnanya''
|Nsọpụrụ
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999
|-
|''Alma Nnupụisi''
|Simona
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2000
|''Ọ bụ Gị ka m ga-eme''
|Asunción Rivadeneira
|
|-
|''Site n'isusu ọnụ''
|Elodia
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2001
|-
|''Krismas na-adịghị agwụ agwụ''
|Ọmụmụ
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002
|-
|''Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka ha dị''
|Nwanne nne Luvia
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
|''Nwanyị, Ọnọdụ nke Ndụ''
|Ihe omume iri na anọ
|1995–2004
|-
|''Ịhụnanya ọzọ''
|Lidia
|
|}


==References==
{{reflist|2}} 
  

* {{IMDb name|id=0327643|name=Carmelita González}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Ndị a mụrụ na 1928]]
[[Otú:Ndi nwụrụ na 2010]]
[[Otú:Ụmụnwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri fiim si Mexico]]
[[Otú:Ụmụnwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri telenovela si Mexico]]
[[Otú:Ụmụnwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri si Mexico City]]
[[Otú:Ụmụnwanyị Mexico na-eme ihe nkiri na censhuri 20]]
[[Otú:Ụmụnwanyị Mexico na-eme ihe nkiri na censhuri 21]]
[[Otú:Ọnwụ sitere n'oyi ịba n'afọ na Mexico]]
[[Otú:Ndị natara Awọọdụ Best Supporting Actress]]</text>
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    <title>Pratibha Gai</title>
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'''Dame Pratibha Laxman Gai-Boyes''' ọ bụ okachamara Britain na ihe gbasara iji igwe nlele ihe dị ntakịrị (microscope) arụ ọrụ, Prọfesọ na Onye isi oche nke ngalaba Electron Microscopy na onye bụbu onye nduzi na The York JEOL Nanocentre, Ngalaba nke Chemistry na Physics, Mahadum York .  O mepụtara atomic-resolution Environmental Transmission Electron Microscope (ETEM) ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọrụ na sayensị.

== Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ndụ ==
Gai tolitere na mba India, ma nwee mmasị pụrụ iche na ihe gbasara sayensị mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ nwetara mmetụta site n'aka Marie Curie, agụmakwụkwọ ya, na ndị mụrụ ya kpaliri ya ịmụ kemịkal. Otú ọ dị, n'oge ahụ, a nabataghị ụmụ nwanyị ka ha nwee ọrụ na sayensị anụ ahụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọ nkà.

:: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ọ gaara esi ike ma ọ bụrụ na agụmakwụkwọ ahụ adịghị n'ihi na atụmanya ọha na eze maka ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ anaghị agụnye ọrụ na sayensị ma ọ bụ kemịkal. Aga m ekwu na atụmanya ọha na eze, ọbụna taa, maka ihe dị mma maka ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere na UK, anaghị agụnye ọmụmụ sayensị mgbe niile.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Gai gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge ebe e nyere ya PhD n'afọ 1974 maka nyocha na microscopy electron na-adịghị ike nke e mere na Cavendish Laboratory.

== Nnyocha na ọrụ ==
Gai bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ dị elu n'ime usoro electron microscopy na sayensị kemịkal. Ya na Edward D. Boyes, ha mepụtara atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM), nke na-eme ka ọhụụ na nyocha na ọnụọgụ atọm nke mmeghachi omume gas-catalyst na-akwado usoro kemịkal dị mkpa. Nnyocha ya enyerela aka ịghọta nke ọma otú ihe na-akpali akpali si arụ ọrụ, na-eduga na sayensị ọhụrụ bara uru. Ihe nchoputa a enyerela ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị aka. Ndị na-emepụta microscope, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal na ndị nchọpụta na-eji microscope na usoro ya eme ihe n'ụwa niile.

N'afọ 2009, mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke mmepe gasịrị, Gai, onye nwere oche na electron microscopy ma bụrụ onye nduzi nke York JEOL Nanocentre na Mahadum York, nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta microscope nwere ike ịghọta mmeghachi omume kemịkal na atomic scale.

Nke a bụ ọganihu na microscopes nkịtị na ọkwa a, nke nwere ike ịhụ naanị ihe ebumpụta ụwa na ọnọdụ &quot;nwụrụ anwụ&quot; nke ikuku na okpomọkụ ime ụlọ. A maara ya dị ka atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). 

Site n'enyemaka nke ndị ọrụ ibe ya, o wuru ma nụchaa igwe ahụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ, malite na prototype dị ala mgbe ọ bụ onye nyocha postdoctoral na Mahadum Oxford. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na asatọ na US na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal DuPont na Mahadum Delaware . 

Ọ bụ ezie na igwe eji elele ihu dị ntakịrị ya bara ezigbo uru na ngalaba sayensị, o mere mkpebi ịghara inweta ya, na-asị, &quot;Echere m na ọ bụrụ na m nweta ya, ọ dịghị onye ọzọ ga-enwe ike iji ya rụọ ọrụ. Enwere m ike inweta ego, mana enweghị m mmasị na nke ahụ. Enwere m mmasị na ngwa maka ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta, mepụta sayensị ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, ekpebiri m ịghara inweta ikike ya. &quot;

Ọ na-ekwukarị maka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị, ma kwuo maka ihe ịma aka nke inwe ụmụ dị ka nwanyị sayensị. Ọ na-ekwu, &quot;ihe dị mkpa iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị nọgide na sayensị; ọ bụ mpaghara asọmpi nke ukwuu ma ha [ma ọ bụghị ya] na-anọ n'azụ ma ha na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Ya mere, ana m agwa ụmụ akwụkwọ m ndị nwanyị ka ha lekwasị anya n'elu. &quot;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==

* 2010 Gabor Medal na Prize maka in-situ atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM).
* Onye otu Institute of Physics 
* Onye otu Royal Society of Chemistry 
* 2013 L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards Laureate for Europe
* 2014 Fellow nke Royal Academy of Engineering 
* 2016 Fellow nke Royal Society (FRS) 
* 2018 Ihe nrite Eshia maka ihe ịga nke ọma pụtara ìhè na sayensị na teknụzụ. 
* 2018 Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire Maka ọrụ na sayensị na teknụzụ kemịkal 
* 2018 Honorary Fellow nke Royal Microscopical SocietyOnye Nsọpụrụ nke Royal Microscopical Society

== Edensibia ==
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'''Daya Bai''' (onye amụrụ Mercy Mathew) bụ onye India na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze si Kerala, na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti agbụrụ nke etiti India. Ọ bi n'obodo Barul nke Mpaghara Chhindwara na Madhya Pradesh .

== Oge ọ malitere ndụ ya ==
Mercy Mathew sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị Kraịst nwere ọganihu na Pala, Kerala .  O nwere obi ụtọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na okwukwe siri ike na Chineke. Ọ hapụrụ Pala, Kerala mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii ka ọ bụrụ onye nọn,  ma mesịa hapụ omume ya, iji rụọ ọrụ maka ndị agbụrụ dị n'etiti India.

== Ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ==
Daya anọwo na-ekwu okwu ndị na-akpali akpali, na-eme satyagrahas na mkpọsa iji mee ka ndị ọchịchị ime obodo mepee ụlọ akwụkwọ ma nye obodo nta ndị a na-eleghara anya n'ime ime obodo na agbụrụ Madhya Pradesh. E jikọtara ya na Narmada Bachao Andolan na ọgụ Chengara, ma e wezụga ọgụ ya na-anọchite anya ndị bi n'ọhịa na ndị obodo na Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra na West Bengal. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ ya na ndị nkịtị nọ na Bangladesh n'oge agha ahụ. Daya Bai, onye na-eme nkà mmụta okpukpe nke nnwere onwe, biri n'etiti Gonds nke Mpaghara Chhindwara na Madhya Pradesh. O guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ n'obodo nta Barul. Daya Bai na-akụziri obodo ọ bụla ọ na-eleta otu esi elekọta onwe ya wee gaa n'obodo ọzọ.

Ọ malitere Swayam Sahayatha Group na ngwụcha afọ 90, dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka iwepụ ịda ogbenye ọnụ ntụ. Nke a mere ka iwe nke ndị na-agbachitere, ndị na-ebinye ego na onye isi obodo. Ọ rịọrọ ndị isi nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ akụ ahụ ka ha jiri ọnọdụ ha bulie ndị a na-emegbu emegbu na ndị ogbenye nọ na nsogbu.
[[File:Daya_Bai_in_a_Village.png|thumb]]

== Onyinye ihe nrite ==
Daya Bai nwetara ihe nrite 'Vanitha Woman of the Year' n'afọ 2007. E nyere ya ihe nrite 'Good Samaritan National Award' (nke otu Kottayam Social Service Society na Agape Movement nke Chicago hiwere) n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2012.

== Ihe Nketa ==
''Ottayal'' ma ọ bụ 'Otu Onye,' bụ ihe ngosi na-ewe otu awa na Daya Bai nke Shiny Jacob Benjamin. Nandita Das, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, dere otuto nye ya na 2005, dị ka otu ihe kpaliri ndụ ya. 

== Ihe nkiri ==
Ọ rụrụ ọrụ onye isi na ihe nkiri asụsụ Malayalam nke India nke afọ 2018 bụ Kanthan - The Lover of Colour .

== Ihe odide ==
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Dame Asha Khemka DBE DL (amụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1951,  na Sitamarhi, Bihar)   bụ onye bụbu onye nkuzi nke gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na onye isi oche na West Nottinghamshire College na ngwụcha afọ 2018 mgbe kọleji ahụ nwere nsogbu ego.    Ọ sonyeere kọleji na 2006, nọchiri Di McEvoy-Robinson.&lt;ref name=&quot;beingindian1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.beingindian.com/good-reads/woman-from-bihar-who-dropped-out-of-school-at-13-is-now-asian-businesswoman-of-the-year|title=Woman from Bihar who dropped out of school at 13 is now Asian businesswoman of the Year|publisher=Being Indian|accessdate=8 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2018 ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị a na-akwụ ụgwọ kachasị elu na ngalaba ahụ. 

== Nsọpụrụ ==
E nyere Khemka ihe nrite [[Order of the British Empire|OBE (Order of the British Empire)]] dị ka akụkụ nke 2009 New Year Honours, nke [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth nke Abụọ]], mgbe ahụ The Queen, gosipụtara na Buckingham Palace na July 2009.   N'afọ 2014, e buliri ya ka ọ bụrụ Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, nke Charles nke Atọ, nke a na-akpọ Prince of Wales, gosipụtara ọzọ na Buckingham Palace.

Khemka bụ nwanyị nke anọ sitere na India e nyere ụtụ ahọ &quot;Dame&quot; ya ọkwa nke Order of the British Empire (DBE ma ọ bụ GBE) kemgbe e guzobere iwu ahụ na 1917, na-esote, n'usoro oge, Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum nke Bhopal (1917), [[Maharani Lakshmi Devi Bai Sahiba]] nke Dhar State (1931), na Indira Patel (2011).

N'afọ 2017, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote Lieutenant nke Staffordshire, ebe ọ bụ onye bi ogologo oge. N'ọnwa Eprel 2017, a kpọrọ ya Asian Businesswoman of the Year na meme na Birmingham.

== Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ ==

* National Jewel Award for Excellence in Healthcare and Education, 2007
* Ihe nrite Asia Women of Achievement, 2008
* Midlands Businesswoman of the Year, 2009
* Ihe nrite ọla edo nke NRI Welfare Society of India maka ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ dị ka onye India na-abụghị onye bi na ya, 2010
* Nwanyị Na-akpali Akpali nke Afọ, Derbyshire na Nottinghamshire Chamber of Commerce, 2011
* Onye Azụmaahịa nke Afọ, Ashfield na Mansfield Chad, 2011
* Nkwado zuru oke maka mmụta (inugurazi Asian Apprenticeship Awards, ndị isi ojii na ndị agbụrụ Asia pere mpe). 

== Ọrụ ebere ==
Khemka bụ onye guzobere Inspire and Achieve Foundation, otu ndị nkuzi nke e bu n'obi &quot;...i ji yere ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ọnọdụ siri ike,ndị a na eleghara anya na ndị na enweghị ohere zuru oke dị afọ iri na isii ruo afọ iri abụọ na isii...&quot;, mgbe ụfọdụ a maara dị ka NEETS - Ọ bụghị n'ọrụ, agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ọzụzụ.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Khemka lụrụ Shankar Lal Khemka, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ. Ha nwere ụmụ atọ. Ọ hapụrụ agụmakwụkwọ na mpaghara Bihar nke India mgbe ọ dị afọ 13 ma lụọ di mgbe ọ dị iri na ise. Ya na di ya gara biri na UK n'afọ 1978, ebe ọ mụtara Bekee site na ikiri telivishọn na ịgwa ndị obodo okwu. Mgbe ọ ghọsịrị onye na-elekọta ụlọ ruo afọ 20, ọ laghachiri agụmakwụkwọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ tozuru etozu, nweta akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum Cardiff, wee nweta ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi ọmụmụ azụmahịa kọleji.  

== Arụmụka na ịgba arụkwaghịm ==
Khemka gbara arụkwaghịm na ụbọchị nke mbụ na ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2018, na 'mmetụta ozugbo', na-esote nzukọ pụrụ iche nke ndị gọvanọ.  Kọleji ahụ nwere nnukwu mmebi ego n'afọ 2018 na tupu ya, a na-etinye ya na 'ihe omume pụrụ iche', ebe e nyere ya &quot;Notice To Improve&quot; n'oge Julaị, afọ 2018  .

Tupu ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm, Khemka bụ otu n'ime ndị isi / ndị isi a na-akwụ ụgwọ kachasị elu na ngalaba ahụ, na £ 275K na 2015/16 na £ 262K na 2016/17. Na mbido afọ 2019, a kọrọ na Khemka kwuru na ọ karịrị £ 41K na-emefu ihe n'ime afọ atọ. FE Week kọrọ na Khemka gbara arụkwaghịm n'anabataghị ụgwọ ego ruru £ 130K.

== Ihe odide ==
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Dame Asha Khemka DBE DL (amụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1951,  na Sitamarhi, Bihar)   bụ onye bụbu onye nkuzi nke gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na onye isi oche na West Nottinghamshire College na ngwụcha afọ 2018 mgbe kọleji ahụ nwere nsogbu ego.    Ọ sonyeere kọleji na 2006, nọchiri Di McEvoy-Robinson.&lt;ref name=&quot;beingindian1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.beingindian.com/good-reads/woman-from-bihar-who-dropped-out-of-school-at-13-is-now-asian-businesswoman-of-the-year|title=Woman from Bihar who dropped out of school at 13 is now Asian businesswoman of the Year|publisher=Being Indian|accessdate=8 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2018 ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị a na-akwụ ụgwọ kachasị elu na ngalaba ahụ. 

== Nsọpụrụ ==
E nyere Khemka ihe nrite [[Order of the British Empire|OBE (Order of the British Empire)]] dị ka akụkụ nke 2009 New Year Honours, nke [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth nke Abụọ]], mgbe ahụ The Queen, gosipụtara na Buckingham Palace na July 2009.   N'afọ 2014, e buliri ya ka ọ bụrụ Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, nke Charles nke Atọ, nke a na-akpọ Prince of Wales, gosipụtara ọzọ na Buckingham Palace.

Khemka bụ nwanyị nke anọ sitere na India e nyere ụtụ ahọ &quot;Dame&quot; ya ọkwa nke Order of the British Empire (DBE ma ọ bụ GBE) kemgbe e guzobere iwu ahụ na 1917, na-esote, n'usoro oge, Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum nke Bhopal (1917), [[Maharani Lakshmi Devi Bai Sahiba]] nke Dhar State (1931), na Indira Patel (2011).

N'afọ 2017, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote Lieutenant nke Staffordshire, ebe ọ bụ onye bi ogologo oge. N'ọnwa Eprel 2017, a kpọrọ ya Asian Businesswoman of the Year na meme na Birmingham.

== Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ ==

* National Jewel Award for Excellence in Healthcare and Education, 2007
* Ihe nrite Asia Women of Achievement, 2008
* Midlands Businesswoman of the Year, 2009
* Ihe nrite ọla edo nke NRI Welfare Society of India maka ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ dị ka onye India na-abụghị onye bi na ya, 2010
* Nwanyị Na-akpali Akpali nke Afọ, Derbyshire na Nottinghamshire Chamber of Commerce, 2011
* Onye Azụmaahịa nke Afọ, Ashfield na Mansfield Chad, 2011
* Nkwado zuru oke maka mmụta (inugurazi Asian Apprenticeship Awards, ndị isi ojii na ndị agbụrụ Asia pere mpe). 

== Ọrụ ebere ==
Khemka bụ onye guzobere Inspire and Achieve Foundation, otu ndị nkuzi nke e bu n'obi &quot;...i ji yere ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ọnọdụ siri ike,ndị a na eleghara anya na ndị na enweghị ohere zuru oke dị afọ iri na isii ruo afọ iri abụọ na isii...&quot;, mgbe ụfọdụ a maara dị ka NEETS - Ọ bụghị n'ọrụ, agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ọzụzụ.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Khemka lụrụ Shankar Lal Khemka, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ. Ha nwere ụmụ atọ. Ọ hapụrụ agụmakwụkwọ na mpaghara Bihar nke India mgbe ọ dị afọ 13 ma lụọ di mgbe ọ dị iri na ise. Ya na di ya gara biri na UK n'afọ 1978, ebe ọ mụtara Bekee site na ikiri telivishọn na ịgwa ndị obodo okwu. Mgbe ọ ghọsịrị onye na-elekọta ụlọ ruo afọ 20, ọ laghachiri agụmakwụkwọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ tozuru etozu, nweta akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum Cardiff, wee nweta ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi ọmụmụ azụmahịa kọleji.  

== Arụmụka na ịgba arụkwaghịm ==
Khemka gbara arụkwaghịm na ụbọchị nke mbụ na ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2018, na 'mmetụta ozugbo', na-esote nzukọ pụrụ iche nke ndị gọvanọ.  Kọleji ahụ nwere nnukwu mmebi ego n'afọ 2018 na tupu ya, a na-etinye ya na 'ihe omume pụrụ iche', ebe e nyere ya &quot;Notice To Improve&quot; n'oge Julaị, afọ 2018  .

Tupu ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm, Khemka bụ otu n'ime ndị isi / ndị isi a na-akwụ ụgwọ kachasị elu na ngalaba ahụ, na £ 275K na 2015/16 na £ 262K na 2016/17. Na mbido afọ 2019, a kọrọ na Khemka kwuru na ọ karịrị £ 41K na-emefu ihe n'ime afọ atọ. FE Week kọrọ na Khemka gbara arụkwaghịm n'anabataghị ụgwọ ego ruru £ 130K.

== Ihe odide ==
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  <page>
    <title>S. M. Cyril</title>
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Nwanna nwanyị M. Cyril Mooney, IBVM (21 Julaị 1936 - 24 June 2023) bụ onye nọn Irish nke [[Ndia|India]], onye nkuzi, onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ na afọ 2007 onye mmeri nke Padma Shri Award, nke anọ kachasị elu nke Gọọmentị India. 
Ọ natara ihe nrite  gụnyere nkwanye ugwu nke UNESCO (afọ 1994) na International Christian Stewardship Award na afọ 2002 nke US Conference of Catholic Bishops nyere.

A mụrụ ya na Ireland, ọ tolitere na Wolfe Tone Square, Bray, ebe ọ ghọrọ onye ozi maka nne ya na-ekesa magazin maka Holy Spirit Fathers' Missions. Ọ onwetere agụmakwụkwọ na efu na Loreto Convent na Bray, wee were iwu na afọ 1955 n'ime Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Ọ biri ma rụọ ọrụ na India kemgbe 1956, ebe ọ pụtara dị ka onye ndu mba niile n'iwetara ụmụaka dara ogbenye n'obodo ukwu na n'ime ime obodo agụmakwụkwọ dị mma. N'okpuru usoro ihe omume Rainbow School,&quot;Anyị nyere onwe anyị iwu na anyị ga-ewere 25% nke ụmụaka dara ogbenye oge ọ bụla anyị nabatara, na ka oge na-aga, nke a ruru 50%, Mooney kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na The Irish Times na afọ 2015. &quot;Iji nyere ụmụaka nọ n'okporo ámá aka ịnọgide na-aga, e nyere ebe obibi na saịtị ahụ n'ihe nlereanya nke gọọmentị West Bengal depụtaghachiri. &quot;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị nke Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (afọ 1955), ọ bịa rutere India na 10 Ọktoba afọ 1956. O nwetara PhD na Zoology (Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India). Site na afọ 1979, ọ bụ onye isi nke Loreto Day School Sealdah.
[[File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_presenting_Padma_Shri_to_Sister_M_Cyril_Mooney_(Teacher_Cum_Social_Worker),_at_an_Investiture_Ceremony_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_March_23,_2007.jpg|thumb|Onye isi ala, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam na-enyefe Padma Shri na Sister M Cyril Mooney (Onye nkuzi Cum Social Worker), na emume Investiture na Rashtrapati Bhavan na New Delhi na 23 Machị 2007]]

== Ọnwụ ==
S. M. Cyril nwụrụ na Kolkata na 24 June 2023 mgbe ọ dị afọ 86. 

== Nsọpụrụ / onyinye obodo ==

* 2015: Saint Michael's College Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
* 2013: Ihe nrite Ọrụ Dị Mma nke Onye isi ala nke Ireland
* 2012: Ihe nrite Aparajita site na Rupashi Bangla (Public Choice) 
* 2011: Onyinye Global Visionary nke Mahadum Monmouth
* 2007: Padma Shri Award, nsọpụrụ nke anọ kachasị elu nke gọọmentị India nyere
* 2002: International Christian Stewardship Award, Bishops of America.
* 2000: Ihe nrite Kolkata Telegraph maka ịdị mma
* 1994: Ihe nrite NOMA maka ịgbasa ịgụ na ide, UNESCO
* Ihe nrite Kolkata Telegraph maka Ọrụ Ọha (ugboro 7) 
* Onyinye Enyi nke Child In Need Institute (CINI) 

== Hụkwa ==

* Agụmakwụkwọ na Kolkata

== Ihe odide ==
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  <page>
    <title>Marina de Tavira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Marina de Tavira Servitje''' (amụrụ na 21 Nọvemba 1973) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Mexico. A maara ya n'ụwa niile maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri ''Rom'' (2018), nke o nwetara otuto zuru oke na nhọpụta maka onyinye Academy maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Tavira na Mexico City; nne ya bụ María Servitje Montull, onye nkuzi gbasara nkà mmụta okpukperechi na onye nduzi nke Mexican Institute of Christian Social Doctrine, ebe nna ya bụ Juan Pablo de Tavira, onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mpụ na ndị mere ya.  Ọ tolitere na Mexico City na ụmụnne , &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-23 |title=Este es el árbol genealógico de Marina de Tavira Servitje |url=https://www.revistaclase.mx/gente-con-clase/este-es-el-arbol-genealogico-de-marina-de-tavira-servitje/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Revista Clase |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nwee mmasị ime ihe nkiri site na nwata, nke nwanne nna ya, onye na-ede egwuregwu Luis de Tavira [es] kpaliri. 

Nna ya bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mpụ a na-akwanyere ùgwù, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ nke oge a na Mexico, dịka onye ndu na onye nkatọ na-ekwu okwu nke ọma.  Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya, o nwere mmasị ndụ ya niile na ihe nkiri ma bụrụ onye a na-eto maka itinye ihe nkiri n'ime mgbake nke ndị mkpọrọ Mexico. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Anzures |first=Denise |date=2015-07-01 |title=La génesis del teatro penitenciario en México |url=https://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.16/num7/art53/ |journal=[[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]] University Magazine |language=es |volume=16 |issue=Escenarios del teatro en México. Miradas en torno a la creación, difusión y docencia teatral |via=RDU}}&lt;/ref&gt;  N'etiti ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ onye nduzi mbụ nke Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Altiplano a ma ama na Mexico. Mgbe ọtụtụ iyi egwu ọnwụ gasịrị, e gburu ya na Nọvemba 2000. N'afọ 2023, Joaquín &quot;El Chapo&quot; Guzmán na Héctor &quot;El Güero&quot; Palma metụtara ọnwụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Contreras |first=Luis |date=2023-07-17 |title=Quién era Pablo de Tavira, el hombre que El Chapo mandó a matar, según un testigo protegido |url=https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2023/07/17/quien-era-pablo-de-tavira-el-hombre-que-el-chapo-mando-a-matar-segun-un-testigo-protegido/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tavira gụrụ maka ihe nkiri na La Casa del Teatro na Núcleo de Estudios Teatrales, n'etiti mmemme ndị ọzọ. 

