Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6668 736928 724113 2026-10-09T15:56:15Z Goodymeraj 16207 736928 wikitext text/x-wiki Ọchịchị ime obodo Arochukwu Gee ntị mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ '''Arochuku''' ma ọ bụ '''Aro Oke [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]]''' bụ mpaghara gọọmentị nke atọ kachasị ukwuu na Steeti Abia(mgbe [[Abá|Aba]] na [[Umuahia]] gasịrị) na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Naịjịrịa]] na ala nna nke ndị Igbo, [[Ndi Arọ|Ndị Aro]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=places|date=1970-01-01|title=Towns & Villages in Arochukwu « Abia State « Nigeria.|url=https://townsvillages.com/ng/arochukwu/|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Towns & Villages|language=en-US}}</ref> Arochukwu nọ na mpaghara Abia North nke Steeti Abia, Naịjịrịa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=David|date=2022-04-20|title=30 years after, Sen Kalu constructs abandoned roads in Arochukwu|url=https://thesun.ng/30-years-after-sen-kalu-constructs-abandoned-roads-in-arochukwu/|accessdate=2025-06-25|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwere agbụrụ ise bụ Abam, Aro, Ihechiọwa, Ututu na Isu. Arochukwu bụ isi obodo akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ala Igbo. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime obodo ndị dị na Southern protectorate nke gọọmentị Britain na-achị. Ọtụtụ ebe nlereanya ndị njem nleta dị n'obodo ahụ. Ndị njem nleta na-eleta ụlọ nsọ [[Ibinùkpaabi|Ibini Ukpabi]], ụzọ ndị ohu na ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ nke oge ahịa ohu ugboro ugboro. Ọ dịkwa na 'belt' nri nke Steeti Abia ebe a na-emepụta ọtụtụ nri.<ref name=":3" /> Tupu ndị Igbo abịarute n'ókèala Aro, otu ìgwè ndị Ibibio kwagara n'ógbè ahụ wee guzobe Alaeze Ibom n'oge mgbasawanye Bantu. Otu Ibibio a sitere na Usak Edet (Isanguele), akụkụ nke Ejagham na Southern Cameroon nke oge a. Ndị Igbo mbụ rutere n'ógbè ahụ bụ ótù nke Eze Agwụ nke onye ndú ha [[Agwu Inobia]] si [[Abiriba]] duziri. Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Igbo bi ebe ahụ na ndị Ibibio bụ nwa afọ dugara n'Agha Aro-Ibibio. Ndị Efik sitere n'alaeze Ibom, nwere ike ịhapụ tupu ma ọ bụ n'oge Agha Aro-Ibibio. Na mbụ agha ahụ kwụsituru n'enweghị onye mmeri ma ótù Eze Agwụ mechara kpọọ onye ụkọchukwu aha ya bụ Nnachi sitere n'ezinụlọ Edda nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Alaigbo. Eze Agwụ na Nnachi jikọtara aka na nwa eze Akakpokpo Okon nke Alaeze Ibom. Akakpokpo Okon bụ nwa sitere n'alụmdi na nwunye n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Igbo nke ezinụlọ Eze Agwụ na Eze Obong Okon Ita na mgbalị nke nkwekọrịta udo. Òtù Eze Agwụ / Nnachi kpebiri inyere Akakpokpo aka ịnwa iwepu nwanne ya nwoke bụ eze Akpa Okon. Nnachi kpọrọ ndị Akpa site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ȯra Cross River|Ofe Osimiri]] Ndị agha Akpa nke Osim na Akuma Nnubi duziri, nyeere ìgwè ndị nnupụisi aka weghara mpaghara ndị ọzọ. Nke a guzobere njikọ nke steeti ọhụrụ na nke ochie 19 n'ógbè a maara dị ka alaeze Arochukwu n'ihe dị ka 1650-1700. Eze mbụ (ma ọ bụ Eze Aro) nke Arochukwu dị n'otu bụ Akuma mana mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, nwa Nnachi bụ Oke Nnachi weghaara ya ma ụmụ ya nwere ocheeze ruo taa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aro History|url=https://www.arochukwu.info/brief-aro-history|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Notable Aros|language=en}}</ref> g4th5gporz2jwuy4esnjt73ww03dno0 0 8845 736929 719041 2026-10-09T16:40:33Z Goodymeraj 16207 E mere m ndezi 736929 wikitext text/x-wiki <references responsive="1"></references>{{Databox}} '''Uche Lilian Ekwunife''' {{Audio|Ig-Uche Lilian Ekwunife.ogg|Audio}}// ⓘ née '''Ogudebe''' amụrụ na 12 Jenụwarị 1970), bụ ónyé ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, DG Southeast Governors' Forum na onye bụbu Sinetọ na-anọchite anya ndị Anambra Central Senatorial District nke Anambra steeti ma bụrụ onye a ma ama dị ka otu n'ime ndị sinetọ nwanyị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ụlọ ahụ..<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-09|title=Anambra Governorship poll: PDP appoints Ekwunife as Campaign D-G|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/politics/anambra-governorship-poll-pdp-appoints-ekwunife-as-campaign-d-g/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185619/https://editor.guardian.ng/politics/anambra-governorship-poll-pdp-appoints-ekwunife-as-campaign-d-g/}}</ref> A mụrụ Ekwunife na Disemba 12, 1970 na [[Igbo-Ukwu]], [[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]] na Emmanuel na Lucy Ogudebe. Ekwunife gara Mahadum Calabar ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ ná nzere bachelọ na Business and Accounting na 1993. Ọ gara ń'ihu nwetà nzere [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|MBA]] ya na [[Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe]] n'afọ 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ekwunife-senator-uche-lilian/|title=Ekwunife Senator Uche Lilian|work=Biography Legacy for Research Foundation|date=23 August 2017|accessdate=19 October 2022|archivedate=20 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620113457/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ekwunife-senator-uche-lilian/}}</ref> Ekwunife nwèrè ọrụ ụlọ akụ ebe ọ ghọrọ ónyé njikwà mpaghara. Ọ lụrụ ónyé ọchụnta ego si n'obodo Nri Anaocha LGA. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri|title=Kingdom of Nri|work=About Nri Kingdom}}</ref> Ya na Chief Larry Ekwunife nwèrè ụmụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/341|title=About Uche Ekwunife - NASS|work=National Assembly of Nigeria|access-date=2022-10-19|archive-date=2019-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021091751/https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/341|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ekwunife guzoro maka ntuli aka gọvanọ Anambra ugboro abụọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/|title=The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)|work=INEC WEBSITE}}</ref>A họpụtara ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya na 2007 maka mpaghara Anaocha / Njikoka / Dunukofia nke [[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]]. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri na otu a họpụtara na 2007 bụ ndị a họpụtara ọzọ na 2011 mgbe ụlọ nke ala fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwoke iri itoolu na ise. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ a họpụtara gụnyere [[Juliet Akano]], [[Mulikat Adeola Akande|Mulikat Adeola-Akande]], [[Abike Dabiri]], [[Nkiru Onyeagocha]], [[Nnenna Elendu Ukeje|Nnena Elendu-Ukeje]], [[Olajumoke Okoya-Thomas]], [[Beni Lar]], [[Khadija Bukar Abba Ibrahim|Khadija Bukar Abba-Ibrahim]], [[Elizabeth Ogbaga]] na Peace Uzo Nnaamakaji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women who will shape Seventh National Assembly|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/06/women-who-will-shape-seventh-national-assembly/|date=2011-06-06|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-03}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị isii a họpụtara na 8th National Assembly. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ bụ [[Rose Okoji Oko]], [[Stella Oduah]], [[Fatimat Olufunke Raji-Rasaki|Fatimat Raji Rasaki]], [[Oluremi Tinubu]] na [[Binta Masi Garba|Binta Garba]]. <ref name="sixof100">[https://www.naij.com/448960-the-6-female-senators-in-8th-national-assembly-photos.html The 6 female senators in 8th National Assembly], Naij,com, Retrieved 15 February 2016</ref>E Ekwunefe emeriela ntuliaka 2015 site n'ịgbanwe . N'ihi nke a, a mara nhọpụta ya aka ma na Disemba 2015 a kwupụtara na oche ya tọgbọ chakoo. Ekwunife enwéghị íke inweta nkwado nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ (The [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]]) maka ntuli aka nke abụọ ma n'ihi ya, a họpụtara Victor Umeh dị ka Senator. O meriri na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke steeti Anambra na 2019 n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke People's Democratic Party na-anọchite anya [[Anambra Central|Anambra Central Senatorial District, Nigeria.]] <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ekwunife|first=Uche|title=Finally,INEC Declares Ekwunife winner of Anambra central senatorial Election|publisher=This Day|date=February 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ekwunife|first=Uche|title=Nigeria Tribune|date=November 9, 2018}}</ref> Na-emeri ya na 2015 onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Victor Umeh onye chọrọ ntuli aka ọzọ == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cpg8jy3bqstl4zp63kkzj3j3c5w7je0 736930 736929 2026-10-09T16:52:33Z Goodymeraj 16207 E mere m ndezi 736930 wikitext text/x-wiki <references responsive="1"></references>{{Databox}} '''Uche Lilian Ekwunife''' {{Audio|Ig-Uche Lilian Ekwunife.ogg|Audio}}// ⓘ née '''Ogudebe''' amụrụ na 12 Jenụwarị 1970), bụ ónyé ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, DG Southeast Governors' Forum na onye bụbu Sinetọ na-anọchite anya ndị Anambra Central Senatorial District nke Anambra steeti ma bụrụ onye a ma ama dị ka otu n'ime ndị sinetọ nwanyị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ụlọ ahụ..<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-09|title=Anambra Governorship poll: PDP appoints Ekwunife as Campaign D-G|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/politics/anambra-governorship-poll-pdp-appoints-ekwunife-as-campaign-d-g/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185619/https://editor.guardian.ng/politics/anambra-governorship-poll-pdp-appoints-ekwunife-as-campaign-d-g/}}</ref> A mụrụ Ekwunife na Disemba 12, 1970 na [[Igbo-Ukwu]], [[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]] nye Emmanuel na Lucy Ogudebe. Ekwunife gara Mahadum Calabar ma gụsịa akwụkwọ, nweta nzere bachelọ na Business and Accounting na 1993. Ọ gara ń'ihu nwetà nzere [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|MBA]] ya na [[Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe]] n'afọ 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ekwunife-senator-uche-lilian/|title=Ekwunife Senator Uche Lilian|work=Biography Legacy for Research Foundation|date=23 August 2017|accessdate=19 October 2022|archivedate=20 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620113457/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ekwunife-senator-uche-lilian/}}</ref> Ekwunife nwèrè ọrụ ụlọ akụ ebe ọ ghọrọ ónyé njikwà mpaghara. Ọ lụrụ ónyé ọchụnta ego si n'obodo Nri Anaocha LGA. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri|title=Kingdom of Nri|work=About Nri Kingdom}}</ref> Ya na Chief Larry Ekwunife nwèrè ụmụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/341|title=About Uche Ekwunife - NASS|work=National Assembly of Nigeria|access-date=2022-10-19|archive-date=2019-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021091751/https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/341|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ekwunife guzoro maka ntuli aka gọvanọ Anambra ugboro abụọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/|title=The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)|work=INEC WEBSITE}}</ref>A họpụtara ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya na 2007 maka mpaghara Anaocha / Njikoka / Dunukofia nke [[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]]. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri na otu a họpụtara na 2007 bụ ndị a họpụtara ọzọ na 2011 mgbe ụlọ nke ala fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwoke iri itoolu na ise. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ a họpụtara gụnyere [[Juliet Akano]], [[Mulikat Adeola Akande|Mulikat Adeola-Akande]], [[Abike Dabiri]], [[Nkiru Onyeagocha]], [[Nnenna Elendu Ukeje|Nnena Elendu-Ukeje]], [[Olajumoke Okoya-Thomas]], [[Beni Lar]], [[Khadija Bukar Abba Ibrahim|Khadija Bukar Abba-Ibrahim]], [[Elizabeth Ogbaga]] na Peace Uzo Nnaamakaji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women who will shape Seventh National Assembly|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/06/women-who-will-shape-seventh-national-assembly/|date=2011-06-06|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-03}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị isii a họpụtara na 8th National Assembly. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ bụ [[Rose Okoji Oko]], [[Stella Oduah]], [[Fatimat Olufunke Raji-Rasaki|Fatimat Raji Rasaki]], [[Oluremi Tinubu]] na [[Binta Masi Garba|Binta Garba]]. <ref name="sixof100">[https://www.naij.com/448960-the-6-female-senators-in-8th-national-assembly-photos.html The 6 female senators in 8th National Assembly], Naij,com, Retrieved 15 February 2016</ref>E Ekwunefe emeriela ntuliaka 2015 site n'ịgbanwe . N'ihi nke a, a mara nhọpụta ya aka ma na Disemba 2015 a kwupụtara na oche ya tọgbọ chakoo. Ekwunife enwéghị íke inweta nkwado nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ (The [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]]) maka ntuli aka nke abụọ ma n'ihi ya, a họpụtara Victor Umeh dị ka Senator. O meriri na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke steeti Anambra na 2019 n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke People's Democratic Party na-anọchite anya [[Anambra Central|Anambra Central Senatorial District, Nigeria.]] <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ekwunife|first=Uche|title=Finally,INEC Declares Ekwunife winner of Anambra central senatorial Election|publisher=This Day|date=February 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ekwunife|first=Uche|title=Nigeria Tribune|date=November 9, 2018}}</ref> Na-emeri ya na 2015 onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Victor Umeh onye chọrọ ntuli aka ọzọ == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2px1kpi86t93rxy9g6t15qa0zlw4yal 0 10107 736935 630399 2026-10-09T18:40:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Toun Okewale Sonaiya''' bụ onye mgbasa ozi redio na Naijiria. Ọ guzọbe [[:en:WFM_91.7|WFM 91.7]], redio mbụ maka ụmụ nwaanyị na [[Naijiria]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/toun-okewale-sonaiya-set-to-launch-first-women-radio-station/|title=Toun Okewale-Sonaiya Set to Launch First Women Radio Station|last=Alfred|first=Kayode|date=19 September 2015|work=The Nation|access-date=11 October 2016|via=}}</ref> Sonaiya bụ onye isi ọrụ [[:en:Chief_executive_officer|(CEO)]] na WFM 91.7.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/wfm-91-7-makes-its-debut-in-lagos/|title=WFM 91.7 Makes its Debut in Lagos|last=|first=|date=23 December 2015|work=The Nation|access-date=11 October 2016|via=}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Sonaiya rụrụ ọrụ na [[:en:Ogun_State_Broadcasting_Corporation|Ogun State Broadcasting Corporation]], [[:en:Raypower_100.5_FM_Abuja|Ray Power]] na [[:en:Capital_XTRA|Choice FM]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nigerianwatch.com/news/7157-nigerias-first-ever-womens-radio-station-wfm-to-start-test-transmissions-on-october-1|title=Nigeria's First Ever Women's Radio Station WFM to Start Test Transmissions on October 1|last=|first=|date=|work=Nigerian Watch|access-date=11 October 2016|via=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119155641/http://www.nigerianwatch.com/news/7157-nigerias-first-ever-womens-radio-station-wfm-to-start-test-transmissions-on-october-1|archive-date=19 January 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Housing for Women<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nigerianwatch.com/news/7157-nigerias-first-ever-womens-radio-station-wfm-to-start-test-transmissions-on-october-1|title=Nigeria's First Ever Women's Radio Station WFM to Start Test Transmissions on October 1|last=|first=|date=|work=Nigerian Watch|access-date=11 October 2016|via=}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye isi oche na St. Ives Communications.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201511160169.html|title=Nigeria: WFM 91.7 Has No Competitor - Broadcast Expert|last=|first=|date=15 November 2015|work=All Africa|access-date=11 October 2016|via=}}</ref> == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * [http://www.wfm917.com/ WFM 91.7] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Category:Nwaanyị oji ego achọọ ego]] [[Òtù:Category:Onye ọrụ mgbasa ozi]] [[Otú:Ndị Yoruba]] 2euwdk60pl9kwv9yvolmo8o0ctiy64c 0 12824 736946 727658 2026-10-09T21:30:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736946 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ihe metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi''', '''ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi''' ma ọ bụ ihe '''eco''' bụ ihe ọ bụla dị ndu ma ọ nke na adịghị ndu, nke na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref>Gilpin, A. 1996. Dictionary of Environment and Sustainable Development. [[John Wiley and Sons]]. 247 p.</ref> Ihe ndị dị ndụ gụnyere ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, oke ìhè anyanwụ, na pH nke ala mmiri nke ihe dị ndụ bi na ya. Ihe ndị dị ndụ ga-agụnye nnweta nke ihe oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ndị asọmpi, ndị na-eri anụ, na nje. == Nkọwapụta == [[Usòrò:DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg|thumb|Ọrịa kansa bụ isi ihe kpatara gburugburu ebe obibi<ref name="BBC-20151217">{{Cite news|author=Gallagher|first=James|title=Cancer is not just 'bad luck' but down to environment, study suggests|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-35111449|date=17 December 2015|work=BBC|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref>]] 'Genotype' nke ihe dị ndụ (dịka, na zygote) sụgharịrị n'ime phenotype okenye site na mmepe n'oge ontogeny nke ihe dị ndụ, ma nwee mmetụta site na ọtụtụ mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'okwu a, enwere ike ile a na akpọ 'phenotype' (ma ọ bụ àgwà phenotypic) anya dị ka njirimara ọ bụla a pụrụ ịkọwapụta ma tụọ nke ihe dị ndụ, dị ka ahụ ya ma ọ bụ ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ. E wezụga ezigbo nsogbu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa monogenic, ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ikpebi mmepe nke ọrịa na ndị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ebute otu ọnọdụ. Nchegbu, mmetọ anụ ahụ na nke uche, nri, ikpughe na nsí, nje, ụzarị ọkụ na kemịkal dị na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye na ndị na-ehicha ụlọ bụ ihe ndị na-ahụkarị gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ekpebi akụkụ buru ibu nke ọrịa na-abụghị nke nketa. Ọ bụrụ na e kwubiri usoro ọrịa na ọ bụ n'ihi ngwakọta nke mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere ike ịkpọ mmalite ya dị ka inwe usoro multifactorial. Ọrịa kansa na-enwekarị njikọ na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="BBC-20151217">{{Cite news|author=Gallagher|first=James|title=Cancer is not just 'bad luck' but down to environment, study suggests|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-35111449|date=17 December 2015|work=BBC|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref> Ịnọgide na-enwe ịdị arọ dị mma, iri nri dị mma, ibelata mmanya na iwepụ ise siga na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ, dị ka ndị nchọpụta si kwuo.<ref name="BBC-20151217" /> A na-amụkwa ihe na-akpata ụkwara ume ọkụ<ref>[http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/asthma/docs/FactsheetAsthmaandItsEnvironmentalTriggers.pdf "Asthma and Its Environmental Triggers"], [[National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences]], May 2006, retrieved 5 March 2010</ref> na autism<ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news145544025.html "Study showing evidence of a major environmental trigger for autism"], November 10, 2008 navjot [[PhysOrg]], retrieved 5 March 2010</ref>. == Ngosipụta == Ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere usoro nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ (ya bụ na-abụghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa) site na ịtụrụ ime gaa n'ihu, na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị mma. Onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ọrịa kansa bụ Christopher Paul Wild buru ụzọ kwuo ihe ngosi ahụ n'afọ 2005 n'isiokwu nke isiokwu ya bụ "Complementing the genome with an "exposome": ihe ịma aka pụtara ìhè nke nyocha nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrịa nje molekụla" n'asụsụ bekee.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wild|first=CP|title=Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology|journal=Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention|date=Aug 2005|volume=14|issue=8|pages=1847–50|pmid=16103423|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456}}</ref> Echiche nke ikpughe na otu esi atụle ya emela ka mkparịta ụka dị ụtọ na echiche dị iche iche n'afọ 2010, 2012, 2014 nakwa n'afọ 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=Epidemiology. Environment and disease risks|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-10-22_330_6003/page/460|journal=Science|volume=330|issue=6003|pages=460–461|doi=10.1126/science.1192603|pmid=20966241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rappaport SM|year=2011|title=Implications of the exposome for exposure science|journal=J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol|volume=21|issue=1|pages=5–9|doi=10.1038/jes.2010.50|pmid=21081972}}</ref><ref name="Wild 24–32">{{Cite journal|author=Wild|first=CP|title=The exposome: from concept to utility|url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-epidemiology_2012-02_41_1/page/24|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|date=Feb 2012|volume=41|issue=1|pages=24–32|pmid=22296988|doi=10.1093/ije/dyr236}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2012|title=Understanding the link between environmental exposures and health: does the exposome promise too much?|journal=Epidemiol Community Health|volume=66|issue=2|pages=103–105|doi=10.1136/jech-2011-200643|pmid=22080817}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2012|title=Exposome: time for transformative research|journal=Stat Med|volume=31|issue=22|pages=2569–75|doi=10.1002/sim.5496|pmid=22969025}}</ref><ref name="CDC">[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (2012). [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/exposome/ "Exposome and Exposomics"]. Retrieved 5 March 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Buck Louis G. M.|year=2013|title=The Exposome – Exciting Opportunities for Discoveries in Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology|journal=Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology|volume=27|issue=3|pages=229–236|doi=10.1111/ppe.12040|pmid=23574410}}</ref><ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal|year=2014|title=The Human Early-Life Exposome (HELIX): Project Rationale and Design|journal=Environ Health Perspect|volume=122|issue=6|pages=535–544|doi=10.1289/ehp.1307204|pmid=24610234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Miller Gary W.|year=2014|title=The Nature of Nurture: Refining the Definition of the Exposome|journal=[[Toxicological Sciences]]|volume=137|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.1093/toxsci/kft251|pmid=24213143}}</ref><ref name="Zhang">{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Xinyue|title=The Exposome in the Era of the Quantified Self|journal=Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science|date=20 July 2021|volume=4|issue=1|pages=255–277|doi=10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-012721-122807|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-012721-122807|accessdate=1 September 2021}}</ref> N'isiokwu ya n'afọ 2005, Wild kwuru, "N'ihe zuru oke, ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndụ (gụnyere ihe ndị metụtara ndụ), site na oge ọmụmụ gaa n'ihu. " E bu ụzọ kwuo echiche a iji dọta uche gaa na mkpa ọ dị maka data ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi ka mma na nke zuru oke maka nchọpụta ihe kpatara ya, iji dozie ego na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Dị ka Wild si kwuo, ọbụna nsụgharị na-ezughị ezu nke exposome nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru na ọrịa. N'afọ 2012, Wild depụtara usoro, gụnyere sensọ onwe, biomarkers, na teknụzụ 'omics', iji kọwaa ihe ngosi ahụ nke ọma.<ref name="Wild 24–32"/> Ọ kọwara ngalaba atọ na-agafe n'ime ihe ngosi ahụ: # gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí gụnyere gburugburu obodo, agụmakwụkwọ, ihe ndị metụtara ihu igwe, isi obodo, nrụgide, # a kpọmkwem mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi na kpọmkwem contaminants, ụzarị ọkụ, ọrịa, ndụ ihe (eg. ụtaba, mmanya), nri, mmega ahụ, wdg. # gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ime iji gụnye ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ihe ndị metụtara metabolic, homonụ, microflora gut, ọkụ, nrụgide oxidative. [[Usòrò:Exposome_nruaux.jpg|alt=Exposome|thumb|Ngosipụta]] Ná ngwụsị afọ 2013, akọwapụtara nkọwa a n'ụzọ miri emi n'akwụkwọ mbụ banyere ihe ngosi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gary Miller|isbn=978-0124172173|date=2 December 2013|pages=118|title=The Exposome: A Primer|publisher=Elsevier|url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-exposome/miller/978-0-12-417217-3|accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=G x E = ?|url=http://scitechconnect.elsevier.com/g-x-e/|author=Gary Miller|date=20 November 2013|publisher=Elsevier|work=Sci Connect|accessdate=16 January 2014|archivedate=1 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201210118/http://scitechconnect.elsevier.com/g-x-e/}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, otu onye edemede ahụ degharịrị nkọwa ahụ iji tinye mmeghachi omume ahụ na usoro metabolic ya nke na-agbanwe nhazi nke kemịkal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Miller Gary W.|date=January 2014|title=The Nature of Nurture: Refining the Definition of the Exposome|journal=[[Toxicological Sciences]]|volume=137|issue=1|pages=1–2|pmid=24213143|doi=10.1093/toxsci/kft251}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghi anya, nke a na-egosi site na ngosipụta nke metabolic n'ime na gburugburu oge ime, ngosipụta metabolic nke nne gụnyere ngosipụta dị ka oke ibu nne / oke ibu na ọrịa shuga, na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, gụnyere nri abụba dị elu / calorie dị elu, nke jikọtara ya na uto nwa ebu n'afọ, nwa ọhụrụ na ụtọ Nwatakịrị, na mmụba nke oke ibu na nsogbu metabolic ndị ọzọ na ndụ mgbe e mesịrị.<ref>Strain, J., Spaans, F., Serhan, M., Davidge, S. T. & Connor, K. L.. Programming of weight and obesity across the lifecourse by the maternal metabolic exposome: A systematic review. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 100986 (2021). doi:10.1016/j.mam.2021.100986</ref><ref> Wang, J., et al., 2019. Gestational diabetes and offspring’s growth from birth to 6 years old. Int. J. Obes. 43, 663–672</ref> == Ịtụ == Maka nsogbu dị mgbagwoju anya, ihe ndị na-akpata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yiri ka ọ bụ naanị 10-30% nke ọrịa ahụ, mana enwebeghị ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ usoro iji tụọ mmetụta nke ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ụfọdụ banyere mmekọrịta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrịa shuga egosila na "ọmụmụ mkpakọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi" (EWAS, ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ mkpakọrịta zuru oke) nwere ike ikwe omume.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Patel|first=CJ|title=An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus.|journal=PLOS ONE|date=May 20, 2010|volume=5|issue=5|pages=e10746|pmid=20505766|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010746}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ihe data set bụ ndị kasị kwesịrị ekwesị na-anọchite anya uru nke "E".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith Martyn T.|date=August 2009|title=Building Exposure Biology Centers to Put the E into "G × E" Interaction Studies|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]]|volume=117|issue=8|pages=A334–A335|pmid=19672377|doi=10.1289/ehp.12812}}</ref> == Atụmatụ nyocha == Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, o nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụ ma ọ bụ gosipụta ngosipụta zuru ezu, mana ọtụtụ ọrụ Europe amalitela ime mgbalị mbụ. N'afọ 2012, European Commission nyere nnukwu onyinye abụọ iji mee nnyocha metụtara ikpughe.<ref name="nature">{{Cite journal|title=Daily dose of toxics to be tracked|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-11-29_491_7426/page/647|journal=Nature|volume=491|issue=7426|pages=647|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=27 November 2012|doi=10.1038/491647a|pmid=23192121}}</ref> A malitere ọrụ HELIX na Barcelona-based Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2014, ma zube ịzụlite ihe ngosi nke ndụ mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vrijheid|first=M|title=The human early-life exposome (HELIX): project rationale and design.|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=June 2014|volume=122|issue=6|pages=535–44|doi=10.1289/ehp.1307204|pmid=24610234}}</ref> Ọrụ nke abụọ, Exposomics, nke dị na Imperial College [[London]], ọ malitere na 2012, bu n'obi iji ngwa ekwentị pụrụ iche nke ndị bekee kpọrọ smartphones na-eji GPS na sensọ gburugburu ebe obibi iji chọpụta ihe ngosi.<ref name="nature" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140509031606/http://www.exposomicsproject.eu/ About Exposomics] EU</ref> Ná ngwụsị afọ 2013, nnukwu atụmatụ a na-akpọ "Health and Environment-Wide Associations based on Large Scale population Surveys" ma ọ bụ HEALS, malitere. N'ịbụ nke a na-akpọ dị ka ọmụmụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị ukwuu na Europe, HEALS na-atụ aro ịnakwere usoro akọwapụtara site na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro DNA, mgbanwe DNA epigenetic, nkwupụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HEALS-EU.|url=http://www.heals-eu.eu/|accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2011, mba US National Academy of Sciences kwadoro nzukọ nke isiokwu ya bụ "Emerging Technologies for Measuring Individual Exposomes" n'asụsụ bekee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Academy of Sciences meeting|url=http://nas-sites.org/emergingscience/meetings/exposome/|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa, "Exposome and Exposomics", na-akọwa ebe atọ dị mkpa maka ime nnyocha banyere ọrụ dị ka National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health chọpụtara.<ref name="CDC"/> Ụlọ ọrụ National Institutes of Health (NIH) etinyela ego na teknụzụ na-akwado nchọpụta metụtara ikpughe gụnyere biosensors, ma na-akwado nyocha banyere mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NIEHS Gene-Environment studies|url=http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/gene-env/index.cfm|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genes and Environment Initiative|url=http://www.genome.gov/19518663|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> == Atụmatụ gbasara ihe omume nke ndị mmadụ nke a kpọrọ Proposed Human Exposome Project (HEP) n'asụsụ bekee == Ebumnuche nke Human Exposome Project, nke yiri Human Genome Project, ka a tụrụ aro ma tụlere ya n'ọtụtụ nzukọ sayensị, mana ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017, ọ dịghị ọrụ dị otú ahụ. N'iburu n'uche enweghị nkọwa doro anya banyere otú sayensị ga-esi na-achụso ọrụ dị otú ahụ, enweghị nkwado.<ref>Arnaud, Celia Henry (16 August 2010). [https://pubs.acs.org/cen/science/88/8833sci1.html "Exposing The Exposome"]. ''Chemical & Engineering News'', Vol. 88, No. 33, pp. 42–44. [[American Chemical Society]]. Retrieved 5 March 2013.</ref> Akụkọ banyere okwu a gụnyere: * nyocha nke afọ 2011 banyere [[Exposure science|sayensị ikpughe]] na ikpughe nke Paul Lioy na Stephen Rappaport, "Sayansi Ngosipụta na ngosipụta: ohere maka njikọta na sayensị ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi" na akwụkwọ akụkọ Environmental Health Perspectives .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lioy|first=PJ|title=Exposure science and the exposome: an opportunity for coherence in the environmental health sciences|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=Nov 2011|volume=119|issue=11|pages=A466–7|pmid=22171373|doi=10.1289/ehp.1104387}}</ref> * akụkọ nke afọ 2012 sitere na United States National Research Council "Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy", na-akọwa ihe ịma aka na nyocha usoro nke ihe ngosi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NRC report supports NIEHS vision of the exposome|url=http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2012/10/spotlight-nrc/index.htm|accessdate=21 January 2013|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127134911/http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2012/10/spotlight-nrc/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13507|accessdate=21 January 2013|isbn=9780309264686|date=2012-09-07|author=Council|first=National Research}}</ref> == Mpaghara ndị metụtara ya == Echiche nke exposome enyewo aka na atụmatụ nke afọ 2010 nke ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ na ọrịa phenotype, "ụkpụrụ ọrịa pụrụ iche": Onye ọ bụla nwere usoro ọrịa pụrụ iche dị iche na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, na-atụle ịdị iche nke exposome na mmetụta ya pụrụ iche na usoro ọrịa molekụla gụnyere mgbanwe na interactome.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2013|title=Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease|journal=Mod Pathol|volume=26|issue=4|pages=465–484|doi=10.1038/modpathol.2012.214|pmid=23307060}}</ref> E bu ụzọ kọwaa ụkpụrụ a na ọrịa neoplastic dị ka "ụkpụrụ akpụ pụrụ iche".<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2012|title=How many molecular subtypes? Implications of the unique tumor principle in personalized medicine|journal=Expert Rev Mol Diagn|volume=12|issue=6|pages=621–628|doi=10.1586/erm.12.46|pmid=22845482}}</ref> Dabere na ụkpụrụ ọrịa a pụrụ iche, ngalaba dị iche iche nke ọrịa nje (MPE) jikọtara ọrịa nje na ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=Lifestyle factors and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: the evolving field of molecular pathological epidemiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-national-cancer-institute_2010-03-17_102_6/page/365|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst|volume=102|issue=6|pages=365–367|doi=10.1093/jnci/djq031|pmid=20208016}}</ref> == Ndị Nkwalite na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke ọha == Ọtụtụ ihe na-eduzi mgbanwe ụwa; Otú ọ dị, ndị isi ise na-eduzi mgbanwe ụwa bụ: mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, uto akụ na ụba, ọganihu teknụzụ, àgwà, na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>Liverman, D., B. Yarnal, and B. L. Turner Ii. 2003. The Human Dimensions of Global Change. In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century, eds. G. L. Gaile and C. J. Willmott, 267-282. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> Ndị isi ọkwọ ụgbọala ise a nke mgbanwe ụwa nwere ike isi na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke n'aka nke ya, a pụrụ ịhụ ndị a dị ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala n'akụkụ nke ha.  Ndị na-eduzi mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịmalite site na ọchịchọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba maka akụ na ụba dịka ọchịchọ maka osisi ma ọ bụ ọchịchọ maka ihe ọkụkụ.  N'ịgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ dịka ọmụmaatụ, isi ihe na-akwọ ụgbọala bụ ohere akụ na ụba nke na-abịa na mmịpụta akụ ndị a na ntụgharị nke ala a ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ ala.<ref>Lambin, E. F., B. L. Turner Ii, J. Helmut, S. Agbola, A. Angelsen, J. Bruce, O. Coomes, R. Dirzo, G. Fischer, C. Folke, P. George, K. Homewood, J. Imbernon, R. Leemans, X. Li, E. Moran, M. Mortimore, R. Ramakrishnan, J. Richards, H. Skanes, W. Steffen, G. Stone, U. Svedin, T. Veldkamp, C. Vogel, and J. Xu. 2001. The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change 11:261-269.</ref> Enwere ike igosipụta ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala a na ọkwa ọ bụla, site na ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka osisi ruo ọkwa ezinụlọ. A pụrụ ịhụ ihe atụ nke otú ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya si emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na ahia soy bean n'etiti Brazil na China. Azụmahịa nke agwa soy site na [[Brazil]] na [[China]] etoola nke ukwuu n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga. Ọganihu a na ahia n'etiti mba abụọ a na-akpali site na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-egwuri egwu ebe a bụ mkpa na-arị elu maka agwa soy nke Brazil na China, mmụba nke mgbanwe ojiji ala maka mmepụta agwa soy na Brazil, na mkpa ọ dị iwusi ahia mba ọzọ ike n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.<ref>Liu, J., V. Hull, M. Batistella, R. DeFries, T. Dietz, F. Fu, T. W. Hertel, R. C. Izaurralde, E. F. Lambin, S. Li, L. A. Martinelli, W. J. McConnell, E. F. Moran, R. Naylor, Z. Ouyang, K. R. Polenske, A. Reenberg, G. de Miranda Rocha, C. S. Simmons, P. H. Verburg, P. M. Vitousek, F. Zhang, and C. Zhu. 2013. Framing Sustainability in a Telecoupled World. Ecology and Society 18 (2).</ref> Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala a niile nwere mmetụta na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụba na mmepe maka ugbo soy bean na Brazil pụtara na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwekwuo ala maka akụ a. Nke a na -eme ka a gbanwee oke ọhịa n'ozuzu ya ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo nke n'akụkụ ya nwere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>Turner Ii, B. L., and W. Meyer. 1994. Global Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: An Overview. In Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: A Global Perspective, eds. W. Meyer and B. L. Turner Ii, 3-9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Ihe atụ a nke mgbanwe ojiji ala nke ọchịchọ nke akụ na ụba na-akpali, ọ bụghị naanị na-eme na Brazil na mmepụta soy bean. [[Usòrò:Crawfish_Farming_-_Acadia_Parish_Louisiana_2020.jpg|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi crawfish na Acadia Parish, Louisiana.]] Ihe atụ ọzọ sitere na The Renewable Energy Directive 2009 Union mgbe ha nyere iwu maka mmepe biofuel maka mba dị n'ime ndị otu ha. Site na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mba ụwa nke ịbawanye mmepụta biofuels na-emetụta ojiji ala na mba ndị a. Mgbe ugbo ugbo na-agbanwe gaa na bioenergy cropland, ihe ọkụkụ mbụ na-ebelata ebe ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ihe ọkụkụ a na-abawanye. Nke a na - akpata onye ọkwọ ụgbọala na -ahụ maka akụ na ụba maka mkpa ọ dị inwekwu ugbo ala iji kwado mkpa na -arịwanye elu. Otú ọ dị, na enweghị ala dịnụ site na ngbanwe ihe ọkụkụ na biofuels, mba ga-eleba anya n'ebe ndị dị anya iji zụlite ala ndị a mbụ. Nke a na - akpata usoro mmịfe na mba ebe mmepe ọhụrụ a na -ewere ọnọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mba [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] na-agbanwe savanna ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo na nke a niile sitere na onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ịchọrọ ịzụlite biofuels.<ref>Eakin, H., DeFries, R., Kerr, S., Lambin, E. F., Liu, J., Marcotullio, P. J., ... Zimmerer, K. (2014). Significance of telecoupling for exploration of land-use change. In ''Rethinking Global Land Use in an Urban Era'' (pp. 141-161). MIT Press.</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-akpata mgbanwe ojiji ala anaghị eme na ọkwa mba ụwa. Enwere ike inwe ahụmahụ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala a ruo n'ogo ụlọ. Ntughari ihe ọkụkụ abụghị naanị site na mgbanwe biofuel na ọrụ ugbo, nnukwu nnọchi sitere na Thailand mgbe ha gbanwere mmepụta nke osisi opium poppy na ihe ọkụkụ na-abụghị ọgwụ ọjọọ. Nke a mere ka ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke Thailand too, mana ọ kpatara mmetụta zuru ụwa ọnụ (opium replacement). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Wolong China, ndị obodo na-eji ọhịa dị ka nkụ iji sie ma na-ekpo ọkụ ụlọ ha. Ya mere, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ ebe a bụ ọchịchọ obodo maka osisi iji kwado ihe oriri na mpaghara a. Site na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala a, ndị obodo na-ebelata ihe ha na-enweta maka nkụ mmanụ ụgbọala nke mere na ha ga-aga n'ihu iji wepụ akụ a. Mmegharị a na ọchịchọ maka osisi na-enye aka na ọnwụ nke pandas na mpaghara a n'ihi na gburugburu ebe obibi ha na-ebibi.<ref>Liu, J., T. Dietz, S. R. Carpenter, M. Alberti, C. Folke, E. Moran, A. N. Pell, P. Deadman, T. Kratz, J. Lubchenco, E. Ostrom, Z. Ouyang, W. Provencher, C. L. Redman, S. H. Schneider, and W. W. Taylor. 2007. Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems. Science 317 (5844):1513- 1516</ref> Otú ọ dị, mgbe ị na-eme nnyocha banyere ọnọdụ obodo, a na-elekwasị anya na nsonaazụ kama otú mgbanwe na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala zuru ụwa ọnụ si emetụta nsonaazụ.<ref>Stockholm Environment Institute. ''Linking Global and Local Scenarios under Climate Change''. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2003, www.jstor.org/stable/resrep00343. Accessed 12 Mar. 2020. </ref> N'ikwu nke a, ọ dị mkpa ka e mejuputa atụmatụ ọkwa obodo mgbe a na-enyocha ndị na-akpata mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Na mmechi, mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ otú ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọkwa ọ bụla si arụ ọrụ na nsonaazụ nke omume mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala a niile nwere mmetụta na-emetụta ala, ụmụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya. Site n'ikwu nke a, ọ dị ụmụ mmadụ mkpa ịghọta nke ọma otú ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ha nwere ike isi gbanwee ụzọ anyị si ebi ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịlaghachi n'ihe atụ soy bean, mgbe ọkọnọ ahụ enweghị ike igbo mkpa maka soy beans ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ihe ọkụkụ a na-abawanye nke na-emetụta mba ndị na-adabere na ihe ọkụkụ a maka isi iyi nri. Mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ịkpata ọnụ ahịa dị elu maka agwa soy na ụlọ ahịa ha na ahịa ha ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike ịkpata enweghị nnweta maka ihe ọkụkụ a na mba ndị na-ebubata. Site na nsonaazụ abụọ a, ọkwa ezinụlọ na-emetụta ọkwa mba na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke mmụba nke mkpa maka agwa soy Brazil na China. Site naanị otu ihe atụ a, mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ otú ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya si emetụta mgbanwe na ọkwa mba nke na-eduga na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, mpaghara, obodo, na ọkwa ezinụlọ. Isi echiche iji wepụ nke a bụ echiche na ihe niile nwere njikọ nakwa na ọrụ anyị na nhọrọ anyị dị ka ụmụ mmadụ nwere nnukwu ike na-emetụta ụwa anyị n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. == Leekwa ==   == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100305233348/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177153.php "TAU Expert Reviews Environmental Triggers (hairspray! Egbugbere ọnụ!) Of Common Autoimmune Diseases"], Medical News Today. [[Òtù:Ọrià]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hqousblp4lqcgbc10znz9fsxckg51bz 0 14717 736969 131798 2026-10-10T01:27:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zakaria Ramhani''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1983 na Tangiers ) bụ onye Morocco na-ese ihe onye bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Montreal . A maara ya maka nnukwu eserese ya nke na-eji akwụkwọ edemede Arabic dị ka akara ngosi. O meela ka esemokwu dị na ọdịdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nka ya nke na-ekwu maka nsogbu nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Middle Eastern na Arab Spring.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bharadwaj|first=Vinita|title=Artists and Shows Navigate Cultural Boundaries in U.A.E.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/arts/14iht-m14-dubai-arts.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=1|accessdate=7 October 2013|work=The New York Times|date=13 March 2013}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị na Art Dubai nyochara ọrụ Ramhani a kpọrọ You Were My Only Love maka ngosipụta ya nke mmegbu ndị uwe ojii na Cairo's Tahrir Square. Ramhani gbanwere ihe oyiyi a ma ama nke "nwanyị bra na-acha anụnụ anụnụ", onye ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya nke ngagharị iwe ndị Ijipt megide oke ike ndị agha, na-egosi ya na-alụ ọgụ megide gorilla ka [[Vincent van Gogh]] na-ele anya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sweis|first=Rana|title=Creating Art as Witness to Arab Spring|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/world/middleeast/arab-spring-inspires-artistic-expression-in-middle-east.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=7 October 2013|work=The New York Times|date=4 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ramhani|first=Zakaria|title=Zakaria Ramhani.com|url=http://www.zakariaramhani.com/|accessdate=2022-06-11|archivedate=2022-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126212222/https://zakariaramhani.com/}}</ref> Ramhani tolitere n'obodo [[Ndi áláküba|ndị Alakụba]] na n'ezinụlọ na-ese ihe; nna ya bụ onye na-ese ihe nke na-ezere igosipụta mmadụ n'ihi ihe okpukpe. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-ese ihe osise ma kọwaara nwa ya nwoke na ọ ga-arịọ mgbaghara Chineke. Ihe mgbagwoju anya na isi ọrụ Ramhani bụ ọdịnala nke aniconism na Islam. Mmasị ya na ihe osise na-emegide omume nke akwụkwọ Islam, nke abụwo ụdị nka a na-asọpụrụ maka ịnọchite anya chi. N'afọ 2006, Ramhani ghọrọ nwa amaala Morocco kacha nta ka gọọmentị France nyere ya ebe obibi na Cité internationale des arts na Paris.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Summer 2013 Group Exhibition|url=http://www.wsimagazine.com/uk/diaries/agenda/arts/summer-2013-group-exhibition_20130717122336.html#.UlLumiRRdz_|accessdate=7 October 2013|work=Wall Street International|date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313222623/http://www.wsimagazine.com/uk/diaries/agenda/arts/summer-2013-group-exhibition_20130717122336.html#.UlLumiRRdz_|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, o gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Europe na Middle East, gụnyere na Barbican Centre na London, Centre d'Exposition Val-d'Or na Quebec, Institut du Monde Arabe na Paris, Dakar Biennale, Bahrain National Museum, Cairo Biennale, na British Museum na DIFC Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Meneret|first=Julie|title=Julie Meneret Contemporary Art|url=http://www.juliemeneret.com/artists/slideshow/zakaria-ramhani|accessdate=7 October 2013|archivedate=15 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315052336/http://www.juliemeneret.com/artists/slideshow/zakaria-ramhani}}</ref> O nwere otu n'ime ihe nkiri iri kachasị elu maka ndị na-ese ihe nl n'okpuru afọ iri atọ n'afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artprice.com|url=http://web.artprice.com/artmarketinsight/612/Artists+under+30?l=en|accessdate=7 October 2013}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị na nchịkọta nke Barjeel Foundation, Alain-Dominique Perrin Collection, na ezinụlọ Eze nke Morocco. Julie Meneret Contemporary Art nọchitere anya ya bụ onye gosipụtara ọrụ ya na nke mbụ ya na United States na ọdịda nke afọ 2013, na ihe ngosi akpọrọ May Allah Forgive Me, Vol. 1 na 2.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Meneret|first=Julie|title=Julie Meneret Contemporary Art|url=http://www.juliemeneret.com/artists/slideshow/zakaria-ramhani|accessdate=7 October 2013|archivedate=15 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315052336/http://www.juliemeneret.com/artists/slideshow/zakaria-ramhani}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hgtwe9xzndbgfgwzockxo5a3ddqar8x 0 14995 736970 692433 2026-10-10T02:15:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Ìfé''''' bụkwa '''''Ife''''' (Bekee: Love) bụ onye isi ihe nkiri LGBT nke Naijiria nke afọ 2020 nke onye ama na-ahụ maka ikike LGBTQ nke Naijiria bụ [[Pamela Adie]] mepụtara ma bụrụ nke [[Uyaiedu Ikpe-Etim]] duziri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-04|title=Here is all you need about 'Ìfé', a lesbian love story directed by Uyai Ikpe-Etim|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/here-is-all-you-need-about-ife-a-lesbian-love-story-directed-by-uyai-ikpe-etim/fzksjlw|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ekwu na ihe nkiri a bụ ihe nkiri nwanyị mbụ n'enwe mmekọahụ nwanyí na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Nollywood]]. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ nchịkọta kwuru na ọ bụkwa ihe nkiri LGBT mbụ nke Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Olowoyo|first=Ghaniyah|date=2020-07-08|title=Nigerian's First LGBTQ Movie, 'Ife', Set for Release|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202007080109.html|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a gbasara ndụ nke di na nwunye ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ bụ ndị na-echekwa ihe ịma aka site n'ịbụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Salaudeen|first=Aisha|title=Nollywood film about two women in love tackles homophobia|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/entertainment/movies/nollywood-film-about-two-women-in-love-tackles-homophobia/article_055371f4-6ad3-51c0-bbb6-6bd94026cce8.html|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=The Philadelphia Tribune|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803173951/https://www.phillytrib.com/entertainment/movies/nollywood-film-about-two-women-in-love-tackles-homophobia/article_055371f4-6ad3-51c0-bbb6-6bd94026cce8.html|archive-date=2021-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Site na nwepụta nke ihe nkiri ahụ na YouTube n'onwa July afọ 2020, a na-atụ anya na a ga-ewepụta ihe nkiri ahụ site na ịntanetị ma eleghị anya na njedebe nke afọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-21|title=Nigerian lesbian love film to go online to avoid censorship board|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-lgbt-film-idUSKBN25H0ZU|accessdate=2020-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian lesbian love film to go online to avoid censorship board|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nigerian-lesbian-love-film-go-online-avoid-censorship-board-n1237853|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ welitere nchegbu na mgbasa ozi n'etiti ndị Naijiria maka ụdị ihe nkiri ahụ tinyere nnabata mmepe ya. == Ndị nsonye == * Cindy Amadi * [[Uzoamaka Aniunoh]] == Mmepụta == E kpughere na e dere edemede ahụ dị ka akụkọ ịhụnanya n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na ọrụ ahụ bụ nke Uyai Ikpe-Etim na Pamela Adie malitere na ntinye aka ya na Equality Hub, otu NGO nke na-arụ ọrụ na Nigeria na-elekwasị anya na ikike LGBT. E debere ihe nkiri ahụ iji katọọ echiche ndị ụlọ ọrụ Nollywood nke dara ịkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ma-emezughị atụmanya nke igosipụta ihe LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ike|first=Joanne|date=2020-08-24|title=Nigeria's first lesbian movie, Ìfé, is set to change stereotypes » YNaija|url=http://ynaija.com/nigerias-first-lesbian-movie-ife-is-set-to-change-stereotypes/|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Ihe nkiri ahụ metụtara nsogbu nyocha n'oge mmepụta ya n'ihi ụdị ya metụtara LGBTQ. mmepụta ihe nkiri na isi foto abụghị maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'ihi ntinye aka nke National Film and Video Censors Board nke yiri egwu ma jụ ịkwado ihe nkiri ahụ maka nkesa ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-06|title='Ife', Nigeria's first lesbian movie, goes online to beat NFVCB|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/ife-nigerias-first-lesbian-movie-goes-online-to-beat-nfvcb/|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US}}</ref> Tupu nwepụta nke ihe nkiri a n'ọnwa july afọ 2020, a chọpụtara na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri enyeghị ihe nkiri ahụ na NFVCB. A na-ewere nkọwa ihe nkiri nke LGBT na Naịjirịa dị ka mkpalị esemokwu. A na-ewere mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị dị ka nnukwu mmejọ na Naịjirịa ma nye ntaramahụhụ nke mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ ma ọ bụrụ na a mara ya ikpe. Onye isi ala mbụ bụ [[Goodluck Jonathan]] nyere iwu nke Mmachibido iwu nke 2014 nke na-ekwu na alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị na LGBT dị ka iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Desmond|first=Vincent|date=2020-08-06|title=Nigerian's First Lesbian Love Story Goes Online to Beat Film Censors|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202008060018.html|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> Adedayo Thomas, onye isi nchịkwa nke NFVCB n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ''CNN'' siri ọnwụ na Board agaghị akwado ihe nkiri nke na-akwalite isiokwu na ngosipụta nke ihe ndị na-ekwekọghị n'ụkpụrụ, nkwenkwe, omume, ọdịnala na iwu Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aisha Salaudeen|title=A Nollywood film about two women in love faces an uphill battle in a country where homophobia is rampant|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/ife-queer-film-nigeria-intl/index.html|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> NFVCB nyekwara ịdọ aka ná ntị na iyi egwu na-ekwu na ọ ga-enyocha ndị na-eme ihe nkiri LGBT na Nollywood na-nrụtụaka na mmepụta nke ''Ife''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-08|title=NFVCB threatens to track LGBT filmmakers in Nollywood|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nfvcb-threatens-to-track-lgbt-filmmakers-in-nollywood/z2whgzw|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nwepụta == Ọ bụ ezie na NFVCB amachibidoghị ihe nkiri ahụ, a na-eme atụmatụ iwepụta ihe nkiri ahụ site na ntanetị n kama iwepụta ihe nkiri iji zere nsogbu nyocha na n'ihi ejighị n'aka n'ihi [[Ọrịa nje korona n'afọ 2020 na Naijirịa|ọrịa COVID-19 na]] Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian's first lesbian love story goes online to beat film censors|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/08/05/nigerians-first-lesbian-love-story-goes-online-to-beat-film-censors.html|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref> Onye mere ihe nkiri bụ Adie kpughere na a gaghị agbasa ihe nkiri ahụ site na YouTube ma kwuo na a ga-agbasa ihe nkiri ahụ site na ikpo okwu nke ha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|title=The official trailer for 'ÌFÈ' is here!|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-official-trailer-for-ife-is-here/3wvpn8d|accessdate=2020-08-28|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716093720/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-official-trailer-for-ife-is-here/3wvpn8d}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} ay2xgs2jkaxplhjl5ep5suv55zqjo0w 0 17838 736931 628743 2026-10-09T17:26:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Theresa Knutson''' (amụrụ n'ubochi nke mbu n'afo1996) bụ onye America na-eme egwuregwu ice hockey, na-egwuri egwu ugbu a na Metropolitan Riveters nke National Women's Hockey League (NWHL). Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Aquinas mana o sonyere na egwuregwu hockey maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndirị Onalaska, ebe ọ duziri steeti ahụ n'ịgba goolu afọ anọ n'usoro, a kpọrọ ya Wisconsin High School Offensive Player of the Year ugboro atọ, wee merie Wisconsin Miss Hockey Award na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lacrossetribune.com/sports/local/college/college-hockey-la-crosse-aquinas-graduate-theresa-knutson-coming-off-2-goal-performance-for-uconn/article_b9380847-c769-53d4-a892-0cde78e449a3.html|title=College hockey: La Crosse Aquinas graduate Theresa Knutson coming off 2-goal performance for UConn|first=Todd|author=Sommerfeldt|work=La Crosse Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news8000.com/ona-co-ops-theresa-knutson-concludes-historic-high-school-career/|title=Ona Co-op's Theresa Knutson concludes historic high school career|date=March 10, 2014|accessdate=July 2, 2022|archivedate=December 9, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209124753/https://www.news8000.com/ona-co-ops-theresa-knutson-concludes-historic-high-school-career/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lacrossetribune.com/sports/high-school/aquinasblugolds/david-griswold-knutson-among-nations-all-time-top-scorers-in-girls-hockey/article_9fac9b44-6552-11e3-a202-0019bb2963f4.html|title=David Griswold: Knutson among nation's all-time top scorers in girls hockey|first=David|author=Griswold|work=La Crosse Tribune}}</ref> Bido n'afo 2014 wee ruo n'afo 2018, ọ gara Mahadum Connecticut, na-enweta akara iri asaa na iteghete na egwuregwu NCAA na akara nari na iri ato na ise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uconnhuskies.com/sports/womens-ice-hockey/roster/theresa-knutson/6269|title=Theresa Knutson - Women's Ice Hockey|work=University of Connecticut Athletics}}</ref> Ọ nyere goolu mbụ ya na kọleji n'ụbọchị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014 megide Mahadum Syracuse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lacrossetribune.com/sports/local/college/onalaska-graduate-theresa-knutson-finds-success-with-university-of-connecticut-s-hockey-team/article_834a46f2-c727-5401-beee-26ecaf849cff.html|title=Onalaska graduate Theresa Knutson finds success with University of Connecticut's hockey team|first=Heidi|author=Hanse|work=La Crosse Tribune|access-date=2022-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702152413/https://lacrossetribune.com/sports/local/college/onalaska-graduate-theresa-knutson-finds-success-with-university-of-connecticut-s-hockey-team/article_834a46f2-c727-5401-beee-26ecaf849cff.html|archive-date=2022-07-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courant.com/sports/college/hc-college-roundup-0225-20180224-story.html|title=UConn Women's Hockey Team Stays Alive|work=courant.com}}</ref> Ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ jere Germany ka ya na Mad Dogs Mannheim bịa nye aka na Fraueneishockey-Bundesliga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.morgenweb.de/mannheimer-morgen_artikel,-lokalsport-mannheim-mad-dogs-sichern-sich-us-star-_arid,1672917.html|title=Mad Dogs sichern sich US-Star - Mannheimer Morgen|work=www.morgenweb.de}}</ref> O nwetara akara iri isii na isii na egwuregwu iri abuo na asato na oge rookie Bundesliga, gụnyere goolu iri ano na asato, dị mma maka nke atọ na league na akara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sport-kreisunna.de/mannheims-amerikanerin-knutson-besiegt-baerinnen-im-alleingang/|title=Mannheims Amerikanerin Knutson besiegt Bärinnen "im Alleingang"|accessdate=2022-07-02|archivedate=2023-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208010655/https://www.sport-kreisunna.de/mannheims-amerikanerin-knutson-besiegt-baerinnen-im-alleingang/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hellwegeranzeiger.de/sport/theresa-knutson-umkurvt-den-ec-bergkamen-plus-1456979.html|title=HA+ Theresa Knutson umkurvt den EC Bergkamen|first=Thorsten|author=Teimann|work=Hellweger Anzeiger}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri na North America maka oge 2020 na 21, na-etinye aka na Metropolitan Riveters nke NWHL.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwhl.zone/news/riveters-sign-theresa-knutson-prolific-goal-scorer|title=Riveters Sign Theresa Knutson, Prolific Goal Scorer from UConn and the Frauen-Bundesliga|work=www.nwhl.zone|accessdate=2022-07-02|archivedate=2024-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225162641/http://www.nwhl.zone/news/riveters-sign-theresa-knutson-prolific-goal-scorer}}</ref> {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:75%" ! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  ! colspan="5" |Oge a na-eme mgbe niile ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  ! colspan="5" |Egwuregwu ndị a na-eme n'egwuregwu |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" !Oge !Ìgwè !Njikọ !GP !G !A !Pts !PIM !GP !G !A !Pts !PIM |- |2018-19 |Nkịta Na-enweghị Nche Mannheim |DFEL |28 |48 |18 |66 |22 | - | - | - | - | - |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" |2019-20 |Nkịta Na-enweghị Nche Mannheim |DFEL |21 |15 |13 |28 |30 | - | - | - | - | - |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="3" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ DFEL !49 !63 !31 !94 !52 !- !- !- !- !- |} == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d42s0hifhsw0xrfsqry6iyscrjc4kaj 0 17904 736945 728454 2026-10-09T21:21:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:5.27.17 EXT Chinatown - JC 2-2.jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ]] '''Tyler Bryant''', nke a maara nkè ọma dị ka aha egwu ya bụ Velous, bụ onye America na-eti egwu, ónyé '''na-agụ''' egwu, ónyé édémédé egwu, na onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ si Kingston, New York. A maara ya nke ọma màkà ide Chris Brown na Drake's "No Guidance" na imepụta egwu egwu [[Kanyé West|Kanye West]] "All Day", nke e nyèrè Gold-certified na US ma mesịa nweta nhọpụta Grammy màkà Best Rap Song.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Musician's Corner: Velous Joins French Montana's Coke Boys|url=http://www.thevocalvixen.com/2014/07/01/musicians-corner-velous-joins-french-montanas-coke-boys%E2%80%8F/|accessdate=March 20, 2015|work=The Vocal Vixen|date=July 1, 2014|archive-date=October 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009082143/http://www.thevocalvixen.com/2014/07/01/musicians-corner-velous-joins-french-montanas-coke-boys/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RIAA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Kanye+West&ti=All+Day#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum - RIAA|work=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=February 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Grammy.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/files/58th-final-58thpresslist12042015.pdf|title=Final Grammy nomination list|work=Grammy.com|accessdate=April 24, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, Velous dere ma mepụta "Flipmode". N'afọ 2017, "Flipmode" ghọrọ otu egwu na Fabolous 'Summertime Shootout 3 ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe ngosi izizi nke Velous.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/08/fabolous-summertime-shootout-3-mixtape-on-the-way/|title=Fabolous' 'Summertime Shootout 3' Mixtape Is on the Way - XXL|work=XXL Mag|accessdate=2017-11-13}}</ref> Mgbe m nụrụ egwu ahụ, ọ bụ ihe na-eme n'ụzọ ọgwụ ọjọọ, yabụ amaara m na m chọrọ ịghọ akụkụ nke abụ ahụ. Chris gbakwunyere aka ya mgbè anyị nọ na njem ọnụ na ndị ọzọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ka Fabolous kwuru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/new-music/2017/08/fabolous-chris-brown-velous-flipmode-remix/|title=Fabolous and Chris Brown Hop on Velous' 'Flipmode' for the Remix - XXL|work=XXL Mag|accessdate=2017-11-13}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Tyler Bryant na Kingston, New York. Nna ya, ónyé nwụrụ anwụ, bụ onye egwu. Nne ya bụ onye na-agụ egwu. Mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na otu, ọ malitere ịpị rap mgbè ọ nụsịrị egwu [[Kanyé West|Kanye West]] "Through the Wire". Ọ mụtara otú e si akpọ ụbọ, mgbe ahụ piano, wee malite ịkpọ ụbọ akwara mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ. Ọ malitere ịbanye na mmepụta mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/the-break/2013/03/the-break-presents-velous/|work=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]|title=The Break Presents: Velous|date=March 22, 2013|accessdate=March 19, 2015|author=NMB}}</ref> Ọ nọkwa n'òtù jazz na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allhiphop.com/2015/03/04/velous-producer-all-day-kanye-west/|title=Get To Know Velous, The Producer Behind Kanye West's 'All Day'|author=Hudson, Tanay|date=March 4, 2015|work=[[AllHipHop]]|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Velous chepụtara aha ya mgbe mmadụ gwara ya etu nkà mmepụta ya si dị ebube; áhà ahụ bụ "maravelous" na-ewepu "mar". N'afọ 2011, o wepụtara mixtape mbụ ya, Velocity The Mixtape .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Velous/Velocity+The+Mixtape|title=Velocity The Mixtape - Velous - Listen and discover music at Last.fm|accessdate=March 16, 2015}}</ref> Ntọhapụ ahụ nyeere Velous aka inweta nlebara ányà site n'aka Cus Maven, ónyé bịanyere aka na Swanky Music Group. Velous zutere Fabolous site n'aka ónyé na-emepụta Vinylz, ónyé Velous na-arụkọ ọrụ ugboro ugboro n'afọ gárá aga. Vinylz na Velous gara na ụlọ ọrụ Fabolous iji chọpụta ihe ọ na-eme. Velous mechara kpọọ ụfọdụ egwu ya, nke Fabolous nwèrè mmasị na ya. Ha abụọ mechara dekọọ egwu "Gone For The Winter" maka abọm Fab The Young OG Project na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hiphop-n-more.com/2014/12/exclusive-velous-talks-producing-kanyes-all-day-working-with-fabolous-upcoming-solo-project/|title=Exclusive: Velous Talks Producing Kanye's 'All Day', Working With Fabolous & Upcoming Solo Project|author=Navjosh|date=December 29, 2014|work=HipHop-N-More|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref> == Nkọwapụta == === Ndị na-alụbeghị di === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Aha ya !Afọ !Album |- |Flipmode ft. Ọdịdị dị egwu, Chris Brown |2017 |Otu egwu na-abụghị abọm |- |Ịgbagharị |2017 |Otu egwu na-abụghị abọm |- |Ịda n'ala |2018 |Otu egwu na-abụghị abọm |- |A na-ekpe ikpe elu ft. Ụgbọ Mmiri |2018 |Otu egwu na-abụghị abọm |} === Ihe ndị e ji mara ya === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Aha ya !Afọ !Onye na-ese ihe !Album |- |Igwu Mmiri Ndị Mtorobịa |2014 |DJ Spinking ft Tyga, Jeremih, Velous |{{N/A|Non-album single}} |- |Ha gara n'oge oyi<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.whosampled.com/sample/322542/Fabolous-Velous-Gone-for-the-Winter-Nas-Represent/|title=Fabolous feat. Velous's 'Gone for the Winter' - Discover the Sample Source|work=WhoSampled|accessdate=2017-07-26}}</ref> |2014 |Nnukwu ft Nnukwu Nnukwu Nnụnụ |Ọrụ Young OG |- |Akụkụ dị mpako Nigga |2015 |DJ Spinking ft Ty Dolla $ign, Velous | |} [[Usòrò:5.27.17 EXT Chinatown - JC 2-2.jpg|thumb]] == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Ọrụ A họpụtara !Nsonaazụ |- |2015 |Ihe nrite Grammy |Abụ Rap Kasị Mma |Ụbọchị niile (Kanye West)<ref name="Tyler Bryant">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-15|title=Tyler Bryant|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/tyler-bryant/18926|accessdate=2022-01-14|work=GRAMMY.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114033603/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/tyler-bryant/18926|archive-date=2022-01-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> |{{Nom}} |- |2019 |Ihe nrite Grammy |Abụ R&B Kasị Mma |Enweghị nduzi (Chris Brown ft. Drake)<ref name="Tyler Bryant" /> |{{Nom}} |} == Nkọwapụta Nkọwa == Ndepụta egwu dị ka onye na-emepụta ma ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ, ya na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na na-emepụta ihe ndị ọzọ, na-egosi afọ a tọhapụrụ na aha abọm. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Aha ya !Afọ !Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri !Album !Ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe) |- |Ụlọ ọgwụ ọjọọ |2014 |Chinx, Jadakiss |CR5 | |- |Aka nri<ref name="thefader.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/22/velous-kanye-west-french-montana-interview|title=Meet Velous, The Young Producer Who Has Caught The Ear Of Drake, Kanye, And French Montana|work=The FADER|accessdate=2017-07-26}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |2015 |Drake |{{N/A|Non-album single}} |Vinylz |- |Ụbọchị niile<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2092290/velous-kanye-west-french-montana-all-day/|title=Meet Velous, He Made The Original Beat That Eventually Became Kanye West's 'All Day'|work=MTV News|accessdate=2017-07-26|language=en|archive-date=2016-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132016/http://www.mtv.com/news/2092290/velous-kanye-west-french-montana-all-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Kanye West, Allan Kingdom, Theophilus London, Paul McCartney |{{N/A|Non-album single}} | |- |N'abalị Kasị jụụ n'Eluigwe<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2016/10/18/aston-matthews-coldest-night-in-hell|title=L.A. Is Dark And Hell Is Cold On New A$ton Matthews Track|work=The FADER|accessdate=2017-07-26}}</ref> | rowspan="7" |2016 |Aston Matthews |{{N/A|Non-album single}} | |- |Hapụ Vu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://2dopeboyz.com/2016/12/09/vinylz-j-cole-deja-vu-bryson-tiller-exchange/|title=So, What's Up With J. Cole's "Deja Vu" & Bryson Tiller's "Exchange" Sounding Alike?|author=Meka|work=2DOPEBOYZ|accessdate=2017-07-26}}</ref> |J Cole |4 Naanị Anya Gị |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |- |Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye dị ọcha |Afọ, Lil Wayne | rowspan="2" |Ụbọchị Ọzọ Na Paradaịs |Ben Bilions |- |Ego Na-aga<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://onsmash.com/music/belly-money-go-feat-travis-scott-music-video/|title=Belly and Travi$ Scott Have a Gun Battle In "Money Go" Music Video|work=OnSMASH|accessdate=2017-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref> |Afọ, Travis Scott |Ụdị Dannyboy |- |Ụbọchị M zutere Gị<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2016/11/09/new-music-belly-young-thug-zack-consuela/|title=New Music: Belly feat. Young Thug & Zack – 'Consuela'|work=Rap-Up|accessdate=2017-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610131946/http://www.rap-up.com/2016/11/09/new-music-belly-young-thug-zack-consuela/|archive-date=2017-06-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Afọ |Inzombia |Ụdị Dannyboy |- |Actin dị iche<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.songlyrics.com/belly/actin-different-lyrics/|title=Actin Different - Belly|work=SongLyrics.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-07-26}}</ref> |Afọ |Inzombia |Cubeatz, DannyboyStyles |- |Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa<ref name="thefader.com" /> |Kanye West, Young Thug, The-Dream |Ndụ Pablo |Kanye West, Mike Dean, Southside, Plain Pat |} == Nkọwapụta nke Abụ == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Aha ya !Afọ !Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri !Album |- |Dị nnọọ ka m bụ |2017 |SpiffTv, Prince Royce, Chris Brown |Ise |- |Enweghị Nduzi |2019 |Chris Brown, Drake |Indigo |- |Onye Muse | rowspan="3" |2020 |Dvsn | rowspan="3" |A Muse n'Obi Ya |- |Ihe a na-amaghị ama |Dvsn |- |Enweghị ntụpọ (Mee ya nke ọma Pt. 3) |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |- |Oge Outta |2020 |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |Afọ ncheta |- |Ndị na-achọ naanị ọdịmma onwe ha | rowspan="3" |2021 |Ryan Trey | rowspan="3" |Onye Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa nke 64 |- |Ọ bụ Banyere Nwa agbọghọ |Ryan Trey |- |Mgbanwe nke Atụmatụ |Ryan Trey |- |Alụmdi na Nwunye Na-adịghị Mma |2022 |Onyinye |Nye ma ọ bụ were |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9rzi1r7zv0ifjhff8zgwukv6m2lpx2w 0 20750 736937 735675 2026-10-09T19:39:39Z ~2026-54572-05 67056 Wepụrụ mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/735675|735675]] nke [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53672-85|~2026-53672-85]] ([[User talk:~2026-53672-85|talk]]) mere 736937 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Bemba |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |''Chibemba'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Native&nbsp;to | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Zambia]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Tanzania]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ethnicity | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Bemba people|Bemba]], [[Bangweulu Batwa]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |4.1 million&nbsp;(2000–2010 census)<ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bem/ Bemba] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Language family]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]? *[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] ** [[Volta-Congo languages|Volta-Congo]] *** [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]] **** [[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]] ***** [[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]] ****** [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone M|Zone M.40–50]]) ******* [[Sabi languages|Sabi]] ******** South Sabi ********* '''Bemba''' </div> |- class="plainlist" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Dialects | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | * [[Town Bemba]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Writing system]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Bemba language#Alphabet|Bemba alphabet]])<br /><br /><br /><br />[[Bemba Braille]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Official status |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br /><br /><br /><br />language&nbsp;in</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Zambia]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Language codes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-2]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code><span class="plainlinks">[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=52 bem]</span></code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:bem|bem]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bemb1257 bemb1257]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages|Guthrie code]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>M.42</code><ref name="Guthrie">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf New Updated Guthrie List Online]</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Linguasphere Observatory|Linguasphere]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUR-r 99-AUR-r] ichiBemba + ichiLamba incl. 24 inner languages 99-AUR-ra...-rx + varieties 99-AUR-rca...-rsb</code> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;" |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|rendering support]], you may see [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]]. |} [[Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code]] [[Usòrò:Brian_Mumba_speaking_Bemba.webm|thumb|Onye na-ekwu okwu Bemba, nke edere na Zambia.]] {{Infobox Bantu name|MuBemba|[[BaBemba]], Awemba, BaWemba|ChiBemba|Bembaland}} '''Asụsụ Bemba''', ''ChiBemba'' (nke á na-akpọkwa Cibemba, Ichibemba, Icibemba na ''Chiwemba''), bụ asụsụ Bantu nkè ndị Bemba na-asụkarị n'ebe ùgwù ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Zambia]] yá ná dị ka asụsụ na-asọpụta site n'ihe dị ka agbụrụ 18 metụtara ya. == Akụkọ ihe méré emee == Bemba bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Zambia, nkè ọtụtụ ndị bi n'obodo ụkwụ na-asụrụ, ọ bụkwa otú n'etiti asụsụ mpaghara asaá á mà ámá na Zambia. Ónyé ịsị àlà mbụ nkè Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda, ọ bụ ezie ná ọ bụ onye Malawi, a zụlitere yá n'obodo na-asụ Bemba, abụọ n'ime ndị isi ala anọ nke Zambia kemgbe bụ ndị na-asụrụ Bemba. Ónyé ịsị àlà nkè atọ, Levy Mwanawasa, bụ onye Lenje, sitere ná Copperbelt Province nkè sitere ná agbụrụ Bantu Botatwe nkè mejupụtara ndị Tonga-Lenje-Ila. Ónyé ịsị àlà nke ànọ́, Rupiah Bwezani Banda bụ onye Chewa sị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. N'ime afọ ndị MMD weghaara ọchịchị na 1991, a na-ebo ya ebubo ọtụtụ ugboro na ọ na-akwalite Bemba karịa asụsụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ na mba ahụ.<ref>"UNHCR | Refworld | Chronology for Bemba in Zambia", http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2faa2,469f38f7c,0.html. Retrieved 3 August 2011.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ nke isi obodo Zambia bụ Lusaka bụ olumba nke Bantu Botatwe. == Asụsụ == Bemba nwere ọtụtụ olumba, ọtụtụ n'ime há bụ ụdị Bemba nke agbụrụ ndị ọzọ na-asụ nkè dàràa n'okpuru mmetụta Bemba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nalrc.indiana.edu/brochures/bemba.pdf|title=Bemba language & culture|author=NALRC|work=nalrc.indiana.edu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154024/http://nalrc.indiana.edu/brochures/bemba.pdf|archivedate=2017-08-08}}</ref> Há gụnyere Chishinga, Lomotwa, Ngoma, Nwesi, Lala, Kabende, Luunda, Mukulu, Ngiao, na Unga, nke ndị Twa pygmies na-asụ ma na-ewere ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka asụsụ dị iche (Nurse 2003). Ndị Twa nke Bangweulu na-asụ asụsụ ọzọ nke Bemba. == Phonology na orthography == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Bemba|author=Hamann|first=Silke|publisher=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|year=2015}}</ref> ! colspan="3" | !Ọnụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar |- ! colspan="3" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive/Affricate<br /><br /><br /><br /> ! colspan="2" |<small>ala dị larịị</small> |p |t |t͡ʃ |k |- ! rowspan="2" |<small>Nwanyị na-agba agba</small> !<small>enweghị olu</small> |ᵐp |ⁿt |ⁿt͡ʃ |ᵑk |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |ᵐb |ⁿd |ⁿd͡ʒ |ᵑɡ |- ! rowspan="3" |Ihe na-esiri ike ! rowspan="2" |<small>ala dị larịị</small> !<small>enweghị olu</small> |f |s |ʃ | |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |β | | | |- ! colspan="2" |<small>Nwanyị na-agba agba</small> |ᶬf |ⁿs |ⁿʃ | |- ! colspan="3" |Akụkụ | |l | | |- ! colspan="3" |Ihe atụ |(β) | |j |w |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name=":1"/> ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |N'ihu ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Nlaghachi |- !<small>mkpirikpi</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> !<small>mkpirikpi</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> !<small>mkpirikpi</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> |- !Elu |i |iː | | |u |uː |- !N'etiti |e |eː | | |o |oː |- !Ala Dị Ala | | |a |aː | | |} Usoro orthographical a na-ejikarị eme ìhè, nkè Edward Steere webatara ná mbụ, bụ ụdaume. Á na-enye mkpụrụedemede yá, ná ọnụọgụ ụdaume há, n'okpuru ébé á. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" ! align="right" |Akwụkwọ ozi: |A |B |C/Ch |D |E |F |G |M |J |K |L |M |N |Ng' |Nyụ |O |P |S |Sh |T |U |W |Y |- align="center" ! align="right" |Uru:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/bemba/phonology/|title=Bemba Phonology|author=Debra Spitulnik Vidali and Mubanga E. Kashoki|date=2014|work=Bemba Online Project|accessdate=2017-11-03|archivedate=2018-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015134518/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/bemba/phonology/}}</ref> |{{IPA|a}} |{{IPA|b}}, {{IPA|β}} |{{IPA|tʃ}} |{{IPA|d}} |{{IPA|e}} |{{IPA|f}} |{{IPA|ɡ}} |{{IPA|i}} |{{IPA|dʒ}} |{{IPA|k}} |{{IPA|l}} |{{IPA|m}} |{{IPA|n}} |{{IPA|ŋ}} |{{IPA|ɲ}} |{{IPA|o}} |{{IPA|p}} |{{IPA|s}} |{{IPA|ʃ}} |{{IPA|t}} |{{IPA|u}} |{{IPA|w}} |{{IPA|j}} |} Ọ ghọwo ìhè á na-ahụkarị iji 'c' mee ihe n'ọnọdụ 'ch'. Dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nkè Bantu, kà á na-agbakwunye affixes, njikọta nkè ụda ume nwere ike ịbịakọta ná ụdaume nwere ikike ịgbanwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 'aa' na-agbanwe kà ọ bụrụ ogologo 'a', 'ae' ná 'ai' na-aga 'e', ná 'ao' na 'au' na-aghọ 'o' (n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, a na-ejikarị 'y' kewaa ngwakọta ụdaume ndị ọzọ). 'n' imi na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ 'm' tupu 'b' ma ọ bụ 'p', a na-akpọkwa yá ŋ tupu 'k' mà ọ dị 'g'; mgbè 'n', 'l' gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ' 'd'. Iwu ndị a niile ga-apụta ìhè na tebụl ndị e nyèrè n'okpuru ébé á. Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Bantu, Bemba bụ ụda, nwèrè ụda abụọ; Otú ọ dị, ụda nwèrè mmetụta dị ntà ná ihe ọ pụtara dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ ókwú ndị á ga-agbagwoju anya dị obere. Nkwekasị na-adaba ná prefix, mgbè ọ dị, mà nwee ike iduga ná ọdịiche dị nro nke ìhè ọ pụtara (lee ụdị ngwaa dị n'okpuru). == Asụsụ == Ọtụtụ n'ime isi ihe ndị dị ná ụtọ asụsụ Bemba bụ ihe atụ nke asụsụ Bantu: ọ bụ aglutinative, dabere na prefixes, nwere usoro nke ọtụtụ áhà, nnukwu akụkụ ókwú ná oge, adjectives olé ná olé, na, dị ka Bekee, nwèrè usoro okwu nkè bụ isiokwu-okwu-ihe. A na-ewere ọtụtụ n'ime nhazi ébé á site ná nke Schoeffer, Sheane ná Cornwallis nyere.<ref>Schoeffer, West Sheane, J.H.; Madan, Arthur Cornwallis (1907). "A Grammar of the Bemba Language as Spoken in North-east Rhodesia". Clarendon Press, Oxford.</ref> === Áhà === A na-ekewa áhàa Bemba n'ime ọtụtụ klas na-enweghị isi. A na-egosi há site ná prefixes há mà na-adịkarị kà prefixes nkwekọrịta mà ọ bụghị mgbè niile kà há na-agbakọta ná ngwaa há na-achị, adjectives na-eme kà há rụọ eru, ná nnọchiaha na-anọchite anya há. Site n'otu mgbakọ, dabere ná ọtụtụu, á na-ahazi ha dị ka ndị a (ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na-esite na echiche phonetic): {| class="wikitable" !Klas !Ntinye aha pụrụ iche !Ntinye aha Concord (otu) !Ntinye aha n'ọtụtụ !Ntinye aha Concord (ọtụtụ) !Ihe edeturu |- |1 |mu-, mw-, m- |a ( ngwaa), mu (adjectives), u/w (aha nnọchiaha) |ba- |ba- |ndị mmadụ, na ọtụtụ aha na-adịghị ndụ |- |2 |mu- |u- (mgbe ụfọdụ mu- maka adjectives) |ọkara- |i- (mgbe ụfọdụ mi- maka adjectives) |n'ozuzu aha ndị na-adịghị ndụ, na ọtụtụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi |- |3 |n-, gụọ- |i (mgbe ụfọdụ n- maka adjectives), lu- |n- |shi- |n'ozuzu ọ bụghị aha mmadụ |- |4 |chi-/ch- (ichi-) |chi-/ch- |fi-/fy-/f- (ifi-) |fi-/fy-/f- |mmụba, ụdị, asụsụ |- |5 |li-, ku-, bu-, lu- |otu dị ka prefix aha |ma- |ya- (mgbe ụfọdụ ma- maka adjectives) |Enwere ike iji otutu mee ihe maka otu nke klas 3 iji mesie ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ nha ka ukwuu ike |- |6 |ka- |ka |ị- |ị- |mbelata |- |7 |bu- |bu- |ọ dịghị |ọ dịghị |aha ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya |- |8 |ku- |ku- |ọ dịghị |ọ dịghị |infinitives |- |9 |ku-, mu-, pa- |otu dị ka prefix aha | | |ọ bụghị naanị klas aha (lee n'okpuru) |} Prefixes na klas 9 na-egosi ikpe: 'ku-' kwekọrọ na 'to' ma ọ bụ 'from', 'mu-' na 'in', 'into', ma ọ bụ'out of', na 'pa-' na 'at'. === AdjectivesAdjectives adjectives === Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị n'asụsụ Bantu, adjectives na-agbaso okwu há rụrụu eru, mà wéré adjectival concord prefixes, mànà ọ bụghị ọtụtụ n'ime háa n'echiche siri ike. Adverbs, ikwu ókwú, mà ọ bụ 'ndị na-akọwa', na-arụkarị ọrụ há kama. Á na-etinye ndị na-akọwa ìhè n'azụ áhà ahụ, ná mkpụrụedemede '-a', na nnọchiaha dị mkpa n'etiti ha: ''chintu cha nomba'', 'ihe ọhụrụ'. === Ọgụgụ === Nọmba site na 1 ruo 10 bụ: {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" ! align="right" |Bekee: |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |- align="center" ! align="center" |Bemba: | -mo | -bili | -tatu | -ne | -sano | -mutanda | -ihe nkiri lubali | -ihe nkiri konse konse | -okwu | -ikumi |} Nọmba 1-5 na-ewere adjectival concord prefixes (mà e wezụga màkà klas 1 ''otu'': muntu umo, 'otu onye'). A hapụrụ nọmba 6-10 n'agbanweghị. 'Ikumi' nwéré ọnụọgụ 'makumi', nkè enwere ike iji dị kà áhà ná 'na' (na, na) iji mepụta ọnụọgụ niile ruo 99: dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''makumi yatatu ná pabula'', 'iri atọ ná itoolu'. 100 bụ 'mwanda', ná ọnụọgụ' 'myanda'. === Áhà nnọchiaha === Ndị nnọchiaha onwé ónyé na-anọghị nà klas bụ: 'ine' (1st person sg.), 'iwe' (2nd person sg.), "ifwe' (1st persona pl.), 'imwe' (2nd persona pl.Ọ dị ichèe ichè Ndị a bụ ìhè zụrụu oké, n'echiche ná há na-eguzo naanị há, há enweghịkwa ike ịpụta dị ka isiokwu mà ọ bụ ihe dịka ha dị. E nwere nnọchiaha dị iche iche, ná nnọchiaha ónyé nkè atọ dabere ná klas. Enwekwara nnọchiaha na-egosi, nkè e kewara site ná klas ná ụdị atọ site ná ala deixis ('nke a, nke ahụ, ná nkè ahụ n'ebe ahụ'), á na-ejikwa ndị a mepụta nnọchiaha. === Ngwáa === Ngwaa nwere ụdị dị mfe, na-ejikarị '-a' (ihe niile tụpụ 'a' ịbụ 'ogwe', 'mgbọrọgwụ' ma ọ bụ 'radical'), mà na-agbakọta yá dabere ná ónyé, ọnụ ọgụgụ ná klassi nkè isiokwu ná ìhè, oge, ọnọdụ, olu, akụkụ ná mà há bụ nkwenye mà ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma. Ọzọkwa, ogwe ha na-agbanwe iji gosipụta ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Enwere ike ijikọta iwu ndị na-esonụ n'ụzọ dọrọ ányá, Bemba bụ aglutinative na ọ bụghị inflective, mana á kà nwere ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ. ==== Isiokwu ná ìhèe prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" ! colspan="2" | !Eziokwu !Ihe na-adịghị mma |- ! rowspan="2" |Onye nke mbụ !otu |n- | -, nshi shi- |- !ọtụtụ |ị- |Egbugbu- |- ! rowspan="2" |Onye nke abụọ !otu |u- (ku-) |tau- |- !ọtụtụ |mu- |tamu- |- ! rowspan="2" |Onye nke atọ !otu |a- (mu-) |taa-, taa ta- |- !ọtụtụ |ba- |taba- |} Á na-ebu ụzọ tinye prefix isiokwu, mgbè ahụ ihe ahụ na-etinye. Mgbe isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe bụ áhà á kapịrị ọnụ ná klas á nyere, á ná-eji ókwú nkwekọrịta nkè klas á, ná ụdị na-adịghị mmá na-agbakwunye prefix 'ta-' tupu nke a. ==== Mkpịsị Mkpịakọta na Akụkụ ==== Nchịkọta e nyèrèe ebe á bụ nke Schoeffer gosipụtara. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị á chọrọ ogwe áká gbanwere agbanwe, na-agbanwe 'a' ikpeazụ ka ọ bụrụ 'ile' ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume bu ya ụzọ bụ 'a', 'i' ma ọ bụ 'u', na 'ya' ma ọ dị ka 'e' ma ọbụ 'o', ma ọ bụ, ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ụdaolu ikpeazụ bụ imi, na-gbanwe 'a" ka ọ bụrụ na 'ine' ma ọ bụghị 'ene' dịka o si dị. E nwere ihe na-adịghị mma n'ọtụtụ ngwaa. A na-enye infixes dị n'okpuru ebe a. Ha na-abịa n'azụ isiokwu na ihe, na n'ihu ngwaa, ma e wezụga maka oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke a rụzuru ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na 'na-', nke na-apụta na mbido. A na-eji ụda olu ( ́) mara nrụgide. {| class="wikitable" !Ọdịdị !Ihe mgbakwunye !Ogwe osisi !Ihe edeturu |- |Ihe na-aga n'ihu ugbu a |na |a na-agbanwebeghị |A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ngwaa nke omume iji gosipụta omume na-aga n'ihu; enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na adjectivally, na ọbụna dị ka ọdịnihu ozugbo (karịsịa mgbe ejiri ya na ngwaa nke steeti). |- |N'oge a doro anya |a |a na-agbanwebeghị |A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ngwaa nke steeti, na ngwaa intransitive |- |Ihe na-adịghị mma, ihe dị mkpa |Ụdị nkịtị; enweghị ntinye |a na-agbanwebeghị |Na-egosi ọnọdụ nke bụ eziokwu mgbe niile, ma ọ bụ omume a na-emekarị; na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ime ihe |- |Ọrụ afọ ofufo |la |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka omume a na-emekarị, na-egosi na ha bụ nke afọ ofufo, ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị adị mkpa; jiri naanị maka ngwaa nke steeti; enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ahịrịokwu ndị dị n'okpuru |- |Ihe gara aga ozugbo |a |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka omume na-eme 'today', ma ọ bụ 'nowdays' |- |N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke a rụchara ma ọ bụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme gara aga |na- (okwu mmalite) |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka omume a rụzuru taa; enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'echiche akụkọ ihe mere eme, mana ọ naghị emesi ihe gara aga ike. |- |Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga |Enweghị ihe mgbakwunye |gbanwere |A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe 'today' ma ọ bụ 'nowdays', mana na-ekwusi ike n'oge karịa abụọ gara aga; eji ya eme ihe na ahịrịokwu ndị metụtara ya |- |Ihe mere n'oge gara aga (1) |ali |a na-agbanwebeghị |Mmetụta ahụ ekwesịghị ịdị na 'a' nke infix |- |Ihe mere n'oge gara aga (2) |a |gbanwere |Mmetụta ahụ ekwesịghị ịdị na infix |- |Ihe gara aga dị mfe |á |gbanwere | |- |Ogologo oge gara aga |ali |gbanwere |Maka omume ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke mmetụta ya ka dị, ma ọ bụ maka steeti ndị e guzobere n'oge gara aga nke na-agbanweghị |- |Oge gara aga doro anya, oge gara aga zuru oke |áli |a na-agbanwebeghị |Oge gara aga dị anya karịa oge ndị ọzọ dị mkpa |- |Oge gara aga ezughi oke ma ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị |ale |a na-agbanwebeghị |A na-eji ya eme ihe otu ugboro, mana ọ bụghịzi, omenala |- |Ọdịnihu ozugbo |ala |a na-agbanwebeghị | |- |Ọdịnihu na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ nke a na-ahụkarị |akula |a na-agbanwebeghị | |- |Ọdịnihu dị nso |na |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka steeti na ọnọdụ ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu ga-eguzobe n'oge na-adịghị anya, mana ọ bụghị ozugbo |- |Ọdịnihu a na-akparaghị ókè |ka |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka omume na steeti n'oge a na-amaghị ama n'ọdịnihu |- |Ọdịnihu a na-akparaghị ókè |kala |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka omume na steeti n'oge a na-amaghị ama n'ọdịnihu |} ==== Mmetụta ==== Mmetụta ahụ kwekọrọ nke ọma na ụkpụrụ ndị Bantu. Otu ihe dị mfe bụ otu ụdị 'dictionary' nke ngwaa nkè nwèrè ogwe ná nsonaazụ '-a', na-agbanwe ka '-e' ma ọ bụrụ ná ejiri prefix ihe - enweghị prefix isiokwu. Ọdịdị dị mfe nkè dị mkpa na-agbanwe '-a' ka ọ bụrụ '-eni'. Ntinye 'aku-' ma ọ bụ 'uka-', na-agbakwunye echiche nke ntụziaka iji maliteghachi mà ọ bụ gaa n'ihu n'omume. Enwere ike inye ụdị nkwenye site ná iji prefix nke ónyé nnọchiaha (n'ozuzu nke klas 1) ma soro nke a site na infix '-inda-'. ===== Ntinye aha ===== Á na-eji subjunctive eme ìhè n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, dị kà ìhè na-apụtaghị ìhè, nà agbamume, ná ná ná ahịrịokwu ndị dị n'okpuru, n'otu ụzọ ahụ ma ọ bụghị otú ná subjunctive nkè ọtụtụ asụsụ Europe. Ìhè á na-ahụkarị bụ mgbanwe nke '-a' ikpeazụ nkè ngwaa gaa na '-e'. Á na-enye ụdị ya n'okpuru ebe a. N'ebe a, V na-anọchite ányá ngwaa, ná P maka nnọchiaha ọ bụla (infixes). Iwu phonological a na-ahụkarị na-emetụta. {| class="wikitable" !Ọdịdị !Ihe mgbakwunye !Ihe edeturu |- |Onyinye dị mfe |P-V-e |A na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a na ngwaa nke oge a na-akọwaghị |- |Ugbu a nke mmegharị |ka-P-V-e |Na-egosipụta mgbanwe n'ọnọdụ, ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ àgwà uche |- |Onyinye nke nkwenye, agbamume |na-P-V-e |Dị ka onye mbụ na-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ |- |Ọdịnihu dị nso |P-le-V-a |Otu ihe ahụ dị ka ihe ngosi |- |Ọdịnihu dị nso nke nrụgide |na-P-le-V-a |A na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe na-agba ume, ma ọ bụ ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè; ọ nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ na -eni mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe dị mkpa. |- |Oge dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ọdịnihu |P-ka-V-e |A na-eji ya eme otu ihe n'ọdịnihu dị anya |- |Ọdịnihu dịpụrụ adịpụ na-aga n'ihu |P-kale-V-a |A na-eji ya eme ihe na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ na-eme ihe n'ọdịnihu dị anya |- |Ọdịnihu dị anya nke nrụgide |shina-P-V-e |A na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè maka oge ọdịnihu a na-amaghị ama |} Infinitive, nke bụ áhà ókwú, nwèrè ụdị abụọ. Ụdị dị mfe nwèrè prefix 'ku-' gbakwunyere na ụdị dị mfe, dị ka e kwụrụ n'elu, ná infinitive nwèrè prefix'kula-'. ==== Olu ==== A na-emepụta passive site na itinye '-w-' n'ihu ụdaume ikpeazụ nkè ngwaa, mànà anaghị eji yá eme ìhè ugboro ugboro. Enwere ike ịmepụta ólú 'na-anọpụ iche' site ná iji '-ik-' kama mà ọ bụrụ ná ụdaume bú ụzọ bụ á, m mà ọ bụ u, na '-ek-' ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ dalelị bu ụzọ bụ e ma ọ bụ o. Ụdị a dị iche n'ihe ọ pụtara site na nke na-agaghị agafe agafe n'ihi na ọ na-emesi ọnọdụ sitere n'omume ike karịa omume ahụ n'onwe ya (cf. Bekee 'arịa ahụ agbajiela', n'adịghị ka 'a na-agba bọọlụ'). ==== Ịgọnahụ ==== N'ozuzu, prefixes 'ta-' na prefix isiokwu ma e wezụga maka ónyé mbụ nkè na-agbanwe kà 'nshi' ma ọ bụ 'shi'. N'ozuzu, subjunctive na-agbakwunye 'i' mgbe prefixes nke nnọchiaha gasịrị ma n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-agbanwe 'e' ikpeazụ ka ọ bụrụ 'a'. Infinitive na-eji oge ụfọdụ 'te' na-adịghị mmá. Otú ọ dị, iwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ dị mgbagwoju anya karị, ụdị ndị ahụ na-adabere nke ọma na oge, akụkụ na ọnọdụ. Mgbè a na-eji ihe na-adịghị mma na 'le' ezughi oke, ọ na-abụkarị n'echiche nke omume a na-emebeghị, Schoeffer na-ezo aka na ya dị ka 'oge a na-egbu oge' dị iche. ==== Ụdị ndị ọzọ ==== E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ngwaa ndị ọzọ nke na-agbanwe ogwe site na ịgbakwunye mkpụrụedemede ọzọ tupu 'a' ikpeazụ. Á na-enye ndị a n'okpuru ébé á. {| class="wikitable" !Ọdịdị !Ọdịdị !Ihe edeturu |- |A na-etinye ya |Ogwe a gbanwere agbanwe, na 'a' (kama 'e' maka oge gara aga). |A na-eji ya eme ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè, a na-asụgharịkarị ya site na ịgbakwunye okwu dị ka 'maka' mgbe ngwaa gasịrị |- |Nkwupụta zuru ezu |Ọ na-agbakọta ụdaume abụọ nke ogwe a na-etinye (dịka, fikila na-aghọ ''fikilila'', site na ''fika'', 'ịbịaru') |Na-egosipụta mmezu ma ọ bụ njedebe nke omume |- |Nkwekọrịta |V-na (ma ọ bụ V-nya ma ọ bụrụ na V agwụ na y) |Nkwupụta omume e mere 'onye ọ bụla ọzọ' |- |Ihe kpatara ya |Ọ na-eme ka ụdaume ikpeazụ dị nro: 'ba', 'pa' ka ọ bụrụ 'fya'; 'nda', 'ka' 'la', 'sa', 'ta', ka ọ bụrụ "shya' ma ọ bụ 'ishya', 'ushya'; na-agbakwunye 'y' n'ihu 'a' nke 'ema', 'ima', 'uma', 'ana'; na-etinye 'ik' n' tupu 'a' ya', 'ama', 'ana' |E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ; 'ishya' na 'ushya' bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ngwaa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ |- |Ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike |Mgbanwe 'a' gaa na 'ishya' ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume bu ụzọ bụ 'a', 'i', 'u'; gbanwee 'a' ka ọ bụrụ 'esh' ma ọ bụ 'e', 'o' |Ọ na-agbakwunye nkwenye ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke ike na ngwaa |- |Ntụgharị |Mgbanwe 'a' gaa na 'ula' ma ọ bụ 'ulula' ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume bu ụzọ bụ 'a', 'i', 'u'; gbanwee 'a' ka ọ bụrụ 'ola' ma ọ dị 'olola' ma ọ ọ bụrụ na 'e', 'o' |Na-egosipụta mgbanwe nke omume (cf. Bekee 'do', 'undo') |- |Ugboro ugboro |Mgbanwe 'a' gaa na 'ula' |Na-egosipụta ugboro ugboro nke omume; nke a na-asụgharị site na adverb 'ugboro ugboro' |- |Ihe na-echeta echiche |Nkwupụta 'i' na ngwaa |Ọ na-ekwupụta na ọ na-eme 'n'onwe ya' |} E nwekwara ọtụtụ oge ngwakọta, ọtụtụ na-eji copula 'kuli' ná 'kuba'. === Njikọ === Á na-eji ndị á eme ìhè iji webata nhazi ma ọ bụ nkè dị n'okpuru, dịka ojiji há na Bekee. == Akụkụ ndị bụ isi == * ee - ee * egwu - mba * Uli shani? - olee otu ị si (nke a na-amaghị ama) * Muli? shani - olee otu ị si (n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro) * Shaleenipo - nke ọma * Ishina lyandi ma ọ bụ... - Aha m bụ... * Onye - onye * umunandi - enyi * nwa - nwa * iciBemba - asụsụ Bemba * na - na, na * nga - dị ka, dị ka * ngụkọta (adj.) - ezi/mara mma * onse (adj.) - niile * uluceelo (adj) - ụtụtụ * Natotela - Ekele maka gị * Saana - Ọtụtụ * Natotela saana - Ekele dịrị gị nke ukwuu == Ihe Nlereanya == Abantu bonse bafyalwa abalubuka nokulingana mu mucinshi nensambu. Balikwata amano nokutontonkanya, eico bafwile ukulacita ifintu ku banabo mu mutima wa bwananyina. Á na-amụ ụmụ mmadụ niile n'efu mà há nata ha ùgwù na ikike. A na-enye ha ezi uche ná akọ ná uche mà kwesịkwa imegide ibe ha n'ime mmụọ nkè ọbụbụenyi. (Akụkụ nke mbụ nke Universal Declaration of Human Rights.) == Akwụkwọ == E nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ná Bemba. E nwèrè akụkọ, uri ná egwuregwu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị edemede ámá ámá ná Bemba gụnyere Stephen Mpashi, Chongo Kasonkomona, Chishimba, Paul Mushindo, Bwalya Chilangwa, Mwila Launshi na Kambole. E dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ná akụkọ ná Bemba n'etiti oge 1950 na 1980. N'oge na-adịbeghị ányá, á na-ebipụta ọrụ okike olé ná olé ná Zambia karịsịa n'ihi ihe abụọ: ndị na-agụ yá na-abụkarị ndị ogbenye ná nkè abụọ, n'ihi nkè mbụ, ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ na-ala azụ ibipụta ọrụ okorobịa na Bemba, ọkachasị akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ogologo, maka ihe ego n'ihi ohere dị ala nke ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na ya wee si otú a nweta uru. Kama nkè ahụ, e nwèrè ọtụtụ akụkọ mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ná akwụkwọ akụkọ Bemba. N'agbanyeghị nsogbu ndị á, dị ka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na enweghị mbipụta, ogo nkè ọrụ ndị á na-ebipụta ná Bemba na-adịkarị elu. Ọzọkwa, ọ yiri kà e nwèrè ọtụtụ ndị édémédé nwéré nkà ga-achọ ide n'asụsụ á mànà há enweghị ike ide ihe n'ihi ìhè ndị e nyèrè n'elu ná ndị ọzọ [nkọwa dị mkpa] ndị metụtara. N'ihe gbasara nkatọ akwụkwọ, á tụlebeghị ma katọọ ọtụtụ ọrụ na Bemba. Nkè á bụ n'ihi ná e nwèrè ndị nkatọ akwụkwọ olé na olé ná Bemba, ọ bụ ezie ná mmasị na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere Lutato na Shadreck Kondala, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Akwụkwọ Bemba oge ochie gụnyere ''Uwauma Nafyala'', ''Pano Calo'' ná Imilimo ya bena Kale. == Hụkwa == * Ndị Bemba * Asụsụ Bantu == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The Colonial Origins of Ethnic Cleavages: The Case of Linguistic Divisions in Zambia". Comparative Politics. '''35''' (2): 127X146. == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Bemba Online Project, <nowiki>https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/bemba/</nowiki> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041105234529/http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTDS/Bemba Njikọ na Bemba Nkọwa Grammatical, Ihe odide, na Sound Files] * [http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Bemba PanAfrican L10n peeji na Bemba] * [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Zambia/bemba_index.html Amalombelo Mu Cilala] Akụkụ nke Book of Common Prayer na Bemba, nke Richard Mammana na Charles Wohlers digitized * Daniel Chola Musatwe, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150622164618/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/37 Mulenga Wa Mpanga]'', Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara na Mee 3, 2014. * Edward Mwango Kasase, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150622151017/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/32 Ku Bwaice]'', Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara May 3, 2014. * Kapwepwe, S.M., ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150621063038/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/85 Shalapa Canicadala]'', Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara na Mee 3, 2014. * Lehmann, Dorothea, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150622153527/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/55 Folktales]'' from Zambia: Ihe odide n'asụsụ Afrịka isii na n'asụsụ Bekee, Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara na Mee 3, 2014. * Nyambe Sumbwa, Zambian Proverbs, Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara May 3, 2014. * [http://www.language-archives.org/language/bem Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Bemba] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200220131110/http://www.fenza.org/bembaproverbs.php Ebe nchekwa data nke ilu Bemba] E debere Wayback Machine [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ca9pmr97wuzttwbh7xvdhpjeh2zg5au 0 21376 736944 707183 2026-10-09T21:20:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736944 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;" |Amharic |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;" |<span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am">አማርኛ</span></span> (<span title="Amharic-language romanization">''Amarəñña''</span>) |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Amharic.svg|150x150px]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Amharic script, ''fidäl'', from [[Ge'ez script]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Pronunciation | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<span lang="am-Latn-fonipa" class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[[Help:IPA/Amharic|[amarɨɲːa]]]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Native&nbsp;to | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Ethiopia]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ethnicity | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Amhara people|Amhara]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |32,000,000<ref name="e24"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2021">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2021). [http://www.ethnologue.com/24/language/amh/ ''Amharic'']. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (Eighteenth&nbsp;ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref>&nbsp;(2018)<br /><br /><br /><br />[[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 25,000,000<ref name="e24"/> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Language family]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] *[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] ** [[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]] *** [[South Semitic languages|South Semitic]] **** [[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Ethiopic]] ***** South Ethiopic ****** Transversal South Ethiopic ******* Amharic–Argobba ******** '''Amharic''' </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Writing system]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Geʽez script]] (Amharic syllabary)<br /><br /><br /><br />[[Ge'ez Braille]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Manually coded language|Signed forms]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Signed Amharic<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMorgan2010">Morgan, Mike (9 April 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231008081443/https://www.academia.edu/1230482 "Complexities of Ethiopian Sign Language Contact Phenomena & Implications for AAU"]. ''L'Alliance française et le Centre Français des Études Éthiopiennes''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;" |Official status |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language&nbsp;in</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Ethiopia]]<ref name="africanews.com"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFShaban">Shaban, Abdurahman. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231030/https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// "One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages"]. Africa News.</cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[List of language regulators|Regulated&nbsp;by]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Imperial Academy (Ethiopia)|Imperial Academy]] (former) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;" |Language codes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-1]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code><span class="plainlinks">[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=am am]</span></code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-2]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code><span class="plainlinks">[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=18 amh]</span></code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:amh|amh]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/amha1245 amha1245]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Linguasphere Observatory|Linguasphere]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>12-ACB-a</code> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;" |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|rendering support]], you may see [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]]. |} [[Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code]] [[Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code]] [[Category:Language articles without reference field]] Amharic (/æmˈhærɪk/ mà ọ bụ /ɑːmˈhɑːrɪk/; ('''Amharic'''), ''Amarəñña'', IPA: [amarɨɲːa] (na-ege ntị)) bụ asụsụ Semitic nkè Ethiopia, nkè bụ obere otú n'ime alaka Semitic of the Afroasiatic languages.<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh; ''Collins English Dictionary'' (2003), ''Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary'' (2010)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/amharic|title=Amharic|work=dictionary.com|accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref> Ndị Amharas na-asụ yá dị kà asụsụ mbụ, ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị kàa asụsụ màkà ndị ọzọ bi n'obodo ụkwụ nà ọbọdọ ụkwụ nkè [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Meyer|first=Ronny|year=2011|chapter=The Role of Amharic as a National Language and an African lingua franca|editor=Stefan Weninger|title=The Semitic Languages|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=1212–1220}}</ref> Asụsụ ahụ na-eje ozi dị kà asụsụ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nkè Etiopia, ọ bụkwa asụsụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ asụsụ ọrụ nkè ọtụtụ mpaghara gọọmentị nkè Etiopia. Ná 31,800,000 ndị na-asụ asụsụ nne kà ọ na-erule 2018, tinyere ndị ọzọ 25,100,000 ndị na'asụsụ nke abụọ, Amharic bụ asụsụ nne nkè abụọ á na-asukarị n'Etiopia (na-esote [[Oromo language|Oromo]]), mana nkè á na-ekwukarị n"ihe gbasara ndị na-ekwu okwu. Ọ bụkwa asụsụ Semitic nke abụọ a na-asụkarị n'ụwa (na-esote [[Arabic]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amharic|date=19 November 2019|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/24/language/amh/|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=27 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="The world factbook">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/|title=The world factbook|work=cia.gov|date=2 March 2022|accessdate=12 October 2022|archivedate=21 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/}}</ref> A na-ede Amharic site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri site ná iji usoro sitere ná edemede Geʽez.