Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 10267 737089 724734 2026-10-12T01:57:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Helen Prest-Ajayi''', nke bụbu '''Prest-Davies''', ( a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ '''Prest''', na 17 Septemba 1959)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2009/10/24/helen-prest-ajayi-hosts-a-grand-soiree-as-she-celebrates-her-50th-birthday/|title=Helen Prest Ajayi hosts a grand soiree as she celebrates her 50th birthday|website=Bella Naija|date=24 October 2009|accessdate=27 July 2014}}</ref> bụ onye ọka iwu si mba Naịjirịa, onye edemede ma bụbu onye meriri ma kpuru okpueze na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị mara mma.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/metamorphosis-of-beauty-queens/|title=METAMORPHOSIS OF BEAUTY QUEENS|publisher=NBF News|author=Josfyn Uba|author2=Kate Hakim|date=22 January 2011|accessdate=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811101843/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/metamorphosis-of-beauty-queens/|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theunion.com.ng/helen-prest-ajayi-giving-back-to-the-society-through-education/|title=Helen Prest Ajayi: Giving back to Society through education|accessdate=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140805215954/http://theunion.com.ng/helen-prest-ajayi-giving-back-to-the-society-through-education/|archive-date=5 August 2014|url-status=dead|archivedate=5 August 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140805215954/http://theunion.com.ng/helen-prest-ajayi-giving-back-to-the-society-through-education/}}</ref> Helen toro na [[:en:England|England]]. Ọ gara [[:en:International_School_Ibadan|International School Ibadan]] ma nweta asambodo A-Levels na Mahadum [[:en:Obafemi_Awolowo_University|Obafemi Awolowo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/i-continued-look-glam-58-•-beauty-queen-helen-prest-ajayi/|date=April 16, 2018|title=How I Have Continued To Look GLAM At 58 • Beauty Queen, Helen Prest-Ajayi}}</ref> Mgbe e nyechara ya okpueze [[:en:Miss_Nigeria|Miss Nigeria]] mgbe ọ dị afọ 19 na 1979, ọ nọchitere anya Naijiria na asọmpi [[:en:Miss_World|Miss World]] ma kwalite agụmakwụkwọ ya na [[:en:King's_College_London|King's College London]], nweta LLM. Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ na 1990s. Ugbu a ọ bụ onye isi nke Media Business Company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/personalities/simplicity-is-style-helen-prest-ajayi/|title=Simplicity is style|date=5 January 2014|accessdate=1 June 2014|archive-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602111715/http://www.punchng.com/spice/personalities/simplicity-is-style-helen-prest-ajayi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa nwa nke onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụ [[:en:Arthur_Prest|Arthur Prest]] na ada nke onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Chief Michael Godwin Prest. Ọ mụrụ ụmụ nwanyị atọ. Ọ lụrụ di ya mbu, onye ọchụnta ego; Jimmy Davies, mgbe alụm di na nwunye ahụ mechara, o ya lụọ Dr Tosin Ajayi. == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1959]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na OAU]] [[Òtù:Nwaanyị ọkaiwu Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ndi Naijiria nke Britai]] 3n1tap76vexqlh7rce5z6rwz6fhdjr5 0 12676 737098 736835 2026-10-12T08:27:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|name=Jazmine Sullivan|image=Jazmine_Sullivan_2015.jpg|caption=Sullivan at the ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards in [[Beverly Hills, California]] in 2015|birth_date={{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1987|04|09}}|birth_name=Jazmine Marie Sullivan|birth_place=[[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.|death_date=|death_place=|genre={{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Soul music|soul]]|[[pop music|pop]]|[[reggae]]}}|occupation={{hlist|Singer-songwriter}}|instrument=[[Vocals]]|years_active=2003–present|label={{hlist|[[RCA Records|RCA]]|[[J Records|J]]|[[Arista Records|Arista]]}}|associated_acts={{hlist|[[Frank Ocean]]|[[Missy Elliott]]|[[Salaam Remi]]}}<!--Before adding acts, see [[Template:Infobox musical artist]]-->|website={{url|jazminesullivanmusic.com}}}} {{Databox}} '''Jazmine Marie Sullivan''' (amuru Eprel 9, 1987) bu onye America na-ede ukwe. Amụrụ na zụlitere na Philadelphia, album mbụ ya, E wepụtara ''Fearless'' na 2008 iji nwee ọganihu azụmahịa na nke siri ike. Ndekọ ahụ tolitere <nowiki><i id="mwDw">chaatị</i></nowiki> Album Top R<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B/Hip-Hop nke Billboard wee nweta nkwado ọla edo site n'aka ndị ụlọ ọrụ ndekọta nke America (RIAA). Ọ mụrụ ụmụ nwoke anọ, gụnyere " Mkpa U Bad " na " Bust Your Windows ", ha abụọ nọ n'elu 40 nke <nowiki><i id="mwFg">chaatị Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 ; nke mbụ ghọrọ Sullivan nke mbụ na naanị ọnụọgụ mbụ na <nowiki><i id="mwGA">chaatị Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot R<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B/Hip-Hop . [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Infobox musical artist with missing or invalid Background field| ]] [[Usòrò:Jazmine Sullivan 2015.jpg|thumb]] Sullivan sochiri nke a na album studio ya nke abụọ, ''Love Me Back'', na 2010, nke ndị nkatọ nabatara nke ọma. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị ezumike afọ atọ, Sullivan bịanyere aka na RCA Records wee wepụta album studio mbụ ya n'okpuru akara, ''Reality Show'', na 2015, ọ ghọkwara album nke abụọ ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ na Top R & B / Hip-Hop Albums chart. . Na 2021, o wepụtara EP mbụ ya nke ọma, ''Heaux Tales'' nke nwere otu " Bulie Mmetụta Gị ". Sullivan enwetala Grammy Awards abụọ, onyinye onyinye <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Women in Music Awards, onyinye egwu egwu mkpụrụ obi abụọ, atọ NAACP Image Awards, na onyinye BET abụọ n'oge ọrụ ya. == Ndụ na ọrụ == === 1987–2006: Ndụ mbụ === Nne na nna Jazmine Sullivan bụ Don na Pam Sullivan. <ref name="birthcharts">{{Cite web|url=https://birthcharts.astro-seek.com/birth-chart/jazmine-sullivan-horoscope|title=Jazmine Sullivan Birth Chart Horoscope, Date of Birth, Astro|work=birthcharts.astro-seek.com}}</ref> Nne ya bụ onye bụbu onye ọbụ abụ ndabere maka Philadelphia International Records . <ref name="Ellis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vibe.com/photos/feature-the-psychology-of-jazmine-sullivan|title=The Psychology of Jazmine Sullivan|author=Ellis|first=Stacy-Ann|date=January 13, 2015|work=Vibe}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ ise, nna ya rutere n'ọkwa dị ka onye nlekọta maka nnukwu ụlọ Strawberry Historic nke obodo na ngalaba Strawberry Mansion na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'ime ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSYEAAAAMBAJ&q=jazmine+sullivan+her+father+landed+a+position+as+a+curator&pg=PA54|title=Vibe|author=Group|first=Vibe Media|date=July 1, 2008|publisher=Vibe Media Group}}</ref> Sullivan bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2005 na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Philadelphia maka imepụta nka na ime nka ebe ọ bụ onye isi egwu olu. Sullivan malitere ịbụ abụ dị ka contralto n'ime ukwe ụmụaka, ma emesịa n'òtù ukwe okenye. Sullivan ekpughere egwu ụwa amachaghị na mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgGCiC4uwLs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719231648/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgGCiC4uwLs|archivedate=2015-07-19|title=Jazmine Sullivan performs "Accept What God Allows" on Apollo|work=YouTube|accessdate=January 14, 2015}}</ref> === 2003–2009: Mmalite ọrụ === [[Usòrò:Jazmine_Sullivan.jpg|thumb| Sullivan na-eme ndụ na ihe nkiri na Columbia, South Carolina na 2008.]] Na iri na ise Sullivan bịanyere aka na ''Jive Records'' . O dekọrọ otu ọba egwu, nke a na-ewepụtaghị ma emechaa wepụ ya na label. Sullivan nyere ụda olu maka Kindred the [[Families Need Fathers|Family]] Soul 's song, "Am" yana ụda ndabere na egwu "Party's Over", na aha egwu na 2003 mpụta mbụ ha ''nyefere n'ịhụnanya .'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allhiphop.com/2008/08/05/jazmine-sullivan-more-than-the-next-lauryn-hill/|title=Jazmine Sullivan: More Than the Next Lauryn Hill|work=allhiphop.com|publisher=All Hip Hop|author=Iandoli|first=Kathy|accessdate=July 27, 2014}}</ref> <ref>Kindred The Family Soul - Surrender To Love (CD liner notes). Hidden Beach Recordings/Epic Records. EK 86491</ref> O bu ụzọ zute onye rapper Missy Elliott n'oge nnọkọ ahụ; Elliott gara n'ihu wepụta ma ọtụtụ n'ime album mbụ ya, ''enweghị atụ egwu'' na egwu na ''Love Me Back.'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Sullivan, Jazmine, 1987- James, Stori. Sincere, Josephine. Bremner, Freedom. Crockett, Alison. Cooper, Damon. Maiysha. Suter, Alexis P. S.Maily. Miata, Mia.|title=Soul in the city.|date=2004|publisher=Glory Records|oclc=320957015}}</ref> Sullivan dere ma dekọọ ya na ndị na-emepụta Cool &amp;amp; Dre egwu akpọrọ " Kwuo m " na ndị na-emepụta Cool &amp;amp; Dre ; Enyere ya enyi nwanyị Dre Christina Milian n'oge ahụ maka album nke atọ ya, ''So Amazin''' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livexlive.com/artist/jazmine-sullivan|title=Jazmine Sullivan - LiveXLive - Premium Live Music|work=LiveXLive.com|accessdate=November 5, 2011}}</ref> Egwu a ghọrọ onye ndu otu, na-arị elu na nọmba 13 na egwu R&B/Hip-Hop dị ọkụ yana iru nọmba 21 na eserese Hot 100 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/christina-milian|title=Christina Milian Chart History|work=Billboard}}</ref> Sullivan's breakthrough song, " Need U Bad " wepụtara na Mee 2008. <ref name="allhiphop.com">{{Cite news|url=https://allhiphop.com/news/sunday-selection-jazmine-sullivan-need-u-bad-MgTy34Z7S0OJ94NifRoFTg/|title=Sunday Selection: Jazmine Sullivan - "Need U Bad"|work=AllHipHop.com|date=June 15, 2008|archive-date=May 1, 2019|access-date=April 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501181843/https://allhiphop.com/news/sunday-selection-jazmine-sullivan-need-u-bad-MgTy34Z7S0OJ94NifRoFTg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song featured additional vocals by Missy Elliott and Sandy "Pepa" Denton of Salt-n-Pepa, emesia debuted na nọmba 37 na Billboard Hot 100 na nọ n'elu Hot R &amp;amp; B / [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]] Songs maka 34 izu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/jazmine-sullivan/chart-history|title=Jazmine Sullivan Chart History|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|accessdate=October 28, 2010}}</ref> == Ụdị egwu na nka == N'otu aka ahụ, olu Sullivan na-agbanwe n'etiti "mmepụta ọgbara ọhụrụ" na "ụda mmetụta 1980" nke ndị nkatọ egwu na-ekwu na-enye ya "ụda hip hop ụlọ akwụkwọ ochie ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackmusicscholar.com/jazmine-sullivan/|title=Jazmine Sullivan|date=November 3, 2017|work=Black Music Scholar|accessdate=April 7, 2022|archivedate=May 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508195452/https://blackmusicscholar.com/jazmine-sullivan/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Williams|first=Justin A.|title=The Construction of Jazz Rap as High Art in Hip-Hop Music|date=July 5, 2017|journal=From Soul to Hip Hop|pages=149–173|doi=10.4324/9781315093819-6}}</ref> Ụdị olu ya bụ contralto . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2015/04/21/sullivan-shares-her-stirring-reality-royale/WOp1QlCXgmbzkzi259IgLL/story.html|title=Jazmine Sullivan shares her stirring 'Reality' at Royale|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=April 21, 2015|accessdate=March 15, 2018|first=Maura|author=Johnston}}</ref> Olu ya nwere ike siri ike na ndekọ niile ma jikọta nke ọma n'etiti A2 na G5 .  ya nwere "olu dị nro ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instyle.com/news/jazmine-sullivan-interview-raspy-voice|title=Jazmine Sullivan on Her Famously Raspy Voice and Wanting to Sound Like Mariah Carey|date=July 15, 2015|work=InStyle.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ kọwara ụdị edemede ya dị ka “mgbagha azụ”, n'ịtụ aka na egwu ya gbasara mmekọrịta dara ada bụ nke na-akparị anụ ahụ na nke mmụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/1016-jazmine-sullivan-on-songwritings-labor-of-love/|title=Jazmine Sullivan on Songwriting's Labor of Love|date=February 9, 2016|work=Pitchfork|accessdate=May 1, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.essence.com/news/jazmine-sullivan-opens-about-finding-joy-after-abuse/|title=Jazmine Sullivan Opens Up About Finding Joy After Abuse|work=Essence|language=en-US|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref> Egwu ya na-egosipụta nzaghachi ya na mmekọrịta ndị a nke ọma na egwu ya " Bust Your Windows ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://revolt.tv/stories/2016/08/04/apparently-jazmine-sullivans-bust-windows-wasnt-poppin-song-3517d33cc0|title=Apparently Jazmine Sullivan's "Bust Your Windows" wasn't just a poppin' song|date=August 4, 2016|work=REVOLT TV|language=en|accessdate=April 7, 2022|archivedate=May 1, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501224453/https://revolt.tv/stories/2016/08/04/apparently-jazmine-sullivans-bust-windows-wasnt-poppin-song-3517d33cc0}}</ref> Ọ na-amasị ya ide banyere mmetụta ọ na-enwe, nke n'aka nke ya, na-ewe otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ihe ruru otu ọnwa iji mezue. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsok.com/article/feed/1212142/jazmine-sullivan-to-beyonce-lets-make-lemonade-together/|title=Jazmine Sullivan to Beyonce: Let's make lemonade together!|date=April 28, 2017|work=NewsOK.com}}</ref> N'oge ndekọ nke album Reality Show, Sullivan jiri oge dị ukwuu na-emegharị ma na-edegharị ya, na ndị na-emepụta ihe ga-amanye ya ka ọ hapụ album ahụ iji gbochie nkwụsị oge. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greensboro.com/entertainment/jazmine-sullivan-grammy-nods-and-getting-her-groove-back/article_fc0a41c7-67da-5ca7-ab52-3097b192e53a.html|title=Jazmine Sullivan: Grammy nods and getting her groove back|author=Press|first=Melanie J. Sims The Associated|work=Greensboro News and Record|accessdate=February 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501224431/https://www.greensboro.com/entertainment/jazmine-sullivan-grammy-nods-and-getting-her-groove-back/article_fc0a41c7-67da-5ca7-ab52-3097b192e53a.html|archive-date=May 1, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> A maara Sullivan nke ọma maka ide egwu nke ya nke na-eme ka ama ama ya na ndị nkatọ na ndị na-akwado ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/02/toughest-song-i-wrote-jazmine-sullivan-brand-new.html|title=The Toughest Song I Wrote: Jazmine Sullivan on What Happens When a Kendrick Feature Falls Through|date=February 8, 2016|work=Vulture.com|accessdate=February 14, 2016}}</ref> Edepụtara egwu Sullivan " Bust Your Windows " na nọmba 137 na ndepụta National Public Radio nke abụ 200 Kachasị Kasị Mma Site na narị afọ nke 21st ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="npr.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/07/30/627396669/turning-the-tables-the-200-greatest-songs-by-21st-century-women-part-4|title=The 200 Greatest Songs By 21st Century Women+ (140-121)|work=NPR.org|language=en|accessdate=October 12, 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na Mee 11, 2020, Sullivan kwupụtara na nne ya Pam achọpụtala ọrịa kansa na-egbu egbu na Ọktoba 2019. <ref name="Essence 2020">{{Cite web|author=Grant|first=Jasmine|title=Jazmine Sullivan Loves And Uplifts Her Mom As She Battles Breast Cancer|url=https://www.essence.com/love/celebrity-mothers-day-posts-2020/|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|date=May 11, 2020|accessdate=June 12, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Jazmine Sullivan's Mother Has Breast Cancer, Singer Shaves Her Head In Solidarity [VIDEO]|url=https://classipress.co.ke/jazmine-sullivans-mother-has-breast-cancer-singer-shaves-her-head-in-solidarity-video/|accessdate=June 12, 2020|work=[[MadameNoire]]|date=May 11, 2020|archive-date=June 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612231510/https://classipress.co.ke/jazmine-sullivans-mother-has-breast-cancer-singer-shaves-her-head-in-solidarity-video/|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi Instagram ya, o dere, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na ịbụ nwa gị nwanyị kụziiri m otu ihe bụ ka esi arụ ọrụ na ihe jọrọ njọ, na-egbu mgbu ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ nkà". <ref name="Essence 2020" /> == Ihe ngosi == * ''Atụghị egwu'' (2008) * ''Hụrụ m n'anya azụ'' (2010) * ''Ihe ngosi eziokwu'' (2015) * ''Akụkọ Heaux'' (2021) == Njegharị egwu egwu == ; Isi akụkọ * Njem ihe ngosi nke eziokwu (2015) * Njegharị Heaux Tales (2022) ; Nchịkọta isiokwu * Afọ nke njem ndị Gentlemen (2009) == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Organization ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Category ! scope="col" |Nominated work ! scope="col" |Result ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |American Music Awards | rowspan="3" |2021 |Favorite Soul/R&amp;amp;B Female Artist |Herself | {{Nom}} | rowspan="3" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/9652065/2021-ama-nominations-list-american-music-awards|title=Olivia Rodrigo Leads 2021 American Music Awards Nominations: Full List}}</ref> |- |Favorite Soul/R&amp;amp;B Album |''Heaux Tales'' | {{Nom}} |- |Favorite Soul/R&amp;amp;B Song |"Pick Up Your Feelings" | {{Nom}} |- ! rowspan="6" scope="row" |BET Awards | rowspan="3" |2009 |Best Female R&amp;amp;B Artist | rowspan="3" |Herself | {{Nom}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2009/06/best-male-rbthe-dreamjamie-foxxryan-lesliene-yot-pain--best-female-rb-artistbeyonc%C3%A9-knowleskeyshia-colekeri-hilsonjennifer-h.html|title=BET Awards 2009 list of winners|date=June 18, 2009|work=LA Times Blogs - Awards Tracker|accessdate=May 1, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2009/nominees.html?cid=facebook|title=BET Awards 2009 Winners & Nominees|work=BET.com|accessdate=May 1, 2019|archive-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920205133/https://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2009/nominees.html?cid=facebook|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Best New Artist | {{Nom}} |- |J Award | {{Won}} |- |2015 |Centric Award |"Dumb" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |Album of the Year |''Heaux Tales'' | {{Won}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|title=BET Awards: Winners List (Updating Live)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bet-awards-2021-winners-list-1234974508/|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=June 28, 2021|date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> |- |Best Female R&B Artist |Herself | {{Nom}} |- ! scope="row" |<nowiki><i id="mwAiA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Women in Music |2010 |Rising Star Award |Herself | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/949865/jazmine-sullivan-thrilled-to-succeed-gaga-as-billboards-rising-star|title=Jazmine Sullivan Thrilled to Succeed Gaga As Billboard's Rising Star|work=Billboard|accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="15" scope="row" |Grammy Awards | rowspan="5" |2009 |Best New Artist |Herself | {{Nom}} | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/grammys/2008-12-03-grammy-nominations_N.htm|title=Nominations for the 51st Grammy Awards|work=[[USA Today]]|date=February 4, 2009|accessdate=June 29, 2012}}</ref> |- |Best Female R&amp;amp;B Vocal Performance |"Need U Bad" | {{Nom}} |- |Best Traditional R&amp;amp;B Performance |"In Love With Another Man" | {{Nom}} |- |Best R&amp;amp;B Song |"Bust Your Windows" | {{Nom}} |- |Best Contemporary R&amp;amp;B Album |''Fearless'' | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |Best Female R&B Vocal Performance | rowspan="2" |"Lions, Tigers &amp;amp; Bears" | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2010/01/29/123139144/one-diva-at-a-time-r-b-at-the-grammys|title=One Diva At A Time: R&B At The Grammys|work=[[NPR]]|language=en|accessdate=July 13, 2012}}</ref> |- |Best R&B Song | {{Nom}} |- |2011 |Best Female R&B Vocal Performance |"Holding You Down (Goin' in Circles)" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hiphopnc.com/1251361/2011-grammy-nominations-jazmine-rihanna-sade-fantasia-nicki-up-for-awards/|title=2011 Grammy Nominations! Jazmine, Rihanna, Sade, Fantasia & Nicki Up For Awards!|date=December 2, 2010|work=K97.5|accessdate=January 19, 2011}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |Best Traditional R&B Performance | rowspan="2" |"Let It Burn" | {{Nom}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/awards/grammys-2016-jazmine-sullivans-reality-show/|title=You Almost Didn't Get to Hear Jazmine Sullivan's Grammy-Nominated Album|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=September 12, 2016}}</ref> |- |Best R&B Song | {{Nom}} |- |Best R&amp;amp;B Album |''Reality Show'' | {{Nom}} |- |2020 |Best Traditional R&B Performance |"Built for Love" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Best R&amp;amp;B Performance | rowspan="2" |"Pick Up Your Feelings" | {{Won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Silk Sonic]] for "[[Leave the Door Open]]".}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2022-grammys-complete-winners-nominees-nominations-list|title=2022 GRAMMYs Awards Show: Complete Nominations List|work=Grammy|accessdate=November 23, 2021|archive-date=December 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220010438/https://www.grammy.com/Grammys/news/2022-Grammys-complete-winners-nominees-nominations-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Best R&amp;amp;B Song | {{Nom}} |- |Best R&amp;amp;B Album |''Heaux Tales'' | {{Won}} |- ! rowspan="9" scope="row" |NAACP Image Awards |2009 |Outstanding New Artist |Herself | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2009/biz/awards/bees-flies-high-at-image-awards-1117998104/|title='Bees' flies high at Image Awards|author=Hite|first=N'neka|date=January 7, 2009|work=Variety|language=en|accessdate=May 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-imageawards-idUSTRE51C12F20090213|title="Dreamgirl" Hudson dominates NAACP Image awards|date=February 13, 2009|work=Reuters|accessdate=May 1, 2019|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |Outstanding Female Artist |Herself | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="NAACP 2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6792632/naacp-image-awards-nominees-2016|title=Janet Jackson Leads 2016 NAACP Image Awards Music Nominations|work=Billboard|accessdate=May 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2016-naacp-image-award-winners-862137|title=NAACP Image Awards: The Complete Winners List|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=September 12, 2016}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Outstanding Song |"Let It Burn" | {{Nom}} |- |2018 |"Insecure" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- |2021 | rowspan="2" |Outstanding Female Artist | rowspan="2" |Herself | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 NAACP Image Awards: The Complete Winners List|url=https://www.etonline.com/2021-naacp-image-awards-winners-list-162717|work=[[E! Online]]|accessdate=June 28, 2021|date=March 29, 2021|archivedate=April 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415125256/https://www.etonline.com/2021-naacp-image-awards-winners-list-162717}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2022 | {{Won}} | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Spivey|first=Kemberlie|date=2022-01-19|title=2022 NAACP Image Awards Nominations: The Full List|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kemberliespivey/2022/01/18/2022-naacp-image-awards-nominations-the-full-list/|accessdate=2022-01-20|work=[[Forbes]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominees Archive|url=https://naacpimageawards.net/nominees/|accessdate=2022-02-27|work=NAACP Image Awards|language=en-US|archivedate=2017-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206053924/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/nominees}}</ref> |- |Outstanding Album |''Heaux Tales'' | {{Won}} |- |Outstanding Duo, Group or Collaboration (Traditional) |"Girl Like Me" <small>(featuring H.E.R.</small><small>)</small> | {{Nom}} |- |Outstanding Soul/R&B Song |"Pick Up Your Feelings” | {{Won}} |- ! rowspan="8" scope="row" |Soul Train Music Awards |2009 |Best New Artist |Herself | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=2009 Soul Train Awards|url=https://www.rap-up.com/2009/11/04/2009-soul-train-awards/|work=Rap Up|access-date=2022-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516144002/https://www.rap-up.com/2009/11/04/2009-soul-train-awards/|archive-date=2022-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2017 |Best Collaboration |"Insecure" <small>(with Bryson Tiller)</small> | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8005601/soul-train-awards-2017-nominees-solange-bruno-mars-bet|title=Solange, Bruno Mars Lead 2017 Soul Train Awards Nominations|publisher=Billboard|date=October 17, 2017|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2021 |Song of the Year | rowspan="3" |"Pick Up Your Feelings" |{{Nom}} | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.E.R. Is Top Nominee at 2021 Soul Train Awards; Maxwell & Ashanti to Receive Special Awards: Exclusive|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/9654359/her-2021-soul-train-awards-nominees/?utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Video of the Year | {{Nom}} |- |The Ashford and Simpson Songwriter of the Year Award | {{Nom}} |- |Best Collaboration |"Girl Like Me" <small>(featuring H.E.R.</small><small>)</small> | {{Nom}} |- |Best R&amp;amp;B/Soul Female Artist |Herself | {{Won}} |- |Album of the Year |''Heaux Tales'' | {{Won}} |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke nọmba Billboard-otu ọba R&amp;amp;B nke 2008 * Ndepụta nke R&amp;amp;B nọmba-otu otu nke 2008 (US ) == Ihe ndetu == {{Notelist}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jkecxpmgicgjo590z9gx8t3389oddsq 0 13736 737107 200342 2026-10-12T09:53:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737107 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Johannes Gerhardus Hendrikus Burgers''' (31 Jenụwarị 1870 - 12 Juun 1943) bụ na 1913 onye guzobere Burgers 'Dierenpark, nke a na-akpọ Royal '''Burgers''' Zoo n'oge a. Ọ bụ onye nwe ya na onye nduzi ya ruo 1939. Nwa ya nwanyị nke ikpeazụ bụ Lucie Burgers bụ onye nọchiri ya, ya na di ya bụ Reinier van Hooff. Nwa ha nwoke, Antoon van Hooff (1937-2004), mekwuru zoo ahụ.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn4/burgers|title=Burgers, Johannes Gerhardus Hendrikus (1870-1943)|first=|author=|date=November 12, 2013|work=[[Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Johan Burgers na 's-Heerenberg .<ref name="auto"/> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọrụ aka, Burgers ghọrọ ọkachamara n'ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ na Eastern Europe nke nyere ya ezigbo ụgwọ ọrụ. Ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya ka ọ lụọ di, wee malite igbu anụ.<ref name="geschied">{{Cite web|url=https://isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/burgers-zoo-bestaat-100-jaar|title=Burgers Zoo bestaat 100 jaar|accessdate=7 July 2020|work=Is Geschiedenis|language=nl}}</ref> Na 1895, Burgers zụtara ụlọ obodo na 's-Heerenberg.<ref name="auto" /> N'ogige ahụ, o debere nchịkọta nke anụ ọhịa na nkịta nke mere ka ọ nweta ọtụtụ ihe nrite, ma mee ka ọ zụta ọtụtụ anụmanụ. Iji kwado nchịkọta na-arịwanye elu, ọ zụtara ala dị nso ma kpọọ ya ''Buitenlust''.<ref name="arnhem">{{Cite news|url=https://www.arnhem2day.nl/fotobank/burgers-en-hoefer|title=Burgers en Hoefers|work=Arnhem 2day|accessdate=7 July 2020|language=nl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814170532/https://www.arnhem2day.nl/fotobank/burgers-en-hoefer|archive-date=14 August 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na 1908, ọ gara Tierpark Hagenbeck nke Carl Hagenbeck<ref name="geschied" /> na Hamburg nke masịrị ya n'ezie.<ref name="arnhem" /> Na 1913, Burgers meghere saịtị ahụ maka ọha na eze, ma tinye anụmanụ ndị ọzọ dị ka nkịta ọhịa, anụ ọhịa wolf na flamingos. Burgers Zoo bụ zoo ọha na eze mbụ nwere onwe ya na Netherlands, n'ihi na Natura Artis Magistra na Amsterdam bụ naanị maka ndị otu.<ref name="arnhem"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/stadsarchief/stukken/dieren/voliere-artis|title=Voliere in Artis|work=City Archive Amsterdam|accessdate=7 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> Na 1916, Burgers chọrọ itinye ọdụm na anụ ọhịa bea nke gọọmentị obodo guzogidere.<ref name="arnhem" /> N'afọ 1918, obodo Arnhem nwere ịnụ ọkụ n'obi maka atụmatụ ya, e meghekwara zoo ahụ n'akụkụ Open Air Museum.<ref name="arnhem" /> Na 1932, nwa ya nwanyị Johanna lụrụ Johan van Glabbeek, ma dị ka onyinye agbamakwụkwọ o nyere ha Dierenpark Tilburg.<ref name="geschied"/> Na 1939, Burgers lara ezumike nká ma họpụta nwa ya nwanyị Lucie dị ka onye ga-anọchi ya.<ref name="arnhem" /> N'afọ ndị 1940, Burgers butere ọrịa kansa. Burgers nwụrụ na Arnhem na 12 June 1943.<ref name="auto"/> == Ezinụlọ == Burgers lụrụ Maria Erwig ma ha mụrụ ụmụ atọ.<ref name="auto"/> Jan van Hooff, ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na prọfesọ nke comparative physiology na Mahadum Utrecht bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ụmụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ubv.info/nl/vereniging/ereleden/jan-van-hooff/|title=Jan van Hooff|work=Society of Utrecht Biologists|accessdate=7 June 2020|language=nl|archivedate=7 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707200750/https://ubv.info/nl/vereniging/ereleden/jan-van-hooff/}}</ref> == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} s0d0x27m1ym74mg954ig1xoefr8dqak 0 14098 737068 641835 2026-10-11T18:24:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|image=|image_size=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Ruwa]], [[Rhodesia]]|nationality=[[Zimbabwe]]an|yearsactive=|occupation=Sculpture|height=|parents={{unbulleted list|[[Nicholas Mukomberanwa]] (father) |[[Grace Mukomberanwa]] (mother) }}|relatives={{unbulleted list|[[Anderson Mukomberanwa]] (sister) |[[Lawrence Mukomberanwa]] (brother) |[[Nesbert Mukomberanwa]] (cousin) |[[Netsai Mukomberanwa]](sister) |[[Taguma Mukomberanwa]] (brother) |[[Tendai Mukomberanwa]] (brother) }}|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Ennica Mukomberanwa''' (a mụrụ ya n'afọ 1978) bụ [[Zimbabwe|onye Zimbabwe]] na-akpụ ihe. Nwa nwanyị [[Grace Mukomberanwa]] na Nicholas Mukomberanwa, ọgbọ mbụ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ zụrụ ya. A na-egosipụta ọrụ ya na nchịkọta onwe ya na ụlọ ngosi gburugburu ụwa.<ref name="zimsculpt1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zimsculpt.com/artist.php?id=145|title=Ennica Mukomberanwa : Biography, Photographs and Sculpture samples of Zimbabwe Sculpture artist Ennica Mukomberanwa|publisher=Zimsculpt.com|date=|accessdate=2012-01-26|archivedate=2011-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921035317/http://www.zimsculpt.com/artist.php?id=145}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọgbọ nke atọ nke Zimbabwean sculptor. N'afọ 2004, e nyere ya ihe nrite nke nyere ya ohere ịga [[Stockholm]], Copenhagen, Scotland, na [[Kánada|Canada]]. Ọ bụ onye otu ezinụlọ Mukomberanwa nke ndị na-akpụ ihe. Ọ bụ nwa [[Grace Mukomberanwa]] na Nicholas Mukomberanwa, onye jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ya.<ref name="zimsculpt1" /> Ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị nke ndị na-akpụ ihe bụ Anderson, [[Netsai Mukomberanwa|Netsai]], [[Taguma Mukomberanwa|Taguma]], [[Tendai Mukomberanwa]] nakwa [[Lawrence Mukomberanwa]], na nwa nwanne nne ya bụ Nesbert Mukomberanwa. == Ọrụ == Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya n'omenala nke Shona bịakwa na-emepụta obere ụkpụrụ ọ bụ ezie na o mepụtara ọtụtụ ndị buru ibu.<ref name="zimsculpt1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.friendsforeverzimbabwe.com/index.php/Ennica_Mukomberanwa.html|title=Ennica Mukomberanwa|publisher=Friends Forever Zimbabwe|date=|accessdate=2012-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126022146/http://www.friendsforeverzimbabwe.com/index.php/Ennica_Mukomberanwa.html|archivedate=26 January 2012}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na International Sculpture symposium' nke Andres Institute of Art na New Hampshire, CT mere n'afọ 2014 ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na nkume granite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hippopress.com/read-article/international-art|title=The Hippo : New Hampshire's Weekly : International art|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2014|archivedate=5 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005090339/http://hippopress.com/read-article/international-art}}</ref> Koleji agụmakwụkwọ ya bụ na agụmakwụkwọ na akụ na ụba mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.galerie-hafenliebe.de/bildhauer-aus-simbabwe.html|title=Bildhauer aus Simbabwe – Galerie Hafenliebe|publisher=|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == * Zimsculpt 2006 gaa n'ihu * African Excellence in Art Exhibit - Oslo, Norway 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khio.no/filestore/pressrelease_africanexcellence.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-10-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021054215/http://www.khio.no/filestore/pressrelease_africanexcellence.pdf|archivedate=2014-10-21}}</ref> * Charles Sumner School Museum Exhibit, Washington D.C. 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gadling.com/2007/06/07/art-and-history-at-d-c-s-charles-sumner-school/|title=Art & Architecture at D.C.'s Charles Sumner School – Gadling|work=Gadling|date=7 June 2007|accessdate=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101144611/https://gadling.com/2007/06/07/art-and-history-at-d-c-s-charles-sumner-school/|archive-date=1 January 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> * In Praise of Women International Exhibit - Richmond, Canada 2004 * In Praise Of Women Intentional Exhibit - South Africa 2003 * Zolla Gallery, Heidelberg - Germany 1999 * National Gallery Harare - Zimbabwe 1994 == Ihe nrite == * "The Fisherman" - Best Sculptor on Show, National Gallery of Art, Zimbabwe 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.african-millennium.com/ContentPage.aspx?pageid=221|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-10-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018173746/http://www.african-millennium.com/ContentPage.aspx?pageid=221|archivedate=2014-10-18}}</ref> * "Woman Artist of the Year" - 2004 [citation needed] == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mukomberanwa, Ennica}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g0w2zj1dudoas10zheoalj529oet8sb 0 19269 737057 725862 2026-10-11T17:15:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Elijah Mckenzie-Jackson''' (amụrụ na 28 Disemba 2003) bụ onye mba Britain na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe, nke bi na New York City, nke a maara maka ikwu okwu gbasara nnwere onwe anụmanụ na ikike ụmụ amaala.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-26|title=We meet... Elijah Mckenzie-Jackson|url=https://envisionvirginracing.com/envision-virgin-racing-meets-elijah-mckenzie-jackson/|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=Envision Virgin Racing|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914135650/https://envisionvirginracing.com/envision-virgin-racing-meets-elijah-mckenzie-jackson/}}</ref><ref name="NYT 2020-03-29">{{Cite news|author=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=2019-09-20|title=Meet 8 Youth Protest Leaders|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/climate/climate-strikes-protests.html|accessdate=2020-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inspirational Youth Activists Leading Us to a Bright Future|url=https://www.kidzworld.com/article/31683-inspirational-youth-activists-leading-us-to-a-bright-future|accessdate=2020-04-01|work=Kidzworld|language=en|archivedate=2020-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406132625/https://www.kidzworld.com/article/31683-inspirational-youth-activists-leading-us-to-a-bright-future}}</ref> McKenzie-Jackson bụ onye guzobere na Waic Up, onye na-ahazi Youth Strike for Climate, [[Extinction Rebellion]] Youth, ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya United Nations Togetherband.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-12|title=Exclusive – Jerome Foster and Elijah McKenzie-Jackson talk intersectional activism|url=https://thred.com/exclusives/exclusive-jerome-foster-and-elijah-mckenzie-jackson-talk-intersectional-activism/|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=Thred Website|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Youthquake 2022: The Activists Shaking Up The World|url=https://togetherband.org/blogs/news/togetherband-young-activists-film|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=#TOGETHERBAND|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-ahazi Friday for Future UK; na-eme ngagharị iwe ihu igwe kwa izu kemgbe Febụwarị 2019. [[Category:Biography with signature]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] McKenzie-Jackson haziri ngagharị iwe ihu igwe gafee Europe na South America ma kwuo okwu na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], House of Lords, [citation needed] Nzukọ Ndị omeiwu EU, n'èzí Nzukọ G7<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dazed|date=2021-06-16|title=How protesters defied the G7 summit with a weekend of civil disobedience|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/politics/article/53210/1/how-protesters-defied-the-g7-summit-with-a-weekend-of-civil-disobedience|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=Dazed|language=en}}</ref> na n'ime Amazon Rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-17|title=50 jonge activisten uit 7 landen hebben eerste burgeractie ooit ondernomen in Europees Parlement|url=https://www.dewereldmorgen.be/artikel/2019/10/17/50-jonge-activisten-uit-7-landen-hebben-eerste-burgeractie-ooit-ondernomen-in-europees-parlement/|accessdate=2020-03-29|work=DeWereldMorgen.be|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-03|title=Climate strikers: Open letter to EU leaders on why their new climate law is 'surrender'|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/climate-strikers-open-letter-to-eu-leaders-on-why-their-new-climate-law-is-surrender|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=Carbon Brief|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=Pierre Larrouturou: «On peut financer la relance sans argent des Etats»|url=https://www.lesoir.be/304339/article/2020-06-01/pierre-larrouturou-peut-financer-la-relance-sans-argent-des-etats|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=Le Soir|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-03|title=Climate strikers: Open letter to EU leaders on why their new climate law is 'surrender'|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/climate-strikers-open-letter-to-eu-leaders-on-why-their-new-climate-law-is-surrender|accessdate=2020-03-29|work=Carbon Brief|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=authors|first=Various|date=2020-06-02|title=European Call: 3 solutions for climate and jobs|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/opinion/european-call-3-solutions-for-climate-and-jobs/|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=www.euractiv.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oliveira|first=Joana|date=2019-12-01|title=En la selva con la 'generación Greta'|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2019/11/24/actualidad/1574625811_669555.html|accessdate=2022-03-21}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nkwado mba ụwa mgbe ọ sonyere n'omume nnupụisi obodo n'èzí ọdụ<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-19|title=Teenage climate-change protesters threatened with arrest in video of Heathrow action|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/extinction-rebellion-climate-change-protest-heathrow-video-northern-runway-airport-a8877841.html|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> ụgbọ elu Heathrow megide ikuku ụgbọ elu. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Mckenzie-Jackson amụrụ na Walthamthow, [[London]], ya na nne nne ya, Jean Young, bi, onye sonyeere McKenzie-Jack sonyeere na [[ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]] ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Know how to flex on Insta?': grandchildren and grandparents explain the world to each other {{!}} Family {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/sep/04/know-how-to-flex-on-insta-grandchildren-and-grandparents-explain-the-world-to-each-other|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> McKenzie-Jackson tolitere dị ka onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri n'ihi ọdịmma anụmanụ, mgbe m dị afọ iri na anọ, agafeela m na veganism, nke nyeere m aka ịghọta ihe mere o ji bụrụ mgbanwe onwe onye mgbe m na-alụso nsogbu ihu igwe ọgụ.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Carnegie|first=Megan|title=Gen Z: How young people are changing activism|url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20220803-gen-z-how-young-people-are-changing-activism|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=www.bbc.com|language=en}}</ref> McKenzie-Jackson sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ịbụ onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe mbụ ọ nụrụ banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Woodbridge Highschool, site na ime nnyocha na ikiri ihe ngosi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title='Know how to flex on Insta?': grandchildren and grandparents explain the world to each other {{!}} Family {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/sep/04/know-how-to-flex-on-insta-grandchildren-and-grandparents-explain-the-world-to-each-other|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref><blockquote>"Amụtara m obere ihe banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Amalitere m ikiri ihe ngosi, na-eme nchọpụta nke m, enwere m nkụda mmụọ. Amaghị m ihe mere na ọ dịghị ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme ihe" - Elijah McKenzie-Jackson, The Guardian.<ref name=":2"/></blockquote>McKenzie-Jackson were otu afọ ezumike n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ugbu a na-eme atụmatụ ịkwaga New York City iji mụọ Fine Art na Sociology malite n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 2022.<ref name=":10"/> == Ịgba mbọ == A maara McKenzie-Jackson n'ụwa niile maka ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na School Strike for Climate movement.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Millions Of Young People Around The World Are Leading Strikes To Call Attention To The Climate Crisis|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zahrahirji/climate-strike-greta-thunberg-fridays-for-future|accessdate=2020-04-01|work=BuzzFeed News|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Street|first=Nathan|title=School striker for climate: join the Trump demo|url=https://www.counterfire.org/interview/20358-school-striker-for-climate-join-the-trump-demo|accessdate=2020-03-29|work=Counterfire|language=en-gb|archivedate=2020-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329145220/https://www.counterfire.org/interview/20358-school-striker-for-climate-join-the-trump-demo}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-14|title=Finding Love in the Apocalypse|url=https://atmos.earth/climate-activists-dating-couples-valentines-day/|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=Atmos|language=en}}</ref> McKenzie-Jackson bụ onye nnọchi anya United Nations Togetherband maka ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ịrị na atọ na nke ịrị na anọ.<ref name=":3"/> Ọ bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ ndị ntorobịa maka Resilience Project<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Our team|url=https://www.theresilienceproject.org.uk/our-team|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=The Resilience Project|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-04-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426120657/https://www.theresilienceproject.org.uk/our-team}}</ref> na Surfers Against Sewage.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Youth Ocean & Climate Summit|url=https://www.sas.org.uk/youthoceanclimatesummit/|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=Youth Ocean & Climate Summit|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323024443/https://www.sas.org.uk/youthoceanclimatesummit/}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi na UK Student Climate Network<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-23|title=Elijah McKenzie-Jackson: My frustrations turned into action [Climate Generation Talks-10]|url=https://yesilgazete.org/elijah-mckenzie-jackson-my-frustrations-turned-into-action-climate-generation-talks-10/|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=Yeşil Gazete|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405073848/https://yesilgazete.org/elijah-mckenzie-jackson-my-frustrations-turned-into-action-climate-generation-talks-10/|archive-date=2023-04-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> na onye nhazi na Stop Trump Coalition.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=School striker for climate: join the Trump demo|url=https://www.counterfire.org/interview/20358-school-striker-for-climate-join-the-trump-demo|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=Counterfire|language=en-gb|archivedate=2022-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321202147/https://www.counterfire.org/interview/20358-school-striker-for-climate-join-the-trump-demo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-31|title=Donald Trump's UK visit 'likely to be costliest ever diplomatic trip'|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/donald-trump-uk-state-visit-trip-cost-british-taxpayer-scotland-yard-security-297465|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=inews.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> === Ọgbaghara ihu igwe na Europe === [[Usòrò:Elijah_McKenzie-Jackson-_Liar_Liar_Earth_On_Fire.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Elijah_McKenzie-Jackson-_Liar_Liar_Earth_On_Fire.jpg/300px-Elijah_McKenzie-Jackson-_Liar_Liar_Earth_On_Fire.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ihe ịrịba ama nke Elijah McKenzie-Jackson ji mee ihe]] McKenzie-Jackson malitere ime ngagharị iwe ihu igwe na Febụwarị 15th 2019 na Parliament Square, London. N'ọnwa Eprel 2019 McKenzie- Jackson mere ngagharị iwe n'èzí ọdụ ụgbọ elu Heathrow na mgbalị ịkwụsị ụzọ ụgbọ elu nke atọ nke ọdụ<ref name="Independent 2020-03-29">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-19|title=Teenage climate-change protesters threatened with arrest in video of Heathrow action|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/extinction-rebellion-climate-change-protest-heathrow-video-northern-runway-airport-a8877841.html|accessdate=2020-03-29|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> ụgbọ elu Heathrow. Ọ gara n'ihu na-eme ngagharị iwe ihu igwe dị ka akụkụ nke Greta Thunberg's School strike for climate movement.<ref>{{Cite web|title="I Don't Want To Die" – Schools Are Traumatizing Kids With Greta's Climate Apocalypse|url=https://www.thenewamerican.com/tech/environment/item/34399-i-don-t-want-to-die-schools-are-traumatizing-kids-with-greta-s-climate-apocalypse|accessdate=2020-03-30|work=www.thenewamerican.com|date=December 21, 2019|language=en-gb|archivedate=2020-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518095212/https://www.thenewamerican.com/tech/environment/item/34399-i-don-t-want-to-die-schools-are-traumatizing-kids-with-greta-s-climate-apocalypse}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke ịrị abụọ n'ọnwa Septemba, 2019, n'akụkụ UK Student Climate Network, o jisiri ike mebie ndekọ mba England maka nnukwu ngagharị iwe gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe karịrị otu narị puku ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe bịara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-20|title='Enough is enough': biggest-ever climate protest sweeps UK|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/20/enough-biggest-ever-climate-protest-uk|accessdate=2022-04-14|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Feder|first=Zahra Hirji, Matthew Champion, Azeen Ghorayshi, J. Lester|title=Millions Of Young People Around The World Are Leading Strikes To Call Attention To The Climate Crisis|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zahrahirji/climate-strike-greta-thunberg-fridays-for-future|accessdate=2022-04-14|work=BuzzFeed News|language=en}}</ref> A maara Elijah n'ụwa niile maka ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na School Strike for Climate movement mana malite na Machị nke 2020 n'ihi ịrị elu nke ọrịa COVID-19, McKenzie-Jackson malitere itinye ọgbaghara ihu igwe kwa izu n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/><ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-13|title=Greta takes climate strikes online in response to virus outbreak|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/greta-thunberg-climate-strike-online-coronavirus-a4386691.html|accessdate=2020-04-01|work=Evening Standard|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Klimaatstakers gaan door, maar dan wel online|url=https://www.metronieuws.nl/in-het-nieuws/2020/04/klimaatstakers-gaan-door-maar-dan-wel-online|accessdate=2020-04-04|work=Metronieuws.nl|date=April 3, 2020|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gilliver|first=Liam|title=Greta Thunberg's Climate Strike Campaign Goes Digital Amid Coronavirus Pandemic|url=https://www.plantbasednews.org/news/greta-thunberg-climate-strike-digital-amid-coronavirus|accessdate=2020-04-01|work=Vegan News, Plant Based Living, Food, Health & more|date=March 14, 2020|language=en|archivedate=2020-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424041034/https://www.plantbasednews.org/news/greta-thunberg-climate-strike-digital-amid-coronavirus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-13|title=Greta Thunberg calls for #DigitalStrike amid coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2020/03/13/greta-thunberg-calls-for-digitalstrike-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/|accessdate=2020-04-01|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-15|title=Climate activists expect more 'concrete' actions from world leaders|url=https://nation.com.pk/15-Jun-2021/climate-activists-expect-more-concrete-actions-from-world-leaders|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=The Nation|language=en}}</ref> === Njem gaa n'oké ọhịa Amazon nke Brazil === N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2019, McKenzie-Jackson gara njem nlegharị anya n'ime oké ọhịa Amazon, ebe ọ mụtara banyere ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi ma zute ndị ọrụ a ma ama dị ka Pussy Riots na Chief Raoni iji kwurịta banyere nchekwa ọdịnihu nke oké ọhịa Amazon.<ref name="The Guardian 2019-11-15">{{Cite news|author=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=2019-11-15|title=Activists hold climate conference deep in the Amazon rainforest|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/15/a-journey-to-the-centre-of-the-amazon-in-radical-bid-to-solve-climate-crisis|accessdate=2020-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=2019-11-17|title=The Amazon: on the frontline of a global battle to tackle the climate crisis|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/17/amazon-rain-forest-protest-climate-crisis|accessdate=2020-03-29}}</ref> McKenzie-Jackson jikọtara ya na onye na-eme ihe ike Anita Juruna, onye isi ụmụ amaala Brazil dị afọ iri na asatọ.<ref name="The Guardian 2019-11-15" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oliveira|first=Joana|date=2019-12-02|title=Reportaje {{!}} En la selva con la 'generación Greta'|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2019/11/24/actualidad/1574625811_669555.html|accessdate=2020-03-29}}</ref> === Iwe agụụ megide West Cumbria coal mine === McKenzie-Jackson na Febụwarị 2020, gara n'ihu n'ụra n'ihi na gọọmentị UK na West Cumbria chepụtara ebe mbụ a na-egwupụta coal n'ime afọ iri atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-04|title=Elijah McKenzie-Jackson, 16, who began his starvation strike exterior the Homes of Parliament on Monday... desires to cease coal manufacturing on the Woodhouse Colliery in Whitehaven, Cumbria. : worldnews|url=https://www.netuter.com/elijah-mckenzie-jackson-16-who-started-his-hunger-strike-outside-the-houses-of-parliament-on-monday-wants-to-stop-coal-production-at-the-woodhouse-colliery-in-whitehaven-cumbria-worldnews/|accessdate=2020-04-01|work=NetUter|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Owen|first=Brodie|date=2020-10-02|title=Britain to build first new deep coal mine in 30 years|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/britain-to-build-first-new-deep-coal-mine-in-30-years-1.1087243|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=The National|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-11|title=Teenagers Launch Hunger Strikes Against UK Coal Mines|url=http://shingetsunewsagency.com/2020/02/11/teenagers-launch-hunger-strikes-against-uk-coal-mines/|accessdate=2020-04-01|work=SNA Japan|language=en-US}}</ref> McKenzie-Jackson chepụtara ahịrịokwu ahụ, "anaghị eri ruo mgbe a ga-ewepụ ebe a na-egwupụta coal ọhụrụ".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=Schoolboy on climate hunger strike 'won't eat until new coal mine is scrapped'|url=https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/30/schoolboy-climate-hunger-strike-wont-eat-new-coal-mine-scrapped-12153307/|accessdate=2020-03-29|work=Metro|language=en}}</ref> Ọ kwụsịrị ọgbaghara agụụ ya n'ụbọchị nke ịrị mgbe a kpọrọ ya ka ọ banye n'ụlọ omebe iwu UK ka ọ gwa ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị okwu banyere ebe a na-egwu coal na West Cumbria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teenage climate activists in week two of hunger strike over new Cumbria coal mine|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/teenage-climate-activists-week-two-173200431.html|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=uk.news.yahoo.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-04|title=Elijah McKenzie-Jackson, 16, who started his hunger strike outside the Houses of Parliament on Monday... wants to stop coal production at the Woodhouse Colliery in Whitehaven, Cumbria. : worldnews|url=http://www.thefoundnews.com/world/elijah-mckenzie-jackson-16-who-started-his-hunger-strike-outside-the-houses-of-parliament-on-monday-wants-to-stop-coal-production-at-the-woodhouse-colliery-in-whitehaven-cumbria-worldnews/|accessdate=2020-04-01|work=The Found News|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329160735/http://www.thefoundnews.com/world/elijah-mckenzie-jackson-16-who-started-his-hunger-strike-outside-the-houses-of-parliament-on-monday-wants-to-stop-coal-production-at-the-woodhouse-colliery-in-whitehaven-cumbria-worldnews/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='It's a Huge Step Backwards': Teenagers Hunger Striking to Stop the UK's Newest Coal Mine|url=https://www.desmog.co.uk/2020/02/12/it-s-huge-step-backwards-teenagers-hunger-striking-stop-uk-s-newest-coal-mine|accessdate=2020-03-29|work=DeSmog UK|date=February 12, 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ụnwụ nri ụbọchị iri nke McKenzie-Jackson kpalitere omume na ngagharị iwe megide ọrụ ahụ a tụrụ aro ya na Whitehaven.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Extinction Rebellion protest against west Cumbrian coal mine|url=https://www.itv.com/news/border/2020-02-13/planned-protests-against-whitehaven-coal-mine/|accessdate=2020-03-29|work=ITV News|date=February 13, 2020|language=en}}</ref> McKenzie-Jackson mgbe ahụ, otu afọ ka e mesịrị na 2021 malitere ọgba ọsọ agụụ nke abụọ ya nke ụbọchị iri, ebe ọ chịkọtara mbinye aka dị otu narị puku na puku iri na otu na narị anọ na ịrị asaa na iae na mkpesa na mmekorita ya na Coal Action Network iji mee ka Robert Jenrick kpebie banyere West Cumbria coal mine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teenage climate activists in week two of hunger strike over new Cumbria coal mine|url=https://news.sky.com/story/teenage-climate-activists-in-week-two-of-hunger-strike-over-new-cumbria-coal-mine-12191848|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=Sky News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-18|title=Teenage climate protesters staging hunger strike over plan for new UK coal mine|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/coal-mine-cumbria-hunger-strike-students-b1788067.html|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-08|title="Nothing neutral in new coal" - youth activists pressure government to stop coking coal mine|url=https://www.coalaction.org.uk/2021/02/08/youthpetition/|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=Coal Action Network|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914140254/https://www.coalaction.org.uk/2021/02/08/youthpetition/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coal Action Network x Elijah McKenzie-Jackson|url=https://www.coalaction.org.uk/page/6/?p=nmwxfforhrtrl|accessdate=2022-03-22|work=Coal Action Network}}</ref> McKenzie-Jackson mechara nyefee akwụkwọ mkpesa ahụ n'aka Gọọmentị UK<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-08|title=Teen climate activists deliver petition to government over Cumbria coal mine|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/cumbria-coal-mine-climate-petition-b1799432.html|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> nke mechara mee ka a kpọọ ebe a na-egwupụta coal na West Cumbria n'ụzọ gara nke ọma n'ime ụlọ omebe iwu UK maka nyocha ọha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=6 Ways the UK Is Already Breaking Its Climate Promises in 2021|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/uk-breaking-climate-promises-cop26-2021/|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=Global Citizen|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Young activists fight Cumbrian mine|url=https://theecologist.org/2021/feb/26/young-activists-fight-cumbrian-mine|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=theecologist.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-08|title=Young climate activists add to calls to halt planned Cumbria coal mine|url=https://www.itv.com/news/border/2021-02-08/young-climate-activists-add-to-calls-on-govt-to-halt-planned-coal-mine|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=ITV News|language=en}}</ref> === Ahụike uche === McKenzie-Jackson ekwuola maka nchọpụta ahụike ya nke ịda mbà n'obi n'ihi iru uju ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=alannah-francis|date=2021-09-14|title=60% of young people are 'very worried' about climate change crisis, survey reveals|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/climate-change-crisis-global-warming-young-people-worried-1199034|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=inews.co.uk|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>"N'agbanyehi na COP26 ga-ezụkọ n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ, agaghị m ekwu na enwere obi ụtọ maka ya n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe na-akụda mmụọ na a na-amanye ndị na-eto eto ịhazi ma na-agba mbọ maka ọdịnihu. Agbanyeghị, m ga-ekwu na enwere m mmasị ịhụ ezigbo mgbanwe na omume site n'aka ndị a na-akpọ ndị isi anyị. Ọ na-amasị ịhụ ihe omume n'ezie, na-agbaso sayensị, mgbe ị na-emeso mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka nsogbu ọ bụ n'ezie.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-26|title=We meet... Elijah Mckenzie-Jackson|url=https://envision-racing.com/envision-virgin-racing-meets-elijah-mckenzie-jackson/|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=Envision Racing|language=en-GB}}</ref></blockquote> === Nnyocha COP27 gbasara ikike LGBTQ+ === N'ọnwa Julaị nke afọ 2022, McKenzie-Jackson na onye mmekọ ya, Jerome Foster II, so dee akwụkwọ ozi nye [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]] ka ha kpọọ United Nations ka ha kwalite nzukọ ihu igwe COP27 n'ihi "mmekpa ahụ LGBTQ +, igbu ụmụ nwanyị, na mgbochi ikike obodo" nke Egypt ka ọ na-ekwu mgbe ha malitere ileba anya na nhazi nke ịga [[Sharma el-Sheikh|Sharm El-Sheikh]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2022-07-15|title=UN urged to move Cop27 from Egypt over 'LGBTQ+ torture'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/15/un-cop27-egypt-lgbtq-climate-crisis|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-03|title=The Dangers of a COP27 in Egypt|url=https://atmos.earth/cop27-egypt-human-rights-climate-justice/|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=Atmos|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka McKenzie-Jackson bụ onye na-ahụ maka nwoke na nwanyị n'ihu ọha, ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri ya "nwere ike ịbụ ndị a lekwasịrị anya" dị ka Guardian News si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-14|title=Finding Love in the Apocalypse|url=https://atmos.earth/climate-activists-dating-couples-valentines-day/|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=Atmos|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, nke e zigara odeakwụkwọ ukwu UNFCCC, Patricia Espinosa, bụ nke ndị na-eme ihe ike a ma ama dị ka Nadya Tolokonnikova, Ahmed Alaa, na Eric Njuguna bịanyere aka na ya. Di na nwunye ahụ na-akpọ UNFCCC na-adịghị eme ihe aghụghọ nke obodo na ịkpa ókè.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-11|title=COP27 in Egypt Subjects LGBTQIA+ Climate Activists to Human Rights Abuses|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/cop27-egypt-human-rights.html|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=EcoWatch|language=en-US}}</ref> McKenzie-Jackson kwusiri ike na, enwere nhọrọ ka mma nke mba ndị dị n'Africa nke ka ga-agụnye olu ndị Africa. Ndị mmadụ ekwesịghị ịbụ nri maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Cop27 ga-akụ afọ n'ala ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eme n'Ijipt n'ihi na a ga-ahapụ olu nkatọ. == Ihe nkiri == * ''"Whose future? OUR FUTURE"'' Ndekọ akụkọ, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=Short Documentary "Whose Future? Our Future!"|url=https://the-dots.com/projects/short-documentary-whose-future-our-future-392409|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=The Dots|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-04-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426120654/https://the-dots.com/projects/short-documentary-whose-future-our-future-392409}}</ref> * "Conscientious Protectors: A Story of Rebellion Against Extinction" Ndekọ akụkọ, 2022<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-20|title=Conscientious Protectors: A Story of Rebellion Against Extinction review – XR and the art of protest|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jul/20/conscientious-protectors-a-story-of-rebellion-against-extinction-review-xr-and-the-art-of-protest|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * "A Bigger Picture" nke [[Vanessa Nakate]]; Biography, 2021<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nakate|first=Vanessa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDAXEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22elijah+mckenzie-jackson%22&pg=PA190|title=A Bigger Picture: My Fight to Bring a New African Voice to the Climate Crisis|date=2021-11-02|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-358-65450-6|language=en}}</ref> * "The Nature of Change" site n'aka njikọ nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe; Biography, 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nature of Change|url=https://www.crowdfunder.co.uk/p/the-nature-of-change-book|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=Crowdfunder UK|language=en}}</ref> == Ebensidee == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 2003]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mckenzie-Jackson, Elijah}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] amwmv2scojljl0nt16a7gpn7ezaepjk 0 19487 737073 707893 2026-10-11T20:04:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737073 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg/200px-Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px|E ji ihe yiri ihe mkpuchi ọdụ́ a mee ihe dị ka akara maka Festac '77.]] Festac '77, nke a makwaara dị ka Ememme nke Abụọ nke oji na African nke Arts na Culture (nke mbụ bụ na Dakar, 1966), bụ nnukwu '''ememme''' mba ụwa nke emere na [[Lagos]], Nigeria, site na 15 Jenụwarị, afọ 1977 ruo 12 Febụwarị, afọ 1977.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1977/02/14/festac-upbeat-finale/e97a144d-bd6a-4e03-ba18-e0be4217d057/|title=FESTAC: Upbeat Finale|author=R|first=Jonathan C.|date=14 February 2014|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=15 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe omume ahụ were otu ọnwa mere emume ọdịbendị Afrịka ma gosipụta ụwa egwu Afrịka, nka mara mma, akwụkwọ, ihe nkiri, ịgba egwu na okpukpe. Ihe dị ka ndị sonyere 16,000, na-anọchite anya mba 56 nke Afrịka na mba ndị Afrịka, rụrụ ọrụ na ihe omume ahụ.<ref name="Ebony">{{Cite news|author=Gray|first=Karen|title=Festac: A Festival of Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob4DAAAAMBAJ&q=ebony+magazine+festac&pg=PA44|accessdate=22 August 2015|work=[[Ebony Magazine]]|date=1 May 1977}}</ref><ref name="Falola">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u0VDodtuJ0C&q=festac&pg=PA288|title=Key Events in African History: A Reference Guide|isbn=9780313313233|author=Falola|first=Toyin|authorlink=Toyin Falola|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2002|pages=281}}</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe na-eme emume ahụ gụnyere Stevie Wonder si [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], Gilberto Gil si [[Brazil]], Bembeya Jazz National si [[Guinea]], Mighty Sparrow si [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad na Tobago]], Les Ballets Africains, South African Miriam Makeba, na [[Franco Luambo|Franco Luambo Makiadi]]. N'oge emere ya, ọ bụ nnukwu nnọkọ pan-African nke emere.<ref name="Sage">{{Cite book|author=Mwalimu J. Shujaa, Kenya J. Shujaa|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooVNCgAAQBAJ&q=miriam+makeba+second+world+black+and+african+festival+of+arts+and+culture&pg=PA845|accessdate=22 August 2015|publisher=Sage Publishers|date=13 July 2015|isbn=9781483346380}}</ref> Ihe nnọchianya gọọmentị nke emume ahụ bụ ihe yiri nke [[Erhabor Emokpae]] mere nke ihe nkpuchi ọdụ́ nke eze Benin.<ref name="HDN">{{Cite book|editor=Falola, Toyin|chapter=World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture|title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000falo|date=1 July 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6316-3}}</ref> Nkwado nke emume ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Kansụl Naịjirịa nke Arts na Ọdịbendị, [[Festac Town|Obodo Festac]] na National Theatre, Iganmu, Lagos.<ref name="Apter">{{Cite book|author=Apter|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Apter|title=The Pan-African Nation: Oil and the Spectacle of Culture in Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/panafricannation0000apte|accessdate=|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=2005}}</ref> E mere ọtụtụ n'ime [[Surulere|ihe]] omume ndị ahụ n'ebe anọ: National Theatre, [[National Stadium, Lagos|National Stadium]], Surulere, Lagos City Hall na Tafawa Balewa Square.<ref name="Jstor">Foundation for Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts, "Festac '77", ''The Black Perspective in Music'', Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 104–117.</ref> == Nkwadebe == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Enwere ike ịchọta mkpali maka ịkpọkọta FESTAC na mmepe nke echiche na Négritude na Pan-Africanism. N'afọ 1940, Aimé Césaire na Léopold Sédar Senghor, ndị echiche Pan-Africanism nke W. E. B. Du Bois na Alain Locke banyere New Negro kpaliri, malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ na ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ na Paris a na-akpọ Présence Africaine; ma Césaire ma Senghor bụkwa ndị otu Société africaine de culture.<ref name="Enahoro">Enahoro, Ife (1977). "The Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture: Lagos, Nigeria", ''[[Black Scholar]]'', Vol. 9, No. 1. September, pp. 27–33.</ref> Présence Africaine na Society of African Culture bụ ndị na-akwado mgbakọ abụọ, otu na afo 1956 na nke ọzọ na afọ 1959. A kpọkọtara nzukọ ndị ahụ na ebumnuche ịkwalite ọdịbendị na mmepeanya ndị isi ojii.<ref name="Sylvia">{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Sylvia|title=The Afro-Black Connection: FESTAC 77|url=|accessdate=|publisher=Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute|date=1977}}</ref> Nzukọ nke mbụ bụ Nzukọ nke ndị edemede ojii na Paris na nke abụọ bụ nzukọ ndị edemede isi ojii na Rom. Ndị bịara nzukọ ahụ gụnyere ndị edemede nke ihe nketa Africa na Afro dị ka Alioune Diop, Cheikh Anta Diop, Léopold Senghor, na Jacques Rabemananjara, [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], Césaire, George Lamming, Horace Mann Bond, Jacques Alexis, John Davis, William Fontaine, Jean Price Mars, James Baldwin, Chester Himes, Mercer Cook na Frantz Fanon.<ref name="AfroJ">{{Cite news|author=Ratcliff|first=Anthony|title=When Négritude Was In Vogue: Critical Reflections of the First World Festival of Negro Arts and Culture in 1966.|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-367421046/when-negritude-was-in-vogue-critical-reflections|accessdate=|work=Journal of Pan African Studies|date=February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413193155/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-367421046/when-negritude-was-in-vogue-critical-reflections|archive-date=2016-04-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndị otu abụọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na-ekwurịta echiche banyere nlọghachi nke ọdịbendị Afrịka na ịkpọkọta ememme nka. N'afọ 1966, site na nduzi nke Senghor nyere na enyemaka sitere n'èzí, ọkachasị France, na UNESCO, emere Ememme Ụwa Mbụ nke Black Arts na Dakar, [[Senegal]], n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1966.<ref name="Sylvia" /><ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/Ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=190260&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 "1st World Festival of Negro Arts, Dakar, April 1-24, 1966: Colloquium: Function and Significance of African Negro Art in the Life of the People and for the People, March 30-April 8, 1966"], UNESDOC.</ref> Na ngwụcha emume mbụ ahụ, a kpọrọ Naijiria ka ha mee emume nke abụọ na afọ 1970 iji kwalite ịdị n'otu ndị isi ojii site na emume ọdịnala.<ref name="Enahoro">Enahoro, Ife (1977). "The Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture: Lagos, Nigeria", ''[[Black Scholar]]'', Vol. 9, No. 1. September, pp. 27–33.</ref> Mba na-anabata ga-ahụ maka ịnye akụrụngwa na ihe owuwu dị mkpa maka mmemme ahụ nke ọma. [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo]] na mgbanwe na gọọmentị mere ka e yigharịa emume ahụ ruo afọ 1977. Nkwadebe maka emume nke abụọ malitere na Lagos, Nigeria, na 3 Ọktoba, na afọ 1972, mgbe Kọmitii Ememme Mba Nile zutere na nke mbụ ya wee kpebie na a ga-eme ememme ahụ na Nọvemba, na afọ 1974. A gbanwere aha emume ahụ site na "World Black Festival of Arts and Culture" gaa na "Second World Black and African Festival of Arts et Culture" iji kwado eziokwu nke [[Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara|ịdị n'otu]] Afrịka.<ref name="Sylvia" /> A gbanwere ụbọchị ahụ gaa na Nọvemba, na afọ 1975. Ndị na-ahazi ya kewara mba n'ime mpaghara 16, mpaghara ọ bụla nwere kọmitii nke ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị Afrịka mejupụtara; onyeisi oche nke mpaghara ọ bụla ga-aghọ onye otu Kọmitii Ememme Mba Nile. Kọmitii ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka aka nchịkwa nke Ememme ahụ. Ọchịchọ imeziwanye emume Dakar mere ka Naịjirịa nwee ebumnuche ịmepụta ihe ngosi dị egwu nke ego mmanụ ọhụrụ a chọtara. Ọchịchị ọhụrụ nọchiri ọchịchị Gowon ma gbanwee ụbọchị ememme ahụ ka ọ bụrụ na afọ 1977. Iji mepụta mgbasa ozi maka emume ahụ, kọmitii mba ụwa dụrụ mpaghara ndị ahụ ọdụ ka ha gbaa emume mbido ume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjoDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22international+festival+committee%22+enahoro&pg=PA94|title=Festival Notes|work=[[Black World (magazine)|Black World]]|date=January 1973|pages=94–96|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|accessdate=15 August 2015}}</ref> E mere obere ememme ụfọdụ, dị ka Carifesta nke [[Guyana]] kwadoro, ememme Commonwealth na [[London]], ihe ngosi nka na ọrụ aka nke Ghana na Nafest nke Nigeria. Kọmitii emume ahụ họọrọ dịka ihe nnọchianya emume nke [[Erhabor Emokpae]] nke ihe nkpuchi ọdụ́ nke Benin nke narị afọ nke iri na ise (ihe nkpuchi ahụ n'onwe ya bụ nke ikpeazụ Ovonramwen, eze Benin nke Consul General nke Niger Coast Protectorate, Ralph Moor wepụrụ n'ocheeze na afọ 1897).<ref name="HDN" /> === Ihe owuwu === E wuru ụlọ obibi a maara dị ka Festac Village dị ka ebe obibi maka ihe dị ka mmadụ 17,000. Otú ọ dị, ebumnuche ogologo oge nke obodo ahụ n'okpuru Federal Housing Programme bụ iji belata ụfọdụ nrụgide ụlọ na Lagos.<ref name="Sylvia" /> A tụrụ aro ụlọ ahụ maka iwu n'ime afọ abụọ, na ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ ngo 40 na-arụ ọrụ na saịtị dị iche iche nke ọrụ ahụ. N'ozuzu, e wuru ụlọ obibi 5,088 tupu emume ahụ ma rụchaa 5,687 ọzọ na ngwụcha afọ 1977. N'oge emume ahụ, ụlọ obibi ahụ bụ ebe a na-eme ihe ngosi na mmekọrịta site n'aka ndị sonyere ka ndị otu dị iche iche na-eme emume ha n'ehihie na n'abalị. Maka ịnabata ihe ngosi na nkuzi, e wuru ụlọ ihe nkiri dị iche iche, iji bụrụkwa ebe nka na ọdịbendị Afrịka. Nhazi ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ dabeere na Obí nke Ọdịbendị na Egwuregwu na Varna, Bulgaria. Ihe owuwu ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ụlọ ngosi abụọ, ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe nkiri 5,000, ụlọ nzukọ nwere oche 1,600 na ụlọ ihe nkiri abụọ.<ref name="Sylvia" /> Ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ kwadoro ịgba egwu, egwu, ihe ngosi nka, ihe nkiri sinima, ihe nkiri na mkparịta ụka. === Ebumnuche nke Ememme ahụ === * Iji hụ na mmeghachi omume, nlọghachi, mgbasa na nkwalite nke omenala ndị isi ojii na ndị Afrịka na ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii da ndị Afrịka. * Iji gosipụta ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii na nke Afrịka n'echiche ya kachasị elu na nke sara mbara; * Iji mee ka onyinye dịgasị iche iche nke ndị isi ojii na ndị Afrịka na-enye echiche na nka zuru ụwa ọnụ pụta ìhè. * Iji kwalite ndị na-ese ihe ojii na ndị Afrịka, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị edemede ma mee ka ha dịkwuo mfe ịnabata ha n'ụwa na ohere ha nwere n'ụwa. * Iji kwalite nghọta ka mma nke mba ụwa na nke agbụrụ. * Iji mee ka ndị na-ese ihe ojii laghachi azụ n'Africa, ndị edemede na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na kọntinent ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Falola" /><ref name="Enahoro">Enahoro, Ife (1977). "The Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture: Lagos, Nigeria", ''[[Black Scholar]]'', Vol. 9, No. 1. September, pp. 27–33.</ref> Emume mmeghe nke emume ahụ mere na 15 Jenụwarị, na afọ 1977 n'ime [[National Stadium, Lagos|National Stadium]], Surulere, Lagos. Otu n'ime ihe ndị dị ịrịba ama nke emume ahụ bụ ngagharị nke ndị sonyere na-anọchite anya mba 48 na-agafe ndị isi na-eleta, ndị nnọchiteanya na onye isi ala Naijiria, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. Ụfọdụ ndị sonyere na ngagharị ahụ yi uwe ejiji mara mma, ụfọdụ ndị ikom nọ n'elu osisi dị mita iri na anọ, ndị na-agba egwú Naijiria bu arịa ọkụ n'isi ha.<ref name="Ebony" /> Iji gosipụta nnwere onwe na ịdị n'otu nke ndị isi ojii, a tọhapụrụ 1,000 nduru; onye ụkọchukwu shango gbakwara efere ememme ahụ ọkụ.<ref name="Kay">Iris Kay, "Festac 77", ''African Arts'', Vol. 11, No. 1, 1977, pp. 50–51.</ref> Ihe omume ememme ahụ na-amalite n'ihe dị ka elekere itoolu nke ụtụtụ ruo n'etiti abalị.<ref name="Jstor">Foundation for Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts, "Festac '77", ''The Black Perspective in Music'', Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 104–117.</ref> Nzukọ ahụ dị n'etiti ememme ahụ, a na-emekwa ya kwa ụbọchị n'ime izu abụọ mbụ nke ihe omume ahụ.<ref name="Jstor">Foundation for Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts, "Festac '77", ''The Black Perspective in Music'', Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 104–117.</ref> Ihe dị ka ndị edemede 700, ndị na-ese ihe na ndị ọkà mmụta sonyere na nkuzi ahụ. Isiokwu nke okwu ndị ahụ na-emetụta enweghị nnwere onwe ọgụgụ isi na enweghị mgbagwoju anya nke mba ụwa nke atọ na-agakwuru ndị na-achị ha mgbe ụfọdụ maka nka ka ha na-anwa ịmepụta onyinyo nke ntụkwasị obi na nnwere onwe onwe onwe onwe n'onwe ha yana ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ebumnuche ekwupụtara nke mkparịta ụka ahụ bụ ịchọ azịza nye ajụjụ banyere otu esi eme ka ndị na-ese ihe ojii na ndị Africa dịghachi ndụ na otu esi eme ihe dị mfe ịnabata mba ụwa na ịnweta ụzọ.<ref name="Kay">Iris Kay, "Festac 77", ''African Arts'', Vol. 11, No. 1, 1977, pp. 50–51.</ref> N'etiti ndị ọkà okwu na ihe omume ahụ bụ Clarival do Prado Valladares, Lazarus Ekwueme, Babs Fafunwa na Eileen Southern.<ref name="Jstor">Foundation for Research in the Afro-American Creative Arts, "Festac '77", ''The Black Perspective in Music'', Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 1977), pp. 104–117.</ref> === Ememme Durbar na Regatta === Kọmitii mmemme ahụ zụrụ ngụkọta nke bọs 2,003 (mmadụ abụọ na atọ) nwere oche 45 na bọs 91 (mmadụ iri itoolu na otu) nwere oche iri abụọ na isii maka ebumnuche nhazi. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ emume Durbar nke emere na [[Kaduna]], obodo nke karịrị kilomita 700 site na Lagos. Ihe omume ahụ mere site na 5 Febụwarị ruo 8 Febrụwarị, na afọ 1977.<ref name="Sylvia" /> Na mbụ, durbars na Naijiria bụ oriri a na-eme iji sọpụrụ ndị isi; malite na afọ 1911, e mere durbars anọ na Naijeria tupu afọ 1977. Otú ọ dị, Festac durbar bụ asọmpi nke nwere ndị eze na-agba ịnyịnya na ndị agha ha, kamel, na ndị na-eme ihe ntụrụndụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke ịdị n'otu. Durbar bụ ngosipụta nke ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na ndị na-eme ihe ntụrụndụ dị ka ndị na-eti egwu na-akpọ opi, Kakakitrumpets, tambari na ịgbà, n'etiti ndị na-ejikọta ya bụ ndị Fulani, Bori na [[Bida]] masqueraders. Festac durbar sitere na omenala oge ochie nke Hausa, Songhay na Kanembu dị ka Hawan Dawaki, nke a makwaara dị ka ịnyịnya, na emume ndị agha Bornu a na-akpọ Tewur, nke bụ nzukọ nke [[Ndi Haụsa|ndị]] agha na-agba ịnyịnya na-eme tupu nnukwu mkpọsa.<ref name="Sylvia" /> Ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme ọzọ e wepụtara bụ nzukọ kwa afọ nke ndị eze Fulani nke a na-eme na Caliphs nke Sokoto na Kaura Namoda iji mee ka ndị agha gaa njem megide steeti ndị iro. Regatta ụgbọ mmiri bụ ihe omume ọzọ a na-eme n'ebe dị anya site na ebe ndị a na-ahụkarị mana, n'adịghị ka durbar, a na-agba regatta na Lagos. Regatta bụ ihe omume ụbọchị atọ nke emere na Queen's Drive foreshore na Ikoyi, Lagos. Ndị sonyere bụ ndị si Naijiria na steeti ndị nọchitere anya bụ [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]], Cross River, [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]], [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara]], [[Ȯra Ogun|Ogun]], [[Ȯra Ondo|Ondo]] na steeti Lagos. Ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla nwere ìgwè ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ bụ masquerades na ndị na-agba egwú. Ihe karịrị ụgbọ mmiri 200 sonyere na ihe omume ahụ.<gallery mode="packed" widths="250px" heights="250px"> Usòrò:Festac '77 Grand Durbar (22173986028) (cropped) 1.jpg|Grand Durbar na Kaduna Steeti Usòrò:Festac '77 Grand Durbar (22361733345).jpg|Grand Durbar na Kaduna Steeti Usòrò:Festac '77 Regatta (22361732555).jpg| Regatta na [[Lagos]] </gallery> === Ihe osise na ihe nkiri === A na-eme ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi nka dị ka ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri, egwu na ịgba egwú n'[[Tafawa Balewa Square|oge]] mgbede na mgbede na National Theatre, Otú ọ dị, a na-eme ụfọdụ ihe nkiri na ihe ngosi egwu na Tafawa Balewa Square, na ihe nkiri na egwu nke oge a na-emekarị n'ehihie na ihe nkiri ọdịnala na ihe ngosi egwú na-eme n'uhuruchi.<ref name="Sylvia" /> N'ozuzu, e mere ihe dị ka egwuregwu 50, ihe ngosi egwu na ịgba egwu 150, ihe nkiri 80, ihe ngosi nka 40 na oge abụ na ịgba egwu 200. N'abalị na-erule emume mmeghe ahụ, onye nwụrụ anwụ Sory Kandia Kouyaté, onye isi Mande Griot, mesoro ndị isi steeti na gọọmentị na olu olu na kora, nke na-echetara. Ntọala ndị ahụ na-echetara ụlọ ikpe eze ukwu na nke eze ukwu nke Africa. Ndị egwu ndị ọzọ rụrụ bụ Osibisa, Les Amazones, Bembeya Jazz na Les Ballets Africains si Guinea; [[Franco Luambo]] si Congo; Miriam Makeba, Louis Moholo, Dudu Pukwana si South Africa; Invaders Steelband si [[Guyana]], na Mighty Sparrow si Grenada; Gilberto Gil si Brazil, na ndị na-ese ihe US gụnyere Donald Byrd, Randy Weston, Stevie Wonder na Sun Ra.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171028181802/http://blog.afropop.org/2011/01/history-of-world-festival-of-black-arts.html "The History of the World Festival of Black Arts & Culture / FESTAC"], Afropop, 20 January 2011.</ref><ref name="Collins">{{Cite book|author=Collins|first=John|authorlink=John Collins (musician/researcher)|title=West African Pop Roots|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihWr03mTSJYC&q=miriam+makeba+second+world+black+and+african+festival+of+arts+and+culture&pg=PA65|accessdate=22 August 2015|publisher=Temple Press|date=1992|isbn=9781439904978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2017/05/festac-77-feature|title=FESTAC '77|first=Uchenna|author=Ikonne|date=31 May 2017|publisher=Red Bull Music Academy|accessdate=4 March 2021}}</ref> Ewezuga ọtụtụ kọntaktị, e mere nzukọ egwu na 29 Jenụwarị, na afọ 1977 n'okpuru nduzi nke onye na-ede egwu Akin Euba. Ndị sonyere na nzukọ ahụ bụ Mwesa Isaiah Mapoma, Kwabena Nketia na Mosunmola Omibiyi. Ndị ọzọ nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere ndị na-akpọ ngwá egwu, ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke egwu. Ruo ihe karịrị awa abụọ, ndị sonyere na-atụle okwu gbasara nchegbu onwe onye ma nyochaa ụzọ isi meziwanye ọrụ egwu n'etiti ndị Afrịka, ma na kọntinent ma na Diaspora. Ndị na-agba egwú nke ndị Australia, Aboriginal Islander Dance Theatre, yana Eleo Pomare Dance Company si New York City.<ref name="historymakers">{{Cite web|title=Eleo Pomare: Biography|work=The HistoryMakers|url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/eleo-pomare-41|accessdate=26 August 2022}}</ref> E mere ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nka na National Theatre, na Nigerian National Museum na gburugburu Tafawa Balewa Square. Na Square, e nyere mba ọ bụla nọchitere anya na ememme ahụ ụlọ iji gosipụta ihe osise ha, ngwá egwú, ákwà a kpara akpa, akwụkwọ na ihe osise. Ụfọdụ ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ a ma ama mere bụ ''Africa na Mmalite nke Mmadụ'', nke emere na National Theatre, na [[Ekpo Eyo|Ekpo]] Eyo's 2000 Years of Nigerian Art, nke gụnyere Nok terracottas, Benin court art, [[Igbo-Ukwu|Igbo Ukwu]], Ife na Tsoede bronzes na ihe nka. Ihe ngosi Naijiria nke oge a nke gosipụtara ọrụ Bruce Onobrakpeya, [[Ben Enwonwu]], [[Yusuf Grillo]], [[Uche Okeke]] na Kolade Oshinowo sokwa na ihe omume ahụ. Ihe ngosi nke teknụzụ ụlọ nke Afrịka mekwara na National Theatre, ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere ihe osise, eserese, na ihe nlereanya na-egosi isiokwu ụlọ dị iche iche dị ka ihe owuwu banco masonry, ihe owuwu tensile na Berber Courtyard nke Matmata. == Ihe si na ya pụta na ihe nketa ya == Mgbe emume ahụ mechara nke ọma, Naịjirịa, mba na-anabata ya, debere ihe ndị e ji mara mba na obodo 59 ahụ. Nke a mere ka e guzobe Center for Black and African Arts and Civilization (CBAAC), ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nwere ọfịs na Marina, Lagos na FCT, Abuja. A na-echekwa ihe ncheta nke emume ahụ ugbu a na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Center. Onye na-ese foto [[Marilyn Nance]], onye na-ese ihe maka FESTAC 77's North American Zone (NAZ) nwere ma na-elekọta ihe ndekọ nke ndị agha USA. Onye ikpeazụ ugboro abụọ maka W. Eugene Smith Award na Humanistic Photography, Nance nwere ike ịbụ onye a maara nke ọma maka akwụkwọ ya zuru ezu nke FESTAC 77, Ememme Ụwa nke Abụọ nke Black na African Arts na Culture nke emere na Lagos, Nigeria. Ihe ngosi nke Theaster Gates na Romi Crawford haziri gosipụtara ọtụtụ foto, ụfọdụ a na-ahụtụbeghị n'ihu ọha, site n'aka onye na-ese foto na Chicago bụ Karega Kofi Moyo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220910202758/https://graycenter.uchicago.edu/people/romi-crawford Romi Crawford], ''graycenter.uchicago.edu''.</ref><ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ott-k-kofi-moyo-co-prosperity-sphere-20180810-story.html "K. Kofi Moyo exhibits 'Scenes of Resistance' from Chicago's past that mirror the present"], ''chicacotribune.com''.</ref> Ihe ngosi ahụ, K. Kofi Moyo na FESTAC ̊77: The Activation of a Black Archive, nọ na ngosi na Mahadum Chicago's Logan Center for the Arts gallery Febụwarị 12 - Machi 21, na afọ 2021.<ref>[https://www.loganexhibitions.uchicago.edu/exhibitions/kofimoyo "K. Kofi Moyo and FESTAC ’77: The Activation of a Black Archive"], ''loganexhibitions.uchicago.edu''.</ref> Ihe ngosi ahụ sitere na nyocha nke e mere n'oge Richard na Mary L. Gray Center Mellon Fellowship site na Gates na Crawford.<ref>[https://graycenter.uchicago.edu/ Richard and Mary L. Gray Center] website.</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ememme Ụwa nke Black Arts == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://africultures.com/marilyn-nance-january-2017-13958 Ajụjụ ọnụ na Marilyn Nance na Fanny Robles na Bekee] * [http://africultures.com/festac-77-a-lagos-la-memoire-photographique-de-marilyn-nance-13953 Ajụjụ ọnụ na Marilyn Nance na Fanny Robles na French] * [https://www.instagram.com/festac77archive Marilyn Nance's FESTAC 77 Archive Instagram Page] * [https://www.facebook.com/festac77archive Marilyn Nance's FESTAC 77 Archive Facebook Page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220910202759/https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/festac Festac na Getty Images] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328193212/http://chimurengalibrary.co.za/festac-77 Nchịkọta Festac] na Ọbá Akwụkwọ Chimurenga * [http://alkalimat.org/festac Ihe] ncheta Festac '77 nke Abdul Alkalimat [[Òtù:1977 na Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6fjo3196ltaf9zq3vs96yr0x1ziz14m 0 21626 737042 621057 2026-10-11T13:16:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Day|states=southern [[Chad]]|speakers={{sigfig|49900|2}}|date=1993 census|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Volta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Savannas languages|Savannas]]|fam5=[[Mbum–Day languages|Mbum–Day]]|iso3=dai}} Day bụ asụsụ Adamawa nke ndịda [[Chad]], nke ndị mmadụ 50,000 ma ọ bụ karịa na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Sarh na-asụ. Ethnologue na-akọ na olumba ya na-aghọta ibe ya, mana Blench (2004) depụtara Ndanga, Total, Yani, Takawa dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche. Akwụkwọ Pierre Nougayrol na ndetu ubi nke ụbọchị sitere na 1970s bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile dị na asụsụ ụbọchị. Güldemann (2018) na-ekwu na Day nwere ole na ole morphological na lexical atụmatụ ndị a na-ahụkarị nke Niger-Congo, ya mere enweghị ike nkewa n'ezie. == Akwụkwọ Nsọ == Ụfọdụ aha azụ n'ụbọchị:<ref name="Nougayrol">Nougayrol, Pierre. 1980. ''Le Day de Bouna (Tchad), II: Lexique Day-Français, Index Français-Day''. Société d'Études Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 77-78. Paris: Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ụbọchị (Bouna) !Aha sayensị |- |Guga |''Chrysichthys auratus'' |- |jí yēē |''Hepsetus odoe'' |- |gūrú |''Heterobranchus bidorsalis'' |- |Ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọ |''Heterotis niloticus'' |- |sɔ̄rɔ̄ŋ |''Ophiocephalus obscurus'' |- |jīɲ |''Protopterus annectens'' |- |Ọ na-enweta ihe n'ala |''Tetraodon fahaka'' |} Aha anụmanụ ndị ọzọ: * kòŋní ʔólò (''Pila wernei''), a gastropod Aha osisi n'ụbọchị: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ụbọchị (Bouna) !Aha sayensị !Ezinụlọ |- |njīlī |''Carissa edulis'' |Apocynaceae |- |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe n'oge ahụ ka a na - |''Amaranthus viridis'' |Amaranthaceae |- |ndūgū re vōō |''Ampelocissus africana'' / ''Ampelocussus multistriata'' |Ampelidaceae |- |Rív |''Annona senegalensis'' |Annonaceae |- |ndáávò |''Hexalobus monopetalus'' |Annonaceae |- |Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga |''Leptadenia hastata'' |Asclepiadaceae |- |mbɔ̄lɔ̄ |''Stereospermum kunthianum'' |Bignoniaceae |- |mbéèr |''Burkea Africa'' |Caesalpiniaceae |- |Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri |''Cassia sieberiana'' |Caesalpiniaceae |- |Ụra na-atọ ụtọ |''Cassia tora'' |Caesalpiniaceae |- |Gív |''Ebe a na-emepụta oliv na Daniellia'' |Caesalpiniaceae |- |pōgō |''Detarium microcarpum'' |Caesalpiniaceae |- |jōŋ, njílà |''Piliostigma reticulatum'' / ''Bauhinia reticulata'' |Caesalpiniaceae |- |Ebe e nwere |''Tamarindus indica'' |Caesalpiniaceae |- |kwéygírá |''Gynandropsis gynandra'' |Capparidaceae |- |ɲí dāŋ |''Vernonia'' sp. |Asteraceae |- |N'ihi ya, ọ dị ogologo |''Cochlospermum tinctorium'' |Cochlospermaceae |- |ŋīmí yēē |''Merremia'' sp. |Convolvulaceae |- |bọn |''Combretum glutinosum'' |Combretaceae |- |kíbāná, kɔ̄r dàr |''Combretum'' sp. |Combretaceae |- |rɔ̀gɔ̀ |''Terminalia'' sp. |Combretaceae |- |pálpùū (re) vōō |''Commelina benghalensis'' |Commelinaceae |- |pálpùū (re) táná |''Commelina forskailii'' |Commelinaceae |- |ebe a na-anọ |''Citrullus vulgaris'' |Cucurbitaceae |- |N'oge a na-akpọ ya |''Citrullus vulgaris'' / ''Colocynthis vulgaris'' |Cucurbitaceae |- |Somsu ŋín yēē |''Cucumis melo'' var. agrestis |Cucurbitaceae |- |Udo na-agafe agafe |''Cucumis sativus'' |Cucurbitaceae |- |rùúŋ |''Cucurbita pepo'' |Cucurbitaceae |- |ŋúù |''Lagenaria siceraria'' / ''Lagenaria vulgaris'' |Cucurbitaceae |- |__ibo__ Jogoo (ɲí ndògō) |''Momordica charantia'' |Cucurbitaceae |- |bēɲ mbɔ́rɔ́ŋ |''Bulbostylis'' sp. |Cyperaceae |- |gāgrā |''Obi ilu na-emetụta'' |Euphorbiaceae |- |Njem |''Jatropha curcas'' |Euphorbiaceae |- |báná mbéèr |''Burkea africana'' / ''Amblygonocarpus schweinfurthii'' |Euphorbiaceae |- |ŋòórkúmɔ̀ |''Combretum glutinosum'' |Euphorbiaceae |- |mbɔ́r |''Vitellaria paradoxa'' |osisi |- |kɔ́ndì |''Obi ilu na-emetụta'' |osisi |- |Sakharāàn |''Cenchrus biflorus'' |Poaceae |- |gàlā táná |''Cymbopogon giganteus'' |Poaceae |- |bànjá |''Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum'' |Poaceae |- |Ụdị ahụ |''Eleusine coracana'' var. ''striata'' |Poaceae |- |Nnukwu obodo |''Eragrostis cylindrica'' |Poaceae |- |kítíkáŋlá |''Eragrostis tremula'' |Poaceae |- |tór |''Imperata cylindrica'' |Poaceae |- |dōr |''Pennisetum gibbosum'' |Poaceae |- |Ka ọ dị na ya, ka ọ dị na ka ọ dị |''Sorghum caudatum'' var. ''colorans'' |Poaceae |- |kōró mīɲ |''Sorghum caudatum'' var. ''feterita'' |Poaceae |- |kōró dúŋ-nú |''Sorghum elegans'' var. ''elegans'' |Poaceae |- |mbùl |''Sorghum'' guineense var. ''involutum'' |Poaceae |- |ʔɔ́r (tōō-rɔ̄) |''Sorghum'' guineense var. ''scintillons'' |Poaceae |- |sīɲ bìì |''Sorghum mellitum'' var. ''mellitum'' |Poaceae |- |tíɲā |''Sorghum membranaceum'' var. ''firmius'' |Poaceae |- |mbàtì kóò (var. ''indurata''), mbàtì Kóò mānjā |''Zea mays'' |Poaceae |- |gēr tōō-rɔ̄ |''Andropogon'' sp. |Poaceae |- |ndàgə̀mɔ̀ tèmbè |''Brachiaria'' sp. |Poaceae |- |Ihe na-eme n'oge a |''Microprotus'' sp. |Poaceae |- |dàlà, sīɲ ndìlà |''Sorghum'' sp. |Poaceae |- |kīnāvò, vòò |''Ceiba pentandra'' |osisi |- |sōn |''Vitellaria paradoxa'' |osisi |- |Kwaba kūū |''Asparagus africanus'' |Mkpụrụ osisi Lilia |- |N'asụsụ bekee |''Dipcadi longifolium'' |Mkpụrụ osisi Lilia |- |ŋìrà bò̰ dàná |''Gloriosa simplex'' |Mkpụrụ osisi Lilia |- |Duo abụọ |''Hibiscus asper'' |Mkpụrụ osisi Malvaceae |- |Duú dí njàgá |''Uren lobata'' |Mkpụrụ osisi Malvaceae |- |ɗènjī, ŋùúrkútū |''Strychnos spinosa'' |Loganiaceae |- |kitijàlà |''Cissampelos mucronata'' |Menispermaceae |- |Ọkụba na-adị |''Acacia sieberiana'' |Mimosaceae |- |mbéèr |''Amblygonocarpus schweinfurthii'' |Mimosaceae |- |N'ihi ya |''Parkia biglobosa'' |Mimosaceae |- |Samam |''Prosopis Africa'' |Mimosaceae |- |ole keré |''Gisekia pharnaceoides'' |Molluginaceae |- |yāá yēē |''Boerhavia chegharịrị'' |Nyctaginaceae |- |sìɲá |''Ficus'' sp. |Moraceae |- |tírāáɲ |''Afrormosia laxiflora'' |Papilionaceae |- |sō ụbọchị |''Arachis hypogaea'' |Papilionaceae |- |Halambàāl |''Erythrina sigmoidea'' |Papilionaceae |- |Nkọwapụta gē |''Rhynchosia kacha nta'' |Papilionaceae |- |rēɲ ré táná |''Tephrosia bracteolata'' |Papilionaceae |- |N'ebe ọ bụla, ọ bụ ya na ya na-arụ ọrụ |''Tephrosia lupinifolia'' |Papilionaceae |- |sàà bíí, sàà bāná, sàà tōō-rɔ̄ |''Vigna catjang'' var. ''sinensis'' |Papilionaceae |- |sōōō |''Voandzeia n'okpuru ala'' |Papilionaceae |- |hòg mbúŋ |''Ceratotheca sesamoides'' |Pedaliaceae |- |sɔ́n tōō-rɔ̄ |''Sesamum indicum'' |Pedaliaceae |- |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'oge a ka ọ ga-anọ n' |''Sesamum radiatum'' |Pedaliaceae |- |tàv |''Securidaca longipedunculata'' |Polygalaceae |- |bònò |''Polypterus bichir'' |Polygalaceae |- |kírùgjú |''Portulaca oleracea'' |Portulacaceae |- |ŋūtā |''Sarcocephalus esculentus'' |Rubiaceae |- |hòg nām vàrā |''Solanum'' sp. |Solanaceae |- |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ |''Melochia corchorifolia'' |Sterculiaceae |- |sōn |''Vitellaria paradoxa'' / ''Butyrospermum parkii'' |Sapotaceae |- |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị |''Corchorus tridens'' |Tiliaceae |- |Bọnyụ |''Grewia mollis'' |Tiliaceae |- |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-ekwu na ọ bụ |''Triumfetta pentandra'' |Tiliaceae |- |kóg/kóò kɔɔ̄l |Triumfetta sp. |Tiliaceae |- |laɲ yā ụgbala |''Tribulus terrestris'' |Zygophyllaceae |} {{Reflist}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160829030047/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf Ndepụta asụsụ Adamawa] (ms) 28uejvto768d5qzvmv4ax3wm340lirn 0 23505 737071 140171 2026-10-11T19:22:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   {| class="wikitable" |+Esther Okoronkwo ! colspan="4" |Personal information |- !Full name | colspan="3" |Ijeoma Esther Okoronkwo |- !Date of birth | colspan="3" |27 March 1997 (age 25) |- !Place of birth | colspan="3" |[[Abia State]], Nigeria |- !Height | colspan="3" |1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |- !Position(s) | colspan="3" |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]] |- ! colspan="4" |Club information |- !Current team | colspan="3" |[[AS Saint-Étienne (women)|Saint-Étienne]] |- ! colspan="4" |Youth career |- !2012–2015 | colspan="3" |[[John and Randolph Foster High School|Foster Falcons]] |- ! colspan="4" |College career |- !Years |'''Team''' |'''<abbr>Apps</abbr>''' |'''(<abbr>Gls</abbr>)''' |- !2016–2017 |[[Northeast Texas Community College|Northeast Texas Eagles]] |? |(28) |- !2018–2021 |[[Lamar Cardinals and Lady Cardinals|Lamar Lady Cardinals]] |39 |(35) |- ! colspan="4" |Senior career* |- !Years |'''Team''' |'''<abbr>Apps</abbr>''' |'''(<abbr>Gls</abbr>)''' |- !2021- |[[AS Saint-Étienne (women)|Saint-Étienne]] |18 |(4) |- ! colspan="4" |National team^‡ |- !2021– |[[Nigeria women's national football team|Nigeria]] |3 |(0) |- | colspan="4" |*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 02:25, 4 October 2022 (UTC) ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 16 June 2021. |} '''Ijeoma Esther Okoronkwo''' (amụrụ na 27 Machị 1997) bụ onye Naijirịa na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ maka Saint-Étienne na ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị Naijirịa. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Okoronkwo na Abia State ma zụlite ya na Richmond, [[Texas]], United States. == Ọrụ kọleji == Okoronkwo gara John na Randolph Foster High School, Northeast Texas Community College na Mahadum Lamar.<ref name="YU">{{Cite web|url=https://ntcceagles.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/esther-okoronkwo/268|title=Esther Okoronkwo - 2016 - Women's Soccer|work=Northeast Texas Community College Athletics|accessdate=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260908210605/https://ntcceagles.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/esther-okoronkwo/268|archive-date=8 September 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Okoronkwo mere nke mbụ ya na Naijirịa na 10 June 2021 dị ka onye nnọchi anya nkeji nke 43 na mmeri enyi na enyi na Jamaica.<ref name="GSA-Debut">{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-06-10/jamaica-vs-nigeria/2375811/|title=Match Report of Jamaica vs Nigeria - 2021-06-10 - FIFA Friendlies - Women|work=Global Sports Archive|accessdate=19 June 2021}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Esther Okoronkwo on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m22uoagy1m9ts0nmnzvy4k3o4mvvkri 0 24310 737064 730006 2026-10-11T18:01:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emma Lewis Lipps''' (abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1919 rue n'abalị [[iri na iteghete]] nke ọnwa Julaị afọ 1996) bụ onye American botanist, onye na-anakọta botany, na prọfesọ nke biology na sayensị ụwa na Shorter College, Rome. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na nchọpụta na ịmụ ihe atụ nke Pleistocene vertebrates site na Marshall Forest na Floyd County na Ladd's Quarry na Bartow County. O soro dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na bibliographies banyere nchọpụta ya, gụnyere The vascular flora of the Marshall Forest, Rome, Georgia na A Devonian fauna from the Frog Mountain Sandstone, Floyd County, Georgia.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Berta|first=Annalisa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y237DwAAQBAJ|title=Rebels, Scholars, Explorers: Women in Vertebrate Paleontology|date=2020-10-27|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1-4214-3971-6|language=en}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Lipps n'abali asatọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1919 na Alexandria, Virginia, nke William Lewis Lipps na Emma Ashton Truslow Lipps.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ bachelọ ya na Wesleyan College na 1940 na nzere masta na Mahadum Emory na 1943. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na PhD na botany na Mahadum [[Tennessee]] na 1966. A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede ya Plant communities of a part of Floyd County, Georgia-karịsịa Marshall Forest.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Emma Lewis Lipps papers|url=https://sclfind.libs.uga.edu/sclfind/view?docId=ead/ms3247.xml;query=;brand=default|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=sclfind.libs.uga.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://sclfind.libs.uga.edu/sclfind/view?docId=ead/ms3247.xml;query=;brand=default "Emma Lewis Lipps papers"]. ''sclfind.libs.uga.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Lipps malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Georgia School of Medicine na 1940, ozugbo ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Wesleyan. N'afọ 1943, n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], ọ malitere ịkụzi na Agnes Scott College. Ọ sonyeere Shorter College (nke bụzi Shorter University) dị ka onye nkuzi na ngalaba nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na 1945 ebe ọ nọrọ afọ 44 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1989.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> N'oge ọ nọ na Mahadum Shorter, Lipps na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya jiri Marshall Forest dị ka ụlọ nyocha ha maka ọmụmụ ihe. National Council of State Garden Clubs sọpụrụ afọ 25 nke ọrụ ya na Marshall Forest na 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Walker|first=Doug|title=Historic Marshall Forest could benefit from controlled burn|url=https://www.northwestgeorgianews.com/rome/news/local/historic-marshall-forest-could-benefit-from-controlled-burn/article_a43a932a-ec31-11e9-94b5-f79b4b4b1a97.html|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Northwest Georgia News|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019182821/https://www.northwestgeorgianews.com/rome/news/local/historic-marshall-forest-could-benefit-from-controlled-burn/article_a43a932a-ec31-11e9-94b5-f79b4b4b1a97.html|archive-date=2022-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden|url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/|accessdate=2022-10-19|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/ "Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Lipps rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ paleontological na Georgia, ọkachasị na Ladd's Quarry maka nchọpụta, na ọmụmụ nke Pleistocene vertebrae. O tinyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ya si na Shorter College ka ha rụọ ọrụ na ọrụ ndị a nke mere ka ọtụtụ ihe nlele nke Devonian na anụmanụ na fossils e nyere Smithsonian.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lamoka|date=2021-07-13|title=A Fossil Passenger Pigeon From Georgia|url=https://lamokaledger.com/a-fossil-passenger-pigeon-from-georgia/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Lamoka Ledger|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019192406/https://lamokaledger.com/a-fossil-passenger-pigeon-from-georgia/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Unknown|date=December 1967|title=Paleobiologists Clayton E. Ray and G. Arthur Cooper|url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_372192|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Smithsonian Institution Archives|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 June 1968|title=Ga. Fossil Find Is Scientific 'Building Block'|pages=4|work=The Smithsonian Torch|url=https://siarchives.si.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/torch/Torch%201968/SIA_000371_1968_06.pdf|accessdate=2022-10-19}}</ref> N'oge a, ya na Clayton Ray dere akwụkwọ dị mkpa na 1966, ya na Al Holman na-amụ ya na oge afọ 1980s, yana akwụkwọ edemede ya na Bob Purdy na Bob Martin n'afo 1988.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|year=1996|title=The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology - News Bulletin|url=https://www.rosemonteis.us/sites/default/files/references/svp-1996.pdf|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Rosemonte EIS|archivedate=2022-12-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221124129/https://www.rosemonteis.us/sites/default/files/references/svp-1996.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true"> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Rosemonte EIS''. 1996. p.&nbsp;72<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-02|title=Tellus in Search of Past Paleontologists|url=https://patch.com/georgia/cartersville/tellus-in-search-of-past-paleontologists|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Cartersville, GA Patch|language=en}}</ref> Mahadum Shorter guzobere Lewis Lipps Ecology Lectureship n'afo 1991 iji kwurịta nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke oge a. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ Lipps, Dr. Hal R. De Selm nyere okwu mmeghe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Shorter University - Academic Catalog|url=https://www.shorter.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018-2019-Catalog-PDF.pdf|accessdate=2022-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019182822/https://www.shorter.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018-2019-Catalog-PDF.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Lipps, E. L. (1949). ''Investigation of the effect of niacin on populations of the Mainx strain Euglena gracilis Klebs.'' (Doctoral dissertation, Emory University). * Lipps, E.L.&nbsp;(1966).&nbsp;''Plant communities of a portion of Flloyd County, Georgia — Especially the Marshall Forest''.&nbsp;Doctoral Thesis, University of Tennessee. * Lipps, E. L. and H. R. De Selm.&nbsp;(1969).&nbsp;''The vascular flora of the Marshall Forest, Rome, Georgia''.&nbsp;Castanea 34 (4):&nbsp; 414-432. * Lipps, E. L., Purdy, R. W., & Martin, R. A. (1988). ''An annotated bibliography of the Pleistocene vertebrates of Georgia.'' ''Georgia Journal of Science'', ''25'', 113-119. == Edemsibia == [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1919]] [[Òtù:Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 1996]] nt0r4qqvppca5tdh3tjxvzpi7bmlayz 0 27474 737082 727742 2026-10-11T23:44:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737082 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gillian Merron, September 2009 5 cropped.jpg|thumb|Gillian Merron]]{{Databox}} '''Gillian Joanna''' Merron, Baroness Merron ( (amụrụ 12 Eprel 1959) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Britain na onye ọgbọ ndụ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Board of Deputies of British Jew kemgbe 2014. Onye otu Labour Party, ọ bụ onye na-ekwuchitere onyinyo nke ahụike na ahụike. Nlekọta mmekọrịta kemgbe 2021. Ọ bụbu onye otu nzuko omeiwu (MP) maka Lincoln site na 1997 ruo 2010 wee nwee ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ minista na gọọmentị Blair na Brown. == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ ya == A mụrụ Merron na Ilford, Essex site na ezinụlọ ndị Juu, wee gụ akwụkwọ na Wanstead High School na Wanstead na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[London]].  Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nchịkwa Mahadum Lancaster, na-enweta BSc (Hons) na Science Management.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọchịchị ime obodo na dịka onye ọrụ otu NUPE (nke mechara UNISON).. .Merron sonyeere Labour Party na 1984. Tupu aghọọ onye omeiwu, Merron bụ osote onye isi oche nke ngalaba Labour Party na mpaghara. Ọ chịkọtara mkpọsa nke etiti mpaghara onyinyo onyinyo na ntuli aka izugbe 1992 na ntuli aka nzuko omeiwu Europe 1994. == Ọrụ nke omeiwu == .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Labour blow as all-women lists outlawed|first=John|author=Rentoul|authorlink=|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/labour-blow-as-allwomen-lists-outlawed-1323046.html|work=The Independent|date=9 January 1996|accessdate=10 July 2009}}</ref> Emere Merron ka ọ bụrụ onye ndoro-ndoro omeiwu (PPC) site na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị niile, [2] wee họpụta ya na House of Commons na Mee 1997 yana ọtụtụ 11,130.  Site na Julaị 1998 ruo Julaị 1999, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ omeiwu nkeonwe (PPS) nye Doug Henderson dị ka onye minista steeti maka ndị agha na, site na Julaị 1999 ruo June 2001, ọ bụ PPS ruo Baroness Symons dị ka Minister of State for Defence Procurement. Site na June 2001 ruo Ọktoba 2002, Merron jere ozi dị ka PPS nye John Reid dịka odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Northern Ireland.  Site na Ọktoba 2002 ruo Mee 2006, ọ bụ ụtarị gọọmentị ma bụrụkwa Lord Commissioner of Treasury site na Disemba 2004. Na ntuli aka izugbe nke 2005, ọnụ ọgụgụ ya bụ 4,613. A họpụtara Merron na Ngalaba Ụgbọ njem na Mee 2006, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo mgbe mgbanwe ahụ na 29 June 2007, mgbe ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ ndị omeiwu maka ụlọ ọrụ Cabinet na onye ozi mbụ nke East Midlands. N'ịgbaso arụkwaghịm nke Peter Hain na 24 Jenụwarị 2008, a gbanwegharịrị Merron ọzọ, bụrụ onye omeiwu n'okpuru odeakwụkwọ steeti na ngalaba maka mmepe mba ụwa, hapụrụ ọrụ abụọ ya gara aga.  N'ịgbaso ngbanwe Gordon Brown na-esote na 5 October 2008, a kpọgara Merron na Ụlọọrụ Ofesi na Ọfịs Commonwealth.  Nkwalite nye Minista steeti maka ahụike ọha na-esote n'oge na-adịghị anya. .<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/gillian_merron/lincoln |title=Gillian Merron MP, Lincoln (TheyWorkForYou.com) |access-date=2023-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622034107/http://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/gillian_merron/lincoln |archive-date=2013-06-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>Merron soro pati ahụ pịa na votu na nha anya ikike nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, mmachibido ịchụ nta, ụlọ ọgwụ ntọala, mmachibido iwu ise siga n'ebe ọha, agha Iraq, iwu mgbochi iji kwụsị mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ''The Digital Economy Bill''.  Onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Conservative Karl McCartney tụfuru oche ya na ntuli aka izugbe 2010.  Site na 1997 ruo 2007, mgbe Quentin Davies gbahapụrụ na Labour Party, ọ bụbu onye naanị Lincolnshire MP Labour - na nke mbụ kemgbe Margaret Beckett nwere oche site na 1974 ruo 1979. === Ego emefuru === .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gillian Merron MP|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/gillian_merron/lincoln#expenses|work=TheyWorkForYou|publisher=mySociety is a project of UK Citizens Online Democracy (UKCOD). UKCOD is a registered charity in England and Wales, no. 1076346.|accessdate=12 May 2009}}</ref> Emefu Merron dị ka MP dị elu karịa nkezi.[4]  Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị omeiwu 98 ndị tozuru oke ịkwado iwu Conservative MP David Maclean iji dobe mmefu ha na akwụkwọ ozi nzuzo..<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article1816072.ece|work=The Times|title=How your MP voted on the FOI Bill|date=20 May 2007|accessdate=3 May 2010|archive-date=8 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508020947/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article1816072.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/policy.php?id=996&display=motions Policy #996: "Transparency of Parliament" — The Public Whip]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ngụkọta mmefu a na-ekwu !Afọ !Ngụkọta Ọnụ Ọgụgụ !Ọnọdụ !site na |- |2001/02 |£ 94,459 |njikọ 178 |657 |- |2002/03 |£ 123,954 |Nke 87 |657 |- |2003/04 |£ 136,706 |Nke 55 |658 |- |2004/05 |£ 139,854 |Nke 64 |659 |- |2005/06 |£ 133,480 | - | - |- |2006/07 |£ 144,914 |Nke 176 |645 |- |2007/08 |£ 155,972 |Nke 172 |645 |} .<ref>[https://archive.today/20120913005333/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/news/best-Lincoln/article-1091098-detail/article.html 'I will do what I always do, my best for Lincoln']</ref>Na 19 June 2009, ekpughere mmefu ndị omeiwu (nke edeziri nke ukwuu) na ịntanetị.  Merron nwetara nkatọ maka ịzụrụ ihe onyonyo, igwe onyonyo, ngwa ihe nkiri ụlọ na ọtụtụ ngwa ahịa ndị ọzọ.[7]  O dere na webụsaịtị ya, sị: "Ọtụtụ n'ime ebubo m na-akwụ ozugbo maka ndị ọrụ ọkachamara, ụgwọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, nkwurịta okwu na ndị mejupụtara, na njem. Enweghị m ọrụ nke abụọ, anaghị m ewe ndị ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ndị enyi ọ bụla n'ọrụ, ma ọ bụ were m.  mmụba nke ụgwọ ọnwa ndị minista kwa afọ.". "<ref>http://www.gillianmerron.co.uk/mps-allowances{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/feature/legal-and-constitutional/expenses-the-mps-paying-over-1k-$1357745.htm|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120919031458/http://www.politics.co.uk/feature/legal-and-constitutional/expenses-the-mps-paying-over-1k-$1357745.htm|archivedate=19 September 2012|title=Expenses: The MPs paying over £1K|publisher=politics.co.uk}}</ref> N'ime mkpesa mmefu ndị omeiwu [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] gasịrị, Sir Thomas Legg tụrụ aro ka Gillian Merron kwụọ £6,305.17.↵[9] Ọ kwụghachi ego a n'uju.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cohen|first=Justin|url=http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/former-foreign-office-minister-appointed-lead-board/|title=Former Foreign Office minister appointed to lead the Board|work=Jewish News|date=7 May 2014|accessdate=3 December 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ sotere oru omeiwu == Kemgbe mmeri emeriri ya na ntuli aka izugbe nke 2010, Merron abụrụla onye isi oche ndị ọrụ ụgbọ ala UK (nke a na-akpọbu National Federation of Bus Users).[.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Chair for Bus Users UK|url=http://www.bususers.org/news/scripts/news_story_pub.asp?StoryID=167|work=Bus Users UK website|publisher=Bus Users UK|date=4 April 2011|accessdate=23 April 2012|quote=[Gillian Merron] is now a strategic advisor to the transport industry and will be bringing new strategic direction to Bus Users UK.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101557/http://www.bususers.org/news/scripts/news_story_pub.asp?StoryID=167|archivedate=24 December 2013}},</ref><ref>{{As of|2012|4|23}} the name "Bus Users UK" appears on the official register of companies.</ref> <ref name="Rocker">{{Cite news|author=Rocker|first=Simon|date=7 May 2014|title=Board of Deputies new chief executive revealed|work=The Jewish Chronicle|url=http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/117870/board-deputies-new-chief-executive-revealed|accessdate=3 December 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090721/http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/117870/board-deputies-new-chief-executive-revealed|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bod.org.uk/who-we-are/meet-the-staff/|title=Chief Executive : Gillian Merron|publisher=Board of Deputies of British Jews|accessdate=3 December 2016|archivedate=2 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902032026/https://www.bod.org.uk/who-we-are/meet-the-staff/}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/102560/new-jewish-leadership-council-members|title=New Jewish Leadership Council members|work=The Jewish Chronicle|date=15 February 2013|accessdate=3 December 2016|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224205001/http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/102560/new-jewish-leadership-council-members|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na Mee 2014, a mara ọkwa na Merron ga-abụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Board of Deputies nke ndị Juu Britain na Julaị na-esote. Kemgbe February 2013, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Kansụl ndu ndị Juu.Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ na-ahụ maka mpụga na bọọdụ Liberal Judaism site na Julaị 2012 ruo Mee 2014..<ref name="Rocker2012">{{Cite news|author=Rocker|first=Simon|url=http://www.thejc.com/community/community-life/69885/ex-mp-joins-liberal-judaism-board|title=Ex-MP joins Liberal Judaism board|work=The Jewish Chronicle|date=12 July 2012|accessdate=3 December 2016}}</ref> == Ụlọ Ndị Nwenu == Na Disemba 2020, ekwuputara na a ga-enye Merron ndụ ndụ mgbe onye isi otu Labour Party Keir Starmer họpụtara.  Ọ nọrọ oche ya na 8 February 2021 wee kwuo okwu nwa agbọghọ ya na Mee 13 n'oge arụmụka okwu Queen nke afọ ahụ..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Political Peerages 2020|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/political-peerages-2020|accessdate=22 December 2020|work=Gov.uk}}</ref> Na ngbanwe kabinet nke onyinyo May, a họpụtara ya na Otu Ahụike Shadow.  Na ngbanwe ụlọ ọrụ onyunyo nke November, ọ ghọrọ Minista Omenala Shadow..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rodgers|first=Sienna|title=Keir Starmer unveils new frontbench team after wider reshuffle|url=https://labourlist.org/2021/12/keir-starmer-unveils-new-frontbench-team-after-wider-reshuffle/|accessdate=2022-05-19|work=LabourList|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lmnwpu4qprk153t6iwed42bvu98zgb0 0 28662 737091 214642 2026-10-12T03:11:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Information Management Resource Kit ('''IMARK''') bụ atụmatụ e-mụta nke dabeere na mmekorita nke Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) nke United Nations na ndị mmekọ mepụtara iji kwado ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ụlọ ọrụ na netwọk n'ụwa niile na njikwa ozi na mmepe ọrụ ugbo. IMARK nwere usoro mmụta dị anya na ngwaọrụ na njikwa ozi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imarkgroup.org/index_en.asp?m=0|title=IMARK - Information Management Resource Kit|publisher=Imarkgroup.org|date=|accessdate=2011-06-07|archivedate=2011-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513012920/http://www.imarkgroup.org/index_en.asp?m=0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usain.org/links2.html|title=Links for Agricultural Librarians|publisher=USAIN|date=2010-05-19|accessdate=2011-06-07|archivedate=2011-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728150117/http://usain.org/links2.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://knowledge.cta.int/index.php/en/Dossiers/S-T-Issues-in-Perspective/ICT-for-transforming-research-for-agricultural-and-rural-development/Links/IMARK-FAO|title=IMARK (FAO) / Links / ICT for transforming research for agricultural and rural development / S&T Issues in Perspective / Dossiers / Home - Knowledge for Development|publisher=Knowledge.cta.int|date=|accessdate=2011-06-07|archivedate=2011-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819130421/http://knowledge.cta.int/index.php/en/Dossiers/S-T-Issues-in-Perspective/ICT-for-transforming-research-for-agricultural-and-rural-development/Links/IMARK-FAO}}</ref> == Banyere IMARK == The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) nke United Nations malitere mmemme e-learning dabeere na mmekorita na 2001 iji kwado njikwa ozi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/e-agriculture/bridging-rural-digital-divide-programme-overview|title=Bridging the Rural Digital Divide Programme - Overview &#124; E-Agriculture|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=29 June 2023}}</ref> Ezubere IMARK na ndị ọkachamara ozi na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Emebere usoro ọmụmụ IMARK ọ bụla site na usoro nyocha ya na ndị ọkachamara gbasara isiokwu, ndị na-ahụ maka ubi na ndị nnọchi anya sitere na ndị na-ege ntị sitere na gburugburu ụwa. Ebumnuche IMARK bụ nzaghachi maka ịchọ nkwalite ozi na njikwa ihe ọmụma na mbọ iji nweta ebumnuche mmepe nke Millennium Development (MDGs), ọkachasị ndị metụtara agụụ na ọha mmadụ ozi, n'ọnọdụ ijikọ nkewa dijitalụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/rdd/doc/FAO%20Approach%20to%20WSIS2005.pdf|title=FAO's strategies towards the WSIS 2005|date=|accessdate=2011-06-07}}</ref> Ebumnuche mmepe nke IMARK bụ imeziwanye ikike nke ndị nwere mmasị na njikwa ozi na ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://editlib.org/noaccesspresent/26495|title=Ed/ITLib Digital Library → No Access|publisher=Editlib.org|date=2007-10-15|pages=1149–1154|isbn=9781880094631|accessdate=2011-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314041343/http://editlib.org/noaccesspresent/26495|archive-date=2012-03-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.183.html|title=Quick Guide: ICT and Rural Livelihood Resources at FAO|publisher=infoDev.org|date=2006-09-28|accessdate=2011-06-07|archivedate=2011-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121756/http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.183.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icimod.org/index.php?page=23|title=Knowledge Management|publisher=Icimod.org|date=2010-12-16|accessdate=2011-06-07}}</ref> === Ihe Ebumnuche na Ogologo === Ebumnuche mmepe nke IMARK bụ imeziwanye ịdị irè nke mmemme na mmepe ọrụ ugbo na nchekwa nri site n'ime ka ndị isi nwere mmasị nweta ozi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eprints.rclis.org/bitstream/10760/15682/1/FAO%E2%80%99s%20Capacity-Building%20Initiatives%20in%20Accessing,%20Documenting,%20Communicating%20and%20Managing%20Agricultural%20Information.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2011-06-07|archivedate=2012-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322064006/http://eprints.rclis.org/bitstream/10760/15682/1/FAO%E2%80%99s%20Capacity-Building%20Initiatives%20in%20Accessing,%20Documenting,%20Communicating%20and%20Managing%20Agricultural%20Information.pdf}}</ref> === Kọmitii na-eduzi === IMARK nwere ihe karịrị ndị mmekọ 30 na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ kemgbe e bidoro ya na 2001, a na-ahazi ọrụ ya site na kọmitii na-eduzi nke ndị otu ya gụnyere Association for Progressive Communications (APC), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) nke United Nations, Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF), Commonwealth of Learning (COL), Groupe de Recherches et d'Echanges Technologiques (GRET), Bibliotheca Alexandrina na UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=21458&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=IMARK launches new e-learning module|publisher=Portal.unesco.org|date=2008-01-24|accessdate=2011-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.apc.org/en/news/development/world/e-learning-module-developing-electronic-communitie|title=e-Learning module developing electronic communities &#124; Association for Progressive Communications|publisher=Apc.org|date=2006-05-08|accessdate=2011-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webapp.ciat.cgiar.org/ccc/imark.htm|title=CCC: E-Learning Initiatives - IMARK-FAO|publisher=Webapp.ciat.cgiar.org|date=|accessdate=2011-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728030953/http://webapp.ciat.cgiar.org/ccc/imark.htm|archivedate=2011-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaald.org/docs/iisast2_report.pdf|title=2nd Expert Consultation IISAST|date=|accessdate=2011-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154258/http://www.iaald.org/docs/iisast2_report.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-21}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịmụta n'intaneeti * Otu Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke United Nations (FAO) * Ụkpụrụ Nchịkwa Ozi Ọrụ Ugbo (AIMS) == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713065814/http://www.imarkgroup.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ IMARK] nke gọọmentị E debere Wayback Machine * [http://www.fao.org Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu] mw8216jf7bghqg8epgikklo33b4zpz4 0 30154 737046 628226 2026-10-11T14:15:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Don Riddell''' (amụrụ na 7 Septemba afọ 1972) bụ onye na-ede akụkọ akụkọ na onye na-akọ akụkọ egwuregwu. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado anọ na obodo [[London]] nke CNN's World Sport ma na-akwado CNN's Living Golf. == Mmụta == Riddell gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Trinity and All Saints College, mgbe ahụ akụkụ nke Mahadum Leeds wee nweta B.A. na nsọpụrụ na Public Media / Communication na Cultural Studies. == Ọrụ == Riddell, onye a mụrụ na steeti Edinburgh, sonyeere CNN n'afọ 2002. Ọ rụburu ọrụ na London News Network, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu maka mmemme ''London'' Tonight. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Yorkshire Television na obodo Leeds.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Farrell|first=Lisa|title=From Leeds Trinity University student to CNN Presenter: Don Riddell's story|publisher=[[Leeds Trinity University]]|date=17 September 2014|url=http://www.leedstrinity.ac.uk/blogs/From-Leeds-Trinity-University-student-to-CNN-Presenter--Don-Riddell's-story}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170810135830/http://edition.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/riddell.don.html Profaịlụ Don Riddell] {{CNN International personalities}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Riddell, Don}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0y1summpqc6dkjrjhaaeyw10jhve2rs 0 30360 737097 728960 2026-10-12T08:24:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737097 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''James Matthew Huff''' (amụrụ n'August 25, 1997) bụ onye America ọkachamara basketball player maka Denver Nuggets nke National [[Basketball]] Association (NBA), na nkwekọrịta ụzọ abụọ na Grand Rapids Gold nke NBA G League. Ọ gbara bọọlụ kọleji maka Virginia Cavaliers. == Ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị == Huff bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ bọọlụ afọ anọ maka Voyager Academy na Durham, North Carolina, ebe nna ya, Mike, zụrụ ya.<ref name="warnock">{{Cite web|author=Warnock|first=W. E.|title=Voyager Academy’s father-son Huff team gets one last game together in championship|url=https://www.newsobserver.com/sports/high-school/article65235357.html|work=[[The News & Observer]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=March 10, 2016}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 21, 2016, dị ka onye okenye, ọ ghọrọ onye na-ebute akara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.<ref name="best">{{Cite web|author=Best|first=Bonitta|title=Huff voyages into the record books|url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/community/durham-news/dn-sports/article56956153.html|work=[[The News & Observer]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=January 27, 2016}}</ref> Huff duuru ndị otu ya gaa na Class 1A steeti, na-enweta ihe nrite kachasị mma mgbe o dekọrọ okpukpu atọ nke akara 14, 14 rebounds na 10 blocks na nke ikpeazụ.<ref name="warnock2">{{Cite web|author=Warnock|first=W. E.|title=Jay Huff’s triple-double leads Voyager Academy to 1A basketball title over Winston-Salem Prep|url=https://www.newsobserver.com/sports/high-school/article65700282.html|work=[[The News & Observer]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=March 12, 2016}}</ref> Ọ gwụchara oge ahụ na-enweta akara 16.3, 10.1 rebounds na 5.5 assists kwa egwuregwu.<ref name="ratcliffe">{{Cite web|author=Ratcliffe|first=Jerry|title=UVa's Jay Huff is hungry for more|url=https://www.dailyprogress.com/uva-s-jay-huff-is-hungry-for-more/article_66ac02f4-e201-5063-94fd-97aa15a0d730.html|work=[[The Daily Progress]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=November 10, 2017|archive-date=March 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309133522/https://dailyprogress.com/uva-s-jay-huff-is-hungry-for-more/article_66ac02f4-e201-5063-94fd-97aa15a0d730.html|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRatcliffe2017">Ratcliffe, Jerry (November 10, 2017). . ''[[Ọganihu Kwa Ụbọchị|The Daily Progress]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Onye natara kpakpando anọ, Huff kpebisiri ike igwu basketball kọleji maka Virginia.<ref name="polacek">{{Cite web|author=Polacek|first=Scott|title=Jay Huff to Virginia: Cavaliers Land 4-Star PF Prospect|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2472790-jay-huff-to-virginia-cavaliers-land-4-star-pf-prospect|publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=May 21, 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ kọleji == Huff redshirt n'afọ mbụ ya iji melite ike na ịdị arọ ya. Ọ nwetara ihe dị ka kilogram iri atọ (14 ) n'oge oge redshirt ọhụrụ ya malitere.<ref name="ratcliffe"/> Huff nwetara nkezi 3.4 na 1.9 rebounds kwa egwuregwu dị ka onye ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Darney|first=Caroline|title=Jay Huff is developing in front of our eyes, and it’s magical|url=https://www.streakingthelawn.com/2019/1/25/18194181/ncaa-basketball-virginia-cavaliers-jay-huff-developing-playing-time-hoonicorn|work=Streaking the Lawn|publisher=[[SB Nation]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=January 29, 2019}}</ref> N'April 4, 2018, mgbe oge ọhụrụ ya gasịrị, a mara ọkwa na Huff ga-ahapụ ọnwa atọ ma ọ bụ anọ mgbe a wasịrị ya maka labrum dọkara adọka.<ref name="blum">{{Cite web|author=Blum|first=Sam|title=Jay Huff out 3-4 months with torn labrum|url=https://www.dailyprogress.com/sports/jay-huff-out---months-with-torn-labrum/article_562b07be-385f-11e8-898b-2702de40bf54.html|work=[[The Daily Progress]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=April 4, 2018}}</ref> Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ nke abụọ, ọ nwetara akara 4.4 na 2.1 rebounds na nkeji 9.3 kwa egwuregwu na otu mmeri mba.<ref name="virginia">{{Cite web|title=Jay Huff|url=https://virginiasports.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/jay-huff/6749|publisher=University of Virginia Athletics|accessdate=April 21, 2020}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 18, 2020, Huff nwetara akara 17 na blọk isii na mmeri 63-58 na Georgia Tech.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Virginia snaps 3-game skid with 63–58 win over Georgia Tech|url=https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/recap?gameId=401168477|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=[[ESPN]]|date=January 18, 2020}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 29, Huff dekọrọ ihe 15, 10 blocks na rebounds itoolu na mmeri 52-50 na Duke. Ọ sonyeere Ralph Sampson dị ka naanị ndị egwuregwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nwere ọ dịkarịa ala blọk 10 n'egwuregwu.<ref name="gatto">{{Cite web|author=Gatto|first=Tom|title=Virginia's Jay Huff enters Ralph Sampson territory by standing tall vs. Duke|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/ncaa-basketball/news/jay-huff-virginia-duke-blocked-shots-ralph-sampson/7i6pqwamoo981svewdwyrqsm9|work=[[Sporting News]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=February 29, 2020}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-eto eto, Huff na-enweta akara 8.5, 6.2 rebounds na blocks abụọ n'egwuregwu ọ bụla, nke niile bụ ọrụ kachasị elu.<ref name="virginia" /> Mgbe oge ahụ gasịrị, o kwupụtara maka draft NBA nke afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Willett|first=Preston|title=Jay Huff enters name in NBA Draft process|url=https://www.cbs19news.com/story/42070094/jay-huff-enters-name-in-nba-draft-process|accessdate=May 1, 2020|work=CBS19|date=April 29, 2020|archive-date=October 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024185449/https://www.cbs19news.com/story/42070094/jay-huff-enters-name-in-nba-draft-process|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe ọ tụgharịrị mkpebi ya, ọ mara ọkwa na ọ ga-alaghachi na UVA maka oge kachasị elu ya n'August 1, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Conlin|first=Bennett|title=Jay Huff withdraws from NBA Draft, plans to return for senior season at Virginia|url=https://dailyprogress.com/sports/jay-huff-withdraws-from-nba-draft-plans-to-return-for-senior-season-at-virginia/article_32060571-d2b7-5882-a4ee-b825e09575db.html|work=[[The Daily Progress]]|accessdate=August 1, 2020|date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306133111/https://dailyprogress.com/sports/jay-huff-withdraws-from-nba-draft-plans-to-return-for-senior-season-at-virginia/article_32060571-d2b7-5882-a4ee-b825e09575db.html|archive-date=March 6, 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe oge 2020-21 gasịrị, Huff kwupụtara maka draft NBA nke 2021. == Ọrụ ọkachamara == === Los Angeles Lakers (2021-2022) === Mgbe ọ na-agaghị na 2021 NBA draft, Huff sonyeere Washington Wizards maka 2021 NBA Summer League.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wizards announce 2021 Summer League roster|url=https://www.nba.com/wizards/wizards-announce-2021-summer-league-roster|work=NBA.com|date=August 4, 2021|accessdate=September 24, 2021}}</ref> Na Septemba 21, 2021, ọ bịanyere aka na Wizards, mana a hapụrụ ya na Ọktoba 13.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Luke|author=Adams|title=Wizards Cut Jay Huff, Jordan Schakel|url=https://www.hoopsrumors.com/2021/10/wizards-cut-jay-huff-jordan-schakel.html|work=HoopsRumors.com|date=October 13, 2021|accessdate=October 18, 2021}}</ref> N'October 18, 2021, Huff bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ụzọ abụọ na Los Angeles Lakers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakers Sign Jay Huff to Two-Way Contract|url=https://www.nba.com/lakers/releases/lakers-sign-jay-huff-two-way-contract-211018|work=NBA.com|date=October 18, 2021|accessdate=October 18, 2021}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 12, 2022, a hapụrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakers Sign Sekou Doumbouya to Two-Way Contract|url=https://www.nba.com/lakers/releases/lakers-sign-sekou-doumbouya-two-way-contract-waive-jay-huff-1-12-22|accessdate=January 12, 2022|work=NBA}}</ref> === South Bay Lakers (2022-2023) === Na Jenụwarị 16, 2022, South Bay Lakers nwetara Huff ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Bay Lakers on Twitter: "OFFICIAL: The #SBLakers have acquired Jay Huff as a returning rights player. In a related move, the team has waived Willie Jackson"|url=https://twitter.com/SouthBayLakers/status/1482843162401935361|accessdate=January 18, 2022|work=Twitter}}</ref> Huff sonyeere ndị Los Angeles Lakers 'NBA Summer League nke 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Los Angeles Lakers 2022 NBA2K23 Summer League Roster {{!}} NBA.com|url=https://www.nba.com/summer-league/2022/vegas/team/1610612747/lakers|accessdate=2022-07-21|work=www.nba.com}}</ref> Na Summer League mbụ ya maka Lakers, Huff nwetara akara itoolu na rebounds asaa na mmeri 100-66 megide Miami Heat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Los Angeles Lakers vs Miami Heat Jul 2, 2022 Box Scores {{!}} NBA.com|url=https://www.nba.com/game/lal-vs-mia-1322200001/box-score#box-score|accessdate=2022-07-21|work=www.nba.com}}</ref> Na Julaị 27, 2022, Huff bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Exhibit 10 na Los Angeles Lakers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakers Sign Jay Huff|url=https://www.nba.com/lakers/news/lakers-sign-jay-huff-072622?amp=1|accessdate=July 27, 2022|date=July 27, 2022|work=NBA.com}}</ref> A hapụrụ ya n'ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022. O mechara laghachi South Bay. === Washington Wizards (2023) === Na Machị 2, 2023, Huff bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ụzọ abụọ na Washington Wizards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wizards Sign Jay Huff to Two-Way Contract|url=https://www.nba.com/wizards/news/wizards-sign-jay-huff-to-two-way-contract|accessdate=March 2, 2023|work=NBA}}</ref> N'April 4, a kpọrọ ya NBA G League Defensive Player of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jay Huff Named 2022-23 KIA NBA G League Defensive Player of the Year|url=https://capitalcity.gleague.nba.com/news/jay-huff-named-2022-23-kia-nba-g-league-defensive-player-of-the-year|work=NBA.com|date=April 4, 2023|accessdate=April 4, 2023}}</ref> Na Julaị 3, 2023, Huff sonyeere ndị otu Houston Rockets Summer League.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rockets Summer League roster 2023: Details of players, coaches, schedule and more|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/rockets-summer-league-roster-2023-details-players-coaches-schedule|accessdate=2023-09-25|archivedate=2023-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708090612/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/basketball/rockets-summer-league-roster-2023-details-players-coaches-schedule}}</ref> === Denver Nuggets (2023-dị ugbu a) === Na Julaị 18, 2023, Huff bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ụzọ abụọ na Denver Nuggets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NUGGETS SIGN GILLESPIE, HUFF AND KEY TO TWO-WAY CONTRACTS|url=https://www.nba.com/nuggets/news/nuggets-sign-gillespie-huff-and-key-to-two-way-contracts|work=NBA.com|date=July 18, 2023|accessdate=July 18, 2023}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{NBA player statistics legend}} === NBA === {{NBA player statistics start}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2021}} | style="text-align:left;"| [[2021–22 Los Angeles Lakers season|L.A. Lakers]] | 4 || 0 || 5.0 || .000 || .000 || — || 1.0 || .3 || .3 || .3 || .0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2022}} | style="text-align:left;"| [[2022–23 Washington Wizards season|Washington]] | '''7''' || 0 || '''13.6''' || '''.600''' || '''.500''' || .938 || '''3.0''' || '''1.4''' || '''.4''' || '''.6''' || '''7.3''' |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career | 11 || 0 || 10.5 || .536 || .429 || .938 || 2.3 || 1.0 || .4 || .5 || 4.6 {{S-end}} === Kọleji === {{NBA player statistics start}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2016–17]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2016–17 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team|Virginia]] | style="text-align:center;" colspan="11"| [[File:Redshirt.svg|15px|Redshirt]] Redshirt |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2017–18]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team|Virginia]] | 12 || 0 || 8.8 || '''.680''' || .286 || .625 || 1.9 || .3 || .1 || 1.2 || 3.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2018–19]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2018–19 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team|Virginia]] | '''34''' || 0 || 9.3 || .604 || '''.452''' || .667 || 2.1 || .2 || .2 || .7 || 4.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2019–20]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2019–20 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team|Virginia]] | 30 || 18 || 25.0 || .571 || .358 || .540 || 6.2 || .8 || .4 || 2.0 || 8.5 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2020–21]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2020–21 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team|Virginia]] | 25 || '''25''' || '''27.0''' || .585 || .387 || '''.837''' || '''7.1''' || '''1.0''' || '''.5''' || '''2.6''' || '''13.0''' |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career | 101 || 43 || 18.3 || .588 || .386 || .679 || 4.5 || .6 || .3 || 1.6 || 7.6 {{S-end}} == Ndụ onwe onye == Nne na nna Huff abụọ bụbu ndị egwuregwu basketball na kọleji. Nna ya, Mike, gbara bọọlụ maka Mahadum Lutheran nke Pacific, nne ya, Kathy, gbara bọlụ maka West Virginia.<ref name="ratcliffe"/> Mike bụ onye nduzi nke Michael W. Krzyzewski Human Performance Laboratory na Mahadum Duke.<ref name="needelman">{{Cite web|author=Needelman|first=Josh|title=Higher calling: Jay Huff's faith has been tested — and validated — at Virginia|url=https://www.dailyprogress.com/sports/cavalierinsider/higher-calling-jay-huffs-faith-has-been-tested-and-validated-at-virginia/article_27b0cf74-2a7e-11e9-b722-cfb470d4fa82.html|work=[[The Daily Progress]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=February 7, 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNeedelman2019">Needelman, Josh (February 7, 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406121428/https://dailyprogress.com/sports/cavalierinsider/higher-calling-jay-huffs-faith-has-been-tested-and-validated-at-virginia/article_27b0cf74-2a7e-11e9-b722-cfb470d4fa82.html "Higher calling: Jay Huff's faith has been tested — and validated — at Virginia"]. ''[[Ọganihu Kwa Ụbọchị|The Daily Progress]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Huff bụ onye otu Chi Alpha Christian fellowship na Mahadum Virginia.<ref name="needelman"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://virginiasports.com/player/jay-huff/ Virginia Cavaliers bio] {{Denver Nuggets current roster}}{{Grand Rapids Gold current roster}}{{NBA G League Defensive Players of the Year}}{{2019 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball navbox}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 11gpu0s8xz5d782tub9gf69nry4xo8k 0 30451 737080 721382 2026-10-11T22:58:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Geoffrey Groselle''' (amụrụ na Febụwarị 12, 1993) bụ onye America ọkachamara basketball player maka Zastal Zielona Góra nke Polish Basketball League. Onye na-eji aka ekpe eme ihe, ọ gbara bọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Plano West Senior High School, na oge anọ na NCAA Division I na Creighton Bluejays.<ref name="creighton"/> Mgbe ọ na-agaghị na 2016 NBA draft, Groselle malitere ọrụ ọkachamara na Europe na ndị otu [[Jémanị|Germany]] Löwen Braunschweig nke Basketball Bundesliga. N'afọ 2019 ọ ritere ọla nchara na 2019 Pan American Games. == Ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị == BuGroselle gara Plano West Senior High School na Plano, Texas, ebe ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye Mike, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2009.<ref name="creighton"/> N'afọ nke abụọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, a kpọrọ ya onye ọhụrụ nke afọ na mpaghara ya.<ref name="creighton" /> Dị ka onye okenye, ọ nwetara akara 12.4, 8.7 rebounds na 2.1 blocks, a na-akpọ ya aha na All-District na All-Area first teams.<ref name="creighton" /> Ọ bụ onye otu mbụ a họpụtara na nzukọ niile n'ime afọ abụọ ikpeazụ ya na Plano West, ma guzobe ndekọ ụlọ akwụkwọ maka blọk na rebounds n'otu oge.<ref name="creighton" /> ESPN họpụtara ya dị ka onye nke iri atọ na abụọ kacha mma na mba ahụ na klas nke afọ 2011.<ref name="recruiting">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-sports/basketball/recruiting/player/_/id/123001/geoffrey-groselle|title=Geoffrey Groselle|work=[[ESPN.com]]|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ kọleji == Groselle bịanyere aka na Creighton na Nọvemba 11, 2010.<ref name="recruiting"/> O kpebiri redshirt n'afọ mbụ ya, ma nọrọ n'afọ 2011-12 na-emega ahụ na otu ahụ.<ref name="creighton">{{Cite web|url=https://gocreighton.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/geoffrey-groselle/893|title=Geoffrey Groselle|work=gocreighton.com|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> N'oge nke abụọ ya, Groselle gbara egwuregwu iri na ise, na-enweta nkeji ole na ole ọzọ. O weputara ihe kachasị elu nke oge 8 na 4 rebounds na egwuregwu Jenụwarị 14 megide Butler, ebe o mere 4 n'ime mgbalị 5 ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/geoff-groselle-1/gamelog/2014/|title=Geoffrey Groselle 2013-14 Game Log|work=sports-reference.com|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> Na asọmpi NCAA nke afọ 2014, Groselle gbara nkeji atọ n'oge egwuregwu March 23 megide Baylor, na-enweta akara atọ. Ọ na-enweta akara 1.5, 0.9 rebounds, 0.1 assists na 0.3 blocks karịa nkeji 3.3 n'egwuregwu ọ bụla. Groselle made his debut in the 2012–13 season: he received limited playing time, and recorded season highs of 4 points and 4 rebounds in the November 20 game against Longwood. Groselle also appeared in one game during the 2013 NCAA tournament, playing one minute against Duke on March 24.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/geoff-groselle-1/gamelog/2013/|title=Geoffrey Groselle 2012-13 Game Log|work=[[Sports-Reference.com]]|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> In 17 games, Groselle averaged 0.5 points, 0.7 rebounds and 0.1 assists per game in 2.8 minutes of playing time. Dị ka onye okenye, a họọrọ Groselle dị ka onye na-amalite, ma dekọọ mmalite 34 n'ime 35 pụtara. O dekọrọ ọkwa ọhụrụ nke 20 na UMass na Nọvemba 25, 2015, wee tinye okpukpu abụọ mbụ ya na 15 na 12 rebounds megide Loyola (Illinois) na Disemba 5. Na Disemba 21, Groselle nwetara akara 27 megide North Texas, na-agbapụ 8/9 site n'ọhịa na 11/14 site na akara efu. O weputara okpukpu abụọ megide DePaul (February 6), St. John's (Februory 28) na Alabama (March 15, nke mbụ ya na NIT). O nwetara akara 22 n'egwuregwu ikpeazụ ya na ndị otu ahụ megide BYU na Machị 22.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/geoff-groselle-1/gamelog/2016/|title=Geoffrey Groselle 2015-16 Game Log|work=sports-reference.com|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> Ọ nwetara akara 11.2, 6.1 rebounds, 0.4 assists na 1.3 blocks kwa egwuregwu na nkeji 21.2 na oge okenye ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basketball's Alexander & Groselle To Represent US in Pan Am Games|url=https://gocreighton.com/news/2019/6/18/mens-basketball-alexander-groselle-to-represent-us-in-pan-am-games.aspx|work=[[Creighton Bluejays]]|accessdate=July 21, 2020|date=June 18, 2019}}</ref> Groselle tinyere aka na ntụgharị nke otu ahụ n'oge obere oge ya. O weputara ọkwa ọhụrụ nke 15 na Nọvemba 25, 2014, megide Eastern Illinois, na-agbapụ 7/8 site n'ọhịa na nkeji 12. Ọ malitere egwuregwu mbụ ya na Jenụwarị 3, 2015, megide Georgetown, wee nweta akara 2 na nkeji 14. N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, o ji ihe iri na ise rụọ ọrụ ya ma dekọọ ọrụ ọhụrụ dị elu na rebounds na asaa megide Xavier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/geoff-groselle-1/gamelog/2015/|title=Geoffrey Groselle 2014-15 Game Log|work=sports-reference.com|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> Ọ meziwanyere akara rebounding megide Seton Hall na Febụwarị 28, na-ejide 8 rebounds. Groselle malitere 9 n'ime egwuregwu 31 ya na obere oge ya, na-enweta akara 5.4, 2.5 rebounds na 0.6 blocks na nkeji 12.3 kwa egwuregwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Pivovar|first=Stephen|title=Bluejay 7-footer Groselle plans to build on last season's late surge|url=https://omaha.com/sports/college/creighton/bluejay-7-footer-groselle-plans-to-build-on-last-season-s-late-surge/article_e2572482-c499-5d84-8aaf-6627598d3f4f.html|accessdate=July 21, 2020|work=[[Omaha World-Herald]]|date=October 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722075601/https://omaha.com/sports/college/creighton/bluejay-7-footer-groselle-plans-to-build-on-last-season-s-late-surge/article_e2572482-c499-5d84-8aaf-6627598d3f4f.html|archive-date=July 22, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ime afọ ise ọ nọrọ na Creighton, Groselle nwetara ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ, a gụnyere ya na Dean's List na ndị otu agụmakwụkwọ niile na MVC na Big East.<ref name="creighton"/> N'ime oge anọ ya na Bluejays, Groselle anwaghị otu akara atọ, na-arụ ọrụ naanị dị ka onye na-egwu n'etiti. == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Mgbe oge kachasị elu ya na Creighton Bluejays gasịrị, Groselle ruru eru maka draft NBA nke afọ 2016, ebe otu ọ bụla na-ahọrọghị ya. Groselle bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na Löwen Braunschweig nke Basketball Bundesliga na [[Jémanị|Germany]] na July 1, 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|language=de|url=https://www.neue-braunschweiger.de/ein-rookie-soll-unter-den-koerben-ackern/|title=Ein Rookie soll unter den Körben ackern|author=Matthies, Christoph|date=July 1, 2016|work=neue-braunschweiger.de|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> N'oge mbụ ya dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọkachamara, ọ gbara egwuregwu 32 niile, na-enweta akara 10.9, 6.2 rebounds, 0.8 assists na 1.2 blocks kwa egwuregwu na 22.6 nkeji: ndị otu ahụ jisiri ike zere relegation, na-emecha nke 16 n'ime ìgwè 18. Na Julaị 25, 2017, Groselle bịanyere aka na Eisbären Bremerhaven, otu ọzọ nke Bundesliga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bremerhaven.de/de/aktuelles/eisbaeren-verpflichten-geoffrey-groselle.60289.html|title=Eisbären verpflichten Geoffrey Groselle|date=July 25, 2017|language=de|work=bremerhaven.de|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> Na 2017-18 Basketball Bundesliga Groselle gbara egwuregwu 34 niile, na-etinye nkezi nke akara 11, 5.5 rebounds, 1.3 assists na 0.8 blocks na 21.9 nkeji kwa egwuregwu. Ọzọkwa, ndị otu ya zere ịpụ n'ọkwa maka akara abụọ, na-emecha nke iri na isii n'ime ndị otu iri na asatọ. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018 Groselle bịanyere aka na BC Astana nke VTB United League na Kazakhstan Basketball Championship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.sportando.basketball/it/cups/vtb-league/284311/geoffrey-groselle-agreed-to-a-deal-with-astana.html|title=Geoffrey Groselle agreed to a deal with Atana|work=sportando.basketball|date=August 2, 2018|accessdate=July 21, 2020|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721102501/http://archive.sportando.basketball/it/cups/vtb-league/284311/geoffrey-groselle-agreed-to-a-deal-with-astana.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ pụtara n'egwuregwu iri na isii na league nke ụlọ, na-etinye nkezi nke 14.1, 7.1 rebounds na 1.4 assists, wee merie aha league.<ref name="orleans">{{Cite news|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/Kazakhstan/news/591248/Geoffrey-Groselle-|title=Geoffrey Groselle (ex Astana) joins Orleans|work=[[Eurobasket.com]]|date=August 8, 2019|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> Na 2018-19 VTB United League, Groselle gbara egwuregwu 26 ma nweta akara 12.1, 5.7 rebounds, 1.5 assists na 0.9 blocks kwa egwuregwu karịa 26.6 nkeji nke oge egwuregwu: Astana ruru eru maka playoffs, n'oge Groselle gbara bọọlụ 3 niile na nkezi nke 11.7, 6.7 reboards na 2.7 assists kwa egwuregwu. Ndị otu ahụ meriri BC Khimki, 3-0. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2019 Groselle bịanyere aka na Orléans Loiret Basket, otu ndị otu [[France|French]] LNB Pro A. Ọ gbara egwuregwu 25 na klọb ọhụrụ ya, na-enweta akara 7.4, 5 rebounds na 0.6 assists na nkeji 19.2. Na June 25, 2020, Groselle hapụrụ Orléans wee bịanye aka na ndị otu Poland Stelmet Zielona Góra.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sportando.basketball/en/geoff-groselle-signs-with-stelmet-zielona-gora/|title=Geoff Groselle signs with Stelmet Zielona Gora|work=sportando.basketball|date=June 25, 2020|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> Na Julaị 21, 2021, ọ bịanyere aka na Fortitudo Bologna nke Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) na FIBA Basketball Champions League (BCL).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geoffrey Groselle è un nuovo giocatore della Fortitudo!|url=https://www.fortitudo103.it/geoffrey-groselle-e-un-nuovo-giocatore-della-fortitudo/|work=fortitudo103.it|date=21 July 2021|language=Italian|accessdate=27 September 2023|archivedate=26 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026072153/https://www.fortitudo103.it/geoffrey-groselle-e-un-nuovo-giocatore-della-fortitudo/}}</ref> Groselle nwetara akara 7.4 na 4.6 rebounds kwa egwuregwu. Na Febụwarị 14, 2022, a kọrọ na ọ bịanyere aka na s.Oliver Wuerzburg nke German easycredit BBL maka oge fọdụrụnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soliver-wuerzburg.de/news/newsdetails/doppel-neuzugang-fuer-die-wichtigste-phase-der-saison|title=Doppel-Neuzugang für die Wichtigste Phase der Saison}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Fortitudo Bologna jụrụ ịtọhapụ Groselle, na s.Oliver Wuerzburg tụlere ikpe megide onye nnọchi anya ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=s.Oliver Wurzburg officially signs Abdul-Malik Abu. Groselle stays in Fortitudo|url=https://sportando.basketball/en/s-oliver-wurzburg-officially-signs-abdul-malik-abu-groselle-stays-in-fortitudo/|work=Sportando|accessdate=February 17, 2022|date=February 17, 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ọ hapụrụ Fortitudo Bologna wee sonye na ndị otu Poland, Legia Warsaw.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koszykówka: Geoffrey Groselle nowym koszykarzem Legii Warszawa!|url=https://legia.com/koszykowka-geoffrey-groselle-nowym-koszykarzem-legii-warszawa/16165|accessdate=27 June 2022|language=pl|archivedate=7 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707073815/https://legia.com/koszykowka-geoffrey-groselle-nowym-koszykarzem-legii-warszawa/16165}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, ọ bịanyere aka na Zastal Zielona Góra nke Polish Basketball League maka oge nke abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.basketzg.pl/news/geoffrey-groselle-wraca-do-zielonej-gory|title=Geoffrey Groselle wraca do Zielonej Góry!|author=|first=|date=August 23, 2023|work=basketzg.pl|publisher=|language=pl|accessdate=September 23, 2023|archivedate=September 27, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210200/http://www.basketzg.pl/news/geoffrey-groselle-wraca-do-zielonej-gory}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị otu mba == Ed Cooley kpọrọ Groselle ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke ndị otu United States na 2019 Pan American Games na Lima, [[Peru]]. Ọ bụ onye kachasị okenye n'ime ndị otu ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na isii, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ egwuregwu abụọ na-eme nke ọma na Tyler Wideman: ndị ọzọ bụ ndị egwuregwu kọleji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wrsd.lima2019.pe/PAG2019/resPAG2019/pdf/PAG2019/BKB/PAG2019_BKB_C33_BKBMTEAM5-------------TEAMUSA1----C_USA.pdf|title=Team Roster - United States|publisher=Lima Organizing Committee for the 2019 Pan and Parapan American Games (COPAL).|accessdate=August 6, 2019|archivedate=August 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806170019/https://wrsd.lima2019.pe/PAG2019/resPAG2019/pdf/PAG2019/BKB/PAG2019_BKB_C33_BKBMTEAM5-------------TEAMUSA1----C_USA.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2019/06/big-east-finalists-announcement.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806170019/https://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2019/06/big-east-finalists-announcement.aspx|archivedate=August 6, 2019|title=Big East Announces Preliminary Roster for 2019 Pan American Games|first=|author=|date=June 18, 2019|accessdate=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Groselle weputara akara 18 na rebounds 10 na egwuregwu ọla nchara megide Dominican Republic.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gocreighton.com/news/2019/8/4/mens-basketball-team-usa-rallies-to-capture-pan-american-games-bronze-medal.aspx|title=Team USA Rallies To Capture Pan American Games Bronze Medal|work=gocreighton.com|accessdate=July 21, 2020|date=August 4, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na Dallas, Texas, nwa Robert na Toni Groselle, ma nwee ụmụnne nwoke abụọ na otu nwanne nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teamusa.org/usa-basketball/athletes/Geoffrey-Groselle|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126102814/https://www.teamusa.org/usa-basketball/athletes/Geoffrey-Groselle|archivedate=November 26, 2020|title=Geoffrey Groselle|work=teamusa.org|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref><ref name="creighton"/> Nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye Michael so ya gbaa bọọlụ na Plano West, ọ bụkwa onye egwuregwu nke Division I, nọrọ oge anọ na The Citadel n'etiti afọ 2009 na 2013.<ref name="creighton" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/mike-groselle-1.html|title=Mike Groselle College Stats|work=sports-reference.com|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/61115/geoffrey-groselle Akụkọ ọrụ na ProBallers.com] * [http://basketball.realgm.com/player/wd/Summary/30520 Profaịlụ na RealGM.com] * [https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/geoff-groselle-1.html Akụkọ kọleji na Sports-Reference.com] * [https://www.lnb.fr/fr/proa/joueurs/groselle-geoffrey-A100986.html Statistics nke French league] * [https://www.easycredit-bbl.de/de/statistiken/spieler/portraits/p/36219-geoffrey-groselle/ Statistics nke German league] {{Basket Zielona Góra current roster}}{{navboxes|list1={{PLK Season MVP}} {{United States Men Basketball Squad 2019 Pan American Games}}}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Groselle, Geoffrey}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2dv9gc1mk7d0jnfa3oe8fkerx5ohsq0 0 30610 737079 141632 2026-10-11T22:29:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Official portrait of Gareth Thomas crop 2.jpg|honorific-prefix=|name=Gareth Thomas|honorific-suffix=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]|office=[[Official Opposition frontbench|Shadow Minister for Trade]]{{efn|Known as Shadow Minister for International Trade from 2021 to 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://labour.org.uk/people/shadow-cabinet/|title=Labour's full frontbench|access-date=24 October 2022}}</ref>|leader=[[Keir Starmer]]|predecessor=[[Judith Cummins]]|term_start=10 April 2020|office1=Chair of the [[Co-Operative Party|Co-operative Party]]|caption=Official portrait, 2017|1blankname1=General Secretary|1namedata1=[[Peter Hunt (politician)|Peter Hunt]]<br /> [[Co-operative Party|Michael Stephenson]]<br />[[Co-operative Party|Karin Christiansen]]<br />[[Co-operative Party|Claire McCarthy]]|predecessor1=[[Co-operative Party|Jim Lee]]|term_start1=10 July 2001|term_end1=8 June 2019|successor1=[[Anna Turley]]|office2=[[Shadow Cabinet (UK)|Shadow Minister for Local Government]]|leader2=[[Jeremy Corbyn]]|successor2=[[Jim McMahon (politician)|Jim McMahon]]|term_start2=7 October 2016|term_end2=15 June 2017|office3=[[Minister of State for Europe|Shadow Minister for Europe]]|leader3=[[Ed Miliband]]|predecessor3=[[Emma Reynolds]]|successor3=[[Pat McFadden]]|term_start3=8 October 2013|term_end3=20 October 2014|office4=[[Minister for Civil Society|Shadow Minister for Civil Society]]|leader4=Ed Miliband|term_start4=7 October 2011|term_end4=7 October 2013|predecessor4=[[Roberta Blackman-Woods]]|successor4=[[Lisa Nandy]]|office5=[[Department for International Development|Minister of State for International Development]]|term_start5=3 October 2008|term_end5=13 May 2010|predecessor5=[[Hilary Benn]]|successor5=[[Alan Duncan]]|primeminister5=[[Gordon Brown]]|office6=[[Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform|Minister of State for Trade, Investment and Consumer Affairs]]|term_start6=3 October 2008|term_end6=5 June 2009|predecessor6=[[Digby Jones, Baron Jones of Birmingham|The Lord Jones of Birmingham]]|successor6=[[Mervyn Davies, Baron Davies of Abersoch|The Lord Davies of Abersoch]]|primeminister6=[[Gordon Brown]]|office7=[[Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform|Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Trade Policy and Consumer Affairs]]|term_start7=2 July 2007|term_end7=3 October 2008|predecessor7=''Position established''|successor7=[[Kevin Brennan (politician)|Kevin Brennan]]|primeminister7=[[Gordon Brown]]|office8=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] <br /> for [[Harrow West (UK Parliament constituency)|Harrow West]]|majority8=8,692 (18.1%)|predecessor8=[[Robert Gurth Hughes]]|successor8=|term_start8=1 May 1997|term_end8=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1967|07|15|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Harrow, London]], England|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=British|spouse=|party=[[Labour and Co-operative|Labour Co-op]]|relations=|children=|residence=|alma_mater=[[Aberystwyth University]]<br />[[King's College London]]|occupation=|profession=Politician|signature=|website={{URL|https://www.gareththomas.org.uk/}}|footnotes=|education=[[Hatch End High School]]}}{{Databox}} '''Gareth Richard Thomas''' (amụrụ na 15 Julaị 1967) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị British Labour onye jere ozi dị ka onye omeiwu (MP) maka Harrow West kemgbe 1997. Ọ bụ Minista Nchịkọta maka Azụmaahịa ugbu a n'ihu oche ndị mmegide. Thomas jere ozi dị ka Minista nke Mba maka Mmepe Mba Nile na Minista nke Steeti maka Azụmaahịa, Ntinye ego na Ihe Ndị Ahịa n'etiti afọ 2008 na 2010. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Co-operative Party site na 2001 ruo 2019, ma na-azọ ọkwa dị ka onye ọrụ na onye na-arụ ọrụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Thomas biri n'oge ọ bụ nwata na London Borough of Harrow, na-aga Hatch End High School na mgbe e mesịrị Lowlands College. O nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science (BsC) na Economics na Mahadum Aberystwyth, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1988. O mechara nweta PGCE na Thames Polytechnic iji bụrụ onye nkuzi, nke ọ gụsịrị na 1992. N'afọ 1996, ọ gụrụ maka nzere Master of Arts (MA) na Imperial na Commonwealth Studies na King's College London. == Ọrụ omeiwu == A họpụtara Thomas na mbụ ka ọ nọchite anya Harrow West na ntuli aka nke afọ 1997 mgbe ọ meriri onye Conservative nọ n'ọkwa, Robert Hughes, na ọtụtụ vootu 1,240 .<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC NEWS &#124; VOTE 2001 &#124; RESULTS & CONSTITUENCIES &#124; Harrow West|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/results_constituencies/constituencies/303.stm|work=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote odeakwụkwọ nke steeti na Ngalaba Mmepe Mba Nile n'afọ 2003. N'otu afọ ahụ, Thomas mere mgbalị mbụ iji machibido ịṅụ sịga na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ site na Iwu Ndị Omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Smoking ban passes first test|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2947765.stm|accessdate=29 March 2015|publisher=BBC|date=14 April 2003}}</ref> Mgbe mgbanwe nke June 2007 gasịrị, Thomas nọgidere na International Development ebe ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke Ngalaba ọhụrụ maka Azụmaahịa, Azụmalite na Mgbanwe Nchịkwa, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Iwu Azụmabe na Ihe Ndị Ahịa. O nwere ọrụ nke ịhazi iwu azụmahịa n'etiti ngalaba abụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/aboutus/ministerialteam/page40241.html|title=Gareth R Thomas MP|accessdate=21 September 2008|publisher=[[Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014154427/http://www.berr.gov.uk/aboutus/ministerialteam/page40241.html|archivedate=14 October 2008}}</ref> N'ịgbaso mgbanwe Gordon Brown nke 3 Ọktoba 2008, e buliri Thomas ka ọ bụrụ Minista nke Steeti na ngalaba abụọ ahụ, na-ewere ọfịs nke Azụmaahịa, Ntinye ego na Ihe Ndị Ahịa. Na June 2009 rehuffle e wepụrụ DBERR, na-ahapụ Thomas ka ọ gaa n'ihu na ọrụ ya naanị na International Development, na ọrụ maka ihe gbasara ndị ahịa na-agafe Kevin Brennan. [[Usòrò:Gareththomas.jpg|thumb|Thomas na-enyere aka ịkpụ mkpụrụ osisi maka onyinye nye ụlọ ọgwụ dị n'ógbè ahụ na 2008.]] N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2010, a họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka onye omeiwu maka Harrow West na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu (dabere na nsonaazụ a na-amaghị ama na 2005). Ọ bụ Minista Nchịkọta maka agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na sayensị site n'October 2010 ruo October 2011, Minista Nkọwapụtara maka Civil Society site n'Ọktoba 2011 ruo Ọktoba 2013, Minista Nkwupụta maka Europe site na Machị 2013 ruo Ọkቶ 2014, mgbe ahụ Minista Nnyocha maka Africa na Middle East site n'ọnwa Ọktobe 2014 ruo Machị 2015. Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2015 onye na-azọ ọkwa onye otu Conservative Party bụ Hannah David mere mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama site na Labour gaa na Conservatives, na-ebelata ihe ka ọtụtụ ya ruo 2,208. Thomas nwetara nsonaazụ ntuli aka kachasị njọ ruo ugbu a na ntuli aka 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000732|title=Harrow West parliamentary constituency – Election 2015 – BBC News|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref> Na ntuli aka nke European Union nke afọ 2016, Thomas mere mkpọsa maka UK ka ọ nọgide na-abụ onye otu European Union (EU) ma na-akwado United Kingdom ka ọ bụrụ onye otu EU.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gareth Thomas MP, Harrow West|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/10594/gareth_thomas/harrow_west/divisions?policy=6761|accessdate=2020-08-21|work=TheyWorkForYou|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614104806/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/10594/gareth_thomas/harrow_west/divisions?policy=6761|archive-date=2023-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thomas kwadoro Owen Smith na ntuli aka ndị isi Labour Party nke afọ 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/mps-nominating-owen-smith-labour-8451186|title=Which MPs are nominating Owen Smith in the Labour leadership contest?|author=Smith|first=Mikey|date=20 July 2016|work=Mirror|accessdate=10 November 2018}}</ref> Mgbe a họpụtara Jeremy Corbyn ọzọ dị ka onye ndú Labour, Thomas bụ otu n'ime ndị omeiwu Labour mbụ laghachiri n'ihu oche, dị ka Minista onyinyo maka Gọọmentị Obodo ruo June 2017. N'afọ 2017, o vootu megide iwu na-enye gọọmentị ohere ịmalite mkparịta ụka banyere ịpụ na EU site na izipu ọkwa edemede 50 na EU; n'ime nke a, ọ kwụsịrị ụtarị nke pati ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/article-50-parliament-mps-vote-brexit-theresa-may-eu-negotiations-labour-conservative-how-voted-a7558291.html|title=Article 50 Brexit vote: Full list of MPs who backed Theresa May starting official EU negotiations - and those who voted against|author=Batchelor|first=Tom|date=1 February 2017|work=The Independent}}</ref> Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2017 na 2019, a họpụtara Thomas ọzọ dị ka onye omeiwu nke Harrow West na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke 13,314 na 8,692 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000732|title=Harrow West parliamentary constituency - Election 2019|work=BBC News|accessdate=2020-04-28|language=en-GB}}</ref> Thomas haziri ngosi mahadum mbụ nke Harrow na Whitmore High School na 2016, na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere iso mahadum ndị na-eduga na UK na mba ofesi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Students can talk to the top universities in the country at university fair|url=https://www.harrowtimes.co.uk/news/18249372.whitmore-high-school-hosts-university-fair-future-students/|accessdate=2020-08-21|work=Harrow Times|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme ihe omume ahụ kwa afọ kemgbe ahụ, n'ihi ihe ịga nke ọma ya, a haziri ihe ngosi ọrụ ọzọ maka ngwụcha afọ 2020. N'afọ 2020, Thomas kwuru na onye ndu Labour ọzọ "kwesịrị ikwenye na ha agaghị akwado ime ka ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na ike bụrụ nke mba", na-azọrọ na a chụpụrụ ndị na-eme ntụli aka ịtụ vootu Labour n'ihi na ha ekwenyeghị na nkwa ndị a nwere ike inye n'akụkụ arịrịọ maka ime ka ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Royal Mail bụrụ nke mba, nke Thomas na-akwado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gareth Thomas: Labour should drop water and energy nationalisation|url=https://www.gareththomas.org.uk/news/2020/02/07/gareth-thomas-labour-should-drop-water-and-energy-nationalisation/|work=Gareth Thomas MP}}</ref> Thomas kwadoro Emily Thornberry na asọmpi ndị isi ọrụ nke afọ 2020. Ọ na-eje ozi n'ihu oche ndị mmegide dị ka Minista Nchịkọta maka Azụmaahịa Mba Nile kemgbe Eprel 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary career for Gareth Thomas - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament|url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/177/career|accessdate=2020-08-21|work=members.parliament.uk|language=en}}</ref> == 2016 Onye isi obodo London bid == N'afọ 2015, Thomas chọrọ ịghọ onye na-azọ ọkwa onye otu Labour Party na ntuli aka 2016 maka onye isi obodo nke London, na-enweta nhọpụta zuru ezu iji mee ka ọ bụrụ ndị ikpeazụ isii a họpụtara maka onye na-achọ ịbụ onye isi obodo. Ọ mechiri n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ na ntuli aka ikpeazụ nke pati ahụ, ebe Sadiq Khan ghọrọ onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi obodo nke Labour.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Stone|first=Jon|date=15 May 2015|title=Labour MP Gareth Thomas joins the race to be his party's London Mayor candidate|work=Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-mp-gareth-thomas-joins-the-race-to-be-his-partys-london-mayor-candidate-10253760.html|accessdate=14 July 2015}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{notelist}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Gareth Thomas (English politician)|Gareth Thomas}}{{s-start}} {{s-par|uk}} {{s-bef|before=[[Robert Hughes (Conservative politician)|Robert Hughes]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Harrow West (UK Parliament constituency)|Harrow West]]|years=[[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]]–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-off}} {{succession box|before=[[Digby Jones, Baron Jones of Birmingham|Lord Jones]] <br><small>(Resigned from post)</small>|title=[[Minister of State]] at the [[Department for International Development]]|years=2008–2010|after=[[Alan Duncan]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{succession box|title=Chair of the [[Co-operative Party]]|years=2001 &ndash; 2019|before=Jim Lee|after=[[Anna Turley]]}} {{s-end}}{{Labour Party London mayoral selection, 2015}}{{Labour Party shadow cabinet election, 2010}}{{London Labour Party MPs}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0mbbm8msdkv5fnrassmr2fy04xph1ez 0 31353 737081 721389 2026-10-11T23:04:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} George Adesola Oguntade (CFR, CON) (amụrụ March 10, 1940), bụ onye ọkaiwu Naijiria lara ezumike nka bụ onye jere ozi dịka ọkaikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Nigeria site na Mee 19, 2004 ruo Mee 10, 2010 ma bụrụ onye isi kọmishọna Naijiria na United Kingdom.  [1] [2].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/11/29/justice-oguntade-decries-low-standard-of-court-judgments/|title=Justice Oguntade Decries Low Standard Of Court Judgments|work=[[P.M. News]]|date=29 November 2013|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/04/justice-oguntade-celebrates-at-70/|title=Justice Oguntade Celebrates at 70|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|author=Suleiman|first=Yemisi|date=18 April 2010|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ya == A mụrụ George Oguntade na Epe, Legọs steeti ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ.  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Holborn College of Law na 1964 ka ọ gụchara iwu tupu ọ gawa ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu nke Naijiria na 1965 ma mesịa kpọọ ya na Nigerian Bar na Jenụwarị 15, 1966.[1]..<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hallmarksoflabour.org/citations/honourable-justice-george-adesola-oguntade-cfr/|title=HONOURABLE JUSTICE GEORGE ADESOLA OGUNTADE, CFR|work=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation|accessdate=6 April 2016|archive-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330225001/http://hallmarksoflabour.org/citations/honourable-justice-george-adesola-oguntade-cfr/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya == Oguntade malitere ọrụ iwu ya dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe na High Court of Justice, Ibadan na na September 1980 ka a họpụtara ya onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Elu Lagos ka o tinyechara aka na omume iwu nke onwe na Lagos Bar maka afọ 14.[1].  N'agbata Septemba 1987-May 2004, George jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche ikpe maka ọtụtụ Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị State na Nigeria ruo mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka ikpe ziri ezi nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Nigeria na May 19, 2004.[1][2][3].<ref name="nglaw">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nglawdigestevents.com/speakers/justice-george-oguntada-cfr-retire-justice-of-the-supreme-court/|title=JUSTICE GEORGE OGUNTADE, CFR, JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT (RTD)|work=Law Digest Events|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/043.html|title=Obasanjo forwards four nominees for RMAFC, Supreme Court justice to Senate|work=National News|publisher=Biafra Nigeria World|author=Ojeifo|first=Sufuyan|date=3 March 2004|accessdate=6 April 2016|archive-date=28 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328012202/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/mar/03/043.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200403030141.html|title=Nigeria: S'Court: Obasanjo Presents Oguntade, Akinto to Senate|work=[[Thisday|ThisDay Newspaper]]|publisher=allAfrica|author=Ologbondiyan|first=Kola|date=3 March 2004|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwetagoro afọ ezumike nká nke iwu nke afọ 70, George Oguntade lara ezumike nká na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na May 10, 2010.[1]  Na Septemba 16, 2015, Akinwunmi Ambode họpụtara George onye Chancellor nke Lagos State University Governing Council.[2][3]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/09/ambode-appoints-governing-councils-for-tertiary-institutions/|title=Ambode appoints governing councils for tertiary institutions|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|author=Abayomi|first=John|date=16 September 2015|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theunion.com.ng/news/ambode-appoints-governing-council-for-lasu-others/|title=Ambode Appoints Governing Council For LASU, Others|work=The Union|author=Ukudolo|first=Emmanuel|date=17 September 2015|accessdate=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415091127/http://theunion.com.ng/news/ambode-appoints-governing-council-for-lasu-others/|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> George Oguntade weghara ọrụ nke High Commissioner nke Federal Republic of Nigeria na United Kingdom na 9th October, 2017. == Onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù == * Onye isi nke Order of the Niger - 2010 * Onye isi nke Federal Republic - 2010 == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=George Oguntade|title=Dissenting Judgments and Judicial Law Making|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctzTjgEACAAJ|year=2009|isbn=978-978-8407-07-2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oguntade, George}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5b9h7nrkco8z3zfcwfs9wpyxiliohi2 0 32073 737045 186227 2026-10-11T14:14:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dominic Ignatius Ekandem {{Audio|Ig-Dominic Ignatius Ekandem.ogg|audio}} listen (help·info) (1917 – 24 Nọvemba, 1995) bụ onye Kadịnal Naijiria bụ onye Kadịnal nke jere ozi dị ka Archbishọp nke Abuja site na 1989 rue 1992. Ọ bụ bishọp maka nke na-akwado Afrịka mbụ n'ihi ihe.  mere eme.  Ọ ntọala otu Missionary Society of Saint Paul of Nigeria (MSP). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Founder|url=https://www.catholic-church.org/~mspnigeria/public_html//founder.htm|accessdate=2021-04-18|work=www.catholic-church.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516160100/https://www.catholic-church.org/~mspnigeria/public_html/founder.htm|archive-date=2025-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>Onye si Akwa Ibom tupu steeti, Ekandem gara ọtụtụ seminarị ndị mmadụ na-akpa àgwà.  Echiri ya echichi na 7 Disemba 1947, ma bụrụ onye mbụ sitere na mpaghara Calabar ochie.  mbụ mbụ dị ka bishọp bụ onye inyeaka Calabar site na 1953 ruo 1963. Ọ bụ Bishọp nke Ikot Ekpene site na 1963 ruo 1981;  N’oge ahụ, n’Eprel 1976, a hụrụ ya kadịnal.  Ọ ikpe Ecclesiastical Superior nke Abuja, ma mgbe Abuja ekiri Archdiocese na 1989, ọ ịta Archbishọp ya ( aha nkeonwe) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 9x9b9riz17zdzrfbz1t20lxe6t5ntd8 0 32595 737109 736845 2026-10-12T11:24:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=José Luis Cuevas|image=José Luis Cuevas 2011.jpg|caption=Luis Cuevas in 2011|birth_name=|birth_date=February 26, 1934|birth_place=Mexico City, Mexico|death_date=July 3, 2017 (aged 83)|death_place=Mexico City, Mexico|nationality=Mexican|occupation=painter, illustrator, printmaker, sculptor, writer|movement=[[Modernism]],<br> [[Neo-figurative|Neo-figurativism]],<br> [[Mexican muralism]]|awards=[[National Prize for Arts and Sciences]] of Fine Arts (1981)|website=[http://www.joseluiscuevas.com.mx Official website]}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''José Luis Cuevas''' (February 26, 1934 &#x2D; July 3, 2017) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Mexico, ọ na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ise ihe, onye edemede, onye na-ede ihe, onye na'ese ihe, onye eserese, na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ. Cuevas bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-ama ndị na-ahụ maka muralism na Mexico aka n'oge ahụ dị ka onye ama ama nke Generación de la Ruptura (English: Breakaway Generation). Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya, nke ụdị ya na mmetụta ya na-ejikọta n'akụkụ gbara ọchịchịrị nke ndụ, na-egosipụtakarị ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ na mmebi nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ. Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye na-ese okwu n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụghị naanị maka ihe oyiyi ya na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ, kamakwa maka mmegide ya na ndị edemede na ndị na-ese ihe ọ na-eche na ha na-ekere òkè na nrụrụ aka ma ọ bụ na-emepụta naanị maka ego. N'afọ 1992, e meghere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie José Luis Cuevas n'etiti akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mexico City na-ejide ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nka nke onwe ya. Nwa nwa ya Alexis de Chaunac bụ onye na-ese ihe n'oge a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanidades.com/estilo-de-vida/exposicion-mala-sangre-bestiario-de-alexis-de-chaunac-en-veracruz/|title=Se inaugura en Veracruz la exposición Mala Sangre / Bestiario de Alexis de Chaunac|work=vanidades.com|accessdate=2020-08-02}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ bụ nwata === A mụrụ José Luis Cuevas na Febụwarị 26, 1934, n'ezinụlọ nọ n'etiti na Mexico City. A mụrụ ya n'elu ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ na pensụl nke nna nna ya, Adalberto Cuevas.<ref name="biografia"/><ref name="sjsu"/> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, ọ malitere ịmụ ihe na National School of Painting and Sculpture "La Esmeralda", ọ malitekwara ise ihe osise na akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ. <ref name="sjsu">{{Cite web|url=http://gallery.sjsu.edu/mexican_amerixan_tradition/muralists/cuevas.html|title=Jose Luis Cuevas|publisher=San José State University Digital Art Lobby|accessdate=June 2, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201143020/http://gallery.sjsu.edu/mexican_amerixan_tradition/muralists/cuevas.html|archivedate=December 1, 2012|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. San José State University Digital Art Lobby. Archived from on December 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref>Otú ọ dị, a manyere ya ịhapụ ọmụmụ ya na 1946 mgbe ọ butere Ọrịa rheumatic fever. Ọrịa ahụ hapụrụ ya n'àkwà ruo afọ abụọ. N'oge a, ọ mụtara ọrụ ịkpụ ihe nke Lola Cueto nke Mexico City College kụziiri.<ref name="sjsu" /> === Ọrụ mmalite === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ gbazitere ohere n'okporo ámá Donceles iji mee ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ kama ịlaghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihi na ahụike ya na-adịghị mma pụtara na ọ maghị ogologo oge ọ ga-adị ndụ. O kpebiri na ọ ga-aka mma itinye onwe ya na nka ya. Cuevas mụtara otu esi agba ịnyịnya na ịkpa nkata maka ego. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe osise maka The News, n'agbanyeghị enweghị ọzụzụ, ọ kụziri klas ''Akụkọ'' nka na Coronet Hall Institute. <ref name="entrevista"/><ref name="biografia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.joseluiscuevas.com.mx/biografia.html|title=Cronología biográfica|publisher=José Luis Cuevas Museum|language=es|accessdate=June 2, 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.joseluiscuevas.com.mx/biografia.html "Cronología biográfica"] &#x5B;Biographical chronology&#x5D; (in Spanish). Mexico City: José Luis Cuevas Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref>Otu akụkụ nke ọzụzụ ya bụ ohere ileta ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka La Castaneda ebe nwanne ya nwoke na-arụ ọrụ iji dọta ndị ọrịa. === Ọgbọ nke Nkwụsị === A na-akọwa Cuevas mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye efu, onye ụgha na hypochondriac, nke na-arịa ọrịa na ọnwụ, ọkachasị nke ya. <ref name="entrevista">{{Cite news|title=Entrevista/ Jose Luis Cuevas/ El ombligo de Cuevas|first=Silvia|author=Cherem S|work=Reforma|date=May 28, 2000|page=1|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCherem_S2000">Cherem S, Silvia (May 28, 2000). "Entrevista/ Jose Luis Cuevas/ El ombligo de Cuevas" &#x5B;Interview/Jose Luis Cuevas/The navel of Cuevas&#x5D;. ''Reforma'' (in Spanish). Mexico City. p.&nbsp;1.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref>Onye edemede René Avilés Fabila kwuru n'otu oge na "Ịhụnanya kasịnụ nke José Luis Cuevas bụ José Luis Cuavas, n'ihi na ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe hụrụ onwe ya n'anya karịa ọrụ ya. "Ihe kpatara nke a bụ na o meela ọtụtụ foto onwe ya nke na ọ dị ka inwe ọtụtụ enyo. <ref name="lsanchez">{{Cite news|title=Jose Luis Cuevas, enamorado de si mismo|first=Leticia|author=Sanchez|work=Reforma|date=May 23, 1997|page=1|language=es}}</ref>Cuevas kwuru na ya ekwenyeghị na ọ bụ ihe efu ma kwuo na echiche ahụ malitere na 1955 mgbe o kpebiri iwere foto onwe ya kwa ụbọchị, nke ọ nọgidere na-eme ruo ọgwụgwụ ndụ ya. <ref name="entrevista" />Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese foto nke oge a na Mexico. <ref name="ftoledo"/>Otu akụkọ na-enweghị isi na-ekwu na ọ gara "ụlọ ndị akwụna" ebe ha na-akpụ akpụ ma na-akpọrọ ndị ahịa.   Akụkọ ọzọ na-akọwa ya na nwanyị dị afọ 70 aha ya bụ Gloria onye ọ nwara ịrata na onye ọzọ nke Marlene Dietrich tụbara onwe ya n'ebe ọ nọ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup><ref name="entrevista" />O kwetara na ọ bụ onye na-atụ ụjọ na onye na-agbachitere onwe ya, na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ịbụ onye a tụbara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.   O kwuru na Julio Scherer García bụ onye iro maka itinye aka n'ọrụ edemede ya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>Ya na onye na-ese ihe Rufino Tamayo nwekwara esemokwu. <ref name="entrevista" />O kwuru na José Chávez Morado, Guillermo González Camarena na "Frente Popular de Artes Plasticas" na-enwere ya anyaụfụ nakwa na ha boro ya ebubo na ya na CIA na-arụ ọrụ n'afọ ndị 1950 mgbe ọ na-achọ ndị omenkà. <ref name="entrevista" />Ọbụna n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, o mere nsọpụrụ site na imeghe ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ya nye ndị enyi ya niile mana ndị ọ na-ewere dị ka ndị iro anaghị ekwe ka ha banye.<ref name="taibo">{{Cite journal|author=Taibo I|first=Pace Ignacio|date=September 1994|title=The Museo Jose Luis Cuevas|journal=Americas|volume=46|issue=5}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1960, ọ gara [[Morocco]] ịmụ nka [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]], izute onye na-ese ihe Francis Bacon na Tangier. <ref name="biografia"/>Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke mgbe nne ya nwụsịrị n'afọ ndị 1970. <ref name="entrevista"/>Site na 1976 ruo 1979, ọ "gbapụrụ onwe ya", hapụ Mexico gaa France, na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ dị iche iche, serigraphs na lithographs maka mbipụta. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Mexico, o gosipụtara ihe ngosi "José Luis Cuevas. El regreso de otro hijo pródigo." (José Luis Fuevas. Nlaghachi nke nwa ọzọ na-enweghị ego).<ref name="biografia" /><ref name="entrevista" /> N'agbanyeghị amụma ya na ọ ga-adị ndụ ruo ihe karịrị otu narị n'ihi na ọgụgụ tarot dị iche iche gwara ya, Cuevas nwụrụ na July 3, 2017, na Mexico City mgbe ọ dị afọ 83.<ref>{{Cite news|language=es|work=El Paīs|date=4 July 2017|title=Muere el artista mexicano José Luis Cuevas|author=DAVID MARCIAL PÉREZ|url=https://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2017/07/04/actualidad/1499123052_291713.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|language=es|publisher=BBC Mundo|date=4 July 2017|title=Muere el artista plástico mexicano José Luis Cuevas, el líder de la "Generación de la Ruptura"|author=Alberto Nájar|url=http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-40490276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexican-painter-jose-luis-cuevas-dies-83-48426060|title=Mexican painter Jose Luis Cuevas dies at 83|publisher=ABC News|date=3 July 2017}}</ref> == Alụmdi na nwunye == [[Usòrò:Bertha Riestra de Cuevas 1982.jpg|thumb|Bertha Riestra de Cuevas, 1982]] [[Usòrò:José Luis Cuevas Novelo 1984.png|thumb|José Luis Cuevas, ngosi na Galeria de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público, Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México, 1984.]] Cuevas lụrụ nwunye mbụ ya, Bertha Riestra, na 1961. <ref name="biografia"/>Ọ zutere Bertha n'ụlọ ọgwụ La Castaneda mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ na-arụ ọrụ obodo na eserese. Nne na nna ya abịaghị agbamakwụkwọ ahụ n'ihi na ha anabataghị ya ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe. <ref name="entrevista"/>N'agbanyeghị na ọ lụrụ di, ọ nwetara aha dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike, nke a na-akpọ "gato macho" (nwoke nwamba) ma ọ bụ onye na-eduhie ụmụ nwanyị, nke o ji mee ihe iji kwalite onwe ya. <ref name="entrevista" />N'otu akwụkwọ akụkọ Mexico City nke o dere, o kwuru na ya nwere ihe karịrị 650 mmekọahụ. <ref name="entrevista" />Ọ na-ekwu na e kweghị ka Bertha nwee otu nnwere onwe ahụ nakwa na ọ maghị banyere ihe omume ya n'agbanyeghị ihe odide ya banyere ha. <ref name="entrevista" />Ya na Bertha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, Mariana, Ximena na María Jose. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gutiérrez|first=Laura G.|title=Reframing the Retablo : Mexican Feminist Critical Practice in Ximena Cuevas' Corazon Sangrante|journal=Feminist Media Studies|date=14 December 2010|volume=1|issue=1|pages=73–90|doi=10.1080/14680770120042873}}</ref>N'afọ 2000, Berta Riestra, nwunye ya na, n'oge ahụ, onye nduzi nke José Luis Cuevas Museum, nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa ara na leukemia. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ zutere Beatriz del Carmen Bazán, onye ọ lụrụ na 2003 na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.<ref name="biografia" /><ref name="entrevista" /> Cuevas na nwunye ya bi na mpaghara San Ángel nke Mexico City. E wuru ụlọ ahụ maka Cuevas n'afọ ndị 1970 site n'aka ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Abraham Zabludovsky na Teodoro González de León n'ụdị na-echetara Luis Barragán. Mgbidi ndị ahụ bụ ụcha na-acha ntụ ntụ na ahịrị kwụ ọtọ. Ihe dị n'ime ya bụ minimalist na ihe osise nke onye na-ese ihe na mgbidi na oche osisi na akwa Mexico. Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ahụ dị ọcha ma dị n'usoro, oghere a raara nye dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ ihe na-adịghị mma, jupụtara na akwụkwọ, ígwè ọrụ ochie, onyokomita, enyo, ọtụtụ foto na ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name="ftoledo">{{Cite news|title=Jose Luis Cuevas: En la cueva de Cuevas|first=Fernando|author=Toledo|work=Reforma|date=December 21, 1995|page=4|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFToledo1995">Toledo, Fernando (December 21, 1995). "Jose Luis Cuevas: En la cueva de Cuevas" &#x5B;Jose Luis Cuevas: In the cave of Cuevas&#x5D;. ''Reforma'' (in Spanish). Mexico City. p.&nbsp;4.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Ihe ngosi == [[Usòrò:CourtyardJLCMuseumDF.JPG|thumb|Ogige nke José Luis Cuevas Museum na "La Giganta"]] N'ime ọrụ nke gafere ihe karịrị afọ iri asaa, Cuevas bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye edemede, onye na-ede ihe, onye na'ese ihe, na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ. <ref name="sjsu"/><ref name="rendiran">{{Cite news|title=Rendirán homenaje al artista plástico José Luis Cuevas|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/832149.html|work=El Universal|date=February 23, 2012|accessdate=June 2, 2012|language=es}}</ref>E nweela ihe ngosi onwe onye na ọrụ Cuevas na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na gallery n'ụwa niile. <ref name="rogallery"/>Ihe ngosi mbụ ya bụ mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ iri na anọ na Seminario Axiologico mana ọ dịghị onye bịara, ọrụ ndị ahụ si na mgbidi pụta ma gaa n'ihu. <ref name="sjsu" /><ref name="entrevista"/>Ihe ngosi mbụ ya nke ọma bụ na Galería Prisse nke Mexico City na 1953, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu. <ref name="biografia"/><ref name="sjsu" />N'afọ 1954, ọ zutere onye nkatọ Jose Gomez-Sicre onye kpọrọ ya ka ọ gosipụta na Panamerican Union na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. <ref name="biografia" />Oge a, ihe ngosi mbụ ya na US, rere n'abalị mmeghe ma mee ka ọ gbaa Time na Washington Post ajụjụ ọnụ, nke kpọrọ ya "nwa nwoke ọlaedo", na-emeghe ọnụ ụzọ ma na-enyere aka ire ihe osise ya. <ref name="entrevista" />N'afọ 1955, o sonyere na Salón de Arte Libre nke mbụ nke Galería Proteo haziri, ebe ọ zutere David Alfaro Siqueiros. N'ime afọ ndị fọdụrụnụ na 1950, o gosipụtara na Havana, Caracas, Lima na Buenos Aires, ebe ọ zutere Jorge Luis Borges.<ref name="biografia" /> N'afọ 1960, o gosipụtara na David Herbert Gallery, Oge NY Times jiri ya tụnyere Picasso. N'afọ 1961, abụọ n'ime ọrụ ya na Galería del L'Oblisco na Rom, Los Funerales de un Dictador na La Caída de Franco kpatara esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Spain nke rịọrọ ka ewepụ ihe oyiyi ahụ. N'afọ 1962, o gosipụtara usoro ọrụ ndị dabeere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Tilman Riemenschneider ọ hụrụ na Munich. Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ Cuevas gosipụtara site n'oge a gụnyere otu na Silvan Simone Gallery na 1967.<ref name="biografia"/> N'ime afọ ndị 1970, o gosipụtara foto onwe ya 72 na Centro Cultural Universitario na UNAM, ma gosipụta ọrụ ndị ọzọ na San Francisco Museum of Art, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo na Caracas, Phoenix Art Museum, Musee d'Art Moderne na Paris na Museo de Arte Moderno na Mexico City. <ref name="biografia"/>N'afọ 1976, o nwere ụmụ nwanyị anọ egbugbu na atụmatụ mbụ nke ya, ka nka ahụ "ga-etolite na ya" Nke a n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na egbugbu bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na Mexico n'oge ahụ. <ref name="entrevista"/>N'afọ 1979, Jose Luis gosipụtara ihe osise mmiri 50 na ihe osise tinyere akwụkwọ ozi ndị e sere na Tasende Gallery, La Jolla, California. N'afọ 1981, ọ meghere ihe ngosi "Signs of Life" nke nwere karama nwere ọbara ọcha ya na electrocardiogram e weere mgbe ọ na-enwe mmekọahụ. O kwuru na broshuọ nke ihe ngosi ahụ na ọ ga-etinye ime nwanyị ọ bụla rịọrọ ya ime otú ahụ, mana Secretaría de Gobernación mere ka o wepụ broshuọ ahụ n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dị ka omume ịgba akwụna. <ref name="entrevista"/>N'afọ 1982, ụlọ ngosi iri na anọ dị na Mexico City, Barcelona, Paris na ndị ọzọ nwere ihe ngosi nke "Marzo. Mes de José Luis Cuevas" ("March. Month of Jose Luis Cueves.") Site na 1984 ruo 1988, usoro ihe osise 50 buru ibu a na-akpọ "Intolerance" gara mahadum na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na US, [[Kánada|Canada]], Mexico na Europe. Ihe osise ndị a sitere na onyinye Jose Tasende nyere Cuevas nke akwụkwọ "The Witches' Advocate" nke Gustav Henningsen. <ref name="biografia"/>N'afọ 1985, ya na Henry Moore na Eduardo Chillida gosipụtara na ngosi Figure Space Image na Tasende Gallery, La Jolla, California. A na-egosipụta akwụkwọ ozi ndị o degaara onye na-ere ahịa ya JM Tasende n'oge ọ na-esi na Mexico na Tasende Gallery tupu ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. N'afọ 1991, "Celebrating 25 Years with Jose Luis Cuevas" meghere na Tasende Gallery, La Jolla. O mepụtara ihe osise Talavera nke e debere na Mpaghara Rosa Rosa na 1995. N'afọ 1997, o gosipụtara na Tasende Gallery, West Hollywood, California. N'afọ 1998, o gosipụtara "Retrospectiva de Dibujo y Escultura" na Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía. N'afọ 1999, Pablo Picasso Foundation gosipụtara ihe ngosi "José Luis Cuevas. Ọrụ eserese".<ref name="biografia"/> N'afọ 2001, o nyere obodo Colima ihe a tụrụ atụ a na-akpọ "Figura Obscena" (Obscene Figure). Ihe a a tụrụ atụ ghọrọ etiti ihe ihere na 2006. <ref name="biografia"/>Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ sitere na afọ 2000 gụnyere na 2005 "Jose Luis Cuevas na Drawing and Sculpture" na Latin American Art Museum na Long Beach, California. "Ihe osise na Watercolors ahọpụtara" Tasende Gallery, West Hollywood, California. N'afọ 2006, o meghere Paseo Escultórico Nezahualcóyotl na ihe a tụrụ atụ aha ya bụ nwunye ya nke a na-akpọ "Carmen". Retrospective Exhibition na Museum of the Palace of Fine Arts na Mexico City n'afọ 2008. "Exposición Siameses 50 Años de la Plástica del Maestro José Luis Cuevas" na 2009 na 2011 na "Dibujo y Escultura" na 2010. Ọ gara n'ihu na-egosipụta ọrụ ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọkachasị na Mexico.<ref name="biografia" /> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == [[Usòrò:José Luis Cuevas 1984.jpg|thumb|José Luis Cuevas]] Ka ọ na-erule afọ iri na anọ, Cuevas sere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ. <ref name="rogallery">{{Cite web|url=http://rogallery.com/cuevas_jose_luis/cuevas-biography.htm|title=José Luis Cuevas biography|publisher=Ro Gallery|accessdate=June 2, 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://rogallery.com/cuevas_jose_luis/cuevas-biography.htm "José Luis Cuevas biography"]. Ro Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref>N'afọ 1957, ọ gara Philadelphia iji gosipụta akwụkwọ "The World of Kafka and Cuevas" maka Falcon Prest Publishers. <ref name="biografia"/>Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ọ malitere ide ihe gbasara ọdịbendị maka mbipụta Novedades de México, ebe ọ zoro aka na ndị na-ese ihe n'oge ahụ dị ka Diego Rivera dị ka "cortina del nopal" (Nopal Cactus Curtain) ma kwado maka nnwere onwe nka ka ukwuu. Nkà ihe ọmụma a kpaliri ntọala na 1960 nke otu Nueva Presencia, nke ọ sonyeere maka oge dị mkpirikpi. Ìgwè ahụ kwalitere ngosipụta onwe onye na nka ihe atụ nke na-egosipụta ọnọdụ mmadụ nke oge a.<ref name="biografia" /><ref name="rogallery" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rh36lawbm5cjmv8si1jm62uvvlrb3je 0 32779 737059 736826 2026-10-11T17:44:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737059 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Elvira Devinamira</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Elvira_Devinamira_The_Best_of_Ini_Talkshow.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Miss Universe Indonesia 2014, Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti na Ini Talkshow, [[NET (Indonesian TV network)|NET TV]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"><span class="nowrap">Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti</span></div><br /><span style="display:none"> </span> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1993-06-28</span>)</span> 28 June 1993 (afọ 30) <br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Surabaya]], East Java[[East Java|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Java]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Airlangga University|Mahadum Airlangga]]<ref name="Law Degree (1)">{{cite web|url=http://news.unair.ac.id/en/2016/05/30/putri-indonesia-2014-conferred-bachelor-of-law-after-pageant-contest/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Conferred Bachelor of Law after Pageant Contest|publisher=[[Airlangga University]]|accessdate=May 30, 2016|archivedate=June 5, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605140843/http://news.unair.ac.id/en/2016/05/30/putri-indonesia-2014-conferred-bachelor-of-law-after-pageant-contest/}}</ref><ref name="Law Degree (2)">{{cite web|url=http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html|title=Universitas Airlangga Pencapaian Alumni Berawal dari Cak dan Ning Surabaya|publisher=[[Airlangga University]]|accessdate=June 2, 2020|archive-date=June 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618114626/http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=June 18, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618114626/http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html}}</ref><ref name="Law Degree (3)">{{cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/pendidikan/17/07/2017/bahagia-akhirnya-putri-indonesia-arek-suroboyo-itu-diwisuda/|title=Bahagia Akhirnya Putri Indonesia Arek Suroboyo itu Diwisuda|publisher=[[Jawa Pos]]|accessdate=July 17, 2017}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="Acting">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20151112062330-220-91134/elvira-devinamira-kecanduan-berakting|title=Elvira Devinamira Kecanduan Berakting|publisher=[[CNN Indonesia]]|date=November 12, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Single (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/artis/bertinggi-177-cm-elvira-devinamira-ikutan-single.html|title=Bertinggi 177 cm, Elvira Devinamira ikutan 'SINGLE'|publisher=[[merdeka.com]]|date=November 10, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Single (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2361411/elvira-devinamira-dan-raditya-dika-mesra-di-single|title=Elvira Devinamira dan Raditya Dika Mesra di Single|publisher=[[Liputan 6]]|date=November 9, 2015|language=id}}</ref>><ref name="Single (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://hot.detik.com/movie/d-3066158/pengalaman-pertama-puteri-indonesia-2014-di-film-komedi-single|title=Pengalaman Pertama Puteri Indonesia 2014 di Film Komedi 'Single'|publisher=[[detik.com|Detik News]]|date=November 9, 2015|language=id}}</ref> * Ihe nlereanya * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ịma mma </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ịma mma''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha ya | class="infobox-data" |Puteri Indonesia 2014<br />Miss Universe Indonesia 2014 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Agba ntutu | class="infobox-data" |Ọcha nchara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Agba anya | class="infobox-data" |Ọcha nchara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Nnukwu asọmpi<br /></span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Puteri Indonesia 2014]]">Puteri East Java 2014 ''''''(Onye mmeri)'''''' Puteri Indonesia 2014 (Owe mmeri) Miss Universe 2014 (Top 15) (Ewe Kasị Mma nke Mba) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/pictures/miss-universe-2015-top-15-finalists-bikini-photos-2015261/43705/|title=Miss Universe 2014: Top 15 Model Bikinis!|publisher=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=January 20, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-universe-colombia-paulina-vega-crowned-miss-universe-2014-during-the-63rd-annual-miss-universe-pageant-300025314.html|title=Miss Universe 2014 During The 63rd Annual Miss Universe® Pageant|publisher=[[PR Newswire]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.floridatoday.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/2015/01/25/photos-miss-universe-pageant-2015-in-miami/22329161/|title=Photos: Miss Universe pageant 2015 in Miami|publisher=[[Florida Today]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (4)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20150126103711-277-27319/kutukan-15-besar-miss-universe-untuk-indonesia|title='Kutukan' 15 Besar Miss Universe untuk Indonesia|publisher=[[CNN Indonesia]]|accessdate=February 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (5)">{{Cite web|url=https://tucson.com/elvira-devinamira/image_6667c7e8-a519-11e4-9b60-67984851c513.html|title=Miss Universe 2014: Top 15 Elvira Devinamira!|publisher=[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson Weekly News]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185200/https://tucson.com/elvira-devinamira/image_6667c7e8-a519-11e4-9b60-67984851c513.html|archive-date=June 26, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><ref name="Best National Costume (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEAB-5650|title=Photo of the Day: Miss Indonesia's Borobudur Chronicles Costume|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/culture/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pageant/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best National Costume at Miss Universe Pageant|publisher=[[Jakarta Globe]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/news/a35668/miss-indonesia-national-costume-miss-universe-2014/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best National Costume at Miss Universe 2014|publisher=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (4)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/asia-pacific/miss-indonesia-best-national-costume-miss-universe-2014|title=Miss Universe 2014: Indonesia wins Best National Costume|publisher=[[Rappler]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref> |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti''' (amụrụ na 28 June 1993 na Surabaya, East Java) bụ onye Indonesia na-eme ihe nkiri, Model, Beauty Pageant titleholder onye e kpuwere okpueze Puteri Indonesia 2014, ma nọchite anya mba ya na asọmpi Miss Universe 2014 nke emere na FIU Arena na [[Flórídạ|Florida]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], ebe ọ nọ n'ime ''"Top 15"'' wee merie "Best National Costume" nke ugboro abụọ maka Indonesia, mgbe Agni Pratistha gasịrị na 2007. <ref name="Acting"/><ref name="Single (1)"/><ref name="Single (2)"/><ref name="Single (3)"/><ref name="Pageantry (1)">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/07/elvira-devinamira-the-princess-perseverance.html|title="Elvira Devinamira: The princess of perseverance"|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=February 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (2)">{{Cite news|url=https://padangpariamankab.go.id/2014/04/30/putri-indonesia-2014-kunjungi-padang-pariaman-60961/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Kunjungi Padang Pariaman|publisher=[[Padang Pariaman Regency|Padang Pariaman Regency Government]]|accessdate=April 30, 2014|archive-date=June 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626212249/https://padangpariamankab.go.id/2014/04/30/putri-indonesia-2014-kunjungi-padang-pariaman-60961/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (3)">{{Cite news|url=https://padangpariamankab.go.id/2014/04/08/putri-indonesia-2014-kunjungi-padang-pariaman/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Kunjungi Padang Pariaman|publisher=[[Padang Pariaman Regency|Padang Pariaman Regency Government]]|accessdate=April 8, 2014|archive-date=June 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626210735/https://padangpariamankab.go.id/2014/04/08/putri-indonesia-2014-kunjungi-padang-pariaman/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (4)" /><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (1)">{{Cite web|url=http://en.ce.cn/main/photo/201401/30/t20140130_2236728.shtml|title=Elvira Devinamira crowned Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[Economic Daily|China Economic Daily]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014|archivedate=February 2, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222937/http://en.ce.cn/main/photo/201401/30/t20140130_2236728.shtml}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.emirates247.com/lifestyle/miss-puteri-indonesia-2014-elvira-devinamira-2014-01-30-1.536626|title=Miss Puteri Indonesia 2014: Elvira Devinamira|publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (3)">{{Cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90782/8526302.html|title=Elvira Devinamira crowned Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[People's Daily|China People's Daily]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (4)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/01/30/indonesia-s-2014-queen.html|title=Puteri Indonesia 2014 Queens|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (1)"/><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (2)"/><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (3)"/><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (4)"/><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (5)"/><ref name="Best National Costume (1)"/><ref name="Best National Costume (2)"/><ref name="Best National Costume (3)"/> <ref name="Best National Costume (4)"/><ref name="Best National Costume (5)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/news/miss-indonesia-best-costume-miss-universe-2015-photo-2015261/|title=Miss Indonesia Elvira Devinamira Wins Best Costume for Miss Universe 2015: See Her Amazing Look|date=26 January 2015|publisher=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (6)">{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiatatler.com/society/8-indonesian-celebrities-and-tatler-friends-with-mombodgoals|title=5 Boldest Indonesian National Costumes In Miss Universe|publisher=[[Tatler|Tatler Indonesia]]|accessdate=December 12, 2018|archivedate=June 26, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185201/https://indonesiatatler.com/society/8-indonesian-celebrities-and-tatler-friends-with-mombodgoals}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (7)">{{Cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/637813/indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-in-miss-universe-event|title=Indonesia Wins Best National Costume in Miss Universe Event|date=19 October 2018|publisher=[[Tempo (Indonesian magazine)]]|accessdate=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (8)">{{Cite web|url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2015/01/25/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pic/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best NationalCostume At Miss Universe 2014|publisher=[[Hollywood Life]]|accessdate=January 25, 2015|archivedate=January 27, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127070536/http://hollywoodlife.com/2015/01/25/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pic/}}</ref>Ọ bụ onye Indonesia nke atọ na onye Javanese mbụ a kpọrọ Miss Universe Finalists.<ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (1)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (2)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (3)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (4)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (5)" />ref == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Elvira ma zụlite ya na Surabaya, East Java - Indonesia n'aka nne na nna Javanese, Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụnne abụọ. <ref name="Law Degree (2)"/><ref name="Law Degree (3)"/>Elvira na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nlereanya kemgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Airlangga, Surabaya - East Java na Cum Laude. <ref name="Law Degree (1)"/><ref name="Law Degree (2)"/><ref name="Law Degree (3)"/>O ruru ọtụtụ ihe ọ rụzuru ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya Indonesia na mmemme njem mgbanwe Model United Nations na Seoul, South Korea, 24th Harvard Model United Nations Conference na 2011, ma bụrụkwa akụkụ nke ndị nnọchianya Indonesia na Harvard National Model United Nations Conference 2012 na Boston, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref name="Law Degree (1)"/><ref name="Law Degree (2)" /><ref name="Law Degree (3)"/> == Egwuregwu == [[Usòrò:Elvira_Devinamira_Wirayanti_for_Jamu_Event_With_Ministry_of_Industry_and_Ministry_of_Youth_and_Sport_of_The_Republic_of_Indonesia.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|260x260px|Elvira na Jamu Event na Ministry of Industry na Ministry of Youth and Sport nke Republic of Indonesia.<ref name="Pageantry (4)">{{Cite news|url=https://kemenperin.go.id/artikel/11049/Minum-Jamu-Bersama-di-Kementerian-Pemuda-dan-Olahraga|title=Minum Jamu Bersama di Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga|publisher=[[Ministry of Industry (Indonesia)|Ministry of Industry of The Republic of Indonesia]]|accessdate=February 6, 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150623055729/http://www.kemenperin.go.id/artikel/11049/Minum-Jamu-Bersama-di-Kementerian-Pemuda-dan-Olahraga "Minum Jamu Bersama di Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga"]. [[Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọ Ọrụ (Indonesia)|Ministry of Industry of The Republic of Indonesia]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref>]] === Cak Ning Surabaya === Tupu ọ banye n'ọhịa nke asọmpi, Elvira sonyere na asọmpi ntụrụndụ nke obodo ya Surabaya, nke a na-akpọ ''"Cak Ning Surabaya"'', ebe a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nke abụọ na Cak Ning Sur abaya.<ref name="Law Degree (2)"/><ref name="Pageantry (1)"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti – Profil Alumnus Universitas Airlangga|url=https://alumni.unair.ac.id/profile/4f725b16-ecfe-4bd4-a8a9-dabed9f7a6fb|website=Alumnipedia UNAIR|publisher=Universitas Airlangga|access-date=30 Desember 2025}}</ref> === Puteri Indonesia East Java 2014 === Elvira sonyeere asọmpi ahụ na mpaghara nke Puteri Indonesia East Java 2014, ma mechaa bụrụ onye mmeri nke Puteri Indonesian East Java 2014.<ref name="Law Degree (2)"/><ref name="Pageantry (1)"/> === Puteri Indonesia 2014 === Mgbe ọ ruru eru maka aha mpaghara nke [[Indonesia]]_2014" id="mwvw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Puteri Indonesia 2014">Puteri Indonesia East Java 2014, Elvira nọchitere anya mpaghara nke East Java na asọmpi ịma mma mba, Puteri Indonesia 2014, nke emere na Jakarta Convention Center, Jakarta, Indonesia na 29 Jenụwarị 2014. <ref name="Pageantry (2)"/><ref name="Pageantry (3)"/><ref name="Pageantry (4)"/>Na ngwụcha asọmpi ahụ, a họpụtara Elvira nke ọma dị ka onye mmeri nke Puteri Indonesia 2014 (Miss Universe Indonesia 2014) ,<ref name="Puteri Indonesia (1)"/><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (2)"/> Onye nọchiri ya bụ Puteri Indonesia 2013 na Top 16 Miss Universe 2013, Whulandary Herman nke West Sumatra kpuwere Elvira okpueze. <ref name="Puteri Indonesia (3)"/><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (7)">{{Cite web|url=https://coconuts.co/jakarta/news/miss-indonesia-2014-says-scandalous-pics-kpk-chief-abraham-samad-not-real/|title=Miss Indonesia 2014 Says Scandalous Pics With KPK Chief Abraham Samad Not Real|publisher=[[Coconuts Media]]|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref>Elvira na Elfin Pertiwi Rappa bụ Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2014 (Miss International Indonesia 2014) na Lily Estelita Liana bụ Puteri Indonesian Pariwisata 2014 (Mess Supranational Indonesia 2014). <ref name="Puteri Indonesia (4)"/><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (5)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/416604/elvira-devinamira-jadi-puteri-indonesia-2014|title=Elvira Devinamira jadi Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[Antara (news agency)]]|accessdate=January 29, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (6)">{{Cite web|url=http://showbiz.liputan6.com/read/813575/elvira-devinamiri-puteri-indonesia-2014|title=Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti terpilih memenangkan gelar Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[Liputan 6]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref>N'abalị ikpeazụ e chiri eze bụ nke Miss Universe 2013 na-achị, Gabriela Isler nke [[Venezuela]] dị ka kọmitii nhọpụta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/01/27/beauty-queen.html|title=Beauty queen; Miss Universe 2013, Gabriela Isler was happy to be back in Indonesia|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=January 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www1.jcc.co.id/index.php/news-archive.html?start=220|title=The Grand Final Putri Indonesia Pageant (PPI) 2014|publisher=[[Jakarta Convention Center]]|accessdate=January 29, 2014|archive-date=May 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504231847/http://www.jcc.co.id/index.php/news-archive.html?start=220|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == [[Usòrò:Elvira_Devinamira_Keluarga_Besar.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px|Miss Universe Indonesia 2014, Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti na [[:id:Keluarga Besar|Keluarga Besar]], NET TV.<ref name="Keluarga Besar (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/omkytg280/emkeluarga-besarem-sitkom-tentang-mertua-menantu-dan-ipar-dalam-satu-atap|title=Keluarga Besar, Sitkom tentang Mertua, Menantu dan Ipar dalam Satu Atap|publisher=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)]]|date=March 10, 2017|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Keluarga Besar (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2019/07/13/ketika-kehadiran-dan-kecantikan-elvira-devinamira-menghebohkan-laki-laki-warga-kampung-lapak|title=Ketika Kehadiran dan Kecantikan Elvira Devinamira Menghebohkan Keluarga Besar|publisher=[[NET (Indonesian TV network)]]|date=July 13, 2019|language=id}}</ref>]] Mgbe ọ laghachiri Indonesia, otu afọ ka e mesịrị, Elvira natara onyinye igwu egwu na ihe nkiri nke Ram Soraya na John nke Rantau duziri nke akpọrọ "Single" na ''"[[:id:Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (film)|Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi]]"''. <ref name="Acting"/><ref name="Single (1)"/><ref name="Single (2)"/><ref name="Single (3)"/><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://seleb.tempo.co/read/1225584/elvira-devinamira-dikritik-lantaran-adegan-mandi-di-film-barunya|title=Elvira Devinamira Dikritik Lantaran Adegan Mandi di Film Barunya|publisher=[[Tempo (Indonesian magazine)]]|date=July 17, 2019|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/senggang/blitz/pu5a9o328/elvira-devinamira-tolak-adegan-vulgar-tanpa-busana|title=Elvira Devinamira Tolak Adegan Vulgar tanpa Busana|publisher=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)]]|date=July 5, 2019|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2019/07/13/ketika-kehadiran-dan-kecantikan-elvira-devinamira-menghebohkan-laki-laki-warga-kampung-lapak|title=Ketika Kehadiran dan Kecantikan Elvira Devinamira Menghebohkan Laki-laki Warga Kampung Lapak|publisher=[[Tribun Network]]|date=July 13, 2019|language=id}}</ref>Elvira na-akpa nganga n'onwe ya n'ihi na mgbe ọ dị obere, Elvira nwere ohere iso ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ama ama dịka Raditya Dika, Rina Hasyim, Pandji Pragiwaksono, Surya Saputra na Seno Gumira Ajidarma mee ihe. <ref name="Single (2)" /><ref name="Single (3)" />Kemgbe ahụ, Elvira apụtala na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri telivishọn na Indonesia.<ref name="Acting" /><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (1)" /><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (2)" /> <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Devinamira, Elvira}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ilfoi0av6zspign67dcorrck5vmrs8m 0 34877 737052 729993 2026-10-11T15:24:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    Fortress of the Bear bụ ebe mgbaba na agụmakwụkwọ na-enweghị uru na Sitka, Alaska. Ọ bụ Les na Evy Kinnear guzobere ya na 2003 na Gary Paxton Industrial Park, nke nwere ụlọ ọrụ Sitka Pulp Mill. Òtù nchekwa Sitka megidere atụmatụ Kinnears imeghe ebe mgbaba, na-ekwere na ekwesighi itinye anụ ọhịa bea n'ime tankị ma gosi ọha na eze. Iji mee ka ndị ọchịchị kwenye na ha nwere ike ilekọta ụmụ anụmanụ nke ọma, ndị Kinnears malitere ịzụlite ezì na anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ n'ebe ahụ. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ gasịrị, ebe mgbaba ahụ natara ikike niile dị mkpa nke steeti na obodo. Ebe nsọ ahụ malitere ịba anụ ọhịa bea mbụ ya, Killisnoo, na 2007, na anụ ọhịa bear ojii mbụ ya, Smokey, na 2013. Pasent 20 nke ndị njem Ụgbọ mmiri na-akwụsị na Sitka gara ebe mgbaba ahụ na 2016. Ka ọ na-eme ncheta afọ iri na 2017 nke anụ ọhịa bea, anụ ọhịa ojii atọ na anụ ọhịa bea na-acha nchara nchara ise bi ebe ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule 2017, ọ nwere ndị nleta 30,000 kwa afọ ma nweta $ 1 nde na ego a na-enweta kwa afọ.  == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Nhazi na nkwadebe === [[Usòrò:Fortress_of_the_Bear_two_brown_bears_2022.jpg|thumb|Anụ bear abụọ na-acha nchara nchara n'ebe nsọ ahụ na 2022]] Fortress nke ndị guzobere Bear na di na nwunye abụọ Les na Evy Kinnear matara ibe ha na Portland, Oregon. Evy bụbu onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Los Angeles <ref name="Cockerham2005-10-02">{{Cite news|author=Cockerham|first=Sean|date=October 2, 2005|title=Cause for paws - Sitka residents divided over man's idea to house bears in mill tanks. Fortress of the Pig -- For Now|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/10D076227B50A588&f=basic|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị tupu ọ bụrụ onye nlekọta nne ya na Portland. <ref name="Woolsey2015-05-11"/><ref name="Waldholz2013-12-06"/> bụ na ọ bụ onye nduzi ịchụ nta ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Les gara ịchụ nta anụ ọhịa bea ma gbuo nnukwu ebe ndị ọzọ a na-egwupụta okwute na Alaska Range. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ onye bi na Alaska malite na 1978, o mere atụmatụ ịkwaga Portland. Les Kinnear kpebiri ịnọ Alaska na Sitka mgbe Evy hụrụ ebe nsọ bear dị ka ihe kwesịrị ime ma kwe nkwa nkwado ya. <ref name="Schaeffer2017-08-05"/>'afọ 2002, di na nwunye ahụ malitere ime ndokwa maka imeghe ebe mgbaba anụ ọhịa bea. N'afọ 2003, Les Kinnear mepụtara Kootznahoo, otu na-enweghị uru, iji bụrụ ebe nsọ maka anụ ọhịa bea si n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Alaska. Ọ natara nkwado site n'aka City na Borough nke Sitka nke Nzukọ Sitka nyere Kootznahoo $ 25,000 iji mezuo atụmatụ ahụ. Ego ahụ sitere <ref name="Cockerham2003-08-10"/> ego gọọmentị etiti e kenyere Sitka n'afọ ndị 1990 na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite uto akụ na ụba. <ref name="Cockerham2003-08-10" /><ref name="Schaeffer2017-08-05" /> ahụ nwere Gary Paxton Industrial Park, ala nke bụbu ụlọ Sitka Pulp Mill, ụlọ ọrụ pulp nke mechiri na 1993, ma nwee nsogbu ịchọta ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ihe onwunwe ahụ tọgbọrọ n'efu. [1] [2] 'ịbụ nke dị na Silver Bay, ihe igwe ihe ahụ dị 6 (9.7) site na etiti obodo Sitka. N'afọ 2003, obodo ahụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ịgbazite ya na Kootznahoo nke were afọ iri na-enye ya ohere iji ya mee ụlọ anụ ọhịa bea. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere tankị simenti abụọ dị ka barel nke e ji mee ihe maka ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-adịghị mma. Tanka ọ bụla nwere obosara nke 192 feet (59 . Tanki abụọ ahụ nwere ịdị elu nke 12 na 14 feet (3.7 na 4.3 , n'otu n'otu. Kinnear mere atụmatụ itinye anụ ọhịa bea n'ime tankị. <ref name="Cockerham2003-08-10" />'ịchọ iṅomi ebe obibi anụ ọhịa bea, o mere atụmatụ ịgbakwunye mmiri na ahịhịa ndụ iji nye ihe nkwakọba ihe. Mgbe steeti Alaska gwara ya ka ọ nyochaa atụmatụ ahụ, ọkachamara bear na onye na-elekọta Houston Zoo Diana Weinhardt gara ebe ahụ wee kwubie na ọ ga-eme. Banyere atụmatụ ebe nsọ nke anụ ọhịa bea, Ngalaba Azụ na Egwuregwu Alaska kwuru na ọ bụ "ihe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ". Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere iwu na Kootznahoo ga-egosipụta ihe karịrị ọnwa 12 ikike ya ịzụlite ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe ahụ. Naanị mgbe nzukọ ahụ mere nke a ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwado ma ọ bụ jụ ikikere nke ga-enye ohere maka ụlọ anụ ọhịa bea. Iji dozie ihe dị mkpa nke ngalaba ahụ, Kinnear họọrọ ilekọta ezì na pulp mill maka afọ ahụ. O kwuru na ezì yiri anụ ọhịa bea n'ịbụ ndị na-eri ihe niile na n'inwe ike ịgbapụ na ndị na-elekọta ha. Ngalaba Azụmaahịa <ref name="Cockerham2003-08-10">{{Cite news|author=Cockerham|first=Sean|date=August 10, 2003|title=Tanks may house problem bears - Sitka: Group wants to turn pulp mill relics into tourist attraction.|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/0FCEBF5BA1745C45&f=basic|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCockerham2003">Cockerham, Sean (August 10, 2003). [https://archive.today/2023.02.23-082345/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/0FCEBF5BA1745C45&f=basic "Tanks may house problem bears - Sitka: Group wants to turn pulp mill relics into tourist attraction"]. ''[[Akụkọ Anchorage kwa ụbọchị|Anchorage Daily News]]''. Archived from [https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/0FCEBF5BA1745C45&f=basic the original] on February 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Egwuregwu nke Alaska kwetara na aro ya. Mgbe ọ zụchara ezì na Sawmill Farm, ọ malitere ịzụlite anụmanụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọkụkọ, ọbọgwụ, ewu, atụrụ, cone, na turkey. Ndị si Sitka zụrụ ọkụkọ na àkwá n'ugbo ya. Ugbo ya na Ogige ntụrụndụ dị n'otu n'ime tankị nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ugbo ahụ natara onyinye ihe ọkụkụ site na ụlọ ahịa nri iji nye ụmụ anụmanụ nri. Ndị ọkụ azụ kpọgara salmon na-acha pinki pinki n'ugbo ahụ, ebe ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego nyere akwụkwọ dị ka ihe ndina ha. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2005, ndị Kinnears etinyela $ 40,000 iji mepụta ugbo na zoo na ịkwadebe ebe obibi maka anụ ọhịa bea. kwado ọrụ ahụ, Evy Kinnear na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa Sitka. [1] Ebe nsọ bear nwetara mmegide site n'aka ndị otu nchekwa Sitka. Carrie Bosman, onye bi na Sitka na onye nduzi mmemme Alaska nke Center for Biological Diversity, kwuru, sị, "Echere m na ọ bụ ajụjụ omume ọma. Nye m, ọ bụ ihe na-ezighị ezi iburu anụ ọhịa bea nke na-eme ihe na nnukwu oghere ma kewapụ ya n'ime tankị dị nro. "O kwuru na ọ bụ ọmịiko karịa itinye anụmanụ n'ihu ọha. Jim Faro, onye bi na Sitka na onye bụbu onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na Ngalaba Azụmaahịa na Egwuregwu nke Alaska, kwuru, sị, "Echere m na ha ga-ahụ na ọ dị oke ọnụ iji gbanwee (ebe igwe ihe) n'ime ihe ọ bụla ọzọ karịa ụlọ ọrụ na-adịchaghị mma. "Ọ rụrụ ụka na ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa bea nwere ike inyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke anụ ọhịa bea aka. <ref name="Cockerham2003-08-10"/>'ikwu na ihe mkpofu obodo ahụ dị mfe maka anụ ọhịa bea, o kwuru na gọọmentị kwesịrị iji ihe onwunwe ya nyochaa ihe ngwọta ndị na-edozi esemokwu mmadụ na anụ ọhịa bea. Ndị mmadụ degaara gọvanọ Alaska akwụkwọ ozi <ref name="Waldholz2013-12-06">{{Cite news|author=Waldholz|first=Rachel|date=December 6, 2013|title=AK: Fortress of the Bear|url=https://alaskapublic.org/2013/12/06/ak-fortress-of-the-bear/|publisher=[[Alaska Public Media]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023|archive-date=February 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223082303/https://alaskapublic.org/2013/12/06/ak-fortress-of-the-bear/|url-status=bot: unknown}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWaldholz2013">Waldholz, Rachel (December 6, 2013). . [[Mgbasa ozi ọha na eze nke Alaska|Alaska Public Media]]. Archived from [https://alaskapublic.org/2013/12/06/ak-fortress-of-the-bear/ the original] on February 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref>-emegide ọrụ ahụ. Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Alaska mere nyocha nke ala gbara tankị mkpofu gburugburu, na-akwado na e nwere obere mmetọ. ojiji nke tankị maka ụlọ anụ ọhịa bea, Bill Janes, onye ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, kwuru, "Anyị anaghị eche na mmetọ ọ bụla n'ime na gburugburu tankị ndị ahụ na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha na-eweta ụdị nsogbu ọ bụla". === Mmeghe na ịrụ ọrụ === [[Usòrò:Fortress_of_the_Bear_two_black_bears_2022_2.jpg|thumb|Anụ ọhịa bea abụọ n'ebe mgbaba na 2022]] Mgbe afọ ole <ref name="Schaeffer2017-08-05"/> ole nke ọrụ gasịrị, ebe mgbaba ahụ natara ikike niile obodo na steeti chọrọ iji rụọ ọrụ ebe mgbaba anụ ọhịa bea. <ref name="Dooley2018-03-22">{{Cite news|author=Dooley|first=Beth|date=March 22, 2018|title=Sitka: This vibrant island community is the gem of Alaska|url=https://www.startribune.com/sitka-this-vibrant-island-community-is-the-gem-of-alaska/477679073/|work=[[Star Tribune]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> Dooley nke ''Star Tribune'' kpọrọ Fortress of the Bear "ebe obibi ụmụ mgbei mbụ n'". <ref name="Stone2011-08-07">{{Cite news|author=Stone|first=Amy|date=August 7, 2011|title=Slice of Alaska: A cut above, Sitka's majestic scenery mixes with colorful history as well as ... resident bears|url=https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2011/aug/07/slice-alaska-20110807/?features|work=[[Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> bụ ebe nsọ maka anụ ọhịa bea a napụtara n'agụụ bụ ndị toro n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ụmụ mmadụ nke na ha enweghị ike ịtọhapụ ha n'ọhịa. <ref name="Fodor's2022">{{Cite book|date=2022|title=Fodor's Alaska|edition=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-NVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT188|location=New York|publisher=[[Fodor's]]|isbn=978-1-64097-476-0|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Maloney2020">{{Cite book|author=Maloney|first=Lisa|date=2020|title=Moon Alaska: Scenic Drives, National Parks, Best Hikes|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXunDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119|location=New York|publisher=[[Avalon Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-64049-813-6|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> the Bear na-eje ozi dị ka nzukọ agụmakwụkwọ na-enweghị uru nke na-akụziri ndị mmadụ Mmekọrịta mmadụ na anụmanụ. [1] [2] Ebe mgbaba ahụ <ref name="Woolsey2015-05-11"/>-akwado ngagharị iwe maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ebe a na-akụ ọkụkọ e siri esi n'ụlọikwuu na anụ ọhịa bea na-acha nchara nchara na-adọba ụlọikwuu iji chọta nri. Iji <ref name="Eshleman2009-06-19">{{Cite news|author=Eshleman|first=Christopher|date=June 19, 2009|title=Giving a grizzly bear a physical is like pulling teeth for Fairbanks veterinarian|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/128ED8FA29A88918&f=basic|work=[[Fairbanks Daily News-Miner]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> na anụ ọhịa bea ahụ anaghị enwe mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, a na-eme ka anụ ọhịa bea ndị nwoke ghara inwe mmekọahụ n'oge ha na-eto eto. <ref name="Slon2019-08-22">{{Cite news|author=Slon|first=Steven|date=August 22, 2019|title=Touching Alaska: On the big ships, you get a good look at the state's magnificent wilderness. On a small ship, you step into it.|url=https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2019/08/touching-alaska/|work=[[The Saturday Evening Post]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> ikiri ihe <ref name="Hesse2016-02-26">{{Cite news|author=Hesse|first=Tom|date=February 26, 2016|title=Bear Market Looking Good for Sitka Fortress|url=https://www.sitkasentinel.com/7/2012-05-10-22-08-10/local-news/9696-bear-market-looking-good-for-sitka-fortress|work=[[Daily Sitka Sentinel]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023|archive-date=February 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223082447/https://www.sitkasentinel.com/7/2012-05-10-22-08-10/local-news/9696-bear-market-looking-good-for-sitka-fortress|url-status=dead}}</ref>-ele anya na-elepụ anya n'ebe obibi anụ ọhịa bea, nke jupụtara na mmiri, osisi, barrels, na swing. <ref name="Hesse2016-02-26" />'afọ 2016, ndị Kinnears mere atụmatụ ịgbasawanye pasent 40 na ikpo okwu ahụ ebe ọ bụ na mmụba nke ndị ọbịa kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ mere ka ọ jupụta. <ref name="Sainsbury2022">{{Cite book|author=Sainsbury|first=Brendan|date=2022|title=Alaska|edition=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NI6cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT171|location=Carlton|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|isbn=978-1-83758-094-1|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Devine2022">{{Cite book|author=Devine|first=Bob|date=2022|origyear=2016|title=Coastal Alaska|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_aIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[National Geographic Partners]]|isbn=978-88-544-1924-7|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref>-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke nọ n'elu ikpo okwu na-ekerịta ozi gbasara anụ ọhịa bea ndị a pụrụ ịhụ na-agba mgba na igwu mmiri. Ebe mgbaba ahụ wuru ebe ndị nleta na-efu $ 1 nde. <ref name="AP2018-04-20">{{Cite news|date=April 20, 2018|title=Sitka bear sanctuary making room for more black bears|url=https://apnews.com/article/f6bd3f3030a343c0a7d3a647adbb3c7a|work=[[Associated Press]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> nwere ụlọ ahịa onyinye, ebe a na-ekiri ihe na ala ala na ala elu, na klas. Mgbe anụ ọhịa bea na-anọ n'oge oyi, ebe mgbaba ahụ na-emechi. <ref name="Maloney2020"/> na-emeghe n'etiti Mee na Septemba. [1] <ref name="Woolsey2016-08-19">{{Cite news|author=Woolsey|first=Robert|date=August 19, 2016|title=Fortress pursues $100 purchase of industrial property|url=https://www.kcaw.org/2016/08/19/fortress-pursues-100-purchase-industrial-property/|publisher=[[KCAW]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref>'afọ 2016, ihe dị ka pasent 20 nke ndị njem Ụgbọ mmiri na-akwụsị na Sitka na-akpaghị aka na Fortress of the Bear. == Anụ bear == [[Usòrò:Fortress_of_the_Bear_brown_bear_2022_1.jpg|thumb|Anụ bear na-acha nchara nchara n'ebe nsọ ahụ na 2022]] N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2007, ebe mgbaba ahụ nabatara anụ ọhịa bea na-acha nchara nchara Killisnoo, nwa mbụ ya. Mgbe ọ dị ọnwa asaa na kilogram iri ise na abụọ (24 , Ngalaba Azụmaahịa na Egwuregwu Alaska napụtara ya na Angoon ma bụrụ onye kacha nta. Mgbe nne Killisnoo sonyeere onye na-esi nri n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, e gburu ya. <ref name="Haugland2007-09-21">{{Cite news|author=Haugland|first=Shannon|date=September 21, 2007|title=Fish and Game captures orphaned bear cub, AK|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/1416016C6AB62C70&f=basic|work=[[Daily Sitka Sentinel]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> ọnwa ole <ref name="Schaeffer2017-08-05">{{Cite news|author=Schaeffer|first=Brielle|date=August 5, 2017|title=Alaska bear, Fortress celebrate their tenth birthdays|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/1661776A27BDE788&f=basic|work=[[Daily Sitka Sentinel]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> ole gachara, nwanne ya nwanyị Chaik sonyeere ya n'ebe mgbaba ahụ mgbe e jidere ya. Ha sonyeere anụ ọhịa bea ndị ọzọ ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị. Mgbe ndị uwe ojii Sitka natara mkpesa 70 ruo 80 na mbido Ọgọstụ 2009, Ngalaba Azụmaahịa na Egwuregwu Alaska jiri tranquilizers site na égbè ụta jide ụmụ anụ ọhịa bea atọ. <ref name="Haugland2009-08-16">{{Cite news|author=Haugland|first=Shannon|date=August 16, 2009|title=Orphaned cubs may go to zoo - State Department of Fish and Game seeks pictures of Sitka bears|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/12ABBE95B611E758&f=basic|work=[[Juneau Empire]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> Fortress <ref name="Anchorage2017-08-05">{{Cite news|date=August 5, 2017|title=Cub's death highlights Sitka bear problem - Garbage: One of four darted brown bears dies after being shot in neck.|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/12A383BC4E657878&f=basic|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> the Bear kwetara na ọ ga-ebunye ụmụ anụmanụ ahụ nwa oge n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2009. <ref name="Woolsey2015-05-11">{{Cite news|author=Woolsey|first=Robert|date=May 11, 2015|title=When bear safety means no more orphaned, captive bears|url=https://www.ktoo.org/2015/05/11/when-bear-safety-means-no-more-orphaned-captive-bears/|publisher=[[KTOO (FM)|KTOO]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bronx nabatara anụ ọhịa bea atọ na-acha nchara nchara site na Fortress of the Bear na 2009. [1] <ref name="Giammona2011-06-02">{{Cite news|author=Giammona|first=Craig|date=June 2, 2011|title=Orphaned Alaska brown bear cub to be moved to Montana|url=https://www.newsminer.com/orphaned-alaska-brown-bear-cub-to-be-moved-to-montana/article_76384421-783a-5079-97fc-1cbcbe6e0ca6.html|work=[[Fairbanks Daily News-Miner]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223082725/https://www.newsminer.com/orphaned-alaska-brown-bear-cub-to-be-moved-to-montana/article_76384421-783a-5079-97fc-1cbcbe6e0ca6.html|archive-date=February 23, 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Anderson2011-07-10">{{Cite news|author=Anderson|first=John Gottberg|date=July 10, 2011|title=Sitka's czarist legacy - Russian, native heritage coexist in Alaskan town|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/138677A3DC149170&f=basic|work=[[The Bulletin (Bend)|The Bulletin]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref>'afọ 2011, ebe mgbaba ahụ na-ebi n'otu onye na-eme ka ụmụnne atọ dị afọ abụọ, Toby, Balloo na Lucky, na anụ ọhịa bea abụọ ndị ọzọ dị n'otu ụlọ (Killisnoo na Chaik). [1] [2] Nwa bears <ref name="Giammona2011-06-02"/>-acha nchara nchara nke aha ya bụ Pandora nọrọ n'ebe mgbaba ahụ ruo izu ole na ole n'etiti afọ 2011 tupu a kpọga ya na Montana Grizzly Encounter. ''Mba'' ihe ngosi ya Expedition Wild, National Geographic mere ihe nkiri nke Kinnear na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke Casey Anderson na Pandora. <ref name="Giammona2011-06-02" /> Otu nne bear ojii dị ọnwa itoolu nke dị iri abụọ na ise nke dị kilogram otu na iri na otu nke aha ya bụ Smokey sonyeere ebe nsọ ahụ n'October 25, 2013. <ref name="Waldholz2013-10-30">{{Cite news|author=Waldholz|first=Rachel|date=October 30, 2013|title=Sitka's New Bear Cub Settles In|url=https://alaskapublic.org/2013/10/30/sitkas-new-bear-cub-settles-in/|publisher=[[Alaska Public Media]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> Seward, ndị ọrụ Spring Creek Correctional Center achọtawo ya na-aṅụ sịga nke mere ka a kpọọ nwa mgbei ahụ Smokey. <ref name="Anchorage2013-10-28">{{Cite news|date=October 28, 2013|title=Smokey the bear finds home in Sitka - Nonprofit takes in cub saved by a national Facebook campaign.|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/149BC97E81504DC0&f=basic|work=[[Anchorage Daily News]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Waldholz2013-10-30" /> Ndị agha steeti Alaska jidere ya n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2013, otu mkpọsa mgbasa ozi gwara Ngalaba Azụ na Egwuregwu ka ha ghara igbu anụ ọhịa bea ahụ, ebe mgbaba ahụ kwetara ịnabata ya. Iji zụọ ya ka ọ ghara ichegbu onwe ya maka ụkọ nri, Les Kinnear nyere ya iberibe apụl na Nri nkịta kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ ugboro n'ụbọchị. Ebe ọ bụ na Smokey bụ anụ ọhịa bea ojii mbụ nke ebe mgbaba ahụ, ebe mgbaba dị mkpa iji wuo ebe nke abụọ iji mee ka ọ nọrọ. Ebe <ref name="Waldholz2013-10-30" /> ugbu a, nke nwere anụ ọhịa bea na-acha nchara nchara, ezughị ezu n'ihi na ọ dị obere ma bụrụ ihe ize ndụ nye anụ ọhịa bea. <ref name="Poulson2013-12-01">{{Cite news|author=Poulson|first=James|date=December 1, 2013|title=Animal shots of the week|url=https://tucson.com/animal-shots-of-the-week/image_67db1750-5ae8-11e3-9c5d-001a4bcf887a.html|work=[[Arizona Daily Star]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223082808/https://tucson.com/animal-shots-of-the-week/image_67db1750-5ae8-11e3-9c5d-001a4bcf887a.html|archive-date=February 23, 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, nwa anụ ọhịa bea ojii nke abụọ, Bandit, sonyeere Smokey, onye e si Juneau bubata. <ref name="The Bears">{{Cite web|title=Smoky, Bandit & Tuliaan|url=http://www.fortressofthebear.org/the-bears|publisher=Fortress of the Bear|accessdate=February 23, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223091407/http://www.fortressofthebear.org/the-bears|archivedate=February 23, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Tailor2016-06-27">{{Cite news|author=Tailor|first=Leena|date=June 27, 2016|title=Alaska: Mesmerised by majesty|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/alaska-mesmerised-by-majesty/LBBB5STM2PKAAC5D7LS2GK36AA/|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref>, nwanne Smokey, sonyeere ya n'ebe mgbaba na Disemba 17, 2013, mgbe ndị mmadụ chọtara ya n'otu ebe ahụ a chọtara Smokey. [1] [2] <ref name="The Bears" /> pụtara "onye dị nro" na Tlingit. <ref name="Kwong2017-10-25">{{Cite news|author=Kwong|first=Emily|date=October 25, 2017|title=Remembering Balloo: Sitka's Fortress mourns rescue bear|url=https://www.ktoo.org/2017/10/25/remembering-balloo-sitkas-fortress-mourns-rescue-bear/|publisher=[[KTOO (FM)|KTOO]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref>, onye dị afọ asaa, onye aha ya bụ onye ọkacha mmasị nke Kinnear na The Jungle Book, e gburu ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2017 mgbe ọ na-enweghịzi ike ịkwagharị ụkwụ azụ ya. <ref name="The Bears"/> gburu Killisnoo na Mee 2020 mgbe ndị ọrụ ebe mgbaba chọpụtara na ọ nwere nsogbu ịkwaga. == Nnakwere == Onye nta akụkọ ''Midland Reporter-Telegram'' bụ Kay Crites dere, sị, "Ọ bụ obere ihe mwute ịhụ ka anụ ọhịa bea nọ n'ebe buru ibu gburugburu nke mgbidi simenti gbara gburugburu. " <ref name="Crites2017-07-23">{{Cite news|author=Crites|first=Kay|date=July 23, 2017|title=From Wildlife to Glaciers... Tourists cruise to sites that are uniquely Alaska|url=https://www.mrt.com/midland_magazine/getaway/article/FROM-WILDLIFE-TO-GLACIERS-11307332.php|work=[[Midland Reporter-Telegram]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> N'ịhụ na Ngalaba Azụmaahịa na Egwuregwu na-egbu ụmụ nke nne ha nwụrụ, ọ chọpụtara na ebe mgbaba ahụ zọpụtara ndụ anụ ọhịa bea ahụ. [1] <ref name="Fielder2016-10-31">{{Cite news|author=Fielder|first=Kate|date=October 31, 2016|title=In awe of nature's paradise - Kate Fielder visits the waters of Alaska for a trip full of wonder at the surroundings and the animals that live there|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&docref=news/1605D16FA41EE708&f=basic|work=[[Manchester Evening News]]|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref> Fielder nke ''Manchester Evening News'' kwuru, "Ọ bụ ihe ịtụnanya ile anụ ọhịa bea ndị a na-egwuri egwu ka ugo na-efe n'". <ref name="Kirkland254">{{Cite book|author=Kirkland|first=Erin|date=2014|title=Alaska on the Go: Exploring the 49th State with Children|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIjvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|location=Fairbanks|publisher=[[University of Alaska Press]]|isbn=978-1-60223-221-1|accessdate=February 23, 2023}}</ref>Seth Rudetsky dere, "Ebe ahụ dị ịtụnanya ... mana ọ dịkwa mwute nke ukwuu n'ihi na ha nyere anyị akụkọ azụ na nwa ọ bụla ... Enwetara m vidiyo dị ịtụnanya nke anụ ọhịa bea na-egwuri egwu na bọọlụ nke ha na-agbagharị na mmiri ma na-agbanye nri na ya mgbe ọ bụla, onye edemede Erin Kirkland dere, "Ọ bụrụ na ị ga-ahụ anụ ọhịa bea n'ebe ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe Ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Alaska ma ọ bụ ebe ndị ọzọ na steeti ahụ, m ga-ahapụ ihe a n'ezoghị ọnụ. " Mana ịhụ anụ ọhịa bea ha na-atọ ọchị maka ezinụlọ gị ụtọ, mgbe ahụ bụ ihe ọchị. "   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Fortress of the Bear}} * [https://www.fortressofthebear.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l4gtu6ydb9s2egdef6357oy7bya8yka 0 37861 737094 706490 2026-10-12T05:41:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Ingrid Sinclair''' bụ onye nduzi, onye edemede na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri nke a maara nke ọma maka ịbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri dị mkpa nke African Renaissance. A maara ya n'ụwa niile maka ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 1996, Flame, ihe nkiri banyere [[Zimbabwe]] War of Liberation na ihe ngosi ya banyere Zimbabwe. A họọrọ Flame maka ngalaba Fortnight nke onye nduzi na Cannes Film Festival na Nestor Almendros Award na Human Rights Watch International Film Festival na New York City. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Ingrid Sinclar na Weston-Super-Mare na 1948. <ref name="Women Make Movies">{{Cite web|title=Ingrid Sinclair|url=http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/makers/fm798.shtml|work=Women Make Movies|accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> zụlitere ya na Great Britain ebe ọ gụrụ Ọgwụ na Akwụkwọ edemede. <ref name="Men in Africa book">{{Cite book|author=Ouzgane|first=Lahoucine|title=Men in Africa Film & Fiction|date=2011|publisher=James Currwy|isbn=9781847015211|pages=192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeqTle_Y-lIC&dq=ingrid+sinclair+men+in+africa+film+and+fiction&pg=PA100}}</ref> kwagara [[Zimbabwe]] na 1985 mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na - Simon Bright onye ọ mechara lụọ. Sinclair dere <ref name="AFF">{{Cite web|title=Flame Ingrid Sinclair|url=https://www.africanfilmny.org/2014/ingrid-sinclair//|work=African Film Festival|accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref> duzie ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi na ihe ngosi na ngwụcha afọ iri asatọ na mmalite afọ iri itoolu, na-enyocha isiokwu nke ịha nhata, ọdịbendị, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ala Zimbabwe. A họọrọ akụkọ ifo ya dị mkpirikpi, Riches, maka ememme mba ụwa n'ụwa niile ma merie ihe nrite City of Venice. Ingrid duziri ihe nkiri Biopiracy: Who Owns Life?'''Biopiracy: Ònye nwe ndụ?''', ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ịgba egwú gụnyere Dance Got Me, akụkọ ndụ na-akpali akpali nke onye na-ede egwú Bawren Tavaziva, na mmemme kachasị amasị '''Africa bụ Aha nwanyị.''' <ref name="Celluloid ceiling book">{{Cite book|author=Kelly|first=Gabrielle|title=Celluloid Ceiling Women Film Directors Breaking Through|url=https://archive.org/details/celluloidceiling0000unse|date=2014|publisher=Supernoval Books|isbn=978-0-956632-90-6}}</ref> na-ewere ya dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke African Renaissance [1] Ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Zimbabwe gbanwere n'ụzọ dị egwu na 2001 na mmemme mgbanwe ala. N'oge a, "ọ bụghị naanị ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha ka a chụpụrụ, kamakwa ndị ọcha ndị ọzọ a ma ama ka na-arụ ọrụ na Zimbabwe. Ọ bụkwa n'oge a ka mgbalị echiche nke ọchịchị ahụ siri ike, na-akwalite ibu iro agbụrụ". Ka iwu mgbasa ozi na-aghọwanye ihe mgbochi, di na nwunye ahụ kpebiri ịkwaga England. <ref name="Black and White cinema">{{Cite book|author=Piotrowska|first=Agnieszka|title=Black and White: Cinema, politics and the arts in Zimbabwe|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1138817869|pages=150}}</ref> <ref name="Africa Eye">{{Cite web|title=Ingrid Sinclair|url=https://www.afrikaeye.org.uk/dt_team/ingrid-sinclair/|work=Africa Eye Film Festival|accessdate=16 July 2018|archivedate=19 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233407/https://www.afrikaeye.org.uk/dt_team/ingrid-sinclair/}}</ref>'afọ 2003, Sinclair na Bright hapụrụ Zimbabwe wee kwaga Bristol ebe ha guzobere Afrika Eye Film Festival https://www.afrikaeye.org.uk/ ma gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na mmepụta ihe nkiri. == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == === ''Ọkụ ọkụ'' (1996) === Flame bụ ihe nkiri mbụ zuru oke nke Sinclair. <ref name="Zimbabwe Today">{{Cite web|title=Ingrid Sinclair Zimbabwe Director and Filmmaker|url=http://zimbabwe-today.com/ingrid-sinclair-zimbabwe-director-and-filmmaker/|work=Zimbabwe Today|accessdate=17 July 2018|archivedate=19 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719234011/http://zimbabwe-today.com/ingrid-sinclair-zimbabwe-director-and-filmmaker/}}</ref> na-akọ akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ sonyeere ndị agha nnwere onwe [[Zimbabwe]] iji lụọ ọgụ maka ọchịchị onwe onye Zimbabwe. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri mbụ na-akọ akụkọ banyere ọgụ nnwere onwe nke Zimbabwe. "Ọ bụ ma eleghị anya ihe nkiri kachasị arụmụka e mere n'Africa - n'ezie naanị nke ndị uwe ojii jidere n'oge edezi ya n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe na-emebi iwu na ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. Ụtụ Sinclair nyere ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ ọgụ nnwere onwe na Zimbabwe kpaliri iwe nke ndị agha na ndị agha n'ihi ọ kpughere ndị isi na-eji ụmụ nwanyị eme ihe dịka "ndị inyom nkasi obi".<ref name="California Newsreel">{{Cite web|title=Flame|url=http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0034|work=California Newsreel|accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref>"Ezi mpụ nke Flame nwere ike ịbụ na ọ kpughere ọ bụghị naanị mmegbu gara aga kamakwa nkewa na-aga n'ihu n'ime ọha mmadụ Zimbabwe. " E mechara weghachite ihe nkiri ahụ na ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri mgbe mkpọsa nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ gasịrị. Ihe nkiri ahụ mechara gafee ndị na-enyocha Zimbabwe wee bụrụ ihe nkiri kachasị mma n'afọ na Zimbabwe. A họpụtara Flame maka ngalaba Fortnight nke onye nduzi na 1996 Cannes Film Festival. Ihe <ref name="Calif Newsreel notes">{{Cite web|title=Flame Notes for Viewing the film|url=http://newsreel.org/guides/flame.htm|work=California newsreel|accessdate=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611050426/http://www.newsreel.org/guides/flame.htm|archive-date=11 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ahụ ritere ọtụtụ ihe nrite n'ụwa niile gụnyere Grand Prize na Annonay International Film Festival na France, ihe nrite ndị ọka ikpe maka ihe nkiri kachasị mma na 1998 International Women's Film Festival na Turenne, na ihe nrite Nestor Alemendros na Human Rights Watch International Film Festival dị na [[New York City|New York]] <ref name="IMDB">{{Cite web|title=Flame Awards|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116317/awards?ref_=tt_awd|work=IMDB|accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref> === ''Mgbapụta nke ọlaedo'' (1998) === Ihe nkiri Tides <ref name="AFF"/> Gold (1998) bụ ihe ngosi nke na-egosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke netwọk azụmaahịa dị afọ 1000 nke na-achịkwa ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, na-ejikọ mpaghara ahụ na ebe ndị dị anya gụnyere China na Indonesia. === ''Ọgaranya'' (2002) === Riches <ref name="AFF"/> ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere onye nkuzi ojii na nwa ya nwoke si South Africa nke na-akwaga n'otu obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na Zimbabwe na ihe ịma aka ha na-ezute. === ''Africa bụ Aha Nwaanyị'' (2009) === Africa is a Woman's Name bụ trilogy nke ihe nkiri atọ gbasara ndụ ụmụ nwanyị atọ na mba Afrịka atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka atọ duziri. "Amai Rose, onye Zimbabwe na-elekọta ụlọ na onye ọchụnta ego, Phuti Ragophala, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ raara onwe ya nye n'otu n'ime obodo ndị kasị daa ogbenye na South Africa, na Njoki Ndung'u, onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na onye otu ndị omeiwu Kenya, na-akọ akụkọ ha n'otu, na-atụgharị uche na ihe ha rụzuru na ọdịda ha yana atụmatụ ndị dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na obodo ha". <ref name="WMM">{{Cite web|title=Africa is a Woman's Name|url=http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/pages/c809.shtml|work=Women Make Movies|accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref> duziri ihe nkiri ahụ na Wanjiru Kinyanjui si Zimbabwe na Bridget Pickering si South Africa. {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |2011 |Robert Mugabe... Gịnị Mere? |Onye edemede |Nominate Best Documentary, South African Film and Television Awards |- |2009 |''Africa bụ Aha Nwaanyị'' |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |Akụkụ ''Amai Rosie'' |- |2002 |''Nne Africa'' |Onye nduzi |Akụkụ bara ''Ọgaranya'' |- |2001 |''Ọgaranya'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nrite Milan Venice: Emume ihe nkiri Afrịka Milan |- |1998 |''Mgbapụta nke ọlaedo'' |Onye nduzi |Onye mmeri Best Documentary Film Southern African Film Festival |- |1996 |''Ọkụ ọkụ'' |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |Onye mmeri Human Rights Watch International Film Festival (1997) Golden Camera Nominee Cannes Film Festival 1996<br /> |- |1991 |''Nnụnụ si n'ụwa ọzọ'' (obere) |Onye nduzi |Ihe omuma, emume ihe nkiri nke Afrịka |- |1989 |''Ụzọ Limpopo'' |Onye nduzi ya na Simon Bright |Ihe nkiri |- |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6b7yhgjm517dlnfslruolp4iibglpoa 0 38769 737104 721863 2026-10-12T09:10:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=<!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->|caption=}}   {{Databox}}'''Jessica O. Matthews''' bụ onye Naijirịa-American chepụtara, onye guzobere, onye isi na onye isi ego. <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Abello|first=Oscar Perry|title=This Woman Wants to Run Harlem's First Billion-Dollar Tech Company|url=https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/revolutionary-energy-company-moves-into-harlem|accessdate=February 18, 2017|work=NextCity|date=October 20, 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Uncharted, nke mere Soccket, bọl bọlbụ nke nwere ike iji mee ihe dị ka onye na-emepụta ike. Matthews gara Harvard College wee gụchaa na Harvard Business School . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/uncharted-play-jessica-matthews-pivot-2016-10|title=The inventor of the energy-harnessing soccer ball made a huge pivot — and it's paying off big time|date=October 8, 2016|work=Business Insider|author=Hartmans|first=Avery|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ''Fortune'' kpọrọ ya otu n'ime "10 Ndị inyom ọchụnta ego kachasị ike" <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Doing it for themselves - The Social Entrepreneurs (2)|url=http://archive.fortune.com/galleries/2011/smallbusiness/1109/gallery.most_powerful_women_entrepreneurs.fortune/2.html|accessdate=February 18, 2017|work=Fortune|date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> na n'afọ 2015, kpọrọ ya dị ka otu n'ime ya "Ndị inyom na-azụ ahịa na-ekwe nkwa". <ref name=":8">{{Cite news|author=Groden|first=Claire|title=Meet Fortune's 2015 Most Promising Women Entrepreneurs|url=http://fortune.com/2015/09/09/2015-most-promising-women-entrepreneurs/|accessdate=February 18, 2017|work=Fortune|date=September 9, 2015}}</ref> Na 2012, Harvard Foundation for Intercultural and Race Relations kpọrọ ya "Scientist of the Year." <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=Matthews, Silverman are Scientists of the Year|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/matthews-silverman-are-scientists-of-the-year/|accessdate=February 18, 2017|work=Harvard Gazette|date=March 30, 2012}}<br /><br />- {{Cite journal|title=The Harvard Foundation Honors Jessica Matthews '10 and Julia Silverman '10 as the 2012 Scientists of the Year at the annual Harvard Foundation Science Conference|journal=The Harvard Foundation Journal|date=Spring 2012|volume=XXXI|issue=2|url=http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/harvardfoundation/files/hfnewsletter_2012s.pdf|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}<br /><br />- {{Cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/how-to/marketing/2016/04/energy-generating-soccer-balls-jump-ropes-help.html|title=Energy-generating soccer balls, jump ropes help keep lights on in developing countries|author=Stych|first=Anne|date=April 5, 2016|work=The Business Journals|accessdate=February 22, 2016}}</ref> Matthews bụ nwa amaala US na Nigeria. <ref name=":0" /> Onye isi ala Naijiria kpọrọ ya "Ambassador for Entrepreneurship" maka obodo ahụ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Helman|first=Christopher|title=The Stars Of Forbes' 30 Under 30 In Energy And Industry|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2014/01/06/30-under-30-energy-industry/#2d31229f5bd2|accessdate=February 18, 2017|work=Forbes|date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Matthews na February 13, 1988, wee tolite na Poughkeepsie, New York, dịka nwa amaala United States na Nigeria. Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ anọ. Ndị mụrụ ya na-azụ ahịa sọftụwia, Decision Technologies International <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1" /> na nwanne ya nwanyị, Tiana Idoni-Matthews, ghọrọ onye isi ahịa nke Uncharted Play. <ref name=":7">{{Cite news|author=Shamah|first=David|title=The soccer ball that lights up when kicked, and other kinetic energy converters|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-soccer-ball-that-lights-up-when-kicked-and-other-kinetic-energy-converters/|accessdate=February 21, 2017|work=The Times of Israel|date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> Matthews gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Our Lady of Lourdes, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jessica O. Matthews '06|url=https://www.ollchs.org/live/profiles/121-jessica-o-matthews-06/templates/details/alumni-profiles.php|publisher=Our Lady of Lourdes|accessdate=February 18, 2017|archivedate=April 6, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406021807/https://www.ollchs.org/live/profiles/121-jessica-o-matthews-06/templates/details/alumni-profiles.php}}</ref> dị ka onye ntorobịa na-achụso ihe ngosi sayensị na egwu na ubi . <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/05/27/change-agents-jessica-matthews-soccket-ball/9013529/|title=Change Agents: Matthews' Soccket lights up lives|date=May 27, 2014|work=USA Today|author=della Cava|first=Marco|accessdate=February 18, 2017}}</ref> Matthews gara Harvard College ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Economics na emesịa Harvard Business School . <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == === Ejighị egwu egwu === Dị ka onye obere na kọleji na 2008, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Uncharted Play - Upstarts: The Playmakers|url=https://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2015/06/24/upstart30-playmakers/2.html|accessdate=February 18, 2017|work=CNN Money|date=June 24, 2015|archive-date=April 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406022810/http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2015/06/24/upstart30-playmakers/2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Matthews na nwa klas Julia Silverman chepụtara Soccket dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ maka klas injinịa . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2014/1113/Jessica-O.-Matthews-has-a-ball-generating-energy|title=Jessica O. Matthews has a ball generating energy|author=Karas|first=David|date=November 13, 2014|work=Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=February 23, 2017}}</ref> Ọ kọwala ihe mkpali maka imepụta ihe ahụ sitere na ahụmahụ ọ gara agbamakwụkwọ nwanne nne ya na Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hartogs|first=Jessica|title=Powering the future: Kick a ball, switch on a light|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/powering-the-future-kick-a-ball-switch-on-a-light/|accessdate=February 22, 2017|work=CBS News|date=July 23, 2012}}</ref> Mgbe ọkụ eletrik furu efu ma jiri igwe na-emepụta mmanụ diesel na-eme ka ọkụ na-enwu, Matthews ghọtara ihe ize ndụ ahụ ike sitere na uzuoku wee kpebie ịgbalị ime ihe banyere ya. <ref name=":0"/> Ya na Silverman gosipụtara Soccket dị ka ihe ngwọta ha chọrọ, bọọlụ bọọlụ na-echekwa ike ike ka ejiri ya. Ọkara awa nke egwuregwu na bọọlụ bọọlụ na-ewepụta ike zuru oke iji mee ka obere ọkụ ọkụ LED nwere ike ịgbanye ruo awa atọ, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/vickyvalet/2015/10/01/the-new-inventors-catching-up-with-six-30-under-30-makers/#334280295d63|title=The New Inventors: Catching Up With Six 30 Under 30 Makers|author=Valet|first=Vicky|date=October 1, 2015|work=Forbes|accessdate=February 19, 2017}}</ref> nke mere na iji bọọlụ bọọlụ egwuri egwu na-enyekwa ụmụaka ọkụ ịgụ ihe ha ga-eji na-eme ihe omume ụlọ akwụkwọ ha mgbe chi jiri. Ha abụọ tọrọ ntọala Ike Uncharted iji zụlite Socket, ebe Matthews ghọrọ CEO. <ref name=":2"/> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji na 2010, Matthews weere ọrụ oge niile na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ego igwe mmadụ akpọrọ CrowdTap. <ref name=":3"/> N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Uncharted Power oge niile, <ref name=":2"/> na-ebu ụzọ nweta ego site na Kickstarter wee jiri ụgwọ na-agbanwe agbanwe . <ref name=":3" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, o gosipụtara Soccket na Clinton Global Initiative University <ref name=":2" /> na njem [[Barack Obama|President Barack Obama]] na 2013 na [[Tanzania]] . <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite news|author=CNN Political Unit|title=Obama shows off his 'Soccket' moves|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/02/obama-shows-off-his-soccket-moves/|accessdate=February 22, 2017|work=CNN|date=July 2, 2013|archive-date=August 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105641/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/02/obama-shows-off-his-soccket-moves/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Companylọ ọrụ ahụ na-emekwa eriri mwụda nke na-echekwa ike n'ụzọ yiri Soccket a na-akpọ Pulse, nke na-ewepụta ike elekere atọ maka LED site na nkeji iri na ise nke ụdọ ịwụ elu. <ref name=":3" /> Usoro nrụpụta mbụ nke Soccket zutere nsogbu njikwa mma dị mkpa, yabụ Matthews kwagara mmepụta na akụrụngwa egwuregwu Uncharted na New York. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Collins|first=Jennifer|title=Impoverished kids love the soccer ball that powers a lamp — until it breaks|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-04-08/impoverished-kids-love-soccer-ball-powers-lamp-until-it-breaks|accessdate=February 22, 2017|work=Public Radio International|date=April 8, 2014|archive-date=February 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221163054/https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-04-08/impoverished-kids-love-soccer-ball-powers-lamp-until-it-breaks|url-status=dead}}</ref> O mechara gbanwee uche ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ịmepụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche na-echekwa ike ike na mmekorita ya na ndị nrụpụta nwere ahụmahụ. <ref name=":0"/> Ngbanwe a gụnyere ịre ahịa ọzọ, okwu mkpọ okwu maka Motion dabere Off-Grid Renewable Energy, usoro na-eji usoro nchekwa Soccket na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa gafere ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka. <ref name=":7"/> <ref name="Free Enterprise">{{Cite news|url=https://www.freeenterprise.com/this-startup-turns-soccer-balls-and-sidewalks-into-power-sources/|title=Her Renewable Energy Startup Turns Soccer Balls and Sidewalks Into Power Sources|date=May 3, 2017|work=Free Enterprise|accessdate=May 17, 2017}}</ref> "Matthews na-akọwa nkà na ụzụ MORE nke ụlọ ọrụ ya dị ka ihe na-ewe ihe ike na nke na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nke nwere ike itinye n'enweghị nsogbu n'ime akụrụngwa, ihe na ngwaahịa dị iche iche - ihe niile sitere na mbara ala, n'okporo ámá, ọsọ ọsọ na ụzọ ụkwụ, gaa na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko, strollers, ụgbọ ala ịzụ ahịa na karịa. " <ref name="Free Enterprise" /> === Ike anaghị akwụ ụgwọ === N'afọ 2016, ike a na-akwụghị ụgwọ na-erite uru afọ atọ na-esochi ma na-amụba oke uru dị okpukpu abụọ kwa afọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Buchanan|first=Leigh|title=An Entrepreneur Who Never Runs Out of Energy|url=http://www.inc.com/leigh-buchanan/jessica-matthews-will-never-run-out-of-energy.html|accessdate=February 22, 2017|work=Inc|date=May 20, 2017}}</ref> Na 2016, Matthews welitere $ 7 nde na ego Series A maka ike a na-enweghị ike, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hirtenstein|first=Anna|title=Magic Johnson Funds Uncharted Play's Ball That Generates Power|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-22/magic-johnson-funds-uncharted-play-s-ball-that-generates-power|accessdate=February 21, 2017|work=Bloomberg|date=September 22, 2016}}</ref> na ụlọ ọrụ bara uru na $ 57 nde. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.valuewalk.com/2017/03/the-funding-is-female-18-founders-and-venture-capitalists-changing-the-tech-landscape/|title=The Funding Is Female: 18 Founders And Venture Capitalists Changing The Tech Landscape|date=March 8, 2017|work=ValueWalk|accessdate=March 22, 2017}}<br /><br />- {{Cite news|url=http://www.valuewalk.com/2017/03/the-funding-is-female-18-founders-and-venture-capitalists-changing-the-tech-landscape/2/|title=The Funding Is Female: 18 Founders And Venture Capitalists Changing The Tech Landscape|date=March 8, 2017|work=ValueWalk|accessdate=May 17, 2017}}</ref> TechCrunch kọrọ na nke a mere Matthews onye isi ojii nke iri na atọ nchoputa nwetara ego karịrị otu nde dollar. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/19/black-female-founder-raises-7-million-for-renewable-energy-tech-startup/|title=Black female founder raises $7 million for renewable energy tech startup|author=Dickey|first=Megan Rose|work=TechCrunch|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2017|archivedate=February 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215084853/https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/19/black-female-founder-raises-7-million-for-renewable-energy-tech-startup/}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Maachị 2017, ejirila 500,000 Socckets na Pulses mee ihe na mpaghara ndị na-emepe emepe, nke kachasị na Africa na Latin America. <ref name=":11">{{Cite news|author=Ochieng|first=Akinyi|title=Jessica O. Matthews is the Tech Maven Bringing Renewable Energy to Nigeria and Beyond|url=http://www.okayafrica.com/culture-2/okay100women/jessica-o-matthews-okay-100-women/|accessdate=March 22, 2017|work=OkayAfrica|date=March 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215084850/https://www.okayafrica.com/jessica-o-matthews-okay-100-women/|archive-date=February 15, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na 2016, mgbe Matthews kpaliri Uncharted Power na Harlem, New York, o kere ogwe aka na-abaghị uru, Harlem Tech Fund (HTF), nke na-achọ ịkwado 100 ọhụrụ mmalite ma na-enye ọzụzụ nkà na ụzụ na 10,000 Harlem bi n'ime abụọ na-esote. afọ ise. <ref name=":6"/> Matthews na-eje ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke HTF. <ref name=":11" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, a matara ya na Harlem Economic Development Day, na-anata Award Corporate Diversity Award. <ref name=":6" /> === Ndị ọzọ === Matthews agbasawanyela ịrụ ọrụ na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa zuru ụwa ọnụ. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charu-sharma/going-against-the-flow-jessica-o-matthews-found-_b_7616284.html|title=Going Against the Flow: Jessica O. Matthews, Founder/CEO of Uncharted Play|work=Huffington Post|author=Sharma|first=Charu|date=18 June 2015|accessdate=February 22, 2017|archivedate=February 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215084823/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/going-against-the-flow-jessica-o-matthews-found-_b_7616284}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke KDDC, na-emepụta ọrụ mmiri mmiri na Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Jessica O. Matthews - SuperSoul 100|url=http://www.supersoul.tv/supersoul-100/entrepreneurs/jessica-matthews|accessdate=February 19, 2017|work=SuperSoul TV|date=August 3, 2016|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215084857/https://www.oprah.com/app/super-soul-sunday.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ihe mgbochi mmiri nke nwere megawatt 30 so na ọrụ mmiri ọkụ mbụ ewepụtara na Naijiria. <ref name=":9" /> N'afọ 2021, onye odeakwụkwọ ike nke US họpụtara ya na Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Maka ọkụ eletrik nke US (EAC). <ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Department of Energy Announces 2022 Electricity Advisory Committee|url=https://www.energy.gov/oe/articles/us-department-energy-announces-2022-electricity-advisory-committee|accessdate=2022-11-05|work=Energy.gov|language=en}}</ref> == Nkwenye == Matthews enwetala ọtụtụ ihe nrite, nsọpụrụ na nkwanye ùgwù. <ref name=":4"/> <ref name=":11"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-30947979.html|title=Toyota Awards $50K in Grants to Women at Women in the World Summit|date=March 17, 2012|work=Manufacturing Close-Up|accessdate=February 22, 2017|archive-date=November 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119223832/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-30947979.html|url-status=dead}}<br /><br />- {{Cite news|url=http://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2014/09/27/awards-celebrate-legacy-greatest/16361773/|title=Awards celebrate legacy of 'The Greatest'|author=Adams|first=Kirby|date=September 27, 2014|work=The Courier-Journal|accessdate=February 22, 2017}}<br /><br />- {{Cite news|author=Simon|first=Mashaun D.|title=#NBCBLK28: Jessica O. Matthews has a brighter idea to capture the energy of play|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbcblk28-2017/nbcblk28-jessica-o-matthews-techie-inventor-harnesses-power-play-n714681|accessdate=February 21, 2017|work=NBC News|date=February 11, 2017}}</ref> Na 2013, a kpọrọ ya "Innovator of the Year" site na ''Black Enterprise ,'' <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dingle|first=Derek T.|title=How One Black Entrepreneur 'Powers' Obama's Africa Strategy|url=http://www.blackenterprise.com/blogs/obama-investment-power-africa-trade-africa/|accessdate=February 18, 2017|work=Black Enterprise|date=July 3, 2013}}</ref> ma mara ya dị ka otu n'ime <nowiki><i id="mwkg">Forbes</i></nowiki> 30 Under 30 na ''Inc. ''' s 30 n'okpuru 30 na 2014 na 2016 n'otu n'otu, <ref name=":3"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.inc.com/donna-fenn/2016-30-under-30-these-young-entrepreneurs-are-shaping-the-future.html?cid=nav-1|title=These Young Entrepreneurs Are Shaping the Future|author=Fenn|first=Donna|date=May 24, 2017|work=Inc.|accessdate=February 22, 2017}}</ref> ma họrọ ugboro abụọ site ''Fortune'' maka nnabata. <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":8"/> Matthews nwetara ihe nrite “One Young World Entrepreneur of the Year” na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneyoungworld.com/news-item/one-young-world-entrepreneur-year-award-2020-winners-announced|title=One Young World Entrepreneur of the Year Award 2020 - Winners Announced|publisher=One Young World|accessdate=23 December 2020}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923175020/http://www.soccket.com/ Webụsaịtị ngwaahịa SOCCKET gọọmentị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250228215740/http://unchartedplay.com/ Weebụsaịtị Play anaghị akwụ ụgwọ] * N'ajụjụ ọnụ ''Freakonomics'' pọdkastị ya na Matthews - [http://freakonomics.com/podcast/creativity-4/ Ihe nkiri #369: "Ezigbo echiche adịghị mma nke ukwuu"], Febụwarị 27, 2019 [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] q4agltb0bl00j4eaci22b9fon732zi7 0 39830 737088 539441 2026-10-12T01:38:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hazel B. Garland''' (January 28, 1913 - April 5, 1988) bụ onye nta akụkọ, onye na ede akwụkwọ akụkọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ọ bụ nwanyị Afrịka Amerịka mbụ jere ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ a na ekesa na mba (New Pittsburgh Courier).<ref name="Sumner"/> A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ na arụ ọrụ ugbo, ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ iri na isii. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nwere ọgụgụ isi ma nwee ike, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị site na nkwali nna ya, ma jiri oge rụọ ọrụ dị ka odibo iji nye ezinụlọ ya enyemaka ego.[1][2<ref name ="Smith">[[Jessie Carney Smith|Carney Smith, Jesse]] (1996), ''Notable Black American Women, Book 2'', Gale Research Inc., pp. 240–243. {{ISBN|0810391775}}</ref><ref name="Sumner">David E. Sumner. [http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-03590.html "Garland, Hazel"], American National Biography Online April 2014. Accessed January 1, 2015.</ref> Mgbe ọ lụsịrị di na 1935 ọ ghọrọ onye na-elekọta ụlọ, zụlite nwa ya nwanyị Phyllis ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'òtù ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo dị iche iche. Akụkọ ya banyere ọrụ klọb ahụ dọtara uche ya n'aka ndị nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara ma ka ọ na-erule afọ 1943 ọ na-ede kọlụm mgbe niile. <ref name="Sumner"/><ref name="Courier">Editorial Staff, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150105034210/http://newpittsburghcourieronline.com/2011/01/27/hazel-garland-female-trailblazer/ "Hazel Garland: Female trailblazer"], ''[[Pittsburgh Courier]]'', January 27, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2015.</ref> Na 1946 ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nke Pittsburgh Courier oge niile, na 1960 ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ma ihe ntụrụndụ na akụkụ ụmụ nwanyị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ. N'afọ 1955, ọ ghọrọ onye nta akụkọ America-America nke mbụ dere kọlụm telivishọn oge niile, Video Vignettes, nke ga-aga n'ihu ịghọ otu n'ime kọlụm telivishọn kachasị ogologo na akụkọ akụkọ.. [1] [2][3] N'afọ 1974, e mere Garland Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, n'otu afọ ahụ, National Newspaper Publishers Association kpọrọ ya 'Editor of the Year'. Ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ ya na 1977 n'ihi nsogbu ahụike, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ ma nọgide na-arụ ọrụ ndụmọdụ nye ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1988. N'afọ 1978 na 1979 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe maka Pulitzer Prize maka ọrụ odeakụkọ. [1] [2][3]<ref name="Sumner" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Hazel B. Garland na Hazel Barbara Maxine Hill nso Terre Haute, [[Ndiánà|Indiana]], na 1913. <ref name="Sumner"/> Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ iri na isii George na Hazel Hill mụrụ, ndị bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo n'oge ahụ. Mgbe ọ kwagara [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] na mbido afọ 1920, nna ya malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-egwupụta coal ma ezinụlọ ahụ mechara biri na Belle Vernon na 1932. Dị ka nwa mbụ, a kpọrọ Hill ka ọ nyere nne ya aka ịzụlite ụmụnne ya iri na ise. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na nke nwere nkà, ma nwee olileanya ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. Otú ọ dị, tupu ya enwee ike ịgụcha ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, nna ya rịọrọ ka ọ kwụsị iji kwe ka nwanne ya nwoke nke obere gaa n'ihu, na ebumnuche nke ịga kọleji. Hill chọtara ọrụ dị ka odibo, ebe nwanne ya nwoke nke obere ga-emesị jụ agụmakwụkwọ kọleji maka mmekọrịta dara ada. Hill mechara cheta na nna ya akwadoghị agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, na-ekwupụta na ọ bụ n'efu ka ha ga-emecha lụọ di ma kwụsị ọrụ agbanyeghị.[3]<ref name="Smith" /> N'agbanyeghị na ọ naghịzi aga ụlọ akwụkwọ, Hill ji oge ohere ya na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ọbá akwụkwọ mpaghara. Ọ na-etinyekwa oge n'uhuruchi na-agba egwu, na-abụ abụ na ịkpọ ụbọ maka ìgwè ndị obodo, na obere oge weere ọrụ na ntụrụndụ. Mgbe na a ọzọ, ọ zutere Percy Andrew Garland, a window ngosi decorator na photographer si McKeesport, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]]. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ n'oge ihe omume chọọchị mgbe Garland na-akpọ trombone solo ka ha hụrụ n'anya. Na January 26, 1935, ha lụrụ na otu nwa ha, bụ́ Phyllis, mụrụ n’October nke afọ ahụ..[1]<ref name="Sumner"/> N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, Garland nyere ezinụlọ ya otuto maka ịkwado ihe ọ rụzuru ma gbaa ume ka ọ raara onwe ya nye akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.<ref name="Kauffman">Kauffman Advisory Board for Women in Business "Salute to Hazel Garland", ''[[New Pittsburgh Courier]]'', June 13, 1974.</ref> Garland bụ onye na-akwado otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Pittsburgh Steelers . <ref name="Sumner"/> N'afọ 1951, Garland ghọrọ onye otu Pittsburgh nke The Girl Friend's, Inc., otu ndị inyom Afrịka Amerịka a ma ama.<ref name="Olson">Carter Olsen, Candice. [http://candicarterolson.weebly.com/toki-schalk-johnson.html "Toki Schalk Johnson"]. Accessed January 4, 2015.</ref> Ya na enyi ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Toki Schalk Johnson, na 1961 Garland ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị Afrịka Amerika mbụ so na Ụmụ nwanyị Press Klọb nke Pittsburgh.<ref name="Press Club">[http://womenspressclub.weebly.com/history.html "History"], Women's Press Club of Pittsburgh. Accessed January 4, 2015.</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'April 5, 1988, ọ dị afọ 75, na Ụlọ Ọgwụ McKeesport n'ihi nkụchi obi mgbe a wachara ya ahụ na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ. == Ọrụ odeakụkọ == === Ọrụ mmalite === Mgbe ọ lụsịrị di, Garland malitere ndụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ na nne. Site na nkwado nke nne di ya, ọ malitekwara ịrụsi ọrụ ike n'òtù ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ onye edemede siri ike, a na-arịọkarị Garland ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ klọb. N'afọ 1943, ọ nọ na kọmitii mgbasa ozi maka YWCA dị n'ógbè ahụ mgbe onye nta akụkọ ahụ n'ihi na ọ na-ekpuchi tii e mere iji sọpụrụ onye ọrụ ojii mbụ na njikọ ahụ furu efu n'ụzọ ma rute naanị mgbe ihe omume ahụ gwụchara.[2] Dị ka onye nta akụkọ klọb, Garland dere ihe odide nke ya n'ehihie, a gbara ya ume ide ha ma zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ.[1][2] Ndị editọ na Pittsburgh Courier nwere mmasị, ma gwa ya ka ọ kọwaa ihe omume obodo eriri nke ahụ maka ha dị ka onye na-akwụ ya $ 2 maka otu isiokwu. [1] [2]<ref name="Sumner"/> Garland weputara ọtụtụ ihe nke na emechara jikọta akụkọ ya n'ime kọlụm a na-akpọ Tri-City News, nke malitere ịpụta na Pittsburgh Courier na ngwụcha 1943. N'oge ahụ, mgbasa ozi bụ isi anaghị ebu ozi ọma ọ bụla gbasara obodo ndị America-America ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. na ụda mkparịta ụka nke Garland na ihe gbasara obodo na-elekwasị anya na agbamakwụkwọ, nsọpụrụ, ọrụ na ọbụna ọdachi.[3] yana aha ya na-arịwanye elu maka ọkachamara, ntụkwasị obi na edemede ọkachamara [1] mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama ngwa ngwa.[2] === Onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ === Ka ọ na-erule 1946, Pittsburgh Courier bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị isi ojii a na-agụkarị na United States, ma bipụta ngụkọta nke mbipụta iri na anọ, ma nke obodo ma nke mba, yana iwe ndị nta akụkọ mba ụwa n'ọrụ n'obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa.<ref name="Sumner"/> N'afọ ahụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nyere ọzụzụ ịmalite ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-arụ ọrụ ya ka ha bụrụ ndị nta akụkọ oge niile, ohere Garland ji mee ihe ngwa ngwa. [1] [2] Na mbụ na-enye ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ mkpuchi ezumike, ọ mechara bụrụ onye nta akụkọ ọrụ n'ozuzu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.[1] Mgbanwe a abụghị nke ndị ọrụ ibe ya niile nabatara ma n'otu oge otu n'ime ndị ọrụ ibe nwoke ya, na-ewe iwe maka nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe o weere dị ka ọrụ nwoke, kpachapụrụ anya zigara Garland iji kpuchie ogbugbu n'ụlọ ndị akwụna dị n'ógbè ahụ. Garland, onye na-anọtụbeghị na gburugburu ebe obibi dị otú ahụ, nwere nchegbu, mana ọ kwụrụ onye ọrụ ibe nwoke ọzọ ụgwọ ka ọ soro ya ma n'oge na-adịghị anya jiri nkọwa niile dị mkpa maka akụkọ ya laghachi.[3]<ref name="Smith" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọrọ kọlụm ya "Ihe a ga-ekwu maka ya", wee gaa n'ihu na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze gbadoro ụkwụ na obodo yana ụda mkparịta ụka.. Onye ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Frank E. Bolden, kwuru na:   Na mbụ na-ekpuchi ihe omume mpaghara, mba ma ọ bụ ihe omume ọha na-ewu ewu ka akọọrọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ [[Toki Johnson]] Agbanyeghị, n'ikpeazụ, a ga-ebipụtakwa ụdị ihe a ga-ekwu maka ya na mbipụta mpaghara na nke mba, na-agba ọsọ ruo ọnwa tupu Garland anwụọ, maka ngụkọta nke afọ 42.. <ref name="Sumner"/> Na 1952 ndị editọ kpebiri ịmalite ngalaba magazin, wee họpụta Garland dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ihe ngosi, <ref name="Sumner"/> nwanyị mbụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ mere ya. <ref name="Courier"/> N'otu afọ ahụ, e zigara Garland n'ime ime obodo [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]] iji kpuchie akụkọ Maude E. Callen, onye nọọsụ obodo na midwife na-ejere obodo ndị ojii na ndị ọcha ozi. Ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-ekenye ndị na-ede akụkọ nwoke ugboro ugboro n'akụkọ kacha mma, ọdịdị akụkọ a pụtara na ọ na-ele anya na ọ ka mma ka nwanyị kọọ akụkọ. Usoro akụkọ Garland sochirinụ, nke akpọrọ The Three I's: Ignorance, Iliteracy and Illegitimacy nwetara 1953 New York Akwụkwọ akụkọ Guild Page One Award for Journalism.