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Ọrụ mbụ Tavira rụchara mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ bụ ime ihe nkiri na egwuregwu Feliz nuevo siglo doktor Freud (Happy New Century, Doktor Freud) nke Sabina Berman. E gburu nna Marina de Tavira, onye isi ọrụ na usoro ikpe mpụ nke Mexico, n'afọ 2000, otu ụbọchị tupu oge mbụ ya emee ihe nkiri na egwuregwu Berman. Luis Rosales, onye nduzi na Netflix, nọ na nke mbụ a ma mesịa gwa ya ka ọ sonye na ihe nkiri Alfonso Cuarón bụ ''Rom''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Forbes |date=23 February 2019 |title=La poderosa familia detrás de Marina de Tavira • Actualidad • Forbes México |url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/la-poderosa-familia-detras-de-marina-de-tavira/ |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=Forbes México |language=es-MX}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tavira anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe nkiri Mexico kemgbe afọ 1990. Ọ bụ onye otu na onye guzobere, ya na Enrique Singer, nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe Incidente Teatro nke ha na ya gosipụtara Betrayal nke Harold Pinter, Crimes of the Heart nke Beth Henley, La mujer justa nke Hugo Urquijo (nke dabeere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Sándor Márai), na The Anarchist nke David Mamet. N'afọ 2000, ọ kụziri na Casa del Teatro . 

N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye Academy maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye Sofia na ''Rom'', n'akụkụ Amy Adams, Regina King, Emma Stone na Rachel Weisz n'otu ụdị ahụ. Mgbe nhọpụta a gasịrị, ọ laghachiri n'ihe nkiri na egwuregwu Skylight, na alma mater ya, Casa del Teatro na Mexico City.

== Ndụ nkeonwe ==
A mụrụ Tavira n'ezinụlọ ndị ama ama na Mexico. Nna nna ya bụ Lorenzo Servitje, onye guzobere Grupo Bimbo, nwanne nna ya Daniel Servitje bụ Onye isi oche ugbu a. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2026, Tavira nọ na Board of Directors nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'akụkụ nna ya, nwanne nna ya bụ onye na-ede egwuregwu Luis de Tavira ma lụọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Rosa María Bianchi, ọ lụkwara onye na-ese ihe nkiri Julieta Egurrola.[es] Ụmụ nwanne nne ya gụnyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri José María de Tavira na Pedro de Tavira Egurrola, na onye nduzi Julián de Tavira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-02-23 |title=La poderosa familia detrás de Marina de Tavira |url=https://forbes.com.mx/la-poderosa-familia-detras-de-marina-de-tavira/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Forbes México |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 2012 ruo 2019, ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Mexico Rafael Sánchez Navarro nwere mmekọrịta. Kemgbe afọ 2019, ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Mexico bụ Diego Luna na-enwe mmekọrịta. De Tavira anọgidewo na-ebi ndụ onwe onye; o nwere otu nwa.

== Ndepụta ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|1999
|''Na-eme njem n'elu ndị na-ehi ụra''
|Ụgbọ Mmiri
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2005
|''A Good Death Beats a Dull Life (Ụmụ nwanyị nke nne ha: Las Buenrostro) ''
|Tere
|
|-
|2006
|''Ụwa Dị Ebube''
|Nwanyị Na-arịa Ọrịa
|
|-
|2006
|''Ọnwụ a mara ọkwa''
|
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2006
|''Mmetụta Ndị Ọzọ''
|Ụgbọ Mmiri
|
|-
|2007
|''Mpaghara (La zona) ''
|Andrea
|
|-
|2008
|''Ịhụnanya, Ihe Ọrịa na Ihe Ọjọọ Versa (Violanchelo) ''
|Marcela Padilla
|
|-
|2008
|''Okporo ụzọ na-aga n'ihu (Casi divas) ''
|Ihe nlereanya
|
|-
|2008
|''Mmalite nke njedebe''
|Ella
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2008
|''Nora's Will (Ụbọchị ise na-enweghị Nora) ''
|Nora Kurtz na-eto eto
|
|-
|2010
|''[[:es:Desafío (película de 2010)|Ihe ịma aka]]''
|Juliet
|
|-
|2011
|''[[:es:Viento en contra (película)|Ifufe na-emegide]]''
|Lizeta
|
|-
|2015
|''[[:es:Los árboles mueren de pie (película)|Osisi na-anwụ ka ha guzo ọtọ]]''
|Helena
|
|-
|2015
|''Ọcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ''
|Lorena Ukwu
|Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2017
|''Ana na Bruno (Ana na Bruno) ''
|Carmen
|Ọrụ olu
|-
|2017
|''Otu esi agbaji na Douchebag gị (Como cortar a patán) ''
|Nne Amanda
|
|-
|2018
|''Ndị mmekọ''
|Teresa
|
|-
|2018
|''Rom''
|Oriakụ Sofia
|Ariel Award maka Best Supporting ActressNominated - Academy Award maka Best nkwado ActressNominaated - Platino Award maka Best Actress&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ihe nrite Platino maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|-
|2018
|''Igwe ojii nke ebubo''
|Amanda
|
|-
|2019
|''Nke a abụghị Berlin (Nke a abụghị Berlin) ''
|Carolina
|
|-
|2021
|''Ncheta''
|Tamara &quot;Swati&quot; Sylvan
|
|-
|}

== Onyinye na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;75%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; |[[Academy Awards|Ihe nrite Academy]]
|-
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;33&quot; |Afọ
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; |Ụdị
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Ọrụ
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;90&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;5&quot; |Ihe mgbochi.
|-
!2019
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Rom''| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;75%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; |Ihe nrite Platinum
|-
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;33&quot; |Afọ
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; |Ụdị
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Ọrụ
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;90&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;5&quot; |Ihe mgbochi.
|-
!2019
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Ọrụ nwanyị kachasị mma
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Rom''| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;75%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; |Ihe nrite Ariel
|-
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;33&quot; |afọ
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; |Ụdị
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; |Ọrụ
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;90&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! style=&quot;background:#F0E68C&quot; width=&quot;5&quot; |Ihe mgbochi.
|-
!2019
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
| align=&quot;center&quot; |''Rom''| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|}

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

 {{Authority control}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
* {{IMDb name}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:de Tavira, Marina}}
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  <page>
    <title>Kou Baimen</title>
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'''Kou Baimen''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1624) bụ onye China [[:en:Courtesan|na-agba akwụna]], na-ede uri, na ''[[:en:Eight_Beauties_of_Qinhuai|otu n'ime ndị mara mma asatọ nke Qinhuai]]'' ([[:en:Chinese_language|Chinese]]) n'Oge mgbanwe Ming-Qing.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Kou Baimen dị ka Kou Mei (寇湄) n’afọ 1624. O biiri na [[:en:Qinhuai_District|Qinhuai District]] nke [[:en:Nanjing|Nanjing]], ma debanye aha ya n’akwụkwọ gọọmentị dịka nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ ịgba akwụna n’okpuru Southern Entertainment Bureau, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ na njikwa ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ ịgba akwụna na China..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WCP4 - James Cahill - Professor Emeritus, History of Art - UC Berkeley |url=https://jamescahill.info/the-writings-of-james-cahill/women-in-chinese-paintings/116-wcp4 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=jamescahill.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ ma ọ bụ iri na itoolu, onye ọchịchị nọ n’ọkwa dị elu, Zhu Guobi [zh] (朱國弼), kwụrụ [[:en:Indenture|ụgwọ iji wepụ ya n’akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta ọrụ mmanye ya]], ọ ghọzie [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:en:Concubinage|nwunye nta]] ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WCP4 - James Cahill - Professor Emeritus, History of Art - UC Berkeley |url=https://jamescahill.info/the-writings-of-james-cahill/women-in-chinese-paintings/116-wcp4 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=jamescahill.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha mere emume ọlụlụ ha n’emume n'ụzọ mara mma nke ukwuu, ebe ndị agha puku ise guzoro n’akụkụ ụzọ site na [[:en:Wudong_Bridge|Wudong Bridge]] ruo n’ụlọ Zhu dị na Nei Bridge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:63&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WCP4 - James Cahill - Professor Emeritus, History of Art - UC Berkeley |url=https://jamescahill.info/the-writings-of-james-cahill/women-in-chinese-paintings/116-wcp4 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=jamescahill.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe a kwaturu [[:en:Ming_dynasty|usoro ndị eze Ming]], Nanjing adanyekwa n'aka ndị Machus na 1644, Zhu, ebe ọ tụfurula ihe niile, kpebiri ire Baimen. Kama nke ahụ, o mere ka o kwenye na ịtọhapụ ya bara uru karịa. Ọ laghachiri Qinhuai iji maliteghachi ọrụ dị ka akwụna, ma nwee ike iziga ọlaedo dị puku iri nye Zhu n'ime otu ọnwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, n'akwụkwọ ya ''Banqiao zaji'' ma ọ bụ Miscellaneous Records of the Wooden Bridge), Yu Huai kesara ihe omume dị iche. Dị ka o si kwuo, n'ọnwa nke atọ nke ''jiashen'', mgbe isi obodo dachara, e weghaara ihe onwunwe Zhu niile ma Baimen nyere ya  mpempe ọla edo otu puku iji gbanwere ntọhapụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Huai |first=Yu |title=Plum Shadows and Plank Bridge |date=2019-12-31 |pages=65–184 |access-date=2025-11-26 |chapter=Miscellaneous Records of the Plank Bridge |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/mao-18684-005/html |publisher=Columbia University Press |doi=10.7312/mao-18684-005 |isbn=978-0-231-54686-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ sooro onye odibo nwanyị n'elu ịnyịnya gaa Qinhuai, wee ghọọ ''nüxia'' (nsugharị. nwanyị knight bụ onye oje ozi), na-ewu ogige, na-eme ndị enyi obi ụtọ, ma na-eso ndị na-ede uri na ndị na-ese ihe na-emekọ ihe mgbe niile. Ọ bụ ezie na iji aha ''nüxia'' ma ọ bụ ''xianu'' n’akụkọ ifo na ihe nkiri na-ezube igosi nka onye a nwere n’ịlụ ọgụ na nka ya n’ime mmegwara, n’ọnọdụ a, okwu ahụ “na-egosi omume na-adịghị agbaso omenala, obi ike, mmesapụ aka, mkpebi siri ike, na nnwere onwe nke mmụọ.” &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;E nwekwara “ihe na-egosi àgwà ndị nwoke na ịgafe ókèala nwoke na nwanyị” n’iji aha ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;Onye na-ede uri na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Qian Qianyi kọwakwara Baimen dị ka ''nüxia'' maka &quot;iwere ọdịnihu ya n'aka ya ma gosipụta nnwere onwe nke mmụọ ya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Li |first=Wai-yee |title=Writing Women in Late Imperial China |date=1997-04-01 |pages=46–73 |editor-last=Widmer |editor-first=Ellen |editor-last2=Chang |editor-first2=Kang-i Sun |access-date=2025-11-26 |chapter=2 The Late Ming Courtesan: Invention of a Cultural Ideal |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780804765916-005/html |publisher=Stanford University Press |doi=10.1515/9780804765916-005 |isbn=978-0-8047-6591-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baimen nabatara onye na-ede uri Fang Wen [zh](方文) n’afọ 1655, ma o dere uri atọ maka ya.{{sfn|Dai|2004|p=140}} Ndị nka nke oge ahụ, gụnyere [[:en:Fan_Qi_(artist)|Fan Qi]] na [[:en:Wu_Hong|Wu Hong]], serekwa ọtụtụ ihe osise ya.

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== Akwụkwọ ==
{{Prostitution in China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baimen, Kou}}
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'''[[w:ig:Bissula|Bissula]]''' (nke nwere ọganihu na narị afọ nke anọ AD) bụ nwanyị [[:en:Alemanni|Alemannic]] na narị afọ nke anọ.  Ndị Rom jidere ya na 368 na Agha nke Solicinium, n'ógbè Württemberg, mgbe ọ dị obere, o wee ghọọ ohu nke onye Rom na-ede uri Ausonius onye sonyere na mkpọsa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Richlin |first=Amy |title=Sex in Antiquity |date=2014 |access-date=2024-02-22 |chapter=Reading Boy-Love and Child-Love in the Greco-Roman World |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315747910-24/reading-boy-love-child-love-greco-roman-world-amy-richlin |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315747910-24&amp;type=chapterpdf |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-74791-0 |author-link=Amy Richlin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ausonius, onye nwunye ya nwụrụ n'oge ahụ dị ihe dị ka afọ iri isii, hụrụ Bissula n'anya ma tọhapụ ya n'ohu. O dere uri banyere ya, de ''Bissula'' (&quot;About Bissula&quot;), nke o zigaara enyi ya Paulus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0276/_P4.HTM Ihe odide Latịn] nke mmalite nke akụkụ bụ isi. Pịa na Next maka akụkụ na-esote.
* [http://www.deutsche-liebeslyrik.de/europaische_liebeslyrik/ausonius_bissula.htm ''Liebesgedichte an Bissula''], nsụgharị German nke M. W. Besser, 1908
* Friedrich Marx: Ausonius 3. Na: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Ìgwè nke Abụọ,2, Stuttgart 1896, Sp. 2562-2580, n'oge gara aga Sp. 2564 na Sp. 2571.
* Felix Dahn: Gesammelte Werke. Erste Serie, Band 3. Berlin 1884.
[[Category:Ụmụ nwanyị]]
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    <title>Luitgard (eze nwanyị Frank)</title>
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'''Luitgard''' (amụrụ n'ihe dị ka 776, onye nwụrụ na abalị anọ ọnwa Jun 800) bụ nwunye ikpeazụ nke Charlemagne.

Luitgard bụ nwa nwanyị nke Luitfrid nke Abụọ nke Sundgau, onye count nke [[:en:Alamanni|Alamannia]], na Hiltrude nke Wormsgau. Ọ lụrụ Charlemagne na 794, mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ iri ise. 

Obere ihe ka a maara banyere ya, ma e wezụga na eze hụrụ n'ime ya nwanyị dị jụụ ma nwee omume ọma; n'ụlọ ikpe, ụmụ ya nwedịrị ekele nye ya. Alcuin na-eto ịhụnanya Luitgarde nwere maka ide akwụkwọ ozi: ọ na-ekwu banyere ya, &quot;Eze nwanyị ahụ na-enwe mmasị iso ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị mụtara ihe nke ọma ekwurịta okwu; mgbe mmega ahụ ya gasịrị, ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ kachasị amasị ya o ji anọ ọnọdụ ụbọchị. Ọ jupụtara n'ịdị ala nye eze, onye na-asọpụrụ Chineke, onye na-enweghị ụta na onye kwesịrị ịhụnanya niile nke di dị otú ahụ.Ọ na-esokwa Charlemagne na nnukwu ịchụ nta ọ na-eme kwa afọ.

Luitgard yiri ka ọ na-eso na nkesa akụ Avar, mgbe [[:en:Avar_Wars|mwakpo Charlemagne]] wakporo ọchịchị ha gasịrị. 

Luitgard nwụrụ n'ọrịa a na-amaghị na abalị anọ ọnwa Jun 800 n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke Saint-Martin de Tours,  n'oge njem ya na Charlemagne mere gaa na Neustria, tupu njem ya gaa Rom ebe, ihe karịrị ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị, e kpuwere ya okpueze ''[[:en:Holy_Roman_Emperor|Imperator Romanorum]]'' (&quot;Emperor of the Romans&quot;). E liri ya n'ebe ahụ,  ọ bụ ezie na a maghị ebe ili ya dị kpọmkwem, a kọrọ na ọ dị n'okpuru Ụlọ Elu Charlemagne nke e jikọtara ya na Basilica nke Saint Martin, Tours. Ya na Charlemagne amụtaghị ụmụ, ọ lụghịkwa nwanyị ọzọ.

Dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke iri na isii si na Mahadum Oxford si kwuo, Luitgard nwere nwanne nwanyị, Redburga/Redburh, onye zutere Ecgberht, onye mechara bụrụ [[:en:King_of_Wessex|Eze Wessex]], mgbe Beorhtric nke Wessex na Offa nke Mercia chụpụrụ ya na [[:en:West_Francia|West Francia]]; ha abụọ mechara lụọ onwe ha.

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    <title>Emília Dias</title>
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'''Emília Carlota Sebastião Celestino Dias''' (amụrụ 1972) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nkuzi si Angolan. Ọ bụ onye otu omeiwu mba [[Angola]] kemgbe afọ 2008. Na 2026, a họpụtara ya dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Òtù Ụmụ Nwanyị Angola.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Emília Carlota Dias na mpaghara Namibe nke Angola na 1972.

Ọ malitere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya n'afọ 1980 dịka onye otu òtù dị iche iche nke ndị ntorobịa, gụnyere Agostinho Neto Pioneer Organization na [[Ndị ntorobịa nke MPLA|Youth of MPLA]]. O nwere nzere bachelọ na agụmakwụkwọ, ọkachamara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ kụzikwara ihe na mbụ na School of Professional Training in Arts and Crafts na Namibe Province. A họpụtakwara ya dịka onyeisi ngalaba nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ụmụaka nke Angola.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emilia Carlota Sebastião Celestino Dias |url=https://parlamento.ao/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Assembleia Nacional |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2008, a họpụtara Dias ka ọ bụrụ onye otu pati MPLA na - achị, na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu ntuli aka mba ahụ. A họpụtara ya ọzọ n'afọ 2012, 2017, na 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-27 |title=Emília Carlota Dias é a quarta secretária-geral da OMA |url=https://luandapost.com/emilia-carlota-dias-e-a-quarta-secretaria-geral-da-oma/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=LuandaPost |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2010, o jere ozi na Mgbakọ Iwu nke degharịrị Iwu Angola, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Na 2026, a họpụtara ya dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Òtù Ụmụ Nwanyị Angola, wee nọchie [[Joana Tomás]]. Ọ nọwo na Kọmitii Etiti nke otu ahụ kemgbe afọ 2005.

N'oge ọrụ ya niile, Dias akwadola inye ụmụ nwanyị ike, gụnyere nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ime usoro mkpebi.

== Edensibị''a'' ==
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    <title>Fatou Jallow</title>
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'''Fatou A. &quot;Toufah&quot; Jallow''' (amụrụ na Eprel 19, 1996 na Soma) bụ eze nwanyị mara mma [[The Gambia|nke mba Gambia]]. A maara ya n'afọ 2014 maka ebubo ya nke idina mmadụ n'ike na mmegbu mmekọahụ megide Onyeisiala Gambia Yahya Jammeh.

== Ndụ ==
Jallow bụ onye otu agbụrụ Fulbe. Ndị mụrụ ya bụ Alfa Jallow na Awa Saho. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Nusrat ruo klas nke iri na abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saja |title=Who is Fatou Jallow? Meet the new Miss July 22nd |url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/763-who-is-fatou-jallow-meet-the-new-miss-july-22nd |access-date=2019-06-30 |language=en-gb |archive-date=2019-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630000758/http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/763-who-is-fatou-jallow-meet-the-new-miss-july-22nd |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2014, o meriri aha Miss Julaị 22 na asọmpi ịma mma mba nke onye ọchịchị aka ike nke Gambia bụ Yahya Jammeh haziri. N'oge a, ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ.

Na Septemba 2014, ọ malitere ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na Mahadum Gambia dị na Brikama.

Dịka akụkọ dị na ''Kibaroo News'' si kwuo na June 2015, ọ furu efu ruo ọtụtụ izu mgbe a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa n'ụlọ gọọmentị na Banjul. N'oge asọmpi ahụ gasịrị, a boro Jammeh ebubo na ọ na-akpagbu ya ugboro ugboro ma na-enye ya onyinye. Dịka akụkọ ahụ si kwuo, a kpọtara ya n'ihu Jammeh ọtụtụ ugboro n'enweghị uche ya. O kwuputara n'ihu ọha ọtụtụ ugboro na ọ chọrọ ịlụ Jallow, mana ọ jụrụ.

Dịka Jallow si kọwaa n'afọ 2019, na Julaị 2015 ọ gbapụrụ n'ókèala ahụ gaa Dakar (Senegal), ebe ọ tụgharịrị gaa n'òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ.  Na Ọgọst 6, 2015, ọ natara ebe mgbaba na Kanada ma kemgbe ahụ ọ bi na Toronto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=FATOU TOUFAH JALLOW TRRC DAY 102 PT1 31.10.19 | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJQdo4S3ERw |access-date=2020-01-11 |language=de-DE |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309092121/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJQdo4S3ERw |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ahụ ka ọ gụchara ọgwụgwọ ma mụọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'ihe dịka afọ 2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nnọchi anya ndị ahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta ma sonye na ebe a na-elekọta ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dionne Searcey |date=2019-06-25 |title=A Beauty Queen Accuses Former Gambian President of Rape: 'I Literally Stumbled Out of There' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/25/world/africa/fatou-jallow-yahya-jammeh-gambia.html |access-date=2019-06-30 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2019-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630000552/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/25/world/africa/fatou-jallow-yahya-jammeh-gambia.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebubo ndina n'ike ===
Na ngwụcha ọnwa Juun afọ 2019, o boro ebubo n'ihu òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ bụ́ Human Rights Watch na TRIAL na Jammeh dinara ya n'ike. E kwuru aha Jallow dịka ọ rịọrọ, iji gbaa ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ume ka ha kọọ banyere ahụmahụ ndị dị otú ahụ.

Mgbe o meriri asọmpi ịma mma na Disemba 6, 2014, o kwuru na a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa leta Jammeh ọtụtụ ugboro n'ime ọnwa ndị sochirinụ. Dịka nkwupụta ya si kwuo, o nwetara Dalasi 50,000, e mesịakwa o nwetara Dalasi 200,000 ọzọ n'aka ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Ex-Beauty Queen Accuses Former President Jammeh of Raping Her |url=https://foroyaa.gm/ex-beauty-queen-accuses-former-president-jammeh-of-raping-her/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |website=Foroyaa Newspaper |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111210332/https://foroyaa.gm/ex-beauty-queen-accuses-former-president-jammeh-of-raping-her/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmeghachi omume ===
Jammeh n'onwe ya ekwughị okwu gbasara ebubo ndị a. Ousman Rambo Jatta, onye ọrụ pati nke otu Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction nke Jammeh hiwere, kpọrọ ebubo ndị a ụgha, na-ekwu na Jammeh &quot;bụ onye ndu a na-asọpụrụ nke ukwuu, onye na-atụ egwu Chineke, onye na-asọpụrụ Chineke, onye na-enweghị ihe ọzọ ma e wezụga nsọpụrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Gambia anyị.&quot; Otu onye ọkwọ ụgbọala n'oge ahụ gọnarịrị ebubo Jallow maka idina mmadụ n'ike.

Minista na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na Onye isi ndị ọka iwu nke mba Gambia, bụ Abubacarr Tambadou, tinyere Salieu Taal, bụ onye isi otu ndị ọka iwu nke mba ahụ (GBA), toro Jallow maka obi ike o nwere ikwupụta ihe mere ya mgbe o bu ụzọ gbachi nkịtị; ha gbakwara ndị ọzọ e dinara n'ike ume ka ha kwupụtakwa ihe mere ha, n'olileanya na nke a ga-enye ohere ka e boro Jammeh ebubo ndị ọzọ. Òtù na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ Female Lawyers Association Gambia (FLAG) kwadoro echiche ha a. E kwuru na ebubo ndị ọzọ megide ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nọ n'ọkwa dị elu n'ụbọchị ndị sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pa Nderry Mbai |date=2019-07-02 |title=Toufah Jallow's Rape Case Exposes More Alleged 'Sexual Pedrators' |url=https://www.freedomnewspaper.com/2019/07/02/toufah-jallows-rape-case-exposes-more-alleged-sexual-pedrators/ |access-date=2019-07-02 |website=Freedom Newspaper |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309092103/https://www.freedomnewspaper.com/2019/07/02/toufah-jallows-rape-case-exposes-more-alleged-sexual-pedrators/ |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Septemba 2019, onye ndu nwa oge nke APRC, Fabakary Jatta, kpọrọ ebubo ndị a ụgha, na-ekwu na Jallow &quot;kwesịrị ikele onye bụbu onyeisiala Jammeh maka nkwado ego&quot;, ma katọọ ebubo ndị a dị ka mgbalị iji mebie aha Jammeh. Jallow jụrụ okwu a dị ka ihe na-egosi na ọ chọrọ nlebara anya, ma kwuo na ọ bụghị ebubo APRC dịka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kama ebubo Jammeh n'onwe ya, nakwa na APRC ekwesịghị ikwuchitere ya okwu.