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Adugna|first=Gabe|title=Research: Language Learning - Amharic: Home|url=https://library.bu.edu/amharic/Home|accessdate=2021-12-08|work=library.bu.edu|language=en}}</ref> Á na-akpọ usoro ederede nke akụkụ nkè á na-ede usoro ụdaume dị kà nkeji ''abugida'' (አቡጊዳ).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amharic alphabet, pronunciation and language|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/amharic.htm|accessdate=26 July 2017|work=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> Á na-akpọ graphemes ''fidäl'' (ፊደል), nke pụtara "ihe odide", "akara", "akwụkwọ ozi", ma ọ bụ "akara". Enweghị nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ ná Romanization nkè Amharic n'ime edemede Latin. Ìhè atụ Amharic ná ngalaba ndị dị n'okpuru na-eji otu usoro nkè á na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ahụ màkà asụsụ Semitic nkè Etiopia. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Amharic abụwo asụsụ ọrụ gọọmentị nkè Etiopia, asụsụ ụlọ ikpe, asụsụ azụmahịa ná nkwukọrịta kwa ụbọchị ná nkè ndị agha kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri ná abụọ. Ndị Amhara á mà áma kwadoro nwa eze Zagwe Lalibela na ọgụ ike yá megide ụmụnne yá nkè dugara yá mee Amharic ''Lessana Negus'' yana ijupụta ndị Amhara á na-akpọ Amhara n'ọkwá kachasị élú nkè Alaeze yá.<ref>Mohammad Hassan, The Oromo of Ethiopia, pp.3</ref> Ọ bụ ezie ná aha " eze" (Ge'ez: ልሳነ батша "Lisane Negus")/(Amharic: የንጉሥ ቋንቋ "Ye-Negus QwanQwa") ná ojiji yá n'ụlọ bụ nkè Emperor Amhara Yekuno Amlak.<ref>The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology, Donham Donald Donham, Lecturer in Social Anthropology Wendy James, Dr, PhD, Former Senior Lecturer in Mathematics Christopher Clapham, Patrick Manning CUP Archive, Sep 4, 1986, p. 11, https://books.google.com/books?id=dvk8AAAAIAAJ&q=Lisane+amharic#v=snippet&q=Lisane%20amharic&f=false</ref><ref>Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, Paul B. Henze, November 18th 2008, p. 78, https://books.google.com/books?id=3VYBDgAAQBAJ&q=Lisane#v=snippet&q=Lisane&f=false</ref> Ọ bụ otú n'ime [[Asụsụ obodo|asụsụ gọọmentị]] nke [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]], tinyere [[Oromo language|Oromo]], [[Asusu Somali|Somali]], [[Afar language|Afar]], ná Tigrinya. Amharic bụ asụsụ Afro-Asiatic nke otu Southwest Semitic mà nwee njikọ ná Geʽez, mà ọ bụ Ethiopic, asụsụ liturgical nkè Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nkè Etiopia; Amharic edere n'ụdị mkpụrụ akwụkwọ gbanwere ntakịrị nkè eji ede asụsụ [[Ge'ez language|Geʽez]]. E nwere mkpụrụedemede 33 bụ isi, nkè ọ bụla n'ime há nwere ụdị asaa dabere ná ụdaume á ga-akpọ nà nkeji okwu. Ruo n'afọ 2020, Amharic bụ naanị asụsụ gọọmentị nkè Etiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ETHIOPIA TO ADD 4 MORE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES TO FOSTER UNITY|url=http://venturesafrica.com/ethiopia-to-add-4-more-official-languages-to-foster-unity/|work=Ventures Africa|date=4 March 2020|publisher=Ventures|accessdate=2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia is adding four more official languages to Amharic as political instability mounts|url=https://www.nazret.com/2020/03/07/ethiopia-is-adding-four-more-official-languages-to-amharic-as-political-instability-mounts/|work=Nazret|publisher=Nazret|accessdate=2 February 2021|archivedate=17 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817225007/https://www.nazret.com/2020/03/07/ethiopia-is-adding-four-more-official-languages-to-amharic-as-political-instability-mounts/}}</ref><ref name="africanews.com"/><ref name="Meyer">{{Cite journal|author=Meyer|first=Ronny|year=2006|title=Amharic as lingua franca in Ethiopia|url=https://www.academia.edu/5514187|journal=Lissan: Journal of African Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=20|issue=1/2|pages=117–131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Amharic: Political and social effects on English loan words|first=Anbessa|author=Teferra|year=2013|title=Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages|editor=Rosenhouse|publisher=Multilingual Matters}}</ref> Nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nkè afọ 2007 kọrọ ná nde mmadụ 21.6 na-asụ asụsụ Amharic n'Etiopia.<ref name="catalog.ihsn.org">Central Statistical Agency. 2010. "[http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/3583/download/50086 Population and Housing Census 2007 Report, National]". Accessed 13 December 2016].</ref> Ìhè ndekọ ndị ọzọ na-adịbeghị ányá na-ekwu ná ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ mbụ nà 2018 dị ka ìhè fọrọ nke nta kà ọ bụrụ nde 32, yana nde mmadụ 25 ọzọ na-asụrụ asụsụ nke abụọ ná Etiopia.<ref name="e24"/> Tụkwasị ná nkè a, nde mmadụ atọ na-akwaga mba ọzọ na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. [citation needed] Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Juu Etiopia nọ nà Ethiopia na Israel na-asụrụ Amharic. [cittion needed] Nà Washington DC, Amharic ghọrọ otu n'ime asụsụ isii na-abụghị Bekee ná Language Access Act nke 2004, nke na-enye ohere ọrụ gọọmentị ná agụmakwụkwọ ná Amharic .<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/06/geez-language-only-left-in-lithurgy.html|title=Israel's Ethiopian Jews keep ancient language alive in prayer|date=29 June 2017|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=26 July 2017|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ohr.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ohr/publication/attachments/LAAFactSheet-English.pdf|title=Language Access Act Fact Sheet|date=5 October 2011|accessdate=11 October 2016}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, okpukpe Rastafari na-ewere Amharic dị ka asụsụ dị nsọ ma jiri yá mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'etiti ndị na-eso ụzọ yá n'ụwa niile. === Echiche mmepe asụsụ === Dị kà Donald Levine si kwuo, ezinụlọ asụsụ Afro-Asia nwere ike ibilite ma ọ bụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Sahara mà ọ bụ ná ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Etiopia. Ndị Afro-Asiatic mbụ na-asụ asụsụ proto-Semitic, proto-Cushitic ná proto-Omotic ga-ekewa site ná puku afọ nkè anọ mà ọ bụ nke ise BC. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị proto-Cushitic na proto-Omotic ga-ebi n'ugwu ndị Etiopia, ná ndị na-asụ proto-Semitic gafere Peninsula Sinai banye Asia Minor. Nlaghachi nkè ndị si South Arabia ga-ewebata asụsụ Semitic ná Etiopia.<ref name="Levine2728" /> Dabere na ihe akaebe nkè ìhè Mgbe ochie, ọnụnọ nkè ndị na-asụ Semitic n'ókèala ahụ malitere n'oge ụfọdụ tupu 500 BC.<ref name="eoaamhara">{{Cite book|author=Appiah|first=Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA96|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9}}</ref> Nnyocha asụsụ na-egosi ọnụnọ nke asụsụ Semitic na Etiopia dị kà mmalite 2000 BC. Levine na-egosi na ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha puku afọ ahụ, ndị isi bi na Greater Ethiopia ga-abụ ndị Caucasoid ("Afro-Mediterranean") na-akọ ugbo na-asụ asụsụ Afro-Asiatic nke alaka Semitic, Cushitic na [[Omotic languages|Omotic]].<ref name="Levine2728">{{Cite book|first=Donald N.|author=Levine|title=Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=NZHeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2014|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-22967-6|pages=27–28|quote=The analysis of linguistic distributions suggests that the proto-Ethiopians of the third millennium B.C. spoke languages derived from a single stock, that is known as Hamito-Semitic or Afro-Asiatic. This ancestral language probably originated in the eastern Sahara, before the desiccation of that region... the homeland of Afro-Asiatic may have been in southwest Ethiopia. Wherever the origins of Afro-Asiatic, it seems clear that peoples speaking proto-Cushitic and proto-Omotic separated as groups with distinct languages by the fifth or fourth millennium BC and began peopling the Ethiopian plateaus not long after. Proto-Semitic separated at about the same time or somewhat earlier and passed over into Asia Minor... it seems reasonable to follow I. M. Diakonoff in assuming that the Semitic-speakers moved from the Sahara across the Nile Delta over Sinai, so that the presence of Semitic-speaking populations in Ethiopia must be attributed to a return movement of Semitic-speakers into Africa from South Arabia... As a base line for reconstructing the history of Greater Ethiopia, then, we may consider it plausible that by the end of the third millenium<!--sic, according to Google Books snippet view--> B.C. its main inhabitants were dark-skinned Caucasoid or "Afro-Mediterranean" peoples practicing rudimentary forms of agriculture and animal husbandry and speaking three branches of Afro-Asiatic – Semitic, Cushitic and Omotic.}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ dị ka Messay Kebede ná Daniel E. Alemu na-ekwu ná á màrà kọwapụtara ịkwaga gafee Oké Osimiri Uhie site ná mgbanwe, mà ọ bụrụ ná ọ mere ma ọlị, nakwa na agbụrụ ndị na-asụ Ethio-Semitic ekwesịghị ịbụ ndị mwakpo mba ọzọ.<ref name="Kebede 2003 1–19">{{Cite journal|author=Kebede|first=Messay|date=2003|title=Eurocentrism and Ethiopian Historiography: Deconstructing Semitization|journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies|volume=1|pages=1–19}}</ref><ref name="Alemu 2007 56–64">{{Cite journal|author=Alemu|first=Daniel E.|date=2007|title=Re-imagining the Horn|journal=African Renaissance|volume=4|issue=1|pages=56–64}}</ref> Amharic bụ asụsụ South Ethio-Semitic, tinyere Gurage, Harari, ná ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":Meyer2011">{{Cite book|author=Meyer|first=Ronny|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&dq=amharic+proto+ethio+semitic&pg=PA1178|title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook|date=2011|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=9783110251586|editor=Weninger|location=|pages=1178–1212|chapter=Amharic|authorlink=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Edzard|first=Lutz|title=The Semitic Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|editor=John Huehnergard|location=London|pages=202–226|chapter=Amharic}}</ref><ref name=":Hetzron72p36">{{Cite book|author=Hetzron|first=Robert|title=Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification|url=https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansemitic0000hetz|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1972|isbn=9780719011238|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansemitic0000hetz/page/36 36]|language=English}}</ref> Oge ụfọdụ tupu narị afọ nke 1 AD, alaka North ná South nkè Ethio-Semitic kewara.<ref name=":Hetzron72p36" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Fage|first=J.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&dq=amhara+semitic+migration&pg=PA128|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050|date=1975|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521209816|location=}}</ref> N'ihi nkewa mmekọrịta mmadụ ná ibe yá n'oge ahụ, Cushitic Agaw nabatara asụsụ South Ethio-Semitic mà mesịa mịkọrọ ndị Semitic.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hetzron|first=Robert|title=Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification|url=https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansemitic0000hetz|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1972|isbn=9780719011238|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansemitic0000hetz/page/36 36], 87–88|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Butts|first=Aaron Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lai8CgAAQBAJ&dq=amhara+old+agaw&pg=PA22|title=Semitic languages in contact|date=2015|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004300156|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=18–21|language=English|oclc=1083204409|authorlink=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amhara {{!}} Definition, History, & Culture {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amhara|accessdate=2022-04-17|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Amharic si otú a mepụta yá ná Cushitic substratum ná Semitic superstratum.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hetzron|first=Robert|title=Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification|url=https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansemitic0000hetz|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1972|isbn=9780719011238|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansemitic0000hetz/page/88 88]|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Demeke|first=Girma|title=The Origin of Amharic|publisher=The Red Sea Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-56902-379-2|pages=45–52|language=English|oclc=824502290}}</ref> Ndị na-asụ South Ethio-Semitic, mà ọ bụ proto-Amhara, nọgidere na-emekọrịta ìhè mgbè niile ná ndị agbata obi há North Ethio-semitic, nkè nyocha asụsụ ná ọdịnala ọnụ gosipụtara.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia: Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi|date=2015|publisher=C. Hurst & Co.|isbn=9781849042611|editor=Prunier|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Hetzron|first=Robert|title=Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification|url=https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansemitic0000hetz|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1972|isbn=9780719011238|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansemitic0000hetz/page/124 124]|language=English}}</ref> Mgbanwe nkè narị afọ nke asaa gaa n'ebe ndịda nkè etiti nkè alaeze Aksum ná njikọta ná Christianization nkè proto-Amhara mekwara Kà e nwee nnukwu mgbasa nkè Geʽez sitere ná okwu Amharic.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Demeke|first=Girma|title=The Origin of Amharic|publisher=The Red Sea Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-56902-379-2|pages=15, 133–138|language=English|oclc=824502290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Butts|first=Aaron Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lai8CgAAQBAJ&dq=amhara+old+agaw&pg=PA22|title=Semitic languages in contact|date=2015|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004300156|location=Leiden, Boston|oclc=1083204409|authorlink=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Tamrat|first=Taddesse|title=Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527|url=https://archive.org/details/churchstateineth0000tadd|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1972|isbn=978-1-59907-039-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/churchstateineth0000tadd/page/34 34]–38|language=English|oclc=783536291}}</ref> Oge ụfọdụ mgbè narị afọ nke 9 AD gasịrị, Amharic kewapụrụ site ná onye ikwu yá kacha nso, Argobba, mà eleghị anya n'ihi ọdịiche okpukpe kà Argobba nabatara Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Demeke|first=Girma|title=The Origin of Amharic|publisher=The Red Sea Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-56902-379-2|pages=33, 131–137|language=English|oclc=824502290}}</ref> N'afọ 1983, Lionel Bender tụrụ aro ná enwere ike iwu Amharic dị kà pidgin ná narị afọ nke anọ AD iji mee kà nkwurịta okwu dị n'etiti ndị agha Aksumite na-asụ asụsụ Semitic, Cushitic, ná Omotic, mana echiche á enwetaghị nkwenye zuru oke. Nchekwa ná Old Amharic nkè usoro okwu VSO na gutturals nkè asụsụ Semitic, mmetụta Cushitic na asụsụ ndị ọzọ Ethio-Semitic (karịsịa ndị nkè alaka ndịda), ná ọnụ ọgụgụ nke asụsụ Cushitish dị iche iche nkè nwèrè mmetụta Amharic n'oge dị ichè ichèe (dịka. Mmetụta Oromo malitere ná narị afọ nke iri ná isii) na-akwado mgbanwe nkè Amharic site ná asụsụ Proto-Ethio-Semitic nwere mmetụta Cushitic dị ukwuu (dị ka Gurage, Tigrinya, wdg.Ọ dị iche iche<ref>{{Cite book|author=Demeke|first=Girma|title=The Origin of Amharic|publisher=The Red Sea Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-56902-379-2|pages=8–54|language=English|oclc=824502290}}</ref><ref name=":Meyer2011"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Hetzron|first=Robert|title=Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification|url=https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansemitic0000hetz|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1972|isbn=9780719011238|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ethiopiansemitic0000hetz/page/22 22], 67, 88|language=English}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name="IPAHandbook">{{Cite book|author=Hayward|first=Katrina|title=Handbook of the IPA|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|location=Cambridge|pages=44–51|chapter=Amharic}}</ref> ! colspan="2" | !Ọnụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Egbugbere ọnụ<nowiki><br id="mw4A"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> !Ọkụ |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>enweghị olu</small> |p |t | |k |kʷ |ʔ |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |b |d | |ɡ |ɡʷ | |- !<small>ejective</small> |pʼ |tʼ | |kʼ |kʷʼ | |- ! rowspan="3" |Africate !<small>enweghị olu</small> | | |t͡ʃ | | | |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> | | |d͡ʒ | | | |- !<small>ejective</small> | | |t͡ʃʼ | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Ihe na-esiri ike !<small>enweghị olu</small> |f |s |ʃ | | |h |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> | |z |ʒ | | | |- !<small>ejective</small> | |sʼ | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |l |j | |w | |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | |ɾ (r) | | | | |} Mkpụrụ okwu Amharic ejective kwekọrọ ná Proto-Semitic "mkpụrụ okwu emphatic", nkè á na-ejikarị ntụpọ n'okpuru akwụkwọ ozi ahụ edepụta. Tebụl ụdaume ná ụdaume na-enye akara ndị a n'ime oghere ebe há dị iche na akara IPA. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="IPAHandbook"/> ! !N'ihu !Central !Nlaghachi |- !Elu |i |ɨ ⟨ə⟩ |u |- !N'etiti |e |ə ⟨ä⟩ |o |- !Ala Dị Ala | |a | |} === Allophones === Á na-ahụ ụda olu /b/ dị kà ụda olu /βʹ/ n'etiti ụda olu n'ụdị na-abụghị nkè abụọ. Á na-aghọta ụdaume rhotic dị ka trill mgbè geminated ná tap mà ọ bụghị ya. Á na-ejikarị ụdaume dị n'etiti na-enweghị okirikiri (Romanized "ə" мед IPA /ɨ/) na ụdaume dị na etiti (Romaniised "ä" мед IP /ə/) na-ebute /ɪ/ na /ɛ/, n'otu n'otu, na-esote ụdaume palatal, ma na-agbatị ma na-agba gburugburu na /ʊ/ na /ɔ/, n" n'otu.<ref name="IPAHandbook"/> ==== Ihe Nlereanya (Ge'ez Script Romanized IPA) ==== == Usoro ide ihe == [[Usòrò:Ethiopian_Air_aircraft_showing_Ethiopic_script.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ethiopian_Air_aircraft_showing_Ethiopic_script.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_Air_aircraft_showing_Ethiopic_script.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A na-ahụ usoro ederede nke Ethiopia (ma ọ bụ Ge'ez) n'akụkụ nke Ethiopian Airlines Fokker 50 a: ọ na-agụ "Ethiopia's": , , , , . . . .]] Ìhè odide Amharic bụ abugida, a na-akpọkwa graphemes nke usoro ederede Amharic ''fidäl''. O sitere ná mgbanwe nke edemede Ge'ez.<ref name=":0"/> Ìhè odide ọ bụla na-anọchite anya usoro ụdaume + ụdaume, mana ọdịdị nkè ihe odide ọ bụla bụ nke ụdaume, nkè a gbanwere maka ụdaume. A na-ede ụfọdụ ụdaume ụdaume site ná ihe karịrị otu usoro mkpụrụedemede: /ʔ/, /s/, /tsʼ/, na /h/ (nke ikpeazụ nwere ụdị mkpụrụedemede ''anọ'' dị iche iche). Nke a bụ n'ihi na ''fidäl'' ndị a na-anọchite anya ụda dị iche iche, mana mgbanwe ụdaolu jikọtara ha. Ụdị ntinye maka usoro ''ọ'' bụla bụ ụdị consonant +ä, ya bụ kọlụm mbụ nke ''fidäl''. Á na-etinye edemede Amharic ná Unicode, a na-etinyekwa glyphs ná mkpụrụedemede dị na sistemụ arụmọrụ ndị dị mkpa. [[Usòrò:Amharic_Coca_Cola_bottle.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amharic_Coca_Cola_bottle.jpg/220px-Amharic_Coca_Cola_bottle.jpg|thumb|Ojiji nkè oge á nkè Amharic: akara nkè karama Coca-Cola. Ìhè odide ahụ na-agụ ኮካ-ኮላ ('''koka-kola''').]] === Alphasyllabary === Dị kà ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Semitic ndị ọzọ nkè Etiopia, gemination dị ichè ná Amharic. Nkè ahụ bụ, ogologo ụdaume nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu site ná ibe yá; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''alä'' 'ọ sịrị', ''allä'' 'e nwere'; yǝmätall 'ọ na-akụ', ''yǝmmättall'' 'a ga-akụ ya'. Á naghị egosi nwoke ná nwanyị ná orthography Amharic, mana ndị na-agụ Amharic anaghị ahụ nke á dị kà nsogbu. Njirimara á nkè usoro ederede yiri ụdaume nkè [[Arabic]] ná Hibru mà ọ bụ ụda nke ọtụtụ asụsụ Bantu, nkè á na-adịghị egosi n'akwụkwọ. Onye Etiopia na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ Haddis Alemayehu, ónyé bụ onye na-akwado mgbanwe orthography Amharic, gosipụtara gemination na akwụkwọ akụkọ yá bụ Love to the Grave site ná itinye ntụpọ n'elu ìhè odide ndị a na-ejikọta ụdaume ha, mana omume a dị ụkọ. === Ákàrà ákàrà === Punctuation gụnyere ìhè ndị á: : ፠ section mark : ፡ [[Onye na-ekewa okwu|word separator]] : ። full stop (period) : ፣ comma : ፤ semicolon : ፥ colon : ፦ preface colon (introduces speech from a descriptive prefix) : ፧ question mark : ፨ paragraph separator == Asụsụ == ; Okwu Amharic Dị Mfe Mmadụ nwere ike ịmepụta ahịrịokwu Amharic dị mfe site na iji isiokwu na predicate. Nkè á bụ ahịrịokwu olé ná ole dị mfe:<ref>{{Cite web|author=habesha|url=http://bigaddis.com/2010/09/simple-amharic-sentences/|title=Simple Amharic Sentences|publisher=Bigaddis|date=28 September 2010|accessdate=18 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403130954/http://www.bigaddis.com/language/simple-amharic-sentences/|archivedate=3 April 2012}}</ref>{{fs interlinear|ኢትዮጵያ አፍሪካ ውስጥ ናት|ʾItyop̣p̣ya ʾAfrika wǝsṭ nat|{Ethiopia} {Africa} {in} {is}|'Ethiopia is in Africa.'|indent=2|lang=am|transl=EAE}}{{fs interlinear|ልጁ ተኝቷል|Lǝǧ-u täññǝtʷall.|{the boy} {asleep is}|'The boy is asleep.' (''-u'' is a definite article. {{transliteration|am|''Lǝǧ''}} is 'boy'. {{transliteration|am|''Lǝǧu''}} is 'the boy')|indent=2|lang=am|transl=EAE}}{{fs interlinear|እሱ ወደ ከተማ መጣ|Ǝssu wädä kätäma mäṭṭa|he to city {came}|'He came to the city.'|indent=2|lang=am|transl=EAE}} === Aha nnọchiaha === ==== Aha nnọchiaha ==== Asụsụ Amharic na-eme kà mmadụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ, ná mgbe mgbè okike dị iche. Nkè á na-agụnye nnọchiaha onwe onye dị kà Bekee I, Amharic Island; Bekee she, Amharich . Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Semitic ndị ọzọ, otú ọdịiche ahụ na-apụta n'ebe atọ ndị ọzọ ná ụtọ asụsụ ha. ; Nkwekọrịta isiokwu Ngwaa Amharic niile kwenyere nà isiokwu ha; yá bụ, onye, nọmba, ná (n'otu Ònye nkè abụọ ná nkè atọ) okike nkè isiokwu nkè ngwaa na-eji nsonaazụ mà ọ bụ prefixes ná ngwaa. N'ihi ná affixes nkè na-egosi nkwekọrịta isiokwu dịgasị ichè ichè ná ngwaa oge / ọdịdị / ọnọdụ, á naghị ele ha ányá dị kà nnọchiaha mà na-atụle yá n'ebe ọzọ n'isiokwu a n'okpuru ngwaa conjugation. ; Ihe nnọchianya na-esote Ngwaa Amharic na-enwekarị ọdịdị ọzọ nke na-egosi onye, ọnụ ọgụgụ, ná (onye nkè abụọ na nke atọ) okike nkè ihe nkè ngwáa{{fs interlinear|አልማዝን አየኋት|almazǝn ayyähʷ-'''at'''|Almaz-ACC {I saw '''her'''}|'I saw Almaz.'|indent=2|lang=am|transl=EAE}}Ọ bụ ezie ná á na-akọwa morphemes dị ka -at ná ìhè atụ á mgbe ụfọdụ dị kà nkwekọrịta ìhè mgbaàmà, dịka nkwekọrịta isiokwu, á na-echekarị ha dị ka nsonaazụ nnọchiaha ihe n'ihi ná, n'adịghị ka akara nke nkwekọrịta okwu, ha adịghị ichèe ná oge / ọdịdị / ọnọdụ nkè ngwaa. ''Maka'' arụmụka nkè ngwaa na-abụghị isiokwu ma ọ bụ ìhè ahụ, enwere usoro abụọ dị ichè iche nke nsonaazụ ndị metụtara ya, otu nwere ìhè bara uru (to, for), nkè ọzọ nwere ìhè na-e''megide'' ma ọ bụ nkè na-eme kà ọ dị (megide, na-emebi, on, at).{{fs interlinear|ለአልማዝ በሩን ከፈትኩላት|läʾalmaz bärrun käffätku-'''llat'''|for-Almaz door-DEF-ACC {I opened '''for her'''}|'I opened the door for Almaz.'|indent=2|lang=am|transl=EAE}}{{fs interlinear|በአልማዝ በሩን ዘጋሁባት|bäʾalmaz bärrun zäggahu-'''bbat'''|on-Almaz door-DEF-ACC {I closed '''on her'''}|'I closed the door on Almaz (to her detriment).'|indent=2|lang=am|transl=EAE}}Á ga-ezo aka ná morphemes dị ka -llat ná ''-bbat'' n'ihe atụ ndị a dị kà '''prepositional object pronoun suffixes''' n'ihi ná ha kwekọrọ ná prepositional phrases dị ka ''maka ya'' ná ya, iji mee kà ha dị iche nà suffixes direct object pronour dị ka -at 'ya'. ; Nsonaazụ nke ihe onwunwe Amharic nwere usoro ọzọ nkè morphemes nkè á na-agbakwunye ná aha, na-egosi nnweta: ቤት bet 'ụlọ', ቤቴ bete, ụlọ m, ቤ__wol____wol____wol__; ''betwa'', ''ụlọ ya''. Ná nkè ọ bụla n'ime akụkụ anọ á nkè ụtọ asụsụ, nnọchiaha onwe ha, nkwekọrịta isiokwu, nsonaazụ nnọchiaha ihe, ná nsonaazụ ìhè, Amharic na-ekewapụta njikọ asatọ nke ónyé, ọnụ ọgụgụ, nà okike. Maka ónyé ''m''bụ, enwere ọdịiche abụọ n'etiti ọtú (M) na ọtụtụ (''anyị''), ebe maka ónyé nkè abụọ ná nkè atọ, enwere ọdịdị dị n'etiti mmadụ ná ọtụtụ ná n'ime otu ọdịiche ọzọ n'etiti nwoke ná nwanyị (ị m. sg., ''gị'' f. sg., ''ị pl''., ya, ''ya'', ''ha''). Amharic bụ asụsụ na-akwado ọdịda: ahịrịokwu na-anọpụ iche nkè na-enweghị ìhè ọ bụla á na-ekwusi ike na ọ na-ahapụ nnọchiaha onwe ya: ኢትዮጵያዊ Neu ''ʾityop̣p̣yawi näw'' 'ọ bụ onye Etiopia', ጋበዝኳት ''gabbäzkwat'' 'M kpọrọ ya'. Okwu Amharic nkè na-asụgharị ya, mụ, ná ''yá'' anaghị apụta ná ahịrịokwu ndị a dị kà okwu ndị kwụụrụ onwe ha. Otú ọ dị, n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, á na-egosi onye, nọmba, ná (nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ) okike nkè isiokwu ná ìhè ná ngwaa. '''M'''gbe a na-ekwusi okwu ike banyere ''isiokwu'' ma ọ bụ ihe dị nà ahịrịokwu ndị dị otú ahụ, á na-eji nnọchiaha onwé ya eme ihe: እሱ ኢትዮጵያዊ Neu ''ǝssu'' ''ʾityop̣yawi näw'' '<nowiki/>'''ọ bụ''' ónyé Etiopia', n'ihi na ọ bụ onye Etiopia, n'ihi yá, n'ezie, n'etiti, n'asụsụ ndị Etiopia ''gabbäzkwat'' 'Akpọrọ m '''ya''''. Tebụl dị n'okpuru na-egosi nhọrọ ndị ọzọ maka ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị. Nhọrọ ahụ na-adabere n'ihe bu ụzọ ụdị ahụ a na-ajụ, na-abụkarị ma nke a bụ ụdaume ma ọ bụ ụdaume, dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka onye mbụ na-anọ n'otu onye, [1] [1] . . . . {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Aha Amharic ! rowspan="3" |Bekee ! rowspan="3" |Onye nweere onwe ya ! colspan="3" |Ihe nnọchianya na-esote ! rowspan="3" |Nsonaazụ nke ihe onwunwe |- ! rowspan="2" |N'ụzọ ziri ezi ! colspan="2" |Okwu mbido |- !Ihe bara uru !Onye na-eme ihe ike / Onye na-emegide<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |M |እኔ<br /><br /><br /><br />ǝne | -((((ã/ǝ) | -(ǝ)llǝñ | -(ǝ)bbǝñ | -(y)e |- |gị (m. sg.) |አንተ<br /><br /><br /><br />antä | -(ǝ)h | -(ǝ)llǝh | -(ǝ)bbǝh | -(ǝ)h |- |gị (f. sg.) |አንቺ<br /><br /><br /><br />anči | -(ǝ)š | -(ǝ)llǝš | -(ǝ)bbǝš | -(ǝ)š |- |gị (onye na-akwanyere ùgwù) |እርስዎ<br /><br /><br /><br />ərswo | -(ǝ)wot) | -(ǝ)llǝwot) | -(ǝ)bbǝwot) | -nke abụọ |- |ya |እሱ<br /><br /><br /><br />ǝssu | -((äw, -t | -(ǝ)llät | -(ǝ)bbät | -(w)u |- |ya |እሷ<br /><br /><br /><br />ǝsswa | -na | -(ǝ)llat | -(ǝ)bbat | -wa |- |s/ya (onye na-akwanyere ùgwù) |እሳቸው<br /><br /><br /><br />ǝssaččäw | -a__que____que____que__ | -(ǝlla__que____que____que__ | -(ǝbba__wol____wol____wol____ | -a__que____que____que__ |- |anyị |እኛ<br /><br /><br /><br />ǝñña | -((((ä/ǝ)n | -(ǝ) ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ | -(ǝbb conv conv conv | -a ihe omume conv conv |- |gị (pl.) |እናንተ<br /><br /><br /><br />ǝnnantä | -a__que____que____que__ | -(ǝlla__que____que____que__ | -(ǝbba__yue____yue____nue____yure__ | -a__que____que____que__ |- |ha |እነሱ<br /><br /><br /><br />ǝnnässu | -a__que____que____que__ | -(ǝlla__que____que____que__ | -(ǝbba__wol____wol____wol____ | -a__que____que____que__ |} N'ime ónyé nkè abụọ ná nke atọ, e nwere nnọchiaha abụọ ọzọ nwere nkwanye ùgwù, maka ndị onye na-ekwu okwu chọrọ igosi nkwanye ùgwù. Ojiji a bụ ihe atụ nke ihe a na-akpọ ọdịiche TīV nke a na-eme n'ọtụtụ asụsụ. Ndị nnọchiaha na-akwanyere ùgwù n'asụsụ Amharic bụ 'ị (sg. polite)'. na እ__ilo____ilo____ilo__ ǝssa__ 's/he (polite)'. Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ndị a bụ otu na-ezo aka n'otu onye na-ezochi otu onye na-adaba na ọnụọgụ nke atọ n'ebe ndị ọzọ ná ụtọ asụsụ, dịka ọ na-adịkarị na usoro ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, maka nnọchiaha ndị nwere ihe, onye nke abụọ nwere nkwanye ùgwù nwere nsonaazụ pụrụ iche -wo 'your sg. pol.' Maka nnọchiaha (nke m, ''nke gị'', wdg.), Amharic na-agbakwunye nnọchiaha ndị kwụụrụ onwe há ná preposition ''yä-'' 'nke': የኔ yäne 'nke m', ያንተ yantä 'yours m. sg.', ያንቺ ''yanči'' 'yours f. sg.', የ ! ! ==== Ndị nnọchiaha na-echetara ==== Maka nnọchiaha na-egosipụta ('onwe m', 'onwe gị', wdg.), Amharic na-agbakwunye nsonaazụ ná áhà ahụ bụ ራስ ras 'isi': ራሴ rase 'onwe m', ራ ?? ''raswa'' 'onwe ya', wdg. ==== Ndị nnọchiaha na-egosi ==== Dị kà Bekee, Amharic na-eme ọdịiche abụọ n'etiti nso ('nke a, ndị a') ná ogologo ('nke ahụ, ndị ahụ') okwu ngosi (aha nnọchiaha, adjectives, adverbs). E wezụga ọnụ ọgụgụ, Amharic - n'adịghị kà Bekee - na-egosikwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị n'otu. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-right: 20px;" |+Ndị nnọchiaha na-egosi ihe n'asụsụ Amharic ! colspan="2" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ, Mmekọahụ !N'ebe dị nso !Ebe Dị Anya |- ! rowspan="2" |Otu !Ụmụ nwoke |ይህ yǝh(ǝ) |ያ ya |- !Ụmụ nwanyị |ይቺ yǝčči, ይህች yǝhǝčč |ያቺ <br /><br /><br /><br />yačči |- ! colspan="2" |Ọtụtụ |እነዚህ ǝnnäzzih |እነዚያ ǝnnäzziya |} Enwekwara ngosipụta dị ichè ichèe maka ntụaka iwu kwadoro, nkè a pụrụ iji tụnyere nnọchiaha onwe onye: እ እ እ እ核ህ ''ǝññih'' 'nke á, ndị a (nke iwu kwadoro) na እኒያ ǝnniya 'nke ahụ, ndị ahụ (nke iwu)'. Ndị nnọchiaha nwere ụdị jikọtara ọnụ ''na''-amalite na ''zz'' kama y mgbe há na-agbaso preposition: [1] n'ihi nke a; ya mere, "n'ihi nkè ahụ". Rịba ama ná á na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, dị kà nnọchiaha nkè abụọ ná nkè atọ, site na ịgbakwunye ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ ''ǝnnä-'' na ụdị nwoke. === Aha === Aha Amharic nwere ike ịbụ isi mà ọ bụ nkè sitere ná yá. Aha dị kà ''ǝgǝr'' 'ụkwụ, ụkwụ' bụ isi, ná aha dị ka φάgr-äñña 'onye na-agagharị agagharị' bụ aha sitere ná ya. ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Aha Amharic nwere ike ịnwe nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ iji gosipụta okike. Otú ìhè atụ bụ nsonaazụ ochie ''-t'' màkà nwanyị. Nsonaazụ a anaghịzi arụpụta ìhè mà na-ejedebe ná usoro ụfọdụ ná aha ụfọdụ dịpụrụ adịpụ. Áhà ná adjectives na-agwụ na ''-awi'' na-ejikarị ''-t'' emepụta ụdị nwanyị, dịka ityop̣p̣ya-(a)wi 'Ethiopian (m.)' vs. ityop̣pa-wi-t 'Ethiopia (f.)'; ''sämay-awi'' 'eluigwe (m.) ' vs. sämay -awi-t 'eluigwe (f.)'. Á na-ahụkwa nsonaazụ á ná áhà ná adjective dabere ná ụkpụrụ qǝt(t)ul, dịka ''nǝgus'' 'eze' vs. ''nǝgǝs-t'' 'eze nwanyị' na qǝddus 'onye nsọ (m.)' vs. ''qǝddǝs-'' t 'onye nsọ' (f.)'. Ụfọdụ áhà ná adjectives na-ewere akara nwanyị ''-it'': lǝǧ 'nwa, nwa nwoke' vs. ''lǝǧ-it'' 'nwa agbọghọ'; ''bäg'' 'nwa atụrụ, ebule' vs. ''bäg-it'' 'ewe'; ''šǝmagǝlle'' 'onye okenye, okenye (m.)' vs. šǝmag marchll-it 'nwanyi'; ''ṭoṭa'' 'nne' vs. ''ṭoṭ-it'' 'nne (f.)'. Ụfọdụ áhà nwere akara nwanyị á na-enweghị ìhè dị ichè ná nwoke, dịka ''šärär-it'' 'spider', ''azur-it'' 'whirlpool, eddy'. Otú ọ dị, e nwekwara áhà ndị nwere ''-it'' suffix a na-emeso dị kà nwoke: ''säraw-it'' 'ndị agha', ''nägar-it'' 'nnukwu drum'. Ọ bụghị naanị ná á na-eji okike <small>nwanyị</small> eme ìhè iji gosipụta okike, kamakwa enwere ike iji yá mee ìhè iji gosiputa obere, dịka ''bet-it-u'' 'obere ụlọ' (lit. ụlọ-FEM-DEF). Ihe ngosi nwanyị nwekwara ike igosipụta ọmịiko mà ọ bụ ọmịiko. ==== Nkọwapụta ==== Amharic nwere okwu pụrụ iche nkè enwere ike iji gosipụta okike nke ndị mmadụ na anụmanụ. Maka ndị mmadụ, á na-eji wänd eme ìhè maka nwoke ma ''setịpụ'' yá maka nwanyị, dịka ''wänd lǝǧ'' 'nwa nwoke', set lǝǧ' 'nwa agbọghọ'; ''wänd Hakim'' 'onye dibịa, dọkịta (m.)', set Hakim 'onye dọkịta, dọkụ (f.)'. Maka ụmụ anụmanụ, enwere ike iji okwu täbat, ''awra'', mà ọ bụ wänd (nkè á na-adịghị ahụkebe) gosipụta okike nwoke, ná ''anəst'' ma ọ bụ ''setịpụrụ'' iji gosipụta okorobịa nwanyị. Ìhè atụ: ''täbat'' ṭǝ блоa 'nwa ehi (m.)'; ''awra doro'' 'okpokoro'; ''set doro'' 'hen'. ==== Ọtụtụ ==== Á na-eji ọnụọgụ -o__que____que____que__ eme ìhè iji gosipụta ọtụtụ áhà. Mgbanwe ụfọdụ nkè morphophonological na-eme dabere ná ụdaume ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ ụdaume. Màkà áhà ndị na-agwụ ná ụdaume, á na-eji -o__que____que____que__ eme ihe: bet 'ụlọ' na-aghọ bet-o__que__ 'ụlọ'. Maka aha na-agwụ na ụdaume azụ (-a, -o, -u), nsonaazụ na-ewere ụdị -wo__que____que____que__, dịka ''wǝšša'' 'nkịta', wǝššša-wo__que__ 'nkịta'; ''käbäro'' 'ụbọ', käbäro-wo__te____que____te 'ụbọ'. Aha ndị ''na''-agwụ na ụdaume n'ihu na-eji -wo__que____que____que__ ma ọ bụ -yo__que____che__, dịka ṣähafi 'onye mmụta', ''ṣähafi''-wo__que__ maọbụ ṣähafi -yo__ques____que____ques____que__ 'ndị ọkà mmụta'. Ohere ọzọ maka aha na-agwụ na ụdaume bụ ihichapụ ụdaume mà jiri plain interlinč, dịka na wǝšš-o__que____que____que__ 'nkịta'. E wezụga iji ọnụọgụ dị íchè íchè dị n'èzí (-o__que____que____que__), a pụrụ ịbawanye áhà ná adjectives site n'ịgbasa otú n'ime radicals. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''wäyzäro'' 'nwaanyị' nwere ike iwere ọnụọgụ dị ichè ichè, na-ewepụta wäyzär-o__que____que____que__, mànà a na-ahụkwa wäyzazer 'nwaanyị') (Leslau 1995:173). Ụfọdụ ikwu ókwú nwèrè ụdị ọnụọgụ abụọ nwèrè ìhè dịtụ iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''wändǝmm'' 'nwanne' nwere ike ịba ụba dị ka wändǝ mm-o__que____que____que__ 'ụmụnne' kamakwa dị ka ''wädǝmmam-ač'' 'ụmụnna nkè ibe'. N'otu aka ahụ, ''ǝhǝt'' 'nwanne nwanyị' nwere ike ịba ụba dị kà ǝh sect-o__que____que____que__ ('nwanne nwanyị') ma bụrụkwa ''ǝtǝmm-am-ač'' 'nwanne nwoke'. N'okwu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya, á na-agbakwunye akara ọnụọgụ na aha nkè abụọ: ''betä krǝstiyan'' 'chọọchị' (n'ụzọ nkịtị. ụlọ nke Onye Kraịst) na-aghọ ''betä'' kr pistǝstiyan-o__que____que____que__ 'chọọlụ'. ==== Ụdị ochie ==== Amsalu Aklilu kwụrụ ná Amharic ketara ọtụtụ ụdị ọdịdị dị iche iche nkè oge ochie kpọmkwem site ná Classical Ethiopic (Ge'ez) (Amharic: ''gǝ'ǝz'') (Leslau 1995:172). E nwere usoro abụọ ochie nkè ịhazigharị ọtụtụ, nkè a na-akpọ mpụga na nke dị n'ime. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'èzí na-agụnye ịgbakwunye -an (nke na-abụkarị nwoke) ma ọ bụ -at (nkè na na-abụrịrị nwanyị) ná otú ụdị. Mgbasa nke dị n'ime na-eji ụdaume mà ọ bụ apophony iji mee kà ọtụtụ ókwú, dị kà nwoke Bekee vs. ụmụ ''nwoke'' na goose vs. ''geese''. Mgbe ụfọdụ, á na-ahụ njikọta nkè usoro abụọ ahụ. A na-eji ụdị ọnụọgụ ochie eme ìhè mgbe ụfọdụ iji mepụta ọnụọgụ ọhụrụ, mana á na-ewere nkè á dị ka ụtọ asụsụ n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ. * Ihe atụ nke ọtụtụ ndị dị n'èzí: ''mämhǝr'' 'onye nkuzi', mämh pistr-an; ''ṭihe''' 'onye maara ihe', ''ṭäbib-an''; kah persu 'onye nchụàjà', ''kah'' persu-at; ''qal'' 'okwu', ''qal-at''. * Ihe atụ nke ọtụtụ dị n'ime: Icengǝl 'nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke', ''dänagǝl''; ''hagär'' 'ala', ''ahǝgur''. * ''Ihe'' atụ nke usoro jikọtara ọnụ: ''nǝgus'' 'eze', nägäs-t; ''kokäb'' 'kpakpando', ''käwakǝb-t''; mäṣǝhaf 'akwụkwọ', mäṣahǝf-t. ==== Nkwesịrị Nkwesị ==== Ọ bụrụ ná á kọwapụtara áhà ma ọ bụ kọwapụtara, á náa-egosipụta nkè á site na nsonaazụ, ''isiokwu'', nke bụ -u ma ''ọ bụ'' -w maka aha nwoke na -wa, -itwa ma ọ bụ-ätwa maka aha nwanyị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: {| class="wikitable" !nwoke sg !nwoke sg doro anya !nwanyị sg !nwanyị sg doro anya |- |Ụlọ ịgba chaa chaa |Bet-u |Onye na-azụ ahịa särratäñña |ሰራተኛዋ särratäñña-wa |- |ụlọ |ụlọ ahụ |odibo |odibo |} N'ụdị otu, isiokwu a na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị; n'ụdị ọtụtụ, ọdịiche a adịghị, a na-ejikwa -u akara niile akọwapụtara, dịka bet-o__que____que____que__-u 'ụlọ', háläd-o__te-u__que____che__ 'nwanyị'. Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ, mgbanwe morphophonological na-eme dabere na ụdaume ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ ụdaume. Amharic nwere akara ebubo, -(ə)n. Ojiji ya nwere njikọ na nkọwa nke ihe ahụ, ya mere Amharic na-egosi akara ihe dị iche iche. N'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na ihe ahụ doro anya, nwere, ma ọ bụ aha kwesịrị ekwesị, a ghaghị iji ebubo mee ihe, mana ọ bụrụ na ejighị ihe ahụ kpọmkwem, a naghị eji akara ebubo mee ọrụ. (Leslau 1995: peeji nke 181ī 182 ff.Ọ dị iche iche{{interlinear|ልጁ ውሻውን አባረረ|lǝǧ-u wǝšša-w-ǝn abbarrär-ä.|child-M.DEF dog-DEF-ACC drove.away-3MS.SUBJ|'The boy drove the dog away.'|indent=2|lang=am}} {{interlinear|ውሻዋ በግ ነከሰች|wǝšša-wa bäg näkkäs-äčč.|dog-F.DEF sheep bit-3FS.SUBJ|'The dog (F) bit a sheep.'|indent=2|lang=am}} {{interlinear|ይህን ሰዓት ገዛ|Yǝh-ǝn sä'at gäzz-a.|this-ACC watch bought-3MS.SUBJ|'He bought this watch.'|indent=2|lang=am}} Amharic nwere ụzọ dị iche iche iji nweta aha site na okwu ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ aha ndị ọzọ. Otu ụzọ nke nominalising nwere ụdị ''nkwekọrịta ụdaume'' (ụda ụdaume yiri ya n'ebe ndị yiri ya) n'ime usoro atọ dị iche iche nke asụsụ Semitic. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: * Á na-ekwu na ọ bụ 'amamihe'; á na-akpọ 'ọrịa' * A na-akpọ 'ibu oke ibu' e 'obi ọjọọ' e 'ajọ obi ọjọọ' * Á na-akpọ 'mmiri'; 'ihe ọmụma'; ''wəfr-ät'' 'amamihe'. E nwekwara ọtụtụ aha aha aha. * ''-ǝnna'': "mmekọrịta"; ''krǝst-ənna'' '[[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]'; (n'ụzọ dị omimi'; ''qes-ǝnna'' 'onye ụkọcukwu'. * ''-e'', nke a na-etinye aha X, na-ewepụta 'onye si na X': go watanam-e 'onye si Gojjam'. * -äñña na ''-täñña'' na-arụ ọrụ iji gosipụta ọrụ, ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta ụfọdụ na aha isi: ''ǝgr-äñña'' 'onye na-agagharị agagharị' (site na ''ǝgǝr'' 'ụkwụ'); Guinear-äññña 'nchebe-ọnụ ụzọ' (site n' Guinear 'ọnụ ụzọ'). * ''-ǝnnät'' na -nnät ̆ 'ness'; ityop̣p̣yawi-nnät 'Ethiopianness'; qǝrb-__hau____hau____hau__ 'n'ebe dị nso' (site na ''qǝrrb'' 'n'akụkụ'). === Ngwaa === Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Semitic ndị ọzọ, ngwaa Amharic na-eji ngwakọta nke prefixes na suffixes iji gosipụta isiokwu ahụ, na-eme ka mmadụ atọ, nọmba abụọ, na (n'ime mmadụ niile ma e wezụga onye mbụ na nnọchiaha "honorific") nwoke na nwanyị abụọ. ==== Gerund ==== Tinyere infinitive na present participle, gerund bụ otu n'ime ụdị ngwaa atọ na-enweghị njedebe. Infinitive bụ ngwaa a na-akpọ aha, akụkụ dị ugbu a na-egosipụta omume na-ezughị ezu, na gerund na-egosipụtakwa omume a rụzuru, dịka ''ali məsa'' '''''bälto''''' ''wädä'' gâbäya hedä 'Ali, mgbe o riri nri ehihie, gara ahịa'. E nwere ọtụtụ ojiji nke gerund dabere na njirimara morpho-syntactic ya. ===== Ojiji a na-eji okwu eme ihe ===== Gerund na-arụ ọrụ dị ka isi nke ahịrịokwu dị ala (lee ihe atụ dị n'elu). Enwere ike inwe ihe karịrị otu gerund n'otu ahịrịokwu. A na-eji gerund eme ihe iji mepụta ụdị oge ndị a: * ugbu a zuru oke nägro -all/näbbär 'Ọ sịrị'. * past perfect nägro ''näbbär'' 'Ọ kwuru'. * O kwere omume zuru oke nägro yǝhonall 'Ọ (ma eleghị anya) kwuru'. ===== Ojiji nke okwu mgbochi ===== Enwere ike iji gerund mee ihe dị ka adverb: '''''alfo alfo''''' yǝsǝqall 'Mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-achị ọchị'. (Site na ማለፍ 'gafere') === Adjectives === Adjectives bụ okwu ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu eji eme ka aha ruo eruo. Enwere ike ịmepụta adjectives na Amharic n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: ha nwere ike ịdabere na usoro aha, ma ọ bụ sitere na aha, ngwaa na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke okwu. Enwere ike ịkpọ aha adjectives site na itinye aha aha (lee Aha n'elu). Amharic nwere adjectives isi ole na ole. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ bụ ''dahgg'' 'onye nwere obiọma, onye na-emesapụ aka',__ilo____ilo____ilo__ 'onye na-adịghị ekwu okwu, onye na'adịghị ekwu okwu', ''bič̣a'' 'ọcha'. ==== Ụkpụrụ aha ==== : CäCCaC 'dị arọ'; läggas 'onye mmesapụ aka' : Cä(C)iC 'dị mma, aghụghọ'; ''addis'' 'ọhụrụ' : Cä(C)aCa ̆ ''säbara'' 'agbaji'; ''ṭämama'' 'gbagọrọ agbagọ, gbagọrọ agwagọ' : A na-ekwu na ọ bụ 'onye nwere ọgụgụ isi, onye nwere ọgụgụ ''isi'''; 'onye zoro ezo' : A na-akpọ 'onye kwesịrị ekwesị, onye dị ùgwù'; ṭǝqur 'onye ojii'; ''qəddus'' 'onye nsọ' ==== Nkọwapụta nsonaazụ ==== : -äñña Án-äñña 'ike' (site na ''hayl'' 'ike'); ''ǝwnät-äññña'' 'eziokwu' (site n'eziokwu) : -täñña ''aläm-täñña''nke ụwa' (site na aläm 'ụwa') : -awi ̆ ̆ ــــ-awi 'ezi ihe' (site na ''lǝbb'' 'obi'); ''mǝdr-awi'' 'ụwa' (site n'ụmụ mǝdr 'ụwa'); ''haymanot-awi'' 'okpukpe' (site ne haymanot 'okpukpu') ==== Okwu mbido yä ==== : ''yä-kätäma'' 'obodo' (lit. 'site n'obodo'); ''yä-krǝstǝnna'' 'C'nketian' (lit.) 'nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst'); yä -wǝšät 'ajọ' (lit.). 'nke ụgha'). ==== Adjective aha mgbagwoju anya ==== Á na-akpọ adjective ná áhà ahụ ọnụ 'adjective noun complex'. N'asụsụ Amharic, adjective na-ebute ''aha'', ná ngwaa ikpeazụ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, "onye ọjọọ"; ''{{IPA|təlləq bet särra}}'' (n'ụzọ nkịtị. nnukwu ụlọ ọ wuru) 'o wuru nnukwu ụlọ'. Ọ bụrụ ná adjective aha mgbagwoju anya doro anya, á na-agbakwunye isiokwu doro anya ná adjectif ọ bụghị ná aha, dịka, [n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ nkịtị, nnukwu ụlọ). N'ime ìhè owuwu nkè ìhè onwunwe, adjective na-ewere isiokwu doro anya, ná aha áhụ na-ewere nsonaazụ nkè ìhè onyinyo, dịka,__wol____wol____wol__ (lit. big-def house-my) "my big house". Mgbe ị na-agụ adjectives site ná iji ''-nna'' 'na', adjectives abụọ ahụ na-ewere isiokwu doro anya: qonǧo-wa-nna astäway-wa lǝǧ mäṭṭa__que____que____que__ (lit. nwa agbọghọ mara mmá ná nkè nwere ọgụgụ isi bịara) "nwa agbọghọ mara mmá mà nwee ọgụgụ isi bịara". N'ihe banyere adjective áhà á na-amaghị ama, áhà ahụ bụ ọtụtụ ná adjective nwere ike iji otú mà ọ bụ n'ụdị ọtụtụ. ''N'ihi yá'', enwere ike ịsụgharị 'ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike' mà ''ọ bụ'' 'ụmụ ìhè na-arụ ọrụ ike' (n'ụzọ nkịtị). == Asụsụ == Enweghị ọtụtụ ìhè e bipụtara banyere ọdịiche dị n'asụsụ Amharic. Asụsụ niile na-aghọta ibe há, mànà á na-ahụ obere ọdịiche ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Anbessa|author=Tefera|year=1999|chapter=Differences Between the Amharic Dialects of Gondär and Addis Abäba|editor=Parfitt|title=The Beta Israel in Ethiopia and Israel, Studies on the Ethiopian Jews|pages=257–263|location=London|publisher=Curzon Press|isbn=0-7007-1092-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first=Amsalu|author=Aklilu|year=1973|title=The dialect of Wällo|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-ethiopian-studies_1973-07_11_2/page/124|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=124–29}}</ref> Mittwoch kọwara ụdị Amharic nkè ụmụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Weyto na-asụrụ, mànà o yikarịrị kà ọ bụghị olumba nkè Amharic dịka nsonaazụ nkè mmụta asụsụ na-ezughị ezu kà ọbọdọ ahụ gbanwere asụsụ site ná Weyto gaa ná Amharic. [citation needed]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mittwoch|first=Eugen|year=1907|title=Proben aus dem amharischen Volksmund|journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin|volume=10|issue=2|pages=185–241|doi=}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == [[Usòrò:Ethiopian_anthem_(since_1992)_in_amharic.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ethiopian_anthem_%28since_1992%29_in_amharic.jpg/300px-Ethiopian_anthem_%28since_1992%29_in_amharic.jpg|thumb|Abụ ndị Etiopia (malite na 1992) n'asụsụ Amharic, nke e ji ígwè typewriter mee.]] Ìhè atụ ndị kasị ochie dị ndụ nkè Amharic e dere ede malitere n'oge ọchịchị nkè Emperor nkè Ethiopia Amda Seyon I ná ndị nọchiri yá ná narị afọ nke iri ná anọ, bụ ndị nyere iwu kà e dee ọtụtụ uri á maara dị ka "የወታደሮች መዝሙር" (Abụ ndị agha) na-eto há ná ndị agha há. E nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ná Amharic n'ọtụtụ ụdị. Akwụkwọ ndị á gụnyere nkwupụta nà ndekọ gọọmentị, akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, ìhè okpukpe, akwụkwọ akụkọ, uri, nchịkọta ilu, akwụkwọ ọkọwa ókwú (otu asụsụ na asụsụ abụọ), akwụkwọ ntuziaka teknụzụ, isiokwu ahụike, wdg. Abu Rumi sụgharịrị Bible n'asụsụ Amharic ná mbido narị afọ nke 19, mana a sụgharịrị nsụgharị Bible ndị ọzọ n'asụsụ Amaharic kemgbe ahụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Amharic á mà ámá bụ ''Fiqir Iske Meqabir'' (nke a sụgharịrị n'ụzọ dị iche iche) nkè Haddis Alemayehu (1909X2003), nke Sisay Ayenew sụgharịrị gaa n'asụsụ Bekee n'aha Love unto Crypt, nkè e bipụtara ná 2005 ( ). == Òtù Rastafari == Okwu ''Rastafari'' sitere ná ''Ras Täfäri'', áhà tupu ọchịchị nkè Haile Selassie, nkè nwere ókwú Amharic Ras (nke pụtara "Onye isi", áhà ndị Etiopia nkè ya ná Duke) ná aha Haile Selaassie tupu ọchịchị, Tafari.<ref name="ChangChen1998">{{Cite book|author=Kevin O'Brien Chang|title=Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music|url=https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan|accessdate=2 May 2013|year=1998|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-56639-629-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan/page/n253 242]–}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Rastafari na-amụta Amharic dị kà asụsụ nkè abụọ, ebe há na-ewere ya dị kà ihe dị nsọ. Mgbe Haile Selassie gara Jamaica ná 1966, á haziri ebe ọmụmụ ihe ná Amharic ná Jamaica dị kà akụkụ nkè nyocha na-aga n'ihu nkè njirimara ná ọdịbendị Pan-African. Ndị na-ese egwu reggae dị iche iche ná 1970s, gụnyere Ras Michael, Lincoln Thompson ná Misty in Roots, abụwo abụ n'asụsụ Amharic, si otú a na-ewetara ndị na-ege ntị kà asụsụ ahụ. Ndị Abyssinians, otú reggae, ejirila Amharic mee ìhè, ọkachasị n'abụ "Satta Massagana". E kwenyere ná áhà ahụ pụtara "ekele"; Otú ọ dị, ahịrịokwu á pụtara "ọ kelere" mà ọ bụ "ọ toro", dịka säṭṭä pụtara "ọ nyere", na jimigänä "ekele" ma ọ dị "otuto". Ụzọ ziri ezi isi kwuo "ekele" n'asụsụ Amharic bụ otu okwu, ''misgana''. Ókwú "satta" aghọwo ókwú á na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Rastafari nkè Bekee, Iyaric, nkè pụtara "ịnọdụ ala mà rie nri".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snwmf.com/abyssinians.html|title=SNWMF 2005 – Performers|publisher=Snwmf.com|accessdate=4 March 2012|archivedate=18 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318122552/http://www.snwmf.com/abyssinians.html}}</ref> == Software == Á ná-akwado Amharic ná ọtụtụ nkesa Linux, gụnyere Fedora ná Ubuntu. Á na-etinye edemede Amharic na Unicode, na ngọngọ Ethiopic (U+1200 Ō U+137F). Á na-etinye mkpụrụedemede Nyala na Windows 7 (lee vidiyo [[YouTube]]) ná Vista (Amharic Language Interface Pack) iji gosipụta mà dezie site ná iji Amharic Script.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBvP_oarrbk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328103413/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBvP_oarrbk|archivedate=28 March 2014|title=Amharic Keyboard for Windows Vista|publisher=YouTube|date=1 February 2009|accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=0e21eb7b-e01a-4fcc-b7f1-30e419da7f5b&displaylang=am#|title=የዳውንሎድ ዝርዝር፡- Windows Vista LIP|publisher=Microsoft.com|date=29 January 2010|accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref> Ná Febụwarị 2010, Microsoft wepụtara sistemụ arụmọrụ Windows Vista yá ná Amharic, na-enyere ndị ọkà ókwú Amharic aka iji sistemụ arụmọrụ yá n'asụsụ há. [[Google]] gbakwunyere Amharic ná Ngwá Ọrụ Asụsụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/webhp?hl=am|title=Google|accessdate=4 March 2012}}</ref> ya nkè na-enye ohere ide edemede Amharic n'ịntanetị na-enweghị mkpịsị Amharic. Kemgbe afọ 2004, Wikipedia nwere asụsụ Amharic Wiki nkè na-eji edemede Ethiopic. == Edensibia == === Ihe ndị e kwuru === <references responsive="0"></references> === Asụsụ === * Ludolf, Hiob (1698). ''Grammatica Linguæ Amharicæ''. Frankfort * {{Cite book|author=Abraham|first=Roy Clive|year=1968|title=The Principles of Amharic|publisher=Occasional Publication / Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan}} [''rewritten version of 'A modern grammar of spoken Amharic', 1941''] * {{Cite book|author=Afevork|first=Ghevre Jesus|title=Grammatica della lingua amarica: metodo pratico per l'insegnamento|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNbfAAAAMAAJ|year=1905|publisher=R. Accademia dei Lincei}} * Afọvork Ghevre Jesus (1911). ''Ọ na-ekwu okwu amarico''. Rom * Amsalu Aklilu & Demissie Manahlot (1990). ''T'iru ye'Amarinnya Dirset 'Indet Yale New''! (Ụkpụrụ asụsụ Amharic, n'asụsụ Amharic) * Anbessa Teferra na Grover Hudson (2007). ''Ihe ndị dị mkpa nke Amharic''. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Mkparịta ụka Amharic''. Routledge * {{Cite book|first=Armbruster|author=Carl Hubert|title=Initia amharica: an Introduction to Spoken Amharic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8h0YAAAAYAAJ|year=1908|publisher=The University Press}} * Baye Yimam (2007). Amharic Grammar. Mbipụta nke Abụọ. Mahadum Addis Ababa. Etiopia. * Bender, M. Lionel. (1974) "Mgbe ụdaolu na Amharic". ''Journal of Ethiopian Studies'' 12.1:1924 * Bender, M. Lionel na Hailu Fulass (1978). ''Amharic ngwaa morphology''. (Komiti na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ ndị Etiopia, akwụkwọ 7.) East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ụzọ dị iche iche na Amharic Phonology''. Akwụkwọ edemede PhD, Ann Arbor: Mahadum Michigan State. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Akwụkwọ bụ́ Amharic'' Paris: Institut d'Ethnographie. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Nnyocha ọhụrụ nke ndị Etiopia nke ehihie''. Paris: Onye mmeri. * Dawkins, C. H. (11960, 21969). ''Ihe Ndị bụ Isi nke Amharic''. Addis Ababa * Kapeliuk, Olga (1988). ''Ntinye aha na Amharic''. Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/3-515-04512-0|3-515-04512-0]] * Kapeliuk, Olga (1994). ''Nchịkọta nke aha na Amharic''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/3-447-03406-8|3-447-03406-8]]. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Gramatyka jezyka amharskiego'' Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/83-86483-60-1|83-86483-60-1]] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ntuziaka Grammar nke Amharic''. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/3-447-03372-X|3-447-03372-X]] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ọ nwụrụ n'ebe a na-akpọ Amharische Sprache''. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. === Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu === * Abbadie, Antoine nke (1881). ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke asụsụ Amariñña''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Paris * Amsalu Aklilu (1973). ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bekee na Amharic''. Oxford University Press.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-19-572264-7|0-19-572264-7]] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu amarigna-français''. Diré-Daoua * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] B. (1969). ''Amxarsko-russkij Slovar'. Pod invalidtsiej Kassa Gäbrä Heywät.'' Moscow: Izdatel'stvo 'Sovetskaja Éntsiklopedija'. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Okwu Amarico-Italiano''. Rom * {{Cite book|author=Isenberg|first=Karl Wilhelm|authorlink=Karl Wilhelm Isenberg|title=Dictionary of the Amharic language: Amharic and English: Englisch and Amharic|publisher=Church Missionary Society|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryamhari00isen|accessdate=25 August 2012|year=1841}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Mgbakwunye na Vocabolario amarico-italiano''. (nke e jikọtara ya na il concorso di Francesco Gallina ed Enrico Cerulli) Roma. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] AmharicńEnglish Dictionary. (2 Mpịakọta.) Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/3-447-02871-8|3-447-02871-8]] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Amharic dị mkpirikpi''. (Mbipụta ọzọ: 1996) Berkeley na Los Angeles: University of California Press.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-520-20501-4|0-520-20501-4]] * Täsämma Habtä Mikael Gəṣṣəw (1953 kalenda Etiopia). ''Käsate Bərhan Täsämma. Yä-Amarəñña otuzgäbä qalat.'' Addis Ababa: Ihe osise. == Njikọ mpụga == * '''Amharic Keyboard''' online (''na offline kwa''): [https://www.branah.com/amharic ''ụdị 1''] na [https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/amharic.htm ''ụdị 2''] * '''Ebe e si nweta''' edemede Geʽez: ** [https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Serif+Ethiopic?query=MCKL%2F ''Noto Serif Ethiopic''] (ọtụtụ ịdị arọ na obosara) ** [https://software.sil.org/abyssinica/download/ ''Abyssinica SIL''] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20211201154510/https://software.sil.org/abyssinica/support/character-set-support/ Nkwado njirimara]) * A họọrọ Annotated Bibliography on Amharic site na [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607201605/http://www.msu.edu/%7Ehudson/index.htm Grover Hudson na] ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Mahadum Michigan State. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160414000422/https://fsi-languages.yojik.eu/languages/amharic.html US State Dept. FSI Amharic ọsọ] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n49ftoom3oabgm095xis7959puzalzp 0 21499 736989 181726 2026-10-10T10:50:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adam Afriyie''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọchụnta ego Britain nke jere ozi dị ka onye omeiwu (MP) maka Windsor kemgbe afọ 2005.<ref name="whoswho">{{Cite web|title=Afriyie, Adam, (born 4 Aug. 1965), MP (C) Windsor, since 2005|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U45711|work=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO|year=2007|accessdate=15 April 2021|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u45711}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Conservative Party.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adam Afriyie MP, Windsor|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/adam_afriyie/windsor|accessdate=14 May 2010|publisher=TheyWorkForYou.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216163056/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/11929/adam_afriyie/windsor|archive-date=16 December 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[Usòrò:Official_portrait_of_Adam_Afriyie_MP_crop_2.jpg|thumb|Adam Afriyie|312x312px]] == Oge ọ malitere == Nwa nke nne Bekee na nna Ghana, a mụrụ Afriyie na Wimbledon, London, ma too n'ụlọ kansụl na Peckham, na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Oliver Goldsmith.<ref name="standard1">{{Cite news|author=David Cohen|date=8 February 2010|title=Adam Afriyie: From Peckham council house to shadow minister|work=London Evening Standard|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/adam-afriyie-from-peckham-council-house-to-shadow-minister-6735252.html|accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Addey na Stanhope School na New Cross, wee nweta nzere bachelọ na akụ na ụba ugbo na Wye College na 1987.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221216163904/https://www.obv.org.uk/our-communities/black-politicians/adam-afriyie-mp "Adam Afriyie, MP"], OBV (Operation Black Vote).</ref><ref name="whoswho" /> Afriyie nwere ụmụnne asaa na otu nwanne. O kwuru banyere nzụlite ya, sị: "Ọ dịghị mgbe m maara nna m ruo mgbe m toro nke ukwuu na nne m, Gwen, zụlitere anyị nanị. maka ọnọdụ mgbanwe mgbe niile na ókèala ezinụlọ anyị." == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Afriyie bụ onyeisi oche nke Connect Support Services, ụlọ ọrụ nkwado IT o guzobere na 1993. O nwere ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke DeHavilland, ụlọ ọrụ nlekota ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nke rere ndị na-ebipụta Emap na 2005 maka £ 18 nde.<ref name="GuardJan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/jan/31/adam-afriyie-profile-tory-plot-rumours|title=Adam Afriyie profile: before any plot, there was always a word farm|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=1 February 2013|first=Robert|author=Booth|date=31 January 2013}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye ikpeazụ nke mpaghara na 2003 Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year Awards. Ọ bụ gọvanọ nke Museum of London, onye nlekọta nke Museum na Docklands na onye nduzi nke Policy Exchange, otu etiti nri amụma. Afriyie bụ onye na-ahụ maka Axonn Media, azụmahịa ahịa ọdịnaya nke na-ewepụta ọdịnaya maka ndị ahịa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-etinye ụdị dị ka Content Plus, NewsReach, DirectNews na ReelContent. Axonn tụgharịrị ihe karịrị £ 9.4m na 2011, wee nweta uru ụtụ isi nke £ 1.3m. Afriyie bụ onye kachasị nwee òkè na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ya na ndị nduzi ibe ya kewara dividends nke £ 2.2m na 2010 na 2011, ma kerịta ụgwọ ndị nduzi nke £ 3.6m n'ime afọ ise gara aga. [nkọwa dị mkpa]<ref name="GuardJan" /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dcml6jbnq8n5n5b6wzkwpjn9ht6evj2 0 24268 736939 719680 2026-10-09T19:44:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Ubong Friday.jpeg|thumb|Ubong Friday]]Ubong Friday {{Audio|Ig-Ubong_Friday.ogg|Audio}} (born 3 March 1998) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays for the Nigerian Professional Football League club Akwa United and the [[ Nigeria national football team | Nigeria B ]] . He dances like [[ Football | who ]] run. == Ọrụ klọb == === Macito === Friday malitere ọrụ ya na klọb na-abụghị Njikọ, Macito F.C., Uyo, n'oge oge bọọlụ 2011 na 12. === Akwa Starlets === Mgbe otu oge na Macito F.C., Friday sonyeere NNL club Akwa Starlets na mbido oge 2012 na 13. Ubong Friday bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Akwa Starlets nke jidere isi akụkọ na 2013 Iko Federation, ebe ha wepụrụ akụkụ NPFL, Kwara United na Dolphins FC (nke bụzi Osimiri United mgbe ha na Sharks FC jikọtara). Klọb Uyo meriri Kwara United na ntaramahụhụ na agba nke 64 na Oghara Ama egwuregwu obodo, mgbe oge oge oge gwụchara na 2o2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2013/06/20/4062522/lobi-warri-wolves-enyimba-plateau-united-progress-in-2013|title=Lobi Stars, Warriors Wolves, Enyimba and Plateau United progress in 2013 Federation Cup|work=Goal.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> N'agba nke 32, Akwa Starlets nke Fraịdee chụpụrụ Dolphins na ntaramahụhụ, mgbe nkeji 90 zuru ezu na-enweghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sportstalkwithamos.blogspot.com/2013/07/akwa-starlets-shoot-dolphins-out-of.html?m=1|title=Akwa Starlets shoot Dolphins out of Federation Cup|work=SportsTalkwithAmos.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2013/07/23/4137264/akwa-starlets-look-beyond-abia-warriors|title=Akwa Starlets look beyond Abia Warriors|work=Goal.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Akwa Starlets nke Ubong Friday nọ n'ọnụ inweta nkwalite na NPFL, mana Kpakpando agbapụ gbochiri tiketi ahụ n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke NNL Group B, bụ ndị butere ha 1 0 na Lekan Salami Stadium, Ibadan na Satọdee, 15 Nọvemba 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/3sc-gabros-back-premier-league/amp|title=3SC, Gabros, Back to Premier League|work=CompleteSports.com|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2019-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128202900/https://www.completesports.com/3sc-gabros-back-premier-league/amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Akwa United === Friday kwagara Akwa United na mbido oge NPFL nke afọ 2014 na 15. N'oge mbụ ya, ọ gbara goolu isii iji nyere Akwa United aka imeri n'asọmpi mbụ ya n'afọ 2015 iko Federation na Akwa United na-emeri ndị mmeri 2003, Lobi Stars 2 na ngwụcha na Teslim Balogun Stadium, Lagos, na 22 Nọvemba 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/akwa-united-shock-lobi-stars-2-1-win-first-federation-cup-title/amp/|title=Akwa United shock Lobi Stars 2–1 to win first Federation Cup title|work=Guardian.ng.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Onye na-agba ọsọ na onye na-agba bọọlụ gbara hat-trick na 6X1 nke Zamfara club Dalhatu United F.C. na agba nke 64 egwuregwu, wee soro ya na klọb Nigeria Nationwide League, Peace Makers FC nke [[Akure]] na agba nke 32 na [[Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium]], Enugu na Wednesday 8 July 2015. Ọ chọpụtakwara azụ nke net na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ, megide Niger Tornadoes Feeders. N'ime nkeji iri itoolu zuru ezu, Akwa United meriri iri asaa na ise na penalties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://footyalert.blogspot.com/2015/07/akwa-united-fought-back-to-defeat-nnwl.html?m=1|title=Akwa United Fought Back to defeat NNWL Club|work=Footyalert.Blogspot.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Mmeri nke 2015 Federations Cup mere ka klọb ahụ ruo eru maka asọmpi CAF nke mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/5502/federation-cup/2015/11/22/17577562/federation-cup-2015-road-to-the-final|title=Federation Cup 2015 – Road to the Final|work=Goal.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Ubong Friday gbara bọọlụ ugboro abụọ ka Maurice Cooreman-led Akwa United meriri Plateau United na egwuregwu ha nke isii na Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, na Fraịde, 11 Machị 2016, iji dekọọ mmeri nke abụọ ha na mkpọsa 2015-16 .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/npfl-friday-nets-double-akwa-pip-plateau-united-uyo/#more|title=NPFL Friday nets double as Akwa Pip Plateau United|work=CompleteSports.com|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2019-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128201726/https://www.completesports.com/npfl-friday-nets-double-akwa-pip-plateau-united-uyo/#more|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa anọ gachara, AfricanFootball.com họpụtara ya dị ka onye egwuregwu nke izu nke iri abụọ na isii nke Nigeria League, mgbe o gbasịrị akara iji nweta Akwa United na Plateau United na Rwang Pam Stadium na Sunday, 10 July 2016. A họpụtara Friday n'ihu onye na-edebe goolu nke Heartland Ebele Obi, onye pụtara ìhè megide Enyimba, dịka ọgbaghara Bright Ejike kewara klọb ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ; na El-Kanemi Warriorsń Daniel Japhet, onye gbara ma nye aka na mmeri 3ń1 nke otu ya meriri MFM.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://africanfootball.com/news/633545/Nigeria-league-Player-of-the-Week-26-Ubong-Friday|title=Nigeria League Player of the Week 26 – Ubong Friday|work=AfricanFootball.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> A kpọrọ Ubong Friday aha na mbido nke Akwa United's first ever CAF interclub match against Vita Club Mokanda, mana e dochiri ya nkeji isii na ọkara nke abụọ, na Emmanuel Ariwachukwu na-anọchi ya. Goolu Ubong Ekpai gbara naanị ya, nkeji ise mgbe ọkara awa gachara meriri klọb ahụ dị na Uyo na Satọdee, 13 Febụwarị 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/13theditionofcafconfederationcup/MatchDetails?MatchId=1c7hGLkGJ%2bIV7e3Mcu83jPoWhLPY98L5VDLkl9nSxMz9OqkJEWX0Y8I9qlrr%2feyl|title=2016 CAF Confederation Cup Match Details – Vita Club Mokanda vs Akwa United|work=CAFOnline.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Ubong Friday gbara nkeji iri isii na atọ na agba nke abụọ megide Vita Club Mokanda, tupu ọ kwadebe ụzọ maka Michael Okoro Ibe, dịka Akwa United si na mbipụta nke iri na atọ nke asọmpi klọb nke abụọ nke CAF. Jean Kalupumbu Mukalay gbara ndị ọbịa na nkeji nke 53 iji tinye klọb Congolese na ọkwa dị elu na ngụkọta. Klọb Congolese gara n'ihu iji merie 6105 na penalties mgbe oge mgbakwunye ahụ emeghị ka onye mmeri pụta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/13theditionofcafconfederationcup/MatchDetails?MatchId=tiUKIl0Iif4JdawZmgfduw7z0BLU6fMXUZ4VIOOA9VrHSrA5xoO8HMEyJNYR52N3|title=2016 CAF Confederation Cup Match Details – Akwa United vs Vita Club Mokanda|work=CAFOnline.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Ubong Friday laghachiri na Akwa United fold na egwuregwu nke itoolu megide Gombe United na Thursday, 19 Febụwarị 2017, mgbe ọ kwụsịrị izu isii, na-esote mmerụ ahụ ọ merụrụ n'ikpere ụkwụ n'ụbọchị abụọ nke egwuregwu megide Rivers United na Wednesday, 18 January 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://aoifootball.com/2017/02/17/ubong-friday-set-to-start-against-gombe-united|title=Ubong Friday set to start against Gombe United|work=AOIFootball.com|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2019-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010116/http://aoifootball.com/2017/02/17/ubong-friday-set-to-start-against-gombe-united/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ubong Friday meriri na Matchday 21 Ụtụ isi bara uru (VAT) Wonder Ebumnuche inye ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) maka ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya na mmeri 3 n'ụlọ ya na ABS na Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, Uyo na Sunday, 28 May 2017 Friday meriri asọmpi site na FC Ifeanyi onye na-aga n'ihu, Godwin Obaje na onye na-agba ọsọ Niger Tornadoes, Wilfred Ammeh na ntuli aka e mere na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ LMC na Twitter n'etiti Thursday, 1 June na Sunday, 4 June 2017. Onye winger na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge, ụkwụ aka nri n'akụkụ aka ekpe, nke na-abanye n'azụ ụgbụ, na-ahapụ onye na-edebe ya n'enweghị enyemaka na ihere. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ dọtara pasent 41 nke ngụkọta vootu na ''Twitter''. Ndị ọzọ na-atụ vootu (''47''%) họọrọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ Godwin Obaje na mmeri FC Ifeanyiubah meriri Kano Pillars, ebe pasent ''12'' fọdụrụnụ na-aga Wilfred Ammeh nke Niger Tornadoes. Na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NPFL (www.NPFL.ng), Otú ọ dị, pasentị 81.1 nke ndị na-atụ vootu kwadoro ihe mgbaru ọsọ Friday, ebe Obaje na Ammeh nwetara pasent 12.4 na 6.5 n'otu n'otu. Ngụkọta nke ndị na-eme ntụli aka 337 sonyere site na njikwa Twitter nke NPFL, ebe 635 vootu na ntuli aka weebụsaịtị. E depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ atọ ahụ site na ngụkọta nke 23 a gbara n'ụbọchị egwuregwu 21.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/06/vat-wonder-goal-ubong-friday-beats-obaje-to-clinch-award/|title=VAT Wonder Goal Ubong Friday beats Obaje to clinch Award|work=VanguardNgr.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://africa.espn.com/soccer/nigeria-professional-league/story/3139906/ubong-friday-wins-npfl-vat-wonder-goal|title=Ubong Friday wins NPFL VAT Wonder Goal|work=Africa.ESPN.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Ubong nyeere Akwa United aka ịpụta ndị mmeri nke Federation Cup maka oge nke abụọ, na 2017. Akwa United n'okpuru Abdu Maikabań meriri Niger Tornadoes 3 na penalties na ngwụcha na Agege Ama egwuregwu na Sunday, 15 Ọktoba, mgbe oge oge na-agwụ na-enweghị goolu. Mmeri nke 2017 Federations Cup mere ka onye mmeri nke Nigeria FA Cup ugboro abụọ ruo eru maka iko CAF Njikọ aka nke abụọ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/amp/news/akwa-united-are-2017-federation-cup-champions/1lopdanl8sigs1p76ch2l4blhr|title=Akwa United are 2017 Federation Cup Champions|work=Goal.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> ''ScoreNigeria'' họpụtara Ubong Friday dị ka Star nke 201718 NPFL Week 5, mgbe o biputara mmeri nwoke nke egwuregwu na Akwa United meriri Kwara United na Sunday, 28 Jenụwarị 2018, iji bulie ndị Ndị nche nkwa n'elu tebụl. Ubong gbara goolu ma nyere Akwa United aka idekọ mmeri doro anya n'ihu ndị na-akwado ha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://scorenigeria.com.ng/2018/01/31/scorenigeria-npfl-week-5-star-friday-ubong-akwa-united/|title=ScoreNigeria NPFL Week 5 Star Friday Ubong Akwa United|work=ScoreNigeria.com|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203005933/http://scorenigeria.com.ng/2018/01/31/scorenigeria-npfl-week-5-star-friday-ubong-akwa-united/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na Sọnde, 8 Eprel 2018, onye na-aga n'ihu merụrụ ahụ n'ọkpụkpụ azụ na 2018 CAF Confederation Cup playoff, nke mbụ n'ụlọ megide klọb Sudanese Al Hilal, ma wepụ ya na egwuregwu Akwa United's NPFL nke ụbọchị iri na itoolu na Enyimba na U.J. Esuene Stadium, [[Calabar]] na Sọnde. 29 Eprel 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/amp/news/akwa-uniteds-ubong-friday-kodjo-dadzie-to-miss-enyimba-tie/l3h5cskx204314i2h7t5ic2wq|title=Akwa United Ubong Friday, Kodjo Dadzie to miss Enyimba tie|work=Goal.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Ubong Friday malitere ma mechaa Akwa United nke mbụ nke 2018 CAF Confederation Cup preliminary tie, ka ha meriri 2X1 na-eleta Hawks FC nke Gambia, na Sunday, 11 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://234football.com/2018/02/12/caf-confederation-cup-hawks-frustrate-akwa/|title=CAF Confederation Cup Hawks Frustrate Akwa United|work=234football.com|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2019-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129005854/https://234football.com/2018/02/12/caf-confederation-cup-hawks-frustrate-akwa/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/match.php?id=5907336|title=Preliminary Round, First Leg – Akwa United vs Hawks FC|work=Leballonrond.fr|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2019-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191251/https://www.leballonrond.fr/match.php?id=5907336|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ubong gbara bọọlụ niile megide Hawks FC, dịka onye Olisema na Independence Stadium, Bakau na 21 Febụwarị 2018, nyere Akwa United mmeri 3 na 2 n'elu klọb Gambia na ịgafe na agba nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/hawks-v-akwa-united/dg2vp2jywbd5xjr9vy8jknmne|title=Preliminary Round, Second Leg – Hawks FC vs Akwa United|work=www.Goal.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/jogo.php?id=5907358&redirm=1|title=Preliminary Round, Second Leg – Hawks FC vs Akwa United|work=Leballonrond.fr|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2019-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191433/https://www.leballonrond.fr/jogo.php?id=5907358&redirm=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adeshina Gata nọchiri Ubong na nkeji nke iri asatọ, nkeji atọ tupu Muaid Eisa enwee naanị goolu nke egwuregwu ahụ na Al-Ittihad 1 Tian0 mmeri Akwa United.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/match.php?id=5975179|title=First round, First Leg – Al-Ittihad Club vs Akwa United|work=Leballonrond.fr|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2019-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191351/https://www.leballonrond.fr/match.php?id=5975179|url-status=dead}}</ref> Onye nkuzi Abdu Maikaba jiri Adeshina Gata dochie Ubong Friday na nkeji nke 71, ka Akwa United meriri 1o0 site na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke nkeji nke 46 nke Aniekeme Asuquo, iji gaa n'ọkwa na ngụkọta, tupu ọ banye Al-Ittihad 3o2 na penalties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/match.php?id=5975194|title=First round, Second Leg – Akwa vs Al-Ittihad club|work=Leballonrond.fr|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Ubong gbara naanị nkeji iri anọ na atọ n'ime ọkara mbụ, ebe Akwa United dara Al-Hilal na agba nke abụọ (agba nke iri atọ na abụọ), agba nke mbụ, na Al-Hlal Stadium na Sọnde 8 Eprel 2018. Victor Mbaoma nọchiri ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/jogo.php?id=5990895&op=7|title=Round of 32, Second Leg – Al-Hilal vs Akwa United|work=Leballonrond.fr|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2019-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129005928/https://www.leballonrond.fr/jogo.php?id=5990895&op=7|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ubong Friday merụrụ ahụ n'ọkpụkpụ ụkwụ nkeji iri atọ na anọ n'ime egwuregwu ahụ, Katoh Haggai nọchiri ya, dịka Akwa United meriri Al-Hilal n'agba nke iri atọ na abụọ na Godswill Akpabio International Stadium na Sọnde, abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Eprel 2018. Goolu mbụ nke Denis Nya na ọkara mmerụ ahụ na Michael Ibe na ọkara nke abụọ ezughị iji kpọga Akwa United n'ọkwa otu, dịka goolu nkeji iri abụọ na asatọ nke Al-Hilal Mohammed Bashir gosipụtara na ọ dị mkpa, na-eme ka klọb Sudan ruo eru na iwu goolu ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/match.php?id=5990911|title=Round of 32, Second Leg – Akwa United vs Al-Hilal club|work=Leballonrond.fr|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2019-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191429/https://www.leballonrond.fr/match.php?id=5990911|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Lori === Na 5 Machị 2019, otu egwuregwu Premier League nke Armenia bụ Lori FC kwupụtara mbinye aka nke Friday na nkwekọrịta afọ 3.5.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ֆրայդի Ուբոնգը՝ "Լոռիի" ֆուտբոլիստ|url=http://fclori.am/%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A4%D5%AB-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A8%D5%9D-%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%AB-%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF/|work=fclori.am|publisher=Lori FC|accessdate=6 March 2019|language=Armenian|date=5 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234923/http://fclori.am/%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A4%D5%AB-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A8%D5%9D-%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%AB-%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF/}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Onye nkuzi Salisu Yusuf họọrọ Friday n'akụkụ ndị egwuregwu NPFL 17 ndị ọzọ maka '''2017 WAFU Cup''' nke Ghana kwadoro.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brila.net/salisu-picks-ezenwa-eduwo-ali-15-others-wafu-cup/amp/|title=Salisu Picks Ezenwa, Eduwo, Ali, 15 others for WAFU Cup|work=Brila.net|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-date=2019-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129181306/https://www.brila.net/salisu-picks-ezenwa-eduwo-ali-15-others-wafu-cup/amp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ubong Friday nọchiri Samuel Matthias nkeji iri na ise n'ime oge nke abụọ ka Naịjirịa kụrụ [[Sierra Leone]] 2 na mpaghara WAFU A, agba nke mbụ na Cape Coast Sports Stadium na Mọnde, 11 Septemba 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://foxsportsafrica.com/match/centre/46819/Nigeria-vs-Sierra-Leone|title=WAFU 2017 First Round – Sierraleone vs Nigeria|work=FoxSportsAfrica.com|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128194455/http://foxsportsafrica.com/match/centre/46819/Nigeria-vs-Sierra-Leone|archive-date=2019-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ubong Friday gbara bọọlụ niile nke Naịjirịa 0X0 draw na Mali na agba nke abụọ, na-emeghe egwuregwu na Thursday, 14 Septemba 2017, na-amalite n'akụkụ ndị otu ya n'oge ahụ, Aremu Afeez, Ifeanyi Ifeanyi na Gabriel Okechukwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mobile.ghanasoccernet.com/2017-wafu-nations-cup-mali-dominate-but-draw-0-0-with-nigeria-in-group-a|title=WAFU 2017 Group A Matchday 1 – Mali vs Nigeria|work=GhanaSoccerNet.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> N'egwuregwu nke abụọ, Ubong nọchiri Samuel Mathias nkeji iri abụọ na otu n'ime ọkara nke abụọ, ka Naịjirịa na Syli Nationale nke [[Guinea]] gbara bọọlụ na-enweghị goolu. Ubong Friday bidoro nke abụọ ya na asọmpi ahụ, ka Naịjirịa meriri ndị ọbịa, Ghana 2o0 iji gaa na ọkara ikpeazụ, site na goolu nke Anthony Okpotu na Peter Eneji. Samuel Mathias nọchiri ya nkeji asatọ ruo na njedebe nke oge iwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://foxsportsafrica.com/match/centre/47667/Ghana-vs-Nigeria|title=WAFU 2017 Group A Matchday 3 – Ghana vs Nigeria|work=FoxSportsAfrica.com|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128210010/http://foxsportsafrica.com/match/centre/47667/Ghana-vs-Nigeria|archive-date=2019-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://africa.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/20748059/super-eagles-fly-wafu-cup-semifinals|title=WAFU 2017 Group A Matchday 3 – Ghana vs Nigeria|work=Africa.ESPN.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Ubong Friday sonyere na esemokwu nke ọkara ikpeazụ megide Benin Republic, ebe onye na-eti mkpu nke ọkara mbụ nke Rabiu Ali mere ka Naịjirịa banye na nke ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aclsports.com/wafu-cup-rabiu-ali-sends-nigeria-tournaments-final/|title=WAFU 2017 Semi-final – Benin Republic vs Nigeria|work=ACLSports.com|accessdate=2019-01-27}}</ref> Ubong Friday malitere na mmeri Naịjirịa meriri ndị ọbịa ya, Ghana na ngwụcha na Cape Coast Sports Stadium na Sọnde, 24 Septemba 2017. E debere ya na nkeji nke iri abụọ na ise, Gabriel Okechukwu mechara dochie ya na mbido ọkara nke abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://foxsportsafrica.com/match/centre/47763/Ghana-vs-Nigeria#tabs1-stats|title=WAFU 2017 Final – Ghana vs Nigeria|work=FoxSportsAfrica.com|accessdate=2019-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202204/https://foxsportsafrica.com/match/centre/47763/Ghana-vs-Nigeria#tabs1-stats|archive-date=2018-12-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == === Klọb === * '''Iko FA nke Naịjirịa: 2''' :: Iko Mba Ọzọ nke 2015 :: Iko Aiteo 2017 === Mba === * '''Iko Mba WAFU''' ** Ghana 2017 Azụmaahịa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] swjhdmj3mu2nfe9eehr7uurlb1rt591 3 24336 736927 433330 2026-10-09T15:54:27Z Goodymeraj 16207 736927 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka == {| style="background-color: #CEF2D4; border: 10px solid Green;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Bronzewiki 2 za zásluhy.png|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Onye ntụgharị Ukwu nke afọ 2022''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Anyị n'ekele gị maka ọrụ ị na-arụ na <span class="plainlinks">[https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 Wikipidia Igbo]</span>. '''Daalụ maka ịtụgharị edemede karịrị otu nari'''. Ị mere nke ọma, jisie ike! [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 11:04, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC) |} Received with grateful heart and thanks to the organizers [[Senator Choko|Senator Choko]] [[Senator Choko |talk]] [[Ọbanife:Senator Choko|Senator Choko]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Senator Choko|ṅkátá]]) 07:47, 29 Disemba 2022 (UTC) == Kusasi language == Hi! I saw that you have created the article [[Kusasi language]]. Thank you for translating it! It looks like it has an English title. The word "language" is definitely English and not Igbo. I also suspect that "Kusasi" is probably not the right name in any language, and I suggested renaming it in English. As far as I know, this language is usually called "Kusaal", but you're free to choose any name that sounds right in Igbo. [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|ṅkátá]]) 08:16, 1 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC) Thanks for the information... [[User: Senator Choko|Senator Choko]] [[Ọbanife:Senator Choko|Senator Choko]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Senator Choko|ṅkátá]]) 10:15, 1 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear Wikimedian, You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process. This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&oldid=26721207 --> == Duplicate pages? == Hi, just to confirm if this [[Event:African_Young_Celebrities_Wikipedia_Editathon]] is related to and a duplicate of [[Event:African_Young_and_Influential_Wikipedia_Editathon]]? Daalu. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 02:43, 26 Julaị 2025 (UTC) :Hello, yea it's related, i forgot to login before creating the first event page (African young and inflential wikipedia editathon) pls help me delete it. we are working with this now.... [[Event:African Young Celebrities Wikipedia Editathon]] [[Ojiarụ:Senator Choko|Senator Choko]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Senator Choko|ṅkátá]]) 10:03, 26 Julaị 2025 (UTC) ::{{done}}. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 21:54, 26 Julaị 2025 (UTC) ==Appreciation for Meeting Reminder== Thank you for the reminder. Well recieved. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 16:54, 09 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) fmf260jlujxkb05cpnuq5b8f5yll4rr 0 24407 736957 577704 2026-10-09T22:38:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Wana Udobang''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Wana Wana''', bụ onye edemede [[Naijiria]], onye na-ede uri, onye nta akụkọ, onye na'eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onyonyo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/wana-udobang-radio-poet-oap/|title=I may one day go back to being a radio presenter, says Wana Udobang|date=27 June 2017|work=TheCable Lifestyle|first=Ijeoma|author=Onyemaechi|accessdate=23 November 2017}}</ref> Ọrụ ya apụtala na BBC, Al Jazeera, ''Huffington Post'', ''[[BellaNaija]]'', na ''The Guardian'', A kọwawo ya dị ka "otu n'ime ndị mmeri kachasị ukwuu nke okwu ọhụrụ anyị na-ekwu okwu na-abanye n'ime oghere".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06s7xct/episodes/guide|title=Writing a New Nigeria – Episode guide – BBC Radio 4|publisher=BBC|accessdate=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/feb/21/from-exorcism-to-acceptance-lgbt-life-in-nigeria|title='The exorcism was over in 15 minutes but nothing changed' – LGBT life in Nigeria|author=Udobang|first=Wana|date=21 February 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="TheNative">{{Cite news|url=http://thenativemag.com/music/wana-udobang-in-memory-of-forgetting/|title=Essentials: Wana Udobang's 'In Memory Of Forgetting' is not a feminist album, it is so much more|first=Edwin|author=Okolo|date=5 September 2017|work=The Native|accessdate=23 November 2017}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na [[Lagos]], obodo di na Naịjirịa, Udobang gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere mbụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ na Mahadum maka nka okike. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na BBC World Service dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri n'onwe ya. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha na Wise Buddah Productions, Above the Title Productions, na Somethin 'Else. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Lagos, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na 92.3 Inspiration FM na Lagos, Naịjirịa, ruo afọ isii dị ka onye na-egosi n'redio na onye na-emepụta ihe. E bipụtara ''[[Brittle Paper|akụkọ]]'' ifo ya na uri ya na Brittle Paper na ebe ndị ọzọ n'ịntanetị na n'akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na [https://farafinatrust.org/ Farafina Creative Writers Workshop] nke [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] na-eme kwa afọ. Dị ka onye na-ede uri, ọ na-eme ihe nkiri ngosi na gburugburu Naịjirịa. Abọm okwu mbụ ya, nke e wepụtara na 2013, akpọrọ ''Dirty Laundry'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jaguda.com/music-mp3/spoken-word-wana-udobang-sale/|title=Spoken Word With Wana Udobang In 'Not For Sale'|work=jaguda.com|date=6 October 2013|accessdate=23 November 2017|archivedate=20 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720025337/http://jaguda.com/music-mp3/spoken-word-wana-udobang-sale/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wanawana.net/tag/dirty-laundry/|title=dirty laundry – WanaWana|work=wanawana.net|accessdate=23 November 2017|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080856/http://wanawana.net/tag/dirty-laundry/}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, o wepụtara abọm nke abụọ, nke akpọrọ In ''Memory of Forgetting'' . A kọwawo abọm ahụ dị ka "onye nwere obi ike n'ụzọ dị egwu", "ụda nkịta ụmụ nwanyị" nke na-agba gburugburu "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzogide, mmeri na ọgụ ha, mmerụ ahụ ha na ngosipụta nke Kraịst.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/keside-anosike-insight-wana-udobangs-spoken-word-album-memory-forgetting/|title=Keside Anosike: An Insight into Wana Udobang's Spoken Word Album – In Memory of Forgetting|work=bellanaija.com|date=11 September 2017|accessdate=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://filterfree.ng/wana-udobangs-memory-forgetting-spoken-word-album-tells-reality-grimly/|title=Wana Udobang's "In Memory of Forgetting" Spoken Word Album Tells Reality Grimly|date=17 August 2017|work=FilterFree|accessdate=23 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331044556/http://filterfree.ng/wana-udobangs-memory-forgetting-spoken-word-album-tells-reality-grimly/|archive-date=31 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TheNative"/> Udobang na-akọwa ya dị ka "nchịkọta nke ncheta na-agagharị na ahụmịhe nke sitere na ebe ndị na-adịghị mma na ajụjụ na imezigharị onwe onye".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/08/starts-writing-honestly-conversation-wana-udobang-kla-tubsun/|title=It Starts From Writing Honestly {{!}} A Conversation with Wana Udobang {{!}} By Kọ́lá Túbọ̀sún|date=23 August 2017|work=Brittle Paper|accessdate=23 November 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara Wana ka ọ sonye na 54th International Writing Program Fall Residency na Mahadum Iowa, site n'enyemaka nke United States Department of State. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị edemede Naijiria 35 esonyewo na IWP Fall Residency. Nke a bụ ndị ama ama n'etiti ha bụ Elechi Amadi (1973), [[Cyprian Ekwensi]] (1974), Ola Rotimi (1980), Femi Osofisan (1986), Niyi Osundare (1988), Festus Iyayi (1990), [[Lola Shoneyin]] (1999), Obari Gomba (2016) na Tade Ipadeola (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/nigerian-udobang-selected-for-prestigious-international-writing-programme/|title=Nigerian, Udobang, selected for prestigious International Writing Programme|work=Vanguard|date=21 July 2020|accessdate=2 February 2021}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references group="" responsive="0"></references>     [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1whfsh8ln5lxj15twe87928d7gjta8u 0 24891 736954 579923 2026-10-09T22:24:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ihe mkpofu efu bụ usoro ụkpụrụ ndị lekwasịrị anya na mgbochi mkpofu nke na-agba ume imezigharị usoro ndụ ihe onwunwe ka e wee jiri ngwaahịa niile e kwesiri ikpofu ekpofu mee ihe (ya bụ, na-eji ya eme ihe) na / ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee '''ihe''' ọzọ. Ebumnuche nke mmegharị ahụ bụ izere izipu ihe mkpofu n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ebe a na-ere ọkụ, oké osimiri, ma ọ bụ akụkụ ọ bụla ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị 9% nke plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ ka a na-emegharị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plastic pollution is growing relentlessly as waste management and recycling fall short, says OECD|url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/plastic-pollution-is-growing-relentlessly-as-waste-management-and-recycling-fall-short.htm#:~:text=Only%209%25%20of%20plastic%20waste,is%20disposed%20of%20as%20residues).|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=www.oecd.org}}</ref> N'ime usoro ihe mkpofu efu, a ga-eji ihe mee ihe ndị ọzọga ba ụrụ ruo mgbe a ga-enweta ọkwa kachasị mma. Nkọwa nke ''Zero Waste International Alliance'' (ZWIA) nabatara bụ: == Cradle-to-Grave == Ihe a na-akpọ cradle-to-grave bụ ihe nlereanya nke na-amalite site na iwepụta ihe, na-aga n'ihu na mmepụta ngwaahịa, ma na-ejedebe na "ili" ma ọ bụ ebe/ala a na-ekpofu ihe. Cradle-to-grave dị iche na ihe ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa, nke a na-emegharị n'ime ngwaahịa ọhụrụ na njedebe nke ndụ ha ka n'ikpeazụ ghara inwe ihe mkpofu.<ref name="McDonough">{{Cite web|author=McDonough, W.|date=2003|title=The cradle-to-cradle alternative.|url=http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg|accessdate=2014-04-02|archivedate=2016-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325105318/http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg}}</ref> Ihe mkpofu efu na-akwalite na ọ bụghị naanị iji ya eme ihe ọzọ na imegharị ihe, kamakwa, nke kachasị mkpa, ọ na-akpali mgbochi na atụmatụ ngwaahịa nke na-atụle usoro ndụ ngwaahịa niile. Ihe mkpofu efu designs na-agba mbọ maka mbelata ojiji ihe onwunwe, ojiji nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma, ndụ ngwaahịa dị ogologo, nrụzi, na ịdị mfe nke ịkpụkọta na njedebe nke ndụ. Ihe mkpofu efu na-akwado nkwado siri ike site na ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi, belata ọnụahịa na ịmepụta ọrụ ndị ọzọ na njikwa na njikwa ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe onwunwa, usoro mmepụta ihe, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ obibi. Uru ndị na-akwado ya na-atụ aro gụnyere: * Ịchekwa ego. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe mkpofu bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, mbelata nke ihe mkpofu nwere ike belata ọnụahịa. * Ọganihu dị ngwa. Atụmatụ na-enweghị ihe mkpofu na-eme ka usoro mmepụta dị mma ma na-emeziwanye usoro mgbochi gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike iduga n'ịga n'ime usoro buru ibu, nke ọhụrụ. * Ọ na-akwado nkwado. Atụmatụ na-enweghị ihe mkpofu na-akwado ihe mgbaru ọsọ atọ a nabatara n'ozuzu maka nkwado - ọdịmma akụ na ụba, nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịmma ọha na eze. * Mmụba nke ihe onwunwe. Atụmatụ na-enweghị ihe mkpofu ga-eji ihe ọhụrụ ole na ole ma ghara iziga ihe mkpofu na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe. Ihe ọ bụla a na-emebi emebi ga-alaghachi dị ka ihe a ga-eji mee ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe a gafere emebi ma ọ bụ ga-adaba adaba maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka compost. == Ahụike == Isi okwu na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa bụ hydrogen sulfide, nke a na-ewepụta site na mbibi nke ihe mkpofu. Nnyocha egosila njikọ dị mma n'etiti mmụba nke ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nke ọrịa di iche iche di ka oria kansa akpa ume na mmụba ọrịa na ọnwụ metụtara ọrịa iku ume maka mmetuta hydrogen sulfide. Nnyocha ndị a gosikwara na hydrogen sulfide na-abawanye na nso nso ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mataloni|first=F.|date=2016|title=Morbidity and mortality of people who live close to municipal waste landfills: a multisite cohort study|url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-epidemiology_2016-06_45_3/page/806|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|volume=45|issue=3|pages=806–15|doi=10.1093/ije/dyw052|pmid=27222499}}</ref> Nsogbu ahụike metụtara ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa gunyere ndia: * Nkwarụ ọmụmụ, ịdị arọ dị ala, na ikpughe na particulates na nitrogen dioxide na-ejikọta na nso nso nke ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa. * Ọrịa iku ume na ọrịa kansa akpa ume nwere njikọ na ntọhapụ nke hydrogen sulfide site na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Mgbasa ahụ nwetara ezigbo mgbasa ozi ma ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na 1998 - 2002, ma kemgbe ahụ ọ na-aga site na "echiche gaa n'omume" site n'ilekwasị anya n'otú "obodo na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla" [dị ka onye?] si hazie ma na-akpa àgwà. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Zero Waste International Alliance nwere ndepụta nke obodo dị iche iche n'ụwa niile nke mepụtara iwu ọha na eze iji kwalite omume mkpofu efu. E nwere otu ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị ihe mkpofu aha ya bụ GrassRoots Recycling Network nke na-etinye ụlọ ọrụ na nzukọ banyere ọrụ na-adịghị ihe mkpofu. [[Usòrò:Zero_waste.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ihe mbido ihe mkpofu efu nke gụnyere: karama mmiri a na-eji eme ihe ọzọ, efere a na-ejikarị eme ihe ọzọ.]] [[Usòrò:Glass_milk_bottles.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Bottle mmiri ara ehi a na-eweghachi]] == Ijikọ ihe ọzọ na composting == Ọ dị mkpa ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti imegharị ihe site na Zero Waste. Omume a na-ahụkarị nke imegharị ihe bụ naanị itinye karama, ite, akwụkwọ, na nkwakọba ihe n'ime ihe ndị a na-emegharị ihe. Ụdị nke oge a nke imegharị ihe dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-agụnye ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ nke ego na nkwado gọọmentị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkọ 2007 nke US Environmental Protection Agency na-ekwu na US na-emegharị ihe na ọnụego mba nke 33.5% ma tinye ihe ndị e ji compost mee na ọnụ ọgụgụ a. Na mgbakwunye, e mepụtara ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ahịa mba dị iche iche iji jikwaa ihe ndị a rụgharịrị arụgharị. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-ekwu na a na-emebiga ihe ókè mgbe ụfọdụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na itinye ala na ihe ndị dị ndụ iji kpuchie ihe mkpofu kwa ụbọchị, na kọlụm "megharị". == Ógbè ndị na-enweghị ihe mkpofu == Gọọmentị dị iche iche ekwuputala ihe mkpofu efu dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ, gụnyere: * Brazil ** Florianópolis, Santa Catarina * Canada ** Vancouver<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/vancouver-votes-to-ban-single-use-straws-foam-cups-and-take-out-containers-1.3933955|title=Vancouver votes to ban single-use straws, foam cups and take-out containers|date=May 17, 2018|work=[[CTV News]]|accessdate=July 28, 2018}}</ref> (lee Zero Waste 2040 Strategy) * Ịtali ** Capannori, Tuscany<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/05/pioneering-italian-town-leads-europe-in-waste-recycling/|title=Pioneering Italian Town Leads Europe in Waste Recycling|date=17 May 2013|work=[[Inter Press Service]]|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Kamikatsucho-zero-waste-center.jpeg|thumb|Kamikatsu Zero Waste Center, nke e ji ihe ndị a rụgharịrị arụgharị rụọ n'onwe ya]] * Japan ** Kamikatsu, Tokushima na-emegharị 80% nke ihe mkpofu ya na Kamikatsu Zero Waste Center, ma na-achọ ihe mkpofu efu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASNDL77L1NDLPTLC01B.html|title=ごみゼロへ新たな宣言 上勝町 徳島：朝日新聞デジタル|date=18 December 2020|accessdate=4 April 2023|archivedate=4 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404180221/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASNDL77L1NDLPTLC01B.html}}</ref> * Sweden (Ala sara mbara) * United States ** Austin, Texas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Trash_and_Recycling/MasterPlan_Final_12.30.pdf|title=Austin Resource Recovery Master Plan|date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> ** Boulder, Colorado<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-static.bouldercolorado.gov/docs/Zero-Waste-Strategic-Plan-Action-Plan-Web-1-201604131208.pdf?_ga=2.98671070.1991020725.1527005153-1422738164.1527005153|title=City of Boulder Zero Waste Strategic Plan|date=November 2015|accessdate=2018-05-22|archivedate=2018-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523011632/https://www-static.bouldercolorado.gov/docs/Zero-Waste-Strategic-Plan-Action-Plan-Web-1-201604131208.pdf?_ga=2.98671070.1991020725.1527005153-1422738164.1527005153}}</ref> ** Fort Collins, Colorado<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcgov.com/recycling/pdf/RoadtoZeroWasteReport_FINAL.pdf|title=Road to Zero Waste Plan|author=Zero Waste Associates|date=December 2013}}</ref> ** Chula Vista, California<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zero Waste {{!}} City of Chula Vista|url=https://www.chulavistaca.gov/departments/clean/environmental-services/zero-waste|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=www.chulavistaca.gov|archivedate=2022-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315031709/https://www.chulavistaca.gov/departments/clean/environmental-services/zero-waste}}</ref> ** Minneapolis, Minnesota<ref>{{Cite web|author=Minneapolis|first=City of|title=Zero Waste|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/programs-initiatives/zero-waste/|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=www.minneapolismn.gov|language=en}}</ref> ** San Francisco, [[California]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sfenvironment.org/sites/default/files/editor-uploads/zero_waste/pdf/resolutionzerowastedate.pdf|title=Resolution Setting Zero Waste Date|date=March 6, 2003|work=SF Environment|accessdate=April 4, 2023|archivedate=March 20, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320151807/https://sfenvironment.org/sites/default/files/editor-uploads/zero_waste/pdf/resolutionzerowastedate.pdf}}</ref> ** San Jose, California<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/transforming-waste-tool/how-communities-have-defined-zero-waste|title=How Communities Have Defined Zero Waste|work=EPA|date=December 2016}}</ref> == Ụlọ ahịa nwere ihe mkpofu efu == Ụlọ ahịa ndị na-ere ahịa na-ahụ maka ngwaahịa ndị nwere ihe mkpofu efu emegheela na mba dị iche iche, gụnyere [[Spain]] na [[United States]].<ref>[https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/07/27/business/meet-maria-camila-vasco-23-year-old-who-opened-bostons-first-zero-waste-store/ Meet Maria Camila Vasco, the 23-year-old who opened Boston’s first zero-waste store]</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Bea Johnson * Ime compost * Mgbasa Ozi Gburugburu Ebe Obibi * Igbe ndị na-elekọta ụmụaka * Obere ihe mkpofu * Paul Connett * Ọpụpụ nke akpa plastik dị arọ * Ime ihe tupu oge eruo * Mbelata nke isi iyi * [[Ojiji nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adịgide adịgide|Nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide]] * Òtù ndị a tụfuru atụfu * Ihe mkpofu * Ọnụ ego ndụ ya niile * Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ihe mkpofu * Ụdị ejiji na-enweghị ihe mkpofu * Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mbelata ihe mkpofu]] 0hcrtd38m2xva0j70e2l2so1g6swktc 0 24986 736933 596177 2026-10-09T18:30:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Tony Oludewa Skinn''' (amụrụ ya na Febụwarị 8, 1983) bụ onye nkuzi [[basketball]] nke Naijiria na America na onye bụbu onye egwuregwu. Ọ na-agba basket bọọlụ na George Mason Patriots site n'afọ 2003 na 2006, mgbe e mesịrị na-egwuregwu ọkachamara ruo afọ isii. Skinn bụ onye isi nchịkwa basketball ụmụ nwoke ugbu a na alma mater ya, Mahadum George Mason. A mụrụ ya na Lagos, Naịjirịa, Skinn na ezinụlọ ya kwagara United States mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ. == Ọrụ kọleji == N'oge kachasị elu ya, Skinn nwetara akara 12.6, 3.5 rebounds, na 2.8 assists kwa egwuregwu. Oge ahụ gosipụtara site na ọsọ dị ịtụnanya nke Patriots na Final Four. O nwetara akara 23 dị elu n'oge egwuregwu wee gbaa akara atọ na 10.8 sekọnd fọdụrụ, na egwuregwu ESPN BracketBusters nke GMU megide Wichita State na Febụwarị 18, 2006, n'ikpeazụ na-eme ka ndị Patriots daa na USA Today / ESPN nke iri abuo na ise nke mbu maka oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ndị Patriots weputara ndekọ 23-7 n'oge oge, ọ bụ ezie na ha emeghị mmeri na asọmpi basket bọọlụ nke ụmụ nwoke nke afọ 2006 CAA, e nyere ha nnukwu bid mbụ nke mmemme ahụ dị ka mkpụrụ 11. Esemokwu sochiri Skinn, agbanyeghị, mgbe ọ kụchara onye nche na-emegide Loren Stokes na ukwu na 55 sekọnd fọdụrụ na egwuregwu GMU megide Hofstra na ọkara nke asọmpi ọgbakọ ọgbakọ Colonial Athletic Association..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wojciechowski|first=Gene|title=Skinn sorry, but Stokes remembers ill-fated punch|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/columns/story?columnist=wojciechowski_gene&id=2392170|work=ESPN.com|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=27 May 2015}}</ref> GMU meriri egwuregwu ahụ, 58-49 mana e nyere GMU mkpụrụ nke iri na otu na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], DC mpaghara nke 2006 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, ebe Skinn, na-eje ozi otu egwuregwu maka ihe Stokes mere, na-ele ka ndị otu ya na-ewe iwe nke isii Michigan State, 75-65.<ref name="post19Mar2006">{{Cite news|author=Powell|first=Camille|title=For George Mason, It's Skinn's Game|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/18/AR2006031801485.html|accessdate=1 July 2010|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=19 March 2006}}</ref> Na ọsọ GMU na Final Four, Skinn nwetara akara asatọ megide onye na-agbachitere onye mmeri North Carolina na agba nke abụọ, akara 14 na mmeghachi omume megide Wichita State na Sweet Sixteen, akara 10 megide UConn kachasị elu na Elite Eight, na akara nke iri na anọ megide ndị mmeri asọmpi azụ azụ Florida Gators. Mgbe GMU's Elite Eight meriri, Skinn gwara ndị nta akụkọ na Coach Jim Larranaga chụpụrụ ndị egwuregwu ya site n'ịgwa ha na ndị egwuregwu UConn amaghị ọbụna ọgbakọ ndị Patriots si bịa. "Nke ahụ bụ obere enweghị nkwanye ùgwù," Skinn kọrọ. "Coach gwara anyị na CAA na-anọchite anya 'Connecticut Assassin Association'.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wahl|first=Grant|title=11th Heaven|url=https://vault.si.com/vault/2006/04/03/11th-heaven|work=Sports Illustrated|date=April 3, 2006|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410193527/https://vault.si.com/vault/2006/04/03/11th-heaven|archive-date=April 10, 2023|access-date=April 10, 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọkachamara ya == N'afọ 2006, Skinn bịnyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta iji soro klọb Croatian Split, nke Njikọ Adriatic gwuo egwu, mgbe etinyeghị ya na 2006 NBA Draft. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2007, a kpọrọ Skinn ka ọ gbaa basket bọọlụ na Orlando Magic na Orlando Summer League . N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2008, ọ bịanyere aka na Gravelines Dunkerque Basket na French Pro A league, na-edekọ ọkwa kachasị elu nke 16.6 n'egwuregwu ọ bụla, 3.8 nyere aka n'egwú ọ bụla, ma na-agbapụ pesenti iri anọ na atọ site na 3PT. N'August 5, 2009, ọ bịnyere aka na Pistoia Basket nke Italian Second Division. N'October 1, 2010, Skinn bịnyere aka na New Yorker Phantoms nke German League. Mgbe ahụ, ya na Ironi Ashkelon gbara basket bọọlụ na Njikọ Israel. == Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa == Na Julaị 8, 2012, ndị otu basketball nke mba Naijiria meriri Dominican Republic, iji nweta ebe ikpeazụ na 2012 Summer Olympics. Dị ka onye na-eche nche maka otu ahụ, Skinn nwetara akara 10.0 n'egwuregwu ọ bụla na FIBA Olympic qualifiers. N'egwuregwu ahụ megide ndị otu mba United States, Naịjirịa meriri egwuregwu ahụ site na akara 83, 156-73. Ọ bụ ụkọ kacha ukwuu site n'aka otu ndị meriri na ndekọ Olympic ọhụrụ maka ọtụtụ isi akara na egwuregwu United States. Ọ bụ ezie na arụmọrụ ndị otu mba Naijiria adịchaghị mma, Skinn bụ onye na-eme ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe kacha echefu echefu n'oge asọmpi Olympic 2012 megide onye nche United States James Harden. == Ọrụ nkuzi == === Ụlọ Nzukọ Seton === Mgbe ọ nọrọ oge atọ dị ka onye na-enyere onye nkuzi aka maka otu egwuregwu basketball ụmụ nwoke nke Louisiana Tech Bulldogs, Kevin Willard were Skinn n'ọrụ ka ọ bụrụ onye na-enye aka onye nkuzi na Seton Hall Pirates na Nnọkọ nke Big East.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Carino|first=Jerry|title=Seton Hall basketball: Tony Skinn joins coaching staff, bringing D.C. ties|url=https://www.app.com/story/sports/college/2018/04/19/seton-hall-basketball-tony-skinn-joins-coaching-staff-bringing-d-c-ties/530577002/|accessdate=April 19, 2018|publisher=Asbury Park Press|date=April 19, 2018}}</ref> === Steeti Ohio === Na Mee 20, 2021, mgbe ọ nọsịrị oge atọ na Seton Hall, akpọrọ Skinn dị ka onye nchịkwa nchịkwa na Ohio State.na-anọchi Terry Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buckeyextra.com/story/mens-basketball/2021/05/20/tony-skinn-hired-new-ohio-state-assistant-basketball-coach/5181211001/|first=Adam|author=Jardy|title=Ohio State to hire Tony Skinn from Seton Hall as new assistant men's basketball coach|work=BuckeyeXtra}}</ref> === Maryland === Na Machị 23, 2022 goro Skinn ka ọ bụrụ onye nnyemaaka onye nkuzi na Mahadum Maryland na-ejikọta ya na Kevin Willard onye ọ jere ozi n'okpuru dịka onye enyemaka na mbụ na Seton Hall. [https://247sports.com/college/ohio-state/Article/Tony-Skinn-leaves-Ohio-State-basketball-to-become-assistant-coach-at-Maryland-Terrapins-184916216/ https://247sports.com/college/ohio-state/Article/Tony-Skinn-leaves-Ohio-State-basketball-to-become-onye enyemaka-onye nkuzi-at-Maryland-Terrapins-184916216/] === George Mason === Na Machị 30, 2023, a kwupụtara Skinn dị ka onye isi nchịkwa ọhụrụ na alma mater ya, Mahadum nke George Mason.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coachesdatabase.com/tony-skinn-hired-george-mason/|title=Tony Skinn hired as George Mason head coach|work=Coaches Database}}</ref> == Ihe ndekọ onye isi nchịkwa == === Kọleji === {{CBB Yearly Record Start||type=coach|conference=|postseason=|poll=}} {{CBB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[George Mason Patriots men's basketball|George Mason Patriots]]|conference=[[Atlantic 10 Conference]]|startyear=2023|endyear=}} {{CBB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|season=[[2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2023–24]]|name=[[2023–24 George Mason Patriots men's basketball|George Mason]]|overall=0–0|conference=0–0|confstanding=|postseason=}} {{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal|name=George Mason|overall=0–0 ({{winpct|0|0}})|confrecord=0–0 ({{winpct|0|0}})}} {{CBB Yearly Record End|overall=0–0 ({{winpct|0|0}})}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.eurobasket.com/player.asp?Cntry=ISR&PlayerID=14275 Eurobasket.com profaịlụ] * [http://www.lnb.fr/fr/Pro-A/200006/Joueurs/A34881/Skinn-Tony?saison=2008 Profaịlụ French League] (n'asụsụ French) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235040/http://www.adriaticbasket.com/player.php?id=840 Profaịlụ Njikọ Adriatic] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060825155600/http://gomason.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/skinn_tony00.html Akụkọ ndụ nke George Mason College] * [http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/player/_/id/15809/tony-skinn Akụkọ kọleji] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ed6t8m8ukmppk5pqbf2qnwku16uwqyc 0 25794 736974 719352 2026-10-10T03:47:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736974 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Magnet_fishing_catch.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-egbu ihe abụọ a chịkọtara site na igbu azụ magnet na Scarpe na Lallaing, France]] [[Usòrò:Magnet_fishing_"hook".jpg|thumb|Magnet neodymium nke a na-eji egbu azụ magnet]] {{Databox}}Ịkụ azụ Magnet, nke a na-akpọkwa magnetik, na-achọ n'ime mmiri dị n'èzí maka ferromagnetic, ihe dịnụ iji dọpụta ya na magnetik neodymium siri ike..