[1][2]<ref name="Smith" />   Na 1955 Garland malitere ide kọlụm telivishọn a na-akpọ Video Vignettes. N'oge ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ TV na-elebara obere anya na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, kọlụm Garland kwuru nke ọma oge mgbe a chụrụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ojii ma ọ bụ ndị mgbasa ozi, ma ọ bụ mgbe a kagburu ihe ngosi dị mkpa. Iji hụ na e mere isi ihe ya, ọ ga-ezigakwa ndị na-ahụ maka netwọkụ na ọdụ ọdụ akwụkwọ kọlụm ya. Ọ bụ ezie na kọlụm ahụ lekwasịrị anya na mmemme na-egosi ndị Africa America, ọ ka kpuchiri ihe ngosi niile a ma ama na Garland gbara ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị edemede ma ọ bụ ndị na-emepụta agba ọ bụla nọ na Pittsburgh ajụjụ ọnụ, dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri.Eartha Kitt. "Video Vignettes" malitere n'afọ 1955 ruo otu ọnwa tupu ọnwụ Garland n'afọ 1988, ngụkọta nke afọ 33, otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ telivishọn kachasị ogologo n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. [1] _Garland#cite_note-Ware-1" id="mwvQ" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 3;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[3]</span><ref name="Sumner"/> N'afọ 1960, a kwalitere Garland site na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ihe ngosi gaa na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, mana nbibi ego na Chicago, mbelata mgbasa ozi nke Courier na ịba ụba nke okwu ojii na akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ isi emeela ka nsogbu ego dị njọ na akwụkwọ ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akwụ ụgwọ ego akwụ ụgwọ, Garland gara n'ihu na-ede maka akwụkwọ ahụ. O kwuru, "Ahụrụ m onye ozi ahụ n'anya. Ọ bụ ihe niile nye m. Ejila m akụkụ ka ukwuu nke ndụ m n'ebe ahụ, n'ihi ya, achọrọ m ịrụ ọrụ ọ bụrụgodị na akwụghị m ụgwọ. echere m na anyị nwere ike ijide ya ọnụ.. " === Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ === N'ihi nsogbu ego ya, na 1966 John H. Sengstacke, onye na-ebipụta Chicago Defender, zụrụ Pittsburgh Courier ma nye ya aha ọhụrụ Pittsburgh Courier.N'oge ahụ Garland bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ma ihe ntụrụndụ na akụkụ ụmụ nwanyị nke akwụkwọ ahụ, mana na 1972 Sengstacke nyere ya ọkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ obodo, nke a na-ewere dị ka ọrụ nchịkwa. Ọ bụghị ndị ọrụ ibe ya niile na akwụkwọ ahụ kwenyere na nkwalite a, Garland ka nọkwa na-akpagbu ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya. N'afọ 1974, a kwalitere Garland ọzọ, oge a ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ, nwanyị mbụ Africa-American mere nke a n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ọ bụla na United States. Tupu ọ nabata ọkwa ahụ, Garland ji n'aka nke ọma na onyinye ahụ bụ nke eziokwu na ọ bụghị nkwekọrịta akara na-enweghị ezigbo ikike.<ref name="Kauffman">Kauffman Advisory Board for Women in Business "Salute to Hazel Garland", ''[[New Pittsburgh Courier]]'', June 13, 1974.</ref> Ọrụ ahụ bụ ihe na-achọsi ike na Garland nọrọ ọtụtụ awa n'ebe ezinụlọ ya nọ, na-ahazigharị akwụkwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ usoro ọhụrụ, na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ na ịgbasa akụkụ ụfọdụ dị ugbu a iji dọta ndị na-ege ntị buru ibu. N'agbanyeghị na enweela ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọkwa dị elu na Pittsburgh Courier, Garland bụ onye mbụ nwetara ọrụ njikwa aka, ma na-etinye aka kwa ụbọchị na ntinye akwụkwọ. Ka ọ na-erule oge e buliri ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ, ọ na-enyere aka na nhazi, nkọwa akụkọ na imewe ọtụtụ afọ..<ref name="Courier"/> Mgbe a jụrụ ya banyere ya ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, enyi ya na odeakụkọ Frank E. Boulden kwuru:   N'otu afọ ahụ, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Garland bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke afọ site n'aka Òtù Ndị Na-ebipụta Akwụkwọ akụkọ Mba. Na 1975 ọ natara National Headliner award si [[Women in Communications]]. N'afọ 1976, New Pittsburgh Courier meriri John B. Russwurm maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mba Afrịka kachasị mma, nke Garland n'onwe ya meriri $ 500 na onye otu NAACP. Garland nwetakwara nsọpụrụ n'afọ ahụ site n'aka otu ụmụ nwanyị ndị Juu bụ ORT America maka 'ịkwado ọdịiche dị n'etiti agbụrụ'. N'afọ 1977, Garland lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ ya n'ihi ọrịa, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-ede kọlụm ya ma were ọrụ ndụmọdụ nye Sengstacke otu ụbọchị n'izu. Hazel Garland bụ nwanyị mbụ Afrịka-Amerika ka ọ rụọ ọrụ site n'aka onye edemede nweere onwe ya gaa na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mba. Ndị ọrụ ibe ya kwanyere ya ùgwù, ma ebe o kwere omume ọ gbalịrị inyere ndị na-eto eto aka ịbanye n'ọrụ mgbasa ozi: "Dị ka ndị ọzọ kpaliri, nyere aka ma nyere m aka, agbalịwo m ime otu ihe ahụ na ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ndị ntorobịa niile na-abịa site n'ọnụ ụzọ na Courier. Achọrọ m inyeghachi nnukwu ihe ọmụma niile mụ na ya, site na ụfọdụ ndị dị ukwuu. " <ref name="Courier"/> Mgbe a jụrụ ya ka ọ chịkọta ọrụ ya, Garland kwuru:   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Davis, Marianna W., de. Onyinye nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na America. Ụgbọelu 1. Columbia, S.C.: Kenday Press (1982) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150329125942/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-3629205.html "Spotlight on Black History: Hazel B. Garland"] * [http://chicagodefender.com/2009/02/24/several-black-women-served-as-news-media-pioneers/ "Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka ndị ọsụ ụzọ mgbasa ozi"], Chicago Defender, February 24, 2009 * "Hazel Garland, onye nta akụkọ ọsụ ụzọ", ''Pittsburgh Post Gazette'' * Garland, Phyl, "Ndị isi ojii na Journalism" na Encyclopaedia of African American Culture and History, New York: Macmillan (1995) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150105035753/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1900305811/women-s-lib-has-no-soul-analysis-of-women-s-movement Nnyocha nke Women's Lib Movements na Black Periodicals 1968-73] * [https://www.pbs.org/blackpress/timeline/timeline.html PBS Timeline nke Black Press] == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * "Hazel Garland, Editor, 75". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150105034926/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1988-04-08/news/0030170057_1_garland-courier-video-vignettes "Hazel Garland, 74: Nwaanyị ojii bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ..."]. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gor8da95sex46iar7ou1mxc87mkivcn 0 41414 737069 577987 2026-10-11T18:37:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Homeless_in_England_per_100,000_people_1998-2014.png|thumb|300x300px| Ọnụọgụ ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na England kwa mmadụ 100,000 1998–2014]] Ọ N'England, ndịiche obodo nwere ọrụ ndị na-okpuru ebe obibi n'okpuru ebe obibi n'okpuru nke VII nke Iwu Iwu 1996 dị ka iwu ebe obibi 2002 meziri.  Enwere ihe ise nke onye na-atụgharị ebe obibi ga-emerịrị ka o wee ruo eru dị ka nri ebe obibi.  Ọ bụrụ na onye na- ndị na-egwu egwuregwulụ abụ mbụ n'ime ule ndị a Kansụl ka nwere ọrụ ị ebe obibi nwa oge.  map, onye na-ama vidiyo ga-eju awụ ise niile maka Kansụl ga-enye onye na-ama-ama-ama-ama-ezigbo, na ndebanye aha ụlọ ndị.  [1] Ọbụlagodi na ụmụaka ule ise ndị a, kansụl nwere ikike iji ngalaba agbaziri agbaziri nkeonwe iji ọrụ ha nye onye na-onye ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/homeless-forced-into-private-rented-sector/6524606.article|title=Homeless forced into private rented sector &#124; News &#124; Inside Housing|accessdate=7 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426194830/http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/homeless-forced-into-private-rented-sector/6524606.article|archivedate=26 April 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Richardson|first=Hannah|title=More than 250,000 are homeless in England - Shelter|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-38157410|accessdate=5 December 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=1 December 2016}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ezinụlọ kwa afọ nke ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na England gbagoro na 2003-04 na 135,420 tupu ha daa na 40,020 dị ala na 2009-10.  Na 2014–15, e nwere ezinụlọ 54,430 na-enweghị ebe obibi, nke dị pasenti 60 n'okpuru ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke 2003–04.[1]  Agbanyeghị, na Disemba 2016 ụlọ ọrụ ebere ụlọ Shelter mere atụmatụ enweghị ebe obibi na England ruru ihe karịrị mmadụ 250,000;  Ebe nchekwa gbakọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ site na iji usoro anọ nke isi mmalite gọọmentị: ọnụ ọgụgụ na ndị na-ehi ụra siri ike (ya bụ, ndị na-ehi ụra n'okporo ámá), ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nọ n'ụlọ nwa oge, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-ebi na ụlọ mbikọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-echere ka ha nọrọ n'ụlọ ndị otu kansụl na-elekọta mmadụ.  ngalaba ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About homelessness|url=http://homeless.org.uk/about-homelessness|publisher=Homeless Link|accessdate=19 December 2012|archivedate=3 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403154742/https://homeless.org.uk/facts-figures}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The homeless people - a priority need?|date=July 2015|url=http://arkaslaw.co.uk/the-homeless-people-a-priority-need/|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref>N'iburu n'ikiri nke ụzọ ebe obibi nwa oge na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ụlọ ọha na eze na United Kingdom a katọrọ ụfọdụ Kansụl maka ịwa ozi ọrụ ha n'okpuru iwu, ụzọ nke a na-akpọ "nchekwa ọnụ ụzọ" .  Okwu a bụ "ihe ebe obibi na-ahụ nke iwu" na-ekpuchi ndị agha obodo na-ele anya na ha nsogbu eru maka nsogbu, ọ bụghị ndị mkpa mbụ ma ọ bụ "na-ama umu ebe obibi". Ezin na-abịa nọ na ebe obibi nwa oge bilitere site na 35,850 na 2011 ruo 54,280 na ụlọ 2017. Otu n'ime ihe osisi ya bụ ndị mmadụ na-efunarị ụlọ nke onwe, nke Shelter na-ekwusi ike okwula 2011 mgbe mbelata uru ụlọ.  nkeji.  [1] Ihe ụmụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị na-alụ ebe obibi bụ ndị nanị ha na-azụ ụmụ.  labẹ n'okpuruokpuru 30,000 ndị mmadụ na-azụ ụmụ, ndị na-achọ ebe obibi na 2017, nke a bilitere 8% site na awụ ise gara aga.  Obere ego ha na-akpata na-eme ka ọ na-siriri ha ike ijide ọnụ akara obibi na-arrị elu, nnukwu ụlọ ụlọ na mbenata uru.  Asụsụ akara nọ n' nwa oge amụọbaala ihe mmụta nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ 2010 wee rute 78,930.  [2] Ndị nne nke Single nke nne na-azụ ụmụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke akara ebe obibi.  Dabere na Shelter, otu n'ime nọmba 55 nne na-azụ ụmụ, ndị na-achọ ebe obibi na 2017 ruo 2018 na 92% nke ikpe 26,610 bụ nne na-eduzi.  [3] N'afọ 2023, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-abụghị ebe obibi na England ruru ɔkwan , yana mmadụ 104,510 nọ na England n'iche nwa oge.  [4] E mere na ndị mmadụ 3,898 na-ehi Ụra siri ike na England na 2023, okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ e mere na 2010.<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe kpatara enweghị ebe obibi == Na 2007/2008, Office nke osote maka Statistics akara ebe ibu ibuokwu nke ihe ụfọdụ ihe eji eji ebe obibi eji na England .  [1] Ihe ndị a na-ese onyinyo ya kama tupu akpa nke ekiri ebe obibi.  Enyere ihe ndị a n'okpuru ozi nke 2007/2008 dị ka<ref name=":0">[http://www.york.ac.uk/res/ukhr/ukhr0708/compendium.htm "Housing needs, homelessness and lettings"], ''UK Housing Review 2007/2008'', University of York, England.</ref> Ọtụtụ nchọpụta nyocha enyochala ogologo oge na-akpata enweghị ebe obibi na England. Ndị a na-atụ aro na ma ihe nkeonwe (dịka ihe riri ahụ) na ihe nhazi (dịka ịda ogbenye) na-akpata enweghị ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts about Homelessness|url=https://www.connection-at-stmartins.org.uk/facts-about-homelessness/|accessdate=2022-10-26|work=The Connection at St Martin's|language=en-GB}}</ref> Achọpụtala ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche n'ime enweghị ebe obibi. Enwere ihe ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ bụ ihe na-akpata enweghị ebe obibi n'etiti ndị na-eto eto, nke kachasị mkpa ka ha chee ibu ọrụ nke ibi ndụ onwe ha tupu ha adị njikere maka ha <ref>Harding, 2004, "Making it Work: the Keys to Success Among Young People Living Independently", 2004, Bristol: The Policy Press.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The homelessness monitor: England 2016 (pub Jan 2016)|url=http://www.crisis.org.uk/data/files/publications/Homelessness_Monitor_England_2016_FINAL_(V12).pdf|work=Crisis|publisher=Crisis and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref>Akwụkwọ ọmụmụ 2016 akara ebe obibi maka England kwuru na ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ihe nke nri ebe obibi n'ime afọ ise gara aga bụ ihe ndị na-eji ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arrị elu nke ndị mmadụ mere ebe obibi site na ngalaba  isi onwe;  ụdị nke ahụmahụ ebe obibi n'ụzọ iwu mfu nke ụlọ obibi nke onwe gbagoro site na 11 na 2009-10 ruo 29 ajụjụ na 2014-15 (site na 4,600 ruo 16,000).  Akụkọ a kwubiri na 'ịnwe ebe obibi na-aka njọ' n'ime afọ ise nke Gọọmenti ọrụta (2010-15) ma gbakwụnye na ejirila aka na-enye ndị ozi buru ibu pụta, na-abụ na-ebelata' (lee ọrụ Executive).  ) == Nlekọta gọọmentị nke ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi == === Ule enweghị ebe obibi nke iwu kwadoro === Ndị ọchịchị obodo ga-anabata ngwa maka enyemaka nke onye na-achọ enyemaka enweghị ebe obibi ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ihe mere ha ga-eji kwenye na onye ahụ nwere ike ịbụ onye enweghị ebe obibi ma ọ bụ yie egwu enweghị ebe obibi. Ha ga-abụkwa ọrụ ịme ajụjụ gbasara ọnọdụ onye ahụ ka ha wee kpebie ma ọ bụ ọrụ iwu nyere ebe obibi na enyemaka eji. A ga-enyerịrị ndị nwere ike iru eru maka enyemaka na-adịgide adịgide na-eche mkpebi ikpeazụ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọchịchị obodo ekpebie na mmadụ enweghị ebe obibi mana ọ dabaghị na ngalaba mkpa mkpa, mgbe ahụ, a ga-eji ụgwọ dị obere nke na-agbasaghị na ịnye ebe obibi nwa oge. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọchịchị ekpebie na mmadụ enweghị ebe obibi na mkpa ọ dị mkpa mana ọ ghọrọ onye na-enweghị ebe obibi na ụma mgbe ahụ ikike ahụ ga-echekwa na ebe obibi dị maka oge dị otú ahụ ga-enye onye ahụ oge ezi uche iji chọta ebe obibi ogologo oge, nke nwere ike ịgbatị ruo n'inye ebe obibi nwa oge. . Ndị ọchịchị obodo n'okwu niile a dị n'elu ga-enwerịrị iwu kwadoro inye ndụmọdụ na enyemaka. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-arịọ arịrịọ ruru eru n'okpuru usoro ise (na ha erughị eru maka ụlọ, dị ka onye nọ n'okpuru nchịkwa mbata na ọpụpụ; na onye na-arịọ arịrịọ enweghị ebe obibi ma ọ bụ na-eyi ya egwu enweghị ebe obibi; na ha bụ 'mkpa mkpa'; na onye na-arịọ arịrịọ bụ ọ bụghị ụma na-enweghị ebe obibi; na onye na-arịọ arịrịọ nwere njikọ mpaghara) mgbe ahụ, ndị ọchịchị obodo nwere ọrụ iwu inye ụlọ maka onye na-arịọ arịrịọ, ndị ya na ha bi, na onye ọ bụla ọzọ nwere ezi uche ka ya na ha biri. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na onye na-arịọ arịrịọ enweghị njikọ mpaghara na mpaghara nke ikike ahụ, a ga-ezigara ha na mpaghara ọzọ nke ha nwere njikọ mpaghara (ọ gwụla ma ọ bụrụ na onye na-arịọ arịrịọ ahụ ga-enweta ihe ike ma ọ bụ egwu nke ime ihe ike na nke ahụ. mpaghara ọzọ). ==== Enweghị ebe obibi ==== Ọ dịghị mkpa ka mmadụ bụrụ onye enweghị ụlọ iji ruo eruo n'ụzọ iwu dị ka onye na-enweghị ebe obibi. Ha nwere ike ịnwe ebe obibi nke na-agaghị ekwe omume mmadụ ibi n'ihi ike ya, ọnọdụ ya, ọnọdụ ya, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ndị òtù ezinụlọ niile, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na onye bi na ya nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ egwu egwu. ime ihe ike nke enwere ike ime. ==== ntozu ==== Ụfọdụ otu ndị si mba ofesi (gụnyere ụmụ amaala Britain ndị biri na mba ọzọ ruo oge ụfọdụ) nwere ike ghara iru eru maka enyemaka n'okpuru iwu. ==== Mkpa mkpa ==== Ndị mmadụ nwere ''mkpa kacha mkpa'' maka ịnye ụlọ nwa oge (ma nyekwa ya 'mmasị ezi uche dị na ya' maka ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide na ndekọ ụlọ nke Kansụl) ma ọ bụrụ na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a metụtara: * ha dị ime * ha nwere ụmụaka dabere * ha enweghị ebe obibi n'ihi ihe mberede dị ka idei mmiri ma ọ bụ ọkụ * ha dị afọ 16 ma ọ bụ 17 (ma e wezụga ụfọdụ ''ndị nlekọta nlekọta'' [ụmụ mgbei, wdg] bụ ndị na-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ nke ọrụ mmekọrịta) * ha bụ ndị nlekọta nlekọta dị afọ 18-20 (ọ bụrụ na a na-elekọta ha, nabata ma ọ bụ zụlite mgbe ha dị afọ 16-17) * ha ''na-adighi ike'' n'ihi: ** ime agadi ** ọrịa anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke uche ** nkwarụ ma ọ bụ nkwarụ anụ ahụ ** ihe ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche (dị ka onye nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke nrigbu) * ha na-adịghị ike n'ihi nke ** ịnọ na nlekọta (n'agbanyeghị afọ) ** na-agbanarị ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ iyi egwu ime ihe ike ** ije ozi n'otu n'ime ndị agha ** ọ bụrụla ikpe njide ma ọ bụ ka etinyere ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. (1) Mmadụ na-ama ụma ghọ onye na-enweghị ebe obibi ma ọ bụrụ na ọ kpachaara anya mee ma ọ bụ mebie ihe ọ bụla n’ihi nke ọ ga-akwụsị ibi ebe obibi nke dịịrị ya maka ọrụ ya na nke ọ gaara adị mma ka ọ nọgide na-ebi. (2) Maka ebumnuche nke obere nkebi (1) omume ma ọ bụ mwepu n'ezi okwukwe n'akụkụ onye na-amaghị eziokwu ọ bụla dị mkpa agaghị ewere ya dị ka ụma. (3) A ga-emeso mmadụ dị ka onye na-enweghị ebe obibi na ụma ma ọ bụrụ na- (a) ọ na-abanye na nhazi nke a ga-achọ ka ọ kwụsị ịnọ n'ụlọ nke ọ ga-abụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịnọgide na-ebi, na (b) Nzube nke ndokwa ahụ bụ ka o nwee ike iru eru inweta enyemaka n’akụkụ nke a, ọ dịghịkwa ezi ihe ọzọ mere o ji bụrụ onye na-enweghị ebe obibi. (4) Onye enyere ndụmọdụ ma ọ bụ enyemaka n'okpuru ngalaba 197 (ọrụ ebe ebe obibi ọzọ kwesịrị ekwesị dị), mana ọ naghị echekwa ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị n'ọnọdụ ndị ezi uche dị na ya ịtụ anya na ọ ga-eme ya, ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-eme ya.  na-eme ngwa ọzọ n'okpuru akụkụ a, a ga-emeso ya dị ka onye na-enweghị ebe obibi na ụma. Ọnụ ọgụgụ edekọ nke ndị na-ehi ụra dara ada site na 2% na 2018 yana 9% na 2019, n'agbanyeghị na ọnụ ọgụgụ 2019 ka nọchiri anya mmụba 141% na 1,768 edere na 2010. Ọnụọgụ 2020 dekọrọ mbelata 37% na ụra siri ike na 2019. Ọnụọgụ a dabara na mkpọchi mba na mgbochi ọkwa na nzaghachi Covid-19. Ọnụọgụ 2021 dekọtara ọdịda 9% ọzọ na 2020 mana mmadụ 670 (38%) gbagoro na 2010. Akụkọ gbasara afọ ego sitere na nchekwa data jikọtara enweghị ebe obibi na ihe ọmụma (CHAIN), CHAIN Greater London Annual Report 2020-21 kọrọ na ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ ndị otu na-ewu ụlọ na London kpọtụụrụ ngụkọta nke 11,018 siri ike ụra. Nke a gosipụtara mmụba 3% n'afọ gara aga. 7,531 (68%) ka a hụrụ ka ha na-ehi ụra nke ọma na nke mbụ. Na February 2024, a kọrọ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 3,898 dara ụra siri ike na England na 2023, na-anọchite anya mmụba 27% site na afọ gara aga yana karịa okpukpu abụọ nke ndị mmadụ dekọrọ na 2010. <ref name="The Guardian, February 2024">{{Cite news|author=Butler|first=Patrick|date=29 February 2024|title=Rise in rough sleeping in England ‘source of national shame’, charity says|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/feb/29/number-of-people-sleeping-rough-in-england-rises-for-second-year-running|work=The Guardian|accessdate=3 March 2024}}</ref> === Ọrụ maka ndị na-ehi ụra siri ike === E guzobere ọrụ mba, nke a na-akpọ '''Streetlink''', na 2012 iji nyere ndị òtù ọha aka inweta enyemaka dị nso maka ndị na-ehi ụra siri ike, na nkwado nke Gọọmenti (dị ka ụlọ bụ ihe a na-ewepụ, ọrụ ugbu a na-agbatị naanị England). Ugbu a, ọrụ ahụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na usoro iwu kwadoro, na ntinye aka nke ndị ọchịchị obodo bụ nanị n'ihi nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sitere n'aka gọọmenti na ndị ọrụ ebere, na-enye ego site n'aka gọọmenti (na ndị ọzọ) na-adabere na ad-hoc ndabere. Emere ọrụ ahụ na London, na 2010, n'okpuru aha ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200814030619/http://www.nosecondnightout.org.uk/ No Second Night Out]'', nke a na-aga n'ihu na-aghọ aha aha ejiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara kansụl ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Merseyside. Kemgbe mmalite ya na 2010, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ebere enyela ọrụ bụ isi nke ọrụ ahụ na London: N'ịghọta na enweghị ebe obibi na England bụ nsogbu na-arịwanye elu, Gọọmenti kwupụtara atụmatụ £ 40m na October 2016 iji nyere aka gbochie ndị mmadụ ịghọ ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=£40 million homelessness prevention programme announced 17 October 2016|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/40-million-homelessness-prevention-programme-announced|work=Gov.UK press release|publisher=Department for Communities and Local Government, Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref> A na-akwado netwọk nke mpaghara mgbochi mgbochi enweghị ebe obibi Trailblazer iji mepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ iji gbochie enweghị ebe obibi; Ndị nkuchi oge gboo gụnyere kansụl Greater Manchester, Newcastle na Southwark (HM Govt Prevention Prevention Prevention Prevention 17 October 2016). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Homelessness Prevention Programme 17 October 2016|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/homelessness-prevention-programme|work=Gov.UK publications|publisher=Department for Communities and Local Government|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref> Tupu 2016, Newcastle n'elu Tyne etinyeworị usoro nkwado na mgbochi maka enweghị ebe obibi site na ijikọ ngalaba gọọmentị ime obodo na ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ebere ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Homelessness in Newcastle|url=https://newcastleareas.wordpress.com/homelessness/homelessness-in-newcastle/|work=Newcastle Residential Areas|date=4 December 2016|publisher=Kay's Geography|accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2018, a kọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na-ehi ụra n'okporo ụzọ na England eruola ọkwa kachasị elu na ndekọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị kwuru gosiri na n'abalị ọ bụla n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 2017, ihe karịrị mmadụ 4,500 na-ehi ụra n'okporo ámá dị na England. Egosiwo na ọnụọgụ ahụ rịgoro site na 73% n'ime afọ atọ gara aga. Ọrụ ebere mba maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na UK, Crisis, kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ehi ụra siri ike na England karịrị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị gọọmentị, na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ehi ụra siri ike na England naanị ihe karịrị 8,000. <ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/homelessness-rough-sleepers-record-england-stats-homeless-people-2017-increase-a8177086.html Number of homeless people sleeping on streets in England hits highest level on record]. ''The Independent''. Author - May Bulman. Published 25 January 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Enweghị ebe obibi na Scotland]] * Enweghị ebe obibi na Wales * Enweghị ebe obibi na United Kingdom == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} * Angell, Ian, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200810222934/http://personal.lse.ac.uk/angell/books/ian_lamposts.htm "Ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ ịdabere na oriọna-posts"], London School of Economics * BBC News, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/uk/4089202.stm "Ịdọ aka ná ntị maka ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ebe obibi: Gọọmenti na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ebe obibi agbadala site na ise kemgbe afọ gara aga kwesịrị iji ịdọ aka ná ntị ahụike were, ka ụlọ ọrụ ebere ụlọ na-ekwu"], Monday, 13 June 2005. * Akụkọ BBC, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-38157410 "Ihe karịrị 250,000 enweghị ebe obibi na England - Shelter"], 1 Disemba 2016. * BBC Radio 4, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/youandyours/nohome.shtml "Ọ dịghị ebe obibi, oge mmemme telivishọn na redio na-ewebata ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi ọhụrụ."], 2006 * [http://www.york.ac.uk/res/ukhr/ "UK Housing Review"], Mahadum York, England * The Guardian, [https://www.theguardian.com/society/homelessness "Ngalaba enweghị ebe obibi"] * Wilding, Mark. (2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200713205722/https://www.feantsaresearch.org/public/user/Observatory/2020/EJH/EJH_14_1-RN3-Web%5B1%5D.pdf Ihe ịma aka nke ịlele enweghị ebe obibi n'etiti ndị agha ndị agha agha: Ahụmahụ ndị na-enye ọrụ na England] . ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ European nke enweghị ebe obibi'', 14 (1): 107-122. * Isi okwu, [https://www.bigissue.com/news/housing/what-is-housing-first-and-how-can-it-solve-homelessness-in-the-uk/ Gịnị bụ mbụ obibi na kedu ka ọ ga-esi dozie enweghị ebe obibi na UK?] Ọgọst 17, 2022 == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/homelessness-statistics Ọnụọgụ enweghị ebe obibi] - gov.uk * [http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/housing/homelessnesscode Usoro ntuziaka enweghị ebe obibi maka ndị ọchịchị obodo] - na-enye ntụzịaka iwu gbasara ọrụ ndị ọchịchị obodo n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi nọ. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131007015204/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-communities-and-local-government/series/homelessness-statistics Ọnụọgụ gọọmentị nkeji nkeji na enweghị ebe obibi n'iwu] - Ọnụọgụ nkeji nkeji anọ sitere na gọọmentị etiti gbasara enweghị ebe obibi iwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ihi ụra siri ike na England. * [http://data.gov.uk/dataset/statutory_homelessness_statistics_england Statutory enweghị ebe obibi Statistics, England] - kemgbe 2007 * [http://www.streetlink.org.uk StreetLink] - Gọọmentị kwadoro ọrụ nkwado na-enweghị ebe obibi na ọrụ ebere * Njikọ enweghị ebe obibi, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210303151244/https://www.homeless.org.uk/facts-figures "Eziokwu na ọnụọgụgụ"] * Nyochaa enweghị ebe obibi [https://web.archive.org/web/20170404192534/http://www.crisis.org.uk/pages/homelessnessmonitor.html "akụkọ oru ngo"] ọmụmụ nyocha nke mahadum nke ndị ọrụ ebere na-enweghị ebe obibi kwadoro [http://www.crisis.org.uk/ "Ọgba aghara"] . * Ebe nchekwa [http://england.shelter.org.uk/professional_resources/housing_databank "databank"] maka England. [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 68ie0jj6fw66523wbacwm758hthllh2 0 45049 737056 212977 2026-10-11T17:13:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Elie Azagury''' ( Arabic ; 1918-2009 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Archiwebture — Azagury, Elie (1918-2009). 244 Ifa|url=https://archiwebture.citedelarchitecture.fr/fonds/FRAPN02_AZAEL|work=archiwebture.citedelarchitecture.fr|accessdate=2020-05-02}}</ref> ) bụ onye na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ Moroccan na onye isi {{Lang|fr|[[Groupe des Architectes Modernes Marocains]]}} (GAMMA) mgbe Moroccan nwechara nnwere onwe na 1956. <ref name=":0" /> A na-ewere ya dị ka onye mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Moroccan, na-arụ ọrụ na obodo ndị dị ka Casablanca, Tangier na Agadir. <ref name=":0" /> Azagury bụkwa onye Kọmunist na-arụrịta ụka ma na-ekwu okwu, ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-emepụta ''cités'', ma ọ bụ ọrụ ụlọ obibi nke mejupụtara nkeji modular, na ebe dị ka Hay Hassani na Casablanca. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Elie Azagury (1918-2009) - le doyen des architectes Marocains|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dV8pBOjMZHs|author=Cohen|first=Jean-Louis|work=[[YouTube]]|date=Jan 21, 2020}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị a jikọtara akụkụ nke ihe owuwu ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke obodo, na-eburu n'uche omenala obodo na ụdị ndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Adaptations of Vernacular Modernism in Casablanca|url=https://www.thepolisblog.org/2012/07/adaptations-of-vernacular-modernism.html|accessdate=2019-10-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Du béton des entrepreneurs et des ingénieurs à celui des architectes|url=http://chantiersdumaroc.ma/beton-entrepreneurs-architectes/3/|date=2019-02-13|work=Chantiers du Maroc|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320214819/http://chantiersdumaroc.ma/beton-entrepreneurs-architectes/3/|archive-date=2020-03-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Magasins_Paris-Maroc_06.jpg|thumb| A mụrụ Elie Azagury na 1918 na ụlọ Magasins Paris-Maroc, ụlọ mbụ na Casablanca's European {{Lang|fr|ville nouvelle}}</link> , na-ele anya {{Lang|fr|[[United Nations Square (Casablanca)|Place de France]]}}</link> . <ref name=":2" />]] === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Elie Azagury na Casablanca na 1918 site na ezinụlọ ndị Juu si n'ebe ugwu Morocco. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elie Azagury (1918-2009) - Centenaire du doyen des architectes marocains|url=https://mammagroup.org/new-events/2019/12/8/elie-azagury-1918-2009-the-centenary-of-1st-moroccan-architect|work=MAMMA.|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-05-02|archivedate=2023-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516003231/https://mammagroup.org/new-events/2019/12/8/elie-azagury-1918-2009-the-centenary-of-1st-moroccan-architect}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Chaouni|first=Aziza|date=2014-07-03|title=Interview with Elie Azagury|journal=Journal of Architectural Education|volume=68|issue=2|pages=210–216|doi=10.1080/10464883.2014.943632|issn=1046-4883}}</ref> Nna ya, Juda-Haim Azagury, bụ onye ọchụnta ego, onye na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa na Casablanca. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=AGORHA : Bases de données de l'Institut national d'histoire de l'art (INHA)|url=https://agorha.inha.fr/inhaprod/ark:/54721/00287087|work=agorha.inha.fr|accessdate=2020-05-03}}</ref> Aha nna Azagury nwere ike ịbụ nke metụtara Zagora, isi obodo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mpaghara Draa Valley . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dbs.anumuseum.org.il/skn/en/c6/e250855/Family_Name/ZAGURI|accessdate=2021-08-04|work=dbs.anumuseum.org.il|title=Family name. Zaguri}}</ref> === Ọmụmụ === Ọ hapụrụ Casablanca gaa Paris na 1937, ebe ọ nweghị ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe owuwu na Morocco. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-amụ ọrụ na Atelier nke Hérault, Boutrin na Paris maka afọ abụọ mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ maka ule ntinye nke Ecole des Beaux Arts, nke o mesịrị gafere na mgbalị 4 ya na 1939, na-etinye 17th n'ime 1,000. <ref name=":3" /> N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ gbapụrụ na Paris dị ka ọ dị na {{Lang|fr|[[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Zone Nord]]}} nke ndị Nazi weghaara</link> , na-aga n'ebe ndịda ga Marseille naanị ya na ịnyịnya ígwè. <ref name=":3" /> Ka ọ na-aga, otu onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Pau nyere ya nri, ebe ọ ga-anọ, na ọrụ, bụ́ nke Azagury ji otu ọnwa na ọkara nọrọ. <ref name=":3" /> Na Marseille, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na {{Lang|fr|Atelier d’Architecture de l’École des Beaux Arts}}</link> ruo afọ abụọ, bụ́ ebe ihe owuwu ndị America kpaliri ya—karịsịa ọrụ Richard Neutra na Frank Lloyd Wright . <ref name=":3" /> O wee were ọrụ na Megève, bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ aha ya bụ Michel Aimé afọ abụọ n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] . <ref name=":3" /> N’echi ya, otu onye agbata obi ya kpughere na ọ bụ onye Juu, ndị uwe ojii bịakwutere ya na-atụ aro ka ọ mafe n’obodo ebe ha natara iwu ijide ya. <ref name=":3" /> O weere ihe onwunwe ọ ga-ebu ma jiri ụkwụ lọghachi na Paris, jiri ụkwụ na-aga azụ ka ọ ghara ịga n'ebe a na-enyo enyo. <ref name=":3" /> Ọ gụsịrị akara ugo mmụta ya na Ecole des Beaux Arts na Paris na Studio nke Auguste Perret na 1944, n'oge nnwere onwe nke Paris . <ref name=":3" /> N'ime oge ozugbo ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Azagury kwadoro onwe ya site na ịsacha efere na cafeteria mahadum. <ref name=":3" /> === Ọrụ mmalite === Obere oge ka e mesịrị, ọ kwagara [[Stockholm]] ka ya na Ralph Erskine rụkọọ ọrụ ruo afọ 2. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=إيلي أزاجوري.. استعادة عميد المعماريين المغاربة|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/culture/2019/12/19/إيلي-أزاجوري-استعادة-عميد-المعماريين-المغاربة|author=جديد|first=الدار البيضاء-العربي|work=alaraby|language=ar|accessdate=2020-05-02}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFجديد">جديد, الدار البيضاء-العربي. [https://www.alaraby.co.uk/culture/2019/12/19/إيلي-أزاجوري-استعادة-عميد-المعماريين-المغاربة "إيلي أزاجوري.. استعادة عميد المعماريين المغاربة"]. ''alaraby'' (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-02</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> Azagury nwere mmetụta nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-emepụta ihe ọ zutere na Stockholm, gụnyere Ingmar Bergman na Vivianna Torun Bülow-Hübe . <ref name=":3" /> Enwere ike ịhụ mmụọ nsọ sitere na ụkpụrụ ụlọ Swedish ma emechaa na ọrụ ya {{Lang|fr|Groupe scolaire de Longchamp}}</link> (1954) na {{Lang|fr|Groupe scolaire des Roches Noires}}</link> (1963; ugbu a [[Ibrahim Roudani School]] ). <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Groupe scolaire de Roches Noires|url=https://mammagroup.org/groupe-scolaire-de-roches-noires|work=MAMMA.|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-05-06}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-alaghachi Morocco, Azagury laghachiri na Paris iji nyere Paul Nelson aka na mmeghe nke ụlọ ọrụ ya, ma nọrọ na Paris maka afọ 2. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Archiwebture — Tastemain, Henri (1922-2012) et Castelnau, Eliane (1923-). 420 Ifa|url=https://archiwebture.citedelarchitecture.fr/fonds/FRAPN02_TASHE|work=archiwebture.citedelarchitecture.fr|accessdate=2020-05-06}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ na-akpakọrịta na ndị ọkà mmụta aka ekpe dị ka Jacques Prévert, Fernand Léger, Georges Braque, na Tristan Tzara . <ref name=":3" /> Ọ gara n'ihu njem ya na ndịda wee zute Le Corbusier otu ụbọchị na Marseille, bụ ebe ha gara n'ebe a na-ewu Maison du Fada  [ fr ] ( {{Lang|fr|[[Unité d'habitation]]}}</link> ). <ref name=":3" /> Azagury sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Le Corbusier na-eche banyere "ndụ kwụ ọtọ " na iji ihe, na ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ ọla edo mgbe niile na nhazi ụlọ ya. <ref name=":3" /> === GAMMA === Azagury bụ naanị "nwa afọ" Moroccan na {{Lang|fr|[[Groupe des Architectes Modernes Marocains]]}}</link> ( GAMMA ). <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":82">{{Cite book|author=Dahmani|first=Iman|title=Modern Casablanca Map|publisher=[[MAMMA.|MAMMA Group]]|year=2019|isbn=978-9920-9339-0-2|location=Casablanca}}</ref> Ya na Georges Candilis kpaliri Michel Écochard, onye nduzi nke atụmatụ ime obodo na njedebe nke French Protectorate, maka ụlọ njupụta dị elu na ọrụ "Housing for the Greatest Number" na Carrières Centrales, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lu|first=Duanfang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJMtCgAAQBAJ&q=housing+for+the+greatest+number+azagury&pg=PA64|title=Third World Modernism: Architecture, Development and Identity|date=2010-11-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-89548-7|language=en}}</ref> gosipụtara na 1953 {{Lang|fr|[[Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne]]}}</link> . <ref name=":82" /> Azagury kọwara mmekọrịta ya na Écochard dị ka "ọgbaghara;" ebe ọ na-akwanyere ọgụgụ isi na ụkpụrụ ọrụ ya ùgwù, Ecochard bụ "n'ụzọ doro anya na ngwá ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ike ọchịchị France." <ref name=":3" /> Ecochard kwenyesiri ike na ndị Moroccan enweghị ike ibi na ụlọ elu dị elu, ebe Azagury tụlere verticalization "ihe dị mkpa akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze." <ref name=":3" /> === Agadir nwughari === Ọ na-arụkarị ọrụ na ezigbo enyi ya Jean-François Zevaco, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Centenaire. Zevaco, premier architecte marocain|url=https://telquel.ma/2017/08/21/centenaire-zevaco-premier-architecte-marocain_1558345?fbrefresh=8|work=Telquel.ma|language=fr|accessdate=2020-05-02}}</ref> gụnyere na nrụgharị Agadir mgbe ala ọma jijiji ahụ bibiri ya na 1960. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lange|first=Alexandra|date=2019-10-01|title=Brutalism Springs Eternal in Morocco|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/arts/design/morocco-thermal-bath.html|accessdate=2020-05-02}}</ref> Azagury bịarutere Agadir na Maachị 8, 1960–8 ụbọchị ala ọmajiji ahụ gachara—ma mbibi ahụ “kpatara ya obi”. <ref name=":3" /> A manyere ya imepụta ihe owuwu nke "kpalitere ike, ntachi obi, na ịchịisi ike nke okike; ihe owuwu nke nwere ike inyere usoro ọgwụgwọ maka ndị lanarịrịnụ aka." <ref name=":3" /> Azagury nwere nkụda mmụọ na onye na-eduzi ọrụ ahụ bụ Pierre Mas, onye "na-azụghị ya dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ onye na-eme atụmatụ," na onye kewara isi obodo ahụ n'akụkụ osimiri na mpaghara njem nlegharị anya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lorcin|first=Patricia M. E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vPNCwAAQBAJ&q=Pierre+Mas+%22agadir%22+presse&pg=PA108|title=French Mediterraneans: Transnational and Imperial Histories|date=May 2016|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-8877-5|language=en}}</ref> Azagury duziri oru ngo ebe ezumike nke Cabo Negro Mediterranean site na 1970 rue 1980. <ref name=":1"/> == Ihe nketa == Na Disemba 20, 2019, MAMMA. kwadoro mmemme a raara nye ihe nketa ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke Elie Azagury, onye mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Moroccan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elie Azagury (1918-2009) - le doyen des architectes Marocains|url=https://mammagroup.org/elie-azagury-19182009-le-doyen-des-architectes-marocains|work=MAMMA.|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-01-28}}</ref> Ihe omume a gụnyere njem nlegharị anya nke [[Ibrahim Roudani School|ụlọ akwụkwọ Ibrahim Roudani]] na nkuzi a kwadoro na [[Saudi Library]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elie Azagury (1918-2009) - Centenaire du doyen des architectes marocains|url=https://mammagroup.org/new-events/2019/12/8/elie-azagury-1918-2009-the-centenary-of-1st-moroccan-architect|work=MAMMA.|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2020-01-09|archivedate=2023-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516003231/https://mammagroup.org/new-events/2019/12/8/elie-azagury-1918-2009-the-centenary-of-1st-moroccan-architect}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Architecture nke Casablanca * Jean-François Zevaco * MAMMA. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * MAMMA. Ebe nchekwa nke ọrụ Azagury: https://mammagroup.org/elie-azagury [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t79c1qyxwug41a2366a2d7mtzskynw5 0 45858 737050 194878 2026-10-11T15:00:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Dwayne Glenn McDuffie''' (February 20, 1962 February 21, 2011) bụ onye America na-ede akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị na telivishọn.   O guzobere ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe ọchị nke ndị pere mpe nwere na ndị na-arụ ọrụ Milestone Media, nke lekwasịrị anya na ndị pere mpe na-anọchite anya na ndị America na-eme egwuregwu. O mepụtara ma soro mepụta ihe odide dịka Icon, Rocket, Static, na Hardware. McDuffie bụkwa onye edemede na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri maka usoro ihe nkiri dịka Static Shock (dabere na onye Static), Damage Control, Justice League Unlimited na ''Ben 10'' franchise. McDuffie nwetara nhọpụta Eisner Award atọ maka ọrụ ya na egwuregwu. <ref>Moore, Matt (February 23, 2011). </ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ McDuffie ma zụlite ya na Detroit, Michigan, nwa Leroy McDuffie<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charlotte L. Fullerton and Dwayne G. McDuffie|date=May 31, 2009|url=http://www.eagletribune.com/celebrations/x712198615/Charlotte-L-Fullerton-and-Dwayne-G-McDuffie|publisher=Eagle Tribune|accessdate=October 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220040734/http://www.eagletribune.com/celebrations/x712198615/Charlotte-L-Fullerton-and-Dwayne-G-McDuffie|archive-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> na Edna (Hawkins) McDuffie Gardner. Ọ gara ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Roeper School, ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụaka nwere onyinye na Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, na 1980. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Superhero Tribute of "Comic" Proportions- Dwayne McDuffie '80 {{!}} The Roeper Record|url=http://roeperrecord.com/all-school-news/a-superhero-tribute-of-comic-proportions-from-dwayne-mcduffie-80/|accessdate=2020-07-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727095433/http://roeperrecord.com/all-school-news/a-superhero-tribute-of-comic-proportions-from-dwayne-mcduffie-80/}}</ref> Banyere ndị Afrịka-Amerịka na-eme ihe ọchị, o mechara kwuo, sị:   N'afọ 1983, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na Bekee na Mahadum Michigan, wee soro nzere masta na physics.<ref name="MattWayne">[http://www.playboy.com/articles/what-dwayne-mcduffie-meant-to-comics-award What Dwayne McDuffie Meant To Comics And Why There's An Award In His Name], by Matt Wayne, in ''[[Playboy]]''; published February 27, 2015; retrieved April 18, 2017</ref> Ọ kwagara New York ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri na Mahadum New York's Tisch School of the Arts. Mgbe McDuffie na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na magazin azụmahịa Investment Dealers' Digest, otu enyi ya gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ maka ọkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ enyemaka na Marvel Comics.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe McDuffie nwụsịrị, onye na-eme ihe ọchị Keegan-Michael Key chọpụtara na ya na McDuffie bụ ụmụnne (otu nna).<ref>{{Cite web|title=YOU MADE IT WEIRD #275: KEEGAN-MICHAEL KEY|url=http://nerdist.com/you-made-it-weird-275-keegan-michael-key/|publisher=Nerdist Podcast|accessdate=October 9, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175411/https://nerdist.com/you-made-it-weird-275-keegan-michael-key/|archivedate=June 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keegan-Michael Key Has Learned That He And Dwayne McDuffie Were Half Brothers|date=September 18, 2015|url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2015/09/18/keegan-michael-kay-has-learned-that-he-and-dwayne-mcduffie-were-half-brothers/|publisher=Bleeding Cool|accessdate=October 9, 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ihe ịtụnanya na Milestone === N'ịga na ndị ọrụ na Marvel dị ka onye na-enyere onye nchịkọta akụkọ Bob Budiansky aka na ọrụ pụrụ iche, <ref>"Bullpen Bulletins", Marvel Comics cover-dated June 1990.</ref> McDuffie nyere aka mepụta kaadị azụmaahịa mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="nytobit">Fox, Margalit (February 23, 2011). </ref> O dekwara akụkọ maka Marvel. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ Damage Control, Obere ihe nkiri banyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nke na-apụta n'etiti nsogbu ma na-edozi nsogbu nke agha superhero / supervillain kachasị ọhụrụ. Mgbe ọ ghọsịrị onye nchịkọta akụkọ na Marvel, McDuffie tinyere aro aghụghọ maka ihe ọchị akpọrọ Teenage Negro Ninja Thrashers na nzaghachi maka mmeso Marvel na-emeso ndị isi ojii ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2008/01/17/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-138/|title=Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #138|author=Cronin|first=Brian|date=February 18, 2008|publisher=[[Comic Book Resources]]|accessdate=2009-08-11|archivedate=August 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826004327/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2008/01/17/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-138/}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya na 1990, McDuffie dere maka ọtụtụ aha egwuregwu dị iche iche maka Marvel, DC Comics, na Archie Comics. Na mgbakwunye, o dere Monster in My Pocket maka onye nchịkọta Akụkọ Harvey Comics Sid Jacobson, onye o kwuru na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya dịka onye kụziiri ya ihe niile ọ maara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dwaynemcduffie.com/scripts/|title=Comic Book Scripts, DwayneMcDuffie.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321120657/http://dwaynemcduffie.com/scripts/|archivedate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> Na mbido 1991, ọ gbara nwunye mbụ ya alụkwaghịm, Patricia D. Younger, na Seminole County, Florida.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120923133139/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-01-13/news/9101100528_1_robert-g-robert-n-robert-c "Public Record: Divorce Orders"], ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]'', January 13, 1991.</ref> Na mbido afọ 1990, na-achọ igosipụta mmetụta ọdịbendị dị iche iche nke ọ chere na ọ na-efu na akwụkwọ ndị na-atọ ọchị, McDuffie na ndị mmekọ atọ guzobere Milestone Media, nke The Plain Dealer nke Cleveland, Ohio, kọwara na 2000 dị ka "ụlọ ọrụ na-eme nke ọma nke ndị na-erughị eru nwere ma na-arụ ọrụ na-atọ ụtọ". <ref name="nytobit">Fox, Margalit (February 23, 2011). </ref> McDuffie kọwara:   Milestone, nke ihe odide ya gụnyere African-American Static, Icon, na Hardware; Asian-American Xombi, na otu ndị dike agbụrụ dị iche iche Blood Syndicate, nke gụnyere Black, Asian na Latino ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, gosipụtara utu aha ya na 1993 site na nkwekọrịta nkesa na DC Comics.<ref name="nytobit">Fox, Margalit (February 23, 2011). </ref> N'ịbụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, McDuffie mepụtara ma ọ bụ soro mepụta ọtụtụ ihe odide, gụnyere Static. === Ihe nkiri, telivishọn, na egwuregwu vidio === Mgbe Milestone kwụsịrị ibipụta ihe ọchị ọhụrụ, e mepụtara Static ka ọ bụrụ usoro ihe nkiri Static Shock. E goro McDuffie ka ọ dee ma dezie akụkọ na usoro ahụ, na-ede ihe omume 11.<ref name="nytobit">Fox, Margalit (February 23, 2011). </ref> E were McDuffie n'ọrụ dị ka onye edemede maka usoro ihe nkiri Justice League ma bulie ya n'ọkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta akụkọ ka usoro ahụ ghọrọ Justice League Unlimited. N'oge usoro ihe nkiri ahụ dum, McDuffie dere, mepụtara, ma ọ bụ dezie akụkọ 69 n'ime ihe omume 91. E were McDuffie n'ọrụ iji nyere aka mezigharịa ma dezie akụkọ Cartoon Network's popular animated ''Ben 10'' franchise na Ben 10: Alien Force, na-aga n'ihu na njem nke onye aha dị afọ iri na ụma ya n'etiti na njedebe afọ iri na ise. N'oge usoro ahụ, McDuffie dere ihe omume 1-3, 14, 25-28, 45 na 46 ma dezie akụkọ iri anọ na isii niile. McDuffie mepụtara ma dezie akụkọ maka usoro nke abụọ Ben 10: Ultimate Alien, nke malitere na Eprel 23. 2010. O dere ihe omume 1, 10, 11, 16, 30, 39 ya na J. M. DeMatteis na 52. === Ịlaghachi n'ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị === Mgbe ọrụ ya na Justice League na Justice League Unlimited gasịrị, McDuffie laghachiri ide akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị. O dere miniseries Marvel Beyond!. N'afọ 2007, McDuffie dere ọtụtụ mbipụta nke Firestorm maka DC Comics, malite na Jenụwarị ruo mgbe a kagburu ya. Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye edemede oge niile na Fantastic Four, mbipụta edemede # 542-553 (nke dị n'ihu Disemba 2006 Machị 2008). <ref>[http://www.maelmill-insi.de/UHBMCC/namm15.htm#N115 "McDuffie, Dwayne"] at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators. </ref> O dekwara Justice League of America vol. 2, na-ede ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mbipụta ọ bụla site na # 13-34 (Nov. 2007 - August 2009). <ref>[http://www.comics.org/series/18752/ ''Justice League of America'' (DC, 2006 series)] at the [[Grand Comics Database]]</ref> A chụpụrụ ya na usoro ahụ mgbe ọ na-esote nchịkọta nke Lying in the Gutters nke azịza ya nye ndị na-akwado ya banyere usoro okike.<ref>Parkin, J. K. (May 28, 2009). </ref> Ọ lụrụ akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị na onye na-ede ihe nkiri na TV Charlotte Fullerton na 2009.<ref name="nytobit">Fox, Margalit (February 23, 2011). </ref> McDuffie dere Milestone Forever maka DC Comics, mbipụta abụọ, squarebound miniseries na-akọ akụkọ ihe omume ikpeazụ nke ihe odide Milestone ya tupu ihe omume ọdachi nke na-ejikọta ha na ịga n'ihu nke DC Universe. == Ọnwụ == Na Febụwarị 21, 2011, otu ụbọchị mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri anọ na itoolu, McDuffie nwụrụ na Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center na Burbank, California, n'ihi nsogbu sitere na ịwa ahụ obi mberede.<ref name="laxobit">McLellan, Dennis. </ref> === Ụtụ Isi === Ihe nkiri Justice League: Doom nke afọ 2012 raara nye ncheta Dwayne McDuffie, na Blu-ray na mbipụta DVD 2-Disc nke ihe nkiri ahụ gụnyere ihe ngosi, A Legion of One: The Dwayne MacDuffie Story. N'otu afọ ahụ, e gosipụtara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ a na-akpọ "McDuffie's" na Green Lantern: The Animated Series episode "The New Guy". == Onyinye na nhọpụta == * N'afọ 1995, McDuffie natara ndị a họpụtara na Eisner Award maka Onye edemede kacha mma (maka Icon), Onye nchịkọta akụkọ kacha mma (nke Worlds Collide, Xombi, na Shadow Cabinet), na Best Continuing Series (ya na [[M. D. Bright|M.D. Bright]] maka Icon) <ref>{{Cite web|title=1995 Will Eisner Comic Industry Award Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/eisner95.php|accessdate=2019-02-28}}</ref> * N'afọ 1996, McDuffie ritere ihe nrite Golden Apple Award site na alma mater ya bụ Roeper School maka "iji nka a ma ama iji kwalite ma kwalite uru na ùgwù mmadụ".<ref name="About Dwayne McDuffie">{{Cite web|title=About Dwayne McDuffie|url=http://dwaynemcduffie.com/?page_id=19|work=dwaynemcduffie.com|accessdate=October 9, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823055727/http://dwaynemcduffie.com/?page_id=19|archivedate=August 23, 2013}}</ref> * N'afọ 2003, e nyere McDuffie Humanitas Prize na Children's Animation maka ihe omume "Jimmy" nke Static Shock, banyere ime ihe ike egbe.<ref name="nytobit">Fox, Margalit (February 23, 2011). </ref> * Na 2003 na 2004, a họpụtara McDuffie, ya na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta Static Shock, maka onyinye Emmy n'ehihie. * N'afọ 2005, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye Writers Guild of America na animation, ya na Rich Fogel na [[John Ridley]], maka ihe omume "Starcrossed" nke Justice League.[2]<ref name="About Dwayne McDuffie" /> * N'afọ 2008, a họpụtara McDuffie dị ka onye kachasị amasị ya na Wizard Fan Awards na Wizard Magazine. * N'afọ 2009, McDuffie meriri Comic Con International's Inkpot Award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inkpot Awards|date=December 6, 2012|url=http://www.comic-con.org/awards/inkpot|publisher=Comic-Con|accessdate=October 9, 2013}}</ref> * N'afọ 2011, e nyere McDuffie onyinye Animation Writers Caucus kwa afọ site na Writers Guild of America, West.<ref>Fernandez, Jay A. (November 17, 2011). </ref> == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7hgzdd8sbaev7jbc0fys8sl7ugaqhir 0 46083 737072 727687 2026-10-11T19:55:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737072 wikitext text/x-wiki Eythar Gubara bu onye ese foto na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ. A maara ya nke ọma maka foto akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na Sudan yana ihe ndị mere n'oge mgbanwe Sudanese. N'ime ọrụ ya, o tinyela uche pụrụ iche na ihe oyiyi nke ụmụ nwanyị, yana iche iche mmekọrịta mmadụ na Sudan. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Gubara na Khartoum, [[Sudan]], ma too na Atbara, obodo dị ihe dị ka kilomita 200 n'ebe ugwu Khartoom. &nbsp;Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụrụ sayensị kọmputa ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa ahịa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Eythar Gubara: And then I see the story as a picture in front of me.|url=https://www.martin-roth-initiative.de/en/Eythar_Gubara|accessdate=2023-04-02|work=www.martin-roth-initiative.de|language=en|archivedate=2022-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224020831/https://www.martin-roth-initiative.de/en/Eythar_Gubara}}</ref> [[Usòrò:DSC Fishing on River Nile in Sudan.jpg|thumb|252x252px|Ịkụ azụ n'osimiri Naịl, site n'aka Eythar Gubara, 2014]] Ihe osise ya na-egosi itinye aka na ikike mmadụ na ọkachasị Enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Sudan egosila ya na magazin ịntanetị dị ka òtù na ahụ maka ikike mmadụ Dawn MENA <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 January 2021|title="It Was Easy for Them To Shoot You"; Nevertheless, Assil Diab Persisted|url=https://dawnmena.org/it-was-easy-for-them-to-shoot-you-nevertheless-assil-diab-persisted/|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=DAWN|language=en-US}}</ref> na Goethe-Institut Sudan . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Always Motivated by Hope!|url=https://www.goethe.de/prj/ruy/en/frauenbewegungen/21521821.html|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=@GI_weltweit|language=en}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, e sere Gubara na foto ma kwuo ya dị ka akụkụ nke ndị otu Sudanese graffiti artist Assil Diab, na eguzo n'ihu Ihe odide mgbidi nke onye na eme ngagharị iwe e gburu n'oge mgbanwe na BBC News 'Africa Week in Pictures' na July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 July 2019|title=Africa's week in pictures: 19–25 July 2019|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49111599|accessdate=2021-07-11}}</ref> Kemgbe Disemba 2019, Gubara anọwo na ebi na Germany ma gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na ese foto na Mahadum Fine Arts nke Hamburg, nke agụmakwụkwọ kwadoro.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=14 June 2018|title=Als ob dein Körper nicht dein Körper wäre|url=https://oliverdriesen.de/interviews/als-ob-dein-koerper-nicht-dein-koerper-waere/|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=TWASBO Magazin|language=de-DE|archivedate=7 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107174454/https://oliverdriesen.de/interviews/als-ob-dein-koerper-nicht-dein-koerper-waere/}}</ref> Na June 2020, MOM Art Space na Hamburg gosipụtara ihe ngosi nke onwe ya The Third of June, na egosipụta ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Khartoum tupu ogbugbu Khartous, yana foto nke ndị mmadụ bi n'okpuru gọọmentị Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eythar Gubara ist Künstlerin und Aktivistin und stellt zur Zeit im Mom Art Space aus.|url=https://aino.hamburg/s/the-3rd-of-june-eythar-gubara/|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=AINO Hamburg|language=de-DE|archivedate=2023-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107174514/https://aino.hamburg/s/the-3rd-of-june-eythar-gubara/}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, e gosipụtara ya n'etiti ndị ọzọ na ese foto Sudan n'oge a n'akwụkwọ French Soudan 2019, année zéro . Akwụkwọ a banyere ngagharị iwe ndị bu ụzọ daa n'ọchịchị ndị agha Sudan nke Omar al-Bashir gosipụtara akụkọ na foto ndị na egosi ọkwa dị iche iche na ndị na etinye aka na mgbanwe Sudan ruo mgbe ndị uwe ojii bibiri ihe a na akpọ ebe a na anọ n'ebe ahụ na 3 June 2019. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bach|first=Jean-Nicolas|url=https://www.eyrolles.com/Loisirs/Livre/soudan-2019-annee-zero-9782358481854/|title=Soudan 2019, année zéro|publisher=Soleb – bleu autour|year=2021|isbn=978-2-918157-44-1|location=Paris|language=fr|accessdate=}}</ref> Na-agba ọsọ site na 4 Julaị ruo 26 Septemba 2021, emume foto Rencontres de la photographie na Arles na ndịda France kwupụtara ihe ngosi banyere mgbanwe Sudan n'okpuru aha 'Thawra! ثورة Revolution!' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ghoussoub|first=Sabyl|date=6 July 2021|title=Sudan: When Utopia Becomes Reality|url=https://www.blind-magazine.com/en/news/1385/Sudan-When-Utopia-Becomes-Reality|accessdate=2021-07-07|work=blind-magazine.com|language=en}}</ref> O gosipụtara foto nke Gubara na ndị ọzọ na-ese foto na Sudan site na akwụkwọ Soudan 2019, année zéro.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Les Rencontres d'Arles|title=Thawra ! ثورة Revolution !|url=http://www.rencontres-arles.com//en/expositions/view/983/thawra-ssss-revolution|accessdate=2021-06-04|work=www.rencontres-arles.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317210554/https://www.rencontres-arles.com/en/expositions/view/983/thawra-ssss-revolution|archive-date=2023-03-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 July 2021|title=Dix expositions à voir aux Rencontres d'Arles|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2021/07/09/dix-expositions-a-voir-aux-rencontres-d-arles_6087633_3246.html|accessdate=2021-07-13}}</ref> N'oge emume a, Gubara meriri ihe nrite foto Prix de la photo Madame Figaro - Arles ''2021'' maka akụkọ foto ya bụ Madame Figaro, nke mere ka e nye ya ọrụ maka nchịkọta foto ejiji maka magazin ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Meffre|first=Anne-Claire|date=3 July 2021|title=Prix Madame Figaro Arles 2021 : zoom sur les 8 photographes nominées|url=https://madame.lefigaro.fr/celebrites/prix-madame-figaro-arles-2021-zoom-sur-8-photographes-nominees-250621-197122|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=Madame Figaro|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Les Rencontres d'Arles|date=8 July 2021|title=PRIX DE LA PHOTO MADAME FIGARO ARLES 2021|url=http://www.rencontres-arles.com//en/actualites/view/542/prix-de-la-photo-madame-figaro-arles-2021|accessdate=2021-07-12|work=www.rencontres-arles.com|archive-date=2023-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107174521/https://www.rencontres-arles.com/en/actualites/view/542/prix-de-la-photo-madame-figaro-arles-2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Stehli|first=Jean-Sébastien|date=9 July 2021|title=Eythar Gubara, lauréate du 5e Prix de la Photo Madame Figaro – Arles|url=https://madame.lefigaro.fr/celebrites/eythar-gubara-laureate-du-5e-prix-de-la-photo-madame-figaro-arles-090721-197378|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=Madame Figaro|language=fr}}</ref> Mgbe nke a gasịrị, e bipụtara foto ya nke onye na ese ejiji Senegalese Samb Fatou na mbipụta 1 Julaị nke magazin ahụ na 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maximilian|date=2 July 2022|title=Samb Fatou by Eythar Gubara for Madame Figaro July 1st, 2022 – fashionotography|url=https://www.fashionotography.com/eythar-gubara-madame-figaro-july-1st-2022/|accessdate=2022-12-23|language=en-US}}</ref> Na mmekorita ya na International Film Festival na Forum on Human Rights (FIFDH), International Red Cross na Red Crescent Museum na Geneva kpọrọ Gubara maka mkparịta ụka masterclass na Gender & Diversity na 8 Machị 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 March 2022|title=Masterclass #3 with Rebecca Amsellem and Eythar Gubara at the FIFDH|url=https://www.redcrossmuseum.ch/en/fifdh-2022-rebecca-amsellem-eythar-gubara/|accessdate=2022-03-04|work=International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum|archivedate=7 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107174526/https://www.redcrossmuseum.ch/en/fifdh-2022-rebecca-amsellem-eythar-gubara/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Foto na Sudan * Ihe osise nke Sudan * ''Sudan 2019, Afọ efu'' == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230107175106/https://www.saisonafrica2020.com/en/agenda/sudan-history-uprising Sudan Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nnupụisi]'' Foto ngosi na Recontres de la photographie Arles, 2021Ihe ngosi foto na Recontres de la photographie Arles, 2021 * Vidio nke ogbako na ngosi [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apKM8s0Y1vM Mugran Foto Encounter 2015, Sudan], na-egosi Eythar Gubara (0:38") na ndị ọzọ na-ese foto na Sudan * Ọtụtụ Rivers, One Nile, foto slide-show 2014, na egosi akụkọ Gubara Fishing on the Nile (12:15") na ndị ọzọ na ese foto Sudan {{DEFAULTSORT:Gubara, Eythar}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8nx5uekjk4wr8c4b2sk16s6gg7e6otr 0 46447 737041 720841 2026-10-11T13:07:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Keith Nelson''' bu Onye amụrụ n' onwa Epril na ubochi asaa, na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri isii na abuo bụ onye Amerika na-eme ihe maka ichebe ikike nhata maka ndị inyom, nwoke na nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị na ndị na alu Onwe ha (LGBT). O guzobere ma ọ bụ nyere aka chọta ọtụtụ òtù na-enweghị uru metụtara LGBT na [[Yútạh|Utah]] ma nyere aka iduzi ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ya na Democratic Party gbara ọtụtụ ndị LGBT Utah ume ka ha bụrụ ndị isi otu. Ọrụ ya dị ka onye omeiwu na onye isi na-akwado iwu rụzuru nnabata nke ọtụtụ iwu, na iwu obodo LGBT na iwu ndị ọzọ. == Nke Onye == A mụrụ Nelson na Salt Lake City dị ka onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Cannon. Ọ gụrụ sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Utah site na afo otu puku na nari itoolu na iri asato na abuo ruo na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na ano . Ọ lara ezumike nká na afo puku abuo na otu site na ọrụ ọkachamara ya na ahịa na mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ma biri na Brigham City, Utah. Ọ na-ebi na nkwarụ, a chọpụtakwara ya na afo puku abuo na iri na ise na o newer Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mgbe e guzobere nchọpụta ya, o raara ikike ya nye nkwado LGBT autism, ma nyere aka mepụta nzukọ LGBTQ-Autism Utah na afo puku abuo na iri na asato na Utah Pride Center, Utah Pride Festival na Mahadum Utah Health Autism Spectrum Disorder Clinic.<ref name="LGBTQ Autists will have a place at Pride(2019-05-24)">{{Cite news|author=Staff|title=QSaltLake Magazine|page=OL|publisher=QSaltLake|date=2019-05-24|url=https://www.qsaltlake.com/news/2019/05/24/lgbtq-autists-will-have-a-place-at-pride/|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref name="Tradewinds (2000-05-05)">{{Cite news|title=Tradewinds|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=E-5|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2000-05-05|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100EE05D6B8B3531&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021452/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100EE05D6B8B3531&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Index to Politicians (2004)">{{Cite web|title=Index to Politicians|work=The Political Graveyard|publisher=Lawrence "Larry" Kestenbaum|year=2004|url=http://www.politicalgraveyard.com/bio/nelson.html#0bm0j0y8v|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Gun control pros and cons charge up 'Freedom Forum' (2004-09-30)">{{Cite news|author=May|first=Heather|title=Gun control pros and cons charge up 'Freedom Forum'|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-5|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2004-09-30|url=http://www.sltrib.com/utah/ci_2418138|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Cannon family of Utah (2005-03-10)">{{Cite web|title=Cannon family of Utah|work=The Political Graveyard|publisher=Lawrence "Larry" Kestenbaum|date=2005-03-10|url=http://www.politicalgraveyard.com/families/10239.html|accessdate=2013-01-15|archivedate=November 3, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103100217/http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/10239.html}}</ref><ref name="Some in S.L. worry about use of funds (2005-09-07)">{{Cite news|author=Snyder|first=Brady|title=Some in S.L. worry about use of funds|work=Deseret News|page=A-4|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=2005-09-07|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10C7D32F00EBDED0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Charitable surge may help Utah (2005-09-12)">{{Cite news|author=Stewart|first=Kirsten|title=Charitable surge may help Utah|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2005-09-12|url=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=3021335&itype=ngpsid|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Dave Nelson on the queer New Year (2009-12-30)"/><ref name="LGBT Dems: 25 years in Utah (2014-12-18)">{{Cite news|title=LGBT Dems: 25 years in Utah|work=QSaltLake|page=OL|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2014-12-18|url=http://www.gaysaltlake.com/news/2014/12/18/lgbt-dems-25-years-utah|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref><ref name="Utah Pride Center, UofU autism clinic partner to discuss the links between LGBTs and ASD (2018-12-06)">{{Cite news|date=2018-12-06|title=Utah Pride Center, UofU autism clinic partner to discuss the links between LGBTs and ASD|url=https://issuu.com/qsaltlake/docs/qsl1812ae/10?ff|work=QSaltLake Magazine|page=17|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|accessdate=2018-12-06}}</ref><ref name="Utah LGBT and autism groups connect (2018-12-20)">{{Cite news|author=Dobner|first=Jennifer|date=2018-12-20|title=Utah LGBT and autism groups connect|url=https://issuu.com/qsaltlake/docs/qsl1901e|work=QSaltLake Magazine|page=9|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|accessdate=2018-12-20}}</ref><ref name="LGBTQ-Autism will be part of the Utah Pride Festival for first time. Author will speak. (2019-05-24)">{{Cite news|date=2019-05-24|title=LGBTQ-Autism will be part of the Utah Pride Festival for first time. Author will speak.|url=https://issuu.com/qsaltlake/docs/qsl1901e|work=QSaltLake Magazine|page=13|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|accessdate=2019-05-24}}</ref> Ọ maliteghachiri ịkekọrịta aha ya nke Islamic [[Sayyid]] na afo puku abuo na iri abuo mgbe afọ iri abuo na ise gasịrị na òtù LGBT / MENA, ihe omume na ndị ọzọ, na inye ha ndụmọdụ site n'ịmepụta otu nkwado. Ìgwè ndị dị otú ahụ arụwo ọrụ na mpaghara MENA na ihe omume LGBT na òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name="LGBTQ and MENA build new communities (2021-03-16)"> {{Cite news|date=2021-03-16|title=LGBTQ and MENA build new communities|url=https://issuu.com/qsaltlake/docs/qsl2104e|work=QSaltLake Magazine|page=14|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|accessdate=2021-03-16}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Nelson anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kemgbe afọ otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na abuo Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'afọ ndị otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na Utah, ọrụ ya gụnyere inyere aka iduzi òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na [[California]] na District of Columbia.<ref name="News briefs: PAC leader (1997-01-12)">{{Cite news|title=News briefs: PAC leader|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-3|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1997-01-12|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100F8174B52F5428&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọrụ ya gosipụtara echiche nke Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke Jeffersonian gụnyere ndị maka American republicanism, Ọrụ obodo na nha nhata nke Ohere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị LGBT na nke abụọ gosipụtara echiche maka gọọmentị a kpaara ókè nke a machibidoro imebi ikike okike nke ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ikike nke steeti. Ọrụ ya dọtara uche ndị isi gọọmentị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị nta akụkọ akụkọ.<ref name="Gay advocates seeking civil rights memorabilia (2013-02-24)">{{Cite news|author=Parker|first=Ray|title=Gay advocates seeking civil rights memorabilia|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-3|publisher=MediaNews Group|date=2013-02-24|url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/55883507-78/gay-utah-stonewall-lesbian.html.csp|accessdate=2013-02-24}}</ref>    Dị ka onye ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Nelson guzobere ma ọ bụ nyere aka chọta ọtụtụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-enweghị akụkụ na Utah ma nyere aka iduzi ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado Iwu ọha na eze rụzuru nnabata nke ọtụtụ iwu LGBT na iwu obodo, iwu, iwu na iwu, yana ịjụ iwu ndị ọzọ. ==== Nhazi ==== Nelson guzobere Military Law Task Force nke Salt Lake City na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na abuo, ma jee ozi dị ka onye ọka iwu nchịkwa site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na abuo ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na afo maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ndị agha ochie. <ref name="Editorial: Draft resister refuses to come in from the cold (1982-10-05)">{{Cite news|title=Editorial: Draft resister refuses to come in from the cold|work=The Daily Utah Chronicle|page=6|publisher=University of Utah Publications Council|date=1982-10-05}}</ref> <ref name="Students may receive draft info (1982-10-11)">{{Cite news|author=Adelman|first=Matt|title=Students may receive draft info|work=The Daily Utah Chronicle|page=3|publisher=University of Utah Publications Council|date=1982-10-11}}</ref> <ref name="Military Law Task Force to help female veterans (1982-11-11)">{{Cite news|title=Military Law Task Force to help female veterans|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-11|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1982-11-11}}</ref><ref name="U copes with federal regulations (1983-02-22)">{{Cite news|author=Green|first=Steve|title=U copes with federal regulations|work=The Daily Utah Chronicle|page=1|publisher=University of Utah Publications Council|date=1983-02-22}}</ref><ref name="Draft law draws chaos, claim aid officials, prof (1983-03-07)">{{Cite news|author=Green|first=Steve|title=Draft law draws chaos, claim aid officials, prof|work=The Daily Utah Chronicle|page=1|publisher=University of Utah Publications Council|date=1983-03-07}}</ref> O jere ozi site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na afo ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na ano dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Lesbian and Gay Student Union na Mahadum Utah. O jere ozi na afo puku abuo na abuo dị ka onye otu ndị ndụmọdụ nke Mahadum Utah Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Resource Center na dịka onye isi oche nke kọmitii mmekọrịta ọha na eze.<ref name="Dave Nelson on the queer New Year (2009-12-30)"/><ref name="Up Front: Newsletter (1984-01)">{{Cite news|title=Staff|work=Up Front: Newsletter|page=5|publisher=University of Utah Lesbian and Gay Student Union|date=January 1984}}</ref> O nyere aka chọta Gay Community Inc. na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na ise, ma jee ozi dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Community Reporter. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na isii ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na asaa dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Triangle Magazine, na afo puku abuo na ano dị ka onye nchịkọta egwuregwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Salt Lake Metro'' na afo puku abuo na isii dị ka onye edemede nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''QSaltLake''.<ref name="A GCI response: The other side of the story (1985-06)">{{Cite news|author=Aaron|first=Michael|title=A GCI response: The other side of the story|work=Community Reporter|page=3|publisher=Gay Community Inc.|date=June 1985}}</ref><ref name="History of gay press in Utah (2005-04-15)">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Ben|title=History of gay press in Utah|work=Salt Lake Metro|publisher=Metro Publishing Inc.|date=2005-04-15}}</ref><ref name="The gay vote (1986-03)">{{Cite news|author=Nelson|first=David|title=The gay vote|work=Triangle Magazine|page=7|publisher=Triangle Publishing|date=March 1986}}</ref><ref name="Lambda lore: This week in lambda history (2005-11-01)">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Ben|title=Lambda lore: This week in lambda history|work=QSaltLake|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2005-11-01}}</ref><ref name="Sports (2004-10-28)">{{Cite news|author=Nelson|first=David|title=Sports|work=Salt Lake Metro|publisher=Metro Publishing Inc.|date=2004-10-28}}</ref><ref name="The permanent record (2006-11-01)">{{Cite news|author=Nelson|first=David|title=The permanent record|work=QSaltLake|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2006-11-01}}</ref> Ọ gbara The Times of Harvey Milk gay filmmaker Rob Epstein na Before Stonewall lesbian filmmaker Greta Schiller ajụjụ ọnụ na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na ise na Sundance Film Festival..KRCL Redio gbasaa ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ Community Reporter bipụtara akụkụ ya. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ teknụzụ maka Sundance Institute site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na ato ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na ise na maka emume ahụ site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na ano ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na isii. <ref name="Gay film nominated for Academy Award (1985-02)">{{Cite news|title=Gay film nominated for Academy Award|work=Community Reporter|page=1|publisher=Gay Community Inc.|date=February 1985}}</ref> <ref name="Unfortunate screening plagues Park City film festival premiere (1986-01-21)">{{Cite news|author=Orme|first=Terry|title=Unfortunate screening plagues Park City film festival premiere|work=Community Reporter|page=1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1986-01-21}}</ref><ref name="Power (1986)">{{Cite web|title=Power (1986)|work=IMDb.com|publisher=IMDb.com Inc.|year=1990–2012|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091786/trivia?tab=tr&item=tr0573330|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Party in a box: The story of the Sundance Film Festival (1999-09-01)">{{Cite book|author=Smith|first=Lory|title=Party in a box: The story of the Sundance Film Festival|publisher=Gibbs Smith Publishers|date=1999-09-01|location=Salt Lake City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTUbAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-0-87905-861-6}}</ref> O nyere aka chọta Kansụl Obodo Gay na Lesbian nke Utah na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na isii. <ref name="Memoirs of a Utah Gay Activist 1986 (2006-12-23)">{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=Ben|title=December 1986|work=Memoirs of a Utah Gay Activist 1986|publisher=Ben Williams|date=2006-12-23|url=http://gayflower.blogspot.com/2006/12/december-1986.html|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na isii ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na asato dị ka onye mmekọ Utah nke Fairness Fund nke dị na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. Òtù a nwetara na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na asato site na Human Rights Campaign Fund Inc. (HRCF) nke dị na Washington dị ka ngalaba ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na asaa ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na asato na site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na itolu ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na otu dị ka onye nduzi HRCF Utah.<ref name="Guide to the Human Rights Campaign Records, 1975-2005 (2007-02)">{{Cite web|title=Guide to the Human Rights Campaign Records, 1975-2005|work=Human Rights Campaign Records, 1975-2005|publisher=Cornell University|date=February 2007|url=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM07712.html|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ haziri LGBT Utahns site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na isii ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na asaa na site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asaa iji gaa emume ncheta Utah Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust na Utah Capitol rotunda. O mepụtara ma nyere aka kesaa akwụkwọ mpịakọta na ihe ngosi triangle pink na triangle ojii maka ndị na-echeta ya.<ref name="GLUD plans attendance at state Holocaust memorial (1994-03-14)">{{Cite web|title=GLUD plans attendance at state Holocaust memorial|work=Queer Resources Directory|publisher=Ron Buckmire|date=1994-03-14|url=http://www.qrd.org/qrd/usa/utah/GLUD/1994/plans.to.attend.holocaust.memorial-03.14.94|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> O jere ozi site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na asato ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na asato na itolu dị ka onye otu ndị ndụmọdụ nke San Jose, California Bay Area Municipal Elections Committee. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na otu ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asaa dị ka onye ọbịa na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha na kọleji, obodo na òtù LGBT na Utah gụnyere Mahadum Utah Hinckley Institute of Politics, Mahadum Weber State na YWCA nke Salt Lake City.<ref name="YWCA begins Week Without Violence (1998-10-18)">{{Cite news|title=YWCA begins Week Without Violence|work=Deseret News|page=B-5|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1998-10-18|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/658114/ywca-begins-week-without-violence.html|accessdate=2013-01-15|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023101423/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/658114/YWCA-begins-Week-Without-Violence.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Punishment should fit hate crime (1998-10-24)">{{Cite news|author=Vigh|first=Michael|title=Punishment should fit hate crime|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1998-10-24|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100F3E5455C9C5E6&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134451/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100F3E5455C9C5E6&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Corrections & clarifications (1998-10-25)">{{Cite news|title=Corrections & clarifications|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1998-10-25|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100F2B92D0774B10&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Some legislators no-shows at hate-crimes debate (1991-11-22)">{{Cite news|author=Sisco|first=Carol|title=Some legislators no-shows at hate-crimes debate|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=E-22|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1991-11-22|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10117A44841C5F1D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Clinton support falls in gay community (1993-10-13)">{{Cite news|author=Myers|first=Melinda|title=Clinton support falls in gay community|work=The Daily Utah Chronicle|page=1|publisher=University of Utah Publications Council|date=1993-10-13}}</ref><ref name="GLUD directors to speak at WSU (1994-02)">{{Cite news|title=GLUD directors to speak at WSU|work=The Pillar|page=11|publisher=Uranian Publishing|date=February 1994}}</ref><ref name="Forums (1994-09-23)">{{Cite news|author=Frampton|first=Amy|title=Forums|work=Politics at the Hinckley Institute|page=10|publisher=Hinckley Institute of Politics|date=1994-09-23}}</ref><ref name="Skinheads crash meeting of gays, lesbians (1994-10-24)">{{Cite news|author=Gilmore|first=Rich|title=Skinheads crash meeting of gays, lesbians|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=D-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1994-10-24}}</ref><ref name="Neo-Nazis shout insults at gay rally in Cedar City (1994-10-24)">{{Cite news|title=Neo-Nazis shout insults at gay rally in Cedar City|work=Deseret News|page=A-6|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1994-10-24|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/383294/neo-nazis-shout-insults-at-gay-rally-in-cedar-city.html|accessdate=2013-01-15|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035027/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/383294/NEO-NAZIS-SHOUT-INSULTS-AT-GAY-RALLY-IN-CEDAR-CITY.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Gay rights are civil liberties, according to speakers at U. (1999-02-19)">{{Cite news|author=Parkinson|first=Jacob|title=Gay rights are civil liberties, according to speakers at U.|work=The Daily Utah Chronicle|publisher=University of Utah Publications Council|date=1999-02-19}}</ref><ref name="Education may be best way to protect gays, lawyer says (1999-02-19)">{{Cite news|author=Cortez|first=Marjorie|title=Education may be best way to protect gays, lawyer says|work=Deseret News|page=B-7|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1999-02-19|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F364DBEE678E98B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Citizens: Community calendar (1997-04-30)">{{Cite news|title=Citizens: Community calendar|work=Deseret News|page=2|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1997-04-30|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xvRHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3090%2C8326267|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ haziri lobbying nke ndị otu US congressional delegation si Utah na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ato site na ndị na-akwado ha na March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation.<ref name="Bennett gives qualified endorsement to gay rights (1993-04-24)">{{Cite news|author=Gudmundsen|first=Lance S.|title=Bennett gives qualified endorsement to gay rights|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-3|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1993-04-24|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=101125FE86528C23&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> O nyere aka ịhazi ngagharị iwe nke, ma bipụta mkpesa na Utah Judicial Conduct Commission megide, Utah 3rd District Court Judge David S. Young na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ano maka ibelata ikpe nke David Nelson Thacker onye a mara ikpe igbu nwoke na nwoke Salt Lake City business Douglas Koehler. O nyere aka ịhazi mkpọsa "Mba na Young" na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na isii megide nhọpụta nke Young onye meriri ntuli aka na afo puku abuo na abuo - onye ọka ikpe mbụ meriri ntuziaka na steeti ahụ.<ref name="Victim's family, gays say killer got off too easy (1994-08-16)">{{Cite news|author=Hunt|first=Stephen|title=Victim's family, gays say killer got off too easy|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1994-08-16|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10118B15543D74AF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Utah's gay community protests killer's sentence (1994-08-16)">{{Cite news|title=Utah's gay community protests killer's sentence|work=Deseret News|page=B-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1994-08-16}}</ref><ref name="Complaint filed against judge who reduced killer's sentence (1994-08-21)">{{Cite news|title=Complaint filed against judge who reduced killer's sentence|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1994-08-21}}</ref><ref name="Probes of judges' conduct appear to go nowhere, Utah women say (1995-06-09)">{{Cite news|author=McCann|first=Sheila R.|title=Probes of judges' conduct appear to go nowhere, Utah women say|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1995-06-09}}</ref><ref name="GLUD launches 'No on Young' campaign (1996-02-01)">{{Cite news|title=GLUD launches 'No on Young' campaign|work=The Pillar|page=6|publisher=Pillar Publishing|date=1996-02-01}}</ref><ref name="Has judicial watchdog grown teeth? (1996-03-03)">{{Cite news|author=McCann|first=Sheila R.|title=Has judicial watchdog grown teeth?|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1996-03-03|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100FD7DEDF461DFC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Judge's removal causes stir (2002-11-07)">{{Cite news|author=Neff|first=Elizabeth|title=Judge's removal causes stir|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2002-11-07|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=102ACFB0A4C3408E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asaa dị ka onye otu ndị nduzi nke Gay and Lesbian Victory Fund Inc. nke dị na Washington nakwa dị ka onyeisi oche nke kọmitii mmekọrịta ọha na eze.<ref name="News briefs: PAC leader (1997-01-12)"/><ref name="David Nelson named to PAC Public Relations Committee (1997-05-01)">{{Cite news|title=David Nelson named to PAC Public Relations Committee|work=The Pillar|page=10|publisher=Pillar Publishing|date=1997-05-01}}</ref> O nyere aka hazie ozi ncheta na nche ọkụ kandụl na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asato na Utah mgbe e gbasịrị nwa akwụkwọ nwoke na-eme enyi nwoke na Mahadum Wyoming Matthew Shepard. <ref name="ACLU of Utah lashes out at press conference (1998-11-01)">{{Cite news|title=ACLU of Utah lashes out at press conference|work=The Pillar|page=5|publisher=Pillar Publishing|date=1998-11-01}}</ref> O nyere aka mepụta na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asato usoro iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka iwepu Iwu sodomy nke steeti na American Civil Liberties Union of Utah . <ref name="It's been a long time coming (1998-12-18)">{{Cite news|author=Freiberg|first=Peter|title=It's been a long time coming|work=The Washington Blade|date=1998-12-18|url=http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/usa/utah/utnews07.htm|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> O guzobere GayVoteUtah.com na afo puku abuo na otu iji nye Ndebanye aha ndị na-eme ntụli aka n'ịntanetị nke LGBT Utahns. <ref name="Gay Vote Utah's goal is political clout (2001-11-05)">{{Cite news|author=Burton|first=Greg|title=Gay Vote Utah's goal is political clout|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LCC|date=2001-11-05|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100E8B6361C920CC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Campaign seeks to register gay and lesbian Utah voters (2001-11-06)">{{Cite news|title=Campaign seeks to register gay and lesbian Utah voters|work=Standard-Examiner|publisher=Sandusky Newspapers Inc.|date=2001-11-06}}</ref> O guzobere Stonewall Shooting Sports nke Utah na afo puku abuo na abuo nke ghọrọ otu n'ime nnukwu òtù égbè LGBT na United States - otu mbụ dị otú ahụ na steeti ahụ. <ref name="Dave Nelson on the queer New Year (2009-12-30)"/> <ref name="Utah gays ready for trouble (2003-01-21)">{{Cite news|author=Eddington|first=Mark|title=Utah gays ready for trouble|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2003-01-21|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100D419791707DF6&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> <ref name="Advocates: Guns are good (2003-11-26)">{{Cite news|author=Coleman|first=Colleen|title=Advocates: Guns are good|work=The Signpost|publisher=Weber State University Student Association|date=2003-11-26}}</ref> <ref name="Gays with guns (2006-10-01)">{{Cite news|author=Vanderhooft|first=JoSelle|title=Gays with guns|work=QSaltLake|page=OL|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2006-10-01|url=http://www.stonewallshootingsportsutah.org/qsaltlake.htm|accessdate=2013-01-15|archive-date=2013-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125165201/http://www.stonewallshootingsportsutah.org/QSALTLAKE.HTM|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Come out, be gay and play (2008-06-03)">{{Cite news|title=Come out, be gay and play|work=QSaltLake|page=OL|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2008-06-03}}</ref> [5] [6] [5] [5] [6] [5] [4] [5] [6] [5] [6] [5]<ref name="Utah gun rule removes sodomy restriction (2011-01-17)">{{Cite news|title=Utah gun rule removes sodomy restriction|work=QSaltLake|page=OL|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2011-01-17}}</ref><ref name="Gun advocates advise arming against violence (2011-09-13)">{{Cite news|title=Gun advocates advise arming against violence|work=QSaltLake|page=OL|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2011-09-13}}</ref><ref name="Gun groups call on Utahns to arm themselves against hate crimes (2011-09-15)">{{Cite news|author=Peterson|first=Eric|title=Gun groups call on Utahns to arm themselves against hate crimes|work=Salt Lake City Weekly|page=OL|publisher=Copperfield Publishing Inc.|date=2011-09-15|url=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/blog-25-6308-gun-groups-call-on-utahns-to-arm-themselves-against-hate-crimes.html|accessdate=2013-01-15|archive-date=2013-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301052816/http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/blog-25-6308-gun-groups-call-on-utahns-to-arm-themselves-against-hate-crimes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> O guzobere Utah Stonewall Hall of Fame na afo puku abuo na isii na ihe karịrị LGBT Utahns nari isii.<ref name="Gay hall of fame inducts 100s (2006-07-01)">{{Cite news|title=Gay hall of fame inducts 100s|work=QSaltLake|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2006-07-01}}</ref> ==== Ọchịchị ==== Nelson mere mkpọsa na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na ise dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi maka nhọpụta iji bụrụ onye otu Salt Lake City Council - mkpọsa mbụ dị otú ahụ n'obodo ahụ. O weputara nke atọ n'ime ndi mmadu anọ na-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala mgbe mkpọsa ya nwetara vootu nari ato na iri abuo. <ref name="Dave Nelson on the queer New Year (2009-12-30)"/> <ref name="Avenues man enters race for Council seat (1985-08-01)">{{Cite news|title=Avenues man enters race for Council seat|work=Deseret News|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1985-08-01}}</ref> <ref name="Races are set for this fall's primary election (1985-08-28)">{{Cite news|author=Parker|first=Douglas|title=Races are set for this fall's primary election|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1985-08-28}}</ref> <ref name="Lively election season is looming in S.L. (1985-08-28)">{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Donn|title=Lively election season is looming in S.L.|work=Deseret News|page=B-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1985-08-28|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GfYoAAAAIBAJ&pg=1524,6162127|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> <ref name="Gay-rights activist seeks post (1985-08-30)">{{Cite news|title=Gay-rights activist seeks post|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1985-08-30}}</ref> <ref name="18 are candidates for 5 vacancies on S.L. Council (1985-10-05)">{{Cite news|author=Gates|first=Chuck|title=18 are candidates for 5 vacancies on S.L. Council|work=Deseret News|page=B-6|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1985-10-05|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dUxTAAAAIBAJ&pg=4894%2C1581339|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> [5] [6] [5] [5] [6] [5] [4] [5] [6] <ref name="4 Council districts to pare candidates (1985-10-06)">{{Cite news|title=4 Council districts to pare candidates|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1985-10-06}}</ref><ref name="Here's tally of S.L. mayor, council vote (1985-10-09)">{{Cite news|title=Here's tally of S.L. mayor, council vote|work=Deseret News|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1985-10-09}}</ref><ref name="Queer Utah history: Ten most significant events for queer Utah in the 20th Century (2005-06-01)">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Ben|title=Queer Utah history: Ten most significant events for queer Utah in the 20th Century|work=Salt Lake Metro|publisher=Metro Publishing Inc.