N'abalị iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Ọktoba, afọ 2019, Jallow gbara akaebe n'ihu Kọmishọna Eziokwu, Mmezi na Mweghachi na ịnakwere ọchịchị Jammeh, ma kwughachi ma mee ka ebubo ya doo anya.

Ya na Kim Pattaway ebipụtala akwụkwọ ''Toufah, The Woman Who Inspired an African #MeToo Movement.''

== Edensibịa ==
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'''Hannah Augusta Darling Jawara''' (''née'' '''Mahoney'''; Mee 1924 – 21 Jenụwarị 1981), bụ nọọsụ [[The Gambia|mba Gambia]], onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye na-akwado [[ikike ụmụ nwanyị]]. Ọ bụ nwunye mbụ nke Sir Dawda Jawara, Praịm Minista nke Gambia (site na 1955 ruo 1967).

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Hannah Augusta Darling Mahoney n'ezinụlọ Ndị Kraịst a ma ama nke ndị Aku Creole. Ọ bụ ada Sir John Mahoney, onye bụbu onye isi oche mbụ nke Kansụl Iwu nke Gambia, na nwunye ya, bụ Hannah. Nwanne nwanyị Augusta bụ Louise N'Jie. 

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mohammedan High School, ebe o zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, (onye ga-abụ onyeisiala n'ọdịnihu) Dawda Jawara, tupu ọ mụọ ọrụ nọọsụ na Edinburgh, Scotland.

Na Febụwarị afọ 1955, ọ lụrụ Dawda Jawara. A mụrụ nwa mbụ ha na Edinburgh, ebe di ya lọtara ịga akwụkwọ. Na 1960, ọ zọọrọ ọkwa dịka onye nnọchi anya ụlọ omeiwu na ntuli aka nke afọ 1960, wee zọọ ọkwa Soldier Town na Bathurst n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa di ya, PPP. O si otú a bụrụ nwanyị mbụ ga-azọ ọkwa na ntuli aka mba Gambia.

Na 1962, o hiwere otu Women's Contemporary Society. E mepụtara egwuregwu ya, ''Eze Afrịka'', na [[Ememme Ụwa nke Black Arts|Ememme Nkà Ndị Negro]] na Dakar na 1966.

N'afọ 1967, ya na Dawda Jawara gbara alụkwaghịm, ya na onye Alakụba malitekwara ịgbagha.  Na 1968, o bipụtara ''Rebellion'' - &quot;ikekwe akwụkwọ mbụ a ma ama nke na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, nke na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala akwụkwọ Gambia&quot;. E bipụtara ya n'aha aha ya bụ ''Rebellion'', egwuregwu gbasara Nyasta, nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na ụma bi n'ime ime obodo nke na-agbasi mbọ ike ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya kama ịlụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye ya. N'oge e bipụtara ya, ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke otu ụmụ nwanyị Gambia,&lt;ref name=&quot;Saine2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Abdoulaye Saine|title=Culture and Customs of Gambia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikWccsfwZJAC&amp;pg=PA75|access-date=20 November 2012|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35910-1|page=75}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke o nyere aka guzobe site na otu ụmụ nwanyị na Mpaghara Ukwu Banjul.

== Ọnwụ ==
Augusta Jawara nwụrụ na [[London]] n'abalị iri abụọ na otu nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1981, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise na isii. 

== Ọrụ ==
Nọọsụ Gambia

=== Egwuregwu ===

* The African King, nke e mepụtara na 1966.
* ''Nnupụisi'', 1968

=== Ndị ọzọ ===

* &quot;The Gambia Women's Federation&quot;, Women Today, Vol. 6, Nke 4 (1965), peeji nke 79-81.

== Ihe odide ==
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      <text bytes="60667" sha1="7yyosu3xa1neuwbq8ndm1987murpbn0" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|American political scientist and university administrator (born 1970)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Claudine Gay
| image               = Inauguration of Claudine Gay as President of Harvard University (3) (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Gay in 2023
| office              = 30th [[President of Harvard University]]
| term_start          = July 1, 2023
| term_end            = January 2, 2024
| predecessor         = [[Lawrence Bacow]]
| successor           = [[Alan Garber]]
| office1             = Dean of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]]
| term_start1         = August 15, 2018
| term_end1           = June 30, 2023
| predecessor1        = [[Michael D. Smith (computer scientist)|Michael Smith]]
| successor1          = [[Emma Dench]] (interim)&lt;br&gt;[[Hopi Hoekstra]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1970|08|04}}
| birth_place         = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| spouse              = Christopher Afendulis
| children            = 1
| education           = [[Princeton University]]&lt;br&gt;[[Stanford University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])&lt;br&gt;[[Harvard University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| relatives           = [[Roxane Gay]] (cousin)
| module              = {{Infobox academic
|embed         =  yes
|discipline = [[Political science]]
|thesis_title  =  Taking charge: Black electoral success and the redefinition of American politics
|thesis_url    =  https://www.proquest.com/docview/304343028/fulltextPDF/E3586B8D78E3408DPQ/
|thesis_year   =  1997
| doctoral_advisor = [[Gary King (political scientist)|Gary King]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Excerpts From Dr. Claudine Gay's Work – The New York Times |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/us/claudine-gay-harvard-president-excerpts.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103102250/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/us/claudine-gay-harvard-president-excerpts.html |archive-date=January 3, 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|workplaces    =  [[Stanford University]] (2000–2006)&lt;br&gt;[[Harvard University]] (2006–present)}}
}}

[[w:ig: Claudine Gay|Claudine Gay]](amụrụ n'ọnwa Ọgọọst 4, 1970)&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Amerịka, onye bụkwa Prọfesọ Wilbur A. Cowett nke Gọọmentị na Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Afrịka na Ndị Afrịka-Amerịka na [[Harvard University]]. Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya n'omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Amerịka, gụnyere ndị ntuli aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke agbụrụ na njirimara.&lt;ref name = &quot;aaas-people&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Claudine Gay | url = https://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/claudine-gay | access-date = December 10, 2023 | website = aaas.fas.harvard.edu | language = en | archive-date = December 7, 2023 | archive-url = 
https://web.archive.org/web/20231207223229/https://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/claudine-gay | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gay jere ozi dị ka diin nke Social Sciences na Harvard site n'afọ 2015 ruo 2018, dị ka diin (dean) nke Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences site n'afọ 2018 ruo 2023, na dị ka onyeisi nke Mahadum Harvard nke iri atọ (30th) site n'ọnwa Julaị 2023 ruo Jenụwarị 2024.

N'ọnwa Disemba 2023, Gay na ndị isi oche mahadum abụọ nwere nrụgide sitere n'aka ọha na eze&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-10-11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Belkin |first1=Douglas |last2=Ellis |first2=Lindsay |date=October 11, 2023 |title=Blaming Israel for Hamas Attacks Sparks Backlash Across U.S., Exposing Deep Rifts |url=https://www.wsj.com/us-news/israel-hamas-attack-us-backlash-ff5f25e8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013013849/https://www.wsj.com/us-news/israel-hamas-attack-us-backlash-ff5f25e8 |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=October 13, 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Hartocollis |first1=Anemona |last2=Saul |first2=Stephanie |last3=Patel |first3=Vimal |date=October 10, 2023 |title=At Harvard, a Battle Over What Should Be Said About the Hamas Attacks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/us/harvard-israel-gaza-hamas-reaction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013013842/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/us/harvard-israel-gaza-hamas-reaction.html |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=October 13, 2023 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kwa site na Nnọkọ Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke 2023 gbasara mmegide Ndị Juu|kọmiti Ndị Omeiwu (2023 United States Congress hearing on antisemitism|congressional committee) ịgba arụkwaghịm, n'ihi azịza nye ebubo nke ime ihe ike mmegide ndị Juu n'ogige agụmakwụkwọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AB-1206&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hensley |first=Sarah Beth |date=December 6, 2023 |title=Harvard's president answers backlash over response to calls for 'genocide of Jews' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/harvards-president-answers-backlash-response-calls-genocide-jews/story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207015000/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/harvards-president-answers-backlash-response-calls-genocide-jews/story?id=105433835 |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Al-Jazeera-1206&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2023 |title=How are Harvard, Penn presidents responding to campus anti-Semitism row? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/7/how-are-harvard-penn-presidents-responding-to-campus-anti-semitism-row |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207164401/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/7/how-are-harvard-penn-presidents-responding-to-campus-anti-semitism-row |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT1206&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | date = December 6, 2023 | title = College Presidents Under Fire After Dodging Questions About Antisemitism | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/us/harvard-mit-penn-presidents-antisemitism.html | access-date = December 7, 2023 | website = [[The New York Times]] | first1 = Stephanie | last1 = Saul | first2 = Anemona | last2 = Hartocollis | language = en-US | archive-date = December 8, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231208061344/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/us/harvard-mit-penn-presidents-antisemitism.html | url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korn |first=Melissa |date=2023-12-10 |title=Penn President, Board Chair Resign After Furor Over Comments on Campus Antisemitism |url=https://www.wsj.com/us-news/education/university-of-pennsylvania-president-resigns-amid-furor-over-comments-on-antisemitism-on-campus-658d74cd |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=WSJ |language=en-US |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210102101/https://www.wsj.com/us-news/education/university-of-pennsylvania-president-resigns-amid-furor-over-comments-on-antisemitism-on-campus-658d74cd |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'etiti mkpọsa nrụgide a, a boro Gay ebubo na ọ zuru ọrụ ọgụgụ isi n’akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị o bipụtara,&lt;ref name=&quot;diver-tg&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last1 = Diver | first1 = Tony | title = Harvard University president Claudine Gay accused of plagiarism amid anti-Semitism row | archive-url =  https://web.archive.org/web/20231211182150/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/11/harvard-president-accused-plagiarism-amid-anti-semitism-row/ | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/11/harvard-president-accused-plagiarism-amid-anti-semitism-row/ | archive-date = December 11, 2023 | access-date = December 11, 2023 | website = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | date = December 11, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuessler&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | last = Schuessler | first = Jennifer | date = 2023-12-21 | title = Harvard Finds More Instances of 'Duplicative Language' in President's Work | language = en-US | work = The New York Times | url =  https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/20/us/harvard-claudine-gay-plagiarism.html | access-date = 2024-01-01 | issn = 0362-4331 | archive-date = December 26, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231226105816/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/20/us/harvard-claudine-gay-plagiarism.html | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; ọ bụ ezie na ebubo ndị a agbaghaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2024, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa onyeisi oche.&lt;ref name=&quot;guard-2jan2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last1 = Walker | first1 = Adria R. | title = Harvard president resigns amid claims of plagiarism and antisemitism backlash | url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/02/harvard-president-claudine-gay-resigns | access-date = January 2, 2024 | work = [[The Guardian]] | date = January 2, 2024 | archive-date = January 2, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240102210529/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/02/harvard-president-claudine-gay-resigns | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ Gay na [[The Bronx]] n'ọnwa Ọgọọst 4, 1970,&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=&quot;CLAUDINE GAY (1970-)&quot; |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/claudine-gay-1970/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |first= Malik |last=Simba |website=BlackPast.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma too mbụ na [[New York City]], ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ ya, Sony Gay, Jr.&lt;ref name=&quot;the-scholar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Scholar Everyone Sought: Claudine Gay, Harvard's Next President |first= Miles J. |last=Herszenhorn|author2= Claire Yuan | website = The Harvard Crimson | url = https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/1/27/claudine-gay-presidential-profile/|date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=December 13, 2023 | archive-date = July 2, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230702132518/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/1/27/claudine-gay-presidential-profile/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị mụrụ ya bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ mba ofesi si [[Haiti]], bụ́ ndị zutere na New York City dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji n'afọ 1967. Nne ya, Claudette Gay, née Bateau (1946–2023), gụrụ akwụkwọ nọọsụ, nna ya agụọ injinịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title='Courage to Be Harvard' |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2023/10/feature-president-gay-installation-address |access-date=2024-04-09 |first= Claudine |last=Gay |website=harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://afropunk.com/2018/07/meet-the-haitian-american-woman-whos-harvards-new-dean-of-the-faculty-of-arts-science/|title=Meet the Haitian-American woman who's Harvard's new Dean of the Faculty of Arts &amp; Science|date=July 25, 2018|work=Afropunk|access-date=August 20, 2018|archive-date=August 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820074606/http://afropunk.com/2018/07/meet-the-haitian-american-woman-whos-harvards-new-dean-of-the-faculty-of-arts-science/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ ka bụ nwata, Gay na ezinụlọ ya kwagara [[Saudi Arabia]], ebe nna ya, Sony Gay, Sr., rụrụ ndị [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=July 23, 2018 |title=Claudine Gay named Harvard FAS dean |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/07/claudine-gay-named-harvard-fas-dean/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221121625/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/07/claudine-gay-named-harvard-fas-dean/ |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |access-date=July 24, 2018 |work=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ áhù laghachiri United States ma bie na [[Georgia (US State)|Georgia]] ya na [[Colorado]].&lt;ref name=&quot;the-scholar&quot; /&gt; Onye edemede [[Feminism|feminist]]  [[Roxane Gay]] bụ nwanne nna mbụ nke Gay.&lt;ref name=&quot;the-scholar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ezinụlọ ha nwere ma na-arụkwa ụlọ ọrụ simenti kachasị ukwuu na Haiti, nke dị na [[Port-au-Prince]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/01/claudine-gay-harvard-plagiarism/677007/ |title=The Real Harvard Scandal |first=Tyler Austin |last=Harper |date=January 3, 2024 |work=The Atlantic |access-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103235311/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/01/claudine-gay-harvard-plagiarism/677007/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GDG Concrete &amp; Construction |url=http://www.gdgbeton.com/english/personnel.html |website=www.gdgbeton.com |access-date=2024-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Gay gara Phillips Exeter Academy, ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe (ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi) na [[Exeter, New Hampshire]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exeter.edu/about-us/governance/meet-our-trustees|title=Meet Our Trustees {{!}} Phillips Exeter Academy|website=www.exeter.edu|access-date=February 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190111/https://www.exeter.edu/about-us/governance/meet-our-trustees|archive-date=February 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ n'afọ 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;the-scholar&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara [[Princeton University]] otu afọ &lt;ref name=&quot;the-scholar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Who is Claudine Gay, Harvard's president? And how has she made history? |url=https://www.wbaltv.com/article/claudine-gay-harvards-president/46105240 |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=WBAL |language=en |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213062711/https://www.wbaltv.com/article/claudine-gay-harvards-president/46105240 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Stanford Daily Archives |url=https://archives.stanforddaily.com/1989/09/21?page=11&amp;section=MODSMD_ARTICLE17 |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=archives.stanforddaily.com |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213062712/https://archives.stanforddaily.com/1989/09/21?page=11&amp;section=MODSMD_ARTICLE17 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; tupu ọ gaa [[Stanford University]] ebe ọ gụrụ Akụnụba (Economics) dị ka isi ngalaba ọmụmụ ya, wee gụchaa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1992, nata ihe nrite Anna Laura Myers maka akwụkwọ edemede pụrụ iche maka akụnụba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Gay nwetara akara ugo mmụta [[Dọkịta Nkà Ihe Ọmụma | Ph.D.]] na 1998 site na [[Harvard University]] ma merie ihe nrite Toppan nke mahadum maka edemede kacha mma na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/04/claudine-gay-named-dean-of-social-science/|title=Claudine Gay named dean of social science|last=Reuell|first=Peter|date=April 28, 2015|work=Harvard Gazette|access-date=April 14, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415104054/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/04/claudine-gay-named-dean-of-social-science/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Gay bụ osote prọfesọ, ma mesịa bụrụ prọfesọ n'onwe ya, na Ngalaba Sayensị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị nke Stanford site n'afọ 2000 ruo 2006. N'agụmakwụkwọ afọ 2003–2004, ọ bụ onye otu na Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences na Mahadum Stanford.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nnyocha Gay mere na-akọwa omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị Amerịka, gụnyere ndị ntuli aka, amụma gbasara ụlọ obibi, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke agbụrụ na njirimara.&lt;ref name = &quot;aaas-people&quot;/&gt; Mahadum Harvard kpọpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ nke gọọmentị n'afọ 2006, a họpụtakwara ya prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ndị Afrịka na Amerịka n'afọ 2007..&lt;ref name = &quot;news.harvard.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | date = December 15, 2022 | title = Harvard names Claudine Gay 30th president | url = https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/12/harvard-names-claudine-gay-30th-president/ | access-date = July 5, 2023 | website = Harvard Gazette | language = en-US | archive-date = December 22, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221222180738/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/12/harvard-names-claudine-gay-30th-president/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọkwa nchịkwa ===
N'afọ 2015, A họpụtara Gay dị ka onyeisi sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] (FAS) nakwa Prọfesọ Wilbur A. Cowett nke Gọọmentị na nke Ọmụmụ Ndị Africa na Ndị Africa-America. N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Dean nke Faculty of Arts and Sciences.&lt;ref name = &quot;aaas-people&quot;/&gt;

Dị ka Dean nke FAS, nke na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ ihe graduate na undergraduate, Gay depụtara isi ihe anọ bụ́ isi ọ na-elekwasị anya na ha: ịbawanye ụdị dị iche iche n'etiti ndị nkuzi, ịkwado ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere mmasị n’ọmụmụ na-ejikọta ngalaba dị iche iche, ịgba ndị prọfesọ ume ka ha na-arụkọ ọrụ n'etiti ngalaba dị iche iche, na ịkwalite nsonye ndị nkuzi na ndụ obodo mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=John |date=September 2021 |title=The Art of the Dean |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/09/jhj-art-of-the-dean |website=Harvard Magazine |access-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705070943/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/09/jhj-art-of-the-dean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’oge ọ nọ n’ọkwa dị ka Dean, ihe ndị Gay lekwasịrị anya na ha gụnyere atụmatụ mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịbawanye ụdị agbụrụ dị iche iche n’ogige mahadum, n’etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Radsken |first=Jill |date=August 20, 2020 |title=Faculty of Arts and Sciences unveils anti-racism agenda |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/08/faculty-of-arts-and-sciences-unveils-its-anti-racism-agenda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226194958/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/08/faculty-of-arts-and-sciences-unveils-its-anti-racism-agenda/ |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[Harvard Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvard Crimson&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Hamid |first1=Rahem D. |last2=Schisgall |first2=Elias J. |date=May 25, 2023 |title=Dean Today, President Tomorrow: Gay Reflects on 5 Years Leading Harvard FAS |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/5/25/gay-reflects-five-years-feature/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111082635/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/5/25/gay-reflects-five-years-feature/ |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọọst 2020, FAS were n’ọrụ onye osote onye isi ngalaba mbụ ya maka ọdịiche, nsonye, na inwe mmetụta nke ịbụ onye otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikales |first=James S. |date=August 25, 2020 |title=FAS Hires Sheree Ohen as Inaugural Associate Dean of Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/8/25/fas-dean-diversity-equity-inclusion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104095404/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/8/25/fas-dean-diversity-equity-inclusion/ |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States nke June 2023 gasịrị na ''Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard'', nke kpebiri na mmemme atụmatụ nkwado dabere n’agbụrụ n’ịnabata ụmụ akwụkwọ na kọleji megidere iwu obodo, Gay kwuru na Harvard ga-eso mkpebi ụlọikpe ahụ, “mana nke ahụ anaghị agbanwe ụkpụrụ anyị.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chan |first=Tiffany |date=June 29, 2023 |title='We're not important anymore': Supreme Court ruling sends shockwaves through college campuses |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/supreme-court-affirmative-action-ruling-harvard-university/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111075734/https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/supreme-court-affirmative-action-ruling-harvard-university/ |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’oge ọ nọ n’ọkwa onye isi ngalaba, Gay nyere ọtụtụ prọfesọ Harvard ntaramahụhụ n’ihi ebubo nke omume mmekọahụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. O wepụrụ ọkwa emeritus n’aka ndị prọfesọ lara ezumike nka bụ [[Jorge I. Domínguez]] na [[Gary Urton]], ma tinye ndị prọfesọ [[John Comaroff]] na [[Roland G. Fryer Jr.]] n’ezumike ọrụ, mgbe onye ọ bụla n’ime ha chere ebubo iyi egwu mmekọahụ ihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Jonah S. |last2=McCafferty |first2=Molly C. |date=May 9, 2019 |title=Harvard Prof. Dominguez Stripped of Emeritus Status Following Conclusion of Title IX Investigation |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/9/dominguez-investigation-closes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103133926/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/9/dominguez-investigation-closes/ |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Andy Z. |date=June 11, 2021 |title=Anthropology Prof. Urton Stripped of Emeritus Status, Barred From Campus Following Sexual Misconduct Investigation |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/6/11/urton-sanctions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824132430/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/6/11/urton-sanctions/ |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Ariel H. |last2=Xu |first2=Meimei |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Harvard Anthropology Prof. John Comaroff Placed on Leave Following Sexual Harassment, Professional Misconduct Inquiries |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/1/21/comaroff-unpaid-leave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103133844/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/1/21/comaroff-unpaid-leave/ |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Avi-Yonah |first=Shera S. |date=July 10, 2019 |title=Harvard Places Fryer on Administrative Leave, Levies Sanctions |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/7/10/fryer-administrative-leave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109185657/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/7/10/fryer-administrative-leave/ |archive-date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gay nyekwara prọfesọ [[Martin Nowak]] ntaramahụhụ maka &quot;omume na-adịghị mma&quot; n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ya na onye omekome mmekọahụ [[Jeffrey Epstein]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Meera S. |last2=Wang |first2=Andy Z. |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Gay Levies Sanctions Against Prof. Nowak for Contacts With Jeffrey Epstein |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/3/26/gay-sanctions-nowak-epstein/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101102313/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/3/26/gay-sanctions-nowak-epstein/ |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prọfesọ [[Harvard Law School]] na onyeisi ngalaba Winthrop House [[Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.|Ronald Sullivan]] chere ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ ihu n’oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2019 mgbe o sonyechara n’òtù ndị ọka iwu na-agbachitere [[Harvey Weinstein]], bụ́ onye nọ n’ikpe maka ebubo idina mmadụ n’ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Streeter |first1=Kurt |date=January 4, 2024 |title=For Harvard's First Black President, Race Became the Unavoidable Issue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/us/claudine-gay-harvard-president-race.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104103252/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/us/claudine-gay-harvard-president-race.html/ |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gay kpọrọ nzaghachi Sullivan nyere maka esemokwu ahụ “ezughị ezu,” na-ekwu na ya nwere “ọrụ pụrụ iche” dị ka onye isi ụlọ obibi n’ilekọta ọdịmma ndị bi na Winthrop.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Jonah S. |last2=McCafferty |first2=Molly C. |date=February 12, 2019 |title=FAS Dean Claudine Gay Calls Sullivan's Response to Student Concerns 'Insufficient' |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/2/12/dean-gay-sullivan-response/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104040555/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/2/12/dean-gay-sullivan-response/ |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi [[Harvard College]], [[Rakesh Khurana]], kpebiri ịghara imegharị nkwekọrịta Sullivan dị ka onye isi ụlọ obibi Winthrop,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenberg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rosenberg |first1=John S. |last2=Bolotnikova |first2=Marina N. |date=July–August 2019 |title=From #MeToo fallout to undergraduate education and public service &amp;#124; Harvard Magazine |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2019/06/news-briefs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929001839/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2019/06/news-briefs |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |website=[[Harvard Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;05-11-20192&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Avi-Yonah |first1=Shera S. |last2=Ryan |first2=Aidan F. |date=May 11, 2019a |title=Winthrop Faculty Deans to Leave After Harvard Refuses to Renew Their Appointments |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/11/winthrop-faculty-deans-to-leave/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103191028/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/11/winthrop-faculty-deans-to-leave/ |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-13 |title=Harvard Won't Renew Faculty Deans' Terms Amid Outcry Over Harvey Weinstein Defense |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/05/11/harvard-will-not-renew-faculty-deans-terms-amid-outcry-over-harvey-weinstein-defense |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.wbur.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mkpebi nke American Civil Liberties Union katọrọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;11-19-2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Avi-Yonah |first1=Shera S. |last2=Franklin |first2=Delano R. |date=November 19, 2019b |title=Former Winthrop Dean Sullivan Criticizes Admins During Constitutional Law Society Event |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/11/19/sullivan-speaks-hucls-event/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104231558/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/11/19/sullivan-speaks-hucls-event/ |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Soave |first1=Robby |author-link1=Robby Soave |date=June 10, 2019 |title=ACLU Says Harvard 'Sacrificed Principles Central to Our Legal System' When It Fired Ron Sullivan |url=https://reason.com/2019/06/10/aclu-harvard-ron-sullivan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202090339/https://reason.com/2019/06/10/aclu-harvard-ron-sullivan/ |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2019, Gay kwuru na Harvard ga-achọ ị wee ọtụtụ prọfesọ ọmụmụ agbụrụ n'ọrụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Jonah S. |last2=McCafferty |first2=Molly C. |date=October 4, 2019 |title=FAS Prioritizing Ethnic Studies Faculty Searches Despite Stagnant Overall Hiring, Dean Gay Says |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/4/fas-faculty-search/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706232830/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/4/fas-faculty-search/ |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; were mmadụ atọ n'ọrụ n'afọ 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Xu |first=Meimei |date=July 9, 2022 |title=Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof '93 Joins Harvard as Third Professor in Ethnic Studies Cluster Hire |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/7/9/Jesse-Hoffnung-Garskof-hire/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106192145/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/7/9/Jesse-Hoffnung-Garskof-hire/ |archive-date=January 6, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ngagharị iwe gasịrị nke katọrọ ịjụ inye [[Lorgia García Peña]], onye ọkà mmụta gbasara agbụrụ na omenala, ọkwa onye prọfesọ na-adịgide adịgide na Harvard, Gay kwuru na Jenụwarị 2020 na ya ga-ebido nyocha usoro FAS si enye ndị prọfesọ ọkwa ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Bikales |first1=James S. |last2=Chen |first2=Kevin R. |date=January 3, 2020 |title=FAS Dean Gay to Review Tenure Promotion Process |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/1/3/fas-tenure-review-letter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704200520/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/1/3/fas-tenure-review-letter/ |archive-date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyocha ahụ, e wepụtara n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, kwuru na usoro Harvard si enye ndị ọkà mmụta ọkwa ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide bụ nke “a haziri nke ọma n’usoro ya” n’ọtụtụ akụkụ, mana ọ chọpụtakwara na ndị prọfesọ enweghị ntụkwasị obi zuru oke n’usoro ahụ, nakwa na mmụọ ọrụ ha banyere usoro ahụ adịghị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Meera S. |last2=Wang |first2=Andy Z. |date=October 12, 2021 |title=FAS Review Largely Upholds Tenure System Despite Acknowledging 'Mistrust and Low Morale' |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/10/12/tenure-review-report-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704193848/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/10/12/tenure-review-report-2021/ |archive-date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onyeisi ngalaba (Dean), Gay bụ onye lekọtara mmalite nke Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences ọhụrụ n'afọ 2021 na ogige Harvard dị na Allston, nke ọnụ ahịa owuwu ya ruru otu ijeri dọla. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyekwara mmemme PhD na injinia kwantum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvard Crimson&quot; /&gt;