<ref>{{Cite news|author=Vaissiere|first=Elia|date=31 August 2019|title=Magnet fishing: The explosive hobby cleaning up French rivers|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|url=https://news.yahoo.com/magnet-fishing-explosive-hobby-cleaning-french-rivers-030336469.html|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> Ihe ntụrụndụ bụ ngwakọta nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ịchụ nta akụ. Magnet ndị e ji mee ihe siri ike iji wepụ nnukwu ihe mkpofu dị ka ịnyịnya ígwè a tụfuru atụfu, égbè, nchekwa, bọmbụ, grenade, mkpụrụ ego na taya ụgbọ ala site na mmiri, ma ọtụtụ ndị na-etinye aka na ntụrụndụ na-atụ anya ịchọta ihe ndị dị ụkọ na ndị bara uru.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Givens|first=La'Tasha|date=4 September 2020|title=Brothers' pandemic hobby leads to alarming find in Georgia river|publisher=[[WXIA-TV]]|url=https://www.11alive.com/article/news/local/guns-north-oconee-river-magnet-fishing/85-42ce2e44-9873-4924-8e60-0c8f883d4eac|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 May 2020|title=6-Year-Old Boy Finds Stolen Safe At Bottom Of Lake, Solves 8-Year-Old Mystery|publisher=[[WWJ-TV]]|url=https://detroit.cbslocal.com/2020/05/20/6-year-old-boy-finds-stolen-safe-bottom-lake-solves-8-year-old-mystery/|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Sellew|first=Lauren|date=17 November 2020|title=Police: Men fishing find pipe bomb on Oregon Road in Meriden|work=[[Record-Journal]]|url=https://www.myrecordjournal.com/News/Meriden/Meriden-News/Police-Men-fishing-find-pipe-bomb-on-Oregon-Road-in-Meriden.html|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Forrest|first=Adam|date=22 December 2020|title=Man pulls 19 hand grenades out of river while magnet fishing|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/birmingham-river-grenades-found-bomb-disposal-b1777636.html|accessdate=23 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Taschler|first=Joe|date=26 June 2019|title=Magnet fishing is a slimy new hobby where people pull guns, bikes and weird stuff out of Milwaukee-area rivers, lakes and lagoons|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/2019/06/26/magnet-fishing-can-often-slimy-hunt-hidden-treasure/1386557001/|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Kousouris|first=Abby|date=19 November 2020|title=New 'magnet fishing' hobby cleaning up junk and uncovering hidden treasures|publisher=[[WVLT-TV]]|url=https://www.wvlt.tv/2020/11/20/new-magnet-fishing-hobby-cleaning-up-junk-and-uncovering-hidden-treasures/|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref> A na-eche na ọ bụ ndị na-agba ụgbọ mmiri na-eji magnet iji weghachite mkpịsị ugodi dara na mmiri malitere igbu azụ magnet.<ref name="Elliott">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/18/safety-warning-rise-magnet-fishing-hobby-sees-anglers-fish-guns/|title=Safety warning as rise in magnet fishing hobby sees anglers fish out guns and grenades in UK rivers|author=Elliott|first=Coran|date=18 August 2018|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=23 August 2018}} [https://i.imgur.com/SskJfIT.png Alt URL]</ref> == InNgwá Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Výbava_pro_magnet_fishing.jpg|thumb|Ngwá ọrụ ịkụ azụ magnet, gụnyere gloves nchebe, bọket maka ịchekwa ihe, gel aka antibacterial, na magnet neodymium ejikọtara na eriri.]] A na-ejikarị gloves eme magnet, magnet neodymium siri ike nke a na-ejikọta na eriri na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti mita 15 na 30 (50 Sri 100 ), na mgbe ụfọdụ nko na-ejide dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na magnet.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=4 February 2018|title=Magnet fishing: England rugby star James Haskell's unusual hobby|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-42664116/magnet-fishing-england-rugby-star-james-haskell-s-unusual-hobby|accessdate=11 April 2020|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-42664116/magnet-fishing-england-rugby-star-james-haskell-s-unusual-hobby "Magnet fishing: England rugby star James Haskell's unusual hobby"] (video). [[Akụkọ BBC|BBC News]]. 4 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Aubertin|first=Violet|date=26 November 2020|title=Magnet Fishing answers the question, 'What's down there?' (25 photos)|work=SooToday.com|publisher=[[Village Media]]|url=https://www.sootoday.com/bold/magnet-fishing-answers-the-question-whats-down-there-25-photos-2904948|accessdate=10 December 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAubertin2020">Aubertin, Violet (26 November 2020). [https://www.sootoday.com/bold/magnet-fishing-answers-the-question-whats-down-there-25-photos-2904948 "Magnet Fishing answers the question, 'What's down there?' (25 photos)"]. ''SooToday.com''. [[Mgbasa Ozi Obodo|Village Media]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171207/https://www.sootoday.com/bold/magnet-fishing-answers-the-question-whats-down-there-25-photos-2904948 Archived] from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe ndị nwere ike imebi == Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-eche na iwepụ ihe nwere ike ịkpalite sedimenti nwere ihe ndị na-egbu egbu, ma ọ bụ na-akpaghasị ebe ndị mgbe ochie. Ụfọdụ ndị na-egbu azụ magnet enwetawo ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, gụnyere égbè ndị a na-ebu, ngwá agha ndị a na'agbawaghị agbawa, na iberibe ígwè dị nkọ.<ref name="globe">{{Cite news|author=Abel|first=David|date=20 September 2020|title=Casting about for a new pastime during the pandemic? With magnet fishing, 'it's all about the find'|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/09/20/metro/casting-about-new-pastime-during-pandemic-with-magnetic-fishing-its-all-about-find/}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAbel2020">Abel, David (20 September 2020). [https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/09/20/metro/casting-about-new-pastime-during-pandemic-with-magnetic-fishing-its-all-about-find/ "Casting about for a new pastime during the pandemic? With magnet fishing, 'it's all about the find'"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Boston Globe|The Boston Globe]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201104133818/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/09/20/metro/casting-about-new-pastime-during-pandemic-with-magnetic-fishing-its-all-about-find/ Archived] from the original on 4 November 2020.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2020|title=Person 'magnet fishing' in Beaver Dam recovers grenade that was potentially 'live'|url=https://www.fox6now.com/news/person-magnet-fishing-in-beaver-dam-recovers-grenade-that-was-potentially-live|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 January 2020|title='God was watching over him': Boy finds live grenade while magnetic fishing|publisher=[[WITI (TV)|WITI]]|url=https://www.fox6now.com/news/god-was-watching-over-him-boy-finds-live-grenade-while-magnetic-fishing|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Magnet Neodymium dị ike ma nwee ike igbochi pacemakers, na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike; ha nwekwara ike imebi ngwaọrụ eletrọniki ndị ọzọ. Mkpịsị aka nwere ike ịpịa n'etiti magnet na iberibe ígwè, nke nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ siri ike.<ref name=":3"/> Tetanus nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ maka ndị na-enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi tetanus. [ihe odide ahụike dị mkpa]<ref name=":1"/> A maara ụmụ nwoke abụọ ka mmiri riri mmiri mgbe ha na-akụ azụ magnet, mana ihe kpatara ya ejighị n'aka, na nyocha toxicology mgbe ọnwụ nwụrụ gosiri na ha abụọ ejirila cannabis n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 October 2018|title=Pudsey father and son drowned 'treasure hunting' in Huddersfield canal|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-45825376|accessdate=10 December 2020}}</ref> == Ịkụ azụ magnet na iwu == [[Usòrò:Dopravní_značka_vytažená_z_řeky_pomocí_silného_magnetu_pro_magnet_fishing_a_pevného_lana.jpg|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama okporo ámá e wepụrụ na Jizera na Svijany, [[Chekia|Czech Republic]], na magnet eji weghachite ya ka na-agbakwunye na akara ngosi ahụ.]] Dabere na ikike, ihe ọ bụla bara uru nwere ike ịbụ nke gọọmentị ime obodo, ọ bụghị onye chọtara ya.<ref name="globe"/> === England na Wales === Ịkụ azụ Magnet bụ n'okpuru iwu obodo gbasara mmiri dị n'èzí. Canal & River Trust, nke nwere ọtụtụ ↵canal dị na England na Wales, nwere iwu iwu na-amachibido ndị mmadụ iwepụ ihe sitere na ọwa mmiri na osimiri ndị o nwere, yabụ enwere ike ịnwe ndị ọkụ azụ ụgwọ £ 25 maka igbu azụ magnet ma ọ bụ iwepụ ihe ọ bụla site na ọwara ma ọ bụ ime ala n'okpuru nchịkwa nke Canal & River trust na England ma ọ bụ Wales, ma e wezụga Lee na Stort Navigation, Gloucester na Sharpness Canal, na River Severn Navigation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-13|title=The hidden dangers of magnet fishing|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-47801408|accessdate=2020-10-18}}</ref><ref name="Canal">{{Cite web|date=24 February 1965|title=General Canal Bye-laws|url=http://www.britishwaterways.co.uk/media/documents/foi/legal/BW_General_Canal_Bye-laws.pdf#page=16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920100457/http://www.britishwaterways.co.uk/media/documents/foi/legal/BW_General_Canal_Bye-laws.pdf|archivedate=20 September 2020|accessdate=21 August 2018|publisher=[[British Waterways Board]]|quote=41. No person unless authorised by the Board in that behalf or otherwise legally entitled so to do shall: ... (d) Dredge or remove coal or other material from any canal.}}</ref> Trust "na-amachibido omume ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ezere ime ihe megide ndị omempụ mbụ.<ref name="Elliott"/> N'afọ 2018, otu nwatakịrị magnet-gburu égbè a pịrị apị na Titford Canal na Oldbury, West Midlands.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2018-08-28/family-find-sawn-off-shotgun-in-canal-oldbury-titford-canal-tipton/|title=Family find sawn-off shotgun in canal|date=28 August 2018|work=[[ITV News]]}}</ref> === Scotland === A na-anabata ịkụ azụ Magnet na Scotland, ọ bụrụhaala na onye na-akụ azụ nwetara nkwenye echere echekwabara site na gburugburu ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme Scotland, yana ikike n'aka ọwa mmiri Scottish. Otu ọrụ gọọmentị dị nke na-enye ndị otu ya ikike ndọta azụ n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Union Canal na Edinburgh, yana ọtụtụ ebe akwadoro n'ọdịnihu. A ga-akọrịrị ihe ihe ochie ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Treasure Trove Scotland.<ref name="Scottish Canals">{{Cite web|title=Magnet Fishing|url=https://www.scottishcanals.co.uk/activities/magnet-fishing/|work=Scottish Canals|accessdate=18 May 2022|archivedate=23 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523203025/https://www.scottishcanals.co.uk/activities/magnet-fishing/}}</ref> === Germany === Na Hamburg, a na-ata ụta maka igbu azụ magnet na-enweghị ikike site na ịkwụ ụgwọ.<ref name="RND">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=Behörde warnt eindringlich vor Magnetangeln|language=de|work=Peiner Allgemeine Zeitung|publisher=Madsack GmbH & Co.|url=https://www.paz-online.de/Nachrichten/Der-Norden/Hamburg-Behoerde-warnt-eindringlich-vor-Magnetangeln|accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Landesrecht">{{Cite web|title=Umweltgebührenordnung (UmwGebO) Vom 5. Dezember 1995|url=http://www.landesrecht-hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bshaprod.psml?showdoccase=1&st=null&doc.id=jlr-UmwGebOHAV30Anlage2&doc.part=X&doc.origin=bs|work=Landesrecht online|accessdate=29 July 2019|language=de|date=5 December 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919225525/http://www.landesrecht-hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bshaprod.psml?showdoccase=1&st=null&doc.id=jlr-UmwGebOHAV30Anlage2&doc.part=X&doc.origin=bs|archive-date=19 September 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Belgium === Amateur magnet-fiers na Belgium nyeere ndị uwe ojii aka site n'iweghachite ihe akaebe ọhụrụ, kpọmkwem ngwa agha na mgboagha, metụtara mpụ nke ndị na-egbu Brabant.<ref name="Bende van Nijvel">{{Cite news|url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20171026_03154116|title='Magneetvissers' bezorgen dozen met munitie en wapens aan speurders Bende van Nijvel|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=26 October 2017|work=De Standaard|accessdate=27 October 2017|publisher=Nieuwsblad.be|language=nl}}</ref> N'ozuzu, ndị uwe ojii na-agba ndị na-achọta ngwá agha ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya ume ka ha kpọtụrụ ha.<ref name="Elliott"/><ref name="windsorstar">{{Cite news|author=Chen|first=Dalson|date=10 March 2020|title='Magnet fishing' hobbyist finds firearm in water at Reaume Park in east Windsor|work=[[Windsor Star]]|url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/magnet-fishing-hobbyist-finds-firearm-in-water-at-reaume-park/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> === Poland === Dị ka koodu ntaramahụhụ Polish si kwuo, ịnwe ihe ndọta na-enweghị ikike gọọmentị ziri ezi bụ mpụ ga-ata ya mkpọrọ ruo afọ abụọ..<ref>{{Cite news|title=Przeszukiwał rzekę magnesem neodymowym. Znalazł zardzewiałą broń. Grożą mu 2 lata więzienia|url=https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2018-06-18/przeszukiwal-rzeke-magnesem-neodymowym-znalazl-zardzewiala-bron-groza-mu-2-lat-wiezienia/}}</ref> === United States === Na US, enweghi iwu gọọmentị etiti na-egbochi igbu azụ. A machibidoro igbu azụ magnet na mmiri steeti na-enweghị ikikere na South Carolina n'okpuru Iwu Ihe Ochie n'okpuru Mmiri. Na Indiana, a na-anabata ịkụ azụ magnet na mmiri ọha na akụrụngwa DNR site na ikike. A ga-enwe ike iburu magnetik ahụ site n'aka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Carroll|first=Joe|date=August 5, 2022|title=New rules in effect for hunting and magnet fishing|url=https://www.wane.com/news/indiana/new-rules-in-effect-for-hunting-and-magnet-fishing/|work=[[WANE-TV]]|accessdate=February 8, 2023|archive-date=April 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425232752/https://www.wane.com/news/indiana/new-rules-in-effect-for-hunting-and-magnet-fishing/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ịbụ onye a ma ama == Ndị ama ama dịka onye egwu rugby Bekee James Haskell nakweere ihe omume a.<ref name=":2"/><ref name="Elliott"/> == Hụkwa ==   * Grubber – English term * Metal detector – Electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby * Scrap – Recyclable materials left over from manufactured products after their use * Tosher – Someone who scavenges in the sewers * Mudlark – Someone who scavenges for items of value on the shores of rivers * Waste picker – Scavenging solid waste for personal use == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} e4jyvk3eexcrfwzh0i6iadxr4ddgnaj 0 27251 736932 725295 2026-10-09T17:40:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Swaniker''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 1960) bụ onye ọchụnta ego na [[Ghana|onye]] ọrụ ebere nke Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr Thomas Swanikier Director Profile - Endole|url=http://www.endole.co.uk/profile/1327057/thomas-svanikier|work=www.endole.co.uk|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref>.Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Svani Group, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, yana onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Advisory Board of Fidelity Bank, ụlọ ọrụ ego mba ụwa na-eto eto. Svanikier bụ onye mbụ na-ebute ụzọ n'ịkwalite akụ na ụba Ghana n'ime afọ 25 gara aga, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ụgbọ ala na ego. == Akụkọ azụmahịa == Ihe mbu Thomas Svanikier mere bụ azụmahịa mbubata ụgbọ ala Scania Limited, nke hibere na 1990 wetara ụgbọ ala Lada nke Russia mere ụlọ ọrụ Ghana, ndị NGO na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, na ndị na-azụ ahịa na West Africa dum.Na nzaghachi maka enweghị ụgbọ ala North America ama ama, Svani Limited weghachiri ụgbọ ala Ford na Lincoln Mercury na Ghan.Asia ahịa na 1994 Svanikier gbasaa ụlọ ọrụ ya ngwa ngwa ma nye ya aha Svani Group. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ebubata ụgbọala, na-akwụ ụgwọ, na-efu ma na-ere ụgbọala, ọ bụkwa onye na-ekesa generators na ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị arọ na West Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.svanigroup.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=4&Itemid=54|title=About Svani Limited|date=|accessdate=24 August 2015|work=Svani Limited|publisher=|author=|first=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623052428/http://www.svanigroup.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=4&Itemid=54|archive-date=23 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Svani ereela ụgbọala ndị agha na Ọfịs nke Onye isi ala Ghana, U.S. Secret Service na Naịjirịa, Gọvanọ nke Lagos Steeti, na gọọmentị Liberia na Togo. Otu ahụ na-enyekwa mmezi ụgbọala na ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche na Ngalaba Mba US na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://government-contractors.insidegov.com/l/555873/Svani-Ltd-in-Accra|title=Svani Ltd. in Accra - Contracting Profile|date=|accessdate=20 August 2015|work=InsideGov.com|publisher=Graphiq, Inc.|author=|first=}}</ref> Svani na-achịkwa ihe dịka 20% nke ahịa ụgbọ ala zuru ụwa ọnụ na Ghana ma nwee ebe ọrụ na Accra, Takoradi, Koforidua na Kumasi. Svani bụkwa naanị onye na-ebubata na onye na-ekesa ụgbọ ala Mahindra, yana onye na-ekesa ụgbọ ala Toyota Land Cruiser na Ford na Ghana.Na mmekorita ya na ụlọ ọrụ Svanikier, Mahindra wuru otu ọgba tum tum na ụlọ mgbakọ pikọp na Accra, Ghana. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://artismc.com/index.php/news/article/view/54/988/|title=Mahindra to open auto assembly plant in Ghana|date=12 August 2013|accessdate=20 August 2015|work=Artis.com|publisher=Artis Management Consultants Private Limited|author=|first=|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134532/http://artismc.com/index.php/news/article/view/54/988/}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na mmepe nke 9.6 acre ụgbọ ala mgbakọ na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụzi ọrụ n'okporo ụzọ awara awara Accra-Tema.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Obour|first=Samuel K.|title=Svani Motors to establish vehicle assembly plant|url=http://graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/9878-svani-motors-to-establish-vehicle-assembly-plant.html|work=Graphic Online|accessdate=28 August 2015|date=8 August 2013|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095539/http://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/9878-svani-motors-to-establish-vehicle-assembly-plant.html}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụgbọala ndị a na-ekesa na Svani enwetala nhọpụta na Ghana 'Auto Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominees|url=http://www.ghanaautoawards.com/nominees|work=Ghana Auto Awards|accessdate=28 August 2015|archivedate=16 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816005757/http://www.ghanaautoawards.com/nominees}}</ref> Svanikier banyere n'ime ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye site na ịmepụta Africa Capital LLC, nke na-etinye ego na njem, ike, ego, na ọrụ ụlọ. N'afọ 2010, onye isi ala nke oge ahụ bụ John Evans Atta Mills toro ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka Africa Capital, Atholl Energy, maka ọrụ ya na otu Siemens jikọrọ aka iwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ike 180-megawatt nke mere ka ike Ghana dịkwuo ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=President lauds Siemens, Atholl power project|url=http://edmingle.blogspot.com/2010/12/president-lauds-siemens-atholl-power.html|work=Mingle's base|accessdate=28 August 2015|date=13 December 2010}}</ref> Africa Capital bụ onye nwere òkè kachasị na Fidelity Bank. Fidelity bụ ugbu a ụlọ akụ nke anọ kachasị ukwuu na Ghana, ma na-eto ngwa ngwa. Fidelity Bank nwere alaka 98 na Ghana ma na-eme atụmatụ ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'afọ ndị na-abịanụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dzawu|first=Moses|title=Rothschild-Backed Fidelity of Ghana to Double Branches|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-09-01/rothschild-backed-fidelity-of-ghana-to-double-branches|accessdate=28 August 2015|work=BloombergBusiness|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=2 September 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị 2020, ngụkọta akụ ụlọ akụ ahụ dị ijeri GHC 10.2.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Fidelity Bank Q2 2020 Financial Reports|url=https://www.fidelitybank.com.gh/downloadables/financial-reports/66-fbl-unaudited-q2-2020-financial-statements/file|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-10-12|work=www.fidelitybank.com.gh}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2015, a kpọrọ Svanikier na nwunye ya ka ha bụrụ ndị nnọchi anya onye isi ala US Barack Obama n'oge nleta ya na Kenya. A gwakwara Svanikier ka ọ sonye na Global Entrepreneurship Summit nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa US haziri na Nairobi, Kenya, ebe onye isi ala zutere ndị isi na mpaghara azụmaahịa Afrịka. Dị ka nke 2015, Svanikier na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ dị elu maka Africa maka Transnational Strategy Group,ụlọ ọrụ dị na Washington,D.C nke na-enye ọrụ ndụmọdụ maka gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ gbasara okwu akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="team">{{Cite web|title=The Transnational Strategy Group Team|url=http://transnationalstrategy.com/team/|work=Transnational Strategy Group|accessdate=28 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transnationalstrategy.com/contact/|title=Contact - Transnational Strategy Group|date=|accessdate=20 August 2015|work=Transnational Strategy Group|publisher=|author=|first=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transnationalstrategy.com/|title=Transnational Strategy Group - Home|date=|accessdate=20 August 2015|work=|publisher=|author=|first=}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere ==   Svanikier bụ onye ọrụ ebere a ma ama na Ghana. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndu maka Opportunities Industrialisation Centre (nke a makwaara dị ka OIC International).<ref name="team"/> OIC bụ otu na-enweghị uru na Pennsylvania nke na-enye ọzụzụ nkà na ụzụ na ọrụ aka maka ndị okenye na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} OIC International|url=http://www.oici.org/about-us/|work=www.oici.org|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye ndú nke Africa Poverty Eradication Commission nke dị na Accra.<ref name="team"/> A maara Svanikier dị ka onye na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme mmepe ndị ntorobịa, ma nye bọs nwere oche 35 nke ruru $ 64,000 na Winneba Youth Choir a ma ama na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Svani Group Donates Bus To Winneba Youth Choir|url=http://edmingle.blogspot.com/2015/03/svani-group-donates-bus-to-winneba.html|work=Mingle's base|accessdate=28 August 2015|date=9 March 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-enyere ụlọ akwụkwọ Presbyterian aka na mpaghara Accra nke Osu. O nyere ego maka itinye mmiri dị ọcha na usoro nhicha ya, yana iwu ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya maka ụmụ agbọghọ na ọbá akwụkwọ ọgbara ọhụrụ nwere ụlọ nyocha kọmputa. A raara ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nye ncheta nke nne ya nwụrụ anwụ, Agnes Federica Svanikier. Na Disemba, 2014, n'etiti ntiwapụ Ebola na West Africa, Svani Group jikọtara aka na United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) na ọgụ megide ọrịa Ebola. Svani Group nyere ụgbọala asatọ na-arụ ọrụ dị arọ yana ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ike na United Nation's Ebola Emergency Response.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sierra-leone/svani-group-joins-private-sector-effort-combat-ebola|title=Svani Group joins private sector effort to combat Ebola|date=18 December 2014|accessdate=20 August 2015|work=ReliefWeb|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|author=Owusu|first=Bossman}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Svanikier na nwunye ya guzobere Svanikiers Public Policy Leadership Initiative, nke nyere $ 100,000 na Mahadum Oxford's School of Government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fidelity Bank {{!}} Board of Directors|url=http://www.fidelitybank.com.gh/who-we-are/board-of-directors/?d=31|accessdate=28 August 2015|work=Fidelity Bank|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012418/http://www.fidelitybank.com.gh/who-we-are/board-of-directors/?d=31}}</ref> Ego ahụ gara n'ịkwado ndị ọrụ gọọmentị Ghana isii ka ha gaa ọmụmụ ihe na Mahadum lekwasịrị anya na Gọọmentị na Nchịkwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ. == Nkeonwe == Svanikier lụrụ di ma nwee nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. Nwunye ya, Johanna Odonkor Svanikier, bụ Fulbright Scholar nke gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Oxford na Mahadim Harvard. Johanna Odonkor-Svanikier bụ onye nnọchi anya Ghana na France, Portugal na UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home - Ghana Embassy, Paris|url=http://paris.embassy.gov.gh/|work=paris.embassy.gov.gh|accessdate=2015-08-20|archivedate=2015-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831012745/http://paris.embassy.gov.gh/}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.fidelitybank.com.gh Fidelity Bank Ghana Limited] * [http://www.dreamoval.com DreamOval Limited] * [https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=41355092 Africa Capital Limited] profaịlụ na ''Bloomberg'' [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] lrecck2av1dhl6oydptj7bmh6ljfxz7 0 28099 736943 698651 2026-10-09T21:13:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736943 wikitext text/x-wiki Ihe nnomi onye akwa vaskulojenic bụ mmepụta nke ọwa microvascular site na mkpụrụ ndụ akpụ na-eme ihe ike, metastatic na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.<ref name="Folberg2000">{{Cite journal|author=Folberg|first=R|title=Vasculogenic mimicry and tumor angiogenesis.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-pathology_2000-02_156_2/page/n10|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|date=February 2000|volume=156|issue=2|pages=361–81|pmid=10666364|doi=10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64739-6}}</ref><ref name="Folberg2004">{{Cite journal|author=Folberg|first=R|title=Vasculogenic mimicry.|url=https://archive.org/details/apmis_july-august-2004_112_7-8/page/508|journal=[[APMIS]]|date=July–August 2004|volume=112|issue=7–8|pages=508–25|pmid=15563313|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm11207-0810.x}}</ref> Usoro a dị iche na angiogenesis n'ihi na ọ na-eme [[wiktionary:de novo|''de novo'']] na-enweghị ọnụnọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial (mkpụrụ ndụ ọgbụgba na agbanye n'ụgbọ ma na-eṅomi ezigbo endothelium vascular).<ref name=":0" /> Maniotis et al. kọwara ya na uveal melanomas ''na'' 1999.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maniotis|first=AJ|title=Vascular channel formation by human melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro: vasculogenic mimicry.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-pathology_1999-09_155_3/page/739|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|date=September 1999|volume=155|issue=3|pages=739–52|pmid=10487832|doi=10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65173-5}}</ref> Mgbe emesịrị na ọtụtụ ụdị akpụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>Van der Schaft, D.W.J., Hillen, F., Pauwels, P., Kirschmann, D.A., Castermans, K., Oude Egbrink, M.G.A, Tran, M.G.B., Sciot, R., Hauben, E., Hogendoorn, P.C.W., Delattre, O., Maxwell, P.H., Hendrix, M.J.C., Griffioen, A.W. Effects of angiogenesis inhibitors on vascular network formation by human endothelial and melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 2003, 96:1473-7. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16357161/ doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2468]</ref><ref>Hillen, F. & Griffioen, A.W. Tumour vascularization: sprouting angiogenesis and beyond. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007, 26:489-502. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717633/ doi: 10.1007/s10555-007-9094-7]</ref> E nwere ụdị abụọ dị mkpa nke vasculogenic mimicry: towa afọ na ọkara Nke mbụ yiri nke ọbara nkịtị, ebe nke ikpeazụ dị iche n'ụzọ doro anya ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịnata anastomosis na akwara ọbara. Akọwaala usoro na ụzọ mgbaàmà nke na-etinye aka na usoro nke vasculogenic mimicry.<ref>Paulis, Y.W.J., Soetekouw, P.M.M.B., Verheul H.M.W., Tjan-Heijnen, V.C.G., Griffioen, A.W. Signalling pathways in vasculogenic mimicry. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 2010, 1806:18-28. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20079807/ doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.01.001]</ref> == Akụkọ mgbe gara-aga == Mgbe a chọtara ya na 1999 esemokwu bilitere n'ọhịa banyere izi ezi nke nchọpụta na nkwubi okwu nke Maniotis na ndị ọrụ ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fausto|first=Nelson|title=Vasculogenic Mimicry in Tumors|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-pathology_2000-02_156_2/page/n8|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|date=February 2000|volume=156|issue=2|pages=359|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64738-4|pmid=10666363}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị na-eme nchọpụta akwadowo nchọpụta ha, na-aghọ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị dị ukwuu n'ihi ọrụ ya nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-agwọ ọrịa na ihe na-egosi metastasis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Seftor|first=RE|title=Tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry: from controversy to therapeutic promise.|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|date=October 2012|volume=181|issue=4|pages=1115–25|pmid=22944600|doi=10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.013}}</ref> == Lekwaa == * Vaskulojenis == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ihe ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-98950-7_3 Molecular Phenotypes nke Endothelial Cells na Malignant Tumors. Na: Akslen, L.A., Watnick, R.S. (eds) Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment]. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * {{Cite journal|author=Fan|first=Yu-Long|title=A new perspective of vasculogenic mimicry: EMT and cancer stem cells (Review)|journal=Oncology Letters|date=August 2013|volume=6|issue=5|pages=1174–1180|doi=10.3892/ol.2013.1555|pmid=24179490}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kirschmann|first=D. A.|title=Molecular Pathways: Vasculogenic Mimicry in Tumor Cells: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications|journal=Clinical Cancer Research|date=April 2012|volume=18|issue=10|pages=2726–2732|doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3237|pmid=22474319}} * {{Cite journal|author=Qiao|first=Lili|title=Advanced research on vasculogenic mimicry in cancer|journal=Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine|date=February 2015|volume=19|issue=2|pages=315–326|doi=10.1111/jcmm.12496|pmid=25598425}} gwfkcw0gppnmuohjmqo3tx8uuqipcbv 0 28403 736949 638778 2026-10-09T21:47:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736949 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes]] <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] '''Chlorobutanol''' ('''trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol''') bụ ihe na-echekwa, sedative, hypnotic na ebe na-adịghị ike anesthetic yiri chloral hydrate. Ọ nwere ihe ndị na-egbochi nje ahụ malite nke gị nọ n'ọrụ njegharị n'afọ nke ụwa na ụdị nke ụwa na ihe ndị na'egbochi nje. A na-ejikarị Chlorobutanol eme ihe na 0.5% ebe ọ na-enye nkwụsi ike ogologo oge na usoro ọtụtụ ihe. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ejigide ọrụ antimicrobial na 0.05% na mmiri. A na-eji Chlorobutanol na eme Ihe ziri ezi ntụziaka oriri ọkụ na esi egosi eme ihe na anesthesia na euthanasia nke invertebrates na azụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=W. N. McFarland & G. W. Klontz|title=Anesthesia in fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_federation-of-american-soc-experimental-biology_july-august-1969_28_4/page/1535|journal=[[Federation Proceedings]]|volume=28|issue=4|pages=1535–1540|year=1969|pmid=4894939}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=John E. Cooper|title=Anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia of invertebrates|journal=[[ILAR Journal]]|volume=52|issue=2|pages=196–204|year=2011|pmid=21709312|doi=10.1093/ilar.52.2.196}}</ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-acha ọcha, nke na-agbaze agbaze nke nwere ísì yiri nke camphor. == Nchịkọta == [[Usòrò:Chlorobutanol_crystals.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Crystals nke chlorobutanol]] Chlorobutanol bụ nke mbụ onye Germany na-emepụta kemịkal Conrad Willgerodt (1841-1930) mepụtara na 1881.<ref>See: </ref> Chlorobutanol sitere na mmeghachi omume nke na adịghị anya ndị pụtara ìhè ahụ n'ebe chloroform na acetone na ọnụnọ nke potassium ma ọ bụ sodium hydroxide. Enwere ike ime ka ọ dị ọcha site na sublimation ma ọ bụ recrystallisation.<ref name="Chlorobutanol">{{Cite web|title=Chlorobutanol|url=http://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php/Chlorobutanol#Preparation|work=Sciencemadness Wiki|accessdate=14 August 2020|archivedate=31 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231124734/http://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php/Chlorobutanol#Preparation}}</ref> Chlorobutanol na-egbu egbu n'imeju, ihe na-akpasu akpụkpọ ahụ iwe na ihe na-eme ka anya sie ike.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131106022221/https://www.spectrumchemical.com/MSDS/C4046.PDF MSDS]</ref> == Parthenogenesis == Chlorobutanol egosila na ọ dị irè n'ịkwalite parthenogenesis na àkwá sea urchin ruo na ọkwa pluteus, ikekwe sitere n'aka Onye Okike nke eluigwe na ihe niile ụmụ ndị nke ụwa n'ịbawanye iwe iji kpatara mkpali. Maka àkwá nke azụ ''Oryzias latipes'', Otú ọ dị, chlorobutanol rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-akụnwụ ahụ.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1440-169X.1956.tb00062.x/asset/j.1440-169X.1956.tb00062.x.pdf?v=1&t=ie95071c&s=493f4ab23ad771e4d05dcc297f7bba0b3bcdebd0 ''Embryologia'' 1956]</ref> == Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ == Ọ bụ ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ nke nwere mmetụta metụtara isoflurane na halothane.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nicholas P. Franks|title=Molecular targets underlying general anaesthesia|journal=[[British Journal of Pharmacology]]|volume=147 Suppl 1|pages=S72–S81|year=2006|issue=Suppl 1|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706441|pmid=16402123}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == i8nrczp2j3q9iiobymx0sxqy6722opg 0 28526 736942 725720 2026-10-09T21:13:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736942 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Jean Itard.jpg|thumb|Jean Itard.jpg]] '''Coprolalia''' (/ˌkɒprəˈleɪliə/ KOP-rə-LAY-lee-ə) bụ iyi na-enweghị isi ma ọ bụ okwu rụrụ arụ na-enweghị uche ma ọ bụ nkwupụta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na nke mkparị. Okwu a sitere na Grik κόπρος (kópros), nke pụtara "nsị, nsị", na λαλιά (laliā́) "okwu", site na λαλεῖν (laleîn) "ikwu okwu".<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/coprolalia Coprolalia.] Dictionary.com, Accessed 30 October 2006.</ref> Coprolalia bụ ihe e ji mara mgbe ụfọdụ nke nsogbu tic, ọkachasị ọrịa Tourette, ọ bụ ezie na achaghị ya maka nchọpụta nke Tourette na naanị ihe dị ka 10% nke ndị ọrịa Tourette na-egosipụta coprolalia.<ref name="SingerBehavior">{{Cite journal|author=Singer HS|title=Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology|journal=Lancet Neurol|volume=4|issue=3|pages=149–59|date=March 2005|pmid=15721825|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(05)01012-4}}</ref> Ọ bụghị naanị na nsogbu tic; ọ bụkwa ihe mgbaàmà a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke nsogbu akwara ndị ọzọ. Coprolalia bụ otu ụdị coprophenomenon. Ndị ọzọ coprophenomena gụnyere ihe mgbaàmà ndị yiri ya nke copropraxia, omume ndị na-enweghị isi dị ka ime ihe rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ ihe a machibidoro iwu, na coprographia, na-ede ihe ma ọ bụ eserese rụrụ arụ.<ref name="dude">{{Cite journal|author=Schapiro NA|title='Dude, you don't have Tourette's:' Tourette's syndrome, beyond the tics|journal=Pediatr Nurs|volume=28|issue=3|pages=243–6, 249–53|year=2002|pmid=12087644|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/442029|archive-date=2008-12-05|access-date=2023-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205082825/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/442029|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uwm.edu/Course/ling210/lectures/semantics-2.pdf|title=Linguistics 210 Semantics|work=Semantic features and Tourette's Syndrome|accessdate=21 November 2006}} While this source defines coprographia, it makes misrepresentations about copro phenomena in relation to Tourette's: they are not common, and not required for diagnosis.</ref> == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == Coprolalia na-agụnye okwu na ahịrịokwu ndị a machibidoro omenala ma ọ bụ n'ozuzu ha na-ekwesịghị ekwesị maka iji ọha na eze eme ihe, mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ na-enweghị ihe gbara ya gburugburu. A naghị eji okwu ahụ akọwa iyi. A na-egosipụtakarị ya site na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ mmetụta uche, a pụkwara ikwu ya n'olu dara ụda ma ọ bụ ụda dị iche iche karịa mkparịta ụka nkịtị. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ otu okwu, ma ọ bụ ahịrịokwu dị mgbagwoju anya. Onye na-arịa coprolalia nwere ike ikwughachi okwu ahụ n'uche karịa ikwu ya n'olu dara ụda; ụdaolu ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-enye nsogbu.<ref name="TSAbrochure">[[Tourette Association of America]]. [https://tourette.org/resource/understanding-coprolalia/ Understanding Coprolalia – A misunderstood symptom]. Accessed 12 October 2021.</ref> Coprolalia bụ ihe e ji mara ọrịa Tourette mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na achaghị ya maka nchọpụta nke Tourette. Na ọrịa Tourette, onye na-ekwu ahịrịokwu ahụ nwere ike ghara ịchịkwa ịṅụ iyi na nke na-achọghị. Mgbapụta na-enweghị isi, dị ka mkparị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ agbụrụ na mkpakọrịta nke ndị okwu ndị dị otú ahụ kacha kpasuru iwe, nwere ike ịbụ ihe ihere karịsịa. Okwu ndị onye nwere coprolalia kwuru anaghị egosipụta echiche ma ọ bụ echiche nke onye ahụ.<ref name="TSAbrochure"/> A kọwaala ikpe nke ndị ọrịa Tourette ntị chiri na-aṅụ iyi n'asụsụ ndị ogbi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sign language tics in a prelingually deaf man|journal=Mov. Disord.|volume=15|issue=2|pages=318–20|date=March 2000|pmid=10752584|doi=10.1002/1531-8257(200003)15:2<318::AID-MDS1018>3.0.CO;2-H}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in a child with congenital deafness|journal=Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry|volume=10|issue=4|pages=256–9|date=December 2001|pmid=11794551|doi=10.1007/s007870170015}}</ref> Coprolalia abụghị naanị maka nsogbu tic; ọ bụkwa ihe mgbaàmà a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke nsogbu akwara ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Singer C|title=Tourette syndrome. Coprolalia and other coprophenomena|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurologic-clinics_1997-05_15_2/page/299|journal=Neurol Clin|date=May 1997|volume=15|issue=2|pages=299–308|pmid=9115463|doi=10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70314-5}}</ref><ref name="FreemanCopro">{{Cite journal|title=Coprophenomena in Tourette syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-medicine-and-child-neurology_2009-03_51_3/page/218|journal=Dev Med Child Neurol|volume=51|issue=3|pages=218–27|date=March 2009|pmid=19183216|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03135.x}}</ref> Ọ nwere ike ime mgbe mmerụ ahụ na ụbụrụ dị ka ọrịa strok na encephalitis; na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ka choreoacanthocytosis, nkụnwụ, na ọrịa Lesch-Nyhan; na-esiri ya ike na ndị nwere dementia ma ọ bụ nsogbu na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla.<ref name="FreemanCopro" /><ref name="FreemanCopro" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism|journal=Mov. Disord.|volume=22|issue=15|pages=2281–4|date=November 2007|pmid=17914719|doi=10.1002/mds.21664}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Choreoacanthocytosis in a Mexican family|journal=Arch. Neurol.|volume=64|issue=11|pages=1661–4|date=November 2007|pmid=17998451|doi=10.1001/archneur.64.11.1661|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/794754 <!-- citation consistency free full text to blue link title-->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Intractable seizures, compulsions, and coprolalia: a pediatric case study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuropsychiatry-and-clinical-neurosciences_summer-1992_4_3/page/315|journal=J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci|volume=4|issue=3|pages=315–9|year=1992|pmid=1498584|doi=10.1176/jnp.4.3.315}}</ref><ref>Jinnah HA. [http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic630.htm Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome.] eMedicine.com (August 29, 2006). Accessed 28 October 2006.</ref><ref name="FreemanCopro" /> == Mgbasawanye nke ọrịa Tourette == Naanị ihe dị ka 10% nke ndị nwere Tourette na-egosipụta coprolalia, mana ọ na-adọta uche karịa ihe mgbaàmà ọ bụla ọzọ.<ref name="SingerBehavior"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050208082423/http://www.tsa-usa.org/what_is/Faqs.html Tourette Syndrome FAQ.] Tourette Syndrome Association. Accessed 6 October 2006.</ref> Enwere obere nnyocha ọrịa na-efe efe nke ọrịa Tourette; ajọ mbunobi nchọpụta na-emetụta ọmụmụ ahụike. Nnyocha banyere ndị nwere Tourette na-esikarị na samples tertiary, ndị kasị ọrịa n'ime ndị ọrịa.<ref name="Swerdlow">{{Cite journal|author=Swerdlow NR|title=Tourette syndrome: current controversies and the battlefield landscape|journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep|volume=5|issue=5|pages=329–31|date=September 2005|pmid=16131414|doi=10.1007/s11910-005-0054-8}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a gbanwere ụkpụrụ maka nchọpụta nke Tourette na 2000, mgbe ewepụrụ ụkpụrụ nkwarụ na DSM-IV-TR maka nsogbu niile, na-akpata mmụba nchọpụta nke ndị na-adịghị ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychnet-uk.com/x_new_site/DSM_IV/misc_pages/what_is_dsm_iv_tr.html|title=What is DSM-IV-TR?|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|work=Psychnet-UK|accessdate=21 June 2016|quote=Tourette's Disorder and all of the Tic Disorders no longer require that symptoms cause distress or impair functioning.|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316150904/http://www.psychnet-uk.com/x_new_site/DSM_IV/misc_pages/what_is_dsm_iv_tr.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ahụike na-ata ahụhụ site na obere nha sample. Ihe ndị a jikọtara iji mee ka atụmatụ ochie nke coprolalia - nke na-eleba anya n'ebe ndị ọrịa nọ nke ndị siri ike karị - bụrụ ihe mgbe ochie. Ihe nchekwa data mba ụwa, nke nwere ọtụtụ saịtị nke mmadụ 3,500 nwere ọrịa Tourette nke sitere na ihe nlele ahụike chọpụtara na 14% nke ndị ọrịa nwere Tourette na-esonyere ọnọdụ ndị na-emetụta ya nwere coprolalia, ebe naanị 6% nke ndị na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya ("dị ọcha") Tourette nwere coprolaliya. Otu nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ohere nke inwe coprolalia mụbara n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ: ndị ọrịa nwere ọnọdụ anọ ma ọ bụ ise - na mgbakwunye na tics - nwere okpukpu anọ ruo isii karịa ndị nwere naanị Tourette.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-medicine-and-child-neurology_2000-07_42_7/page/436|journal=Dev Med Child Neurol|volume=42|issue=7|pages=436–47|date=July 2000|pmid=10972415|doi=10.1017/S0012162200000839}}</ref> Otu nnyocha nke usoro ụmụaka n'ozuzu ya chọpụtara 8% nke coprolalia n'ime ụmụaka nwere ọrịa Tourette, ebe nnyocha ọzọ chọpụtara 60% na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ndị ọzọ (ebe a na-ahụkarị ndị siri ike).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Singer C|title=Tourette syndrome. Coprolalia and other coprophenomena|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurologic-clinics_1997-05_15_2/page/299|journal=Neurol Clin|volume=15|issue=2|pages=299–308|date=May 1997|pmid=9115463|doi=10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70314-5}}</ref> Nnyocha Brazil na-adịbeghị anya nke ndị ọrịa 44 nwere ọrịa Tourette chọpụtara na 14% nke coprolalia; nnyocha Costa Rican nke ndị 85 chọpụtara na 20% nwere coprolalia: nnyocha [[Chile]] nke ndị ọrịa 70 chọpụtara na 8.5% nke coprolalie; nnyocha ndị okenye na [[Japan]] kọrọ na 4% nke coprolaliya; na nnyocha ahụike ka okenye na Brazil chọpụtara na 28% nke ndị ọrịa 32 nwere coprolaliya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tics and Tourette syndrome: clinical evaluation of 44 cases|journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr|volume=59|issue=3–B|pages=725–8|date=September 2001|pmid=11593273|doi=10.1590/S0004-282X2001000500014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cultural influences on diagnosis and perception of Tourette syndrome in Costa Rica|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-american-academy-child-adolescent-psychiatry_2001-04_40_4/page/456|journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry|volume=40|issue=4|pages=456–63|date=April 2001|pmid=11314572|doi=10.1097/00004583-200104000-00015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.4067/S0034-98871999001200010|pmid=10835756|title=Enfermedad de los tics (síndrome de Gilles de la Tourette): Características clínicas de 70 pacientes|language=es|journal=[[Revista Médica de Chile]]|volume=127|issue=12|pages=1480–6|year=1999|author=Miranda C|first=Marcelo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tourette syndrome in Japan: a nationwide questionnaire survey of psychiatrists and pediatricians|journal=Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.|volume=52|issue=4|pages=407–11|date=August 1998|pmid=9766689|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.00412.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A Brazilian cohort of patients with Tourette's syndrome|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurology-neurosurgery-and-psychiatry_1996-02_60_2/page/209|journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry|volume=60|issue=2|pages=209–12|date=February 1996|pmid=8708658|doi=10.1136/jnnp.60.2.209}}</ref> N'ịtụle nsogbu usoro na-emetụta akụkọ ndị a niile, nkwekọrịta nke Tourette Syndrome Association bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ dị n'okpuru pasent 15. == Nchịkwa == A gwọrọ ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa site na ịgba ọgwụ botulinum (botox) n'akụkụ eriri olu. Nke a anaghị egbochi ụda olu, mana nkwarụ nke na-esi na ya apụta na-enyere aka ịchịkwa olu nke ụda ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Botulinum toxin injection into vocal cord in the treatment of malignant coprolalia associated with Tourette's syndrome|journal=Mov. Disord.|volume=11|issue=4|pages=431–3|date=July 1996|pmid=8813224|doi=10.1002/mds.870110413}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jankovic J|title=Botulinum toxin in the treatment of dystonic tics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_movement-disorders_1994-05_9_3/page/347|journal=Mov. Disord.|volume=9|issue=3|pages=347–9|date=May 1994|pmid=8041378|doi=10.1002/mds.870090315}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Botulinum toxin in the treatment of tics|journal=Arch. Neurol.|volume=57|issue=8|pages=1190–3|date=August 2000|pmid=10927800|doi=10.1001/archneur.57.8.1190}}</ref> Mgbatị ọgwụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya.<ref name="Robertson2005PMJ">{{Cite journal|title=Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and its impact in the UK|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_postgraduate-medical-journal_2005-01_81_951/page/12|journal=Postgrad Med J|volume=81|issue=951|pages=12–9|date=January 2005|pmid=15640424|doi=10.1136/pgmj.2004.023614}}</ref> == Ọha na omenala == Ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ na-egosipụtakarị ndị nwere ọrịa Tourette dị ka ndị na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke naanị ihe na-eme bụ coprolalia, nke mere ka mkparị na nghọtahie ọha na eze na ndị nwere Tourette.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tourette syndrome in film and television|journal=The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences|volume=41|issue=2|date=March 2014|pages=226–32|doi=10.1017/S0317167100016620|pmid=24534035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Public perception of Tourette syndrome on YouTube|journal=Journal of Child Neurology|volume=27|issue=8|date=2012|pages=1011–16|doi=10.1177/0883073811432294|pmid=22821136}}</ref><ref name="Holtgren">{{Cite news|author=Holtgren B|title=Truth about Tourette's not what you think|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|date=January 11, 2006|quote=As medical problems go, Tourette's is, except in the most severe cases, about the most minor imaginable thing to have. ... the freak-show image, unfortunately, still prevails overwhelmingly. The blame for the warped perceptions lies overwhelmingly with the video media—the Internet, movies and TV. If you search for 'Tourette' on Google or YouTube, you'll get a gazillion hits that almost invariably show the most outrageously extreme examples of motor and vocal tics. Television, with notable exceptions such as Oprah, has sensationalized Tourette's so badly, for so long, that it seems beyond hope that most people will ever know the more prosaic truth.}}</ref> Mgbaàmà coprolalic nke Tourette bụkwa nri maka ihe ngosi redio na telivishọn. == Hụkwa == * == Ihe odide == <references responsive="0"></references> {{Topics related to Tourette syndrome}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cbz1kf820ulwprgt7w5w3ur0g98t5cq 0 28909 736952 719139 2026-10-09T22:16:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox professional wrestling event series|name=WWE in India|image=[[File:WWE Logo.svg|100px]] [[File:Flag of India.svg|100px]]|image_size=|caption=|alt=|othernames=|nicknames=|createdby=[[Vince McMahon]]|promotions=[[WWE]]|brands=[[Raw (WWE brand)|Raw]]<br>[[SmackDown (WWE brand)|SmackDown]]|firstevent=1996 tour|lastevent=|gimmick=|featuredmatches=}} WWE, onye America ọkachamara nkwalite mgba mgba dabere na Stamford, Connecticut na United States na-akwalite ihe omume na India kemgbe 1996 mgbe ha bụ World Wrestling Federation. <ref>{{Cite news|title=WWE India schedule: WWE Live India 'Supershow': Full Schedule, Live Streaming, Live Telecast - Jinder Mahal vs Triple H main event|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/wwe/top-stories/wwe-live-india-supershow-full-schedule-jinder-mahal-vs-triple-h-main-event/articleshow/61994460.cms|accessdate=12 April 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sunder|first=Gautam|title=It's all about The Game: Triple H on WWE, India and more|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/its-all-about-the-game-triple-h-on-wwe-india-and-more/article30123372.ece|accessdate=12 April 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 November 2019}}</ref>WWE gara mba ahụ nke mbụ na 1996. Oge ọzọ WWE bịara India bụ na November 2002, leta New Delhi, Mumbai na Bangalore. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ laghachiri na New Delhi na January 2016 maka ihe omume ụbọchị abụọ bụ ihe mbụ WWE na India na 13 afọ. Na Disemba 9, 2017, Emere ihe ngosi ụlọ akpọrọ WWE Live India Supershow na Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium na New Delhi. WWE enweela mmekọrịta mgbasa ozi na Sony Pictures Networks kemgbe 2002, emegharịrị ọhụrụ na nso nso a n'okpuru nkwekọrịta afọ ise na-amalite na 2020. N'akụkụ mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ya bụ isi kwa izu. WWE ewepụtala mmemme mpaghara na Hindi maka mpaghara ahụ, gụnyere WWE Sunday Dhamaal, maka Sony Max, na WWE Ugbu a India na Gaelyn Mendonca maka ọwa YouTube ya. WWE ewerewo India dị ka otu ahịa mba ụwa kachasị ukwuu; na 2019, WWE's Senior Director of Talent Development Canyon Ceman kwuru na Raw na SmackDown nwere nkezi nke nde 50 ndị na-ekiri kwa izu na SPN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sony MAX to air exclusive new weekly Hindi show, WWE Sunday Dhamaal|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/sony-max-to-air-exclusive-new-weekly-hindi-showwwe-sunday-dhamaal-69368.html|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=Exchange4media|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|first=WWE.com|date=5 March 2019|title=WWE launches new WWE NOW INDIA series|language=en|work=[[WWE]]|url=https://www.wwe.com/worldwide/article/wwe-now-india-gaelyn-mendonca-debut|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dasgupta|first=Riju|title=Exclusive: Canyon Ceman discusses WWE scouting Indian talent, the possibility of NXT India & more|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/exclusive-canyon-ceman-discusses-wwe-scouting-indian-talent-the-possibility-of-nxt-india-more|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ghosh|first=Sayan|date=12 January 2019|title=Exclusive: WWE will open a performance center in India, confirms Triple H|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/wwe-will-open-a-performance-center-in-india-confirms-triple-h/story-8qNBzwEkbajXfcI4lBKAHP.html|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Thompson|first=Andrew|date=12 January 2019|title=Triple H: "I Can Say With Certainty That There Will Be A Performance Center In India"|work=Fightful|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/triple-h-i-can-say-certainty-there-will-be-performance-center-india|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 March 2019|title=WWE conduct first-ever talent tryouts in India, shortlist 80 wrestlers from across the country|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/wwe-wrestling/wwe-conduct-first-ever-talent-tryouts-in-india-5614352/|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=India Today Sports Desk|date=6 March 2019|title=WWE hold first-ever tryouts in India: 60 men and 20 women shortlisted|work=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/wwe/story/wwe-hold-first-ever-tryouts-in-india-60-men-and-20-women-shortlisted-1471352-2019-03-06|accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|first=WWE.com|date=4 March 2019|title=WWE holds its first tryout in India|work=[[WWE]]|url=https://www.wwe.com/worldwide/article/wwe-holds-tryout-india-march-2019|accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Mike|date=12 January 2020|title=WWE Superstar Spectacle updates|work=PWInsider|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article/142978/wwe-superstar-spectacle-updates.html|accessdate=13 January 2021}}</ref>Na Jenụwarị 2019, Triple H kwuru na WWE ga-emecha mepee Center Performance na India. Ọnwa abụọ ka e mesịrị, e mere nnwale WWE mbụ na India, nke e depụtara ihe dị ka ndị nwoke 60 na ụmụ nwanyị 20. Maka ụbọchị Republic, 22 Jenụwarị 2021, WWE weputara mmemme izizi izizi ya na televishọn pụrụ iche gbadoro anya n'ahịa India, Superstar Spectacle, nke gosipụtara egwuregwu na-egosi talent WWE ugbu a yana mmepe nke ihe nketa India. E jiri nkọwa Bekee na Hindi mee ihe n'ofe Sony TEN na Sony Max. Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri WWE eletakwala India dị ka akụkụ nke njem nkwalite. {| class="wikitable" !Onye a ma ama !Afọ |- |John Cena |2006<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wrestling superstar to visit India|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/feb/07cena.htm?print=true|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|date=7 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Patwardhan|first=Deepti|title=Cena sets pulse racing in Mumbai|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/feb/09cena.htm|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|date=9 February 2006}}</ref> |- |Kane |2009<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bhattacharya|first=Roshmila|title=Akki meets his match in Kane|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/akki-meets-his-match-in-kane/story-QLPyykIMyi5ILYlAhkzn1L.html|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=11 June 2009}}</ref> |- |Mark Henry |2015<ref>{{Cite news|title=There is definitely going to be Indian presence in the WWE: Mark Henry|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150831/sports-other-sports/article/there-definitely-going-be-indian-presence-wwe-mark-henry|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=31 August 2015}}</ref> |- |Alberto Del Rio |2016<ref>{{Cite news|author=Press Trust of India|title=WWE superstar Alberto Del Rio to visit India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/wwe-supertsar-alberto-del-rio-to-visit-india-116070401005_1.html|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=4 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|first=CricketCountry|title=WWE Superstar Alberto Del Rio plays cricket during India visit|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/wwe-superstar-alberto-del-rio-plays-cricket-during-india-vist-469849|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=Cricket Country|date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714185757/https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/wwe-superstar-alberto-del-rio-plays-cricket-during-india-vist-469849|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Kofi Kingston na Big E |2017<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dogra|first=Aditya|title=WWE superstars Kofi Kingston and Big E of The New Day coming to India|url=https://hindustantimes.com/tv/wwe-superstars-kofi-kingston-and-big-e-of-the-new-day-coming-to-india/story-eswPzKbaCeORkcXzOZpTyM.html|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 May 2017}}</ref> |- |Ugboro atọ H |2017<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|first=WWE.com|title=India welcomes Triple H|url=https://www.wwe.com/worldwide/article/triple-h-visits-india-october-2017|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[WWE]]|date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sagar|first=Pratik|title=Triple H in India to Finalise WWE Tour; Fans Welcome Him in Style|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/triple-h-in-india-to-finalise-wwe-tour-fans-welcome-him-in-style-1536471.html|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[News18 India|News18]]|date=5 October 2017}}</ref> |- |Braun Strowman |2018<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sports Desk|title=WWE Superstar Braun Strowman arrives in India, flexes muscle with Varun Dhawan; see pics|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/wwe-wrestling/wwe-superstar-braun-strowman-arrives-in-india-flexes-muscle-with-varun-dhawan-see-pics-5268306/|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|first=WWE.com|title=Braun Strowman makes his monstrous presence felt in India|url=https://www.wwe.com/worldwide/article/braun-strowman-india-july-2018|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[WWE]]|date=21 July 2018}}</ref> |- |Matt Hardy |2018<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sports Desk|title=WWE Superstar Matt Hardy to visit India for the first time|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/wwe-wrestling/wwe-superstar-matt-hardy-to-visit-india-for-the-first-time-5472790/|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ghosh|first=Sayan|title=WWE: Nine-time tag team champion Matt Hardy to visit India from December 4–7|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/wwe-matt-hardy-to-visit-india-from-december-4-7/story-G3O7lKdVnL2KkKcQpwhjJN.html|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 November 2018|language=en}}</ref> |- |Ụbọchị Ọhụrụ, Kavita Devi, Jeet Rama, Saurav Gurjar, Rinku Singh na Jinny |2019<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sadhu|first=Rahal|title=WWE is finally listening to its fans: Kofi Kingston|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/wwe-wrestling/wwe-is-finally-listening-to-his-fans-kofi-kingston/|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2019|quote=Kingston, who along with the rest of The New Day was in Mumbai to support India’s first-ever WWE Tryouts, said that a lot has changed since the time he first came into the WWE.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=India Today Sports Desk|title=WWE hold first-ever tryouts in India: 60 men and 20 women shortlisted|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/wwe/story/wwe-hold-first-ever-tryouts-in-india-60-men-and-20-women-shortlisted-1471352-2019-03-06|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]|date=6 March 2019|quote=Five-time WWE tag team champions 'The New Day' along with local NXT talents like Kavita Devi, Jeet Rama, Saurav Gurjar, Rinku Singh and Jinny Sadhu were also in Mumbai for the event.}}</ref> |- |Charlotte Flair |2019<ref>{{Cite news|author=Shibasish|first=Nandi|title=Exclusive {{!}} WWE Star Charlotte Flair Opens Up on Rivalry-Friendship with Becky Lynch and Why She Can't Resist Indian Food|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/exclusive-wwe-star-charlotte-flair-opens-up-on-rivalry-friendship-with-becky-lynch-and-why-she-cant-resist-indian-food-2389071.html|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[News18 India|News18]]|date=16 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=WWE Superstar Charlotte Flair completes India tour promising to deliver on her goals|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/sports-gallery/wwe-superstar-charlotte-flair-india-tour-raw-smackdown-6124500/|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 November 2019}}</ref> |} == Ihe ndị mere na India == {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto" | style="background:#FBB; width:2em" | |Ihe omume a na-akpọ Raw |} {| class="wikitable" !Ụbọchị ! style="width:170px;" |Aha ya ! style="width:120px;" |Ebe a na-anọ ! style="width:120px;" |Obodo !Ihe omume bụ isi |- |2 Febụwarị 1996<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/oct/oct72.htm|title=WWE to tour India for first time since 1996|date=October 11, 2002|work=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref> |Njem WWF nke India |Ogige Egwuregwu Andheri |Mumbai, Maharashtra |Bret Hart vs. Tatanka maka WWF World Heavyweight Championship |- style="background: #FBB;" |22 Nọvemba 2002<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-World-Wrestling-Entertainment-RAW-Tour-of-India/articleshow/26643641.cms|title=The World Wrestling Entertainment- RAW Tour of India – Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |WWE Raw Tour nke India |Ámá Egwuregwu Jawaharlal Nehru |New Delhi |Kane vs. Ule |- style="background: #FBB;" |23 Nọvemba 2002<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto2" /> |Ebe MMRDA na-aga |Mumbai, Maharashtra |Chris Jericho & Christian vs. Rob Van Dam na Jeff Hardy |- style="background: #FBB;" |24 Nọvemba 2002<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto2" /> |Obí Eze |Bangalore, Karnataka |Kane vs. Chris Jericho |- |15 Jenụwarị 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/other-sports/indian-wrestlers-make-mark-at-the-wwe-event-in-delhi-1190444.html|title=Indian wrestlers make mark at the WWE event in Delhi|date=January 15, 2016|work=News18}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |WWE Live Tour India 2016 | rowspan="3" |Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium | rowspan="3" |New Delhi |Ọchịchị Rom vs. Nnukwu Ihe Omume |- |16 Jenụwarị 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-wwe-in-india-roman-reigns-rules-day-2-also-as-the-india-tour-ends-on-a-rapturous-note-2166735|title=WWE in India: Roman Reigns rules Day 2 also as the India tour ends on a rapturous note|work=DNA India}}</ref> |Ọchịchị Rom vs. Rusev |- |9 Disemba 2017<ref>{{Cite news|author=India Today Web Desk|title=WWE Live event in Delhi: Triple H beats Jinder Mahal in marquee clash|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/jinder-mahal-triple-h-alexa-bliss-sasha-banks-wwe-live-india-1103813-2017-12-09|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[India Today]]|date=9 December 2017}}</ref> |WWE Live India Supershow |Ugboro atọ H vs. Jinder Mahal<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|first=WWE.com|title=Triple H defeats Jinder Mahal in classic Supershow match in New Delhi|url=https://www.wwe.com/worldwide/article/triple-h-defeats-jinder-mahal-wwe-live-supershow-new-delhi-india-december-2017|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[WWE]]|date=9 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=WWE India schedule: WWE Live India 'Supershow': Full Schedule, Live Streaming, Live Telecast - Jinder Mahal vs Triple H main event {{!}} WWE News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/wwe/top-stories/wwe-live-india-supershow-full-schedule-jinder-mahal-vs-triple-h-main-event/articleshow/61994460.cms|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 December 2017}}</ref> |} == Usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn == WWE ewepụtala ọtụtụ usoro telivishọn maka ndị na-ege ha ntị India kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Kemgbe February 27, 2018, ha ewepụtala igwe onyonyo Raw na SmackDown na Hindi. Ewebata nkọwa asụsụ Tamil na Telugu Live na 2021. Na 7 Mee 2007, ihe ngosi WWE ọhụrụ maka ụmụaka aha ya bụ WWE 24X7 malitere na Jetix na India, nke gosipụtara egwuregwu sitere na ebe nchekwa ha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=JETIX launches 'Action Vacation', Five lucky kids to win tickets to watch WWE Summer Slam 07 in USA|url=http://corporate.disney.in/sites/default/files/press-releases/pdfs/JETIX%20launches.pdf|accessdate=13 January 2021|publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company India]]|date=2 May 2007|page=2|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113103912/http://corporate.disney.in/sites/default/files/press-releases/pdfs/JETIX%20launches.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="itv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/may/may23.php|title=Disney's Jetix launches 'Action Vacation' with WWE superstars|date=May 2, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517173434/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/may/may23.php|archivedate=May 17, 2007|accessdate=September 4, 2017}}</ref> WWE malitere izipu ihe ngosi teepu na egwuregwu iri na Jenụwarị 2015. Site na nkwekọrịta a, emere ihe ngosi ihe ngosi Raw recap pụrụ iche maka ahịa India. A ga-emecha mara ọkwa ihe ngosi Raw nke mpaghara dị ka Raw Sunday Dhamaal, ihe ngosi dị mkpụmkpụ nke WWE Sunday Dhamaal nọchiri anya ya. Ndị na-ege ntị ghọtara ihe ngosi ahụ nke ọma, na-enwetakwa 'mgbali elu' nke ndị na-ekiri ya mgbe ọ malitere. Site na 2015 ruo 2017, ihe ngosi mweghachi nke WWE mere aha ya bụ Action Mania, wepụtara na Zee Cinema na Hindi naanị na India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zee Cinema to telecast WWE in Hindi|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/movie-channels/zee-cinema-to-telecast-wwe-in-hindi-150829|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=Indian Television Dot Com|date=29 August 2015}}</ref> Na 2020 Foto Sony weputara ihe ngosi Studio abụọ Blockbusters na Dhamaal Leagu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.co/sony-sports-launches-wwe-blockbusters-800-pm/|title=Sony Sports launches WWE Blockbusters @ 8:00 pm|work=Insider Sport|author=Goyal, Shaily|date=April 2, 2020|accessdate=October 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediabrief.com/spsn-announces-special-programming-wwe-dhamaal-league/|title=SPSN announces special programming 'WWE Dhamaal League'; also to broadcast NXT TakeOver 31 in India|date=October 3, 2020|accessdate=October 5, 2020}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ === <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sports Desk|title=Former WWE tag team champions Kofi Kingston and Big E to appear on IPL Extraaa Innings|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2017/may/05/former-wwe-tag-team-champions-kofi-kingston-and-big-e-to-appear-on-ipl-extraaa-innings-1601462.html|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Dogra|first=Aditya|title=WWE superstars Kofi Kingston and Big E of The New Day coming to India|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/wwe-superstars-kofi-kingston-and-big-e-of-the-new-day-coming-to-india/story-eswPzKbaCeORkcXzOZpTyM.html|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 May 2017}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Abhimanyu|first=Mathur|title=WWE champ Jinder Mahal: I'd love to team up with Akshay Kumar in a tag team match|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/wwe-champ-jinder-mahal-id-love-to-team-up-with-akshay-kumar-in-a-tag-team-match/articleshow/61162094.cms|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 October 2017|quote=During his one-day Mumbai visit, Jinder shot for a guest appearance in the TV show 'Sajan Re Jhooth Mat Bolo'.}}</ref>l.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sports Desk|title=WATCH: WWE superstar Matt Hardy appears on Indian Idol, leaves it woken|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/wwe-wrestling/matt-hardy-visits-indian-idol-5482180/|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=WWE Star Matt Hardy Strikes a Classical Note on Indian Idol, Stuns Desi Fans|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/wwe-star-matt-hardy-appears-on-indian-idol-to-belt-out-classical-songs-stuns-desi-fans-1962089.html|accessdate=14 April 2021|work=[[News18]]|date=6 December 2018}}</ref>Ọtụtụ ndị ama ama WWE mere ngosi pụrụ iche na ihe ngosi dị iche iche n'oge njem nkwalite ha na India. Kofi Kingston na Big E pụtara na mmemme 10 Mee 2017 nke Extraaa Innings T20. Ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, n'October 2017. Jinder Mahal pụtara na mmemme nke sitcom Sony SAB Sajan Re Phir Jhooth Mat Bolo. N'afọ 2018, Matt Hardy mere ngosipụta pụrụ iche n'ịbụ abụ ihe nkiri Indian Idol == Ihe omume pụrụ iche maka India == Na 2021, WWE debere ihe ngosi centric India pụrụ iche WWE Superstar Spectacle na 22 Jenụwarị 2021 wee weba ya na Jenụwarị 26, ụbọchị Republic of India..<ref>{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Mike|title=WWE taping Superstar Special this week, special to air next week on major holiday in India|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article/143146/wwe-taping-superstar-spectacle-this-week-special-to-air-next-week-on-major-holiday-in-india.html|accessdate=18 January 2021|work=PWInsider|date=18 January 2021}}</ref> == Arụmụka ọkọlọtọ India == A katọrọ ihe omume 1999 nke Sunday Night Heat maka akụkụ nke gosipụtara Kurt Angle na Tiger Ali Singh nke Angle gbara imi ya n'ọkọlọtọ mba India. Na 15 Jenụwarị 2016, ụbọchị tupu WWE erute India maka ụlọ ha na-egosi ihe omume na 2016, otu ìgwè aha ya bụ Aadvanshi Veer Sena tụrụ egwu ime mkpesa megide njegharị ụlọ ọrụ belụsọ ma ha arịọ mgbaghara maka ihe mere Angle. Ụbọchị ise ka ha kwuchara mkpesa ma ọ bụrụ na arịọghị mgbaghara, WWE International's Executive Vice President, Gerrit Meier, rịọrọ mgbaghara maka ihe ahụ merenụ, na-ekwu: "Ikpe a bụ ihe dị ka afọ iri abụọ gara aga ma anyị kpachara anya mee nke ahụ. Anyị nwere nnukwu nkwanye ugwu maka obodo. O wutere anyị na nke a mere mana anyị enweghị ebumnuche ime ya. India bụ obodo a ma ama, anyị na-arịọ mgbaghara maka nke a… Obi dị anyị ụtọ nke ukwuu na India na-anabatakwa ihe omume ndị dị ndụ ọzọ. Enwere ezigbo ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị fan na enwere m obi ike na ha ga-anụ ụtọ ya niile. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 14 ka e mesịrị, anyị nọkwa ọzọ na ala India ga-egwu egwuregwu WWE." == Hụkwa == * WWE na Australia * WWE na Saudi Arabia == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} q1i7p8scefhfow92t3qetsk2r33now7 0 29993 736972 451681 2026-10-10T03:00:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736972 wikitext text/x-wiki mgbaàmà Anglican nke Niger bụ otu n'ime mpaghara ụka iri na anọ nke ọtụka Nigeria .  Ọ nwere diocese 9: * Awka (Bishọp: Alexander Ibezim) Aguata (Bishọp: Samuel Ezeofor) Amichi (Bishọp: Ephraim Ikeakor) Ihiala (Bishọp: Israel Kelue Okoye) Mbamili (Bishop: Obiora Uzochukwu ) [1] On the Niger (Bishop: Owen Chidozie Nwokolo) Niger West (Bishọp: Johnson Ekwe) Nnewi (Bishọp: Ndubuisi Obi) Ogbaru (Bishọp: Prosper Afam Amah) * Aguata (Bishọp: Samuel Ezeofor ) * Amichi (Bishọp: Ephraim Ikeakor ) * Ihiala (Bishọp: Israel Kelue Okoye ) * Mbamili (Bishọp: Obiora Uzochukwu ) <ref>[https://tribuneonlineng.com/church-of-nigeria-anglican-communion-elects-fabuluje-uzochukwu-as-bishops/ Church of Nigeria, Anglican Communion elects Fabuluje, Uzochukwu as bishops]</ref> * On the Niger (Bishop: Owen Chidozie Nwokolo ) * Niger West (Bishọp: Johnson Ekwe ) * Nnewi (Bishọp: Ndubuisi Obi ) * Ogbaru (Bishọp: Prosper Afam Amah ) == Archbishọp nke Province == <ref name="arch2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsouthanglican.org/index.php/comments/latest_election_of_archbishops_in_the_church_of_nigeria|publisher=globalsouthanglican.org|title=Latest Election of Archbishops in the Church of Nigeria, Global South Anglican Official Website|date=13 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613084532/http://www.globalsouthanglican.org/index.php/comments/latest_election_of_archbishops_in_the_church_of_nigeria|archivedate=13 June 2018|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref>Maxwell Anikwenwa, Bishọp nke Awka bụ Archbishọp mbụ nke Niger Province, site n'iwu ya na 2002 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2010;  ọ bụbu Archbishọp nke Province II ntị 2000. A see ya ọzọ na 2007 . <ref>[https://anglican-nig.org/church-of-nigeria-anglican-communion-elects-3-new-bishops-new-dean-and-2-archbishops/ Church of Nigeria — elects 3 new bishops, new dean and 2 archbishops.] (Accessed 28 August 2021)</ref>Christian Efobi, Bishọp nke Aguata, bụ Archbishọp nke abụọ nke Province, ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2018. [1] Ọ pụtara nke abụọ ya dị ka achịbishọp na 24 Julaị 2016 Godwin Okpala, Bishọp Nnewi, bụ Archbishọp nke atọ, site na 4 mmụọ 2018 [1] ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na September 2019 . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230907123725/https://authorityngr.com/2020/11/22/archbishop-ibezim-calls-for-increased-security-in-southeast/ The Authority — Archbishop Ibezim calls for increased security in Southeast] (Odogwu Emeka Odogwu, 22 November 2020; accessed 9 August 2021)]</ref>Alexander Chibuzo Ibezim, Bishọp nke Awka, bụ Archbishọp nke Province nke Niger [1] kamgbe a mgbaàmà ya n'afọ 2019 [2] na echichi na 24 September 2019 Emebere Dayọsis Awka na 9 Maachị 1987, site na Dayọsis dị na Niger wee wepụta ya n'oge emume na Pro-Cathedral, St.&nbsp;Okwukwe. Katidral bụ [[St Faith's Cathedral, Awka|St&nbsp;Okwukwe]], [[Óká|Awka]] ; dayọsis ahụ kewara na 5 Septemba 2005, iji mepụta dayọsis Aguata. <ref>Nwude O. (2012). "Brochure for the Silver Jubilee Anniversary of the Diocese of Awka." (Awka: SCOA) cited in Egwuonwu, Onyeka &#x26; Mgbemena, Stanley C. "The Evangelical Trends of Awka Diocesan Synod of the Anglican Communions, 1987&#x2013;2011" </ref> Dayọsis Nnewi kewapụrụ na Dayọsis Niger, wee malite na 14 February 1996. <ref>Diocese of Nnewi ([https://web.archive.org/web/20151124064430/http://www.dioceseofnnewi.com/ Archived] 24 November 2015; accessed 9 August 2021)</ref> Katidral nke diocese bụ [[St Mary's Cathedral, Uruagu Nnewi|St&nbsp;Mary's, Uruagu Nnewi]] (nke bụbu katidral pro-cathedral). <ref name="okpala">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241204081434/https://www.absradiotv.com/2018/04/10/commentary-the-profile-of-the-third-archbishop-of-the-niger-province/ ABS — Commentary: The Profile of the Third Archbishop of the Niger Province] (Abuchi Nwozor, 10 April 2018; accessed 9 August 2021)</ref> E kewala Dayọsis Nnewi ugboro abụọ ka ọ bụrụ Dayọsis Amichi na nke Ihiala. <ref name="arch2007"/> N'oge gara aga Archdeaconry nke Dayọsis na Niger, Ogbaru ka e guzobere dayọsis mgbasa ozi na 15 Maachị 2007; Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Atani, na katidral bụ [[St James's Cathedral, Atani|St James's Katidral, Atani]] . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230907123727/https://www.anglicandioceseofogbaru.com/about-us/ Anglican Diocese of Ogbaru — Our History] (Accessed 15 November 2021)</ref> * 2007 – 2018: Samuel Ezeofor (Bishọp mbụ; atụgharịrị na Aguata, 6 Febrụwarị 2018) <ref name="ezeofor">Diocese of Aguata — Bishop of Aguata Diocese ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200708095053/https://dioceseofaguata.org/pages/bishop.php Archived] 8 July 2020; accessed 9 August 2021)</ref> * 2018 – ugbu a: Prosper Afam Amah == Dayọsis Mbamili == Mbamili sitere na Dayọsis Niger hibere ya na 9 June 2008 na Okeke bụ bishọp mbụ ya. <ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/anglican-communion-laments-lack-of-federal-state-govts-presence-in-anambra-west/ Vanguard — Anglican Communion laments lack of federal, state govts’ presence in Anambra West] (Accessed 15 November 2021)</ref> === Bishọp Mbamili === == Dayọsis Amichi == E hiwere Dayọsis Amichi site na Dayọsis Nnewi, wee wepụta ya na 13 Jenụarị 2009; nne ụka bụ [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Amichi]] . <ref>History of Diocese of Amichi ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200119223325/http://www.anglicandioceseofamichi.org/details.php?pageid=14 Archived] 19 January 2020; accessed 9 August 2021)</ref> l8ya2tjc5xlshz3t2f9ta4yqswq3ltt 0 30516 736953 671842 2026-10-09T22:18:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Obinna Emmanuel Onwujekwe''' bụ dọkịta Naijiria nke na-eje ozi dị ka Prọfesọ nke Health Economics and Policy and Pharmacoeconomics na Ngalaba nke Health Administration & Management na Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, nke dị na Mahadum Naijiria.<ref name="conv">{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/obinna-onwujekwe-236513|title=Obinna Onwujekwe|accessdate=January 25, 2018}}</ref><ref name="unn1" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Onwujekwe ruru eru dị ka dọkịta na Mahadum Naịjirịa ma mesịa nweta MSc na Health Economics. O nwetara asambodo na District Health Management site na Swiss Tropical Institute Basel. Ọ gara [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] ebe ọ nwetara PhD na Health Economics and Policy site na London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.<ref name="unn1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ--|title=Obinna Onwujekwe|work=University of Nigeria|accessdate=January 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111083651/http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ--|archivedate=November 11, 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ-- "Obinna Onwujekwe"]. ''University of Nigeria''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161111083651/http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ-- Archived] from the original on November 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Onwujekwe bụ onye otu DFID-kwado Consortium for Research on Equitable Health Systems (CREHS) site na 2006 ruo 2010. Ọ bụkwa onye otu European Commission-financed Eval-Health project site na 2011 ruo 2014.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụkwa Dean na Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology na [[University of Nigeria|UNN]] n'etiti August 2012 ruo July 2014; na Onye isi nke Ngalaba Nchịkwa Ahụike na Nchịkwa n'etiti 2005 na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search|url=https://www.ajrh.info/index.php/ajrh/search|accessdate=2022-05-23|work=www.ajrh.info}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2007, Onwujekwe jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi na West African Health Economics Network (WAHEN). Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi mba nke Nigerian Malaria Control Association (NaMCA) site na 2009; onye isi oche nke Nigerian Health Economics Association (NiHEA) kemgbe 2010; na onye isi oche ya na Mahadum nke Naịjirịa Senate Research Grants Committee kemgbe 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The African Advisory Committee on Health Research and Development|url=https://www.afro.who.int/about-us/leadership/aachrd|accessdate=2022-05-23|work=WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.afro.who.int/about-us/leadership/aachrd "The African Advisory Committee on Health Research and Development"]. ''WHO | Regional Office for Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Onyinye agụmakwụkwọ === Onwujekwe na-eme nnyocha na akụ na ụba ahụike - ọkachasị na-ele anya na mmetụta nke ihere nke HIV / AIDS na Naịjirịa na njikere ịnweta ọgwụ mgbochi retroviral, na usoro mgbochi ịba.<ref name="mg1">{{Cite web|first=Obinna|author=Onwujekwe|date=April 21, 2016|url=http://bhekisisa.org/article/2016-04-21-how-stigma-can-stymie-nigerias-efforts-to-extend-hiv-treatment|title=How stigma can stymie Nigeria's efforts to extend HIV treatment|work=Bhekisisa|accessdate=January 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126104540/http://bhekisisa.org/article/2016-04-21-how-stigma-can-stymie-nigerias-efforts-to-extend-hiv-treatment|archivedate=January 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Obinna E. Onwujekwe|title=Inequalities in purchase of mosquito nets and willingness to pay for insecticide-treated nets in Nigeria: Challenges for malaria control interventions|journal=[[Malaria Journal]]|year=2004|volume=3|issue=1|pages=6|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-3-6|pmid=15023234}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị mkpa n'ịgwa ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka mba ụwa dịka ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka DFID. == Ihe omume ndị ọzọ == * Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO), Onye otu Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Afrịka maka Nnyocha na Mmepe<ref>[https://www.afro.who.int/about-us/leadership/aachrd African Advisory Committee for Research and Development] [[World Health Organization]] (WHO).</ref> * Network for Health Equity and Development (NHED), Onye otu Board of Directors<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231204234834/https://nhed.org.ng/our-team/ Board of Directors] Network for Health Equity and Development (NHED).</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akụkọ ndị a na-ede na akwụkwọ akụkọ === Onwujekwe edeela ma soro dee ọtụtụ isiokwu ndị ọgbọ nyochaa gụnyere: * {{Cite journal|author=Obinna Onwujekwe|title=Measuring socio-economic position for epidemiological studies in low-and middle-income countries: a methods of measurement in epidemiology paper|url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-epidemiology_2012-06_41_3/page/871|journal=[[International Journal of Epidemiology]]|volume=41|issue=3|year=2012|pages=871–886|doi=10.1093/ije/dys037|pmid=22438428}} * {{Cite journal|author=Obinna E. Onwujekwe|title=Socio-economic differences and health seeking behaviour for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria: a case study of four local government areas operating the Bamako initiative programme in south-east Nigeria|journal=International Journal for Equity in Health|volume=3|issue=1|year=2004|pages=6|doi=10.1186/1475-9276-3-6|pmid=15202941}} * {{Cite journal|author=Obinna E. Onwujekwe|title=Inequalities in purchase of mosquito nets and willingness to pay for insecticide-treated nets in Nigeria: Challenges for malaria control interventions|journal=[[Malaria Journal]]|year=2004|volume=3|issue=1|pages=6|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-3-6|pmid=15023234}} * {{Cite journal|author=Obinna Onwujekwe|title=Economic burden of malaria illness on households versus that of all other illness episodes: a study in five malaria holo-endemic Nigerian communities|journal=Health Policy|volume=54|issue=2|year=2000|pages=143–159|doi=10.1016/S0168-8510(00)00105-6|pmid=11094267}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ-- Peeji nke ngalaba] * [https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=lVcCp5gAAAAJ&hl=en Obinna Onwujekwe] na Google Scholar * [https://theconversation.com/profiles/obinna-onwujekwe-236513 Obinna Onwujekwe] na mkparịta ụka ahụ {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fc704hicrkger10mfyjeltsnqgvv39n 0 30612 736986 495631 2026-10-10T10:07:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Abdul Zubairu (amuru 3 Ọktoba 1998) bu onye okacha amara n’ ndi Naijiria nke na-egwu egwu dika etiti maka isi Slovak Nike liga Zemplín Michalovce == Ọrụ == Zubairu mere mpụta mbụ nke Fortuna Liga maka AS Trenčín megide Slovan Bratislava na 25 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ŠK Slovan Bratislava futbal – AS Trenčín {{!}} Fortuna liga 21. kolo|url=https://sportnet.sme.sk/futbalnet/z/ulk/zapas/217630/|work=SportNet|accessdate=12 June 2022|language=sk}}</ref> Soro AS Trenčín dị egwu egwu oge 7 n'usoro na ọkwa Slovak, na, n'oge ọkọchị 2022 ọ kwagara ndịda na mpaghara nke bụbu-Yugoslavia wee sonye n'ụdị Bosnia nke ọma hibere HŠK Zrinjski. Otú ọ dị, akụkụ ya dị, ebe ọ bụ na, ndị na ezumike oyi na-esote, ọ kwagara Serbia iji mee ka FK Kolubara sie ike nke na-enwe nsogbu na oge mbụ ha na ọkwa dị elu elu. Onye na-egwu egwu dị egwu na nke na-adịghị ala ala, na-eje naanị 1.65 m, Zubairu mara maka ike ya na ikike imeri gba ka onye na-agba ọsọ igbe na etiti etiti.  Ọka ike dị ka onye na-egwu egwuregwu, ma e jiri ya ike N'Golo Kanté.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ajax Linked with Nigerian 'Wonderkid' Abdul Zubairu|url=https://foxsportsafrica.com/news/item/4998/Ajax-linked-with-Nigerian-wonderkid-Abdul-Zubairu|accessdate=12 June 2022|work=Fox Sports Africa|date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200733/https://foxsportsafrica.com/news/item/4998/Ajax-linked-with-Nigerian-wonderkid-Abdul-Zubairu|archive-date=8 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Zubairu, Abdul}} h1zkf4inmxp0r4ixvhud4tjldzays0s 0 31077 736967 656377 2026-10-10T00:20:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yejide Kilanko (amuru 1975) bu onye Naijiria onye odee na-ede akụkọ ifo na onye na-elekọta mmadụ.  A maara ya maka ikwu okwu ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ ya.  Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-eje ije n'ụzọ a, bụ onye na-ere akụkọ ifo Canada na 2012.''' == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2012|title=Yejide Kilanko|url=https://writersfestival.org/authors/earlier/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Ottawa International Writers Festival|archivedate=2025-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123210801/https://writersfestival.org/authors/earlier/yejide-kilanko}}</ref>A egwuregwu Kilanko na 1975 na Ibadan, Nigeria, ebe nna ya dị ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ mahadum.  Ọ akụkọ ide abụ mgbe ọ dị obere.  [1] [2] [3] Ọ-ejisie ike ike ndị na mahadum nke Ibadan == Gaa na Canada na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-18|title=Newcomer Stories: Yejide Kilanko|url=https://www.chatham-kent.ca/Newcomers/choose-chatham-kent/newcomer-stories/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Chatham-Kent|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Carlucci|first=Paul|date=2012-09-10|title=Africa: Review - Daughters Who Walk This Path|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201209100928.html|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=AllAfrica|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116073247/https://allafrica.com/stories/201209100928.html|archive-date=2020-11-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>Na 2000, Kilanko hụrụ Nigeria, lụọ onye America ma kwaga Laurel, Maryland, na United States.  Ọ kwagara na 2004 na Canada, ebe o bi ugbu a na Chatham-Kent, Ontario . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Yejide Kilanko|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/246934/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Penguin Random House|language=en-US}}</ref>Na Canada, ọ akụrụngwa ọrụ ọha na eze na Mahadum Victoria na Mahadum Windsor .  [1] [2] Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ na mbụ uche Kilanko lekwasịrị anya na mbụ na uri, mechaa tụgharịa na akụkọ ifo. A kpaliri ya ide akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya mgbe ọ gbasịrị mgba mgba site n'ịnụ banyere ahụmahụ nke ụmụaka ndị ya na ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ahụike uche. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Mordi|first=Melissa|date=2019-06-03|title=Yejide Kilanko: Shattering The Shackles Of Silence Through Writing|url=https://guardian.ng/life/yejide-kilanko-shattering-the-shackles-of-silence-through-writing/|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=The Guardian Life|archivedate=2020-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120214243/https://guardian.ng/life/yejide-kilanko-shattering-the-shackles-of-silence-through-writing/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''Ụmụ nwanyị ndị Na-eje ije n'ụzọ a'' na 2012. N'ime obodo ya, Ibadan, ọ na-ahụ maka mmegide mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na Nigeria, nke onye na-akọ akụkọ nwata kwuru. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ullery|first=Sarah|date=2018-05-17|title=10 Books by Nigerian Authors with Feminist Themes|url=https://bookriot.com/feminist-books-by-nigerian-authors/|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Book Riot|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kelly|first=Joanne|date=2012-04-28|title=Setting helps tell dark story|language=en-CA|work=Winnipeg Free Press|url=https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/fyi/setting-helps-tell-dark-story-149344425.html|accessdate=2020-11-14}}</ref> Ndị nyocha kọwara ya dị ka imebi oke na mgbochi nke ịkparịta ụka gbasara ime ihe ike, ọkachasị na Naịjirịa. <ref name=":4"/> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Martin|first=Diana|date=2012-05-03|title=This is for all the silent daughters; NOVEL: Newly published work encourages the abused to seek help|work=Chatham Daily News}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-07-12|title=Best holiday reads 2014 - top authors recommend their favourites|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/12/best-holiday-reads-2014-writers-critics-recommendations|accessdate=2020-11-14}}</ref>Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị na-eje ije n'ụzọ a bụ onye na-ere ọkụ ifo na mba Canada ruo ọtụtụ izu.  [1] [2] [3] E mkpa ya na ndepụta Globe na Mail nke akwụkwọ 100 kacha mma nke 2012. [4] Na 2014, onye edemede Naijiria Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie akwụkwọ ya maka ịgụ akwụkwọ n'oge akwụkwọ na Guardian ''.'' <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sam-Duru|first=Prisca|date=2016-10-13|title=2016 Winner of $100,000 Nigeria prize for Literature emerges|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/2016-winner-100000-nigeria-prize-literature-emerges/|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref>Edepụtakwara akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya maka ihe nrite Naijiria maka akwụkwọ edemede na 2016, mgbe onye na-azụ Naijiria wepụtachara ya ebe ahụ.  [1] [2] Ihe nrite ahụ mechara mechara Abubakar Adam Ibrahim maka akwụkwọ ya bụ Season of Crimson Blossoms. . <ref name=":4"/> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-01|title=BN Prose – Book Excerpt: Chasing Butterflies by Yejide Kilanko|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/05/bn-prose-book-excerpt-chasing-butterflies-yejide-kilanko/|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref>Ikpe ikpe ifo ya sochirinụ, akwụkwọ ndị Chasing Butterflies, ka ebipụtara na 2015 dị ka onye na-anakọta ego maka Worldreader .  [1] [2] Ọ na-ekwukwa ime ihe ike ịmụta ụmụ , na-eke anya na ime ihe ike n'iche Ihe odide ya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-esote, nke "na-akọwapụta akụkọ ifo banyere ndị nọọsụ nwanyị Naijiria bi na United States bụ ndị di ha tọrọ ha gburu," bụ ndị ahọpụtara maka ihe nrite Guernica nke Canada maka akwụkwọ akụkọ edemede na 2019 n'okpuru aha arụ ọrụ ''Womenmụ nwanyị'' . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=2019-10-26|title=Yejide Kilanko signs contract for new book|work=The Daily Trust}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-14|title=Nigerian makes Guernica Prize 2019 shortlist|work=The Daily Trust}}</ref> E bipụtara ya na 2021 dị ka ''Ezi Aha'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-25|title=Yejide Kilanko On the Making of "A Good Name"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/04/yejide-kilanko-on-the-making-of-a-good-name/|accessdate=2022-07-20|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-12|title=65 Canadian works of fiction to watch for in fall 2021|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/65-canadian-works-of-fiction-to-watch-for-in-fall-2021-1.6114977|accessdate=2022-07-20}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Fantoni|first=Beatrice|date=2012-10-27|title=Chatham social worker's debut novel explores young women, abuse in Nigeria|url=https://windsorstar.com/life/chatham-social-workers-debut-novel-explores-young-women-abuse-in-nigeria|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Windsor Star|language=en-CA}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Ibrahim|first=Abubakar Adam|date=2016-01-30|title='Being a Writer Is a Huge Part of My Identity'|work=AllAfrica|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201601310040.html}}</ref>Kilanko na-mpụtapụta dị ka onye na-ahụ maka njimara ma ọrụ ya dị ka ihe gbasara .  [1] Ọ biri na ndị inyom Afrịka na ndị Afrịka America na-ede akwụkwọ dịka Buchi Emecheta, Chika Unigwe, Toni Morrison na Alice Walker na-emetụta ya. == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == * ''Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-eje ije n'ụzọ a'' (2012) * ''Ịchụ butterflies'' (2015) * ''Enwere elephant na uwe mwụda m'' (2018) * ''Ezi Aha'' (2021) == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 56pn1dqsxyqxilrv815ko3fguff5e1o 0 31303 736962 142419 2026-10-09T23:09:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wilfred Agbonavbare''' (5 Ọktoba 1966 – 27 Jenụarrị 2015) bụ onye ama ama na Naijiria nke na-enwe egwu egwu.  dịka onye nche . Ọ dị iche mma nke ọrụ na-arụ na ụlọ ọrụ Spanish Rayo Vallecano, Melama na-ahụ 189 more oge isii (atọ na La Liga ). == Ọrụ klọb == . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1992/12/12/pagina-22/1442587/pdf.html|title=El otro potro de Vallecas – Wilfred|work=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|first=Miguel Ángel|author=Muñoz|language=Spanish|date=12 December 1992|accessdate=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208075341/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1992/12/12/pagina-22/1442587/pdf.html|archive-date=8 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>Na obodo ya, Agbonavbare njide Legọs na-agbara New Nigeria Bank FC na BCC Lions FC .  Na 1990, ọ kwagara Spain ebe ọ ga-eji oge ọrụ ya niile, asụsụ na Rayo Vallecano na Segunda División N'ime oge nke abụọ ya na-akpali dịpụrụ iche Madrid, Agbonavbare egwuregwu na egwuregwu 38 niile (nkeji 3,332 nke omume, ihe mmịrị ọsọ 27 nyere, nke abụọ kacha mma na-alụ) ka ndị otu ahụ mechara nke abụọ wee jiri na  La Liga.  mgbe afọ nke egwu.  Ọ Ibu na-abụ nhọrọ mbụ n'ime afá ndị na-esonụ, na-enye aka na 31 matches na nkwalite elu elu ọzọ na 1995 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://espanol.eurosport.com/futbol/que-paso-con.wilfred-agbonavbare_sto4090631/story.shtml|title=¿Qué pasó con...Wilfred Agbonavbare?|publisher=[[Eurosport]]|language=Spanish|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref>Na 1995–96, Agbonavbare tụfuru ọnọdụ ya n'aka mba Spain Abel Resino .  [1] N'oge akwụkwọ na-esote, ọ bịanyere aka na nke abụọ n'ịkpọ Écija Balompié, ịbụ onye ejekwa eji eme ihe na ọnọdụ ya ma na-ata otu relegation Mgbe otu afọ na ọzụzụ obodo ya ka ọ nọgide na-adị mma, Agbonavbare lara ezumike nká n'ihi enweghị onyinye na naanị 31. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Agbonavbare egwuregwu na ndị Naijiria na-eru ihe afọ 20 na esemokwu World Youth Championship nke 1983 na Mexico.  Ọ na- egwu ihe ụmụaka otu afọ na zuru ezu, a ihe ya maka 1994 African Cup of Nations na nke awụ ahụ FIFA World Cup, na-akwado Peter Rufai na oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20150119/futbol/wilfred-ex-portero-del-rayo-lucha-contra-el-cancer_54423781391.html|title=El drama del ex portero rayista Wilfred|work=Mundo Deportivo|language=Spanish|date=20 January 2015|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/sport/194802-ex-eagles-goalie-agbonavbare-battles-cancer-in-spain|title=Ex-Eagles' goalie Agbonavbare battles cancer in Spain|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|first=Gowon|author=Akpodonor|date=21 January 2015|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref>Agbonavbare biri na Community nke Madrid mgbe ọ lara ezumike dị ka onye, ​​na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ebufe ihe na onye ihe nri ọsọ.  N'ọgwụgwụ Jenụwarị 2015, e hụrụ na ọ na-arịa ọrịa kansa, ma ọgwụgwọ ndị Ọgwụ Ọgwụ University Universitario Príncipe de Asturias na Alcalá de Henares . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/en/2015/01/27/en/football/international_football/1422358433.html|title=Wilfred Agbonavbare dies|work=Marca|date=27 January 2015|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref>Ma ndị otu Agonavbare mbụ Rayo Vallecano na ndị mmegide ya Atlético Madrid ọkọlọtọ n'oge egwuregwu otu ha na Vicente Calderón Stadium na 24 mbụ nke isiokwu "Fuerza Wilfred" (Bịa na Wilfred).  [1] Ọ dara ọrịa ahụ ụbọchị atọ ka e gosiri, ọ dị afọ 48 === Onye e metọrọ mkpagbu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Spain === .<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|title=Cinco años sin Willy|url=https://as.com/futbol/2020/01/27/segunda/1580130506_538866.html|work=AS.com|language=es|date=27 January 2020}}</ref>N'ime oge La Liga 1992–93, Wilfred Agbonavbare bụ ndị e lekwasịrị anya mkparị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ sitere n'aka ndị na-akwado Real Madrid, gụnyere egwu Negro cabrón, recoge el algodón!  ("Idiot nigger, gaa họrọ owu!")[1] na otu nwoke Madrid katarala ahụ na-ekwu na TV na-ebi ndụ na "onye na-agba agba sitere na Rayo" na onye ọka ikpe Juan Andújar Oliver bụ ụta maka mmeri Real Madrid, nke ukwuu.  ihe ọchị nke ndị na-eto eto na-akwado ndị na-eti mkpu "Ku Klux Klan".[2]  N'otu akụkọ TV ahụ dị ndụ, otu onye Real Madrid dị afọ 13 were iwe were igwe okwu wee gbụọ ọnụ mmiri, na-eyi onye nche goolu Naijiria egwu egwu sị "Sunday anyị ga-aga kụgbuo onye niger ahụ, nwa anụ ọhịa."  na Vallecas."[3]  Mgbe a jụrụ ya banyere mmegbu a na-enwe, Wilfred kwuru, sị: "Nke ahụ bụ ihe nkịtị, agbaji m agba na ebe m zọpụtara ọtụtụ, echere m na ndị mmadụ ga-eti m mkpu. Ma abụ m ndị egwuregwu na nke a abụghị ihe ọ bụla, m na-elekwasị anya na [ịgba egwu]  egwuregwu m."[4] [5]  Bukaneros, otu ultras dị aka ekpe sitere na Rayo Vallecano, raara onwe ya nye Wilfred ihe osise na nraranye "Maka nchekwa gị nke Sash megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, anyị agaghị echefu gị". == Ntụaka == 4jwqyhmcelo4hqwoioi1l7ym8seclkt 0 31619 736988 496985 2026-10-10T10:34:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website=}}{{Databox}} '''Abubakar Umar Gada''' bụ onye omeiwu Naijiria nke nọchitere anya People's Democratic Party (PDP) na Sokoto Steeti. Abubakar Umar Gada People's Democratic Party Sokoto State Ọ ghọrọ onye otu Senate nke Naijiria n'afọ 2007. Ndị omeiwu Naijiria<ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=123|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201259/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=123|archivedate=2016-03-03|title=Sen. Sidi Ali|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Abubakar Umar Gada na 16 Jenụwarị 1966. O nwere nzere masta na nchịkwa ọha na eze, nzere masta n' nchịkwa azụmaahịa, diplọma post graduate na nchịkwa obodo na Bachelor Of Science. Tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụ onye na-ere mmanụ ala maka ụlọ ọrụ Naịjirịa National Petroleum Corporation. Ụlọ Ọrụ Naịjirịa Naịjirị<ref name="nassnig" /> O bu ụzọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2003, na mgbalị na-agaghị aga nke ịbụ osote gọvanọ nke steeti Sokoto.<ref name="alla422">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801210422.html|title=The Election in Sokoto Was World-Class - Sen. Gada|date=20 January 2008|publisher=Leadership (Abuja)|accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref> == Ọrụ Senate == A họpụtara Abubakar Umar Gada dị ka onye omeiwu maka Sokoto East n'afọ 2007. A họpụtara ya na kọmitii na-ahụ maka njikọta na imekọ ihe ọnụ, ntọala na ọrụ ọha na eze, Downstream Petroleum, nkwukọrịta, azụmahịa, mmiri na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa.<ref name="nassnig" /> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2007, mgbe ọ na-ekwu maka ọdịda Bode Agusto si Lagos iji nweta nkwenye nke ndị omeiwu, Gada kwuru na onye bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ mmefu ego rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'oge ọchịchị Obasanjo, ma gosipụta nlelị maka Nzukọ Mba. Lagos Obasanjo<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/nigeria/10730171737.htm|title=The Yar'Adua Team|date=July 30, 2007|publisher=Newswatch Magazine|accessdate=2009-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727104046/http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/nigeria/10730171737.htm|archivedate=2011-07-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, ndị omeiwu guzobere kọmitii ad hoc nke mmadụ iri na abụọ nke Senator Heineken Lokpobiri bụ onyeisi ya iji nyochaa njikwa ego e wepụtara maka ngalaba njem kemgbe afọ 1999. Heineken Lokpobiri A kpọrọ aha Senator Gada na kọmitii ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200804300664.html|title=Senate Probes N1tr Spent On Transport With No Result|date=30 April 2008|publisher=Daily Trust|accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2008, Gada bụ otu n'ime ndị omeiwu a họpụtara na Kọmitii Jikọrọ Aka nke National Assembly on Constitution Review.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ijebustate.com/news-and-event/5-senate-names-constitution-amendment-committee-members-9th-may-2008|title=Senate Names Constitution Amendment Committee Members|date=9 May 2008|publisher=Ijebu State|accessdate=2009-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008234452/http://www.ijebustate.com/news-and-event/5-senate-names-constitution-amendment-committee-members-9th-may-2008|archive-date=2011-10-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Gada, Abubakar Umar}} nv96s2qazx4fx66p4117gkdo80lr926 0 32433 736958 706546 2026-10-09T22:46:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736958 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:להקת דיסלקציה.jpg|thumb|Ọrịa na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị]] . <ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=Robin L.|title=Developmental dyslexia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-26-june-1-2012_379_9830/page/1997|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9830|pages=1997–2007|date=May 2012|pmid=22513218|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60198-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sexton|first=Chris C.|date=November 2012|title=The Co-occurrence of Reading Disorder and ADHD: Epidemiology, Treatment, Psychosocial Impact, and Economic Burden|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-learning-disabilities_november-december-2012_45_6/page/538|journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities|volume=45|issue=6|pages=538–564|doi=10.1177/0022219411407772|pmid=21757683}}</ref>Dyslexia, nke a na-akpọbu okwu ịsị, bụ nhọrọ ('ịmụ ihe siri ike' na UK [1] ) nke na-emetụta ma ọ bụ ịgụ ma ọ bụ ide ihe.  [2] [3] Ndị dị iche iche na-emetụta ogo dị iche iche.  [4] Nsogbu nwere ike ike ihe isi ike n'ịssụpe okwu, ịgụ ngwa, ide okwu, "ịkpọpụta" okwu n'isi, ihe okwu mgbe ị na-agụpụta ihe na-agụ ihe na- labarin.  [4] [5] Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ahụta ihe isi ike ndị a n'ibu akwụkwọ.  [6] Ihe isi ike ndị a bụ nke a na-ama ụma, ndị nwere nsogbu a na-enwekwa ozi ozi.  [4] Ndị nwere dyslexia nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nlebara anya dị elu nke nsogbu hyperactivity hyperactivity (ADHD), nsogbu, na ihe isi ike na ọnụọgụgụ . <ref name="Lancet2012" />Ekwenyere na ọ bụ ndị nke mmetụta ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi osisi dyslexia.  [1] ụfọdụ ikpe na-agba na mpaghara.  [2] Dyslexia nke na-etolite n'ihi nkọwa ahụ nke ọma, ọrịa strok, ma ọ bụ dementia mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ "dyslexia enwetara" [3] ma ọ bụ alexia .  [2] Usoro akpata dyslexia na-esite na ndịiche dị na aha nna nke ezi.  [2] Ebe nchekwa dyslexia n'ọtụtụ ule nke ebe nchekwa, nchekwa, mkpoputa, na nkatọ.  [4] Dyslexia dị iche na ihe isi ike nke nsogbu ntĩ ma ọ bụ na-akpata ma ọ bụ site na nkuzi zuru oke ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/|title=The Advantages of Dyslexia|date=August 2014|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=ScientificAmerican.com|publisher=Scientific American|author=Mathew|first=Schneps|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804232616/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/|archivedate=4 August 2016}}</ref>Ọgwụgwọ egwu egwu ụzọ nkuzi iji gboo mkpa onye ahụ.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-ahụta nsogbu dị n'okpuru, ọ nwere ike ibelata ogo ma ọ bụ m nkerị.  [2] Ọgwụgwọ ezubere maka ịrụ ọrụ.  [3] Dyslexia bụ ọrụ a na-ama ma na-eme n'ụdị niile nke ụwa.  [4] Ọ na-emetụta 3-7% nke ndị mmadụ;  [5] [6] Otú ọ dị, ihe ruru 20% nke ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu nwere ike inwe ụfọdụ akara ike.  [7] Ọ bụ ebe na a na-karị dyslexia n'ime ụmụ nwoke, nke a na-achọta nke ọma site na nhụsianya na- emeju onwe ya n'etiti ndị nkuzi na ndị na-eso.  [5].  [4] ụfọdụ ọrịa na a na-ewere dyslexia dị ka ụzọ dị iche, na-enwe ma uru ma ọ dị njọ.   == Nhazi == <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Coslett HB|title=Acquired dyslexia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-neurology_2000_20_4/page/419|journal=Semin Neurol|volume=20|issue=4|pages=419–26|year=2000|pmid=11149697|doi=10.1055/s-2000-13174}}</ref>Dyslexia na-ekewa n'ime ụdị na nke enwetara.  [1] Dyslexia enwetara na-esote mkparị akwa akwa ozi, dị ka akara ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa strok .  Ndị nwere ike dyslexia na- nọmba ụfọdụ akara ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche nke ike, mana ụzọ ntule dị iche iche na ụzọ ụzọ.  [2] Alexia dị ọcha, nke a asụsụ dị ka agnosic alexia ma ọ bụ okwu kpuru ìsì dị ọcha, bụ otu ụdị alexia nke mebere "otu dyslexia peripheral". == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == . <ref name="Handler2011">{{Cite journal|author=Handler|first=SM|title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2011|volume=127|issue=3|pages=e818–56|pmid=21357342|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670}}</ref>N'oge nwata, ihe dị iche na-azụ ya na ike nke dyslexia emechara eme okwu okwu n'egbughị oge na ihe mmata ụkwụ .  [1] Akụkọ ifo a na-ama na-akpata dyslexia na ide enyo na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ozi ma ọ bụ okwu azụ.  [2] A na-ahụhụ ndị a n'ebe nseka ka ha na- ịgụ na ide, na-ewere ya dị ka ike nke dyslexia. . <ref name="PeerReid2014">{{Cite book|author=Peer|first=Lindsay|title=Multilingualism, Literacy and Dyslexia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aoABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60899-5}}</ref>Aha ndị n'iche nwere akwụkwọ nwere dyslexia ike ike ike ihe isi ike n'ịchọpụta ma ọ bụ ike okwu ndị na-ada, ma ọ bụ na-agụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nkeokwu n'okwu-ha abụọ dabere na mmata mgbalị.  [1] Ha mmetụta ike igosi ihe isi ike n'ịkewa okwu n'ime ụkwụ onye mgba ( , ike pụta ihie atọ nke k, a, na t na pusi ) ma ọ bụ enwe ike ịgbakọta ịgwakọta, na-egosi mbelata mmetụta.  atụ <ref name="Handler2011">{{Cite journal|author=Handler|first=SM|title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2011|volume=127|issue=3|pages=e818–56|pmid=21357342|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHandlerFiersonSection_onCouncil_on_Children_with2011">Handler, SM; Fierson, WM; Section on, Ophthalmology; Council on Children with, Disabilities; American Academy of, Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and, Strabismus; American Association of Certified, Orthoptists (March 2011). "Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision". ''Pediatrics''. '''127''' (3): e818–56. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3670|10.1542/peds.2010-3670]]. [[PMID (ihe nchọpụta)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21357342 21357342]. [[S2CID (ihe nchọpụta)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11454203 11454203].</cite></ref>Ihe isi ike na iweghachi okwu ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpata ya na dyslexia.  [1] : 647 Ndị na-arrịa ọrịa dyslexia na- ndị na-asụrụ dara ogbenye, ihe a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ dysorthographia ma ọ bụ dysgraphia, nke dabere na nka nke ike koodu n'asụsụ . . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jarrad|first=Lum|title=Procedural learning is impaired in dyslexia: evidence from a meta-analysis of serial reaction time studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|date=October 2013|pages=3460–76|pmid=23920029|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.017|volume=34|issue=10}}</ref>Nsogbu na-aga n'ihu n'oge uto na-eso okenye, ọ jagora ihe isi ike n'ịchịkọta , n'isi, PIAPPE, ma ọ bụ ụgbọ e nyere mba ọzọ.  Ndị okenye nwere dyslexia nwere ike iji ike dị mma na-agụkarị ihe, ọ bụ ebe na ha na-eji ntụziaka na-agụ ihe ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ n'iche ihe isi ike ma na-eme nke ka njọ n'ule mkpoputa.  ma ọ bụ mgbe ha na-agụ okwu ndị na- ike isi-ihe e ji mara ike olu === Ọnọdụ emetụtara === Dyslexia na-ebutekarị nsogbu mmụta ndị ọzọ, mana akọwapụtabeghị ihe kpatara nsogbu a. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dyslexia, dysgraphia, procedural learning and the cerebellum|journal=Cortex|volume=47|issue=1|pages=117–27|date=September 2009|pmid=19818437|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2009.08.016|author=Nicolson|first=R. I.}}</ref> Ọlụsị ndị a metụtara gụnyere: ; Dysgraphia : Ọgba aghara na-agụnye ihe isi ike na ide ma ọ bụ dee ihe, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi nsogbu na nchikota anya-aka ; ọ nwekwara ike igbochi ntụzịaka- ma ọ bụ usoro dabere n'usoro, dị ka ijikọ eriri ma ọ bụ ịrụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro. <ref name="ReynoldsFletcherJanzen2007">{{Cite book|author=Reynolds|first=Cecil R.|title=Encyclopedia of Special Education|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp0001unse_x4r7|date=2 January 2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-67798-7}}</ref> Na dyslexia, dysgraphia na-abụkarị multifactorial, n'ihi enweghị ike ide akwụkwọ ozi- akpaghị aka, nhazi nhazi na nkọwa okwu, na enweghị ike ịmepụta okwu anya, nke na-eme ka ọ sie ike iweghachite foto a na-ahụ anya nke okwu achọrọ maka mkpoputa. <ref name="ReynoldsFletcherJanzen2007" /> ; Nsogbu hyperactivity nlebara anya (ADHD) : Ọgba aghara nke nwere nsogbu na-edobe nlebara anya, ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ ime ihe n'echeghị echiche. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|date=March 2016|publisher=NIH: National Institute of Mental Health|accessdate=26 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192735/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archivedate=23 July 2016}}</ref> Dyslexia na ADHD na-emekarị ọnụ. <ref name="Koo2013">{{Cite book|author=Kooij|first=J. J. Sandra|title=Adult ADHD diagnostic assessment and treatment|date=2013|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=9781447141389|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JM_awX-mSPoC&pg=PA83}}</ref> <ref name="ComerGould2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySIc1BcPJu8C&pg=RA1-PA233|title=Psychology Around Us|date=2011|publisher=RR Donnelley|isbn=978-0-471-38519-6|author=Comer, Ronald}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=Comorbidity of ADHD and Dyslexia|url=http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/260009__925867416.pdf|journal=Developmental Neuropsychology|volume=35|issue=5|pages=475–493|doi=10.1080/87565641.2010.494748|pmid=20721770|author=Germanò|first=E}}</ref> Ihe dị ka 15% <ref name="Handler2011">{{Cite journal|author=Handler|first=SM|title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2011|volume=127|issue=3|pages=e818–56|pmid=21357342|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHandlerFiersonSection_onCouncil_on_Children_with2011">Handler, SM; Fierson, WM; Section on, Ophthalmology; Council on Children with, Disabilities; American Academy of, Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and, Strabismus; American Association of Certified, Orthoptists (March 2011). "Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision". ''Pediatrics''. '''127''' (3): e818–56. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3670|10.1542/peds.2010-3670]]. [[PMID (ihe nchọpụta)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21357342 21357342]. [[S2CID (ihe nchọpụta)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11454203 11454203].</cite></ref> ma ọ bụ 12-24% nke ndị nwere dyslexia nwere ADHD; <ref name="FatemiSartorius2008">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJOy1vy2RKQC&pg=PA308|title=The Medical Basis of Psychiatry|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59745-252-6|edition=3rd|author=Fatemi, S. Hossein}}</ref> na ihe ruru 35% nke ndị nwere ADHD nwere dyslexia. <ref name="Handler2011" /> ; Ọgba aghara nhazi ihe : Nsogbu ige ntị nke na-emetụta ikike ịhazi ozi anụ ahụ. <ref name="Capellini2007a">{{Cite book|author=Capellini, Simone Aparecida|title=Neuropsycholinguistic Perspectives on Dyslexia and Other Learning Disabilities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiEaMQVwyzYC&pg=PA94|year=2007|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-60021-537-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The diagnosis and management of auditory processing disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-speech-hearing-services-in-schools_2011-07_42_3/page/303|journal=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools|volume=42|issue=3|pages=303–8|date=July 2011|pmid=21757566|doi=10.1044/0161-1461(2011/10-0032)|author=Moore|first=D. R.}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike bute nsogbu na ebe nchekwa ihe na usoro ihe nkiri. Ọtụtụ ndị nwere dyslexia nwere nsogbu nhazi nke ịnụ ihe, ma nwee ike ịmepụta akara ngosi nke ha iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ụdị mperi a. Ụfọdụ nnyocha na-egosi na nkà nhazi nke ịnụ ntị nwere ike ịbụ isi ụkọ na dyslexia. <ref name="Pammer2014">{{Cite journal|author=Pammer|first=Kristen|title=Brain mechanisms and reading remediation: more questions than answers.|journal=Scientifica|date=January 2014|pmid=24527259|doi=10.1155/2014/802741|volume=2014|pages=802741}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Law|first=J|title=relationship of phonological ability, speech perception, and auditory perception in adults with dyslexia|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|date=2014|pmid=25071512|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00482|volume=8|pages=482}}</ref> ; Nsogbu nhazi mmepe : Ọnọdụ akwara ozi nke siri ike na-arụ ọrụ oge niile gụnyere nguzozi, njikwa mma na nhazi kinesthetic ; ike n'iji ụda okwu eme ihe; na nsogbu na ncheta oge dị mkpirikpi na nhazi. <ref name="Pickering2012">{{Cite book|author=Susan J. Pickering|chapter=Chapter 2. Working Memory in Dyslexia|editor=Alloway, Tracy Packiam|title=Working Memory and Neurodevelopmental Disorders|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoXidOBdNpMC&pg=PA29|year=2012|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-135-42134-2}}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na-agbalị ịchọta ndabere neurobiological nke dyslexia ebe ọ bụ na a chọpụtara ọnọdụ ahụ na 1881. <ref name="Oswald Berkhan ref 1">{{Cite journal|author=Berkhan O|year=1917|title=Über die Wortblindheit, ein Stammeln im Sprechen und Schreiben, ein Fehl im Lesen|language=de|journal=Neurologisches Centralblatt|volume=36|pages=914–27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmEsAQAAIAAJ&q=Wortblindheit}}</ref> <ref name="ReidFawcett2008x">{{Cite book|author=Reid, Gavin|title=The SAGE Handbook of Dyslexia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=937rqz4Ryc8C&pg=PA127|year=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-84860-037-9}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ agbalịwo ijikọ nsogbu nkịtị nke ndị nwere dyslexia nke enweghị ike ịhụ akwụkwọ ozi nke ọma na mmepe na-adịghị mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ akwara ha na-ahụ anya. <ref name="Stein2014">{{Cite journal|first=John|author=Stein|year=2014|title=Dyslexia: the Role of Vision and Visual Attention|journal=Current Developmental Disorders Reports|volume=1|issue=4|pages=267–80|pmid=25346883|doi=10.1007/s40474-014-0030-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sharifi|first=S|title=Neuroimaging essentials in essential tremor: a systematic review.|journal=NeuroImage: Clinical|date=May 2014|pages=217–231|pmid=25068111|doi=10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.003|volume=5}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brandler|first=William|title=The genetic relationship between handedness and neurodevelopmental disorders|journal=Trends in Molecular Medicine|date=February 2014|pages=83–90|pmid=24275328|doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2013.10.008|volume=20|issue=2}}</ref>Usoro neuroimaging, dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ magnetik resonance imaging ( fMRI ) na positron emission tomography (PET), egosila njikọ dị n'etiti ma ọrụ na nhazi dị iche iche na jide nwere ikike ihe.  [1] ụfọdụ ndị nwere dyslexia na-egosi obere ịgbalite n'akwụkwọlụ nke aka ekpe nke ikpe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, dị ka gyrus n'ihu nke dị ala, lobule dị ala, na etiti na ventral temporal cortex .  [2] N'ime awụ iri gara aga, ịgba ịgbalite site na iji PET na-amụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ozi n'ịghọta ntọala ozi nke akwụkwọ.  Atụpụtala ntọala akwaabọ maka lexicon anya na maka ngwa ngwa nchekwa nchekwa okwu dị ike, [3] na-egosi na egosi akwa ahụ nke dyslexia ike bụ nke nchoputa (ya bụ, na-arụ ọrụ nhazi).  fMRI nke ndị nwere dyslexia na-egosi ọrụ ndị nke cerebellum na cerebral cortex yana ngwá ndị ọzọ n'ịgụ ihe. === Genetics === . <ref name="Rosen2013v">{{Cite book|author=Rosen, Glenn D.|title=The Dyslexic Brain: New Pathways in Neuroscience Discovery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHBxBEekGSkC&pg=PA342|year=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-134-81550-0}}</ref>ihe n'ime ihe nwere ike arata mgbanaka ndụ ihe nketa dyslexia gbanyere ọgwụ na-achọpụta nke mbụ nke ndị nwere dyslexia gachara.  [1] Ndịiche anatomical nke a na-ahụ anya na mpaghara nhọrọ nke ọma ndị dị ndị dị otú ahụ ndị microscopic cortical malformations nke a mara dị ka ectopias, na erughị, vaskụla micro-malformations, na microgyrus - nke dị diẹ ẹka ọ na  -adị maka gyrus.  [2] Ihe ndị kpatara a aha na mbụ na ndị ọzọ [3] na-atụ aro na ntọ cortical na-adịghị mma, nke e chere na ọ ga-eme tupu ma ọ bụ n'ime ụnwa nke isii nke nwa  ebu n'afọ, nwere ike iketa nsogbu ahụ.  A kọwokwa usoro ndị ndụ na-adịghị mma n'ime ndị nwere dyslexia n' Maris na-azụ na ngwaahịa na dhaawac.  [4] Ejikọtala ọtụtụ ndụ ihe nketa na dyslexia, ndị DCDC2 [5] na KIAA0319 [6] na chromosome 6, na DYX1C1 na chromosome 15 Ntinye aka nke mmekọrịta nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịgụ nkwarụ ka enyochala nke ukwuu site na iji ọmụmụ ejima, bụ nke na-eme atụmatụ nha mgbanwe dị na gburugburu mmadụ na oke metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha. Ma ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yiri ka ọ na-enye aka na mmepe ịgụ akwụkwọ. Nnyocha na-enyocha mmetụta nke ihe gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka agụmakwụkwọ nne na nna <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Parental Education Moderates Genetic Influences on Reading Disability|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2008-11_19_11/page/1124|journal=Psychol. Sci.|volume=19|issue=11|pages=1124–30|date=November 2008|pmid=19076484|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02213.x|author=Friend|first=A}}</ref> na àgwà nkuzi <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Teacher Quality Moderates the Genetic Effects on Early Reading|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-04-23_328_5977/page/n123|journal=Science|volume=328|issue=5977|pages=512–4|author=Taylor|first=J.|year=2010|doi=10.1126/science.1186149|pmid=20413504}}</ref> ekpebiwo na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nkwado, kama ịbụ ndị na-adịghị mma, gburugburu. <ref name="pmid19209992">{{Cite journal|author=Pennington|first=Bruce F.|date=January 2009|title=Gene × Environment Interactions in Reading Disability and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-psychology_2009-01_45_1/page/77|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=45|issue=1|pages=77–89|doi=10.1037/a0014549|pmid=19209992}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọnọdụ kachasị mma nwere ike ikwe ka ihe egwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ nweta ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị na nsonaazụ ya n'ihi na ebelatala ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref name="pmid19209992" /> . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Annual Research Review: The nature and classification of reading disorders – a commentary on proposals for DSM-5|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-child-psychology-and-psychiatry_2012-05_53_5/page/593|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|date=1 May 2012|pmid=22141434|pages=593–607|volume=53|issue=5|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02495.x|first=Margaret J|author=Snowling}}</ref>Ịdị ụdị anya nke na-emetụta kpọmkwem otú o si esi ike ịgụ ya.  [1] : 26 [[Asụsụ Bekee|Asụsụ bekee]] na French nwere ụdị ụfọdụ olu “miri miri emi” n'ime usoro edemede ahụ Latin, nwere usoro dị eserese anya na-eji usoro mkpọpụta n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: ngwaọrụ, ahụ, na morphemes .  [2] : 421 Asụsụ ndị dị ka Spanish, [[Italy|Ịtali]] na Finnish na-eke akwụkwọ ozi na-ada anọ-nke a na-akpọ "ndị na-emighị eme ihe" - nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ọrụ maka ndị nwe  dyslexia.  [1] : 26 Sistemụ ederede logographic, dị ka ihe China, nwere nnukwu akara akara;  na ndị a na-ebutekwa nsogbu nye ndị agha dyslexic . <ref name="habi">{{Cite book|author=Habib|first=Michael|title=Pediatric Neurology Part I|chapter=Dyslexia|date=2013|pages=229–235|chapterurl=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444528919000233|accessdate=19 December 2018|language=en|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00023-3|series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|isbn=9780444528919}}</ref>Ịdị ụdị anya nke na-emetụta kpọmkwem otú o si esi ike ịgụ ya.  [1] : 26 Asụsụ bekee na French nwere ụdị ụfọdụ olu “miri miri emi” n'ime usoro edemede ahụ Latin, nwere usoro dị eserese anya na-eji usoro mkpọpụta n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: ngwaọrụ, ahụ, na morphemes .  [2] : 421 Asụsụ ndị dị ka Spanish, Ịtali na Finnish na-eke akwụkwọ ozi na-ada anọ-nke a na-akpọ "ndị na-emighị eme ihe" - nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ọrụ maka ndị nwe  dyslexia.  [1] : 26 Sistemụ ederede logographic, dị ka ihe China, nwere nnukwu akara akara;  na ndị a na-ebutekwa nsogbu nye ndị agha dyslexic . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sprenger-Charolles|first=Liliane|title=Prevalence and Reliability of Phonological, Surface, and Mixed Profiles in Dyslexia: A Review of Studies Conducted in Languages Varying in Orthographic Depth|journal=Scientific Studies of Reading|date=2011|pages=498–521|doi=10.1080/10888438.2010.524463|volume=15|issue=6|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00733553}}</ref>Ozizi ụzọ nke abụọ pụtara ihe ka akọwara na ịbụ 1970s.  [1] Ozizi a na-enye echiche na echiche abụọ dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ ụzọ abụọ na-etinye aka n'ịgụ ihe n'olu dara ụzọ.  [2] Otu ụzọ bụ ụzọ okwu, nke bụ usoro nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà nwere ike okwu ndị a ma ama site na anya, site na usoro "akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu".  [3] Usoro nke ọzọ bụ ụzọ na-azụ nke ma ọ bụ nke na-akpa uche, nke bụ usoro nke onye na-agụ nwere ike "ịkpọpụta" okwu edere.  [3] [4] A na-eme nke a site n'ịchọpụta nke okwu ahụ ( akwụkwọ ozi, fọ n'ìmen, graphemes ) na ekiri ihe pụtara otu onye na-eso ụzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ka eriri nke agbataobi ha.  obi na-adakọ ọnụ.  [1] Usoro ụzọ abụọ nwere ike dị iche dị iche iche nke dyslexia na-eme n'etiti ụkpụrụ dị iche iche (ihe atụ, nkwekọ nke iwu arọ olu n'asụsụ Spanish nwere ike kwesịrị maka eziokwu bụ na-eme na-asụ asụsụ).  Spanish na-egosi ọkwa dị elu nke nwunye na-agụghị okwu, ma e jiri ya mere ndị na-asụ Bekee) Dyslexia bụ nsogbu mmụta dị iche iche nke na-emebi agụ na mkpope okwu ziri ezi na nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Boada|first=Richard|date=2012|title=Understanding the Comorbidity Between Dyslexia and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Topics in Language Disorders|volume=32|issue=3|doi=10.1097/tld.0b013e31826203ac}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pennington|first=B|date=September 2006|title=From single to multiple deficit models of developmental disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cognition_2006-09_101_2/page/385|journal=Cognition|volume=101|issue=2|pages=385–413|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2006.04.008|pmid=16844106}}</ref> Njirimara—ma ọbụghị nke zuru ụwa ọnụ — gụnyere ihe isi ike na mmata ụda olu; adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma na mgbe mgbe nhazi ụda na-ezighị ezi n'asụsụ ọnụ ( ''nhazi ụda olu'' ); na mbelata ebe nchekwa na-arụ ọrụ ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=Robin L.|date=28 March 2015|title=Developmental Dyslexia|journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=283–307|doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112842|pmid=25594880}}</ref> <ref name="ninds1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Dyslexia-Information-Page|title=Dyslexia Information Page|date=2 November 2018|publisher=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]}}</ref>Dyslexia bụ ọrịa neurodevelopmental ọrịa, nke subcategorized na mgbochi ndị dị ka ike ike nwere ike n'ịgụ ihe (ICD-11 prefixes "mmepe" na "nsogbu were"; DSM-5 na-eji"kpọmkwem").  [1] [2] [3] Dyslexia ndu nsogbu na mbụ isi .  nsogbu nsogbu uche na-ebilite nke abụọ n'ihe isi ike ike.  [4] Ndị ọrụ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke na-enweta dyslexia dị ka "ihe isi ike na nhazi ọrụ (ịgbanwe mgbanwe), mkpọputa, na/ma ọ bụ nzaghachi ngwa ngwa anya-okwu" . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stahl|first=Steven A.|title=Defining phonological awareness and its relationship to early reading.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-educational-psychology_1994-06_86_2/page/221|journal=Journal of Educational Psychology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=221–234|doi=10.1037/0022-0663.86.2.221|date=1994}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Phonological Awareness and Phonemic Perception in 4-Year-Old Children With Delayed Expressive Phonology Skills|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-speech-language-pathology_2003-11_12_4/page/463|journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology|date=1 November 2003|volume=12|issue=4|pages=463–471|doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2003/092)|pmid=14658998|author=Rvachew|first=Susan}}</ref>Otu British Dyslexia Association na-ihe dyslexia dị ka "ihe isi ike ike nke na-emetụta n'ụzọ bụ isi nkà ndị dị n'ịgụ akwụkwọ na mkpoputa okwu ziri ezi na nke ọma" ma e ji "ihe isi ike dị na mmata  ọgụ olu, ebe nchekwa okwu na ọsọ nhazi okwu".  [1] Mmata, olu na-enyere mmadụ aka akara, akara oke, icheta ( ebe nchekwa ọrụ), na n'uche na-achụ olu nke ahia — fọ nhụnanya, onsite-rime, syllables, na okwu. Mụta ịmara nke ọma na afọ ndụ ụmụaka na-erute ọkwa mmepe dị iche iche n'ozuzu ha, yana ọkwa dị iche iche nke ngalaba, dị ka ịma ụda olu (ịmata okwu ndị na-ada ụda; ịmata ụda mbụ n'okwu). <ref>Mather, Nancy and Barbara J. Wendling. ''Essentials of Dyslexia Assessment and Intervention''. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.</ref> Atụkwasịla obi na ule naanị. Nleba anya nke ọma nke nwatakịrị n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ na ebe obibi, na mmetụta dị nro, ajụjụ ọnụ nke nne na nna dị oke mkpa dị ka ule. <ref>Reid, Gavin and Jennie Guise. ''The Dyslexia Assessment''. London: Bloomsbury, 2017 ("... assessment for dyslexia includes more than tests; it involves comprehensive insights into the student's learning. This requires a full and comprehensive individual assessment as well as consideration of the environment and contextual factors.").</ref> <ref>M. S. Thambirajah, ''Developmental Assessment of the School-Aged Child with Developmental Disabilities: A Clinician's Guide'' (London: Jessica Kingsley, 2011), 74.</ref> Leba anya na nzaghachi nke akwadoro maka ntinye aka (RTI), <ref>Jimerson, Shane R., Matthew K. Burns, and Amanda M. VanDerHeyden. ''Handbook of Response to Intervention: The Science and Practice of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support''. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2016.</ref> nke "... gụnyere nyochaa ọganihu nke otu ụmụaka site na mmemme ntinye aka kama ịme nyocha nyocha nke nkà ha ugbu a. Ụmụaka nwere ọtụtụ ihe. mkpa bụ ndị na-anabataghị nkuzi dị irè, a na-achọpụtakwa ha ngwa ngwa site na iji usoro a." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Snowling Margaret J|year=2013|title=Early Identification and Interventions for Dyslexia: A Contemporary View|journal=Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs|volume=13|issue=1|pages=7–14|doi=10.1111/j.1471-3802.2012.01262.x|pmid=26290655}}</ref> Enwere ule dịgasị iche iche nke a na-eji na ụlọ ọgwụ na ebe mmụta iji nyochaa ohere nke dyslexia. <ref name="testing">{{Cite web|url=http://dyslexiahelp.umich.edu/dyslexics/learn-about-dyslexia/dyslexia-testing/tests|title=Tests for Dyslexia and Learning Disabilities|publisher=University of Michigan|accessdate=15 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313000802/http://dyslexiahelp.umich.edu/dyslexics/learn-about-dyslexia/dyslexia-testing/tests|archivedate=13 March 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na nnwale mbụ na-egosi na mmadụ nwere ike ịnwe dyslexia, a na-agbasokarị ule ndị dị otú ahụ na nyocha nyocha zuru oke iji chọpụta oke na ụdị nsogbu ahụ. <ref name="PeerReid2013p">{{Cite book|author=Peer, Lindsay|title=Introduction to Dyslexia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-37290-3|pages=35–40}}</ref> Enwere ike ịme ụfọdụ ule site na onye nkuzi ma ọ bụ kọmputa; ndị ọzọ chọrọ ọzụzụ pụrụ iche ma ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na-enye ya. <ref name="balexia" /> Ụfọdụ nsonaazụ ule na-egosi otu esi eme usoro nkuzi. <ref name="balexia">{{Cite web|title=Screening and assessment|url=http://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/educator/screening-and-assessment|work=British Dyslexia Association|accessdate=11 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330101403/http://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/educator/screening-and-assessment|archivedate=30 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="flet">{{Cite journal|author=FLETCHER|first=JACK M.|title=Dyslexia: The evolution of a scientific concept|journal=Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society|date=2009|volume=15|issue=4|pages=501–508|doi=10.1017/S1355617709090900|pmid=19573267|issn=1355-6177}}</ref> N'ihi na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ọgụgụ isi, omume, mmetụta uche, na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka n'ịmụta ịgụ ihe siri ike, nyocha zuru oke kwesịrị ịtụle ohere ndị a dị iche iche. Nlele na nlebanya ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye: <ref name="gerd">{{Cite journal|author=Schulte-Körne|first=Gerd|title=The Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Dyslexia|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|date=October 2010|volume=107|issue=41|pages=718–727|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0718|pmid=21046003|issn=1866-0452}}</ref> * Usoro izugbe nke ikike ọgụgụ isi, dị ka Wechsler ọgụgụ isi Scale maka ụmụaka, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, ma ọ bụ Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale . Ikike ọgụgụ isi dị ala ga-eme ka ịgụ ihe sikwuo ike. Usoro ikike ọgụgụ isi na-agbalịkwa tụọ usoro ọgụgụ isi dị iche iche, dị ka ikike ikwu okwu, echiche okwu ọnụ na mbara ala, ebe nchekwa ọrụ, na nhazi ọsọ. Enwere ụdị ule dị iche iche maka ndị ọgbọ dị iche iche. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị a niile chọrọ ọzụzụ ọzọ iji nye na akara nke ọma, ndị ọkachamara n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na-eme ya. Dị ka Mather and Schneider (2015) si kwuo, achọpụtabeghị profaịlụ nkwenye na/ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ nke akara na nyocha nyocha nke na-akwado ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa nsogbu ịgụ akwụkwọ. <ref>Mather, N., & Schneider, D. The use of intelligence tests in the diagnosis of specific reading disability.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylzEBQAAQBAJ&q=Handbook+of+Intelligence:+Evolutionary+theory,+historical+perspective,+and+current+concepts|title=Handbook of Intelligence: Evolutionary Theory, Historical Perspective, and Current Concepts|author=Goldstein|first=Sam|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781493915620|pages=415–434|language=en|accessdate=10 January 2019}}</ref> * Nyochaa ma ọ bụ nyocha maka ọnọdụ ahụike uche: Nne na nna na ndị nkuzi nwere ike mejupụta ọkwa ọkwa ma ọ bụ ndepụta omume iji kpokọta ozi gbasara ọrụ mmetụta uche na omume maka ndị na-eto eto. Ọtụtụ ndebanye aha nwere ụdị nsụgharị maka ndị nne na nna, ndị nkuzi, na ndị na-eto eto tozuru oke ịgụ nke ọma (na-abụkarị afọ 11 na karịa) iji mechaa. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere Sistemụ Nleba Omume Maka Ụmụaka, yana ajụjụ ajụjụ siri ike na ihe isi ike . Ihe ndị a niile nwere ụkpụrụ nnochite anya nke mba, na-eme ka o kwe omume iji ọkwa mgbaàmà tụnyere ihe ga-adị maka afọ onye na-eto eto na mmekọahụ. Ndepụta ndenye ndị ọzọ na-ejikọta kpọmkwem na nchọpụta ọrịa uche, dị ka Vanderbilt ADHD Rating Scales ma ọ bụ Ihuenyo maka Nsogbu Mmetụta Mmetụta Mmetụta Ụmụaka (SCARED) . Nyochaa na-eji ngwa dị nkenke emebere iji jide ndị nwere nsogbu, mana ha na-enwetakarị akara dị mma maka ndị na-enweghị nsogbu ahụ. Ndị nyocha kwesịrị ka a na-esochi ya site na nyocha ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ajụjụ ọnụ nyocha n'ihi nke a. Nsogbu ịda mbà n'obi na nsogbu nchekasị dị okpukpu abụọ na atọ karịa ndị nwere dyslexia, na nlebara anya-deficit / hyperactivity na-adịkarị, yana. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Collett|first=Brent R.|title=Ten-Year Review of Rating Scales. V: Scales Assessing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|date=1 September 2003|volume=42|issue=9|pages=1015–1037|doi=10.1097/01.CHI.0000070245.24125.B6|pmid=12960702|url=https://jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(09)60999-0/fulltext|accessdate=3 October 2019|language=en|issn=0890-8567}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stone|first=Lisanne L|title=The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: psychometric properties of the parent and teacher version in children aged 4–7|journal=BMC Psychology|date=20 February 2015|volume=3|issue=1|pages=4|doi=10.1186/s40359-015-0061-8|pmid=25815194|issn=2050-7283}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Swart|first=G. T.|title=The Clinician's Guide to the Behavior Assessment System For Children|journal=The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review|volume=14|issue=3|pages=90|issn=1716-9119|year=2005}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Birmaher|first=B.|title=The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-american-academy-child-adolescent-psychiatry_1997-04_36_4/page/545|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=36|issue=4|pages=545–553|doi=10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018|pmid=9100430|issn=0890-8567|year=1997}}</ref> * Nlebanya nke mmezu na nka agụmakwụkwọ: Nkezi mkpope/ikike ịgụ ihe maka onye dyslexic bụ ogo pasenti <16, nke dị n'okpuru nkịtị. Na mgbakwunye na inyocha akara ule na ndetu ndị nkuzi, nsonaazụ ule a haziri ahazi na-enye aka n'ịtụle ọganihu. Ndị a na-agụnye ule ndị a na-enye otu, dị ka ule Iowa nke Development Education, na onye nkụzi nwere ike inye otu ma ọ bụ klas dum nke ndị na-eto eto n'otu oge. Ha nwekwara ike ịgụnye ule nke mmezu nke onye ọ bụla na-enye, dị ka Wide Range Achievement Test, ma ọ bụ Woodcock-Johnson (nke gụnyekwara usoro nyocha nke mmezu). Nnwale ndị a na-eme n'otu n'otu chọkwara ọzụzụ pụrụ iche karịa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lindquist|first=E. F.|title=The Iowa tests of educational development: how to use the test results; a manual for teachers and counselors|date=1953|publisher=Science Research Associates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOc9AAAAYAAJ&q=Iowa+Tests+of+Educational+Development|accessdate=3 October 2019|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dell|first=Cindy Ann|title=Test Review: Wilkinson, G. S., & Robertson, G. J. (2006). Wide Range Achievement Test—Fourth Edition. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. WRAT4 Introductory Kit (includes manual, 25 test/response forms [blue and green], and accompanying test materials): $243.00|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_rehabilitation-counseling-bulletin_2008-10_52_1/page/57|journal=Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin|date=1 October 2008|volume=52|issue=1|pages=57–60|doi=10.1177/0034355208320076|language=en|issn=0034-3552}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Semrud-Clikeman|first=Margaret|title=Child Neuropsychology: Assessment and Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2nd Edition|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387889634|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBGSF9Jyg6AC&pg=PT119|accessdate=3 October 2019|language=en}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara ahụike, onye na-ahụ maka ahụike ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma MS Thambirajah na-ekwusi ike na "[g] n'ihi oke nsogbu mmepe mmepe na ụmụaka na-eto eto, ụmụaka niile a na-ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ kwesịrị iji nlezianya nyochaa maka nsogbu mmepe n'agbanyeghị nsogbu/s na-egosi. " Thambirajah na-atụ aro nyocha maka nsogbu mmepe mmepe, gụnyere dyslexia, site n'ịme akụkọ mmepe dị nkenke, nyocha mmepe mmepe nke psychosocial mbụ, na ịnweta akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Developmental assessment of the school-aged child with developmental disabilities : a clinician's guide|url=https://archive.org/details/developmentalass0000tham|author=Thambirajah, M. S.|date=2011|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=9780857003256|location=London|oclc=747410566}}</ref> This article was submitted to WikiJournal of Medicine for external academic peer review in 2018 (reviewer reports). The updated content was reintegrated into the Wikipedia page under a CC-BY-SA-3.0 license (2019). The version of record as reviewed is: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Osmin Anis; et al. (15 October 2019). "Dyslexia" (PDF). WikiJournal of Medicine. 6 (1): 5. doi:10.15347/WJM/2019.005. ISSN 2002-4436. Wikidata Q73053061. == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] icpqqvp1gd6ixmg5hz080c0y0ehz6sj 0 33684 736979 708528 2026-10-10T06:13:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NRHP|name=Sanibel Colored School|image=Sanibel FL black school01.jpg|caption=|coordinates={{coord|26|26|21|N|82|3|53|W|display=inline,title}}|locmapin=Florida#USA|location=[[Sanibel, Florida|Sanibel]], [[Florida]]|area=|added=July 8, 1999|governing_body=|architect=|architecture=|refnum=99000797<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>|mpsub=[[Lee County Multiple Property Submission]]}} [[Usòrò:Sanibel_FL_black_school_plaque01.jpg|alt=Sanibel Colored School Plaque|thumb|Nke a na-egosi asambodo nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Sanibel Colored School ka a na-amata.]] Sanibel Colored School, nke a makwaara dị ka Sanibel School, bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ US National Registered Historic nke dị na Sanibel, Florida. Malite site na 1914, agụmakwụkwọ na Sanibel malitere site na chọọchị Baptist nke James Johnson wuru na Sanibel Island. Afọ iri na atọ ka e mesịrị, Johnson nyere ezinụlọ ndị isi ojii ohere iji chọọchị ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụaka nke mesịrị mee ka Lee County Board of Public Instruction zụta ya maka ihe karịrị $ 1,000. Ịkụ akwụkwọ na ha dịtụ iche na agụmakwụkwọ nkịtị, n'ihi na ha chọrọ naanị ụmụ asaa iji rụọ ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na akara 1-8. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị bi na Sanibel bụ mmadụ 90, ọ na-esiri ike iso ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ gaa n'ihu n'ihi na ụmụaka bụ ndị nọ na klas nke 9 ruo 12. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ ruru n'ókè ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ga-emechi ọnụ ụzọ ha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://sanibelmuseum.org/cover-page/black-american-history-on-sanibel-island/|title=BLACK AMERICAN HISTORY ON SANIBEL ISLAND|work=Sanibel Historical Museum and Village|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-12|archivedate=2018-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182402/https://sanibelmuseum.org/cover-page/black-american-history-on-sanibel-island/}}</ref>'afọ 1962, Lee County School Board tinyere ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ahụ maka ire ere. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Àgwàetiti Sanibel === Sanibel Island <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=African American Sites in Florida|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericans0000mcca|author=McCarthy|first=Kevin|publisher=Pineapple Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-56164-385-1|location=Florida|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericans0000mcca/page/123 123]}}</ref> obere agwaetiti, naanị ihe dị ka kilomita 12 n'ogologo na kilomita 3 n'obosara. Ọ bụ onye agbata obi nke Captiva Island. Ha abụọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Florida. Ndị India Calusa bụ ndị mbụ biri n'àgwàetiti ahụ tupu ndị Spain ewere agwaetiti ahụ iji chọta ihe bara uru, dị ka ọlaedo. Ndị India nwụrụ n'ihi na ndị Spain butere ọrịa n'àgwàetiti ahụ. <ref name=":1" /> ahụ dịpụrụ adịpụ kpamkpam, nke pụtara na ọ nweghị ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ mmiri na-agbapụta. Àgwàetiti ahụ ghọrọ ebe dị mma maka ọrụ ugbo ruo mgbe ajọ ifufe ga-eme ka ọtụtụ n'ime agwaetiti ahụ jupụta ma bibie ubi ahụ. Ndị isi ojii na ndị ọcha hapụrụ agwaetiti ahụ ma ọ bụ gaa Captiva ma ọ bụ n'ala iji chọta ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ ndị ọcha laghachiri Florida, ya mere, ndị Africa America malitere iwu obodo nke ha na Sanibel Colored School. Ozugbo ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ mechiri <ref>{{Cite book|title=African American Sites in Florida|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericans0000mcca|author=McCarthy|first=Kevin|publisher=Pineapple Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-56164-385-1|location=Florida|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericans0000mcca/page/124 124]}}</ref>'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ (1940-1946), ụmụaka ojii na-aga akwụkwọ ruo mgbe e meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Sanibel na 1963. N'ime afọ 2000, e nwere mbelata nke ndị Africa America na agwaetiti Sanibel na Captiva n'ihi ịrị elu nke ndụ. Ezinụlọ ndị isi ojii guzobere bụ naanị ndị Africa America fọdụrụ n'àgwàetiti ahụ. === Ezinụlọ Gavin-Walker === Ezinụlọ ojii mbụ rutere Sanibel ihe dị ka 100 afọ gara aga ma soro ezinụlọ nke abụọ. N'afọ 1917, Isaiah na Hannah Gavin si Wakulla County nke dị nso na Tallahassee kwaga Sanibel. Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Harry Walker, SR. na nwunye ya, Pearl Alice Walker, si Georgia kwaga agwaetiti ahụ. Ezinụlọ abụọ ahụ ga-emesị jikọta n'ime ezinụlọ Gavin-Walker ma nwee ụmụ iri abụọ, iri na ise n'ime ha ka dị ndụ taa. Ọ ga-abụ ọtụtụ afọ tupu ndị mbụ a nwee ohere nke ha maka agụmakwụkwọ. Ezinụlọ ndị isi ojii nọ na-achọ ụlọ ha ga-eji agụmakwụkwọ na Sanibel ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzọ n'obodo ha. James Johnson, onye wuru Chọọchị Baptist na Sanibel, meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka ezinụlọ ndị isi ojii iji mee ihe dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ na mbido 1924 ọ bụ ezie na emeghị ka ọ mata ezinụlọ ruo 1927. Ezinụlọ ahụ agaghịzi aga Dunbar iji nweta agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ <ref name=":0"/>. Velma na Eugene Gavin nwere nnọkọ ezinụlọ nke ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụnne gara. Nne na nna Eugene, Edmund na Elnora, bụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ na Southwest Florida, nke mbụ na Captiva, mgbe ahụ na 1930s, Sanibel. Eugene bụ nwa nke ise nke Edmund na Elnora. A kọwara nna Eugene dị ka onye siri ike na ịdọ aka ná ntị mana nwoke nwere ịhụnanya, a na-asọpụrụ ya dị ka nnukwu marshal na ngagharị ncheta afọ 10 nke obodo ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ na-adabere n'onwe ha ma jiri ọtụtụ usoro ọrụ ugbo gụnyere ịzụ anụ ụlọ, mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, nkwụ na osisi pine iji sie na iwu ụlọ. Maka ego <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesoftheislands.com/2017/05/19/142307/100-years-on-the-islands-historic-family-to-observe-centennial-then-and-now|title=100 Years on the Islands - Historic family to observe centennial; then and now|author=Garrett|first=Craig|date=May 19, 2017|accessdate=December 12, 2018}}</ref> na-enweta, ezinụlọ Gavin ga-ere mkpokoro osimiri. A na-amata ndị Gavin ugbu a dị ka ndị eze Sanibel. === Nhazi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ === Ọ dị nnọọ mfe. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere otu ọnụ ụlọ, nke nwere ọtụtụ ahịrị tebụl n'ime ya. Tebụl ahụ bụ osisi ma nwee ụfọdụ ígwè iji kwado ụmụaka nọ n'ime ha. E nwere ala osisi, onye nkuzi nwekwara tebụl osisi na oche osisi iji nọrọ. E nwere bọọdụ ojii n'azụ tebụl onye nkuzi, n'elu tebụl ahụ bụ ụwa na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke onye nkuzi nwere ike ịchọ. Otu ọkọlọtọ America dịkwa n'akụkụ bọọdụ chalkboard. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/0a0f7ab7-1be2-4db3-bc60-5b146c827be0|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form|accessdate=December 12, 2018}}</ref> akwụkwọ Sanibel, klas nwere otu ọnụ ụlọ, nke ga-emesị gbasaa na ọnụ ụlọ abụọ. Ọ gosipụtara stovu osisi na oven nke a na-eji enye ụmụaka nri ma na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge oyi, a na-ahazi ahịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ site na ọkwa. Onye ọ bụla nọ nso n'ebe ọkụ ahụ na-ahụ maka idebe ọkụ na-enwu ọkụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ maka ụbọchị oyi. A ga-eji ya mee ihe dị ka chọọchị n'afọ 1910-1919 na Sọnde. Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kewara ekewa, arịrịọ n'etiti ezinụlọ ndị ọcha na ndị isi ojii ka ha kwụsị ịkpa ókè n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ dị na Lee County. Grades 1-4 mụtara n'ime ụlọ mbụ na grades 5-8 nọrọ oge ha n'ime ime ụlọ gbasaa. A naghị akwụ ndị nkuzi ụgwọ nke ọma n'oge ahụ, a na-akwụ otu n'ime ndị nkuzi mbụ, Nancy McCann $ 2.50 kwa nwatakịrị kwa semester. N'afọ 1964, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ tọhapụrụ, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1965, a gbanwere ya ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ihe nkiri. === Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sanibel na Njikọ === N'afọ 1963, e wuru ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ nke Sanibel, mana a ka na-ekewapụ ya ka ụmụ akwụkwọ wee gaa Dunbar. Tupu ha ekpebie ịkpa ókè, ndị nkuzi gara gburugburu na-ajụ ndị nne na nna ọcha ka ha dị mma ịhapụ ụmụaka ka ha soro ha banye bọs. Ndị nne na nna kwuru ee, otu afọ ka e mesịrị na 1964, ụmụaka ahụ nọ na-agba ịnyịnya na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ ọnụ. "Ụlọ akwụkwọ Sanibel ghọrọ nke mbụ na Lee County na otu n'ime ndị mbụ na Florida ma ọ bụ South iji sonye - otu afọ n'ihu Iwu Ikike Obodo nke 1964 na afọ ise tupu a manye Lee County ijikọta ụlọ akwụkwọ ya niile site na iwu ụlọ ikpe nke 1969. " <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fortmyers.floridaweekly.com/articles/looking-through-time-the-sanibel-school/|title=Looking through time: the Sanibel School|date=December 6, 2017|work=Florida Weekly|accessdate=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023709/https://fortmyers.floridaweekly.com/articles/looking-through-time-the-sanibel-school/|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Sanibel Colored School}} * [https://sanibelmuseum.org/historic-buildings/sanibel-school-house-for-white-children-1896/ Ime ụlọ akwụkwọ Sanibel maka ụmụaka ọcha] fe1nzz0n6f0t08kfkelplbk2s602q8e 0 34605 736968 719244 2026-10-10T00:55:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[w:Youba Sokona|Youba Sokona]]''' <small>[[w:African Academy of Sciences|FAAS]] [[w:The World Academy of Sciences|FTWAS]] </small>(amụrụ 23 Mee 1950) bu ọkachamara si mba Mali na ngalaba ume na mmepe na-adigide, ọkachasị n'Africa. Ọ bụọla osote onye isi oche nke [[w:|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)]] kemgbe Ọktoba 2015 na onye ndu ode akwụkwọ na IPCC kemgbe 1990. === Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya === A mụrụ Youba Sokona na 23 Mee 1950 {{Citation need|date=December 2022}} na [[w:Ségou|Segou]], Mali. N'afọ 1976, Youba Sokona nwetara nzere B.Eng n'isi ọmụmụ Civil and Mining Engineering site na [[w:|Abderhamane Baba Touré National School of Engineers]], Mali. Ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na France iji nweta diplọma nke mmụta dị elu (DEA) nhọrọ Sciences of the Earth na [[w:|Mahadum Pierre na Marie Curie]] bụzi [[w:|Mahadum Sorbonne]], Paris, taa, nke ọ gụchara n'afọ 1978. Sokona nwetara nzere ọkankuzi ya n'isi ọmụmụ Earth Sciences dị ka nwa akwụkwọ [[w:Mines Paris - PSL|École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris]] na Mahadum Pierre na Marie Curie dị na Paris n'afọ 1981.<ref name=":1">{{cite} web|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/nominations/cv/cv_youba_sokona.pdf|odee=Youba Sokona|website=Archive IPCC|asụsụ=fr| nweta-ụbọchị =1 Disemba 2020|mbipụta -date=}}</ref> === Ọrụ na Ime Nnyocha Ya === Nnyocha Youba mere <ref name="Youba SOKONA">{{Cite web |title=Youba SOKONA |url=https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=6FYIdSQAAAAJ&hl=fr |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=scholar.google.fr}}</ref> na nkọwa<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Darby |first=Megan |date=2020-05-28 |title=Ike dị ọcha dị mkpa maka Covid- Nzaghachi 19 na mba ndị kasị daa ogbenye n'ụwa |url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/05/28/clean-energy-vital-covid-19-response-worlds-poorest-countries/ | nweta-date=2022 -12-16 |website=Akụkọ ebe obibi ihu igwe |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=Oge erugo ige nti ndi sayensi ihu igwe Afrịka |url=https ://www.theafricareport.com/127049/oge-ya-ige-a-african-climate-scientists/ | nweta-date=2022-12-16 | webụsaịtị=The Africa Report.com |asụsụ=en- US}}</ref> lekwasịrị anya na atumatu<ref>{{Citation | last1=Edenhofer |first1=O. | aha = Nchịkọta maka ndị na-eme iwu | ụbọchị = Eprel 2014 | url =http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers.pdf | ndị ọzọ=G. Baiocchi, H. Chum, J. Fuglestvedt, H. Haberl, E. Hertwich, E. Kriegler, J. Rogelj, H.-H. Rogner, M. Schaeffer, S. J. Smith, D. van Vuuren, R. Wiser | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press | asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-16 | ikpeazụ2 = Pichs-Madruga |first2 = R. | ikpeazụ3=Sokona |first3=Y. | ikpeazụ4=Agrawala |first4=S. | ikpeazụ5=Bashmakov |nke mbụ5=I. A. | ikpeazụ6=Blanco |nke mbụ6=G. | ikpeazụ7=Broome |nke mbụ7=J. | ikpeazụ8=Bruckner | nke mbụ8=T. |last9=Brunner |first9=S.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Edenhofer |first1=O. | ikpeazụ2=Pichs-Madruga |nke mbụ2=R. | ikpeazụ3=Sokona |first3=Y. | ikpeazụ4=Seyboth |nke mbụ4=K. | ikpeazụ5=Arvizu |mbụ5=D. | ikpeazụ6=Bruckner |nke mbụ6=T. | ikpeazụ7 = Christensen | mbụ7 = John M. | ikpeazụ8 = Devarnay | mbụ8 = J.-M. | ikpeazụ9=Faaij |first9=A. | ikpeazụ10=Fischedick |nke mbụ10=M. | ikpeazụ11=Goldstein |nke mbụ11=B.|last12=Hansen |first12=G. |last13=Huckerby |first13=J. |last14=Jäger-Waldau |first14=A. |last15=Kadner |first15=S. |date=2011 |title=Summary for Policy Makers |url=https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/summary-for-policy-makers |journal=IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation |pages=3–26 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139151153.003 |isbn=9781107023406 |language=English}}</ref> dịka o si metụta ikike,,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stiglitz |first1=Joseph E. |last2=Stern |first2=Nicholas |last3=Duan |first3=Maosheng |last4=Edenhofer |first4=Ottmar |last5=Giraud |first5=Gaël |last6=Heal |first6=Geoffrey M. |last7=la Rovere |first7=Emilio Lèbre |last8=Morris |first8=Adele |last9=Moyer |first9=Elisabeth |last10=Pangestu |first10=Mari |last11=Shukla |first11=Priyadarshi R. |last12=Sokona |first12=Youba |last13=Winkler |first13=Harald |date=2017 |title=Report of the High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices |url=https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-w2nc-4103 |language=en |pages=1–61 |doi=10.7916/d8-w2nc-4103|s2cid=158231148 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sokona |first1=Youba |last2=Mulugetta |first2=Yacob |last3=Gujba |first3=Haruna |date=2012-06-01 |title=Widening energy access in Africa: Towards energy transition |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512002455 |journal=Energy Policy |series=Universal access to energy: Getting the framework right |language=en |volume=47 |pages=3–10 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.040 |issn=0301-4215}}</ref> ala dị uru ịghọ ọzara,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vogt |first1=J. V. |last2=Safriel |first2=U. |last3=Von Maltitz |first3=G. |last4=Sokona |first4=Y. |last5=Zougmore |first5=R. |last6=Bastin |first6=G. |last7=Hill |first7=J. |date=March 2011 |title=Monitoring and assessment of land degradation and desertification: Towards new conceptual and integrated approaches |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ldr.1075 |journal=Land Degradation & Development |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=150–165 |doi=10.1002/ldr.1075|s2cid=129316130 }}</ref> [[w:sustainable development|mmepe ga-adigide]] ,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sathaye |first1=Jayant |last2=Lucon |first2=Oswaldo |last3=Rahman |first3=Atiq |last4=Christensen |first4=John |last5=Denton |first5=Fatima |last6=Fujino |first6=Junichi |last7=Heath |first7=Garvin |last8=Mirza |first8=Monirul |last9=Rudnick |first9=Hugh |last10=Schlaepfer |first10=August |last11=Shmakin |first11=Andrey |last12=Angerer |first12=Gerhard |last13=Bauer |first13=Christian |last14=Bazilian |first14=Morgan |last15=Brecha |first15=Robert |date=2011-01-01 |title=Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development|url=https://ecommons.udayton.edu/phy_fac_pub/1 |journal=Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation|pages=707–790 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139151153.013 |isbn=9781107023406 |s2cid=108419488 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Sathaye |first1=Jayant |title=Sustainable development and mitigation |date=2007 |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter12.pdf |work=Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change |pages=691–743 |editor-last=Metz |editor-first=Bert |place=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70598-1 |access-date=2022-12-16 |last2=Najam |first2=Adil |last3=Cocklin |first3=Chris |last4=Heller |first4=Thomas |last5=Lecocq |first5=Franck |last6=Llanes-Regueiro |first6=Juan |last7=Pan |first7=Jiahua |last8=Petschel-Held |first8=Gerhard |last9=Rayner |first9=Steve |editor2-last=Davidson |editor2-first=Ogunlade |editor3-last=Bosch |editor3-first=Peter |editor4-last=Dave |editor4-first=Rutu |archive-date=2017-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908235004/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter12.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> na [[w:|mgbanwe ihu igwe]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Huq |first1=Saleemul |last2=Reid |first2=Hannah |last3=Konate |first3=Mama |last4=Rahman |first4=Atiq |last5= Sokona |first5=Youba | ikpeazụ6=Crick |first6=Florence |date=January 2004 |title=Mmeghari mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mba kacha emepe emepe (LDCs) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/ 10.1080/14693062.2004.9685508 |journal=Amụma ihu igwe |asụsụ=en |olu=4 | mbipụta=1 | ibe=25–43 |doi=10.1080/14693062.2004.9693062.2004.948255015s6}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> karịsịa n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youba Sokona :" Sur le climat, l'Afrique doit éviter le piè du mimétisme avec les Occidentaux " – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1338481/societe/climat-youba-sokona-le-desavantage-des-pays-africains-est-un-avantage-enorme/ | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12- 16 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |asụsụ = fr-FR}}</ref> Sokona bụ onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche maka mmepe na-adigide na [[w:South Center|South Center]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Youba Sokona |url=https: //tmg-thinktank.com/speaker/youba-sokona |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=tmg-thinktank.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> N'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye òtù nke ọtụtụ kansụl, òtù na ụlọ ọrụ, onye ọkachamara nleta na [[w:|Mahadum Surrey]],<ref name=":3" /> na onye so na Bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ gbasara sayensi nke [[w:International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis|IIASA]] kemgbe Jenụwarị 2017 wee ruo Disemba 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Komiti Ndụmọdụ Sayensị|url=https://iiasa/|odee=IIASA|website=iiasa.ac.at|asụsụ=-date=|accessdate=2023-12-14|archivedate=2022-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403050147/http://www.iiasa/}}</ref> Ọ bụ Onye Ndụmọdụ Pụrụ Iche na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Payne Maka Ọha na [[w:|Colorado School of Mines]] na United States,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youba Sokona |url= https://payneinstitute.mines.edu/project/youba-sokona/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Payne Institute for Public Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Onye nhazi nke [[w:African Climate Policy Centre|African Climate Policy Center (ACPC)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Youba Sokona|url=https://www.climatecolab.org/members/profile/2223441|author=Climate CoLab|websaịtị=climatecolab.org|asụsụ=en|ohere-ụbọchị=2 Disemba 2021|ụbọchị mbipụta=|accessdate=2023-12-14|archivedate=2023-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918024318/https://www.climatecolab.org/members/profile/2223441}}</ref> === Ọgụ megide mgbanwe ihu igwe na Africa === N'afọ 1995 Youba Sokona bipụtara ụkpụrụ mgbaso maka iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi na West Africa: nnyocha na atụmanya maka nzukọ [[Enda Third World]] ebe ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke [[w:|Africa Renewable Energy Initiative]], nke ọ chikọtara site na 1987 ruo June 2004. Na 2002, o bipụtara isiokwu bụ Mastering energy in West Africa.<ref>{{cite book|title=Stratégie d'utilisation rationnelle de l'énergie en Afrique de l'Ouest: évaluation et prospective|url=http://enda-cremed.org/bpd/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=4036|odee=Youba Sokona|website=Catalogue ENDA-TM|usoro=Etudes et Recherches|asụsụ=fr|ụbọchị=1995|publisher=Enda tiers monde|isbn=9789291300075|access-date=1 Disemba 2021|publication-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216112230/http://enda-cremed.org/bpd/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=4036|archive-date=2022-12-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Youba Sokona |url=https://drawdown.psu.edu/people/youba -sokona}}</ref> N'afọ 2008 o lekọtara anya nhazi mmemme nke Great Green Wall maka Sahara na Sahel dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke [[w:|Sahara and Sahel Observatory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PeerJ – Profaịlụ – Youba Sokona |url=https://peerj.com/YSokona/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=peerj.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Youba Sokona |url=https://www.gcsedrawdown2021.org/keynote-speakers/youba-sokona |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=NCSE Drawdown |language=en |accessdate=2023-12-14 |archivedate=2023-09-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925124317/https://www.gcsedrawdown2021.org/keynote-speakers/youba-sokona }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Youba Sokona |url=https://www.responsiblebusiness.com/speakers/youba-sokona/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Azụmahịa Na-arụ ọrụ |language=en |accessdate=2023-12-14 |archivedate=2022-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216112208/https://www.responsiblebusiness.com/speakers/youba-sokona/ }}</Ref> Youba gbara arụkwaghịm pụọ na Africa Renewable Energy Initiative na 30 Eprel 2017, na-ezo aka na '' '' '' '' nnyonye anya ndị Europe iji tinye ọrụ ndị masịrị EU <ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Darby |first=Megan |date=2017 -04-27 |title=EU, France boro ebubo na ha wakporo atụmatụ ume dị ọcha nke Africa na-edu |url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/04/27/eu-france-accused-hijacking-africa- led-clean-energy-scheme/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Climate Home News |language=en}}</ref> n'ọchịchị Afrịka bụ nke oge ọzọ.'''”'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-30 |title=Africa's climate advocates balk at Europe's 'interference' in AREI plans {{!}} Africa Times |url=https://africatimes.com/2017/04/30/africas-climate-advocates-balk-at-european-interference-in-arei-plans/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=africatimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Youba Sokona – EURACTIV.com |url=https://www.euractiv.com/topics/youba-sokona/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.euractiv.com}}</ref><ref name="Admin">{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2017-04-28 |title=EU must stop trying to dictate Africa's clean energy future |url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/04/28/eu-must-stop-trying-dictate-africas-clean-energy-future/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Climate Home News |language=en}}</ref> Youba weputara iwe ya na ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ n’ụlọ ọrụ Africa anaghị agụkarị ndị na-eme iwu ma ọ bụ gọọmentị na nyocha ha na ihe ngwọta ha na-adị mgbe A na-akwalite echiche ndị na-enye onyinye n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news | date=2021-11-06 |title=COP26: Ihe ndị ọkachamara ihu igwe Africa chọrọ ka ị mara |asụsụ=en-GB |ọrụ=BBC News |url=https ://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58982118 |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrịka chọrọ akụkọ obodo maka mba ume dị ọcha n'ọdịnihu - ọmụmụ {{!}} Mahadum Oxford |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-10-25-africa-needs-country-specific-narratives-clean-energy- Future-study | Access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.ox.ac.uk |date=25 October 2022 |asụsụ=en}}</ref><ref name="Admin"/> === IPCC === Dịka onye òtù [[w:|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)]] na onye ntinye ya kachasị kemgbe 1990,<ref>{{Cite book | last=Ivanova |first=Maria |url=https://books.google. com/books?id=qSAXEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Youba+Sokona%22+-wikipedia&pg=PR38 |title=Akụkọ Na-adịghị Anya nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Ụwa: UNEP na Fifty |ụbọchị=2021-02-23 |Onye nkwusa=MIT Press |is =978-0-262-54210-4 |language=en}}</ref> Youba Sokona abụrụla onye isi oche otu ọrụ III ya na [[w:|Ottmar Edenhofer]] na [[w:|Ramón Pichs Madruga]], na-amụ maka ọrụ nke ume ọhụrụ na ọgụ megide mgbanwe ihu igwe; akụkọ ha, nke akpọrọ ''Akụkọ pụrụ iche IPCC gbasara isi mmalite ume ọhụrụ na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe'',<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=2011-11-21 |title=Reviewers of the IPCC Special Report |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139151153.020 |journal=Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation |pages=1033–1050 |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139151153.020|isbn=9781107023406 }}</ref> ka ebipụtara n'afọ 2014 n'akwụkwọ kaosimee nke ise nke IPCC.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Youba Sokona|url=https://www.encyclopedie-energie.org/auteur/sokona-youba-2/|website=Encyclopédie de l'énergie|language=fr|access-date=1 December 2021|publication-date=}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Mr. Youba Sokona {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/panelists/mr-youba-sokona-29496 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Youba Sokona|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/people/youba-sokona/|author=GIEC|website=ipcc|language=fr|access-date=1 December 2020|publication-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=CDKN Adaptation Voices – Dr Youba Sokona, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LhbJ_voW1w |language=en |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, mgbe akụkọ nke anọ pụtara, ọ bụ ya bụ onye odee dekarịchara n'akwụkwọ nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ebe a na-ede ihe o kwuru ọtụtụ ugboro na mgbakwunye na akụkọ nke Group III;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youba Sokona — IPCC |url= https://www.ipcc.ch/people/youba-sokona/ |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> otu akụkọ a bụ akụkụ nke Gịnị kpatara IPCC nwetara [[Nobel Peace Prize]] na [[Al Gore]] n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Barnett |first=Anna |date=2008-10-01 |title=Ntuli aka IPCC: nsochi asọmpi |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/climate.2008.95 |journal=Climate Change |asụsụ=en |olu = 1 | mbipụta=810 | ibe = 122–123 |doi=10.1038/ ihu igwe. 2008.95 |issn=1758-6798|doi-access=free }}</ref> Otú ọ dị, IPCC bịara na nyocha mgbasa ozi na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya n'afọ 2009 n'oge na-agaru [[w:2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference | Copenhagen weather Conference]]. Nke a bụ "[[Arụmọrụ nyocha ihu igwe email]]" gụnyere mwepu nke ozi-e sitere na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị a bụ ndị dere [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Akụkọ Nyocha nke anọ]] nke pụtara na 2007. Nchọpụta nke njehie na akụkọ a na glaciers Himalaya ga-agbaze site na 2035 tinye IPCC n'okpuru nrụgide ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite webụ | ikpeazụ=Pearce |first=Fred |date=21 Jenụwarị 2010 |title=Onye isi ihu igwe na-ekweta njehie n’elu glaciers Himalaya |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18420-climate-chief -admits-error-over-himalayan-glaciers/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Ọkà mmụta sayensị ọhụrụ |language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị sayensị kwadoro nchoputa izugbe nke akụkọ nleba anya nke anọ na the IPCC's approach.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=ICSU |date=2011-01-27 |title=ICSU weputara nkwupụta na esemokwu gburugburu 4th IPCC Assessment|url=https://council.science/current/news/icsu-releases-statement-on-the-controversy-round-the-4th-ipcc-assessment/ | nweta-date=2022-10-27 |website= International Science Council |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=PBL |date=2010-07-06 |title=Ntụle nyocha IPCC. Nyochaa nke nkwupụta na mmetụta mpaghara a tụrụ atụ anya na akụkọ 2007 |url=https://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/Assessing-an-IPCC-assessment.-An-analysis-of-statements-on-projected- Regional-impacts-in-the-2007-report |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency |language=en}}</ref> Mana ọtụtụ ndị chere na IPCC kwesịrị ịtụle ụzọ ọ na-arụ ọrụ. <ref name=":12">{{cite news |ikpeazụ=Black |first=Richard |date=10 Maachị 2010 |title=Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ga-enyocha ahụ ihu igwe |ọrụ=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.com/ |access-date=4 Eprel 2010 |archive-date=2013-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711094123/http://news.bbc.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A họpụtara Youba osote onye isi oche nke IPCC n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2015.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Film: Voices Adaptation – Dr Youba Sokona, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |url=https ://cdkn.org/resource/film-adaptation-voices-dr-youba-sokona-ipcc |access-date=2022-12-16 |webụsaịtị=Climate & Development Knowledge Network |ụbọchị=21 Eprel 2021 |asụsụ=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=L'Afrique na mgbanwe climatique : Youba Sokona du GIEC|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzfqdyYLefk|author=TV5 Monde|website=youtube.com|language=fr|format=mp4|date=22 Septemba 2021|access-date=2 Disemba 2021|publication-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Youba SOKONA, osote onye isi oche nke otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe |url=https://aec.afdb.org/en/speakers/youba-sokona-vice-chair-intergovernmental-panel-climate-change-547}}</Ref> === Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya === Sokona bụ Okammụta asọpụụrụ na [[w:|University College London]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Mkparịta ụka ya na Youba Sokona|url=https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/steapp/2018/01/ 12/conversation-with-youba-sokona/|odee=Blog UCL|website=blog.ucl.ac.uk|asụsụ=en|ụbọchị=12 Jenụarị 2018|ụbọchi ohere=2 Disemba 2021| ụbọchị mbipụta =}} </ref> wee họpụta ya onye òtù ndị [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] kemgbe 2018,<ref>{{cite web|title=Youba Sokona|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/sokona -youba|author=AAS|website=aasciences.africa|asụsụ=en|date=2017| nweta-date=2 Disemba 2021|ebipụta-ụbọchị =}}</ref> na onye òtù [[w:The World Academy of Sayensị|Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Sayensị Ụwa]] n'afọ 2022.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Sokona, Youba |url=https://twas.org/directory/sokona-youba | ohere-ụbọchị =2022-12-16 |webụsaịtị=TWAS |asụsụ=en}}</ref> === Edensibia === <references /> {{Scholia}} * [https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/07/05/hali-hewa-episode-2-climate-science/ <nowiki>Africa's leading climate scientist [Youba Sokonaon] what the climate crisis means for Africa</nowiki>], Hali Hewa Podcast in English {{Authority control}} === Njikọ Mpụga === [[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]] [[Category: Ndị ọkachamara sayensị si mba Mali]] [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1950]] [[Category: Ndị dị ndụ]] [[Category: Ndị òtù TWAS]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Pierre and Marie Curie]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mines Paris - PSL]] [[Category:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lead authors]] [[Category:Malian climatologists]] bemf5eboj8g8gu28zmvlpajt9s5b9tv 0 34869 736976 735235 2026-10-10T04:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Fatima Seedat|nationality=South African|education=[[McGill University]] (Ph.D)|occupation=Islamic scholar, Senior lecturer, women's rights activist}} Fatima Seedat bụ onye mba South Africa, ọkà mmụta [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. [1] A maara ya maka ọrụ mmụta ya na okike na iwu islam, [2] na Islam na Feminism.<ref name="Emon 2018"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Lamptey|first=Jerusha Tanner|title=Divine Words, Female Voices: Muslima Explorations in Comparative Feminist Theology|date=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780190653385|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=229oDwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mansour|first=Asmaa|title=Decolonizing Islamic Feminism|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|date=Spring 2022|volume=38|issue=1|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.38.1.25}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Seedat na-eme nchọpụta banyere okike na Iwu Alakụba, Islam na feminism, na nwoke Muslim.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ gụsịrị Ph.D. ya na Mahadum McGill, na edemede ya lekwasịrị anya na okike na echiche iwu. <ref name=":1"/><ref name="Emon 2018">{{Cite book|author=Emon|first=Anver M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzpxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Fatima+Seedat&pg=PA94|title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law|date=November 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-967901-0|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEmonAhmed2018">Emon, Anver M.; Ahmed, Rumee (November 2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzpxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Fatima+Seedat&pg=PA94 ''The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law'']. Oxford University Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967901-0|<bdi>978-0-19-967901-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref>: 94–95  Ọ bụ onye nkuzi dị elu na Gender Studies na Mahadum nke Cape Town . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr Fatima Seedat {{!}} African Gender Institute|url=http://www.agi.ac.za/dr-fatima-seedat|accessdate=2022-06-03|work=www.agi.ac.za|language=en|archivedate=2022-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603200722/http://www.agi.ac.za/dr-fatima-seedat|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''www.agi.ac.za''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20220603200722/http://www.agi.ac.za/dr-fatima-seedat the original] on 2022-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Seedat bụkwa onye mmemme mmemme nke Mahadum nke Cape Town's Mphil na Islam, Mmekọahụ, na Mmekọala na Sa'diyya Shaikh . <ref>{{Cite web|title=MPhil_in_Islam_Gender_and_Sexuality {{!}} African Gender Institute|url=http://www.agi.uct.ac.za/agi/news/mphil-in-islam-gender-and-sexuality|accessdate=2022-10-10|work=www.agi.uct.ac.za|language=en}}</ref> Seedat bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ole na ole na-eme ihe dị ka imam ma na-ebuga khutbah. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Akwụkwọ Khutbah nke ụmụ nwanyị: Okwuchukwu nke oge a na ime mmụọ na ikpe ziri ezi sitere na gburugburu ụwa ya na Sa'diyya Shaikh. A na-egosipụta khutbah abụọ nke Seedat, "Ịmara na na site na ọdịiche" na "Ọ bụghị Nikah Khutbah".. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Shaikh|first=Sa’diyya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZ-GEAAAQBAJ|title=The Women's Khutbah Book: Contemporary Sermons on Spirituality and Justice from around the World|date=2022-10-13|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-26903-1|language=en}}</ref> Seedat bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ bụ ndị Alakụba na-ahụ maka alụmdi na nwunye na South Africa.<ref name=":2"/> == Mgbalị == Seedat bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ndị omeiwu maka South African Commission on Gender Equality. Seedat bụ onye guzobere Shura Yabafazi, otu NGO nke South Africa nke na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị na iwu ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba. Seedat arụwokwa ọrụ na Equitas Human Rights Foundation, Women Living Under Muslim Laws, na UN Women Afghanistan . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2009-08-11|title=Fatima Seedat {{!}} WISE Muslim Women Fatima Seedat|url=https://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslim-woman/fatima-seedat-2/|accessdate=2022-06-03|work=WISE Muslim Women}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslim-woman/fatima-seedat-2/ "Fatima Seedat | WISE Muslim Women Fatima Seedat"]. ''WISE Muslim Women''. 2009-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=People : Legal Experience {{!}} African Gender Institute|url=http://www.agi.uct.ac.za/agi-projects-legal-experience-the-project-team|accessdate=2022-06-03|work=www.agi.uct.ac.za|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013060827/http://www.agi.uct.ac.za/agi-projects-legal-experience-the-project-team|url-status=bot: unknown}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''www.agi.uct.ac.za''. Archived from [http://www.agi.uct.ac.za/agi-projects-legal-experience-the-project-team the original] on 2022-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na South African Muslim Personal Law Network, nke na-arụkọ ọrụ na Musawah.<ref name=":2"/> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ na ise na ọtụtụ òtù iji kwado nchebe iwu maka ụmụ nwanyị n'alụmdi na nwunye ndị Alakụba.<ref name="Rafudeen 2021">{{Cite journal|author=Rafudeen|first=Auwais|title=From the Editor.|journal=Journal for Islamic Studies|date=June 2021|volume=39|issue=1|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A710684862/AONE|accessdate=9 October 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Akwụkwọ === * The Women's Khutbah Book: Ozizi nke oge a na Mmụọ na Ikpe Ziri Ezi site na gburugburu ụwa (onye nchịkọta akụkọ, [[Yale University]] Press, 2022) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shaikh|first=Sa'diyya|title=Embracing the Barzakh: Knowledge, Being and Ethics|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|date=June 2021|volume=39|issue=1|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A710684864/AONE|accessdate=9 October 2022}}</ref> === Isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ === * "Ndị Nkwado South Africa na-achọ Ihe Dị Nsọ" na Surfacing: On Being Black and Feminist in South Africa (2021, Wits University Press) * "Mmekọahụ na Ọmụmụ Iwu Alakụba: Site na arụmụka gaa na Ụkpụrụ Omume" na The Routledge Handbook on Gender and Islam (2020, Routledge) * "Mmekọrịta na Mgbakọ: Ndị South Africa Na-ekwurịta okwu Privilege na Marginality site na Nnwere Onwe nke Okpukpe na Ọdịiche Mmekọahụ" na Nnwere onwe nke Okpukpu na Stake: Nkwupụta asọmpi n'etiti Omenala, Steeti, na Ndị Mmadụ (2019, Pickwick Publications) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Forster|first=Dion A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uO29DwAAQBAJ&dq=fatima+seedat&pg=PA199|title=Freedom of Religion at Stake: Competing Claims among Faith Traditions, States, and Persons|date=2019-11-01|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-5326-6056-6|language=en}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ === * "N'etiti ókèala, n'akụkụ ohere ndị na-emebi ọchịchị n'ime ụlọ klas ụmụ nwanyị na-ejide oghere dị n'etiti kor'an na Bible" na Religion and Theology (2020) * "Gender Asymmetry and Mutual Sexual Relations in Online Legal Interpretation - Beyond the Dissonance through the Fatwas of Julyam.org" na Journal for Gender and Religion in Africa (2020) * "Nchebe n'etiti Chineke na Nwoke: Udo, Udo na Mmekọahụ site na Mgbalị Pietistic nke Ụmụ nwanyị kwere ekwe" na Mariam Khan na Journal for the Study of Religion * "Queering the Study of Islam" na Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion * [https://tif.ssrc.org/2018/09/13/a-womens-march-without-god-the-father/ Njem ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị Chineke (Nna)] na The Immanent Frame (2018) * Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba mmekọahụ nke agha na teknụzụ mmekọahụ nke ahụ: nwoke ndị Alakụba na mmepụta nke ndị iko nwanyị Islamist maka caliphate na Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (2017) * "On Spiritual Subjects: Negotiations in Muslim Female Spirituality" na Journal of Gender and Religion in Africa (2016) * {{Cite journal|date=2013|title=Islam, Feminism, and Islamic Feminism: Between Inadequacy and Inevitability|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|volume=29|issue=2|pages=25–45|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.29.2.25|url=https://doi.org/10.2979/jfemistudreli.29.2.25|author=Seedat}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fatima, Ọdịdị}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0ftdyzzjtq85y59f3s2wwmjcgqw0f4v 0 36424 736934 150699 2026-10-09T18:36:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''''Touki Bouki''''' ({{IPA|wo|tukki bukki|pron}}{{IPA|wo|tukki bukki|pron}}<ref name="tb1973-r6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=57&lang=en|title=Biography of Djibril DIOP MAMBéTY|publisher=African Success|date=2007-06-25|accessdate=2011-01-26|archivedate=2010-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025172554/http://africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=57&lang=en}}</ref>[tukki bukki], Wolof maka The Journey of the Hyena) bụ Ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Ndị Senegal nke afọ 1973, nke Djibril Diop Mambéty duziri. {{IPA|wo|tukki bukki|pron}}<ref name="Moscow1973">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973|title=8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973)|accessdate=2013-01-04|work=MIFF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194922/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973|archivedate=2013-01-16}}</ref> gosipụtara ya na 1973 Cannes Film Festival <ref name="tb1973-r6" /> na 8th Moscow International Film Festival . <ref name="tb1973-r1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/846/year/1973.html|title=Festival de Cannes: Touki Bouki|accessdate=2011-01-25|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> E weghachiri ihe nkiri ahụ na 2008 na Cineteca di Bologna / L'Immagine Ritrovata Laboratory site na World Cinema Foundation . <ref name="tb1973-r7">{{Cite web|url=http://worldcinemafoundation.net/films/touki-bouki/|title=World Cinema Foundation » TOUKI BOUKI|publisher=World Cinema Foundation|accessdate=2011-01-25|archivedate=2010-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205191627/http://worldcinemafoundation.net/films/touki-bouki/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Films of All Time {{!}} Sight & Sound|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/greatest-films-all-time|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902123023/http://www.bfi.org.uk/greatest-films-all-time|archivedate=September 2, 2012|accessdate=2021-01-29|work=British Film Institute|language=en}}</ref> họọrọ ya dị ka ihe nkiri nke 93 kachasị ukwuu n'oge niile site na Sight and Sound Critic's Poll. == Atụmatụ == Mory, onye na-azụ ehi nke na-anya ọgba tum tum nke nwere okpokoro isi nwere mpi ehi, na Anta, nwa akwụkwọ, zutere na Dakar. N'ịbụ ndị na-anọpụ iche na ike gwụrụ ndụ na Senegal, ha na-arọ nrọ ịga Paris ma chepụta atụmatụ dị iche iche iji nweta ego maka njem ahụ. Mory mechara nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'izu ego ahụ, na uwe buru ibu, n'ezinụlọ onye bara ọgaranya na-edina nwoke ibe ya mgbe onye nke ikpeazụ na-asa ahụ. Anta na Mory nwere ike ịzụta tiketi maka ụgbọ mmiri na-aga France. Mana onye ha bara ọgaranya kpọrọ ndị uwe ojii na ekwentị, mgbe Anta na Mory banyere n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Dakar, ọkà okwu ahụ kpọrọ Mory ka ọ hụ onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Mgbe ọ nụrụ nke a, Mory hapụrụ Anta ma jiri ara gbaa ọsọ iji chọta ọgba tum tum ya nwere mpi ehi, naanị iji hụ na emebiwo ya n'ihe mberede nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gbuo onye na-agba ya. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na Anta na-apụ ma ọ bụghị Mory, onye na-anọdụ ala n'akụkụ okpu ya n'ala, na-ele ọgba tum tum ya mebiri emebi anya. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * Aminata Fall dị ka nwanne nne Oumy * Ousseynou Diop dị ka Charlie * Magaye Niang dị ka Mory * Mareme Niang dị ka Anta == Mmepụta ==   Dabere na akụkọ na edemede nke ya, Djibril Diop Mambéty mere ''Touki Bouki'' na mmefu ego nke $ 30,000 &#x2D; nwetara n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na gọọmentị Senegal. Ọ bụ ezie na French New Wave nwere mmetụta, ''Touki Bouki'' na-egosipụta ụdị nke ya. Ọrụ igwefoto ya na ụda olu ya nwere ụda na&#x2D; atụ nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Afrịka - nke a maara maka akụkọ ha na-akpachara anya, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Snell|first=Heather|date=2014-05-04|title=Toward 'a giving and a receiving': teaching Djibril Diop Mambéty's Touki Bouki|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2013.849194|journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies|volume=26|issue=2|pages=127–139|doi=10.1080/13696815.2013.849194|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Russell, 1941-|first=Sharon A.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55638413|title=Guide to African cinema|date=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-1-4294-7633-1|location=Westport, Conn.|oclc=55638413}}</ref> dị, a na-ekwusi ike na mbelata na mgbanwe dị egwu nke ihe nkiri ahụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ọdịnala ndị Afrịka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Wynchank|first=Anny|date=January 1998|title=Touki-Bouki: The New Wave on the cinematic shores of Africa|journal=South African Theatre Journal|language=en-ca|volume=12|issue=1–2|pages=53–72|doi=10.1080/10137548.1998.9687665|issn=1013-7548}}</ref> "Bouki" n'aha ahụ na-ezo aka n'onye ama ama, nke a maara maka ịkpata ihe ọjọọ na ịghọ aghụghọ n'ụzọ ọ chọrọ. Site <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mambu|first=Djia|title=Touki Bouki: The greatest African film ever?|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20181105-touki-bouki-the-greatest-african-film-ever|accessdate=2021-01-29|work=www.bbc.com|language=en}}</ref> ịwụli elu, ịmegharị ihe, ụda ụda na-adịghị mma, na ijikọta ụda nke oge a, nke ọzụzụ atụrụ na nke oge a na ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya, Touki Bouki na-ebugharị ma na-ejide ngwakọta nke [[Senegal]]. [1] Ihe nkiri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka nke dị n'otu oge na ''Touki Bouki'' bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ French Ministry of Cooperation's Bureau du Cinema kwadoro ma kesaa, nke mere ka o doo anya na edemede ga-agbaso ụkpụrụ ihe nkiri nke Gọọmentị France nabatara. ''Touki Bouki,'' n'ụzọ dị iche, emere ya na-enweghị enyemaka ego ọ bụla nke France, na-enye Mambéty ohere ịnwe onwe ya na mmepụta nke ihe nkiri ahụ. Mambéty kwadebere usoro Fre<ref name=":1"/> New Wave ruo n'ókè nke obere ego kpaliri, ọnọdụ yiri nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke French New Waves. Usoro akụkọ <ref name=":0"/> ihe nkiri metụtara ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ (nke a maara maka imebi ihe ngosi nke ụmụ amaala America na ndị ka nta) ka Mambéty jikwa mee ihe na mmepụta nke ihe nkiri ahụ. N'oge mmepụta nke ''Touki Bouki'', e jidere Mambéty maka isonye na ngagharị iwe megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Rom, ndị ọka iwu si n'Òtù Kọmunist nke Ịtali gbapụtara ya mgbe ndị enyi dị ka Bernardo Bertolucci na Sophia Loren rịọrọ arịrịọ. Ahụmahụ nke ịnata arịrịọ sitere n'aka ndị Communist Party nke Ịtali iji kwụọ ha ụgwọ maka ụgwọ iwu a na-emefu n'ịgbachitere ya bụ ihe mkpali maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri ya, ''Hyens'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bakupa-Kanyinda|first=Balufu|date=1998|title=Djibril Diop Mambety. Tribut cinématographique à Colobane|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/presa.158.0173|journal=Présence Africaine|volume=158|issue=2|pages=173|doi=10.3917/presa.158.0173|issn=0032-7638}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ihe nkiri nke Senegal == Onyinye == * Ihe nrite ndị nkatọ mba ụwa na 1973 Cannes Film Festival * Onyinye ndị ọka ikpe pụrụ iche na 1973 Moscow Film Festival<ref name="Moscow1973"/> * <ref name="tb1973-r4">{{Cite web|title=The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema – 52. Touki Bouki|url=http://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=52|work=Empire}}</ref>''Touki Bouki'' nọ n'ọkwa #52 na magazin Empire "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" na 2010. [1] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.newsreel.org/articles/mambety.htm|title=The Hyena's Last Laugh - A conversation with Djibril Diop Mambety|publisher=California Newsreel|accessdate=2011-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220185725/http://newsreel.org/articles/mambety.htm|archive-date=2010-12-20|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.africanfilmny.org/network/news/Rmer.html|title=new wave/old wave|publisher=African Film Festival|accessdate=2011-01-26|archivedate=2010-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109005036/http://www.africanfilmny.org/network/news/Rmer.html}} * Touki BoukinaAllMovie * {{IMDb title|0070820}} * Touki BoukinaTomato rere ure * Touki BoukinaEbe nchekwa data ihe nkiri TCM * * Touki bouki: Mambéty and Modernity edemede nke Richard Porton na Criterion CollectionNchịkọta Criterion flg9efr1o237b12l44atujc2nz1tfdi 0 38916 736987 631802 2026-10-10T10:20:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Abiola Abrams''' (amụrụ na Julaị 29, 1976) bụ onye edemede Amerika, pọdkasta, ọkà okwu na-akpali akpali na onye nkuzi ndụ ime mmụọ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=African Goddess Initiation by Abiola Abrams: 9781401962944 {{!}} PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/671881/african-goddess-initiation-by-abiola-abrams/|accessdate=2021-05-06|work=PenguinRandomhouse.com|language=en-US}}</ref> edeela akwụkwọ atọ, gụnyere Afrikan Goddess mmalite: Emume dị nsọ maka ịhụ onwe onye, ọganiihu na ọńụ, <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Abrams|first=Abiola|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1198217780|title=African Goddess Initiation: Sacred Rituals for Self-Love, Prosperity, and Joy.|publisher=HAY HOUSE INC|year=2021|isbn=978-1401962944|location=Carlsbad, CA|oclc=1198217780}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Abiola|date=2021-03-19|title=Hay House Presents African Goddess Initiation: My New Book Cover Reveal|url=https://womanifesting.com/african-goddess-initiation-book-cover-reveal/|accessdate=2021-05-06|work=Womanifest Your Power with Abiola: Spirit, Mindset, Success|language=en-US}}</ref> akwụkwọ mbụ ya sitere n'aka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Hay House, nke e bipụtara na Julaị 20, 2021. Akwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite web|title=African American Literary Awards Show|url=https://www.facebook.com/literaryawardshow/posts/698937050182679|work=Facebook}}</ref> nke abụọ, The Sacred Bombshell Handbook of Self-Love, meriri Award Afrikan Amerikan Literary Award maka enyemaka onwe kacha mma . [1] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Abrams|first=Abiola|date=2018-02-14|title=Womanifesting|url=https://womanifesting.com/|accessdate=|work=Womanifest Your Power with Abiola: Spirit, Mindset, Success|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209083228/http://womanifesting.com/|archivedate=February 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Butler|first=Sana|date=July 2, 2019|title=Black Girl-Approved and Operated Wellness Escapes For Your Next Vacation|url=https://www.essence.com/feature/wellness-retreats-vacations-for-black-women-reviews/|accessdate=|work=Essence|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702141928/https://www.essence.com/feature/wellness-retreats-vacations-for-black-women-reviews/|archivedate=July 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=STAFF|first=SUCCESS|date=2020-06-09|title=16 Motivational Podcasts by Black Hosts You Need to Listen To|url=https://www.success.com/motivational-podcasts-by-black-hosts-you-need-to-listen-to/|accessdate=|work=SUCCESS|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719205644/https://www.success.com/motivational-podcasts-by-black-hosts-you-need-to-listen-to/|archivedate=July 19, 2020}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere podcast <ref>{{Cite web|author=gaynete|date=2019-03-19|title=20 Must-Listen to Black Women Podcasts for 2019|url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/black-women-podcasts-for-2019/|accessdate=2021-05-06|work=Black Enterprise|language=en-US}}</ref> na-akpali akpali na "20 Must-Listen to Black Women Podcasts for 2019" [1] na 2020, Success.com họọrọ podcast ya [2] dị ka otu n'ime "16 Motivational Podcasts by Black Hosts You Need to Listen To. " Essence Magazine [3] gụnyere Abrams' kwa afọ Nlaghachi azụ chi nwanyị na nchịkọta ha nke "Nwa agbọghọ Oji anabatara yana arụ ọrụ mgbanarị ahụike". "ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Abrams, Womanifesting.com, [3] na-atụle ime mmụọ, uto onwe onye, na ọchụnta ego. Ogidi ndụmọdụ ya gara aga gụnyere itinye aka na mmekọrịta chiri anya Essence.com <ref>Essence.com [http://www.essence.com/2013/07/29/intimacy-intervention-i-need-more-confidence-between-sheets/ Intimacy-Intervention]</ref> and ''Abiola's Love Class'' on MommyNoire.com . <ref>MommyNoire.com [http://mommynoire.com/tag/abiola-abrams/ Abiola's Love Class]</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ bụ ọgbọ mbụ nke Guyanese-Amerikan nke a zụlitere na New York City. Abrams gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Brearley. O nwetara nzere Bachelor of Fine Arts na Sarah Lawrence College na nzere Master of Fine Arts site na Vermont College of Fine Arts . <ref>{{Cite book|title=[[Alpha Kappa Alpha]] Sorority, Inc. International Membership Directory|year=2004|pages=2}}</ref> Abrams bụ onye na-ekwu okwu na NYC Summit ike ụmụ nwanyị . <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=July 25, 2011|title=NYC Women's Empowerment Summit Electrifies the Big Apple|url=https://famenycmagazine.com/tag/alycia-kaback/|work=F.A.M.E. NYC Magazine|publisher=|accessdate=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809080339/http://famenycmagazine.com:80/tag/alycia-kaback/|archivedate=August 9, 2012}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref>''Black Enterprise'' [http://www.blackenterprise.com/lifestyle/black-blogger-month-abiola-tv/ Black-Blogger]</ref> ''Black Enterprise'' kpọrọ saịtị ya otu n'ime blọọgụ ndụ ndị Afrika Amerika kachasị elu. Ọrụ edemede mbụ , Obodo chi nwanyị, egwuregwu na-enye ike nke e mepụtara na Schomburg Center maka nyocha na omenala ojii, [1] e bipụtara ya na anthology Kwuo Okwu! site <ref>University of Michigan Press [http://www.press.umich.edu/322638/say_word! ''Say Word!'']</ref> Mahadum nke Michigan Press . [1] ''Dare'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Dare/Abiola-Abrams/9781416541660|title=Dare|date=2007-12-11|isbn=978-1-4165-7737-9|language=en|author=Abrams|first=Abiola|publisher=Simon and Schuster}}</ref> Abrams' first novel, e bipụtara ya Simon &amp;amp; Schuster on Disemba 11, 2007.<ref name="ss">{{Cite web|url=http://authors.simonandschuster.com/Abiola-Abrams/42382996/biography|publisher=Simon & Schuster|title=Abiola Abrams Biography|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073349/http://authors.simonandschuster.com/Abiola-Abrams/42382996/biography|archivedate=July 16, 2011}}</ref> Abụ ya "Groceries" pụtara na onye na-ede egwuregwu / onye na-eme ihe ike Eve Ensler's 2007 anthology A Memory, A Monologue a Rant and A Prayer <ref>{{Cite book|author=Ensler|first=Eve|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/46702/a-memory-a-monologue-a-rant-and-a-prayer-by-edited-by-eve-ensler-and-mollie-doyle/|title=A memory, a monologue, a rant, and a prayer|others=Mollie Doyle|year=2007|isbn=978-0-345-49791-8|edition=|location=New York|oclc=}}</ref> n'akụkụ ọrụ nke ndị edemede dị ka Maya Angelou, Edward Albee, Alice Walker na [[Edwidge Danticat]]. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Sussman|first=Ellen|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/dirty-words-9781596914742/|title=Dirty Words: A Literary Encyclopedia of Sex|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59691-474-2|edition=|location=New York|oclc=191697286}}</ref> na-egosipụta edemede Abrams na anthologies Behind the Bedroom Door (2008), [1] nke Paula Derrow dezigharịrị, na Dirty Words: A Literary Encyclopedia of Sex (2008), <ref>{{Cite book|author=Derrow|first=Paula|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/39721/behind-the-bedroom-door-by-paula-derrow-editor/|title=Behind the Bedroom Door: Getting it, Giving it, Loving it, Missing it|publisher=Delacorte Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-440-33824-6|location=New York|oclc=}}</ref> nke Ellen Sussman dezigharị. N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times Style,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Schilling|first=Mary Kaye|date=2017-01-30|title=Miranda July Shares Her Vintage Feminist Film Archive|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/30/t-magazine/miranda-july-joanie-4-jackie-film.html|accessdate=}}</ref> Onye na-ese ihe nkiri Miranda July zoro aka na mgbanwe Abrams sitere na onye na-ese ihe nkiri nwanyị na-eme nnwale dị ka "naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụzọ na-akpali akpali nke jikọtara obere oge na Chainletter vidiyo na-enweghị ike ịgbaji." Ihe nkiri nka nnwale dị mkpirikpi Abrams “Ophelia's Opera” gụnyere na usoro ihe nkiri Miranda Julaị Joanie 4 Jackie Chainletters<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Ophelia's Opera – Joanie 4 Jackie|url=http://www.joanie4jackie.com/video/ophelias-opera/|accessdate=|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217070233/http://www.joanie4jackie.com/video/ophelias-opera/|archivedate=December 17, 2020}}</ref> enwetara na 2017 site na Channel Criterion na [[Getty Museum Research Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joanie 4 Jackie|url=https://www.criterionchannel.com/joanie-4-jackie|accessdate=2021-05-06|work=The Criterion Channel|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506162852/https://www.criterionchannel.com/joanie-4-jackie|archive-date=2021-05-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Telivishọn na ihe nkiri === [[Usòrò:Abiola_Abrams_2.JPG|thumb|213x213px|Abrams na Highline Ballroom na Manhattan na-akwado ihe ngosi TV weebụ.]] Abrams bụ onye na-ede akụkọ ntụrụndụ na BBC site na 2011 ruo 2012 na onye bụbu onye na-elekọta Shorts kacha mma, <ref name="ss"/> Black Entertainment Television's (BET) indie ihe ngosi ihe nkiri na asọmpi site na 2006 ruo 2008. <ref name="aabio">{{Cite web|title=Abiola Abrams|url=http://www.abiolatv.com/media-kit-lifestyle-expert-tv-personality-love-columnist-speaker-inspirational-coach/|work=AbiolaAbrams.com|accessdate=November 25, 2015|archivedate=February 7, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207061655/http://www.abiolatv.com/media-kit-lifestyle-expert-tv-personality-love-columnist-speaker-inspirational-coach/}}</ref> Ọ kwadoro ma ọ bụ soro kwado ihe ngosi ndị dị ka Isi mmalite: Nweta niile, ihe ngosi hip hop nke magazin Source, na Mpaghara nkata, ihe ngosi okwu HBO nke a na-akpọ "nke na-ezighị ezi" maka MTV, wee pụta na ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'' dị ka akụkụ nke mkparịta ụka red carpet ya nke 2007 BET Ihe nrite na Los Angeles. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Knight|first=Magda|title=Abiola Abrams|url=https://www.mookychick.co.uk/reviews/arts/abiola_abrams.php|work=Mookychick|date=3 September 2014|accessdate=13 March 2024|archivedate=13 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313125522/https://www.mookychick.co.uk/reviews/arts/abiola_abrams.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CineWomen On Screen - A NYWIFT series|url=http://nywift.org/printarticle.aspx?id=2151|work=[[New York Women in Film and Television]]|date=March 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009161202/http://nywift.org/printarticle.aspx?id=2151|archivedate=October 9, 2010}}</ref> duziri ihe nkiri Taboo: Esemokwu nke Black/White 'Ngwakọta agbụrụ' na Amerika (2005), Mma dị n'akpịrị m: Afọ M lanarịrị mgbe uche m nwara igbu m (2005); na ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Stranded (2004), Ophelia's Opera (2001).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Abiola Abrams|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0009153/|accessdate=2021-05-06|work=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abiola Abrams|url=https://www.co-creatornetwork.com/guests/Abrams_Abiola/_bio.htm|work=Co-Creator Network|date=2009|accessdate=2024-03-13|archivedate=2021-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508215552/http://co-creatornetwork.com/guests/Abrams_Abiola/_bio.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sutton|first=Wayne|title=#28DaysofDiversity: People of color impacting the social web. Day 21 Abiola Abrams @AbiolaTV|url=https://socialwayne.com/2010/02/21/28days-abiolaabrams/|work=socialwayne.com|date=February 21, 2010|accessdate=March 13, 2024|archivedate=May 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512073849/https://socialwayne.com/2010/02/21/28days-abiolaabrams/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * ''Mmalite nke Chi nwanyị Africa: Omenala Dị Nsọ maka Ịhụnanya Onwe Onye, Ọganihu, na Ọṅụ'' (2021) <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> * ''Chi nwanyị Africa Rising Oracle kaadị'' (2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=African Goddess Rising Oracle by Abiola Abrams: 9781401963101 {{!}} PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/676137/african-goddess-rising-oracle-by-abiola-abrams/|accessdate=2021-05-06|work=PenguinRandomhouse.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Abrams|first=Abiola|title=African Goddess Rising Oracle|publisher=Hay House|year=2021|isbn=9781401963101|location=Calsbad, CA}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web|title=Goddess Temple Podcast - Motivation, Inspiration, Spirituality - Divine Feminine Goddess Gifts of the Spring Equinox|url=https://www.hipcast.com/podcast/H267S2B9|accessdate=2021-05-06|work=www.hipcast.com|archivedate=2021-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506185537/https://www.hipcast.com/podcast/H267S2B9}}</ref>''banye n'Ụlọ Nsọ Chi nwanyị'' (2021) [1] * <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Abrams|first=Abiola|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884459838|title=The Sacred Bombshell Handbook of Self-Love : The 11 Forbidden Secrets of Feminine Power|publisher=Love University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-9660707-8-1|edition=|location=New York, NY|oclc=884459838}}</ref> aka nke Holy Bombshell nke Ịhụnanya Onwe Onye (2014) [1] * ''Dare: Akụkọ Ịhụnanya'' (2008) <ref name=":3"/> * <ref>{{Cite book|title=Goddess City|url=https://www.press.umich.edu/special/hiphop/goddess_city|accessdate=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.press.umich.edu/322638/say_word!|title=Say Word!|isbn=978-0-472-07132-6|language=en|author=Banks|first=Daniel|year=2011|publisher=University of Michigan Press}}</ref> City (2011) [1] [2] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == :* Alick, Claudia "Identity and the Word". American Theatre vol. 29, Nke 10 (2012): 54-55. :* Luckett, Sharrell D. "Say Word! Voices from Hip Hop Theater: An Anthology (review)." Theatre Topics 22, no. 1 (2012): 105-06. :* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha0PBgAAQBAJ&dq=Abiola+Abrams+and+Antoy+Grant,&pg=PA90|title=The Cambridge Companion to Hip-Hop|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781107037465}} :* Toni Schlesinger "Shelter" The Village Voice November 30, 2005 Mpịakọta 50 mbipụta 48 :* Charli Penn "Olee otu m ga-esi gosipụta ịhụnanya ka ukwuu n'ime ndụ m?" Essence 50, no. 5 (2019): 130-31. :* Barnes, Sherri L. "Black Women Misbehavin': A New Politics of Sexuality" Feminist collections (Madison, Wis.), 2015-06-22, Vol.36 (3-4), p.1 == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị * {{IMDb name|0009153}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT: Abrams, Abiola}} qe90ylj9yugqdzghu6lwjcsqxb9bkum 0 39918 736973 719332 2026-10-10T03:19:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Poverty_in_Vietnam.jpg|thumb| Oke nke ndị bi na oke ịda ogbenye ka oge na-aga]] [[Usòrò:Map_poverty_rates_by_district_of_vietnam_in_2010_and_2014.jpg|thumb| Map ọnụego ịda ogbenye site na mpaghara Viet Nam na 2010 na 2014.]] {{Databox}}Ruo n'afọ ndị 1920, ọtụtụ ndị bi na Vietnam bi n'okpuru ahịrị ịda ogbenye . Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya, nke sitere na ọtụtụ afọ dị ka ndị France na-achị, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam - The conquest of Vietnam by France {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam/The-conquest-of-Vietnam-by-France|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> ndị Japan na-arụ na Vietnam, <ref>{{Cite web|title=When the Japanese Occupied Vietnam: Part 1 {{!}} Saigoneer|url=https://saigoneer.com/vietnam-heritage/2073-when-the-japanese-occupied-vietnam-part-i|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=saigoneer.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> Vietnam-American War, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam War {{!}} Facts, Summary, Years, Timeline, Casualties, Combatants, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> na esemokwu ndị ọzọ n'ime Mainland Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia (nke bụ isi. agha Cambodia-Vietnamese <ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-09-14|title=Vietnam's forgotten Cambodian war|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29106034|accessdate=2021-12-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Morris|first=Stephen J.|url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=998|title=Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia: Political Culture and the Causes of War|date=1999|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3049-5|location=Stanford|archive-date=2023-06-01|access-date=2024-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601210343/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=998|url-status=dead}}</ref> na agha Sino-Vietnamese <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bitter Legacy of the 1979 China-Vietnam War|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/the-bitter-legacy-of-the-1979-china-vietnam-war/|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> ). Esemokwu na-aga n'ihu site na 1887 ruo 1991, ihe karịrị 100 afọ nke enweghị ntụkwasị obi ahapụla Vietnam obodo agha tisasịrị <ref>{{Cite web|author=VietnamPlus|date=2022-01-07|title=Quang Tri: 227kg bomb successfully relocated {{!}} Society {{!}} Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)|url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/quang-tri-227kg-bomb-successfully-relocated/220395.vnp|accessdate=2022-01-07|work=VietnamPlus|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=VnExpress|title=340-kg wartime bomb found in south central rice field - VnExpress International|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/340-kg-wartime-bomb-found-in-south-central-rice-field-4260634.html|accessdate=2022-01-07|work=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=VnExpress|title=900-kg wartime bomb found in famous Vietnam battlefield - VnExpress International|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/900-kg-wartime-bomb-found-in-famous-vietnam-battlefield-4153515.html|accessdate=2022-01-07|work=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam|language=en}}</ref> nke nwere nnukwu idei mmiri sitere na typhoons, oke oke osimiri, yana nke a na-akpọ " oge idei mmiri" site na udu mmiri oge ( Osimiri East [[Asia]] n'oge oyi na mmiri ozuzo South Asia n'oge okpomọkụ), yana mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Palmer|first=Michael|date=2015-07-21|title=The Economic Lives of People with Disabilities in Vietnam|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=7|pages=e0133623|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0133623|issn=1932-6203|pmid=26197034}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=T.M|first=Hang Thai|title=In Vietnam poverty and poor development, not just floods, kill the most marginalised|url=http://theconversation.com/in-vietnam-poverty-and-poor-development-not-just-floods-kill-the-most-marginalised-82785|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mook|first=Bangalore|date=2016|title=Exposure to Floods, Climate Change, and Poverty in Vietnam|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24846|journal=Policy Research Working Paper|language=en-US|volume=7765}}</ref> Ndozigharị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba nke malitere na 1986, nke bụ usoro iwu maka nnwere onwe ahịa nke akpọrọ Đổi Mới (Mmeghari / Innovation), ọnọdụ nke ịda ogbenye na agụụ na Vietnam emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma - site na otu n'ime mba ndị kasị daa ogbenye n'ụwa. Ego onye ọ bụla na-enweta n'okpuru US $100 kwa afọ, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 2013 Viet Nam ghọrọ mba etiti na-akpata ego na ego onye ọ bụla na-enweta US$1,910 (na 2013). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2013/04/12/vietnam-achieving-success-as-a-middle-income-country|title=Vietnam: Achieving Success as a Middle-income Country|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=April 26, 2013|archivedate=July 21, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721090525/http://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2013/04/12/vietnam-achieving-success-as-a-middle-income-country}}</ref> Ọnụego ịda ogbenye belatara site na pasent 58 na 1993 ruo pasent 28.9 na 2002, pasent 14.5 na 2008, ruo ihe dị ka pasent 12 na 2011. A na-eche na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 28 bụ ndị ewepụrụla n'ịda ogbenye kemgbe iri afọ abụọ. <ref name="program135">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/egms/docs/2009/Ghana/Quan.pdf|title=Programme 135 - Sharing lessons on poverty reduction and development schemes for ethnic minorities in Vietnam|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=March 6, 2012}}</ref> Akuko 2014 Global Hunger Index (GHI) gosiputara Vietnam nke iri na ise n'ime mba 81 na-enwe aguu, yana GHI nke 7.5 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 27.7 di egwu na 1990 (mba nwere oke egwu (GHI ≥ 30), di egwu (GHI n'etiti 20.0 na 29.9) ma ọ bụ dị njọ (GHI n'etiti 10.0 na 19.9) ọnọdụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifpri.org/tools/2014-ghi-map|title=2014 Global Hunger Index Map|publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute|accessdate=March 20, 2015}}</ref> . Mmezu e nwetara na mbelata ịda ogbenye na ikpochapụ agụụ nwere nnukwu ekele ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwalite mmepe akụ na ụba . Otú ọ dị, Vietnam ka nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ dị n'ihu n'ịlụso ịda ogbenye na agụụ ọgụ yana maka ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ike dị ka [[Minority group|agbụrụ dị nta]], ndị nwere nkwarụ, ilekọta ndị agadi, na ndị na-adịghị ike ime mpụ . <ref name="achievement">{{Cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/08/25/000356161_20110825031518/Rendered/PDF/642790WP0P107600Box0361535B0PUBLIC0.pdf|title=Poverty Reduction in Vietnam: Achievements and Challenges|publisher=World Bank|date=March 2011|accessdate=March 6, 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bank loans help ethnic minority in Nghệ An escape poverty|url=http://vietnamnews.vn/society/1106243/bank-loans-help-ethnic-minority-in-nghe-an-escape-poverty.html|accessdate=2021-12-14|work=vietnamnews.vn|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Businesses, government abet migration, but Vietnam's 'container people' bear the risk|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/vietnam/europe-trafficking-12102021155942.html|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=Radio Free Asia|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Ngo|first=Quyen|date=2019|title=Reducing rural poverty in Vietnam: issues, policies, challenges|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2019/03/Reducing-rural-poverty-in-Vietnam-Issues-Policies-Challenges.pdf|journal=}} [[Òtù:CS1 errors: missing periodical]]</ref> [[Usòrò:Famine_in_Vietnam,_1945_(6).jpg|thumb| Ụnwụ na Vietnam, 1945]] N'ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ, ewezuga ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke ọtụtụ ndị Vietnam zuru ezu, ọnụego mmecha ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na mbido 2021 n'afọ nke abụọ nke ọrịa [[Nje Korona|coronavirus]] bụ naanị ihe dị njọ 58%, nke agbanyeghị, sitere na naanị 55% na 2013. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|first=Viet|author=Anh|date=December 14, 2021|title=Just 58 percent of Vietnamese children graduate from high school|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/just-58-percent-of-vietnamese-children-graduate-from-high-school-4401632.html}}</ref> Site na 1990 ruo 2016, oke ndebanye aha Vietnam Nam na agụmakwụkwọ mahadum tolitere site na naanị 2.7% ruo 28.3%. Ka o sina dị, oke a ka dị n'okpuru nke mba ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/482cd95f-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/482cd95f-en|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=www.oecd-ilibrary.org|language=en|archivedate=2021-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216013458/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/482cd95f-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/482cd95f-en}}</ref> Mpaghara akọwapụtara nke Vietnam ebe enwere oke nha nhata nke inweta agụmakwụkwọ na akụ na ụba dọdara nkezi ala. <ref name=":0" /> Dabere na akụkọ sitere na Asia Development Bank, Vietnam nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 91.70 dị ka nke 2015, ihe dị ka otu nde mmadụ karịa afọ gara aga. <ref>Asian Development Bank. (2016, April). ''Basic Statistics 2016''. Retrieved 21, November 2016, from https://www.adb.org/publications/basic-statistics-2016</ref> Na 2016, 5.8% nke ndị bi na-ebi n'okpuru ahịrị ịda ogbenye mba; na 2019, ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ọrụ bụ 2.0%. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/countries/viet-nam/poverty|title=Poverty Data: Viet Nam|date=April 2020|publisher=Asian Development Bank|accessdate=July 12, 2020}}</ref> Onu ogugu ndi mmadu bi na mkpọturu gbadara site na 60.5% na 1992 rue 13.8% ibi n'ime mkpọka site na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Population living in slums (% of urban population) - Vietnam {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS?locations=VN|accessdate=2022-02-18|work=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta n'etiti ndị otu === Mbelata ịda ogbenye bụ naanị ihe ịga nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na akụkụ niile sitere na gọọmentị gaa na ọha mmadụ na ndị na-enye onyinye, site na etiti gọọmentị etiti na ndị mmadụ n'onwe ha na-etinye aka na usoro ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa ka e kenye ọrụ na ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị dị iche iche nke ọma na kpọmkwem. Dokwuo anya nke ọrụ ha ga-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma na ịdị n'otu dị ukwuu n'etiti ha. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113123918/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/VietNam_2010/Part1.pdf Akụkọ mmepe Vietnam (2001)] na-atụ aro ụzọ isi dozie nke a site n'ime ka ọrụ dị n'etiti gọọmentị etiti na nke ime obodo, ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ mbelata ịda ogbenye na ọkwa mpaghara, na ndị metụtara ya, maka njikwa na nnyefe nke ọrụ mbelata ịda ogbenye. . <ref name="VNpoverty">{{Cite web|url=https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/vietnam_poverty_analysis.pdf|title=Vietnam Poverty Analysis|publisher=Australian Government|date=May 9, 2002|accessdate=April 21, 2019}}</ref> === Usoro nchekwa ọha === Usoro nchebe ọha na eze na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka mbelata ịda ogbenye na-adịgide adịgide. Na Vietnam, usoro nchebe ọha na eze dị ugbu a nwere ihe atọ bụ isi bụ nchekwa ọha, enyemaka mmadụ na mmemme dabeere na mpaghara. Nchekwa ọha gụnyere mkpuchi ọha, mkpuchi ahụike na mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ. Enyemaka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-elekwasị anya na ndị na-erite uru gụnyere ndị agadi 85 na karịa ma ọ bụ ndị bi naanị ha, ndị nwere nkwarụ, ndị nwere nkwarụ uche, nne na nna nanị ha na-azụ ụmụ, ụmụ mgbei na ndị ọzọ, ebe a ga-eji mmemme ahụ dabeere na mpaghara na enyemaka mberede iji nyere aka na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha. ndị a tara ahụhụ. <ref name="achievement"/> Otú ọ dị, mmetụta dị n'akụkụ nke [[Iba|ịba]] ụba mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba na-edugakwa n'ịbawanye nrụgide ọha na eze. Ọnụ ọgụgụ igbu onwe onye na Vietnam abawanyela n'ime iri afọ gara aga (2000-2021), ebe ụmụ nwoke nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-enweta ọnwụ igbu onwe ha mgbe ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam Suicide Rate 2000-2021|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/VNM/vietnam/suicide-rate|accessdate=2021-12-21|work=www.macrotrends.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221132316/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/VNM/vietnam/suicide-rate|archive-date=2021-12-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ igbu onwe onye enweela ahaghị nhata nke nwoke na nwanyị n'ofe ọtụtụ mba ma ọ bụ mba ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ. Dị ka nke a, usoro nchebe ọha na eze ( ''tư-vấn tâm-lý,'' ndụmọdụ uche-ndụ na Vietnamese) maka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke igbu onwe ( ''tự tử'' ma ọ bụ ''tự sát'' ) dị mkpa, na-enwekwu nyocha na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mgbochi igbu onwe maka Vietnamese chọrọ. . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Thanh|first=Huong Tran Thi|chapterurl=https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780198570059.001.0001/med-9780198570059-chapter-112|chapter=Suicide prevention in Vietnam|title=Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention|year=2009|pages=779–780|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-964046-1|language=en-US|doi=10.1093/med/9780198570059.003.0112}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, a na-achọkwu nyocha na ọmụmụ ihe iji dozie nsogbu nke mwakpo mmekọahụ, mmekpa ahụ na trauma, na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-enwekwu ihe ize ndụ mgbe ahụ ndị nwoke na ụmụ nwoke, yana dozie nsogbu gbasara ịzụ ahịa ( ịzụ ahịa mmadụ & ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ ) na ịgba ohu . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam {{!}} Sexual Violence Research Initiative|url=https://www.svri.org/documents/vietnam|accessdate=2021-12-21|work=www.svri.org|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=HUONG|first=NGUYEN THU|title=Rape in Vietnam from Socio-Cultural and Historical Perspectives|date=2006|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933447|journal=Journal of Asian History|volume=40|issue=2|pages=185–206|issn=0021-910X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-28|title=Opinion: South Korea must recognise allegations of sexual violence in Vietnam|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/south-korea-vietnam-war-sexual-violence-women-b1806764.html|accessdate=2021-12-21|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam: Nearly half of female garment workers experience violence & sexual harassment; Study finds link to brands' purchasing practices|url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/vietnam-nearly-half-of-female-garment-workers-experience-violence-sexual-harassment-study-finds-link-to-brands-purchasing-practices/|accessdate=2021-12-21|work=Business & Human Rights Resource Centre|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Vietnam's US$9 fine for groping a woman sparks calls for tougher laws|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3112618/heres-why-vietnam-needs-embrace-metoo-right-now-fine-groping|accessdate=2021-12-21|work=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Laws not helping Vietnam's women and children|url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/laws-not-helping-vietnams-women-and-children|accessdate=2021-12-21|work=The ASEAN Post|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sexual Harassment Still Rampant In Vietnam|url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/sexual-harassment-still-rampant-vietnam|accessdate=2021-12-21|work=The ASEAN Post|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|accessdate=2021-12-21|work=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ & Ahụike === O doro anya na ịnweta agụmakwụkwọ na ahụike na-enye ụzọ isi belata ịda ogbenye maka ndị na-adịghị ike. <ref name=":1"/> Maka ndị nwere ohere mmụta ugbua, nkuzi onwe ( ''học thêm'' na Vietnamese) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka oge ụlọ akwụkwọ gachara. Okwu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya gbasara nkuzi nkeonwe dị ka ndị nwere 'oke' ma ọ bụ 'nwere ihe ùgwù' nwere ike ị nweta ma nweta nkuzi nke onwe ebe ndị ogbenye na-agbasi mbọ ike iji nweta ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ma ọ bụ na nnukwu akwụkwọ nkuzi nke onwe bụ ihe na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ịkwalite ngalaba ọha. bụ arụmụka nkịtị nke mgbagwoju anya nke ọdịdị nkuzi nkeonwe. Maka ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ dara ogbenye, ọ bụ maka imeziwanye ohere ịnweta ọrụ mmụta na ahụike ka enwere ohere nke mmekọrịta akụ na ụba ka mma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dang|first=Hai-Anh|title=A bird's-eye view of the private tutoring phenomenon in Vietnam|url=https://www.iias.asia/sites/default/files/nwl_article/2019-05/IIAS_NL56_2627_0.pdf|journal=International Institute for Asian Studies|volume=2011|archive-date=2024-05-26|access-date=2024-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526150035/https://www.iias.asia/sites/default/files/nwl_article/2019-05/IIAS_NL56_2627_0.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Hụkwa ===   * Ahụike na Vietnam * Vietnam&amp;nbsp;– Akụ na ụba :* Economy nke Vietnam == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} === Isi mmalite ndị ọzọ === * {{Cite web|author=Vandemoortele, Milo|year=2010|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5057&title=viet-nams-progress-economic-growth-poverty-reduction-impressive-improvements|title=Viet Nam's Progress on Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Impressive improvements|publisher=[[Overseas Development Institute]]|accessdate=2024-04-01|archivedate=2011-05-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514200140/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5057&title=viet-nams-progress-economic-growth-poverty-reduction-impressive-improvements}} == Njikọ mpụga == srvwvd4mahdxbbxq5w2xkygp70zhvba 0 41138 736984 158842 2026-10-10T08:08:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Nke Ebe etiti maka Ọmụmụ and Training for Development''' ''(Centre d'études et de formation pour le Développement)'', '''CEFOD''', bụ ebe ndị Jesuit guzobere na [[Chad]] na 1966 na nso mmalite nke nnwere onwe na arịrịọ nke Onye isi ala François Tombalbaye, inye ọzụzụ nye ndị ọkachamara Chadian na ngalaba akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. == Ngalaba == A haziri CEFOD n'ime ngalaba anọ: * Ngalaba akwụkwọ na ozi gbasara iwu <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infotheque.info/ressource/9097.html|title=Archdiocese|accessdate=2017-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017201532/http://www.infotheque.info/ressource/9097.html|archivedate=2017-10-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=World Guide to Special Libraries, Volume 1|authorlink=edited by Marlies Janson, Helmut Opitz|publisher=|isbn=9783110917857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HA_g_vB3w0YC&q=Centre+d%27%C3%A9tudes+et+de+formation+pour+le+D%C3%A9veloppement&pg=PA1177|accessdate=May 25, 2016|author=Janson|first=Marlies|date=22 December 2011}}</ref> * Ngalaba mbipụta & mgbasa ozi. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Allen|first=Chris|title=Africa Bibliography 1995: Works Published on Africa in 1995|date=29 October 1997|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748608782|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d3OZIsTKVt4C&q=Centre+d%27%C3%A9tudes+et+de+formation+pour+le+D%C3%A9veloppement+tchad&pg=PA151|accessdate=May 8, 2015}}</ref> * Ngalaba Ọzụzụ * Ngalaba nchịkwa <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reseau-espaces-volontariats.org/Johann-benevole-pour-le-Centre-d|title=Administration|accessdate=2017-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017151214/http://www.reseau-espaces-volontariats.org/Johann-benevole-pour-le-Centre-d|archive-date=2017-10-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nkwenye == CEFOD enwetala nkwado mba ụwa. <ref>[http://www.petitfute.com/v45655-n-djamena/c1172-pense-fute-services/158587-centre-d-etudes-et-de-formation-pour-le-developpement-cefod.html ''Pense Fute'' independent news report. ]</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ucly.fr/facultes-ecoles-instituts/ciedel-centre-international-d-etudes-pour-le-developpement-local-22389.kjsp|title=CIEDEL - Centre International d'Etudes pour le Développement Local|author=LEAUTHIER|first=Sylvain|work=Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy)|accessdate=2017-10-17|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta saịtị Jesuit == Edensibia == ụmụntakịrị nwere nsogbu nke mwepu ọha na eze na Alicante. Ọ malitere site n'inye ụmụaka{{Reflist|3}} getr33eqr8qez5r1lqck5uy7q1qr7u4 0 42649 736985 164809 2026-10-10T08:14:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736985 wikitext text/x-wiki   The Social Care Institute for Excellence ( SCIE ; akpọ 'sky') bụ ụlọ ọrụ ebere na nkwalite UK.  SCIE na-iche ihe ihe gbasara ihe na-arụ ọrụ n'ofe kwuru mmadụ na ibe ya, ọrụ mmadụ na ibe ya, na-ekpuchi ndị okenye, na-egosi na ọrụ nkwado SCIE nwere ọrụ na- ịgba na ịgbasa ntọala ihe enyemaka maka omume ọma n'ịkpọ niile nke ndị na United Kingdom .  Ọ na-egosi ụdị n'ụdị dị iche iche, ngwa ngosi irọ na ihe n'ozuzu ya, na-ekpuchi njikwa na okwu ihe yana ọrụ kwa ụbọchị.  [1] Nke a egwu, ọba, webinars, mkpa na ike iji kwado nkwalite.  [2] A na-azụ na ọrụ ndị a na ndị na-eji ọrụ na ndị na-agụ, yana site na akwụkwọ ya na ndị na-ahụ maka mgbasa, ndị ọrụ kọmishọna, ndị na-eme iwu na ndị | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qcs.co.uk/team/social-care-institute-for-excellence/|title=Social Care Institute for Excellence - SCIE|accessdate=2024-04-14|archivedate=2019-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016141107/https://www.qcs.co.uk/team/social-care-institute-for-excellence/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere SCIE na 2001. [1] Ọta ọkwa ọrụ, nke bụ otu ihe mere o ji ndụ mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ kagburu ma ọ bụ ebere na 2010 UK qungo reforms . <ref name="Guardian 12May2012">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/may/15/andrea-sutcliffe-scie-social-care|title=Scie's chief executive looks to the future|first=David|author=Brindle|work=The Guardian|date=12 May 2012|accessdate=22 March 2016}}</ref> SCIE na-aga n'ihu na-edobe Social Care Online (nke ewepụtara na 2005) - nnukwu nchekwa data UK nke nlekọta mmadụ na ozi ọrụ mmekọrịta gụnyere nyocha zuru oke, akụkọ, akwụkwọ gọọmentị na amụma, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na weebụsaịtị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/About/About|title=About Social Care Online - Social Care Online}}</ref> Ego enwetara n'aka gọọmentị dara na £4.4 nde na 2013-14 (ya na £ 1m nke a ezubere maka ọrụ ụfọdụ), ebe ọ bụbu ihe karịrị £ 20m na 2009-10 (nke ekenyela £ 14m maka ọrụ ụfọdụ). <ref name="Guardian 12May2012"/> SCIE nyere ikike site na Ngalaba Ahụike (nke a na-akpọ Department of Health and Social Care) inye nkwado maka Iwu Nlekọta 2014; ilele okwu ndị dị ka ntule na ntozu, ichekwa ndị okenye na nkwado. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2014/nov/13/care-act-2014-advocacy-services|title=Scie's guide to providing independent advocacy &#124; Tony Hunter|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=13 November 2014}}</ref> == Omume dị ugbu a == [[Usòrò:Social_Care_Institute_for_Excellence_Office.png|thumb| Akara SCIE gosipụtara n'ụlọ ọrụ ha dị ugbu a na Central London]] SCIE na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe n'efu maka nlekọta mmadụ na ndị ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na ọkwa niile. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ha esiwo n'otu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-enweta ego gaa na ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa ọzọ, na-abawanye ego ha na-enweta site na ọzụzụ na ọrụ ndụmọdụ ma na-adabere na Ngalaba Ahụike na Nlekọta Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ego. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scie.org.uk/about/|title=About SCIE|work=www.scie.org.uk|accessdate=17 October 2019}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ha dị ugbu a na-elekwasị anya n'ịgbanwe usoro nlekọta na imejuputa omume dabere na mmadụ dị ka ụzọ ndị siri ike. Ha nwekwara nnukwu ọrụ na ntinye aka na nlekọta ahụike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na-enye nkwado mba dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ ha na Fund Care Fund . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scie.org.uk/integrated-care/better-care/scie|title=SCIE and the Better Care Fund|access-date=2024-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129010824/https://www.scie.org.uk/integrated-care/better-care/scie|archive-date=2023-11-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> LSCIE nọgidere na-ama nke ọma </link> maka ihe onwunwe ha na ichekwa ndị okenye na ụmụaka, na ikike ikike nke uche 2005 na n'ịnapụ ihe nchebe nnwere onwe . Otu n'ime ebumnuche ha bụ ịkwalite nsonye na mmekorita (ọrụ ọha) na ndị na-eji ọrụ na ndị nlekọta iji zụlite na ịnye nlekọta ahụike na nlekọta ahụike ka mma. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ha gụnyere ụkpụrụ a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2012/jun/26/coproduction-scie-service-users-carers|title=Co-production: Why Scie is giving a bigger voice to service users and carers|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=26 June 2012}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ngalaba Ahụike na Nlekọta Ọha * National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence * Paul Burstow (Onye isi oche nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọkachamara) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 7rhnhye0nqwa0akqgnsrnd98gsc9cyi 0 43308 736980 629038 2026-10-10T06:31:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:First Houses in winter from west.jpg|thumb|First Houses in winter from west.]] Ndị mbụ bụ ọrụ ụlọ ọha na eze na East Village, Manhattan, New York City ma bụrụ otu n'ime ọrụ ụlọ mbụ na United States.  Ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ na New York City na-elekọta ha New York City Landmark na National Historic Landmark na 1974. == Nkọwa == Ihe oru ngo a nwere ọnụ ụlọ 122 nwera ọnụ ụlọ awụ ma ọ bụ anọ n'ime ụlọ 8 nwere okpukpu anọ ma ọ bụ nke ise, ma dị n'ụdị ndị nke East 3rd Street n'etiti First Avenue na Avenue A, na  n'ihu ahụ nke Avenue A. n'etiti okporo ụzọ East 2nd na 3rd na Alphabet City na East Village . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref name="nycland">{{cite nycland|page=68}}</ref>Onye mbụ na-ewere aha ha site na abụ ha nke ịbụ otu n'ime ụlọ obibi mbụ e wuru na United States, [1] mepere maka ndị nwe ụlọ mbụ na Disemba 3, 1935. Ndị obibi Victorian -oge dị na saịtị  ahụ tupu ekpochapụ ha iji wuo ọrụ ahụ, nke bụkwa ọrụ mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nke obodo ahụ mere, [1] nke mechara ya na 1936 <ref name="nycland" />A haziri oru ngo a dị ka mgbazigharị eriri afẹ, nke nwere otu n'ime ụlọ atọ a kwaturu iji nyekwuo ọkụ na ikuku, [1] mana onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ Frederick L. Ackerman na ndị injinia ya sere n'oge na  -akpa anya na ihe ndị dị n'ime mfe awụ nke 19 na-esighị ike emegharị ya.  Ya mere, a kwaturu ha ma wuo ụlọ mbụ site na akpa, na-ọnụ ọnụ dị nta nke ntọala ntọala mbụ mee ihe.  [2] Ihe oru ngo a meghariri brik ma were otutu ndi oru na ndi nke ibu etiti na-akwu.  Ackerman haziri ụlọ ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụzọ na azụ iji nyekwuo ìhè na ikuku ụlọ ndị dị adị.  Ebe a kpọchiri akpọchi n'azụ ụlọ ndị ahụ nyere ndị nwe ụlọ ebe egwuregwu, osisi, oche na ihe ọkpụkpụ [[Usòrò:First_Houses_in_winter_closeup.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px| Nleba anya na otu n'ime ụlọ ndị ahụ (2011)]] <ref name="times35">''[[The New York Times]]'' (November 21, 1935)</ref>N'agbanyeghị na ụlọ mbụ na-eri ụfọdụ ka a àgwà anya ya, onye isi oche ụlọ obibi Langdon Post kwuru na ọ bara uru.  "Na mbụ ... wepụrụ ngalaba gbasara ụlọ na eze site na isi na n'eziokwu. Nke abụọ, o guzobewo dị ka ụlọ ọrụ maka ịfe nkedo mkpochapụ slum . Ma Vincent Astor na Bernard M. Barọk nakweere nkekọ ndị  iji ƙarin maka ala ahụ – nke mbụ ụdị nke a na-enweta na ebe nke atọ, ọ ọhọre iji nwalee ikike nke ndị na-akatọ ala maka mkpochapụ – ule nke anyị meri. Nke a anọ, n'okwu Mayor La Guardia  , o nyere anyị 'Boondoggling Exhibit A. Nnwale nke ndị nwe ụlọ meri bụ ikike iji ngwá ọrụ dị ike nke ngalaba a ma ama .  Onye nwe ụlọ dị na East 3rd Street ụka na iweghara ihe ya, egwuregwu na-echere, iwu nke United States na New York State.  Ikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke New York, Ndị Ikpe Kasị Elu na Steeti ahụ, Ndị na Ndị Ọrụ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị nwe nwera ike ejide ihe ọrụ nkeonwe :  nsogbu na eze, nchekwa ma ọ bụ izugbe. " <ref>{{Cite book|title=Records & Briefs New York State Appellate Division|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8GmKDazuM8C&pg=PT463|pages=462–463}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ikike obibi New York City * Ndepụta nke New York City ahapụrụ akara na Manhattan n'okpuru 14th Street * Ndebanye aha obodo nke ndepụta ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na Manhattan n'okpuru 14th Street == Ntụaka == '''Ihe ndetu'''{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7D9133DF937A1575AC0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Na mmalite, New York Kere Ụlọ Mbụ"] Grey, Christopher. ''New York Times,'' Septemba 24, 1995 * [http://www.thevillager.com/villager_182/celebratingpublichousing.html "Ememme Ọha n'ụlọ ebe ọ malitere na mbụ] ," Amateau, Albert. ''Obodo Nta,'' Ọktoba 25, 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120518044540/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/74-FIRST-HOUSES.pdf Edebere aha kọmishọna Nchekwa ala ala] Archived </link> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230513/http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/85/sheltershorts.html Ụlọ Ọha na New York tụgharịrị 60], Shorts Shelter, Jenụwarị/February, 1996. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230321021851/https://www.nyc.gov/assets/nycha/downloads/pdf/First%20Houses.pdf] [[Òtù:Aha]] fsy5af9qg488rou5evu4yj0f2oto6pj 0 43320 736982 177242 2026-10-10T06:40:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736982 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Wagner Houses.jpg|thumb|Wagner Houses.jpg]] Senator Robert F. Wagner Houses, nke na-asụsụ dị ka Triborough Houses, bụ ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara East Harlem nke Manhattan, na New York City ma na-elekọta site na New York City Housing Authority .  Ọ dị n'ikiri egwuregwu nke Second Avenue na akuku ugwu egwu egwuregwu nke Manhattan, ụlọ nwere okpukpu iri na anọ nke nwere ihe ngosi iri na isii na ụlọ nwere okpukpu, ihe nke ụlọ iri abụọ na abụọ.  O nwere ndị bi na 5,290 bi na ụlọ 2,162.  Ihe anya anya nwere 26.91 acres (10.89 ha) .  [1] Ɔ na-efu $30,926,000 iji wuo ya.</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Mmepe == <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDV3el2fp2YC&pg=PA259|title=Manhattan Projects: The Rise and Fall of Urban Renewal in Cold War New York|author=Zipp|first=Samuel|date=2010-05-24|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199779536|language=en}}</ref>Nkwatu ụlọ ndị dị na saịtị ahụ irohin na 1954 [1] wee ọtụtụ ụlọ, azụmahịa, na ndị bi.  [2] Emechara ahụ ahụ na Mee 31, 1958, ma guzo aha ya Robert F. Wagner, onye jere ozi anọ dị ka senator nke steeti New York na onye nkwado nke Iwu Housing 1937 .  [3] [4] Ụkwụ ya dị okpukpu asaa na nke 16 dị n'ahịrị n'ahịrị na nhazi nke X-slab, na-ekpuchi 12.9% nke saịtị ahụ. Ezinụlọ mbụ batara n'ụlọ ndị Wagner, na Ọgọst 3, 1956, si n'otu ọnụ ụlọ mmiri oyi dị na East 106th Street, nke a kwatukwara iji wuo ụlọ Franklin Plaza. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/08/03/86666182.html|title=First Tenants to Move to Wagner Houses|date=August 3, 1956|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2019-07-31}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ikike obibi New York City == Ntụaka == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240131004228/https://www.nyc.gov/assets/nycha/downloads/pdf/Wagner.pdf Maapụ mmepe] [[Òtù:Aha]] 4v0c81hjezsn8rksny5xd9ivxqz2uhp 0 43323 736981 177240 2026-10-10T06:38:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Riis Houses central plaza & flagstaff jeh.jpg|thumb|Riis Houses central plaza & flagstaff jeh.jpg]] {{Infobox settlement|name=Jacob Riis Houses|official_name=|other_name=|settlement_type=[[List of New York City Housing Authority properties|NYCHA property]]|image_skyline=Riis Houses central plaza & flagstaff jeh.jpg|imagesize=300px|image_caption=Riis Houses in 2008|nickname=|motto=<!-- images and maps -->|image_map={{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-lat=40.723917|frame-long=-73.974659|zoom=9|type=point|coord={{coord|40.723917|-73.974659}}}}|map_alt=|map_caption=Location in New York City|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|pushpin_map=<!--USA New York City#USA New York#USA-->|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_mapsize=|pushpin_map_caption=|coordinates={{coord|40.723917|-73.974659|type:city_region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=<!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) -->|coordinates_footnotes=<!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------>|subdivision_type=[[List of sovereign states|Country]]|subdivision_name=[[United States]]|subdivision_type1=[[U.S. state|State]]|subdivision_type2=[[City (New York)|City]]|subdivision_type3=[[Borough (New York City)|Borough]]|subdivision_name1=[[New York (state)|New York]]|subdivision_name2=[[New York City]]|subdivision_name3=[[Manhattan]] <!-- Area -->|unit_pref=Imperial|area_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Jacon Riis Houses Area |url=https://my.nycha.info/DevPortal/Portal|access-date=November 7, 2019 }}</ref>|area_total_sq_mi=0.018|population_total=2,738 <ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Jacob Riis Houses Population|url=https://my.nycha.info/DevPortal/Portal/DevelopmentData}}</ref>|population_density_km2=auto <!-- Area/postal codes & others -->|population_note=|postal_code_type=[[Zip code|ZIP codes]]|postal_code=10009|area_code=[[Area codes 212, 646, and 332|212, 332, 646]], and [[Area code 917|917]]|website={{URL|https://my.nycha.info/DevPortal/}}|footnotes=|blank_name=Average household income|blank_info=}}. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://my.nycha.info/DevPortal/Home/Index/?redirectUrl=%2FDevPortal%2FPortal%3F|title=MyNYCHA Developments Portal|work=my.nycha.info|accessdate=2019-07-23|archivedate=2021-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828214826/https://my.nycha.info/DevPortal/Home/Index/?redirectUrl=%2FDevPortal%2FPortal%3F}}</ref>Ezinụlọ Jacob Riis bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze nke New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) na-achịkwa na East Village na New York City .  Oru ngo a dị n'etiti Avenue D na Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive, na-agbasa nnukwu ihe akụkọ abụọ site na 6th Street ruo 13th Street.  Ọrụ a nwere ụlọ iri na atọ, nke dị n'agbata ụlọ isii na 14 nke ọ elala, nwera ọnụ ụlọ 1,191 Ebibiri mpaghara a ga-aghọ ụlọ Riis site na mmeghari ohuru nke obodo malitere na Ọgọst 1943 mana owuwu ahụ egbuola oge n'ihi [[World War II|Agha IIwa nke Abụọ]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/11/05/93173178.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=LedeAsset&region=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article&pageNumber=23|title=THE LOWER EAST SIDE CHANGES|author=|first=|date=November 5, 1946|work=The New York Times|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-23}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/09/04/104334230.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=LedeAsset&region=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article&pageNumber=28|title=CORNERSTONE LAID AT THE RIIS HOUSES; Renewal of Federal Aid Urged at Last Project Under Way Here With Help of FPHA|author=|first=|date=September 4, 1947|work=The New York Times|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-23}}</ref> Emechara Ụlọ Riis na January 17, 1949 wee kpọọ aha maka onye na-ese foto Jacob Riis, bụ onye kpughere ọnọdụ ndụ nke ndị bi na tenment na Lower East Side . <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/nyregion/nycha-housing-project-playgrounds.html|title=Audit Finds Playground Perils in Housing Authority Developments|author=Otterman|first=Sharon|date=2018-04-04|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref>Emebere egwuregwu ahụ ka ọ nwee ọnụ ụlọ anọ dị n'ụdị' maka ihe omume iche ma Pomerance & Breines ya na M. Paul Freidberg & Associates mere ya ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-ese ikike ala.  [1] Enyere ya ego site na sitere na Victor Astor Foundation wee sị na 1966 na Ladybird Johnson na-aga mmeghe ya.  [2] Mgbe awụ ahụ gachara, ọ isiokwu ndị na-ekiri ugwu mbụ maka imewe mma site na ngalaba nke ụlọ na obodo .  [1] Emere ebe egwuregwu anɔ ọhụrụ n'obodo ahụ na 1967. [3] N'afọ 2018, NYCHA egwuregwu ebe egwuregwu ya wee na ọ dị ize ndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181205005239/en/WDF-Announces-71-Million-Jacob-Riis-Houses|title=WDF Announces $71 Million Jacob Riis Houses Restoration Project|date=2018-12-05|work=www.businesswire.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-23}}</ref>N'oge Hurricane Sandy na 2012, ike mebiri site na oké ifufe nke mere ka ọ ghara inwe ọkụ eletrik na ọrụ ndị ọzọ.  [1] [2] Na 2018, NYCHA ihe onyunyo maka $71 nde iji kwado njikere dị mkpa sitere na Sandy ọchịchị anya anya na 2022. Nkwalite: igwe na-ahụ ihe ike, igwe nkesa ọkụ eletrịka, mmiri mmiri nke ihe owuwu.  na imecha, nkwalite na sistemu mmiri mmiri / oke mmiri ozuzo, okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ, ọkụ ndị na-agafe agafe, onye njikwa nke ọnụ ụlọ na lobbies.{{wide image|Riis Houses (2020).jpg|1000 px|Riis Houses (2020)}} == Ndị ama ama == * Frank Morales (1949-), onye ụkọchukwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ * Sabu (1983-), onye na-agba ọsọ kọmputa <ref name="partyboy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/09/technology/hacker-informant-and-party-boy-of-the-projects.html|work=The New York Times|first=N. R.|author=Kleinfield|title=Hacker, Informant and Party Boy of the Projects|date=8 March 2012}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240615080649/https://www.nyc.gov/assets/nycha/downloads/pdf/Riis.pdf Maapụ gọọmentị] [[Òtù:Aha]] paljuilwl9oa3746od7cvfnc1a060gs 0 43379 736975 162902 2026-10-10T03:52:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736975 wikitext text/x-wiki   <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2, 2008|title=Second Harvest Heartland Feeding America|url=http://agwired.com/2008/09/02/second-harvest-heartland-feeding-america|accessdate=August 27, 2016|work=AgWired: News from the World of Agribusiness}}</ref>Nri Amerika bụ ihe ndabere na United States nke bụ ihe mba niile nke ihe ụlọ ụlọ 200 na-azụ nri ihe nde mmadụ 46 site na ebe nri nri, kichin ofe, ebe nchekwa na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dabere na obodo  .  [1] Forbes nwanne ya dị ka ọrụ ebere US elele site na ego ha ikike.  [2] A mara nri America dị ka owuwe ihe ubi nke abụọ nke America ruo Ọgọst 31, 2008 == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'etiti afọ 1960, n'oge mmetụta na Phoenix, Arizona, mgbe ahụ ahụ hụwụrụ akpọnwụ, John van Hengel, ọrụ apụta na kichin ofe mpaghara.  Ọ bụrụ ka e nye nri wee nri ihe oriri oriri ụtụtụ kichin nwere ike iji.  N'oge a, otu n'ime ndị akara ahụ gwara ya na ọ na-enye ụmụ ya ihe ndị a tụfuru n'ebe a na-ekpofu ebe mgbe niile.  Ọ gwara ya na nri dị mma, ma na e kwesịrị inwe ebe a na-edobe nri ndị a na-achọghị ma mechaa mmetụta ndị ji ya, dị ka ụlọ akụ. Van Hengel n'akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi ya ugboro ike site n'aja nri nri, ubi obodo, na igodo citrus dị nso.  Mgbakwunye ya mere ka ekwuru St. Mary's Food Bank na Phoenix, ụlọ nri mbụ nke mba ahụ <ref name="url">{{Cite web|date=October 9, 2005|title=Transitions|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051009/news_mz1j9passing.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003114530/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051009/news_mz1j9passing.html|archivedate=October 3, 2008|accessdate=July 21, 2008}}</ref> N'afọ 1975, e nyere St. Mary's onyinye gọọmenti etiti iji nyere aka n'ịzụlite ụlọ akụ nri n'ofe mba ahụ. Etinyere mbọ a n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'ime ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ dị iche na 1976. <ref name="urlJohn voan Hengel Dies at 83; Founded 1st Food Bank in 1967">{{Cite news|author=Sullivan|first=Patricia|date=October 8, 2005|title=John van Hengel Dies at 83; Founded 1st Food Bank in 1967|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/07/AR2005100701911_2.html|accessdate=July 21, 2008}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, owuwe ihe ubi nke abụọ nke America jikọtara ya na Foodchain, <ref name="isbn1-57607-597-4">{{Cite book|author=O'Connor|first=Alice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40Zv8DC4g38C&pg=PA323|title=Poverty in the United States: an encyclopedia of history, politics, and policy|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|isbn=1-57607-597-4|location=Santa Barbara, Calif}}</ref> nke bụ ọgbakọ nzọpụta kacha ukwuu na mba n'oge ahụ. N'afọ 2005, Nri America malitere iji ahịa dị n'ime nke nwere ego sịntetịt a na-akpọ "oke" iji kesaa nri n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya. A na-ekenye ego dabere na mkpa ahụ, mgbe ahụ, ụlọ akụ n'otu n'otu na-enye ohere maka nri ha chọrọ, dabere na ihe ọmụma obodo na ikike ibufe na ịchekwa nri ndị a na-enye. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mullainathan|first=Sendhil|date=October 7, 2016|title=Sending Potatoes to Idaho? How the Free Market Can Fight Poverty|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/upshot/sending-potatoes-to-idaho-how-the-free-market-helps-food-banks.html}}</ref> Ọnụ ahịa ndị na-adịghị mma ga-ekwe omume, ya mere ụlọ akụ nwere ike nweta òkè site n'ịchịkọta nri na-adịghị mma. Usoro etiti etiti gara aga ejirila ụlọ akụ ntaramahụhụ maka ịjụ nri ọ bụla a na-enye, ọ bụrụgodị na ọ bụ ụdị na-ezighị ezi iji gboo mkpa ha, nke a rụpụtara n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi ("izipu poteto na Idaho"), nri rere ere n'ebe ndị na-adịghị mkpa., na ụdị nri na-ezighi ezi a na-ebuga (dịka nkịta na-ekpo ọkụ anaghị adaba na buns nkịta na-ekpo ọkụ). <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 3, 2015|title=Free Market Food Banks|url=https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2015/11/free-market-food-banks.html|work=Marginal REVOLUTION}}</ref> . <ref name="urlIdol Charity Donations Top $60M - washingtonpost.com">{{Cite news|date=April 26, 2007|title='Idol' Charity Donations Top $60M|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/26/AR2007042601994_pf.html|accessdate=July 21, 2008}}</ref>Na May 2007, e sere ya na American Idol, nke aha ya bụ ọrụ ebere na mmemme arụsị na-enye azụ azụ. Na Septemba 2008, a gbanwere aha nzukọ ahụ site na owuwe ihe ubi nke abụọ nke America gaa na-enye America nri. <ref>{{Cite news|title=America's Second Harvest Changes Name to Feeding America|work=Philanthropy News Digest (PND)|url=http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/america-s-second-harvest-changes-name-to-feeding-america|accessdate=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015251/http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/america-s-second-harvest-changes-name-to-feeding-america|archive-date=August 5, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'August 2009, Columbia Records mara ọkwa na a ga-enye egwu niile nke US royalties sitere na album Christmas in the Heart nke Bob Dylan nye Nri America, na mbụ ebi <ref>Dobuzinskis, Alex (August 26, 2009). </ref> Enweela ịrị elu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ata ọrụ site na agụụ nsogbu ego nke 2007-2008 .  Na 2013, USDA kọrọ na ihe dị ka nde 49 US ndị America chere na-ahụ mma ihu, ihe dị ka otu n'ime nri isii nke ndị bi na ya.  [1] Na September, ha na ụnwanyị Agụụ Agụụ, na ihe omume akwadoro na mba niile, iji mee ka mmadụ mata ma onyekwuo ndị America America na-enyere aka <ref>[http://amarillo.com/lifestyle/features/2012-09-07/food-banks-spotlight-hunger-awareness Food banks spotlight hunger awareness] Amarillo globe news. </ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ferreras|first=Alex|date=July 11, 2012|title=Thousands More in Solano, Napa Counties are Turning to Food Banks|url=http://www.loansafe.org/thousands-more-in-solano-napa-counties-are-turning-to-food-banks|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717045016/http://www.loansafe.org/thousands-more-in-solano-napa-counties-are-turning-to-food-banks|archivedate=July 17, 2012|accessdate=September 8, 2012}}</ref> Na 2015, Nri America irira ihe ezinụlọ 2 ijeri pound (~ 907 metric ton ) nri nke puku gaara atụfu ma ọ bụghị ya, mana ike ike kesara ndị nkụzi na-agụ<ref name="Starbucks">{{Cite web|title=Starbucks takes action after workers fret over wasted food|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/starbucks-feeding-america-eliminate-food-waste-perishables/|accessdate=April 25, 2016|work=CBS News|date=April 25, 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, USDA kwuputara na enweghị nchekwa nri na-ebelata nke ukwuu kemgbe nkwụghachi ụgwọ 2009 kwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=USDA ERS - Key Statistics & Graphics|url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx/|work=ers.USDA.gov}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, Nri America kwuru na e nwere ihe dị ka ụmụaka nde iri na otu na-agụ agụụ na United States. Ụmụaka, yana ezinụlọ na ndị agadi nwere nsogbu ịkpata ihe oriri, nọ na-ata ahụhụ nke ukwuu. <ref>Feeding America. </ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-30|title=Feeding America looks to the future as pandemic winds down while need stays elevated|url=https://www.wearegreenbay.com/feedingamerica/feeding-america-looks-to-the-future-as-pandemic-winds-down-while-need-stays-elevated/|accessdate=2021-10-02|work=WFRV Local 5 - Green Bay, Appleton|language=en-US}}</ref>COVID-19 mụbara ọkwa agụụ yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwe ụlọ akụ nri.  Dabere na Patti Habeck, Onye isi ala nke nri America Eastern Wisconsin, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ mụbara site na 36% n'ogo ọrịa na-efe efe ma beleji ruo n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2021 Nri America kere MealConnect ikpo okwu na 2014, nke na-enyere ndị na-enye nri nri dị ka ụlọ ahịa nri, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, na ndị na-eri nri jikọọ na ụlọ akụ nri na ebe a na-ere nri. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-07|title=Feeding America Launches Campaign to Promote Food Rescue for Retailers|url=https://cstoredecisions.com/2021/09/07/feeding-america-launches-campaign-to-promote-food-rescue-for-retailers/|accessdate=2021-10-02|work=CStore Decisions|language=en-US}}</ref> Ikpo okwu na-enyere aka ibelata ihe mkpofu nri na ịbawanye arụmọrụ nke onyinye nri. Na June 2020, Feeding America gbasaara ọrụ MealConnect na mba niile. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-22|title=Feeding America Makes MealConnect Available Nationwide|url=https://foodbanknews.org/feeding-america-makes-mealconnect-available-nationwide/|accessdate=2021-10-02|work=Food Bank News|language=en-US}}</ref> Bob Aiken bụ onye isi oche mbụ ya.  Matt Knott bụ onye isi oge ya na 2015. Na October 1, 2015, Diana Aviv ikpe onye isi nke abụọ ya.  [1] Na Ọktoba 1, 2018, Claire Babineaux-Fontenot ikpe onye isi nke atọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Claire Babineaux-Fontenot, Chief Executive Officer|url=https://www.feedingamerica.org/about-us/leadership/claire-babineaux-fontenot|accessdate=March 20, 2020|work=feedingamerica.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 26, 2018|title=Feeding America Grabs New CEO From Walmart|url=https://www.thenonprofittimes.com/people/feeding-america-grabs-new-ceo-from-walmart/|accessdate=March 20, 2020|work=thenonprofittimes.com}}</ref> == Mmemme netwọkụ == Nri America na-arụ ọrụ iji kuziere ọha na eze ma mee ka ha mara maka agụụ na America. Ụlọ ọrụ mba ahụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ mmụta na nyocha nke na-egosipụta akụkụ nke agụụ ma na-enye ozi gbasara agụụ, ịda ogbenye na mmemme na-ejere ndị America na-enweghị ike ozi. Nri ndị ọrụ amụma ọha na eze America na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị omebe iwu, na-eme nyocha, na-agba akaebe na ntị na ịkwado maka mgbanwe na àgwà ọha na iwu na-akwado netwọk Nri America na ndị otu ahụ na-eje ozi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=December 2015|title=Charity Report: Feeding America|url=http://www.bbb.org/charity-reviews/national/human-services/feeding-america-in-chicago-il-2331|accessdate=August 27, 2016|publisher=[[BBB Wise Giving Alliance]]|archivedate=October 7, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007095831/http://www.bbb.org/charity-reviews/national/human-services/feeding-america-in-chicago-il-2331}}</ref> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 66k2o4twcvypygzoa2imggi0vhafdtc 0 44423 736918 166007 2026-10-09T15:13:20Z Goodymeraj 16207 E mere m ndezi 736918 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hocein Talal''' ({{lang-ar|الحسين طلال}}; 1942– February 19, 2022), bụ onye [[Morocco]] na-ete mmanụ ụlọ. [[Chaïbia Talal|Ọ bụ Ọkpara nke Chaïbia Talal]], otu onye n'ime ndị a ma ama na nka Morocco nke ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/culture/moroccan-painter-hossein-tallal-passes-away|title=Moroccan Painter Hossein Tallal Passes Away &#124; MapNews}}</ref> A na-edekwa aha ya dịka '''Hossein Tallal'''. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Talal na 1942 na Chtouka (El Jadida Province), ebe nne ya Chaïbia, lụrụ nwoke dị afọ 70, dị naanị afọ 14. Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, nna ya nwụrụ, nne ya di ya zụlitere ya naanị ya. Ọ rụrụ n'elu na ụgbọelu nke ọbọdọ ọrụ dị ka odibo iji nweta ego iji kwado onwe ya na nwa ya nwoke.<ref name="المغربية الشعيبية طلال.. طفولة رسم">{{Cite news|author=Al Hajri|first=Ibrahim|date=4 October 2014|title=المغربية الشعيبية طلال.. طفولة رسم|language=ar|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic]]|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2014/4/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref> Malite na 1967, a kpọbatara Hocein n'ụwa nka anya, nke nne ya nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ya. O sinyere na n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi gburugburu uko na ụwa, gụnyere ''Galerie la Roue na Paris'' (1967), Salon de Mai nke Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris (1974), na ọtụtụ ìhè n'obodo ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ na Morocco, kamakwa na Spain, Denmark, USA na Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lematin.ma/express/2022/lartiste-peintre-hossein-tallal-n-plus/372250.html|title=L’artiste peintre Hossein Tallal est décédé|first=LE|author=MATIN|work=lematin.ma}}</ref> == Ihe odide == 6bn5nunyatr53c5az1yvu3072iaekv2 736919 736918 2026-10-09T15:13:42Z Goodymeraj 16207 736919 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hocein Talal''' (1942– February 19, 2022), bụ onye [[Morocco]] na-ete mmanụ ụlọ. [[Chaïbia Talal|Ọ bụ Ọkpara nke Chaïbia Talal]], otu onye n'ime ndị a ma ama na nka Morocco nke ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/culture/moroccan-painter-hossein-tallal-passes-away|title=Moroccan Painter Hossein Tallal Passes Away &#124; MapNews}}</ref> A na-edekwa aha ya dịka '''Hossein Tallal'''. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Talal na 1942 na Chtouka (El Jadida Province), ebe nne ya Chaïbia, lụrụ nwoke dị afọ 70, dị naanị afọ 14. Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, nna ya nwụrụ, nne ya di ya zụlitere ya naanị ya. Ọ rụrụ n'elu na ụgbọelu nke ọbọdọ ọrụ dị ka odibo iji nweta ego iji kwado onwe ya na nwa ya nwoke.<ref name="المغربية الشعيبية طلال.. طفولة رسم">{{Cite news|author=Al Hajri|first=Ibrahim|date=4 October 2014|title=المغربية الشعيبية طلال.. طفولة رسم|language=ar|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic]]|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2014/4/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref> Malite na 1967, a kpọbatara Hocein n'ụwa nka anya, nke nne ya nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ya. O sinyere na n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi gburugburu uko na ụwa, gụnyere ''Galerie la Roue na Paris'' (1967), Salon de Mai nke Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris (1974), na ọtụtụ ìhè n'obodo ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ na Morocco, kamakwa na Spain, Denmark, USA na Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lematin.ma/express/2022/lartiste-peintre-hossein-tallal-n-plus/372250.html|title=L’artiste peintre Hossein Tallal est décédé|first=LE|author=MATIN|work=lematin.ma}}</ref> == Ihe odide == 3u0f2ndv2yt9w62q7ca1mugnnk1wves 736920 736919 2026-10-09T15:14:02Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Ihe odide */ 736920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hocein Talal''' (1942– February 19, 2022), bụ onye [[Morocco]] na-ete mmanụ ụlọ. [[Chaïbia Talal|Ọ bụ Ọkpara nke Chaïbia Talal]], otu onye n'ime ndị a ma ama na nka Morocco nke ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/culture/moroccan-painter-hossein-tallal-passes-away|title=Moroccan Painter Hossein Tallal Passes Away &#124; MapNews}}</ref> A na-edekwa aha ya dịka '''Hossein Tallal'''. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Talal na 1942 na Chtouka (El Jadida Province), ebe nne ya Chaïbia, lụrụ nwoke dị afọ 70, dị naanị afọ 14. Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, nna ya nwụrụ, nne ya di ya zụlitere ya naanị ya. Ọ rụrụ n'elu na ụgbọelu nke ọbọdọ ọrụ dị ka odibo iji nweta ego iji kwado onwe ya na nwa ya nwoke.<ref name="المغربية الشعيبية طلال.. طفولة رسم">{{Cite news|author=Al Hajri|first=Ibrahim|date=4 October 2014|title=المغربية الشعيبية طلال.. طفولة رسم|language=ar|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic]]|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2014/4/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85|accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref> Malite na 1967, a kpọbatara Hocein n'ụwa nka anya, nke nne ya nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ya. O sinyere na n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi gburugburu uko na ụwa, gụnyere ''Galerie la Roue na Paris'' (1967), Salon de Mai nke Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris (1974), na ọtụtụ ìhè n'obodo ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ na Morocco, kamakwa na Spain, Denmark, USA na Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lematin.ma/express/2022/lartiste-peintre-hossein-tallal-n-plus/372250.html|title=L’artiste peintre Hossein Tallal est décédé|first=LE|author=MATIN|work=lematin.ma}}</ref> == Edensibịa == azky1jn4ei1v22saaf8f3u7sjq0iyca 0 45184 736964 707531 2026-10-09T23:20:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736964 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">William Edmondson</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="849" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="800" decoding="async" height="233" resource="./File:William_Edmonson.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/William_Edmonson.jpg/220px-William_Edmonson.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/William_Edmonson.jpg/330px-William_Edmonson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/William_Edmonson.jpg/440px-William_Edmonson.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:William_Edmonson.jpg|frameless]]</img><div class="infobox-caption"> William Edmondson na-akpụ akpụ n'azụ ụlọ ya</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> William M. Edmondson</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Ọnwa Iri na Abụọ 1874<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> Davidson County, Nashville, Tennessee</div> |- class="birthplace" style="display:inline" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Ọnwa Abụọ 7, 1951<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline"> [[Nashville, Tennessee]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" | Ọkpụkpụ |} William Edmondson (ihe dị ka 1874–1951) bụ onye mbụ na-ese nka n'Afrika-America ka e nyere ihe ngosi ngosi otu onye na Museum of Modern Art na New York City (1937). == Akụkọ ndụ == Edmondson oge ụfọdụ na Disemba 1874 na Compton Plantation na Davidson County, [[Tennessee]] .  [1] Ọ maghị ụbọchị a n’ihi ọkụ nke bibiri ahịrịokwu.  [2] [3] Edmondson bụ otu n'ime nne isii nke Orange na Jane Edmondson bụ ndị agbaburu ohu tupu ha arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-eketa ihe.  N'ihi ihe ihe metụtara mmekọahụ na agba, e nyere " mulattoes " n'ubi ahụ ọrụ ndị a na- ihe, ebe Edmonson na-arụ ọrụ na ubi ọka na-edozi anụ ụlọ.  Ezin AMD Edmondson ọrụ n'ubi ahụ wee na-enweta dollar iri na abụọ kwa ọnwa.  N'oge ndị a n'ubi ọka ọ ga-ahụ "ndị kwuo ozi n'ígwé ojii" ma kwere na ọ bụ Chineke na-agwa ya okwu.  [1] Edmondson nwere obere akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ akara nkwado. Mgbe nna ya nwụrụ na njedebe 1889, Edmondson dị afọ 16 ikike na-arụ ọrụ ike n'ubi ahụ wee kwaga Nashville.  [1] Ọrụ ezigbo ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ Nashville, Chattanooga na St. Louis Railroad ọhụrụ.  Mgbe ahụ ahụka n'ahụ akara aha Railway na 1907, Edmondson weere dị ka onye nkọwa n'ibu ọgwụ Nashville Women's Hospital, ebe ọ Manuel ọrụ ruo mgbe ụlọ ọgwụ mechiri na 1931. [2] N'oge a, Edmondson bi  na Nashville n'iwedị dịka nne ya, Jane, bụ onye ikpeazụ Compton Plantation.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 39, ọrụ ya n na-abọgmụ ụmụ nwanyị nyere ya Bestarụ obere ụlọ na nnukwu oghere na Edgehill, mpaghara kewapụrụ iche na mpaghara Vanderbilt-Belmont nke Nashville.  [1] Edmondson alụrịta ma ya na nne ya na nwanne ya nwoke na-ekerịta ụlọ, yana kwa mgbe ụfọdụ, nwa nwanne na ụmụ nwanne.  Mgbe Jane nwụrụ na 1922, nwanne Edmonson, Sarah, n'oge na-adịghị anya ngosi nke ụlọ ahụ.  A na-ekwu na ọ na-ahụ àgwà na-egosi akara na-eme.  [1] Mgbe ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ mechiri na 1931, Edmondson ọrụ n'ahụ nwa oge dị iche iche na n'oge ndụ ya, ọ na-akpụ azụ azụ wee ree akwụkwọ nri ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Edmondson|first=William|title=The Art of William Edmondson|date=1999|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=9781578061815|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCOLisQ4eCkC&pg=PA17|accessdate=June 13, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Na 1948 Edmondson ahụhụ akpụ.  Na February 7, 1951, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na isii, ọ nwụrụ n'ike ya na Nashville, Tennessee, bụ́ ebe ọrịa kpọchiri ya n'ihe ndina ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa.  Ebe ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ n’ime mgba ya ndị gara aga, ụmụ nwanne ya ise na ụmụ nwanne ya asaa mere emume olili ozu ya nke e mere n’echi ya.  [1] E liri Edmondson n'ili Ugwu Ararat, ugbu a Greenwood Cemetery (Nashville, Tennessee), ebe ili ozu ojii kacha ochie na Nashville.  Taa akara ngosi ili Edmondson n'ihi na n'oge ahụ a na-eji igbe osisi dị ọnụ ala lie [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Africa America]].  Ka osisi ahụ na-erekasị, ọ ga-eme ka ihe nrịbama ili ịbanye n'ime ala.  [1] Ihe ngosi olili ugwu Ararat nke oge ahụ tụfuru n'ọkụ, ndụ na ama osisi ebe ili ozu. == Ọrụ nka == Edmondson ịhụnanya ihe ọkpụkpụ mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 60 na 1934. Ọ kọrọ na ya USB sitere n'aka Chineke, bụ́ onye gwara ya ka ọ mụrụ ihe, sị: “M nọ n'okporo ụzọ awara.  awara ewere ihe ochie a kpụrụ akpụ mgbe m ya olu na-agwa m ka m buru ngwá ọrụ ọrụ m agha ọrụ n'elu nkume ili.  M leliri anya na mbara igwe ma n'ebe ahụ n'ehihie, o kowere nkume ili ka m mee, amaara m na Chineke na-agwa m ihe m ga-eme.  [1] Ọ kpụrụ okwute n'ili bụ isi site na obere nkume limestone a tụfuru n'iche ndị a kwaturu akwatu, bụ nke gwongworo ụlọ ọrụ na-emebi ihe na-ebugara ya.  Nkume ili mbinye aka Edmondson na-egosi nnukwu ike siri ike nke a ịrị na nkume ahụ.  [2] Dị egwu ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'elu nkume ili ndị a, nke ọ na-ere ma ọ bụ nye ndị enyi na mpaghara na obodo.  N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ ahụmahụ ihe nkiri mma, ebe a na-asa akụkụ, na ihe ndị e ji achọ mma.  N'ogige ya eyịride akara "Tomb-Nkume. Maka ire ere. Ogige ihe omume mma. Nkume Ọrụ WM Edmondson."<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Spires|first=Elizabeth|title=I Hear God Talking to Me|url=https://archive.org/details/iheardgodtalking00spir|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2009|isbn=9780374335281|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iheardgodtalking00spir/page/50 50]–52}}</ref> <ref name=":1" />Okwukwe Ndị mmadụ na otu ya na azụ Primitive Baptist dị nso egwu ọrụ Edmondson.  Ihe ọkpụkpụ ya bụ ndị kwụ otu ma na-emesi ike sitere na otu ụkwụ ruo atọ n'ịdị elu, ọtụtụ na-ekerịta ihe ịhụnanya ya iche.  Ọ kpụrụ ihe osise nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ, ndị ọrụ ozi, nduru, nduru, ugo, oke bekee, ụgbọ na ihe ndị ọzọ e kere eke dị adị n'ezie.  Ihe oyiyi ya Igbe [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|Noa]] guzoro ogologo n'etiti azụ ụlọ ya.  Ọ mgba ọkwa limestone anọ a pịrị apị dị iche iche ma ọ bụrụ naanị ọrụ ụlọ dị na mkpokọta ya.  [1] Ọ kpụrụ akara ngosi obodo dị ka ndụ, ndị ọka iwu na ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ndị ama n'ụbọchị ahụ bụ ndị dị mkpa maka obodo America America, dị ka onye na-agbata n'ọsọ Jack Johnson .  [2] Ọ kpụrụkwa ọtụtụ ndị ama ama dịka First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt .  [2] Edmondson mekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gba ɔtɔ.  [3] Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise Edmonson a pịrị apị nwere ihu akpụrụ akpụ na ìhè, nwere obere ọnụ na-ezu ike n'okpuru imi kwụpụta, na-eso iji mgbanaka na mkpụkọ nke brow.  Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-egosi na ọ bụ akpụ nku anya wee họrọ ime ka imi sakwuo mbara.  Ekwenyere na o mere nke a iji nweta nsonye n'ime nchịkọta ihe osise ya.  [1] Ọbụlagodi na ihe ọrụ ya dị iche iche, ike a na-ahụ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson bụ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a pịrị n'ime ma ọ bụ site na nzu.  Ederede ụma na-edobe n'etiti ire ụtọ, chiseled, nke a na-egbu maramara ma ọ bụ nke siri ike dị n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ ọ pel.  [1] Enwere ike ịhụ usoro ihu, fim nfe, na oke dị na ederede na Edmonson kacha mara amara Bess na Joe yana ọzọ na Mary na Martha . <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=Robert Farris|title=The Art of William Edmondson|date=January 1, 1999|publisher=Cheekwood Museum of Art|isbn=1578061814|location=Cheekwood Museum of Art|pages=3–14, 15–32, 33–44, 45–60|oclc=41932532}}</ref> Edmondson nwere nnukwu ndị na-ege ntĩ na Edgehill dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na-ama ọ bụghị nanị na mbara ala ya, kama na nke ụlọ na ubi ndị agbata obi.  Afọ ole na ole n'ime ọrụ ndị akpụ nke Edmondson, onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ụmụaka Peabody Sidney Hirsch ga-esi site na Edgehill wee bịa na mkpokọta ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson.  [1] A na-ede nkepụta a n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka "nchọpụta" Edmondson nke Sidney Mttron Hirsch dere .  Hirsch n'onwe ya bụ onye nchịkọta nka nke Africa, Middle Eastern, na East Asia wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado Edmondson.  [1] Site na m ndabere a, ndị enyi Hirsch na ndị ọzọ ibe nke Nashville a ma ama ndị mma Edmondson si sculpture maka ụlọ ha, ubi, na ụlọ ọrụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha e gosiri na ngo na Smithsonian American Art Museum na  Ogige Botanical Cheekwood na Museum of Art.  [2] N'ime ndị enyi Hirsch, Alfred na Elizabeth Starr, Alfred, onye na-ahụ maka usoro ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-elekọta obodo ojii, na eje ya Elizabeth, onye na-ese ihe, ghọkwara ndị na-anụ ọkụ.  n'obi na ndị na-akwado ọrụ Edmondson.  Ha Harrise Edmondson na ọtụtụ ndị enyi na-ese ihe, a na-akpọ enyi nwoke Starr bụ Meyer (Mike) Wolfe na onye na Louise Dahl-Wolfe .  Dahl-Wolfe bụ onye na-ese foto nke akụkọ ọrụ na nso nso a maka akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ejiji Harper's Bazaar na New York .  O mere ihe otu ihe foto Edmondson na-arụ n'ike azụ azụ ya, nke o nyere onye nchịkọta akụkọ Harper's Bazaar .  Ọ na-akpa ibipụta ọrụ ya mana onye na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ ozi bụ William Randolph Hearst nwere aju mbunobi gosipụtara Negro art ka ọ na-ahụ ha dị ka ihe nkọwa ọzọ ụfọdụ ndị ohu.  [3] [4] O wetaziri ọrụ Edmondson n'aka onye Tennessean ibe Thomas Mabry na onye isi ya Alfred Barr, onye ntụziaka nke Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Ụbọchị Edmondson dịruru ihe dị ka afụ iri na ise.  Ọ dịghị mgbe ọrụ ya nyere nnukwu ego n'oge ndụ ya.  Na 1939 na ọzọ na 1941, ọ bụ ọrụ n'okpuru Ọrụ Ọganihu Ọrụ, mmemme mmemme na-akwado nke ndị na-ese ihe.  N'ọgwụgwụ 1940s, ekiri ya ịhụ mba na igha nka ya ibera.  Edmondson kwuru na ya pia gi na ama, na ọ dị ka ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ụzọ ego n'ime afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya.  Ekwenyere na o kere ihe dị ka ọrụ 300 n'oge ndụ ya na-arụ ọrụ. == Ihe ngosi == [[Usòrò:Bird_ca._1937.jpg|alt=|thumb|291x291px| Nnụnụ ca. 1937, nkume limestone a pịrị apị, onyinye sitere na Margaret Z. Robson]] Enyere Edmondson ihe ngosi nke otu nwoke, nke mbụ sitere n'aka onye omenkà Africa America, na Museum of Modern Art site na Ọktoba 20 ruo Disemba 1, 1937. [1] Na 1938, site na ụgbọ mmiri MoMA, e ji ihe ọkpụkpụ nke  William Edmondson na "Centuries of Art in the United States" na Paris .  Mmasị n'akwa ya na ọkwa mba na mba dị adị adịteghị aka, a na-elekwa ya anya dị ka ihe ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe atụ nke "mgbe ochie" akwụkwọ-ncheta nke onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ, onye ochie Negro nkume.  nkume.  Na mpaghara, Alfred Starr gara n'ihu na-agụnye ọrụ Edmondson nye ndị ya na ndị enyi ya, bụ ndị ọrụ ọrụ site na "yard sculpture" Edmondson ma ọ bụ site na mpaghara Lyzon Gallery.  Starr webatara onye na-ese foto ọgbara ọhụrụ Edward Weston na Edmondson na 1941, Weston wee mee ọtụtụ foto dị egwu nke Edmondson na-arụ ọrụ n'ike na njikere ya.  Na 1941, ọ natara ikike ihe ngosi solo ozi n'oge ndụ ya, na Nashville Art Gallery. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-american-art-museum-acquires-major-collection-self-taught-american-art|title=Smithsonian American Art Museum Acquires Major Collection of Self-Taught American Art|author=Baptiste|first=Laura|date=December 13, 2016|work=Smithsonian}}</ref>Ka emechara ihe ngosi nke oge ụfọdụ site na 1950s na 1960s (nke ọma dị ka nke "ihe ngosi nka"), onye nchịkọta Edmund Fuller dere ndụ Edmondson nke e sere na 1973. E ji ihe osise ya na ihe ngosi " Century  Two of Black American Art " nke onye isi oche ngalaba ihe nka nke Fisk University David Driskell mere na 1976. Na 1981, Tennessee State Museum ọhụrụ mepere ihe ngosi solo na-adịgide adịgide yana ihe ọrụ isi Edmondson na-nwere ihe onye ọrụ agbazinye ego sitere  na nnakọta nke Elizabeth Starr, [1] na edemede ndị dị na katalọgụ so ya ndị iji ike ekele ọrụ Edmondson dị ka nka mara mma.  Site na 1980s na 1990s Edmondson's sculptures ka e mkpa nke ukwuu, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akpata na njedebe nke akara aha "ndị ọzọ", "ihe nka mmadụ", "nke onwe ya kuziri", na "naive".  N'afọ 1999, Nashville's Cheekwood Museum of Art welitere nnukwu ihe ngosi na katalọgụ na-eme njem nke akwụkwọ edemede dị nchọpụta na nchọpụta ndụ na ndụ ya na ọrụ ya.  Ngosipụta ihe ihe osise e nyere onyinye sitere na mkpokọta mkpokọta Fletcher, Formosa na Overton.  [2] Ihe ngosi 2006, "William Edmondson, Bill Traylor, na Modernist Impulse", Edmondson na onye ọzọ na-ese ihe na-enyere onwe ya nke ọma wee rụrịta ụka maka ọmụmụ Edmondson dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-  akara mmachi akara.  Ihe ngosi a ịhụnanya iri abụọ na otu n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson nke bụ mkpokọta nka Edmondson kacha ukwuu na obodo ahụ.  [3] N'afọ 2016, Smithsonian American Art Museum ikike otu n'ime onya ya kacha ukwuu nke ọrụ nka n'aka Margaret Z. Robson, n'ime ha bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson. Ihe nka Edmondson kpamkpam na Newark Museum of Art, American Folk Art Museum, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, Smithsonian American Art Museum na Montclair Museum na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]]. <ref name=":4"/> == Ihe nketa == <ref name=":4"/>N'August 20, 2014, Mayor Karl Dean meghere mbụ nke mbụ nke Nashville, aha ya na nọmba Edmondson.  Ogige ahụ, nke Nashville Metropolitan Development and Housing Agency na-elekọta, ndị ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Thornton Dial na [[Lonnie Holley]] sitere n'ike nss nke ọrụ William Edmondson.  Ogige mgbasa dị na agbata obi ndị Africa na America.  [1] N'agbanyeghị na saịtị nke ụlọ Edmondson na 1434 Fourteenth Avenue South bụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha, akara akara nrịbama ihe mere eme Tennessee mara nke ọma.  [2] N'ihe dị ka kilomita ole na ole, a na-egosi ụfọdụ nkume ili Edmondson n'ebe a na-eli ozu dị n'ihe ahụ. Kemgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ndị nkatọ na ndị na-anakọta ihe ji nke nta nke nta na-enwe ekele maka ọrụ Edmondson, ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na-enwetakwa ihe ruru $70,000-$300,000 na ọrịre. <ref name=":4"/> Na Jenụwarị 2016, “A Boxer” rere na ọrịre nkeonwe maka $785,000 ọnụ ahịa kachasị elu akwụgoro maka ọrụ Edmondson. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Marshall|first=Jennifer Jane|date=2017|title=Nashville, New York, Paris, and Nashville: William Edmondson, Mobilized and Unmoved|url=https://archive.org/details/american-art_summer-2017_31_2/page/69|journal=American Art|volume=31|issue=2|pages=69–76|doi=10.1086/694068}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara nso nso a == * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Cheekwood, Nashville, TN ** ''Nkà nke William Edmondson'' 1999 haziri ya na American Folk Art Museum, New York, NY ** ''William Edmondson na ndị enyi: Ịgbaji Akpụkpọ ahụ, 2014'' ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20190323184631/https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/exhibitions/past-exhibitons/edmondson-2017/ ''Ọhụụ sitere n’elu: Ndụ na Ọrụ nke William Edmondson''], 2017 == Nchịkọta nwere Edmondson na-arụ ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Rabbit-limestone-sculpture-collection-William-Edmondson-Smithsonian-1940.jpg|thumb| Oke bekee (ihe dị ka 1940) na Smithsonian]] * American Folk Art Museum, New York, NY * [https://collections.artsmia.org/search/William%20Edmondson Ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240523165806/https://www.nga.gov/features/exhibitions/outliers-and-american-vanguard-artist-biographies/william-edmondson.html National Gallery of Art], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] * [https://americanart.si.edu/search?query=Edmondson Smithsonian Museum of American Art], Washington, DC * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202160104/https://www.tnstate.edu/library/digital/EDMONDS.HTM Tennessee State Library], Nashville, TN * [https://tnmuseum.org/temporary-exhibits/temporary%20exhibits/insearchofthenew Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Tennessee State], Nashville, TN * [https://cheekwood.org/ Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Cheekwood], Nashville, TN nwere nchịkọta kachasị ukwuu nke ihe ọkpụkpụ William Edmondson. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ihnwgsm5gu4olrq51ijp0ygqw7tquu2 0 46066 736977 638026 2026-10-10T04:29:48Z CommonsDelinker 87 Replacing Gille.jpeg with [[File:Gille_de_Vlieg.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]:). 736977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Gille de Vlieg|image=Gille de Vlieg.jpg|alt=Gille de Vlieg|caption=|birth_name=Gillian Ruth Hemson|birth_date={{birth date and age|1940|07|26|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Plymouth]], England|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->|death_place=|nationality=English / South African|other_names=|occupation=Photographer|years_active=1980s – present|known_for=Anti-apartheid activist|notable_works=}} '''Gille de Vlieg''' (amụrụ na 26 Julaị 1940) bụ onye na-ese foto na onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. A mụrụ ya n'England ma soro nne ya kwaga South Africa mgbe ọ dị afọ 3. N'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọ bụ onye otu Black Sash na otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole so na ndị otu foto Afrapix. E bipụtara foto ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin na akwụkwọ na mba na mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gille de Vlieg at Durban Art Gallery|url=http://www.artthrob.co.za/Listings/Gille_de_Vlieg_at_Durban_Art_Gallery_in__September_2009.aspx|work=ArtThrob|accessdate=9 May 2013}}</ref>N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị ogbo ya, de Vlieg enwetachaghị otuto ọha maka ọrụ ya ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Banyere ọrụ ya, ọ na-ekwu, "Achọrọ m inye onyinye maka echiche ọzọ nke South Africa, echiche a na-ahụghị na TV TV South Africa mgbe ahụ."Ihe oyiyi ya na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị a: iwepụ ala, ndụ ime obodo. , ụdị ndụ obodo, ụdị ndụ nwoke na nwanyị, United Democratic Front (UDF), mkpọsa mgbochi mmaja, ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii, ngagharị iwe megide ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ, olili ozu, Black Sash, ngagharị iwe megide itinye aka na Bophuthatswana; Hapụ Mgbasa Ozi Mandela, Mgbasa Ozi Ọgwụgwụ (ECC), ndị jụrụ akọ na uche, African National Congress (ANC) Nnabata Ụlọ Rally, Ụbọchị nke Nkwa (Geloftedag), ụmụaka n'okporo ámá, na ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Gille de Vlieg Gillian Ruth Hemson na Plymouth, England na 1940 n'oge ndị Nazi na-atụ bọmbụ n'obodo ahụ. Mgbe ha tụfuru ụlọ ha na mwakpo bọmbụ, ya na nne ya kwagara Durban, South Africa na Febụwarị 1944. Admiralty (Royal Navy) zigara nna ya ịrụ ọrụ na ntinye radar na Simon's Town Naval Base ma mesịa na Salisbury Island, Durban.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transcript of the interview with Gille de Vlieg|url=http://www.saha.org.za/tembisa/transcript_of_the_interview_with_gille_de_vlieg.htm|accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 1958, a zụrụ de Vlieg dị ka onye nọọsụ na Greys Hospital dị na Pietermaritzburg. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[London]] wee zute di mbụ ya, Iain Paton Millar, onye nta akụkọ. Mgbe obere oge gachara Katanga Province nke DRC, ọ kwagara Johannesburg na 1963, ebe a mụrụ ụmụ ya nwanyị Ruth na Katherine. Katherine nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị ọnwa itoolu ma alụmdi na nwunye ya na Iain gbasara obere oge tupu amụọ nwa ya nwoke, Andrew. Ọ biri nwa oge na Botha's Hill na Durban ebe ọ zutere ma lụọ Rob de Vlieg, onye na-eme ụgbọ mmiri. Ha laghachiri Johannesburg iji guzobe azụmahịa ya na 1975. Ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ 1982 ka ọ sonyeere Johannesburg Black Sash dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo ma n'oge na-adịghị anya, a kpọgara ya na kọmitii mpaghara ha wee ghọọ osote onyeisi oche. Ọ bụ n'oge ọgba aghara ụmụ akwụkwọ na Tembisa na 1984 ka Gille de Vlieg zutere Greg Thulare, onye na-ahazi COSAS na Tembisa. A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ mara ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke UDF na ANC n'oge a. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya na Black Sash bụ iso ndị obodo ime obodo na-arụ ọrụ nke a na-eyi egwu na a ga-ewepụ ha n'ala nna ha, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na ise foto. Mgbe Paul Weinberg gwara ya ka ọ sonye na Afrapix, ọ zara, "Ọ dị mma, m ga-abịa rụọ ọrụ maka Afrapiz, mana anaghị m arụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ, achọrọ m ịbụ onye na-ese foto. "O nwere igwefoto na oghere anya abụọ mana ọ maara obere ihe banyere foto. Paul Weinberg kụziiri ya otu esi edozi ihe nkiri ahụ na Cedric Nunn kụziiri ya otú e si ebipụta ihe. Ọ ghọtara ngwa ngwa na ya nwere ike iji foto mee mkpesa. N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, ọ nọrọ na-edekọ obodo dị iche iche na ime obodo dị ichelekana karịsịa na Transvaal. Dị ka ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị ka nwanyị ọcha banye n'obodo ndị isi ojii, ọ ghaara ụgha iji nweta ikike site na Kansụl Tembisa ma mesịa kwe ka ọ banye Tembisa n'okpuru ihe ngosi nke ise foto maka Anglo American.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Entering Tembisa: An Oral and Photographic Exploration of the Community|url=http://www.saha.org.za/tembisa/gille_de_vlieg.htm|accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Tembisa, ọ zutere ndị ọzọ so na COSAS gụnyere Debra Marakalala, Sipho (Sandile) Qwabe, Tshepo Mphuti na Reuben Mahlagare. Ntụkwasị obi malitere n'etiti ha na de Vlieg. A na-ejikarị ụlọ ya dị n'ebe ugwu Johannesburg eme ihe dị ka ebe nzuzo mgbe ndị uwe ojii na-achọ ndị na-eme ihe ike COSAS. Na June 1986, e jidere de Vlieg mgbe a wakporo ụlọ ya, na mbụ n'okpuru Akụkụ 50 nke Iwu Nchebe N'ime, wee kpọga ya na John Vorster Square wee gaa n'ụlọ ndị uwe ojii Hillbrow ruo ụbọchị iri atọ na asaa. De Vlieg bi ugbu a na KwaZulu-Natal North Coast. == Foto == Gille de Vlieg bụ onye nkwuputa ọ tupu ọ bụrụ onye na-ese foto, na-abịa na foto site na ọrụ ya na Black Sash. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe onyonyo ya bụ akụkụ nke ngwugwu Afrapix kwa ọnwa ezigara ndị otu Europe dị iche iche iji kwado ọgụ megide Apartheid. Nchịkọta foto Gille de Vlieg gụnyere na ntanetị South Africa History Archive ma nwee foto dijitalụ 581 ojii na ọcha. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị abụọ egosipụtara na Beyond the Barricades. N'afọ 2014, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ikpeazụ nke ihe nrite Mbokodo. == Ihe ngosi mkpokọta == * 2012 - Rise na Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the Bureaucracy of Everyday Life - International Centre of Photography, [[New York City|New York City, NY]] * 2012 - NUMSA * 2011 - Foto 1950 - 2010 - Pretoria Art Museum, Pretoria * 2009 - Mgbalị Ịkwụsị Ịga Agha (ECC) * 2002 - Shooting Resistance: South African Photography 1976 - 1994 - Axis Gallery Inc., New York City, NY * 1990 - Malibongwe - [[Netherlands]] * 1989 - Radda Barnen - Sweden * 1987 - Iwere akụkụ na South America - TPW - Toronto Photographers Workshop, Toronto, ON * 1985 - Foto Ndị Mmadụ - South African National GalleryEbe Ndepụta Mba South Africa == Ihe ngosi n'otu n'otu == * 2012 - 'Widden from View: Community Carers and HIV in Rural South Africa' nke emere na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal, nke e mepụtara na mmekorita ya na Amnesty International * 2009 - 'Rising Up Together' na Durban Art Gallery nke mbụ na National Arts Festival na Grahamstown * 2006 - 'Rising Up' na Constitution Hill, Johannesburg, nke onye bụbu onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Iwu, Kate O'Regan meghere == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Vukhani Makhozikazi (1985) * N'elu Mpaghara (1989) * Ụmụ nwanyị site na ụmụ nwanyị: 'Afọ iri ise nke foto ụmụ nwanyị na South Africa' (2006) == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6yusqnd71phodx4lalsnj38q3jvj9i1 0 46691 736950 706284 2026-10-09T22:02:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Virginia Agyeiwah Nimarkoh''' (amuru Jenụwarị 1967) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ancestry.com. England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1916–2007|url=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/|accessdate=2021-03-22|work=Ancestry.com}}</ref> bụ onye omenkà na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Britain, dabere na [[London]] . <ref name="Donnell2002">{{Cite book|author=Summers|first=Frances|editor=Alison Donnell|title=Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&pg=PA221|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-70025-7|chapter=Nimarkoh, Virginia}}</ref> A mụrụ Nimarkoh na London, wee mụọ na Goldsmiths College London site na 1986 ruo 1989, <ref name="Donnell2002" /> gụsịrị akwụkwọ na PhD na Fine Art.&nbsp;(Theory & Practice). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.virginianimarkoh.net|work=virginianimarkoh.net|title=Virginia Nimarkoh|accessdate=2023-04-02}}</ref> Omume ya na-ejikọta ọtụtụ foto na ọrụ curatorial. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na mmepe obodo yana atụmatụ mweghachi gburugburu gburugburu London.&nbsp;Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na nri, na-azụ ahịa nri raw <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnessrawchocolate.com/|title=goodness raw chocolate & preserves|work=goodness&nbsp; raw&nbsp; chocolate&nbsp; &&nbsp; preserves|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-03|archivedate=2019-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103202911/https://www.goodnessrawchocolate.com/}}</ref> yana ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze enweghị nchekwa nri na London. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lambeth Larder - connecting people, food, and support|url=https://www.lambethlarder.org/about-us|accessdate=2021-11-04|work=www.lambethlarder.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nimarkoh nwere mmasị na otu anyị si emeso njirimara n'ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onwe; usoro nke anyị na-edekọ ndụ anyị, otu anyị si ahọrọ dezie anyị gara aga, na n'enweghị ọdịiche nke na-adịkarị n'etiti eziokwu, ebe nchekwa na ihe oyiyi anyị nwere n'oge gara aga. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nimarkoh Virginia|url=https://iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/n/nimarkoh-virginia|accessdate=2021-11-04|work=Iniva (Institute of International Visual Arts)|language=en}}</ref> Henry Bond na Sarah Lucas ahọpụtara usoro ntinye foto Nimarkoh na 1990 maka nsonye na ihe ngosi ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ''East Country Yard Show'' . Na 1993, Nimarkoh wepụtara ''The Phone Box: Art in Telephone Box'' (London: Virginia Nimarkoh/Bookworks, 1993), mbipụta 300 na mbụ artists na-arụ ọrụ nakwa dị ka ''Kaadị akwụkwọ ozi'', akwụkwọ nka nke nwere akwụkwọ ozi nke nwere 144 agba akwụkwọ ozi na-eme otu ihe oyiyi. (London: BookWorks, 1993). Usoro foto ya ''Urban Utopias'' (2005-na-aga n'ihu) na-emetụta oghere na South East London, na-egosipụta oke, ugbo obodo na ogige ntụrụndụ. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201155256/http://axisweb.org/ofSARF.aspx?SELECTIONID=19367 Adelaide Bannerman, Open Frequency. October 2008]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Open Frequency 2009: Virginia Nimarkoh selected by Adelaide Bannerman|url=https://www.axisweb.org/archive/profile/open-frequency/virginia-nimarkoh-2009/|accessdate=2021-11-04|work=Axisweb}}</ref> Na 2008, Nimarkoh kwadoro ọrụ nyocha ahụ ''Edge of a Dream: Utopia, Landscape & Contemporary Photography'', bụ nke nyochara ihe ngosi utopian nke odida obodo n'ime foto nka n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'ihe gbasara isi obodo ụwa, nke Arts &amp;amp; Humanities Research Council kwadoro, na nkwado nke Camberwell. College of Arts, Goldsmiths University of London na [[Hand Eye Projects]] . Nhọrọ mba ofesi nke ndị nka gụnyere Simryn Gill (AUS), [[Mandy Lee Jandrell]] (SA/UK), Virginia Nimarkoh (UK) na David Spero (UK). Ọrụ nyocha ahụ nyere ikike ide ọhụrụ nke Anthony Iles (akwụkwọ akụkọ <nowiki><i id="mwNg">Mute</i></nowiki> ), Kate Soper ( Mahadum Metropolitan London ), John Wood (ndị na-ese ọla edo), na okwu mmalite nke [[Paul Halliday]] (ndị na-ese ọla edo). E bipụtara akwụkwọ ''Edge of a Dream'' na 2011 site na Afram Books. === Ihe ngosi otu === * 1991: ''Anọ x 4'', Nrụnye site n'aka ndị nka iri na isii na oghere osisi anọ. Harris Museum na Art Gallery, Preston, na Shaheen Merali, [[Houria Niati]], [[Sher Rajah]], Lesley Sanderson ; Wolverhampton Art Gallery, Wolverhampton na [[Osi Audu]], Val Brown, Stephen Forde, [[Rita Keegan]] ; The City Gallery, Leicester na [[Medina Hammad]], Richard Hylton, Tony Phillips, [[Folake Shoga]] ; Arnolfini, Bristol na [[Permindaur Kaur]], Alistair Raphael, na [[Vincent Stokes]], Eddie Chambers kwadoro <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Emma|date=|title=Four from Four x 4|journal=Women's Art Magazine|volume=44 January–February 1992|pages=12–13}}</ref> * 1994: ''Mise en Scene'' Institute of Contemporary Arts, London . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Deepwell|first=Katy|title=Uncanny Resemblances: the Restaging of the mise en scene|journal=Women's Art Magazine|volume=no.62, (January–February 1995)|pages=17–19}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Irvine|first=Jaki|title=Mise en Scene|journal=Third Text|volume=no.30 (Spring 1995)|pages=101–106}}</ref> * 1995: ''Nlekọta na njikwa'', Ụlọ Ọgwụ Hackney, London, ya na [[Donald Rodney]] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sladen|first=Mark|title=Care and Control|journal=Art Monthly|volume=no. 189 September 1995|pages=13–15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Keen|first=Melanie|title=Recordings: A Select Bibliography of Contemporary African, Afro-Caribbean and Asian British Art|url=https://archive.org/details/recordingsselect0000keen|publisher=Institute of International Visual Arts and Chelsea College of Art and Design|year=1996|isbn=1899846-06-9|location=London}}</ref> * 1995: ''Nlegharị anya Exotic'', Iniva, London na [[Michael Curran (artist)|Michael Curran]], [[Clair Joy]], [[Tatsuo Majima]], [[Fernando Palma Rodriguez]], Kate Smith na [[Clare Cumberlidge]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exotic Excursions|url=https://iniva.org/programme/projects/exotic-excursions/|work=Iniva|date=9 March 2017|accessdate=2021-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419215102/https://iniva.org/programme/projects/exotic-excursions/|archive-date=2021-04-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mbipụta == * David Bate, Francois Leperlier, ''Mise-en-Scene: Claude Cahun, Tacita Dean, Virginia Nimarkoh'', ICA London, 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32294691|title=Mise en scène : Claude Cahun, Tacita Dean, Virginia Nimarkoh.|date=1994|publisher=Institute of Contemporary Arts|others=David Bate, François Leperlier, Institute of Contemporary Arts|isbn=0-905263-59-6|location=London|oclc=32294691}}</ref> * ''Akwụkwọ Nsọ: Agba Ochie'', akwụkwọ nka nke David Hammons, nke Virginia Nimarkoh na Richard Hylton rụpụtara, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Richard Hylton {{!}} Staff {{!}} SOAS University of London|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staff153752.php|accessdate=2021-11-04|work=www.soas.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=David Hammons 'The Holy Bible: Old Testament' - Announcements - e-flux|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/42475/david-hammons-the-holy-bible-old-testament/|accessdate=2021-11-04|work=www.e-flux.com|language=en}}</ref> * ''Edge nke Nrọ: Utopia, Landscape + Foto nke oge a'', Simryn Gill, Mandylee Jandrell, David Spero, Paul Halliday, Virginia Nimarkoh, John Wood, Anthony Iles na Kate Soper, Affram Books 2010. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/894474318|title=Edge of a dream : utopia, landscape & contemporary photography|date=2011|publisher=Affram Books|others=Simryn Gill|isbn=978-0-9566450-0-5|location=[London]|oclc=894474318}}</ref> * Katharine Meynell, ''Nkwekọrịta Mutual'', Artwords Press London, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Mutual Dependencies|url=https://www.thisisunbound.co.uk/products/mutual-dependencies|accessdate=2021-11-04|work=Unbound|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104104139/https://www.thisisunbound.co.uk/products/mutual-dependencies}}</ref> == Ntụaka == ọrụ curatorial. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na mmepe obodo yana atụmatụ mweghachi gburugburu gburugburu London. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na nri, na-azụ ahịa nri raw yana{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.virginianimarkoh.net Weebụsaịtị Virginia Nimarkoh] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] epd6cg3g8x082j3up3g52oq37rsotb2 0 47162 736965 729754 2026-10-09T23:34:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Willie Otey Kay|birth_name=Willie Virginia Otey|image=Willie Otey Kay.jpg|image_size=200px|caption=Kay in 1910|birth_date=March 17, 1894|birth_place=[[Raleigh, North Carolina]], U.S.|death_date={{death-date and age|September 25, 1992|March 17, 1894}}|death_place=Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.|resting_place=New Hope Cemetery|parents=Henry Gaston Otey<br>Josephine Alston|spouse=John Walcott Kay (1915–1927; his death)|children=7 (including [[June Kay Campbell]])|education=[[Shaw University]]|occupation=dressmaker|relatives=[[Bill Campbell (mayor)|Bill Campbell]] (grandson)<br>[[Ralph Campbell Jr.]] (grandson)}} {{Databox}}'''Willie Virginia Otey Kay''' (March 17, 1894 - Septemba 25, 1992) bụ onye America na-eme akwa uwe. A maara ya maka ime uwe agbamakwụkwọ na uwe debutante ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri isii, na-aghọ otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta ihe na-achọsi ike maka uwe ụmụ nwanyị na North Carolina. Kay malitere ịzụ ahịa ejiji ya n'oge Jim Crow Era, na-enye ndị ahịa ojii na ndị ọcha. Ọ na-eji ejiji na-eto eto na -egosi ọha na eze na North Carolina Debutante Ball na-acha ọcha na Alfa Kappa Alpha Debutante Ball, na-agakarị bọọlụ dị ka ọbịa. Na 1935, ''McCall'' mere akụkọ banyere Kay na ọrụ ya. Na 1951, otu n'ime uwe mpụta mbụ nke Kay pụtara na mkpuchi nke ''Ndụ'' . E gosikwara ọrụ ya na ''News &amp;amp; Observer'' na, na 2016, North Carolina Museum of History gosipụtara ihe ngosi na ndụ ya. Kay bụ nne onye na-akwado ikike obodo June Kay Campbell na nne nne nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ralph Campbell Jr. na Bill Campbell . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Kay Willie Virginia Otey na Maachị 17, 1894, na Raleigh nye Henry Gaston Otey na Josephine Alston Otey. <ref name="ncpedia"/> Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka asatọ wee tolite n'ụlọ ezinaụlọ dị na Cabarrus Street, na nso obodo Raleigh's African-American Business District . <ref name="thepilot">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepilot.com/news/features/woman-behind-the-gowns-exhibit-honors-raleigh-designer/article_455d934e-d587-11e5-936e-e34de03dfddb.html|title=Woman Behind the Gowns: Exhibit Honors Raleigh Designer|work=The Pilot Newspaper|date=17 February 2016|access-date=6 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122045153/https://www.thepilot.com/news/features/woman-behind-the-gowns-exhibit-honors-raleigh-designer/article_455d934e-d587-11e5-936e-e34de03dfddb.html|archive-date=22 January 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nna ya bụ onye ọchụnta ego a ma ama nke Africa-America nke nwere nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na-akpụ isi n'ime Yarborough House Hotel na Fayetteville Street . <ref name="restoration"/> <ref name="ncpedia" /> Ndị ahịa nna ya bụ ndị ọcha, na-abụkarị ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na azụmahịa na isi obodo steeti ahụ. N'ihi nke a, Kay tolitere na mpaghara ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="warren">{{Cite web|url=https://www.warrenrecord.com/arts_entertainment/article_f8d92f20-ba00-11e5-82bd-275d54ee589b.html|title=Museum exhibit highlights creations of African-American dressmaker|work=The Warren Record|date=13 January 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kay malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpa uwe iji kwado ụmụ ya mgbe di ya nwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greensboro.com/news/local_news/uncommon-thread-fashion-designer-willie-kay-was-an-artist-cloth-was-her-medium/article_6facd104-2555-11ec-bdc4-b3cc3e1c1fea.html|title=Uncommon thread: Fashion designer Willie Kay was an artist. Cloth was 'her medium.'|first=Nancy McLaughlin|author=nancy.mclaughlin@greensboro.com|work=Greensboro News and Record|date=9 October 2021|access-date=6 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108234336/https://greensboro.com/news/local_news/uncommon-thread-fashion-designer-willie-kay-was-an-artist-cloth-was-her-medium/article_6facd104-2555-11ec-bdc4-b3cc3e1c1fea.html|archive-date=8 November 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> O hiwere ụlọ ahịa dị ka onye na-akwa akwa n’ụlọ ezinaụlọ ya, ka o wee na-arụ ọrụ na-elekọta ụmụ ya. Ndị ụmụnne ya nwanyị, Mildred Otey Taylor, Chloe Otey Jervay Laws, Josephine Otey Hayes, na Elizabeth Otey nyeere ya aka, ndị niile ghọrọ ndị na-eji ejiji na-aga nke ọma. <ref name="ncpedia"/> <ref name="restoration"/> Nna Kay kpọsara ndị ahịa ya n'ụlọ ahịa akpụ isi ahịa ya. <ref name="thepilot"/> N’oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị nwunye na ụmụ nwanyị nke ezinaụlọ Raleigh malitere inye uwe. N'agbanyeghị agbụrụ agbụrụ na North Carolina n'oge Jim Crow Era, Kay haziri ọrụ maka ndị ahịa ojii na ndị ọcha. <ref name="archive">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=3527275&itype=CMSID|title=Woven of dignity: Black seamstress' legacy on display|work=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wunc.org/arts-culture/2016-07-15/a-dress-made-just-for-you|title=A Dress Made Just For You|date=July 15, 2016|work=WUNC}}</ref> A maara ya maka ejiji ndị debutantes bụ ndị a ga-egosi na ma ọ bụ Alpha Kappa Alpha Debutante Ball na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ North Carolina Debutante Ball na-acha ọcha ma nata tiketi iji gaa mmemme abụọ ahụ. <ref name="ncpedia" /> <ref name="warren"/> Kay hazikwara uwe mwụda ndị mbụ maka ụmụ ụmụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madeespeciallyforyoubytheoteysisters.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/r_4354_7a.jpg|title=Photograph of bride with parents|work=Made Especially for You|accessdate=2024-06-06|archivedate=2022-11-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108234329/https://madeespeciallyforyoubytheoteysisters.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/r_4354_7a.jpg}}</ref> A maara Kay ka emechaa gbanwee uwe debutante ka ọ bụrụ uwe agbamakwụkwọ maka ndị ahịa. <ref name="archive" /> Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ahịa ya a ma ama gụnyere ndị nwunye na ụmụ nwanyị nke North Carolina gọvanọ na ndị omebe iwu, na Suffragist Addie Worth Bagley Daniels, onye bụ nwunye nke onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Josephus Daniels . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nuqL0ELnufU|title=Made Especially for You by Willie Kay - Interview with Eddie Campbell}}</ref> Kay mere uwe eji eme baptizim, uwe ndị mbụ, uwe oriri na ọṅụṅụ, uwe mgbede ụmụ nwanyị, uwe agbamakwụkwọ, uwe ndị ụkọchukwu, na uwe nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ. <ref name="star">{{Cite web|url=https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/news/2006/12/25/handcrafted-dresses-earned-creator-fame/30287438007/|title=Handcrafted dresses earned creator fame|first=Samantha Thompson Smith, The (Raleigh) News &|author=Observer|work=Wilmington Star-News}}</ref> Kay, dị ka ndị inyom ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ ya, ejighị usoro azụmahịa. <ref name="restoration">{{Cite web|url=https://restorationnewsmedia.com/articles/wilsontimes/exquisite-gowns-part-of-new-exhibit/|title=Exquisite gowns part of new exhibit - Restoration NewsMedia|date=January 6, 2016|work=Restoration NewsMedia -}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, ụzọ ịkwa ákwà ọ mụtara n'aka ndị ezinụlọ ya họọrọ ka usoro ọ gụrụ na Shaw. <ref name="ncpedia"/> Ọ na-ebu ụzọ kpụpụta uwe ya, wee mee muslin ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ emo maka ngwa ndị ahịa. <ref name="ncpedia" /> Ọ na-eji igwe ịkwa akwa Singer maka ịdụkọta ọnụ mana o ji aka mee nkọwapụta. Nwanne ya nwanyị, Lizzie, mepụtara ya lace appliqués na beadwork maka ya. <ref name="ncpedia" /> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na silk, lace na satin. <ref name="archive"/> Na 1935, ''McCall'' mere akụkọ banyere Kay na ọrụ ya. <ref name="ncpedia"/> Na 1951, otu n'ime uwe mpụta mbụ nke Kay pụtara na mkpuchi nke ''Ndụ'' . <ref name="ncpedia" /> <ref name="shaw">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shawu.edu/Sewing_Dreams_into_Dresses.aspx|title=Sewing Dreams into Dresses - Willie Otey Kay &#124; Shaw University|work=www.shawu.edu|accessdate=2024-06-06|archivedate=2023-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329011600/https://www.shawu.edu/Sewing_Dreams_into_Dresses.aspx}}</ref> E gosikwara ọrụ ya na ''News &amp;amp; Observer'' . <ref name="ncpedia" /> Mgbe ọ na-aga Mahadum Shaw, Kay zutere John Walcott Kay, nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Leonard Medical School si Weldon . <ref name="ncpedia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncpedia.org/kay-willie-virginia-otey|title=Kay, Willie Virginia Otey &#124; NCpedia|work=www.ncpedia.org}}</ref> <ref name="restoration"/> Ha lụrụ na St. Ambrose Episcopal Church na Raleigh na 1915 wee kwaga Wilmington, ebe di ya guzobere usoro ahụike ya na, yana ndị dibịa isii ndị ọzọ, guzobe Ụlọ Ọgwụ Obodo maka ndị ojii. <ref name="ncpedia" /> Ndị Kay nwere ụmụ asaa: <ref name="ncpedia"/> * Josephine Jessie Kay (1916–1918) * Inez Otey Kay White (1918–1986) * Gloria Clementine Kay Greene (1919–2014) * Willie Virginia Kay (1921–1922) * Constance Taylor Kay Journigan Wilcox (1922–1981) * John Walcott Kay II (1923–1990) * June Elizabeth Kay Campbell (1925–2004) Di Kay nwụrụ na March 6, 1927, mgbe a wachara ya ahụ iji gwọọ hernia afọ. <ref name="ncpedia"/> Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị, Kay kwagara ezinụlọ ya na Raleigh wee biri n'ụlọ ọ bụ nwata. <ref name="ncpedia" /> Ọ bụ onye Episcopalian na-efe ofufe, ma bụrụkwa onye parish na Ụka St. Ambrose. <ref name="ncpedia" /> Nwa ya nwanyị nke ọdụdụ, June, lụrụ onye na-akwado ikike obodo Ralph Campbell Sr. Kay bụ nne nne nke Ralph Campbell Jr., bụ onye jere ozi dị ka North Carolina State Auditor, na nke Bill Campbell, onye jere ozi dị ka Mayor nke Atlanta . <ref name="star"/> Ụlọ ya ghọrọ ebe mgbaba maka ụmụ ụmụ ya mgbe egwu bọmbụ nke ndị na-emegide ọrụ ezinaụlọ ahụ na-arụ n'ihe egwu tinyere ụlọ ha n'ihe ize ndụ. <ref name="archive"/> == Ihe nketa == Na 2016, North Carolina Museum of History meghere ihe ngosi na Kay na ọrụ ya, nke aha ya ''bụ Willie Kay mere karịsịa maka gị'' . <ref name="carolinabest">{{Cite web|url=http://www.carolinasbest.com/2016/01/made-especially-for-you-by-willie-kay.html|title=Made Especially for You by Willie Kay at NC Museum of History}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere uwe Doris Doscher na-eyi maka agbamakwụkwọ nwa ya nwoke na Churchka Baptist mbụ na Raleigh ; uwe agbamakwụkwọ na mkpuchi maka Carolyn Dorcas Maynor; Uwe agbamakwụkwọ nke Carolyn Cheek Palmer yi na emesịa nke Cathryn Cheek Zevenhuizen, uwe mgbede maka mpụta Louise Wooten; uwe mgbede na akwa akwa nke ada Kay, June, yi na mpụta mbụ nke ada June, Mildred Campbell; na otu nwa nwa ya nwoke Ralph na-eme baptizim. <ref name="carolinabest" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madeespeciallyforyou.org/zevenhuizen-1955-additional/wedding-dress-11/|title=Originally made for Carolyn Cheek Palmer in 1955, Cathryn Cheek Zevenhuizen wore this dress to her wedding in 1957. On a European tour it was recommended by the two sisters' brother that they visit a place in Italy to purchase Venetian lace to make a veil for Palmer's impending wedding. The sisters were each given a beautiful handkerchief with the purchase. When they met with Kay to discuss the making of the wedding dress she recommended using a design from the lace as a beading motif on the front of the gown. She also suggested using the handkerchiefs around the neckline of the dress. Consequently, the has been worn again in seven other family weddings. Courtesy of Mrs. Cathryn Cheek Zevenhuizen.|date=August 26, 2016|accessdate=June 6, 2024|archivedate=February 8, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208033843/https://madeespeciallyforyou.org/zevenhuizen-1955-additional/wedding-dress-11/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ahụ sitere na Jenụwarị ruo Septemba. <ref name="restoration"/> A na-egosipụta ọtụtụ atụmatụ Kay na Mahadum St. Augustine dị na Raleigh na National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center na Ohio. <ref name="star"/> A na-arara windo enyo nwere ntụpọ na St. Ambrose Episcopal Church nye Kay. <ref name="ncpedia"/> == Ntụaka == nwanyị na North Carolina. Kay malitere ịzụ ahịa ejiji ya n'oge Jim Crow Era, na-enye ndị ahịa ojii na ndị ọcha. Ọ na-eji ejiji na-eto eto na -egosi ọha na eze na North Carolina Debutante Ball na-acha ọcha na Alfa Kappa Alpha Debutante Ball, na-agakarị bọọlụ dị ka ọbịa. Na 1935, Mnwanyị na North Carolina. Kay malitere ịzụ ahịa [[Onye na-akwa akwa|ejiji]] ya n'oge [[Jim Crow oge|Jim Crow Era]], na-enye ndị ahịa ojii na ndị ọcha. Ọ na-eji ejiji na-eto eto na [[Debutante|-egosi ọha na eze]] na [[North Carolina Debutante Ball]] na-acha ọcha na [[Alfa Kappa|Alfa Kappa Alpha]] Debutante Ball, na-agakarị bọọlụ dị ka ọbịa. Na 1935, ''[[Nke McCall|McCall]]''cCall{{Reflist}} t2qeimvx3sd1jzf2y0wzsng37w9upfu 0 47700 736955 433338 2026-10-09T22:32:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Walter J. Biggs|image=<!-- just the filename, without the File: or Image: prefix or enclosing [[brackets]] -->|alt=|caption=|birth_name=<!-- only use if different from name -->|birth_date=June 4, 1886|birth_place=[[Montgomery County, Virginia]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1968|2|11|1886|6|4}}|death_place=[[Roanoke, Virginia]]|nationality=|other_names=|occupation=Illustrator and painter|spouse=Mildred Armstrong (1923 - ca. 1937, divorce)|years_active=|known_for=|notable_works=}} <ref name="EV">{{Cite web|author=Gunter|first=Donald W.|title=Walter J. Biggs (1886–1968)|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Biggs_Walter_J_1886-1968|publisher=[[Encyclopedia Virginia]]|accessdate=24 August 2015|archivedate=23 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523011438/https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Biggs_Walter_J_1886-1968}}</ref>Walter Joseph Biggs (June 4, 1886 - Febụwarị 11, 1968) bụ onye ihe atụ America na onye na-ese ihe mara mma. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:A_Skin_You_Love_to_Touch_-_Walter_Biggs.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|267x267px| Ihe atụ Biggs ejiri mee ihe na mgbasa ozi ncha na 1922.]] A mụrụ Biggs na Elliston, Virginia, na 1886. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na New York City na New York School of Art.  Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ Robert Henri, ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya gụnyere Edward Hopper na Rockwell Kent.[1]  O mechara kụzie na Art Student League na New York School of Art.[2]  O biri na ime obodo New Rochelle nke bụ obodo ndị nka ama ama na ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe ngosi azụmahịa nke ụbọchị dị ka Frank na J.C. Leyendecker na Norman Rockwell.[3]  Ndị nọkwa n'ụlọ bụ Al Parker, Mead Schaeffer na Dean Cornwell, ndị, yana Tom Lovell, NC Wyeth na Harold von Schmidt ga-abụ ndị isi n'ọhịa. <ref>"Illustrators, Volume 33"; Author=Society of Illustrators (New York, N.Y.); Publisher=Hastings House., 1991</ref> A bịara mara Biggs na 1920 na 1930 maka ihe atụ ya maka akwụkwọ ndị a ma dị ka akwụkwọ Ladies's Home. <ref name="HallofFame">{{Cite web|url=http://www.societyillustrators.org/Awards-and-Competitions/Hall-of-Fame/Past-Inductees/1963--Walter-Biggs.aspx|title=1963 - Walter Biggs Hall of Fame Inductee|publisher=Society of Illustrators|accessdate=2024-06-11|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234412/http://www.societyillustrators.org/Awards-and-Competitions/Hall-of-Fame/Past-Inductees/1963--Walter-Biggs.aspx}}</ref> Na 1944, a mgbaàmà Biggs na National Academy of Design dị ka onye otu, wee bụrụ onye otu zuru oke na 1947. Na 1963, a kpọbatara ya na Society of Illustrators Hall of Fame. <ref name="HallofFame"/> Walter Biggs nwụrụ na February 11, 1968. Ewubere ihe nrịbama merụrụ ihe mere eme n'oghere nke Roanoke Boulevard na College Street, na Salem, Virginia, n'ofe ụlọ ụlọ Biggs <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roanoke.com/arts_and_entertainment/columns_and_blogs/columns/arts_and_extras/arts-extras-salem-artist-walter-biggs-commemorated-with-marker/article_31d9da6c-fd75-11e3-a9b3-001a4bcf6878.html|title=Arts & Extras: Salem artist Walter Biggs commemorated with marker|date=June 27, 2014|work=The Roanoke Times|accessdate=September 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611205216/https://roanoke.com/arts_and_entertainment/columns_and_blogs/columns/arts_and_extras/arts-extras-salem-artist-walter-biggs-commemorated-with-marker/article_31d9da6c-fd75-11e3-a9b3-001a4bcf6878.html|archive-date=June 11, 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Akwụkwọ: ''Great American Illustrators'' nke Walt Reed,  == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.americanartarchives.com/biggs,w.htm Ihe osise Walter Biggs na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ American Art Archives] * Works by Walter Biggs ilzp0kslekgc9e62o2b7nehwdfcm2bx 0 47819 736963 719171 2026-10-09T23:11:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736963 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Wilfrid Swancourt Bronson (1894-1985) and Sonia Joseph Bronson (4730112178).jpg|thumb|Wilfrid Swancourt Bronson (1894-1985) na Sonia Joseph Bronson (4730112178).]] Wilfrid Swancourt Bronson (October 24, 1894 - LED 23, 1985) bụ onye omenkà nchọpụta ihe mere eme nke America na "onye ode akwụkwọ mara mma na onye na-amụ akwụkwọ n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ndụ anụmanụ. <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/curatorship/pdf/3.pdf|title=Museum curatorship in the National Park Service, 1904-1982|author=Lewis|first=Ralph H|date=1993}}</ref> Amụrụ na Chicago, Illinois, Bronson gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago. <ref name="BronsonPapers">{{Cite web|author=Larsen|first=Nancy|title=Wilfrid S. Bronson Paper|url=http://special.lib.umn.edu/findaid/xml/CLRC-1824.xml|work=umn.edu|publisher=University of Minnesotas Libraries|accessdate=30 August 2015}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọrụ ya na US Army n'oge Agha Mbụ Mbụ, ọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere onye na-ese ihe ọrụ n'Ebe ụlọ ọrụ na New York City.  [1] Na 1930s na 40s ọ na-ese foto maka nri ọrụ.  .  [1] Na 1930 ọ bụ nke njem njem na Galapagos iji chịkọta ihe atụ maka akwụkwọ Botanic Brooklyn .  [2] Na 1920s o sonye na njem nke Harry Payne Bingham duziri iji àgwà ma weta ihe atụ na ihe atụ nke ndụ mmiri na Peabody Museum of Natural History na Mahadum Yale, nke na-ejide ọtụtụ ihe atụ Bronson mere na ụgbọ mmiri iji weghara.  agba na ụdị nke ụdị mmiri mmiri.  na oge tupu agba foto. <ref name="DenizensNYTimes">{{Cite news|title=Denizens of Ocean on View in Museum|work=New York Times|date=Jun 24, 1928}}</ref> <ref name="PeabodyYale">{{Cite web|title=Harry Payne Bingham|url=http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/archives/biography/harry-payne-bingham|work=peabody.yale.edu|publisher=Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History|accessdate=30 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806023003/http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/archives/biography/harry-payne-bingham|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * ''Fingerfins: The Tale of a Sargasso Fish'', 1930 - "obere akwụkwọ nke ziri ezi na ihe atụ magburu onwe ya, ... Nwa ọ bụla nke nwere ike ịgụ Bekee kwesịrị ịsị, "Daalụ, Mr. Bronson! "maka akụkọ a na-atọ ụtọ." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Marion Ponsonby|title=The Children's Bookshop|journal=The Saturday Review of Literature|date=June 21, 1930}}</ref> * ''Ndị mmiri mmiri'', 1936, Parslow maara ihe <ref name="WaterPeople">{{Cite news|title=Books for Spring and Summer (book review)|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|date=25 May 1936}}</ref> * ''Children of the Sea'', 1939, Akụkọ na-adọrọ adọrọ banyere dolphin na nwa nwoke nwere ihe atụ mara mma nke Bronson na jupụtara na eziokwu sitere na ihe ọmụma ya banyere ndụ oké osimiri. ibe 164, Harcourt Brace and Company * ''Stooping Hawk na Stranded Whale: Ụmụ nke nnwere onwe'', 1942 - "Nke a bụ akụkọ na-akpali akpali banyere ndị echefuru echefu, ma ndị ka na-ebi ndụ n'efu na ndị na-enweghị isi dị ka ha mere narị afọ anọ gara aga." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wilfrid-s-bronson-2/stooping-hawk-and-stranded-whale-sons-of-libert/|work=www.kirkusreviews.com|title=Stooping Hawk and Stranded Whale: Sons of Liberty|publisher=Kirkus Media LLC|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref> * "Akwụkwọ Grasshopper", 1943, Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York * ''Ezumike Hooker'', 1944 <ref name="Eaton">{{Cite news|title=Children's Picture Bookshelf: Hooker's Holiday|work=New York Times|date=29 October 1944}}</ref> * ''Turtles'', 1945 - "Oh hụrụ n'anya, Wilfred Bronson emeela ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ọdịdị mara mma na nke a bụ ihe ndakpọ olileanya ... Nke a bụ nwoke maara ihe nwere ike ime na ihe a ga-eme ma jiri ya n'ahịa ya iji kwado ọkwa dị elu nke ọgụgụ isi., ihe ngosi sayensị." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wilfred-b-bronson/turtles-2/|work=www.kirkusreviews.com|title=Turtles|publisher=Kirkus Media LLC|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref> * ''Coyotes'', 1946 - * ''Njem Pinto'' 1948, Julian Messner (  ) - "Ihe dị mma ma na foto na akụkọ maka otu na India ma ọ bụ ndụ anụ ahụ nke New Mexico. Enwere ike iji mee ihe na-agụgharị akwụkwọ." <ref name="CFIM">{{Cite journal|author=Alice R. Brooks|title=The Book World|journal=Center for Instructional Materials Service Bulletin|volume=I|issue=6|date=15 May 1948|url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/12368/bulletincenterchv00001i00006_opt.pdf?sequence=2|accessdate=11 September 2015|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104011036/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/12368/bulletincenterchv00001i00006_opt.pdf?sequence=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Starlings'', 1948 - "Nke a bụ akwụkwọ na-adọrọ mmasị nke na-achịkwa iji tinye ọtụtụ ozi gbasara nnụnụ, na-atọ ọchị na ịhụnanya n'oge niile." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wilfred-s-bronson/starlings/|work=www.kirkusreviews.com|title=Starlings|publisher=Kirkus Media LLC|accessdate=11 September 2015|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045151/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wilfred-s-bronson/starlings/}}</ref> "Ọ bụ ezie na Starlings bụ onye isi dramatis personae, ọ bụ ezigbo mmeghe nke ndụ nnụnụ n'ozuzu ... Ihe atụ Bronson bụ ihe nkuzi n'ime onwe ha yana jikọtara ya na ụdị ịgụ ya, ihe si na ya pụta bụ akwụkwọ na-eju afọ." <ref name="CFIM" /> * ''Nwamba'', 1950 - "Maka ezinụlọ ọ bụla nke gụnyere pusi, Wilfred S. Bronson's ''Cats'' bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha maka ezinụlọ dum. Nke a bụ akwụkwọ ọzọ nke na-enweta ndụmọdụ kachasị elu." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=John F Frederick|title=Speaking of Books|journal=The Rotarian|volume=LXXVII|issue=5|date=November 1950|pages=38, 39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0YEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref> * ''Freedom and Plenty: ours to save'', 1953 - "Otu ahụmahụ na-ese ihe na-ede akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo n'ihi na nke a ọgbọ otu na-enye a splendidly ahaziri na-atụ aro tally nke nchekwa na mba anyị." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wilfrid-s-bronson/freedom-and-plenty/|work=www.kirkusreviews.com|title=Freedom and Plenty|publisher=Kirkus Media LLC|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref> * ''Beetles'', 1963 - "Akwụkwọ a dị ugbu a bụ otu ụkpụrụ dị elu, nke nwere ozi zuru ezu dabere na nleba anya nkeonwe yana ịmara ọrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta ihe banyere anụ ahụ ma gosipụta ya na ụda nke mkparịta ụka na-enweghị isi ... 40 Ihe osise ọkara ụda site na ya. onye edemede ga-emecha akwụkwọ nke dị elu n'ụzọ niile." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wilfrid-s-bronson-3/beetles-2/|work=www.kirkusreviews.com|title=Beetles|publisher=Kirkus Media LLC|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref> * ''Nkịta: Ụdị kachasị mma maka ndị na-eto eto'', 1969 - "Nkọwa nke ọma na nhazi nke ọma, ọ nwere ike ịbụ canine Dr. Spock; dị ka ọ dị, a na-agbanye ya n'echiche nkịtị (na ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike imebi ya site na foto ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe). " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wilfrid-a-bronson/dogs-best-breeds-for-young-people/|work=www.kirkusreviews.com|title=Dogs: Best Breeds for Young People|publisher=Kirkus Media LLC|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Isi mmalite == * Akwụkwọ Wilfrid S. Bronson, Mahadum nke Minnesota ọba akwụkwọ ndekọ akwụkwọ ụmụaka [http://special.lib.umn.edu/findaid/xml/CLRC-1824.xml Archives & mkpokọta pụrụ iche · Mahadum nke Minnesota ọba akwụkwọ] rngx4ypmsjqcq0bac5fu6f9t8crpgqy 0 50234 736940 708981 2026-10-09T20:09:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Buck Mountain Long Lake.jpg|thumb|Buck Mountain Long Lake.]] Ugwu Buck bụ ugwu dị na mpaghara Adirondack Mountains nke New York.  Ọ dị na Long Lake, New York, ndị nwere ike nke Tupper Lake na Hamilton County .  Ebe nchekwa ọkụ Buck Mountain dị n'elu ugwu ahụ.  N'afọ 2023, ụzọ okporo ụzọ dị kilomita 1.2 arụpụtara nke mere ka ọha na eze ụlọ ụlọ elu ọkụ amachibidoro ogologo oge. <ref name="ADE">{{Cite news|title=Buck Mountain trail now open|url=https://www.adirondackdailyenterprise.com/news/local-news/2023/09/buck-mountain-trail-now-open/|accessdate=3 August 2024|work=Adirondack Daily Enterprise|date=September 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803223511/https://www.adirondackdailyenterprise.com/news/local-news/2023/09/buck-mountain-trail-now-open/|archive-date=3 August 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Buck_Mountain_Fire_Tower.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Ụlọ ọkụ Buck Mountain sere na August 2024.]] N'ịbụ nke dị na Long Lake, New York, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Buck Mountain Fire Observation Station dị 60-foot-tall (18 m) ụlọ elu Aermotor LS-40 nke e wuru na Whitney Park nwere onwe ya dịka 1933. Na 2006  , International Paper Company bịanyere aka n'iche Iresị ala ya niile dị na Adirondack Park nye Lyme Timber Company maka $137 nde.  Na June 21, 2021 Hamilton County Board of Supervisors mara ọkwa na n'oge na-akpa anya a ga-akpa ụlọ elu ahụ ọha na eze.  Cedar Heights Timber ihe na mpaghara ahụ na mmetụta afọ 10 iji ụlọ ụlọ elu ọkụ n'ihu ọha.  [2] [3] Emechara ụzọ ahụ wee kpuchie nsogbu na September 2023. <ref name="ADE" /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150707120923/http://www.nysforestrangers.com/index-towers.htm Ụlọ ọkụ ọkụ nke New York] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240805070545/https://hikelonglake.com/buck-mountain.html Nweta ozi] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} ggvm30irww6adsafryjfpy7zk9nmv08 0 59016 736959 720119 2026-10-09T22:51:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736959 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Arawak''' ( {{Lang|arw|Arowak}}, {{Lang|arw|Aruák}} ), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Lokono''' ( '''Lokono Dian''', n'ụzọ nkịtị "okwu ndị mmadụ" nke ndị na-asụ ya), bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak|asụsụ Arawakan]] nke ndị Lokono (Arawak) nke South America na-asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], na French Guiana . Ọ bụ asụsụ a na-akpọ aha ezinụlọ Arawakan. Lokono bụ asụsụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Lokono bụ asụsụ nwere nnukwu nsogbu. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1708|title=Lokono|work=Endangered Languages Project|accessdate=2018-01-05|archivedate=2018-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106072848/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1708}}</ref> A na-asụkarị asụsụ Lokono na South America. Ụfọdụ obodo a kapịrị ọnụ ebe a na-asụ asụsụ a gụnyere Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, na Venezuela. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPGe7aBSkpkC&pg=PA167|title=Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra Y.|year=2006|isbn=9780199283088|editor=Aikhenvald|location=Oxford University Press|chapter=7. Areal Diffusion, Genetic Inheritance and Problems of Subgrouping: A north Arawak Case Study|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> Onu ogugu ndi mmadu na-ekwu okwu nke oma nke nwere ezi ihe omuma nke asusu bu 5% nke onu ogugu ndi mmadu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Edwards|first=W.|date=1979|title=An Ethnohistory of Amerindians in Guyana|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnohistory_spring-1979_26_2/page/161|journal=Ethnohistory|volume=26|issue=2|pages=161|doi=10.2307/481091}}</ref> Enwere obere obodo nke ndị na-asụ ọkara nke nwere ogo nghọta na nghọta dị iche iche na Lokono na-eme ka asụsụ ahụ dị ndụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Harbert|first=Wayne|date=1988|title=Movement and Adjunct Morphology in Arawak and Other Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1988-10_54_4/page/416|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=416–435|doi=10.1086/466095}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 2,500 fọdụrụ (gụnyere ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọma na nke na-asụ asụsụ). <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra|title=Linguistics|year=2013|chapter=Arawak Languages|chapterurl=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/28542/|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0119|isbn=9780199772810|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2018-01-05}}</ref> Mbelata nke iji Lokono dị ka asụsụ nzikọrịta ozi bụ n'ihi enweghị mgbasa ozi site n'aka ndị na-asụ okenye na ọgbọ na-abịa. A naghị asụ ụmụntakịrị asụsụ a, ebe a na-akụziri ha ka ha na-asụ asụsụ obodo ha. <ref name=":02" /> == Nhazi == Asụsụ Lokono bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawakan buru ibu nke ụmụ amaala South na Central America na Caribbean na-asụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Carvalho|first=Fernando O.|date=2016|title=The diachrony of person-number marking in the Lokono-Wayuunaiki subgroup of the Arawak family: reconstruction, sound change and analogy|journal=Language Sciences|language=en|volume=55|pages=1–15|doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2016.02.001}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ gbasara mba anọ nke Central America - Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua - na asatọ nke South America - Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (na bụkwabu Argentina na Paraguay). Ebe ihe dị ka asụsụ 40 dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ kacha ukwuu na Latin America. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.jcu.edu.au/lcrc/language-archives/south-america-languages/arawak-languages/arawak-languages|title=Arawak languages|work=Research@JCU|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-07-10|archivedate=2016-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828034054/https://research.jcu.edu.au/lcrc/language-archives/south-america-languages/arawak-languages/arawak-languages}}</ref> === Etymology === ''Arawak'' bụ aha ebo na-ekwu maka isi nri ihe ọkụkụ, mgbọrọgwụ akpu, nke a na-akpọkarị manioc. Mgbọrọgwụ akpu bụ ihe na-ewu ewu maka ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na South America, Eshia na Africa. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra Y.|date=1995|title=Person marking and discourse in North Arawak languages|journal=Studia Linguistica|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=152–195|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9582.1995.tb00469.x}}</ref> Ọ bụ osisi shrub tolitere n'ebe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ebe okpomọkụ. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Arawak na-akọwakwa onwe ha dị ka ''{{Lang|arw|Lokono}}'', nke sụgharịrị dị ka "ndị mmadụ". Ha na-akpọ asụsụ ha ''{{Lang|arw|Lokono Dian}}'', "Okwu ndị mmadụ". <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq8PAQAAMAAJ|title=A Brief Introduction to Some Aspects of the Culture and Language of the Guyana Arawak (Lokono) Tribe|date=1980|publisher=Amerindian Languages Project, University of Guyana|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> Aha ndị ọzọ nke otu asụsụ gụnyere Arawák, Arahuaco, Aruak, Arowak, Arawac, Araguaco, Aruaqui, Arwuak, Arrowukas, Arahuacos, Locono, na Luccumi. {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9JSYzAynBEC&q=arawak+language+%28lokono%29&pg=PP2|title=Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia|author=Hill|first=Johnathon|date=2010-10-01|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252091506|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> == Nkesa ala == Lokono bụ asụsụ Arawakan a na-ahụkarị ka a na-asụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname na French Guiana. Enwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ obodo 2,500 taa. Ndị na-esonụ bụ mpaghara ebe ahụrụla Arawak ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo na-asụ. == fonology == === Consonants === William Pet hụrụ ihe mgbakwunye {{IPA|/p/}} na okwu mgbazinye ego. === Udaume === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! ! N'ihu ! Central ! Azu |- ! Mechie | i | ɨ | |- ! N'etiti | e | | o |- ! Mepee | | a | |} Pet kwuru na nghota ụda olu nke {{IPA|/o/}} dị iche n'etiti [ o ] na [ u ]. {| class="wikitable" !Eji agwa ! Ojiji mgbakwunye ! Akara IPA ! Mkpọkpọ Arawak |- | a | | a | Dị ka ''nna'' ''.'' |- | aa | a· | aː | Dị ka ''naanị'' jide ogologo. |- | e | | e | Dị ka ''e'' ụda na Spanish, dị ka ''a'' na ''{{Lang|es|gate}}'' . |- | ee | e·, e: | eː | Dị ka ''e'' jide naanị ogologo oge. |- | i | | i | Dị ka ''m'' nọ na ''uwe ojii'' . |- | ii | i·, i: | iː | Dị ka ''m'' ji naanị ogologo oge. |- | o | | o {{IPA|~}} u | Dị ka ''o'' na ''ndetu'' ma ọ ''bụ ị'' nọ ''n'ọjà'' . |- | oo | o·, o: | oː | Dị ka ''o'' jigidere ogologo oge. |- | y | ị, <s>i</s> | ɨ | Dị ka ''e'' na ''{{Lang|en|roses}}'' . |- | yy | y:,uu, <s>ii</s> | ɨː | Dị ka nke dị n'elu ''y'', naanị ejidere ogologo oge. |} == Usoro edemede == Usoro asụsụ Arawak nwere usoro mkpụrụedemede yiri mkpụrụedemede Rome nwere obere mgbanwe na mgbakwunye ọhụrụ na mkpụrụedemede. {| class="wikitable" !Character Used !Additional Usage !IPA symbol !Arawak Pronunciation |- |b | |b |Like ''b'' in ''boy''. |- |č |tj |t͡ʃ |Like ''ch'' in ''chair''. |- |d | |d ~ d͡ʒ |Like ''d'' in ''day''. Before ''i'' the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ''j'' in ''jeep''. |- |f | |ɸ |This sound does not exist in English. It is pronounced by narrowing your lips and blowing through them, as if you were playing a flute. |- |x |h |h |Like ''h'' in ''hay.'' |- |j | |j |Like ''y'' in ''yes''. |- |k |c, qu |k |Like the soft ''k'' sound in English ''ski''. |- |kh |k, c, qu |k^h |Like the hard ''k'' sound in English ''key''. |- |l | |l |Like ''l'' in ''light''. |- |ř |rh, lh |ɽ |No exact equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex ''r'', pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. It is found in Indian English. Some American English speakers also pronounce this sound in the middle of the word "hurting." |- |m | |m |Like ''m'' in ''moon''. |- |n | |n |Like ''n'' in ''night''. |- |p | |p |Like the soft ''p'' in ''spin''. |- |r | |ɾ |Like the ''r'' in Spanish ''pero'', somewhat like the ''tt'' in American English ''butter''. |- |s |z, c |s |Like the ''s'' in ''sun''. |- |t | |t ~ t͡ʃ |Like the soft ''t'' in ''star''. Before ''i'' the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ''ch'' in ''cheek''. |- |th |t |t^h ~ t͡ʃʰ |Like the hard ''t'' in ''tar''. Before ''i'' the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ''ch'' in ''cheek''. |- |hu |w |w |Like ''w'' in ''way''. |- |' | |ʔ |A pause sound (glottal stop), like the one in the middle of the word "uh-oh." |} {| class="wikitable" !Eji agwa ! Ojiji mgbakwunye ! Akara IPA ! Mkpọkpọ Arawak |- | a | | a | Dị ka ''nna'' ''.'' |- | aa | a· | aː | Dị ka ''naanị'' jide ogologo. |- | e | | e | Dị ka ''e'' ụda n'asụsụ Spanish, yiri nke ''a'' na ''ọnụ ụzọ ámá'' . |- | ee | e·, e: | eː | Dị ka ''e'' jide naanị ogologo oge. |- | i | | i | Dị ka ''m'' nọ na ''uwe ojii'' . |- | ii | i·, i: | iː | Dị ka ''m'' ji naanị ogologo oge. |- | o | | o ~ ị | Dị ka ''o'' na ''ndetu'' ma ọ ''bụ ị'' nọ ''n'ọjà'' . |- | oo | o·, o: | oː | Dị ka ''o'' jigidere ogologo oge. |- | y | | ɨ | Dị ka ''u'' in ''on'', naanị akpọpụta elu n'ọnụ. |- | yy | y: | ɨː | Dị ka ''y'' jigidere ogologo oge. |} Akwụkwọ ozi ndị dị na brackets n'okpuru mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla bụ akara IPA maka mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla. [[Faịlụ:Arawak_Language_Alphabet_EN.svg|center|thumb|578x578px| Usoro edemede & Asụsụ nke Arawak (Lokono) Asụsụ]] == Ụtọ asụsụ == Egosiri nnochiaha onwe onye n'okpuru. Ụdị dị n'aka ekpe bụ ụdị n'efu, nke nwere ike iguzo naanị ya. Ụdị dị n'aka nri bụ ụdị ejikọtara ( prefixes ), nke a ga-etinyerịrị n'ihu nke ngwaa, aha, ma ọ bụ nbido . {| class="wikitable" ! ! Otu ! Ọtụtụ |- ! Onye mbụ | ''de, da-'' | ''anyi, wa-'' |- ! Onye nke abụọ | ''bi, by-'' | ''ndewo, hy-'' |- ! Onye nke atọ | ''lee, ly-'' (he) ''tho, gi-'' (she) | ''na, na-'' |} === Mgbakwunye ntụnye aka === A na-ekewa ngwaa niile n'ime transitive, transitive na-arụ ọrụ, na stive intransitive. {| class="wikitable" |+Prefixes (A/Sa) na Suffixes (O/So) nke Mgbakwunye ntụaka Cross-Reference ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | prefixes ! colspan="2" | suffixes |- ! otu ! otutu ! otu ! otutu |- ! colspan="2" | Onye mbụ | nu- ma ọ bụ ta- | wa- | -na, -te | -wa |- ! colspan="2" | Onye nke abụọ | (p) i- | (h) i- | -pi | - ndewo |- ! rowspan="2" | Onye nke atọ ! non-formal | ri-, i | na- | ri, -i | -na |- ! formal | , ru- | na- | -tu,-ru,-u | -na |- ! colspan="2" | 'nke onwe' | pa- | - | - | - |} ''A= Sa= nganiihu ntụnye aka gafee'' ''O=So= nkwubi okwu ntughari obe'' == Okwu okwu == === okike === N'asụsụ Arawak, e nwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị. A na-eji ha na ntinye ntụaka n'ofe, na ngosipụta, na nhọpụta na nnochiaha onwe onye. Ụdị okike ndị a na-ahụkarị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ nwanyị na ndị na-abụghị nke nwanyị. Ihe nrịbama ahụ na-alaghachi na Arawak onye nke atọ na-ezo aka n'obe: nwanyị ''-(r) u,'' nwoke ''-(r) i'' {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9JSYzAynBEC&q=arawak+language+%28lokono%29&pg=PP2|title=Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia|author=Hill|first=Johnathon|date=2010-10-01|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252091506|accessdate=2020-11-24}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHill2010">Hill, Johnathon (2010-10-01). [https://books.google.com/books?id=A9JSYzAynBEC&q=arawak+language+%28lokono%29&pg=PP2 ''Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia'']. University of Illinois Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780252091506|<bdi>9780252091506</bdi>]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240526094614/https://books.google.com/books?id=A9JSYzAynBEC&q=arawak+language+%28lokono%29&pg=PP2#v=snippet&q=arawak%20language%20(lokono)&f=false Archived] from the original on 2024-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Nọmba === Asụsụ Arawak na-amata ihe dị iche iche na otu, mana ọtụtụ bụ nhọrọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye nrụtụ aka bụ mmadụ. Ihe nrịbama ejiri bụ ''*-na/-ni'' (anụmanụ/ọtụtụ mmadụ) na ''*-pe'' (na-adịghị ndụ/na-abụghị nke mmadụ). <ref name=":102">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9JSYzAynBEC&q=arawak+language+%28lokono%29&pg=PP2|title=Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia|author=Hill|first=Johnathon|date=2010-10-01|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252091506|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> === Nnweta === A na-ekewapụta aha Arawak ka ọ bụrụ nke na-enweghị ike ịpụnara ya na nke enweghị atụ. Aha ndị a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha gụnyere ihe ndị dị ka akụkụ ahụ, okwu maka ikwu na aha nkịtị dị ka nhọrọ nri. Nhọpụta aha okwu bụ nke otu ahụ. Ụdị ihe onwunwe abụọ a nwere akara prefixes (A/Sa). Aha ndị nwere ihe na-enweghị atụ nwere ihe a maara dị ka ụdị "enweghị ikike" (nke a makwaara dị ka "zuru oke") nke akara suffix ''* -tfi ma ọ bụ * -hV.'' Aha ndị nwere ahapụrụ iche were otu n'ime suffixes ''*-ne/ni, *-te, *-re, *i/e'', ma ọ bụ ''*-na.'' Suffixes niile ejiri dị ka nominalizers. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Rybka|first=Konrad|year=2015|title=State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language|url=http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/?p=603|journal=Language Documentation & Conservation|volume=9|pages=110–133|archive-date=2018-04-28|access-date=2025-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428112700/http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/?p=603|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Negation === Asụsụ Arawak nwere prefix na-adịghị mma ''ma-'' na njirimara-ihe nganiihu ''ka-.'' Ihe atụ nke ojiji bụ ''ka-witi-w'' ("nwanyị nwere anya ọma") na ''ma-witti-w'' ("nwanyị nwere anya ọjọọ", ya bụ, nwanyị kpuru ìsì). === Esemokwu === A na-agbakwunye oge na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu: a na-egosi oge gara aga na ''bura'' ma ọ bụ ''bora'' (site na ''ubura'' "tupu"), n'ọdịnihu na ''dikki'' (site na ''adiki'' "mgbe"), ugbu a na-aga n'ihu na-eji ''loko'' ma ọ bụ ''roko'' . <ref name="DGB1871">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/arawacklanguageo00brinrich|first=Daniel Garrison|author=Brinton|authorlink=Daniel Garrison Brinton|year=1871|title=The Arawack language of Guiana in its linguistic and ethnological relations|publisher=Philadelphia, McCalla & Stavely}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|language=fr|author=Patte|first=Marie-France|title=La langue arawak de Guyane: présentation historique et dictionnaires arawak-français et français-arawak|date=2011|publisher=Institut de recherche pour le développement|location=Marseille|isbn=978-2-7099-1715-5|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-09/010054590.pdf}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe atụ == {| class="wikitable" !Bekee ! Eastern Arawak (Guiana French) ! Western Arawak (Venezuela, Guyana na Suriname) |- | Otu | Ábá | Aba |- | Abụọ | Bian | Biama |- | Atọ | Kabun | Kabyn |- | Anọ | Biti | Bithi |- | Nwoke | Walili | Walili |- | Nwanyị | Hiaro | Hiaro |- | Nkịta | Péero | Péero |- | Anyanwụ | Hadali | Hadali |- | Ọnwa | Kati | Kathi |- | Mmiri | Uini | Vuniabu |} <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|author=Trevino|first=David|year=2016|title=Arawak|journal=Salem Press Encyclopedia}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|url=http://www-01.sil.org/silepubs/Pubs/928474543236/e-Books_30_Pet_Arawak_Suriname.pdf|title=A Grammar Sketch and Lexicon of Arawak (Lokono Dian)|author=Pet|first=Willem J. A.|publisher=SIL International|year=2011|accessdate=2014-10-24|series=SIL eBook 30}} {{Languages of French Guiana}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8gitwd67ggex11gq20x8i99et8c8891 0 59021 736960 720120 2026-10-09T22:52:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736960 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Arawak''' ( {{Lang|arw|Arowak}}, {{Lang|arw|Aruák}} ), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Lokono''' ( '''Lokono Dian''', n'ụzọ nkịtị "okwu ndị mmadụ" nke ndị na-asụ ya), bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak|asụsụ Arawakan]] nke ndị Lokono (Arawak) nke South America na-asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], na French Guiana . Ọ bụ asụsụ a na-akpọ aha ezinụlọ Arawakan. Lokono bụ asụsụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Lokono bụ asụsụ nwere nnukwu nsogbu. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1708|title=Lokono|work=Endangered Languages Project|accessdate=2018-01-05|archivedate=2018-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106072848/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1708}}</ref> A na-asụkarị asụsụ Lokono na South America. Ụfọdụ obodo a kapịrị ọnụ ebe a na-asụ asụsụ a gụnyere Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, na Venezuela. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPGe7aBSkpkC&pg=PA167|title=Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra Y.|year=2006|isbn=9780199283088|editor=Aikhenvald|location=Oxford University Press|chapter=7. Areal Diffusion, Genetic Inheritance and Problems of Subgrouping: A north Arawak Case Study|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> Onu ogugu ndi mmadu na-ekwu okwu nke oma nke nwere ezi ihe omuma nke asusu bu 5% nke onu ogugu ndi mmadu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Edwards|first=W.|date=1979|title=An Ethnohistory of Amerindians in Guyana|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnohistory_spring-1979_26_2/page/161|journal=Ethnohistory|volume=26|issue=2|pages=161|doi=10.2307/481091}}</ref> Enwere obere obodo nke ndị na-asụ ọkara nke nwere ogo nghọta na nghọta dị iche iche na Lokono na-eme ka asụsụ ahụ dị ndụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Harbert|first=Wayne|date=1988|title=Movement and Adjunct Morphology in Arawak and Other Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1988-10_54_4/page/416|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=416–435|doi=10.1086/466095}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 2,500 fọdụrụ (gụnyere ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọma na nke na-asụ asụsụ). <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra|title=Linguistics|year=2013|chapter=Arawak Languages|chapterurl=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/28542/|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0119|isbn=9780199772810|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2018-01-05}}</ref> Mbelata nke iji Lokono dị ka asụsụ nzikọrịta ozi bụ n'ihi enweghị mgbasa ozi site n'aka ndị na-asụ okenye na ọgbọ na-abịa. A naghị asụ ụmụntakịrị asụsụ a, ebe a na-akụziri ha ka ha na-asụ asụsụ obodo ha. <ref name=":02" /> == Nhazi == Asụsụ Lokono bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawakan buru ibu nke ụmụ amaala South na Central America na Caribbean na-asụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=De Carvalho|first=Fernando O.|date=2016|title=The diachrony of person-number marking in the Lokono-Wayuunaiki subgroup of the Arawak family: reconstruction, sound change and analogy|journal=Language Sciences|language=en|volume=55|pages=1–15|doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2016.02.001}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ gbasara mba anọ nke Central America - Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua - na asatọ nke South America - Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (na bụkwabu Argentina na Paraguay). Ebe ihe dị ka asụsụ 40 dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ kacha ukwuu na Latin America. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.jcu.edu.au/lcrc/language-archives/south-america-languages/arawak-languages/arawak-languages|title=Arawak languages|work=Research@JCU|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-07-10|archivedate=2016-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828034054/https://research.jcu.edu.au/lcrc/language-archives/south-america-languages/arawak-languages/arawak-languages}}</ref> === Etymology === ''Arawak'' bụ aha ebo na-ekwu maka isi nri ihe ọkụkụ, mgbọrọgwụ akpu, nke a na-akpọkarị manioc. Mgbọrọgwụ akpu bụ ihe na-ewu ewu maka ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na South America, Eshia na Africa. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra Y.|date=1995|title=Person marking and discourse in North Arawak languages|journal=Studia Linguistica|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=152–195|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9582.1995.tb00469.x}}</ref> Ọ bụ osisi shrub tolitere n'ebe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ebe okpomọkụ. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Arawak na-akọwakwa onwe ha dị ka ''{{Lang|arw|Lokono}}'', nke sụgharịrị dị ka "ndị mmadụ". Ha na-akpọ asụsụ ha ''{{Lang|arw|Lokono Dian}}'', "Okwu ndị mmadụ". <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq8PAQAAMAAJ|title=A Brief Introduction to Some Aspects of the Culture and Language of the Guyana Arawak (Lokono) Tribe|date=1980|publisher=Amerindian Languages Project, University of Guyana|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> Aha ndị ọzọ nke otu asụsụ gụnyere Arawák, Arahuaco, Aruak, Arowak, Arawac, Araguaco, Aruaqui, Arwuak, Arrowukas, Arahuacos, Locono, na Luccumi. <ref name=":102">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9JSYzAynBEC&q=arawak+language+%28lokono%29&pg=PP2|title=Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia|author=Hill|first=Johnathon|date=2010-10-01|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252091506|accessdate=2020-11-24}}</ref> == Nkesa ala == Lokono bụ asụsụ Arawakan a na-ahụkarị ka a na-asụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname na French Guiana. Enwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ obodo 2,500 taa. Ndị na-esonụ bụ mpaghara ebe ahụrụla Arawak ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo na-asụ. == fonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Consonants ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Retroflex !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! rowspan="3" |Stop !<small>voiceless</small> | |{{IPAlink|t}} | | |{{IPAlink|k}} | |- !<nowiki><small id="mwig">aspirated</small></nowiki> | |{{IPAlink|tʰ}} | | |{{IPAlink|kʰ}} | |- !<nowiki><small id="mwlg">voiced</small></nowiki> |{{IPAlink|b}} |{{IPAlink|d}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative |{{IPAlink|ɸ}} |{{IPAlink|s}} | | | |{{IPAlink|h}} |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |{{IPAlink|w}} |{{IPAlink|l}} | |{{IPAlink|j}} | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Rhotic !<nowiki><small id="mwxw">trill</small></nowiki> | |{{IPAlink|r}} | | | | |- !<nowiki><small id="mw0g">tap</small></nowiki> | | |{{IPAlink|ɽ}} | | | |} {| class="wikitable" !Character Used !Additional Usage !IPA symbol !Arawak Pronunciation |- |b | |b |Like ''b'' in ''boy''. |- |č |tj |t͡ʃ |Like ''ch'' in ''chair''. |- |d | |d ~ d͡ʒ |Like ''d'' in ''day''. Before ''i'' the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ''j'' in ''jeep''. |- |f | |ɸ |This sound does not exist in English. It is pronounced by narrowing your lips and blowing through them, as if you were playing a flute. |- |x |h |h |Like ''h'' in ''hay.'' |- |j | |j |Like ''y'' in ''yes''. |- |k |c, qu |k |Like the soft ''k'' sound in English ''ski''. |- |kh |k, c, qu |k^h |Like the hard ''k'' sound in English ''key''. |- |l | |l |Like ''l'' in ''light''. |- |ř |rh, lh |ɽ |No exact equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex ''r'', pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. It is found in Indian English. Some American English speakers also pronounce this sound in the middle of the word "hurting." |- |m | |m |Like ''m'' in ''moon''. |- |n | |n |Like ''n'' in ''night''. |- |p | |p |Like the soft ''p'' in ''spin''. |- |r | |ɾ |Like the ''r'' in Spanish ''pero'', somewhat like the ''tt'' in American English ''butter''. |- |s |z, c |s |Like the ''s'' in ''sun''. |- |t | |t ~ t͡ʃ |Like the soft ''t'' in ''star''. Before ''i'' the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ''ch'' in ''cheek''. |- |th |t |t^h ~ t͡ʃʰ |Like the hard ''t'' in ''tar''. Before ''i'' the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ''ch'' in ''cheek''. |- |hu |w |w |Like ''w'' in ''way''. |- |' | |ʔ |A pause sound (glottal stop), like the one in the middle of the word "uh-oh." |} === Udaume === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! ! N'ihu ! Central ! Azu |- ! Mechie | i | ɨ | |- ! N'etiti | e | | o |- ! Mepee | | a | |} Pet kwuru na nghota ụda olu nke {{IPA|/o/}} dị iche n'etiti [ o ] na [ u ]. {| class="wikitable" !Eji agwa ! Ojiji mgbakwunye ! Akara IPA ! Mkpọkpọ Arawak |- | a | | a | Dị ka ''nna'' ''.'' |- | aa | a· | aː | Dị ka ''naanị'' jide ogologo. |- | e | | e | Dị ka ''e'' ụda na Spanish, dị ka ''a'' na ''{{Lang|es|gate}}'' . |- | ee | e·, e: | eː | Dị ka ''e'' jide naanị ogologo oge. |- | i | | i | Dị ka ''m'' nọ na ''uwe ojii'' . |- | ii | i·, i: | iː | Dị ka ''m'' ji naanị ogologo oge. |- | o | | o {{IPA|~}} u | Dị ka ''o'' na ''ndetu'' ma ọ ''bụ ị'' nọ ''n'ọjà'' . |- | oo | o·, o: | oː | Dị ka ''o'' jigidere ogologo oge. |- | y | ị, <s>i</s> | ɨ | Dị ka ''e'' na ''{{Lang|en|roses}}'' . |- | yy | y:,uu, <s>ii</s> | ɨː | Dị ka nke dị n'elu ''y'', naanị ejidere ogologo oge. |} == Usoro edemede == Usoro asụsụ Arawak nwere usoro mkpụrụedemede yiri mkpụrụedemede Rome nwere obere mgbanwe na mgbakwunye ọhụrụ na mkpụrụedemede. {| class="wikitable" !Eji agwa ! Ojiji mgbakwunye ! Akara IPA ! Mkpọkpọ Arawak |- | a | | a | Dị ka ''nna'' ''.'' |- | aa | a· | aː | Dị ka ''naanị'' jide ogologo. |- | e | | e | Dị ka ''e'' ụda n'asụsụ Spanish, yiri nke ''a'' na ''ọnụ ụzọ ámá'' . |- | ee | e·, e: | eː | Dị ka ''e'' jide naanị ogologo oge. |- | i | | i | Dị ka ''m'' nọ na ''uwe ojii'' . |- | ii | i·, i: | iː | Dị ka ''m'' ji naanị ogologo oge. |- | o | | o ~ ị | Dị ka ''o'' na ''ndetu'' ma ọ ''bụ ị'' nọ ''n'ọjà'' . |- | oo | o·, o: | oː | Dị ka ''o'' jigidere ogologo oge. |- | y | | ɨ | Dị ka ''u'' in ''on'', naanị akpọpụta elu n'ọnụ. |- | yy | y: | ɨː | Dị ka ''y'' jigidere ogologo oge. |} Akwụkwọ ozi ndị dị na brackets n'okpuru mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla bụ akara IPA maka mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla. [[Faịlụ:Arawak_Language_Alphabet_EN.svg|center|thumb|578x578px| Usoro edemede & Asụsụ nke Arawak (Lokono) Asụsụ]] == Ụtọ asụsụ == Egosiri nnochiaha onwe onye n'okpuru. Ụdị dị n'aka ekpe bụ ụdị n'efu, nke nwere ike iguzo naanị ya. Ụdị dị n'aka nri bụ ụdị ejikọtara ( prefixes ), nke a ga-etinyerịrị n'ihu nke ngwaa, aha, ma ọ bụ nbido . {| class="wikitable" ! ! Otu ! Ọtụtụ |- ! Onye mbụ | ''de, da-'' | ''anyi, wa-'' |- ! Onye nke abụọ | ''bi, by-'' | ''ndewo, hy-'' |- ! Onye nke atọ | ''lee, ly-'' (he) ''tho, gi-'' (she) | ''na, na-'' |} === Mgbakwunye ntụnye aka === A na-ekewa ngwaa niile n'ime transitive, transitive na-arụ ọrụ, na stive intransitive. {| class="wikitable" |+Prefixes (A/Sa) na Suffixes (O/So) nke Mgbakwunye ntụaka Cross-Reference ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | prefixes ! colspan="2" | suffixes |- ! otu ! otutu ! otu ! otutu |- ! colspan="2" | Onye mbụ | nu- ma ọ bụ ta- | wa- | -na, -te | -wa |- ! colspan="2" | Onye nke abụọ | (p) i- | (h) i- | -pi | - ndewo |- ! rowspan="2" | Onye nke atọ ! non-formal | ri-, i | na- | ri, -i | -na |- ! formal | , ru- | na- | -tu,-ru,-u | -na |- ! colspan="2" | 'nke onwe' | pa- | - | - | - |} ''A= Sa= nganiihu ntụnye aka gafee'' ''O=So= nkwubi okwu ntughari obe'' == Okwu okwu == === okike === N'asụsụ Arawak, e nwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị. A na-eji ha na ntinye ntụaka n'ofe, na ngosipụta, na nhọpụta na nnochiaha onwe onye. Ụdị okike ndị a na-ahụkarị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ nwanyị na ndị na-abụghị nke nwanyị. Ihe nrịbama ahụ na-alaghachi na Arawak onye nke atọ na-ezo aka n'obe: nwanyị ''-(r) u,'' nwoke ''-(r) i'' <ref name=":102"/> === Nọmba === Asụsụ Arawak na-amata ihe dị iche iche na otu, mana ọtụtụ bụ nhọrọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye nrụtụ aka bụ mmadụ. Ihe nrịbama ejiri bụ ''*-na/-ni'' (anụmanụ/ọtụtụ mmadụ) na ''*-pe'' (na-adịghị ndụ/na-abụghị nke mmadụ). <ref name=":102"/> === Nnweta === A na-ekewapụta aha Arawak ka ọ bụrụ nke na-enweghị ike ịpụnara ya na nke enweghị atụ. Aha ndị a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha gụnyere ihe ndị dị ka akụkụ ahụ, okwu maka ikwu na aha nkịtị dị ka nhọrọ nri. Nhọpụta aha okwu bụ nke otu ahụ. Ụdị ihe onwunwe abụọ a nwere akara prefixes (A/Sa). Aha ndị nwere ihe na-enweghị atụ nwere ihe a maara dị ka ụdị "enweghị ikike" (nke a makwaara dị ka "zuru oke") nke akara suffix ''* -tfi ma ọ bụ * -hV.'' Aha ndị nwere ahapụrụ iche were otu n'ime suffixes ''*-ne/ni, *-te, *-re, *i/e'', ma ọ bụ ''*-na.'' Suffixes niile ejiri dị ka nominalizers. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Rybka|first=Konrad|year=2015|title=State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language|url=http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/?p=603|journal=Language Documentation & Conservation|volume=9|pages=110–133|archive-date=2018-04-28|access-date=2025-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428112700/http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/?p=603|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Negation === Asụsụ Arawak nwere prefix na-adịghị mma ''ma-'' na njirimara-ihe nganiihu ''ka-.'' Ihe atụ nke ojiji bụ ''ka-witi-w'' ("nwanyị nwere anya ọma") na ''ma-witti-w'' ("nwanyị nwere anya ọjọọ", ya bụ, nwanyị kpuru ìsì). === Esemokwu === A na-agbakwunye oge na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu: a na-egosi oge gara aga na ''bura'' ma ọ bụ ''bora'' (site na ''ubura'' "tupu"), n'ọdịnihu na ''dikki'' (site na ''adiki'' "mgbe"), ugbu a na-aga n'ihu na-eji ''loko'' ma ọ bụ ''roko'' . <ref name="DGB1871">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/arawacklanguageo00brinrich|first=Daniel Garrison|author=Brinton|authorlink=Daniel Garrison Brinton|year=1871|title=The Arawack language of Guiana in its linguistic and ethnological relations|publisher=Philadelphia, McCalla & Stavely}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|language=fr|author=Patte|first=Marie-France|title=La langue arawak de Guyane: présentation historique et dictionnaires arawak-français et français-arawak|date=2011|publisher=Institut de recherche pour le développement|location=Marseille|isbn=978-2-7099-1715-5|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-09/010054590.pdf}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe atụ == {| class="wikitable" !Bekee ! Eastern Arawak (Guiana French) ! Western Arawak (Venezuela, Guyana na Suriname) |- | Otu | Ábá | Aba |- | Abụọ | Bian | Biama |- | Atọ | Kabun | Kabyn |- | Anọ | Biti | Bithi |- | Nwoke | Walili | Walili |- | Nwanyị | Hiaro | Hiaro |- | Nkịta | Péero | Péero |- | Anyanwụ | Hadali | Hadali |- | Ọnwa | Kati | Kathi |- | Mmiri | Uini | Vuniabu |} <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|author=Trevino|first=David|year=2016|title=Arawak|journal=Salem Press Encyclopedia}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Languages of French Guiana}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|url=http://www-01.sil.org/silepubs/Pubs/928474543236/e-Books_30_Pet_Arawak_Suriname.pdf|title=A Grammar Sketch and Lexicon of Arawak (Lokono Dian)|author=Pet|first=Willem J. A.|publisher=SIL International|year=2011|accessdate=2014-10-24|series=SIL eBook 30}}{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ft4lmkoaoxiyr8efomrym87abbgy545 0 60605 736921 623296 2026-10-09T15:15:36Z Goodymeraj 16207 736921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dennis Oguerinwa Amadi''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye otu na-anọchite anya Ezeagu/Udi Federal Constituency n'ụlọ nzukọ ndị omeiwu House of Representatives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/dennis-oguerinwa-amadi|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Hon. Dennis Amadi biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16768/hon-dennis-amadi|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Media|date=2018-06-05|title=Biography Of Dennis Amadi|url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-dennis-amadi/|accessdate=2025-01-03|work=Media Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Dennis Oguerinwa Amadi mụrụ na 1968 ma si Enugwu steeti. Ọ malitere akwụkwọ elementrị na Christ High School, Abor wee gụchaa na 1986 na Boy's High School, Uzalla. Na 1991, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Benin na nzere bachelọ na Sayensị Kọmputa, ma mechaa nweta nzere MBA na mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 2015, ọ nọchiri [[Ogbuefi Ora Ozomgbachi]] ka a họpụta ya n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Federal n'okpuru Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). A họpụtara ya ọzọ na 2019 maka oge nke abụọ.<ref name=":0" /> Tupu ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Amadi, Dennis}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ax3l5njrui46zcapmpn37h1hgyfk28l 3 61296 736925 596071 2026-10-09T15:43:19Z Senator Choko 13011 736925 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ihe nrite maka gị! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Cleanup Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Cleanup Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Daalụ nke ukwuu maka ị dị uchu na ntinye aka gị n'ihe omume '''72 Hours Marathon Edit-a-thon.''' Ndezigharị gị na-enye aka idozi Igbo Wikipedia. Nrite a bụ ekele maka nnukwu ntinye aka gị. Gaa n’ihu na-achakepụ! [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 09:41, 2 Jụn 2025 (UTC) |} == Help == Hello, I recently created [[Mgbukpọ agbụrụ na Gaza|this]] article and need your help improving it because my Igbo is poor. If you have enough time, could you help create articles related to this conflict? I honestly had to link the existing text to the English article. These articles are essential and should be included: Gaza Strip, Gaza War. These articles are available on the English Wikipedia. [[Ojiarụ:جودت|جودت]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:جودت|ṅkátá]]) 10:41, 28 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) == '''Meeting Reminder'''== This is to remind you of your [[Event:Igbo Wiki Days 2026]] mentorship session happening this evening. [[User:Senator Choko|<span style="white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200"><b>Senator Choko</b></span>]]^{[[User talk:Senator Choko|<span style="color:#ff0000"><b>Talk</b></span>]]} ix6h1qcumeaojoi89ozmdueqsqsjj2k 736926 736925 2026-10-09T15:48:30Z Senator Choko 13011 /* Meeting Reminder */ 736926 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ihe nrite maka gị! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Cleanup Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Cleanup Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Daalụ nke ukwuu maka ị dị uchu na ntinye aka gị n'ihe omume '''72 Hours Marathon Edit-a-thon.''' Ndezigharị gị na-enye aka idozi Igbo Wikipedia. Nrite a bụ ekele maka nnukwu ntinye aka gị. Gaa n’ihu na-achakepụ! [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 09:41, 2 Jụn 2025 (UTC) |} == Help == Hello, I recently created [[Mgbukpọ agbụrụ na Gaza|this]] article and need your help improving it because my Igbo is poor. If you have enough time, could you help create articles related to this conflict? I honestly had to link the existing text to the English article. These articles are essential and should be included: Gaza Strip, Gaza War. These articles are available on the English Wikipedia. [[Ojiarụ:جودت|جودت]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:جودت|ṅkátá]]) 10:41, 28 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) == '''Meeting Reminder'''== This is to remind you of your [[Event:Igbo Wiki Days 2026]] mentorship session happening this evening. [[Ojiarụ:Senator Choko|Senator Choko]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Senator Choko|ṅkátá]]) 16:48, 09 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) o4mur82zkrichs3uvpbywmh4hdtwczo 0 65338 736936 729733 2026-10-09T19:07:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736936 wikitext text/x-wiki Tuisila Kisinda (amuru 20 Disemba 1999) bu onye okacha amara nke Congo nke na-egwu egwu dika onye aka nri maka iko Iraq Stars League Al-Minaa.. == Ọrụ klọb == N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, klọb ndị Tanzania bụ Young Africans bịanyere aka na Kisinda site na AS Vita Club. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yanga SC convene urgent meeting, set to sign Tonombe, Kisinda from AS Vita|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/yanga-sc-convene-urgent-meeting-set-to-sign-tonombe-kisinda-from-as-vita/f39vsbv2dxjd1emvalnwtfshx|date=August 3, 2020|work=goal.com|language=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hersi Said: Not easy for Yanga SC to sign Kisinda and Tonombe|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/hersi-said-not-easy-for-yanga-sc-to-sign-kisinda-and-tonombe/vwz39pss5ir81kck8nax5s4tg|date=August 19, 2020|work=goal.com|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kisinda: I am yet to reach my playing level at Yanga SC|url=https://www.goal.com/en-tza/news/kisinda-i-am-yet-to-reach-my-playing-level-at-yanga-sc/16svpi0do3aa9127vjtdaft62k|date=September 26, 2020|work=goal.com|language=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, Kisinda si na Young Africans kwaga ma bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na klọb Moroccan RS Berkane, maka ego $ 300,000. <ref>{{Cite web|title=نهضة بركان يوقع للاعب الكونغولي روسين تويسيلا كيسيندا قادما من يونغ أفريكان التنزاني|url=https://achtari24.com/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.html|date=August 9, 2021|work=achtari24.com|language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kisinda, Chama set for Morocco league season|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/kisinda-chama-set-for-morocco-league-season-3506626|date=August 10, 2021|work=thecitizen.co.tz|language=|accessdate=July 31, 2025|archivedate=December 26, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226113334/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/kisinda-chama-set-for-morocco-league-season-3506626}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=فريق النهضة البركانية يعزز صفوفه رسميا باللاعب تويسيلا كيسيندا في ثامن تعاقداته الصيفية|url=https://oujda7.ma/sports/post3350-2021-08.html|date=August 28, 2021|work=oujda7.ma|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=رسميا.. نهضة بركان يتعاقد مع لاعب أجنبي جديد|url=https://sport.lesiteinfo.com/elbotola/329853.html|date=August 28, 2021|work=sport.lesiteinfo.com|language=ar}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, RS Berkane gbazinyere Kisinda ndị otu ya bụ Young Africans iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị egwuregwu mba ọzọ nọ n'òtù ahụ, ka ha gafere ókè iwu Moroccan Federation setịpụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=نهضة بركان يُعير أجنبي بارز|url=https://barlamanesport.com/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%8F%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2/|date=August 31, 2022|work=barlamanesport.com|language=ar|access-date=July 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226121607/https://barlamanesport.com/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%8F%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2/|archive-date=December 26, 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Winger Tuisila Kisinda completes stunning Young Africans return|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/winger-tuisila-kisinda-completes-stunning-young-africans-return/|date=September 1, 2022|work=dailynews.co.tz|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tuisila Kisinda cleared to rejoin Young Africans|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/tuisila-kisinda-cleared-to-rejoin-young-africans/|date=September 15, 2022|work=dailynews.co.tz|language=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, ego onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ gbazinyere ya kwụsịrị ma ọ laghachiri na klọb ya, nke kpebiri idebe ya ka o wuo otu siri ike iji gbaa bọọlụ na asọmpi mpaghara na kọntinent. <ref>{{Cite web|title=تويسيلا كيسيندا يعود لنهضة بركان|url=https://www.almountakhab.com/node/1188595|date=August 12, 2023|work=almountakhab.com|language=ar}}</ref> Mgbe nkwekọrịta onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ kwụsịrị na 2024, ụlọ ọrụ Moroccan chọrọ imeghari nkwekọrịta ya, mana ọ jụrụ ma chọọ inwe ahụmahụ ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=كيسيندا يسجل رقمًا قياسيًا في مواجهة نهضة بركان ضد الزمالك بنهائي الكونفدرالية|url=https://elghad.news/194061/|date=May 11, 2024|work=elghad.news|language=ar}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ kwagara na Iraq Stars League wee bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ya na Al-Minaa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=الميناء يعلن ضم مهاجم أفريقي|url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=1346945&o=n8000071|date=August 9, 2024|work=kooora.com|language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=الميناء يتعاقد مع الكونغولي كيسيندا|url=https://www.ysscores.com/ar/news/2387729/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7|date=August 9, 2024|work=ysscores.com|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mercato Estival : Rossien Tuisila Kisinda Rejoint Al Minaa SC en Irak|url=https://lemondeen24h.com/mercato-estival-rossien-tuisila-kisinda-rejoint-al-minaa-sc-en-irak/|date=August 10, 2024|work=lemondeen24h.com|language=fr|access-date=July 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831060045/https://lemondeen24h.com/mercato-estival-rossien-tuisila-kisinda-rejoint-al-minaa-sc-en-irak/|archive-date=August 31, 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Al-Minaa, goolu mmeri na Basra derby megide Naft Al-Basra, n'egwuregwu nke ji akara 1-0 mechie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الميناء يحقق انتصار مهم على نفط البصرة بهدف نظيف|url=https://www.ysscores.com/ar/news/13733321/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%81|date=April 22, 2025|work=ysscores.com|language=ar}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2025, e mezigharịrị nkwekọrịta onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ maka otu afọ ọzọ, na njikwa klọb ahụ na-ekwupụta ọchịchọ ya ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ ya ruo ogologo oge o kwere mee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الميناء يؤمن محترفه الإفريقي لموسم إضافي|url=https://almaalomah.me/news/99767/sports/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%8A%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A#:~:text=%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1,%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%20%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%20%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%20%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%85%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A9%22.|date=May 26, 2025|work=almaalomah.me|language=ar}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == '''RS Berkane''' * Iko ocheeze Morocco: 2022 * CAF Confederation Cup: 2022 * Njikọ Premier nke Tanzania: 2022-232022–23 == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rqa3609nlsz38wf292gcjecwlyvoj1q 0 72367 736948 577561 2026-10-09T21:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736948 wikitext text/x-wiki Sylvia Marguerite Broadbent (London, United Kingdom, 26 Febrụwarị 1932 - Arlington, California, United States, 30 Julaị 2015) bụ onye nleba anya banyere mmadu na nke mahadum na Amerika, bụ́ nke pụrụ iche na ndị Amerindian. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Broadbent na London. Ọ kwagara na ezinụlọ ya mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gachara gaa Carmel, California, na 1947. Broadbent gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Carmel High School na 1948 mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. Broadbent debanyere aha na University of California, Berkeley, ebe e nyere ya akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Horatio Stebbins dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na nwetara nzere Associate of Arts na anthropology (nke kacha mma) na 1951. Ọ gara n'ihu merie onyinye Genevieve McEnerny na nata nzere bachelor's na anthropology (nke kacha mma) na 1952. Site na 1955 ruo 1960, o mere nchọpụta n’etiti ndị mmadụ ndị mepụtara na Southern California ma dekọọ Chukchansi, Ohlone, na Miwok. Akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya na 1960 bụ A Grammar of Southern Sierra Miwok, nke e dere n'okpuru ndụmọdụ Mary Haas. == Ọrụ == Broadbent malitere ịkụzi na Mahadum Northwestern maka Ọgbọ Ihu Ula 1961 wee soro Barnard College n'ọdụ mgbụsị akwụkwọ ahụ. O sonyere n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị nkụzi nke Universidad de Los Andes na Ọgbọ Ihu Ula nke 1964 iji lekwasị anya na Muisca, ndị biri na Altiplano Cundiboyacense, nkụda elu nke Colombian Andes. O malitere ịkụzi na Mahadum California, Riverside (UCR) na 1966 wee nweta ọkwa ọkachamara n'ọkwá niile na 1972. N'ikpeazụ, ọ lara ezumike nka dịka onye isi ngalaba sayensị mmadụ. A na-edobe akwụkwọ ya na ngalaba nchịkọta pụrụ iche na UCR. Broadbent, onye otu Sierra Club, sonyere na ikpe na-agba Mahadum nke Jikwaa Ala ka ọ gbochie iji ụgbọ ala na ọzara California. Na 1981, o dere "The Formation of Peasant Society in Central Colombia," nke o jiri merie ihe nrite Robert F. Heizer nke 1983 nke American Society for Ethnohistory. UCR na-enye nkwado ego maka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ sayensị mmadụ na aha ya. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == *   * {{Cite book|year=1964|title=Los Chibchas: organizacion socio-politica|location=Bogota|publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]|language=es}} * (ya na Lucy Shepard Freeland) <cite class="citation journal cs1">University of California Publications in Linguistics. Mpịakọta nke 23 nke mbipụta Mahadum California na asụsụ. Mahadum nke California Press. 1960. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0068-6484 0068-6484].&nbsp;</cite>{{Cite journal|title=Central Sierra Miwok Dictionary: With Texts|journal=University of California Publications in Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HM3BnQEACAAJ|issn=0068-6484|year=1960}} * {{Cite book|title=The Southern Sierra Miwok language|series=Volume 38 of University of California publications in linguistics|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1964|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FutwAAAAIAAJ}} * {{Cite book|title=Investigaciones arqueológicas en el Territorio Chibcha|publisher=Ediciones Universidad de los Andes|year=1965|location=[[Colombia]]|language=es|url=https://archive.org/details/investigacionesa0000broa}} * {{Cite journal|title=The Formation of Peasant Society in Central Colombia|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnohistory_summer-1981_28_3/page/259|journal=[[Ethnohistory (journal)|Ethnohistory]]|volume=28|issue=3|date=Summer 1981|doi=10.2307/481407|pages=259–277|author=Broadbent|first=Sylvia M.}} * {{Cite journal|title=The Symbolism of the Sipapu|journal=Psychological Perspectives|volume=13|issue=1|year=1982|url=http://pubget.com/paper/pgtmp_c1ae627f8115455e42edea0ae2d627b6/the-symbolism-of-the-sipapu}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} emiomry42l8jvzxngqbf4r5ay5eos88 0 73932 736917 656241 2026-10-09T12:50:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Ihe nkiri dike nke afọ 2017 nke Emilio Insolera mere - ihe nkiri ntị chiri}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}} {{Infobox film | name = Sign Gene: The First Deaf Superheroes | alt = | director = [[Emilio Insolera]] | producer = {{plainlist| * Emilio Insolera * [[Ben Bahan]] * Dirksen Bauman * Alberto Abruzzese }} | writer = Emilio Insolera | starring = {{plainlist| * Emilio Insolera * [[Carola Insolera]] * Ben Bahan * Hiroshi Vava * [[Humberto Insolera]] * [[The Bodyguard (wrestler)|Noboru Kuragawa]] }} | studio = Pluin Productions | released = {{Film date|2017|9|8|[[Milan]]|2017|9|14|Italy|2018|4|13|US|2018|9|14|Japan}} | runtime = 70 minutes | country = {{Plainlist| * Italy<ref name="NHK Japanese TV Channel">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/heart-net/rounan/backnumber/2009/05/0503.html|title=制作進むろう者の国際共同制作映画 「Sign Gene」｜ろうを生きる難聴を生きる|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="NHK Timetable">{{cite web|url=http://timetable.yanbe.net/pdv.cgi?d=20090816&p=41&v=1&c=103162474200908161930|title=番組詳細 ＮＨＫ教育３・佐賀 ろうを生きる 難聴を生きる「進むろう者の映画国際共同制作」＜字幕スーパー＞ （2009/08/16 19:30 ～ 2009/08/16 19:45）|publisher=}}</ref> * United States<ref name="NHK Japanese TV Channel" /><ref name="NHK Timetable" /> }} | language = {{plainlist| * English * [[Japanese language|Japanese]] * [[Italian language|Italian]] * [[American Sign Language]] * [[Japanese Sign Language]] * [[Italian Sign Language]]}} | budget = €25,000<ref name="budget imdb">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4715060/business?ref_=tt_dt_bus%7Caccessdate=2017-03-21|title=Sign Gene|date=1 January 2000|publisher=|via=IMDb}}</ref> }} '''''Sign Gene: The First Deaf Superheroes''''' bụ ihe nkiri [[ihe nkiri dike]] nke afọ 2017 nke [[Emilio Insolera]] dere, mepụta, duzie ma mee ihe nkiri. Akụkọ a gbasara otu onye ntị chiri [[Espionage|onye nnọchite anya]], [[Tom Clerc]] (onye Insolera mere), si na [[New York City]] onye bu nnukwu [[Mgbanwe|mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]]. E zigara ya na [[Japan]] ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, Ken Wong, ka ha nyochaa mpụ ndị a na-eche na ha bụ ndị ntị chiri [[ndị Japan|ndị Japan]] mere.<ref name="backstage interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Claf_2B2lJc|title='Sign Gene' Emilio Insolera Interview|last=Backstage|date=5 May 2009|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> Ndị ome ihe nkiri ahụ, ma ndị ajọ omume ma ndị nnọchiteanya, na-eji asụsụ ogbi eme ihe dị ka ike karịrị nke mmadụ. Ihe nkiri a na-egosikwa ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dịka [[Carola Insolera]], [[Ben Bahan]], Hiroshi Vava, [[Humberto Insolera]] na [[The Bodyguard (onye mgba)|Noboru Kuragawa]]. Ihe nkiri a kwuru ọtụtụ ihe gbasara [[akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị ntị chiri]], omenala, na asụsụ ndị ogbi. A na-asụ ma na-edeba aka na ihe nkiri ahụ n'asụsụ isii: Bekee, Japanese, Italian, [[Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi nke Amerịka]], [[Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi nke Japan]] na [[Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi nke Ịtali]]. ==Ebe obibi== Sign Gene bụ mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị naanị na 29 n'ime 300 [[mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]] nke kpatara ntị chiri. Ndị ntị chiri niile bụ́ ndị na-ebu mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a na-aghọ ndị dike nwere ikike ịmepụta [[ike dị elu (ike)|ike dị elu]] site n'iji [[asụsụ ogbi]]. Ha nwere ike dị egwu dịka inwe ike imechi ọnụ ụzọ site n'ịbịanye aka na okwu ahụ bụ 'mechie', ma ọ bụ ime ka aka ha gbanwee ghọọ ngwa agha nke nwere ike ịgba ọkụ site n'ịbịanye aka na okwu ahụ bụ 'ngwa agha'.<ref name="father of sign gene">{{cite web|url=http://tokyojournal.com/component/k2/item/743-issue-267-summer-2009-father-of-sign-gene|title=Father of Sign Gene|last=TJ|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=[[Tokyo Journal]]|date=24 October 2015|language=English|archivedate=April 2, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402111156/http://tokyojournal.com/component/k2/item/743-issue-267-summer-2009-father-of-sign-gene}}</ref> ==Atụmatụ egwuregwu== [[Tom Clerc]] bụ onye ogbi nzuzo nke si n'ezinụlọ ndị ogbi nwere ọtụtụ ọgbọ. Ọ bụ onye sitere n'agbụrụ [[Laurent Clerc]], nke a na-ewere dị ka Nna nke Ndị Ntị chiri na Amerịka. N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Laurent Clerc wetara asụsụ ndị ogbi na mba Amerịka narị afọ abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ. Tom bụ onye na-ebu SGx29, [[Mgbanwe Mkpụrụ Ndụ Ihe Mgbaàmà]] dị ike. Agbanyeghị, ọ tụfuru nnukwu ike ya n'oge agha ya na Jux Clerc, nwanne Tom na onye ndu otu 1.8.8.0., otu òtù ọjọọ raara onwe ya nye ikpochapụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Sign Gene. Hugh Denison bụ onyeisi Q.I.A. (QuinPar Intelligence Agency), ụlọ ọrụ jikọtara ya na [[Pentagon]] ma nwee ndị nnọchi anya ahọpụtara nwere mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Sign. Hugh zigara Tom na onye ọrụ ibe ya, Ken Wong, na [[Osaka]], Japan. Ha abụọ mechara lụso otu ndị Japan nke Tatsumi Fuwa na-edu ọgụ. N'oge ha na ndị otu ahụ zutere, Ken na Tom mụtara na ha nwere ike imeri esemokwu ahụ naanị site n'ịgbaso ụzọ ndị Japan. Tinyere njem ya, Tom mụtara na ike ya adịghị efu.<ref name="oggi7">{{cite web|url=http://www.oggi7.info/node/2327/print|title=CINEMA/PERSONAGGI/Ciak, si gira con la lingua dei segni|date=3 July 2025 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.west-info.eu/it/007-in-missione-con-la-lingua-dei-segni-in-quattro-nazioni/|title=007 in missione con la lingua dei segni in quattro nazioni|first=West - quotidiano sulle politiche|last=sociali|work=West|publisher=|accessdate=March 21, 2026|archivedate=March 30, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330012802/http://www.west-info.eu/it/007-in-missione-con-la-lingua-dei-segni-in-quattro-nazioni/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abbanews.eu/gusti-e-cultura/8981/|title=Sign Gene. La prima generazione di supereroi sordi - Abbanews|date=23 March 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cinecitta.com/IT/it-it/news/53/69432/arriva-sign-gene-il-primo-film-con-super-eroi-sordi.aspx|title=Il primo film con super-eroi sordi nel circuito UCI|last=SemiColonWeb|website=news.cinecitta.com|accessdate=March 21, 2026|archivedate=March 26, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326135746/http://news.cinecitta.com/IT/it-it/news/53/69432/arriva-sign-gene-il-primo-film-con-super-eroi-sordi.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjweU2jCKfw|title='Sign Gene' Susan Mather Interview|last=Backstage|date=8 May 2009|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> == Ndị omee ihe nkiri == * [[Emilio Insolera]] dị ka [[Tom Clerc]], mgbanwe nwere ike karịrị nke mmadụ, onye sitere na [[Laurent Clerc]]. * [[Carola Insolera]] dị ka Kate Massieu, onye sitere n'agbụrụ [[Jean Massieu]], onye na-akụzi ihe n'etiti ndị ogbi. * [[Ben Bahan]] dịka Hugh Denison, onyeisi nke QuinPar Intelligence Agency na onye sitere na [[James Denison]]. * [[Humberto Insolera]] dịka [[Jux Clerc]], nwanne Tom na ihu nke 1.8.8.0. (Òtù Ọmụmụ Ihe Banyere Mkpụrụ Ndụ Ihe nke Mba Nile). Aha òtù ahụ na-ezo aka na [[Nzukọ Mba Nile nke Abụọ gbasara Mmụta nke Ndị Ntị Ogbi|Nzukọ Milan]] na 1880. * Hiroshi Vava dị ka Tatsumi Fuwa, onyeisi otu ndị Japan. * Danny Gong as Ken Wong, Onye ọrụ Tom na QuinPar Intelligence Agency. * [[The Bodyguard (wrestler)|Noboru Kurakawa]] dị ka onye nche nke Tatsumi Fuwa ==Mmepụta== ===Mmepe=== ''Sign Gene: The First Deaf Superheroes'' esere ya na Japan, Amerịka, na Itali. Ná mmalite ya dị ka obere ihe nkiri, ọ dọtara mmasị nke ukwuu nke mere ka Insolera kweta na ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ohere imepụta ihe nkiri buru ibu ma dọta ndị na-ekiri ya buru ibu. O degharịrị ihe nkiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri zuru oke.<ref name="kansai scene">{{cite web|url=https://www.kansaiscene.com/2009/12/emilio-insolera/|title=Emilio Insolera|date=1 December 2009|publisher=}}</ref> E ji okwu ọnụ kpọsaa ohere ndị a ga-eji mee ihe nkiri. Insolera nwere mmasị karịsịa n'ebe ndị na-eme ihe nkiri bụ ndị obodo ahụ na-asụ asụsụ ogbi nke ọma.<ref name="father of sign gene" /><ref name="cinecittà news">{{cite web|url=http://news.cinecitta.com/IT/it-it/news/53/42467/15-24-sign-gene-un-film-tutto-da-guardare.aspx|title=15:24 - "Sign Gene", un film tutto da guardare|date=November 2009 |publisher=}}</ref> ===Ebe e si nweta akụkọ ihe mere eme, omenala na asụsụ=== ''Sign Gene: The First Deaf Superheroes'' na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ ebe e dere koodu gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị ogbi, omenala ndị ogbi, na asụsụ ndị ogbi. Q.I.A. Ọ na-anọchi anya QuinPar Intelligence Agency, QuinPar na-ezo aka na paramita ise, ihe mejupụtara ụda olu na asụsụ ndị ogbi nke na-emepụta akara: ọdịdị aka, mmegharị ahụ, ebe ọ dị, ntụzịaka, na akara ngosi na-abụghị nke aka. Onye nnọchite anya Tom Clerc nwere aha nna nke otu onye ama ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị ntị chiri, [[Laurent Clerc]], onye nkuzi ntị chiri nke wetara asụsụ ogbi na US, na 1.8.8.0. bụ ntụaka maka Nzukọ Mba Nile nke Abụọ gbasara Mmụta Ndị Ntị Chiri, nke mere na Milan, Itali, na 1880. Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka ndị nkuzi kwadoro ndụmọdụ ha iji wepụ asụsụ ogbi n'agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri.<ref name="Pacific Standard">{{Cite web |url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/sign-language-is-a-superpower |title=When Sign Language Is a Superpower |website=psmag.com |date=10 April 2018 |access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref> Ndị dịka [[Alexander Graham Bell]] na [[Jean Massieu]] nọkwa na fim ahụ.<ref name="LATimes">{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-capsule-sign-gene-review-20180412-story.html |title=Inventive 'Sign Gene' chronicles derring-do of first deaf superheroes |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=12 April 2018 |access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a na-asọpụrụ [[James Bond]] na ''[[Grindhouse (ihe nkiri)|Grindhouse]]''.<ref name="The Games Machine">{{cite web|url=https://www.thegamesmachine.it/cinema-e-serie-tv/73937/sign-gene-supereroi-sordi/|title=Sign Gene è il nuovo film di supereroi sordi|last=The Games Machine|accessdate=20 August 2017|publisher=[[The Games Machine]]|date=27 March 2017|language=Italian}}</ref> ==Mwepụta== E gosipụtara ihe nkiri a n'ụwa niile na Septemba 8, 2017, na [[Milan]], e wepụtakwara ya n'ụlọ ihe nkiri site na [[UCI Cinemas]] na Septemba 14, 2017.<ref name="A">{{cite web|url=http://www.advertiser.it/2017072165403/media/film-sign-gene|title=A Settembre nelle sale "Sign Gene" un film diretto e ideato da Emilio Insolera|work=Advertiser Communication Strategies|publisher=|date=21 July 2017|language=Italian|accessdate=March 21, 2026|archivedate=March 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321152244/https://www.advertiser.it/2017072165403/media/film-sign-gene}}</ref><ref name="UCI Cinemas|Sign Gene">{{cite web|title= UCI Cinemas - Sign Gene|url=https://www.ucicinemas.it/film/2017/sign-gene/|website=UCI Cinemas|accessdate=27 August 2017|language=Italian}}</ref><ref name="Sign Gene UCI">{{cite web|title=UCI Cinemas Sign Gene|url=http://www.advertiser.it/2017072165403/media/film-sign-gene/|website=Ad|date=21 July 2017|accessdate=27 August 2017|language=Italian|archivedate=March 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321152244/https://www.advertiser.it/2017072165403/media/film-sign-gene}}</ref> E wepụtara ya na mba Amerịka n'abalị iri na atọ nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018<ref name="Los Angeles Times movie openings">{{cite web|author=Crust, Kevin|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-list-0408-movie-openings-20180330-story.html|title=L.A. movie openings, April 13|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=8 April 2018|language=English}}</ref> ma wepụta ya na Japan na Septemba 14, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kuramoto, Takuya|url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0103490|title=ろう者のスーパーヒーロー映画、監督が手話で作品解説！|publisher=Cinema Today|date=19 September 2018|language=Japanese}}</ref> ===Nzaghachi dị oke mkpa=== ''Sign Gene: The First Deaf Superheroes'' natara nyocha dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ. Michael Rechtshaffen nke ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''', kọwara ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka nke nwere, "olu ọhụrụ, pụrụ iche maka ime ihe nkiri" na "ihe nkiri ngwa ngwa nke ihe nkiri ngwaahịa jikọtara ya na asụsụ ogbi na usoro ihe omume stroboscopic nke ndị ome ihe nkiri ntị chiri na-eme, mmetụta vidiyo na-eme ka ọ dị nro, ihe nkiri na-akpụ akpụ na ngwakọta ụda dị iche iche e kwuru n'elu, yana nsonaazụ ikpeazụ nke na-egosi ihe ọhụrụ dịka ọ na-enye ike."<ref name="LATimes"/> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Itali, ''[[Avvenire]]'', kwuru na ihe nkiri ahụ ga-amasị ndị ntorobịa nke ukwuu, ndị "maara asụsụ ngwa ngwa na nke uche nke egwuregwu vidiyo ma ọ bụ katọn ndị Japan".<ref name="Avvenire">{{cite web|url=https://www.avvenire.it/agora/pagine/sordo|title=Quando il super eroe è sordo|publisher=[[Avvenire]]|date=10 September 2017|language=Italian|access-date=March 21, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017090052/https://www.avvenire.it/agora/pagine/sordo|archive-date=October 17, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ide maka [[ASVOFF]], Giorgia Cantarini kwuru na akụkọ ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya ma "na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu. Ụda ndị ahụ na-emepụta akụkụ dị mkpa a na-atụghị anya ya, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-eju onye ọ bụla na-ekiri ya [anya]. [Ọ] niile na-eme ngwa ngwa ma na-eju gị anya site n'ike dị egwu."<ref name="ASVOFF">{{cite web|url=http://ashadedviewonfashion.com/2017/09/10/sign-gene-by-emilio-insolera-arrives-at-cinema/|title=Sign Gene by Emilio Insolera arrives at cinema|publisher=[[ASVOFF]]|date=10 September 2017|language=English}}</ref> Michela Trigari nke ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', kpọrọ ''Sign Gene'' "ihe nkiri nnwale" nke na-eji akụkọ sayensị eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji ejide echiche ma "mee ka ihe anya na-anaghị ahụ anya pụta ìhè."<ref name="Corriere della Sera">{{cite web|last=Trigari|first=Michela|url=http://www.corriere.it/salute/disabilita/17_settembre_12/sign-gene-cinema-arrivano-supereroi-sordi-mutanti-92d2f6a2-97cb-11e7-8ca4-27e7bbee7bdd.shtml|title=Sign Gene è il nuovo film di supereroi sordi|publisher=[[Corriere della Sera]]|date=12 September 2017|language=Italian}}</ref> Emilio Insolera pụtara n'ihu akwụkwọ mbipụta [[Tokyo Weekender]] nke Nọvemba 2018 nke onye na-ese foto a ma ama n'ụwa niile sere [[Leslie Kee]]<ref name="Insolera Cover on TW">{{cite web|author=Hernon, Matthew|url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2018/11/sign-gene-emilio-insolera-on-creating-the-worlds-first-deaf-superhero-film/|title="Sign Gene": Emilio Insolera on Creating the World's First Deaf Superhero Film|publisher=[[Tokyo Weekender]]|date=1 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="TW Cover">{{cite web |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/weekender-archives/ |title=Weekender Archives :: Tokyo Weekender |website=www.tokyoweekender.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113164534/http://www.tokyoweekender.com/weekender-archives |archive-date=2011-11-13 |accessdate=March 21, 2026 |archivedate=November 13, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113164534/http://www.tokyoweekender.com/weekender-archives }}</ref> na akụkọ ejiji nke dị na peeji iri na atọ zuru oke na [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair Italia]] nke Jenụwarị 2019 nọmba 5 ya na Carola Insolera nke Rosi Di Stefano sere.<ref name="Vanity Fair Italia">{{cite web|last1=Pernet|first1=Diane|title=Emilio & Carola Insolera will be featured in Vanity Fair Italy on January 30 |url=https://ashadedviewonfashion.com/2019/01/29/emilio-insolera-and-carola-insolera-in-vanity-fair-italy-photographed-by-leslie-kee/|website=Asvoff|date=29 January 2019 |accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> ==Hukwa== *[[Ndepụta ihe nkiri ndị gosiri ndị ntị chiri na-anaghị anụ ihe nke ọma]] ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} ==Njikọ mpụga== * * {{IMDb title|4715060|Sign Gene: The First Deaf Superheroes}} [[Category:2017 films]] cya0ciobfm3f9dy8xyh2m6kmfyzlu0q 0 73979 736941 598609 2026-10-09T20:44:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736941 wikitext text/x-wiki   Usoro nchịkwa ndị ọrịa (nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ PAS) mepụtara site na ịrụ ọrụ n' onwe ya nke akwụkwọ nchịkwa na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike, ọkachasị [[ụlọ ọgwụ]], ma bụrụ otu n'ime isi ihe ndị mejupụtara akụrụngwa IT nke ụlọ ọgwụ. PAS na ndekọ [[demography|ọnụọgụ mmadụ]] nke [[Patient|onye ọrịa]] (dịka aha, adreesị ụlọ, ụbọchị ọmụmụ) ma kọwaa mmekọrịta niile onye ọrịa na ụlọ ọgwụ, ma onye na-anọghị n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma onye nọ n'ụlọ.<ref name="Learning from Bristol Inquiry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bristol-inquiry.org.uk/final_report/annex_a/chapter_19_16.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020624224402/http://www.bristol-inquiry.org.uk/final_report/annex_a/chapter_19_16.htm|archivedate=2002-06-24|title=Learning from Bristol: the report of the public inquiry into children's heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary 1984 -1995|accessdate=2012-05-22|publisher=Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry|date=2001-07-01}}</ref> A na-akatọkarị usoro PAS maka inye naanị ọrụ nchịkwa nye ụlọ ọgwụ, mana mbọ iji nye ọrụ ahụike na ọrụ ndị ọzọ abụrụla ihe na-efu nnukwu ego. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na UK, e mepụtara IRC PAS na [[List of NHS Health Authorities (1996–2002)|North Staffordshire Health Authority]] na ngwụcha afọ 1960. <ref name="The NHS can succeed in IT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/29/nhs-can-succeed-it|title=The NHS can succeed in IT|author=Smith MF|publisher=BMJ 2003;326 (letter) 25 January}}</ref> A malitere iji ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime NHS ma [[International Computers Limited|ICL]] kwadoro ya n'ụzọ azụmahịa. [[Siemens Nixdorf]] nwetara PAS na 1996 mana ọ kwụsịrị nkwado na 1998. <ref name="Siemens dumps system">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hsj.co.uk/news/siemens-dumps-system/33716.article|title=Siemens dumps system|publisher=HSJ 16 July 1998}}</ref> A na-azọrọ na ọrụ [[NPfIT]] etinyela ngụkọta nke ọgbọ ọhụrụ 141 nke PAS site na 2008 <ref name="House of Commons">{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm081104/debtext/81104-0001.htm|publisher=House of Commons|title=Tuesday 4 November 2008}}</ref> mana ọnụ ọgụgụ a arịgoola naanị 170 site na 2010. <ref name="NHS: IT Strategy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2010-01-06a.107.3|publisher=House of Lords|title=NHS: IT Strategy|access-date=2026-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214230850/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2010-01-06a.107.3|archive-date=2024-12-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ PAS Standard == Usoro PAS na-enye ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka ụlọ ọgwụ: # Ndepụta Onye Ọrịa Ukwu # Ntinye aha # Nchịkwa Ndepụta Na-echere # Ihe ndekọ nke Ọrụ Ndị Ọrịa # Nlaghachi Ọrụ / Ịkwụ ụgwọ # Akụkọ # Ntinye aka == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} hfua6it6zk6sko9dl64wc3dgggezf1g 0 73998 736971 598632 2026-10-10T02:57:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} [[Faịlụ:WAS_LOGO.png|alt=WAS logo|thumb|400x400px|Ihe ngosi WAS]] The World Association for Sexual Health ('''WAS''') bụ òtù mba ụwa na-anọchite anya òtù ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ na ndị na-amụ maka mmekọahụ n'ụwa niile. A tọrọ ntọala ya n'afọ 1978 na Rome, Ịtali, ebumnuche bụ isi nke WAS bụ ịkwalite ahụike mmekọahụ maka mmadụ niile site na sayensị mmekọahụ. Kemgbe mmalite ya, WAS akwadola ọgbakọ ọgbakọ iri na itolu nke mba ụwa nke ọma, nke ikpeazụ na-eme na Gothenburg, Sweden, site n'abalị iri abụọ na otu nke ọnwa Juun ruo na abalị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwa Juun n'afọ 2009. A na-akpọbu WAS World Association for Sexology, mana ọ gbanwere aha ya iji mesie ike na sexology bụ ngwá ọrụ maka inweta ahụike mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldsexology.org/about.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226224828/http://www.worldsexology.org/about.asp|archivedate=February 26, 2009|title=World Association for Sexual Health - About the WAS|date=February 26, 2009|accessdate=September 23, 2017}}</ref> == Òtù ndị otu == Ndị otu mpaghara ise a ma ama bụ ndị otu WAS: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldsexology.org/membership_soc.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514075845/http://www.worldsexology.org/membership_soc.asp|archivedate=May 14, 2009|title=World Association for Sexual Health - Membership|date=May 14, 2009|accessdate=September 23, 2017}}</ref> Asia and Oceania Federation of Sexology (AOFS), European Federation of Sexologie (EFS), Latin American Federation of Sexologia and Sexual Education (FLASSES), North American Federation of Sexual Organizations (NAFSO), na African Federation for Sexual Health and Rights (AFSHR). Ndị otu WAS gụnyekwara ihe karịrị 100 ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ nke mba na nke mba ụwa, ụlọ ọrụ na ntọala. N'etiti òtù ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ nke WAS, anyị nwere ike ịchọta: International Academy of Sex Research, Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality (SS), Society for la Advancement of Sexual Health, South Asia Institute for Human Sexuality, SAIHS), American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, & Therapists (AASECT) na World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). == Ụbọchị Ahụike Mmekọahụ Ụwa == N'afọ 2010, WAS hiwere abalị anọ nke Septemba dị ka World Sexual Health Day na mgbalị iji mee ka ọha mmadụ mara banyere ọrụ mmekọahụ na-arụ na ahụike mmadụ, na ịkwalite eziokwu ahụ bụ na ahụike mmekọahụ bụ naanị site na ikike mmekọahụ. Isiokwu nke afọ 2010 World Sexual Health Day bụ "Ka anyị kwuo maka ya... mkparịta ụka ọgbọ", ya mere, ihe omume gburugburu ụwa nwere ebumnuche nke ịmepụta mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị ntorobịa na ndị okenye banyere ahụike mmekọahụ. [[Faịlụ:WSHD.jpg|alt=WSHD logo|thumb|377x377px|Ihe ngosi WSHD]] Ihe karịrị mba iri abụọ na ise sonyeere emume ahụ, n'etiti ha: Mexico, <ref>[http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8825286 Promueven Día Mundial de la Salud Sexual en 27 países {{!}} Ediciones Impresas Milenio]. Impreso.milenio.com. Retrieved on October 20, 2011.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/ElFinanciero/Portal/cfpages/contentmgr.cfm?docId=282700&docTipo=1&orderby=docid&sortby=ASC|title=El Financiero|accessdate=September 2, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209231954/https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/ElFinanciero/Portal/cfpages/contentmgr.cfm?docId=282700&docTipo=1&orderby=docid&sortby=ASC|archivedate=February 9, 2019}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124532/http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/prensa/?contenido=59751 Sala de Prensa {{!}} Presidencia de la República]. Presidencia.gob.mx. Retrieved on October 20, 2011.</ref> Venezuela, [4] Colombia, [5] Argentina, [4] Puerto Rico, [4] Sweden, Japan, [4] Italy, [4] [5] Spain, [4] Austria, [5] [6] wdg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/www/site/p_contenido.php?q=nodo/153069//D%C3%ADa-Mundial-de-la-Salud-Sexual-se-celebrar%C3%A1-por-primera-vez-en-Venezuela|title=Welcome to nginx!|work=www.el-nacional.com|accessdate=3 February 2022|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120730080355/http://www.el-nacional.com/www/site/p_contenido.php?q=nodo/153069//D%C3%ADa-Mundial-de-la-Salud-Sexual-se-celebrar%C3%A1-por-primera-vez-en-Venezuela|archivedate=30 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profamilia.org.co/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399:4-de-septiembre-dia-mundial-de-la-salud-sexual&catid=3:newsflash&Itemid=126|title=Profamilia - Entidad sin animo de lucro|work=Profamilia - Entidad privada sin ánimo de lucro especializada en salud sexual y salud reproductiva que ofrece servicios médicos, educación y venta de productos a la población colombiana|accessdate=September 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.primerahora.com/Vive%20a%20Tu%20Manera/Bienestar/nota/acelebrareldiamundialdelasaludsexual-417017/|title=A celebrar el Día Mundial de la Salud Sexual|work=[[Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)|Primera Hora]]|accessdate=October 20, 2011|date=September 3, 2010|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2010/09/03/giornata-mondiale-della-salute-sessualeper-litalia-e-un-faro-nella-notte/56279/ Giornata mondiale della salute sessuale“Per l’Italia è un faro nella notte” {{!}} Paola Porciello {{!}} Il Fatto Quotidiano]. Ilfattoquotidiano.it. Retrieved on October 20, 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.italiah24.it/salute/sesso/1701-domani-a-roma-si-apre-la-prima-giornata-mondiale-sulla-sessualita.html|title=Italia notizie - Domani a Roma si apre la prima giornata mondiale sulla sessualità &#124; Italiah24.it -|accessdate=September 3, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216052211/http://italiah24.it/salute/sesso/1701-domani-a-roma-si-apre-la-prima-giornata-mondiale-sulla-sessualita.html|archivedate=December 16, 2010}}</ref> Ụbọchị Ahụike Mmekọahụ nke abụọ nke ụwa mere n'abalị anọ nke ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2011, nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ahụike Mmetụta Mmekọala nke Ndị Ntorobịa: Ikike na ibu ọrụ ha na-ekerịta" iji mee emume mmalite nke WAS Youth Initiative na njedebe nke International Year of Youth. Nke atọ mere na abalị anọ nke ọnwa Septemba (nakwa n'ọnwa Septemba niile) na isiokwu nke "Egwuregwu dị iche iche". Ihe karịrị mba iri anọ sonyere. == Nkwupụta == === Nkwupụta nke Ikike Mmekọahụ === E bu ụzọ kwupụta Nkwupụta nke Ikike Mmekọahụ na 13th World Congress of Sexology na Valencia 1997 ma degharịa ya na 14th World Congress nke Sexology na Hong Kong 1999. Ụdị nke ugbu a sitere na 2014. Nkwupụta a nyere mmetụta na Ụkpụrụ Yogyakarta, ọkachasị n'echiche nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke onye ọ bụla, ikike maka okwu gbasara mmekọahụ, gụnyere ụdị niile nke ahụike na ikike nke mmekọahụ na ọmụmụ. === Nkwupụta Banyere Mmekọahụ === WAS guzobere atụmatụ ndị ntorobịa ya na mgbalị inye aka na ahụike mmekọahụ na ikike mmekọahụ nke ndị ntorobịa site na itinye aka zuru oke nke ndị ntụrụndụ na ọchịchị WAS, iwu na ọrụ. Onye na-akwado ahụike mmekọahụ na onye na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ na Mexico dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ, Antón Castellanos Usigli, onye Esther Corona, onye isi nhazi WAS, duziri, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ International Youth Initiative nke uche na-eto eto tụụrụ ime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aihus.fr/prod/data/Divers/WAS%20Newsletter%202011%20June.pdf|title=VOLUME 7, ISSUE 1, NEWSLETTER|date=May 2011|work=Aihus.fr|accessdate=23 September 2017|archivedate=September 3, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903123115/http://www.aihus.fr/prod/data/Divers/WAS%20Newsletter%202011%20June.pdf}}</ref> Kọmitii WAS Youth Initiative, nke Antón Castellanos Usigli na Esther Corona na-eduzi na mbụ, ma nwee ndị otu iri sitere na Venezuela, Lebanon, Cuba, Chile, Sweden, Italy, Kenya, Australia na India bụ akụkụ dị n'ime WAS nke na-emepe Initiative. Ụbọchị Ahụike Mmekọahụ nke Abụọ nke Ụwa, nke mere na Septemba 4, 2011, mere emume ahụike mmekọahụ na ikike ndị na-eto eto n'ihi WAS Youth Initiative na International Year of Youth. N'afọ 2020, onye isi oche kọmitii ahụ bụ Stefano Eleuteri. == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị nke World Association for Sexual Health bụ ''International Journal of Sexual Health'', bụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ a na-Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ nke na-ekpuchi nyocha gbasara ahụike mmekọahụ dị ka ọnọdụ nke ahụike, mmetụta uche, uche, na ọdịmma mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/WIJS|title=International Journal of Sexual Health: Vol 29, No sup1|work=Tandf.co.uk|accessdate=September 23, 2017}}</ref> * Nkwupụta nke Ikike Mmekọahụ == Edensibia == {{Authority control}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * WAS Universal Declaration of Sexual Rights ** (n'asụsụ Spanish) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053137/http://www.sexology.it/declaracion_derechos_sexuales.html WAS - Nkwupụta nke Ikike Mmekọahụ] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] njw4679b9ij664qtzfgfk6ad4ff2e7z 0 74181 736951 598891 2026-10-09T22:06:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736951 wikitext text/x-wiki A maara mmerụ ahụ n'elu abụọ nke nkwonkwo ikpere dị ka mmerụ ahụ na-'''isusu ọnụ'''. A na-ahụkarị mmerụ ahụ ndị a site na onyonyo magnetik resonance, ọtụtụ ikpe na-ejikọta ya na mmerụ ahụ ligamentous ma ọ bụ meniscal.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=15388546|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2003.006718|volume=38|issue=5|title=The appearance of kissing contusion in the acutely injured knee in the athletes|url=https://archive.org/details/british-journal-of-sports-medicine_2004-10_38_5/page/592|date=October 2004|journal=Br J Sports Med|pages=592–596|author=Terzidis|first=I. P.}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} eltpttzne8ewzuqfqiq2x84p3lr8xl2 0 75572 736966 708515 2026-10-09T23:49:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736966 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị''' bụ ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ nke na-adabere na usoro ụmụ nwanyị na interdisciplinary iji tinye ndụ na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ọmụmụ ihe, ka ọ na-enyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị nke okike; usoro nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu; na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike na okike ka ha na-agbakọta na njirimara ndị ọzọ na ebe mmekọrịta mmadụ na nna dị ka agbụrụ, mmasị mmekọahụ, klas mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụba, na nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's voices, feminist visions: classic and contemporary readings|url=https://archive.org/details/womensvoicesfemi0000unse|author=Shaw|first=Susan M.|isbn=978-0078027000|edition=Sixth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|oclc=862041473|date=23 April 2014}}</ref> Echiche ndị a ma ama ndị metụtara ngalaba ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere Echiche ụmụ nwanyị, Echiche echiche, intersectionality, multiculturalism, transnational femism, ikpe ziri ezi, Matrixial anya, mmetụta ọmụmụ, ụlọ ọrụ, bio-politics, materialism, na embodiment.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0190872823|oclc=1002116432}}</ref> Omume nyocha na usoro ndị metụtara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere ethnography, autoethnography, ìgwè ndị na-elekwasị anya, nyocha, nyocha nke obodo, nyocha okwu, na omume ịgụ ihe metụtara Echiche dị oke egwu, post-structuralism, na echiche nke nwoke. <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Feminist research practice: a primer|author=Hesse-Biber|first=Sharlene Nagy|isbn=9781412994972|edition=Second|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|oclc=838201827|date=18 July 2013}}</ref> Ubi ahụ na-eme nchọpụta ma na-akatọ ụkpụrụ ọha na eze dị iche iche nke okike, agbụrụ, ọkwa, mmekọahụ, na enweghị nhata ndị ọzọ. Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere njikọ na ngalaba nke [[Gender studies|Ọmụmụ okike]], ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, na ọmụmụ mmekọahụ, yana ihe jikọrọ ya na ngalaba nke mmụta ọdịbendị, Ọmụmụ agbụrụ, na Ọmụmụ Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's studies on its own: a next wave reader in institutional change|date=2002|publisher=Duke University Press|author=Wiegman|first=Robyn|isbn=9780822329862|location=Durham|oclc=49421587|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822329862}}</ref> A na-enye ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ugbu a n'ihe karịrị narị asaa ụlọ ọrụ na United States, na n'ụwa niile n'ihe nkiri iri anọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Transforming Scholarship: Why Women's and Gender Studies Students Are Changing Themselves and the World|url=https://archive.org/details/transformingscho0002berg|author=Berger|first=Michele Tracy|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-0-415-83653-1|location=New York}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Afrịka === Ikpochapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ ha na Africa dị mgbagwoju anya. Mgbe echiche ụmụ nwanyị pụtara na 1980s, o lekwasịrị anya na ịnapụta ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka nke ọchịchị ndị nna ochie na "usoro mmekọrịta ndị nna nna" hapụrụ n'Africa site n'oge ndị nna ochie.[1]. : 12 N'ihi usoro kwadoro agụmakwụkwọ nwoke karịa agụmakwụkwọ nwanyị, n'oge nnwere onwe, enwere obere ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịgụ na ide. A na-agba ndị na-enweghị ike ume ka ha bụrụ ndị ọkachamara ma na-arụkarị ọrụ iji dozie nsogbu mmụta na nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-eche ụmụ nwanyị ihu na 1960 na 1970. Ọgbọ nke mbụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta lekwasịrị anya na iguzobe na ịkwado akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa. 13 Ha na-ejikwa ma echiche ọdịda anyanwụ banyere okike dịka ha na-etinye aka na Africa ma ọ bụ echiche nwoke na nwanyị tupu oge ọchịchị.[1] :  14–15 : 14–15 Ọrụ Ifi Amadiume bụ ụmụ nwanyị nwoke, di nwanyị (1987) na Oyeronke Oyewumi's The Invention of Women (1997) bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke chọrọ inyocha echiche nwoke na nwanyị na Africa. 14  Na 1977, e hiwere Association of African Women for Research and Development (AAWORD) iji kwalite nyocha na ụmụ nwanyị Africa site na ụmụ nwanyị Africa. Ndị ọkà mmụta jikọrọ aka na nzukọ a sitere na ntọala ya gụnyere: Simi Afonja (Nigeria), N'Dri Thérèse Assié-Lumumba (Ivory Coast), (Bolanle Awe (Nigeria), Nawal El Saadawi (Egypt), Nina Mba (Nigeria), Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie (Nigeria), Acholanya Palanya (Siisie Pala) , Simi Afonja (Nigeria) Fatou Sow (Senegal), na Zenebework Tadesse (Ethiopia) .  15  Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ sonyeere Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), netwọk maka ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ na ndị na-eme ihe ike lekwasịrị anya na Global South, nke e kere na 1984.  15  Ndị ọkà mmụta Africa n'etiti ndị na-emepụta DAWN (Ketemaro) Marie-Angélique Savané (Senegal). Ghana hiwere mmemme Development na Women's Studies (DAWS) na 1989, nke site na 1996 nyere ma mmụta mmụta mahadum na nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ.[4]: 415  Mgbe ọdịda nke Apartheid gasịrị, Mahadum Cape Town, South Africa hiwere African Gender Institute na 1996 iji kwado nyocha na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Africa, site na ngalaba 200 Mahadum (Uganda), Mahadum Buea (Cameroon), na Mahadum Zambia (Zambia). === Amerịka === Emere usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị izizi na US na 1969 na Mahadum Cornell. Mgbe otu afọ nke nhazi kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-ewelite mmụọ, ngagharị iwe, mkpesa mkpesa, na ịrụ ọrụ na-abụghị iwu ma ọ bụ klaasị nnwale na ngosi n'ihu kọmitii na mgbakọ asaa, mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na United States malitere na 1970 na San Diego State College (nke bụ Mahadum San Diego State ugbu a). Na njikọ na National Women's Liberation Movement, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị otu obodo kere kọmitii ad hoc maka ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ nwanyị. E hiwere mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na United States na 1971 na Wichita State University dị na Wichita, Kansas. Emebere ya nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mbọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba bekee, nchịkwa na n'ime obodo. Kọleji nke Staten Island bụ Mahadum United States izizi gụsịrị nwa akwụkwọ nwere nzere bachelọ nke Arts na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi mbọ nke prọfesọ feminist Phyllis Chesler. Ka ọ na-erule 1974, ndị otu ngalaba Mahadum San Diego State malitere mkpọsa mba niile maka ntinye nke ngalaba ahụ. N'oge ahụ, omume ndị a na ubi bụ nnọọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Tupu ngalaba na mmemme ahaziri ahazi, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụnwanyị ka a na-akpọsa n'amaghị ama n'ofe ụlọ akwụkwọ wee kuziere ya site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị ngalaba - na-akwụghị ụgwọ - na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nkuzi na nhazi ha hibere. Mgbe ahụ, dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ taa, ngalaba na-akụzi na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikarị oge nhọpụta ngalaba na ngalaba ndị ọzọ na campus. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ na ''Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị'', Feminist Studies, malitere ibipụta na 1972. <ref name="FSAboutUs2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.feministstudies.org/aboutfs/history.html|title=History|publisher=Feminist Studies|accessdate=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531124751/http://www.feministstudies.org/aboutfs/history.html|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> E guzobere National Women's Studies Association (nke United States) na 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwsa.org/content.asp?pl=19&contentid=19|title=NWSA|work=nwsa.org|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1977, e nwere mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị 276 na mba niile na United States. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmemme mụbara n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, na-eto ruo mmemme 530 na 1989, <ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2007|title=A National Census of Women's Studies Programs|url=https://www.nwsa.org/Files/Resources/NWSA_CensusonWSProgs.pdf|journal=NORC Project|pages=25}}</ref> nke gụnyere mmemme na Mahadum Puerto Rico nke Margarita Benítez guzobere na 1986. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rodríguez|first=Jorge|title=El feminism llevado a la práctica|url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/elmundo/?a=d&d=mndo19900903-01.1.32&srpos=5&e=-------en-25-mndo-1--img-txIN-%22Margarita+Beni%cc%81tez%22---------|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=[[El Mundo (Puerto Rico)|El Mundo]]|date=3 September 1990|page=32|language=Spanish}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 1980, mahadum dị na US hụrụ uto na mmepe nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na mmemme gafee mba ahụ ebe ngalaba ahụ nọgidere na-alụ ọgụ na mmeghachi omume sitere n'aka ndị otu abụọ na nchegbu sitere n'etiti ndị nọ n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị banyere ndị ọcha, existentialist, na Ihe ùgwù nwoke na nwanyị nke ndị nọ n"ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/16|title=The evolution of American women's studies: reflections on triumphs, controversies, and change|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=9780230605794|editor=Ginsberg|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=224444238}}</ref> Na Canada A kụziri ọmụmụ mahadum ole na ole mbụ na Women's Studies na mbido afọ 1970. N'afọ 1984, gọọmentị etiti guzobere oche ise e nyere na Women's Studies maka mpaghara ọ bụla nke mba ahụ na: * Mahadum Simon Fraser (British Columbia), * Mahadum nke Winnipeg na Mahadum Manitoba (Prairies, oche jikọrọ ọnụ) * Mahadum Carleton na Mahadum Ottawa (Ontario, oche jikọrọ aka), * Mahadum Laval (Quebec), na * Mahadum Mount St Vincent (Atlantic Canada). N'otu oge ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ na Latin America malitere ịmepụta ìgwè ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Arango">{{Cite book|author=Arango Gaviria|first=Luz Gabriela|editor=Gil Hernández|title=Feminismos y estudios de género en Colombia: un campo académico y político en movimiento|url=http://www.codajic.org/sites/default/files/sites/www.codajic.org/files/Feminismo%20y%20Estudios%20de%20G%C3%A9nero%20en%20Colombia.pdf|date=2018|edition=Primeraición|publisher=[[National University of Colombia]] Press|location=Bogotá, Colombia|language=Spanish|chapter=Un proyecto académico feminista en mutación: la Escuela de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia [A Feminist Academic Project in Mutation: The School of Gender Studies of the National University of Colombia]|pages=17–38|isbn=978-958-783-334-8}}</ref> : 17 <ref name="Cienciágora">{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Florence Thomas|url=https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html|work=Cienciágora|publisher=[[Universia]]|accessdate=22 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422200008/https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html|archivedate=22 April 2022|language=Spanish|date=7 March 2008}}</ref> E mepụtara oche mbụ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Mexico na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke National Autonomous University of Mexico na 1970.<ref name="Lozano Rubello">{{Cite journal|author=Lozano Rubello|first=Gabriela|title=Los estudios de género en la UBA y la UNAM: una conquista del feminismo académico|journal=Universidades|date=October 2019|volume=70|issue=81|pages=45–54|url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/|accessdate=23 April 2022|doi=10.36888/udual.universidades.2019.81.36|language=Spanish|issn=0041-8935}}</ref> Malite na 1979, Grupo Autónomo de Mujeres Universitarias (GAMU, Autonomous Group of University Women), nke gụnyere ma ngalaba Mexico na ụmụ akwụkwọ malitere izute oge ụfọdụ iji kwurịta otú e si ewebata ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ. N'afọ 1982, e mepụtara mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco . <ref name="Lozano Rubello" /> N'otu aka ahụ na 1983, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Mexico, gụnyere Lourdes Arizpe, Flora Botton, na Elena Urrutia, guzobere Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios de la Mujer (PIEG, Interdisciplinary Women's Studies Program) na El Colegio de México na Mexico City.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Poy Solano|first=Laura|title=Reconoce el Colmex a tres pioneras de los estudios de género|url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/03/11/politica/reconoce-el-colmex-a-tres-pioneras-de-los-estudios-de-genero/|accessdate=11 April 2022|work=[[La Jornada]]|date=11 March 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> N'afọ 1984, ndị ọkà mmụta guzobere Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị) na ngalaba nkà mmụta uche na Mahadum National Autonomous nke Mexico. A kwadoro ngalaba ahụ site na ịmepụta Programa Universitario de Estudios de Género (PUEG, University Program on Gender Studies) na 1992, na agbamume nke ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Gloria Careaga, Teresita nke Barbieri, Graciela Hierro [es], [[Araceli Mingo]], [[Lorenia Parada]], na [[Alicia Elena Pérez Duarte]] . <ref name="Lozano Rubello" /> Ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Chile malitere nzukọ na 1978 na ịmepụta Círculo de la Mujer (Ogige Ụmụ nwanyị). N'afọ 1984, ha tọrọ ntọala Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (CEM, Center for Women's Studies) na Santiago iji kwado ọtụtụ ọzụzụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na okike. N'otu afọ ahụ, Virginia Vargas malitere ịkụzi ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Peru, n'afọ sokwa ya, ya na Virginia Guzmán Barcos na ndị ọzọ, tọrọ ntọala Flora Tristán Peruvian Women's Center.[3] Gama, Guiomar Dueñas Vargas, Florence Thomas, Magdalena León Gómez, María Martínez, Donny Meertens, Yolanda Puyana Villamizar [wikidata], María Himelda Ramírez na Ana Rico de Alonso rụrụ ọrụ iji mepụta ngalaba interdisciplinary nke ọmụmụ nwanyị na Colombia. 17  Nke mbụ ha zutere n'amaghị ama, wee nwee ike nweta nkwado gọọmentị na 1985 dị ka Grupo de Estudios Mujer y Sociedad (Women & Society Study Group) na n'ikpeazụ na 1994, ha malitere Programa de Estudios de Género, Mujer y Desarrollo (PGMD, Gender, Women and Society Study Group) 17 N'afọ 1985, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na [[Argentina]] malitere "Introduction to Women's Studies" na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe, "La construcción social del género sexual" (The Social Construction of Sexual Gender) na Mahadum Buenos Aires. N'afọ 1987, [[María Fernández (academic)|María Fernández]] ghọrọ onye isi oche nke UBA's degree program na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1992, e guzobere Area Interdisciplinaria de Estudios de la Mujer (AIEM, Interdisciplinary Area of Women's Studies), nke ghọrọ Instituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios d'Género (Interdisciplinary Institute of Gender Studies) n'afọ 1997, na UBA na-ejikọ ndị ọkà mmụta si na ngalaba nke Arts, Anthropology, Classics and Letters, Education, History, Languages, na Philosophy iji kwalite nyocha sara mbara na nyocha nke ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba ndị a.<ref name="Lozano Rubello"/> Hilda Habichayn guzobere {{Lang|es|Centro de Estudios Históricos sobre las Mujeres|italic=no}} (Center for Historical Studies on Women), nke malitere na 1993 iji nye nzere masta mbụ na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Latin America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Murió Hilda Habichayn, reconocida docente de la UNR y activista por la igualdad de género|url=https://www.lacapital.com.ar/la-ciudad/murio-hilda-habichayn-reconocida-docente-la-unr-y-activista-la-igualdad-genero-n2660403.html|accessdate=6 April 2023|work=[[La Capital]]|date=12 May 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Arrabal|first=Victoria|title=Académicas con la lupa en el género|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/179655-academicas-con-la-lupa-en-el-genero|accessdate=6 April 2023|work=[[Página 12]]|date=9 March 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> Usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na [[Paraguay]] bụ {{Lang|es|Centro Paraguayo de estudios de la Mujer}} (Paraguayan Center of Women's Studies) na Universidad Católica "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción". Ọ bụ [[Olga Caballero]], [[Manuelita Escobar]], [[Marilyn Godoy]] na [[Edy Irigoitia]] guzobere ya na 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|author=González de Bosio|first=Beatriz|title=Dia de la mujer paraguaya 24 de ferbrero|url=http://corredordelasideas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mujer-Paraguaya-Ampliado.pdf|work=Corredor de las Ideas|publisher=Corridor of Ideas of the Southern Cone-X International Colloquium of Political Philosophy|accessdate=25 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425174507/http://corredordelasideas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mujer-Paraguaya-Ampliado.pdf|archivedate=25 April 2023|language=Spanish|date=March 2020}}</ref> The {{Lang|es|Grupo de Estudios de la Mujer Paraguaya|italic=no}} (GEMPA, Paraguayan Women's Studies Group) bụ nke Graziella Corvalán na [[Mirtha Rivarola]] guzobere na Paraguayan Center for Sociological Studies na 1985.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Santa Cruz Cosp|first=María Clara|title=Estudios de Género y Ciencias Sociales en Paraguay|url=http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/gsdl/collect/clacso/index/assoc/D9172.dir/SantaCruzArticuloFinal.pdf|date=2013|publisher=Biblioteca Clacso|location=Buenos Aires, Argentina|language=Spanish}}</ref> A malitekwara iguzobe ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mahadum dị na Brazil n'afọ ndị 1980 ma gaa n'ihu na-agbasawanye n'afọ 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peluffo|first=Pelufo|title=Simpósio: cinco questões sobre os estudos de gênero na América Latina|journal=Estudos Históricos|date=May–August 2020|volume=33|issue=70|pages=227–253|doi=10.1590/S2178-14942020000200002|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/eh/a/CtjSvpNF73XHBz3HXpCkTyC/?format=pdf&lang=pt|accessdate=25 April 2022|language=Portuguese|issn=0103-2186}}</ref> N'afọ 1992, ndị ọkà mmụta Brazil na Mahadum Federal nke Rio de Janeiro malitere Revista Estudos Feministas, otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi gbasara okike na Brazil. N'etiti ndị nyere aka maka mbipụta mbụ ahụ bụ Ana Arruda Callado, Heloísa Buarque de Hollanda, [[Maria Carneiro da Cunha]], Mary Garcia Castro, Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira, [[Valéria Lamego]], Miriam Moreira Leite, [[Leila Linhares Barsted|Leila Linhares]], Heleieth Saffioti, Bila Sorj, na ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Revista Estudos Feministas|url=https://www.scielo.br/journal/ref/about/|work=[[SciELO]]|publisher=[[São Paulo Research Foundation]]|accessdate=10 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316142714/https://www.scielo.br/journal/ref/about/|archivedate=16 March 2023|date=31 January 2022}}</ref>[pt]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Colaboradores|journal=Revista Estudos Feministas|date=1992|volume=1|issue=1|pages=242–243|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43903491|accessdate=9 April 2023|language=Portuguese|issn=0104-026X}}</ref> Ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[Òtù ụmụ nwanyị]] nke manyere ịmepụta ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị hụrụ onwe ya na-emegide usoro agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiegman|first=Robyn|title=Women's Studies on the Edge|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesone00unse|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8223-4274-8|editor=Scott|location=Durham|chapter=Feminism, Institutionalism, and the Idiom of Failure}}</ref> Ka "nwaanyị" dị ka echiche nọgidere na-agbasawanye, nchọpụta nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke okike dugara na mgbasawanye nke mpaghara ahụ n'ime ọmụmụ okike na ọmụmụ mmekọahụ. Mpaghara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nọgidere na-eto n'oge 1990s na n'ime 2000s site na mmụba nke mahadum na-enye majors, minors, na asambodo na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ okike, na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwoke. E guzobere mmemme PhD mbụ na Women's Studies na Mahadum Emory na 1990. <nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;6 October 2014<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBbY\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt225\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwBbc\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gs.emory.edu/academics/program_pages/gender.html\" id=\"mwBbg\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies\"</a></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwBbk\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBbo\">6 October</span></nowiki> 2014<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-42" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Women's_studies#cite_note-42 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2012, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri na isii na-enye PhD na Women's Studies na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NWSA|url=http://nwsa.org/AF_institution_Directory.asp|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=nwsa.org|archivedate=15 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215034054/http://www.nwsa.org/AF_institution_Directory.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Artemis Guide to Women's Studies in the U.S|url=http://www.artemisguide.com/|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, UC Santa Cruz (2013), Mahadum Kentucky-Lexington (2013), Mahadum Stony Brook (2014), na Mahadum Oregon State (2016) webatara PhD n'ọhịa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UC Santa Cruz – Feminist Studies|url=http://feministstudies.ucsc.edu/|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=feministstudies.ucsc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PHD Program {{!}} Gender & Women's Studies|url=https://gws.as.uky.edu/phd-program-gws|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=gws.as.uky.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies|url=http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/wgss/|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=stonybrook.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2015|title=PhD in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies! {{!}} College of Liberal Arts {{!