|date=2005-06-01}}</ref><ref name="Lambda lore: This week in lambda history (2005-10-01)">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Ben|title=Lambda lore: This week in lambda history|work=QSaltLake|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2005-10-01}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ano ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ise dị ka onye na-eme enyi nwoke n'ihu ọha nke otu gọọmentị etiti Social Services Block Grant allocation panel maka Salt Lake County Human Services Advisory Council . <ref name="Nelson appointed to Salt Lake County panel (1994-10-01)">{{Cite news|title=Nelson appointed to Salt Lake County panel|work=The Pillar|page=14|publisher=Uranian Publishing|date=1994-10-01}}</ref> Ọ natara nhọpụta site n'aka ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ụmụ amaala iri na otu a họpụtara na Utah na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ise maka nhọpụta ka ọ bụrụ onye otu na-eme enyi nwoke n'ihu ọha nke kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke Salt Lake Organizing Committee maka Olympic na Paralympic Winter Games nke afọ puku abuo na abuo. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asaa ruo afo puku abuo na otu dị ka onye na-eme enyi nwoke n'ihu ọha nke Hate Crimes Working Group maka U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Attorney for the District of Utah, ma nyere aka mepụta nzukọ "Changing Face of Hate: A National Symposium" na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na itolu nke U.S Attorney maka District of Utah kwadoro, [[Los Angeles]] Simon Wiesenthal Center, Weber State University na Utah Task Force on Racial and Ethnic Fairness in the Legal System.<ref name="YWCA begins Week Without Violence (1998-10-18)"/><ref name="Punishment should fit hate crime (1998-10-24)"/><ref name="Corrections & clarifications (1998-10-25)"/><ref name="Conference looks at hate crimes (1999-06-01)">{{Cite news|title=Conference looks at hate crimes|work=The Pillar|page=18|publisher=Pillar Publishing|date=1999-06-01}}</ref><ref name="U.S. Attorney publishes hate crime report (2000-02-01)">{{Cite news|title=U.S. Attorney publishes hate crime report|work=The Pillar|page=8|publisher=Pillar Publishing|date=2000-02-01}}</ref><ref name="Racial and Ethnic Fairness: Report on the State of the Criminal and Juvenile Justice System (2000-09)">{{Cite book|author=Zimmerman|first=Michael D.|title=Racial and Ethnic Fairness: Report on the State of the Criminal and Juvenile Justice System|publisher=Utah Judicial Council|series=Utah Task Force on Racial and Ethnic Fairness in the Legal System|date=September 2000|location=Salt Lake City|pages=35–36|url=https://www.utcourts.gov/specproj/retaskforce/reportfinal.pdf}}</ref> Nelson gbara mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ato maka iwepụ iwu ''Salt Lake Tribune'' nke machibidoro mbipụta nke Mgbasa ozi onwe onye [[Nwoke idina nwoke|nwoke na nwanyị]].<ref name="Media beat: Nothing personal (1993-09-22)">{{Cite news|author=Biele|first=Katharine|title=Media beat: Nothing personal|work=Private Eye Weekly|page=7|publisher=Copperfield Publishing Inc.|date=1993-09-22}}</ref> ==== Iwu ==== Nelson dere ma gbaa mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na isii ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na asaa maka ịnakwere iwu Salt Lake City Council nke ga-eme ka kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ n'obodo ma machibido ịkpa ókè gụnyere nke dabeere na mmasị mmekọahụ - atụmatụ mbụ dị otú ahụ na Utah.<ref name="Minutes of the regular/briefing session (1986-07-08)">{{Cite web|title=Minutes of the regular/briefing session|work=Proceedings of the City Council of Salt Lake City, Utah|publisher=Salt Lake City Corp.|date=1986-07-08|url=http://www.slcinfobase.com/formalminutes_1982-2010/default.htm#!WordDocuments/july81986.htm|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Human rights bill proposed to SLC Council (1986-08)">{{Cite news|title=Human rights bill proposed to SLC Council|work=Triangle Magazine|page=6|publisher=Triangle Publishing|date=August 1986}}</ref><ref name="Council delays human rights bill discussion (1986-09)">{{Cite news|title=Council delays human rights bill discussion|work=Triangle Magazine|page=13|publisher=Triangle Publishing|date=September 1986}}</ref><ref name="Agenda of the Committee of the Whole (1986-11-06)">{{Cite web|title=Agenda of the Committee of the Whole|work=Proceedings of the City Council of Salt Lake City, Utah|publisher=Salt Lake City Corp.|date=1986-11-06|url=http://www.slcinfobase.com/cow_agendas_1985-2010/default.htm?turl=worddocuments%2Fnovember61986.htm|accessdate=2013-01-15|archivedate=January 18, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118102501/http://www.slcinfobase.com/cow_agendas_1985-2010/default.htm?turl=worddocuments%2Fnovember61986.htm}}</ref><ref name="Minutes of the Committee of the Whole (1986-11-06)">{{Cite web|title=Minutes of the Committee of the Whole|work=Proceedings of the City Council of Salt Lake City, Utah|publisher=Salt Lake City Corp.|date=1986-11-06|url=http://www.slcinfobase.com/cow_minutes_1983-2010/#!worddocuments/november61986.htm|accessdate=2013-01-15|archivedate=February 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130202160810/http://www.slcinfobase.com/cow_minutes_1983-2010/%23!worddocuments/november61986.htm#!worddocuments/november61986.htm}}</ref><ref name="Three advise city Council to create S.L. Commission on human rights (1986-11-07)">{{Cite news|author=Walters|first=Conrad|title=Three advise city Council to create S.L. Commission on human rights|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1986-11-07}}</ref><ref name="ACLU official sees need for S.L. rights panel (1986-11-07)">{{Cite news|author=Fagg|first=Ellen|title=ACLU official sees need for S.L. rights panel|work=Deseret News|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1986-11-07}}</ref><ref name="Activist says city refuses to create council to address discrimination (1987-09-30)">{{Cite news|author=Walters|first=Conrad|title=Activist says city refuses to create council to address discrimination|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1987-09-30}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ nke ọma site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na isii ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na asaa maka ịnakwere iwu nke Ngalaba Ndị Uwe Ojii Salt Lake City nke chọrọ ọzụzụ LGBT maka ndị isi ngalaba - iwu mbụ dị otú ahụ na Utah.<ref name="Gays discuss police harassment in city-sponsored management audit hearing (1986-09)">{{Cite news|title=Gays discuss police harassment in city-sponsored management audit hearing|work=Triangle Magazine|page=8|publisher=Triangle Publishing|date=September 1986}}</ref><ref name="Minutes of the Committee of the Whole (1987-01-22)">{{Cite web|title=Minutes of the Committee of the Whole|work=Proceedings of the City Council of Salt Lake City, Utah|publisher=Salt Lake City Corp.|date=1987-01-22|url=http://www.slcinfobase.com/cow_minutes_1983-2010/#!worddocuments/january221987.htm|accessdate=2013-01-15|archivedate=February 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130202160810/http://www.slcinfobase.com/cow_minutes_1983-2010/%23!worddocuments/november61986.htm#!worddocuments/january221987.htm}}</ref> O mere ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu megide ndụmọdụ nke Utah State Office of Education na ndị na-egosi The World of Anne Frank na-edezi ozi agụmakwụkwọ banyere ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha na Holocaust. O mepụtara ma nyere aka kesaa akwụkwọ mpịakọta na imepụtaghachi baajị triangle-ogige ntụrụndụ na-acha pinki pinki maka ndị na-egosi ihe ngosi Mbụ.<ref name="Data on gays restored to Holocaust project (1990-03-13)">{{Cite news|author=Poore|first=Ann|title=Data on gays restored to Holocaust project|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1990-03-13}}</ref><ref name="Coalition lashes out at exhibit incident (1990-03-26)">{{Cite news|author=Costanzo|first=Joe|title=Coalition lashes out at exhibit incident|work=Deseret News|page=B-3|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1990-03-26|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19900326&id=kENTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6973,5244474|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> O nyere aka dee ma mee ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na otu na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na abuo maka nnabata nke iwu Utah abụọ nke machibidoro ma mụọ mpụ ịkpọasị - iwu mbụ dị otú ahụ na steeti ahụ. Ọ gbara mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na abuo ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na itolu maka ịnakwere iwu dị iche iche nke ga-eme ka iwu dị mma. <ref name="Dave Nelson on the queer New Year (2009-12-30)">{{Cite news|author=Peterson|first=Eric S.|title=Dave Nelson on the queer New Year|work=Salt Lake City Weekly|page=OL|publisher=Copperfield Publishing Inc.|date=2009-12-30|url=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-77-10113-dave-nelson-on-the-queer-new-year.html|accessdate=2013-01-15|archive-date=2013-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614064732/http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-77-10113-dave-nelson-on-the-queer-new-year.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Punishment should fit hate crime (1998-10-24)"/> <ref name="Some legislators no-shows at hate-crimes debate (1991-11-22)"/> <ref name="Gay rights are civil liberties, according to speakers at U. (1999-02-19)"/> <ref name="Education may be best way to protect gays, lawyer says (1999-02-19)"/> <ref name="Gays with guns (2006-10-01)"/> [5] [6] [7] [6] [7] [6] [5] [6] [7] [4] [5] [6] [5] [6] [5]<ref name="Gun groups call on Utahns to arm themselves against hate crimes (2011-09-15)"/><ref name="1998 Lawrence O'Brien Awards: Recognizing Democratic Party achievement (1998-09-26)"/><ref name="Democratic leader wants state to keep track of hate crimes (1991-01-22)">{{Cite news|author=Parker|first=Douglas|title=Democratic leader wants state to keep track of hate crimes|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-4|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1991-01-22|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10117799C7A1213B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Pignanelli hopes to replace never-used hate-crimes law (1994-05-22)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick Jr.|first=Bob|title=Pignanelli hopes to replace never-used hate-crimes law|work=Deseret News|page=A-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1994-05-22|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360A5713909EF3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Gay Utah Democrat in that order, please (1998-10-02)">{{Cite news|author=Rauzon|first=Ryan|title=Gay Utah Democrat in that order, please|work=The Daily Universe|publisher=Brigham Young University|date=1998-10-02}}</ref><ref name="Texas action gives pause to Utah hate crimes effort (2001-05-10)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Texas action gives pause to Utah hate crimes effort|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2001-05-10|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10118B478BDFC835&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> O dere ma mee ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na abuo maka nnabata nke Salt Lake County Board of Commissioners bill nke machibidoro ịkpa ókè na ọrụ gọọmentị mpaghara gụnyere nke dabeere na mmasị mmekọahụ - iwu mbụ dị otú ahụ na Utah. Ọ rụzuru ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ise megide mwepụ nke "Ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye" nke iwu na "mmekọahụ" nchebe. Ndị isi nke Gay and Lesbian Employee Association katọrọ ya na ndị ọzọ megidere mwepụ ahụ, ma kwuo na ya "ekwughị maka GLEA".<ref name="1998 Lawrence O'Brien Awards: Recognizing Democratic Party achievement (1998-09-26)"/><ref name="S.L. County may outlaw anti-gay bias (1992-09-29)">{{Cite news|title=S.L. County may outlaw anti-gay bias|work=Deseret News|page=B-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1992-09-29|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F3605E5E761AEAE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Minute Book (1992-09-30)">{{Cite book|author=Swensen|first=Sherrie|title=Minute Book|publisher=Salt Lake County, Utah|series=Board of County Commissioners|date=1992-09-30|location=Salt Lake City|pages=1854–1858}}</ref><ref name="Salt Lake County affirms minority protection act similar to U. policy (1992-10-01)">{{Cite news|author=Lindsley|first=Hank|title=Salt Lake County affirms minority protection act similar to U. policy|work=The Daily Utah Chronicle|page=1|publisher=University of Utah Publications Council|date=1992-10-01}}</ref><ref name="Fight over measure 'just beginning' (1992-10-01)">{{Cite news|author=Costanzo|first=Joe|title=Fight over measure 'just beginning'|work=Deseret News|page=B-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1992-10-01|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7R0PAAAAIBAJ&pg=6296,207459|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref>[5][6][5]<ref name="S.L. County may leave half of discrimination law as is (1995-07-18)">{{Cite news|author=Adams|first=Brooke|title=S.L. County may leave half of discrimination law as is|work=Deseret News|page=B-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1995-07-18|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360D86A9950CDF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Minute Book (1995-07-19)">{{Cite book|author=Swensen|first=Sherrie|title=Minute Book|publisher=Salt Lake County, Utah|series=Board of County Commissioners|date=1995-07-19|location=Salt Lake City|pages=1178–1180}}</ref><ref name="S.L. County reaches compromise on anti-discrimination policies (1995-07-20)">{{Cite news|author=Baltezore|first=Jay|title=S.L. County reaches compromise on anti-discrimination policies|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-2|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1995-07-20|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=102D3B1DA9AD2B36&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref>[5][6][5][11][5][6]<ref name="Gays say new law still falls short (1992-12-05)">{{Cite news|author=Jorgensen|first=Chris|title=Gays say new law still falls short|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1992-12-05|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10113C6C3282AC14&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref>[5][6][5][10][11][5][11]<ref name="S.L. County hiring plan angers gays (1995-07-18)">{{Cite news|author=Baltezore|first=Jay|title=S.L. County hiring plan angers gays|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1995-07-18|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=102D3B1D7022BB91&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na abuo megide nhọpụta nke onye bụbu Onye isiNdị uwe ojii Phoenix Ruben Ortega ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ngalaba ndị uwe ojii Salt Lake City.<ref name="Gay, lesbian leaders question S.L. chief's civil-rights record (1992-11-10)">{{Cite news|author=Phillips|first=Michael|title=Gay, lesbian leaders question S.L. chief's civil-rights record|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1992-11-10|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10114728E4CB115D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na abuo ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ato maka ịnakwere iwu nchịkwa nke Utah State Textbook Commission nke ga-enye ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze ohere iji akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke gụnyere ozi gbasara ndina ụdị onwe. <ref name="Homosexuality far from Utah curriculum (1992-12-19)">{{Cite news|author=Nickerson|first=James|title=Homosexuality far from Utah curriculum|work=Standard-Examiner|page=B-1|publisher=Ogden Publishing Corp.|date=1992-12-19}}</ref> <ref name="Teachers worry a few words may ban books (1993-09-26)">{{Cite news|author=Autman|first=Samuel A.|title=Teachers worry a few words may ban books|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1993-09-26|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1011392D327FB9DC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Friendly Fire: The ACLU in Utah (1996-03)">{{Cite book|author=Sillitoe|first=Linda|title=Friendly Fire: The ACLU in Utah|publisher=Signature Books Inc.|date=March 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfYjAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-1-56085-076-2}}</ref> O nyere aka dee ma mee ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ato maka nnabata nke iwu Utah nke na-enye ohere maka nkwekọrịta nke na-eme ka ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa na-enweghị isi ree iwu mkpuchi ndụ ha tupu ọnwụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ [[Nlekọta ahụike ma ọ|nlekọta ahụike]], na imeziwanye ndụ ha.<ref name="Leavitt faces decision on veto of viaticals (1994-03-14)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Leavitt faces decision on veto of viaticals|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1994-03-14|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1010E723203CA26A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ rụzuru ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ato na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ano megide nnabata nke iwu Utah abụọ nke ga-achọ Nnyocha HIV nke ndị mmadụ na-ekpughe ndị ọzọ gụnyere ndị ọrụ nchekwa ọha na eze ma ọ bụ ndị na-enye ọrụ mberede na HIV n'oge ha na-arụ ọrụ ha. Ụkpụrụ iwu ahụ echebeghị nzuzo ahụike. Ọ gbara mbọ n'ụzọ gara nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ise maka mmezigharị nke iwu yiri ya iji chebe nzuzo dị otú ahụ, a nabatara iwu ahụ.<ref name="HIV-test law might have averted hostage incident, legislators say (1993-11-07)">{{Cite news|author=Autman|first=Samuel A.|title=HIV-test law might have averted hostage incident, legislators say|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1993-11-07|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=101131FAB3713E1C&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Bill to permit HIV test passes House panel (1995-01-25)">{{Cite news|author=Wright|first=Lili|title=Bill to permit HIV test passes House panel|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-3|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1995-01-25|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1010A0FD0E4071BF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ato ruo afo puku abuo na ato dị ka onye omeiwu Utah nwere ikikere na onye isi lobbyist maka mmepe iwu ọha na eze LGBT.<ref name="Citizen Center (2003)">{{Cite web|title=Citizen Center|work=Utah Lobbyist Online|publisher=Utah Office of the Lieutenant Governor|year=2003|url=https://secure.utah.gov/lobbyist/lobbysearch?page=lobbyist_search_list&id=533|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ rụzuru ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ano maka mmezigharị nke iwu Utah nke ga-achọ DNA profiling nke ndị a mara ikpe maka imebi iwu ụfọdụ nke steeti gụnyere iwu sodomy steeti. Mgbanwe ahụ wepụrụ profaịlụ nke ndị a mara ikpe imebi iwu sodomy, a nabatara iwu ahụ.<ref name="Sodomy stricken from DNA-testing bill (1994-03-01)">{{Cite news|title=Sodomy stricken from DNA-testing bill|work=The Pillar|page=7|publisher=Uranian Publishing|date=1994-03-01}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ise megide nnabata nke iwu Utah nke machibidoro ịnakwere Alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị. Onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Ikpe nke Midvale mechara maa ya ikpe ịkwụ ụgwọ $iri ise na ịga mkpọrọ ụbọchị isii maka ime ihe nnupụisi obodo iji mee mkpesa megide iwu ahụ.<ref name="Dave Nelson on the queer New Year (2009-12-30)"/><ref name="Bill drafted to bolster ban on homosexual marriages (1995-02-09)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Bill drafted to bolster ban on homosexual marriages|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1995-02-09|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1010A1DFC6EAB08D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Bill prevents legalization of same-sex marriages (1995-02-09)">{{Cite news|author=Scharman|first=Christopher|title=Bill prevents legalization of same-sex marriages|work=The Daily Herald|publisher=Pulitzer Inc.|date=1995-02-09}}</ref><ref name="Ban on gay marriages to be annulled? (1995-03-03)">{{Cite news|author=Semerad|first=Tony|title=Ban on gay marriages to be annulled?|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1995-03-03|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1010CEA23A2EDED9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Same-sex-marriage bill ruled legal (1995-03-04)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick Jr.|first=Bob|title=Same-sex-marriage bill ruled legal|work=Deseret News|page=A-10|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1995-03-04|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360CA36FCDEDFF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Gays, lesbians vow marriage-ban fight (1995-03-05)">{{Cite news|title=Gays, lesbians vow marriage-ban fight|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-2|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1995-03-05|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1010CED6AD0F2F97&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Utah may ignore gay unions groups threat (1995-03-17)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Utah may ignore gay unions groups threat|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1995-03-17|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1010DA9E1F6A7AA5&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Most oppose legalizing gay marriages (1995-03-17)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick Jr.|first=Bob|title=Most oppose legalizing gay marriages|work=Deseret News|page=B-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1995-03-17|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360CB7B1992089&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref>Ọ gbara mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na isii megide nnabata nke iwu Utah nke gbochiri Klọb ụmụ akwụkwọ LGBT na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze.<ref name="Utah senators hold secret anti-gay meet (1996-02-01)">{{Cite news|author=Semerad|first=Tony|title=Utah senators hold secret anti-gay meet|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1996-02-01|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100FD1F0F6CF838F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Anti-gay meet: Secret's out, anger sets in (1996-02-02)">{{Cite news|author=Semerad|first=Tony|title=Anti-gay meet: Secret's out, anger sets in|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1996-02-02|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100FD4110E6F8BE6&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="West, Highland seek OK for gay clubs (1996-02-06)">{{Cite news|author=Groutage|first=Hilary|title=West, Highland seek OK for gay clubs|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1996-02-06|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100FD2423814E236&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Bills aim to keep gay students in closet (1996-02-13)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Bills aim to keep gay students in closet|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-4|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1996-02-13|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100FD2EAAB3E355B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Sponsors say 2 club bills are constitutionally sound (1996-02-13)">{{Cite news|author=Cortez|first=Marjorie|title=Sponsors say 2 club bills are constitutionally sound|work=Deseret News|page=A-12|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1996-02-13|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YvBHAAAAIBAJ&pg=5176,7583121|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Lawmakers return to take on gay clubs (1996-04-17)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Lawmakers return to take on gay clubs|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1996-04-17|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100FCDA7EC761221&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asato megide nnabata nke Utah Office of the Attorney General amicus curiae brief nke ga-emegide alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị na ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke [[Vermont]] nke Baker v. State of Vermont No. 98-032 <ref name="Gays policy a no-win for Graham (1998-05-10)">{{Cite news|author=Fahys|first=Judy|title=Gays policy a no-win for Graham|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1998-05-10|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100F37949F0CCACB&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ rụzuru ihe ịga nke ọma na afo puku abuo na asaa maka nkwado nke iwu Utah nke ga-agbanwe iwu sodomy nke steeti site na iwepu ndokwa nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke US kpebiri na afo puku abuo na ato ka ọ ghara ịdị n'usoro iwu na echiche ya banyere Lawrence v. [[Texas]] A tụleghị iwu ahụ.<ref name="Nelson seeks sodomy law repeal (2007-01-16)">{{Cite news|title=Nelson seeks sodomy law repeal|work=QSaltLake|page=7|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC.|date=2007-01-16}}</ref><ref name="S.B. 169 Sodomy Amendments (2007)">{{Cite web|author=McCoy|first=Scott D.|title=S.B. 169 Sodomy Amendments|work=2007 General Session|publisher=Utah Legislature|year=2007|url=http://le.utah.gov/~2007/htmdoc/sbillhtm/sb0169.htm|accessdate=2013-01-15|archivedate=2012-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401020415/http://le.utah.gov/~2007/htmdoc/sbillhtm/sb0169.htm}}</ref> Ọ rụzuru ihe ịga nke ọma na afo puku abuo na asaa maka mmezigharị nke iwu Utah nke ga-amachibido inwe Mgbọ zoro ezo na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke steeti, ma nye ohere ka onye bi n'ụlọ ihi ụra rịọ naanị ndị otu ụlọ na-enweghị ikike iburu égbè zoro ezumike. Mgbanwe ahụ wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ahụ, a nabatakwara iwu ahụ.<ref name="Against gun restrictions (2007-02-14)">{{Cite news|author=Kjolseth|first=Francisco|title=Against gun restrictions (Photograph)|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2007-02-14|url=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=5223659&itype=NGPSID|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Ọ rụzuru ihe ịga nke ọma na afo puku abuo na asaa maka iwepụ iwu nchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ Salt Lake County nke machibidoro inwe ngwá agha na ebe mgbakọ abụọ dị na mpaghara, ma chọọ ka ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ gbasaa ihe mgbochi ahụ nye ndị ọbịa ha. Utah Pride Center agbatịla ihe mgbochi ahụ nye ndị ọbịa nke ụmụ akwụkwọ LGBT-na-eme kwa afọ nke e mepụtara na Salt Palace Convention Center. Ọ rụzuru ihe ịga nke ọma na afo puku abuo na asaa maka mmezigharị nke iwu Utah Pride Festival nke machibidoro inwe ngwá agha niile na mmemme ahụ. Mgbanwe ahụ wepụrụ mmachibido iwu nke ngwá agha iwu. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, onye ọrụ Ngalaba Ndị Uwe Ojii Salt Lake City jidere ya, jụọ ya ajụjụ ma wepụ ya n'ememme ahụ mgbe ndị ọrụ ememme ahụ mere mkpesa banyere inwe égbè a na-ezochaghị ezo. O tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa na mkpesa $ 25,000 megide Salt Lake City Corp., ma nata mgbaghara site n'aka onyeisi ndị uwe ojii. <ref name="Rolly: The competing rights of packing a gun and peaceable assembly (2007-06-09)">{{Cite news|author=Rolly|first=Paul|title=Rolly: The competing rights of packing a gun and peaceable assembly|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2007-06-09|url=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=6102977&itype=NGPSID|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Police chief apologizes for gay gun activist's ejection from Pride (2007-08-01)">{{Cite news|author=Vanderhooft|first=Joselle|title=Police chief apologizes for gay gun activist's ejection from Pride|work=QSaltLake|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC.|date=2007-08-01}}</ref><ref name="2007: Year in review (2008-01-02)">{{Cite news|author=Vanderhooft|first=Joselle|title=2007: Year in review|work=QSaltLake|page=OL|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2008-01-02}}</ref><ref name="Cold dead hands">{{Cite news|author=City Weekly Staff|title=Best of Utah 2008: Media & politics—Best 'Cold dead hands'|work=Salt Lake City Weekly|publisher=Copperfield Publishing Inc.|date=2008-04-02|url=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-1811-best-of-utah-2008-media-politics.html|accessdate=2013-01-15|archive-date=2013-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121224734/http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-1811-best-of-utah-2008-media-politics.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ rụzuru ihe ịga nke ọma na afo puku abuo na iri maka iwepụ iwu nchịkwa nke Utah Bureau of Criminal Identification nke gbochiri inye ikike ịgba égbè zoro ezo na steeti maka ndị a mara ikpe maka imebi iwu sodomy steeti. Ọ gbara mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma site na afo puku abuo na iri ruo afo puku abuo na iri na abuo maka iwepụ iwu nchịkwa nke Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing nke na-egbochi inye ndị mmadụ akwụkwọ ikikere maka imebi iwu sodomy nke steeti.<ref name="Utah gun rule removes sodomy restriction (2011-01-17)"/><ref name="Utah State Bulletin (2010-12-01; DAR File No. 34222)">{{Cite book|author=Moffat|first=Alice|title=Utah State Bulletin|publisher=Utah Division of Administrative Rules|series=Notice of Proposed Rule|edition=23|date=2010-12-01|location=Salt Lake City|pages=61–63|url=http://www.rules.utah.gov/publicat/bull_pdf/2010/b20101201.pdf|accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Utah State Bulletin (2012-03-01; DAR File No. 35853)">{{Cite book|author=Steinagel|first=Mark|title=Utah State Bulletin|publisher=Utah Division of Administrative Rules|series=Five-Year Notices of Review and Statements of Continuation|edition=5|date=2012-03-01|location=Salt Lake City|pages=103–104|url=http://www.rules.utah.gov/publicat/bull_pdf/2012/b20120301.pdf|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Utah State Bulletin (2012-03-01; DAR File No. 35860)">{{Cite book|author=Steinagel|first=Mark|title=Utah State Bulletin|publisher=Utah Division of Administrative Rules|series=Five-Year Notices of Review and Statements of Continuation|edition=5|date=2012-03-01|location=Salt Lake City|url=http://www.rules.utah.gov/publicat/bull_pdf/2012/b20120301.pdf|accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> === Ọrụ ndị agha === Dị ka onye na-akwado nnwere onwe na onye ndú pati, Nelson guzobere ma ọ bụ nyere aka chọta ọtụtụ òtù ndị metụtara LGBT na Utah ma nyere aka iduzi ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado iwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị rụzuru nnabata nke ọtụtụ iwu LGBT-enyi na enyi mba, steeti na mpaghara, na ịjụ iwu ndị ọzọ. ==== Nhazi ==== [[Usòrò:David_Nelson_(Utah_activist)_with_Vice_President_Al_Gore_in_1996.jpg|alt=David Nelson shaking hands with U.S. Vice President Al Gore|thumb|David Nelson na nzukọ ya na osote onye isi ala US Al Gore na Washington na 1996]] Nelson guzobere Gay and Lesbian Utah Democrats na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu iji sonye na Utah Democratic Party - otu mbụ dị otú ahụ na steeti ahụ. Ìgwè ahụ jikọtara ọrụ nke otu òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kọmitii na-akpata ego na otu lobbying. Na nnọkọ mbụ ya na steeti na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu, ndị nta akụkọ KUTV Television kpọrọ otu ahụ "ụlọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ", ọ ghọkwara otu n'ime nnukwu caucuses na pati ahụ. Otu ahụ kwụsịrị ọrụ ịnakọta ego na lobbying na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asaa, mana ọ nọgidere na-abụ caucus. Ọ lara ezumike nká na afo puku abuo na otu site na idu ndú otu ahụ, a gụgharịrị aha otu ahụ dị ka Utah Stonewall Democrats.<ref name="Dave Nelson on the queer New Year (2009-12-30)"/><ref name="1998 Lawrence O'Brien Awards: Recognizing Democratic Party achievement (1998-09-26)">{{Cite book|author=Grossman|first=Steve|title=1998 Lawrence O'Brien Awards: Recognizing Democratic Party achievement|publisher=Democratic National Committee|date=1998-09-26|location=Washington}}</ref><ref name="A brief history of lesbians and gays in Utah (1995-03-27)">{{Cite news|title=Fight for gay rights can be exhausting (Sidebar)|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=D-2|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1995-03-27|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1010CFC8F74F1AFA&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Welcoming the World: The History of Salt Lake County (1996-01)">{{Cite book|author=Sillitoe|first=Linda|title=Welcoming the World: The History of Salt Lake County|publisher=Utah State Historical Society|date=January 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8j9NAAAACAAJ|isbn=978-0-9651857-0-7}}</ref><ref name="Gay Utah Democrats group to disband at end of year (1996-11-05)">{{Cite news|title=Gay Utah Democrats group to disband at end of year|work=Deseret News|page=B-6|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1996-11-05|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ee5LAAAAIBAJ&pg=4466,3617943|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Gay Utah Democrats will fold organization (1996-11-06)">{{Cite news|title=Gay Utah Democrats will fold organization|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1996-11-06}}</ref><ref name="How gay, lesbian politics came out of closet in Utah (1998-01-11)">{{Cite news|author=Rolly|first=Paul|title=How gay, lesbian politics came out of closet in Utah|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=AA-3|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1998-01-11|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100F249C5235651B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Gay Utahn wins Democratic honors (1998-10)">{{Cite news|title=Gay Utahn wins Democratic honors|work=The Pillar|page=18|publisher=Pillar Publishing|date=October 1998}}</ref><ref name="Former Utah Democratic Party exec remembered by queer-rights leaders (2012-03-08)">{{Cite news|author=Bracken|first=Seth|title=Former Utah Democratic Party exec remembered by queer-rights leaders|work=QSaltLake|page=OL|publisher=Salt Lick Publishing LLC|date=2012-03-08}}</ref> O mepụtara netwọk mba nke ndị otu LGBT na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ise iji weghachite nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ha nke dị na Washington National Association of Gay and Lesbian Democratic Clubs site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na abuo ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na asaa. O nyere aka chọta National Stonewall Democratic Federation nke dị na Washington na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na isii iji sonye na Kọmitii Mba Democratic. U.S. Rep. Barney Frank nke [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] mepụtara njikọ ahụ mgbe ọ gbara ya ume na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asato ka ọ sonye dị ka National Stonewall Democrats nke Washington. E hiwere otu ahụ na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na itolu. <ref name="GLUD leaders attend Washington strategy conference (1996-03-01)">{{Cite news|title=GLUD leaders attend Washington strategy conference|work=The Pillar|page=6|publisher=Pillar Publishing|date=1996-03-01}}</ref> Ọ haziri ndị Utah na-eme enyi nwoke na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na isii iji gaa nzukọ nke ndị LGBT Democrats na Osote Onye isi ala US Al Gore na Indian Treaty Room nke Old Executive Office Building na Washington.<ref name="GLUD leaders attend Washington strategy conference (1996-03-01)"/> O nyeere ndị ọrụ aka n'ihe ngosi National Rifle Association of America na afo puku abuo na ise na Utah Democratic Convention . <ref name="Gay Democrats back gun rights (2005-05-07)">{{Cite news|title=Gay Democrats back gun rights|work=Deseret News|page=B-2|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=2005-05-07|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600132111/gay-democrats-back-gun-rights.html|accessdate=2013-01-15|archive-date=2012-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817025258/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600132111/Gay-Democrats-back-gun-rights.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Gays with guns invited to Demo convention (2005-05-12)">{{Cite news|title=Gays with guns invited to Demo convention|work=Salt Lake Metro|publisher=Metro Publishing Inc.|date=2005-05-12}}</ref> ==== Nchịkwa ==== Nelson jere ozi na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na otu dị ka onye otu ndị ọrụ nchekwa nke Kọmitii Mba Democratic maka ndị na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala gụnyere Gov. Bill Clinton nke [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] na nzukọ kọmitii na Los Angeles.<ref name="1992 Democratic candidates span spectrum of ideologies (1991-09-22)">{{Cite news|author=Daley|first=Steve|title=1992 Democratic candidates span spectrum of ideologies|work=Chicago Tribune|page=OL|publisher=Tribune Co.|date=1991-09-22|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-09-22/news/9103120030_1_president-bush-next-year-harkin-democratic-national-committee|accessdate=2012-12-14|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010542/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-09-22/news/9103120030_1_president-bush-next-year-harkin-democratic-national-committee|url-status=dead}}</ref> O jere ozi site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na abuo ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ise dị ka onye otu Salt Lake County Democratic Party Constitutional Committee . <ref name="Constitution of the Salt Lake County Democratic Party (2012-04-14)">{{Cite web|url=http://www.slcountydems.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=37|title=Constitution of the Salt Lake County Democratic Party|date=2012-04-14|work=SLCountyDems.com|publisher=Salt Lake County Democratic Party|accessdate=2013-01-15|archivedate=October 31, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031025051/http://www.slcountydems.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72&Itemid=37}}</ref> O mere mkpọsa na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ato dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi maka nhọpụta ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ nke Utah Democratic Party - mkpọsa mbụ dị otú ahụ nke otu nnukwu pati na steeti ahụ. Ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'etiti ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị abụọ mgbe mkpọsa ya nwetara vootu nari abuo na iri abuo na itolu. <ref name="2 seek Demo chairmanship, but race is unlikely to heat up (1993-06-05)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick Jr.|first=Bob|title=2 seek Demo chairmanship, but race is unlikely to heat up|work=Deseret News|page=B-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1993-06-05|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F3607B09175B51D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> <ref name="Demo unity: Jones to lead Utah party (1993-06-12)">{{Cite news|author=Rolly|first=Paul|title=Demo unity: Jones to lead Utah party|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-3|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1993-06-12|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10112DA2EC6E8D65&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Jones unanimous choice to lead Democrats (1993-06-13)">{{Cite news|title=Jones unanimous choice to lead Democrats|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=C-3|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1993-06-13|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10112DAD59F7A0B3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> O mere mkpọsa nke ọma na afo out puku nari itolu na Iri itolu na isii maka ntuli aka Utah Democratic Party iji jee ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya nwoke na nwanyị na Democratic National Convention na [[Chicago]] na dị ka onye nduzi Utah LGBT-outreach maka mkpọsa onye isi ala Clinton-Gore. O mere mkpọsa nke ọma na afo puku abuo maka ntuli aka Utah Democratic Party ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya nwoke idina nwoke na Democratic National Convention na Los Angeles na dịka onye nduzi Utah LGBT-outreach maka mkpọsa onye isi ala Gore-Lieberman.<ref name="1998 Lawrence O'Brien Awards: Recognizing Democratic Party achievement (1998-09-26)"/><ref name="Gay Utahn wins Democratic honors (1998-10)"/><ref name="Labor makes big showing in delegation (1996-08-23)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick Jr.|first=Bob|title=Labor makes big showing in delegation|work=Deseret News|page=A-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1996-08-23|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=afdLAAAAIBAJ&pg=4706,4495104|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref>[5][6][5]<ref name="Committee named of Utah gays and lesbians for Gore (2000-03-01)">{{Cite news|title=Committee named of Utah gays and lesbians for Gore|work=The Pillar|page=10|publisher=Pillar Publishing|date=2000-03-01}}</ref><ref name="Utahns fear ties to Clinton (2000-08-13)">{{Cite news|author=Romboy|first=Dennis|title=Utahns fear ties to Clinton|work=Deseret News|page=A-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=2000-08-13|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F3655F9D272B2C4&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Yes, there are Democrats from Utah (2000-08-14)">{{Cite news|author=Burton|first=Greg|title=Yes, there are Democrats from Utah|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-9|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2000-08-14|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100E9E17F932BE65&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="El Segundo mayor returns Utah Democrats' favor (2000-08-14)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick|first=Bob Jr.|title=El Segundo mayor returns Utah Democrats' favor|work=Deseret News|page=A-2|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=2000-08-14|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F3655FC3A32F3C7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Utah Democrats carry more conservative credentials to L.A. (2000-08-15)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Utah Democrats carry more conservative credentials to L.A.|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-10|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2000-08-15|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100E9E40085921A0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Utah delegates say Gore not uptight as he seems (2000-08-18)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick Jr.|first=Bob|title=Utah delegates say Gore not uptight as he seems|work=Deseret News|page=A-9|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=2000-08-18|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-zxOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6743,912964|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Democrats eager for Utah battle (2000-08-19)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Democrats eager for Utah battle|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune LLC|date=2000-08-19|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100E9E88141FC696&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Gay delegate says Dole could reverse gains (1996-08-27)">{{Cite news|author=Davidson|first=Lee|title=Gay delegate says Dole could reverse gains|work=Deseret News|page=A-3|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1996-08-27|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bfdLAAAAIBAJ&pg=5207,7848599|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Convention includes shock as well as thrills for Utah's delegates (1996-08-30)">{{Cite news|author=Davidson|first=Lee|title=Convention includes shock as well as thrills for Utah's delegates|work=Deseret News|page=A-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1996-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Utah delegates and alternates to the 1996 Democratic National Convention (1996-09-03)">{{Cite news|title=Utah delegates and alternates to the 1996 Democratic National Convention|work=Deseret News|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1996-09-03}}</ref><ref name="Gay supporters of Clinton take part in coming-out rally (1996-10-21)">{{Cite news|title=Gay supporters of Clinton take part in coming-out rally|work=Deseret News|page=B-6|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1996-10-21|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F364644E76ECC06&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Demos expect religious link between Lieberman, Utahns (2000-08-07)">{{Cite news|author=Romboy|first=Dennis|title=Demos expect religious link between Lieberman, Utahns|work=Deseret News|page=A-6|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=2000-08-07|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F3655EDDF31C87E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref> Gino Kalu ka Utah?’s Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na afo puku abuo na ato ruo afo puku abuo na ano dị ka onye nhazi nwoke na nwoke na Utah maka mkpọsa onye isi ala Wesley Clark. ==== Iwu ==== Nelson gbara mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na isii maka itinye ndị ọkà okwu LGBT na nzukọ Democratic National Committee Policy Commission na Salt Lake City site n'aka onye isi oche kọmitii na onye bụbu Gọvanọ Utah Scott M. Matheson Sr.<ref name="Gays want spot on Demo's family panel (1986-03-20)">{{Cite news|title=Gays want spot on Demo's family panel|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1986-03-20}}</ref><ref name="Utah gays want say in Dem policy (1986-03-25)">{{Cite news|author=Gurwell|first=Lance|title=Utah gays want say in Dem policy|work=USA Today|publisher=Gannett Company Inc.|date=1986-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Demos limit agenda, not the right to speak up (1986-04-02)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick|first=Bob Jr.|title=Demos limit agenda, not the right to speak up|work=Deseret News|page=B-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1986-04-02}}</ref><ref name="Gay presence felt at Demo policy commission (1986-05)">{{Cite news|title=Gay presence felt at Demo policy commission|work=Triangle Magazine|page=7|publisher=Triangle Publishing|date=May 1986}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ato maka nhọpụta nke ndị Utah na-eme enyi nwoke n'ihu ọha ka ha bụrụ ndị otu Utah Democratic Party - nhọpụta mbụ dị otú ahụ site n'aka otu nnukwu pati na steeti ahụ. O jere ozi site na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ato ruo afo otu puku nari itolu na asaa dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Na-anọgide na-anọgide nke ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na Kọmitii na-anọgidesi ike na ntuziaka.<ref name="Demo chief hailed for naming 4 gays to party committees (1993-08-12)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick|first=Bob Jr.|title=Demo chief hailed for naming 4 gays to party committees|work=Deseret News|page=B-7|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1993-08-12|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F36080F398DE145&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Democratic chairman defends appointments of gays to committee posts (1993-08-13)">{{Cite news|title=Democratic chairman defends appointments of gays to committee posts|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1993-08-13}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ise maka ịnakwere nkatọ nke Utah Democratic Party nke Utah House of Representatives Democratic Whip Rep. Kelly C. Atkinson mgbe ọ kọwara LGBT Democrats dị ka otu "na-abụghị" na nkọwa nke akwụkwọ ''Akụkọ Deseret'' News bipụtara. Atkinson mechara kwuo na ọ kwara ụta maka ojiji o ji nkọwa ahụ mee ihe. Mgbalị a katọrọ bụ ihe mere ndị Democrats na ndị isi pati ji akatọ Nelson, ma gwa ndị isi Gay na Lesbian Utah Democrats n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na isii ka ha kwụsị ịkọwa otu ahụ dị ka Democratic. Nelson na ndị isi otu ndị ọzọ jụrụ arịrịọ ahụ.<ref name="Column by Democratic whip inflames gay-rights groups (1995-01-11)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Column by Democratic whip inflames gay-rights groups|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-2|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1995-01-11|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1010A00476F15D0C&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Gay group wants Demo 'censored' (1995-01-11)">{{Cite news|title=Gay group wants Demo 'censored'|work=Deseret News|page=A-8|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1995-01-11|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360E7B0404637F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Gay Demos won't stage protest (1995-01-13)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick Jr.|first=Bob|title=Gay Demos won't stage protest|work=Deseret News|page=B-5|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1995-01-13|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360E7ED717EDC7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Demos ask gays to lower profile (1996-02-07)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Demos ask gays to lower profile|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=A-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1996-02-07|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100FD290ED8D7776&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Lawmakers accused of gay-bashing (1996-02-07)">{{Cite news|author=Spangler|first=Jerry|title=Lawmakers accused of gay-bashing|work=Deseret News|page=A-1|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1996-02-07|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XPBHAAAAIBAJ&pg=2576,3675122|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Politics: Demos play it straight (1996-02-14)">{{Cite news|author=Biele|first=Katharine|title=Politics: Demos play it straight|work=Private Eye Weekly|page=7|publisher=Copperfield Publishing Inc.|date=1996-02-14}}</ref><ref name="Politics: Inconvenient friends (1996-11-21)">{{Cite news|author=Biele|first=Katharine|title=Politics: Inconvenient friends|work=Private Eye Weekly|page=7|publisher=Copperfield Publishing Inc.|date=1996-11-21}}</ref> O dere, kwado ma mee ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na ise maka nnabata nke mkpebi nke Utah Democratic Party nke kwadoro nnabata nke Iwu Ọrụ Na-enweghị Ịkpa ókè nke gọọmentị etiti.<ref name="GLUD sponsors state Democratic resolution (1995-12-01)">{{Cite news|title=GLUD sponsors state Democratic resolution|work=The Pillar|page=9|publisher=Pillar Publishing|date=1995-12-01}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na isii megide nkwa mkpọsa nke onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Democratic maka U.S. House of Representatives Ross C. "Rocky" Anderson iji megide alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị ma "na-atụ vootu ọchịchọ ndị m na-atụ voote" ma ọ bụrụ na a họpụtara ya na Congress n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akwado ikike alụmdi na eze. Anderson katọrọ Nelson na ndị ọzọ na-emegide mgbanwe echiche Anderson, ma kwuo na ọ pụghị "ikwere na ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-ezo na-echere ka ha gbaa m égbè ugbu a".<ref name="Anderson: I'll put aside support for gay marriage (1996-07-09)">{{Cite news|author=Harrie|first=Dan|title=Anderson: I'll put aside support for gay marriage|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|page=B-1|publisher=Kearns-Tribune Corp.|date=1996-07-09|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=100FD5FEB944B234&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|accessdate=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref name="Anderson clarifies stand on same-sex unions (1996-07-09)">{{Cite news|author=Bernick|first=Bob Jr.|title=Anderson clarifies stand on same-sex unions|work=Deseret News|page=B-2|publisher=Deseret News Publishing Co.|date=1996-07-09|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/500680/anderson-clarifies-stand-on-same-sex-unions.html|accessdate=2013-01-15|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002534/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/500680/ANDERSON-CLARIFIES-STAND-ON-SAME-SEX-UNIONS.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Nkwado === [[Usòrò:David_Nelson_(Utah_activist)_Salt_Lake_County_joint_commemorative_resolution_in_2012.jpg|alt=Salt Lake County joint Commemorative Resolution signed by mayor and nine council members|thumb|Mkpebi ncheta jikọrọ aka nke Salt Lake County nyere David Nelson na 2012]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Nelson, David}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]] [[Òtù:Igbo wikiped]] 4s1p8kpq67azzh27kr9n5kjrizawr79 0 46679 737047 541573 2026-10-11T14:24:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Donald Gladstone Rodney''' (18 Mee 1961 - 4 Maachị 1998) bụ onye omenkà Britain. Ọ bụ onye isi na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]] 's BLK Art Group nke 1980 wee bụrụ onye a ma ama dị ka "otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe kachasị ọhụrụ na nke ọgbọ ya." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/donald-rodney-display/biography-and-timeline|title=Donald Rodney Display - Biography|accessdate=22 October 2007|year=2004|publisher=Tate Britain}}</ref> Ọrụ Rodney weputara onyonyo sitere na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, nka na omenala a ma ama iji chọpụta okwu gbasara njirimara agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ . == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Rodney mụrụ ma zụlite na Birmingham, England . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ tupu ogo ogo na Bournville School of Art wee gaa n'ihu mechaa nzere nsọpụrụ na Fine Art na Trent Polytechnic na Nottingham, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1980s. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iniva.org/autoicon/DR/bio.htm|title=Donald Rodney biography|author=Chambers|first=Eddie|date=December 1999|publisher=[[Iniva]]|accessdate=12 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081107053857/http://www.iniva.org/autoicon/DR/bio.htm|archivedate=7 November 2008}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Keith Piper, bụkwa onye Birmingham. Piper ga-emetụta ọrụ Rodney n'akụkụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa. Ọrụ nke Rodney na Piper, n'akụkụ Eddie Chambers, Marlene Smith na Claudette Johnson ghọrọ ndị a ghọtara dị ka òtù dị iche iche n'ime nkà Britain, nke a maara dị ka BLK Art Group, nke ihe mgbakwunye ya bụ akụkọ akụkọ ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na 1987, Rodney dechara Diploma Postgraduate na Multi-Media Fine Art na Mahadum Slade School of Fine Art na Mahadum Mahadum London . <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Donald Rodney Display: biography and timeline, 1980–1990|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/display/donald-rodney-display/donald-rodney-display-biography-and-timeline-1|accessdate=2021-12-09|work=Tate|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209162515/https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/display/donald-rodney-display/donald-rodney-display-biography-and-timeline-1|archivedate=2021-12-09}}</ref> "Autoicon" <ref>https://mitpress.mit.edu/9781846382574/donald-rodney/</ref> nke Donald Rodney bụ ọrụ ọhụrụ na-ejikọta nka na nkà na ụzụ, nke a tụrụ ime n'etiti 1990s wee wuchaa ya na 1998. Site n'ike mmụọ nsọ Jeremy Bentham nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu "Auto-Akara ngosi," <ref>https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/736135</ref> Ọrụ Rodney gbatịrị ụdị mmadụ ya ma na-akatọ echiche ndị bụ isi banyere onwe na ahụ. N'ịbụ nke gbanyere n'akwụkwọ ahụike na-adaba n'ọgụ Rodney na ọrịa sickle cell anaemia, "Autoicon" na-egosipụta AI nke dabeere na Java na netwọk akwara na-emekọrịta ihe na ndị ọrụ site na mkparịta ụka dabeere na ederede, na-ese site na nnukwu ebe nchekwa Rodney na ịntanetị iji mepụta foto na-agbanwe agbanwe. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iniva.org/programme/projects/autoicon/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602082256/https://iniva.org/programme/projects/autoicon/ |archive-date=2024-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mpempe akwụkwọ <nowiki>''Otu Ọrụ''</nowiki> <ref>https://www.afterall.org/publications/donald-rodney-autoicon/</ref> Curator Richard Birkett na-enyocha mkpa ọrụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu, na-ejikọta ya na ihe ngosi Rodney's 1997 "9 Night in Eldorado" ma na-ekwurịta njikọ ya na isiokwu nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ikike, na njikọ nke okwu mmadụ na mgbe mmadụ gasịrị. == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Rodney nwere ọrịa sickle cell anaemia, ọrịa na-agwụ ike nke na-akawanye njọ n'oge ndụ ya. <ref name="Latimer">{{Cite news|url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/29130/donald-rodney/|title=Donald Rodney|author=Latimer|first=Quinn|date=1 November 2008|publisher=[[Artinfo]]|accessdate=12 January 2010}}</ref> Nke a mere ka ọ nwee mmasị na X-ray ụlọ ọgwụ a tụfuru na isiokwu ahụike ndị ọzọ malitere ịkọwa ọrụ ya. Rodney ji X-ray dị ka ihe atụ iji nọchite anya “ọrịa” nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọha mmadụ. <ref>Tanya Barson, [http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/rodney-in-the-house-of-my-father-p78529/text-summary "Donald Rodney | In the House of My Father 1996–7"], Tate, February 2002.</ref> Na 4 Maachị 1998 Rodney nwụrụ site na ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="Latimer"/> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, e gosipụtara ọrụ Rodney na ihe ngosi nka nke Britain a ma ama ''nke 5'' . A gụnyekwara ya na ihe ngosi ''Nye na Were, Ọrụ Ndị Ngosipụta Ihe ngosi nke Contemporary Art Society'' mere na Harris Museum na Jerwood Gallery (2000). A gbara onye na-ese foto [[Brenda Agard]] ajụjụ ọnụ na 1995 ihe nkiri ''atọ na-egbu mgbu na oge mgbu'', banyere ndụ na ọrụ nke Rodney dị ka akụkụ nke Black Arts Video Project nke Black Audio Film Collective. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Arts on Film Archive: Three Songs on Pain Light and Time|url=http://artsonfilm.wmin.ac.uk/filmsuk.php?a=view&recid=435|work=artsonfilm.wmin.ac.uk|accessdate=22 April 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, e nyere akwụkwọ akụkọ Rodney na Tate Archive. Ihe ngosi ''Donald Rodney - Na Retrospect'' mere na Iniva, [[London]], 30 October–29 November 2008. <ref name="Iniva">Iniva, [http://www.iniva.org/programme/projects/donald-rodney-in-retrospect/ "Donald Rodney In Retrospect"] Iniva, 2017.</ref> == Ntụaka == emetụta ọrụ Rodney n'akụkụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa. Ọrụ nke Rodney na Piper, n'akụkụ Eddie Chambers, Marlene Smith na Claudette Johnson ghọrọ ndị a ghọtarn'akwụkwọ ahụike na-adaba n'ọgụ Rodney na ọrịa sickle cell anaemia, "Autoicon" na-egosipụtaa{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Donald Rodney, [http://www.iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/r/rodney-donald/ Akwụkwọ ndekọ aha mmadụ], Iniva, 2017. * Eddie Chambers, [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011161520/https://theibtaurisblog.com/2014/08/07/black-artists-in-british-art/ "Ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Black British ndị kwesịrị ka amara nke ọma"], The IB Tauris Blog, 7 Ọgọst 2014. * [http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/donald-rodney-display/biography-and-timeline Akụkọ ndụ Donald Rodney na usoro iheomume], Tate Britain, 2004. * [http://www.tate.org.uk/art/archive/tga-200321/forty-eight-notebooks-and-sketchbooks-written-and-created-by-donald-rodney-and-the ''Akwụkwọ ndetu iri anọ na asatọ na sketchbook nke Donald Rodney dere ma mepụta, yana ebe nchekwa nke onye na-ese ihe 1982-98''] Tate Archive. * Portraits of Donald Rodney [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oq17bs9pschod4ip3945j60ljwbxwgu 0 46688 737096 172624 2026-10-12T08:14:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Janette Parris''' (amuru 1962 na West Ham, East London ) bu onye omenkà nke oge a nke bekee nke bi ma na-aru oru na London. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Enyere Janette Parris nzere nna ya ukwu na Fine Art na kọleji Goldsmiths na 1994. <ref name="indy98">{{Cite news|author=John Windsor|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/art-a-discomfiting-habitat-lounge-1152439.html|title=Art: A discomfiting Habitat lounge|work=The Independent|date=26 March 1998|accessdate=2014-02-25}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohn_Windsor1998">John Windsor (26 March 1998). [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/art-a-discomfiting-habitat-lounge-1152439.html "Art: A discomfiting Habitat lounge"]. ''The Independent''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Parris na-ejikarị ịse eserese mepụta ọrụ akụkọ siri ike, <ref name="okane">{{Cite web|url=http://www.okpaul.com/review_pride.pdf|title=Paul O'Kane's review for Pride Magazine}}</ref> na-adịkarị n'ụdị ihe egwu egwu nwere ọchị satirical droll, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị yiri ihe odide akwụkwọ ọchị. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya n'ofe UK. Nrụnye 1998 ya ''nwebiisinka'', na-eji ọtụtụ vidiyo na ihe nke ngwá ụlọ Habitat, gosipụtara ọdachi ndị na-eme kwa ụbọchị, nke ''The Independent'' kọwara dị ka "ihe nzuzu, mwute, na-akpa ọchị - na nso nso n'ụlọ maka nkasi obi." <ref name="indy98"/> N'afọ 2003, e nyere ya ọrụ ịmepụta usoro ọrụ maka mmemme "Art on the Underground" nke London Underground . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://art.tfl.gov.uk/projects/detail/1365/|title=Parris commission for Transport for London|accessdate=2012-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072136/http://art.tfl.gov.uk/projects/detail/1365/|archivedate=2012-05-16}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e gosiri ''Talent'' vidiyo Parris na ihe ngosi Tate Britain 's ''Rude Britannia'' . <ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Rude+Britannia%3A+British+Comic+Art.-a0268602169 Review of Rude Britannia by Colin Perry at TheFreeLibrary.Com]</ref> Na 2016, o gosiri ọrụ ya na Peckham Platform. Emepụtara ọrụ maka ihe ngosi a n'ime afọ 2015 wee gosi akụkọ ndị ọ zutere ka ya na ndị bi na mpaghara, ndị ahịa na ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ime etiti obodo Peckham na-akparịta ụka. <ref name="PeckhamPromenade">{{Cite web|title=Peckham Promenade|url=http://www.peckhamplatform.com/whats-on/exhibitions/peckham-promenade|work=Peckham Platform|accessdate=2 June 2018}}</ref> Na 2021, o nwere ihe ngosi solo, "A View without the Bridge: Janette Parris" na Focal Point Gallery <ref>{{Cite web|title=Janette Parris|url=https://artfacts.net/exhibition/a-view-without-the-bridge-janette-parris/998612|accessdate=4 March 2022|work=Artfacts}}</ref> na Southend-on-Sea, Essex. N'afọ 2023, etinyere ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi "Ogbenye Ihe" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Poor Things|url=https://www.fruitmarket.co.uk/event/poor-things04-03-23-21-05-23/2023-03-04/|accessdate=15 March 2023|work=Fruitmarket Gallery|archivedate=2023-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315162151/https://www.fruitmarket.co.uk/event/poor-things04-03-23-21-05-23/2023-03-04/}}</ref> na osisi mkpụrụ osisi na Edinburgh. == Ihe ndetu == adịkarị n'ụdị ihe egwu egwu nwere ọchị satirical droll, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị yiri ihe odide akw{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.archcomic.com Ihe ọchị Janette Parris na ntanetị, ''Arch''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240603200438/https://iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/p/parris-janette/ Janette Parris na Iniva] * [http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/janette-parris-33303/profile.html Janette Parris na ArtFacts.] [http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/janette-parris-33303/profile.html Net] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140318204358/http://www.cornerhouse.org/bookstore/product/the-best-of-janette-parris "Kasị mma nke Janette Parris"] nke Richard Hylton deziri, ya na edemede Patricia Ellis, (2002) Autograph ABP.  na weebụsaịtị Cornerhouse [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jjlky2ae0llipzngrkusstrkdnqxwvn 0 46735 737043 693273 2026-10-11T13:43:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Dezil Forrester''' MBE (amuru 1956) bu onye omenka amuru Grenada nke kwagara England dika nwata na 1967. <ref name="Donnell">Niru Ratnam, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&dq=%22denzil+forrester%22&pg=PA117 "Denzil Forrester"], in [[Alison Donnell]] (ed.), ''Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture'', Routledge, 2002, p. 117.</ref> Na mbụ dabere na [[London]], ebe ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Morley College, <ref name="Bio">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180930163814/http://denzilforrester.co.uk/bio.html "Bio"], Denzil Forrester website.</ref> ọ kwagara Truro, Cornwall, na 2016. <ref name="Surtees, Observer">Joshua Surtees, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/may/12/denzil-forrester-retrospective-interview "Artist Denzil Forrester: 'When I tell people I’ve moved to Cornwall they say, "Why, there are no black people there!"{{'}}"] (interview), ''[[The Observer]]'', 12 May 2018.</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ na 1956 na Grenada na Caribbean, Denizil Forrester kwagara England mgbe ọ dị afọ 10. <ref name="Bio"/> Ọ gara Central School of Art, na-enweta akara ugo mmụta BA, ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe ojii ole na ole iji nweta MA na Fine Art (Painting) na Royal College of Art na mmalite 1980s. <ref name="Chambers80">Eddie Chambers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OfBeBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22denzil+forrester%22&pg=PT171 ''Black Artists in British Art: A History Since the 1950s''], [[I.B. Tauris]], 2014, p. 80.</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-egosipụta ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240604043022/http://denzilforrester.co.uk/exhibition.html "Exhibitions"], artist's website.</ref> Na 1982, e tinyere ya na Royal Academy Summer Exhibition maka oge mbụ ya na ọrụ ya "Winston Rose" na "Winston Rose 2" - na-egosi enyi ya onye e gburu na ụgbọ ala ndị uwe ojii - na n'afọ na-esote ya ibe ya "Dub". E gosikwara ebubo n'ebe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chronicle250.com/1983|title=1983 Exploring Dub Charge|work=The Royal Academy Summer Exhibition: A Chronicle, 1769–2018|first=Gemma|author=Romain|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref> Na 1983, o meriri Rome Scholarship, wee nweta akwụkwọ mmụta Harkness nke nyere ya aka nọrọ ọnwa 18 na [[New York City]] (1986-88). <ref name="Bio" /> == Gburugburu == N'otu aka ahụ na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe Black British oge ochie, dị ka Tam Joseph na [[Eugene Palmer]], ebe a mụrụ na Caribbean ma zụlitere na UK Forrester na-egosipụta na eserese ya abụọ nke mmetụta omenala; dị ka [[John Lyons (onye na-ede uri)|John Lyons]] kwuru: "Nkwanye nkwanye ùgwù nke Denizil maka ọdịnala bụ ngosipụta nke ọchịchọ ịchọta njirimara n'ime omenala abụọ, Afro-Caribbean na European, n'ihi na ha abụọ ekerewo òkè dị mkpa na usoro ya nke tozuru okè dị ka onye na-ese ihe." <ref>John Lyons, "Denzil Forrester's Art in Context", catalogue essay in ''Denzil Forrester: Dub Transition: A Decade of Paintings 1980–1990'', p. 20. Quoted in Chambers (2014), p. 83.</ref> == Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara == * 2023: ''Denzil Forrester: Anyị Omenala'', Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami, United States (6 Eprel 2023–24 Septemba 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://contemporaryand.com/exhibition/denzil-forrester-we-culture/|title=Denzil Forrester: We Culture|work=Contemporary And.|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref> * 2023: ''Denzil Forrester: Ya na Q'', Stephen Friedman Gallery, London (10 Maachị – 6 Eprel 2023) <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241219111914/https://www.stephenfriedman.com/exhibitions/173-denzil-forrester-with-q/ "'Denzil Forrester: With Q"], Stephen Friedman Gallery, London.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/london/art/denzil-forrester-q|title=Denzil Forrester: 'Q'|work=TimeOut|first=Edfy|author=Frankel|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref> * 2023: ''Duppy Conqueror'', Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, [[Kansas City, Missouri]] <ref>[https://www.kemperart.org/exhibition/denzil-forrester-duppy-conqueror "Duppy Conqueror"] (26 January 2023—6 May 2023), Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art.</ref> * 2020: ''Itchin & Scratchin'', Nottingham Contemporary <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamcontemporary.org/whats-on/denzil-forrester-itchin-scratchin/|title=Denzil Forrester: Itchin & Scratchin|work=www.nottinghamcontemporary.org|accessdate=30 March 2020}}</ref> * 2019: ''Denzil Forrester: Nnyocha'', Stephen Friedman Gallery <ref>[https://www.stephenfriedman.com/exhibitions/22-denzil-forrester-a-survey/ "Denzil Forrester: A Survey"] (25 April–29 May 2019), Stephen Friedman Gallery.</ref> * 2018: ''Site na Trench Town ruo Porthowan]'', [https://www.jacksonfoundationgallery.com Jackson Foundation Gallery], Cornwall <ref>[https://www.jacksonfoundationgallery.com/trenchtown/ "Denzil Forrester: From Trench Town to Porthtowan, May 26 – June 23 2018"], Jackson Foundation, Cornwall.</ref> * 2015: ''[[No Colour Bar|Enweghị Ogwe Agba: Black British Art in Action 1960–1990]]'', Guildhall Art Gallery, London <ref>[https://www.nocolourbar.org/exhibition "No Colour Bar"], FHALMA.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/listings/region/city-of-london/no-colour-bar-black-british-art-in-action-1960-1990/|title='No Colour Bar: Black British Art in Action 1960-1990', 10th July 2015 to 24th January 2016|work=Black History Month}}</ref> * 2008: ''Quad'', Osisi na Cork Street, London * 2005: ''Ndị na-ese ihe na-emere onwe ha'', Farringdon, London * 2001: ''Ọhụrụ Art'', Business Design Center, London * 2000: ''Ndị Nhọrọ'', Madeleine Pearson Gallery, London * 1997: ''Ịgbanwe okpueze: Ndị nka Africa, Eshia na Caribbean na Britain, 1966-1996'', Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Studio na Harlem na Bronx Museum of Art - ''Ntọala nke Fame'', Ụlọ ọrụ London * 1996–97: ''Obodo Imagined'', Royal Festival Hall, London * 1995: ''The London Art Group'', Barbican Art Gallery - ''Njikọ Caribbean'', ụlọ ọrụ nka Islington (15 Septemba–13 Ọktọba) * 1990: ''Ndị ọkà mmụta Rome 1980–90'', Royal College of Art - ''Denzil Forrester: Dub Transition: Afọ iri nke eserese 1980–1990'', Harris Museum & Art Gallery, Preston (22 Septemba–3 Nọvemba) <ref name="DiasporaArtists">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210115213558/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=79&table=artists&linkphrase=Denzil+Forrester "Denzil Forrester"], Diaspora Artists.</ref> * 1989: ''Okwu Caribbean na Britain'', Leicester Museum na Art Gallery . * 1988: ''Ndị na-ese ihe atụ ọhụrụ'', The Orangery, London — ''Ịchọta 80s'', Laing Gallery, Newcastle — Ndị na-ese ihe na Royal College of Art, Ihe ngosi ncheta afọ 150th * 1987: Royal Academy of Art Summer Show * 1986: ''Site na Ụwa Abụọ'', Whitechapel Gallery, London (30 Julaị–7 Septemba) <ref name="DiasporaArtists"/> * 1985: ''Ndị na-ese ihe isii na-eme ihe'', Madeleine Pearson Gallery London == Ihe nrite na nnabata == * 1983–85: Ọkà mmụta Rome * 1986–88: Ọkà mmụta Harkness * 1987: Korn/Ferry International Award * 2019: Morley College Fellowship <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/arts-culture/2019/12/09/denzil-forrester-awarded-morley-college-fellowship/|title=Denzil Forrester awarded Morley College Fellowship|work=[[The Voice (British newspaper)|The Voice]]|date=9 December 2019|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref> * 2021: họpụtara [[Order of the British Empire|onye otu Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=21 August 2023|date=30 December 2020|title=Denzil Forrester awarded MBE in the UK's New Year Honours List 2021|url=https://www.stephenfriedman.com/news/454-denzil-forrester-awarded-mbe-in-the-uk-s-new/|work=Stephen Friedman Gallery|archivedate=21 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821072754/https://www.stephenfriedman.com/news/454-denzil-forrester-awarded-mbe-in-the-uk-s-new/}}</ref> * 2021: South Bank Sky Arts Award maka ''Itchin & Scratchin'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spikeisland.org.uk/news/denzil-forrester-wins-sky-arts-award/|title=Denzil Forrester wins Sky Arts Award for his Spike Island exhibition Itchin & Scratchin|work=Spike Island|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref> == Ntụaka == mmalite 1980s. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-egosipụta ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi. Na 1982, e tinyere ya na Royal Academy Summer Exhibition maka oge mbụ ya na ọrụ ya{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * weebụsaịtị webụsaịtị [https://web.archive.org/web/20140327134046/http://www.denzilforrester.co.uk/default.html Dezil Forrester] * Osei Bonsu, [https://www.frieze.com/article/denzil-forrester-i-had-find-something-shook-me "Denzil Forrester: "Aghaghị m ịchọta ihe na-ewute '] , ''Frieze'', 1 June 2019. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241219150144/https://iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/f/denzil-forrester/ "Denzil Forrester"] na Iniva . {{DEFAULTSORT:Forrester, Denzil}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 13oabyzgd7kspdy6v3c6lpd9w3cggg1 0 47568 737095 727844 2026-10-12T07:45:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737095 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">James G. Spady</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1224" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="892" decoding="async" height="302" resource="./File:James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg/220px-James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg/330px-James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg/440px-James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg|frameless]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Ọnwa Nke Anọ 2, 1944 |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Febụwarị 17, 2020 <span style="display:none">(2020-02-17)</span> (agadi&nbsp;75) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ(ọrụ) | class="infobox-data role" | odee, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, odeakụkọ ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ọrụ ama ama</span> | class="infobox-data" | Marcus Garvey, Africa na UNIA (1985) National Conscious Rap (1991) Global Cipha: Omenala Hip Hop na Amamihe (2006) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ihe nrite | class="infobox-data" | Akwụkwọ nrite America (1988) Ihe nrite nturu ugo nke otu ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke mba |} '''James G. Spady''' (Eprel 2, 1944 - Febụwarị 17, 2020) bụ onye odee, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nta akụkọ meriri. N'ime ọrụ afọ iri ise ya, Spady dere ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, rụọ ọrụ na redio, telivishọn, na ihe nkiri, dee ọtụtụ narị akụkọ akụkọ maka mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na-ebipụta, ma nata National Newspaper Publishers Association 's Meritorious Award. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/obituaries/james-g-spady-writer-and-historian/article_4e576aa6-815b-5376-bc86-6cde6b556ad6.html|title=James G. Spady, 75, writer and historian|author=Meghelli|first=Samir|work=The Philadelphia Tribune|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-15|archive-date=2020-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311172400/https://www.phillytrib.com/obituaries/james-g-spady-writer-and-historian/article_4e576aa6-815b-5376-bc86-6cde6b556ad6.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beforecolumbusfoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Aba2001prior.pdf|title=Previous Winners of the American Book Award}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yancy|first=George|date=2013|title=Socially Grounded Ontology and Epistemological Agency: James G. Spady's Search for the Marvelous/ Imaginative Within the Expansive and Expressive Domain of Rap Music and Hip Hop Self-Consciousness|journal=Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=66–79}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Dị ka nwa okorobịa, James G. Spady sonyeere Philadelphia NAACP Youth Council, ebe o zutere onye ndu obodo, onye ọka iwu, na Philadelphia NAACP President, Cecil B. Moore . N'okpuru nduzi Moore, Spady sonyeere mkpesa akụkọ ihe mere eme 1965 iji wepụrụ Girard College, ụlọ akwụkwọ K-12 na-acha ọcha naanị maka ụmụ ogbenye na ụmụ mgbei. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Countryman|first=Matthew|title=Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia|url=https://archive.org/details/upsouthcivilrigh0000matt|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/upsouthcivilrigh0000matt/page/168 168]–178}}</ref> Mgbalị ahụ na-aga nke ọma gụnyere ọnwa 7 nke ịtụ n'ihu mgbidi mpụta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke - mgbe ọ gara na ngagharị iwe ahụ - [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Dr.]] [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] kpọrọ "ụdị mgbidi Berlin iji mee ka ụmụ Chineke nwee agba." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://northerncity.library.temple.edu/items/show/15543|title=The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Visit to Philadelphia · Digital Exhibitions|work=northerncity.library.temple.edu|accessdate=2020-03-15|archivedate=2020-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502124519/http://northerncity.library.temple.edu/items/show/15543}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, Spady ga-aga n'ihu na mmemme ya site n'inyere aka ịhazi nleta [[Muhammad]] Ali [https://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2014/04/14/muhammad-alis-speech-howard-university-1967 na 1967 na Mahadum Howard ebe Ali nyere okwu "Black is Best" ya] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VlEqcWjlMI&feature=youtu.be&t=5236|title='Eyes on the Prize' documentary film - footage of Muhammad Ali speech at Howard University featuring James G. Spady to Ali's left, wearing sunglasses|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2014/04/14/muhammad-alis-speech-howard-university-1967|title=Muhammad Ali's Speech at Howard University, 1967|author=WETA|work=Boundary Stones: WETA's Washington DC History Blog|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-15}}</ref> Ọrụ mmụta Spady malitere n'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, na-esochi njem dị ukwuu gafee kọntinent Africa na ọdịda anyanwụ Europe. Karịsịa, na May 1968, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe hiwere Black History Museum Library na Heritage House na North Philadelphia (mgbe e mesịrị ịkwaga na YWCA na Girard Avenue na n'akụkụ akụkọ ihe mere eme African American social club, The Pyramid Club ). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Poets Write On!: An Anthology of Black Philadelphia Poets|publisher=Black History Museum Committee|year=1970|location=Philadelphia|pages=2–3}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ nwere—dị ka ihe ndekọ nke oge a si kwuo—“akwụkwọ mpịakọta atọ, akwụkwọ nta, broshuọ, traktị ndị ohu, akwụkwọ ozi, akwụkwọ ozi, ihe osise, ngwá egwú, ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” <ref>{{Cite news|title=The 1972 Issue of Stolen Legacy|date=May 1972|work=Black History Museum Umum Newsletter|pages=2–3}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM'' malitere na Ọktoba 1971, bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na ntinye aka nke ndị Africa na Africa na akụkọ ntolite, sayensị, egwu, na akwụkwọ, ma gosipụta onyinye mbụ sitere n'aka ndị edemede na ndị ọkà mmụta n'ofe United States na karịa. A manyere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie / ụlọ akwụkwọ ikike imechi site na 1973 mgbe ọkụ na izu ohi sochirinụ, mana ọ gara n'ihu wepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ya wee bipụta akwụkwọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị n'okpuru ụdị dị iche iche nke Black History Museum UMUM akara. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, Black History Museum Library tupu-ma nye aka ịtọ ntọala maka-Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka African American Museum na Philadelphia ), onye nduzi mbụ, Charles H. Wesley, bụ onye ndụmọdụ Spady. na onye na-akwado mbọ mbụ a. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Burns|first=Andrea|title=From Storefront to Monument: Tracing the History of the Black Museum Movement|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|year=2013|location=Amerst|pages=41–71}}</ref> == Ọrụ mmụta == N'ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nta akụkọ, James G. Spady gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, dee banyere ya, na ụfọdụ ndị enyi dị iche iche nke ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị na-agụ egwú, na ndị edemede nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, gụnyere: Nina Simone, James Brown, [[Fela Kuti|Fela. Kuti]], Stevie Wonder, [[Bob Marley]] ,&nbsp;Miles Davis, na Dizzy Gillespie ; James Baldwin, Gwendolyn Brooks, Ntozake Shange, na Sterling Brown ; Cheikh Anta Diop, Mercer Cook, Merze Tate, Adelaide Cromwell, Charles H. Wesley, na Benjamin Quarles . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name="Jackson 80">{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Leandre|date=2013-06-22|title=Discourse Methodology in Service of Narrative Strategy: Nommo Seeking in a Hip Hop Universe, James Spady's Hip Hop Oeuvre|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-346007245/discourse-methodology-in-service-of-narrative-strategy|journal=The Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=80|issn=0197-4327}}</ref> Mana Spady nyekwara nnukwu ihe nke ndụ ya n'ịdekọ na ịsọpụrụ ndụ na ọrụ nke trailblazing mana ndị omenala, ndị ọgụgụ isi na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elegharakarị anya. O duuru mgbalị idetu ndụ na ọrụ nke onye ọsụ ụzọ Africa American architect [[Julian Abele]] . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Spady|first=James G.|title=Julian Abele and the Architecture of Bon Vivant|publisher=Black History Museum Committee|year=1982|location=Philadelphia|pages=1–8}}</ref> O bipụtara akwụkwọ nta, ''[https://www.amazon.com/Julian-Abele-architecture-Bon-Vivant/dp/B000723WSS/ref=sr_1_11?qid=1583075614&refinements=p_27%3AJames+G.+Spady&s=books&sr=1-11&text=James+G.+Spady Julian Abele na Architecture of Bon Vivant]'' (1982), wee kwenye na Philadelphia Museum of Art and University of [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] ka ọ mara ọrụ Abele n'ichebe ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie yana ọtụtụ ụlọ Penn . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14630077/credit-where-it-is-overdue-julian-abele/|title=Credit where it is Overdue, Julian Abele|date=1982-03-27|work=Philadelphia Daily News|accessdate=2020-03-15|pages=4}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hine|first=Thomas|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15634173/the-philadelphia-inquirer/|title=Black architect gave shape to an idea|date=1982-03-27|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=2020-03-15|pages=B1}}</ref> Spady nyekwara aka n'iweta nlebara anya ọhụrụ na ọrụ ịsụ ụzọ nke onye na-ede uri, onye na-agụ akụkọ ọdịnala, na prọfesọ, Sterling A. Brown, site n'ịhazi nnukwu ụtụ ọha na eze na Washington, DC's Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library na 1976 na itinye onye na-ede uri [[Robert Hayden|Robert. Hayden]] ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche maka mmemme ụbọchị ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Spady|first=James G.|date=1977|title=Sterling A. Brown Honored at UMUM Fete in Washington, DC|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1977-03_8_5/page/40|journal=The Black Scholar|volume=8|issue=5|pages=40–44|doi=10.1080/00064246.1977.11413895}}</ref> Ihe omume ahụ gosipụtara ụtụ sitere na Ruby Dee na Ossie Davis, AB Spellman, Dr. Montague Cobb, Dr. Allison Davis, na Milford Graves, yana Loïs Mailou Jones bụ onye na-ese ihe osise unyi nke Sterling Brown na-ebi n'oge ihe omume ahụ. <ref name=":1" /> Spady na Black History Museum ''UMUM'' Committee mechara dezie ma bipụta ya, ''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000212759 Sterling A. Brown: A UMUM Tribute]'' (1976 na 1982), nke gosipụtara onyinye sitere n'aka Amiri Baraka, Alan Lomax, Ophelia Egypt, Houston Baker, Léon Damas, Arthur Huff Fauset, na Léopold Sédar Senhgor . <ref name=":1" /> Na 1979, Washington, DC City Council kwupụtara ụbọchị ọmụmụ Brown, Mee 1, ''Sterling A. Brown Day'', ma kpọọ ya onye na-ede uri obodo na 1984 ''.'' <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Whitaker|first=Joseph D.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1989/01/16/poet-sterling-allen-brown-dies/24de727b-a93b-4e2c-a9d4-35ef1a845b16/|title=POET STERLING ALLEN BROWN DIES|date=1989-01-16|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2020-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Brown kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ The Washington Post : "Enweghachila m, mweghachi, megharịa ma nwetaghachi." <ref name=":2" /> Spady rụrụ ụdị ọrụ a maka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama ọnụ ọgụgụ, gụnyere African American dere William L. Dawson . Ya na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nka Black History bipụtara akwụkwọ, ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/William_L_Dawson.html?id=nhHxfYxljS4C William L. Dawson: A UMUM Tribute and a Marvelous Journey] ,'' na 1981. <ref>Huff, Vernon Edward. "William Levi Dawson: An Examination of Selected Letters, Speeches, and Writings." DMA Dissertation, Arizona State University, 2013, pp. 2-3.</ref> Mgbe a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na ime enyi onye Senegalese Cheikh Anta Diop na njedebe 1960s, Spady dere otu n'ime akwụkwọ edemede mbụ nke Bekee iji nyochaa ọrụ ya ( [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001132557200500104?journalCode=cbaa "Negritude, PanBanegritude, na Diopian Philosophy of African History"] na 1972). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spady|first=James G.|date=1972-01-01|title=Negritude, PanBanegritude and the Diopian Philosophy of African History|journal=A Current Bibliography on African Affairs|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=11–29|doi=10.1177/001132557200500104|issn=0011-3255}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clarke|first=John Henrik|date=July 1974|title=The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cToDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22mercer+cook%22+%22diop%22+%22spady%22&pg=PA51|journal=Black World|volume=XXIII|pages=51}}</ref> Mgbe nke atọ World Press bipụtara nsụgharị Bekee nke akwụkwọ Diop, [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002208241 ''The Cultural Unity of Black Africa'' (1978)], ọ gụnyere okwu ikpeazụ nke James G. Spady na-arịọ Diop n'onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_109244|title=The cultural unity of Black Africa : the domains of patriarchy and of matriarchy in classical antiquity / by Cheikh Anta Diop; introd. by John Henrik Clarke; afterword by James G. Spady|work=Smithsonian Institution|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-16}}</ref> Spady mechara nye ọrụ ma bipụta abụ atọ nke onye na-ede uri na prọfesọ Mwatabu Okantah nke isiokwu ya bụ [https://books.google.com/books/about/Cheikh_Anta_Diop.html?id=Ini2GAAACAAJ ''Cheikh Anta Diop: Poem For The Living'' (1997)] ; nke a bụ uri epic n'asụsụ atọ nke mbụ e bipụtara na Bekee, French na Wolof . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Okantah|first=Mwatabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ini2GAAACAAJ|title=Cheikh Anta Diop: Poem for the Living : a Poem|date=1997|publisher=Black History Museum, UMUM/LOH Pub.|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye bi na Filadelfia ogologo oge, akụkọ ihe mere eme na onyinye obodo ahụ na-abụkarị isiokwu nke ọrụ Spady. O dere akụkọ ndụ nke enyi ya nwụrụ anwụ, onye Philadelphia ibe ya, na onye ọhụụ Black Arts Movement, Larry Neal, nke aha ya bụ ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Larry_Neal.html?id=CCZbAAAAMAAJ Larry Neal: Onye Ntọhapụ Black Philly Poet na Blues Streak of Mellow Wisdom]'' (1989). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yancy|first=George D.|title=Larry Neal: Phenomenological Facets|date=1992|journal=CLA Journal|volume=36|issue=1|pages=41–51|issn=0007-8549}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Spady lụrụ ọgụ maka ncheta ndụ na ọrụ nke onye ndụmọdụ ya, onye ọka iwu, na onye ndu obodo, Cecil B. Moore, onye o bipụtara obere akwụkwọ nta akụkọ, ''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22223026 Cecil B. Moore: A Soldier for Justice]'' (1985). Obere oge tupu Spady anwụọ, o dere ederede nke kpụrụ ntọala maka ihe ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke SEPTA arụnyere na nso nso a na ọdụ ụgbọ oloko Cecil B. Moore na Philadelphia's Broad Street Line. <ref name=":0"/> A jụkwara Spady site na Philadelphia redio DJ a ma ama na onye ọrụ ikike obodo Georgie Woods ka ọ dee akụkọ ndụ ya, nke ghọrọ akwụkwọ, ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Georgie_Woods.html?id=hI2VGQAACAAJ Georgie Woods - 'Abụ m Naanị Nwoke!]'' ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Georgie_Woods.html?id=hI2VGQAACAAJ ': Akụkọ ndụ nke onye mgbasa ozi Mass, Onye nkwalite, onye na-eme ihe ruuru obodo]'' (1992). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Spady|first=James G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hI2VGQAACAAJ|title=Georgie Woods: I'm Only a Man : the Life Story of a Mass Communicator, Promoter, Civil Rights Activist|date=1992|publisher=Snack-Pac Book Division|language=en}}</ref> Spady bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge nke [https://www.garveyfoundation.com/ Marcus Garvey Memorial Foundation], òtù agụmakwụkwọ kwadoro na 1961 site n'aka onye ndụmọdụ ya, Thomas W. Harvey, bụ onye jere ozi dị ka onye na-anọchi anya [[Marcus Garvey]] dị ka President-General nke Universal Negro Improvement Association ( UNIA). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://garveyfoundation.com/about/history.htm|title=The History of The Marcus Garvey Memorial Foundation|date=2009-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906171238/http://garveyfoundation.com/about/history.htm|accessdate=2020-03-16|archivedate=2009-09-06}}</ref> Na 1985, Spady bipụtara ''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002059894 Marcus Garvey, Africa, na Universal Negro Improvement Association]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Spady|first=James G.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002059894|title=Marcus Garvey, Africa, and the Universal Negro Improvement Association: a UMUM perspective on concentric activity in the Pan African world|date=1985|publisher=Marcus Garvey Memorial Foundation|location=New York City, N.Y.