Harvard nwere nsogbu agụmakwụkwọ na ego n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19. Maka afọ ego 2020, Ngalaba nke Nka na Sayensị kọrọ na mfu ruru nde dọla $15.8.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=John |date=January 2021 |title=The Financial Fallout…So Far |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/01/jhj-financial-fallout |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705070955/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/01/jhj-financial-fallout |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=Harvard Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mmalite afọ 2021, Gay kwupụtara na ọnụ ahịa nke nkwa agụmakwụkwọ FAS dị oke elu karịa ego ọ na-enweta ma malite usoro iji belata mmefu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=John |date=September 2021 |title=The Art of the Dean |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/09/jhj-art-of-the-dean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705070943/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/09/jhj-art-of-the-dean |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=Harvard Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ná ngwụcha afọ ahụ, FAS kwuru na o nwere ego fọdụrụ nke ruru nde dọla 51($51 million), nke bụ mmụba ma e jiri ya tụnyere mfu nde dọla 112 ($112 million ) e buru ụzọ tụọ anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Meera S. |last2=Wang |first2=Andy Z. |date=November 3, 2021 |title=Defying Projections, FAS Ends Fiscal Year with $51M Surplus |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/3/fas-annual-report-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025902/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/3/fas-annual-report-2021/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |work=The Harvard Crimson}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na ọkwa ya na Harvard, Gay jere ozi dịka osote onyeisi oche nke [[Midwest Political Science Association]] site n'afọ 2014 ruo 2017,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Past Vice Presidents |website=MPSAnet.org |url=https://www.mpsanet.org/about/governance/past-mpsa-officers/ |access-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120155451/https://www.mpsanet.org/about/governance/past-mpsa-officers/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; nakwa dịka onye nlekọta Phillips Exeter site n'afọ 2017 ruo 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọchịchị Mahadum Harvard ===
N'ọnwa Juun 2022, onye isi oche [[Harvard University]] [[Lawrence Bacow]] kwupụtara na ọ ga-agba arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ahụ n'ime otu afọ. Kọmitii nchọta nke [[Penny Pritzker] duru tụlere ndị a họpụtara 600 ma họrọ Gay ka ọ nọchie Bacow. N'ọnwa Disemba 15, 2022, Harvard kwupụtara na a họpụtara Gay ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Mahadum Harvard nke iri atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 15, 2022|title=Claudine Gay: Harvard University picks first Black president|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63990177|work=BBC News|first=Madeline|last=Halpert|access-date=December 7, 2023|archive-date=November 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111125431/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63990177|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=December 16, 2022 |title=Harvard names Claudine Gay as first ever Black president |work=[[United Press International]]|first=A. L.|last=Lee |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2022/12/16/harvard-first-black-woman-president/8271671192815 |access-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-date=December 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223023703/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2022/12/16/harvard-first-black-woman-president/8271671192815/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ọrụ n'ọnwa Julaị 1, 2023, wee bụrụ onye isi ojii mbụ bụ onyeisi oche nke mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=With End of Affirmative Action, Claudine Gay Faces Unprecedented Challenges to Start Harvard Presidency|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/7/4/claudine-gay-harvard-affirmative-action-analysis/|work=The Harvard Crimson|first1=Miles J.|last1=Herszenhorn|first2=Claire|last2=Yuan|date=July 4, 2023|access-date=December 12, 2023|archive-date=December 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216105326/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/7/4/claudine-gay-harvard-affirmative-action-analysis/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Homepage |url=https://www.harvard.edu/president/ |access-date=December 10, 2023 |website=Harvard University President |language=en-US |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210044210/https://www.harvard.edu/president/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nnọkọ ntị nke ndị omebe iwu gbasara ịkpọasị megide ndị Juu ====
Mgbe mwakpo Hamas duziri megide Israel mere na Ọktoba 7, 2023 gasịrị, Gay malitere ịnata nkatọ, gụnyere nke onye bụbu onye isi Mahadum Harvard, Lawrence Summers,&lt;ref name = &quot;WSJ-10-11&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;NYT1010&quot;/&gt; onye boro ya ebubo na ọ katọghị mwakpo ndị ahụ nke ọma. N’ọgbakọ ntị nke ndị omebe iwu e mere na Disemba 2023, a jụrụ Gay na ndị isi nke Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT na University of Pennsylvania gbasara ihe ụlọ akwụkwọ ha mere iji zaghachi ịkpọasị megide ndị Juu ([[antisemitism]]) n’ụlọ akwụkwọ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Haslett |first1=Cheyenne |last2=Hensley |first2=Sarah Beth |date=December 5, 2023 |title=Presidents of universities grilled on efforts to counter antisemitism on campus |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ivy-league-presidents-testify-capitol-hill-countering-antisemitism/story?id=105387761 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207034149/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ivy-league-presidents-testify-capitol-hill-countering-antisemitism/story?id=105387761 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe [[Elise Stefanik]], jụrụ ya, ma oku e chepụtara echepụta maka mkpochapụ agbụrụ ndị Juu ọ ga-abụ mmebi nke ụkpụrụ omume Harvard, Gay zara sị: “Ọ pụrụ ịbụ, dabere n’ọnọdụ e ji kwuo ya.” O mechara kọwaa nke ọma sị: “Okwu ịkpọasị megide ndị Juu, mgbe ọ gafere n’omume nke gụnyere imegbu mmadụ, iyi egwu ma ọ bụ ime ka mmadụ tụọ ụjọ—omume dị otu a bụ ihe a pụrụ ime ihe gbasara ya, anyị na-emekwa ihe banyere ya.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Juliana |last2=Chappell |first2=Bill |last3=Nadworny |first3=Elissa |title=Harvard affirms President Claudine Gay will not step down over antisemitism testimony |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212181417/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/12/1218514457/harvard-president-claudine-gay-antisemitism |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/12/1218514457/harvard-president-claudine-gay-antisemitism |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=December 12, 2023 |website=[[NPR]] |date=December 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị mgbasa ozi katọrọ okwu Gay nke ukwuu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How Bill Ackman's Campaign to Oust Harvard's President Failed |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/12/how-bill-ackmans-plan-to-oust-harvards-president-failed.html |work=Intelligencer |first=Jen |last=Wieczner |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2023 |archive-date=December 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214220855/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/12/how-bill-ackmans-plan-to-oust-harvards-president-failed.html?utm_source=pocket-newtab-en-us |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nzaghachi, Gay rịọrọ mgbaghara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='I Am Sorry': Harvard President Gay Addresses Backlash Over Congressional Testimony on Antisemitism|work=The Harvard Crimson|first1=Miles J.|last1=Herszenhorn|first2=Claire|last2=Yuan|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/8/gay-apology-congressional-remarks/|access-date=December 11, 2023|archive-date=December 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211000038/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/8/gay-apology-congressional-remarks/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2023 |title=Harvard president apologizes for remarks on curbing antisemitism as pressure mounts on Penn's president |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/harvard-president-apologizes-for-remarks-on-curbing-antisemitism-as-pressure-mounts-on-penns-president |access-date=December 10, 2023 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/harvard-president-apologizes-for-remarks-on-curbing-antisemitism-as-pressure-mounts-on-penns-president |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na-eche na inwe ikike ikwupụta echiche pụtara na Harvard ga-anabata oku a na-akpọ maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị Juu.”&lt;ref name=&quot;NBC1206&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2023 |title=White House condemns university presidents after contentious congressional hearing on antisemitism |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-condemns-university-presidents-contentious-congressional-h-rcna128373 |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=NBC News |first=Kyla |last=Guilfoil |language=en-US |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208080308/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-condemns-university-presidents-contentious-congressional-h-rcna128373 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters-1207&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 7, 2023|title=US House committee opens probe into Harvard, Penn, MIT after antisemitism hearing|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-committee-opens-investigation-into-harvard-penn-mit-after-antisemitism-2023-12-07/|access-date=December 8, 2023|website=Reuters|first=Gabriella|last=Borter|language=en-US|archive-date=December 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208073052/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-committee-opens-investigation-into-harvard-penn-mit-after-antisemitism-2023-12-07/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ ozi nke ndị nnọchiteanya iri asaa nke ndị omeiwu bịanyere aka na ya kwuru ka ndị isi oche atọ ahụ gbaa arụkwaghịm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Matt |date=December 9, 2023 |title=UPenn president Liz Magill and Board Chair Scott Bok resign after disastrous hearing on antisemitism {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/09/business/upenn-board-of-trustees-meeting-liz-magill/index.html |access-date=December 28, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228015702/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/09/business/upenn-board-of-trustees-meeting-liz-magill/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Liz Magill anọworị n'okpuru nrụgide n'ime Mahadum Pennsylvania, wee gbaa arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa onyeisi oche n'izu sochirinụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Matt |date=2023-12-12 |title=UPenn names J. Larry Jameson as its interim president, replacing Liz Magill {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/12/business/new-penn-president-larry-jameson/index.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nnyocha izu ohi echiche na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi ====
N'oge na-adịghị anya ka e mechara ịnụ okwu n'ụlọ omebe iwu n'ọnwa Disemba, onye na-akwado echiche mgbanwe aka nri bụ [[Christopher Rufo]] na onye nta akụkọ bụ [[Aaron Sibarium]] boro Gay ebubo izu ohi echiche na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;diver-tg&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Burns |first1=Hilary |last2=Damiano |first2=Mike |date=December 11, 2023 |title=Key Harvard oversight board offers silence as controversy engulfs Harvard president Claudine Gay |website=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/12/11/metro/harvard-president-testimony/ |access-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212041702/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/12/11/metro/harvard-president-testimony/ |archive-date=December 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and by an anonymous complaint.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuessler&quot; /&gt; Dị ka ''The New York Times'' si chịkọta, ebubo ndị ahụ metụtara “iji ihe sitere n’ebe ndị ọzọ nweta n’enyeghị otuto ma ọ bụ ntụaka kwesịrị ekwesị nye ndị nwe ya... [nke gụnyere] site n’obere akụkụ nke nkọwa isiokwu ruo na paragraf ndị chịkọtara nchọpụta ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ, ebe a gbanwere naanị ntakịrị n’ụzọ e si dee ha, na n’ụfọdụ ọnọdụ, e nweghịdị ntụaka kpọmkwem nye ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ahụ.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuessler&quot;/&gt; Ebubo ndị a ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ikpe iri ise gụnyere akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ asatọ nke Gay dere, gụnyere edemede ya na ise n'ime edemede iri na otu o bipụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nguyen&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=Sophia |title=The plagiarism allegations against ex-Harvard president Claudine Gay, explained |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105133742/https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2024/01/04/claudine-gay-plagiarism-examples-harvard/ |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2024/01/04/claudine-gay-plagiarism-examples-harvard/ |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 4, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Carol M. Swain]] boro Gay ebubo na o nyeghị ọrụ Swain otuto ma ọ bụ ntụaka sitere n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1993, &quot;Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress&quot;, nakwa edemede Swain dere bụ &quot;Women and Blacks in Congress: 1870–1996&quot; nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carol |first=Swain |date=17 Dec 2023 |title=Claudine Gay and My Scholarship |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/claudine-gay-and-my-scholarship-plagiarism-elite-system-unearned-position-24e4a1b1 |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, ''[[New York Post]]'' kpọtụụrụ Harvard ka o kwuo ihe ọ na-eche banyere akụkọ ha na-akwado ibipụta gbasara ihe atụ 27 a na-enyo enyo na ha bụ “izu ohi echiche na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi”. Harvard kpọrọ ebubo ''Post'' ahụ “ụgha a pụrụ igosi n'ụzọ doro anya”, ma yie akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ egwu ịgba ya akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Kettles |first1=Cam E. |last2=Robinson |first2=Tilly R. |date=December 25, 2023 |title=A Law Firm Said Plagiarism Allegations Against Harvard President Gay Were 'Demonstrably False.' Then She Submitted Corrections. |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/25/harvard-threaten-sue-post/ |access-date=December 26, 2023 |website=The Harvard Crimson |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226002617/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/25/harvard-threaten-sue-post/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na nzaghachi, Gay kwuru na ya kwụsiri ike n'ọrụ ya ma rịọ ka ndị ezi nyochaa ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ Harvard (Harvard Corporation) kọrọ na nyocha ahụ chọpụtara “ọnọdụ ole na ole ebe enyeghị ntụaka zuru oke” na “iji okwu ndị yiri ibe ha ugboro ugboro n’enweghị inye otuto kwesịrị ekwesị” n’ọrụ ya, mana “enweghị mmebi nke ụkpụrụ Harvard gbasara omume ọjọọ n’ime nchọpụta.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuessler&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Statement from the Harvard Corporation: Our President |url=https://www.harvard.edu/blog/2023/12/12/statement-from-the-harvard-corporation-our-president/ |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=Harvard University |language=en-US |archive-date=December 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220222512/https://www.harvard.edu/blog/2023/12/12/statement-from-the-harvard-corporation-our-president/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Tilly R. |last2=Shah |first2=Neil H. |date=December 21, 2023 |title=Harvard President Claudine Gay to Submit 3 Additional Corrections, Corporation Says Improper Citations Fall Short of Research Misconduct |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/21/gay-plagiarism-dissertation-corrections/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.thecrimson.com |archive-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225025004/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/21/gay-plagiarism-dissertation-corrections/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyocha nke ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' na [[CNN]] jụrụ nkwupụta Harvard ahụ, na-achọpụta na o yikarịrị ka Gay emebiri iwu mahadum ahụ gbasara izu ohi echiche na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na iguzosi ike n’ezi ihe n’ihe ọmụmụ.&lt;ref&gt;Quotes from ''The Harvard Crimson'' and CNN:
* {{harvnb|Hamid|Orakwue|Schisgall|2023|loc=: &quot;The Crimson independently reviewed the published allegations. Though some are minor — consisting of passages that are similar or identical to Gay’s sources, lacking quotation marks but including citations — others are more substantial, including some paragraphs and sentences nearly identical to other work and lacking citations. Some appear to violate Harvard's current policies around plagiarism and academic integrity.&quot;}}
* {{harvnb|Steck|2023|loc=: &quot;Harvard President Claudine Gay recently requested corrections for two of her academic papers, but she did not address even clearer examples of plagiarism from earlier in her academic history at the school, according to a CNN analysis of her writings... Both offenses appear to go against Harvard’s guide on plagiarism, which clearly states, 'it is considered plagiarism to draw any idea or any language from someone else without adequately crediting that source in your paper.{{'&quot;}}}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamid&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hamid |first1=Rahem D. |last2=Orakwue |first2=Nia L. |last3=Schisgall |first3=Elias J. |title=Despite Support From Corporation, Harvard President Gay Under Fire Over Plagiarism Allegations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109233800/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/12/allegations-plagiarism-gay-dissertation/ |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/12/allegations-plagiarism-gay-dissertation/ |archive-date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date=December 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steck&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Steck |first1=Em |title=Harvard president's corrections do not address her clearest instances of plagiarism, including as a student in the 1990s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107151033/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/20/business/harvard-president-claudine-gay-plagiarism/index.html |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/20/business/harvard-president-claudine-gay-plagiarism/index.html |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |website=[[CNN]] |date=December 20, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gay rịọrọ ka e mee mmezi asaa iji tinye ntụaka na akara okwu n’akwụkwọ nyocha ya na abụọ n’ime edemede ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Souza |first1=Sabrina |last2=Egan |first2=Matt |date=December 15, 2023 |title=Harvard President Claudine Gay corrects two scholarly articles following allegations of plagiarism |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/15/business/harvard-president-claudine-gay-corrects-scholarly-articles-plagiarism-allegations/index.html |access-date=December 16, 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216093134/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/15/business/harvard-president-claudine-gay-corrects-scholarly-articles-plagiarism-allegations/index.html?utm_source=business_ribbon |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nguyen&quot; /&gt; Ọkà mmụta agụmakwụkwọ bụ [[Joseph M. Reagle Jr.|Joseph Reagle]] kwuru na akụkọ ndị mgbasa ozi kwuru na Gay “zuru echiche” pụtara na ọ zuru echiche ndị bụ isi dị n’ọrụ ya, ma kwuo sị, “Echeghị m na nke a bụ ihe mere.” Otú ọ dị, o kwuru na ọrụ ahụ “nwere akụkụ ederede e depụtaghachiri n’enyeghị otuto kwesịrị ekwesị. Nke a bụ mmebi iwu dị nta, mana ọ ka dị mkpa.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Slate 19 January 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Harrison |first1=Stephen |title=Yes, Copying From Wikipedia Is Plagiarism |url=https://slate.com/technology/2024/01/is-copying-from-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=19 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkà mmụta agụmakwụkwọ William Arighi, n’akwụkwọ o dere maka ''[[American Association of University Professors|Journal of Academic Freedom]]'', mechara kọwaa ihe ndị ahụ mere dị ka “mgbalị na-abụghị nke ịkwalite eziokwu, kama ọ bụ nke ịkwado ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arighi |first=William |title=Claudine Gay, Plagiarism, and AI |url=https://www.aaup.org/JAF15/claudine-gay-plagiarism-and-ai |journal=[[Journal of Academic Freedom]] |volume=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịzaghachi ebubo ndị a, Kọmitii Ụlọ Ndị Omeiwu nke United States maka Mmụta na Ndị Ọrụ (United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce|congressional committee) nke mere nzukọ ahụ gbasara mmegide ndị Juu kwuru na ha ga-enyocha ọrụ Gay, ma rịọ mahadum ka ha mepụta nkwukọrịta na akwụkwọ ndị metụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Matt |date=2023-12-29 |title=Harvard granted extension to respond to House on plagiarism scandal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/29/business/harvard-plagiarism-claudine-gay-education-committee/index.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230141532/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/29/business/harvard-plagiarism-claudine-gay-education-committee/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Matza |first=Max |date=December 21, 2023 |title=Claudine Gay: New problems found in Harvard president's work |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67782799 |access-date=December 24, 2023 |archive-date=December 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224040344/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67782799 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịgba arụkwaghịm ====
N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2, 2024, Gay kwupụtara na ọ na-agba arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya.&lt;ref name=resignation&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harvard President Claudine Gay Resigns, Shortest Tenure in University History {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/3/claudine-gay-resign-harvard/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.thecrimson.com |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102223704/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/3/claudine-gay-resign-harvard/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N’ozi-e (email) o zigara ndị mmekọ ya, Gay dere sị, “Ọ bụ ihe na-ewute m ịhụ na a na-etinye obi abụọ n’ịkwenye m ịlụso ịkpọasị ọgụ na ịkwado ịdị uchu n’ihe ọmụmụ—ụkpụrụ abụọ bụ́ ntọala dị mkpa nke onye m bụ—nakwa na ọ na-atụ m ụjọ&lt;ref name=&quot;Walker&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Adria R. |date=2024-01-03 |title='Racist, vicious': academics decry rightwing attacks on Claudine Gay |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/03/racist-rightwing-attacks-claudine-gay-former-harvard-president |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; ịbụ onye a na-awakpo n’onwe ya ma na-enweta iyi egwu ndị ịkpọasị agbụrụ kpaliri.”&lt;ref name=&quot;guard2-2jan2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=January 2, 2024 |title=Harvard president Claudine Gay's resignation letter in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/02/harvard-president-claudine-gay-resignation-letter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102221032/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/02/harvard-president-claudine-gay-resignation-letter |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |access-date=January 2, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N’akwụkwọ echiche o dere n’echi ya, Gay kwuru na ya “mere njehie”, mana na ọkpụkpọ òkù a kpọrọ ya ka ọ gbaa akaebe n’ihu Congress gbasara ịkpọasị megide ndị Juu bụ “ọnyà a haziri nke ọma”, nakwa na mkpọsa e mere iji chụpụ ya bụ “ọgụ nta so n’agha sara mbara iji mebie ntụkwasị obi ọha na e nwere n’ogidi ndị bụ isi nke ọha America”.&lt;ref name=&quot;guard-4jan2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Beckett |first1=Lois |title=Ousted Harvard president Claudine Gay warns of 'a broader war' in op-ed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/03/claudine-gay-harvard-president-resignation-new-york-times-op-ed |access-date=January 4, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 4, 2024 |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104033121/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/03/claudine-gay-harvard-president-resignation-new-york-times-op-ed |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-3jan2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gay |first1=Claudine |title=Claudine Gay: What Just Happened at Harvard Is Bigger Than Me |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/03/opinion/claudine-gay-harvard-president.html |access-date=January 4, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104000534/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/03/opinion/claudine-gay-harvard-president.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Walker&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe Gay gbara arụkwaghịm, a họpụtara [[Alan Garber]], onye bụ provost nke Mahadum Harvard, ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nwa oge. Gay ka bụkwa onye nkuzi na Mahadum Harvard.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=Harvard President Resigns After Mounting Plagiarism Accusations|first=Jennifer|last=Schuessler|author2=Anemona Hartocollis|author3=Michael Levenson |author4=Alan Blinder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/us/harvard-claudine-gay-resigns.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103122237/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/us/harvard-claudine-gay-resigns.html |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=January 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Czachor |first=Emily Mae |date=2024-01-02 |title=Harvard president Claudine Gay resigns amid controversy – CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/claudine-gay-resigns-harvard-university-president-letter/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103230850/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/claudine-gay-resigns-harvard-university-president-letter/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ndụ nkeonwe==
Gay lụrụ Christopher Afendulis, onye nyocha usoro ozi na Ngalaba Nnyocha na Amụma Ahụike nke Mahadum Stanford. Ha nwere nwa nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Vaishnavi |last=Vaidyanathan |date=October 12, 2023 |title=Who Is Christopher Afendulis, Harvard President Claudine Gay's Husband? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/who-is-christopher-afendulis-harvard-president-claudine-gay-husband-article-104385151 |access-date=December 12, 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212134757/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/who-is-christopher-afendulis-harvard-president-claudine-gay-husband-article-104385151 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbipụta ahọpụtara==
{{Scholia|author}}
* 1998: &quot;Doubly Bound: The Impact of Gender and Race on the Politics of Black Women&quot;, ''[[Political Psychology]]'', co-authored with [[Katherine Tate]]
* 2001: &quot;The Effect of Black Congressional Representation on Political Participation&quot;, ''[[American Political Science Review]]'' 
* 2001: ''The Effect of Minority Districts and Minority Representation on Political Participation in California'', [[Public Policy Institute of California]]
* 2002: &quot;Spirals of Trust? The Effect of Descriptive Representation on the Relationship Between Citizens and Their Government&quot;, ''[[American Journal of Political Science]]'' 
* 2004: &quot;Putting Race in Context: Identifying the Environmental Determinants of Black Racial Attitudes&quot;, ''American Political Science Review''
* 2006: &quot;Seeing Difference: The Effect of Economic Disparity on Black Attitudes Toward Latinos&quot;, ''American Journal of Political Science'' 
* 2007: &quot;Legislating Without Constraints: The Effect of Minority Districting on Legislators' Responsiveness to Constituency Preferences&quot;, ''[[The Journal of Politics]]'' 
* 2012: &quot;Moving to Opportunity: The Political Effects of a Housing Mobility Experiment&quot;, ''[[Urban Affairs Review]]'' 
* 2013: ''Outsiders No More? Models of Immigrant Political Incorporation'', [[Oxford University Press]], co-editor with Jacqueline Chattopadhyay, [[Jennifer Hochschild]], and [[Michael Jones-Correa]] 
* 2014: &quot;Knowledge Matters: Policy Cross-pressures and Black Partisanship&quot;, ''[[Political Behavior (journal)|Political Behavior]]''