}} Oregon State University|url=http://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/school-language-culture-and-society/wgss/phd-women-gender-and-sexuality-studies|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=liberalarts.oregonstate.edu}}</ref> === Australia === N'afọ 1956, onye Australia na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị bụ Madge Dawson malitere ịkụzi ihe na Ngalaba Mmụta Ndị Okenye na Mahadum Sydney wee malite ime nchọpụta na ịkụzi banyere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị. Usoro Dawson, "Women in a Changing World", nke lekwasịrị anya na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịda anyanwụ Europe, na-aghọ otu n'ime ọmụmụ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/30/1059480406739.html|title=Ardent warrior for women's rights|date=31 July 2003}}</ref> === Eshia === ==== Ebe Etiti Eshia ==== N'afọ 2015 na Mahadum Kabul, nzere masta mbụ na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Afghanistan malitere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/10/26/kabul-university-unlikely-host-for-first-afghan-womens-studies-programme/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027133909/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/10/26/kabul-university-unlikely-host-for-first-afghan-womens-studies-programme/|archivedate=27 October 2015|title=Kabul University unlikely host for first Afghan women's studies programme|author=FaithWorld|date=26 October 2015|work=Reuters.com|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> === Europe === Elizabeth Bird chọtara mmepe nke Women's Studies na UK site na agụmakwụkwọ na-abụghị nke ụmụ nwanyị nnwere onwe (WLM), Workers' Educational Association, "CR" ma ọ bụ "ịzụlite uche", òtù ndị na-eme ihe ike, na ngalaba ndị ọzọ dị na mahadum na kọleji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bird|first=Elizabeth|date=1 June 2003|title=Women's studies and the women's movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970–2000|journal=Women's History Review|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–288|doi=10.1080/09612020300200351|issn=0961-2025}}</ref> Bird na-ekwu na, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọkà mmụta Anna Coote na Beatrix Campbell bụ ndị gbara ọtụtụ ndị sonyere na 1960s-70s mmepe nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ajụjụ ọnụ, "n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1969 Juliet Mitchell kụziri obere nkuzi akpọrọ 'The Role of Women in Society' na 'Anti University', nke ndị ọkà mmụta siri ike haziri dị ka akụkụ nke mmegide ụmụ akwụkwọ. " <ref>{{Cite book|author=Coote|first=Anna|title=Sweet Freedom: the struggle for women's liberation|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=1982|location=London}}</ref> Maggie Humm na-akọwa usoro ọmụmụ oge okpomọkụ a dị ka "Ụzọ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nke Britain". <ref>{{Cite book|author=Humm|first=Maggie|title=Feminisms: a reader|publisher=Harvester Wheatsheaf|location=Hemel Hempstead|pages=xvi}}</ref> N'afọ 1975, Margarita Rendel, Oonagh Hartnett, Zoe Fairbairns, dere akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-akọwapụta ọmụmụ 17 dị n'oge ahụ, nhọrọ 1 postgraduate, kọleji anọ na-enye agụmakwụkwọ na ọmụmụ polytechnics isii na Women's Studies - nke a na-akpọkarị 'ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ' - na United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hartnett|first=Oonagh|title=Women's Studies Courses in the United Kingdom|publisher=Margarita Rendel|year=1975|location=London}}</ref> Ha chịkọtara ntuziaka sitere na nyocha nke mahadum UK ma gbakwunye na nyocha nke Sue Beardon na Erika Stevenson bipụtara maka National Union of Students na 1974. The Polytechnic of Central London nyere diplọma postgraduate na Women's Studies site na 1977, na 1978 otu MA ọmụmụ ihe na isiokwu nke 'Rights', gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, bụ nke Margarita Rendel haziri na London Institute of Education. N'afọ 1980, Mahadum Kent malitere nzere MA mbụ a kpọrọ aha na Women's Studies, ebe Mary Evans na-eduga mmepe nke usoro ahụ. <ref name=":0" />Na-esote Kent, Bradford (1982), Sheffield City Polytechnic (1983), Warwick (1983) na York (1984) meghere ọmụmụ MA. N'afọ 1990, a malitere BAs nke nwa oge na Women's Studies na Polytechnic nke North East London na Preston Polytechnic . Mahadum Open kpọrọ Veronica Beechey n'afọ 1983 iji malite ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Barbara|date=31 January 2021|title=Veronica Beechey obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/31/veronica-beechey-obituary|accessdate=27 January 2022|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Omenala na usoro nyocha == [[Faịlụ:Students_of_Women_and_Gender_Studies_University_of_Haifa_on_training_in_writing_in_Wikipedia_(1).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Women and Gender Studies University of Haifa.]] Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na usoro mmụta na-abụkarị ajụjụ "Gịnị mere na ụmụ nwanyị anaghị etinye ya? Ebee ka ụmụ nwanyị nọ?". <ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Women's Studies – The Early Years: When Sisterhood Was Powerful|author=Rothenberg|first=Paula|title=The Evolution of American Women's Studies|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2008|isbn=978-0-230-60579-4|editor=Ginsberg|location=New York|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/68}}</ref> Nke ahụ bụ, ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị bịara na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba, ajụjụ bilitere banyere ọdịdị nwoke nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na usoro mmụta. Ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba ọdịnala dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, Bekee, na nkà ihe ọmụma malitere inye ọmụmụ na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị. Site n'echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị na "onwe bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị", ọmụmụ malitere ịmalite gburugburu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmekọahụ, ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ, na ụzọ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị si egosipụta usoro ike ka ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The evolution of American women's studies: reflections on triumphs, controversies, and change|editor=Ginsberg|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230605794|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=224444238|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/69}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ejirila ụzọ post-modern ghọta okike na njikọ ya na agbụrụ, klas, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, okpukpe, afọ, na (dis) ikike ịmepụta na idebe usoro ike n'ime ọha mmadụ. Site na mgbanwe a, a na-elekwasị anya n'asụsụ, subjectivity, na hegemony mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na otu ndụ nke ndị a na-ekwu, n'agbanyeghị otú ha si mara, si bụrụ. Isi ihe dị n'echiche ndị a bụ echiche na n'agbanyeghị na mmadụ na-akọwa, okike, mmekọahụ, na mmekọahụ abụghị ihe dị n"ime, kama ọ bụ nke ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwsa.org/Files/Resources/WS_Integrative_Learning_Levine.pdf|title=Questions for A New Century: Women's Studies and Integrative Learning|author=Levin|first=Amy K.|year=2007|work=nwsa.org|accessdate=18 November 2017}}</ref> Echiche ndị dị mkpa a na-eji eme ihe na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere Echiche ụmụ nwanyị, [[intersectionality]], Echiche echiche, transnational femism, na ikpe ziri ezi nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Omume nyocha metụtara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti nyocha site na iji usoro ọnụọgụ, nke dị mma, na nke ngwakọta. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na-ekweta ọrụ ha na mmepụta ihe ọmụma ma mee ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye nchọpụta na isiokwu nyocha doo anya.<ref name=":02"/> === Echiche ụmụ nwanyị === Ozizi ụmụ nwanyị na-ezo aka na otu ederede nke na-arụ ọrụ iji lebara ịkpa ókè na ndịiche dị na nwoke anya, na-ekwenye, na-akọwa, na nyochaa ahụmahụ na ọnọdụ nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị.[1]. Theorists na ndị edemede dị ka mgbịrịgba nko, Simone de Beauvoir, Patricia Hill Collins, na Alice Walker gbakwunyere na ubi nke feminist tiori n'ihe banyere ụzọ ndị agbụrụ na okike na-agwa ibe ha ahụmahụ nke ndị inyom na agba na ọrụ dị ka Feminist Theory: Site Margin to Center (nko), Na Search of Our Nne' Gardens, Feminous though na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Empowerment (Collins). Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger webatara ubi nke nlele anya matrixial, oghere matrixial (matricial) na oge, yana usoro echiche ọhụrụ na okwu iji webata nwanyị na-amaghị ihe site na echiche psychoanalytic na nkà ihe ọmụma.[2][3][4][5] Alice Walker chepụtara okwu nwanyị ịbụ nwanyị iji gosipụta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii ka ha na-agba mbọ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nnwere onwe, ebe ha na-eme ememe ike nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii, omenala ha, na ịma mma ha.[6]. Patricia Hill Collin's nyere echiche nke "matrix nke ịchịisi" n'echiche nwanyị, bụ nke mere ka agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike dị ka usoro mmegbu na-ejikọta ọnụ nke na-akpụ ahụmahụ nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu. [[Faịlụ:Womens_Studies_(8407729802).jpg|thumb|261x261px|Nwaanyị na mpaghara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ọbá akwụkwọ]] [[intersectionality]]" id="mwAls" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality bụ ụzọ isi ghọta ma nyochaa mgbagwoju anya na ndị mmadụ, ahụmịhe mmadụ, na ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Hill Collins|first=P.|title=Intersectionality|url=https://archive.org/details/intersectionalit0000hill_t6r2|publisher=Polity Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-7456-8448-2|location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> E jikọtara ya na nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, echiche [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] nke intersectionality aghọwo usoro dị mkpa nke ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche na-atụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịdị mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka okike, agbụrụ, afọ, na mmasị mmekọahụ, ma nata ịkpa ókè ọha na eze. <ref name="Cooper 2016">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Brittney|editor=Disch|chapter=Intersectionality|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2016|pages=385–406|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20}}</ref> Intersectionality na-ekwu na a ghaghị ịtụle mmekọrịta ndị a iji ghọta usoro nke ike na ihe ùgwù, yana mmetụta ha na-egosipụta na ndụ mmadụ.<ref name="Carastathis 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Carastathis|first=Anna|title=The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory|journal=Philosophy Compass|year=2014|volume=9|issue=5|pages=304–314|doi=10.1111/phc3.12129|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263725959}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eche na ihe omume na ọnọdụ nke ndụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ otu ihe, intersectionality na-ekwu na mmegbu na enweghị nhata nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze bụ nsonaazụ nke otu ndị mmadụ nwere ike si ele njikọta nke ihe dị iche iche anya; na-ekwusi ike na a na'ihi ịkpa ókè site na ike, ọ bụghị njirimara onwe onye.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Cooper 2016" /> Echiche Standpoint, nke a na-akpọkwa echiche echiche echiche ụmụ nwanyị, <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|title=Loyalism, Women and Standpoint Theory|author=Potter|first=M|journal=Irish Political Studies|year=2014|volume=29|issue=2|pages=258–274|doi=10.1080/07907184.2012.727399}}</ref> mepụtara na 1980s dị ka ụzọ isi nyochaa mmepụta nke ihe ọmụma na mmetụta ya na omume nke ike. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Harding|first=Sandra G.|title=The feminist standpoint theory reader: intellectual and political controversies|url=https://archive.org/details/feministstandpoi0000unse|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0415945004|location=New York|oclc=51668081}}</ref> Echiche Standpoint na-arụ ọrụ site n'echiche na ihe ọmụma dị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị na-anọchite anya ndị otu na ndị ka nta na-eleghara anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ ha mgbe ọ bịara na mmepụta ihe ọmụma. Na-esite n'echiche Marxist, echiche echiche na-arụ ụka maka nyocha nke na-agbagha ikike nke "eziokwu" ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hekman|first=Susan|year=1997|title=Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_winter-1997_22_2/page/341|journal=Signs|volume=22|issue=2|pages=341–365|doi=10.1086/495159}}</ref> Echiche Standpoint, na-eche na ike dị naanị n'aka nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ka usoro mkpebi na ọha mmadụ na-ewu naanị maka, na site n'aka ụmụ nwoke.<ref name=":03" /> Ihe atụ nke ebe echiche echiche na-egosi onwe ya na ọha mmadụ bụ site na usoro nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa mpaghara ọmụmụ a.<ref name=":03" /> Ọzọkwa, site n'echiche Marxist, Karl Marx kwupụtara echiche nke kwenyere na ndị nọ n'ọchịchị enweghị ike ịghọta echiche nke ndị ha nwere ike.<ref name=":03" /> Inye echiche ahụ na-ekweta na nwoke enweghị ike ịghọta mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu na ọha. === Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe === Transnational femism na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ọganihu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ịha nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke gafee ókèala; kpọmkwem na nzaghachi maka ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, neoliberalism, na imperialism.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Moghadam|first=Valentine M.|title=Women worldwide: transnational feminist perspectives on women|url=https://archive.org/details/womenworldwidetr0000leej|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780073512297|editor=Lee|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenworldwidetr0000leej/page/15 15]|chapter=Transnational Feminisms|oclc=436028205}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị malitere itinye echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agafe mba n'ime usoro ọmụmụ ya dị ka ụzọ isi mebie ma maa ụzọ a na-ebute ihe ọmụma gbasara okike ụzọ, na-ebufe, ma na-agbasa n'ọhịa na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Parisi|first=Laura|title=Rethinking women's and gender studies|url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingwomens0000unse|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9780415808316|editor=Orr|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rethinkingwomens0000unse/page/326 326]|chapter=Transnational|oclc=738351967}}</ref> Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-aga n'ihu na-agbagha ọdịiche ọdịnala nke ọha mmadụ, nke dị oke mkpa maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwenkwe ọdịbendị na-aga nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Minoo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZqv_ZcsipgC&q=transnational+feminist+theory&pg=PA349|title=Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms, and the State|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8223-2322-8|language=en}}</ref> Otu nkwenye dị mkpa sitere n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị mba niile bụ na okike bụ, abụwo, ma ga-anọgide na-abụ, mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Transnational Feminism and Communication Studies: The Communication Review, 9(4), 255–267.|author=Shome|first=R.|year=2006|doi=10.1080/10714420600957266}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agafe mba na-eme ka enweghị nlebara anya na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọdịbendị na akụ na ụba nke okike, n'ihi ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, nwere ike inye aka n'ịkwalite enweghị nhata nke okike zuru ụwa ọnụ; ọ bụ ezie na, nke a nwere ike ime naanị mgbe mmadụ na-anọ n'ọkwá ndị nwere ihe ùgwù n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":3" /> === Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Ọha === Kemgbe e bidoro ya na njikọ ya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị, ime ihe ike abụwo ntọala nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke ọha na eze aghọwo akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, mmemme, na ngalaba. Echiche ikpe ziri ezi nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-emetụta ọgụ maka obodo ndị ziri ezi, ọ bụghị na ọkwa nke onye ọ bụla, kama maka ọha mmadụ dum.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social Justice: Theories, Issues, and Movements|url=https://archive.org/details/socialjusticethe00milo|author=Capeheart|first=Loretta|year=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813541686|location=Piscataway|oclc=437192947}}</ref> Ụmụ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị nkatọ na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ịchọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ tinye aka na ọrụ iwu na / ma ọ bụ ọrụ ikpe ziri aga nke ọha na mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Jennifer L.|title=Social Justice for (University) Credit? The Women's and Gender Studies Practicum in the Neoliberal University. (Report)|journal=Resources for Feminist Research|volume=34|issue=3–4|year=2016}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'echiche ndị dị ka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ, na ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na nkewa nke ọrụ n'ụlọ. Ọ na-enye ntọala maka ịghọta ihe kpatara echiche ndị a, nke bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ iji mee ka ndụ ka mma maka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/wstudies/advising_whystudywgs.php|title=Women's and Gender Studies|work=Texas Tech University}}</ref> === Ụlọ ọrụ === Enwere ike ịkọwa ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ikike ime nhọrọ n'otu n'otu na n'efu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Barker|first=C.|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalstudiest02edbark|publisher=Sage|year=2005|isbn=0-7619-4156-8|location=London}}</ref> Enwere ike igbochi ụlọ ọrụ mmadụ n'ihi ihe dị iche iche metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dị ka okike, agbụrụ, okpukpe na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze.<ref name=":4" /> Site n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị, enwere ike ile ụlọ ọrụ anya dị ka mgbalị iji mee ka mmegbu otu akụkụ nke gosipụtara mmegbu mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Agency, Anticipation and Indeterminacy in Feminist Theory. Feminist Theory, 4(2), 139–148|author=Mcnay|first=L|year=2003|doi=10.1177/14647001030042003}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eji ụlọ ọrụ eme ihe na-anwa ịmepụta ụdị nnwere onwe ọhụrụ na ịdabere na mgbanwe nke mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ọha mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name=":5" /> Nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị na-ekweta enweghị ụlọ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihi ọnọdụ ndị isi na ọha mmadụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme mgbalị siri ike iji bulie nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịkpata mgbasawanye ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta maka ụmụ nwanyị niile.<ref name=":5" /> === Ịhụnanya n'ihe onwunwe === Echiche nke ihe onwunwe sitere na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na 1960s na 1970s.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1118/1024|title=Materialist Feminism: A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women's Lives: Canadian Journal of Communication|author=Hennessy|first=R.|year=1999}}</ref> Materialism nwere njikọ dị mkpa na echiche Marxist nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụlọ ọrụ, na echiche; ọ bụ ezie na, enwere ike ịmata ya site na itinye asụsụ na ọdịbendị na nkà ihe ọmụma ya.<ref name=":6" /> Ịhụnanya n'anya na-ewelite ajụjụ ma na nyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, nke enwere ike ịchọta ya na ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe nke ọha mmadụ ọ bụla.<ref name=":6" /> Na mgbakwunye na nyocha site n'echiche nwoke na nwanyị, a na-amụ ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe n'ihe gbasara akụkụ ndị dị adị nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":6" /> Akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe na-ekpughe mmekọrịta ndị a sitere n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị, na-azọrọ na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana itinye aka na mgbanwe.<ref name=":6" /> Ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe na-elekwasị anya na nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-eme ka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị pụta ìhè karịsịa akụkụ nke ezinụlọ, ezinụlọ, na ịbụ nne.<ref name=":6" /> Materialism na-enyocha okwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị nke na-akwalite nchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị; Ya mere, otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị emetụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe bụ nlebara anya ya na ajụjụ nke echiche na otu ha si emetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name=":6" /> === Nkụzi === N'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eji nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụdị triad nke nyocha, echiche, na praxis nha nhata. Ntọhapụ nke prọfesọ dị ka isi iyi nke ihe ọmụma na-abụkarị ihe ndabere na omenala ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. A na-agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na "ịzọrọ" agụmakwụkwọ ha, na-eburu ọrụ maka onwe ha na usoro mmụta. Emebere mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na nkuzi iji chọpụta njikọ dị n'etiti okike, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, klaasị na isiokwu ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara na ụkpụrụ ọha na eze site na oghere nwanyị. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya n'ụdị isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka agụmagụ mgbasa ozi, mmekọahụ, agbụrụ na agbụrụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, echiche queer, multiculturalism na ihe ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. Ngalaba na-etinye ihe ndị a n'ime klaasị n'ofe isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere omenala ndị ama ama, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na akụ na ụba, ikpe ịmụ nwa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahụike ụmụ nwanyị n'ogologo ndụ niile. Bracha L. Ettinger's matrixial theory nwere mmetụta na ngalaba nkuzi nka n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ nlekọta. Mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na-echepụtakarị usoro ọmụmụ ndị agbakwunyere na tiori na mmemme na-abụghị ntọala klaasị. Ụfọdụ mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enye ọzụzụ ọzụzụ nke sitere na obodo na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ịhụ ka ụlọ ọrụ nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu si emetụta ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. Usoro ọmụmụ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agbakarị ụmụ akwụkwọ ume isonye na mmemme mmụta ọrụ na mgbakwunye na mkparịta ụka na ntụgharị uche n'ihe ọmụmụ. Otú ọ dị, Daphne Patai, nke Mahadum Massachusetts Amherst, katọrọ akụkụ a nke mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-arụ ụka na ha na-etinye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa agụmakwụkwọ, na-ekwu na "atụmatụ nke ndị òtù ngalaba na mmemme ndị a gụnyere asụsụ ndị uwe ojii na-adịghị ahụkebe, usoro nyocha nke a na-ewere na ọ dị mma nye ụmụ nwanyị (dị ka qualitative n'elu quantitative ụzọ), na-eduzi ọmụmụ ọgwụgwọ dịka a ga-asị na ha bụ usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. okike, agbụrụ, klaasị, na mmekọahụ, nke a na-ebutekarị dissecting institutionalized Ọdịdị nke ike N'ihi nke ndị a pedagogies, ụmụ nwanyị ọmụmụ na-ahapụ mahadum na a ngwá ọrụ setịpụrụ ime ka ọha mmadụ mgbanwe na-eme ihe banyere ike inequalities na ọha mmadụ. == Nkatọ agụmakwụkwọ n'ime == N'akwụkwọ Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies, ndị nkuzi iri atọ nke Women's ọmụmụ gbakọtara iji katọọ "ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma na omume na-ebibi onwe onye nke yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị n'ọtụtụ mmemme Women's Study". Ndị prọfesọ kwuru na ha enweghị ike "ịkwurịta nchegbu ha banyere esemokwu a na ndị otu ngalaba ndị ọzọ na Women's Studies", na-ekwu na "ịkwusiri ike mgbe niile na ịdị ọcha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.... site na ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị prọfesị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Patai|first=DAPHNE|title=Professing feminism: education and indoctrination in women's studies|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2003|isbn=9780739104552|location=United States|pages=13, 18|language=English}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Edensibia == * Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nke ahụ abụghị ihe m kwuru: Nkọwa esemokwu na nyocha akụkọ. Na Giuck, S. & Patai, D. (Eds.), Women's Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (pp. 63-76). NY: Routledge&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Echiche echiche ụmụ nwanyị: Ịzụlite ihe ọmụma na ike site na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 53-82). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka nyocha ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 1-24). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume ụmụ nwanyị nke ethnography. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 187-221). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; * Dill, T.B & Zambrana, R. (2009) Emerging Intersections: Race, Class and Gender in Theory, Policy and Practice. NJ: Rutgers University Press. *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Mmekọahụ ahụ: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị na iwulite mmekọahụ. New York: Basic Books. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-465-07714-5|<bdi>0-465-07714-5</bdi>]]. &nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịtọpụ ụkpụrụ omume: Ịkwado nsogbu omume nke ụkpụrụ omume nyocha. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30 (4), 2141-2162. * Harding, S. (1987). Okwu mbido: Enwere usoro ụmụ nwanyị? Na Harding, S. (ed.), Feminism & Methodology. (pp. 1-14). IN: Indiana University Press.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume nke ịgba ajụjụ ọnụ miri emi nke ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 111-148). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Ịnụrụ ụmụ agbọghọ ntị: Echiche banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omume nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke mkparịta ụka otu. Mmekọahụ, Ebe, na Ọdịbendị, 11 (1), 105-119. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Postmodernism nke ụmụ nwanyị na poststructuralism. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 83-108). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị na-elekwasị anya. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 149-186). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume ụmụ nwanyị nke nyocha ọdịnaya. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 223-248). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Feminist empiricism: Ịma aka n'ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na "ịtọlite ndekọ ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi". Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 27-52). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; * Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nnyocha na-ekere òkè na nke na-eme ihe na feminism: Towards Transformative Praxis. N'akwụkwọ Sharlene Hesse-Biber (Ed.). Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Nnyocha Ụmụ nwanyị: Theory and Praxis. CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nnyocha nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 293-325). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Berkin, Carol R., Judith L. Pinch, na Carole S. Appel, Exploring Women's Studies: Looking Forward, Looking Back, 2005,    * {{Cite book|author=Boxer|first=Marilyn J.|title=When Women ask the Questions: Creating Women's Studies in America|year=1998|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-8018-5834-5|oclc=37981599|url=https://archive.org/details/whenwomenaskques0000boxe}} * {{Cite book|author=Carter|first=Sarah|title=Women's Studies: A Guide to Information Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesgui0000cart|year=1990|publisher=Mansell and McFarland|location=London, England and Jefferson, NC|isbn=978-0-7201-2058-5|oclc=20392079}} * {{Cite book|author=Committee on Women's Studies in Asia|title=Changing Lives: Life Stories of Asian Pioneers in Women's Studies|year=1995|publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-55861-108-5|oclc=31867161|url=https://archive.org/details/changingliveslif00comm}} * Davis, Angela Y. (2003). Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Ọ bụ Ihe Mgbe Ochie? , Open Media (April 2003),   * {{Cite book|editor=Davis|title=Handbook of Gender and Women's Studies|year=2006|publisher=Sage|location=London, England; Thousand Oaks, CA|isbn=978-0-7619-4390-7|oclc=69392297}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ ifo banyere okike: echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke. New York: BasicBooks. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-465-04792-0|<bdi>0-465-04792-0</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmekọahụ ahụ: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị na iwulite mmekọahụ. New York: Basic Books. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-465-07714-5|<bdi>0-465-07714-5</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Mmekọahụ / Mmekọala: Biology in a Social World''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780415881456|<bdi>9780415881456</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * {{Cite journal|author=Gardey|first=Delphine|authorlink=Delphine Gardey|title='Territory Trouble': Feminist Studies and (the Question of) Hospitality|journal=[[Differences (journal)|differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies]]|volume=27|issue=2|pages=125–152|doi=10.1215/10407391-3621745|date=September 2016|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:86893}} * Grewal, Inderpal na Caren Kaplan, Nkwupụta maka Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị: Mmekọahụ n'ụwa Transnational, 2006,    * {{Cite book|author=Griffin|first=Gabriele|title=Doing Women's Studies: Employment Opportunities, Personal Impacts and Social Consequences|url=https://archive.org/details/doingwomensstudi0000unse|year=2005|publisher=Zed Books in association with the University of Hull and the European Union|location=London, England|isbn=978-1-84277-501-1|oclc=56641855}} * Ginsberg, Alice E. The Evolution of American Women's Studies: Reflections on Triumphs, Controversies and Change (Palgrave Macmillan: 2009). [http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/03/27/women Ajụjụ ọnụ n'ịntanetị na Ginsberg] * Griffin, Gabriele na Rosi Braidotti (ed.), Thinking Differently: A Reader in European Women's Studies, London wdg: Zed Books, 2002    * Howe, Florence (ed.), The Politics of Women's Studies: Testimony from Thirty Founding Mothers, Paperback edition, New York: Feminist Press 2001,    * {{Cite book|author=Hunter College Women's Studies Collective|title=Women's Realities, Women's Choices: An Introduction to Women's Studies|year=2005|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-515035-3|oclc=55870949}} * {{Cite book|author=Jacobs|first=Sue-Ellen|title=Women in Perspective: A Guide for Cross-Cultural Studies|year=1974|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana, IL|isbn=978-0-252-00299-1|oclc=1050797|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninperspecti00suee}} * {{Cite book|author=Kennedy|first=Elizabeth Lapovsky|authorlink=Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy|title=Women's Studies for the Future: Foundations, Interrogations, Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesfor0000unse|year=2005|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-0-8135-3618-7|oclc=56951279}} * {{Cite book|author=Krikos|first=Linda A.|title=Women's Studies: A Recommended Bibliography|year=2004|edition=3rd|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|location=Westport, CN|isbn=978-1-56308-566-6|oclc=54079621|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesrec0003krik}} * {{Cite book|author=Larson|first=Andrea and R. Edward Freeman|title=Women's Studies and Business Ethics: Toward a New Conversation|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesbus0000unse|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-510758-6|oclc=35762696}} * Lederman, Muriel, na Ingrid Bartsch, ndị editọ. The Gender and Science Reader. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mbipụta. * {{Cite book|author=Loeb|first=Catherine|title=Women's Studies: A Recommended Core Bibliography, 1980–1985|year=1987|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|location=Littleton, CO|isbn=978-0-87287-472-5|oclc=14716751|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesrec00loebrich}} * {{Cite book|author=Luebke|first=Barbara F.|title=Women's Studies Graduates: The First Generation|year=1995|publisher=Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8077-6274-5|oclc=31076831|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesgra0000lueb}} * {{Cite book|author=MacNabb|first=Elizabeth L.|title=Transforming the Disciplines: A Women's Studies Primer|year=2001|publisher=Haworth Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-56023-959-8|oclc=44118091|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781560239604}} * Messer-Davidow, Ellen, Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse, Durham, NC wdg: Duke University Press, 2002    * Narayan, Uma Ọdịbendị na-agbagọ agbagọ: njirimara, ọdịnala, na ụmụ nwanyị nke ụwa nke atọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <nowiki>ISBN 9780415914192</nowiki> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Rethinking Women's and Gender Studies. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780415808309|<bdi>9780415808309</bdi>]] &nbsp; * {{Cite book|author=Patai|first=Daphne|title=Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies|year=2003|edition=New and Expanded|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-7391-0454-5|oclc=50228164}} * {{Cite book|author=Rao|first=Aruna|title=Women's Studies International: Nairobi and Beyond|year=1991|publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-55861-031-6|oclc=22490140|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesint0000raoa}} * {{Cite book|author=Rogers|first=Mary F.|title=Who's Afraid of Women's Studies?: Feminisms in Everyday Life|year=2002|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Walnut Creek, CA|oclc=50530054|isbn=978-0-7591-0173-9|url=https://archive.org/details/whosafraidofwome0000roge}} * {{Cite book|author=Rosenberg|first=Roberta|title=Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Anthology|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesint0000unse_o2s2|year=2001|publisher=Peter Lang|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8204-4443-7|oclc=45115816}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Feminism agbanweela sayensị?''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. Mbipụta. * Ruth, Sheila, Issues In Feminism: An Introduction to Women's Studies, 2000,    * {{Cite book|author=Simien|first=Evelyn M.|editor=Waters|title=Black Women's Intellectual Traditions: Speaking their Minds|year=2007|publisher=University of Vermont Press and the University Press of New England|location=Burlington, VT and Hanover, NH|isbn=978-1-58465-633-3|chapter=Black Feminist Theory: Charting a Course for Black Women's Studies in Political Science|oclc=76140356}} * {{Cite book|author=Tierney|first=Helen|title=Women's Studies Encyclopedia|year=1989–1991|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-313-24646-3|oclc=18779445}} * Wiegman, Robyn (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), Women's Studies on Its Own: A Next Wave Reader in Institutional Change, Duke University Press, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8223-2950-6|<bdi>0-8223-2950-6</bdi>]]  &nbsp;  == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i3i3xlumlxdaxfpxvv46mj1gi694ixr 0 76823 736983 656544 2026-10-10T07:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital|name=Holy Spirit Hospital|org_group=|logo=|logo_size=|image=|image_size=225|alt=|caption=|coordinates={{coord|8.892507|-12.036286|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}|location=[[Makeni]]|region=|state=|country=Sierra Leone|healthcare=<!-- UK: NHS; AU/CA: Medicare; ELSE free-form text, e.g. Private -->|funding=|type=General|religious_affiliation=[[Catholic]]|affiliation=|patron=|network=|standards=|emergency=|beds=|speciality=|helipad=|h1-number=|h1-length-f=|h1-length-m=|h1-surface=<!-- up to h12 -->|former_names=|constructed=|opened=2002<!-- cite in article as well -->|closed=|demolished=|website=<!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->|other_links=|module=}} '''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụọ Nsọ''' bụ ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Makeni, [[Sierra Leone]] . Ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ onwe onye kachasị ukwuu na Northern Province nke Sierra Leone. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E wuru ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ dị ka obere ụlọ ọgwụ na 2002 site n'aka Bishọp nke Catholic Diocese nke Makeni na mmekorita ya na Albano Diocese of [[Italy|Ịtali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hsh-makeni.com/|title=Holy Spirit Hospital - Makeni|work=www.hsh-makeni.com|access-date=2026-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260618141048/https://www.hsh-makeni.com/|archive-date=2026-06-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, a gbakwunyere ụlọ ọgwụ shuga n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/diabetes-sierra-leones-most-deadly-enemy/|title=Diabetes – Sierra Leone’s most deadly enemy|first=Abdul Rashid|author=Thomas|date=May 16, 2015}}</ref> O nwere ike ịbụ na ụlọ ọgwụ a nwere njikọ na National Cardiology Center. Otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Carrefour Sabah dị nso ebe a na-ekwu na Sabah Hospital dị, Carrefour Sabah pụtakwara n'ihe gbasara National Cardiology Center..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/news/local/2014/12/24/montana-doctor-works-restore-lives-hope-africa/20886823/|title=Montana doctor works to restore lives, hope in Africa|work=Great Falls Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/17223101.bri-team-to-help-victims-of-war-in-sierra-leone/|title=BRI team to help victims of war in Sierra Leone|work=Bradford Telegraph and Argus}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị dọkịta 3 ruru eru na ndị nọọsụ 60 na ndị ọrụ nkwado na-agwọ ndị ọrịa 300 na ndị ọrịa 12,000 kwa ọnwa. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere àkwà 70, ebe a na-awa ahụ, ụlọ nyocha, na ụlọ ọgwụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na 2019, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụọ Nsọ sonyeere First Responder Coalition of Sierra Leone (FRCSL) dịka otu n'ime mmadụ ise guzobere ya, tinyere Sierra Leone Red Cross Society, LFR International, Mahadum Makeni, na Agency for Rural Community Transformation. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/in-makeni-five-national-and-international|title=Makeni: Coalition of First Responders formed|author=Vanguard|first=The Patriotic|date=2019-07-04|work=The Patriotic Vanguard|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-04|archivedate=2019-07-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704220823/http://thepatrioticvanguard.com/in-makeni-five-national-and-international}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-road-accident-first-responder-coalition-to-save-thousands-of-lives/|title=Sierra Leone’s road accident First Responder Coalition to save thousands of lives|author=Thomas|first=Abdul Rashid|date=2019-07-05|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-05}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 04jua6hj27gx5vmo39f6u9u4epu4qdp 0 76990 736978 657722 2026-10-10T05:03:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 736978 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IEA Bioenergy Task 40: Sustainable International Bioenergy Trade''', a na-akpọkarị mkpụmkpụ '''Task 40''', e guzobere n'okpuru International Energy Agency (Nkwekọrịta Mmezu Ike Bioenergy na Disemba 2003 (IEA) na ebumnuche nke ilekwasị anya na mba ụwa bioenergy ike teknụzụ, ihe mgbochi, na azụmaahịa yana ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara ya. Ọrụ 40 na-emepụta ihe ndị na-adịgide adịgide biomass ahịa, na-eduga n'ahịa ngwaahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ kwụsiri ike na ike biomass.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Task 40|url=http://www.bioenergytrade.org/task40.html|publisher=IEA Bioenergy|accessdate=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206085339/http://bioenergytrade.org/task40.html|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == jn1hy7y4kltuj1nof5v0zam3w8gtmr1 0 80695 736956 726224 2026-10-09T22:35:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeheskel "Hezy" Shoshani''' (Hebrew; Jenụwarị 23, afọ 1943 – ọnwa Mee 21, 2008) bụ ọka mmụta sayensị nke gbasara {{ill|evolution|en}} ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ gụrụ banyere enyi na ụdị anụmanụ ndị yiri ha ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ na ise. == Ndụ na ọrụ == === Mmalite ndụ na ọrụ === A mụrụ Shoshani na [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]], mana o nwere Ụmụ amaala abụọ na United States.<ref name="Dale 2008">{{Cite journal | last1 = Dale | first1 = R. | year = 2008 | title = Tribute: In Memoriam, Jeheskel "Hezy" Shoshani| journal = Journal of the Elephant Managers Association | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | url = https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers/372/}}</ref> Mmasị ya n'ebe enyí nọ malitere n'oge ọ bụ nwata mgbe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ Hibru nke Willis Lindquist's Burma Boy,<ref name = "Zoski 2018">{{Cite magazine | last1 = Zoski | first1 = S. | year = 2018 | title = Packing up a Pachyderm| magazine = Wayne State | volume = Fall 2018 | url = https://lsc-pagepro.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/?0=%7B&m=6820&i=540999&p=14}}</ref><ref name="Douglas-Hamilton 2008">{{Cite journal | last1 = Douglas-Hamilton | first1 = I. | year = 2008 | title = A tribute to Hezy Shoshani| journal = Pachyderm | volume = 44 | url = https://pachydermjournal.org/index.php/pachyderm/article/view/157}}</ref> nke kọrọ akụkọ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nwata nwoke na enyí.<ref name = "Ilani 2008">{{cite news |author=Ofri Ilani |date=May 22, 2008 |script-title=he:נהרג חוקר פילים ישראלי בפיגוע באתיופיה |language=he |trans-title=Israeli researcher of elephants killed in attack in Ethiopia |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1553388 |access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-elekọta zoo na Tel Aviv Zoo,<ref name="Douglas-Hamilton 2008" /> and became the head zookeeper in 1966.<ref name="Eltringham 1991">{{cite book |editor-last= Eltringham|editor-first= S.K. |date= 1991|title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia Of Elephants: From Their Origins And Evolution To Their Ceremonial And Working Relationship With Man |location= London |publisher=Crescent Books|isbn= 978-0-517-06136-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_f2y8/page/n5/mode/2up}}</ref> wee bụrụ onye isi na-elekọta zook n'afọ 1966. <ref name="Douglas-Hamilton 2008" /> Ọ gara n'ihu na-eme nchọpụta banyere enyí na Sri Lanka na [[Kenya]] tupu ọ kwaga [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] n'afọ 1968 <ref name = "Shoshani 1986">{{cite thesis |last= Shoshani|first= J. |date= 1986 |title= On the Phylogenetic Relationships Among Paenungulata and Within Elephantidae as Demonstrated by Molecular and Osteological Evidence |type= PhD|publisher= Wayne State University|url= https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/956/}}</ref> wee ghọọ prọfesọ na Mahadum Wayne State n'ihe dị ka afọ 1973.<ref name = "Elephant">{{cite web |url= https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/c.php?g=640021&p=4482245 |title= The Jeheskel (Hezy) Shoshani Library Endowed Collection|website= Special Collections |publisher= Wayne State University Library}}</ref> Shoshani guzobere Elephant Interest Group (nke e mechara mara dị ka Elephant Research Foundation) n'ọnwa Junn afọ 1977, ma bụrụkwa naanị ''Enyí'' nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, Elephant (nke bụbu Elephant Newsletter), maka ọtụtụ n'ime oge ya. O guzobekwara Elephant Research Foundation Library, nke o si na ya chịkọta ma depụta ihe ndị e bipụtara na ihe ncheta, ngosipụta, na ihe ndị metụtara enyí. E nyere Shoshani Ph.D. ya na mahadum n'afọ 1986 ma kụzie ebe ahụ mgbe ya na nwunye ya Sandra bi na anụ ụlọ ha bụ hyrax ruo mgbe ọ kwagara [[Eritrea]] n'afọ 1998. N'ebe ahụ, ọ mụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-amaghị nke ọma nke enyí ọhịa Afrịka nke esemokwu dị n'etiti Eritrea na [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] na-eyi egwu ma kụzie na Mahadum Asmara ruo 2006. N'inwe nchegbu banyere ihe ize ndụ nke ókèala Eritrea-Ethiopia, ọ kwagara Etiopia n'afọ 2007 iji gaa n'ihu na nyocha ya, ma kụzie na Mahadum Addis Ababa. === Nnyocha === N'oge ndụ ya, Shoshani bipụtara ihe karịrị 168 edemede sayensị na akwụkwọ gbasara enyí. Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na anatomy na taxonomy ha, mana ọ mụtakwara taxa ndị ọzọ dị ka primates. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, ọ duziri nyocha dị ukwuu nke enyí Sri Lanka dị afọ 46 aha ya bụ Iki site na 1980 ruo 1988, so dee akwụkwọ ndị dị ịrịba amị na ụbụrụ enyí na ọhụụ, ma bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye so dee mpịakọta encyclopedic abụọ gbasara enyí na ndị ikwu ha: teknụzụ The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives, na Elephants: Majestic Creatures of The Wild. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ ma ọ bụ kpamkpam na-ahụ maka ịkpọ aha ọtụtụ proboscidean taxa, gụnyere suborder Plesielephantiformes, ezinụlọ Numidotheriidae, na ụdị.<ref name="Shoshani et al 1982">{{Cite journal | last1 = Shoshani | first1 = J. | display-authors=etal | year = 1982 | title = On the Dissection of a Female Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus maximus Linnaeus, 1758) and Data from Other Elephants| journal = Elephant | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–93 | doi = 10.22237/elephant/1521731887 | url = https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/elephant/vol2/iss1/3/| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = "Shoshani et al 2006">{{Cite journal|title=Elephant brain: Part I: Gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution|author1=Jeheskel Shoshani|author2=William Kupsky|author3=Gary Marchant|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|date=June 30, 2006 |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=124–157 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.016|pmid=16782503|s2cid=14339772}}</ref> <ref name = "Shoshani et al 2005">{{Cite journal|title=Elephants and Human Color-Blind Deuteranopes Have Identical Sets of Visual Pigments|author1=Shozo Yokoyama|author2=Naomi Takenaka|author3=Dalen W. Agnew|author4=Jeheskel Shoshani|journal=Genetics|date=May 1, 2005 |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=335–344 | doi = 10.1534/genetics.104.039511 |pmid=15781694 |pmc=1449733}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Shoshani|editor-first= J. |date= 1992|title= Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |location= London |publisher=Simon and Schuster|pages=22–23}}</ref> <ref name = "Shoshani et al 2001">{{Cite journal|title= Elephants and other Proboscideans: a summary of recent findings and new taxonomic suggestions|author1= J. Shoshani|author3 =P. Tassy | author2 = W. J. Sanders | journal=The World of Elephants - International Congress, Rome 2001|date=2001 |pages=676–679 | url = http://www.sovraintendenzaroma.it/cosa_facciamo/studi_e_ricerche2/la_terra_degli_elefanti/workshop_elephantidae_origine_ed_evoluzione_coordinatore_j_shoshani_elephantidae_origin_and_evolution_chair_j_shoshani/elephants_and_other_proboscideans_a_summary_of_recent_findings_and_new_taxonomic_suggestions_shoshani_j_sanders_w_j_tassy_p_p_676}}</ref><ref name = "Shoshani et al 2006b">{{Cite journal|title=A proboscidean from the late Oligocene of Eritrea, a "missing link" between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2006-11-14_103_46/page/17296|author1= J. Shoshani|author2= R. C. Walter|author3= M. Abraha|author4= S. Berhe|author5 =P. Tassy | author6 = W. J. Sanders | author7 = G. H. Marchant | author8 = Y. Libsekal| author9 = T.Ghirmai| author10 = D. Zinner | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=2006 |volume=103 |issue=46 |pages=17296–17301 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0603689103|pmid= 17085582|pmc= 1859925|bibcode= 2006PNAS..10317296S|doi-access= free}}</ref> == Ọnwụ na ihe ncheta == Shoshani so n'ọtụtụ mmadụ e gburu n'ihe mgbawa metụtara iyi ọha egwu n'ime ụgbọala bọs na-ebu ọtụtụ mmadụ n'etiti obodo Addis Ababa, dị na Ethiopia, n'ụbọchị nke 21 n'ọnwa Mee, afọ 2008. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ndị nduzi nke Elephant Research Foundation gbanwere aha ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ The Jeheskel (Hezy) Shoshani Library Endowed Collection iji cheta nyocha ya, ma ugbu a, ọ nwere ihe karịrị 1,100. A gụrụ amebelodontid ''Eurybelodon shoshanii'' aha iji sọpụrụ ya n'afọ 2016.<ref name="Lambert 2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lambert | first1 = W. | year = 2016 | title = ''Eurybelodon shoshanii'', an unusual new shovel-tusked gomphothere (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the late Miocene of Oregon| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology| volume = 36 | issue = 3 | article-number = e1091352 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2016.1091352| s2cid = 131649785 | url = https://www.academia.edu/22396449}}</ref> == Edensịbịa == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 5t5saxhowqucm6a2hnwds8qw0i3315z 0 80731 736947 729917 2026-10-09T21:36:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|American academic administrator}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Algeania Freeman | office = 20th President of [[Wilberforce University]] | term_start = 2014 | term_end = 2016 | office1 = 2nd President of [[Martin University]] | term_start1 = January 2008 | term_end1 = December 31, 2010 | predecessor1 = [[Boniface Hardin]] | successor1 = Charlotte Westerhaus (acting) | office2 = 11th President of [[Livingstone College]] | term_start2 = February 1, 2000 | term_end2 = 2004 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|01|24}} | education = [[Fayetteville State University]]<br>[[Southern Illinois University Carbondale]]<br>[[Ohio State University]] | predecessor = [[Wilma Mishoe]] (interim) | successor = [[Herman J. Felton, Jr.]] | predecessor2 = Albert J. D. Aymer (interim) | successor2 = Catrelia Steele Hunter (interim) | birth_place = [[Dunn, North Carolina]], U.S. }} '''Algeania Marie Warren Freeman''' (amụrụ Jenụwarị 24, 1949) bụ onye Amerika bụ prọfesọ nkwukọrịta okwu na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ nke Amerịka nke jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke iri abụọ Mahadum Wilberforce site n'afọ 2014 ruo 2016. Ọ bụbu onyeisi oche nke Mahadum Martin site n'afọ 2008 ruo 2010 na Koleji Livingstone site n'afọ 2000 ruo 2004. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Freeman n'ọnwa Jenụwarị 24, 1949, na Dunn, North Carolina.<ref name=":6">{{Cite thesis |last=Freeman |first=Algeania Warren |title=Two Strategies Used in Retraining Aphasic Adults |date=1977 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Ohio State University |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487005965827703 |oclc=8565245}}</ref> Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ maka akara ugo mmụta B.S. Bekee na Mahadum State Fayetteville n'afọ 1970.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bates |first=Gerri |date=2007 |title=These Hallowed Halls: African American Women College and University Presidents |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-negro-education_summer-2007_76_3/page/373 |journal=The Journal of Negro Education |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=373–390 |issn=0022-2984 |jstor=40034579}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-09-29 |title=Dr. Algeania Warren Freeman Named 20th President of Wilberforce University |url=https://www.wyso.org/news/2014-09-29/dr-algeania-warren-freeman-named-20th-president-of-wilberforce-university |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=WYSO |language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1972, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta M.S. na ọrịa okwu na mmụta ọdịyo site na Southern Illinois University Carbondale.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Site n'afọ 1972 ruo 1973, Freeman bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara okwu na Americana Nursing Center dị na Decatur, Illinois.<ref name=":6" /> Freeman sonyeere Mahadum Norfolk State dị ka onye nkụzi n'afọ 1973.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1977, o nwetara PhD gbasara nkwukọrịta okwu na Mahadum State Ohio.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-31 |title=Algeania Freeman Named President of Livingstone College |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/home/article/15077451/algeania-freeman-named-president-of-livingstone-college |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |language=en-us}}</ref> Aha akwụkwọ edemede ya bụ, ''Usoro abụọ e ji azụ ndị okenye na-enweghi nsogbu afọ ojuju ọzọ''.<ref name=":6" /> John W. Black bụ onye ndụmọdụ dọkịtọral ya.<ref name=":6" /> Freeman mere ọmụmụ postdoctoral na ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum Harvard maka njikwa agụmakwụkwọ ndụ niile na ụlọ ọrụ maka mmepe njikwa.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1977, Freeman bụ osote prọfesọ na onyeisi oche nke ngalaba nkwukọrịta okwu na nka ihe nkiri na North Carolina A&T State University.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Foreman |first=Allison |date=2001-01-10 |title=Ex-A&T professor to lead Livingstone: Alegeania Freeman will take over duties at the private college February 1 |url=https://greensboro.com/ex-a-t-professor-to-lead-livingstone-algeania-freeman-will-take-over-duties-at-the/article_b6952c86-bb33-58b9-ac1f-5c172f81e163.html |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Greensboro News and Record |language=en}}</ref> O mechara rụọ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi ma ọ bụ onye nchịkwa na Morgan State University, East Tennessee State University, na Orange Coast College.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ osote onyeisi oche nke ọganihu na mmepe mmemme na Koleji Southern California.<ref name=":2" /> Freeman laghachiri na Mahadum Norfolk state ebe ọ bụ prọfesọ n'ihe gbasara nkwukọrịta okwu ma jee ozi dịka osote onyeisi oche nke ọganihu.<ref name=":2" /> Site n'ọnwa Febụwarị 1, 2000, ruo 2004, Freeman rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke iri na otu nke Koleji Livingstone.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onyeisi ya mbụ bụ nwanyị.<ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2008, Freeman ghọrọ onyeisi nke abụọ nke Mahadum Martin, wee nọchie [[Boniface Hardin]].<ref name=":1" /> Ọ lara ezumike nká na Disemba 31, 2010.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2010-12-06 |title=Controversial Martin University president to retire this month |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/23827-controversial-martin-university-president-to-retire-this-month |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Indianapolis Business Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Onyeisi oche Charlotte Westerhaus nọchiri ya.<ref name=":3" /> N'afọ 2014, Freeman nọchiri onyeisi oche nwa oge Wilma Mishoe dị ka onyeisi oche nke iri abụọ nke Mahadum Wilberforce.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-01 |title=Algeania Warren Freeman Named President of Wilberforce University in Ohio |url=https://www.wiareport.com/2014/10/algeania-warren-freeman-named-president-of-wilberforce-university-in-ohio/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Women In Academia Report}}</ref> Ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2016.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wedell |first=Katie |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Wilberforce president to retire |url=https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/wilberforce-president-retire/6VwW0JTd1A8Yz5q0c05F2K/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=dayton-daily-news |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215170717/https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/wilberforce-president-retire/6VwW0JTd1A8Yz5q0c05F2K/ |archive-date=2019-12-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == Freeman lụrụ Earnest Freeman.<ref name=":6" /> ==Ebensidee== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Freeman, Algeania}} [[Category: Living people]] [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1949]] [[Category: Ndị si Dunn, North Carolina]] tinav2xgkxmg7dg3qeopu7unwgjk584 0 80792 736938 729535 2026-10-09T19:42:17Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed formatting error 736938 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victoria Constance Mary Longley''' (24 Septemba 1960 - 29 Ọgọst 2010) bụ onye Australia na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke ukwuu na telivishọn. == Oge o bidoro == Longley bụ nwa nwanyị dọkịnta na onye nkuzi ụgbọ mmiri Eric Longley. Nne ya bụ Pamela gụrụ Law ka ọ na-azụlite ụmụ ya nwanyị anọ, nke Victoria bụ nke obere. Mgbe ọ dị obere, o biri na Longueville NSW. == Ọrụ == Longley mere ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya na ihe nkiri a na-akpọ The More Things Change dịka onye nlekọta ụmụaka dị ime. Oge mbụ ọ banyere na telivishọn bụ na miniseries epic The Dirtwater Dynasty, n'ihu Hugo Weaving, na Edens Lost, miniseries dị ụzọ anọ maka ABC na 1989. Na nkeji ihe emume ABC, ''Mercury'', nke na-adịghị were were dabere na Sunday Age, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nta akụkọ dị elu, n'akụkụ Geoffrey Rush dịka onye nyocha akụkọ, nke eṅomiri na Bruce Guthrie. Ihe nkiri telivishọn ndị ọzọ gụnyere: Murder Call, Wildside, Water Rats, Farscape, The Alien Years, Turtle Beach, Young Lions, na All Saints. == Ọnwụ == Longley nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa ara, mgbe ọ dị afọ 49, na St Leonards, New South Wales. == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1985 |''Ihe Ndị Ọzọ Na-agbanwe'' |Geraldine | |- |1989 |''Celia'' |Alice Tanner | |- |1992 |''Oké Osimiri mbe'' |Sancha | |- |1994 |''Nwa bebi Dallas'' |Rosalind Sommers | |- |1994 |''Okwu'' |Julia Strong | |- |1995 |''Hayride Gaa n'Ọkụ mmụọ'' |Hilary Weygate |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- |1997 |''Diana na M'' |Pauline Challinor | |- |2000 |''Aṅụrị Ụbọchị Ndị Nne'' |Nne |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- | | | | |- |2002 |''Isi awọ'' | |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- |2003 |''Atọhapụrụ ya'' |Renee |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1985 |''Enweghị m ike ịmalite'' |Amanda |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1986 |''Ala Olileanya'' |Ọrụ a na-arụ mgbe niile |Obere ihe nkiri |- |1988 |'' Obodo mmiri ruru unyi'' |Kate McBride / Nancy McBride |Obere ihe nkiri |- |1988 |''Afọ Ndị Ala Ọzọ'' |Elizabeth Parsons |Obere ihe nkiri |- |1989 |''Edens furu efu'' |Bea |Obere ihe nkiri |- |1990 |''Mgba mkpịsịaka Scorpio'' |Ọrụ ndu |Obere ihe nkiri |- |1992 |''Akara Isii'' |Kelly |Usoro Anthology, 1 ihe omume: "Piccolo Mondo" |- |1993 |''Mmehie asaa na-egbu egbu'' |Deirdre |Miniserie, ihe omume: "Lust" |- |1993 |''Onye mmebi iwu'' |Onye na-ese ihe |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1995 |''G.P.'' |Barbara |1 ihe omume |- |1996 |''Mercury'' |Georgi Onye Na-agụ Egwú |Ihe omume 13 |- |1997 |''Oku ogbugbu'' |Cynthia Chase |1 ihe omume |- |1997–99 |''Ebe Ọhịa'' |Onye Nnyocha Virginia King |Ihe omume 57 |- |1998 |''Nwanyị siri Ike'' |Giselle McKenzie |Obere ihe nkiri |- |1999 |''Mmiri oke'' |Tracy Bennett |1 ihe omume |- |2000, 2002–03 |''Ndị Nsọ Nile'' |Kath Williams |1 ihe omume |- |2001 |''Ihe osise'' |Neeyala |Ihe omume 2 |- |2001 |''Ịchọta Olileanya'' |Meg |Ihe nkiri TV |- |2002 |''Ọdụm Ndị Na-eto Eto'' |Dọkịta na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka |Ihe omume 4 |- |2002–04 |''Ndị Nsọ Nile'' |Margaret O'Brien |Ihe omume 4 |- |2003 |''BlackJack: Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ọnwụ'' |Therese Ricci |Ihe nkiri TV |} == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Ọrụ !Nsonaazụ |- |2006 |Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Sydney |Onye isi ihe nkiri kacha mma |''Nwa ewu, ka ọ bụ Ònye bụ Sylvia?''| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sydneytheatreawards.com/2006.php|title=Sydney Theatre Awards 2006|year=2006|work=sydneytheatreawards.com|access-date=4 September 2010|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716173552/http://www.sydneytheatreawards.com/2006.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2006 |Ihe nrite Helpmann |Nwanyị Na-eme Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma n'Egwuregwu |''Nwa ewu, ka ọ bụ Ònye bụ Sylvia?''| {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmannawards.com.au/default.aspx?s=nominees&year=2006&cid=4|title=Helpmann Awards Nominees|year=2006|work=helpmannawards.com.au|access-date=4 September 2010|archive-date=12 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612052829/http://www.helpmannawards.com.au/default.aspx?s=nominees&year=2006&cid=4|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |1994 |1994 Australian Film Institute Awards |Ihe nrite nke Australian Film Institute maka onye na-edu ihe nkiri kacha mma |''Okwu''| {{Nom}} |- |1989 |1989 Australian Film Institute Awards |Onye na-akwado onye isi ihe nkiri kacha mma |''Celia''| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australiantelevision.net/awards/afi_history.html|title=Australian Film Institute Awards|work=australiantelevision.net|access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> |- |1988 |1988 Australian Film Institute Awards |Nrụpụta Kasị Mma nke Onye Na-eme Ihe nkiri na Telefeature maọbụ Miniseries |''Afọ Ndị Ala Ọzọ''| {{Nom}} |} == Edensibịa ==  {{AACTAAward BestSupportingActress 1981–2000}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/she-fought-typecasting--and-won-20100902-14rjg.html Akụkọ ọnwụ - The Sydney Morning Herald''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sydney Morning Herald''] * {{IMDb name|0519371|Victoria Longley}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Longley, Victoria}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú: Ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] f09hsujvae3pmjasrofddybs8j71swp 0 80802 736961 729531 2026-10-09T22:54:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261009sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 736961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Onye U.S bụ onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Belinda C. Anderson | office = President of [[Virginia Union University]] | term_start = 2003 | term_end = 2008 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|06|21}} | birth_place = [[Roanoke, Virginia]], U.S. | birth_name = Belinda Childress Anderson | predecessor = [[Bernard W. Franklin]] | education = [[Radford University]]<br>[[Virginia Tech]] | successor = [[Claude G. Perkins]] }} '''Belinda Childress Anderson''' (amụrụ n'ubochi 21 n'ọnwa Jụụn, n'afọ 1954) bụ onye mba America n'achịkwa agụmakwụkwọ bụ onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi nke iri na otụ nke Mahadum Virginia Union site na 2003 ruo 2008. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi mahadum ahụ. Anderson mechara bụrụ onye isi nke kọleji liberal arts nke Norfolk State University na onye prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na interdisciplinary studies. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Anderson na Jụụn 21, 1954 na Roanoke, Virginia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Michael Paul |date=2005-04-16 |title=Va. Union installs its 1st female president |pages=A1 |work=Richmond Times-Dispatch |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119826188/va-union-installs-its-1st-female/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Germantown High School.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gammage |first=Jeff |date=2013-06-20 |title=At Germantown High, a sad farewell |pages=A07 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119826386/at-germantown-high-a-sad-farewell/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nzere B.S. na akụkọ ihe mere eme na sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nzere masta na akụkọ ihe mere eme site na Mahadum Radford.<ref name=":0" /> Anderson dechara Ed.D. na nkuzi kọleji obodo site na Virginia Tech.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Gary |date=2004-05-26 |title=VUU names first female president |pages=A1 |work=Richmond Times-Dispatch |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119826131/vuu-names-first-female-president/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Akpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede 1986 ya, ''A descriptive analysis of differentiated patterns of decision-making in choice of educational major''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |last=Anderson |first=Belinda C. |title=A descriptive analysis of differentiated patterns of decision-making in choice of educational major |date=1986 |degree=Ed.D. |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |oclc=14687774 |url=https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/49975/LD5655.V856_1986.A523.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Ndị ndụmọdụ doctoral Anderson bụ Don G. Creamer na Lawrence H. Cross.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == Anderson bụ onye nkuzi mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Portsmouth na Norfolk, Virginia.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ọrụ ndụmọdụ agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Radford.<ref name=":1" /> Anderson jere ozi dị ka onye isi na prọfesọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke izugbe na agụmakwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu na Mahadum Norfolk State (NSU).<ref name=":1" /> O mechara bụrụ onye ntụzi aka maka ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ na ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ dị elu maka State Council of Higher Education maka Virginia.<ref name=":1" /> Na Nọvemba 2002, a chụrụ Anderson, osote onye isi oche nke agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Virginia Union (VUU), na ndị ọrụ 15 ndị ​​ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-10-11 |title=Wilder's resignation from board latest blow |pages=2 |work=The Daily News Leader |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119826256/wilders-resignation-from-board-latest/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, ọ laghachiri na VUU dị ka onyeisi oche mgbe onyeịsị oche Bernard W. Franklin kwụsịrị ọrụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bates |first=Gerri |date=2007 |title=These Hallowed Halls: African American Women College and University Presidents |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-negro-education_summer-2007_76_3/page/n197 |journal=[[The Journal of Negro Education]] |volume=76 |issue=3 |page=382 |issn=0022-2984 |jstor=40034579}}</ref> She was inaugurated as the 11th president on April 15, 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche VUU.<ref name=":0" /> Anderson jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche ruo 2008 mgbe Claude G. Perkins nọchiri ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History & Our Purpose {{!}} Virginia Union University |url=https://www.vuu.edu/about-union/about/our-history-our-purpose |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.vuu.edu}}</ref> Na 2012, Anderson laghachiri na NSU dị ka onye isi ya nke kọleji nke liberal arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-26 |title=Three African American Women Named to Prestigious Posts in Higher Education |url=https://www.jbhe.com/2012/04/three-african-american-women-named-to-prestigious-posts-in-higher-education/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=[[The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education]]}}</ref> Na 2018, ọ bụ prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na interdisciplinary studies na NSU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2018 |title=Board of Visitors Board Meeting |url=https://commonwealthcalendar.virginia.gov/File/Index/8921 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.commonwealthcalendar.virginia.gov}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Belinda C}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:People from Roanoke, Virginia]] [[Category:Radford University alumni]] [[Category:Virginia Tech alumni]] [[Category:Virginia Union University faculty]] [[Category:Norfolk State University faculty]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women writers]] [[Category:21st-century American women writers]] [[Category:21st-century African-American writers]] [[Category:21st-century American women academics]] [[Category:African-American women academic administrators]] [[Category:American women academic administrators]] [[Category:African-American academic administrators]] [[Category:Heads of historically black universities and colleges in the United States]] [[Category:Women heads of universities and colleges]] [[Category:21st-century African-American academics]] [[Category:21st-century American academics]] evz1jyedonpv7bo1i9zq2ic4bkznp00 0 81186 736922 736901 2026-10-09T15:18:05Z Goodymeraj 16207 736922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Nawal El Saadawi''' (27 Ọktoba 1931 – 21 Maachị 2021) bụ onye edemede feminist nke Ijipt, activist, disciatist, na psychiatrist. O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na Islam, na-elekwasị anya n'okwu ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị na Global South, gụnyere sexuality, patriarchy social class, na colonialism.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ onye hiwere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke otu Arab Women's Solidarity Association.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2015|title=Nawal El Saadawi|url=https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/womeninspiringchange/2015-honorees/nawal-el-saadawi/|access-date=9 October 2020|website=Women Inspiring Change|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218120145/https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/womeninspiringchange/2015-honorees/nawal-el-saadawi/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hitchcock, Peter; El Saadawi, Nawal; Hatata, Sherif. "Living the Struggle". ''Transition'' 61 (1993): 170–179.</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye hiwere Arab Association for Human Rights.<ref>Nawal El Saadawi, "Presentation by Nawal El Saadawi: President's Forum, M/MLA Annual Convention, November 4, 1999", ''The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association'' 33.3–34.1 (Autumn 2000 – Winter 2001): 34–39.</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta nsọpụrụ site na mahadum dị na kọntinent atọ. Na 2004, Kọnsụl nke Yuropu nyere ya North–South Prize. Na 2005, o nwetara ihe nrite mba ụwa Inana na Belgium.<ref name="auto1">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jue04c1_wkY "PEN World Voices Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture by Nawal El Saadawi"], YouTube. 8 September 2009.</ref> Na 2012, International Peace Bureau nyere ya onyinye Seán MacBride Peace Prize.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=International Peace Bureau|url=http://www.ipb.org/web/index.php?mostra=news&menu=home&id_nom=IPB+to+award+2012+Sean+MacBride+Peace+Prize+to+Nawal+El-Sadaawi+and+Lina+Ben+Mhenni|website=www.ipb.org|access-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925221701/http://www.ipb.org/web/index.php?mostra=news&menu=home&id_nom=IPB+to+award+2012+Sean+MacBride+Peace+Prize+to+Nawal+El-Sadaawi+and+Lina+Ben+Mhenni|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Saadawi, onye nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ itoolu, na 27 Ọktoba 1931 n'obodo nta dị na Kafr Tahla, [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/22/nawal-el-saadawi-obituary|title=Nawal El Saadawi obituary|date=22 March 2021|first=Sarah A|last= Smith|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elkhatib |first1=Sameh |title=Egyptian feminist and author el-Saadawi dies at 89 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/egyptian-feminist-author-el-saadawi-dies-89-2021-03-22/ |website=Reuters |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> E mere Saadawi ebe ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ime akụkụ ahụ ha <ref name=Khaleeli /> at the age of six,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Sa'dawi|first1=Nawal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9vqMossOjoC|title=A Daughter of Isis: The Autobiography of Nawal El Saadawi|last2=Saadawi|first2=Nawal El|last3=Saʻdāwī|first3=Nawāl|last4=Saʿdāwī|first4=Nawāl as-|date=1999|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|isbn=978-1-85649-680-3|pages=63–87|language=en}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na nna ya kwenyere na ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwoke kwesịrị ịgụ akwụkwọ. O kwuru na nne na nna ya bụ ndị nwere nnwere onwe mgbe ha na-etolite.<ref name=":1"/> Nna ya Upper Egypt bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị na [[w:Ministry of Education (Egypt)|Ministry of Education]], onye lụsoro ọgụ megide British rebel Egypt n'oge Egypt Revolution of 1919. N'ihi ya, a chụpụrụ ya n'obodo nta dị na Naịl, gọọmentị ekweghịkwa ịkwalite ya ruo afọ 10. Ọ bụ onye na-aga n'ihu ma kụziere nwa ya nwanyị ịkwanyere onwe ya ùgwù na ikwu okwu n'uche ya. Ọ gbakwara ya ume ka ọ mụọ asụsụ Arabik. Agbanyeghị, mgbe El Saadawi dị afọ 10, ezinụlọ ya gbalịrị ime ka ọ lụọ di, mana nne ya kwadoro ya n'ịjụ.<ref name=taylor>{{Cite news |title=Nawal El Saadawi: Feminist firebrand who dared to write dangerously (obituary) |last=Taylor-Coleman |first=Jasmine |website=BBC News |date=21 March 2021 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-55048245}}</ref> Both her parents died at a young age,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nawal El Saadawi|url=http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/saadawi.html|access-date=25 September 2015|website=faculty.webster.edu|archive-date=2 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602080913/http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/saadawi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2021|sure=y|reason=This is an unpublished undergraduate student assignment paper}} na-ahapụ Saadawi naanị ibu ọrụ nke ilekọta ezinụlọ buru ibu.<ref name="bornexile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nawalsaadawi.net/oldsite/articlesnawal/bornexile.htm |title=Exile and Resistance |first=Nawal |last=El Saadaw|website=Nawal El Saadawi/Sherif Hetata |date=November 2002|access-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027223127/http://www.nawalsaadawi.net/oldsite/articlesnawal/bornexile.htm |archive-date=27 October 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Nne ya, Zaynab, sitere n'agbụrụ bara ọgaranya [[w:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]];<ref>{{cite news|last=Cowell|first=Alan |author-link=Alan Cowell |year=2021|title=Nawal El Saadawi, Advocate for Women in the Arab World, Dies at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/21/obituaries/nawal-el-saadawi-dead.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|quote=Nawal El Saadawi was born on Oct. 27, 1931, in the village of Kafr Tahla, a settlement in the lower Nile Delta, the second of nine children. Her mother, Zaynab (Shoukry) El Saadawi, was partially descended from a wealthy Ottoman family. Her father, Al-Sayed El Saadawi, was an official in the government’s education ministry. }}</ref> Saadawi kọwara nna nna ya nke nne ya, Shoukry,<ref>{{cite book|first=Nawal|last= El Saadawi|year=2013|title=A Daughter of Isis: The Early Life of Nawal El Saadawi|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1848136403}}</ref> na nne nne ya dị ka onye Ottoman si malite.<ref name="CaliforniaUni">{{citation|first=Nawal|last= El Saadawi|year=1986|title=Memoirs from the Women's Prison|publisher=University of California Press|page=64|quote= "My eyes widened in astonishment. Even my maternal grandmother used to sing, although she was born to a Turkish mother and lived in my grandfather's house in the epoch when harems still existed." |isbn=0520088883}}</ref> Ọbụna mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ katọrọ obodo ndị nwoke bi na ya, ebe ụmụ nwoke ji ha kpọrọ ihe karịa ụmụ nwanyị, na-emeghachi omume n'iwe nye nne nne ya, onye kwuru na "nwoke bara uru ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise ma ọ dịkarịa ala... Ụmụ agbọghọ bụ nsogbu".<ref name=taylor/> O ji nganga kọwaa onwe ya dị ka nwanyị Ijipt agba ọchịchịrị kemgbe ọ dị obere.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://zora.medium.com/my-childhood-in-egypt-not-knowing-i-was-in-africa-27580b07a93b|title=My Childhood in Egypt, Not Knowing I Was in Africa|first=Nawal|last=El Saadawi|website=zora.medium.com|date=13 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=New Daughters of Africa|chapter=About Me in Africa—Politics and Religion in my Childhood|editor-first=Margaret|first=El Saadawi|last=Nawal|editor-last=Busby|publisher=[[Myriad Editions]]|edition=paperback|pages=42–44|date=2020}}</ref> == Career == Saadawi gụsịrị akwụkwọ dịka dọkịta na 1955 na Mahadum Cairo. N'afọ ahụ, ọ lụrụ Ahmed Helmi, onye ọ zutere dịka nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike. Ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Mona Helmi.<ref name=Khaleeli/> Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe afọ abụọ gachara.<ref name=JoISR>{{cite journal|first=Yusuf|last=Koseli|title=A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH TO THE NOVEL OF NAWAL EL SAADAWI TITLED MÜZEKKİRAT TABİBE|journal=The Journal of International Social Research|date=2013|volume=6|issue=28|url=http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt6/cilt6sayi28_pdf/koseli_yusuf.pdf|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=Khaleeli>{{Cite web|title = Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt's radical feminist|url = https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/apr/15/nawal-el-saadawi-egyptian-feminist|website =The Guardian|date= 15 April 2010|access-date =15 April 2020|first = Homa|last = Khaleeli}}</ref> Site na ọrụ ahụike ya, ọ hụrụ nsogbu anụ ahụ na nke uche ụmụ nwanyị ma jikọta ha na omume omenala siri ike, mmegbu nna ochie, mmegbu klaasị na mmegbu ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu.<ref name="women">[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/462/women.htm Feminism in a nationalist century] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419040800/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/462/women.htm |date=19 April 2010 }}</ref> Di ya nke abụọ bụ onye ọrụ ibe ya, Rashad Bey.<ref name=JoISR/><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://www.academia.edu/23224495|title=Voice of Oppressed from the Margins: A Critical Reading on Nawal El Saadawi's "Woman at Point Zero"|last=Puthiyakath|first=Hashim H.|publisher=Central University of Tamil Nadu|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka dọkịta n'ebe a mụrụ ya na Kafr Tahla, ọ hụrụ ihe isi ike na enweghị nha anya ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ime obodo na-eche ihu. Mgbe ọ gbalịsịrị ichebe otu n'ime ndị ọrịa ya pụọ ​​na ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ, a kpọrọ Saadawi ka ọ laghachi Cairo. O mechara bụrụ Onyeisi nke Ministry of [[w:health public|Public Health]] wee zute di ya nke atọ, Sherif Hatata, mgbe ọ na-ekerịta ụlọ ọrụ na Ministry of Health. Hatata, bụkwa dọkịta na onye edemede, abụrụla onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ruo afọ 13. Ha lụrụ na 1964 ma mụta nwa nwoke.<ref name="bornexile"/><ref name=Khaleeli/> Saadawi na Hatata biri ọnụ ruo afọ iri anọ na atọ<ref name=Cooke>{{cite web|last1=Cooke|first1=Rachel|title=Nawal El Saadawi: 'Do you feel you are liberated? I feel I am not'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/11/nawal-el-saadawi-interview-do-you-feel-you-are-liberated-not|work=[[The Observer]]|date=11 October 2015|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> and divorced in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/62/99644/Books/Review/ElSaadawi-and-Hatata-Voyage-of-a-lifetime.aspx|title=El-Saadawi and Hatata: Voyage of a lifetime|date=24 April 2014|publisher=Ahram Online|first=Mahmoud |last=El-Wardani|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> [[File:Shirin Ershadi, Shirin Ebadi and Nawal el-Saadawi (2413951897).jpg|thumb|Shirin Ershadi, Shirin Ebadi na Nawal el-Saadawi]] Saadawi gara Mahadum Columbia, wee nweta nzere masta na ahụike ọha na eze na 1966.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Harrison|date=23 March 2021|title=Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian author, physician and feminist activist, dies at 89|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/nawal-el-saadawi-dead/2021/03/23/43c7c250-8b19-11eb-a730-1b4ed9656258_story.html|access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> Na 1972, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya ''Woman and Sex'' ikọwaa ihe dị iche iche e mere megide ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ibi úgwù ụmụ nwanyị. Akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ ihe ndabere nke ihe gbaara ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ. N'ihi akwụkwọ ahụ na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, a chụpụrụ Saadawi n'ọkwa ya na Ministri Ahụike.<ref name="women" /> Ọ tụfuru ọkwa ya dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike, nakwa dịka Osote Odeakwụkwọ Ukwu na Òtù Ahụike na Ijipt. Site na 1973 ruo 1976, Saadawi rụrụ ọrụ n'inyocha ụmụ nwanyị na neurosis na ngalaba ọgwụ nke Ain Shams University. Site na 1979 ruo 1980, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ United Nations maka Mmemme Ụmụ nwanyị na Afrịka (ECA) na Middle East (ECWA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/saadawi-nawal-el-2/|title=Saadawi, Nawal el – Postcolonial Studies|website=scholarblogs.emory.edu|language=en-US|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9SPVEG3cv0C&q=Nawal+Saadawi+united+nations+advisor+1979&pg=PR1|title=The Nawal El Saadawi Reader|last=Saʻdāwī|first=Nawāl|date=15 December 1997|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781856495141|language=en}}</ref> === Ikpe ụlọ ikpe megide ya === Na 2002, Nabih el-Wahsh mere mgbalị iwu n'ụlọ ikpe Ijipt ịgba el-Saadawi alụkwaghịm n'aka di ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'ihi [[w:hisbah|hesba]], ụkpụrụ nke narị afọ nke 9 nke shariah law, nke na-ekwe ka a mara ndị Alakụba a na-ahụ na ha na-emebi Islam ikpe. Ihe akaebe e ji megide ya bụ ajụjụ ọnụ nke Machị ebe el-Wahsh kwuru na ọ gbahapụrụ Islam. Mgbalị iwu ahụ agaghị nke ọma.<ref name=Khaleeli /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2001 |title=Cairo writer threatened with divorce |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/18/internationaleducationnews.highereducation |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, e mere otu ihe ahụ iji napụ el-Saadawi mba Ijipt ya n'ihi echiche na ihe odide ya siri ike, mgbalị a agaghịkwa enwe isi.<ref name=Khaleeli /> === Mkpọrọ === Kemgbe gọọmentị Ijipt lere ya anya dị ka ihe na-ese okwu ma dị ize ndụ, Saadawi nyere aka bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị otu nwanyị na 1981 nke akpọrọ ''Confrontation.'' President of Egypt Anwar Sadat tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Septemba.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Uglow|first1=Jennifer S.|author2=Maggy Hendry|title=The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Northeastern University Press|isbn= 9781555534219|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/189 189]–190}}</ref> Saadawi kwuru otu oge n'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya: "E jidere m n'ihi na ekwere m Sadat. O kwuru na e nwere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na anyị nwere usoro ọtụtụ pati, ị nwekwara ike ịkatọ ya. Ya mere, amalitere m ịkatọ iwu ya, m wee banye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ." Sadat kwuru na ọchịchị e guzobere bụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya maka ndị mmadụ, nakwa na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị njikere maka nkatọ bara uru. Dịka Saadawi si kwuo, Sadat tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'ihi nkatọ ya maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọbụna n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ ka chọtara ụzọ isi lụso mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ọgụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, o guzobere otu Arab Women's Solidarity Association. Nke a bụ otu mbụ iwu kwadoro na nke nwere onwe ya na Egypt. N'ụlọ mkpọrọ, a jụrụ ya pen na akwụkwọ, agbanyeghị, nke ahụ egbochighị ya ịnọgide na-ede ihe. O jiri "pensụl nku anya ojii siri ike" na "obere akwụkwọ mposi ochie na nke gbawara agbawa" dekọọ echiche ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview with Nawal el aasawi|url=http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/twenty/nawal.html|last=Network|first=Vile News|date=2015|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ ahụ, otu ọnwa ka e gbusịrị Onyeisiala. Banyere ahụmịhe ya, o dere, sị: "Ihe ize ndụ abụrụla akụkụ nke ndụ m kemgbe m were mkpịsị akwụkwọ wee dee ihe. Ọ dịghị ihe dị ize ndụ karịa eziokwu n'ụwa nke dị ụgha."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/03/stories/13030786.htm |title=Egypt's face of courage |work=The Hindu|first=Kalpana|last=Sharma|date=3 June 2001|access-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030002518/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/03/stories/13030786.htm |archive-date=30 October 2004 }}</ref> Na afọ 1982, o hiwere otu Arab Women's Solidarity Association.<ref>Hussey, Sierra, [https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/biography-nawal-el-saadawi-sierra-hussey "Biography of Nawal El Saadawi"], South African History Online.</ref> Ọ kọwara otu ya dị ka "onye akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye na-akwado ọchịchị ọha, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.aljadid.com/node/2254|title= Nawal El-Saadawi's 'Daughter of Isis' Life and Times via the Plenitude of Her Writings |first=D.H. |last=Melhem|website=Al Jadid Magazine|volume= 5|number= 29|date=Autumn 1999|access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref> Saadawi bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị e jidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị Qanatir. Mkpọrọ ya bụ ntọala maka afọ 1983 ya. ''Memoirs from the Women's Prison'' ({{langx|ar|مذكرات في سجن النساء }}). Mkparịta ụka ya na onye mkpọrọ nọ na Qanatir, afọ itoolu tupu a tụọ ya mkpọrọ ebe ahụ, bụ ihe mkpali maka ọrụ mbụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ aha ya bụ ''Woman at Point Zero'' ({{langx|ar|امرأة عند نقطة الصفر}}, 1975).<ref name="Krajeski, The New Yorker">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-books-of-nawal-el-saadawi|title=The Books of Nawal El Saadawi|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|first=Jenna|last=Krajeski|date=7 March 2011|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> === Mkpagbu ndị ọzọ, nkuzi na US, na ngagharị iwe ndị ọzọ mechara mee === Na 1993, mgbe ndị Alakụba na mkpagbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị yiri ndụ ya egwu, a manyere Saadawi ịgbapụ n'Ijipt. Ọ nabatara onyinye ịkụzi ihe na Ngalaba Asụsụ Eshia na Afrịka nke Mahadum Duke dị na [[North Carolina]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Visiting Professor in Court, Under Fire in Egypt|url=https://today.duke.edu/2001/06/el-saadawi629.html|date=29 June 2001|website=Duke Today|publisher=Duke University|access-date=1 April 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name=BMJ>Dr Dora Carpenter-Latiri, [http://blogs.bmj.com/medical-humanities/2015/11/11/the-reading-room-a-review-of-memoirs-of-a-woman-doctor/ "The Reading Room: A review of ‘Memoirs of a woman doctor{{'"}}], ''BMJ'' Blog, 11 November 2015.</ref> nakwa na Mahadum Washington. O mechara nọrọ n'ọtụtụ kọleji na mahadum ndị a ma ama dịka Mahadum Cairo, Harvard, Yale, [[w:Mahadum Columbia|Columbia]], [[w:Mahadum Paris|Sorbonne]], [[w:Mahadum Georgetown|Georgetown]], Mahadum Steeti Florida, na Mahadum California, Berkeley. Na 1996, ọ laghachiri Ijipt.<ref name="BMJ"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ling|first= Jessica |url=http://www.warscapes.com/blog/today-history-happy-85th-birthday-nawal-el-saadawi |title=Today in History: Happy 85th Birthday, Nawal El Saadawi!|website=Warscapes|date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Saadawi gara n'ihu na-akwado ya ma chee echiche ịzọ ọkwa na 2005 ntuli aka onyeisiala Ijipt, tupu ọ pụọ n'ihi ihe siri ike achọrọ maka ndị ga-azọ ọkwa nke mbụ.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/7/16/egypt-presidential-aspirant-pulls-out "Egypt presidential aspirant pulls out"], AlJazeera, 16 July 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</ref> O so n'ime ndị ngagharị iwe na Tahrir Square na 2011.<ref>{{cite web|first=Elizabeth |last=Rubin|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-feminists-in-the-middle-of-tahrir-square.html |title=The Feminists in the Middle of Tahrir Square|work=[[Newsweek]]|date= 6 March 2011}}</ref> O kwuru ka a kwụsị nkuzi okpukperechi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Ijipt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawal El Saadawi – Illustrated Women in History |url=https://illustratedwomeninhistory.com/nawal-el-saadawi-is-an-egyptian-feminist-writer/ |date=28 October 2015|access-date=15 May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Saadawi was awarded the 2004 North–South Prize by the Council of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/nscentre/winners_nsp_EN.asp|title=North-South Centre homepage|website=North-South Centre|language=en-GB|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> Na Julaị 2016, ọ bụ onyeisi emume akwụkwọ Royal African Society nke akpọrọ "Africa Writes" na London, ebe o kwuru okwu gbasara "On Being a Woman Writer" na mkparịta ụka ya na [[Margaret Busby]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Kelechi |last=Iwumene|url=http://africawrites.org/blog/africa-writes-2016-the-round-up/ |title=Africa Writes 2016: The Round-Up|publisher=Royal African Society|date= July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://africawrites.org/uncategorized/on-being-a-woman-writer-nawal-el-saadawi-in-conversation-2/ |title=On Being A Woman Writer: Nawal El Saadawi in conversation|website= Africa Writes|publisher=Royal African Society|date= 2 July 2016}}</ref> [[File:Nawal El Saadawi, April 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|April 2012]] Na Göteborg Book Fair nke mere na Septemba 27 ruo 30, 2018, Saadawi gara seminar gbasara mmepe na Ijipt na Middle East mgbe Arab Spring gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gp.se/kultur/kultur/nawal-el-sadaawi-till-bokm%C3%A4ssan-1.7940393|title=Nawal El Sadaawi till Bokmässan|work=Göteborgs-Posten|language=sv|date=29 August 2018|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> ma n'oge okwu ya na mmemme ahụ kwuru na ike ụwa niile "ndị ọchịchị aka ike, ndị isi obodo, ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu, ndị na-akpa ókè agbụrụ", nke United States na-edu, jikọrọ aka na gọọmentị Ijipt iji kwụsị mgbanwe Ijipt nke afọ 2011. O kwukwara na ya chetara ịhụ Odeakwụkwọ nke Mba U.S. n'oge ahụ [[Hillary Clinton]] na Tahrir Square ka ọ na-enye ndị ntorobịa akwụkwọ dollar iji gbaa ha ume ka ha votu maka Ụmụnna Ndị Alakụba na ntuli aka na-abịa.,<ref>[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-activist-nawal-saadawi-saw-hillary-clinton-dollars-tahrir-square "Onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị Ijipt bụ Nawal El Saadawi: Ahụrụ m Hillary Clinton ka ọ na-enye ego mba Amerịka na Tahrir Square ka ndị mmadụ wee tụọ vootu maka ụmụnna ndị Alakụba"], [[Memri TV]], 30 Septemba 2018</ref> ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ihe akaebe na ihe a a na-ekwu mere. Nawal El Saadawi nwere ọkwa dịka onye dere akwụkwọ maka Kansụl Kasị Elu maka Nkà na Sayensị Mmekọrịta, Cairo; Onyeisi Isi nke Ngalaba Mmụta Ahụike, Ministry of Health, Cairo, Odeakwụkwọ Ukwu nke Medical Association, Cairo, Egypt, na dọkịta na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mahadum na [[w:Ministry of Health and Population (Egypt)|Ministry of Health]]. Ọ bụ onye hiwere otu agụmakwụkwọ ahụike na otu ndị edemede ụmụ nwanyị Ijipt; ọ bụkwa onyeisi nchịkọta akụkọ nke "Health Magazine" na Cairo, nakwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke "Medical Association Magazine".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipb.org/nawal-el-sadaawi-in-memory/|title=Nawal El Sadaawi – In Memory|first=Ingeborg |last=Breines|author-link=Ingeborg Breines|website=ipb.org|publisher=IPB – International Peace Bureau|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/news/nawal-el-saadawi-tribute/|title=Tribute to doctor, writer and activist Nawal El Saadawi|website=gold.ac.uk|publisher=[[Goldsmiths University of London]]|date=26 March 2021|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> == Ide ihe == [[File:Nawal El Saadawi 02.JPG|thumb|right|Saadawi at the Göteborg Book Fair na 2010]] Saadawi malitere ide ihe na mbido ọrụ ya. Ihe odide mbụ ya gụnyere ọtụtụ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke akpọrọ ''Amụtara m Ịhụnanya'' (1957) na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Memoirs of a Woman Doctor'' (1958). O mechara dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na obere akụkọ na akwụkwọ ncheta onwe ya, ''Memoir from the Women's Prison'' (1986). E bipụtala Saadawi n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, a sụgharịkwara ọrụ ya site na Arabic mbụ gaa na ihe karịrị asụsụ 30.<ref>Van Allen, Judith Imel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fy11AwAAQBAJ&dq=saadawi+translated+into+more+than+30+languages&pg=PT1369 "Saadawi, Nawal El (1931–)"], in Gary L. Anderson and Kathryn G. Herr (eds), ''Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice'', Sage Publications, 2007, pp. 1249–1250.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El Saadawi, Nawal (1932–) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/el-saadawi-nawal-1932 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Na 1972, o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke anaghị akụkọ ifo, ''Women and Sex'',<ref name="women" /> which evoked the antagonism of highly placed political and theological authorities.<ref name="Krajeski, The New Yorker" /> O mekwara ka a chụọ ya n'ọrụ na Ministri Ahụike.<ref name="women" /> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ''The Hidden Face of Eve'',<ref>{{cite book |title=The hidden face of Eve : women in the Arab world |oclc=924716956 }}</ref> ''God Dies by the Nile'',<ref>{{cite book |title=God dies by the Nile |oclc=12583064 }}</ref> ''The Circling Song'',<ref>{{cite book |title=The circling song |oclc=18587928 }}</ref> ''Searching'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Searching |oclc=24707056 }}</ref> ''The Fall of the Imam'' (a kọwara ya dị ka "mkpughe dị ike ma na-akpali akpali nke ihe egwu ndị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nwere ike ikpughe site na nkwenkwe okpukpe"),<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip |last=Womack |author-link=Philip Womack |url=http://newhumanist.org.uk/2119/the-fall-of-the-imam-by-nawal-el-saadawi |title=The Fall of the Imam by Nawal El Saadawi (review) |journal=[[New Humanist]] |date=20 August 2009}}</ref> and ''Woman at Point Zero''.<!--{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}--><ref>{{cite book|title=Woman at point zero |oclc=10887569 }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmadụ akatọọla ọrụ ya bụ 'The Hidden Face of Eve' maka nkwupụta na ọ na-ede maka "onye mba ọzọ na-akatọ onye mba ọzọ".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Amireh |first=Amal |date=2000 |title=Framing Nawal El Saadawi: Arab Feminism in a Transnational World |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/495572 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–249 |doi=10.1086/495572 |s2cid=143010343 |issn=0097-9740|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Aha mbụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ, nke a sụgharịrị ozugbo na Bekee bụ "Ihu Gbara Ọtọ nke Nwanyị Arab" ewepụrụkwa ọtụtụ isiakwụkwọ na mbipụta Bekee nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke mbụ nke Arabic ahụ.<ref name=":3" /> O tinyere aka na ihe nkiri "Mgbe nwanyị nupụrụ isi" na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke afọ 1984 ''Sisterhood Is Global'', nke edeziri site na onye deziri ya Robin Morgan,<ref name="global">{{cite web |url=https://catalog.vsc.edu/lscfind/Record/154795/TOC#tabnav |title=Sisterhood Is Global: Table of Contents |publisher=Catalog.vsc.edu |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065459/https://catalog.vsc.edu/lscfind/Record/154795/TOC#tabnav |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ma bụrụ onye tinyere aka na nchịkọta akụkọ nke afọ 2019 ''New Daughters of Africa'', edited by [[Margaret Busby]], nke gụnyere edemede ya "Banyere M n'Africa—Ndọrọ Ndọrọ Ọchịchị na Okpope n'oge Nwatakịrị M".<ref>[[Imani Perry|Perry, Imani]] (29 March 2019), [https://www.ft.com/content/2a4e64a8-508a-11e9-8f44-fe4a86c48b33 "New Daughters of Africa — a new anthology of a groundbreaking book"], ''[[Financial Times]]''.</ref><ref>Rocker-Clinton, Johnna (August 2019), [https://sanfranciscobookreview.com/product/new-daughters-of-africa-an-international-anthology-of-writing-by-women-of-african-descent/ "Margaret Busby does it again!"] (review of ''New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent''), ''San Francisco Book Review''.</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Saadawi nke akpọrọ 'Zeina' na Lebanọn n'afọ 2009. E bipụtara nsụgharị French ahụ n'okpuru aha njirimara Nawal Zeinab el Sayed, site na iji aha nne ya mbụ.<ref>{{cite news|title=Radical writer back with vengeance|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/africa/radical-writer-back-with-vengeance-1.486421/|work= The National|access-date=17 November 2014|date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Saadawi na-asụ asụsụ [[asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] nke ọma, tinyere obodo ya.Egyptian Arabic.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans Ulrich |last=Obrist|url=http://www.e-flux.com/journal/42/60256/in-conversation-with-nawal-el-saadawi/ |title=In Conversation with Nawal El Saadawi|website=e-flux Journal|number=42|date= February 2013}}</ref> Dịka o si dee ya n'asụsụ Arabic, ọ hụrụ ajụjụ nke ịtụgharị asụsụ Bekee ma ọ bụ French dị ka "nnukwu nsogbu" nke jikọtara ya na eziokwu ahụ bụ na <blockquote>"ike ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya bụ nke Bekee ma ọ bụ French na-asụkarị.... Ndị nwere nnukwu akwụkwọ n'ụwa ka na-eleghara m anya, n'ihi na m na-ede ihe n'asụsụ Arabic, nakwa n'ihi na m na-akatọ echiche ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nke onye na-achị obodo, nke onye na-akpa ókè agbụrụ, na nke ndị nna ochie nke ndị ọchịchị ukwu."<ref>{{cite web|first=Dele Meiji|last=Fatunla|url=http://newafricanmagazine.com/nawal-el-saadawi-identity-not-fixed/|title=Nawal El Saadawi: 'My identity is not fixed'|magazine=[[New African]]|date=30 June 2016|access-date=8 October 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706045108/http://newafricanmagazine.com/nawal-el-saadawi-identity-not-fixed/|archive-date=6 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote> Akwụkwọ ya ''Mufakirat Tifla fi Al-Khamisa wa Al-Thamaneen''(Akwụkwọ Ndetu nke Nwa agbọghọ dị afọ 85), nke dabere na ihe e dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, ka e bipụtara n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mahmoud |last=El-Wardani|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/62/273741/Books/Review/At-,-Nawal-ElSaadawi-writes-about-Nawal-ElSaadawi.aspx |title=At 85, Nawal El-Saadawi writes about Nawal El-Saadawi|website=Ahram Online|date= 5 August 2017}}</ref> == Echiche == ===Mmegide megide mmebi akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nwanyị=== Mgbe ọ dị obere, Saadawi mere usoro nke ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-ebipụ akụkụ ahụ ha.<ref>el-Saadawi, Nawal, ''The Hidden Face of Eve'', Part 1: The Mutilated Half.</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ okenye, o dere gbasara omume a ma katọọ ya. O zara ọnwụ nke otu nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, Bedour Shaker, n'oge a na-eme ịwa ahụ maka ibi úgwù n'ime akụkụ ahụ mmadụ na 2007 site n'ide ihe: "Bedour, ị̀ nwụrụ anwụ ka ìhè wee nwuo n'uche ndị gbara ọchịchịrị? Ị ga-eji ndụ gị dị oké ọnụ ahịa kwụọ ụgwọ ... ka ndị dọkịta na ndị ụkọchukwu mụta na okpukpe ziri ezi anaghị ebipụ akụkụ ahụ ụmụaka?"<ref>Michael, Maggie, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070702171148/http://www.physorg.com/news102393179.html "Egypt Officials Ban Female Circumcision"<!-- Bot generated title -->], Phys.org, 30 June 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702171148/http://www.physorg.com/news102393179.html |date=2 July 2007 }}.</ref> Dịka dọkịta na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, Saadawi megidere ibi ụmụ nwoke úgwù. O kwenyere na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ka e chebe ha pụọ ​​na mmebi akụkụ ahụ ha.<ref name="theglobaldispatches">{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/nawal-al-saadawi|first=Allston|last=Mitchell|title=Nawal al Saadawi|work=The Global Dispatches|date=16 May 2010|access-date=12 February 2014|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707223358/http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/nawal-al-saadawi|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ọchịchị mmadụ na Feminism === Saadawi kọwara onwe ya dị ka "onye na-akwado ụmụnwaanyị na soshal midia", na-ekwere na a pụghị imeri ọgụ ụmụnwaanyị n'okpuru ọchịchị kapitalizim.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Fawzy |first=Mary |date=7 May 2021 |title=The socialist feminism of Nawal El Saadawi |url=https://www.newframe.com/the-socialist-feminism-of-nawal-el-saadawi/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=New Frame}}</ref> Nkwenye a nke ndị otu ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya apụtala site n'ikpe na-ezighị ezi ọ hụrụ ná ndụ ya.<ref name=":4" /> N'akwụkwọ ya bụ 'The Zoro Ezo nke Eve', o dere gbasara otu a na-agaghị esi kewapụ ndụ mmekọahụ na nke mmetụta uche nke ndị mmadụ na ndụ akụnụba ha na mmepụta ha, ya mere iwu ọnọdụ onwe onye na mba Arab ga-abụrịrị ihe kacha mkpa nye ndị socialist.<ref>{{Citation |chapter=Introduction |date=2015 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350251076.0006 |title=The Hidden Face of Eve |publisher=Zed Books |doi=10.5040/9781350251076.0006 |isbn=978-0-90576-251-7 |access-date=22 December 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na 2018, o kwuru na ya abụghị onye Marxist, ebe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ ya nke ọ chọpụtara na ọ na-enwe nsogbu na ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawal El Saadawi on feminism, fiction and the illusion of democracy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djMfFU7DIB8 |language=en |publisher=[[Channel 4 News]]|via=YouTube|date=13 June 2018|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> ===Okpukperechi=== N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya nke afọ 2014, Saadawi kwuru na "isi ihe kpatara mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị dị n'usoro ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke okpukperechi kwadoro".<ref>{{Cite web|title = They don't want any really courageous people!|url = http://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-nawal-el-saadawi-they-dont-want-any-really-courageous-people|website = Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World|access-date =5 November 2015|last = Fariborz|first = Arian|date =5 July 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọtụtụ narị mmadụ nwụrụ n'ihe a kpọr "stampede" n'oge njem njem 2015 (Hajj) nke ndị Alakụba gaa Mecca, Saudi Arabia, o kwuru, sị: <blockquote>"Ha na-ekwu maka ịgbanwe ụzọ e si achịkwa Hajj, gbasara ime ka ndị mmadụ na-eme njem n'obere ìgwè. Ihe ha na-ekwughị bụ na ihe a mere n'ihi na ndị a na-alụ ọgụ ịtụ ekwensu nkume. Gịnị mere ha ji kwesị ịtụ ekwensu nkume? Gịnị mere ha ji kwesị isusu nkume ojii ahụ ọnụ? Mana ọ dịghị onye ga-ekwu nke a. Ndị mgbasa ozi agaghị ebipụta ya. Gịnị ka ọ bụ, enweghị mmasị ịkatọ okpukpe? ... Ọjụjụ a ịkatọ okpukpe ... abụghị liberalism. Nke a bụ mmachibido iwu."<ref name=Cooke /></blockquote> O kwuru na ihe ndị dị na Hajj, dịka isusu Okute Ojii ọnụ, nwere mgbọrọgwụ ndị ọgọ mmụọ tupu okpukpe Islam.<ref>Fiona Lloyd-Davies, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/1619902.stm "No compromise"], ''Correspondent'', BBC News, 26 October 2001.</ref> Saadawi was involved in the academic exploration of Arab identity throughout her writing career.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hanadi|first1=Al-Samman|title=Diasporic Na(rra)tions: Arab Women Rewriting Exile|date=2000|publisher=[[Indiana University]]|page=25}}</ref> Saadawi kọwara mkpuchi ihu nke ndị Alakụba dị ka "ngwaọrụ mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="theglobaldispatches" /> ===Ebumnuche nke ụmụ nwanyị=== Ọ katọrọkwa ihe megidere ihe ndị e ji mara ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị n'usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke a na-ahụkarị na Yuropu na US,<ref>{{cite book|last1=El Saadawi|first1=Nawal|title=The Nawal El Saadawi Reader|publisher=Zed Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9SPVEG3cv0C|date=1997|isbn=9781856495141|access-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> na-akpasu ndị otu nwanyị ibe ha iwe site n'ikwu okwu megide etemeete na uwe ndị na-ekpughe ihe.<ref name=taylor/> ===United States=== N'okwu nkuzi nke afọ 2002 na Mahadum California na Berkeley's Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Saadawi kọwara agha nke US duziri megide Afghanistan dị ka "agha iji mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na mmanụ dị na mpaghara ahụ", na amụma mba ofesi nke US na nkwado ya nye Israel dị ka "ezigbo iyi ọha egwu.".