}}</ref> Na 2011, o dere ''[https://www.amazon.com/Marcus-Garvey-Reggae-African-Diaspora/dp/0984677100 Marcus Garvey, Jazz, Reggae, Hip Hop, na African Diaspora]'' na kwadoro ''[https://www.amazon.com/Perspectives-History-Marcus-African-Diaspora/dp/0984677119/ New Perspectives na History of Marcus Garvey, UNIA, na African Diaspora]'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaihs.org/global-garveyism/|title=Global Garveyism: Mapping Those at Home and Abroad|author=Ewing|first=Adam|work=African American Intellectual History Society|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-16}}</ref> Spady raara onwe ya nye ihe ka ukwuu n'ime afọ 35 ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya n'ịdekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Meghelli|first=Samir|date=2013-06-22|title=Remixing the Historical Record: Revolutions in Hip Hop Historiography|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-346007246/remixing-the-historical-record-revolutions-in-hip|journal=The Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=94|issn=0197-4327}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yancy|first=George|date=2013-06-22|title=Introductory Remarks from the Guest Editor|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-346007243/introductory-remarks-from-the-guest-editor|journal=The Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=63|doi=10.1007/s10762-011-9835-0|issn=0197-4327|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520074241/http://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-346007243/introductory-remarks-from-the-guest-editor|archive-date=2014-05-20|access-date=2024-06-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Jackson 80"/> Ọ kwadoro akwụkwọ atọ nke mbụ gbasara [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]], ya na ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Nation_conscious_rap.html?id=pDoUAQAAIAAJ Nation Conscious Rap]'' (1991), ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Twisted_Tales.html?id=LWAiAQAAMAAJ Twisted Tales: In the Hip Hop Streets of Philly]'' (1995), na ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Street_conscious_rap.html?id=meITAQAAIAAJ Street Conscious Rap]'' (1999), n'ikpeazụ na-agbakwunye ụda nke anọ na ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Tha_Global_Cipha.html?id=cYPNAAAACAAJ The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness]'' (2006). == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * ''Ndị na-ede uri ojii dee na!'' '': Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Black Philadelphian Poets'' (1970) * ''Sterling A. Brown : A UMUM Tribute'' (1976 na 1982) * ''Indigené: Anthology of Future Black Arts'' (1978) * ''William L. Dawson : Ụtụ UMUM na njem dị ebube'' (1981) * ''9 ruo Eluigwe na Ala: Ndị nka ojii'' (1983) * ''[[Marcus Garvey]], Africa, na Universal Negro Improvement Association'' (1985) * ''Larry Neal : Onye na-ede uri Black Philly tọhapụrụ ya na blu Streak of Mellow Wisdom'' (1989) * ''National Conscious Rap'' (1991) * ''Georgie Woods - 'Abụ m naanị nwoke!'' ''<nowiki/>': Akụkọ ndụ nke onye mgbasa ozi Mass, onye nkwalite, onye na-eme ihe ruuru obodo'' (1992) * ''Akụkọ gbagọrọ agbagọ: N'okporo ụzọ Hip Hop nke Philly'' (1995) * ''Okporo Amụma Rap'' (1999) * ''360 Degreez nke Sonia Sanchez : Hip Hop, Akụkọ, Iqhawe na Oghere Ọha nke ịbụ'' (2000) * ''The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness'' (2006) * ''[[Marcus Garvey]], Jazz, Reggae, Hip Hop, na African Diaspora'' (2011) * ''Echiche ọhụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Marcus Garvey]], UNIA, na African Diaspora'' (2011) === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * "Dr. William Leo Hansberry: The Legacy of an African Hunter," ''Current Bibliography on African Affairs'', Vol. 3, No. 11-12 (1970), 25–40. * "The Ancient [[Zimbabwe]] Empire," ''Negro History Bulletin'', (1971), 33-34. * "The Cultural Unity of Cheikh Anta Diop, 1948-1964," ''Black Images: A Critical Quarterly on Black Arts and Culture'', I, III-IV (1972), pp.&nbsp;14–22. * "Negritude, PanBanegritude, and the Diopian Philosophy of African History," ''A Current Bibliography on African Affairs'', Vol. 5, No. 1 (1972), pp.&nbsp;11–29. * "Memorial Services for Arna Bontemps," ''CLA Journal'', Vol. 17, No. 1 (Sept. 1973), pp. 117-119. * "The Afro-American Historical Society: The Nucleus of Black Bibliophilies, 1897-1913," ''Negro History Bulletin,'' Vol. 37, No. 4 (June/July, 1974), pp.&nbsp;254–257. * "Major Richard R. Wright: Scholar and Activist," ''Umoja: Southwestern Black Journal'' (1975), pp. 11-17. * "Sterling A. Brown Honored at UMUM Fete in Washington, D.C." ''The Black Scholar,'' Vol. 8, No. 5 (1977), pp.&nbsp;40–44. * "Tri-Muse: The Historiography of Joel A. Rogers, Drusilla Dunjee Houston and William Leo Hansberry," in ''Y'Bird'', Vol. I, No. 2 (1978), pp.&nbsp;98–116. * "Indigene = Folkski Equations in the Black Arts," ''The Black Scholar'', Vol. 10, No. 3/4 (Nov/Dec 1978), pp. 24-33. * Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe: Portrait of a Pan African Giant," ''Black Collegian'', Dec. 1980/Jan. 1981. * "Surrealism and the Marvelous Black Plunge in Search of Yemanga and the Human Condition," ''Cultural Correspondence'', 12-14 (Summer 1981), pp. 92-95. * "Dr. W. Montague Cobb: Anatomist, Physician, Physical Anthropologist, Editor Emeritus of ''The Journal of the National Medical Association'', and First Black President of NAACP," ''Journal of the National Medical Association'', Vol. 76, No. 7 (1984), 739–744. * "The Changing Perception of Cheikh Anta Diop and His Work," ''Journal of African Civilizations'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (June 1986), pp.&nbsp;89–101. * "Dr. Cheikh Anta Diop and The Background of Scholarship on Black Interest in Egyptology and Nile Valley Civilizations," ''Présence Africaine'', No. 149/150, HOMMAGE à Cheikh Anta Diop (1er et 2e TRIMESTRES 1989), pp.&nbsp;292–312. * "'IMA PUT MY THING DOWN': Afro-American Expressive Culture and the Hip Hop Community," ''TYANABA: Revue de la Société d'Anthropologie,'' Vol. 20, No. 2 (1993), 93-98. * "Moving in Silence: Motion, Movement and Music in a Hip Hop Centered Cultural Universe," ''Black Arts Quarterly'', Vol. 6, No. 3 (2002). * "Jean Harvey Slappy's Philosophy and the Tradition of Marcus Garvey and Thomas W. Harvey" (with Giles R. Wright), ''American Philosophical Association's Newsletter on Philosophy and the Black Experience'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (Spring 2003), pp. 57-60. * "Dreams, Memories and X-Ray Stars in 2003: The Distinctive Role of DMX in the Poetics of African American Identity" (book review of: Smokey D. Fontaine and Earl Simmons, ''E.A.R.L.: The Autobiography of DMX'') ''American Philosophical Association's Newsletter on Philosophy and the Black Experience'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (Spring 2003), pp. 89-90. * "The Hip Hop Nation as a Site of African-American Cultural and Historical Memory," ''Drumvoices Revue'', Vol. 12, No. 1 & 2 (2004), pp. 154-168. * "The Fluoroscope of Brooklyn Hip Hop: Talib Kweli in Conversation," ''Callaloo'', Vol. 29, No. 3 (Summer 2006), pp. 993-1011. * "Mapping and Re-Membering Hip Hop History, Hiphopography and African Diasporic History," in ''Western Journal of Black Studies'', Vol. 37, No. 2 (Summer 2013), pp.&nbsp;126–157. === Isi akwụkwọ === * "Dr. J.: The Interstellar Connector," na ''Free Spirits: Annals of the Insurgent Imagination'', eds. Paul Buhle, Jayne Cortez, Philip Lamantia, Nancy Joyce Peters, Franklin Rosemont, Penelope Rosemont (San Francisco: Akwụkwọ ọkụ City, 1982). * "Blackspace," na ''Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (New Brunswick, NJ: Akwụkwọ azụmahịa, 1983), p.&nbsp;258–265. * "Drusilla Dunjee Houston: A Umum Commentary, A Search, and Personal Notes" na ''ebube ndị Etiopia nke alaeze Cushite oge ochie'', nke Drusilla Dunjee Houston (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1985). * "Gwendolyn Brooks na ụkpụrụ nke mmesapụ aka: Abalị na North Philly," na ''Say That The River Turns: Mmetụta Gwendolyn Brooks'', ed. Haki Madhubuti (Chicago, IL: Mgbasa Ozi Ụwa nke Atọ, 1987), p. 70-71. * "Marcus Mosiah Garvey: Nwoke nke Ọchịchị na Omume Mass," na ''nnukwu ndị isi ojii: Ancient and Modern'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (Edison, NJ: Akwụkwọ azụmahịa, 1988). * "Elmer Samuel Imes: Onye ọsụ ụzọ Black Physicist," na ''Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (New Brunswick, NJ: Akwụkwọ azụmahịa, 1991). * "Ahụhụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke CA Diop na Ọrụ ya: Ọkachamara nke Mmụọ Sayensị," na ''Great African Thinkers'', ''Vol.'' ''1: Cheikh Anta Diop'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (1992). === Ndenye Encyclopedia === * "Robert Mara Adger," n'akwụkwọ ''ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 6-7. * "William Carl Bolivar," n'akwụkwọ ''ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 50. * "Leon Gardiner," n'akwụkwọ ''ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 251-252. * "Richard Robert Wright, Sr.," na ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 674-675. == Ntụaka == traktị ndị ohu, akwụkwọ ozi, akwụkwọ ozi, ihe osise, ngwá egwú, ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM malitere na Ọktoba 1971, bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na ntinye aka nke ndị Africa na Africa na akụkọ ntolite, sayensị, egwu, na akwụkwọ, ma gosipụta onyinye kaadịakwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM malitere na Ọktoba 1971,ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM malitere na Ọktoba 1971,{{Reflist}} 3oi132342xcxin67kuek1z83fe3pjee 0 48136 737108 736843 2026-10-12T10:45:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737108 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:John Willard Clawson (1858-1936).jpg|thumb|John Willard Clawson]] John Willard “Will” Clawson (January 18, 1858 – isi 6, 1936) bụ onye omenkà dabere na America, Utah, na-achọ-19th na ịhụ afọ nke 20 <ref name="The University of Utah">{{Cite web|title=John W. Clawson|url=http://www.lib.utah.edu/collections/utah-artists/UAP-John-Clawson.php|publisher=The University of Utah|accessdate=5 February 2014}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Clawson nye Hiram B. Clawson na na-enye, onye bụbu Alice Young.  Alice bụ ada Brigham Young, na Clawson ụlọ n'ime ọnụ ụlọ na-acha na-agbara nke ndị Beehive, nke Brigham Young wuru maka ndị ozi ya na ebe ha. <ref name="Springfield Museum of Art"/> Clawson akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Deseret, n'ime ndị nkuzi ya a ma bụ George M. Ottinger .  [1] Ọ ngosi Mary Clark na LDS Church Endowment House obere oge tupu ọ gawa New York City ịgụ akwụkwọ na National Academy of Design .  [2] Ọ la mfe na Salt Lake City ebe ọ na-etinye aka na ike n'agbanyeghị na ọ masịrị ya ime ala.  Na 1891 Clawson gara Paris ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Académie Julian wee bụrụ École des Beaux-Arts .  [1] Mgbe ọ nọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ mechara, ọ nwetara site n'aka Claude Monet na Édouard Manet .  [2] Ọ na-egosi na Vienne na-agụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Julius Stewart .  Tupu ọ jụrụ na United States ọ gakwara mba Briten ebe o mere ihe onyonyo ọtụtụ ndị omeiwu. Ọ la dị iche na Utah na 1896 ebe o guzobe ụlọ studio wee jee ozi dị ka ụlọ mbụ nke Society of Utah Artists .  [1] ndekọ, o mechara kwaga San Francisco.  Ebibiri ụlọ ihe nkiri ya na ihe nka $ 80,000 na ala ọma jijiji 1906, mgbe nke ahụ ihuenyo, ọ kwagara Los Angeles omume ya.  [1] Site na 1909 ruo 1919 Clawson mere nka na New York City wee n'afọ ọzọ ọ la ọzọ Los Angeles.  Na Los Angeles Clawson na-esekarị ihe osise nke ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri, nke na-achọkarị site na New York City. Na 1933 Clawson lara ezumike nká na Utah.  [1] O wee nwee ike ile isi anya na ụzọ odida, na ike nke ndị ndu ndị na-eso achụ-Ikpe a, ihe nkiri nke Joseph Smith, Jr. ọ Manuel ọrụ n’ụbọchị ọ ya. <ref name="Springfield Museum of Art">{{Cite web|title=Clawson, John Willard|url=http://www.springvilleartmuseum.org/collections/browse.html?x=artist&artist_id=593|publisher=Springfield Museum of Art|accessdate=5 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222155719/http://www.springvilleartmuseum.org/collections/browse.html?x=artist&artist_id=593|archivedate=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Springfield Museum of Art. Archived from on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Nchịkọta == Ngalaba nka nke Mahadum Brigham Young nwere nnukwu nchịkọta akụkọ ya, ihe ngosi 155. Ndị nwe ihe ngosi nka Utah nke Fine Arts na-ejidekwa ụfọdụ ọrụ ya. == Mbipụta == *   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} ; Akwụkwọ akụkọ *   *   *   ; Online * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110827194710/http://springvilleartmuseum.org/collections/browse.html?x=artist&artist_id=593 Clawson, John Willard (1858-1936)], ihe ngosi nka nke Springville * [http://www.lib.utah.edu/collections/utah-artists/UAP-John-Clawson.php John W. Clawson], Utah Artists Collection, J. Willard Marriott Library, Mahadum Utah * [http://www.askart.com/askart/c/john_willard_clawson/john_willard_clawson.aspx Bio of Clawson] na askart.com == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == *   == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to John W. Clawson at Wikimedia Commons{{Authority control}} j24ej605vd0lm697zreecq7auh00z47 0 48787 737106 630477 2026-10-12T09:25:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Earl Ezzell Jr.''' (6 Septemba 1936 - 30 January 1991) bu onye America n'eme Ihe ndoro ndoro Ọchịchị so na North Carolina. Ezzell nwere nkwarụ site na ọmụmụ ya ma ọ pụghị ịga ije na-enweghị iji ihe enyemaka, na-ejikarị mkpara ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala.<ref name="wreck" /> Tupu ọ gbaa ọsọ maka ọkwa ọha na eze, Ezzell bụ onye ọka iwu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Man accused in Pa. slaying arrested on Edgecombe farm|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/340268000/|accessdate=23 April 2022|work=Rocky Mount Telegram|date=8 March 1965}}</ref> Na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Ezzell bụ onye Democrat si Nash County onye jere ozi na North Carolina House of Representatives site na 1977 ruo 1981, yana dịka onye otu North Carolina Senate site na 1985 ruo ọnwụ ya.<ref name="wreck">{{Cite news|title=State senator Ezzell killed in car wreck|url=https://greensboro.com/state-senator-ezzell-killed-in-car-wreck/article_63fde491-1b16-5d05-b616-f63fea97fb23.html|accessdate=23 April 2022|work=Greensboro News & Record|date=30 January 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423194555/https://greensboro.com/state-senator-ezzell-killed-in-car-wreck/article_63fde491-1b16-5d05-b616-f63fea97fb23.html|archive-date=23 April 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'oge mbụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya steeti, o gosipụtara mmegide megide ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ n'okwu ndina n'ike.<ref>{{Cite news|title=General Assembly may restore death penalty for murder but not rape|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53556908/the-robesonian/|accessdate=23 April 2022|work=The Robesonian|date=7 February 1977}}</ref> Ezzell nwụrụ n'ihe mberede okporo ụzọ otu ụgbọ ala na 30 Jenụwarị 1991, mgbe ụgbọala ọ na-anya kụrụ akwa mmiri dị nso na etiti obodo Raleigh. A chụpụrụ ya n'ụgbọala ahụ, nke tụgharịrị n'elu ya. Nwunye ya Patsy, bụ onye njem, ọ bụghịkwa onye merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu.<ref name="wreck" /> == Edensibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ezzell, Jim}} [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936]] df6lk2r6ofdtpttrxjqzroytvbr40ou 0 50036 737103 191147 2026-10-12T09:10:28Z Jacques Ballieu 7938 737103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Balegem (Oosterzele) - Geneverstokerij Van Damme.jpg|thumb|Van Damme]] Van Damme Jenever Distillery bụ ebe a na-akụ ugbo na Issegem hamlet nke Balegem, obere obodo Oosterzele na mpaghara [[Belgium|Belgian]] nke East Flanders. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Stokerij_Van_Damme_11.jpg|thumb]] Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na saịtị 1862 na Henri De Backer.  Mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1885, e kewara ihe mmetụta ya n'etiti ụmụ ya atọ.  Ada ya bụ Sidonie ketara distillery.  Di ya Gustaaf Van Damme nyere aha ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ [[Usòrò:Stokerij_Van_Damme_47.jpg|thumb]] N'afọ 1929, nwa nwoke Henri weghaara ma tinye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ọka.  Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, nwanne Odilon na sere Maria, Gabrielle na Marguerite weghaara ya.  Maria bi Raphael Ghijs na 1958 nwa ha ekere Celine Ghijs na-egosi André van Hecke.  Celine na André gara n'ihu akara ahụ.  Ludo Lampaert, nwa nwanne nwanne Van Damme, njikwa ọrụ na ebe a na-ere nri nri 1980s.  Mgbe André nwụrụ na 1993, Ludo na nri ya bụ Dominique weghaara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  Mgbe Ludo kuru na ike na 2019, ikike ahụṣọ n'aka ụmụ ya atọ Sophie, Eva na Ilse. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Van Schoonberghe|first=Eric|title=Alcohol tijdens de negentiende eeuw: biotechnologie in evolutie|publisher=Uitgeverij Snoeck|year=2012|language=NL}}</ref> Van Damme bụ naanị ebe a na-ere nri na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na Benelux. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọ na-eto ọka nke ya maka mmepụta jenever. A na-eji ígwè uzuoku osisi ma ọ bụ coal eme ihe na-eji nkume igwe nri egwe ọka (karịsịa rye, ruo n'ókè ka nta nke ọka wit).<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1987-01-08|title=Jenever in Vlaanderen|journal=Het Volk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=1987-03-13|title=De laatste jeneverboer is 125|journal=Het Nieuwsblad}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị, a na-anya na ọrụ ugbo.  A na- Jenever site na Disemba ruo ụgbọ.  Ugbo, ụlọ ọka, igwe igwe na igwe uzuoku sitere na 1898 ma ka na-eji ya.  Ebe nchekwa Van Damme bụ ihe nnọchi anya echedoro 2009. A na-eji otu nku nke ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala a na-edepụta aha maka ebe obibi akwa na nri ụtụtụ. Ụzọ ụkwụ Ettingen nwere akara (H) n'akụkụ Ettinge Woods na-amalite n'ugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beschermd monument|url=https://vilt.be/nl/nieuws/landbouwstokerij-van-damme-voortaan-beschermd-monument}}</ref> A na-akpọDistillery n' akwụkwọ aha ya Balegemse .  Nke a bụ ihe ngosi mpaghara echedoro.  Ozi ọrụ ahụ na-etolite ọka nke ya ma na-ahụ ọka jenever nke 31 °, 41 ° na 54 °, lemon na cherry gin nke 20 °, advocaat nke 15 ° na ọka jenever na advocaat pralines. A na-ere ngwaahịa distillery na saịtị n'obere ụlọ ahịa dị n'azụ ebe a na-azụ ehi mbụ. A na-eji ohere ndị ọzọ, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, maka oriri na-atọ ụtọ jenever. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Van Schoonberghe|first=Eric|title=Alcohol tijdens de negentiende eeuw: biotechnologie in evolutie|publisher=Uitgeverij Snoeck|year=2012|language=NL}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Commons category|Landbouwstokerij Van Damme}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Van Damme}} {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Belgium]] kpfhou6y308cfid8ixixcswby7bv63r 0 50328 737090 212616 2026-10-12T02:48:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737090 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Dwarf Alpinegold 01 (6019395682).jpg|thumb|Dwarf Alpinegold 01]] Hulsea nana bụ ụdị osisi nke North America na nke Asteraceae nke a na-akpọkarị dwarf alpinegold .  Ọ bụ obodo egwuregwu United States site na Washington, Oregon na tere ugwu California. <ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Hulsea%20nana.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hulsea nana Calflora|url=https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=4269|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=www.calflora.org}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.pnwflowers.com/flower/hulsea-nana Turner Photographics, ''Hulsea nana'' | dwarf hulsea | Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest ] photos, description, distribution map</ref> Osisi na-eto na talus ugwu mgbawa ugwu na ala ahụ dị. <ref name="tiny">{{Cite web|title=Hulsea nana in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220006560|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=www.efloras.org}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Hulsea nana bụ England na-adị obere oge na-amịpụta mkpọmkpọ akwụkwọ nke nwere ajị na ogologo ịhịa aka ya sere agafe 20 centimita (6 fim).  Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ dị 2 ruo 6 centimita (0.4-2.4 ogologo) ogologo ma nwee lobed na ọtụtụ ntutu isi. <ref name="tiny" /> Ụkwụ ahụ na-ebukarị otu isi isi siri ike nke nwere akwa aji na phyllaries nke nwere ajị .  Ihe juru n'etiti isi ya na florets diski lọrọ edo gbara gbara ya gburugburu nwere florets ray ọla edo nke ọ kpuchi dị ihe dị ka centimita (0.4 inch) ogologo. <ref name="tiny" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401090724/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?609,1412,1418 Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Jepson, Mahadum California] * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HUNA Profaịlụ osisi nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Hulsea+nana Ebe foto foto Calphotos, Mahadum California] ggo3q9kj8v2g9rj4zv3ef5i4vdzow4x 0 51333 737084 186151 2026-10-11T23:54:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Giuseppe Biava 01.JPG|thumb|Giuseppe Biava]]   '''Giuseppe Biava''' (amụrụ 8 Mee 1977) bụ onye nkuzi [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Italy na onye bụbu onye ọkpụkpọ onye gbara egwu dị ka etiti azụ . N'ime oge ọrụ ya ọ na-egwuri egwu maka klọb Ịtali Albinese, AlbinoLeffe, Biellese, Palermo, Genoa, Lazio, na Atalanta ; ọ meriri Coppa Italia na Lazio na 2013. Ọ na-elekọta ugbu a dị ka osote onye nchịkwa nke Atalanta Under-23 . == Ọrụ klọb == === AlbinoLeffe === N'azụ azụ, Biava malitere ọrụ ya na ndị otu ntorobịa Leffe, tupu ọ kwaga na otu Albinese Seri D agbagoro ọhụrụ na 1995. N'oge ya na Albinese tupu 1998 jikọrọ ọnụ na Leffe chọta AlbinoLeffe, Biava nwetara nkwalite na Serie C2 na 1997. Na 1998-99, Biava nyeere AlbinoLeffe aka ịhụ nkwalite na Serie C1 . Mgbe otu afọ mbinye ego na Serie C2 n'akụkụ Biellese, Biava laghachiri na AlbinoLeffe na 2001, ma bụrụ akụkụ nke otu ndị meriri nkwalite nkwalite na 2003, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ha bụrụ ebe Serie B. Na 2003 – 04, Biava mere akara mpụta mbụ ya nke Serie B, wee gbata goolu nke mere ka mmeri AlbinoLeffe nke mbụ na otu egwuregwu, mmeri 1–0 megide Fiorentina . === Palermo === Ihe omume ya na otu egwuregwu kpaliri mmasị site na Serie B club Palermo, bụ nke bịanyere aka na ya n'oge windo mbufe January 2004. Biava nwetara ohere ozugbo n'usoro ahịrị oge niile, na-etolite ahịrị agbachitere ọnụ ya na Pietro Accardi ma na-eduga ''rosanero'' laghachi na Serie A mgbe ihe karịrị afọ 30 gasịrị. === Atalanta === Na 17 Julaị 2014, Biava bịanyere aka na ụlọ ọgbakọ Atalanta BC dị ka onye nweere onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.atalanta.it/site/paginalive/comunicati-dal-club/Stagione-2014-2015/2014-07/17-07-Mercato-nerazzurro--Biava-all-Atalanta.html|title=Calciomercato: Giuseppe Biava all'Atalanta|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=19 July 2014|publisher=Atalanta BC|language=it}}</ref> == Ọrụ nkuzi == Na 2016, Biava weere ọrụ nkuzi mbụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi ntorobịa na Pontisola . Ọ nabatara onyinye dị ka onye nkuzi ntorobịa na AlbinoLeffe na 2017. N'okpuru ọchịchị ya, o duuru ndị Under-19 ka ọ kwalite na Campionato Primavera 2, ọkwa nke abụọ kachasị elu na asọmpi ndị ntorobịa Italiantali. <ref name="albinoleffe_headcoach">{{Cite web|language=it|accessdate=23 June 2022|date=23 June 2022|title=GIUSEPPE BIAVA È IL NUOVO ALLENATORE DELL'U.C. ALBINOLEFFE!|url=https://www.albinoleffe.com/news/prima-squadra/13015-giuseppe-biava-nuovo-allenatore-albinoleffe.html|publisher=[[U.C. AlbinoLeffe]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623133206/https://www.albinoleffe.com/news/prima-squadra/13015-giuseppe-biava-nuovo-allenatore-albinoleffe.html|archive-date=23 June 2022|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.albinoleffe.com/news/prima-squadra/13015-giuseppe-biava-nuovo-allenatore-albinoleffe.html "GIUSEPPE BIAVA È IL NUOVO ALLENATORE DELL'U.C. ALBINOLEFFE!"] (in Italian). [[UC AlbinoLeffe|U.C. AlbinoLeffe]]. 23 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]</ref> Na 23 June 2022, AlbinoLeffe kwupụtara ịkwalite Biava ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa maka mkpọsa 2022-23 Serie C, ya na onye bụbu onye isi Giana Erminio Raul Bertarelli dị ka onye enyemaka ya. <ref name="albinoleffe_headcoach"/> A chụrụ ya n'ọrụ na 21 February 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-c/ufficiale-salta-la-panchina-di-biava-l-albinoleffe-opta-per-l-esonero-del-tecnico-1795156|publisher=TuttoMercatoWeb|language=it|date=21 February 2023|accessdate=21 February 2023|title=Salta la panchina di Biava. L'AlbinoLeffe opta per l'esonero del tecnico}}</ref> Na 6 Ọgọst 2023, ekwuputara Biava dị ka onye inyeaka Francesco Modesto na-ahụ maka otu mbụ Atalanta Under-23 maka oge 2023–24 Serie C. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atalanta.it/news/lo-staff-dellunder-23/|publisher=Atalanta BC|language=it|date=6 August 2023|accessdate=8 August 2023|title=LO STAFF DELL'UNDER 23}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu == * Coppa Italia : 2012–13 == Ntụaka == * [http://www.gazzetta.it/speciali/risultati_classifiche/2010/calcio/seriea/giocatori/giocatore_giuseppe_biava_48429586.shtml Profaịlụ Biava (sitere na webụsaịtị La Gazzetta dello Sport)] * Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140810101450/http://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie-a-tim/calciatore?p_p_id=BDC_dettaglio_calciatore_WAR_LegaCalcioBDC&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_BDC_dettaglio_calciatore_WAR_LegaCalcioBDC_idPersona=15135 profaịlụ Lega Serie A] (in Italian) [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g320f1xy05dw29k6o0abkucaedu8oih 0 52857 737099 730075 2026-10-12T08:48:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Jennifer Hale''' (amuru Febụwarị 28, 1978) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jen Hale - Bio, Age, Net Worth, Height, Single, Nationality, Body Measurement, Career - WinkDash|url=https://volcom.ams3.digitaloceanspaces.com/2023-12-14/p53x6yr.html|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=volcom.ams3.digitaloceanspaces.com}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hale|first=Jen|date=2018-08-20|title=‘I Was A Young, Fit FOX Sports Reporter—But My Heart Was Shutting Down’|url=https://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/a22750113/fox-sports-jen-hale-cardiomyopathy/|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=Women's Health|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=Advocate|date=2018-08-22|title=LSU alum, Fox Sports mainstay Jennifer Hale tells story of heart condition she never saw coming|url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu-alum-fox-sports-mainstay-jennifer-hale-tells-story-of-heart-condition-she-never-saw/article_6a7d28a8-a607-11e8-9ffc-af8576b0fe93.html|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=The Advocate|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006010243/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu-alum-fox-sports-mainstay-jennifer-hale-tells-story-of-heart-condition-she-never-saw/article_6a7d28a8-a607-11e8-9ffc-af8576b0fe93.html|archive-date=2023-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> bụ onye nta akụkọ America na-arụ ọrụ Fox Sports dị ka onye nta akụkọ sideline NFL ebe ya na Chris Myers na Robert Smith jikọtara ya ugbu a. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Jennifer Hale|url=https://www.foxsports.com/presspass/bios/on-air/jennifer-hale/|accessdate=February 10, 2024|work=[[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]]}}</ref> Ọ na-ekpuchikwa NBA 's New Orleans Pelicans maka Bally Sports New Orleans ma kpuchie bọọlụ kọleji maka Fox Sports. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya na Fox Sports 1 na-egosi ''Skip na Shannon: Undisputed'' and ''Lock It In'' tupu ọ bụrụ onye nhazi oge niile maka ''enweghị mgbagha'' na 2022 ruo 2023. O kpuchiela asọmpi bọọlụ basketball maka ESPN yana Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ sideline maka mkpuchi TNT nke agba nke mbụ nke 2017 NBA playoffs . <ref name="TBT Schedule">{{Cite web|url=https://espnpressroom.com/us/press-releases/2019/07/espn-to-televise-the-basketball-tournament-championship-week-aug-1-6/|title=ESPN to Televise The Basketball Tournament Championship Week, Aug. 1–6|first=Bill|author=Hofheimer|date=July 31, 2019|work=ESPN Press Room|accessdate=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805030035/https://espnpressroom.com/us/press-releases/2019/07/espn-to-televise-the-basketball-tournament-championship-week-aug-1-6/|archive-date=5 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Ken Trahan">{{Cite web|url=https://crescentcitysports.com/interview-fox-sports-broadcaster-jennifer-hale/|first=Ken|author=Trahan|title=Interview: Fox Sports broadcaster Jen Hale in depth on Saints, Pelicans, Westminster dog show, her health|work=Crescent City Sports|date=June 13, 2020|accessdate=18 June 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Hale bụ onye New Orleans, ma zụlitere ya na Alabama. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Murret|first=Patricia M.|date=2014-11-25|title=When not covering the NFL and NBA for FOX Sports, reporter Jennifer Hale retreats to her cozy French Quarter condo|url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/home_garden/when-not-covering-the-nfl-and-nba-for-fox-sports-reporter-jennifer-hale-retreats-to/article_bb9b0dff-4cad-55c4-b558-71783c580c50.html|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=NOLA.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum steeti Louisiana na nkwanye ugwu ebe ọ bụ onye isi ndị otu ndị na-agba ume, eze nwanyị na-abata, na Miss LSU. <ref name=":3"/> Hale gbara akwụkwọ maka CNN na ụlọ ọrụ [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ha. O nwetakwara Master's ya na Northwwest University 's Medill School of Journalism wee nọrọ oge na Germany na mkpakọrịta iji mụọ mmekọrịta US-Germany mgbe ọdịda nke Kọmunist gasịrị. <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lewis|first=Ted|date=2015-09-23|title=Fox sideline reporter Jennifer Hale always the achiever|url=https://www.nola.com/sports/saints/fox-sideline-reporter-jennifer-hale-always-the-achiever/article_bf771312-df2c-5ad4-991e-6cf1ca5e5535.html|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=NOLA.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Hale malitere ọrụ nta akụkọ ya na-ekpuchi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka KNOE-TV, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Monroe, Louisiana, nke zigara ya na Baton Rouge dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ha, wee gaa WAFB, nakwa na Baton Rouge. <ref name="alumni lsu" /> Mgbe ọ bụ arịlịka izu ụka na onye nta akụkọ maka WVTM na Birmingham, Alabama, o dere akwụkwọ a na-akpọ ''Historic Plantations of Alabama's Black Belt'' na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Landing page|url=https://news.medill.northwestern.edu/|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=Chicago Newsroom Multisite Network|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=- Historic Plantations of Alabama's Black Belt #4954|url=https://www.blackbelttreasures.com/historic-plantations-of-alabama-s-black-belt.aspx|accessdate=2024-02-11|work=www.blackbelttreasures.com}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nta akụkọ maka MSNBC n'oge ọ nọ na Birmingham. <ref name="alumni lsu" /> Tupu ọrụ Fox Sports ya, ọ bụ arịlịka na ihe ngosi ụtụtụ WVUE-DT na New Orleans. Ọ natara oku sitere na ụfọdụ ndị enyi si LSU ka ọ gbaa ndị egwuregwu mbụ na ndị ọbịa pụrụ iche ajụjụ ọnụ na egwuregwu bọọlụ LSU ka ha tinye na webụsaịtị ha. Nke a na ọrụ ya na New Orleans Saints dugara ndị mmadụ na nzukọ ndị nsọ ịkwado Hale na Fox Sports. Ọ gbakwụnyere ọrụ Pelicans otu afọ ka e mesịrị. <ref name="alumni lsu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.honors.lsu.edu/news/alumni-spotlight-jennifer-hale|title=Alumni Spotlight: Jennifer Hale|author=Howell|first=Allison|work=[[Roger Hadfield Ogden Honors College]]|accessdate=21 April 2019|archivedate=22 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422005339/https://www.honors.lsu.edu/news/alumni-spotlight-jennifer-hale}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ sideline maka mkpuchi TNT nke agba mbụ nke 2017 NBA Playoffs. N'oge 2019 FIFA World Cup ụmụ nwanyị, Hale jupụtara Jenny Taft dị ka onye nhazi maka ''Skip na Shannon: enweghị mgbagha'' . Ọ weghaara ọkwa dị ka onye nhazi mgbe Taft hapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ na February 2022 wee kpọọ aha ya n'ọkwa n'August 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inquirer.com/eagles/fox-sports-fs1-lesean-mccoy-craig-carton-colin-cowherd-skip-bayless-shannon-sharpe-20220831.html|first=Rob|author=Tornoe|title=Fox Sports adds LeSean McCoy, WFAN and ex-WIP host Craig Carton to FS1 lineup|work=inquirer.com|date=31 August 2022|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> Mgbe edegharịrị Undisputed na August 2023, Hale abụghị akụkụ nke usoro ọhụrụ ahụ. Ọ kpuchiri asọmpi bọọlụ basketball 2020 na Columbus, Ohio maka ESPN, na-anọ na ntọala afụ n'oge ọrịa Covid-19 dị ka naanị onye nta akụkọ nọ na saịtị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nola.com/sports/pelicans/article_191206da-c169-11ea-8af1-fb5117898ef6.html?ll&fbclid=IwAR1nJjHnG1AYEzbw_4mSoLrFNT_KkmC7bU7DnoM6eFXZ7iZmgjiYKr2xj34|title='It isn't quote, unquote fun, but it's worth it': Pelicans sideline reporter Jennifer Hale describes her bubble experience|first=Christian|author=Clark|date=July 8, 2020|work=nola.com|accessdate=10 July 2020}}</ref> == Ntụaka == enweghị mgbagha na 2022 ruo 2023. O kpuchiela asọmpi bọọlụ basketball maka ESPN yana Wotu ndị na-agba ume, eze nwanyị na-abata,na-agba ume,mgbagh. O kpuchiela asọmpi{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oe6a1byc0heyv160u5972l8imn2pcc4 0 53398 737066 655287 2026-10-11T18:12:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737066 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikimedia Summit 2019 - Portrait Emna Mizouni (2).jpg|thumb|Emna Mizouni]] '''Emna Mizouni''' (amụrụ 1987) <ref name="doyou">{{Cite web|url=https://www.doyoubuzz.com/emna-mizouni|title=Emna Mizouni: Marketing, Communication, Relations publiques, Community Management|publisher=doyoubuzz.com|accessdate=27 August 2019|language=fr|archivedate=27 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827092355/https://www.doyoubuzz.com/emna-mizouni}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true"> (in French). doyoubuzz.com. Archived from [https://www.doyoubuzz.com/emna-mizouni the original] on 27 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> bụ onye ntanetị Tunisian na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, onye nta akụkọ nweere onwe ya, ọkachamara nkwurịta okwu na onye isi azụmahịa . Na Julaị 2019, Mgbe ọ gbasachara nke ọma iji kwado RightsCon Tunis, Nweta Ugbu a, otu mba ụwa na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ [[Ikike mmadụ|maka ikike mmadụ]] nwere ebumnuche na ịntanetị mepere emepe, kwupụtara nhọpụta ya ije ozi na kọmitii ndị isi ụwa ha. <ref name="rc2019">{{Cite web|url=https://rightscon2019.sched.com/speaker/emnamizouni|title=Emna Mizouni|publisher=RightsCon 2019|date=June 2019|accessdate=26 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name="anb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessnow.org/tunisian-activist-emna-mizouni-joins-access-now-board/|title=Tunisian activist Emna Mizouni joins Access Now board|publisher=Access Now|date=26 July 2019|accessdate=26 August 2019|archivedate=22 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822105948/https://www.accessnow.org/tunisian-activist-emna-mizouni-joins-access-now-board/}}</ref> Na March 2013, Mizouni tọrọ ntọala Carthagina, Atumatu e mere iji mepụta mmasị na Tunisia omenala nketa n'ụlọ na ná mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webdo.tn/2015/02/20/des-cartes-postales-pour-faire-partager-lamour-de-la-tunisie-a-travers-le-monde/|title=Des cartes postales pour partager l'amour de la Tunisie à travers le monde|author=Sghaier, Mohamed Ali|date=20 February 2015|publisher=Tunis Webdo|accessdate=20 February 2015|language=fr|archivedate=26 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826194936/http://www.webdo.tn/2015/02/20/des-cartes-postales-pour-faire-partager-lamour-de-la-tunisie-a-travers-le-monde/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eastwest.eu/it/opinioni/open-doors/rinascita-medina-tunisi-reportage|title=I nuovi sogni della medina di Tunisi|author=Pierandrei, Elisa|publisher=eastwest.eu|accessdate=2 April 2018|language=it}}</ref> N'August 2019, a kwanyere ya ugwu dị ka Wikimedian nke afọ na Wikimania, n'ihi ọrụ ndu ọ rụrụ na mmepe obodo Arab na Africa yana ihe ịga nke ọma ya n'ịkwalite akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Tunisia. <ref name="wikifdn">{{Cite web|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2019/08/18/meet-emna-mizouni-the-newly-minted-2019-wikimedian-of-the-year/|title=Meet Emna Mizouni, the newly minted 2019 Wikimedian of the Year|author=Erhart, Ed|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|date=18 August 2019|accessdate=26 August 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == N'ịbụ onye a zụlitere na isi obodo Tunis Tunis, Mizouni nwetara akwụkwọ site na Lycée Khaznadar na mpaghara Le Bardo nke obodo ahụ na 2006. Ọ gara École supérieure de commerce (ESCT) na Tunis ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na njikwa (2009) wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na ahịa, mkparịta ụka azụmahịa, na nkwukọrịta (2011). Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ahịa ahịa na dịka onye nta akụkọ na onye mgbasa ozi redio. Na June 2012, a họpụtara ya onye ọrụ mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi maka British Council . <ref name="doyou"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201403110506.html|title=Tunisia: British Council Launches Projects, Urges Youth to Take Part in Sociopolitical Debates|publisher=allAfinca|date=10 March 2014|accessdate=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612093652/https://allafrica.com/stories/201403110506.html/|archive-date=12 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'ikpeazụ nke Arab Spring, Mizouni nwere mmasị na ụkọ ihe ọmụma gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Tunisia. N'ihi ya, ya na ndị ọzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ, ọ tọrọ ntọala Carthagina (dabere na Carthage, aha ochie nke Tunis) nke e mere iji kwalite omenala omenala Tunisia. <ref name="anb"/> Prọfesọ Safwan Masri kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya ''Tunisia: An Arab Anomaly'' na mgbe ọ na-ezute Mizouni, ọ gwara ya banyere "mkpa mgbe Jasmine mgbanwe nke Tunisians 'nsụhọ nke ha dịgasị iche iche na Mediterranean akụkọ ihe mere eme ka ha na-edepụta ọdịnihu ha". <ref name="Masri2017">{{Cite book|author=Safwan M. Masri|title=Tunisia: An Arab Anomaly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT553|date=5 September 2017|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-54502-0|pages=553–}}</ref> Na 2017, dị ka onye isi nke ọrụ ahụ, ọ kọwara, sị: "Mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eche banyere njirimara obodo ahụ. Ihe ngosi dị iche iche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala anyị gosipụtara ntakịrị ihe anyị maara n'ezie banyere ihe nketa ọdịbendị anyị bara ụba." Ya na [[Wikipidia|Wikipedia]] na [[Wikimedia Commons]], o haziri asọmpi foto lekwasịrị anya na saịtị ihe nketa Tunisia, na-eme nke ọma n'ime ka ndị sonyere nyefee narị foto foto na mmekorita ya na ọrụ GLAM nke Wikimedia. Nke a butere ọrụ Carthagina "MedinaPedia", na-enye ohere ịnweta ozi gbasara saịtị Tunis Medina na ekwentị mkpanaaka site na koodu QR . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/reportages/quatre-projets-associatifs-qui-font-bouger-la-tunisie|title=Quatre projets associatifs qui font bouger la Tunisie|author=Blaise, Lilia|publisher=Middle East Eye|date=18 October 2017|accessdate=29 August 2019|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jamaity.org/2015/08/medinapedia-tous-sur-les-tresors-de-la-medina-de-tunis/|title=MedinaPedia: Tous sur les trésors de la Médina de Tunis|publisher=Jamaity|date=6 August 2015|accessdate=29 August 2019|language=fr}}</ref> Oru GLAM ọzọ bụ ndị ndu Mizouni hibere; Wikimedian nọ n'ime ụlọ n'ọbá akwụkwọ Diocesan nke Tunis, na mmekorita ya na Ọbá akwụkwọ na Archdiocese nke Tunis nke Archbishọp Tunis Ilario Antoniazzi bịanyere aka na ya. Mizouni hụkwara Carthagina dị ka ihe mkpali nye ndị na-eto eto igosi mmasị na obodo ha n'ụzọ siri ike, kama site n'ịgbaso nkuzi akụkọ ihe mere eme na-agwụ ike n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slideshare.net/Carthagina/interview-carthagina-ralit|title="Carthagina": À la recherche du patrimoine perdu|author=Bahri, Farouk|publisher=Réalité|date=30 March 2016|accessdate=29 August 2019|language=fr}}</ref> == Ntụaka == kwupụtara nhọpụta ya ije ozi na kọmitiiakpọpụta [ ʔaːmina almizuni ] ndị isi ụwa ha. [1] [2] Na March 2013, Mizouna saịtị ihe nketa Tunisia, na-eme nke ọmani {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mizouni, Emna}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cl74zk67lx3eox7njq0i4umi8bkti4m 0 53600 737101 736836 2026-10-12T08:58:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jennie Chua Kheng Yeng''' ( Chinese ) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego nke Singapore bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Beeworks, Inc. Akpọrọ ya aha otu n'ime Forbes Asia 's "50 Women In the Mix" na 2013. <ref name="Forbes1">{{Cite web|title=Forbes Asia's 50 Women In the Mix|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fdgk45ehfi/jennie-chua/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305042640/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/fdgk45ehfi/jennie-chua/|archivedate=March 5, 2013|work=[[Forbes Asia]]|accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya "Singapore's Grande Dame". <ref name="Sevilla">{{Cite web|author=Sevilla|first=Jan|title=What's cooking? Jennie Chua and Jollibee|url=http://www.eturbonews.com/32879/what-s-cooking-jennie-chua-and-jollibee|publisher=Global Travel Industry News|accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Jennie Chua na Batam, Indonesia wee zụlite ya na mpaghara Tanglin na Singapore . <ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụ iri na abụọ. Nna ya, Chua Kok Kuan, bụ onye ọchụnta ego bara ọgaranya nke na-ere cloves na nutmeg, mana ọ tụfuru azụmahịa ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 10. <ref name=":0" /> Chua gụrụ akwụkwọ na Singapore Chinese Girls' School <ref name=":1"/> wee malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntorobịa, dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swhf.sg/the-inductees/12-business-enterprise/34-jennie-chua|title=SINGAPORE WOMEN'S HALL OF FAME - Jennie Chua|author=SWHF|work=www.swhf.sg|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-09-02}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụchara A Level na Anglo-Chinese School, e nyere ya akwụkwọ mmụta ịga Mahadum Singapore (ugbu a bụ National University of Singapore ), ebe ọ kwụsịrị mgbe otu afọ gasịrị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Nothing keeps Jennie Chua down|date=12 August 2012|work=The Straits Times}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">"Nothing keeps Jennie Chua down". ''The Straits Times''. 12 August 2012.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ zutere Goh Kian Chee, nwa Goh Keng Swee, mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ afọ asatọ ka e mesịrị na 1968. Ka Goh gara Mahadum Cornell, Chua kwagara ebe ahụ wee gaa Cornell maka njikwa ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ . Di na nwunye a nwere ụmụ abụọ, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://womanoftheyear.herworldplus.com/1999-jennie-chua|title=1999 Jennie Chua – Her World Woman of The Year|work=womanoftheyear.herworldplus.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-09-02|archivedate=2017-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902143801/http://womanoftheyear.herworldplus.com/1999-jennie-chua|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''womanoftheyear.herworldplus.com''. Archived from on 2017-09-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> mana ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 1977 wee nọgide na-adị n'udo. <ref name="Forbes2">{{Cite web|title=Hotelier Jennie Chua's New Challenge: Bringing Jollibee Fast Food to Singapore|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2012/11/28/hotelier-jennie-chuas-new-challenge-bringing-jollibee-fast-food-to-singapore/2/|work=[[Forbes Asia]]|accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref> == Ntụaka == dị afọ 16. Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ afọ asatọ ka e mesịrị na 1968. Ka Goh gara Mahadum{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0hhtkxoli93y3oxykjcj5l18pzjce32 0 54407 737075 721249 2026-10-11T20:39:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737075 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Fatimah_Baeshen.jpg|thumb| Fatimah S. Baeshen]] '''Fatimah Salem A. Baeshen''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/fatimah-salem-a-baeshen-3097a01b/|title=LinkedIn profile showing full name, including A.}}</ref> ( Arabic ) bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị Saudi-American rụrụ ọrụ maka gọọmentị Saudi. Ọ bụ onye na-ekwuchitere Embassy nke Saudi Arabia na Washington, DC site na Septemba 26, 2017, ruo Jenụwarị 23, 2019. Baeshen bụ nwanyị mbụ nwere ọkwa nkwuchite ọnụ na gọọmentị Saudi Arabia. <ref>{{Cite news|title=A Saudi Arabian first: Spokeswoman at Kingdom's US Embassy|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1179896/saudi-arabia|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=Arab News|date=19 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adeseun|first=Anuoluwapo|title=Saudi Arabia Appoints First Spokeswoman, Fatimah Baeshen|url=http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/saudi-arabia-appoints-first-spokeswoman-fatimah-baeshen/|work=Nigerian Monitor|date=27 September 2017|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=فاطمة باعشن أول متحدثة باسم السفارة السعودية في واشنطن|url=https://sabq.org/فاطمة-باعشن-أول-متحدثة-باسم-السفارة-السعودية-في-واشنطن|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=SABQ|date=27 September 2017|language=ar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210073355/https://sabq.org/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86|archive-date=10 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=إسراء محمد علي|title=معلومات عن فاطمة باعشن أول متحدثة باسم سفارة سعودية|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1197242|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]|language=ar-AR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shantyaei|first=Sanam|title='Sky's the limit' for Saudi women, kingdom's first female spokesperson says|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20171030-interview-fatimah-baeshen-saudi-arabia-driving-ban-king-crown-prince-womens-rights|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=France 24|date=30 October 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Fatimah bụ onye nketa [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] na amuru na United States na Charleston, South Carolina . Ọ tolitere na Oxford, Mississippi, kwagara New England maka kọleji na Midwest. <ref>{{Cite news|title=This U. of C. Grad Speaks For Saudi Arabia In U.S., First Female in Post|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20171019/hyde-park/fatimah-baeshen-saudi-arabia-university-of-chicago-embassy|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=DNAinfo Chicago|date=20 October 2017|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015757/https://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20171019/hyde-park/fatimah-baeshen-saudi-arabia-university-of-chicago-embassy|url-status=dead}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na sociology na Mahadum Massachusetts Amherst Commonwealth Honors College na Master of Arts na Center for Middle Eastern Studies (na-elekwasị anya na ego islam ) na Mahadum Chicago . <ref name="al arabiya">{{Cite news|title=First spokeswoman appointed at Saudi embassy in Washington|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/09/27/First-spokeswoman-appointed-at-Saudi-embassy-in-Washington.html|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=Al Arabiya|date=27 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == O birila ma rụọ ọrụ na [[New York City|New York]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Chicago]], Amherst, MA, Dubai, Jeddah, Kuala Lumpur, Riyadh, na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye ọrụ obodo . Na Septemba 2017, a họpụtara Baeshen ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Embassy nke Alaeze Saudi Arabia, na Washington, DC Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ jigidere onye na-ekwuchitere gọọmentị Saudi Arabia. Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi nke Quantum, ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ gbasara ihe gbasara mba ụwa gbadoro anya na ikwado ọganihu mmekọrịta akụ na ụba. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Quantum|url=https://www.quantumove.com/|accessdate=2020-03-26|work=Quantum|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326003946/https://www.quantumove.com/}}</ref> == Ntụaka == nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na sociology na Mahadum Amherst, MA{{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baeshen, Fatimah}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] eyubi40bp2rdxxk5hyk988bm6xm7l1b 0 57505 737083 422500 2026-10-11T23:46:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737083 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ginette Amara Ali Mazicki''' (amụrụ na 3 Jenụwarị 1962) bụ onye nkuzi Central Africa, dọkịta anụmanụ, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Amara na Sarh na 3 Jenụwarị 1962. <ref name="GA">{{Cite web|title=MINISTRE DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ET DE I'INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIQUE|url=https://www.gouv.cf/les-ministres/99/ministre-de-la-recherche-scientifique-et-de-iinnovation-technologique|work=gouv.cf|publisher=Central African Government|accessdate=16 April 2024}}</ref> Nna ya bụ Michel Ali, nne ya bụ Joséphine Attea . Ọ si Ouandago, Nana-Grebizi . <ref name="GA" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Ecole primaire Center filles de Bangui, Lycée Pie XII, na Lycée Boganda de Bangui. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu na Mahadum Bangui na École inter-États des sciences et médecine vétérinaires de Dakar [fr]. Na 1992, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Veterinary Dọkịta site na École inter-États des sciences et médecine vétérinaires de Dakar nwere tesis akpọrọ L'Herbe du Laos : Chromolaena Odorata (L) R.M. KING et H. ROBINSON (Asteraceae) na République Centrafricaine (RCA) : essai de lutte avec des herbicides (Ahịhịa Laos: Chromolaena Odorata (L) R.M. KING na H. ROBINSON (Asteracebicae) na Central African Republicide (CAR) .<ref name="GA"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=EISMV|first=EISMV|title=beep.ird.fr|url=https://beep.ird.fr/greenstone/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0eismv--00-1----01-10-00---0---0direct-10----4-------0-1l--11-fr-50---20-help---01-2-1-00-00--4--0--0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=eismv&cl=CL2.1.67|work=beep.ird.fr|publisher=École inter-États des sciences et médecine vétérinaires de Dakar|accessdate=16 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411234631/https://beep.ird.fr/greenstone/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0eismv--00-1----01-10-00---0---0direct-10----4-------0-1l--11-fr-50---20-help---01-2-1-00-00--4--0--0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=eismv&cl=CL2.1.67|archive-date=11 April 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ ghọrọ Onye isi ọrụ na ụlọ ọgwụ anụmanụ na Bangui na Agence Nationale de Développement de l'Elevage (ANDE) Laboratory Veterinary. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke ọmụmụ na Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Mbaîki (ISDR Mbaiki) na dị ka onye isi nchịkwa na onye nyocha etiti na Ministri nke Ọrụ Ugbo na Anụmanụ.<ref name="GA"/> N'afọ 2017, Sarandji họpụtara Amara dị ka Minista nke Nnyocha Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ndeke Luka|first=Ndeke Luka|title=RCA : un nouveau gouvernement dirigé par Simplice Mathieu Sarandji|url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/29617-rca-un-nouveau-gouvernement-dirige-par-simplice-mathieu-sarandji|work=radiondekeluka.org|publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka|accessdate=16 April 2024}}</ref> N'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ Ngrebada, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka minista nke nyocha sayensị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Alwihda|first=Alwihda|title=Centrafrique : liste du nouveau Gouvernement|url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Centrafrique-liste-du-nouveau-Gouvernement_a71683.html|work=alwihdainfo.com|publisher=Al Wihda|accessdate=16 April 2024}}</ref> N'oge ọ na-eje ozi, ọ malitere nchịkọta nke ụlọ nyocha na Mahadum Bangui na Bayanga ma gbanwee ọrụ ndị kwekọrọ na National Recovery and Peacebuilding Plan ka o wee nweta ego n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ.[1]. Ewezuga nke ahụ, ọ ghọkwara onye na-ekwu okwu na webinar ADEA nke akpọrọ "Mmetụta COVID-19 na agụmakwụkwọ Africa: ịtụgharị uche na ntinye aka na ihe ịma aka, kwupụta ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ" na June 2020 na mkparịta ụka dị elu nke anọ na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ n'Africa nke African Union haziri na Addis Ababa na 5 February 2020..<ref>{{Cite web|author=AFDB|first=AFDB|title=African education experts push for more virtual learning to cushion against pandemics - ADEA webinar|url=https://www.afdb.org/fr/news-and-events/press-releases/african-education-experts-push-more-virtual-learning-cushion-against-pandemics-adea-webinar-36912|work=afdb.org|publisher=Association for the Development of Education in Africa|accessdate=16 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=African Union|first=African Union|title=4th High-Level Dialogue on Gender Equality and Education in Africa.|url=https://au.int/en/newsevents/20200205/4th-high-level-dialogue-gender-equality-and-education-africa|work=au.int|publisher=African Union|accessdate=16 April 2024|archivedate=20 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220030116/https://au.int/en/newsevents/20200205/4th-high-level-dialogue-gender-equality-and-education-africa}}</ref> Na 2020, o mere atụmatụ ịgba ọsọ na ntuli aka izugbe nke 2020–21 Central Africa dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke mba na-anọchite anya mpaghara Kaga Bandoro nke atọ. Agbanyeghị, Courtlọ ikpe gbasara iwu kagburu ntuli aka ya na 28 Nọvemba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ngoulou|first=Fridolin|title=Centrafrique : 78 dossiers aux élections législatives recalés par la Cour Constitutionnelle|url=https://oubanguimedias.com/2020/11/27/centrafrique-78-dossiers-aux-elections-legislatives-recales-par-la-cour-constitutionnelle/|work=oubanguimedias.com|publisher=Oubangui Medias|accessdate=16 April 2024}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Amara lụrụ Jean-Marie Mazicki-Goyoro ma nwee ụmụ isii.<ref name="GA"/> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6pcx6pofa5wxco98iof08idllwcf57h 0 71793 737105 736839 2026-10-12T09:16:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Jibril Aminu | image = | width = | smallimage = | caption = | alt = | office1 = [[Adamawa Central senatorial district|Senator for Adamawa Central]] | termstart1 = 3 June 2003 | termend1 = 6 June 2011 | predecessor1 = [[Abubakar Girei]] | successor1 = [[Bello Mohammed Tukur]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|08|25|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Song, Nigeria|Song]], Adamawa Province, [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6|5|1939|08|25|df=y}} | death_place = | party = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] | otherparty = | spouse = Fatima Bukar Mulima<br />Ladi Ahmed | children = 9 | education = | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Professor}} | profession = | alma_mater = | website = | birth_name = Aminu Song }} '''Jibril Muhammad Aminu''' (25 August 1939 - 5 June 2025), nke a maara dịka Aminu Song, bụ onye Naijiria prọfesọ nke ọrịa obi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="ooni"/> o bụ onye nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na United Steeti malite na 1999 ruo 2003 ma jee ozi dị ka onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya mpaghara Adamawa Central site na 2003 ruo 2011. Ọ bụ onye otu Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name="nassnig"/> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Aminu na afọ ọnwa 25 Ọgọstụ 1939. Naịmụ ọgwụ, ọ nwetara M.B.B.S na Mahadum Ibadan na 1965, na PhD na ọgwụ nakwa Royal Post-Graduate Medical Skụụlụ, London na 1972. A họpụtara ya ka ọ osọrọ na ndị nke Naijiria Academy of Science na 1972, Fellow nke Royal College of Physicians, London na 1980 na Fellow nke West African College of Physacians kwa na 1980. E mere ya onye Distinguished Fellow nke Naijiria Postgraduate ụlọọgwụ College na 2004. <ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=19&page=1&state=4|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200436/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=19&page=1&state=4|archivedate=2016-03-03|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|title=Sen. Jibril Muhammad Aminu|accessdate=2010-06-07|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. National Assembly of Nigeria. Archived from on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Aminu bụ onye ndụmọdụ na abịa na ọgwụ, onye nkuzi dị elu na onye isi oche, ọmụmụ ọgwụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan Medical School (1973-1975), na onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke National Universities Commission (1975-1979). Ọ ogara ileta Prọfesọ nke na afọ makaỌgwụ na Howard University College of Medicine na Washington DC (1979-1980) na osote chancellor nke Maiduguri, 1980-1985. Ọ bụkwa Prọfesọ nke Ọgwụ na [[Mahadum Nke Maiduguri|Mahadum nke Maiduguri]] (1979-1995). <ref name="nassnig"/> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Aminu ketala oke na office minister maka nke agụ makwụkwọ Mmụta na mgbe ahụ Minista Federal nke mmanụ nakwa na Mineral Resources (1989-1992). Mgbe ọ bụ Minista mmanụ ọ bụ Onye isi oche nke African Petroleum Producers' Organization (1991) na Onye isi oche of the OPEC Conference (1991-1992). A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya National Constitutional Conference (1994-1995). Malite na afọ 1999 ruo 2003, Aminu bụ onye nnọchi anya Naijiria na United States of America . <ref name="nassnig"/> A họpụtara Aminu ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu nke Adamawa Central na afọ 2003 ma họpụta ya ọzọ n'afọ 2007. Dị ka Senator, a họpụtara Aminu na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ọzọ, agụmakwụkwọ, ndị agha ụgbọelu na ahụike.<ref name="nassnig"/> Na ime nyocha nke ndị Senate na Mee 2009, ThisDay kwuru na ọ kwadoghị iwu ọ bụla, mana o nyere aka na arụmụka gbasara ụfọdụ mmegharị. Ọ na-elekọta Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Na-eme ná Mba Ọzọ nke ọma, ọ na-etinye aka na ọrụ nke Kọmitii Mmụta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200905250350.html|title=An Improved Senate, But Some Uninspiring Senators...|work=ThisDay|date=24 May 2009|accessdate=2019-08-30}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2, 2010, Ooni nke Ife, Oba Sijuwade nwebatara "Bobaselu nke Isi Iyi".<ref name="ooni">{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201001111360.html|title=Between Jibril Aminu and Ooni of Ife|work=Vanguard|date=11 January 2010|accessdate=2019-08-30}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://allafrica.com/stories/201001111360.html "Between Jibril Aminu and Ooni of Ife"]. ''Vanguard''. 11 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ == Jibril Aminu lụrụ di ugboro abụọ. Nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ Fatima Bukar Mulima onye mụrụ ya ụmụ atọ. Nwunye ya gbara alụkwaghịm bụ Ladi Ahmed, ọnye mụrụ ya ụmụ isii. Ụmụ ya ndi nwoke Bashiru Aminu na Murtala Muhammad Aminu bụ ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na ndị ọchụnta ego ebe ụmụ ya nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọka iwu (Nana Aminu) na ndị dọkịta ezé ([[Aminu Bello]]). <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/dad-said-anyone-who-has-to-show-diplomatic-immunity-doesnt-deserve-it-prof-jubril-aminus-son/|title=Dad said anyone who has to show diplomatic immunity doesn't deserve it –Prof Jubril Aminu's son|publisher=Punch|date=30 September 2018|accessdate=2019-08-30}}</ref> Aminu nwụrụ na ọwa 5 June ,2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ 85. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Abdullahi|first=Amina|title=Prof Jibril Aminu dies at 85|url=https://dailytrust.com/prof-jibril-aminu-dies-at-85/|accessdate=5 June 2025|publisher=Daily Trust}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 5th National Assembly}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 6th National Assembly}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:1939 mụrụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7cmxx1tm82nrycxeeo7kqq3rqh4izaa 0 73506 737086 674748 2026-10-12T01:05:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Queen of Kumbwada}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed | image = | succession = Queen of [[Kumbwada]] | reign = 1998 – 25 June 2021 | predecessor = Hajiya Maimuna | successor = Idris | coronation = | spouse = | issue = Queen Idris<br>Prince Danjuma Salih | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Kumbwada]], [[Niger State]], Nigeria | death_date = 25 June 2021 | death_place = | father = | mother = }} '''Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed''' (1966-2021) bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala Naijiria nke chịrị dị ka Eze Nwanyị nke Kumbwada site n'afọ 1998 ruo afọ 2021. Dị ka eze nwanyị, ọ chịsiri ike megide ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị ma bụrụ onye na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị. == Akụkọ ndụ == Hajiya bụ onye na-achị alaeze Kumbwada nke ime obodo oge ochie na Niger, nke nwere ihe dị ka puku mmadụ iri atọ na atọ.<ref name="oriire">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oriire.com/article/kumbwada-where-women-rule|title=Kumbwada: Where Women Rule|work=www.oriire.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumbwada, the only Female-led kingdom in Northern Nigeria|url=https://refinedng.com/kumbwada-the-only-female-led-kingdom-in-northern-nigeria/|accessdate=2024-06-22|work=refinedng.com}}</ref> Ọ nọchiri nne nne ya dị ka eze nwanyị nke alaeze, nke ụmụ nwanyị na-achị, n'afọ 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-apr-06-la-fg-nigeria-queen6-2010apr06-story.html|title=No man dares sit on this Nigerian throne|date=April 6, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://richmond.com/entertainment/no-man-dares-sit-on-this-nigerian-kingdoms-throne/article_f6522020-293b-54a4-a0a5-66abda69c8fe.html|title=No man dares sit on this Nigerian kingdom's throne|date=May 8, 2010|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|access-date=13 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260929151451/https://richmond.com/entertainment/no-man-dares-sit-on-this-nigerian-kingdoms-throne/article_f6522020-293b-54a4-a0a5-66abda69c8fe.html|archive-date=29 September 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/05/12/nigeria.queen.hajia.ahmed/index.html|title=Hajia Ahmed: Nigeria's only queen in a land of kings - CNN.com|work=www.cnn.com}}</ref> Nwa ya nwanyị, Idris, bụ onye nketa ya.<ref name="oriire" /> O nwekwara nwa nwoke, Danjuma Salih . <ref name="arkansas">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2010/apr/11/one-throne-nigeria-abides-no-man-20100411/|title=One throne in Nigeria abides no man &#124; Arkansas Democrat Gazette|date=April 11, 2010|work=www.arkansasonline.com}}</ref> Dị ka eze nwanyị, Hajiya doziri esemokwu alụmdi na nwunye na ala, debe udo, ma bụrụ onye na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="61" href="./CNN" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="CNN">CNN"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-cnn-5","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/05/12/nigeria.queen.hajia.ahmed/index.html&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Hajia Ahmed: Nigeria's only queen in a land of kings - CNN.com&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;www.cnn.com&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwew\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt20\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwfA\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/05/12/nigeria.queen.hajia.ahmed/index.html\" id=\"mwfQ\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Hajia Ahmed: Nigeria's only queen in a land of kings - CNN.com\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwfg\">www.cnn.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-cnn_5-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Hajiya_Haidzatu_Ahmed#cite_note-cnn-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> N'afọ 2010, ọ gwara CNN na, "Ndị inyom ga-agụ akwụkwọ. Mmụta pụtara na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọ bụla ha chọrọ ịbụ. " <ref name="cnn" /> Ọ na-achịkwa ịgba alụkwaghịm na Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị na Kumbawada, eze nwanyị na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ohere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jezebel.com/a-real-world-kingdom-ruled-by-women-where-men-are-curs-5511829|title=A Real-World Kingdom Ruled By Women, Where Men Are Cursed}}</ref><ref name="arkansas" /> Ọ bụ onye Alakụba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2015/mayjune/statement/life-sized-portraits-the-kings-and-queens-nigeria#:~:text=And%20there%20is%20Queen%20Hajiya,Muslim%20community%20in%20northern%20Nigeria|title=Life-Sized Portraits of the Kings and Queens of Nigeria}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 25 n'ọnwa Junn afọ 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nspfoundation.ng/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/NSPF-Today-ForthEdition-Newsletter.pdf|title=CSR Newsletter}}, A Bi-annual publication of the North South Power Foundation, 4TH EDITION, July 2021, p.3</ref> == Ntụaka == qtoblmrz1j95mmg02pkq47q986nh51h 0 74362 737102 620789 2026-10-12T08:58:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Jennifer Iwenjiora Douglas''' ( aka '''Jamilah Atiku Abubakar''' ) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Naijiria, ọkàiwu, onye bụbu onye nta akụkọ akụkọ Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) na nwunye mbụ [[Atiku Abubakar]], onye bụbu osote onye isi ala Nigeria. Ọ bụ nwaanyị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] na onye si [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] dị na [[Anambra Steeti|steeti Anambra]] . O nwekwara ikike ịbụ nwa amaala United States. <ref name="Atiku">{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/high-society/jennifer-atiku-returns/|title=Jennifer Atiku returns|work=The Guardian Nigeria|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/10/jennifer-atiku-is-missing-in-action?|title=Jennifer Atiku is missing in action|work=This Day Live|date=10 December 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ == N'afọ 1980, ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye nta akụkọ maka ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn mba Nigeria Television Authority. Dịka akụkọ si kwuo, ọ zutere Atiku Abubakar na mbụ n'afọ 1982, mana ha mechara kwụsị inwe mmekọrịta. N'oge a, ọ kwagara United States na ngwụcha afọ 1980 ma ọ bụ mmalite afọ 1990, ọ lụrụ otu nwoke aha ya bụ Douglas (onye ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwoke, Anthony Chuka Douglas). Ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amiloadedmedia.com/2018/10/8-things-you-dont-know-about-atikus/|title=8 Things You Don't Know About Atiku's Wife Jennifer Jamilah|work=amiloadedmedia.com|accessdate=22 March 2026}}</ref> Ọ matara ọzọ na Atiku Abubakar na ngwụcha afọ 1990, ha lụrụ di ya nke anọ wee gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Jamila Atiku-Abubakar. Na 2010, akụkọ otu Senate nke US kwuru na ya na di ya ebufere ihe karịrị nde dọla iri anọ nke ego a na-enyo enyo na ha ga-enweta na United States site na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị n'èzí.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/02/u-s-senate-accuses-atiku-of-40m-illegal-transfer/|title=US Senate accuses Atiku of 40m illegal transfer|work=Vanguard Nigeria|date=5 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thestreetjournal.org/investigative-report-by-the-us-on-how-jennifer-douglas-laundered-over-40m-for-ex-husband-atiku-abubakar-surfaces/|title=Investigative report by the US on how Jennifer Douglas laundered over 40m for ex husband Atiku Abubakar|work=The Street Journal|date=3 October 2023|access-date=23 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004180915/https://thestreetjournal.org/investigative-report-by-the-us-on-how-jennifer-douglas-laundered-over-40m-for-ex-husband-atiku-abubakar-surfaces/|archive-date=4 October 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na June 2021 mgbe ha lụrụ ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ, Douglas kwuru maka esemokwu gbasara ebe obibi ya na United Kingdom na mkpebi Atiku ịlụ nwunye ọzọ. Dịka o si kwuo, Atiku yikwara egwu iweghachite ihe onwunwe ya ma a na-enyocha ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/509121-real-reasons-atikus-ex-wife-jennifer-filed-for-divorce.html|title=Real reasons Atiku's ex-wife filed for divorce|work=Premium Times Nigeria|date=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/divorce-i-left-nigeria-after-my-life-was-threatened-calls-monitored-estranged-atikus-wife/|title=Divorce: I left Nigeria after my life was threatened, calls monitored|work=[[The Punch]]|date=1 February 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa ọkaiwu, o nwekwara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na Mmekọrịta Mba Nile na akara ugo mmụta masta na Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị Mba Nile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gazettengr.com/exclusive-atikus-wife-jennifer-relocates-as-ex-vp-takes-moroccan-fourth-wife-welcomes-new-son/|work=Gazette Nigeria|title=Atiku's wife Jennifer relocates as ex-VP takes Moroccan fourth wife|date=25 January 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Miyetti Quarterly Law Review (MQLR), akwụkwọ nyocha iwu nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite omume kacha mma na [[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|Ugwu Naịjirịa]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/02/06/friends-family-and-associates-rally-support-for-jennifer-atiku-abubakar/|title=Friends, family and associates rally support for Jennifer Atiku Abubakar|work=This Day Live|date=6 February 2022}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria nọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchichi]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i4gdzhxg42a22anwezd211a6zo4iatx 0 76618 737100 689065 2026-10-12T08:54:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Dr. Jenna Ross''' OBE bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na onye na-eme nchọpụta n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo si Scotland, na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ agri-tech a na-akpọ Crop Health and Protection. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke Oxford Farming Conference. A kpọrọ ya onye isi nke Order of the British Empire na Queen's Platinum Jubilee Honours. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Slug scientist Dr Jenna Ross honoured with an OBE for her contribution to agricultural research|url=https://www.thescottishfarmer.co.uk/news/20191408.slug-scientist-dr-jenna-ross-honoured-obe/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=The Scottish Farmer|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Riding the slime wave (views on slugs by a globe-trotting scholar) {{!}} AHDB|url=https://ahdb.org.uk/news/riding-the-slime-wave-views-on-slugs-by-a-globe-trotting-scholar|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=ahdb.org.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019232751/https://ahdb.org.uk/news/riding-the-slime-wave-views-on-slugs-by-a-globe-trotting-scholar|archive-date=2022-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Shanks|first=Ciaran|date=2022-06-02|title=University of Aberdeen academic awarded OBE in Platinum Jubilee honours list|url=https://www.aberdeenlive.news/news/aberdeen-news/university-aberdeen-academic-awarded-obe-7156968|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=aberdeenlive|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Jenna Ross|url=https://www.nuffieldscholar.org/scholars/2018/jenna-ross|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Nuffield Farming Scholarships|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />.Dọkịta Ross toro na Tarland n'ugbo ezinụlọ ha.Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-achịkọta ejula ndị na-enweghị mkpụrụ n'ubi tonip, ma hụ mmetụta ọjọọ ha nwere n'ọrụ ugbo na ndụ ndị ọrụ ugbo.Ọ gara akwụkwọ na Aboyne Academy.Nne na nna ya, ndị nna nna ya, na ndị nna nna ukwu ya bụkwa ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na mahadum Robert Gordon , ebe ọ pụrụ iche na sayensị nyocha mpụ Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Grampian Police dịka onye ọrụ nyocha ebe mpụ mere. Nnyocha doctoral nke Dr. Ross tụlere mmepe nke ihe nchịkwa nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ maka slugs na snails. Slugs na-eweta nnukwu egwu maka mmepụta ọka na mmanụ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-efu ụlọ ọrụ ugbo UK £ 100 nde kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mackenzie|first=Gemma|title=Tarland woman's battle to beat the slimy scourge on farms|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/business/farming/1862837/tarland-womans-battle-to-beat-the-slimy-scourge-on-farms/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Press and Journal|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dr. Ross zụlitere nka ya na malacology n'oge njem izu iri abụọ na isii n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Slime time - with Dr Jenna Ross {{!}} Eat Farm Now|url=https://eatfarmnow.com/2020/05/12/slime-time-with-dr-jenna-ross/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=eatfarmnow.com}}</ref> Dabere na nyocha ndị a, Dr. Ross dere akụkọ na-akọwa usoro nchịkwa ahụhụ na-apụta.<ref name=":1" /> Nnyocha ya kpughere na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị slug UK bụ ihe pụrụ iche, nakwa na slugs nwere ike inwe mmetụta akụ na ụba (n'ihi mmebi ihe ọkụkụ) na mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Riding the Slime Wave with Dr Jenna Ross|url=https://chap-solutions.co.uk/blogs/riding-the-slime-wave/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=CHAP|language=en}}</ref> Ọ dụrụ gọọmentị ọdụ ka ha mepụta usoro nchekwa ndụ iji chebe ọrụ ugbo na UK ma jiri usoro mkpochapụ maka slug Spanish.<ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate ya, Dr. Ross nwere ọkwa dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide, gụnyere Bioforsk.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == Dr. Ross lekwasịrị anya n'imeziwanye nkwado na ume na ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What's it like being an agri-scientist? {{!}} Eat Farm Now|url=https://eatfarmnow.com/2020/06/10/whats-it-like-being-an-agri-scientist/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=eatfarmnow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A day in the life of Innovation Hub Lead for crop health and protection.|url=https://jobs.newscientist.com/en-gb/article/a-day-in-the-life-of-innovation-hub-lead-for-crop-health-and-protection-/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=New Scientist Jobs|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmepe mba ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ agric-tech Crop Health and Protection, ebe ọ gbalịrị ịchịkwa slugs na snails site na iji ndị iro okike. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the CHAP team who are making a difference in UK agri-tech|url=https://chap-solutions.co.uk/about-chap/chap-team/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=CHAP|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019232751/https://chap-solutions.co.uk/about-chap/chap-team/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Q&A with Dr Jenna Ross {{!}} February 2019 {{!}} News {{!}} RGU|url=https://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/news-2019/1712-q-a-with-dr-jenna-ross|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=www.rgu.ac.uk|language=en-gb|archivedate=2022-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022072628/https://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/news-2019/1712-q-a-with-dr-jenna-ross}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''www.rgu.ac.uk''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Robert Gordon iji mezue MBA, n'oge ahụ ka e nyere ya ihe nrite Aquaculture Higher Education Learner of the Year na Council for Awards of Royal Agricultural Societies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jenna leads the way for women in agriculture|url=https://www.thescottishfarmer.co.uk/news/16152687.jenna-leads-way-women-agriculture/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=The Scottish Farmer|language=en}}</ref> A kpọrọ Dr. Ross onye isi nke Order of the British Empire na Queen's Platinum Jubilee Honours . <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọnwụ nke Queen Elizabeth nke Abụọ gasịrị, Ross chọrọ ihe ncheta hay bales mma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Roy|first=Cameron|title='It's just a thank you': Row of hay bales decorated in tribute to the Queen|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeen-aberdeenshire/4812022/aberdeenshire-queen-farming/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Press and Journal|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == * 2018 Aquaculture Higher Education Learner of the Year Award <ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating Scotland's Land-based Learners|url=https://www.thescottishfarmer.co.uk/news/16137712.celebrating-scotlands-land-based-learners/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=The Scottish Farmer|language=en}}</ref> * 2019 35 Under 35 Award <ref>{{Cite web|title="Proud" students awarded for farm work|url=https://www.sruc.ac.uk/all-news/proud-students-awarded-for-farm-work/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=www.sruc.ac.uk|language=en-gb}}</ref> * 2020 Farmers Club Educator Award <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jenna Ross wins Farmers Club Educator Award 2020|url=https://chap-solutions.co.uk/news/farmers-club-educator-award/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=CHAP|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019232750/https://chap-solutions.co.uk/news/farmers-club-educator-award/}}</ref> * 2022 Onye isi oche nke Order of the British Empire na Queen's Platinum Jubilee Honours <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] kct59nmjbn9xkqt4j9bwpmwd2w9ljcf 0 76853 737092 706583 2026-10-12T05:10:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Sihwatidal.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Sihwa Lake Tidal, nke dị na mpaghara Gyeonggi , South Korea, bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa maka etinye ike tidal, nke nwere ike mmepụta ọkụ zuru oke nke 254.&nbsp;MW.]] [[Faịlụ:Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdụ ọkụ Rance Tidal, dị n'obodo Brittany, ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke France, bụ ọdụ ọkụ mbụ buru ibu nke nwere ike ịgba mmiri (afọ 1966), nke nwere ike mmepụta ike zuru oke nke 240 MW.]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ana-ejikari '''Ike tidal''' eme ihe site n'ịgbanwe ike sitere na mmiri ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ike bara uru, ọkachasị ọkụ eletrik site na iji usoro dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na anaghị ejikarịa eme ihe nke ukwuu, Ike eletriki nwere ike imepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọdịnihu. A na-ahụta oke mmiri karịa ifufe na anyanwụ . N'ime isi iyi [[ike mmeghari ohuru]], Ike eletriki na-ata ahụhụ site na oke ọnụ ahịa na obere ebe nwere oke mmiri ma ọ bụ ọsọ mmiri zuru oke, si otú a na-egbochi nnweta ya niile. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ mmepe na mmezi teknụzụ na-adịbeghị anya, ma na nhazi (dịka ike mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọdọ mmiri mmiri ) na teknụzụ turbine (dịka ọmụmaatụ turbines axial ọhụrụ, turbines cross flow ), na-egosi na nnweta ike mmiri nwere ike ịdị elu karịa ka e chere na mbụ nakwa na [[Akụ na ụba gburugburu ebe obibi|ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi]] nwere ike ịdaba na ọkwa asọmpi. N'akụkọ mere eme, a na-eji igwe mmiri na-agba mmiri eme ihe ma na Europe ma n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic nke Ugwu Amerịka. Mmiri nbata dị n'ime nnukwu ọdọ mmiri nchekwa, ka mmiri na-apụkwa apụ , ọ na-agbanwe wiil mmiri ndị na-eji ike igwe arụpụta ọka. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ocean Energy Council|title=Tidal Energy: Pros for Wave and Tidal Power|url=http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/index.php/Tidal-Energy/Tidal-Energy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513175027/http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/index.php/Tidal-Energy/Tidal-Energy.html|archivedate=2008-05-13|date=2011}}</ref> Ihe mbụ merenụ malitere site na Oge Etiti, ma ọ bụ ọbụna site n'oge ndị Rom . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kentarchaeology.ac/authors/005.pdf|title=Microsoft Word – RS01j.doc|accessdate=2011-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517013738/http://www.kentarchaeology.ac/authors/005.pdf|archivedate=2011-05-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Minchinton, W. E.|title=Early Tide Mills: Some Problems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_technology-and-culture_1979-10_20_4/page/777|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=20|issue=4|date=October 1979|pages=777–786|doi=10.2307/3103639}}</ref> Usoro nke iji mmiri na-ada ada na turbines na-agbagharị iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik ka ewebatara 'obodoa US na Europe na narị afọ nke 19. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dorf|first=Richard|title=The Energy Factbook|url=https://archive.org/details/energyfactbook00dorf|date=1981|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York}}</ref> Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik sitere na teknụzụ mmiri mụbara ihe dị ka pasent 16 n'afọ 2018, yana atụmatụ nke pasent 13 n'afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ocean power – Tracking Power 2020 – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-power-2019/ocean-power|accessdate=2020-08-25|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619154701/https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-power-2019/ocean-power}}</ref> A chọrọ iwu ndị na-akwalite nyocha na mmepe iji nweta mbelata nke ọnụ ahịa na mmepe buru ibu. Ebe mbụ buru ibu nke ụwa bụ Rance Tidal Power Station nke obodo France, nke malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'afọ 1966. Ọ bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n'ihe gbasara mmepụta ruo mgbe Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station meghere na South Korea n'onwa August afọ 2011. Ọdụ Sihwa na-eji ihe mgbochi nchebe mgbidi oké osimiri nke nwere turbines iri na-emepụta 254.&nbsp;MW. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Guinness world records 2014|author=Glenday|first=Craig|year=2013|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7}}</ref><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Ụkpụrụ == [[Faịlụ:Tide_type.svg|thumb|Mgbanwe nke mmiri n'ime otu ụbọchị]] <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>A na-enweputa ike mmiri site na ebili mmiri nke ụwa. [[Ike ebili mmiri|Ike mmiri]] na-esi na mgbanwe oge na ndọta ndọda nke ihe ndị dị n'eluigwe na-eme. Ike ndị a na-emepụta mmegharị ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo kwekọrọ na oke osimiri ụwa. Nke a na-eme ka oke osimiri na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe niile, na-agbanwe ka ụwa na-agbagharị. Mgbanwe ndị a na-adịkarị mgbe niile ma na-ebu amụma, n'ihi usoro mgbanwe nke ụwa na gburugburu Ọnwa gburugburu Ụwa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=DiCerto|first=JJ|title=The Electric Wishing Well: The Solution to the Energy Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/electricwishingw0000dice|date=1976|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=9780025313200}}</ref> Oke na mgbanwe nke mmegharị a na-egosipụta mgbanwe ọnọdụ nke Ọnwa na Anyanwụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere Ụwa, mmetụta nke ntụgharị nke Ụwa, na ọdịdị ala mpaghara nke ala oké osimiri na ụsọ oké osimiri . Ike eletriki bụ naanị teknụzụ nke ana-enweta ike dị n'ime njirimara gburugburu nke sistemụ Ụwa-Ọnwa, ma na obere akụkụ na sistemụ nke Ụwa-Anyanwụ. Ike ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike teknụzụ nke mmadụ ji eme ihe sitere na anyanwụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, gụnyere mmanụ ọkụ fosil, hydroelectric nkịtị, ifufe, [[Mmanụ ala|mmanụ bio]], ebili mmiri na ike anyanwụ . Ike nuklia na-eji ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke ihe ndị a na-agbawa agbawa, ebe ike geothermal na-eji okpomọkụ dị n'ime Ụwa, nke sitere na njikọta nke okpomọkụ fọdụrụnụ site na mkpokọta mbara ala (ihe dị ka 20%) na okpomọkụ sitere na ire ere redioaktivu (80%). <ref name="turcotte">{{Cite book|author=Turcotte|first=D. L.|title=Geodynamics|url=https://archive.org/details/geodynamics0000turc|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England, UK|date=2002|edition=2nd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/geodynamics0000turc/page/136 136]–137|chapter=Chapter 4|isbn=978-0-521-66624-4}}</ref> Igwe eji emepụta eletrik na-eme ka ike nke mmiri na-asọba n'ime ọkụ eletrik. Mgbanwe mmiri na-abawanye na ọsọ mmiri na-agba n'elu nwere ike ime ka ohere nke ebe a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na-agba ọsọ dịkwuo elu. N'aka nke ọzọ, ike mmiri na-agba ọsọ nwere ntụkwasị obi dị elu, njupụta ike dị mma, na ogologo oge dị elu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chowdhury|first=M. S.|date=2021-06-01|title=Current trends and prospects of tidal energy technology|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01013-4|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability|language=en|volume=23|issue=6|pages=8179–8194|doi=10.1007/s10668-020-01013-4|issn=1573-2975|pmid=33041645}}</ref> N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke ụwa na-abụkarị ihe mmekọrịta ike ndọda Ọnwa na Anyanwụ na ntụgharị nke Ụwa, ike eletriki adịghị agwụ agwụ, ma si otú a na-ekewa ya dị ka ihe dị ka ihe onwunwe [[ike mmeghari ohuru]] . Mmegharị nke ebili mmiri na-akpata mfu nke ike igwe na sistemụ Ụwa-Ọnwa: nke a na-esite na mgbapụta mmiri sitere na mmachi ebumpụta ụwa gburugburu ụsọ oké osimiri na mfu viscous na-esi na ya apụta n'ala oké osimiri na n'ọgba aghara . Mfu nke ike a emeela ka ntụgharị nke Ụwa belata na 4.5.&nbsp;ijeri afọ kemgbe e guzobere ya. N'ime afọ 620 gara aga&nbsp;nde afọ oge ntụgharị nke Ụwa (ogologo ụbọchị) amụbaala site na 21.9&nbsp;awa ruo 24&nbsp;awa; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=George E. Williams|title=Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=38|issue=1|date=2000|pages=37–60|doi=10.1029/1999RG900016}}</ref> n'oge a, usoro Ụwa-Ọnwa efuola 17% nke ike ntụgharị ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ike mmiri ga-ewe ike ọzọ site na sistemụ ahụ, mmetụta ya adịghị mma ma a gaghị ahụ ya n'ọdịnihu a na-ahụ anya. == Usoro == [[Faịlụ:SeaGen_installed.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe mbụ na-emepụta iyi mmiri nke jikọtara na grid n'ụwa, nke e ji azụmaahịa na grid mee.&nbsp;– SeaGen – na Strangford Lough . <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1243/14750902JEME94|volume=222|issue=1|pages=1–12|author=Douglas|first=C. A.|title=Life cycle assessment of the Seagen marine current turbine|journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment|date=2008|url=https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/49243203/MCT_Seagen_Audit_Post_print.pdf}}</ref> Mmụba siri ike na-egosi ike dị na mmiri ozuzo .]] Enwere ike ikewaa ike mmiri n'ime ụzọ anọ eji emepụta mmiri: === Igwe na-emepụta iyi mmiri === {{Commons category|Tidal power}}Ndị na-emepụta mmiri iyi na-eji ike kinetic nke mmiri na-ebugharị gaa gbaye igwe eji emeputa ike, n'ụzọ yiri igwe mmeputa ikuku na-eji ikuku eme ihe iji gbaye igwe eji emeputa ike. Enwere ike iwulite ụfọdụ jenerato mmiri n'ime usoro nke àkwà mmiri ndị dị adị ma ọ bụ mikpuo ha kpamkpam, si otú a na-ezere nchegbu gbasara ịma mma ma ọ bụ mmetụta anya. Mkpuchi ala dị ka striats ma ọ bụ inlets nwere ike ịmepụta ọsọ dị elu na ebe ụfọdụ, nke enwere ike ijide site na iji igwe eji emeputa ike. Igwe eji emeputa ike ndị a nwere ike ịbụ kwụ ọtọ, kwụ ọtọ, mepere emepe, ma ọ bụ duct. <ref name="Tethys">{{Cite web|title=Tidal – Capturing tidal fluctuations with turbines, tidal barrages, or tidal lagoons|url=http://tethys.pnnl.gov/technology-type/tidal|work=Tidal / Tethys|publisher=[[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]] (PNNL)|accessdate=2 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216190319/https://tethys.pnnl.gov/technology-type/tidal|archivedate=16 February 2016}}</ref> === Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo na-eji ike dị n'ime oke dị elu (ma ọ bụ isi hydraulic ) n'etiti oke mmiri dị elu na nke dị ala. Mgbe a na-eji mgbidi mmiri ozuzo na-emepụta ike, a na-ejide ike dị n'ime mmiri site na itinye ihe mgbochi mmiri pụrụ iche. Mgbe oke osimiri na-arị elu ma mmiri ahụ amalite ịbanye, a na-abanye n'ime nnukwu efere dị n'azụ mmiri ahụ, na-ejide nnukwu ike dị n'ime ya. Site na mmiri na-ebelata, a na-agbanwe ike a ka ọ bụrụ ike igwe ka a na-ewepụta mmiri site na nnukwu Igwe eji emeputa ike nke na-emepụta ike eletrik site na iji jenereta. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Evans|first=Robert|title=Fueling Our Future: An Introduction to Sustainable Energy|url=https://archive.org/details/fuelingourfuture00evan_0|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York}}</ref> Mgbidi mmiri bụ ihe mgbochi mmiri n'ozuzu ya n'ofe oke mmiri mmiri. === Ọdọ mmiri mmiri === Nhọrọ ọhụrụ maka imepụta ike eletriki bụ iwu mgbidi gburugburu nke nwere turbines nke nwere ike ijide ike nke ebili mmiri. Ebe nchekwa mmiri ndị e kere dị ka nke mmiri ozuzo, ma e wezụga na ebe ahụ bụ nke e ji aka rụọ ma ọ nweghị usoro ihe ndị dịbu adị. <ref name="Tethys"/> Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ nwekwara ike ịdị n'ụdị okpukpu abụọ (ma ọ bụ atọ) na-enweghị mgbapụta <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnHwb8BKJzU|title=Hydrological Changing Double Current-typed Tidal Power Generation|work=[[YouTube]]|date=23 September 2012|format=video|accessdate=2015-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018074420/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnHwb8BKJzU|archivedate=2015-10-18}}</ref> ma ọ bụ site na mgbapụta <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/book/tex/Lagoons.pdf|title=Enhancing Electrical Supply by Pumped Storage in Tidal Lagoons|accessdate=2014-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034732/http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/book/tex/Lagoons.