==Ebensidee==
{{Reflist}}

==Njikọ mpuga==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://www.harvard.edu/president/history/#2000s Biography] on the [[Harvard University]] website

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gay, Claudine}}
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      <text bytes="61215" sha1="1cmilhe0w01pnbrxaq6r2f4r3ofit7z" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|American political scientist and university administrator (born 1970)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Claudine Gay
| image               = Inauguration of Claudine Gay as President of Harvard University (3) (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Gay in 2023
| office              = 30th [[President of Harvard University]]
| term_start          = July 1, 2023
| term_end            = January 2, 2024
| predecessor         = [[Lawrence Bacow]]
| successor           = [[Alan Garber]]
| office1             = Dean of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]]
| term_start1         = August 15, 2018
| term_end1           = June 30, 2023
| predecessor1        = [[Michael D. Smith (computer scientist)|Michael Smith]]
| successor1          = [[Emma Dench]] (interim)&lt;br&gt;[[Hopi Hoekstra]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1970|08|04}}
| birth_place         = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| spouse              = Christopher Afendulis
| children            = 1
| education           = [[Princeton University]]&lt;br&gt;[[Stanford University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])&lt;br&gt;[[Harvard University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| relatives           = [[Roxane Gay]] (cousin)
| module              = {{Infobox academic
|embed         =  yes
|discipline = [[Political science]]
|thesis_title  =  Taking charge: Black electoral success and the redefinition of American politics
|thesis_url    =  https://www.proquest.com/docview/304343028/fulltextPDF/E3586B8D78E3408DPQ/
|thesis_year   =  1997
| doctoral_advisor = [[Gary King (political scientist)|Gary King]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Excerpts From Dr. Claudine Gay's Work – The New York Times |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/us/claudine-gay-harvard-president-excerpts.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103102250/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/us/claudine-gay-harvard-president-excerpts.html |archive-date=January 3, 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|workplaces    =  [[Stanford University]] (2000–2006)&lt;br&gt;[[Harvard University]] (2006–present)}}
}}

[[w:ig: Claudine Gay|Claudine Gay]](amụrụ n'ọnwa Ọgọọst 4, 1970)&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Amerịka, onye bụkwa Prọfesọ Wilbur A. Cowett nke Gọọmentị na Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Afrịka na Ndị Afrịka-Amerịka na [[Harvard University]]. Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya n'omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Amerịka, gụnyere ndị ntuli aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke agbụrụ na njirimara.&lt;ref name = &quot;aaas-people&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Claudine Gay | url = https://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/claudine-gay | access-date = December 10, 2023 | website = aaas.fas.harvard.edu | language = en | archive-date = December 7, 2023 | archive-url = 
https://web.archive.org/web/20231207223229/https://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/claudine-gay | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gay jere ozi dị ka diin nke Social Sciences na Harvard site n'afọ 2015 ruo 2018, dị ka diin (dean) nke Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences site n'afọ 2018 ruo 2023, na dị ka onyeisi nke Mahadum Harvard nke iri atọ (30th) site n'ọnwa Julaị 2023 ruo Jenụwarị 2024.

N'ọnwa Disemba 2023, Gay na ndị isi oche mahadum abụọ nwere nrụgide sitere n'aka ọha na eze&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-10-11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Belkin |first1=Douglas |last2=Ellis |first2=Lindsay |date=October 11, 2023 |title=Blaming Israel for Hamas Attacks Sparks Backlash Across U.S., Exposing Deep Rifts |url=https://www.wsj.com/us-news/israel-hamas-attack-us-backlash-ff5f25e8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013013849/https://www.wsj.com/us-news/israel-hamas-attack-us-backlash-ff5f25e8 |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=October 13, 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Hartocollis |first1=Anemona |last2=Saul |first2=Stephanie |last3=Patel |first3=Vimal |date=October 10, 2023 |title=At Harvard, a Battle Over What Should Be Said About the Hamas Attacks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/us/harvard-israel-gaza-hamas-reaction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013013842/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/us/harvard-israel-gaza-hamas-reaction.html |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=October 13, 2023 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kwa site na Nnọkọ Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke 2023 gbasara mmegide Ndị Juu|kọmiti Ndị Omeiwu (2023 United States Congress hearing on antisemitism|congressional committee) ịgba arụkwaghịm, n'ihi azịza nye ebubo nke ime ihe ike mmegide ndị Juu n'ogige agụmakwụkwọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AB-1206&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hensley |first=Sarah Beth |date=December 6, 2023 |title=Harvard's president answers backlash over response to calls for 'genocide of Jews' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/harvards-president-answers-backlash-response-calls-genocide-jews/story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207015000/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/harvards-president-answers-backlash-response-calls-genocide-jews/story?id=105433835 |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Al-Jazeera-1206&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2023 |title=How are Harvard, Penn presidents responding to campus anti-Semitism row? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/7/how-are-harvard-penn-presidents-responding-to-campus-anti-semitism-row |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207164401/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/7/how-are-harvard-penn-presidents-responding-to-campus-anti-semitism-row |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT1206&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | date = December 6, 2023 | title = College Presidents Under Fire After Dodging Questions About Antisemitism | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/us/harvard-mit-penn-presidents-antisemitism.html | access-date = December 7, 2023 | website = [[The New York Times]] | first1 = Stephanie | last1 = Saul | first2 = Anemona | last2 = Hartocollis | language = en-US | archive-date = December 8, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231208061344/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/us/harvard-mit-penn-presidents-antisemitism.html | url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korn |first=Melissa |date=2023-12-10 |title=Penn President, Board Chair Resign After Furor Over Comments on Campus Antisemitism |url=https://www.wsj.com/us-news/education/university-of-pennsylvania-president-resigns-amid-furor-over-comments-on-antisemitism-on-campus-658d74cd |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=WSJ |language=en-US |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210102101/https://www.wsj.com/us-news/education/university-of-pennsylvania-president-resigns-amid-furor-over-comments-on-antisemitism-on-campus-658d74cd |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'etiti mkpọsa nrụgide a, a boro Gay ebubo na ọ zuru ọrụ ọgụgụ isi n’akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị o bipụtara,&lt;ref name=&quot;diver-tg&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last1 = Diver | first1 = Tony | title = Harvard University president Claudine Gay accused of plagiarism amid anti-Semitism row | archive-url =  https://web.archive.org/web/20231211182150/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/11/harvard-president-accused-plagiarism-amid-anti-semitism-row/ | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/11/harvard-president-accused-plagiarism-amid-anti-semitism-row/ | archive-date = December 11, 2023 | access-date = December 11, 2023 | website = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | date = December 11, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuessler&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | last = Schuessler | first = Jennifer | date = 2023-12-21 | title = Harvard Finds More Instances of 'Duplicative Language' in President's Work | language = en-US | work = The New York Times | url =  https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/20/us/harvard-claudine-gay-plagiarism.html | access-date = 2024-01-01 | issn = 0362-4331 | archive-date = December 26, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231226105816/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/20/us/harvard-claudine-gay-plagiarism.html | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; ọ bụ ezie na ebubo ndị a agbaghaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2024, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa onyeisi oche.&lt;ref name=&quot;guard-2jan2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last1 = Walker | first1 = Adria R. | title = Harvard president resigns amid claims of plagiarism and antisemitism backlash | url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/02/harvard-president-claudine-gay-resigns | access-date = January 2, 2024 | work = [[The Guardian]] | date = January 2, 2024 | archive-date = January 2, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240102210529/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/02/harvard-president-claudine-gay-resigns | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ Gay na [[The Bronx]] n'ọnwa Ọgọọst 4, 1970,&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=&quot;CLAUDINE GAY (1970-)&quot; |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/claudine-gay-1970/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |first= Malik |last=Simba |website=BlackPast.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma too mbụ na [[New York City]], ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ ya, Sony Gay, Jr.&lt;ref name=&quot;the-scholar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Scholar Everyone Sought: Claudine Gay, Harvard's Next President |first= Miles J. |last=Herszenhorn|author2= Claire Yuan | website = The Harvard Crimson | url = https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/1/27/claudine-gay-presidential-profile/|date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=December 13, 2023 | archive-date = July 2, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230702132518/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/1/27/claudine-gay-presidential-profile/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị mụrụ ya bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ mba ofesi si [[Haiti]], bụ́ ndị zutere na New York City dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji n'afọ 1967. Nne ya, Claudette Gay, née Bateau (1946–2023), gụrụ akwụkwọ nọọsụ, nna ya agụọ injinịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title='Courage to Be Harvard' |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2023/10/feature-president-gay-installation-address |access-date=2024-04-09 |first= Claudine |last=Gay |website=harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://afropunk.com/2018/07/meet-the-haitian-american-woman-whos-harvards-new-dean-of-the-faculty-of-arts-science/|title=Meet the Haitian-American woman who's Harvard's new Dean of the Faculty of Arts &amp; Science|date=July 25, 2018|work=Afropunk|access-date=August 20, 2018|archive-date=August 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820074606/http://afropunk.com/2018/07/meet-the-haitian-american-woman-whos-harvards-new-dean-of-the-faculty-of-arts-science/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ ka bụ nwata, Gay na ezinụlọ ya kwagara [[Saudi Arabia]], ebe nna ya, Sony Gay, Sr., rụrụ ndị [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=July 23, 2018 |title=Claudine Gay named Harvard FAS dean |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/07/claudine-gay-named-harvard-fas-dean/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221121625/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/07/claudine-gay-named-harvard-fas-dean/ |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |access-date=July 24, 2018 |work=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ áhù laghachiri United States ma bie na [[Georgia (US State)|Georgia]] ya na [[Colorado]].&lt;ref name=&quot;the-scholar&quot; /&gt; Onye edemede [[Feminism|feminist]]  [[Roxane Gay]] bụ nwanne nna mbụ nke Gay.&lt;ref name=&quot;the-scholar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ezinụlọ ha nwere ma na-arụkwa ụlọ ọrụ simenti kachasị ukwuu na Haiti, nke dị na [[Port-au-Prince]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/01/claudine-gay-harvard-plagiarism/677007/ |title=The Real Harvard Scandal |first=Tyler Austin |last=Harper |date=January 3, 2024 |work=The Atlantic |access-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103235311/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/01/claudine-gay-harvard-plagiarism/677007/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GDG Concrete &amp; Construction |url=http://www.gdgbeton.com/english/personnel.html |website=www.gdgbeton.com |access-date=2024-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Gay gara Phillips Exeter Academy, ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe (ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi) na [[Exeter, New Hampshire]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exeter.edu/about-us/governance/meet-our-trustees|title=Meet Our Trustees {{!}} Phillips Exeter Academy|website=www.exeter.edu|access-date=February 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190111/https://www.exeter.edu/about-us/governance/meet-our-trustees|archive-date=February 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ n'afọ 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;the-scholar&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara [[Princeton University]] otu afọ &lt;ref name=&quot;the-scholar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Who is Claudine Gay, Harvard's president? And how has she made history? |url=https://www.wbaltv.com/article/claudine-gay-harvards-president/46105240 |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=WBAL |language=en |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213062711/https://www.wbaltv.com/article/claudine-gay-harvards-president/46105240 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Stanford Daily Archives |url=https://archives.stanforddaily.com/1989/09/21?page=11&amp;section=MODSMD_ARTICLE17 |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=archives.stanforddaily.com |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213062712/https://archives.stanforddaily.com/1989/09/21?page=11&amp;section=MODSMD_ARTICLE17 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; tupu ọ gaa [[Stanford University]] ebe ọ gụrụ Akụnụba (Economics) dị ka isi ngalaba ọmụmụ ya, wee gụchaa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1992, nata ihe nrite Anna Laura Myers maka akwụkwọ edemede pụrụ iche maka akụnụba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Gay nwetara akara ugo mmụta [[Dọkịta Nkà Ihe Ọmụma | Ph.D.]] na 1998 site na [[Harvard University]] ma merie ihe nrite Toppan nke mahadum maka edemede kacha mma na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/04/claudine-gay-named-dean-of-social-science/|title=Claudine Gay named dean of social science|last=Reuell|first=Peter|date=April 28, 2015|work=Harvard Gazette|access-date=April 14, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415104054/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/04/claudine-gay-named-dean-of-social-science/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Gay bụ osote prọfesọ, ma mesịa bụrụ prọfesọ n'onwe ya, na Ngalaba Sayensị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị nke Stanford site n'afọ 2000 ruo 2006. N'agụmakwụkwọ afọ 2003–2004, ọ bụ onye otu na Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences na Mahadum Stanford.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nnyocha Gay mere na-akọwa omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị Amerịka, gụnyere ndị ntuli aka, amụma gbasara ụlọ obibi, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke agbụrụ na njirimara.&lt;ref name = &quot;aaas-people&quot;/&gt; Mahadum Harvard kpọpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ nke gọọmentị n'afọ 2006, a họpụtakwara ya prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ndị Afrịka na Amerịka n'afọ 2007..&lt;ref name = &quot;news.harvard.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | date = December 15, 2022 | title = Harvard names Claudine Gay 30th president | url = https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/12/harvard-names-claudine-gay-30th-president/ | access-date = July 5, 2023 | website = Harvard Gazette | language = en-US | archive-date = December 22, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221222180738/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/12/harvard-names-claudine-gay-30th-president/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọkwa nchịkwa ===
N'afọ 2015, A họpụtara Gay dị ka onyeisi sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] (FAS) nakwa Prọfesọ Wilbur A. Cowett nke Gọọmentị na nke Ọmụmụ Ndị Africa na Ndị Africa-America. N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Dean nke Faculty of Arts and Sciences.&lt;ref name = &quot;aaas-people&quot;/&gt;

Dị ka Dean nke FAS, nke na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ ihe graduate na undergraduate, Gay depụtara isi ihe anọ bụ́ isi ọ na-elekwasị anya na ha: ịbawanye ụdị dị iche iche n'etiti ndị nkuzi, ịkwado ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere mmasị n’ọmụmụ na-ejikọta ngalaba dị iche iche, ịgba ndị prọfesọ ume ka ha na-arụkọ ọrụ n'etiti ngalaba dị iche iche, na ịkwalite nsonye ndị nkuzi na ndụ obodo mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=John |date=September 2021 |title=The Art of the Dean |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/09/jhj-art-of-the-dean |website=Harvard Magazine |access-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705070943/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/09/jhj-art-of-the-dean |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’oge ọ nọ n’ọkwa dị ka Dean, ihe ndị Gay lekwasịrị anya na ha gụnyere atụmatụ mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịbawanye ụdị agbụrụ dị iche iche n’ogige mahadum, n’etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Radsken |first=Jill |date=August 20, 2020 |title=Faculty of Arts and Sciences unveils anti-racism agenda |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/08/faculty-of-arts-and-sciences-unveils-its-anti-racism-agenda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226194958/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/08/faculty-of-arts-and-sciences-unveils-its-anti-racism-agenda/ |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[Harvard Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvard Crimson&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Hamid |first1=Rahem D. |last2=Schisgall |first2=Elias J. |date=May 25, 2023 |title=Dean Today, President Tomorrow: Gay Reflects on 5 Years Leading Harvard FAS |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/5/25/gay-reflects-five-years-feature/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111082635/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/5/25/gay-reflects-five-years-feature/ |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọọst 2020, FAS were n’ọrụ onye osote onye isi ngalaba mbụ ya maka ọdịiche, nsonye, na inwe mmetụta nke ịbụ onye otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bikales |first=James S. |date=August 25, 2020 |title=FAS Hires Sheree Ohen as Inaugural Associate Dean of Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/8/25/fas-dean-diversity-equity-inclusion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104095404/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/8/25/fas-dean-diversity-equity-inclusion/ |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States nke June 2023 gasịrị na ''Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard'', nke kpebiri na mmemme atụmatụ nkwado dabere n’agbụrụ n’ịnabata ụmụ akwụkwọ na kọleji megidere iwu obodo, Gay kwuru na Harvard ga-eso mkpebi ụlọikpe ahụ, “mana nke ahụ anaghị agbanwe ụkpụrụ anyị.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chan |first=Tiffany |date=June 29, 2023 |title='We're not important anymore': Supreme Court ruling sends shockwaves through college campuses |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/supreme-court-affirmative-action-ruling-harvard-university/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111075734/https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/supreme-court-affirmative-action-ruling-harvard-university/ |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N’oge ọ nọ n’ọkwa onye isi ngalaba, Gay nyere ọtụtụ prọfesọ Harvard ntaramahụhụ n’ihi ebubo nke omume mmekọahụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. O wepụrụ ọkwa emeritus n’aka ndị prọfesọ lara ezumike nka bụ [[Jorge I. Domínguez]] na [[Gary Urton]], ma tinye ndị prọfesọ [[John Comaroff]] na [[Roland G. Fryer Jr.]] n’ezumike ọrụ, mgbe onye ọ bụla n’ime ha chere ebubo iyi egwu mmekọahụ ihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Jonah S. |last2=McCafferty |first2=Molly C. |date=May 9, 2019 |title=Harvard Prof. Dominguez Stripped of Emeritus Status Following Conclusion of Title IX Investigation |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/9/dominguez-investigation-closes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103133926/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/9/dominguez-investigation-closes/ |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Andy Z. |date=June 11, 2021 |title=Anthropology Prof. Urton Stripped of Emeritus Status, Barred From Campus Following Sexual Misconduct Investigation |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/6/11/urton-sanctions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824132430/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/6/11/urton-sanctions/ |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Ariel H. |last2=Xu |first2=Meimei |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Harvard Anthropology Prof. John Comaroff Placed on Leave Following Sexual Harassment, Professional Misconduct Inquiries |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/1/21/comaroff-unpaid-leave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103133844/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/1/21/comaroff-unpaid-leave/ |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Avi-Yonah |first=Shera S. |date=July 10, 2019 |title=Harvard Places Fryer on Administrative Leave, Levies Sanctions |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/7/10/fryer-administrative-leave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109185657/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/7/10/fryer-administrative-leave/ |archive-date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gay nyekwara prọfesọ [[Martin Nowak]] ntaramahụhụ maka &quot;omume na-adịghị mma&quot; n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ya na onye omekome mmekọahụ [[Jeffrey Epstein]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Meera S. |last2=Wang |first2=Andy Z. |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Gay Levies Sanctions Against Prof. Nowak for Contacts With Jeffrey Epstein |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/3/26/gay-sanctions-nowak-epstein/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101102313/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/3/26/gay-sanctions-nowak-epstein/ |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prọfesọ [[Harvard Law School]] na onyeisi ngalaba Winthrop House [[Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.|Ronald Sullivan]] chere ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ ihu n’oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2019 mgbe o sonyechara n’òtù ndị ọka iwu na-agbachitere [[Harvey Weinstein]], bụ́ onye nọ n’ikpe maka ebubo idina mmadụ n’ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Streeter |first1=Kurt |date=January 4, 2024 |title=For Harvard's First Black President, Race Became the Unavoidable Issue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/us/claudine-gay-harvard-president-race.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104103252/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/04/us/claudine-gay-harvard-president-race.html/ |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gay kpọrọ nzaghachi Sullivan nyere maka esemokwu ahụ “ezughị ezu,” na-ekwu na ya nwere “ọrụ pụrụ iche” dị ka onye isi ụlọ obibi n’ilekọta ọdịmma ndị bi na Winthrop.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Jonah S. |last2=McCafferty |first2=Molly C. |date=February 12, 2019 |title=FAS Dean Claudine Gay Calls Sullivan's Response to Student Concerns 'Insufficient' |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/2/12/dean-gay-sullivan-response/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104040555/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/2/12/dean-gay-sullivan-response/ |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi [[Harvard College]], [[Rakesh Khurana]], kpebiri ịghara imegharị nkwekọrịta Sullivan dị ka onye isi ụlọ obibi Winthrop,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenberg2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rosenberg |first1=John S. |last2=Bolotnikova |first2=Marina N. |date=July–August 2019 |title=From #MeToo fallout to undergraduate education and public service &amp;#124; Harvard Magazine |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2019/06/news-briefs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929001839/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2019/06/news-briefs |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |website=[[Harvard Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;05-11-20192&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Avi-Yonah |first1=Shera S. |last2=Ryan |first2=Aidan F. |date=May 11, 2019a |title=Winthrop Faculty Deans to Leave After Harvard Refuses to Renew Their Appointments |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/11/winthrop-faculty-deans-to-leave/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103191028/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/5/11/winthrop-faculty-deans-to-leave/ |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-13 |title=Harvard Won't Renew Faculty Deans' Terms Amid Outcry Over Harvey Weinstein Defense |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/05/11/harvard-will-not-renew-faculty-deans-terms-amid-outcry-over-harvey-weinstein-defense |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.wbur.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mkpebi nke American Civil Liberties Union katọrọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;11-19-2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Avi-Yonah |first1=Shera S. |last2=Franklin |first2=Delano R. |date=November 19, 2019b |title=Former Winthrop Dean Sullivan Criticizes Admins During Constitutional Law Society Event |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/11/19/sullivan-speaks-hucls-event/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104231558/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/11/19/sullivan-speaks-hucls-event/ |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Soave |first1=Robby |author-link1=Robby Soave |date=June 10, 2019 |title=ACLU Says Harvard 'Sacrificed Principles Central to Our Legal System' When It Fired Ron Sullivan |url=https://reason.com/2019/06/10/aclu-harvard-ron-sullivan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202090339/https://reason.com/2019/06/10/aclu-harvard-ron-sullivan/ |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2019, Gay kwuru na Harvard ga-achọ ị wee ọtụtụ prọfesọ ọmụmụ agbụrụ n'ọrụ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Jonah S. |last2=McCafferty |first2=Molly C. |date=October 4, 2019 |title=FAS Prioritizing Ethnic Studies Faculty Searches Despite Stagnant Overall Hiring, Dean Gay Says |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/4/fas-faculty-search/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706232830/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/4/fas-faculty-search/ |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; were mmadụ atọ n'ọrụ n'afọ 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Xu |first=Meimei |date=July 9, 2022 |title=Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof '93 Joins Harvard as Third Professor in Ethnic Studies Cluster Hire |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/7/9/Jesse-Hoffnung-Garskof-hire/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106192145/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/7/9/Jesse-Hoffnung-Garskof-hire/ |archive-date=January 6, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ngagharị iwe gasịrị nke katọrọ ịjụ inye [[Lorgia García Peña]], onye ọkà mmụta gbasara agbụrụ na omenala, ọkwa onye prọfesọ na-adịgide adịgide na Harvard, Gay kwuru na Jenụwarị 2020 na ya ga-ebido nyocha usoro FAS si enye ndị prọfesọ ọkwa ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Bikales |first1=James S. |last2=Chen |first2=Kevin R. |date=January 3, 2020 |title=FAS Dean Gay to Review Tenure Promotion Process |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/1/3/fas-tenure-review-letter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704200520/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/1/3/fas-tenure-review-letter/ |archive-date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyocha ahụ, e wepụtara n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, kwuru na usoro Harvard si enye ndị ọkà mmụta ọkwa ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide bụ nke “a haziri nke ọma n’usoro ya” n’ọtụtụ akụkụ, mana ọ chọpụtakwara na ndị prọfesọ enweghị ntụkwasị obi zuru oke n’usoro ahụ, nakwa na mmụọ ọrụ ha banyere usoro ahụ adịghị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Meera S. |last2=Wang |first2=Andy Z. |date=October 12, 2021 |title=FAS Review Largely Upholds Tenure System Despite Acknowledging 'Mistrust and Low Morale' |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/10/12/tenure-review-report-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704193848/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/10/12/tenure-review-report-2021/ |archive-date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onyeisi ngalaba (Dean), Gay bụ onye lekọtara mmalite nke Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences ọhụrụ n'afọ 2021 na ogige Harvard dị na Allston, nke ọnụ ahịa owuwu ya ruru otu ijeri dọla. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyekwara mmemme PhD na injinia kwantum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvard Crimson&quot; /&gt;