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pasquini|first1=Elaine|title=El Saadawi Calls U.S. Foreign Policy 'Real Terrorism'|url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-110120822/el-saadawi-calls-u-s-foreign-policy-real-terrorism|via=|work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|date=March 2002|access-date=|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409040731/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-110120822/el-saadawi-calls-u-s-foreign-policy-real-terrorism|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saadawi held the opinion that Egyptians are forced into poverty by US aid.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nielsen|first1=Nikolaj|title=Nawal El Saadawi: 'I am against stability. We need revolution'|url=http://chronikler.com/middle-east/egypt/nawal-el-saadawi-interview/|access-date=19 November 2014|work=The Chronikler|date=11 July 2013}}</ref> ==Nyoyo== Saadawi bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri "She Speaked the Unspeakable", nke Jill Nicholls duziri, nke a na-agbasa na February 2017 na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC One ''[[w:Imagine (usoro ihe nkiri TV)|Imagine]]''.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08g7hr8 "She Spoke the Unspeakable"], BBC One, ''Imagine'', Winter 2017. [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5cu7f1 Via] Dailymotion.</ref> ==Ọnwụ== Saadawi nwụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na otu nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2021, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na itoolu, n'ụlọọgwụ dị na Cairo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/407474.aspx|title=Renowned Egyptian feminist, author Nawal El-Saadawi dies at the age of 89|website=Ahram Online|first=Mohammed |last=Saad |date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/03/21/pioneering-egyptian-feminist-nawal-el-saadawi-dies-aged-89/|title=Pioneering Egyptian Feminist Nawal El Saadawi Dies Aged 89|website=Egyptian Streets|date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1829281/offbeat |title=Arab author, women's rights icon Nawal El-Saadawi dies in Cairo |website=Arab News |date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> Her life was commemorated on BBC Radio 4's obituary programme ''Last Word''.<ref>{{cite episode| title= Nawal El Saadawi (pictured), Brigadier Jack Thomas, President John Magufuli, Ion Mihai Pacepa| series= Last Word| credits= Producer: Neil George; Interviewed guests: [[Mona Eltahawy]], Sally Nabil| station= BBC Radio 4| airdate= 26 March 2021| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000tg67 | access-date= 28 March 2021 }}</ref> ==Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ ahọpụtara== *2004: North–South Prize site na Council of Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/north-south-centre/previous-laureates-of-the-north-south-prize|title=Previous laureates of the North-South Prize|publisher=Council of Europe|website=coe.int}}</ref> *2005: Inana International Prize, Belgium<ref name="auto1"/> *2007: Honorary Doctorate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-137-58730-5_4|publisher=Nawal El Saadawi|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-58730-5_4|title=Diary of a Child Called Souad|year=2016|last1=El Saadawi|first1=Nawal|chapter=Nawal el Saadawi and a History of Oppression: Brief Biographical Facts |pages=153–158|isbn=978-1-137-58936-1}}</ref> *2007: Honorary Doctorate, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ulb.be/en/about-ulb/ulbs-honorary-doctorates|title=ULB's honorary doctorates|website=ulb.be|publisher=Université libre de Bruxelles}}</ref> *2010: Honorary Doctorate, National Autonomous University of Mexico]], Mexico<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/author-physician-nawal-el-saadawi-egypt-s-critic-of-taboos-01616337305?tesla=y|title=Author, Physician Nawal El-Saadawi, Egypt's Critic Of Taboos|website=barrons.com|first=Farid|last= Farid|publisher=Barron's|date=21 March 2021}}</ref> *2011: Stig Dagerman Prize<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.svd.se/kultur/2012/01/09/motvillig-el-saadawi-far-dagermanpriset/ |title=Motvillig El Saadawi får Dagermanpriset |work=[[SvD]] |language=sv |date=9 January 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article14833794.ab |title=Lydnad är ett dödligt gift |work=Kultur |language=sv |date=15 May 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref> *2012: Seán MacBride Peace Prize<ref name="auto2"/> *2015: BBC's 100 Women<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-34745739|title=BBC 100 Women 2015: Who is on the list?|date=17 November 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=3 August 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> *2020: ''[[w:Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s 100 Women of the Year (1981)<ref> {{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5793662/nawal-el-saadawi-100-women-of-the-year/ |title=1981: Nawal El Saadawi |magazine=Time |date=5 March 2020 }}</ref> ==Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara== Saadawi dere ihe nke ọma, wee tinye ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya n'ịntanetị.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amireh |first=Amal |date=2000 |title=Framing Nawal El Saadawi: Arab Feminism in a Transnational World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3175385 |journal=Signs |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–249 |doi=10.1086/495572 |jstor=3175385 |s2cid=143010343 |issn=0097-9740|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saiti |first1=Ramzi |last2=Salti |first2=Ramzi M. |date=1994 |title=Paradise, Heaven, and Other Oppressive Spaces: A Critical Examination of the Life and Works of Nawal el-Saadawi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4183334 |journal=Journal of Arabic Literature |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=152–174 |doi=10.1163/157006494X00059 |jstor=4183334 |issn=0085-2376|url-access=subscription }}</ref> '''Akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ''' * ''Mudhakkirat tabiba'' (Cairo, 1958). ''Memoirs of a Woman Doctor'', trans. Catherine Cobham (Saqi Books, 1988) * ''Al ghayib'' (Cairo, 1965). ''Searching'', trans. Shirley Eber (Zed Books, 1991) * ''Imra'tani fi-Imra'a'' (Cairo, 1968). ''Two Women in One'', trans. Osman Nusairi and Jana Gough (Saqi Books, 1985) * ''Maut ar-raǧul al-waḥīd ʿala ‚l-arḍ'' (1974). ''God Dies by the Nile'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 1985) * ''Al-khait wa'ayn al-hayat'' (Cairo, 1976). ''The Well of Life and the Thread: Two Short Novels'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Lime Tree, 1993) * ''Ughniyat al-atfal al da iriyah'' (Beirut: Dar al-Adab, 1977). ''The Circling Song'', trans. Marilyn Booth (Zed Books, 1989) * ''Emra'a enda noktat el sifr'' (Beirut: Dar al-Adab, 1977). ''Woman at Point Zero'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 1983) * ''Mawt Ma'ali al-Wazir Sabiqan'' (1980). ''Death of an Ex-Minister'', trans. Shirley Eber (Methuen, 1987) * ''Suqūṭ al-imām'' (Cairo, 1987). ''The Fall of the Imam'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Methuen, 1988) * ''Jann āt wa-Iblīs'' (Beirut, 1992). ''The Innocence of the Devil'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Methuen, 1994) * ''Ḥubb fī zaman al-naf̣t'' (Cairo, 1993). ''Love in the Kingdom of Oil'', trans. Basil Hatim and Malcolm Williams (Saqi Books, 2001) * ''Al-Riwayah'' (Cairo: Dar El Hilal, 2004). ''The Novel'', trans. Omnia Amin and Rick London (Interlink Books, 2009) * ''Zeina'' (Beirut: Dar Al Saqi, 2009). ''Zeina'', trans. Amira Nowaira (Saqi Books, 2011) '''Nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi''' * ''Ta'allamt al-hubb'' (Cairo, 1957). ''I Learned Love'' * ''Lahzat sidq'' (Cairo, 1959). ''Moment of Truth'' * ''Little Tenderness'' (Cairo, 1960) * ''al-Khayt wa-l-jidar'' (1972). ''The Thread and the Wall'' * ''Ain El Hayat'' (Beirut, 1976) * ''Kānat hiya al-aḍʻaf'' ["She Was the Weaker"] (1979). ''She Has No Place in Paradise'', trans. Shirley Eber (Methuen, 1987). Includes three additional stories: "She Has No Place in Paradise", "Two Women Friends", and "'Beautiful'". * ''Adab Am Kellet Abad'' (Cairo, 2000) '''Egwuregwu''' * ''Ithna 'ashar imra'a fi zinzana wahida'' (Cairo, 1984). ''Twelve Women in a Cell'' * ''Isis'' (Cairo, 1985) * ''God Resigns in the Summit Meeting'' (1996), published by Madbouli, and four other plays included in her ''Collected Works'' (45 books in Arabic), Cairo: Madbouli, 2007 * ''Twelve Women in a Cell: Plays by Mediterranean Women'' (Aurora Metro Books, 1994) '''Ihe ncheta''' * ''Mudhakkirat fi Sijn al-Nisa'' (Cairo, 1983). ''Memoirs from the Women's Prison'', trans. Marilyn Booth (The Women's Press, 1986) * ''Rihlati hawla al-'alam'' (Cairo, 1986). ''My Travels Around the World'', trans. Shirley Eber (Methuen, 1991) * ''Memoirs of a Child Called Soad'' (Cairo, 1990) * ''Awraqi hayati'', first volume (Cairo, 1995). ''A Daughter of Isis'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 1999) * ''Awraqi hayati'', second volume (Cairo, 1998). ''Walking Through Fire'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 2002) * ''My Life, Part III'' (Cairo, 2001) '''Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo''' * ''Women and Sex'' (Cairo, 1969) * ''Woman Is the Origin'' (Cairo, 1971) * ''Men and Sex'' (Cairo, 1973) * ''The Naked Face of Arab Women'' (Cairo, 1974) * ''Women and Neurosis'' (Cairo, 1975) * ''Al-Wajh al-'ari lil-mar'a al-'arabiyy'' (1977). ''The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Press, 1980) * ''On Women'' (Cairo, 1986) * ''A New Battle in Arab Women Liberation'' (Cairo, 1992) * ''Collection of Essays'' (Cairo, 1998) * ''Collection of Essays'' (Cairo, 2001) * ''Breaking Down Barriers'' (Cairo, 2004) '''Compilations in English''' * ''Plays by Mediterranean Women'' (Aurora Metro Books, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-9515877-3-7}}) * ''North/South: The Nawal El Saadawi Reader'' (Zed Books, 1997) * ''Off Limits: New Writings on Fear and Sin'' (Gingko Library, 2019, {{ISBN|978-88-87847-16-1}}) == Hụkwa ==   *   *   *   * Thesis/dissertation.  <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Nawal El Saadawi na archive.org * Adele Newson-Horst, "[https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/blog/literary-tributes/remembering-nawal-el-saadawi-adele-newson-horst "Ịcheta Nawal El Saadawi"]", World Literature Today, 24 March 2021. * [[Ernest Emenyonu]], "NAWAL EL SAADAWI: Ndụ na edemede (Ọktoba 27, 1931 - Machị 21, 2021) ", Boydell na Brewer, 13 Mee 2021. [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d0n9jswu4yy1l3214p4aiyg6l9bkirm 736923 736922 2026-10-09T15:18:47Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Hụkwa */ 736923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Nawal El Saadawi''' (27 Ọktoba 1931 – 21 Maachị 2021) bụ onye edemede feminist nke Ijipt, activist, disciatist, na psychiatrist. O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na Islam, na-elekwasị anya n'okwu ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị na Global South, gụnyere sexuality, patriarchy social class, na colonialism.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ onye hiwere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke otu Arab Women's Solidarity Association.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2015|title=Nawal El Saadawi|url=https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/womeninspiringchange/2015-honorees/nawal-el-saadawi/|access-date=9 October 2020|website=Women Inspiring Change|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218120145/https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/womeninspiringchange/2015-honorees/nawal-el-saadawi/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hitchcock, Peter; El Saadawi, Nawal; Hatata, Sherif. "Living the Struggle". ''Transition'' 61 (1993): 170–179.</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye hiwere Arab Association for Human Rights.<ref>Nawal El Saadawi, "Presentation by Nawal El Saadawi: President's Forum, M/MLA Annual Convention, November 4, 1999", ''The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association'' 33.3–34.1 (Autumn 2000 – Winter 2001): 34–39.</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta nsọpụrụ site na mahadum dị na kọntinent atọ. Na 2004, Kọnsụl nke Yuropu nyere ya North–South Prize. Na 2005, o nwetara ihe nrite mba ụwa Inana na Belgium.<ref name="auto1">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jue04c1_wkY "PEN World Voices Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture by Nawal El Saadawi"], YouTube. 8 September 2009.</ref> Na 2012, International Peace Bureau nyere ya onyinye Seán MacBride Peace Prize.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=International Peace Bureau|url=http://www.ipb.org/web/index.php?mostra=news&menu=home&id_nom=IPB+to+award+2012+Sean+MacBride+Peace+Prize+to+Nawal+El-Sadaawi+and+Lina+Ben+Mhenni|website=www.ipb.org|access-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925221701/http://www.ipb.org/web/index.php?mostra=news&menu=home&id_nom=IPB+to+award+2012+Sean+MacBride+Peace+Prize+to+Nawal+El-Sadaawi+and+Lina+Ben+Mhenni|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Saadawi, onye nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ itoolu, na 27 Ọktoba 1931 n'obodo nta dị na Kafr Tahla, [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/22/nawal-el-saadawi-obituary|title=Nawal El Saadawi obituary|date=22 March 2021|first=Sarah A|last= Smith|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elkhatib |first1=Sameh |title=Egyptian feminist and author el-Saadawi dies at 89 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/egyptian-feminist-author-el-saadawi-dies-89-2021-03-22/ |website=Reuters |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> E mere Saadawi ebe ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ime akụkụ ahụ ha <ref name=Khaleeli /> at the age of six,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Sa'dawi|first1=Nawal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9vqMossOjoC|title=A Daughter of Isis: The Autobiography of Nawal El Saadawi|last2=Saadawi|first2=Nawal El|last3=Saʻdāwī|first3=Nawāl|last4=Saʿdāwī|first4=Nawāl as-|date=1999|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|isbn=978-1-85649-680-3|pages=63–87|language=en}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na nna ya kwenyere na ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwoke kwesịrị ịgụ akwụkwọ. O kwuru na nne na nna ya bụ ndị nwere nnwere onwe mgbe ha na-etolite.<ref name=":1"/> Nna ya Upper Egypt bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị na [[w:Ministry of Education (Egypt)|Ministry of Education]], onye lụsoro ọgụ megide British rebel Egypt n'oge Egypt Revolution of 1919. N'ihi ya, a chụpụrụ ya n'obodo nta dị na Naịl, gọọmentị ekweghịkwa ịkwalite ya ruo afọ 10. Ọ bụ onye na-aga n'ihu ma kụziere nwa ya nwanyị ịkwanyere onwe ya ùgwù na ikwu okwu n'uche ya. Ọ gbakwara ya ume ka ọ mụọ asụsụ Arabik. Agbanyeghị, mgbe El Saadawi dị afọ 10, ezinụlọ ya gbalịrị ime ka ọ lụọ di, mana nne ya kwadoro ya n'ịjụ.<ref name=taylor>{{Cite news |title=Nawal El Saadawi: Feminist firebrand who dared to write dangerously (obituary) |last=Taylor-Coleman |first=Jasmine |website=BBC News |date=21 March 2021 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-55048245}}</ref> Both her parents died at a young age,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nawal El Saadawi|url=http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/saadawi.html|access-date=25 September 2015|website=faculty.webster.edu|archive-date=2 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602080913/http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/saadawi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2021|sure=y|reason=This is an unpublished undergraduate student assignment paper}} na-ahapụ Saadawi naanị ibu ọrụ nke ilekọta ezinụlọ buru ibu.<ref name="bornexile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nawalsaadawi.net/oldsite/articlesnawal/bornexile.htm |title=Exile and Resistance |first=Nawal |last=El Saadaw|website=Nawal El Saadawi/Sherif Hetata |date=November 2002|access-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027223127/http://www.nawalsaadawi.net/oldsite/articlesnawal/bornexile.htm |archive-date=27 October 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Nne ya, Zaynab, sitere n'agbụrụ bara ọgaranya [[w:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]];<ref>{{cite news|last=Cowell|first=Alan |author-link=Alan Cowell |year=2021|title=Nawal El Saadawi, Advocate for Women in the Arab World, Dies at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/21/obituaries/nawal-el-saadawi-dead.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|quote=Nawal El Saadawi was born on Oct. 27, 1931, in the village of Kafr Tahla, a settlement in the lower Nile Delta, the second of nine children. Her mother, Zaynab (Shoukry) El Saadawi, was partially descended from a wealthy Ottoman family. Her father, Al-Sayed El Saadawi, was an official in the government’s education ministry. }}</ref> Saadawi kọwara nna nna ya nke nne ya, Shoukry,<ref>{{cite book|first=Nawal|last= El Saadawi|year=2013|title=A Daughter of Isis: The Early Life of Nawal El Saadawi|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1848136403}}</ref> na nne nne ya dị ka onye Ottoman si malite.<ref name="CaliforniaUni">{{citation|first=Nawal|last= El Saadawi|year=1986|title=Memoirs from the Women's Prison|publisher=University of California Press|page=64|quote= "My eyes widened in astonishment. Even my maternal grandmother used to sing, although she was born to a Turkish mother and lived in my grandfather's house in the epoch when harems still existed." |isbn=0520088883}}</ref> Ọbụna mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ katọrọ obodo ndị nwoke bi na ya, ebe ụmụ nwoke ji ha kpọrọ ihe karịa ụmụ nwanyị, na-emeghachi omume n'iwe nye nne nne ya, onye kwuru na "nwoke bara uru ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise ma ọ dịkarịa ala... Ụmụ agbọghọ bụ nsogbu".<ref name=taylor/> O ji nganga kọwaa onwe ya dị ka nwanyị Ijipt agba ọchịchịrị kemgbe ọ dị obere.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://zora.medium.com/my-childhood-in-egypt-not-knowing-i-was-in-africa-27580b07a93b|title=My Childhood in Egypt, Not Knowing I Was in Africa|first=Nawal|last=El Saadawi|website=zora.medium.com|date=13 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=New Daughters of Africa|chapter=About Me in Africa—Politics and Religion in my Childhood|editor-first=Margaret|first=El Saadawi|last=Nawal|editor-last=Busby|publisher=[[Myriad Editions]]|edition=paperback|pages=42–44|date=2020}}</ref> == Career == Saadawi gụsịrị akwụkwọ dịka dọkịta na 1955 na Mahadum Cairo. N'afọ ahụ, ọ lụrụ Ahmed Helmi, onye ọ zutere dịka nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike. Ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Mona Helmi.<ref name=Khaleeli/> Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe afọ abụọ gachara.<ref name=JoISR>{{cite journal|first=Yusuf|last=Koseli|title=A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH TO THE NOVEL OF NAWAL EL SAADAWI TITLED MÜZEKKİRAT TABİBE|journal=The Journal of International Social Research|date=2013|volume=6|issue=28|url=http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt6/cilt6sayi28_pdf/koseli_yusuf.pdf|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=Khaleeli>{{Cite web|title = Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt's radical feminist|url = https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/apr/15/nawal-el-saadawi-egyptian-feminist|website =The Guardian|date= 15 April 2010|access-date =15 April 2020|first = Homa|last = Khaleeli}}</ref> Site na ọrụ ahụike ya, ọ hụrụ nsogbu anụ ahụ na nke uche ụmụ nwanyị ma jikọta ha na omume omenala siri ike, mmegbu nna ochie, mmegbu klaasị na mmegbu ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu.<ref name="women">[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/462/women.htm Feminism in a nationalist century] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419040800/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/462/women.htm |date=19 April 2010 }}</ref> Di ya nke abụọ bụ onye ọrụ ibe ya, Rashad Bey.<ref name=JoISR/><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://www.academia.edu/23224495|title=Voice of Oppressed from the Margins: A Critical Reading on Nawal El Saadawi's "Woman at Point Zero"|last=Puthiyakath|first=Hashim H.|publisher=Central University of Tamil Nadu|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka dọkịta n'ebe a mụrụ ya na Kafr Tahla, ọ hụrụ ihe isi ike na enweghị nha anya ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ime obodo na-eche ihu. Mgbe ọ gbalịsịrị ichebe otu n'ime ndị ọrịa ya pụọ ​​na ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ, a kpọrọ Saadawi ka ọ laghachi Cairo. O mechara bụrụ Onyeisi nke Ministry of [[w:health public|Public Health]] wee zute di ya nke atọ, Sherif Hatata, mgbe ọ na-ekerịta ụlọ ọrụ na Ministry of Health. Hatata, bụkwa dọkịta na onye edemede, abụrụla onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ruo afọ 13. Ha lụrụ na 1964 ma mụta nwa nwoke.<ref name="bornexile"/><ref name=Khaleeli/> Saadawi na Hatata biri ọnụ ruo afọ iri anọ na atọ<ref name=Cooke>{{cite web|last1=Cooke|first1=Rachel|title=Nawal El Saadawi: 'Do you feel you are liberated? I feel I am not'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/11/nawal-el-saadawi-interview-do-you-feel-you-are-liberated-not|work=[[The Observer]]|date=11 October 2015|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> and divorced in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/62/99644/Books/Review/ElSaadawi-and-Hatata-Voyage-of-a-lifetime.aspx|title=El-Saadawi and Hatata: Voyage of a lifetime|date=24 April 2014|publisher=Ahram Online|first=Mahmoud |last=El-Wardani|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> [[File:Shirin Ershadi, Shirin Ebadi and Nawal el-Saadawi (2413951897).jpg|thumb|Shirin Ershadi, Shirin Ebadi na Nawal el-Saadawi]] Saadawi gara Mahadum Columbia, wee nweta nzere masta na ahụike ọha na eze na 1966.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Harrison|date=23 March 2021|title=Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian author, physician and feminist activist, dies at 89|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/nawal-el-saadawi-dead/2021/03/23/43c7c250-8b19-11eb-a730-1b4ed9656258_story.html|access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> Na 1972, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya ''Woman and Sex'' ikọwaa ihe dị iche iche e mere megide ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ibi úgwù ụmụ nwanyị. Akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ ihe ndabere nke ihe gbaara ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ. N'ihi akwụkwọ ahụ na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, a chụpụrụ Saadawi n'ọkwa ya na Ministri Ahụike.<ref name="women" /> Ọ tụfuru ọkwa ya dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike, nakwa dịka Osote Odeakwụkwọ Ukwu na Òtù Ahụike na Ijipt. Site na 1973 ruo 1976, Saadawi rụrụ ọrụ n'inyocha ụmụ nwanyị na neurosis na ngalaba ọgwụ nke Ain Shams University. Site na 1979 ruo 1980, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ United Nations maka Mmemme Ụmụ nwanyị na Afrịka (ECA) na Middle East (ECWA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/saadawi-nawal-el-2/|title=Saadawi, Nawal el – Postcolonial Studies|website=scholarblogs.emory.edu|language=en-US|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9SPVEG3cv0C&q=Nawal+Saadawi+united+nations+advisor+1979&pg=PR1|title=The Nawal El Saadawi Reader|last=Saʻdāwī|first=Nawāl|date=15 December 1997|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781856495141|language=en}}</ref> === Ikpe ụlọ ikpe megide ya === Na 2002, Nabih el-Wahsh mere mgbalị iwu n'ụlọ ikpe Ijipt ịgba el-Saadawi alụkwaghịm n'aka di ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'ihi [[w:hisbah|hesba]], ụkpụrụ nke narị afọ nke 9 nke shariah law, nke na-ekwe ka a mara ndị Alakụba a na-ahụ na ha na-emebi Islam ikpe. Ihe akaebe e ji megide ya bụ ajụjụ ọnụ nke Machị ebe el-Wahsh kwuru na ọ gbahapụrụ Islam. Mgbalị iwu ahụ agaghị nke ọma.<ref name=Khaleeli /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2001 |title=Cairo writer threatened with divorce |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/18/internationaleducationnews.highereducation |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, e mere otu ihe ahụ iji napụ el-Saadawi mba Ijipt ya n'ihi echiche na ihe odide ya siri ike, mgbalị a agaghịkwa enwe isi.<ref name=Khaleeli /> === Mkpọrọ === Kemgbe gọọmentị Ijipt lere ya anya dị ka ihe na-ese okwu ma dị ize ndụ, Saadawi nyere aka bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị otu nwanyị na 1981 nke akpọrọ ''Confrontation.'' President of Egypt Anwar Sadat tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Septemba.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Uglow|first1=Jennifer S.|author2=Maggy Hendry|title=The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Northeastern University Press|isbn= 9781555534219|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/189 189]–190}}</ref> Saadawi kwuru otu oge n'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya: "E jidere m n'ihi na ekwere m Sadat. O kwuru na e nwere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na anyị nwere usoro ọtụtụ pati, ị nwekwara ike ịkatọ ya. Ya mere, amalitere m ịkatọ iwu ya, m wee banye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ." Sadat kwuru na ọchịchị e guzobere bụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya maka ndị mmadụ, nakwa na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị njikere maka nkatọ bara uru. Dịka Saadawi si kwuo, Sadat tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'ihi nkatọ ya maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọbụna n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ ka chọtara ụzọ isi lụso mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ọgụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, o guzobere otu Arab Women's Solidarity Association. Nke a bụ otu mbụ iwu kwadoro na nke nwere onwe ya na Egypt. N'ụlọ mkpọrọ, a jụrụ ya pen na akwụkwọ, agbanyeghị, nke ahụ egbochighị ya ịnọgide na-ede ihe. O jiri "pensụl nku anya ojii siri ike" na "obere akwụkwọ mposi ochie na nke gbawara agbawa" dekọọ echiche ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview with Nawal el aasawi|url=http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/twenty/nawal.html|last=Network|first=Vile News|date=2015|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ ahụ, otu ọnwa ka e gbusịrị Onyeisiala. Banyere ahụmịhe ya, o dere, sị: "Ihe ize ndụ abụrụla akụkụ nke ndụ m kemgbe m were mkpịsị akwụkwọ wee dee ihe. Ọ dịghị ihe dị ize ndụ karịa eziokwu n'ụwa nke dị ụgha."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/03/stories/13030786.htm |title=Egypt's face of courage |work=The Hindu|first=Kalpana|last=Sharma|date=3 June 2001|access-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030002518/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/03/stories/13030786.htm |archive-date=30 October 2004 }}</ref> Na afọ 1982, o hiwere otu Arab Women's Solidarity Association.<ref>Hussey, Sierra, [https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/biography-nawal-el-saadawi-sierra-hussey "Biography of Nawal El Saadawi"], South African History Online.</ref> Ọ kọwara otu ya dị ka "onye akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye na-akwado ọchịchị ọha, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.aljadid.com/node/2254|title= Nawal El-Saadawi's 'Daughter of Isis' Life and Times via the Plenitude of Her Writings |first=D.H. |last=Melhem|website=Al Jadid Magazine|volume= 5|number= 29|date=Autumn 1999|access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref> Saadawi bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị e jidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị Qanatir. Mkpọrọ ya bụ ntọala maka afọ 1983 ya. ''Memoirs from the Women's Prison'' ({{langx|ar|مذكرات في سجن النساء }}). Mkparịta ụka ya na onye mkpọrọ nọ na Qanatir, afọ itoolu tupu a tụọ ya mkpọrọ ebe ahụ, bụ ihe mkpali maka ọrụ mbụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ aha ya bụ ''Woman at Point Zero'' ({{langx|ar|امرأة عند نقطة الصفر}}, 1975).<ref name="Krajeski, The New Yorker">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-books-of-nawal-el-saadawi|title=The Books of Nawal El Saadawi|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|first=Jenna|last=Krajeski|date=7 March 2011|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> === Mkpagbu ndị ọzọ, nkuzi na US, na ngagharị iwe ndị ọzọ mechara mee === Na 1993, mgbe ndị Alakụba na mkpagbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị yiri ndụ ya egwu, a manyere Saadawi ịgbapụ n'Ijipt. Ọ nabatara onyinye ịkụzi ihe na Ngalaba Asụsụ Eshia na Afrịka nke Mahadum Duke dị na [[North Carolina]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Visiting Professor in Court, Under Fire in Egypt|url=https://today.duke.edu/2001/06/el-saadawi629.html|date=29 June 2001|website=Duke Today|publisher=Duke University|access-date=1 April 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name=BMJ>Dr Dora Carpenter-Latiri, [http://blogs.bmj.com/medical-humanities/2015/11/11/the-reading-room-a-review-of-memoirs-of-a-woman-doctor/ "The Reading Room: A review of ‘Memoirs of a woman doctor{{'"}}], ''BMJ'' Blog, 11 November 2015.</ref> nakwa na Mahadum Washington. O mechara nọrọ n'ọtụtụ kọleji na mahadum ndị a ma ama dịka Mahadum Cairo, Harvard, Yale, [[w:Mahadum Columbia|Columbia]], [[w:Mahadum Paris|Sorbonne]], [[w:Mahadum Georgetown|Georgetown]], Mahadum Steeti Florida, na Mahadum California, Berkeley. Na 1996, ọ laghachiri Ijipt.<ref name="BMJ"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ling|first= Jessica |url=http://www.warscapes.com/blog/today-history-happy-85th-birthday-nawal-el-saadawi |title=Today in History: Happy 85th Birthday, Nawal El Saadawi!|website=Warscapes|date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Saadawi gara n'ihu na-akwado ya ma chee echiche ịzọ ọkwa na 2005 ntuli aka onyeisiala Ijipt, tupu ọ pụọ n'ihi ihe siri ike achọrọ maka ndị ga-azọ ọkwa nke mbụ.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/7/16/egypt-presidential-aspirant-pulls-out "Egypt presidential aspirant pulls out"], AlJazeera, 16 July 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</ref> O so n'ime ndị ngagharị iwe na Tahrir Square na 2011.<ref>{{cite web|first=Elizabeth |last=Rubin|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-feminists-in-the-middle-of-tahrir-square.html |title=The Feminists in the Middle of Tahrir Square|work=[[Newsweek]]|date= 6 March 2011}}</ref> O kwuru ka a kwụsị nkuzi okpukperechi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Ijipt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawal El Saadawi – Illustrated Women in History |url=https://illustratedwomeninhistory.com/nawal-el-saadawi-is-an-egyptian-feminist-writer/ |date=28 October 2015|access-date=15 May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Saadawi was awarded the 2004 North–South Prize by the Council of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/nscentre/winners_nsp_EN.asp|title=North-South Centre homepage|website=North-South Centre|language=en-GB|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> Na Julaị 2016, ọ bụ onyeisi emume akwụkwọ Royal African Society nke akpọrọ "Africa Writes" na London, ebe o kwuru okwu gbasara "On Being a Woman Writer" na mkparịta ụka ya na [[Margaret Busby]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Kelechi |last=Iwumene|url=http://africawrites.org/blog/africa-writes-2016-the-round-up/ |title=Africa Writes 2016: The Round-Up|publisher=Royal African Society|date= July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://africawrites.org/uncategorized/on-being-a-woman-writer-nawal-el-saadawi-in-conversation-2/ |title=On Being A Woman Writer: Nawal El Saadawi in conversation|website= Africa Writes|publisher=Royal African Society|date= 2 July 2016}}</ref> [[File:Nawal El Saadawi, April 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|April 2012]] Na Göteborg Book Fair nke mere na Septemba 27 ruo 30, 2018, Saadawi gara seminar gbasara mmepe na Ijipt na Middle East mgbe Arab Spring gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gp.se/kultur/kultur/nawal-el-sadaawi-till-bokm%C3%A4ssan-1.7940393|title=Nawal El Sadaawi till Bokmässan|work=Göteborgs-Posten|language=sv|date=29 August 2018|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> ma n'oge okwu ya na mmemme ahụ kwuru na ike ụwa niile "ndị ọchịchị aka ike, ndị isi obodo, ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu, ndị na-akpa ókè agbụrụ", nke United States na-edu, jikọrọ aka na gọọmentị Ijipt iji kwụsị mgbanwe Ijipt nke afọ 2011. O kwukwara na ya chetara ịhụ Odeakwụkwọ nke Mba U.S. n'oge ahụ [[Hillary Clinton]] na Tahrir Square ka ọ na-enye ndị ntorobịa akwụkwọ dollar iji gbaa ha ume ka ha votu maka Ụmụnna Ndị Alakụba na ntuli aka na-abịa.,<ref>[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-activist-nawal-saadawi-saw-hillary-clinton-dollars-tahrir-square "Onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị Ijipt bụ Nawal El Saadawi: Ahụrụ m Hillary Clinton ka ọ na-enye ego mba Amerịka na Tahrir Square ka ndị mmadụ wee tụọ vootu maka ụmụnna ndị Alakụba"], [[Memri TV]], 30 Septemba 2018</ref> ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ihe akaebe na ihe a a na-ekwu mere. Nawal El Saadawi nwere ọkwa dịka onye dere akwụkwọ maka Kansụl Kasị Elu maka Nkà na Sayensị Mmekọrịta, Cairo; Onyeisi Isi nke Ngalaba Mmụta Ahụike, Ministry of Health, Cairo, Odeakwụkwọ Ukwu nke Medical Association, Cairo, Egypt, na dọkịta na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mahadum na [[w:Ministry of Health and Population (Egypt)|Ministry of Health]]. Ọ bụ onye hiwere otu agụmakwụkwọ ahụike na otu ndị edemede ụmụ nwanyị Ijipt; ọ bụkwa onyeisi nchịkọta akụkọ nke "Health Magazine" na Cairo, nakwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke "Medical Association Magazine".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipb.org/nawal-el-sadaawi-in-memory/|title=Nawal El Sadaawi – In Memory|first=Ingeborg |last=Breines|author-link=Ingeborg Breines|website=ipb.org|publisher=IPB – International Peace Bureau|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/news/nawal-el-saadawi-tribute/|title=Tribute to doctor, writer and activist Nawal El Saadawi|website=gold.ac.uk|publisher=[[Goldsmiths University of London]]|date=26 March 2021|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> == Ide ihe == [[File:Nawal El Saadawi 02.JPG|thumb|right|Saadawi at the Göteborg Book Fair na 2010]] Saadawi malitere ide ihe na mbido ọrụ ya. Ihe odide mbụ ya gụnyere ọtụtụ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke akpọrọ ''Amụtara m Ịhụnanya'' (1957) na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Memoirs of a Woman Doctor'' (1958). O mechara dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na obere akụkọ na akwụkwọ ncheta onwe ya, ''Memoir from the Women's Prison'' (1986). E bipụtala Saadawi n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, a sụgharịkwara ọrụ ya site na Arabic mbụ gaa na ihe karịrị asụsụ 30.<ref>Van Allen, Judith Imel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fy11AwAAQBAJ&dq=saadawi+translated+into+more+than+30+languages&pg=PT1369 "Saadawi, Nawal El (1931–)"], in Gary L. Anderson and Kathryn G. Herr (eds), ''Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice'', Sage Publications, 2007, pp. 1249–1250.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El Saadawi, Nawal (1932–) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/el-saadawi-nawal-1932 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Na 1972, o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke anaghị akụkọ ifo, ''Women and Sex'',<ref name="women" /> which evoked the antagonism of highly placed political and theological authorities.<ref name="Krajeski, The New Yorker" /> O mekwara ka a chụọ ya n'ọrụ na Ministri Ahụike.<ref name="women" /> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ''The Hidden Face of Eve'',<ref>{{cite book |title=The hidden face of Eve : women in the Arab world |oclc=924716956 }}</ref> ''God Dies by the Nile'',<ref>{{cite book |title=God dies by the Nile |oclc=12583064 }}</ref> ''The Circling Song'',<ref>{{cite book |title=The circling song |oclc=18587928 }}</ref> ''Searching'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Searching |oclc=24707056 }}</ref> ''The Fall of the Imam'' (a kọwara ya dị ka "mkpughe dị ike ma na-akpali akpali nke ihe egwu ndị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nwere ike ikpughe site na nkwenkwe okpukpe"),<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip |last=Womack |author-link=Philip Womack |url=http://newhumanist.org.uk/2119/the-fall-of-the-imam-by-nawal-el-saadawi |title=The Fall of the Imam by Nawal El Saadawi (review) |journal=[[New Humanist]] |date=20 August 2009}}</ref> and ''Woman at Point Zero''.<!--{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}--><ref>{{cite book|title=Woman at point zero |oclc=10887569 }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmadụ akatọọla ọrụ ya bụ 'The Hidden Face of Eve' maka nkwupụta na ọ na-ede maka "onye mba ọzọ na-akatọ onye mba ọzọ".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Amireh |first=Amal |date=2000 |title=Framing Nawal El Saadawi: Arab Feminism in a Transnational World |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/495572 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–249 |doi=10.1086/495572 |s2cid=143010343 |issn=0097-9740|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Aha mbụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ, nke a sụgharịrị ozugbo na Bekee bụ "Ihu Gbara Ọtọ nke Nwanyị Arab" ewepụrụkwa ọtụtụ isiakwụkwọ na mbipụta Bekee nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke mbụ nke Arabic ahụ.<ref name=":3" /> O tinyere aka na ihe nkiri "Mgbe nwanyị nupụrụ isi" na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke afọ 1984 ''Sisterhood Is Global'', nke edeziri site na onye deziri ya Robin Morgan,<ref name="global">{{cite web |url=https://catalog.vsc.edu/lscfind/Record/154795/TOC#tabnav |title=Sisterhood Is Global: Table of Contents |publisher=Catalog.vsc.edu |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065459/https://catalog.vsc.edu/lscfind/Record/154795/TOC#tabnav |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ma bụrụ onye tinyere aka na nchịkọta akụkọ nke afọ 2019 ''New Daughters of Africa'', edited by [[Margaret Busby]], nke gụnyere edemede ya "Banyere M n'Africa—Ndọrọ Ndọrọ Ọchịchị na Okpope n'oge Nwatakịrị M".<ref>[[Imani Perry|Perry, Imani]] (29 March 2019), [https://www.ft.com/content/2a4e64a8-508a-11e9-8f44-fe4a86c48b33 "New Daughters of Africa — a new anthology of a groundbreaking book"], ''[[Financial Times]]''.</ref><ref>Rocker-Clinton, Johnna (August 2019), [https://sanfranciscobookreview.com/product/new-daughters-of-africa-an-international-anthology-of-writing-by-women-of-african-descent/ "Margaret Busby does it again!"] (review of ''New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent''), ''San Francisco Book Review''.</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Saadawi nke akpọrọ 'Zeina' na Lebanọn n'afọ 2009. E bipụtara nsụgharị French ahụ n'okpuru aha njirimara Nawal Zeinab el Sayed, site na iji aha nne ya mbụ.<ref>{{cite news|title=Radical writer back with vengeance|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/africa/radical-writer-back-with-vengeance-1.486421/|work= The National|access-date=17 November 2014|date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Saadawi na-asụ asụsụ [[asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] nke ọma, tinyere obodo ya.Egyptian Arabic.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans Ulrich |last=Obrist|url=http://www.e-flux.com/journal/42/60256/in-conversation-with-nawal-el-saadawi/ |title=In Conversation with Nawal El Saadawi|website=e-flux Journal|number=42|date= February 2013}}</ref> Dịka o si dee ya n'asụsụ Arabic, ọ hụrụ ajụjụ nke ịtụgharị asụsụ Bekee ma ọ bụ French dị ka "nnukwu nsogbu" nke jikọtara ya na eziokwu ahụ bụ na <blockquote>"ike ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya bụ nke Bekee ma ọ bụ French na-asụkarị.... Ndị nwere nnukwu akwụkwọ n'ụwa ka na-eleghara m anya, n'ihi na m na-ede ihe n'asụsụ Arabic, nakwa n'ihi na m na-akatọ echiche ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nke onye na-achị obodo, nke onye na-akpa ókè agbụrụ, na nke ndị nna ochie nke ndị ọchịchị ukwu."<ref>{{cite web|first=Dele Meiji|last=Fatunla|url=http://newafricanmagazine.com/nawal-el-saadawi-identity-not-fixed/|title=Nawal El Saadawi: 'My identity is not fixed'|magazine=[[New African]]|date=30 June 2016|access-date=8 October 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706045108/http://newafricanmagazine.com/nawal-el-saadawi-identity-not-fixed/|archive-date=6 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote> Akwụkwọ ya ''Mufakirat Tifla fi Al-Khamisa wa Al-Thamaneen''(Akwụkwọ Ndetu nke Nwa agbọghọ dị afọ 85), nke dabere na ihe e dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, ka e bipụtara n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mahmoud |last=El-Wardani|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/62/273741/Books/Review/At-,-Nawal-ElSaadawi-writes-about-Nawal-ElSaadawi.aspx |title=At 85, Nawal El-Saadawi writes about Nawal El-Saadawi|website=Ahram Online|date= 5 August 2017}}</ref> == Echiche == ===Mmegide megide mmebi akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nwanyị=== Mgbe ọ dị obere, Saadawi mere usoro nke ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-ebipụ akụkụ ahụ ha.<ref>el-Saadawi, Nawal, ''The Hidden Face of Eve'', Part 1: The Mutilated Half.</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ okenye, o dere gbasara omume a ma katọọ ya. O zara ọnwụ nke otu nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, Bedour Shaker, n'oge a na-eme ịwa ahụ maka ibi úgwù n'ime akụkụ ahụ mmadụ na 2007 site n'ide ihe: "Bedour, ị̀ nwụrụ anwụ ka ìhè wee nwuo n'uche ndị gbara ọchịchịrị? Ị ga-eji ndụ gị dị oké ọnụ ahịa kwụọ ụgwọ ... ka ndị dọkịta na ndị ụkọchukwu mụta na okpukpe ziri ezi anaghị ebipụ akụkụ ahụ ụmụaka?"<ref>Michael, Maggie, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070702171148/http://www.physorg.com/news102393179.html "Egypt Officials Ban Female Circumcision"<!-- Bot generated title -->], Phys.org, 30 June 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702171148/http://www.physorg.com/news102393179.html |date=2 July 2007 }}.</ref> Dịka dọkịta na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, Saadawi megidere ibi ụmụ nwoke úgwù. O kwenyere na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ka e chebe ha pụọ ​​na mmebi akụkụ ahụ ha.<ref name="theglobaldispatches">{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/nawal-al-saadawi|first=Allston|last=Mitchell|title=Nawal al Saadawi|work=The Global Dispatches|date=16 May 2010|access-date=12 February 2014|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707223358/http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/nawal-al-saadawi|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ọchịchị mmadụ na Feminism === Saadawi kọwara onwe ya dị ka "onye na-akwado ụmụnwaanyị na soshal midia", na-ekwere na a pụghị imeri ọgụ ụmụnwaanyị n'okpuru ọchịchị kapitalizim.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Fawzy |first=Mary |date=7 May 2021 |title=The socialist feminism of Nawal El Saadawi |url=https://www.newframe.com/the-socialist-feminism-of-nawal-el-saadawi/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=New Frame}}</ref> Nkwenye a nke ndị otu ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya apụtala site n'ikpe na-ezighị ezi ọ hụrụ ná ndụ ya.<ref name=":4" /> N'akwụkwọ ya bụ 'The Zoro Ezo nke Eve', o dere gbasara otu a na-agaghị esi kewapụ ndụ mmekọahụ na nke mmetụta uche nke ndị mmadụ na ndụ akụnụba ha na mmepụta ha, ya mere iwu ọnọdụ onwe onye na mba Arab ga-abụrịrị ihe kacha mkpa nye ndị socialist.<ref>{{Citation |chapter=Introduction |date=2015 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350251076.0006 |title=The Hidden Face of Eve |publisher=Zed Books |doi=10.5040/9781350251076.0006 |isbn=978-0-90576-251-7 |access-date=22 December 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na 2018, o kwuru na ya abụghị onye Marxist, ebe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ ya nke ọ chọpụtara na ọ na-enwe nsogbu na ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawal El Saadawi on feminism, fiction and the illusion of democracy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djMfFU7DIB8 |language=en |publisher=[[Channel 4 News]]|via=YouTube|date=13 June 2018|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> ===Okpukperechi=== N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya nke afọ 2014, Saadawi kwuru na "isi ihe kpatara mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị dị n'usoro ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke okpukperechi kwadoro".<ref>{{Cite web|title = They don't want any really courageous people!|url = http://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-nawal-el-saadawi-they-dont-want-any-really-courageous-people|website = Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World|access-date =5 November 2015|last = Fariborz|first = Arian|date =5 July 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọtụtụ narị mmadụ nwụrụ n'ihe a kpọr "stampede" n'oge njem njem 2015 (Hajj) nke ndị Alakụba gaa Mecca, Saudi Arabia, o kwuru, sị: <blockquote>"Ha na-ekwu maka ịgbanwe ụzọ e si achịkwa Hajj, gbasara ime ka ndị mmadụ na-eme njem n'obere ìgwè. Ihe ha na-ekwughị bụ na ihe a mere n'ihi na ndị a na-alụ ọgụ ịtụ ekwensu nkume. Gịnị mere ha ji kwesị ịtụ ekwensu nkume? Gịnị mere ha ji kwesị isusu nkume ojii ahụ ọnụ? Mana ọ dịghị onye ga-ekwu nke a. Ndị mgbasa ozi agaghị ebipụta ya. Gịnị ka ọ bụ, enweghị mmasị ịkatọ okpukpe? ... Ọjụjụ a ịkatọ okpukpe ... abụghị liberalism. Nke a bụ mmachibido iwu."<ref name=Cooke /></blockquote> O kwuru na ihe ndị dị na Hajj, dịka isusu Okute Ojii ọnụ, nwere mgbọrọgwụ ndị ọgọ mmụọ tupu okpukpe Islam.<ref>Fiona Lloyd-Davies, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/1619902.stm "No compromise"], ''Correspondent'', BBC News, 26 October 2001.</ref> Saadawi was involved in the academic exploration of Arab identity throughout her writing career.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hanadi|first1=Al-Samman|title=Diasporic Na(rra)tions: Arab Women Rewriting Exile|date=2000|publisher=[[Indiana University]]|page=25}}</ref> Saadawi kọwara mkpuchi ihu nke ndị Alakụba dị ka "ngwaọrụ mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="theglobaldispatches" /> ===Ebumnuche nke ụmụ nwanyị=== Ọ katọrọkwa ihe megidere ihe ndị e ji mara ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị n'usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke a na-ahụkarị na Yuropu na US,<ref>{{cite book|last1=El Saadawi|first1=Nawal|title=The Nawal El Saadawi Reader|publisher=Zed Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9SPVEG3cv0C|date=1997|isbn=9781856495141|access-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> na-akpasu ndị otu nwanyị ibe ha iwe site n'ikwu okwu megide etemeete na uwe ndị na-ekpughe ihe.<ref name=taylor/> ===United States=== N'okwu nkuzi nke afọ 2002 na Mahadum California na Berkeley's Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Saadawi kọwara agha nke US duziri megide Afghanistan dị ka "agha iji mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na mmanụ dị na mpaghara ahụ", na amụma mba ofesi nke US na nkwado ya nye Israel dị ka "ezigbo iyi ọha egwu.".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pasquini|first1=Elaine|title=El Saadawi Calls U.S. Foreign Policy 'Real Terrorism'|url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-110120822/el-saadawi-calls-u-s-foreign-policy-real-terrorism|via=|work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|date=March 2002|access-date=|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409040731/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-110120822/el-saadawi-calls-u-s-foreign-policy-real-terrorism|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saadawi held the opinion that Egyptians are forced into poverty by US aid.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nielsen|first1=Nikolaj|title=Nawal El Saadawi: 'I am against stability. We need revolution'|url=http://chronikler.com/middle-east/egypt/nawal-el-saadawi-interview/|access-date=19 November 2014|work=The Chronikler|date=11 July 2013}}</ref> ==Nyoyo== Saadawi bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri "She Speaked the Unspeakable", nke Jill Nicholls duziri, nke a na-agbasa na February 2017 na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC One ''[[w:Imagine (usoro ihe nkiri TV)|Imagine]]''.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08g7hr8 "She Spoke the Unspeakable"], BBC One, ''Imagine'', Winter 2017. [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5cu7f1 Via] Dailymotion.</ref> ==Ọnwụ== Saadawi nwụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na otu nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2021, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na itoolu, n'ụlọọgwụ dị na Cairo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/407474.aspx|title=Renowned Egyptian feminist, author Nawal El-Saadawi dies at the age of 89|website=Ahram Online|first=Mohammed |last=Saad |date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/03/21/pioneering-egyptian-feminist-nawal-el-saadawi-dies-aged-89/|title=Pioneering Egyptian Feminist Nawal El Saadawi Dies Aged 89|website=Egyptian Streets|date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1829281/offbeat |title=Arab author, women's rights icon Nawal El-Saadawi dies in Cairo |website=Arab News |date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> Her life was commemorated on BBC Radio 4's obituary programme ''Last Word''.<ref>{{cite episode| title= Nawal El Saadawi (pictured), Brigadier Jack Thomas, President John Magufuli, Ion Mihai Pacepa| series= Last Word| credits= Producer: Neil George; Interviewed guests: [[Mona Eltahawy]], Sally Nabil| station= BBC Radio 4| airdate= 26 March 2021| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000tg67 | access-date= 28 March 2021 }}</ref> ==Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ ahọpụtara== *2004: North–South Prize site na Council of Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/north-south-centre/previous-laureates-of-the-north-south-prize|title=Previous laureates of the North-South Prize|publisher=Council of Europe|website=coe.int}}</ref> *2005: Inana International Prize, Belgium<ref name="auto1"/> *2007: Honorary Doctorate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-137-58730-5_4|publisher=Nawal El Saadawi|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-58730-5_4|title=Diary of a Child Called Souad|year=2016|last1=El Saadawi|first1=Nawal|chapter=Nawal el Saadawi and a History of Oppression: Brief Biographical Facts |pages=153–158|isbn=978-1-137-58936-1}}</ref> *2007: Honorary Doctorate, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ulb.be/en/about-ulb/ulbs-honorary-doctorates|title=ULB's honorary doctorates|website=ulb.be|publisher=Université libre de Bruxelles}}</ref> *2010: Honorary Doctorate, National Autonomous University of Mexico]], Mexico<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/author-physician-nawal-el-saadawi-egypt-s-critic-of-taboos-01616337305?tesla=y|title=Author, Physician Nawal El-Saadawi, Egypt's Critic Of Taboos|website=barrons.com|first=Farid|last= Farid|publisher=Barron's|date=21 March 2021}}</ref> *2011: Stig Dagerman Prize<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.svd.se/kultur/2012/01/09/motvillig-el-saadawi-far-dagermanpriset/ |title=Motvillig El Saadawi får Dagermanpriset |work=[[SvD]] |language=sv |date=9 January 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article14833794.ab |title=Lydnad är ett dödligt gift |work=Kultur |language=sv |date=15 May 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref> *2012: Seán MacBride Peace Prize<ref name="auto2"/> *2015: BBC's 100 Women<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-34745739|title=BBC 100 Women 2015: Who is on the list?|date=17 November 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=3 August 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> *2020: ''[[w:Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s 100 Women of the Year (1981)<ref> {{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5793662/nawal-el-saadawi-100-women-of-the-year/ |title=1981: Nawal El Saadawi |magazine=Time |date=5 March 2020 }}</ref> ==Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara== Saadawi dere ihe nke ọma, wee tinye ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya n'ịntanetị.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amireh |first=Amal |date=2000 |title=Framing Nawal El Saadawi: Arab Feminism in a Transnational World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3175385 |journal=Signs |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–249 |doi=10.1086/495572 |jstor=3175385 |s2cid=143010343 |issn=0097-9740|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saiti |first1=Ramzi |last2=Salti |first2=Ramzi M. |date=1994 |title=Paradise, Heaven, and Other Oppressive Spaces: A Critical Examination of the Life and Works of Nawal el-Saadawi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4183334 |journal=Journal of Arabic Literature |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=152–174 |doi=10.1163/157006494X00059 |jstor=4183334 |issn=0085-2376|url-access=subscription }}</ref> '''Akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ''' * ''Mudhakkirat tabiba'' (Cairo, 1958). ''Memoirs of a Woman Doctor'', trans. Catherine Cobham (Saqi Books, 1988) * ''Al ghayib'' (Cairo, 1965). ''Searching'', trans. Shirley Eber (Zed Books, 1991) * ''Imra'tani fi-Imra'a'' (Cairo, 1968). ''Two Women in One'', trans. Osman Nusairi and Jana Gough (Saqi Books, 1985) * ''Maut ar-raǧul al-waḥīd ʿala ‚l-arḍ'' (1974). ''God Dies by the Nile'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 1985) * ''Al-khait wa'ayn al-hayat'' (Cairo, 1976). ''The Well of Life and the Thread: Two Short Novels'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Lime Tree, 1993) * ''Ughniyat al-atfal al da iriyah'' (Beirut: Dar al-Adab, 1977). ''The Circling Song'', trans. Marilyn Booth (Zed Books, 1989) * ''Emra'a enda noktat el sifr'' (Beirut: Dar al-Adab, 1977). ''Woman at Point Zero'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 1983) * ''Mawt Ma'ali al-Wazir Sabiqan'' (1980). ''Death of an Ex-Minister'', trans. Shirley Eber (Methuen, 1987) * ''Suqūṭ al-imām'' (Cairo, 1987). ''The Fall of the Imam'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Methuen, 1988) * ''Jann āt wa-Iblīs'' (Beirut, 1992). ''The Innocence of the Devil'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Methuen, 1994) * ''Ḥubb fī zaman al-naf̣t'' (Cairo, 1993). ''Love in the Kingdom of Oil'', trans. Basil Hatim and Malcolm Williams (Saqi Books, 2001) * ''Al-Riwayah'' (Cairo: Dar El Hilal, 2004). ''The Novel'', trans. Omnia Amin and Rick London (Interlink Books, 2009) * ''Zeina'' (Beirut: Dar Al Saqi, 2009). ''Zeina'', trans. Amira Nowaira (Saqi Books, 2011) '''Nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi''' * ''Ta'allamt al-hubb'' (Cairo, 1957). ''I Learned Love'' * ''Lahzat sidq'' (Cairo, 1959). ''Moment of Truth'' * ''Little Tenderness'' (Cairo, 1960) * ''al-Khayt wa-l-jidar'' (1972). ''The Thread and the Wall'' * ''Ain El Hayat'' (Beirut, 1976) * ''Kānat hiya al-aḍʻaf'' ["She Was the Weaker"] (1979). ''She Has No Place in Paradise'', trans. Shirley Eber (Methuen, 1987). Includes three additional stories: "She Has No Place in Paradise", "Two Women Friends", and "'Beautiful'". * ''Adab Am Kellet Abad'' (Cairo, 2000) '''Egwuregwu''' * ''Ithna 'ashar imra'a fi zinzana wahida'' (Cairo, 1984). ''Twelve Women in a Cell'' * ''Isis'' (Cairo, 1985) * ''God Resigns in the Summit Meeting'' (1996), published by Madbouli, and four other plays included in her ''Collected Works'' (45 books in Arabic), Cairo: Madbouli, 2007 * ''Twelve Women in a Cell: Plays by Mediterranean Women'' (Aurora Metro Books, 1994) '''Ihe ncheta''' * ''Mudhakkirat fi Sijn al-Nisa'' (Cairo, 1983). ''Memoirs from the Women's Prison'', trans. Marilyn Booth (The Women's Press, 1986) * ''Rihlati hawla al-'alam'' (Cairo, 1986). ''My Travels Around the World'', trans. Shirley Eber (Methuen, 1991) * ''Memoirs of a Child Called Soad'' (Cairo, 1990) * ''Awraqi hayati'', first volume (Cairo, 1995). ''A Daughter of Isis'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 1999) * ''Awraqi hayati'', second volume (Cairo, 1998). ''Walking Through Fire'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 2002) * ''My Life, Part III'' (Cairo, 2001) '''Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo''' * ''Women and Sex'' (Cairo, 1969) * ''Woman Is the Origin'' (Cairo, 1971) * ''Men and Sex'' (Cairo, 1973) * ''The Naked Face of Arab Women'' (Cairo, 1974) * ''Women and Neurosis'' (Cairo, 1975) * ''Al-Wajh al-'ari lil-mar'a al-'arabiyy'' (1977). ''The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Press, 1980) * ''On Women'' (Cairo, 1986) * ''A New Battle in Arab Women Liberation'' (Cairo, 1992) * ''Collection of Essays'' (Cairo, 1998) * ''Collection of Essays'' (Cairo, 2001) * ''Breaking Down Barriers'' (Cairo, 2004) '''Compilations in English''' * ''Plays by Mediterranean Women'' (Aurora Metro Books, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-9515877-3-7}}) * ''North/South: The Nawal El Saadawi Reader'' (Zed Books, 1997) * ''Off Limits: New Writings on Fear and Sin'' (Gingko Library, 2019, {{ISBN|978-88-87847-16-1}}) == Hụkwa == * Thesis/dissertation.  <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Nawal El Saadawi na archive.org * Adele Newson-Horst, "[https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/blog/literary-tributes/remembering-nawal-el-saadawi-adele-newson-horst "Ịcheta Nawal El Saadawi"]", World Literature Today, 24 March 2021. * [[Ernest Emenyonu]], "NAWAL EL SAADAWI: Ndụ na edemede (Ọktoba 27, 1931 - Machị 21, 2021) ", Boydell na Brewer, 13 Mee 2021. [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pbh2xfew3mjlpz7ajau59gtqw3gv6sz 736924 736923 2026-10-09T15:19:46Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Hụkwa */ 736924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Nawal El Saadawi''' (27 Ọktoba 1931 – 21 Maachị 2021) bụ onye edemede feminist nke Ijipt, activist, disciatist, na psychiatrist. O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na Islam, na-elekwasị anya n'okwu ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị na Global South, gụnyere sexuality, patriarchy social class, na colonialism.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ onye hiwere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke otu Arab Women's Solidarity Association.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2015|title=Nawal El Saadawi|url=https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/womeninspiringchange/2015-honorees/nawal-el-saadawi/|access-date=9 October 2020|website=Women Inspiring Change|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218120145/https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/womeninspiringchange/2015-honorees/nawal-el-saadawi/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Hitchcock, Peter; El Saadawi, Nawal; Hatata, Sherif. "Living the Struggle". ''Transition'' 61 (1993): 170–179.</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye hiwere Arab Association for Human Rights.<ref>Nawal El Saadawi, "Presentation by Nawal El Saadawi: President's Forum, M/MLA Annual Convention, November 4, 1999", ''The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association'' 33.3–34.1 (Autumn 2000 – Winter 2001): 34–39.</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta nsọpụrụ site na mahadum dị na kọntinent atọ. Na 2004, Kọnsụl nke Yuropu nyere ya North–South Prize. Na 2005, o nwetara ihe nrite mba ụwa Inana na Belgium.<ref name="auto1">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jue04c1_wkY "PEN World Voices Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture by Nawal El Saadawi"], YouTube. 8 September 2009.</ref> Na 2012, International Peace Bureau nyere ya onyinye Seán MacBride Peace Prize.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=International Peace Bureau|url=http://www.ipb.org/web/index.php?mostra=news&menu=home&id_nom=IPB+to+award+2012+Sean+MacBride+Peace+Prize+to+Nawal+El-Sadaawi+and+Lina+Ben+Mhenni|website=www.ipb.org|access-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925221701/http://www.ipb.org/web/index.php?mostra=news&menu=home&id_nom=IPB+to+award+2012+Sean+MacBride+Peace+Prize+to+Nawal+El-Sadaawi+and+Lina+Ben+Mhenni|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Saadawi, onye nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ itoolu, na 27 Ọktoba 1931 n'obodo nta dị na Kafr Tahla, [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/22/nawal-el-saadawi-obituary|title=Nawal El Saadawi obituary|date=22 March 2021|first=Sarah A|last= Smith|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elkhatib |first1=Sameh |title=Egyptian feminist and author el-Saadawi dies at 89 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/egyptian-feminist-author-el-saadawi-dies-89-2021-03-22/ |website=Reuters |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> E mere Saadawi ebe ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ime akụkụ ahụ ha <ref name=Khaleeli /> at the age of six,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Sa'dawi|first1=Nawal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9vqMossOjoC|title=A Daughter of Isis: The Autobiography of Nawal El Saadawi|last2=Saadawi|first2=Nawal El|last3=Saʻdāwī|first3=Nawāl|last4=Saʿdāwī|first4=Nawāl as-|date=1999|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|isbn=978-1-85649-680-3|pages=63–87|language=en}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na nna ya kwenyere na ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwoke kwesịrị ịgụ akwụkwọ. O kwuru na nne na nna ya bụ ndị nwere nnwere onwe mgbe ha na-etolite.<ref name=":1"/> Nna ya Upper Egypt bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị na [[w:Ministry of Education (Egypt)|Ministry of Education]], onye lụsoro ọgụ megide British rebel Egypt n'oge Egypt Revolution of 1919. N'ihi ya, a chụpụrụ ya n'obodo nta dị na Naịl, gọọmentị ekweghịkwa ịkwalite ya ruo afọ 10. Ọ bụ onye na-aga n'ihu ma kụziere nwa ya nwanyị ịkwanyere onwe ya ùgwù na ikwu okwu n'uche ya. Ọ gbakwara ya ume ka ọ mụọ asụsụ Arabik. Agbanyeghị, mgbe El Saadawi dị afọ 10, ezinụlọ ya gbalịrị ime ka ọ lụọ di, mana nne ya kwadoro ya n'ịjụ.<ref name=taylor>{{Cite news |title=Nawal El Saadawi: Feminist firebrand who dared to write dangerously (obituary) |last=Taylor-Coleman |first=Jasmine |website=BBC News |date=21 March 2021 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-55048245}}</ref> Both her parents died at a young age,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nawal El Saadawi|url=http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/saadawi.html|access-date=25 September 2015|website=faculty.webster.edu|archive-date=2 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602080913/http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/saadawi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2021|sure=y|reason=This is an unpublished undergraduate student assignment paper}} na-ahapụ Saadawi naanị ibu ọrụ nke ilekọta ezinụlọ buru ibu.<ref name="bornexile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nawalsaadawi.net/oldsite/articlesnawal/bornexile.htm |title=Exile and Resistance |first=Nawal |last=El Saadaw|website=Nawal El Saadawi/Sherif Hetata |date=November 2002|access-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027223127/http://www.nawalsaadawi.net/oldsite/articlesnawal/bornexile.htm |archive-date=27 October 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Nne ya, Zaynab, sitere n'agbụrụ bara ọgaranya [[w:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]];<ref>{{cite news|last=Cowell|first=Alan |author-link=Alan Cowell |year=2021|title=Nawal El Saadawi, Advocate for Women in the Arab World, Dies at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/21/obituaries/nawal-el-saadawi-dead.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|quote=Nawal El Saadawi was born on Oct. 27, 1931, in the village of Kafr Tahla, a settlement in the lower Nile Delta, the second of nine children. Her mother, Zaynab (Shoukry) El Saadawi, was partially descended from a wealthy Ottoman family. Her father, Al-Sayed El Saadawi, was an official in the government’s education ministry. }}</ref> Saadawi kọwara nna nna ya nke nne ya, Shoukry,<ref>{{cite book|first=Nawal|last= El Saadawi|year=2013|title=A Daughter of Isis: The Early Life of Nawal El Saadawi|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1848136403}}</ref> na nne nne ya dị ka onye Ottoman si malite.<ref name="CaliforniaUni">{{citation|first=Nawal|last= El Saadawi|year=1986|title=Memoirs from the Women's Prison|publisher=University of California Press|page=64|quote= "My eyes widened in astonishment. Even my maternal grandmother used to sing, although she was born to a Turkish mother and lived in my grandfather's house in the epoch when harems still existed." |isbn=0520088883}}</ref> Ọbụna mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ katọrọ obodo ndị nwoke bi na ya, ebe ụmụ nwoke ji ha kpọrọ ihe karịa ụmụ nwanyị, na-emeghachi omume n'iwe nye nne nne ya, onye kwuru na "nwoke bara uru ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise ma ọ dịkarịa ala... Ụmụ agbọghọ bụ nsogbu".<ref name=taylor/> O ji nganga kọwaa onwe ya dị ka nwanyị Ijipt agba ọchịchịrị kemgbe ọ dị obere.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://zora.medium.com/my-childhood-in-egypt-not-knowing-i-was-in-africa-27580b07a93b|title=My Childhood in Egypt, Not Knowing I Was in Africa|first=Nawal|last=El Saadawi|website=zora.medium.com|date=13 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=New Daughters of Africa|chapter=About Me in Africa—Politics and Religion in my Childhood|editor-first=Margaret|first=El Saadawi|last=Nawal|editor-last=Busby|publisher=[[Myriad Editions]]|edition=paperback|pages=42–44|date=2020}}</ref> == Career == Saadawi gụsịrị akwụkwọ dịka dọkịta na 1955 na Mahadum Cairo. N'afọ ahụ, ọ lụrụ Ahmed Helmi, onye ọ zutere dịka nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike. Ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Mona Helmi.<ref name=Khaleeli/> Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe afọ abụọ gachara.<ref name=JoISR>{{cite journal|first=Yusuf|last=Koseli|title=A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH TO THE NOVEL OF NAWAL EL SAADAWI TITLED MÜZEKKİRAT TABİBE|journal=The Journal of International Social Research|date=2013|volume=6|issue=28|url=http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt6/cilt6sayi28_pdf/koseli_yusuf.pdf|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=Khaleeli>{{Cite web|title = Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt's radical feminist|url = https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/apr/15/nawal-el-saadawi-egyptian-feminist|website =The Guardian|date= 15 April 2010|access-date =15 April 2020|first = Homa|last = Khaleeli}}</ref> Site na ọrụ ahụike ya, ọ hụrụ nsogbu anụ ahụ na nke uche ụmụ nwanyị ma jikọta ha na omume omenala siri ike, mmegbu nna ochie, mmegbu klaasị na mmegbu ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu.<ref name="women">[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/462/women.htm Feminism in a nationalist century] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419040800/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/462/women.htm |date=19 April 2010 }}</ref> Di ya nke abụọ bụ onye ọrụ ibe ya, Rashad Bey.<ref name=JoISR/><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://www.academia.edu/23224495|title=Voice of Oppressed from the Margins: A Critical Reading on Nawal El Saadawi's "Woman at Point Zero"|last=Puthiyakath|first=Hashim H.|publisher=Central University of Tamil Nadu|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka dọkịta n'ebe a mụrụ ya na Kafr Tahla, ọ hụrụ ihe isi ike na enweghị nha anya ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ime obodo na-eche ihu. Mgbe ọ gbalịsịrị ichebe otu n'ime ndị ọrịa ya pụọ ​​na ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ, a kpọrọ Saadawi ka ọ laghachi Cairo. O mechara bụrụ Onyeisi nke Ministry of [[w:health public|Public Health]] wee zute di ya nke atọ, Sherif Hatata, mgbe ọ na-ekerịta ụlọ ọrụ na Ministry of Health. Hatata, bụkwa dọkịta na onye edemede, abụrụla onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ruo afọ 13. Ha lụrụ na 1964 ma mụta nwa nwoke.<ref name="bornexile"/><ref name=Khaleeli/> Saadawi na Hatata biri ọnụ ruo afọ iri anọ na atọ<ref name=Cooke>{{cite web|last1=Cooke|first1=Rachel|title=Nawal El Saadawi: 'Do you feel you are liberated? I feel I am not'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/11/nawal-el-saadawi-interview-do-you-feel-you-are-liberated-not|work=[[The Observer]]|date=11 October 2015|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> and divorced in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/62/99644/Books/Review/ElSaadawi-and-Hatata-Voyage-of-a-lifetime.aspx|title=El-Saadawi and Hatata: Voyage of a lifetime|date=24 April 2014|publisher=Ahram Online|first=Mahmoud |last=El-Wardani|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> [[File:Shirin Ershadi, Shirin Ebadi and Nawal el-Saadawi (2413951897).jpg|thumb|Shirin Ershadi, Shirin Ebadi na Nawal el-Saadawi]] Saadawi gara Mahadum Columbia, wee nweta nzere masta na ahụike ọha na eze na 1966.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Harrison|date=23 March 2021|title=Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian author, physician and feminist activist, dies at 89|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/nawal-el-saadawi-dead/2021/03/23/43c7c250-8b19-11eb-a730-1b4ed9656258_story.html|access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> Na 1972, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ya ''Woman and Sex'' ikọwaa ihe dị iche iche e mere megide ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ibi úgwù ụmụ nwanyị. Akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ ihe ndabere nke ihe gbaara ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ. N'ihi akwụkwọ ahụ na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, a chụpụrụ Saadawi n'ọkwa ya na Ministri Ahụike.<ref name="women" /> Ọ tụfuru ọkwa ya dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike, nakwa dịka Osote Odeakwụkwọ Ukwu na Òtù Ahụike na Ijipt. Site na 1973 ruo 1976, Saadawi rụrụ ọrụ n'inyocha ụmụ nwanyị na neurosis na ngalaba ọgwụ nke Ain Shams University. Site na 1979 ruo 1980, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ United Nations maka Mmemme Ụmụ nwanyị na Afrịka (ECA) na Middle East (ECWA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/saadawi-nawal-el-2/|title=Saadawi, Nawal el – Postcolonial Studies|website=scholarblogs.emory.edu|language=en-US|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9SPVEG3cv0C&q=Nawal+Saadawi+united+nations+advisor+1979&pg=PR1|title=The Nawal El Saadawi Reader|last=Saʻdāwī|first=Nawāl|date=15 December 1997|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781856495141|language=en}}</ref> === Ikpe ụlọ ikpe megide ya === Na 2002, Nabih el-Wahsh mere mgbalị iwu n'ụlọ ikpe Ijipt ịgba el-Saadawi alụkwaghịm n'aka di ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'ihi [[w:hisbah|hesba]], ụkpụrụ nke narị afọ nke 9 nke shariah law, nke na-ekwe ka a mara ndị Alakụba a na-ahụ na ha na-emebi Islam ikpe. Ihe akaebe e ji megide ya bụ ajụjụ ọnụ nke Machị ebe el-Wahsh kwuru na ọ gbahapụrụ Islam. Mgbalị iwu ahụ agaghị nke ọma.<ref name=Khaleeli /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2001 |title=Cairo writer threatened with divorce |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/18/internationaleducationnews.highereducation |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, e mere otu ihe ahụ iji napụ el-Saadawi mba Ijipt ya n'ihi echiche na ihe odide ya siri ike, mgbalị a agaghịkwa enwe isi.<ref name=Khaleeli /> === Mkpọrọ === Kemgbe gọọmentị Ijipt lere ya anya dị ka ihe na-ese okwu ma dị ize ndụ, Saadawi nyere aka bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị otu nwanyị na 1981 nke akpọrọ ''Confrontation.'' President of Egypt Anwar Sadat tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Septemba.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Uglow|first1=Jennifer S.|author2=Maggy Hendry|title=The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Northeastern University Press|isbn= 9781555534219|pages=[https://archive.org/details/northeasterndict0000uglo/page/189 189]–190}}</ref> Saadawi kwuru otu oge n'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya: "E jidere m n'ihi na ekwere m Sadat. O kwuru na e nwere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na anyị nwere usoro ọtụtụ pati, ị nwekwara ike ịkatọ ya. Ya mere, amalitere m ịkatọ iwu ya, m wee banye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ." Sadat kwuru na ọchịchị e guzobere bụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya maka ndị mmadụ, nakwa na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị njikere maka nkatọ bara uru. Dịka Saadawi si kwuo, Sadat tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'ihi nkatọ ya maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọbụna n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ ka chọtara ụzọ isi lụso mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ọgụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, o guzobere otu Arab Women's Solidarity Association. Nke a bụ otu mbụ iwu kwadoro na nke nwere onwe ya na Egypt. N'ụlọ mkpọrọ, a jụrụ ya pen na akwụkwọ, agbanyeghị, nke ahụ egbochighị ya ịnọgide na-ede ihe. O jiri "pensụl nku anya ojii siri ike" na "obere akwụkwọ mposi ochie na nke gbawara agbawa" dekọọ echiche ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview with Nawal el aasawi|url=http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/twenty/nawal.html|last=Network|first=Vile News|date=2015|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ ahụ, otu ọnwa ka e gbusịrị Onyeisiala. Banyere ahụmịhe ya, o dere, sị: "Ihe ize ndụ abụrụla akụkụ nke ndụ m kemgbe m were mkpịsị akwụkwọ wee dee ihe. Ọ dịghị ihe dị ize ndụ karịa eziokwu n'ụwa nke dị ụgha."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/03/stories/13030786.htm |title=Egypt's face of courage |work=The Hindu|first=Kalpana|last=Sharma|date=3 June 2001|access-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030002518/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/03/stories/13030786.htm |archive-date=30 October 2004 }}</ref> Na afọ 1982, o hiwere otu Arab Women's Solidarity Association.<ref>Hussey, Sierra, [https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/biography-nawal-el-saadawi-sierra-hussey "Biography of Nawal El Saadawi"], South African History Online.</ref> Ọ kọwara otu ya dị ka "onye akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye na-akwado ọchịchị ọha, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.aljadid.com/node/2254|title= Nawal El-Saadawi's 'Daughter of Isis' Life and Times via the Plenitude of Her Writings |first=D.H. |last=Melhem|website=Al Jadid Magazine|volume= 5|number= 29|date=Autumn 1999|access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref> Saadawi bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị e jidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị Qanatir. Mkpọrọ ya bụ ntọala maka afọ 1983 ya. ''Memoirs from the Women's Prison'' ({{langx|ar|مذكرات في سجن النساء }}). Mkparịta ụka ya na onye mkpọrọ nọ na Qanatir, afọ itoolu tupu a tụọ ya mkpọrọ ebe ahụ, bụ ihe mkpali maka ọrụ mbụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ aha ya bụ ''Woman at Point Zero'' ({{langx|ar|امرأة عند نقطة الصفر}}, 1975).<ref name="Krajeski, The New Yorker">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-books-of-nawal-el-saadawi|title=The Books of Nawal El Saadawi|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|first=Jenna|last=Krajeski|date=7 March 2011|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> === Mkpagbu ndị ọzọ, nkuzi na US, na ngagharị iwe ndị ọzọ mechara mee === Na 1993, mgbe ndị Alakụba na mkpagbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị yiri ndụ ya egwu, a manyere Saadawi ịgbapụ n'Ijipt. Ọ nabatara onyinye ịkụzi ihe na Ngalaba Asụsụ Eshia na Afrịka nke Mahadum Duke dị na [[North Carolina]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Visiting Professor in Court, Under Fire in Egypt|url=https://today.duke.edu/2001/06/el-saadawi629.html|date=29 June 2001|website=Duke Today|publisher=Duke University|access-date=1 April 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name=BMJ>Dr Dora Carpenter-Latiri, [http://blogs.bmj.com/medical-humanities/2015/11/11/the-reading-room-a-review-of-memoirs-of-a-woman-doctor/ "The Reading Room: A review of ‘Memoirs of a woman doctor{{'"}}], ''BMJ'' Blog, 11 November 2015.</ref> nakwa na Mahadum Washington. O mechara nọrọ n'ọtụtụ kọleji na mahadum ndị a ma ama dịka Mahadum Cairo, Harvard, Yale, [[w:Mahadum Columbia|Columbia]], [[w:Mahadum Paris|Sorbonne]], [[w:Mahadum Georgetown|Georgetown]], Mahadum Steeti Florida, na Mahadum California, Berkeley. Na 1996, ọ laghachiri Ijipt.<ref name="BMJ"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ling|first= Jessica |url=http://www.warscapes.com/blog/today-history-happy-85th-birthday-nawal-el-saadawi |title=Today in History: Happy 85th Birthday, Nawal El Saadawi!|website=Warscapes|date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Saadawi gara n'ihu na-akwado ya ma chee echiche ịzọ ọkwa na 2005 ntuli aka onyeisiala Ijipt, tupu ọ pụọ n'ihi ihe siri ike achọrọ maka ndị ga-azọ ọkwa nke mbụ.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/7/16/egypt-presidential-aspirant-pulls-out "Egypt presidential aspirant pulls out"], AlJazeera, 16 July 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</ref> O so n'ime ndị ngagharị iwe na Tahrir Square na 2011.<ref>{{cite web|first=Elizabeth |last=Rubin|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-feminists-in-the-middle-of-tahrir-square.html |title=The Feminists in the Middle of Tahrir Square|work=[[Newsweek]]|date= 6 March 2011}}</ref> O kwuru ka a kwụsị nkuzi okpukperechi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Ijipt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawal El Saadawi – Illustrated Women in History |url=https://illustratedwomeninhistory.com/nawal-el-saadawi-is-an-egyptian-feminist-writer/ |date=28 October 2015|access-date=15 May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Saadawi was awarded the 2004 North–South Prize by the Council of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/nscentre/winners_nsp_EN.asp|title=North-South Centre homepage|website=North-South Centre|language=en-GB|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> Na Julaị 2016, ọ bụ onyeisi emume akwụkwọ Royal African Society nke akpọrọ "Africa Writes" na London, ebe o kwuru okwu gbasara "On Being a Woman Writer" na mkparịta ụka ya na [[Margaret Busby]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Kelechi |last=Iwumene|url=http://africawrites.org/blog/africa-writes-2016-the-round-up/ |title=Africa Writes 2016: The Round-Up|publisher=Royal African Society|date= July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://africawrites.org/uncategorized/on-being-a-woman-writer-nawal-el-saadawi-in-conversation-2/ |title=On Being A Woman Writer: Nawal El Saadawi in conversation|website= Africa Writes|publisher=Royal African Society|date= 2 July 2016}}</ref> [[File:Nawal El Saadawi, April 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|April 2012]] Na Göteborg Book Fair nke mere na Septemba 27 ruo 30, 2018, Saadawi gara seminar gbasara mmepe na Ijipt na Middle East mgbe Arab Spring gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gp.se/kultur/kultur/nawal-el-sadaawi-till-bokm%C3%A4ssan-1.7940393|title=Nawal El Sadaawi till Bokmässan|work=Göteborgs-Posten|language=sv|date=29 August 2018|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> ma n'oge okwu ya na mmemme ahụ kwuru na ike ụwa niile "ndị ọchịchị aka ike, ndị isi obodo, ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu, ndị na-akpa ókè agbụrụ", nke United States na-edu, jikọrọ aka na gọọmentị Ijipt iji kwụsị mgbanwe Ijipt nke afọ 2011. O kwukwara na ya chetara ịhụ Odeakwụkwọ nke Mba U.S. n'oge ahụ [[Hillary Clinton]] na Tahrir Square ka ọ na-enye ndị ntorobịa akwụkwọ dollar iji gbaa ha ume ka ha votu maka Ụmụnna Ndị Alakụba na ntuli aka na-abịa.,<ref>[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-activist-nawal-saadawi-saw-hillary-clinton-dollars-tahrir-square "Onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị Ijipt bụ Nawal El Saadawi: Ahụrụ m Hillary Clinton ka ọ na-enye ego mba Amerịka na Tahrir Square ka ndị mmadụ wee tụọ vootu maka ụmụnna ndị Alakụba"], [[Memri TV]], 30 Septemba 2018</ref> ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ihe akaebe na ihe a a na-ekwu mere. Nawal El Saadawi nwere ọkwa dịka onye dere akwụkwọ maka Kansụl Kasị Elu maka Nkà na Sayensị Mmekọrịta, Cairo; Onyeisi Isi nke Ngalaba Mmụta Ahụike, Ministry of Health, Cairo, Odeakwụkwọ Ukwu nke Medical Association, Cairo, Egypt, na dọkịta na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mahadum na [[w:Ministry of Health and Population (Egypt)|Ministry of Health]]. Ọ bụ onye hiwere otu agụmakwụkwọ ahụike na otu ndị edemede ụmụ nwanyị Ijipt; ọ bụkwa onyeisi nchịkọta akụkọ nke "Health Magazine" na Cairo, nakwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke "Medical Association Magazine".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipb.org/nawal-el-sadaawi-in-memory/|title=Nawal El Sadaawi – In Memory|first=Ingeborg |last=Breines|author-link=Ingeborg Breines|website=ipb.org|publisher=IPB – International Peace Bureau|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/news/nawal-el-saadawi-tribute/|title=Tribute to doctor, writer and activist Nawal El Saadawi|website=gold.ac.uk|publisher=[[Goldsmiths University of London]]|date=26 March 2021|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> == Ide ihe == [[File:Nawal El Saadawi 02.JPG|thumb|right|Saadawi at the Göteborg Book Fair na 2010]] Saadawi malitere ide ihe na mbido ọrụ ya. Ihe odide mbụ ya gụnyere ọtụtụ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke akpọrọ ''Amụtara m Ịhụnanya'' (1957) na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Memoirs of a Woman Doctor'' (1958). O mechara dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na obere akụkọ na akwụkwọ ncheta onwe ya, ''Memoir from the Women's Prison'' (1986). E bipụtala Saadawi n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, a sụgharịkwara ọrụ ya site na Arabic mbụ gaa na ihe karịrị asụsụ 30.<ref>Van Allen, Judith Imel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fy11AwAAQBAJ&dq=saadawi+translated+into+more+than+30+languages&pg=PT1369 "Saadawi, Nawal El (1931–)"], in Gary L. Anderson and Kathryn G. Herr (eds), ''Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice'', Sage Publications, 2007, pp. 1249–1250.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El Saadawi, Nawal (1932–) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/el-saadawi-nawal-1932 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Na 1972, o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke anaghị akụkọ ifo, ''Women and Sex'',<ref name="women" /> which evoked the antagonism of highly placed political and theological authorities.<ref name="Krajeski, The New Yorker" /> O mekwara ka a chụọ ya n'ọrụ na Ministri Ahụike.<ref name="women" /> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ''The Hidden Face of Eve'',<ref>{{cite book |title=The hidden face of Eve : women in the Arab world |oclc=924716956 }}</ref> ''God Dies by the Nile'',<ref>{{cite book |title=God dies by the Nile |oclc=12583064 }}</ref> ''The Circling Song'',<ref>{{cite book |title=The circling song |oclc=18587928 }}</ref> ''Searching'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Searching |oclc=24707056 }}</ref> ''The Fall of the Imam'' (a kọwara ya dị ka "mkpughe dị ike ma na-akpali akpali nke ihe egwu ndị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nwere ike ikpughe site na nkwenkwe okpukpe"),<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip |last=Womack |author-link=Philip Womack |url=http://newhumanist.org.uk/2119/the-fall-of-the-imam-by-nawal-el-saadawi |title=The Fall of the Imam by Nawal El Saadawi (review) |journal=[[New Humanist]] |date=20 August 2009}}</ref> and ''Woman at Point Zero''.<!--{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}--><ref>{{cite book|title=Woman at point zero |oclc=10887569 }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmadụ akatọọla ọrụ ya bụ 'The Hidden Face of Eve' maka nkwupụta na ọ na-ede maka "onye mba ọzọ na-akatọ onye mba ọzọ".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Amireh |first=Amal |date=2000 |title=Framing Nawal El Saadawi: Arab Feminism in a Transnational World |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/495572 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–249 |doi=10.1086/495572 |s2cid=143010343 |issn=0097-9740|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Aha mbụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ, nke a sụgharịrị ozugbo na Bekee bụ "Ihu Gbara Ọtọ nke Nwanyị Arab" ewepụrụkwa ọtụtụ isiakwụkwọ na mbipụta Bekee nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke mbụ nke Arabic ahụ.<ref name=":3" /> O tinyere aka na ihe nkiri "Mgbe nwanyị nupụrụ isi" na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke afọ 1984 ''Sisterhood Is Global'', nke edeziri site na onye deziri ya Robin Morgan,<ref name="global">{{cite web |url=https://catalog.vsc.edu/lscfind/Record/154795/TOC#tabnav |title=Sisterhood Is Global: Table of Contents |publisher=Catalog.vsc.edu |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065459/https://catalog.vsc.edu/lscfind/Record/154795/TOC#tabnav |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ma bụrụ onye tinyere aka na nchịkọta akụkọ nke afọ 2019 ''New Daughters of Africa'', edited by [[Margaret Busby]], nke gụnyere edemede ya "Banyere M n'Africa—Ndọrọ Ndọrọ Ọchịchị na Okpope n'oge Nwatakịrị M".<ref>[[Imani Perry|Perry, Imani]] (29 March 2019), [https://www.ft.com/content/2a4e64a8-508a-11e9-8f44-fe4a86c48b33 "New Daughters of Africa — a new anthology of a groundbreaking book"], ''[[Financial Times]]''.</ref><ref>Rocker-Clinton, Johnna (August 2019), [https://sanfranciscobookreview.com/product/new-daughters-of-africa-an-international-anthology-of-writing-by-women-of-african-descent/ "Margaret Busby does it again!"] (review of ''New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent''), ''San Francisco Book Review''.</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Saadawi nke akpọrọ 'Zeina' na Lebanọn n'afọ 2009. E bipụtara nsụgharị French ahụ n'okpuru aha njirimara Nawal Zeinab el Sayed, site na iji aha nne ya mbụ.<ref>{{cite news|title=Radical writer back with vengeance|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/africa/radical-writer-back-with-vengeance-1.486421/|work= The National|access-date=17 November 2014|date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Saadawi na-asụ asụsụ [[asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] nke ọma, tinyere obodo ya.Egyptian Arabic.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans Ulrich |last=Obrist|url=http://www.e-flux.com/journal/42/60256/in-conversation-with-nawal-el-saadawi/ |title=In Conversation with Nawal El Saadawi|website=e-flux Journal|number=42|date= February 2013}}</ref> Dịka o si dee ya n'asụsụ Arabic, ọ hụrụ ajụjụ nke ịtụgharị asụsụ Bekee ma ọ bụ French dị ka "nnukwu nsogbu" nke jikọtara ya na eziokwu ahụ bụ na <blockquote>"ike ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya bụ nke Bekee ma ọ bụ French na-asụkarị.... Ndị nwere nnukwu akwụkwọ n'ụwa ka na-eleghara m anya, n'ihi na m na-ede ihe n'asụsụ Arabic, nakwa n'ihi na m na-akatọ echiche ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nke onye na-achị obodo, nke onye na-akpa ókè agbụrụ, na nke ndị nna ochie nke ndị ọchịchị ukwu."<ref>{{cite web|first=Dele Meiji|last=Fatunla|url=http://newafricanmagazine.com/nawal-el-saadawi-identity-not-fixed/|title=Nawal El Saadawi: 'My identity is not fixed'|magazine=[[New African]]|date=30 June 2016|access-date=8 October 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706045108/http://newafricanmagazine.com/nawal-el-saadawi-identity-not-fixed/|archive-date=6 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote> Akwụkwọ ya ''Mufakirat Tifla fi Al-Khamisa wa Al-Thamaneen''(Akwụkwọ Ndetu nke Nwa agbọghọ dị afọ 85), nke dabere na ihe e dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, ka e bipụtara n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mahmoud |last=El-Wardani|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/62/273741/Books/Review/At-,-Nawal-ElSaadawi-writes-about-Nawal-ElSaadawi.aspx |title=At 85, Nawal El-Saadawi writes about Nawal El-Saadawi|website=Ahram Online|date= 5 August 2017}}</ref> == Echiche == ===Mmegide megide mmebi akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nwanyị=== Mgbe ọ dị obere, Saadawi mere usoro nke ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-ebipụ akụkụ ahụ ha.<ref>el-Saadawi, Nawal, ''The Hidden Face of Eve'', Part 1: The Mutilated Half.</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ okenye, o dere gbasara omume a ma katọọ ya. O zara ọnwụ nke otu nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, Bedour Shaker, n'oge a na-eme ịwa ahụ maka ibi úgwù n'ime akụkụ ahụ mmadụ na 2007 site n'ide ihe: "Bedour, ị̀ nwụrụ anwụ ka ìhè wee nwuo n'uche ndị gbara ọchịchịrị? Ị ga-eji ndụ gị dị oké ọnụ ahịa kwụọ ụgwọ ... ka ndị dọkịta na ndị ụkọchukwu mụta na okpukpe ziri ezi anaghị ebipụ akụkụ ahụ ụmụaka?"<ref>Michael, Maggie, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070702171148/http://www.physorg.com/news102393179.html "Egypt Officials Ban Female Circumcision"<!-- Bot generated title -->], Phys.org, 30 June 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702171148/http://www.physorg.com/news102393179.html |date=2 July 2007 }}.</ref> Dịka dọkịta na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, Saadawi megidere ibi ụmụ nwoke úgwù. O kwenyere na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ka e chebe ha pụọ ​​na mmebi akụkụ ahụ ha.<ref name="theglobaldispatches">{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/nawal-al-saadawi|first=Allston|last=Mitchell|title=Nawal al Saadawi|work=The Global Dispatches|date=16 May 2010|access-date=12 February 2014|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707223358/http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/nawal-al-saadawi|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ọchịchị mmadụ na Feminism === Saadawi kọwara onwe ya dị ka "onye na-akwado ụmụnwaanyị na soshal midia", na-ekwere na a pụghị imeri ọgụ ụmụnwaanyị n'okpuru ọchịchị kapitalizim.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Fawzy |first=Mary |date=7 May 2021 |title=The socialist feminism of Nawal El Saadawi |url=https://www.newframe.com/the-socialist-feminism-of-nawal-el-saadawi/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=New Frame}}</ref> Nkwenye a nke ndị otu ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya apụtala site n'ikpe na-ezighị ezi ọ hụrụ ná ndụ ya.<ref name=":4" /> N'akwụkwọ ya bụ 'The Zoro Ezo nke Eve', o dere gbasara otu a na-agaghị esi kewapụ ndụ mmekọahụ na nke mmetụta uche nke ndị mmadụ na ndụ akụnụba ha na mmepụta ha, ya mere iwu ọnọdụ onwe onye na mba Arab ga-abụrịrị ihe kacha mkpa nye ndị socialist.<ref>{{Citation |chapter=Introduction |date=2015 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350251076.0006 |title=The Hidden Face of Eve |publisher=Zed Books |doi=10.5040/9781350251076.0006 |isbn=978-0-90576-251-7 |access-date=22 December 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na 2018, o kwuru na ya abụghị onye Marxist, ebe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ ya nke ọ chọpụtara na ọ na-enwe nsogbu na ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawal El Saadawi on feminism, fiction and the illusion of democracy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djMfFU7DIB8 |language=en |publisher=[[Channel 4 News]]|via=YouTube|date=13 June 2018|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> ===Okpukperechi=== N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya nke afọ 2014, Saadawi kwuru na "isi ihe kpatara mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị dị n'usoro ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke okpukperechi kwadoro".<ref>{{Cite web|title = They don't want any really courageous people!|url = http://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-nawal-el-saadawi-they-dont-want-any-really-courageous-people|website = Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World|access-date =5 November 2015|last = Fariborz|first = Arian|date =5 July 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọtụtụ narị mmadụ nwụrụ n'ihe a kpọr "stampede" n'oge njem njem 2015 (Hajj) nke ndị Alakụba gaa Mecca, Saudi Arabia, o kwuru, sị: <blockquote>"Ha na-ekwu maka ịgbanwe ụzọ e si achịkwa Hajj, gbasara ime ka ndị mmadụ na-eme njem n'obere ìgwè. Ihe ha na-ekwughị bụ na ihe a mere n'ihi na ndị a na-alụ ọgụ ịtụ ekwensu nkume. Gịnị mere ha ji kwesị ịtụ ekwensu nkume? Gịnị mere ha ji kwesị isusu nkume ojii ahụ ọnụ? Mana ọ dịghị onye ga-ekwu nke a. Ndị mgbasa ozi agaghị ebipụta ya. Gịnị ka ọ bụ, enweghị mmasị ịkatọ okpukpe? ... Ọjụjụ a ịkatọ okpukpe ... abụghị liberalism. Nke a bụ mmachibido iwu."<ref name=Cooke /></blockquote> O kwuru na ihe ndị dị na Hajj, dịka isusu Okute Ojii ọnụ, nwere mgbọrọgwụ ndị ọgọ mmụọ tupu okpukpe Islam.<ref>Fiona Lloyd-Davies, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/1619902.stm "No compromise"], ''Correspondent'', BBC News, 26 October 2001.</ref> Saadawi was involved in the academic exploration of Arab identity throughout her writing career.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hanadi|first1=Al-Samman|title=Diasporic Na(rra)tions: Arab Women Rewriting Exile|date=2000|publisher=[[Indiana University]]|page=25}}</ref> Saadawi kọwara mkpuchi ihu nke ndị Alakụba dị ka "ngwaọrụ mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="theglobaldispatches" /> ===Ebumnuche nke ụmụ nwanyị=== Ọ katọrọkwa ihe megidere ihe ndị e ji mara ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị n'usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke a na-ahụkarị na Yuropu na US,<ref>{{cite book|last1=El Saadawi|first1=Nawal|title=The Nawal El Saadawi Reader|publisher=Zed Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9SPVEG3cv0C|date=1997|isbn=9781856495141|access-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> na-akpasu ndị otu nwanyị ibe ha iwe site n'ikwu okwu megide etemeete na uwe ndị na-ekpughe ihe.<ref name=taylor/> ===United States=== N'okwu nkuzi nke afọ 2002 na Mahadum California na Berkeley's Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Saadawi kọwara agha nke US duziri megide Afghanistan dị ka "agha iji mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na mmanụ dị na mpaghara ahụ", na amụma mba ofesi nke US na nkwado ya nye Israel dị ka "ezigbo iyi ọha egwu.".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pasquini|first1=Elaine|title=El Saadawi Calls U.S. Foreign Policy 'Real Terrorism'|url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-110120822/el-saadawi-calls-u-s-foreign-policy-real-terrorism|via=|work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|date=March 2002|access-date=|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409040731/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-110120822/el-saadawi-calls-u-s-foreign-policy-real-terrorism|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saadawi held the opinion that Egyptians are forced into poverty by US aid.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nielsen|first1=Nikolaj|title=Nawal El Saadawi: 'I am against stability. We need revolution'|url=http://chronikler.com/middle-east/egypt/nawal-el-saadawi-interview/|access-date=19 November 2014|work=The Chronikler|date=11 July 2013}}</ref> ==Nyoyo== Saadawi bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri "She Speaked the Unspeakable", nke Jill Nicholls duziri, nke a na-agbasa na February 2017 na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC One ''[[w:Imagine (usoro ihe nkiri TV)|Imagine]]''.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08g7hr8 "She Spoke the Unspeakable"], BBC One, ''Imagine'', Winter 2017. [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5cu7f1 Via] Dailymotion.</ref> ==Ọnwụ== Saadawi nwụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na otu nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2021, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na itoolu, n'ụlọọgwụ dị na Cairo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/407474.aspx|title=Renowned Egyptian feminist, author Nawal El-Saadawi dies at the age of 89|website=Ahram Online|first=Mohammed |last=Saad |date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/03/21/pioneering-egyptian-feminist-nawal-el-saadawi-dies-aged-89/|title=Pioneering Egyptian Feminist Nawal El Saadawi Dies Aged 89|website=Egyptian Streets|date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1829281/offbeat |title=Arab author, women's rights icon Nawal El-Saadawi dies in Cairo |website=Arab News |date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> Her life was commemorated on BBC Radio 4's obituary programme ''Last Word''.<ref>{{cite episode| title= Nawal El Saadawi (pictured), Brigadier Jack Thomas, President John Magufuli, Ion Mihai Pacepa| series= Last Word| credits= Producer: Neil George; Interviewed guests: [[Mona Eltahawy]], Sally Nabil| station= BBC Radio 4| airdate= 26 March 2021| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000tg67 | access-date= 28 March 2021 }}</ref> ==Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ ahọpụtara== *2004: North–South Prize site na Council of Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/north-south-centre/previous-laureates-of-the-north-south-prize|title=Previous laureates of the North-South Prize|publisher=Council of Europe|website=coe.int}}</ref> *2005: Inana International Prize, Belgium<ref name="auto1"/> *2007: Honorary Doctorate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-137-58730-5_4|publisher=Nawal El Saadawi|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-58730-5_4|title=Diary of a Child Called Souad|year=2016|last1=El Saadawi|first1=Nawal|chapter=Nawal el Saadawi and a History of Oppression: Brief Biographical Facts |pages=153–158|isbn=978-1-137-58936-1}}</ref> *2007: Honorary Doctorate, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ulb.be/en/about-ulb/ulbs-honorary-doctorates|title=ULB's honorary doctorates|website=ulb.be|publisher=Université libre de Bruxelles}}</ref> *2010: Honorary Doctorate, National Autonomous University of Mexico]], Mexico<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/author-physician-nawal-el-saadawi-egypt-s-critic-of-taboos-01616337305?tesla=y|title=Author, Physician Nawal El-Saadawi, Egypt's Critic Of Taboos|website=barrons.com|first=Farid|last= Farid|publisher=Barron's|date=21 March 2021}}</ref> *2011: Stig Dagerman Prize<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.svd.se/kultur/2012/01/09/motvillig-el-saadawi-far-dagermanpriset/ |title=Motvillig El Saadawi får Dagermanpriset |work=[[SvD]] |language=sv |date=9 January 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article14833794.ab |title=Lydnad är ett dödligt gift |work=Kultur |language=sv |date=15 May 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref> *2012: Seán MacBride Peace Prize<ref name="auto2"/> *2015: BBC's 100 Women<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-34745739|title=BBC 100 Women 2015: Who is on the list?|date=17 November 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=3 August 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> *2020: ''[[w:Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s 100 Women of the Year (1981)<ref> {{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5793662/nawal-el-saadawi-100-women-of-the-year/ |title=1981: Nawal El Saadawi |magazine=Time |date=5 March 2020 }}</ref> ==Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara== Saadawi dere ihe nke ọma, wee tinye ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya n'ịntanetị.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amireh |first=Amal |date=2000 |title=Framing Nawal El Saadawi: Arab Feminism in a Transnational World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3175385 |journal=Signs |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=215–249 |doi=10.1086/495572 |jstor=3175385 |s2cid=143010343 |issn=0097-9740|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saiti |first1=Ramzi |last2=Salti |first2=Ramzi M. |date=1994 |title=Paradise, Heaven, and Other Oppressive Spaces: A Critical Examination of the Life and Works of Nawal el-Saadawi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4183334 |journal=Journal of Arabic Literature |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=152–174 |doi=10.1163/157006494X00059 |jstor=4183334 |issn=0085-2376|url-access=subscription }}</ref> '''Akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ''' * ''Mudhakkirat tabiba'' (Cairo, 1958). ''Memoirs of a Woman Doctor'', trans. Catherine Cobham (Saqi Books, 1988) * ''Al ghayib'' (Cairo, 1965). ''Searching'', trans. Shirley Eber (Zed Books, 1991) * ''Imra'tani fi-Imra'a'' (Cairo, 1968). ''Two Women in One'', trans. Osman Nusairi and Jana Gough (Saqi Books, 1985) * ''Maut ar-raǧul al-waḥīd ʿala ‚l-arḍ'' (1974). ''God Dies by the Nile'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 1985) * ''Al-khait wa'ayn al-hayat'' (Cairo, 1976). ''The Well of Life and the Thread: Two Short Novels'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Lime Tree, 1993) * ''Ughniyat al-atfal al da iriyah'' (Beirut: Dar al-Adab, 1977). ''The Circling Song'', trans. Marilyn Booth (Zed Books, 1989) * ''Emra'a enda noktat el sifr'' (Beirut: Dar al-Adab, 1977). ''Woman at Point Zero'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 1983) * ''Mawt Ma'ali al-Wazir Sabiqan'' (1980). ''Death of an Ex-Minister'', trans. Shirley Eber (Methuen, 1987) * ''Suqūṭ al-imām'' (Cairo, 1987). ''The Fall of the Imam'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Methuen, 1988) * ''Jann āt wa-Iblīs'' (Beirut, 1992). ''The Innocence of the Devil'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Methuen, 1994) * ''Ḥubb fī zaman al-naf̣t'' (Cairo, 1993). ''Love in the Kingdom of Oil'', trans. Basil Hatim and Malcolm Williams (Saqi Books, 2001) * ''Al-Riwayah'' (Cairo: Dar El Hilal, 2004). ''The Novel'', trans. Omnia Amin and Rick London (Interlink Books, 2009) * ''Zeina'' (Beirut: Dar Al Saqi, 2009). ''Zeina'', trans. Amira Nowaira (Saqi Books, 2011) '''Nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi''' * ''Ta'allamt al-hubb'' (Cairo, 1957). ''I Learned Love'' * ''Lahzat sidq'' (Cairo, 1959). ''Moment of Truth'' * ''Little Tenderness'' (Cairo, 1960) * ''al-Khayt wa-l-jidar'' (1972). ''The Thread and the Wall'' * ''Ain El Hayat'' (Beirut, 1976) * ''Kānat hiya al-aḍʻaf'' ["She Was the Weaker"] (1979). ''She Has No Place in Paradise'', trans. Shirley Eber (Methuen, 1987). Includes three additional stories: "She Has No Place in Paradise", "Two Women Friends", and "'Beautiful'". * ''Adab Am Kellet Abad'' (Cairo, 2000) '''Egwuregwu''' * ''Ithna 'ashar imra'a fi zinzana wahida'' (Cairo, 1984). ''Twelve Women in a Cell'' * ''Isis'' (Cairo, 1985) * ''God Resigns in the Summit Meeting'' (1996), published by Madbouli, and four other plays included in her ''Collected Works'' (45 books in Arabic), Cairo: Madbouli, 2007 * ''Twelve Women in a Cell: Plays by Mediterranean Women'' (Aurora Metro Books, 1994) '''Ihe ncheta''' * ''Mudhakkirat fi Sijn al-Nisa'' (Cairo, 1983). ''Memoirs from the Women's Prison'', trans. Marilyn Booth (The Women's Press, 1986) * ''Rihlati hawla al-'alam'' (Cairo, 1986). ''My Travels Around the World'', trans. Shirley Eber (Methuen, 1991) * ''Memoirs of a Child Called Soad'' (Cairo, 1990) * ''Awraqi hayati'', first volume (Cairo, 1995). ''A Daughter of Isis'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 1999) * ''Awraqi hayati'', second volume (Cairo, 1998). ''Walking Through Fire'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Books, 2002) * ''My Life, Part III'' (Cairo, 2001) '''Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo''' * ''Women and Sex'' (Cairo, 1969) * ''Woman Is the Origin'' (Cairo, 1971) * ''Men and Sex'' (Cairo, 1973) * ''The Naked Face of Arab Women'' (Cairo, 1974) * ''Women and Neurosis'' (Cairo, 1975) * ''Al-Wajh al-'ari lil-mar'a al-'arabiyy'' (1977). ''The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World'', trans. Sherif Hetata (Zed Press, 1980) * ''On Women'' (Cairo, 1986) * ''A New Battle in Arab Women Liberation'' (Cairo, 1992) * ''Collection of Essays'' (Cairo, 1998) * ''Collection of Essays'' (Cairo, 2001) * ''Breaking Down Barriers'' (Cairo, 2004) '''Compilations in English''' * ''Plays by Mediterranean Women'' (Aurora Metro Books, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-9515877-3-7}}) * ''North/South: The Nawal El Saadawi Reader'' (Zed Books, 1997) * ''Off Limits: New Writings on Fear and Sin'' (Gingko Library, 2019, {{ISBN|978-88-87847-16-1}}) == Hụkwa == * Thesis/dissertation. <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Nawal El Saadawi na archive.org * Adele Newson-Horst, "[https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/blog/literary-tributes/remembering-nawal-el-saadawi-adele-newson-horst "Ịcheta Nawal El Saadawi"]", World Literature Today, 24 March 2021. * [[Ernest Emenyonu]], "NAWAL EL SAADAWI: Ndụ na edemede (Ọktoba 27, 1931 - Machị 21, 2021) ", Boydell na Brewer, 13 Mee 2021. 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