Harvard nwere nsogbu agụmakwụkwọ na ego n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19. Maka afọ ego 2020, Ngalaba nke Nka na Sayensị kọrọ na mfu ruru nde dọla $15.8.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=John |date=January 2021 |title=The Financial Fallout…So Far |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/01/jhj-financial-fallout |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705070955/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/01/jhj-financial-fallout |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=Harvard Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mmalite afọ 2021, Gay kwupụtara na ọnụ ahịa nke nkwa agụmakwụkwọ FAS dị oke elu karịa ego ọ na-enweta ma malite usoro iji belata mmefu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=John |date=September 2021 |title=The Art of the Dean |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/09/jhj-art-of-the-dean |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705070943/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/09/jhj-art-of-the-dean |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=Harvard Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ná ngwụcha afọ ahụ, FAS kwuru na o nwere ego fọdụrụ nke ruru nde dọla 51($51 million), nke bụ mmụba ma e jiri ya tụnyere mfu nde dọla 112 ($112 million ) e buru ụzọ tụọ anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Meera S. |last2=Wang |first2=Andy Z. |date=November 3, 2021 |title=Defying Projections, FAS Ends Fiscal Year with $51M Surplus |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/3/fas-annual-report-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025902/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/3/fas-annual-report-2021/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |work=The Harvard Crimson}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na ọkwa ya na Harvard, Gay jere ozi dịka osote onyeisi oche nke [[Midwest Political Science Association]] site n'afọ 2014 ruo 2017,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Past Vice Presidents |website=MPSAnet.org |url=https://www.mpsanet.org/about/governance/past-mpsa-officers/ |access-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120155451/https://www.mpsanet.org/about/governance/past-mpsa-officers/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; nakwa dịka onye nlekọta Phillips Exeter site n'afọ 2017 ruo 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọchịchị Mahadum Harvard ===
N'ọnwa Juun 2022, onye isi oche [[Harvard University]] [[Lawrence Bacow]] kwupụtara na ọ ga-agba arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ahụ n'ime otu afọ. Kọmitii nchọta nke [[Penny Pritzker] duru tụlere ndị a họpụtara 600 ma họrọ Gay ka ọ nọchie Bacow. N'ọnwa Disemba 15, 2022, Harvard kwupụtara na a họpụtara Gay ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Mahadum Harvard nke iri atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 15, 2022|title=Claudine Gay: Harvard University picks first Black president|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63990177|work=BBC News|first=Madeline|last=Halpert|access-date=December 7, 2023|archive-date=November 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111125431/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63990177|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=December 16, 2022 |title=Harvard names Claudine Gay as first ever Black president |work=[[United Press International]]|first=A. L.|last=Lee |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2022/12/16/harvard-first-black-woman-president/8271671192815 |access-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-date=December 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223023703/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2022/12/16/harvard-first-black-woman-president/8271671192815/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ọrụ n'ọnwa Julaị 1, 2023, wee bụrụ onye isi ojii mbụ bụ onyeisi oche nke mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=With End of Affirmative Action, Claudine Gay Faces Unprecedented Challenges to Start Harvard Presidency|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/7/4/claudine-gay-harvard-affirmative-action-analysis/|work=The Harvard Crimson|first1=Miles J.|last1=Herszenhorn|first2=Claire|last2=Yuan|date=July 4, 2023|access-date=December 12, 2023|archive-date=December 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216105326/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/7/4/claudine-gay-harvard-affirmative-action-analysis/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Homepage |url=https://www.harvard.edu/president/ |access-date=December 10, 2023 |website=Harvard University President |language=en-US |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210044210/https://www.harvard.edu/president/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nnọkọ ntị nke ndị omebe iwu gbasara ịkpọasị megide ndị Juu ====
Mgbe mwakpo Hamas duziri megide Israel mere na Ọktoba 7, 2023 gasịrị, Gay malitere ịnata nkatọ, gụnyere nke onye bụbu onye isi Mahadum Harvard, Lawrence Summers,&lt;ref name = &quot;WSJ-10-11&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;NYT1010&quot;/&gt; onye boro ya ebubo na ọ katọghị mwakpo ndị ahụ nke ọma. N’ọgbakọ ntị nke ndị omebe iwu e mere na Disemba 2023, a jụrụ Gay na ndị isi nke Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT na University of Pennsylvania gbasara ihe ụlọ akwụkwọ ha mere iji zaghachi ịkpọasị megide ndị Juu ([[antisemitism]]) n’ụlọ akwụkwọ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Haslett |first1=Cheyenne |last2=Hensley |first2=Sarah Beth |date=December 5, 2023 |title=Presidents of universities grilled on efforts to counter antisemitism on campus |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ivy-league-presidents-testify-capitol-hill-countering-antisemitism/story?id=105387761 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207034149/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ivy-league-presidents-testify-capitol-hill-countering-antisemitism/story?id=105387761 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe [[Elise Stefanik]], jụrụ ya, ma oku e chepụtara echepụta maka mkpochapụ agbụrụ ndị Juu ọ ga-abụ mmebi nke ụkpụrụ omume Harvard, Gay zara sị: “Ọ pụrụ ịbụ, dabere n’ọnọdụ e ji kwuo ya.” O mechara kọwaa nke ọma sị: “Okwu ịkpọasị megide ndị Juu, mgbe ọ gafere n’omume nke gụnyere imegbu mmadụ, iyi egwu ma ọ bụ ime ka mmadụ tụọ ụjọ—omume dị otu a bụ ihe a pụrụ ime ihe gbasara ya, anyị na-emekwa ihe banyere ya.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Juliana |last2=Chappell |first2=Bill |last3=Nadworny |first3=Elissa |title=Harvard affirms President Claudine Gay will not step down over antisemitism testimony |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212181417/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/12/1218514457/harvard-president-claudine-gay-antisemitism |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/12/1218514457/harvard-president-claudine-gay-antisemitism |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=December 12, 2023 |website=[[NPR]] |date=December 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị mgbasa ozi katọrọ okwu Gay nke ukwuu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How Bill Ackman's Campaign to Oust Harvard's President Failed |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/12/how-bill-ackmans-plan-to-oust-harvards-president-failed.html |work=Intelligencer |first=Jen |last=Wieczner |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2023 |archive-date=December 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214220855/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/12/how-bill-ackmans-plan-to-oust-harvards-president-failed.html?utm_source=pocket-newtab-en-us |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nzaghachi, Gay rịọrọ mgbaghara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='I Am Sorry': Harvard President Gay Addresses Backlash Over Congressional Testimony on Antisemitism|work=The Harvard Crimson|first1=Miles J.|last1=Herszenhorn|first2=Claire|last2=Yuan|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/8/gay-apology-congressional-remarks/|access-date=December 11, 2023|archive-date=December 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211000038/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/8/gay-apology-congressional-remarks/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2023 |title=Harvard president apologizes for remarks on curbing antisemitism as pressure mounts on Penn's president |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/harvard-president-apologizes-for-remarks-on-curbing-antisemitism-as-pressure-mounts-on-penns-president |access-date=December 10, 2023 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210024846/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/harvard-president-apologizes-for-remarks-on-curbing-antisemitism-as-pressure-mounts-on-penns-president |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na-eche na inwe ikike ikwupụta echiche pụtara na Harvard ga-anabata oku a na-akpọ maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị Juu.”&lt;ref name=&quot;NBC1206&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2023 |title=White House condemns university presidents after contentious congressional hearing on antisemitism |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-condemns-university-presidents-contentious-congressional-h-rcna128373 |access-date=December 8, 2023 |website=NBC News |first=Kyla |last=Guilfoil |language=en-US |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208080308/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-condemns-university-presidents-contentious-congressional-h-rcna128373 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters-1207&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 7, 2023|title=US House committee opens probe into Harvard, Penn, MIT after antisemitism hearing|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-committee-opens-investigation-into-harvard-penn-mit-after-antisemitism-2023-12-07/|access-date=December 8, 2023|website=Reuters|first=Gabriella|last=Borter|language=en-US|archive-date=December 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208073052/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-committee-opens-investigation-into-harvard-penn-mit-after-antisemitism-2023-12-07/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ ozi nke ndị nnọchiteanya iri asaa nke ndị omeiwu bịanyere aka na ya kwuru ka ndị isi oche atọ ahụ gbaa arụkwaghịm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Matt |date=December 9, 2023 |title=UPenn president Liz Magill and Board Chair Scott Bok resign after disastrous hearing on antisemitism {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/09/business/upenn-board-of-trustees-meeting-liz-magill/index.html |access-date=December 28, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228015702/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/09/business/upenn-board-of-trustees-meeting-liz-magill/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Liz Magill anọworị n'okpuru nrụgide n'ime Mahadum Pennsylvania, wee gbaa arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa onyeisi oche n'izu sochirinụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Matt |date=2023-12-12 |title=UPenn names J. Larry Jameson as its interim president, replacing Liz Magill {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/12/business/new-penn-president-larry-jameson/index.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nnyocha izu ohi echiche na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi ====
N'oge na-adịghị anya ka e mechara ịnụ okwu n'ụlọ omebe iwu n'ọnwa Disemba, onye na-akwado echiche mgbanwe aka nri bụ [[Christopher Rufo]] na onye nta akụkọ bụ [[Aaron Sibarium]] boro Gay ebubo izu ohi echiche na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;diver-tg&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Burns |first1=Hilary |last2=Damiano |first2=Mike |date=December 11, 2023 |title=Key Harvard oversight board offers silence as controversy engulfs Harvard president Claudine Gay |website=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/12/11/metro/harvard-president-testimony/ |access-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212041702/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/12/11/metro/harvard-president-testimony/ |archive-date=December 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and by an anonymous complaint.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuessler&quot; /&gt; Dị ka ''The New York Times'' si chịkọta, ebubo ndị ahụ metụtara “iji ihe sitere n’ebe ndị ọzọ nweta n’enyeghị otuto ma ọ bụ ntụaka kwesịrị ekwesị nye ndị nwe ya... [nke gụnyere] site n’obere akụkụ nke nkọwa isiokwu ruo na paragraf ndị chịkọtara nchọpụta ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ, ebe a gbanwere naanị ntakịrị n’ụzọ e si dee ha, na n’ụfọdụ ọnọdụ, e nweghịdị ntụaka kpọmkwem nye ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ahụ.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuessler&quot;/&gt; Ebubo ndị a ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ikpe iri ise gụnyere akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ asatọ nke Gay dere, gụnyere edemede ya na ise n'ime edemede iri na otu o bipụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nguyen&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=Sophia |title=The plagiarism allegations against ex-Harvard president Claudine Gay, explained |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105133742/https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2024/01/04/claudine-gay-plagiarism-examples-harvard/ |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2024/01/04/claudine-gay-plagiarism-examples-harvard/ |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 4, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Carol M. Swain]] boro Gay ebubo na o nyeghị ọrụ Swain otuto ma ọ bụ ntụaka sitere n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1993, &quot;Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress&quot;, nakwa edemede Swain dere bụ &quot;Women and Blacks in Congress: 1870–1996&quot; nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carol |first=Swain |date=17 Dec 2023 |title=Claudine Gay and My Scholarship |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/claudine-gay-and-my-scholarship-plagiarism-elite-system-unearned-position-24e4a1b1 |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, ''[[New York Post]]'' kpọtụụrụ Harvard ka o kwuo ihe ọ na-eche banyere akụkọ ha na-akwado ibipụta gbasara ihe atụ 27 a na-enyo enyo na ha bụ “izu ohi echiche na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi”. Harvard kpọrọ ebubo ''Post'' ahụ “ụgha a pụrụ igosi n'ụzọ doro anya”, ma yie akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ egwu ịgba ya akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Kettles |first1=Cam E. |last2=Robinson |first2=Tilly R. |date=December 25, 2023 |title=A Law Firm Said Plagiarism Allegations Against Harvard President Gay Were 'Demonstrably False.' Then She Submitted Corrections. |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/25/harvard-threaten-sue-post/ |access-date=December 26, 2023 |website=The Harvard Crimson |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226002617/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/25/harvard-threaten-sue-post/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na nzaghachi, Gay kwuru na ya kwụsiri ike n'ọrụ ya ma rịọ ka ndị ezi nyochaa ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ Harvard (Harvard Corporation) kọrọ na nyocha ahụ chọpụtara “ọnọdụ ole na ole ebe enyeghị ntụaka zuru oke” na “iji okwu ndị yiri ibe ha ugboro ugboro n’enweghị inye otuto kwesịrị ekwesị” n’ọrụ ya, mana “enweghị mmebi nke ụkpụrụ Harvard gbasara omume ọjọọ n’ime nchọpụta.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuessler&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Statement from the Harvard Corporation: Our President |url=https://www.harvard.edu/blog/2023/12/12/statement-from-the-harvard-corporation-our-president/ |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=Harvard University |language=en-US |archive-date=December 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220222512/https://www.harvard.edu/blog/2023/12/12/statement-from-the-harvard-corporation-our-president/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Tilly R. |last2=Shah |first2=Neil H. |date=December 21, 2023 |title=Harvard President Claudine Gay to Submit 3 Additional Corrections, Corporation Says Improper Citations Fall Short of Research Misconduct |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/21/gay-plagiarism-dissertation-corrections/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.thecrimson.com |archive-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225025004/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/21/gay-plagiarism-dissertation-corrections/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyocha nke ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' na [[CNN]] jụrụ nkwupụta Harvard ahụ, na-achọpụta na o yikarịrị ka Gay emebiri iwu mahadum ahụ gbasara izu ohi echiche na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na iguzosi ike n’ezi ihe n’ihe ọmụmụ.&lt;ref&gt;Quotes from ''The Harvard Crimson'' and CNN:
* {{harvnb|Hamid|Orakwue|Schisgall|2023|loc=: &quot;The Crimson independently reviewed the published allegations. Though some are minor — consisting of passages that are similar or identical to Gay’s sources, lacking quotation marks but including citations — others are more substantial, including some paragraphs and sentences nearly identical to other work and lacking citations. Some appear to violate Harvard's current policies around plagiarism and academic integrity.&quot;}}
* {{harvnb|Steck|2023|loc=: &quot;Harvard President Claudine Gay recently requested corrections for two of her academic papers, but she did not address even clearer examples of plagiarism from earlier in her academic history at the school, according to a CNN analysis of her writings... Both offenses appear to go against Harvard’s guide on plagiarism, which clearly states, 'it is considered plagiarism to draw any idea or any language from someone else without adequately crediting that source in your paper.{{'&quot;}}}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamid&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hamid |first1=Rahem D. |last2=Orakwue |first2=Nia L. |last3=Schisgall |first3=Elias J. |title=Despite Support From Corporation, Harvard President Gay Under Fire Over Plagiarism Allegations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109233800/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/12/allegations-plagiarism-gay-dissertation/ |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/12/allegations-plagiarism-gay-dissertation/ |archive-date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date=December 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steck&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Steck |first1=Em |title=Harvard president's corrections do not address her clearest instances of plagiarism, including as a student in the 1990s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107151033/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/20/business/harvard-president-claudine-gay-plagiarism/index.html |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/20/business/harvard-president-claudine-gay-plagiarism/index.html |archive-date=January 7, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |website=[[CNN]] |date=December 20, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gay rịọrọ ka e mee mmezi asaa iji tinye ntụaka na akara okwu n’akwụkwọ nyocha ya na abụọ n’ime edemede ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Natanson |first1=Hannah |last2=Svrluga |first2=Susan |title=Harvard president to remain after anger over testimony on antisemitism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212154305/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/12/12/claudine-gay-remains-harvard-president-antisemitism/ |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/12/12/claudine-gay-remains-harvard-president-antisemitism/ |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=December 12, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 12, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Souza |first1=Sabrina |last2=Egan |first2=Matt |date=December 15, 2023 |title=Harvard President Claudine Gay corrects two scholarly articles following allegations of plagiarism |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/15/business/harvard-president-claudine-gay-corrects-scholarly-articles-plagiarism-allegations/index.html |access-date=December 16, 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216093134/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/15/business/harvard-president-claudine-gay-corrects-scholarly-articles-plagiarism-allegations/index.html?utm_source=business_ribbon |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nguyen&quot; /&gt; Ọkà mmụta agụmakwụkwọ bụ [[Joseph M. Reagle Jr.|Joseph Reagle]] kwuru na akụkọ ndị mgbasa ozi kwuru na Gay “zuru echiche” pụtara na ọ zuru echiche ndị bụ isi dị n’ọrụ ya, ma kwuo sị, “Echeghị m na nke a bụ ihe mere.” Otú ọ dị, o kwuru na ọrụ ahụ “nwere akụkụ ederede e depụtaghachiri n’enyeghị otuto kwesịrị ekwesị. Nke a bụ mmebi iwu dị nta, mana ọ ka dị mkpa.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Slate 19 January 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Harrison |first1=Stephen |title=Yes, Copying From Wikipedia Is Plagiarism |url=https://slate.com/technology/2024/01/is-copying-from-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=19 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkà mmụta agụmakwụkwọ William Arighi, n’akwụkwọ o dere maka ''[[American Association of University Professors|Journal of Academic Freedom]]'', mechara kọwaa ihe ndị ahụ mere dị ka “mgbalị na-abụghị nke ịkwalite eziokwu, kama ọ bụ nke ịkwado ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arighi |first=William |title=Claudine Gay, Plagiarism, and AI |url=https://www.aaup.org/JAF15/claudine-gay-plagiarism-and-ai |journal=[[Journal of Academic Freedom]] |volume=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịzaghachi ebubo ndị a, Kọmitii Ụlọ Ndị Omeiwu nke United States maka Mmụta na Ndị Ọrụ (United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce|congressional committee) nke mere nzukọ ahụ gbasara mmegide ndị Juu kwuru na ha ga-enyocha ọrụ Gay, ma rịọ mahadum ka ha mepụta nkwukọrịta na akwụkwọ ndị metụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Matt |date=2023-12-29 |title=Harvard granted extension to respond to House on plagiarism scandal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/29/business/harvard-plagiarism-claudine-gay-education-committee/index.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230141532/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/29/business/harvard-plagiarism-claudine-gay-education-committee/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Matza |first=Max |date=December 21, 2023 |title=Claudine Gay: New problems found in Harvard president's work |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67782799 |access-date=December 24, 2023 |archive-date=December 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224040344/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67782799 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ịgba arụkwaghịm ====
N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2, 2024, Gay kwupụtara na ọ na-agba arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya.&lt;ref name=resignation&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harvard President Claudine Gay Resigns, Shortest Tenure in University History {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/3/claudine-gay-resign-harvard/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.thecrimson.com |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102223704/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/3/claudine-gay-resign-harvard/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N’ozi-e (email) o zigara ndị mmekọ ya, Gay dere sị, “Ọ bụ ihe na-ewute m ịhụ na a na-etinye obi abụọ n’ịkwenye m ịlụso ịkpọasị ọgụ na ịkwado ịdị uchu n’ihe ọmụmụ—ụkpụrụ abụọ bụ́ ntọala dị mkpa nke onye m bụ—nakwa na ọ na-atụ m ụjọ&lt;ref name=&quot;Walker&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Adria R. |date=2024-01-03 |title='Racist, vicious': academics decry rightwing attacks on Claudine Gay |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/03/racist-rightwing-attacks-claudine-gay-former-harvard-president |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; ịbụ onye a na-awakpo n’onwe ya ma na-enweta iyi egwu ndị ịkpọasị agbụrụ kpaliri.”&lt;ref name=&quot;guard2-2jan2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=January 2, 2024 |title=Harvard president Claudine Gay's resignation letter in full |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/02/harvard-president-claudine-gay-resignation-letter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102221032/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/02/harvard-president-claudine-gay-resignation-letter |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |access-date=January 2, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N’akwụkwọ echiche o dere n’echi ya, Gay kwuru na ya “mere njehie”, mana na ọkpụkpọ òkù a kpọrọ ya ka ọ gbaa akaebe n’ihu Congress gbasara ịkpọasị megide ndị Juu bụ “ọnyà a haziri nke ọma”, nakwa na mkpọsa e mere iji chụpụ ya bụ “ọgụ nta so n’agha sara mbara iji mebie ntụkwasị obi ọha na e nwere n’ogidi ndị bụ isi nke ọha America”.&lt;ref name=&quot;guard-4jan2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Beckett |first1=Lois |title=Ousted Harvard president Claudine Gay warns of 'a broader war' in op-ed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/03/claudine-gay-harvard-president-resignation-new-york-times-op-ed |access-date=January 4, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 4, 2024 |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104033121/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2024/jan/03/claudine-gay-harvard-president-resignation-new-york-times-op-ed |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-3jan2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gay |first1=Claudine |title=Claudine Gay: What Just Happened at Harvard Is Bigger Than Me |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/03/opinion/claudine-gay-harvard-president.html |access-date=January 4, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104000534/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/03/opinion/claudine-gay-harvard-president.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Walker&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe Gay gbara arụkwaghịm, a họpụtara [[Alan Garber]], onye bụ provost nke Mahadum Harvard, ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nwa oge. Gay ka bụkwa onye nkuzi na Mahadum Harvard.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=Harvard President Resigns After Mounting Plagiarism Accusations|first=Jennifer|last=Schuessler|author2=Anemona Hartocollis|author3=Michael Levenson |author4=Alan Blinder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/us/harvard-claudine-gay-resigns.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103122237/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/us/harvard-claudine-gay-resigns.html |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=January 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Czachor |first=Emily Mae |date=2024-01-02 |title=Harvard president Claudine Gay resigns amid controversy – CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/claudine-gay-resigns-harvard-university-president-letter/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103230850/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/claudine-gay-resigns-harvard-university-president-letter/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ndụ nkeonwe==
Gay lụrụ Christopher Afendulis, onye nyocha usoro ozi na Ngalaba Nnyocha na Amụma Ahụike nke Mahadum Stanford. Ha nwere nwa nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Vaishnavi |last=Vaidyanathan |date=October 12, 2023 |title=Who Is Christopher Afendulis, Harvard President Claudine Gay's Husband? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/who-is-christopher-afendulis-harvard-president-claudine-gay-husband-article-104385151 |access-date=December 12, 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212134757/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/who-is-christopher-afendulis-harvard-president-claudine-gay-husband-article-104385151 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbipụta ahọpụtara==
{{Scholia|author}}
* 1998: &quot;Doubly Bound: The Impact of Gender and Race on the Politics of Black Women&quot;, ''[[Political Psychology]]'', co-authored with [[Katherine Tate]]
* 2001: &quot;The Effect of Black Congressional Representation on Political Participation&quot;, ''[[American Political Science Review]]'' 
* 2001: ''The Effect of Minority Districts and Minority Representation on Political Participation in California'', [[Public Policy Institute of California]]
* 2002: &quot;Spirals of Trust? The Effect of Descriptive Representation on the Relationship Between Citizens and Their Government&quot;, ''[[American Journal of Political Science]]'' 
* 2004: &quot;Putting Race in Context: Identifying the Environmental Determinants of Black Racial Attitudes&quot;, ''American Political Science Review''
* 2006: &quot;Seeing Difference: The Effect of Economic Disparity on Black Attitudes Toward Latinos&quot;, ''American Journal of Political Science'' 
* 2007: &quot;Legislating Without Constraints: The Effect of Minority Districting on Legislators' Responsiveness to Constituency Preferences&quot;, ''[[The Journal of Politics]]'' 
* 2012: &quot;Moving to Opportunity: The Political Effects of a Housing Mobility Experiment&quot;, ''[[Urban Affairs Review]]'' 
* 2013: ''Outsiders No More? Models of Immigrant Political Incorporation'', [[Oxford University Press]], co-editor with Jacqueline Chattopadhyay, [[Jennifer Hochschild]], and [[Michael Jones-Correa]] 
* 2014: &quot;Knowledge Matters: Policy Cross-pressures and Black Partisanship&quot;, ''[[Political Behavior (journal)|Political Behavior]]''

==Ebensidee==
{{Reflist}}

==Njikọ mpuga==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://www.harvard.edu/president/history/#2000s Biography] on the [[Harvard University]] website

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gay, Claudine}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
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    <title>Berenecea Eanes</title>
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      <text bytes="3097" sha1="4fk62l52h9xphe6v4yng715npjitl07" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Berenecea Eanes
| office              = President of [[California State University, Los Angeles]]
| term_start          = January 8, 2024
| status              = Incoming
| predecessor         = Leroy Morishita (interim)
| office1             = President of [[York College, City University of New York]]
| termstart1          = June 1, 2020
| termend1            = December 20, 2023
| predecessor1        = ''self''
| successor1          = Claudia V. Schrader (interim)
| termstart2          = September 2, 2019
| termend2            = May 31, 2020
| predecessor2        = [[Marcia V. Keizs]]
| successor2          = ''self''
| alma_mater          = [[Dillard University]]&lt;br&gt;[[Boston University]]&lt;br&gt;[[Clark Atlanta University]]
| image               = Berenecea Eanes 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Eanes in 2023
}}
'''Berenecea Johnson Eanes''' bụ onye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Amerịka na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Mahadum California State, Los Angeles, kemgbe 2024. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nkeKọleji York, City Mahadum nke Niu Yọk saịtị na 2019 ruo 2023.

== Ndụ ==
Eanes nwetara B.S. na ahụike ọha na eze na Mahadum Dillard na 1988.  Ọ gụsịrị M.S.W. na Mahadum Boston na 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berenecea Johnson Eanes, Ph.D. CV |url=https://www.york.cuny.edu/file-repository/bjeanescv-apr2021.pdf |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=www.york.cuny.edu |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2000, ọ nwetara Ph.D. na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Mahadum Clark Atlanta . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede ya, An Analysis of Àgwà Ndị A Na-akpa Banyere Alụmdi na Nwunye n'etiti Ụmụ Akwụkwọ Ụmụ Nwoke Ndị Afrịka Amerịka: Ule nke Echiche Anọ. [1]

Eanes bụ osote onye isi oche maka ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ na John Jay Àgwà Ndị A Na-akpa Banyere Alụmdi na Nwunye n'etiti Ụmụ Akwụkwọ Ụmụ Nwoke Ndị Africa America: Ule nke Echiche Anọ. [1] of Criminal Justice saịtị na 2006 ruo 2012.  Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke afọ 2012 ruo 2019,, o mechara bụrụ osote onye isi oche maka ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Steeti Kalịfọnịa,  . 

Na Septemba 2, 2019, a họpụtara Eanes ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke York . A hara ya dịka onye isi ala na June 1, 2020. Eanes kwụsịrị n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2023. 

Na Septemba 2023, a kpọrọ ya onye isi oche na-abata na Mahadum California State, Los Angeles .  Ọ malitere ọrụ ahụ na Jenụwarị 8, 2024, na-anọchi [[Leroy Morishita]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Berenecea Eanes named first woman president of Cal State LA |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2023/09/13/berenecea-eanes-named-first-woman-president-of-cal-state-la/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Daily News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
 
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
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! Repairs
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|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/1
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed


|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|3]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="214" sha1="aob6nyu82su56i1kaqi7847nzvl6yvr" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="hjv5c2x8bc1n3291n1qn4havq9g8d7o" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="nsjcz1ku02flsjcqwarrj5xt5a8myby" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="epm1jdhtw99hmfrv1d68odvli1rdb1b" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="sa9bjlysedzbaip5mahjn10e8koxcu2" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|22
|22
|41
|0
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <text bytes="214" sha1="cs3xmo96vom1z7od4u0fwjg5y4ergl8" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|23
|23
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|0
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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|24
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|0
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="214" sha1="h8be29cnqh191jncads863w9mj0qlm2" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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|0
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="fi5pms00q3ut7hh01enogbnv4b7iq4o" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|26
|26
|47
|0
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="214" sha1="p13gwerbrgrq2urfnengl2aqmxqjrz9" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|27
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|48
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      <contributor>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="bldbz6r3tydz6wt5km2liurbhgx4ata" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|28
|28
|50
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      <contributor>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="q36nku8nnaejvugnq5eklt7ziry6can" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|29
|29
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="avza4of983fzb09eafl5kicp4og4xv1" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|30
|30
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|0
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="214" sha1="nvkksg49bs5pxrowz8tv4b2h9cktsrb" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|31
|31
|54
|0
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      <sha1>nvkksg49bs5pxrowz8tv4b2h9cktsrb</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="4gzz41xqbxaw7lncq2nouudqmgwxejr" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|32
|32
|62
|0
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      <sha1>4gzz41xqbxaw7lncq2nouudqmgwxejr</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="o6r5xon8dh8ljso531ezjuvccm7vygv" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|33
|33
|63
|0
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      <sha1>o6r5xon8dh8ljso531ezjuvccm7vygv</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
      <origin>735109</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="esh20xubushm6r274ofs9ry4qr2au84" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|34
|34
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      <sha1>esh20xubushm6r274ofs9ry4qr2au84</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="i1579d39g2buvfa5xao4prcefrunv5a" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|35
|35
|67
|0
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      <sha1>i1579d39g2buvfa5xao4prcefrunv5a</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="gxp3mxmoi4w29nhbhsp44d4asfgz5qo" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|36
|36
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|0
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="th4kv3xdyn2gcufqvvg0lrbqwmf12aw" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|37
|37
|72
|0
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="8nc0xwlrgbp6j04mzancfr7d4mgy7u5" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|38
|38
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|0
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      <sha1>8nc0xwlrgbp6j04mzancfr7d4mgy7u5</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="g8i2gwb5ejdbnsdgjw4ez80cxeq7fzm" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|39
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      <sha1>g8i2gwb5ejdbnsdgjw4ez80cxeq7fzm</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
      <origin>735127</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="8mg84b9bj051652es7ss0opzpe3cqjp" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|40
|40
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      <contributor>
        <username>IgboRefBot</username>
        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
      <origin>735130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="hupnev1gnydsxfzmtql6nz3vs52rapz" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|41
|41
|85
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      <sha1>hupnev1gnydsxfzmtql6nz3vs52rapz</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="72mhbry2jfgwderruzaz5o8wn3ed2la" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|42
|42
|86
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      <sha1>72mhbry2jfgwderruzaz5o8wn3ed2la</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="qye0adlzgg6ds3psd7k8qenspm8pvkj" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|43
|43
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      <sha1>qye0adlzgg6ds3psd7k8qenspm8pvkj</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="h5dmxbb9ghklgqrnzhz2e8zcw1jzjt7" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
|44
|44
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      <sha1>h5dmxbb9ghklgqrnzhz2e8zcw1jzjt7</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="0kekksyfe4lyb93alsk1gl4jtvx0nl0" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <minor />
      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="140zkdhgemfhk8jt8m6n64jlohhe9pe" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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|47
|99
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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|0
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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|0
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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        <id>66663</id>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="215" sha1="2talbswvxz73z88nz8c66kv97d692af" xml:space="preserve">== Statistics ==
''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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''Please do not modify the table below.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year-Month
! Articles checked
! Articles edited
! Repairs
! Failed
|-
|[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]]
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      <comment>updated user page with logs</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Ada the Country</title>
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      <text bytes="3378" sha1="0j4o36fneo73ywpliyiqx23t362hunf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical|name=Ada the Country|book=[[Titilope Sonuga]]|premiere_location=MUSON Centre, Onikan, [[Lagos]]|premiere_date=2 January 2020|productions=2020 [[Lagos]]
2022 [[Lagos]]
2022 [[Abuja]]}}
'''Ada the Country''' bụ ihe nkiri Naịjirịa nke afọ 2020, nke Titilope Sonuga dere ma Marian Ogaziechi mepụta n’okpuru ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Doyenne Circle Productions. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood bụ Patience Ozokwor, Joke Silva na Bikiya Graham Douglas.

== Ọganihu ==
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-arụ ọrụ ruo ihe dị ka afọ iri, e dere ihe ngosi ahụ na 2019.  

Ada, nwa agbọghọ, na-etinye aka n'ihe mberede ọkụ nke bibiri ihe onwunwe ya ma gbuo nwa ya nwanyị dị ọnwa 9, Chiamaka. N'oge ahụ, di ya Femi anọghị n'ụlọ, na-alaghachi naanị mgbe ọkụ ahụ bibiri ụlọ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adeniyi |first=Taiwo |date=2022-10-29 |title=Ada the Country: Different characters, same goal |url=https://dailytrust.com/ada-the-country-different-characters-same-goal/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ihe ahụ mere, Ada dara mbà n'obi. Ọ hapụrụ di ya ka ọ laghachi n'ụlọ ndị mụrụ ya, ebe ndị ezinụlọ ya boro ya ebubo na ọ bụ onye na-enweghị mmetụta na onye na-adịghị mma maka ịhapụ Femi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-agwa ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ ya okwu, gụnyere nwanne ya nwanyị gbara alụkwaghịm, nne naanị ya, na nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na-alụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ọrụ. Site n'ịkekọrịta ahụmịhe ha nke ibi ndụ dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na Naịjirịa, Ada nwere ike ịchọta ọgwụgwọ ma mee ka ya na di ya dịghachi n'otu.

== Ihe ndị e mepụtara ==
Ihe ngosi ahụ malitere na Jenụwarị 2020. 

E mere ihe ngosi ahụ na MUSON Centre, Onikan, Lagos site na Eprel 15 ruo 18, 2022.   Onye duziri ihe ngosi ahụ bụ [[Kemi Lala Akindoju|Kemi Lala-Akindoju]] . 

N’ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2022, Doyenne Circle wetara ihe nkiri ahụ na Abuja, ebe e mere ihe ngosi ya na Musa Yar’Adua Centre n’abalị iri abụọ na otu na iri abụọ na abụọ nke Ọktoba. [1] [2] Kenneth Uphopho bụ onye duziri ihe ngosi ahụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Medeme |first=Ovwe |date=13 October 2022 |title=Joke Silva, Kate Henshaw, Chigul for stage play, ‘Ada the Country’ |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/559348-joke-silva-kate-henshaw-chigul-for-stage-play-ada-the-country.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2023-02-07 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!
!2020 Doyenne Circle
!2022 Doyenne Circle  
|-
|Ada
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kate Henshaw]]
|-
|Nne Ada
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Patience Ozokwor|Ndidi Ozokwor]]
|-
|Nne Femi
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Joke Silva]]
|-
|
|
|[[Bikiya Graham-Douglas|Bikiya Graham Douglas]]
|-
|Nkem
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Chioma Omeruah|Chioma 'Chigul' Omeruah]]
|-
|Ifeoma
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oluchi Odii
|-
|Kemi
|[[Kemi Lala Akindoju|Lala Akindoju]]
|Tosin Adeyemi
|-
|
|
|Imoh Eboh
|-
|Ụmụ nwanyị
|Ayoola
|
|-
|Alero
|[[Bimbo Akintola]]
|
|-
|Funmi
|[[Ade Laoye]]
|
|-
|Lola
|Oludara Egerton-Shygnle
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|}

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Gyedu-Blay Ambolley</title>
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'''Gyedu-Blay Ambolley''' bụ onye egwu dị elu nke Ghana, onye na-ede egwu, onye na'emepụta ihe, na onye na-agụ egwu. Onye egwu mbụ si Ghana na ụwa iji tinye ụdị rap n'ime egwu ndụ dị elu, Ambolley mepụtara ụdị egwu Simigwa.

Gyedu-Blay Ambolley bụ onye a na-amaghị ama na mpụga West Africa ruo mgbe Soundway Records gụnyere Simigwa-Do,  nke Ambolley wepụtara na 1973, na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ha, ''Ghana Soundz''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last= |first= |title=Various Artists - Ghana Soundz: Afro-Beat, Funk &amp; Fusion in 70's Ghana. Soundway Records. |date=27 January 2017 |url=https://soundwayrecords.com/release/156146-various-artists-ghana-soundz-afro-beat-funk-fusion-in-70s-ghana |access-date=16 March 2026 |publisher=Soundway Records}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụda Ambolley emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị kpọọ ya nna nna nke Hipplife, njikọta nke hip hop na ndụ dị elu  idioms. Ambolley guzoro n'akụkụ AL Threats na Playboy Jazz Festival na Los Angeles. A na-ewere abụ ya &quot;Simigua-do&quot; dị ka nke mbụ Ghana nke rap America e wepụtara n'ụwa n'afọ 1973. Ambolley, Sammy Lartey na Ebo Taylor bụ ndị egwu ole na ole chepụtara ọdịnihu maka egwu ndụ dị elu na ngwụcha afọ 60 na mmalite afọ 70 ma nyere aka gbanwee ụdị egwu na-agwakọta ndụ dị elu, funk na jazz   .

* Onye na-ese ihe na-adịgide adịgide - Ghana (1980) 
* Album na Abụ nke Afọ - Ghana (1990) &lt;ref name=&quot;peacefmonline.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/tools/printnews/news.php?contentid=45850|title=Peace FM Online ::: Print News|publisher=}}{{dead link|date=March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye Egwú Trend - Ivory Coast (1997) &lt;ref name=&quot;peacefmonline.com&quot; /&gt;
* Africa-American History Award - MWEPC, Los Angeles, CA (2001) &lt;ref name=&quot;peacefmonline.com&quot; /&gt;
* Onyinye Egwú Afrikan - Los Angeles, CA (2002) &lt;ref name=&quot;peacefmonline.com&quot; /&gt;
* Malcolm X Music Festival Award - Los Angeles, CA (2002) &lt;ref name=&quot;peacefmonline.com&quot; /&gt;
* Lifetime Achievement Award - The Jazz at Drew site na Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA (2003) 
* Onye omeiwu, asambodo gọọmentị nke nkwanye ùgwù pụrụ iche - Onye omeiwu Juanita Millinder McDonald (2003) 
* Best World Beat Recombinant Artist 2003 &amp; Best World Beat Recombinant Artist 2003, L.A. Weekly họpụtara Ambolley maka Best World Beat Resombinant Artist na 2003 na 2004

== Ihe odide ==
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      <text bytes="1870" sha1="2pi270z6expjg0858y5zgbuh3x4acif" xml:space="preserve">'''Darasimi Nadi'''

Amụrụ:         Septemba 27  afọr 2011


Ná Ibadan Oyo State

Ọrụ: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri

Darasimi Destiny Nadi (amụrụ n’afọ 2011) bụ nwata onye Naịjirịa na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ngosi ejiji, na onye na-akwado mmemme telivishọn, bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Nollywood]].

A mụrụ Darasimi Nadi na Septemba 27, 2011, na I Ibadan, [[Ȯra Ọyọ|Oyo state]] She is from the Tiv tribe of Benue state. She currently attends Janet and John Secondary School in Lagos state, Nigeria. 

''Darasimi Nadi malitere ime ihe nkiri nke mbụ ya na fim One Night One Chance. .'' O mechara pụta n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri, gụnyere ''Obara&quot;M,'' A Father's Love, Aburo, Shining Star, Tokunbo, moji, Supa nowa, heartstring, a fathers love, shining star, and Dark heart. Ọ bụkwa onye na-akwado Indomie Love Bowl Game Show n'akụkụ Stephanie Coker. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 

== Nsọpụrụ na onyinye ==

* '''Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na-akwado ndị ọzọ na Africa Magic Viewers’ Choice Awards (AMVCA) nke afọ 2025.'''  
* Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Nigerian Teens Choice Awards&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amondi |first=Bukola |date=2025-05-13 |title=Darasimi Nadi: Youngest Nigerian Actor Nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the AMVCA |url=https://kraks.co/darasimi-nadi-youngest-nigerian-actor-nominated-for-best-supporting-actress-at-the-amvcas/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Kraks |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha nwee olileanya - Future Stars Awards&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Ihe nrite BON nke nwa kacha mma n'afọ 2014
* Nwa na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma (emume ihe nkiri mba Ibadan) 
* Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma (ihe nkiri Indie niile nke Afrịka AAIFF) 

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'''Caroline Still Anderson''' (November 1, 1848 - June 1 ma ọ bụ 2, 1919) bụ onye dọkịta America, onye nkuzi, na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe. Ọ bụ otu n’ime ndị dibịa bekee ndị mbụ nyere aka ịkwalite ọrụ ahụike n’obodo ndị Afrịka-Amerịka dị na Philadelphia, ma bụrụkwa otu n’ime ụmụ nwanyị ojii ndị mbụ ghọrọ dibịa bekee na United States.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Caroline Still Anderson na Nọvemba 1, 1848, ọ bụkwa ọkpara n’ime ụmụ nwanyị anọ Letitia na William Still. Nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị isi n'òtù abolitionist nke America. Nna ya duziri alaka Philadelphia nke Underground Railroad, nke malitere obere oge ka amuchara Still.

Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Still gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe Oriakụ Gordon, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Friends’ Raspberry Alley, na…, na Institute for Colored Youth (nke bụzi Mahadum Cheyney nke Pennsylvania). Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị a dị oke ọnụ, ọrụ nna ya na-enye ego na Ụlọ ọrụ coal nyere ya ohere ịkwụ ụgwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị mma maka nwa ya nwanyị.

Still nwere ihu ọma inweta ohere a, n’ihi na Philadelphia nke narị afọ nke 19 adịghị anabata ọtụtụ ndị ojii nke ọma, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ezinụlọ ndị ojii nwere ọganihu n’ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba. N’ihi na Still so n’obodo a, e chebere ya pụọ n’omume ọjọọ a na-emeso ndị ojii na-enweghị ihe ùgwù dị ka ya, ma nwee ike iji ohere na ihe ùgwù ndị o nwere mee ihe nke ọma.. Nna Still ji mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị maka ụmụ ya nwanyị kpọrọ ihe ma gbaa Still ume ka ọ gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya.
[[File:Still_Carolina_1868.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto nke Anderson na 1868, mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Oberlin CollegeKọleji Oberlin]]
Still gụchara akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise. N’afọ 1864, ọ banyere n’ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum na…is Oberlin College dị ka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii na klas ya. Ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na 1868 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu dị ka nwa akwụkwọ kachasị nta na klas ya.  Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta Bachelor of Arts, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi ojii mbụ nke Ladies' Literary Society of Oberlin . 

Ọ lụrụ di mbụ ya, Edward A. Wiley, onye Oberlin alumnus na onye bụbu ohu, n'ememe n'ụlọ ha na Disemba 28, 1869. Ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama so n'òtù na-emegide ịgba ohu na United States bịara agbamakwụkwọ ahụ ma gụnye ihe Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield mere.

N'afọ 1875, afọ abụọ di ya nwụsịrị na mberede, Still debara aha ya na Howard University College of Medicine, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwetara nzere Doctor of Medicine na Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, ebe ọ gafere na 1876 wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1878. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii abụọ na klas ya nke afọ iri na asaa. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na-ese ihe na okwu iji kwụọ ụgwọ ya.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, Still laghachiri Philadelphia ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi nke ikwu okwu, ise ihe, na egwu ruo 1875. N'afọ 1878, ọ malitere ọrụ ahụike ya site na ọzụzụ na New England Hospital for Women and Children nke Boston. Ndị ụlọ ọgwụ jụrụ arịrịọ mbụ Still n'ihi agbụrụ ya, a họpụtakwara ya naanị mgbe ọ gachara obodo ahụ ma zute ndị otu ahụ n'onwe ya. N'ịbụ ndị a kọrọ na ha nwere nkà n'ihi na ha jụrụ mkpebi mbụ ha, na-ahọpụta Still ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'otu olu.
[[File:Caroline_Still_Anderson.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Anderson site na &quot;Who's Who in Philadelphia&quot; (1912) nke Charles Frederick White]]
Mgbe ọzụzụ ya kwụsịrị na 1879, Still laghachiri Philadelphia, ebe ọ meghere ụlọ ọgwụ na chọọchị di ọhụrụ ya Matthew Anderson ma mepee ụlọ ọrụ ahụike onwe ya. Ugbu a na-aga Anderson na 1889, ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi, na-akụzi ịdị ọcha, physiology, na ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha ka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ ahụike ya.

Ọzọkwa na 1889, Still na di ya guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọrụ aka na nke a na-akpọ Berean Manual Training and Industrial School, Anderson bụ osote onyeisi na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nkuzi ya. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ ọgwụ na ụlọ ọrụ Quaker na Philadelphia .  Ọrụ ya bịara ná njedebe mgbe ọ dara ọrịa strok na 1914.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ogilvie&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title = The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science |last1 = Harvey |first1 = Joy |last2 = Ogilvie |first2 = Marilyn |author2-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie |author-link=Joy Harvey |publisher = Routledge |location = New York |year = 2000 |isbn = 0-415-92038-8 |url = https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Milite&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Caroline Still Anderson |first = George A. |last = Milite |page = [https://archive.org/details/notableblackamer0000unse/page/11 11] |encyclopedia = Notable Black American Scientists |editor = Kristine Krapp |publisher = Gale |location = Detroit |year = 1999 |isbn = 0-7876-2789-5 |url = https://archive.org/details/notableblackamer0000unse/page/11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Anderson ghọrọ onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na-arụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ òtù na obodo Philadelphia maka ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere njide onwe onye na Ịha nhata agbụrụ. Ọ kwadoro òtù temperance dị ka onye isi oche nke Berean Woman's Christian Temperance Union, haziri Black YMCAs na Philadelphia, ọ bụkwa onye otu ụlọ ọrụ nke Home for Aged and Infirm Colored People of Philadelphia. Anderson bụkwa onye otu alaka Philadelphia nke Women's Medical Society na onye na-ahụ maka akụ nke Women'S Medical College Alumnae Association . 

W. E. B. Du Bois toro ọrụ Anderson maka ndị isi ojii nke Philadelphia, ọkachasị ọrụ ya na Berean Institute.

Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Oberlin, Still zutere Edward Wiley, ha lụrụ na 1869 mgbe ọ dị afọ 21. N'alụmdi na nwunye afọ anọ ha, di na nwunye ahụ mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, Letitia na William. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe Wiley nwụrụ na mberede na 1873. Ọ lụrụ di ọzọ na 1880 na onye ozi aha ya bụ Matthew Anderson .  Anderson bụkwa onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Oberlin ma gụọ akwụkwọ na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] na Mahadum Princeton .  Ndị Andersons nwere ụmụ ise, atọ n'ime ha dị ndụ ruo mgbe ha toro: Helen, Maude, na Margaret. Anderson nwụrụ na June 1 ma ọ bụ 2, 1919, na Philadelphia n'ihi nsogbu ndị sitere na ọrịa strok ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Milite&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Beckford&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia = African American National Biography |title = Caroline Virginia Still Wiley Anderson |last = Beckford |first = Geraldine Rhoades |url = http://www.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1889?hi=0&amp;highlight=1&amp;from=quick&amp;pos=1 |accessdate = March 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị afọ iri asaa. A na-enye ọtụtụ ụbọchị maka ọnwụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Milite&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Beckford&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
 

{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

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*[[_Ụmụ_nwanyị_na_Ukraine |  Ụmụ nwanyị na Ukraine]]
*[[Ụlọ_H._F._Smith | Ụlọ H. F. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ahịa_Canterbury | Ụlọ Ahịa Canterbury]]
*[[Ụlọ_Dr._Francis_B._Warnock | Ụlọ Dr. Francis B. Warnock]]
*[[2006-2007_esemokwu_Tunisia | 2006-2007 esemokwu Tunisia]]
*[[2012_Nigeria_floods | 2012 Nigeria floods]]
*[[2020_Iju_Mmiri_nke_Sahel_Africa | 2020 Iju Mmiri nke Sahel Africa]]
*[[Ada_the_Country | Ada the Country]]
*[[Adalbert_von_Blanc | Adalbert von Blanc]]
*[[Nike_Akande | Nike Akande]]
*[[Ade_Akinbiyi | Ade Akinbiyi]]
*[[Akụkọ_Banyere_Ụkwara_nta | Akụkọ Banyere Ụkwara nta]]
*[[Akụkọ_ihe_mere_eme_nke_Wikipedia | Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia]]
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*[[Carmelita_González | Carmelita González]]
*[[Charlene_Dukes | Charlene Dukes]]
*[[Chicana_feminism | Chicana feminism]]
*[[Caroline_Still_Anderson | Caroline Still Anderson]]
*[[Bobby_Carter | Bobby Carter]]
*[[Chloroquine | Chloroquine]]
*[[Clare_Byarugaba | Clare Byarugaba]]
*[[Jorge_Cohen | Jorge Cohen]]
*[[Confederation_of_African_Football | Confederation of African Football]]
*[[Kate_Crawford | Kate Crawford]]
*[[Chiara_Daraio | Chiara Daraio]]
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*[[Marina_de_Tavira | Marina de Tavira]]
*[[Dettol | Dettol]]
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*[[Farah_Abdullahi_Abdi | Farah Abdullahi Abdi]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Fatima | Ọdịdị Fatima]]
*[[Forrest_Gump | Forrest Gump]]
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*[[Frances_Brough | Frances Brough]]
*[[Francis_Wodié | Francis Wodié]]
*[[Françoise_Ellong | Françoise Ellong]]
*[[Fred_Singer | Fred Singer]]
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*[[Freddie_Davidson | Freddie Davidson]]
*[[Freemartin | Freemartin]]
*[[Claudine_Gay | Claudine Gay]]
*[[Gigi_Fernández | Gigi Fernández]]
*[[Ginger | Ginger]]
*[[Gyedu-Blay_Ambolley | Gyedu-Blay Ambolley]]
*[[Hae_Nang_Maew | Hae Nang Maew]]
*[[David_Hammons | David Hammons]]
*[[Holy_Rosary_College,_Enugu | Holy Rosary College, Enugu]]
*[[Idei_Mmiri_nke_Etiopia_na_2016 | Idei Mmiri nke Etiopia na 2016]]
*[[Francisco_Igea | Francisco Igea]]
*[[Ihe_Omume_Ụmụ_nwanyị | Ihe Omume Ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ikike_Mgbochi_Ọrịa_(ọgwụ) | Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa (ọgwụ)]]
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*[[Fatou_Jallow | Fatou Jallow]]
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*[[Ụlọ_H._F._Smith | Ụlọ H. F. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ahịa_Canterbury | Ụlọ Ahịa Canterbury]]
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*[[2006-2007_esemokwu_Tunisia | 2006-2007 esemokwu Tunisia]]
*[[2012_Nigeria_floods | 2012 Nigeria floods]]
*[[2020_Iju_Mmiri_nke_Sahel_Africa | 2020 Iju Mmiri nke Sahel Africa]]
*[[Ada_the_Country | Ada the Country]]
*[[Adalbert_von_Blanc | Adalbert von Blanc]]
*[[Nike_Akande | Nike Akande]]
*[[Ade_Akinbiyi | Ade Akinbiyi]]
*[[Akụkọ_Banyere_Ụkwara_nta | Akụkọ Banyere Ụkwara nta]]
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*[[Caroline_Still_Anderson | Caroline Still Anderson]]
*[[Bobby_Carter | Bobby Carter]]
*[[Chloroquine | Chloroquine]]
*[[Clare_Byarugaba | Clare Byarugaba]]
*[[Jorge_Cohen | Jorge Cohen]]
*[[Confederation_of_African_Football | Confederation of African Football]]
*[[Kate_Crawford | Kate Crawford]]
*[[Chiara_Daraio | Chiara Daraio]]
*[[Darasimi_Nadi | Darasimi Nadi]]
*[[Marina_de_Tavira | Marina de Tavira]]
*[[Dettol | Dettol]]
*[[Emília_Dias | Emília Dias]]
*[[Dolly_Anwar | Dolly Anwar]]
*[[Ecofeminism | Ecofeminism]]
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*[[Faisal_Shuaib | Faisal Shuaib]]
*[[Faith_Kipyegon | Faith Kipyegon]]
*[[Farah_Abdullahi_Abdi | Farah Abdullahi Abdi]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Fatima | Ọdịdị Fatima]]
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*[[Órfhlaith_Foyle | Órfhlaith Foyle]]
*[[Frances_Brough | Frances Brough]]
*[[Francis_Wodié | Francis Wodié]]
*[[Françoise_Ellong | Françoise Ellong]]
*[[Fred_Singer | Fred Singer]]
*[[Fred_Zinnemann | Fred Zinnemann]]
*[[Freddie_Davidson | Freddie Davidson]]
*[[Freemartin | Freemartin]]
*[[Claudine_Gay | Claudine Gay]]
*[[Gigi_Fernández | Gigi Fernández]]
*[[Ginger | Ginger]]
*[[Gyedu-Blay_Ambolley | Gyedu-Blay Ambolley]]
*[[Hae_Nang_Maew | Hae Nang Maew]]
*[[David_Hammons | David Hammons]]
*[[Holy_Rosary_College,_Enugu | Holy Rosary College, Enugu]]
*[[Idei_Mmiri_nke_Etiopia_na_2016 | Idei Mmiri nke Etiopia na 2016]]
*[[Francisco_Igea | Francisco Igea]]
*[[Ihe_Omume_Ụmụ_nwanyị | Ihe Omume Ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ikike_Mgbochi_Ọrịa_(ọgwụ) | Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa (ọgwụ)]]
*[[Isaiah_T._Hatton | Isaiah T. Hatton]]
*[[Fatou_Jallow | Fatou Jallow]]
*[[Jefta_Foingha | Jefta Foingha]]
*[[Jemal_Yimer_Mekonnen | Jemal Yimer Mekonnen]]
*[[Jemima_Sumgong | Jemima Sumgong]]
*[[Jenapharm | Jenapharm]]
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*[[Ụlọ_Ọrụ_St_James | Ụlọ Ọrụ St James]]
*[[_Ụmụ_nwanyị_na_Ukraine |  Ụmụ nwanyị na Ukraine]]
*[[Ụlọ_H._F._Smith | Ụlọ H. F. Smith]]
*[[Ụlọ_Ahịa_Canterbury | Ụlọ Ahịa Canterbury]]
*[[Ụlọ_Dr._Francis_B._Warnock | Ụlọ Dr. Francis B. Warnock]]
*[[2006-2007_esemokwu_Tunisia | 2006-2007 esemokwu Tunisia]]
*[[2012_Nigeria_floods | 2012 Nigeria floods]]
*[[2020_Iju_Mmiri_nke_Sahel_Africa | 2020 Iju Mmiri nke Sahel Africa]]
*[[Ada_the_Country | Ada the Country]]
*[[Adalbert_von_Blanc | Adalbert von Blanc]]
*[[Nike_Akande | Nike Akande]]
*[[Ade_Akinbiyi | Ade Akinbiyi]]
*[[Akụkọ_Banyere_Ụkwara_nta | Akụkọ Banyere Ụkwara nta]]
*[[Akụkọ_ihe_mere_eme_nke_Wikipedia | Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia]]
*[[Aline_Coutrot | Aline Coutrot]]
*[[Zaynab_Alkali | Zaynab Alkali]]
*[[All_the_Queen's_Men_(usoro_ihe_omume_TV) | All the Queen's Men (usoro ihe omume TV)]]
*[[Allan_MacDonald_(onye_na-ede_uri) | Allan MacDonald (onye na-ede uri)]]
*[[Carla_Antonelli | Carla Antonelli]]
*[[Apu_Biswas | Apu Biswas]]
*[[Artemether | Artemether]]
*[[Artesunate | Artesunate]]
*[[Asha_Khemka | Asha Khemka]]
*[[Asusu_Somali | Asusu Somali]]
*[[Asụsụ_Babanki | Asụsụ Babanki]]
*[[Asụsụ_Hibru_nke_Oge_A | Asụsụ Hibru nke Oge A]]
*[[Asụsụ_Kanikkaran | Asụsụ Kanikkaran]]
*[[Asụsụ_Kedang | Asụsụ Kedang]]
*[[Asụsụ_Kilmeri | Asụsụ Kilmeri]]
*[[Asụsụ_Klallam | Asụsụ Klallam]]
*[[Asụsụ_Ogbi_nke_Ijipt | Asụsụ Ogbi nke Ijipt]]
*[[Asụsụ_Ogbi_nke_Nwa | Asụsụ Ogbi nke Nwa]]
*[[Atinuke | Atinuke]]
*[[Augusta_Jawara | Augusta Jawara]]
*[[Bells_Comprehensive_Secondary_School | Bells Comprehensive Secondary School]]
*[[Berenecea_Eanes | Berenecea Eanes]]
*[[Matt_Bishop | Matt Bishop]]
*[[Blanca_de_Castejón | Blanca de Castejón]]
*[[Bọmbụ_Issers_na_2008 | Bọmbụ Issers na 2008]]
*[[Carmelita_González | Carmelita González]]
*[[Charlene_Dukes | Charlene Dukes]]
*[[Chicana_feminism | Chicana feminism]]
*[[Caroline_Still_Anderson | Caroline Still Anderson]]
*[[Bobby_Carter | Bobby Carter]]
*[[Chloroquine | Chloroquine]]
*[[Clare_Byarugaba | Clare Byarugaba]]
*[[Jorge_Cohen | Jorge Cohen]]
*[[Confederation_of_African_Football | Confederation of African Football]]
*[[Kate_Crawford | Kate Crawford]]
*[[Chiara_Daraio | Chiara Daraio]]
*[[Darasimi_Nadi | Darasimi Nadi]]
*[[Marina_de_Tavira | Marina de Tavira]]
*[[Dettol | Dettol]]
*[[Emília_Dias | Emília Dias]]
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*[[Etika | Etika]]
*[[Faisal_Shuaib | Faisal Shuaib]]
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*[[Farah_Abdullahi_Abdi | Farah Abdullahi Abdi]]
*[[Ọdịdị_Fatima | Ọdịdị Fatima]]
*[[Forrest_Gump | Forrest Gump]]
*[[Órfhlaith_Foyle | Órfhlaith Foyle]]
*[[Frances_Brough | Frances Brough]]
*[[Francis_Wodié | Francis Wodié]]
*[[Françoise_Ellong | Françoise Ellong]]
*[[Fred_Singer | Fred Singer]]
*[[Fred_Zinnemann | Fred Zinnemann]]
*[[Freddie_Davidson | Freddie Davidson]]
*[[Freemartin | Freemartin]]
*[[Claudine_Gay | Claudine Gay]]
*[[Gigi_Fernández | Gigi Fernández]]
*[[Ginger | Ginger]]
*[[Gyedu-Blay_Ambolley | Gyedu-Blay Ambolley]]
*[[Hae_Nang_Maew | Hae Nang Maew]]
*[[David_Hammons | David Hammons]]
*[[Holy_Rosary_College,_Enugu | Holy Rosary College, Enugu]]
*[[Idei_Mmiri_nke_Etiopia_na_2016 | Idei Mmiri nke Etiopia na 2016]]
*[[Francisco_Igea | Francisco Igea]]
*[[Ihe_Omume_Ụmụ_nwanyị | Ihe Omume Ụmụ nwanyị]]
*[[Ikike_Mgbochi_Ọrịa_(ọgwụ) | Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa (ọgwụ)]]
*[[Isaiah_T._Hatton | Isaiah T. Hatton]]
*[[Fatou_Jallow | Fatou Jallow]]
*[[Jefta_Foingha | Jefta Foingha]]
*[[Jemal_Yimer_Mekonnen | Jemal Yimer Mekonnen]]
*[[Jemima_Sumgong | Jemima Sumgong]]
*[[Jenapharm | Jenapharm]]
*[[Jenni_Williams | Jenni Williams]]
*[[Jennie_Chua | Jennie Chua]]
*[[Jennifer_Juengel | Jennifer Juengel]]</text>
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    <title>Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Veritas Sapientiae</title>
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      <comment>Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot)</comment>
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{{Nnọọ|username=Veritas Sapientiae|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 5 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
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    <title>Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wouterhagens</title>
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      <comment>Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot)</comment>
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{{Nnọọ|username=Wouterhagens|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:01, 5 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lee Byung-chul</title>
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      <id>735135</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-05T20:35:55Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Epohgx zoegbp</username>
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      <comment>Lee Byung-chul' Febụwarị 12, 1910 – Nọvemba 19, 1987. [[Onye ọchụnta ego]] si South Korea nke guzobere Samsung Group, bụ́ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ngalaba dị iche iche (nke a maara dị ka *chaebol*) na mba ahụ. Lee guzobere [[Samsung]] n'afọ 1938 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na asatọ. A na-ewere ya nke ọma dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọchụnta ego kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[South Korea]]</comment>
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'''Lee Byung-chul''' Febụwarị 12, 1910 – Nọvemba 19, 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KST |first=Published |last2=KST |first2=Updated |date=2010-02-10 |title=Business Philosophy of Lee Byung-chull |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/business/companies/20100210/business-philosophy-of-lee-byung-chull |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Korea Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Onye ọchụnta ego]] si South Korea nke guzobere Samsung Group, bụ́ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ngalaba dị iche iche (nke a maara dị ka *chaebol*) na mba ahụ. Lee guzobere [[Samsung]] n'afọ 1938 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na asatọ. A na-ewere ya nke ọma dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọchụnta ego kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[South Korea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KST |first=Published |last2=KST |first2=Updated |date=2011-10-12 |title=(10) Lee Byung-chull: founder of Samsung Group |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/lifestyle/people-events/20111012/10-lee-byung-chull-founder-of-samsung-group |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Korea Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


{{stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Samuel Doe</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-05T22:31:08Z</timestamp>
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        <id>56563</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378124232|Samuel Doe]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Samuel K. Doe.jpg|thumb]]
'''Samuel Kanyon Doe ('''6 Mey 1951 – 9 Septambra 1990) dia mpanao politika sy manamboninahitra miaramila Liberiana izay nanompo ho Filoha faha-21 an'i Liberia nanomboka tamin'ny 1986 ka hatramin'ny namonoana azy tamin'ny 1990. Nitondra an'i Liberia izy tamin'ny maha Filohan'ny Filankevitry ny Fanafahan'ny Vahoaka (PRC) azy nanomboka tamin'ny 1980 ka hatramin'ny 1986, ary avy eo tamin'ny maha filoha teratany voalohany azy nanomboka tamin'ny 1986 ka hatramin'ny 1990. Ny fitondrany dia nofaritana ho didy jadona ary nisy fanitsakitsahana maro ny zon'olombelona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-K-Doe&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpikambana ao amin'ny vondrona ara-poko Krahn i Doe, ary serjanta lehibe tao amin'ny Tafika Miaramila Liberiana (AFL) izy tamin'ny nanatanterahany ny fanonganam-panjakana mahery vaika tamin'ny 1980 izay nanongana ny filoha William Tolbert sy ny Antoko True Whig, ka lasa mpitarika teratany voalohany tao Liberia ary namarana ny fitondrana Ameriko-Liberiana naharitra 133 taona. Nampiato ny Lalàmpanorenan'i Liberia i Doe, naka ny anaram-boninahitra jeneraly, ary nanangana ny PRC ho governemanta miaramila vonjimaika ka izy no lohan'ny fanjakana de facto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Doe nandrava ny PRC tamin'ny 1984 ary niezaka hanome ara-dalàna ny fitondrany tamin'ny alalan'ny lalàmpanorenana demokratika vaovao sy fifidianana ankapobeny natao tamin'ny 1985. Nahazo 51% tamin'ny vato izy, saingy nisy fiampangana midadasika momba ny hosoka tamin'ny fifidianana. Nosokafan'i Doe ny seranan-tsambon'i Liberia ho an'ny sambo Kanadiana, Shinoa ary Eoropeana, izay nitondra fampiasam-bola vahiny betsaka ary nahatonga an'i Liberia ho toeram-pialan-ketra. Nahazo fanohanana avy any Etazonia i Doe noho ny fijoroany manohitra an'i Sovietika nandritra ny Ady Mangatsiaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ny fitondran'i Doe dia nifantoka tamin'ny fitondrana jadona, ny kolikoly, ny fanomezan-tombony ho an'ireo Krahn namany, ary ny fampijaliana ireo foko Dan sy Mano, indrindra taorian'ny nahavelomany tamin'ny fanandramana fanonganam-panjakana tamin'ny 1985, izay nitarika fitomboan'ny fanoherana ny fitondrany avy amin'ny vahoaka Liberiana sy i Etazonia. Nanomboka tamin'ny Desambra 1989 ny Ady an-trano Liberiana Voalohany, rehefa nanafika an'i Liberia avy any Côte d'Ivoire ny Front Patriotique National de Libéria (NPFL) mpanohitra an'i Doe, notarihin'i Charles Taylor, mba hanongana azy. Ny taona nanaraka, tratra i Doe ary novonoina ho faty nataon'ny Front Patriotique National Indépendant de Libéria (INPFL), vondrona nisaraka tamin'ny NPFL notarihin'i Prince Johnson.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Samsung Electronics</title>
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      <comment>Samsung Electronics''' Co., Ltd. bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke [[South Korea]] nke na-ahụ maka ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị ndị ahịa na 'semiconductors'; e guzobere ya n'afọ 1969, isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Yeongtong District, Suwon, South Korea. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ kachasị mkpa n'ime otu ụlọ ọrụ [[Samsung]] (*chaebol*) ma bụrụkwa nnukwu onye na-eweta 'memory chips', ihuenyo, ekwentị ọgbara ọhụrụ (smartphones), na ngwaọrụ ụlọ.</comment>
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'''Samsung Electronics''' Co., Ltd. bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke [[South Korea]] nke na-ahụ maka ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị ndị ahịa na 'semiconductors'; e guzobere ya n'afọ 1969, isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Yeongtong District, Suwon, South Korea. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ kachasị mkpa n'ime otu ụlọ ọrụ [[Samsung]]، (*chaebol*) ma bụrụkwa nnukwu onye na-eweta 'memory chips', ihuenyo, ekwentị ọgbara ọhụrụ (smartphones), na ngwaọrụ ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://koreabizwire.com/samsung-electronics-becomes-largest-shareholder-in-rainbow-robotics-accelerates-robot-development/302282?ckattempt=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=koreabizwire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Ngwa Ụlọ</title>
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      <comment>Ngwa ụlọ—a na-akpọkwa ngwa ụlọ ma ọ bụ ngwa eletriki—bụ igwe ndị na-enyere aka n'ọrụ ụlọ dịka isi nri, nhicha, na ichekwa nri.</comment>
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'''Ngwa ụlọ'''—a na-akpọkwa ngwa ụlọ ma ọ bụ ngwa eletriki—bụ igwe ndị na-enyere aka n'ọrụ ụlọ dịka isi nri, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-10-03 |title=Definition of APPLIANCE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appliance |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;nhicha, na ichekwa nri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meanings &amp; Definitions of English Words {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=www.dictionary.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;


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    <title>Nduru mkpụrụ osisi nwere isi ọcha</title>
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      <comment>Nduru mkpụrụ osisi nwere isi ọcha،Ụdị nnụnụ nke ezinụlọ Columbidae. Ọkà mmụta anụmanụ Bekee bụ́ John Gould kọwara ya na 1856 ma kpọọ ya *eugeniae* iji sọpụrụ Eze Nwanyị Ukwu nke France bụ́ Eugénie de Montijo. A na-amata ndị toro eto nke ụdị a site n'isi ọcha, ara uhie-acha odo odo, ubu isi awọ,</comment>
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'''Nduru mkpụrụ osisi nwere isi ọcha'''،Ụdị nnụnụ nke ezinụlọ Columbidae. Ọkà mmụta anụmanụ Bekee bụ́ John Gould kọwara ya na 1856 ma kpọọ ya *eugeniae* iji sọpụrụ Eze Nwanyị Ukwu nke France bụ́ Eugénie de Montijo. A na-amata ndị toro eto nke ụdị a site n'isi ọcha, ara uhie-acha odo odo, ubu isi awọ, akụkụ elu nke olive-green, akụkụ ala nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nwere agba anụnụ anụnụ, na oghere na-acha odo odo. Otú ọ dị, ụmụaka nwere isi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ—nke ọcha dị n'egedege ihu na akpịrị elu—na obere oghere ubu isi awọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=White-headed Fruit-Dove- Ptilinopus eugeniae |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&amp;avibaseid=E12571376D277CF2&amp;sec=synonyms |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=White-headed Fruit-dove Ptilinopus eugeniae Species Factsheet |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/white-headed-fruit-dove-ptilinopus-eugeniae |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=BirdLife DataZone |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


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    <title>Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwuregwu cricket ruo n'afọ 1725</title>
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      <comment>Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwuregwu cricket ruo n'afọ 1725 Akwụkwọ mbụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke na-ekwu maka egwuregwu cricket sitere n'ụbọchị 17 Jenụwarị 1597 (dịka usoro oge ochie si dị), nke kwekọrọ na 27 Jenụwarị 1598 (dịka usoro oge ọhụrụ si dị). [Ihe edeturu 1] A hụrụ ihe ndekọ a n'ime akwụkwọ ikpe gbasara ojiji ala e nwere na Guildford, Surrey. John Derrick, bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị na-enyocha ihe kpatara ọnwụ (coroner),</comment>
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'''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwuregwu cricket ruo n'afọ 1725''' Akwụkwọ mbụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke na-ekwu maka egwuregwu cricket sitere n'ụbọchị 17 Jenụwarị 1597 (dịka usoro oge ochie si dị), nke kwekọrọ na 27 Jenụwarị 1598 (dịka usoro oge ọhụrụ si dị). [Ihe edeturu 1] A hụrụ ihe ndekọ a n'ime akwụkwọ ikpe gbasara ojiji ala e nwere na Guildford, Surrey. John Derrick, bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị na-enyocha ihe kpatara ọnwụ (coroner), gbara akaebe na ya na-egwu cricket n'ala ahụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata, n'ihe dị ka afọ 1550. Ọ bụ ezie na akaebe Derrick na-egosi na a na-egwu egwuregwu a kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke 16, a ka na-amaghị kpọmkwem ebe o si malite. Naanị ihe a maara nke ọma bụ na ọ malitere tupu afọ 1550, ma eleghị anya n'ebe dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ England, n'ime mpaghara Kent, Sussex, na Surrey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/1991-02-01?timeline=false |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251004112807/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/1991-02-01?timeline=false |archive-date=2025-10-04 |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=www.legislation.gov.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-03-02 |title=Cricket 'was invented in Belgium' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7919429.stm |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;


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  <page>
    <title>Drexel University</title>
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    <id>81159</id>
    <revision>
      <id>735151</id>
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      <comment>Drexel University''' bụ mahadum nyocha nkeonwe nke nwere nnukwu ogige ya dị na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Anthony J. Drexel, onye na-ahụ maka ego na onye na-eme ebere, hiwere ya na 1891. E hiwere ya na mbụ dị ka Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry, aha ya bụ Drexel Institute of Technology</comment>
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'''Drexel University''' bụ mahadum nyocha nkeonwe nke nwere nnukwu ogige ya dị na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Anthony J. Drexel, onye na-ahụ maka ego na onye na-eme ebere, hiwere ya na 1891. E hiwere ya na mbụ dị ka Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry, aha ya bụ Drexel Institute of Technology na 1936 tupu o jiri aha ya ugbu a na 1970. Ruo 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-11 |title=History {{!}} Drexel University |url=http://drexel.edu/about/history |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=drexel.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 24,000 debanyere aha na ihe karịrị mmemme mahadum 70 na ihe karịrị mmemme masters, doctoral, na ọkachamara 100 na mahadum ahụ. A maara Mahadum Drexel maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ mmekorita ya (co-op).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-11 |title=Rankings &amp; Achievements {{!}} Drexel University |url=http://drexel.edu/about/rankings-achievements |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=drexel.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


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  <page>
    <title>Anthony Joseph Drexel</title>
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      <comment>Anthony Joseph Drexel''' Sr. (Septemba 13, 1826 – Juun 30, 1893) bụ onye ọchụnta ego n'ụlọ akụ si mba Amerịka, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịkwalite usoro ego nke ụwa n'oge a, karịsịa mgbe Agha Obodo Amerịka gasịrị. Dị ka onye isi mmekọ n'ụlọ ọrụ Drexel &amp; Co. dị na Philadelphia, o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Drexel,</comment>
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'''Anthony Joseph Drexel''' Sr. (Septemba 13, 1826 – Juun 30, 1893) bụ onye ọchụnta ego n'ụlọ akụ si mba Amerịka, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịkwalite usoro ego nke ụwa n'oge a, karịsịa mgbe Agha Obodo Amerịka gasịrị. Dị ka onye isi mmekọ n'ụlọ ọrụ Drexel &amp; Co. dị na Philadelphia, o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Drexel, Morgan &amp; Co.—nke mechara ghọọ J.P. Morgan &amp; Co.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rottenberg |first=Dan |url=https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=ZL-BpElFOVwC&amp;dq=Anthony+Joseph+Drexel+++religion&amp;pg=PA251&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Anthony%20Joseph%20Drexel%20+%20religion&amp;f=false |title=The Man Who Made Wall Street: Anthony J. Drexel and the Rise of Modern Finance |date=2001 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1966-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka JPMorgan Chase)—n'afọ 1871, ebe J.P. Morgan rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye mmekọ ya nke ọkwa dị ala karịa. O guzobekwara Mahadum Drexel dị na Philadelphia n'afọ 1891.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dan Rottenberg |url=http://archive.org/details/manwhomadewallst00rott |title=The Man Who Made Wall Street |date=2001-08-00 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8122-3626-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <comment>SafariScribe moved page [[Abram]] to [[Abraham]] over redirect: Misspelled title</comment>
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      <comment>Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot)</comment>
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{{Nnọọ|username=Mmesoma Mary Faustina|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 06:00, 6 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
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