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-24}}</ref> nke ga-eme ka mmepụta ike dị larịị. Enwere ike inye ike mgbapụta site na oke ike mmeghari ohuru site na dịka ọmụmaatụ turbines ikuku ma ọ bụ usoro fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ. Enwere ike iji ike mmeghari ohuru karịa ibelata ya ma chekwaa ya maka oge ọzọ. Ọdọ mmiri mmiri ndị a gbasasịrị n'ókèala nwere oge igbu oge n'etiti mmepụta kacha elu ga-eme ka mmepụta kacha elu dị mfe nke na-enye mmepụta dị nso na ibu isi na ọnụ ahịa dị elu karịa ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka ebe nchekwa ike mmeghari ohuru nke mpaghara. Ọdọ mmiri Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay nke akagburu na Wales, United Kingdom gaara abụ ọdụ ike mbụ nke ụdị a ozugbo e wuru ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/42607/green-light-for-worlds-first-tidal-lagoon/|title=Green light for world's first tidal lagoon|author=Elsevier Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1&nbsp;GB, United Kingdom|work=renewableenergyfocus.com|accessdate=26 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818213310/http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/42607/green-light-for-worlds-first-tidal-lagoon/|archivedate=18 August 2015}}</ref> === Ike ebili mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe === <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:DTP_T_dam_top-down_view.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Eserese nke ọdọ mmiri DTP site n'elu ruo ala. Agba anụnụ anụnụ na ọbara ọbara gbara ọchịchịrị na-egosi obere na oke mmiri, n'otu n'otu.]] Ike eletriki na-agbanwe agbanwe (ma ọ bụ DTP) bụ usoro nkà na ụzụ nke ga-erigbu mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike kinetic na mmiri na-asọ asọ. Ọ na-atụ aro na a ga-enwe dam ndị dị ogologo (dịka ihe ọmụmaatụ: 30–50).&nbsp;(a ga-ewu ya site n'ụsọ oké osimiri gaa n'oké osimiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, na-enweghị ihe mgbochi mpaghara. A na-ewebata ọdịiche dị n'usoro mmiri n'ofe ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-eduga na nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọkwa mmiri n'oké osimiri dị omimi - nke nwere oke mmiri siri ike nke na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịka nke dị n' obodo UK, China, na Korea. == Ọmụmụ ihe US na Canada na narị afọ nke 20 == Nnyocha mbụ nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri bụ nke US Federal Power Commission mere n'afọ 1924. Ọ bụrụ na e wuo ụlọ ọrụ ike, a gaara enwe ike ịchọta ha n'ókèala ugwu nke steeti [[Mën|Maine]] nke US na mpaghara ókèala ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ógbè New Brunswick nke Canada, yana ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi mmiri, ebe ike dị ike, na mkpọchi ụgbọ mmiri nke gbara Bay of Fundy na Passamaquoddy Bay gburugburu (rịba ama: lee maapụ dị ka ntụaka). Ọ dịghị ihe si na nnyocha ahụ pụta, a maghịkwa ma Kọmishọna Ike Mba Nile nke US gwara Kanada gbasara nnyocha ahụ. N'afọ 1956, ụlọ ọrụ Nova Scotia gbasara oku na ike nke Halifax nyere iwu ka e mee nnyocha abụọ gbasara ohere mmepe ike mmiri azụmahịa n'akụkụ [[Nova Scotia]] nke Bay of Fundy. Ọmụmụ ihe abụọ ahụ, nke Stone &amp;amp; Webster nke Boston na Montreal Engineering Company nke Montreal mere, kwubiri n'onwe ha na enwere ike iji Fundy nweta ọtụtụ nde ịnyịnya ike (dịka gigawatts) mana na ọnụ ahịa mmepe ga-abụ ihe mgbochi n'ahịa. E nwekwara akụkọ gbasara kọmitii mba ụwa n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1961 nke isiokwu ya bụ "Nnyocha nke Ọrụ Ike Tidal nke Mba Nile nke Passamaquoddy" nke gọọmentị etiti US na Canada mepụtara. Dịka uru na oke ọnụ ahịa si dị, ọrụ ahụ baara mba Amerịka uru mana ọ baghị uru nye mba Canada. Gọọmentị Canada na Nova Scotia na New Brunswick (Nyocha nke Ike Tidal Fundy) nyere iwu ka e mee nnyocha iji chọpụta ike mmiri ozuzo na Chignecto Bay na Minas Basin - na njedebe nke ọdụ mmiri Fundy Bay. E nwere ebe atọ a chọpụtara na ha ga-ekwe omume n'ụzọ ego: Shepody Bay (1550).&nbsp;MW), Cumberland Basin (1085)&nbsp;MW), na Cobequid Bay (3800)&nbsp;MW). E wubeghị ihe ndị a n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ime n'afọ 1977. == Ọmụmụ ihe US na narị afọ nke 21 == Snohomish PUD, mpaghara ọrụ ọha nke dị na Snohomish County, Washington Steeti, malitere ọrụ ike mmiri n'afọ 2007. N'onwa Eprel afọ 2009, PUD họọrọ OpenHydro, ụlọ ọrụ dị na Ireland, ka ha mepụta turbine na akụrụngwa maka nrụnye n'ikpeazụ. Ọrụ ahụ dịka e mere na mbụ bụ itinye akụrụngwa mmepụta n'ebe mmiri na-asọpụta nke ọma ma jiri akụrụngwa ahụ rụọ ọrụ ruo afọ anọ ruo ise. Mgbe oge nnwale ahụ gasịrị, a ga-ewepụ akụrụngwa ahụ. E bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ọrụ ahụ na ngụkọta ego nke $10.&nbsp;nde, ya na ọkara nke ego ahụ nke PUD nyere site na ego nchekwa ihe onwunwe, na ọkara site na onyinye, ọkachasị site na gọọmentị etiti US. PUD kwụrụ ụgwọ maka akụkụ nke ọrụ a site na nchekwa ma nata onyinye $900,000 n'afọ 2009 na $3.5&nbsp;nde ego enyemaka n'afọ 2010 tinyere iji ihe nchekwa ego kwụọ atụmatụ $4&nbsp;nde ego. N'afọ 2010, atụmatụ mmefu ego ahụ mụbara ruo $20&nbsp;nde, ọkara nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-akwụ, ọkara nke gọọmentị etiti ga-akwụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enweghị ike ịchịkwa mmefu na ọrụ a, ma ka ọ na-erule onwa Ọktoba afọ 2014, ọnụ ahịa ya amụbaala ruo ihe dị ka $38.&nbsp;nde ma a tụrụ anya na ha ga-anọgide na-amụba. PUD tụrụ aro ka gọọmentị etiti nye $10 ọzọ&nbsp;nde ego maka mmụba ọnụ ahịa a, na-ekwu maka nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi . Mgbe gọọmentị etiti jụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ a, PUD kagburu ọrụ ahụ mgbe o mefuru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde dọla iri site na ihe nchekwa na enyemaka. PUD hapụrụ nyocha ike niile nke mmiri mgbe a kagburu ọrụ a, ọ nweghịkwa ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla nke ike isi mmiri. == Ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri Rance dị na France == N'afọ 1966, ndị Électricité de France meghere Ọdụ Ike Rance Tidal, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Rance na Brittany . Ọ bụ ọdụ ike mbụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wyre Tidal Energy|url=http://www.wyretidalenergy.com/tidal-barrage/la-rance-barrage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204062904/http://www.wyretidalenergy.com/tidal-barrage/la-rance-barrage|archivedate=4 February 2015}}</ref> n'ụwa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ọdụ ike kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa ruo afọ 45 site na ikike etinyere: Turbine ya 24 ruru mmepụta kachasị elu na megawatts 240 (MW) na nkezi 57&nbsp;MW, ihe ikike nke bụ ihe dị ka pasentị 24. == Mmepe ike ike mmiri na UK == E guzobere ebe nnwale ike mmiri mbụ n'ụwa n'afọ 2003 iji malite mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ ike ebili mmiri na mmiri na UK. Ebe European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) dị na Orkney, Scotland, akwadola itinye ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ ike ebili mmiri na mmiri karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa. EMEC na-enye ọtụtụ ebe nnwale n'ọnọdụ oké osimiri n'ezie. Ebe nnwale ebili mmiri jikọtara ya na grid dị na Fall of Warness, n'akụkụ agwaetiti Eday, n'ọwa dị warara nke na-eme ka ebili mmiri ahụ na-aga n'etiti Oké Osimiri Atlantic na Oké Osimiri Ugwu. Mpaghara ya nwere oke mmiri siri ike, nke nwere ike ịga ruo 4 m/s (8.9 mph; 7.8 kn; 14 km/h) n'oge mmiri ozuzo.Ndị na-emepụta ike Tidal ndị nwalere na saịtị ahụ gụnyere: Alstom (nke bụbu Tidal Generation Ltd); ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest; Atlantis Resources Corporation; Nautricity; OpenHydro; Scotrenewables Tidal Power; Voith. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emec.org.uk/|title=EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre|work=emec.org.uk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127094922/http://www.emec.org.uk/|archivedate=2007-01-27}}</ref> Akụrụngwa ahụ nwere ike ịbụ 4&nbsp;TJ kwa afọ. N'ebe ọzọ na UK, enwere ike iwepụta ike TWh 50 kwa afọ ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ikike GW 25 na agụba ndị a na-atụgharị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tu.no/artikler/norske-oppfinneres-turbinteknologi-kan-bli-brukt-i-britisk-tidevannseventyr/367589|title=Norske oppfinneres turbinteknologi kan bli brukt i britisk tidevannseventyr|work=[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]|date=14 January 2017|accessdate=15 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115165731/http://www.tu.no/artikler/norske-oppfinneres-turbinteknologi-kan-bli-brukt-i-britisk-tidevannseventyr/367589|archivedate=15 January 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hendryreview.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/hendry-review-final-report-english-version.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2017-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118062135/https://hendryreview.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/hendry-review-final-report-english-version.pdf|archivedate=2017-01-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-12|title=Tidal Lagoon May Be Cheaper Than Hinkley, Government Report Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-12/swansea-tidal-lagoon-should-go-ahead-says-u-k-government-review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116181010/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-12/swansea-tidal-lagoon-should-go-ahead-says-u-k-government-review|archivedate=2017-01-16|accessdate=2017-01-15|work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> == Atụmatụ ike mmiri ugbu a na nke ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu == {{Commons category|Tidal power}} [[Faịlụ:VerdantPower_22Oct2020_RooseveltIsland.jpg|thumb|Ntinye nke injin atọ Verdant Power n'okpuru mmiri nke dị kilogram 35 n'elu otu ntọala triangle (a na-akpọ TriFrame) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Roosevelt Island nke New York City na Ọktoba 22, 2020. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Deign|first=Jason|title=New York City Is About to Get an Injection of Tidal Power. Is This Time Different?|url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/how-new-york-could-snag-a-piece-of-upcoming-tidal-action|accessdate=22 October 2020|publisher=Greentech Media|date=20 October 2020}}</ref>]] * The Rance tidal power plant built over a period of six&nbsp;years from 1960 to 1966 at La Rance, France. It has 240&nbsp;MW installed capacity. * 254&nbsp;MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is the largest tidal power installation in the world. Construction was completed in 2011.<ref name="korea">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsworld.co.kr/cont/article2009/0909-52.htm|title=Hunt for African Projects|publisher=Newsworld.co.kr|accessdate=2011-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719135526/http://www.newsworld.co.kr/cont/article2009/0909-52.htm|archivedate=2011-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://engsales.yonhapnews.co.kr/YNA/ContentsSales/EngSales/YISW_PopupPhotoPreview.aspx?CID=PYH20110411088100341|title=Tidal power plant nears completion|work=yonhapnews.co.kr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235816/http://engsales.yonhapnews.co.kr/YNA/ContentsSales/EngSales/YISW_PopupPhotoPreview.aspx?CID=PYH20110411088100341|archivedate=2012-04-25}}</ref> * The Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, south of Hangzhou in [[China]] has been operational since 1985, with current installed capacity of 3.2&nbsp;MW. More tidal power is planned near the mouth of the Yalu River.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2004/11/china-endorses-300-mw-ocean-energy-project-17685|title=China Endorses 300 MW Ocean Energy Project|date=2 November 2004|publisher=Renewableenergyworld.com|accessdate=2011-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715035036/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2004/11/china-endorses-300-mw-ocean-energy-project-17685|archivedate=2012-07-15}}</ref> * The first in-stream tidal current generator in North America (Race Rocks Tidal Power Demonstration Project) was installed at Race Rocks on southern Vancouver Island in September 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cleancurrent.com/technology/rrproject.htm|title=Race Rocks Demonstration Project|publisher=Cleancurrent.com|accessdate=2011-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705173021/http://www.cleancurrent.com/technology/rrproject.htm|archivedate=2008-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/energy/tidalenergy/tidalenergy2.htm|title=Tidal Energy, Ocean Energy|publisher=Racerocks.com|accessdate=2011-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612142255/http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/energy/tidalenergy/tidalenergy2.htm|archivedate=2011-06-12}}</ref> The Race Rocks project was shut down after operating for five years (2006–2011) because high operating costs produced electricity at a rate that was not economically feasible.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.racerocks.ca/tidal-energy-turbine-removal/|title=Tidal Energy Turbine Removal|date=2011-09-18|work=Race Rocks Ecological Reserve- Marine mammals, seabirds|accessdate=2018-09-09|language=en-CA}}</ref> The next phase in the development of this tidal current generator will be in Nova Scotia (Bay of Fundy).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cleancurrent.com/media/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603100529/http://www.cleancurrent.com/media/index.htm|archivedate=2007-06-03|title=Information for media inquiries|publisher=Cleancurrent.com|date=2009-11-13|accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref> * A small project was built by the Soviet Union at Kislaya Guba on the Barents Sea. It has 0.4&nbsp;MW installed capacity. In 2006 it was upgraded with a 1.2&nbsp;MW experimental advanced orthogonal turbine. * Jindo Uldolmok Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is a tidal stream generation scheme planned to be expanded progressively to 90&nbsp;MW of capacity by 2013. The first 1&nbsp;MW was installed in May 2009. * A 1.2&nbsp;MW SeaGen system became operational in late 2008 on Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7790494.stm|work=BBC News|title=Tidal energy system on full power|date=December 18, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref> It was decommissioned and removed in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-01-27|title=Strangford tidal energy turbine to be removed|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-35416282|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> * The contract for an 812&nbsp;MW tidal barrage near Ganghwa Island (South Korea) north-west of Incheon has been signed by Daewoo. Completion was planned for 2015<ref name="korea" /> but project was retracted in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-06-29|title=Tidal Power in South Korea|url=https://saveinternational.org/saveinaction/tidal-power-in-south-korea/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=SAVE International|language=en}}</ref> * A 1,320&nbsp;MW barrage was proposed by the South Korean government in 2009, to be built around islands west of Incheon. The project halted since 2012 due to environmental concerns. * The Scottish Government has approved plans for a 10&nbsp;MW <nowiki>''Òran na Mara''</nowiki> array of tidal stream generators near Islay, Scotland, costing 40&nbsp;million pounds, and consisting of 10 turbines&nbsp;– enough to power over 5,000 homes. The first turbine was expected to be in operation by 2013<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12767211|title=Islay to get major tidal power scheme|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2011-03-19|date=March 17, 2011}}</ref> and then once again announced in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title=Islay project to produce Scotch whisky by tidal power|url=https://www.scottishconstructionnow.com/articles/islay-project-to-produce-scotch-whisky-by-tidal-power|accessdate=2023-12-18|work=Scottish Construction Now|language=en}}</ref> but as of 2023 none existed. * The Indian state of Gujarat was planning to host South Asia's first commercial-scale tidal power station. The company Atlantis Resources planned to install a 50&nbsp;MW tidal farm in the Gulf of Kutch on India's west coast, with construction planned to start 2012,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12215065|work=BBC News|title=India plans Asian tidal power first|date=January 18, 2011}}</ref> later withdrawn due to high costs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-20|title=India's tidal power potential hampered by high costs and environmental risks|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2021/08/indias-tidal-power-potential-hampered-by-high-costs-and-environmental-risks/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=Mongabay-India|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ocean Renewable Power Corporation was the first company to deliver tidal power to the US grid in September 2012 when its pilot TidGen system was successfully deployed in Cobscook Bay, near Eastport. * In New York City, Verdant Power successfully deployed and operated three tidal turbines in the East River near Roosevelt Island, on a single triangular base system, called a TriFrame. The Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project generated over 300MWh of electricity to the local grid, an American marine energy record. The system's performance was independently confirmed by Scotland's European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) under the new International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) international standards. This is the first instance of a third-party verification of a tidal energy converter to an international standard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turbines Off NYC East River Will Create Enough Energy to Power 9,500 Homes|url=http://energy.gov/articles/turbines-nyc-east-river-will-create-enough-energy-power-9500-homes|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy|accessdate=13 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211073710/http://energy.gov/articles/turbines-nyc-east-river-will-create-enough-energy-power-9500-homes|archivedate=11 February 2012}}</ref> * The largest tidal energy project entitled MeyGen (398&nbsp;MW) is currently in construction in the Pentland Firth in northern Scotland with 6 MW operational since 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d197308a-7826-11e6-97ae-647294649b28|title=Scotland unveils world's largest tidal stream power project|work=Financial Times|date=12 September 2016|accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MeyGen|url=http://saerenewables.com/tidal-stream/meygen/|accessdate=2023-12-18|work=SAE Renewables|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Construction of a 320&nbsp;MW tidal lagoon power plant outside the city of Swansea in the UK was granted planning permission in June 2015, however it was later rejected by the UK government in 2018. If built it would have been the world's first tidal power plant based on a constructed lagoon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-44589083|title=£1.3bn Swansea Bay tidal lagoon project thrown out|date=25 June 2018|work=BBC News website|accessdate=27 May 2022}}</ref> * Mersey Tidal Power, a proposed tidal range barrage within the channel of the Mersey Estuary with a capacity of up to 1&nbsp;GW is undergoing local consultation by the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-25|title=Mersey Tidal - Liverpool City Region Combined Authority - Citizen Space|url=https://lcrlistens.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/merseytidal/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925102134/https://lcrlistens.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/merseytidal/|archivedate=2024-09-25|accessdate=2024-09-25|work=Liverpool City Region Combined Authority}}</ref> * Up to 240&nbsp;MW of tidal stream generation is proposed at Morlais, Anglesey from multiple developers, with the first turbines expected to be installed in 2026. {{As of|2024|}}, a total of 38&nbsp;MW of capacity has been awarded Contracts for Difference to supply power to the GB grid.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maksumic|first=Zerina|date=2024-09-05|title=Industry welcomes boost to tidal stream projects following latest UK renewables auction results|url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/industry-welcomes-boost-to-tidal-stream-projects-following-latest-uk-renewables-auction-results/|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=Offshore Energy|language=en-US}}</ref> * The West Somerset Lagoon is a proposed tidal lagoon on the south side of the Bristol Channel between England and Wales. The intended power generation is 6.5 TWh/year. == Nsogbu na ihe ịma aka == === Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi === Ike eletriki nwere ike imetụta ndụ mmiri. Agụba ndị na-agbagharị agbagharị nke turbines nwere ike igbu ndụ mmiri n'amaghị ama. Ọrụ dịka nke dị na Strangford gụnyere usoro nchekwa nke na-agbanyụ turbine mgbe anụmanụ mmiri na-abịaru nso. Agbanyeghị,ihe a na-akpata nnukwu mfu ike n'ihi oke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri nke na-agafe na turbines. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tidal Energy Technology Brief|url=http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Tidal_Energy_V4_WEB.pdf|publisher=International Renewable Energy Agency|accessdate=16 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122225322/http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/tidal_energy_v4_web.pdf|archivedate=22 November 2015}}</ref> Ụfọdụ azụ nwere ike izere mpaghara ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ihe na-agbagharị mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na-eme mkpọtụ na-eyi ya egwu. Ndụ mmiri bụ nnukwu ihe dị mkpa mgbe a na-etinye igwe na-emepụta ike eletrik, a na-emekwa nlezianya iji hụ na ọ bụ anụmanụ mmiri ole na ole ka o kwere mee ka ọ metụta. Banyere ike okpomọkụ ụwa (ya bụ, akara ụkwụ carbon), mmetụta nke teknụzụ mmepụta ike mmiri dị n'etiti 15 na 37&nbsp;_gCO2 -eq/kWhe, nke nwere uru etiti nke 23.8&nbsp;_gCO2 -eq/kWhe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaddoura|first=Mohamad|title=life cycle assessment of electricity generation from an array of subsea tidal kite prototypes|journal=Energies|date=2020|volume=13|issue=2|pages=456|doi=10.3390/en13020456}}</ref> Nke a kwekọrọ na mmetụta nke ihe ndị ọzọ a na-emegharị emegharị dị ka ifufe na ike anyanwụ, ma dịkwa mma karịa teknụzụ ndị e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee. Nchekwa data Tethys na-enye ohere ịnweta akwụkwọ sayensị na ozi izugbe gbasara mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ike mmiri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tethys|url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov|work=Tethys|publisher=PNNL}}</ref> ==== Ebili mmiri Turbine ==== Isi ihe na-echegbu gburugburu ebe obibi maka ike eletriki bụ na ọ na-ejikọta ya na mma agha agụba na njiko nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri ebe mmiri dị elu na-eme ka ohere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị nso ma ọ bụ site na ngwaọrụ ndị a. Dịka ọ dị na ike mmeghari ohuru niile dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, enwerekwa nchegbu gbasara otu esi emepụta ubi elektrọnik na mmepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị ndụ nwee ike imetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri. N'ihi na ngwaọrụ ndị a dị n'ime mmiri, mmepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị mma nwere ike ịdị ukwuu karịa nke e ji ike ifufe dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri mepụta. Dabere na ugboro ole na oke [[ụda]] nke ngwaọrụ ike mmiri na-emepụta, mmepụta ihe a nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị iche iche na anụmanụ mmiri (karịsịa ndị na -eme ka mmiri dị jụụ iji kwurịta okwu ma na-agagharị na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, dị ka dolphins na whale ). Iwepụ ike mmiri nwekwara ike ibute nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka imebi [[ịdị mma mmiri]] dị n'ebe dị anya na imebi usoro ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=X.|date=2019-11-25|title=Three-dimensional modelling of suspended sediment transport in the far wake of tidal stream turbines|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=151|pages=956–965|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.096|url=https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/3474423/renene-2019-11-096.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Martin-Short|first=R.|date=2015-04-01|title=Tidal resource extraction in the Pentland Firth, UK: Potential impacts on flow regime and sediment transport in the Inner Sound of Stroma|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=76|pages=596–607|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.079}}</ref> Gbasara na nha ọrụ ahụ, mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ịdị site na obere ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'akụkụ ngwaọrụ mmiri ruo na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ukwuu. <ref name="tethys.pnnl.gov">{{Cite web|title=Tethys|url=http://tethys.pnnl.gov/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525011534/http://tethys.pnnl.gov/|archivedate=2014-05-25}}</ref> ==== Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo ==== Ịwụnye ihe mgbidi mmiri nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ mmiri dị n'ime ọnụ mmiri ma ọ bụ nke osimiri, na-emetụta nnukwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke dabere na oke mmiri . Na-egbochi mmiri ịbanye yana ịpụ na mmiri, enwere ike inwe obere mmiri ozuzo nke mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri, na-akpata mmụba ọzọ (ihe siri ike a kwụsịrị) na obere mmiri nnu, nke nwere ike ibute ọnwụ nke azụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka isi iyi nri dị mkpa nye nnụnụ na anụmanụ. Azụ ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ nwekwara ike ghara inwe ike ịnweta iyi ọmụmụ, ma nwee ike ịnwa ịgafe turbines. Otu nchegbu a na-enwe maka ụda olu na-emetụta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo. Mbelata ohere mbupu nwere ike ịghọ nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, mana enwere ike itinye mkpọchi iji kwe ka ọ gafere nwayọ. Agbanyeghị, mgbochi mmiri ahụ nwere ike ime ka akụ na ụba mpaghara ka mma site n'ịbawanye ohere ịnweta ala dị ka àkwà mmiri. Mmiri dị jụụ nwekwara ike inye ohere ka mma ntụrụndụ n'ọnụ mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri. <ref name="tethys.pnnl.gov"/> Na Ọgọst afọ 2004, otu [[Megaptera novaeangliae|azụ̀ humpback]] gwuuru mmiri site n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Annapolis Royal Generating Station n'oge mmiri ozuzo, wee daa n'ime ụlọ ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị tupu o mechaa chọta ụzọ o ga-esi gaa n'Anapolis Basin . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/whale-still-drawing-crowds-at-ns-river/article1140088/|title=Whale still drawing crowds at N.S. river|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> ==== Ọdọ mmiri ==== Ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe na-echegbukarị bụ ịkụ azụ̀ n'ime mmiri nke na-achọ ịbanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, mmepụta ụda olu sitere na turbines, na mgbanwe na usoro sedimentation. Agbanyeghị, mmetụta ndị a niile dị n'ógbè ha, ha anaghị emetụta oke osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ dum. <ref name="tethys.pnnl.gov"/> === Nrụgide === Mmiri nnu na-akpata ire ere n'akụkụ ígwè. Ọ nwere ike isiri ike ịnọgide na-enwe ihe ndị na-emepụta mmiri iyi n'ihi nha na omimi ha n'ime mmiri. Ojiji nke ihe ndị na-eguzogide nchara dịka ígwè anaghị agba nchara, alloy nickel dị elu, alloy copper-nickel, alloy nickel-copper na titanium nwere ike ibelata nke ukwuu, ma ọ bụ wepụ mmebi nchara. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị mejupụtara ya, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara ya anaghị emebi emebi ma nwee ike inye ihe owuwu dị mfe, ma sie ike maka ike mmiri. A na-enyocha ihe ndị mejupụtara ya maka ike mmiri. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lusty|first=Ariel F|date=2024|title=Submerged Fatigue Testing of Marine Energy Advanced Materials|url=https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.34441.25445|language=en|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.34441.25445}}</ref> Mmiri igwe, dị ka mmanụ, nwere ike ịgbapụta, nke nwere ike imebi ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri dị n'akukuya. Nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike ibelata ọnụọgụ kemịkalụ ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke nwere ike ịbanye n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. === Mmebi iwu === Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eme mgbe a na-etinye ihe owuwu ọ bụla n'ebe mmiri na-asọ asọ na oke mmiri na-emepụta ihe dị ndụ n'oké osimiri ga-eme ka ihe owuwu ahụ bụrụ ihe ndabere zuru oke maka ito eto nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri. === Ọnụ ego === Ike Tidal nwere nnukwu ọnụ ahịa dị elu mbụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime ihe kpatara na ọ bụghị isi iyi [[ike mmeghari ohuru]] a ma ama, ọ bụ ezie na nyocha egosila na ọha na eze dị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ ma kwadokwa nyocha na mmepe nke ngwaọrụ ike tidal. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Polis|first=Hilary Jacqueline|date=2017-06-01|title=Public Willingness to Pay and Policy Preferences for Tidal Energy Research and Development: A Study of Households in Washington State|journal=Ecological Economics|language=en|volume=136|pages=213–225|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.024|issn=0921-8009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dreyer|first=Stacia J.|date=July 2017|title=Changing Tides: Acceptability, support, and perceptions of tidal energy in the United States|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=en|volume=29|pages=72–83|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2017.04.013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jenkins|first=Lekelia Danielle|date=2018-12-01|title=Human dimensions of tidal energy: A review of theories and frameworks|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|language=en|volume=97|pages=323–337|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.036|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ụzọ esi emepụta ọkụ eletrik site na ike tidal bụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ. Agbanyeghị, ike tidal ka dị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na usoro nyocha ahụ, o nwekwara ike ikwe omume ibelata ọnụ ahịa n'ọdịnihu. Ọnụ ego ya na-adịgasị iche dabere na ebe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agba mmiri si. Otu ihe na-egosi na ọnụ ahịa ya dị mma bụ oke Gibrat, nke bụ ogologo nke barrage na mita kewara site na mmepụta ike kwa afọ na awa kilowatt . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/ocean-energy/tidal-energy/|title=Tidal Energy – Ocean Energy Council|work=Ocean Energy Council|accessdate=2018-05-04|language=en-US}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ike mmiri dị mma a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, Enwere ike ịkọ ogologo oge ọ ga-ewe iji kwụọ ụgwọ dị elu nke ndị na-emepụta ihe. N'ihi ihe ịga nke ọma nke imewe dị mfe nke ukwuu, turbine orthogonal na-enye nnukwu nchekwa ego. N'ihi ya, oge mmepụta nke nkeji mmepụta ọ bụla na-ebelata, ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri ígwè dị ala, arụmọrụ teknụzụ kakwa mma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ru.is/media/reyst/Niels-Sveinsson.pdf|title=Profitability Assessment for a Tidal Power Plant at the Mouth of Hvammsfjörður, Iceland|author=Sveinsson|first=Níels}}</ref> Ihe nwere ike ime bụ mmụba nke oke osimiri n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe àgwà nke ebili mmiri mpaghara ahụ ma belata mmepụta ike n'ọdịnihu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Doug|title=As Sea Levels Rise, Tidal Power Becomes a Moving Target|url=https://undark.org/2023/04/18/as-sea-levels-rise-tidal-power-becomes-a-moving-target/|accessdate=9 May 2023|work=[[Undark Magazine]]|date=18 April 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khojasteh|first=Danial|title=Sea level rise changes estuarine tidal stream energy|journal=Energy|date=15 January 2022|volume=239|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2021.122428|language=en|issn=0360-5442}}</ref> == Nhazi nlekota ahụike == Ihe ndị kpatara ibu dị elu sitere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmiri dị ihe dị ka okpukpu 800 karịa ikuku, na ọdịdị a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi nke ebili mmiri ma e jiri ya tụnyere ifufe, na-eme ka ike ebili mmiri na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa maka mmepụta ike eletrik. Nlekota ọnọdụ bụ isi ihe dị mkpa iji ya mee ihe nke ọma na ọnụ ahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Structural Health Monitoring in Composite Tidal energy converters|url=http://www.ndtwiki.com/index.php/SHM_of_Composite_in_tidal_energy_converters|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325161507/http://www.ndtwiki.com/index.php/SHM_of_Composite_in_tidal_energy_converters|archivedate=2014-03-25}}</ref> == Leekwa ==   * Mmiri eletriki * Ike mmiri * Ndepụta nke ọdụ ike mmiri * Mmiri eletriki na-agba ọsọ na osimiri * Nlekota ahụike ụlọ * Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo * Ugbo mmiri ozuzo * Ike mmiri na Kanada * Ike mmiri na Niu Ziland * Ike ebili mmiri na Scotland * Ihe na-emepụta iyi mmiri * Ike mmiri * Ike mmiri ugbu a * Ike ebili mmiri * Mgbanwe ike okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri * Ike Osmotic * Oriri ike ụwa == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Ịgụkwu ihe == * Baker, AC 1991, ''Tidal power'', Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London. * Baker, GC, Wilson EM, Miller, H., Gibson, RA & Ball, M., 1980. "Ọrụ nnwale ike mmiri Annapolis", na ''Waterpower '79 Proceedings'', ed. Anon, Ụlọ Ọrụ Mbipụta Gọọmentị US, Washington, pp 550–559. * Hammons, TJ 1993, "Ike Mmiri", ''Akwụkwọ nke IEEE'', [N'ịntanetị], v81, n3, pp 419–433. Dị na: IEEE/IEEE Xplore. [Julaị 26, 2004]. * Lecomber, R. 1979, "Nyocha nke ọrụ ike mmiri", na ''Tidal Power and Estuary Management'', edits. Severn, RT, Dineley, DL & Hawker, LE, Henry Ling Ltd., Dorchester, pp 31–39. * Jubilo, A., 2019, "Ike Mmiri Na-eme Ka E Nwee Ike Imeghari: Ntọala maka Mmepe Teknụzụ na Mindanao nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ", Mgbakọ Mba nke 80 nke PIchE; Crowne Plaza Galleria, Ortigas Center, Quezon City, Philippines. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-67170625 Mbuli elu nke UK ò nwere ike inye aka mee ka anyị ghara inweta mmanụ ọkụ?] . Akụkọ BBC. Ebipụtara na 22 Ọktoba 2023. * [http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/book/tex/Lagoons.pdf Ịkwalite Ọkụ Eletriki site na Nchekwa A Na-agbapụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tidal] . David JC MacKay, Ụlọ Nyocha Cavendish, Mahadum Cambridge, UK. Ebipụtara ya na Mee 3, 2007. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250905030558/https://www.sd-commission.org.uk/data/files/publications/Tidal_Power_in_the_UK_Oct07.pdf Mgbasa nke Mmiri: Ike Mmiri na UK] - Akụkọ sitere na Sustainable Development Commission. Ebipụtara na Ọktoba 2007. * [https://www.worldenergy.org/publications/entry/2007-global-energy-survey 2007] – Akụkọ sitere na Global Energy Survey. Ebipụtara na 2007. {{Commons category|Tidal power}}  * [https://web.archive.org/web/20251119180713/https://openei.org/wiki/PRIMRE Ọnụ ụzọ na Ebe Nchekwa Maka Ozi gbasara Ike Mmeghari Mmiri] Netwọk nke nchekwa data na-enye ohere sara mbara maka ozi ike mmiri. * [https://openei.org/wiki/PRIMRE/Basics/Current_Energy Isi ihe gbasara ike mmiri: Ike ugbu a] Ozi gbasara ike dị ugbu a. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250829002633/https://openei.org/wiki/PRIMRE/Databases/Projects_Database Nchekwa data Ọrụ Ike Mmiri] Nchekwa data nke na-enye ozi kachasị ọhụrụ gbasara ntinye ike mmiri na US na gburugburu ụwa. * [https://tethys.pnnl.gov Nchekwa data Tethys] Ebe nchekwa data nke ozi gbasara mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ike mmiri na mmepe ike ifufe nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. * Nchekwa [https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov data Tethys Engineering Database] nke ozi gbasara nhazi teknụzụ na injinia nke ngwaọrụ ike mmiri. * [https://mhkdr.openei.org/ Ebe Nchekwa Data Mmiri na Mmiri Hydrokinetic] Data nchekwa data maka data niile nke nyocha na mmepe ike mmiri nke Ngalaba Ike nke US kwadoro. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723014221/http://www.severnestuary.net/sep/resource.html Mmekọrịta Severn Estuary: Peeji Akụrụngwa Ike Tidal] * [http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/05-06/marine_renewables/home/1st_page.htm Mahadum Strathclyde ESRU] —Nyocha zuru ezu nke akụrụngwa ike mmiri, nyocha teknụzụ njide ike ugbu a na nkọwa mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi * [http://www.coastalresearch.co.uk/index.html Nnyocha Osimiri - Foreland Point Tidal Turbine na ịdọ aka ná ntị gbasara Severn Barrage a tụrụ aro] * [http://www.emec.org.uk/marine-energy/tidal-developers/ Ebe Ọrụ Ike Mmiri nke Europe] – Ndepụta nke Ndị Mmepe Ike Tidal - ewepụtara na 1 Julaị 2011 (njikọ emelitere na 31 Jenụwarị 2014) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114065259/http://www.environmentportal.in/category/thesaurus/tidal-energy Akụrụngwa na Ike Mmiri] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325161507/http://www.ndtwiki.com/index.php/SHM_of_Composite_in_tidal_energy_converters Nlekọta Ahụike Nhazi nke ihe ndị na-agbanwe ike mmiri dị iche iche] Archived * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOP68e9pGwc Ike Mmiri: Isi Iyi Ọhụrụ nke Ike (1959)] * [https://arena.gov.au/projects/?project-value-start=0&project-value-end=200000000&technology=ocean Ọrụ mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ ike ọhụrụ nke Australia kwadoro] 6o39hzb96hgbnxioo99pizd9p32kjke 0 76894 737078 721318 2026-10-11T21:47:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Mugisha''' (born 17 June 1979)<ref>{{Cite web|title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist|url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha|accessdate=14 April 2023|work=Erie Gay News|date=October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418132524/https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha|archive-date=18 April 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kjemper for homser med livet som innsats - fikk Rafto-prisen i kveld|url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/fikk-rafto-prisen-sondag-kveld-1.7865149|accessdate=14 April 2023|work=[[NRK]]|date=6 November 2011|language=no}}</ref> bụ onye na-akwado LGBT na onye isi nchịkwa nke ndị na-eto eto na Uganda (SMUG), onye meriri ihe nrite Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award na Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize 2011 maka ngagharị iwe ya. Mugisha bụ otu n'ime ndị kacha akwado ikike LGBT na Uganda. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Mugisha na mpaghara Kampala, [[Uganda]]. A zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ Katọlik siri ike, ọ gakwuuru nwanne ya nwoke mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mugisha|first=Frank|title=Gay and Vilified in Uganda|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/opinion/gay-and-vilified-in-uganda.html?_r=2|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The New York Times|date=22 December 2011}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọpụpụ ya mere ka ọ kewapụ onwe ya na ụfọdụ ndị ezinụlọ, ndị enyi na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ anọgidewo na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=O'Bryan|first=Will|title=In Harm's Way: In the Face of Fierce Homophobia, Frank Mugisha Is the Face of Gay Uganda|url=http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=6796|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=MetroWeekly|date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Mgbe ọ ka nọ na mahadum n'afọ 2004, o guzobere Icebreakers Uganda, otu e guzobere dị ka netwọk nkwado maka ndị LGBT Uganda na-apụ ma ọ bụ na-apụta na ezinụlọ na ndị enyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rfkcenter.org/ugandan-lgbti-rights-activist-frank-mugisha-to-receive-2011-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights-award|title=Ugandan LGBTI rights activist Frank Mugisha to receive 2011 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]]|year=2011|accessdate=13 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605071516/http://rfkcenter.org/ugandan-lgbti-rights-activist-frank-mugisha-to-receive-2011-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights-award|archivedate=2013-06-05}}</ref> Mugisha bụzi onye isi nchịkwa nke SMUG, otu nzukọ nke nwere otu iri na asatọ, gụnyere Icebreakers Uganda . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sexualminoritiesuganda.com/|title=Sexual Minorities Uganda - SMUG|work=www.sexualminoritiesuganda.com|accessdate=2015-01-13|archivedate=2024-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717080739/https://sexualminoritiesuganda.com/}}</ref> Odeakwụkwọ Ukwu nke UN enyela Mugisha nsọpụrụ. E depụtara ya na magazin Advocate, The Independent, nke Black Entertainment Television kwadoro - #POWER10 kpọrọ BET na Mugisha aha: n'etiti ndị isi ojii LGBTQ kacha nwee mmetụta na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scamtoradar.com/2014/12/10-most-influential-black-lgbtq-in-2014.html|title=Scamto Radar: #POWER10: Most Influential Black LGBTQ in 2014|accessdate=2015-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106212915/http://www.scamtoradar.com/2014/12/10-most-influential-black-lgbtq-in-2014.html|archivedate=2015-01-06}}</ref> Mugisha bụ ezigbo enyi ya na onye nkwado ibe ya na onye guzobere SMUG David Kato, onye e gburu na Jenụwarị 2011 mgbe o mechara gbaa akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akpọ Rolling Stone maka ibipụta aha 100 LGBT Ugandan na agbamume ka ha "kwụnye ha".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Court Affirms Rights of Ugandan Gays|url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/2011/01/04/court-affirms-rights-of-ugandan-gays/|accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=Human Rights First|date=4 January 2011}}</ref> Mugisha bụ otu n'ime ndị gbara akwụkwọ site na SMUG nke Center for Constitutional Rights na-anọchite anya ya site na iji Alien Tort Statute gbaa onye na-ezisa ozi ọma America Scott Lively akwụkwọ maka mpụ megide mmadụ maka ọrụ ya na Iwu Iwu Ịgbochi Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị nke Uganda, ọrụ a kọwara dị ka ịkpali mkpagbu nke ndị ikom na ndị inyom na-eme ihe ike <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/15/us/ugandan-gay-rights-group-sues-scott-lively-an-american-evangelist.html|title=Ugandan Gay Rights Group Sues U.S. Evangelist|first=Laurie|author=Goodstein|date=March 14, 2012|accessdate=March 21, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> na-anwa imerụ ndị ọzọ ihe ha bụ nkọwa nke mkpagbu.<ref name="Guardian" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Halper|first=Katie|title=Ugandan LGBTQ org sues U.S. evangelist for inciting persecution|url=http://feministing.com/2012/03/15/ugandan-lgbtq-org-sues-u-s-evangelist-for-inciting-persecution/|work=Feministing|date=March 15, 2012|accessdate=March 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Debra Cassens|title=Suit Alleges Evangelist Violated International Law by Waging an Anti-Gay Campaign in Uganda|url=http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/suit_alleges_evangelist_violated_international_law_by_waging_an_anti-gay_ca/|work=[[ABA Journal]]|date=March 15, 2012|accessdate=March 21, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2013, onye ọka ikpe nke ụlọ ikpe Federal U.S. District Court Michael A. Ponsor kpebiri na ndị gbara akwụkwọ nọ n'okpuru iwu mba ụwa na nke gọọmentị etiti n'ịjụ ihe ịma aka ikike na ikpe ahụ; o kpebikwara na mgbochi nke Ndezigharị Mbụ maka omume Lively bụ oge. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barry|first=Stephanie|title=Crimes against humanity lawsuit against anti-gay evangelist Pastor Scott Lively, of Springfield, advances in federal court|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/crimes_against_humanity_lawsui.html|work=[[The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)|The Republican]]|date=August 19, 2013|accessdate=March 21, 2014}}</ref> N'ide akwụkwọ na ''The Guardian'' na 2014, Mugisha kwuru na homophobia na ịkpọasị dị n'azụ Anti-Homosexuality Bill sitere na mmetụta ọdịda anyanwụ: "Abụ m nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya. Abụ m onye Uganda. Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na-abụghị onye Afrịka banyere m. Uganda bụ ebe amụrụ m, toro ma kpọọ ụlọ m. Ọ bụkwa mba ebe m ghọrọ obere ihe karịa onye omekome a na-amaghị ama n'ihi na m hụrụ n'anya. Achọrọ m ka ndị Uganda ibe m ghọta na nwoke ibe m abụghị ihe dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụwa mepere emepe.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|first=Frank|author=Mugisha|publisher=theguardian.com|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=March 21, 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/20/gay-ugandan-law-tyrannise-life-anti-homosexuality-act|title=I am a gay Ugandan about to go home. This law will tyrannise my life.}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMugisha2014">Mugisha, Frank (March 21, 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/20/gay-ugandan-law-tyrannise-life-anti-homosexuality-act "I am a gay Ugandan about to go home. This law will tyrannise my life"]. ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''. theguardian.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Nkwado == E nyere Mugisha 2011 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award na 2011 Rafto Prize <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rafto.no/page/820/The_Rafto_Prize|title=The Rafto Prize - Raftostiftelsen|accessdate=2014-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008233851/http://rafto.no/page/820/The_Rafto_Prize|archivedate=2014-10-08}}</ref> maka ọrụ ya ịchụso ikike LGBT na Uganda.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The 2011 Rafto Prize to Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG) and their leader Frank Mugisha|url=http://www.rafto.no/?page=55&news=233|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=Rafto Foundation for Human Rights}}</ref> Ọ nwetakwara nzere doctorate nke Mahadum Ghent . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugent.be/nl/actueel/nieuws/persberichten/eredoctor-intitutioneel-2013-mugisha.htm|title=Oegandees mensenrechtenactivist Mugisha ontvangt institutioneel eredoctoraat van de UGent — Universiteit Gent|accessdate=2013-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806081918/http://www.ugent.be/nl/actueel/nieuws/persberichten/eredoctor-intitutioneel-2013-mugisha.htm|archivedate=2013-08-06}}</ref> Mugisha bụ onye a họpụtara n'afọ 2014 maka onyinye Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugent.be/nl/univgent/collecties/archief/geschiedenis/overzichten/eredoctoren.htm|title=Overzicht eredoctoraten — Universiteit Gent|work=www.ugent.be|accessdate=2014-08-01|archivedate=2017-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516141357/https://www.ugent.be/nl/univgent/collecties/archief/geschiedenis/overzichten/eredoctoren.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, a gụnyere Mugisha na ndepụta Fortune Magazine nke ndị isi kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/frank-mugisha-44/|title=Frank Mugisha|date=2017-03-23|work=Fortune|accessdate=2017-03-24|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325023940/http://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/frank-mugisha-44/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Stella Nyanzi]] * [[Pepe Julian Onziema]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240717080739/https://sexualminoritiesuganda.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ SMUG] E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mugisha, Frank}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6zu3thwiakvxvftau5t5pg3r3geuaeh 0 79114 737074 736817 2026-10-11T20:18:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737074 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Farah Abdullahi Abdi''' (amụrụ na 21 Julaị 1995 na Beledweyne) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. Ọ bụ onye gbara ọsọ ndụ si Somalia <ref name="world forum democracy 2016"/> na onye isi iwu maka ebe mgbaba ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ yana nkwagharị n'ụlọ ọrụ Transgender Europe. <ref name="europride program"/> == Mmalite Ndụ Ya na ịgbaga Malta == Farah na ndị mụrụ ya na nwanne ya nwoke gbapụrụ n'agha dị na Somalia mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ.<ref name="maltatoday"/> Ezinụlọ ya bu ụzọ nọrọ n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ma mechaa ha akwaga n'isi obodo.<ref name="ratsch-menke">{{Cite web|author=Ratsch-Menke|first=Britta|title=Laudatio für Farah Abdullahi Abdi|url=https://dieschwelle.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Bilder_Dokumente/Friedenspreis/Laudatio/2015_Farah_Abdi_Laudatio.pdf|work=dieschwelle.de|publisher=dieschwelle|accessdate=23 September 2023}}</ref> Ọ tolitere na Nairobi, Kenya. Nna ya bụ onye na-ekpe Alakụba. Ezinụlọ ahụ nọ na-ekpe ekpere ma na-agụ Koran mgbe niile. Farah kọwara ndị mụrụ ya dị ka ndị na-agbaso omenala na ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ọ tolitere n'ogo akụnaụba etiti. Ọ kọwara nne ya na nne nne ya, ndị ya na ezinụlọ ahụ bi na Nairobi, dị ka ndị na-akwalite mmetụta siri ike nke uru onwe onye n'ime ya site na nwata. Nne na nna ya nyere ya na nwanne ya nwoke ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ. Farah tolitere na-asụ asụsụ atọ, na-asụ Bekee na [[Swahili language|Swahili]], na-asụkwa [[Asusu Somali|Somalia]] na ezinụlọ ya n'ụlọ. Ọ zochiri mmasị ya na egwu, ọdịbendị America, ejiji na ime ihe nkiri pụọ n'aka ezinụlọ ya ma mesịa zoo mmekọahụ ya na nkwenye njirimara nwoke na nwanyị ya.<ref name="ratsch-menke" /> N'ihi na a nabataghị ya maka ịbụ nwoke na-edina nwoke nakwa nwoke na-edina nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwoke na-agbanwe ghọọ nwanyị, ọ gbapụrụ ọzọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii site na Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan na Libya gaa Malta. N'oge ịgba ọsọ ahụ, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ugboro ise, mekpọọ ya ọnụ ma metọọ ya ma manye ya ịrụ ọrụ n'akwụghị ụgwọ na ebe a na-ewu ihe na Libya. Ọnụ ego nke ịgbapụ site na Kenya gaa Malta bụ puku dọla iri na abụọ ka o furu ezinụlọ ya.<ref name="weser kurier"/> Abdi rutere Malta n'afọ 2012. Ọ gbapụrụ na Somalia site na Libya wee jiri ụgbọ mmiri bịa Malta.<ref name="world forum democracy 2016">{{Cite web|title=Farah ABDI|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/2016-speakers/-/asset_publisher/JTQ3V5aITSo7/content/abdi-farah|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=Council of Europe|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/2016-speakers/-/asset_publisher/JTQ3V5aITSo7/content/abdi-farah "Farah ABDI"]. ''Council of Europe''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Onye dị afọ iri na isii, e jidere Abdi nwa oge mgbe ọ rutere Malta n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-15|title=Journey of a Somali youngster|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/journey-of-a-somali-youngster.612171|accessdate=2024-04-01|work=Times of Malta|language=en-gb}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, ọ gwara onye na-agwọ ya ọrịa banyere mkpagbu ọ na-enwe maka mmekọahụ na okike ya na mba ya nke mere e ji hapụ ya. Mgbe ọ bịarutere, Abdi rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị asụsụ maka NGO na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị na Senglea.<ref name="maltatoday">{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/author/farah_abdi/|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=Malta Today}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/author/farah_abdi/ "Farah Abdi"]. ''Malta Today''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Nkwuchite-ọnụ == Abdi malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Maltese bụ ''[[:en:Malta_Today|Malta Today]]''. <ref name="maltatoday"/> O dere banyere mmeso ọjọọ na nsogbu nke ndị mbịarambịa na Malta na-eche ihu ma bụrụ onye a ma ama karịsịa n'etiti ndị mbịarambịa nke mba ahụ. Farah kwupụtara na ha nọ ebe ahụ "ịrụ ọrụ ma nye aka na mmepe obodo".<ref name="weser kurier">{{Cite web|author=Schaefer|first=York|title=Bremer Friedenspreis für Flüchtlingsaktivist|url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremer-friedenspreis-fuer-fluechtlingsaktivist-doc7e4h1vt2qd195z7hd1o|work=weser kurier|accessdate=23 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchaefer">Schaefer, York. [https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremer-friedenspreis-fuer-fluechtlingsaktivist-doc7e4h1vt2qd195z7hd1o "Bremer Friedenspreis für Flüchtlingsaktivist"]. ''weser kurier''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-emegide mbata na ọpụpụ katọrọ ya maka ikwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ.<ref name="dieschwelle">{{Cite web|title=Für die Rechte von Flüchtlingen in Europa: Farah Abdullahi Abdi|url=https://dieschwelle.de/friedenspreis-2015/farah-abdullahi-abdi|work=dieschwelle.de|accessdate=23 September 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Farah kwuru okwu n'ihu ndị omeiwu Europe na nkwado nke nzukọ [[:en:Terre_des_hommes|terre des hommes]] n'oge ihe omume "A maghị ebe m na-aga" ma rịọ maka nchebe nke ụmụaka na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ. Kọmishọna Europe Cecilia Malmström kwuru na ọ ga-ekwe omume n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro maka ụmụaka na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-eto eto ịkwaga na European Union.<ref name="reliefweb">{{Cite web|title=From chains to freedom: why I decided to migrate to Europe|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/chains-freedom-why-i-decided-migrate-europe|work=reliefweb|date=20 February 2014|accessdate=23 September 2023}}</ref> O bipụtara akụkọ ndụ onwe ya, Never Arrive, na 2015.<ref name="unhcr">{{Cite web|title=Book reading of Never Arrive|url=https://www.unhcr.org/mt/3228-book-reading-never-arrive.html|accessdate=23 September 2023|work=UNHCR}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, Abdi kwuru okwu na LGBTIQ+ Human Rights Conference, akụkụ nke [[:en:EuroPride|EuroPride]]. <ref name=":0"/> == Ịkwaga Berlin == Farah Abdi mechara si Malta kwaga Berlin, n'ihi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ o chere ihu na Malta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-09-13|title=Common EU migration policy will harm LGBTIQ asylum seekers - activist|url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/common-eu-migration-policy-harm-lgbtiq-asylum-seekers-activist.1054993|accessdate=2024-04-01|language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://timesofmalta.com/article/common-eu-migration-policy-harm-lgbtiq-asylum-seekers-activist.1054993 "Common EU migration policy will harm LGBTIQ asylum seekers - activist"]. ''Times of Malta''. 13 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Na Berlin, Abdi na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ebe mgbaba ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na onye mgbasa ozi n'ụlọ ọrụ Transgender Europe. Ọ bụ onye otu Alfred Landecker Foundation for Democracy, onye otu Torschreiber Foundation maka ndị edemede nọ n'ebe a chụgara ha ma natakwa "Digital Europe fellowship" maka ịkwalite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name="humanity in action">{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://humanityinaction.org/person/farah-abdi/|accessdate=7 October 2023|work=Humanity in Action|publisher=}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Abdi bụ onye Alakụba na nwanyị gbanwere ghọọ nwoke.<ref name="europride program">{{Cite web|title=Program Europride 2023|url=https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/|work=europride2023.mt|accessdate=23 September 2023|archivedate=22 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922091626/https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''europride2023.mt''. Archived from on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe nrite Ndị O Nwetara == * Ihe nrite International Bremen Peace Award sitere na German NGO, Stiftung "die Schwelle" <ref name="weser kurier"/> * Onyinye Eze Nwanyị nke England maka ndị isi na-eto eto * Ihe nrite Forbes mmadụ iri atọ na-erubeghị afọ iri atọ na Europe 2017 <ref name="forbes">{{Cite web|title=Farah Abdi|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/farah-abdi/?sh=2457b81a7d2b|work=Forbes|accessdate=7 October 2023}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Abdi|first=Farah Abdullahi|title=Never Arrive|url=https://archive.org/details/neverarrive0000abdi|year=2015|isbn=9789995709006}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j31dgvpu6l6luctt1znn7zv5uhuc2ta 0 79140 737093 736830 2026-10-12T05:11:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737093 wikitext text/x-wiki Na nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, ikike mgbochi ọrịa bụ ọnọdụ nke ịbụ onye na-adịghị anabata ma ọ bụ onye na-eguzogide ihe ma ọ bụ usoro na-emerụ ahụ, ọkachasị nje na-akpata ọrịa ma ọ bụ Ọrịa na-efe efe. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa nwere ike ime n'ụzọ ebumpụtaụwa ma ọ bụ e mepụta ya site na inweta ya enweta ma ọ bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi. == Nke Ebumpụtaụwa na nke E nwetara Enweta == [[Faịlụ:Fc_receptor_schematic_big.png|thumb|Atụmatụ nke Onye na-anabata Fc]] [[:en:Immune_system|Usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ]] nwere [[:en:Innate_immune_system|ndị e bu pụta ụwa]] na ndị a na-enweta enweta. Ikike mgbochi ọrịabu nke ebumpụtaụwa dị na [[Animal|Metazoans]] niile, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Molecules, cells, and tissues of immunity|journal=Immunology Guidebook|date=1 January 2004|pages=1–15|doi=10.1016/B978-012198382-6/50025-X}}</ref> mmeghachi omume nke nguzogide ọrịa: [[:en:Inflammation|ọzịza nke akụkụ ahụ ọbụla]] na phagocytosis. Akụkụ ya bụ nke e nwetara enweta, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-agụnye mkpụrụ ndụ [[:en:Lymphocyte|lymphatic]] dị elu karị nke nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe "ndị na-esighi n'ahụ" ndị dị "n'ahụ". A na-akọwa mmeghachi omume nye ihe ndị na-esighi na ahụ dị ka ọzịza ebe a na-akọwakarị adịghị mmeghachi omume na-eme nye ihe ndị si n'ahụ dị ka nguzogide ọrịa. Akụkụ abụọ a nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ike ebe a pụrụ ịhụ "ahụike" dị ka ọnọdụ anụ ahụ ebe a na-echebe onwe onye, wee wepụ ihe dị batara abata site n'ụzọ ọzịza na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. "Ọrịa" nwere ike ibilite mgbe a na-enweghị ike iwepụ ihe ndị batara abata n'ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị n'ahụ adịghị nchekwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Innate immunity|journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=125|issue=2 Suppl 2|pages=S24-32|date=February 2010|pmid=19932920|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.016}}</ref> Ikike mgbochi ọrịa ebumpụtaụwa, nke a makwaara dị ka ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnatarachi, bụ ụdị mgbochi ọrịa bụ n'otu akụkụ kpọmkwem maka ụfọdụ nje na-ebute ọrịa na nke a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe. A na-akọwa ya dị ka akara mbụ nke nchebe megide nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa, na-anọchite anya nzaghachi dị oke egwu nke usoro ahụ iji gbochie ọrịa na ịnọgide na-enwe homeostasis, na-enye aka n'ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ e nwetara enweta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Innate immunity in vertebrates: an overview|author=Riera Romo|first=M.|journal=Immunology|year=2016|volume=146|issue=2|pages=125–139|doi=10.1111/imm.12597|pmid=26878338}}</ref> Ọ naghị emeghachi omume nye ihe ụfọdụ na-akpali akpali ma ọ bụ ọrịa gara aga, mana ọ na-adabere na njirimara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke usoro ụfọdụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Pathogen recognition and innate immunity|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2006-02-24_124_4/page/783|language=en|journal=Cell|volume=124|issue=4|pages=783–801|date=February 2006|pmid=16497588|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015}}</ref> Ikike mgbochi ọrịa e nwetara enweta bụ akụkụ nke ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ikike ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bu nke ebumpụtaụwa, nke [[:en:Lymphocytes|lymphocytes]] na-elekwasị anya kpọmkwem na antigens na-achịkwa. N'adịghị ka ikike mgbochi ọrịa ebumpụta ụwa, ikike mgbochi ọrịa a na-enweta enweta bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka otu nje na-akpata ọrịa, gụnyere mmepe nke [[:en:Immunological_memory|ncheta mgbochi ọrịa]]. Dị ka usoro nke ebumpụta ụwa, usoro e nwetara enweta na-agụnye ma ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa humoral na ihe ndị na'egbochi ọrịa cell.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Enwere ike inweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke a na-enweta enweta ma ọ bụ 'n'ụzọ okike' (site na ọrịa) ma ọ bụ "n'ụzọ aka mere" (site na [[:en:Artificial_induction_of_immunity|omume ndị a kpachapụrụ anya mee]] dị ka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi). A pụkwara ịhazi ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke a na-enweta enweta dị ka 'nke na-arụ ọrụ' ma ọ bụ 'nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ'. A na-enweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke na-arụ ọrụ site na ikpughe onwe onye nye nje na-ebute ọrịa, nke na-akpali mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ime ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/immunity-types.htm|work=cdc.gov|title=Immunity types|date=2 November 2021|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> A na-enweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site na nnyefe nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ T na-arụ ọrụ nke sitere na onye na-alụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ site n'ụzọ aka mere ma ọ bụ site na placenta; ọ na-adị ndụ mkpụmkpụ, na-achọ [[:en:Booster_dose|booster doses]] maka ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adị gawa n'ihu. Ihe osise dị n'okpuru ebe a chịkọtara nkewa ndị a nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke a na-enweta enweta na-amata usoro dịgasị iche iche. N'adịghị ka ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ebumpụta ụwa, ọ na-ejikọta ya na ncheta nke nje ahụ na-ebute ọrịa.<ref name=":0"/> [[Faịlụ:Immunity.svg|center|600x600px]] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme Nke Echiche Dị Iche Iche Gbasara Ya == [[Faịlụ:Cholera_art.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke ọrịa ntiwapụ ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu]] Kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ enweela mmasị na ihe na-akpata ọrịa na echiche nke ikike ahụ ji egbochi ọrịa. Echiche tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ na ọ bụ ike karịrị mmadụ kpatara ọrịa, nakwa na ọrịa bụ ụdị ntaramahụhụ [[:en:Theurgy|theurgic]] maka "omume ọjọọ" ma ọ bụ "echiche ọjọọ" nke ndị bụ chi ma ọ bụ ndị iro mmadụ tinyere na mkpụrụ obi. <ref name="Rhodes">{{Cite web|work=Disease and Immunity|date=Spring 2006|publisher=Rhodes College|url=http://www.rhodes.edu/biology/glindquester/disimm/history.html|title=Introduction to the History of disease.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721232232/http://www.rhodes.edu/biology/glindquester/disimm/history.html|archivedate=2006-07-21}}</ref> N'oge ndị Gris oge ochie, Hippocrates, onye a na-ewere dị ka Nna nke Ọgwụ, kwuru na ọrịa sitere na mgbanwe ma ọ bụ enweghị nkwekọ nke [[:en:Four_humors|otu n'ime ihe anọ ahụ mejupụtara mmadụ]] (ọbara, phlegm, mgbiilu odo odo ma ọ bụ mgbiilu ojii). <ref name="Silverstein"/> Nkọwa mbụ e dere ede nke echiche nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa nwere ike ịbụ nke onye [[Atens]] Thucydides mere, onye, na 430 BC, kọwara na mgbe ihe otiti ahụ dakwasịrị [[:en:Athens|Athens]]: "ndị ọrịa na ndị na-anwụ anwụ ka a nọ na-elekọta site na nlekọta ọmịiko nke ndị gbakere, n'ihi na ha maara usoro ọrịa ahụ ma ha onwe ha enweghị egwu ya. "<ref name="Gheradi"/> Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nwere ike ịmalite na [[:en:Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus|Mithridates VI nke Pontus]] (120-63 BC) <ref name="Maleissye">{{Cite book|title={Histoire du poison}|author=Jean Tardieu de Maleissye|year=1991|location=Paris|publisher=Francois Bourin|isbn=2-87686-082-1|language=fr}}</ref> onye, iji mee ka ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dị ike maka nsí agwọ, tụrụ aro iji usoro yiri nke Ọgwụgwọ serum Toxoid nke oge a, site na ịṅụ ọbara nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-eri agwọ na-egbu egbu. A na-ahụta ya na ọ na-eche na anụmanụ ndị ahụ nwetara ụfọdụ ikike iwepụ nsị, nke ga-eme ka ọbara ha nwee nsị agwọ ahụ n'ụdị a gbanwere agbanwe nke nwere ike ime ka o guzogide ya kama inwe mmetụta na-egbu egbu. Mithridates chere na, site na ịṅụ ọbara nke anụmanụ ndị a, ọ nwere ike inweta nguzogide yiri nke ahụ.<ref name="Maleissye" /> N'ịtụ egwu nsí igbu ya, ọ nọ na-aṅụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu n'ụdị na-esichaghị ike kwa ụbọchị iji mee ka nnagide dị mma. A na-ekwukwa na ọ gbalịrị ịmepụta 'ọgwụgwọ zuru ụwa ọnụ' iji chebe ya pụọ na nsí niile.<ref name="Silverstein"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mayor|first=Adrienne|title=Mithridates of Pontus and His Universal Antidote|journal=Toxicology in Antiquity|date=2019|pages=161–174|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815339-0.00011-1}}</ref> Ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ puku abụọ, a nọ na-eche na nsí bụ [[:en:Proximate_causation|ihe na-akpata ọrịa]], nke a na-ejikwa ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe dị iche iche, nke a na-akpọ Mithridate, gwọọ nsí n'oge [[:en:Renaissance|Renaissance]]. <ref name="Silverstein" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Chambers|first=Ephraim|title=History of Science: Cyclopædia|date=1728|location=London|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia02&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia02.p0210&q1=Mithridate|accessdate=4 October 2020|chapter=Mithridate}}</ref> E jiiri ụdị ọgwụgwọ a emelitere, Theriacum Andromachi, mee ihe ruo na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. A na-ahụkwa okwu ahụ bụ "immunes" n'abụ uri "[[:en:Pharsalia|Pharsalia]]" nke onye na-ede uri bụ Marcus Annaeus Lucanus dere n'ihe dị ka 60 BC iji kọwaa nguzogide otu agbụrụ North Africa nwere nye nsí agwọ.<ref name="Silverstein" /> Nkọwa n'ụzọ ahụike mbụ banyere ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke sitere na otu nje kpọmkwem na-akpata ọrịa bụ ikekwe ''A Treatise on Smallpox and Measles'' ("Kitab fi al-jadari wa-al-hasbah″, nke a sụgharịrị na 1848<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rāzī|first=Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkQ-AAAAcAAJ|title=A Treatise on the Small-pox and Measles|date=1848|publisher=Sydenham Society|language=en}}</ref>) nke onye dọkịnta [[Àlakụ̀ba|Alakụba]] bụ Al-Razi dere na narị afọ nke itoolu. N’akwụkwọ ahụ, Al-Razi kọwara ihe mgbaàmà na ọdịdị ahụike nke smallpox na measles, ma gaa n’ihu ịkọwa na ịnweta ọrịa ndị a kpọmkwem na-enye ahụ́ mmadụ ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịte aka (ọ bụ ezie na o jighị okwu a bụ “immunity”). .<ref name="Silverstein"/> Ruo na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a nabatara [[:en:Miasma_theory_of_disease|echiche miasma]] n'ọtụtụ ebe. Echiche ahụ lere ọrịa ndị dị ka ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Black_Plague|Black Plague]] anya dị ka ihe miasma na-akpata, ụdị "ikuku ọjọọ" na-egbu egbu.<ref name="Rhodes"/> Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ ekpughee onwe ya nye miasma n'ime ala mmiri, n'ikuku mgbede, ma ọ bụ n'ikuku mgbe ọ na-eku ume n'ime ụlọ ebe ndị ahụ na-adịghị na-anọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ, ha nwere ike ibute ọrịa. Kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a bịara na-ele ọrịa na-efe efe anya dị ka nke nje / microbes na-akpata. Okwu nke oge a bụ "ikike mgbochi ọrịa" sitere na okwu Latịn bụ immunis, nke pụtara nnwere onwe pụọ n'ọrụ ndị agha, ịkwụ ụtụ isi ma ọ bụ ọrụ ọha na eze ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Gheradi"/> Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ mepụtara echiche zuru oke gbasara ikke mgbochi ọrịa bụ Ilya Mechnikov <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1908/mechnikov/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908|work=NobelPrize.org}}</ref> onye kpughere phagocytosis na 1882. Site na [[:en:Germ_theory_of_disease|echiche nje na-ebute ọrịa]] nke Louis Pasteur, sayensị na-eto eto nke immunology malitere ịkọwa etu nje bacteria si akpata ọrịa, na otu, mgbe ọrịa gasịrị, ahụ mmadụ nwetara ikike iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Gheradi"/> [[Faịlụ:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Louis Pasteur na ụlọ nnyocha ya, 1885, nke Albert Edelfelt sere]] N'afọ 1888, Emile Roux na Alexandre Yersin wepụtara [[:en:Diphtheria_toxin|nsị diphtheria]], ma na nsochi nke nchọpụta nke afọ 1890 nke [[:en:Emil_Adolf_von_Behring|Behring]] na [[Kitasato Shibasaburo|Kitasato]] mere gbasara ikike mgbochi ọrịa [[:en:Diphtheria|diphtheria]] na [[:en:Tetanus|tetanus]] dabeere na anti-toxin, [[:en:Antitoxin|antitoxin]] ahụ ghọrọzi ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ nke oge a.<ref name="Silverstein"/> Na [[Europe]], induction nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụ ọrụ pụtara na mgbalị iji gbochie kịtịkpa. Igbochi ọrịa adịla n'ụdị dị iche iche ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu puku afọ, na-ejighị okwu ahụ egosipụta ya.<ref name="Gheradi">{{Cite web|url=http://nfs.unipv.it/nfs/minf/dispense/immunology/immun.html|title=The Concept of Immunity. History and Applications.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102170207/http://nfs.unipv.it/nfs/minf/dispense/immunology/immun.html|archivedate=2007-01-02|work=Immunology Course Medical School|publisher=University of Pavia|access-date=2026-08-15|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGherardi">Gherardi E. . ''Immunology Course Medical School''. University of Pavia. Archived from on 2007-01-02.</cite></ref> A maghị ojiji mbụ nke okwu a bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, mana, n'ihe dị ka 1000 AD, Ndị China malitere ime ụdị dịka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi site n'ịmịkpọ na ikuru n'imi ajịrịja sitere na mkpocha nke ọrịa kịtịkpa.<ref name="Gheradi" /> N'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke iri na ise na [[Ndia|India]], Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, na [[:en:East_Africa|ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka]], omume nke [[:en:Inoculation|inoculation]] (iji ụdị ya dị ntụ ntụ sitere na mkpocha kịtịkpa na-etinye akpụkpọ ahụ) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Gheradi" /> Ọ bụ Lady Mary Wortley Montagu bu ụzọ webata omume a n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'afọ 1721.<ref name="Gheradi" /> N'afọ 1798, Edward Jenner webatara usoro ka dị nchebe nke gụnyere ịkpachara anya bute nje [[:en:Cowpox|cowpox]], ([[:en:Smallpox_vaccine|bụ ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa]]), nke webatara obere nje nke mekwara ka e nwee ike igbochi ọrịa kịtịkpa. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1800, e bidoro na-akpọ usoro ahụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi. Iji zeere inwe mgbagwoju anya, a nọ na-akpọ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa dị ka variolation, ọ ghọkwara ihe a na-emekarị iji okwu a n'echebaraghị usoro iheomume echiche. Ihe ịga nke ọma na nnabata zuru oke nke usoro Jenner ga-emecha mee ka ọdịdị ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi nke Pasteur na ndị ọzọ mepụtara na njedebe nke narị afọ nke iri na itolu dị izugbe.<ref name="Silverstein">{{Cite book|date=1989|title=History of Immunology (Hardcover)|publisher=Academic Press|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/012643770X}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSilverstein1989">Silverstein AM (1989). [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/012643770X ''History of Immunology (Hardcover)'']. Academic Press &#x2013; via Amazon.com.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1891, Pasteur gbasara nkọwa nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi iji sọpụrụ Jenner, ọ ghọkwara ihe dị mkpa ịkọwaru okwu ahụ n'ozuzu site n'izo aka na [[:en:Polio_vaccine|ọgwụ mgbochi polio]], [[:en:Measles_vaccine|ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa]] wdg. == Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ bụ ikike mgbochi ọrịa e nwetara site na mbufe nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ na ahụ site n'otu onye gaa na onye ọzọ. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nwere ike ime n'ụzọ ebumpụtaụwa, dịka mgbe a na-ebufe ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ nke nne nye nwa e bu n'afọ site na placenta, a pụkwara ime ka ọ bụrụ ihe aka mere, mgbe a na-ebufe ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ nke [[Madụ̀|mmadụ]] (ma ọ bụ nke ịnyịnya) nke bụ maka nje na-ebute ọrịa kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ nsí n'ebe ọ dị elu bunye ya ndị na-enweghị [[:en:Immune_system|ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ]]. A na-eme ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na-adịghị arụ ọrụ mgbe enwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa na mgbe oge ezughi oke maka ahụ iji mepụta ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke ya, ma ọ bụ iji belata mgbaàmà nke ọrịa na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ nke [[:en:Immunosuppression|na-abịatu ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ]].<ref name="USC"/> Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na-enye nchebe ozugbo, mana ahụ anaghị echeta, ya mere onye ọrịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute otu nje ahụ na-ebute ọrịa mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name="Janeway"/> === Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ E Nwetara N'ụzọ Ọnatarachi === Nwa e bu n'afọ na-enweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site n'aka nne ya n'oge ọ dị ime. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke nne bụ ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke [[:en:Antibody|ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ]] nọ n'etiti ya. A na-ebufe ihe ndị na-alụso nne ọgụ nke nne (MatAb) site na Placenta gaa na nwa e bu n'afọ site na ihe nnabata FcRn ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ placenta. Nke a na-eme n'ihe dị ka ọnwa nke atọ nke ịdị ime. IgG bụ naanị di n'otu ụdị ka ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ nke nwere ike ịgafe placenta. A na-enyekwa ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site na mbufe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa IgA dị na mmiri ara nke a na-ebufe na eriri afọ nke nwa ọhụrụ na-aṅụ ara, na-echebe ya megide nje bacteria, ruo mgbe nwa ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa nke ya. Colostrum dị na mmiri ara ndị nne bụ ihe atụ nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ.<ref name="Janeway">{{Cite book|title=Immunobiology|edition=Fifth|publisher=Garland Science|year=2001|location=New York and London|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10757/?depth=10|isbn=978-0-8153-4101-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJanewayTraversWalportShlomchik2001">[[Charles Janeway|Janeway C]], Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M (2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10757/?depth=10 ''Immunobiology''] (Fifth&nbsp;ed.). New York and London: Garland Science. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4101-7|<bdi>978-0-8153-4101-7</bdi>]].</cite>.</ref> [[Faịlụ:Antitoxin_diphtheria.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|176x176px|Otu n'ime karama mbụ nke diphtheria antitoxin e mepụtara (nke e dere n'afọ 1895) ]] === Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ E Nwetara N'ụzọ Aka Mere === Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ e nwetara n'ụzọ aka mere bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dị mkpirikpi nke a na-ebute site na mbufe nke ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa n'ahụ, nke enwere ike inye n'ụdị dị iche iche; dị ka plasma ọbara mmadụ ma ọ bụ nke anụmanụ, dị ka immunoglobulin mmadụ maka ịgbanye ya n'akwara (IVIG) ma ọ bụ ịgbanye ya n'uru anụ (IG), yana n'ụdị [[:en:Monoclonal_antibodies|monoclonal antibodies]] (MAb). A na-eji nnyefe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ eme ihe n'ụdị [[:en:Prophylactic|prophylactic]] n'ihe gbasara ọrịa [[:en:Immunodeficiency|immunodeficiency]], dị ka hypogammaglobulinemia.<ref name="Keller"/> A na-ejikwa ya agwọ ọtụtụ ụdị ọrịa siri ike, na iji gwọọ nsị.<ref name="USC">{{Cite web|url=http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/immunization.htm|title=Microbiology and Immunology On-Line Textbook|publisher=USC School of Medicine}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/immunization.htm "Microbiology and Immunology On-Line Textbook"]. USC School of Medicine.</cite></ref> Ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke sitere na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na-adịru naanị obere oge, e nwekwara ihe ize ndụ maka mmeghachi omume [[:en:Hypersensitivity|hypersensitivity]], na Ọrịa serum, ọkachasị site na gamma globulin nke na-abụghị nke si na mmadụ.<ref name="Janeway"/> E jirila ntinye n'ụzọ aka mere nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụsi ọrụ ike mee ihe ihe ihe karịrị otu narị afọ iji gwọọ ọrịa na-efe efe, na tupu ọbịbịa nke ọgwụ nje, ọ na-abụkarị naanị ọgwụgwọ a kapịrị ọnụ maka ọrịa ụfọdụ. Ọgwụgwọ immunoglobulin nọgidere na-abụ ọgwụgwọ mbụ na ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa iku ume siri ike ruo n'afọ ndị 1930, ọbụlagodi mgbe eweputacharara ọgwụ nje sulfonamide.<ref name="Keller">{{Cite journal|title=Passive immunity in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-microbiology-reviews_2000-10_13_4/page/602|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=13|issue=4|pages=602–14|date=October 2000|pmid=11023960|doi=10.1128/CMR.13.4.602-614.2000}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKellerStiehm2000">Keller MA, Stiehm ER (October 2000). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88952 "Passive immunity in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases"]. ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. '''13''' (4): <span class="nowrap">602–</span>14. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1128/CMR.13.4.602-614.2000|10.1128/CMR.13.4.602-614.2000]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88952 88952]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11023960 11023960].</cite></ref> === Mbufe nke mkpụrụ ndụ T na-arụ ọrụ === Mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụsi ọrụ ike, ma ọ bụ “[[:en:Adoptive_immunity|mbufe mgbochi ọrịa site n’ịnabata mkpụrụ ndụ]]” nke mgbochi ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-achịkwa, ka a na-enweta site n’ibufe mkpụrụ ndụ T ndị “a kpaliri ịrụ ọrụ” ma ọ bụ ndị rụwalara ọrụ site n’otu onye gaa n’ahụ onye ọzọ. A naghị eji usoro a eme ihe ugboro ugboro n’ebe mmadụ nọ, n’ihi na ọ chọrọ ndị na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ nwere histocompatible (ndị ahụ́ ha kwekọrọ), ndị na-esikarị ike ịchọta. N’ebe ndị na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịghị ekwekọ, ụdị mbufe a nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft_versus_host_disease" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Graft versus host disease" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="192">graft versus host</a>.<ref name="USC"/> Otú ọ dị, ejirila ya agwọ ụfọdụ ọrịa, gụnyere ụfọdụ ụdị '''ọrịa''' kansa na erughị eru nke usoro mgbochi ọrịa ([[:en:Immunodeficiency|immunodeficiency]]) . Ụdị mbufe a dị iche na [[:en:Bone_marrow_transplant|mbugharị ụmị ọkpụkpụ]], nke a na-ebufe [[:en:Hematopoietic_stem_cell|mkpụrụ ndụ stem hematopoietic]] (nke na-adịbeghị iche n’ọrụ ha) n’ime ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ikike Mgbochi ọrịa Na-arụ Ọrụ ==   [[Faịlụ:Immune_response2.svg|thumb|350x350px|Oge nke mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. N'ihi mmepụta nke [[:en:Immunological_memory|ihe ncheta nke immunological]], ibute ọrịa ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị na-eduga na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ na mmepụta nke antibody na ọrụ T cell. Ọrịa ndị a na-esote nwere ike ịdị nro ma ọ bụ ọbụna ghara ịdị.]] Mgbe Mkpụrụ ndụ B na Mkpụrụ ndụ T ka a kpaliri ị na-arụ ọrụ site na nje na-ebute ọrịa, ncheta mkpụrụ ndụ B na mkpụrụ ndụT- na-etolitekwa, mmeghachi omume mbụ nke usoro ilụso ọrịa ọgụ nke ahụ na-apụta. N'oge ndụ niile nke anụmanụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ncheta ndị a niile "ga-echeta" nje na-ebute ọrịa nke ọ bụla o zutere, ma nwee ike ịmalite nzaghachi siri ike ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta nje ahụ na-ebute ọrịa ọzọ. Nzaghachi mbụ na nke abụọ ka onye Bekee na-ahụ maka ahụike Alexander Glenny kọwara na 1921 <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Notes on the Production of Immunity to Diphtheria Toxin|journal=The Journal of Hygiene|volume=20|issue=2|pages=176–220|date=October 1921|pmid=20474734|doi=10.1017/S0022172400033945}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na achọtaghị usoro ahụ dị na ya ruo mgbe e mesịrị. Ụdị mgbochi a na-arụ ọrụ ma na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi na usoro mgbochi ọrịa nke ahụ na-akwadebe onwe ya maka ihe ịma aka n'ọdịnihu. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụ ọrụ na-agụnyekarị ma akụkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-achịkwa na nke humoral nke mmegide yana ntinye sitere na usoro ahụike ebumpụta ụwa.{{immune system}} === Ihe e nwetara n'ụzọ aka Mere === {{Authority control}}Enwere ike ịkpali ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke e nwetara n’ụzọ aka mere site n’iji ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ([[:en:Vaccine|vaccine]]), nke bụ ihe nwere antigen n’ime ya. Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-akpali nzaghachi mbụ nke usoro mgbochi ọrịa megide antigen ahụ n’enweghị ịkpata ihe mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="USC"/> Ọ bụ Richard Dunning, onye ya na Edward Jenner, na-arụkọ ọrụ, chepụtara okwu “vaccination”, ma Louis Pasteur mechara were okwu ahụ mee ihe n’ọrụ ya a ma ama banyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa. Usoro Pasteur jiri gụnyere ịgwọ ma ọ bụ imezi ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe ka ha ghara inwezi ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike. Pasteur jiri aha '''“vaccine”''' mee ihe dịka okwu izugbe iji sọpụrụ nchọpụta Jenner, nke ọrụ Pasteur wuru. [[Faịlụ:Poster_for_vaccination_against_smallpox.jpg|thumb|314x314px|Ihe ngosi nke tupu mkpochapụ nke kịtịkpa na 1979, na-akwalite ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi]] N'afọ 1807, Bavaria ghọrọ otu mbụ chọrọ ka a gbaa ndị agha ha ọgwụ mgbochi megide kịtịkpa, ebe mgbasa nke kịtịkpa ka e jikọrọ ya na agha.<ref name="NIH-Variolation">{{Cite web|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|work=Smallpox – A Great and Terrible Scourge|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html|title=Variolation}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, omume ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abawanye na mgbasa nke agha. E nwere ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi ọdịnala anọ: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.cdc.gov/nip/isd/ycts/mod1/courses/genrec/10300.asp?student_id=|title=Immunization: You call the shots.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929162613/http://www2.cdc.gov/nip/isd/ycts/mod1/courses/genrec/10300.asp?student_id=|archivedate=2006-09-29|work=The National Immunization Program|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> * Ọgwụ mgbochi ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nwere nje ndị e ji kemịkal na/ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ gbuo ma bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ebufenwuzi ọrịa. Ihe atụ bụ ọgwụ mgbochi megide influenza, ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, [[Plague immunization|Ihe otiti]], na [[:en:Hepatitis_A|ịba ọcha n'anya A]]. Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi nke ụdị a nwere ike ịchọ mmụba. * Ọgwụ mgbochi dị ndụ, nke e belatara ikike ya, bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nke e ji ụmụ nje ndị a zụlitere n’ọnọdụ pụrụ iche mee, nke mere ka ha ghara inwe ike ịkpata ọrịa. Nzaghachi usoro mgbochi ọrịa ndị a na-adịte aka karịa; Otú ọ dị, mmadụ nwere ike ịchọ ịgba ọgwụ nkwado. Ihe atụ gụnyere [[:en:Yellow_fever|yellow fever]], [[:en:Measles|measles]], rubella, na [[:en:Mumps|mumps]]. * Toxoids bụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu sitere n’ime ụmụ nje ndị a kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ, n’ọnọdụ ebe ihe ndị a—kama ịbụ nje ahụ n’onwe ya—na-akpata ọrịa. A na-eji ha eme ihe tupu mmadụ ezute nsị nke nje ahụ. Ihe atụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa sitere na toxoid gụnyere tetanus na diphtheria. * Ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Subunit_vaccine|Subunit]], [[:en:Recombinant_DNA|recombinant]], <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Polysaccharide" class="cx-link" data-linkid="258">polysaccharide</a>, na [[:en:Conjugate_vaccine|conjugate]] bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ndị e ji obere akụkụ ma ọ bụ iberibe sitere n’ahụ́ nje na-akpata ọrịa mee. <ref name="vaccines.gov">{{Cite web|title=Vaccine Types|url=https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types|accessdate=2020-08-07|work=www.vaccines.gov}}</ref> Ihe atụ doro anya bụ ọgwụ mgbochi subunit megide nje [[:en:Hepatitis_B_virus|Hepatitis B]]. Na mgbakwunye, e nwere ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi ọhụrụ a na-eji eme ihe: * Ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacterial_outer_membrane_vesicles|Outer Membrane Vesicle]] (OMV) bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nwere akpụkpọ mpụta (outer membrane) nke nje bacteria, na-enweghị akụkụ dị n’ime nje ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. N’ihi ya, n’ụzọ zuru oke, ha na-akpali usoro mgbochi ọrịa ka o nwee ike ịlụso nje bacteria mbụ ahụ ọgụ, n’enweghị ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Acevedo|first=R|year=2014|title=Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and vaccine applications|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=5|pmid=24715891|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2014.00121}}</ref> * [[:en:Genetic_vaccine|Ọgwụ mgbochi sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]] na-ebunye nucleic acid nke nwere koodu maka antigen n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke onye a na-agwọ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ahụ na-emepụtazi antigen ahụ, nke na-akpalite nzaghachi usoro mgbochi ọrịa. Ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi a gụnyere Ọgwụ mgbochi DNA, <ref name="DNA immunization">{{Cite journal|title=DNA immunization as a technology platform for monoclonal antibody induction|first=Shuying|author=Liu|date=April 27, 2016|journal=Emerging Microbes & Infections|volume=5|issue=4|pages=e33|doi=10.1038/emi.2016.27|pmid=27048742}}</ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi RNA, <ref name="Pardi">{{Cite journal|author=Pardi|first=Norbert|date=April 2018|title=mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|volume=17|issue=4|pages=261–279|doi=10.1038/nrd.2017.243|pmid=29326426|issn=1474-1784}}</ref> na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Viral vector vaccine" class="cx-link" data-linkid="272">Ọgwụ mgbochi viral vector</a>, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recombinant vector vaccine evolution|journal=PLOS Computational Biology|volume=15|issue=7|date=July 2019|pmid=31323032|doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006857}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Multivalent and Multipathogen Viral Vector Vaccines|journal=Clinical and Vaccine Immunology|volume=24|issue=1|pages=e00298–16, e00298–16|date=January 2017|pmid=27535837|doi=10.1128/CVI.00298-16}}</ref> ụ́ ndị dị iche n’ụdị kemịkalụ nke nucleic acid ha na ụzọ e si ebufe ya n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ onye a na-agwọ. Ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi dị iche iche ka na-emepe emepe; lee [[:en:Vaccine#Experimental|Ụdị ọgwụ mgwọ ọrịa ndị a ka na-anwale]]. A na-enye ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa site n’ịgba ọgwụ n’okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'ime uru anụ n’ihi na eriri afọ anaghị anabata ha nke ọma mgbe niile. A na-enye ọgwụ mgbochi Ọrịa polio dị ndụ nke e mebelatara ike ya yana ụfọdụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa [[:en:Typhoid|typhoid]] na ọrịa [[:en:Cholera|ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ]] [[:en:Mouth|site n'ọnụ]] iji mepụta mgbochi ọrịa nke na-adabere n’usoro mgbochi ọrịa dị n’ime eriri afọ. === Ikike Mgbochi ọrịa nke ngwakọta === Ikike Mgbochi ọrịa nke ngwakọta bụ njikọta nke ikike mgbohi ọrịa nke ọnatarachi na ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke aka mere. Nnyocha nke ndị nwere ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ngwakọta chọpụtara na ọbara ha nwere ike igbochi Beta na ụdị SARS-CoV-2 ndị ọzọ karịa ndị na-enwetụbeghị ọrịa, ndị gbara ọgwụ mgbochi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=2021-10-14|title=COVID super-immunity: one of the pandemic's great puzzles|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02795-x|journal=Nature|volume=598|issue=7881|pages=393–394|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02795-x|pmid=34650244|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, na 29 Ọktọba 2021, [[:en:Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) kwubiri na "Ọtụtụ nnyocha e mere na ntọala dị iche iche egosila na nje SARS-CoV-2 na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'otu n'otu na-ebute obere ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ka e mesịrị na ụdị ndị yiri ya ruo ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa isii. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ gbasara usoro mgbochi ọrịa, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ọmụmụ gbasara mgbasa na nkesa ọrịa n’obodo (epidemiology), egosila na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nye ndị mmadụ bu ọrịa ahụ mbụ na-eme ka nzaghachi usoro mgbochi ọrịa ha sie ike nke ukwuu, ma na-ebelata nke ọma ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ọzọ, gụnyere n’ọnọdụ ebe ụdị nje ndị na-efe efe ngwa ngwa na-agbasawanye.<ref name="CDC-20211029">{{Cite news|author=Staff|title=Science Brief: SARS-CoV-2 Infection-induced and Vaccine-induced Immunity|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/vaccine-induced-immunity.html|date=29 October 2021|work=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa == A na-ekpebi ikike mgbochi ọrịa site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Genome ndị dị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ na [[Animal|Ụmụ anụmanụ]] na-edepụta [[:en:Antibody|ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ]] na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ọzọ na-emeghachi omume nye ọrịa. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-achọkarị ọtụtụ n'ime Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a maka ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụ ọrụ na nke na-adịghị arụsi ọrụ ike (lee ngalaba ndị dị n'elu), e nwekwara ọtụtụ [[:en:Gene|mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]] nke yiri ka a chọrọ ha maka mmeghachi omume ahụike pụrụ iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a chọrọ [[:en:Tumor_necrosis_factor|Tumor Necrosis Factor]] (TNF) maka nchebe pụọ na [[Ụkwara Nta|ụkwara nta]] n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. Ndị nwere nkwarụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na TNF nwere ike ịnata ọrịa na-egbu egbu na nke na-abịaghachị ugboro ugboro ndụ na nje ụkwara nta (''[[:en:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis|Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'') mana ha nwere ahụike. O yikwara ka ha na-emeghachi omume nye ọrịa ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Ya mere, a na-akpọ ọnọdụ ahụ ''Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease'' (MSMD) na ụdị ya nwere ike e bute ya site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ọzọ metụtara mmepụta ma ọ bụ mgbaàmà interferon (dịka site na mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ''''<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Interferon gamma" class="cx-link" data-linkid="306">IFNG</a>'''', ''[[:en:Interleukin-12_subunit_beta|IL12B]], [[:en:Interleukin_12_receptor,_beta_1_subunit|IL12RB1]],'' ''''''IL12RB2'''''', ''IL23R'', ''ISG15'', ''MCTS1'', ''RORC'', ''TBX21'', ''TYK2'', ''CYBB'', ''JAK1'', ''IFNGR1'', ''[[:en:Interferon_gamma_receptor_2|IFNGR2]]'', ''STAT1'', ''USP18,'' ''[[:en:IRF1|IRF1]],'' ''<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRF8" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="IRF8" class="cx-link" data-linkid="323">IRF8</a>'', ''NEMO'', ''SPPL2A'').<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arias|first=Andrés A.|date=2024-09-12|title=Tuberculosis in otherwise healthy adults with inherited TNF deficiency|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=633|issue=8029|pages=417–425|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07866-3|issn=0028-0836|pmid=39198650}}</ref> == Hụkwa == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.modelingimmunity.org/ The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens (MIEP)] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o4nknc0wcuz3rdkckx46ly5ihivlj9r 0 79385 737070 728807 2026-10-11T18:51:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:LakeBogoria.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Flamingo n'Ọdọ Mmiri Bogoria]] '''Enweghị mmiri na Kenya''' na-emetụta ndị Kenya na-adabere na mmiri, ọ bụghị naanị maka ịṅụ mmiri kamakwa maka ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ahịhịa ala mmiri eme ihe iji nye nri ma na-azụ anụ ụlọ. Enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha emetụtala ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na Kenya niile n'ihi iji ala eme ihe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mmụba nke ebe obibi obodo. Otu ihe atụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke a dị n'ọhịa Mau, n'ugwu Kenya, nke ahụ bụ isi mmiri maka mba ahụ. Na Mau Complex, ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ejirila ala mee ihe maka uru onwe ha, na-emepụta ụlọ na ugbo na mmefu nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>United Nations Environmental Programme. Mau Complex Under Siege. 2005. Print</ref> Mbibi nke osisi n'ime ọhịa ahụ emeela ka ala na-agbada nke ukwuu, nke na-emetọ mmiri. Ihe omume a dị na mba ahụ niile ma site na mgbakwunye nke nsị anụmanụ na nke mmadụ n'ime mmiri emetọla, ọ emeela ka ịchọta mmiri dị ọcha sie ike maka ụmụ amaala Kenya. Ọnọdụ mmiri dị ugbu a akpatawo ọtụtụ nsogbu gụnyere ọtụtụ ọrịa na esemokwu agbụrụ maka ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ.<ref name="MwangiWilson">Mwangi, Wilson. Baseline survey of the Molo River. Molo, Kenya: Network for Ecofarming in Africa. 2009. Print</ref> [[Faịlụ:Children_in_Kenya_carrying_water_from_the_river.webm|thumb|304x304px|Vidio nke ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo Kenya na-ebu mmiri si n'osimiri ahụ]] Tụkwasị na nke a, ka mmiri dị ọcha na-esiwanye ike ịchọta, a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị ịga ije ọtụtụ kilomita kwa ụbọchị iji chọta mmiri dị mkpa maka ezinụlọ. Nnukwu nsogbu ọzọ na mmiri dị ọcha na Kenya bụ mbata nke ndị mmadụ na-akwaga n'obodo ukwu dị ka Nairobi, nke na-emepụta nnukwu ogige ndị nwere ụfọdụ ọnọdụ ndụ kachasị njọ na mmiri kachasị emetọ na mba ahụ. Mmekọrịta a n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na mmiri dị ugbu a n'oge dị oke mkpa na Kenya ka mba ahụ na-eche nnukwu ụkọ ikike maka ụmụ amaala ịnata mmiri ha chọrọ nke ukwuu ihu. Ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na njikwa ala na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inyere aka ijide n'aka na mba a nwere mmiri ọ chọrọ n'ụzọ ọ ga-esi ghọọ mba mepere emepe.<ref name="MwangiWilson" /> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya == Ịghọta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke Kenya chọrọ ile anya ọ bụghị naanị na gburugburu ebe obibi kamakwa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mba ka na-emepe emepe. Site na mmụba ngwa ngwa, ịkwado gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkwado mmụba bụ ihe ịma aka. Ndị bi na ya na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye ka akụ na ụba na akụ na ụba si n'aka na-agbasi mbọ ike. Ndị bi na Kenya na-eche oke ịda ogbenye ihu, ruo 43% na 2000.<ref name="rmportal">Page, Kara. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161019064103/https://rmportal.net/library/content/frame/kenya.pdf/ “USAID/ "Kenya Strategic Plan: Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment"]. Natural Resource Management and Development Portal. (2000): 1–40.</ref> N'ime ndị mmadụ na-adabere n'ọrụ ugbo dị ka ụzọ ndụ, ọ na-esiri ike igbochi ọrụ ugbo na ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi n'ewepụghị ihe onwunwe ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-arịwanye elu chọrọ ịlanarị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu na-etinye nrụgide na akụrụngwa mmiri site na ọrụ ugbo, ala na iji ike yana ihe ndị ọzọ. Ebe ala nke ihe onwunwe mmiri na Kenya bụkwa isi ihe. A naghị ekesa mmiri n'otu ụzọ ahụ na mba ahụ dum, na-ahapụ nnukwu ebe kpọrọ nkụ. Ihe dị ka 80% nke ihe onwunwe mmiri nke Kenya enweghị nchebe ọ bụla mana ọ bụghị n'enweghị mmebi site na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu na ọrụ ugbo. A na-amata usoro mmiri nke Kenya na mba ụwa maka mkpa ha dị maka ụdị dị iche iche na Nnụnụ na-agagharị. Nsogbu mmiri na-emetụta anụ ọhịa n'onwe ya, ebe ọ bụ na nnweta mmiri ọṅụṅụ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ndụ. Anụ ọhịa na-emetụtakwa n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na iji mmiri eme ihe iji kwado anụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo, nke na-asọ mpi na anụ ọhịa maka obere mmiri. A maara Kenya maka ụdị dị iche iche na ọgaranya ya; ọ nọ na mba iri ise kachasị elu nke ọgaranya. O nwekwara otu n'ime pasentị kachasị elu nke ụdị anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara.<ref name="rmportal" /> == Mmetụta nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na ihe onwunwe mmiri == [[Faịlụ:Tree_cutting_at_Karura_forest.jpg|alt=Tree cutting in Karura forest-Nairobi Kenya|thumb|361x361px|'''Ịkpụ osisi n'ọhịa Karura-Nairobi Kenya''']] Oké ọhịa dị mkpa n'ichebe ebe mmiri na-enweta. Mgbe a na-egbutu nnukwu ọhịa, [[Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]] dị ka mmiri nwere ike imetụta ya. Kenya nwere otu n'ime oké ọhịa dịgasị iche iche n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka.<ref name="rmportal" /> mana a na-eyi ọhịa ndị a egwu n'ihi na a na-eji ha eme ihe nke ukwuu dị ka isi iyi nke mmanụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee ha ka ha bụrụ ala ọrụ ugbo. Ịkụ osisi maka mmanụ bụ otu n'ime isi ihe mere ọhịa ji yie egwu. N'ime nde tọn 22 nke ngwaahịa osisi eji eme ihe na Kenya, nde 20 ka a na-eji maka mmanụ.<ref name="rmportal" /> A ga-anọgide na-ebibi nnukwu ọhịa ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-egbute osisi na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ anaghị ebelata. Nsogbu ọzọ mgbe a na-egbubi ala maka ọrụ ugbo bụ na ọhịa na-etolite n'ala na-adịghị mma nke na-adịghị adaba maka ọrụ ugpo. Ya mere, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-aga n'ihu na-ebibi ọhịa n'ebe ọhụrụ mgbe ihe oriri ala dị ụkọ iji kwado ọrụ ugbo. E nwere ọtụtụ mmegide gburugburu ihe onwunwe mmiri na Kenya. Obodo ndị nsogbu mmiri ndị a metụtara nwere ọtụtụ ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu ndị a. E nwekwara ọtụtụ òtù na-enyere obodo ndị a aka. Otú ọ dị, nke a edozibeghị nsogbu ahụ. E nwere ọtụtụ ike na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge megide ngwọta nke nsogbu mmiri na Kenya. E nwere ọtụtụ òtù na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere aka dozie nsogbu mmiri na Kenya. Quest4Change, waterWater.org, WaterRelief bụ ihe atụ nke òtù ndị dị otú ahụ. Site n'ọrụ ha, ha enyewo ọtụtụ ndị chọrọ ya mmiri dị ọcha.<ref>WaterRelief – Kenya – Quest Overseas." Gap Year Specialists – Quest Overseas. Web. 5 Mar 2011. <https://web.archive.org/web/20120911194926/http://www.questoverseas.com/kenya-water-relief-gap-year.html>.</ref><ref>Quest4Change | Web. 5 March 2011. [http://www.quest4change.org Home Page]</ref> Iwu olulu mmiri bụ otu ihe ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-emekarị. Ọ bụ ezie na mmepụta nke olulu mmiri ahụ na-ewe naanị ụbọchị ole na ole, atụmatụ ahụ na-ewere ọnwa ole na ole. A chọpụtara na mgbe obodo na-arịọ maka enyemaka iwu olulu mmiri, obodo ndị a na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịnọgide na-enweta mmiri ha karịa obodo ndị a bịakwutere ma nye ha olulu mmiri.<ref name="K'akumu, O. A 2008">K'akumu, O. A. "Mainstreaming the Participatory Approach in Water Resource Governance: The 2002 water law in Kenya." Development 51.1 (2008): 56–62. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web.</ref> A na-ahọpụta kọmitii mmiri iji duzie usoro iwu olulu mmiri. Ọ dị mkpa iburu ọtụtụ ihe dịka nkume gaa n'ebe ahụ. Nnyocha nke ala na-egosi ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo ebe. A na-egwu oghere ahụ ma ozugbo mmiri kụrụ, a na-etinye mgbapụta ma tinye okpu simenti.<ref name="K'akumu, O. A 2008"/> Nke a na-enye ndị mmadụ na Kenya ohere inwe isi iyi mmiri dị nchebe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=lotus.co.ke|url=http://lotus.co.ke/clean-safe-drinking-water-in-kenya/|title=clean safe drinking water in kenya|publisher=lotus.co.ke|date=11 November 2018}}</ref> Òtù ndị a na-ewu obere ihe mgbochi mmiri maka obodo. Nke a na-enye obodo ohere inwe isi iyi mmiri n'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma na-enye ha ohere a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ojiji nke mmiri dị ọcha. Agụmakwụkwọ bụ akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke òtù ndị a. Ha na-akụziri ndị mmadụ mkpa ọ dị inwe mmiri dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị iji gbochie ọrịa ma mee ka ahụike dịkwuo mma.<ref>{{cite web|author=lotus.co.ke |url=http://lotus.co.ke/clean-safe-drinking-water-in-kenya/ |title=clean safe drinking water in kenya |publisher=lotus.co.ke |date=11 November 2018 }}</ref> These organisations also build small dams for communities. This allows communities to have water sources in times of droughts and gives them more reliable access to and consumption of clean water.<ref name="K'akumu, O. A 2008"/> [[Faịlụ:Mauskogen.png|thumb|Map Oké ọhịa Mau nke ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gosipụtara]] Ọhịa Mau efunahụla otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mkpuchi mbụ ya kemgbe afọ 1980. <ref>Charles Maina Gichaba, et al. "Assessing land cover change in Kenya's Mau Forest region using remotely sensed data." African Journal of Ecology 46.1 (2008): 46–54. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web.</ref> Ndị Ogiek na-ebi n'ọhịa ahụ. Ha na-anọgide na-ebi ndụ na-achụ nta na-achịkọta ihe nke na-adịgide adịgide. E nweela mmụba n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ime ọhịa ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime uto ahụ bụ n'ihi mbata na ọpụpụ. Ndị ọhụrụ a ewepụla ala ọhịa ma na-eduga n'ụzọ ndụ na-adịghị adịgide adịgide. A na-eji ala ahụ eme ihe ugbu a maka ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Mgbukpọ a n'obodo ukwu emeela ka e jiri mmiri osimiri mee ihe gabigara ókè. Ịkpọ nkụ nke osimiri ndị a na-echegbu onwe ha nke ukwuu. Ọtụtụ obodo na-eji osimiri ndị a na-agbadata n'isi mmiri. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eyi osimiri ndị a egwu na isi iyi ha, ha anaghị enye ọtụtụ mmiri maka ọtụtụ ndị chọrọ ya ka ha na-agbadata. Ọ na-eyi ọtụtụ akụkụ okike ndị ọzọ nke ọhịa egwu. Osimiri ndị a dị mkpa maka ịchịkwa mmiri nke osimiri, ibelata idei mmiri, nchekwa mmiri, mbelata mbuze ala, ụdị dị iche iche, njide carbon, ebe nchekwa carbon na nchịkwa microclimate. Enweela mmegharị obodo dị iche iche iji chekwaa ma weghachite ọnọdụ ọhịa a. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụzọ a na-eji eweghachi ọhịa ahụ nwere ike ime ka ihe na-erughị mmadụ puku abụọ (2,000), bụ́ ndị nwere akwụkwọ ikike ala n’ime ọhịa ahụ, hapụ ebe ha bi ma ọ bụ ala ha.E nwekwara mgbalị ndị ọzọ iji nyere ndị bi n’ime ọhịa ahụ aka ka ha nwee ike ibi na ya ma na-eme ihe n’ụzọ na-emetaghị gburugburu ebe obibi nke ukwuu.Greenbelt Movement na-akwụ ndị mmadụ ego ka ha kụọ osisi. Nke a bụ ụdị mkpali/ụgwọ agbamume (incentive) iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ume ịkụ osisi, mana ihe ga-esi na ya pụta ka dị ka ihe na-adịghị enwe olileanya nke ukwuu, n’ihi na agbụrụ ndị a na-elekwasị anya karịa n’ọdịmma nke onwe ha karịa n’ọdịmma ndị mmadụ bi ọtụtụ kilomita n’ala osimiri ahụ. == Gọọmentị na nsogbu mmiri nke Kenya == Gọọmentị Kenya enweghị ego iji lekọta usoro ọkpọkọ siri ike. Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị bi na Kenya enweghị mmiri a na-etinye na paịpụ, maka ndị na-eme ya, mmiri ahụ na-abụkarị ihe na-adịghị ọcha n'ihi usoro ndị a na-arụ nke ọma na-ata ahụhụ site na mmebi ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Eric Maino|url=http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_834.html|title=Irony of Kenya's water crisis|publisher=Newsfromafrica.org|date=11 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928200209/http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_834.html|archivedate=28 September 2011}}</ref> E meela ọtụtụ omume na mgbanwe iji nyere ọnọdụ Kenya aka, mana mba ahụ ka na-ata ahụhụ site na nsogbu mmiri dị njọ karịa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa. N'afọ 1974, gọọmentị malitere National Water Master Plan, na ebumnuche nke inwe mmiri a na-aṅụ na mmiri dị n'ime ụlọ ọ bụla site n'afọ 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|author=World Water Assessment Programme|date=2006|title=Kenya national water development report: case study|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000148866|work=UNESDOC Digital Library}}</ref> N'ihi esemokwu dị n'etiti obodo ukwu ndị nwere mmiri na ime obodo ebe a dụrụ ndị na-etinye ego ọdụ ka ha ghara imepe emepe, enwetaghị ego iji mee ka nke a mee.<ref name="Welcome to our electronic office">{{Cite web|author=Welcome to our electronic office|url=http://www.nwcpc.go.ke/|title=WELCOME TO NWCPC &#124; National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation|publisher=Nwcpc.go.ke|date=24 June 1988|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423081417/http://www.nwcpc.go.ke/|archivedate=23 April 2011}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Water_point_-_Kegonche_village-Kuria_East_Sub_County.jpg|alt=Water point - Kegonche village-Kuria East Sub County in Migori County, Kenya|thumb|338x338px|'''Ebe mmiri - obodo Kegonche-Kuria East Sub County na Migori County, Kenya''']] Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụla ihe ịga nke ọma site na mbọ ha na-agba inye aka n'inweta mmiri dị mma. National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation enyewo enyemaka dị ukwuu kemgbe e guzobere ya na June 1988. Nzukọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta ihe mgbochi mmiri na dike, jikwaa njikwa idei mmiri, ma nyere aka na mmiri na-agbapụta ala. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ maka nchekwa na nkwado nke mmiri n'afọ niile na iji ala na mmiri idei mmiri eme ihe ọzọ.<ref name="Welcome to our electronic office" /> Ìgwè ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mpụga Kenya anọwo na-etinye aka. Kemgbe afọ 1997, [[Kansụl Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ nke Denmark]] anọwo na-enye ọrụ enyemaka ma na-enye aka na mmepe nke usoro mmiri dị ọcha na Kenya na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke East Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drc.dk/relief-work/where-we-work/horn-of-africa-and-yemen/kenya/|title=Kenya|publisher=drc.dk}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na Kenya enwetawokwa usoro inye mmiri nke òtù ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na òtù enyemaka onwe onye wuru. A na-ewukarị usoro ndị a site n’ego sitere na onyinye na nkwado nke Ngalaba Mmepe Mmiri (Department of Water Development). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mumma |first=Albert |date=2005 |title=Kenya's new water law: an analysis of the implications for the rural poor |url=http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101236/http://www.nri.org/projects/waterlaw/AWLworkshop/MUMMA-A.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref> N’agbanyeghị nke ahụ, obodo ahụ ka na-enwe nsogbu, dịkwa ka ndị ọzọ na-ekerịta isi mmiri ya si enwe. Ihe karịrị mba iri na abụọ (12) na-ekerịta ọdọ mmiri/ebe mmiri na-agbakọta (river basins) na Kenya, ma ruo ugbu a, enwebeghị usoro nkwekọrịta mba ụwa e guzobere iji hazie ma chịkwaa otú a ga-esi elekọta ma jiri akụrụngwa mmiri ndị a ha na-ekekọrịta. .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/projects/kenya/|title=Kenya|publisher=Water.org|accessdate=28 April 2011|archivedate=17 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017141957/http://water.org/projects/kenya/}}</ref> * Agha mmiri n'etiti Ethiopia na Kenya * Mmiri na ịdị ọcha na Kenya * Nsụda Mmiri Thomson * [[Ụkọ mmiri|Enweghị mmiri]] * Oké ọkọchị na Kenya na 2008-2009 == Edensibịa ==   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] exs711xfaza3t3jfpiw8g6mhz06a6yt 0 80758 737067 735214 2026-10-11T18:18:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emília Carlota Sebastião Celestino Dias''' (amụrụ 1972) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nkuzi si Angolan. Ọ bụ onye otu omeiwu mba [[Angola]] kemgbe afọ 2008. Na 2026, a họpụtara ya dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Òtù Ụmụ Nwanyị Angola. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Emília Carlota Dias na mpaghara Namibe nke Angola na 1972. Ọ malitere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya n'afọ 1980 dịka onye otu òtù dị iche iche nke ndị ntorobịa, gụnyere Agostinho Neto Pioneer Organization na [[Ndị ntorobịa nke MPLA|Youth of MPLA]]. O nwere nzere bachelọ na agụmakwụkwọ, ọkachamara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ kụzikwara ihe na mbụ na School of Professional Training in Arts and Crafts na Namibe Province. A họpụtakwara ya dịka onyeisi ngalaba nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ụmụaka nke Angola.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Emilia Carlota Sebastião Celestino Dias |url=https://parlamento.ao/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Assembleia Nacional |language=pt}}</ref> Na 2008, a họpụtara Dias ka ọ bụrụ onye otu pati MPLA na - achị, na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu ntuli aka mba ahụ. A họpụtara ya ọzọ n'afọ 2012, 2017, na 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-27 |title=Emília Carlota Dias é a quarta secretária-geral da OMA |url=https://luandapost.com/emilia-carlota-dias-e-a-quarta-secretaria-geral-da-oma/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=LuandaPost |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309215629/https://luandapost.com/emilia-carlota-dias-e-a-quarta-secretaria-geral-da-oma/ |archive-date=2026-03-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Na 2010, o jere ozi na Mgbakọ Iwu nke degharịrị Iwu Angola, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> Na 2026, a họpụtara ya dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Òtù Ụmụ Nwanyị Angola, wee nọchie [[Joana Tomás]]. Ọ nọwo na Kọmitii Etiti nke otu ahụ kemgbe afọ 2005. N'oge ọrụ ya niile, Dias akwadola inye ụmụ nwanyị ike, gụnyere nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ime usoro mkpebi. == Edensibị''a'' == {{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Emilia}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} e85q9mm6un2zu9ao9xgss5k958k6sbx 0 80766 737048 736907 2026-10-11T14:31:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 737048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Doo Aphane''' bụ onye ọka iwu Swazi na onye na-eme mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwaanyị. Ọ rụọla ọrụ ya na ọtụtụ òtù na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 2012, o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbanwe iwu Swaziland ka ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di nwee ike inwe ihe onwunwe n'aha nke ha. == Ọrụ == Doo Aphane nwere akara ugo mmụta master of law ma na-arụ ọrụ dịka ọkaiwu, ọkachamara n'iwu okike. O hiwere Women for Women Development Consultancy, ọ ka bụ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ma guzobekwa ụlọ ọgwụ enyemaka iwu nke Council of Swaziland Churches. Aphane na-eme nnyocha iwu ma bụrụkwa onye so dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye nhazi mba mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na iwu maka Swaziland maka Human Rights Trust of Southern Africa ma bụrụkwa onye nhazi mpaghara nke mba isii dị na ndịda Africa maka Women's Legal Rights Initiative. Aphane bụ osote onyeisi oche nke otu nhazi etiti nke Global Fund for Women ma bụrụkwa onye otu kọmitii ndụmọdụ teknụzụ nke Southern African Development Community gbasara HIV na AIDS site na 2007–2012. Ọ bụkwa onye otu bọọdụ nke Swaziland Young Women's Network, AIDS Information and Support Centre ma ka bụ onye otu African Feminist Forum.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doo Aphane|url=http://www.the-isla.org/doo-aphane/|publisher=Initiative for Strategic Legislation in Africa|accessdate=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027064711/http://www.the-isla.org/doo-aphane/|archive-date=27 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Aphane dọrọ gọọmentị Swaziland aka na ntị na ngagharị iwe ndị nkuzi ogologo oge na 2012 na-emetụta agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka na enweghị ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mere ka ha nwee ike inwe mwakpo mmekọahụ na iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Strike by Teachers does not necessarily mean political liberation for Swaziland – There is need for a regime change agenda|url=http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/27426|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803022043/http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/27426|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 3, 2012|accessdate=15 November 2017|work=Newstime Africa|date=1 August 2012}}</ref> Nakwa n'afọ 2012, o meriri n'ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Swaziland nke na-amachibido iwu ka ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di nwee ihe onwunwe ma n'aha ha ma ọ bụ na di ya; e mechakwara gbanwee iwu ahụ.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swaziland Supreme Court advances women's property rights|url=https://www.escr-net.org/caselaw/2017/attorney-general-v-mary-joyce-doo-aphane-2010-szsc-32|publisher=ESCR-Net|accessdate=15 November 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=RIGHTS-SWAZILAND: Property Rights At Last for Women {{!}} Inter Press Service|url=https://www.ipsnews.net/2010/03/rights-swaziland-property-rights-at-last-for-women/|accessdate=15 November 2017|work=IPS News}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] hqcouoexgomenh0hl8qzbs3ja894x9c 0 81190 737044 2026-10-11T13:59:14Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 737044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Onye na-akwado udo nke bụ onye Liberia (a mụrụ na 1972)}} {{Infobox person | name = Leymah Gbowee <!-- do not add image icons such as Nobel Peace Prize; see [[WP:ICON]] --> | image = Leymah Gbowee no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 (9730602149) (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = Gbowee na 2013 | birth_name = Leymah Roberta Gbowee | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|01}} | birth_place = Central [[Liberia]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | other_names = | known_for = [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]] and ''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]'' | occupation = [[Peace activist]] | education = [[Mother Patern College of Health Sciences]] (AA)<br> [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (MA) | awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2011 Nobel Peace Prize|2011]]) }} '''Leymah Roberta Gbowee''' (a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị 1 nke ọnwa Febụwarị, afọ 1972) bụ onye Liberia na-akwado udo, onye duziri otu ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ udo n'ụzọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a maara dị ka "Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace" (Mgbakọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Liberia maka Udo). Otu a nyeere aka n'ịkwụsị Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ n'afọ 2003. Mgbalị ya na nke onye ha na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ, bụ [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], nyeere aka iweta oge udo ma mee ka e nwee ntuli aka n'efu na nke ziri ezi n'afọ 2005, nke Sirleaf meriri.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|title=African women look within for change|publisher=CNN|date=31 October 2009|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=10 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518201040/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|url-status=dead}}</ref> E nyere Gbowee na Sirleaf, tinyere Tawakkul Karman, ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke afọ 2011 "maka mgba ha na-enweghị ime ihe ike iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ọrụ iwulite udo."<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |title=The Rabble Rousers |last=Conley |first=Kevin |date=2008 |website=[[O, the Oprah Magazine]] |language=en-us |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004218/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ndụ mbido== A mụrụ Leymah Gbowee na etiti [[Liberia]] na 1 February 1972. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ n'ime atọ bi na [[Monrovia]] ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, Foundation, Accomplishments, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leymah-Gbowee |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> mgbe Agha obodo mbụ nke Liberia dara na 1989,<ref>{{cite web|title= Leymah Gbowee Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/#interview}}</ref> nke tụbara mba ahụ n'ọgba aghara ruo 1996.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|15–25,50}} "Ka agha ahụ na-ebelata, ọ matara maka otu mmemme nke UNICEF na-elekọta... nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta ọdịmma ọha, bụ ndị ga-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị agha kpatara oke nhụjuanya n'obi," ka Gbowee dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2011, nke a na-akpọ ''Mighty Be Our Powers''.<ref name="MightyBe">{{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |last1=Gbowee |first1=Leymah |last2=Mithers |first2=Carol |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}</ref>{{rp|50}} Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ dị ọnwa atọ, nke mere ka ọ ghọta na nna ụmụ ya abụọ nta—nwa ya nwoke bụ Joshua "Nuku" na nwa ya nwanyị bụ Amber—na-emegbu ya.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|50}} N'ịchọ udo na ihe oriri maka ezinụlọ ya, Gbowee sooro di ya, akpọrọ Daniel n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, gaa Ghana ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Arthur) bi dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-enweghị ebe obibi ma fọrọ nke nta ka agụụ gbụọ ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|59–68}} Ọ kpọrọ ụmụ ya atọ wee gbaa ọsọ, na-agba bọs n'ụgwọ ruo ihe karịrị otu izu "n'ihi na enweghị m otu mkpụrụ ego," laghachi n'ọnọdụ ọgba aghara dị na Liberia, ebe ndị mụrụ ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ ka bi.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|69}} N'afọ 1998, n'ọchịchọ ya ịbanye n'usoro ọmụmụ maka nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (social work) na kọleji Mother Patern College of Health Sciences, Gbowee malitere ịrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'otu mmemme nke Chọọchị Lutheran dị na Liberia. A na-arụ ọrụ a n'ime ụlọ ụka St. Peter's Lutheran dị na Monrovia—ebe nne ya bụ onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa ebe o ji oge uto ya niile biri. A na-akpọ mmemme ahụ 'Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Program' (THRP), ọ bụkwa ya malitere njem Gbowee n'ịghọ onye na-akwado udo:<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|80–82}} Ọfịs THRP ahụ dị ọhụrụ, mana mmemme ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ụka dị na Liberia anọgidewo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịchọ udo kemgbe agha obodo malitere; n'afọ 1991, ndị ụkọchukwu Lutheran, ndị ndu ụka na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị nkuzi, na ndị ọrụ ahụike jikọrọ aka na Christian Health Association of Liberia iji gbalịa idozi mmebi uche na nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke agha ahụ kpatara.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|81}} Gbowee gụrụ akwụkwọ wee rụkwaa ụzọ ya gaa n'ọkwa mmụta nka, enyere ya na 2001,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|111}} ka ọ na-etinye n'ọrụ ihe ọ mụtara gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche na ime ka ndị mmadụ dịghachi ná mma, n'ịgbalị inyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bụbu ụmụaka a na-etinye n'agha n'òtù ndị agha Charles Taylor aka ịghọghachi ndị bara uru n'obodo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html |title=Leymah Gbowee Biography |website=Nobel Peace Prize Forum |access-date=31 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html Leymah Gbowee Biography]{{dead link|date=October 2011 }}</ref> Ka ihe ngosi agha gbara ya gburugburu, ọ ghọtara na "ọ bụrụ na a ga-enwe mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụ ndị nne ga-emerịrị ya".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gruberprizes.org/GruberPrizes/WomensRights_LaureateBio.php?id=86&awardid=53 |title=2009 Gruber Foundation Women's Rights Prize |publisher=Gruberprizes.org |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> Gbowee mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, bụ Nicole "Pudu", nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nne ụmụ anọ, ka ọ na-amalite akụkụ ọzọ nke njem ndụ ya—ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Liberia ka ha kwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ na-ebibi ụmụ ha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110612/http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2011|title=Leymah Gbowee, Women in Peace and Security Network Africa — NIEW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> ==Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ== Gbowee nwetara nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (n'afọ 2001) site na Mother Patern College of Health Sciences dị na Monrovia, Liberia, ma mesịa nweta nzere 'Master of Arts' na Conflict Transformation (n'afọ 2007) site na Eastern Mennonite University dị na Harrisonburg, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Road |first=Copyright © 2006-2026 Eastern Mennonite University 1200 Park |last2=Harrisonburg |last3=Fax: 540-432-4444 |first3=Virginia 22802 Phone: 540-432-4000 |date=2011-10-07 |title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2011/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}</ref> O nwetakwara asambodo na ọzụzụ gbasara igbochi esemokwu na iwulite udo site n'aka United Nations Institute for Training, Healing Victims of War Trauma Center dị na Cameroon, na Non-Violent Peace Education dị na Liberia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee/ |title=Making Peace Work for Women |publisher=Womenpeacesecurity.org |date=26 October 2006|access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030031915/http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}</ref> 9qe7v5r2b40j67nba0bedy6ezotb1db 737049 737044 2026-10-11T14:47:54Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Improved this article 737049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Onye na-akwado udo nke bụ onye Liberia (a mụrụ na 1972)}} {{Infobox person | name = Leymah Gbowee <!-- do not add image icons such as Nobel Peace Prize; see [[WP:ICON]] --> | image = Leymah Gbowee no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 (9730602149) (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = Gbowee na 2013 | birth_name = Leymah Roberta Gbowee | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|01}} | birth_place = Central [[Liberia]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | other_names = | known_for = [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]] and ''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]'' | occupation = [[Peace activist]] | education = [[Mother Patern College of Health Sciences]] (AA)<br> [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (MA) | awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2011 Nobel Peace Prize|2011]]) }} '''Leymah Roberta Gbowee''' (a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị 1 nke ọnwa Febụwarị, afọ 1972) bụ onye Liberia na-akwado udo, onye duziri otu ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ udo n'ụzọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a maara dị ka "Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace" (Mgbakọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Liberia maka Udo). Otu a nyeere aka n'ịkwụsị Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ n'afọ 2003. Mgbalị ya na nke onye ha na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ, bụ [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], nyeere aka iweta oge udo ma mee ka e nwee ntuli aka n'efu na nke ziri ezi n'afọ 2005, nke Sirleaf meriri.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|title=African women look within for change|publisher=CNN|date=31 October 2009|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=10 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518201040/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|url-status=dead}}</ref> E nyere Gbowee na Sirleaf, tinyere Tawakkul Karman, ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke afọ 2011 "maka mgba ha na-enweghị ime ihe ike iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ọrụ iwulite udo."<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |title=The Rabble Rousers |last=Conley |first=Kevin |date=2008 |website=[[O, the Oprah Magazine]] |language=en-us |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004218/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ndụ mbido== A mụrụ Leymah Gbowee na etiti [[Liberia]] na 1 February 1972. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ n'ime atọ bi na [[Monrovia]] ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, Foundation, Accomplishments, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leymah-Gbowee |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> mgbe Agha obodo mbụ nke Liberia dara na 1989,<ref>{{cite web|title= Leymah Gbowee Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/#interview}}</ref> nke tụbara mba ahụ n'ọgba aghara ruo 1996.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|15–25,50}} "Ka agha ahụ na-ebelata, ọ matara maka otu mmemme nke UNICEF na-elekọta... nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta ọdịmma ọha, bụ ndị ga-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị agha kpatara oke nhụjuanya n'obi," ka Gbowee dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2011, nke a na-akpọ ''Mighty Be Our Powers''.<ref name="MightyBe">{{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |last1=Gbowee |first1=Leymah |last2=Mithers |first2=Carol |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}</ref>{{rp|50}} Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ dị ọnwa atọ, nke mere ka ọ ghọta na nna ụmụ ya abụọ nta—nwa ya nwoke bụ Joshua "Nuku" na nwa ya nwanyị bụ Amber—na-emegbu ya.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|50}} N'ịchọ udo na ihe oriri maka ezinụlọ ya, Gbowee sooro di ya, akpọrọ Daniel n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, gaa Ghana ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Arthur) bi dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-enweghị ebe obibi ma fọrọ nke nta ka agụụ gbụọ ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|59–68}} Ọ kpọrọ ụmụ ya atọ wee gbaa ọsọ, na-agba bọs n'ụgwọ ruo ihe karịrị otu izu "n'ihi na enweghị m otu mkpụrụ ego," laghachi n'ọnọdụ ọgba aghara dị na Liberia, ebe ndị mụrụ ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ ka bi.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|69}} N'afọ 1998, n'ọchịchọ ya ịbanye n'usoro ọmụmụ maka nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (social work) na kọleji Mother Patern College of Health Sciences, Gbowee malitere ịrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'otu mmemme nke Chọọchị Lutheran dị na Liberia. A na-arụ ọrụ a n'ime ụlọ ụka St. Peter's Lutheran dị na Monrovia—ebe nne ya bụ onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa ebe o ji oge uto ya niile biri. A na-akpọ mmemme ahụ 'Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Program' (THRP), ọ bụkwa ya malitere njem Gbowee n'ịghọ onye na-akwado udo:<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|80–82}} Ọfịs THRP ahụ dị ọhụrụ, mana mmemme ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ụka dị na Liberia anọgidewo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịchọ udo kemgbe agha obodo malitere; n'afọ 1991, ndị ụkọchukwu Lutheran, ndị ndu ụka na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị nkuzi, na ndị ọrụ ahụike jikọrọ aka na Christian Health Association of Liberia iji gbalịa idozi mmebi uche na nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke agha ahụ kpatara.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|81}} Gbowee gụrụ akwụkwọ wee rụkwaa ụzọ ya gaa n'ọkwa mmụta nka, enyere ya na 2001,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|111}} ka ọ na-etinye n'ọrụ ihe ọ mụtara gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche na ime ka ndị mmadụ dịghachi ná mma, n'ịgbalị inyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bụbu ụmụaka a na-etinye n'agha n'òtù ndị agha Charles Taylor aka ịghọghachi ndị bara uru n'obodo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html |title=Leymah Gbowee Biography |website=Nobel Peace Prize Forum |access-date=31 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html Leymah Gbowee Biography]{{dead link|date=October 2011 }}</ref> Ka ihe ngosi agha gbara ya gburugburu, ọ ghọtara na "ọ bụrụ na a ga-enwe mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụ ndị nne ga-emerịrị ya".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gruberprizes.org/GruberPrizes/WomensRights_LaureateBio.php?id=86&awardid=53 |title=2009 Gruber Foundation Women's Rights Prize |publisher=Gruberprizes.org |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> Gbowee mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, bụ Nicole "Pudu", nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nne ụmụ anọ, ka ọ na-amalite akụkụ ọzọ nke njem ndụ ya—ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Liberia ka ha kwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ na-ebibi ụmụ ha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110612/http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2011|title=Leymah Gbowee, Women in Peace and Security Network Africa — NIEW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> ==Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ== Gbowee nwetara nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (n'afọ 2001) site na Mother Patern College of Health Sciences dị na Monrovia, Liberia, ma mesịa nweta nzere 'Master of Arts' na Conflict Transformation (n'afọ 2007) site na Eastern Mennonite University dị na Harrisonburg, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Road |first=Copyright © 2006-2026 Eastern Mennonite University 1200 Park |last2=Harrisonburg |last3=Fax: 540-432-4444 |first3=Virginia 22802 Phone: 540-432-4000 |date=2011-10-07 |title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2011/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}</ref> O nwetakwara asambodo na ọzụzụ gbasara igbochi esemokwu na iwulite udo site n'aka United Nations Institute for Training, Healing Victims of War Trauma Center dị na Cameroon, na Non-Violent Peace Education dị na Liberia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee/ |title=Making Peace Work for Women |publisher=Womenpeacesecurity.org |date=26 October 2006|access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030031915/http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}</ref> ==Ọrụ== Gbowee bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, nke e hiwere na 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|title=US$50,000 Scholarship for Liberian Women, Gbowee Foundation Discloses|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514095525/http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|url-status=dead}}</ref> ma nwee isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Monrovia, nke na-enye ụmụ agbọghọ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa ohere agụmakwụkwọ na nke ịbụ ndị ndu na Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://gboweepeaceafrica.org/our-story |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa (GPFA) |language=en-US}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Gbowee bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke ''Women Peace and Security Network Africa'', nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Accra, [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |title=Hunt Alternatives Fund, Directory of Women Experts |publisher=Huntalternatives.org |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201036/http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref> nke na-ewulite mmekọrịta n'ofe mpaghara West Africa iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere igbochi, izere, na ịkwụsị esemokwu. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala ma bụrụkwa onye bụbu onye nhazi nke mmemme Women in Peacebuilding Program/West African Network for Peacebuilding (WIPNET/WANEP).<ref name="MightyBe" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye a họpụtara ịbụ kọmishọna maka Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta Udo na Liberia. N'ime afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2013–2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara pụrụ iche (Distinguished Fellow) n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi n'ọha mmadụ na Barnard College nke Mahadum Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |title=Barnard Welcomes Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee as Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice |publisher=Barnard.edu |access-date=2013-11-19 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203114218/http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |url-status=dead }}</ref> Site na afọ 2012 ruo 2014, Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ime Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Ọkwa Elu maka International Conference on Population and Development, nke [[Joaquim Chissano]] na [[Tarja Halonen]] so duzie dị ka ndị isi oche.<ref>[https://www.icpdtaskforce.org/task-force-members/ Members] High-Level Task Force for the International Conference on Population and Development.</ref> Na 2013, ọ ghọrọ Onye nnọchiteanya Oxfam n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |title=Leymah Gbowee &#124; Oxfam International |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190159/http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gbowee na-enye okwu n'ọkwa mba ụwa iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, yana udo na nchekwa. N'afọ 2016, Gbowee kwuru okwu n'oge ngagharị iwe nke otu a na-akpọ [[Women Wage Peace]] haziri; nke a bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite nkwekọrịta udo n'etiti Israel na Palestine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/these-israeli-women-marched-from-the-lebanese-border-to-jerusalem-heres-why/2016/10/19/a9b67618-b92c-4c7a-9ad8-d992477e7db1_story.html|title=These Israeli women marched from the Lebanese border to Jerusalem. Here's why.|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> Gbowee bụkwa onye na-akwado n'ihu ọha nzukọ anaghị achọ uru nke Ebenezer Norman, onye obodo Liberia ibe ya, nke a na-akpọ ''A New Dimension of Hope''—otu ntọala na-ewu ụlọ akwụkwọ na Liberia. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, o degaara ndị nyere aka n'ọrụ nchịkọta ego nzukọ ahụ na ikpo okwu Indiegogo akwụkwọ ozi nkeonwe, ma kwuo okwu n'emume ha dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.regis.edu/News-Events-Media/News/2018/August/Nobel%20Prize.aspx|title=Regis University Welcomes 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Winner|website=www.regis.edu|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/small-village-and-elementary-school-in-africa-destroyed-by-corrupt-goernment-wcz/|title=Small Village and Elementary School in Africa Destroyed by Corrupt Government|date=2016-06-14|website=The Good Men Project|language=en-US|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>New Dimension of Hope, [http://www.prlog.org/12455792-african-charity-launches-crowd-funding-campaign-to-build-school-in-liberia.html "African Charity Launches Crowd-funding Campaign to Build School in Liberia"], prlog.org, 13 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.</ref><ref>Angelini, Anthony. [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/ndhope-s-school-building-project-in-liberia#/story "NDHope's School Building Project in Liberia"]. Indiegogo. New Dimension of Hope, 5 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, Gbowee na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye Isi Nchịkwa nke Mmemme Ụmụnwanyị maka Udo na Nchekwa (Women of Peace and Security Program) na AC4, nke dị n'ime Earth Institute nke Mahadum Columbia.<ref>[http://sps.columbia.edu/negotiation-and-conflict-resolution/news/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-direct-columbias-women-peace-and "Nobel Peace Prize Laureate to Direct Columbia's Women, Peace, and Security Initative"] [sic], Columbia SPS, 20 February 2017.</ref> Gbowee na-edekwara ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' ihe.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/leymah-gbowee-wins-nobel-peace-prize | title =Leymah Gbowee Wins Nobel Peace Prize | date =October 7, 2011 | website =The Daily Beast |access-date =15 October 2017 |quote=Liberian peace activist and Daily Beast contributor Leymah Gbowee was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for her "non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work." }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/author/leymah-gbowee.html | title =Leymah Gbowee | website =thedailybeast.com | date =15 December 2012 | publisher =The Daily Beast | access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> ===Itinye aka na ọgwụgwọ mmerụ ahụ=== N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1999, mgbe Gbowee nọrọla na ọrụ ọgwụgwọ Trauma otu afọ,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|95}} onye na-elekọta ya, bụ́ Reverend Bartholomew Bioh "BB" Colley—onye bụ́ pastọ n'Ụka Lutheran dị na Liberia—gosiri ya n'ebe [[Samuel Gbaydee Doe]] nọ (onye na-enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na onye bụbu onye isi ala Liberia nwere otu aha mbụ na aha nna ahụ),<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|98}} onye Liberia nwere "ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na ọgụgụ isi"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|107}} onye ka nwetara nzere 'master's' n'otu mahadum Ndị Kraịst dị na United States, nke gbadoro ụkwụ pụrụ iche n'ọmụmụ gbasara iwulite udo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Gbaydee Doe – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/sam-gbaydee-doe/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=emu.edu}}</ref> Doe bụ onye isi oche nke ọgbakọ udo mbụ mpaghara Africa, West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wanep.org |title=West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) |website=www.wanep.org |access-date=20 October 2011}}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}</ref> nke o so guzobe na 1998 na Ghana.<ref>Lynda Hollinger Janzen, "Africa-based peace initiative grows out of Liberian tragedy", ''Mennonite Weekly Review'', Vol. 82, No. 31, 2 August 2004, p. 7.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About-Us |url=http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111175829/http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-date=2013-11-11 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.wanep.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> Site n'agba ume sitere n'aka onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran ọ na-akpọ "BB", Gbowee malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gbasara iwulite udo; karịsịa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ''The Politics of Jesus'' nke ọkà mmụta okpukperechi Mennonite bụ John Howard Yoder dere, yana ọrụ ndị Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi, na onye edemede si Kenya bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara esemokwu na ime ka udo dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ, bụ Hizkias Assefa, dere.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|88}} Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1999, "WANEP na-agba mbọ nke ukwuu itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ya, a kpọkwara m ka m gaa nzukọ na Ghana," ka Gbowee dere.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|101}} N'ọgbakọ WANEP ọzọ e nwere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2000, Gbowee zutere [[Thelma Ekiyor]] si Naịjirịa, onye "nwere ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ, bụrụkwa ọkaiwu ọkachamara n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-esi edozi esemokwu."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|107–108}} Ekiyor gwara Gbowee maka echiche ya ịgakwuru WANEP ka ha guzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị. "Thelma bụ onye na-eche echiche miri emi ma nwee ọhụụ, dịka BB na Sam. Mana ọ bụ nwanyị, dịka mụ onwe m."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|109}} N'ime otu afọ, Ekiyor nwetara ego nkwado site na WANEP ma hazie nzukọ mbụ nke Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET) na Accra, Ghana, nke Gbowee gara: <blockquote>Kedu ka a ga-esi kọwaa obi ụtọ dị na nzukọ mbụ ahụ...? E nwere ụmụ nwanyị si Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, na Togo – ya bụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile dị iri na isii n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Site n'ụzọ dị jụụ mana nke gosipụtara ọgụgụ isi pụrụ iche, Thelma ji aka ya dee akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ọzụzụ ndị nhazi; akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe omume ndị ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị pụta n'ihu, tinye aka n'ihe a na-eme, mụta maka esemokwu na otu esi edozi ha, ma nyere ha aka ịghọta ihe mere o ji dị mkpa ka ha tinye aka n'idozi nsogbu ndị a.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|112}}</blockquote> N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere ọmịiko ma na-achọkwa udo, Gbowee kọrọ akụkụ ndị na-ewute obi n'akụkọ ndụ ya nke mbụ ya; nke a gụnyere oge ya na nwa ya a mụrụ ọhụrụ nọrọ otu izu na-ehi ụra n'ala n'okporo ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi na o nweghị ego ọ ga-eji kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa onye ga-enyere ya aka.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|113}} "Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ n'Africa na-eme nke a: ilekwasị anya naanị n'ụmụ nwanyị na naanị n'iwulite udo."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|113}} Ekiyor ghọrọ onye nkuzi na enyi Gbowee. Ọ bụkwa ya kwupụtara mmalite nke WIPNET na Liberia ma họpụta Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi nke Liberian Women's Initiative.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|114–115}} Enwere ike ịsị na echiche Gbowee banyere "ụka na-akwado udo" sitere n'oge a – Thelma Ekiyor, Rev. "BB" Colley, Samuel Gbaydee Doe, na Hizkias Assefa nwere njikọ niile na Eastern Mennonite University dị na United States, ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị gụburu akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ (n'ihe gbasara Assefa) dị ka onye nkuzi na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.<ref name=autogenerated9>[http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/nobel-prize-winner-connected-to-peace-church-tradition/ "Nobel Prize Winner Connected to Peace-Church Tradition"]. Retrieved 20 October 2011.</ref> 10bn7qw8iyf3bdmtu9k2ix810sjvqh6 737054 737049 2026-10-11T16:26:15Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Improved this article 737054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Onye na-akwado udo nke bụ onye Liberia (a mụrụ na 1972)}} {{Infobox person | name = Leymah Gbowee <!-- do not add image icons such as Nobel Peace Prize; see [[WP:ICON]] --> | image = Leymah Gbowee no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 (9730602149) (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = Gbowee na 2013 | birth_name = Leymah Roberta Gbowee | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|01}} | birth_place = Central [[Liberia]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | other_names = | known_for = [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]] and ''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]'' | occupation = [[Peace activist]] | education = [[Mother Patern College of Health Sciences]] (AA)<br> [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (MA) | awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2011 Nobel Peace Prize|2011]]) }} '''Leymah Roberta Gbowee''' (a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị 1 nke ọnwa Febụwarị, afọ 1972) bụ onye Liberia na-akwado udo, onye duziri otu ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ udo n'ụzọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a maara dị ka "Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace" (Mgbakọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Liberia maka Udo). Otu a nyeere aka n'ịkwụsị Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ n'afọ 2003. Mgbalị ya na nke onye ha na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ, bụ [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], nyeere aka iweta oge udo ma mee ka e nwee ntuli aka n'efu na nke ziri ezi n'afọ 2005, nke Sirleaf meriri.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|title=African women look within for change|publisher=CNN|date=31 October 2009|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=10 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518201040/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|url-status=dead}}</ref> E nyere Gbowee na Sirleaf, tinyere Tawakkul Karman, ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke afọ 2011 "maka mgba ha na-enweghị ime ihe ike iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ọrụ iwulite udo."<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |title=The Rabble Rousers |last=Conley |first=Kevin |date=2008 |website=[[O, the Oprah Magazine]] |language=en-us |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004218/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ndụ mbido== A mụrụ Leymah Gbowee na etiti [[Liberia]] na 1 February 1972. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ n'ime atọ bi na [[Monrovia]] ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, Foundation, Accomplishments, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leymah-Gbowee |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> mgbe Agha obodo mbụ nke Liberia dara na 1989,<ref>{{cite web|title= Leymah Gbowee Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/#interview}}</ref> nke tụbara mba ahụ n'ọgba aghara ruo 1996.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|15–25,50}} "Ka agha ahụ na-ebelata, ọ matara maka otu mmemme nke UNICEF na-elekọta... nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta ọdịmma ọha, bụ ndị ga-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị agha kpatara oke nhụjuanya n'obi," ka Gbowee dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2011, nke a na-akpọ ''Mighty Be Our Powers''.<ref name="MightyBe">{{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |last1=Gbowee |first1=Leymah |last2=Mithers |first2=Carol |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}</ref>{{rp|50}} Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ dị ọnwa atọ, nke mere ka ọ ghọta na nna ụmụ ya abụọ nta—nwa ya nwoke bụ Joshua "Nuku" na nwa ya nwanyị bụ Amber—na-emegbu ya.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|50}} N'ịchọ udo na ihe oriri maka ezinụlọ ya, Gbowee sooro di ya, akpọrọ Daniel n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, gaa Ghana ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Arthur) bi dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-enweghị ebe obibi ma fọrọ nke nta ka agụụ gbụọ ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|59–68}} Ọ kpọrọ ụmụ ya atọ wee gbaa ọsọ, na-agba bọs n'ụgwọ ruo ihe karịrị otu izu "n'ihi na enweghị m otu mkpụrụ ego," laghachi n'ọnọdụ ọgba aghara dị na Liberia, ebe ndị mụrụ ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ ka bi.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|69}} N'afọ 1998, n'ọchịchọ ya ịbanye n'usoro ọmụmụ maka nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (social work) na kọleji Mother Patern College of Health Sciences, Gbowee malitere ịrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'otu mmemme nke Chọọchị Lutheran dị na Liberia. A na-arụ ọrụ a n'ime ụlọ ụka St. Peter's Lutheran dị na Monrovia—ebe nne ya bụ onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa ebe o ji oge uto ya niile biri. A na-akpọ mmemme ahụ 'Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Program' (THRP), ọ bụkwa ya malitere njem Gbowee n'ịghọ onye na-akwado udo:<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|80–82}} Ọfịs THRP ahụ dị ọhụrụ, mana mmemme ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ụka dị na Liberia anọgidewo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịchọ udo kemgbe agha obodo malitere; n'afọ 1991, ndị ụkọchukwu Lutheran, ndị ndu ụka na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị nkuzi, na ndị ọrụ ahụike jikọrọ aka na Christian Health Association of Liberia iji gbalịa idozi mmebi uche na nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke agha ahụ kpatara.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|81}} Gbowee gụrụ akwụkwọ wee rụkwaa ụzọ ya gaa n'ọkwa mmụta nka, enyere ya na 2001,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|111}} ka ọ na-etinye n'ọrụ ihe ọ mụtara gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche na ime ka ndị mmadụ dịghachi ná mma, n'ịgbalị inyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bụbu ụmụaka a na-etinye n'agha n'òtù ndị agha Charles Taylor aka ịghọghachi ndị bara uru n'obodo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html |title=Leymah Gbowee Biography |website=Nobel Peace Prize Forum |access-date=31 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html Leymah Gbowee Biography]{{dead link|date=October 2011 }}</ref> Ka ihe ngosi agha gbara ya gburugburu, ọ ghọtara na "ọ bụrụ na a ga-enwe mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụ ndị nne ga-emerịrị ya".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gruberprizes.org/GruberPrizes/WomensRights_LaureateBio.php?id=86&awardid=53 |title=2009 Gruber Foundation Women's Rights Prize |publisher=Gruberprizes.org |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> Gbowee mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, bụ Nicole "Pudu", nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nne ụmụ anọ, ka ọ na-amalite akụkụ ọzọ nke njem ndụ ya—ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Liberia ka ha kwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ na-ebibi ụmụ ha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110612/http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2011|title=Leymah Gbowee, Women in Peace and Security Network Africa — NIEW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> ==Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ== Gbowee nwetara nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (n'afọ 2001) site na Mother Patern College of Health Sciences dị na Monrovia, Liberia, ma mesịa nweta nzere 'Master of Arts' na Conflict Transformation (n'afọ 2007) site na Eastern Mennonite University dị na Harrisonburg, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Road |first=Copyright © 2006-2026 Eastern Mennonite University 1200 Park |last2=Harrisonburg |last3=Fax: 540-432-4444 |first3=Virginia 22802 Phone: 540-432-4000 |date=2011-10-07 |title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2011/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}</ref> O nwetakwara asambodo na ọzụzụ gbasara igbochi esemokwu na iwulite udo site n'aka United Nations Institute for Training, Healing Victims of War Trauma Center dị na Cameroon, na Non-Violent Peace Education dị na Liberia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee/ |title=Making Peace Work for Women |publisher=Womenpeacesecurity.org |date=26 October 2006|access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030031915/http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}</ref> ==Ọrụ== Gbowee bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, nke e hiwere na 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|title=US$50,000 Scholarship for Liberian Women, Gbowee Foundation Discloses|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514095525/http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|url-status=dead}}</ref> ma nwee isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Monrovia, nke na-enye ụmụ agbọghọ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa ohere agụmakwụkwọ na nke ịbụ ndị ndu na Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://gboweepeaceafrica.org/our-story |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa (GPFA) |language=en-US}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Gbowee bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke ''Women Peace and Security Network Africa'', nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Accra, [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |title=Hunt Alternatives Fund, Directory of Women Experts |publisher=Huntalternatives.org |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201036/http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref> nke na-ewulite mmekọrịta n'ofe mpaghara West Africa iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere igbochi, izere, na ịkwụsị esemokwu. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala ma bụrụkwa onye bụbu onye nhazi nke mmemme Women in Peacebuilding Program/West African Network for Peacebuilding (WIPNET/WANEP).<ref name="MightyBe" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye a họpụtara ịbụ kọmishọna maka Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta Udo na Liberia. N'ime afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2013–2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara pụrụ iche (Distinguished Fellow) n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi n'ọha mmadụ na Barnard College nke Mahadum Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |title=Barnard Welcomes Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee as Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice |publisher=Barnard.edu |access-date=2013-11-19 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203114218/http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |url-status=dead }}</ref> Site na afọ 2012 ruo 2014, Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ime Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Ọkwa Elu maka International Conference on Population and Development, nke [[Joaquim Chissano]] na [[Tarja Halonen]] so duzie dị ka ndị isi oche.<ref>[https://www.icpdtaskforce.org/task-force-members/ Members] High-Level Task Force for the International Conference on Population and Development.</ref> Na 2013, ọ ghọrọ Onye nnọchiteanya Oxfam n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |title=Leymah Gbowee &#124; Oxfam International |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190159/http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gbowee na-enye okwu n'ọkwa mba ụwa iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, yana udo na nchekwa. N'afọ 2016, Gbowee kwuru okwu n'oge ngagharị iwe nke otu a na-akpọ [[Women Wage Peace]] haziri; nke a bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite nkwekọrịta udo n'etiti Israel na Palestine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/these-israeli-women-marched-from-the-lebanese-border-to-jerusalem-heres-why/2016/10/19/a9b67618-b92c-4c7a-9ad8-d992477e7db1_story.html|title=These Israeli women marched from the Lebanese border to Jerusalem. Here's why.|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> Gbowee bụkwa onye na-akwado n'ihu ọha nzukọ anaghị achọ uru nke Ebenezer Norman, onye obodo Liberia ibe ya, nke a na-akpọ ''A New Dimension of Hope''—otu ntọala na-ewu ụlọ akwụkwọ na Liberia. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, o degaara ndị nyere aka n'ọrụ nchịkọta ego nzukọ ahụ na ikpo okwu Indiegogo akwụkwọ ozi nkeonwe, ma kwuo okwu n'emume ha dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.regis.edu/News-Events-Media/News/2018/August/Nobel%20Prize.aspx|title=Regis University Welcomes 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Winner|website=www.regis.edu|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/small-village-and-elementary-school-in-africa-destroyed-by-corrupt-goernment-wcz/|title=Small Village and Elementary School in Africa Destroyed by Corrupt Government|date=2016-06-14|website=The Good Men Project|language=en-US|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>New Dimension of Hope, [http://www.prlog.org/12455792-african-charity-launches-crowd-funding-campaign-to-build-school-in-liberia.html "African Charity Launches Crowd-funding Campaign to Build School in Liberia"], prlog.org, 13 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.</ref><ref>Angelini, Anthony. [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/ndhope-s-school-building-project-in-liberia#/story "NDHope's School Building Project in Liberia"]. Indiegogo. New Dimension of Hope, 5 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, Gbowee na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye Isi Nchịkwa nke Mmemme Ụmụnwanyị maka Udo na Nchekwa (Women of Peace and Security Program) na AC4, nke dị n'ime Earth Institute nke Mahadum Columbia.<ref>[http://sps.columbia.edu/negotiation-and-conflict-resolution/news/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-direct-columbias-women-peace-and "Nobel Peace Prize Laureate to Direct Columbia's Women, Peace, and Security Initative"] [sic], Columbia SPS, 20 February 2017.</ref> Gbowee na-edekwara ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' ihe.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/leymah-gbowee-wins-nobel-peace-prize | title =Leymah Gbowee Wins Nobel Peace Prize | date =October 7, 2011 | website =The Daily Beast |access-date =15 October 2017 |quote=Liberian peace activist and Daily Beast contributor Leymah Gbowee was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for her "non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work." }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/author/leymah-gbowee.html | title =Leymah Gbowee | website =thedailybeast.com | date =15 December 2012 | publisher =The Daily Beast | access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> ===Itinye aka na ọgwụgwọ mmerụ ahụ=== N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1999, mgbe Gbowee nọrọla na ọrụ ọgwụgwọ Trauma otu afọ,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|95}} onye na-elekọta ya, bụ́ Reverend Bartholomew Bioh "BB" Colley—onye bụ́ pastọ n'Ụka Lutheran dị na Liberia—gosiri ya n'ebe [[Samuel Gbaydee Doe]] nọ (onye na-enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na onye bụbu onye isi ala Liberia nwere otu aha mbụ na aha nna ahụ),<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|98}} onye Liberia nwere "ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na ọgụgụ isi"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|107}} onye ka nwetara nzere 'master's' n'otu mahadum Ndị Kraịst dị na United States, nke gbadoro ụkwụ pụrụ iche n'ọmụmụ gbasara iwulite udo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Gbaydee Doe – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/sam-gbaydee-doe/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=emu.edu}}</ref> Doe bụ onye isi oche nke ọgbakọ udo mbụ mpaghara Africa, West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wanep.org |title=West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) |website=www.wanep.org |access-date=20 October 2011}}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}</ref> nke o so guzobe na 1998 na Ghana.<ref>Lynda Hollinger Janzen, "Africa-based peace initiative grows out of Liberian tragedy", ''Mennonite Weekly Review'', Vol. 82, No. 31, 2 August 2004, p. 7.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About-Us |url=http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111175829/http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-date=2013-11-11 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.wanep.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> Site n'agba ume sitere n'aka onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran ọ na-akpọ "BB", Gbowee malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gbasara iwulite udo; karịsịa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ''The Politics of Jesus'' nke ọkà mmụta okpukperechi Mennonite bụ John Howard Yoder dere, yana ọrụ ndị Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi, na onye edemede si Kenya bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara esemokwu na ime ka udo dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ, bụ Hizkias Assefa, dere.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|88}} Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1999, "WANEP na-agba mbọ nke ukwuu itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ya, a kpọkwara m ka m gaa nzukọ na Ghana," ka Gbowee dere.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|101}} N'ọgbakọ WANEP ọzọ e nwere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2000, Gbowee zutere [[Thelma Ekiyor]] si Naịjirịa, onye "nwere ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ, bụrụkwa ọkaiwu ọkachamara n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-esi edozi esemokwu."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|107–108}} Ekiyor gwara Gbowee maka echiche ya ịgakwuru WANEP ka ha guzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị. "Thelma bụ onye na-eche echiche miri emi ma nwee ọhụụ, dịka BB na Sam. Mana ọ bụ nwanyị, dịka mụ onwe m."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|109}} N'ime otu afọ, Ekiyor nwetara ego nkwado site na WANEP ma hazie nzukọ mbụ nke Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET) na Accra, Ghana, nke Gbowee gara: <blockquote>Kedu ka a ga-esi kọwaa obi ụtọ dị na nzukọ mbụ ahụ...? E nwere ụmụ nwanyị si Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, na Togo – ya bụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile dị iri na isii n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Site n'ụzọ dị jụụ mana nke gosipụtara ọgụgụ isi pụrụ iche, Thelma ji aka ya dee akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ọzụzụ ndị nhazi; akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe omume ndị ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị pụta n'ihu, tinye aka n'ihe a na-eme, mụta maka esemokwu na otu esi edozi ha, ma nyere ha aka ịghọta ihe mere o ji dị mkpa ka ha tinye aka n'idozi nsogbu ndị a.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|112}}</blockquote> N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere ọmịiko ma na-achọkwa udo, Gbowee kọrọ akụkụ ndị na-ewute obi n'akụkọ ndụ ya nke mbụ ya; nke a gụnyere oge ya na nwa ya a mụrụ ọhụrụ nọrọ otu izu na-ehi ụra n'ala n'okporo ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi na o nweghị ego ọ ga-eji kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa onye ga-enyere ya aka.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|113}} "Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ n'Africa na-eme nke a: ilekwasị anya naanị n'ụmụ nwanyị na naanị n'iwulite udo."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|113}} Ekiyor ghọrọ onye nkuzi na enyi Gbowee. Ọ bụkwa ya kwupụtara mmalite nke WIPNET na Liberia ma họpụta Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi nke Liberian Women's Initiative.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|114–115}} Enwere ike ịsị na echiche Gbowee banyere "ụka na-akwado udo" sitere n'oge a – Thelma Ekiyor, Rev. "BB" Colley, Samuel Gbaydee Doe, na Hizkias Assefa nwere njikọ niile na Eastern Mennonite University dị na United States, ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị gụburu akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ (n'ihe gbasara Assefa) dị ka onye nkuzi na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.<ref name=autogenerated9>[http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/nobel-prize-winner-connected-to-peace-church-tradition/ "Nobel Prize Winner Connected to Peace-Church Tradition"]. Retrieved 20 October 2011.</ref> ===Na-edu otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị=== N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2002, Gbowee na-arụ ọrụ n'ehihie iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche, ebe ọ na-ejikwa oge mgbede ya arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndu WIPNET na Liberia n'enweghị ụgwọ ọ bụla. Ụmụ ya—gụnyere nwa nwanyị ọ nabatara aha ya bụ Lucia "Malou" (nke mere ka ọnụọgụ ụmụ ya ruo ise)—bi na Ghana n'okpuru nlekọta nwanne ya nwanyị.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|148}} Ka ọ na-ehi ụra n'ọfịs WIPNET n'otu abalị, o tetara na nrọ ebe o kwuru na Chineke gwara ya, sị: "Kpọkọtanụ ụmụ nwanyị ma kpee ekpere maka udo!"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|122}} Ụfọdụ ndị enyi nyeere ya aka ịghọta na nrọ ahụ abụghị maka ndị ọzọ dịka Gbowee chere; kama, ọ ghọtara na ọ dị mkpa ka ya onwe ya mee ihe banyere ya.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|122}}<ref name="podcastFaith">{{Cite podcast |url=https://emu.edu/now/podcast/2009/10/23/the-faith-of-a-peacebuilder-leymah-gbowee/ |title=The Faith of a Peacebuilder – Leymah Gbowee – Eastern Mennonite University Podcast |website=emu.edu |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> Na-esochi nkuzi WIPNET na Liberia,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|124}} Gbowee na ndị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ, gụnyere otu nwanyị Mandingo onye Alakụba aha ya bụ Asatu, malitere site n'ịga "n'ụlọ alakụba n'ehihie Fraịde mgbe ekpere gasịrị, n'ahịa n'ụtụtụ Satọde, nakwa n'ụlọ ụka abụọ kwa Sọnde."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|126}} Akwụkwọ ozi ha dere, sị: " Ike agwụla anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara igbu ụmụ anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara mmegbu a na-emegbu anyị!! Ụmụ nwanyị, teta n'ụra – unu nwere olu n'usoro iweta udo!" Ha nyekwara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-apụghị ịgụ akwụkwọ ihe osise dị mfe iji kọwaa ebumnuche ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|127}} Ka ọ na-erule oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2002, a ghọtara Gbowee dị ka onye na-ekwuru okwu na onye ndu na-akpali mmụọ maka otu "Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace"—otu a kọwara dị ka òtù na-akwado udo nke malitere mgbe ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ógbè ahụ malitere ikpe ekpere na ịbụ abụ n'ahịa azụ̀.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |title=2009 Peace warrior for Liberia |publisher=Odemagazine.com |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227090728/http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |archive-date=December 27, 2009 }}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-emegidekwa agha ahụ site n'ibu ọnụ na ịga n'ụlọ gọọmentị na-eme mkpọtụ.<ref name=":3" /> N'ịrụ ọrụ gafere oke okpukperechi na agbụrụ, Gbowee duziri ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba ka ha gbakọta na Monrovia ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. Ha kpere ekpere maka udo site n'iji ụdị ekpere nke ndị Alakụba na nke Ndị Kraịst, ma mesịa mee ngagharị iwe na ọrụ ịnọdụ ala n'ebe ọha na eze kwa ụbọchị n'ụzọ na-enweghị ime ihe ike, na-emegide iwu sitere n'aka onye isi ala na-achị aka ike n'oge ahụ, bụ Charles Taylor.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|128,135}} Ha mere ngagharị iwe nke gụnyere iyi egwu nke [[Anasyrma|ọbụbụ ọnụ]] na [[mmekọahụ]]. Banyere ngagharị iwe ahụ, Gbowee kwuru, "Mgbagharị ahụ [mmekọahụ] dịgidere, na-aga n'ihu ma na-apụ, ruo ọnwa ole na ole. O nweghị mmetụta bara uru ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị, mana ọ bara nnukwu uru n'ịdọta uche anyị na mgbasa ozi."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|147}} N'ime ihe dị oke egwu ha mere, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ mechara weghara otu ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ; ọ dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Tubman Boulevard, bụ́ ụzọ Charles Taylor na-esi aga ma na-alọta Capitol Hill ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|136}} Iji mee ka a mata ha nke ọma dị ka otu, ụmụ nwanyị niile yi uwe elu 'T-shirt' na-acha ọcha—nke na-anọchite anya udo—nke nwere akara WIPNET, ma jiri ihe e ji kee ntutu isi na-acha ọcha kee ntutu ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|136}} N'ikpeazụ, Taylor kwere ka e nwee nzukọ iji gee ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ntị n'ụbọchị nke 23 n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe karịrị puku ụmụ nwanyị abụọ gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ ọchịchị ya, ọ bụ Gbowee ka a họpụtara ka ọ kọwaara ya okwu ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|140}} Gbowee tụgharịrị ihu ya ka Taylor nwee ike ịhụ ya, mana ọ gwara [[Grace Minor]] okwu—onye bụ́ onyeisi ndị omeiwu nakwa naanị nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa gọọmentị nọ ebe ahụ: <blockquote>Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara agha. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-agba ọsọ ndụ. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-arịọ maka nri ọka wit (bulgur). Ike agwụla anyị ịhụ ka a na-edina ụmụ anyị n'ike. Ugbu a, anyị na-eme mkpebi a siri ike iji chekwaa ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị. N'ihi na anyị kwenyere na, dịka ndị na-elekọta ọha mmadụ, n'ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị ga-ajụ anyị sị, "Mama, gịnị ka ị rụrụ n'oge nsogbu ahụ?"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|141}}</blockquote> N'akwụkwọ ya, Gbowee kpughere na Grace Minor ji nwayọọ nye "nnukwu ego nke ya... n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ọ tinyere onwe ya na ya" iji kwado ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|149}} Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ na-eme ngagharị iwe nwetara nkwa n'aka Onye isi ala Charles Taylor na ọ ga-aga nzukọ udo na [[Ghana]] iji soro ndị nnupụisi sitere na otu 'Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy' nwee mkparịta ụka<ref>[http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Bio of Gbowee Leymah] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=March 14, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/5|title=The Rabble Rousers|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113193530/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/leymah-gbowee-and-abigail-disney-shoot-for-peace-in-liberia/5|url-status=dead}}</ref> na otu ndị nnupụisi ọhụrụ ọzọ, MODEL.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|155}} N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2003, Gbowee duuru otu ndị inyom Liberia gaa Ghana iji tinye nrụgide n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-alụso ibe ha agha n'oge usoro mkparịta ụka udo.<ref>[http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Leymah Gbowee<!-- Both generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=14 March 2009 }}</ref> Na mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-anọdụ ala kwa ụbọchị n'ihu ụlọ nkwari akụ ndị mara mma ebe ndị na-eme mkparịta ụka na-ezukọ, na-akpali ka e nwee ọganihu n'okwu ahụ.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|154–156}} Mgbe mkparịta ụka ahụ gbatịpụrụ site na mmalite ọnwa Juun ruo na ngwụcha ọnwa Julaị—n'enweghị ọganihu ọ bụla e nwetara ebe ime ihe ike ka na-aga n'ihu na Liberia—Gbowee duuru ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị (ndị mechara mụbaa ruo ọtụtụ narị mmadụ) banye n'ime ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ, ebe ha "dọdụrụ onwe ha ala n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ enyo bụ isi ụzọ mbata na-eduga n'ime ụlọ nzukọ ahụ."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|161}} Ha ji ihe ngosi ndị dere sị: "Ndị na-egbu ma na-agbapụta ọbara ndị Liberia -- Kwụsị!"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|161}} Gbowee zigara onye isi na-ahazi mkparịta ụka udo, bụ [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|General Abubakar]] (onye bụbu onye isi ala Naịjirịa), ozi na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ga-ejikọ aka ma nọdụ ala n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, na-egbochi ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ ịpụ ruo mgbe a ga-enwe nkwekọrịta udo. Abubakar, onye gosipụtara na ya nwere ọmịiko n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọ, ji ntakịrị ọchị kwuo okwu sị: "General Leymah na ndị agha ya ewegharawo ụlọ nzukọ udo a." Mgbe ụmụ nwoke ahụ nwara ịpụ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, Leymah na ndị ya na ha jikọrọ aka yiri egwu na ha ga-adọpụ uwe ha: "N'Africa, ọ bụ ihe arụ dị egwu ịhụ ka nwanyị lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwanyị meworo agadi ji aka ya kpughee ahụ ya n'ihu ọha."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|162}} Site n'enyemaka nke Abubakar, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọgidere n'èzí ụlọ mkparịta ụka n'ime ụbọchị ndị sochirinụ, na-ahụ na "ọnọdụ dị na mkparịta ụka udo gbanwere site na ihe nkiri gaa na ihe mwute."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|163}} Agha Liberia kwụsịrị izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, site na mbinye aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra na 18 Ọgọstụ 2003.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|164}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110173005/http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2010|title=Retrieved 20 October 2011.|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> "Mana ihe anyị [ụmụ nwanyị] mere bụ mmalite nke njedebe."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|163}} Ewezuga inye aka n'ịkwụsị agha were afọ iri na anọ na Liberia, mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị a dugara n'ịhọpụta [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala Liberia n'afọ 2005; ọ bụkwa ya bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu obodo n'Africa. Sirleaf so na ndị natara ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize n'afọ 2011, ya na Gbowee nakwa Tawakel Karman. E nyere ha atọ ahụ ihe nrite a "n'ihi mgba ha gbara n'ụzọ udo maka nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye nke ọma n'ọrụ iwulite udo."<ref name=autogenerated5 /> N'oge mkpọsa ntuli aka nke ugboro abụọ nke Sirleaf na 2011, Gbowee kwadoro ya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011101208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2011|title=Liberian activist endorses Nobel Peace Prize winner for president|access-date=13 December 2016|date=10 October 2011}}</ref> 2rgwohvz7ach8u6sopbzcgtv4i3878y 737055 737054 2026-10-11T16:49:03Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Improved this article 737055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Onye na-akwado udo nke bụ onye Liberia (a mụrụ na 1972)}} {{Infobox person | name = Leymah Gbowee <!-- do not add image icons such as Nobel Peace Prize; see [[WP:ICON]] --> | image = Leymah Gbowee no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 (9730602149) (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = Gbowee na 2013 | birth_name = Leymah Roberta Gbowee | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|01}} | birth_place = Central [[Liberia]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | other_names = | known_for = [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]] and ''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]'' | occupation = [[Peace activist]] | education = [[Mother Patern College of Health Sciences]] (AA)<br> [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (MA) | awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2011 Nobel Peace Prize|2011]]) }} '''Leymah Roberta Gbowee''' (a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị 1 nke ọnwa Febụwarị, afọ 1972) bụ onye Liberia na-akwado udo, onye duziri otu ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ udo n'ụzọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a maara dị ka "Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace" (Mgbakọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Liberia maka Udo). Otu a nyeere aka n'ịkwụsị Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ n'afọ 2003. Mgbalị ya na nke onye ha na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ, bụ [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], nyeere aka iweta oge udo ma mee ka e nwee ntuli aka n'efu na nke ziri ezi n'afọ 2005, nke Sirleaf meriri.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|title=African women look within for change|publisher=CNN|date=31 October 2009|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=10 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518201040/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|url-status=dead}}</ref> E nyere Gbowee na Sirleaf, tinyere Tawakkul Karman, ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke afọ 2011 "maka mgba ha na-enweghị ime ihe ike iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ọrụ iwulite udo."<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |title=The Rabble Rousers |last=Conley |first=Kevin |date=2008 |website=[[O, the Oprah Magazine]] |language=en-us |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004218/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ndụ mbido== A mụrụ Leymah Gbowee na etiti [[Liberia]] na 1 February 1972. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ n'ime atọ bi na [[Monrovia]] ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, Foundation, Accomplishments, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leymah-Gbowee |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> mgbe Agha obodo mbụ nke Liberia dara na 1989,<ref>{{cite web|title= Leymah Gbowee Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/#interview}}</ref> nke tụbara mba ahụ n'ọgba aghara ruo 1996.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|15–25,50}} "Ka agha ahụ na-ebelata, ọ matara maka otu mmemme nke UNICEF na-elekọta... nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta ọdịmma ọha, bụ ndị ga-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị agha kpatara oke nhụjuanya n'obi," ka Gbowee dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2011, nke a na-akpọ ''Mighty Be Our Powers''.<ref name="MightyBe">{{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |last1=Gbowee |first1=Leymah |last2=Mithers |first2=Carol |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}</ref>{{rp|50}} Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ dị ọnwa atọ, nke mere ka ọ ghọta na nna ụmụ ya abụọ nta—nwa ya nwoke bụ Joshua "Nuku" na nwa ya nwanyị bụ Amber—na-emegbu ya.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|50}} N'ịchọ udo na ihe oriri maka ezinụlọ ya, Gbowee sooro di ya, akpọrọ Daniel n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, gaa Ghana ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Arthur) bi dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-enweghị ebe obibi ma fọrọ nke nta ka agụụ gbụọ ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|59–68}} Ọ kpọrọ ụmụ ya atọ wee gbaa ọsọ, na-agba bọs n'ụgwọ ruo ihe karịrị otu izu "n'ihi na enweghị m otu mkpụrụ ego," laghachi n'ọnọdụ ọgba aghara dị na Liberia, ebe ndị mụrụ ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ ka bi.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|69}} N'afọ 1998, n'ọchịchọ ya ịbanye n'usoro ọmụmụ maka nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (social work) na kọleji Mother Patern College of Health Sciences, Gbowee malitere ịrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'otu mmemme nke Chọọchị Lutheran dị na Liberia. A na-arụ ọrụ a n'ime ụlọ ụka St. Peter's Lutheran dị na Monrovia—ebe nne ya bụ onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa ebe o ji oge uto ya niile biri. A na-akpọ mmemme ahụ 'Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Program' (THRP), ọ bụkwa ya malitere njem Gbowee n'ịghọ onye na-akwado udo:<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|80–82}} Ọfịs THRP ahụ dị ọhụrụ, mana mmemme ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ụka dị na Liberia anọgidewo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịchọ udo kemgbe agha obodo malitere; n'afọ 1991, ndị ụkọchukwu Lutheran, ndị ndu ụka na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị nkuzi, na ndị ọrụ ahụike jikọrọ aka na Christian Health Association of Liberia iji gbalịa idozi mmebi uche na nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke agha ahụ kpatara.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|81}} Gbowee gụrụ akwụkwọ wee rụkwaa ụzọ ya gaa n'ọkwa mmụta nka, enyere ya na 2001,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|111}} ka ọ na-etinye n'ọrụ ihe ọ mụtara gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche na ime ka ndị mmadụ dịghachi ná mma, n'ịgbalị inyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bụbu ụmụaka a na-etinye n'agha n'òtù ndị agha Charles Taylor aka ịghọghachi ndị bara uru n'obodo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html |title=Leymah Gbowee Biography |website=Nobel Peace Prize Forum |access-date=31 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html Leymah Gbowee Biography]{{dead link|date=October 2011 }}</ref> Ka ihe ngosi agha gbara ya gburugburu, ọ ghọtara na "ọ bụrụ na a ga-enwe mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụ ndị nne ga-emerịrị ya".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gruberprizes.org/GruberPrizes/WomensRights_LaureateBio.php?id=86&awardid=53 |title=2009 Gruber Foundation Women's Rights Prize |publisher=Gruberprizes.org |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> Gbowee mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, bụ Nicole "Pudu", nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nne ụmụ anọ, ka ọ na-amalite akụkụ ọzọ nke njem ndụ ya—ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Liberia ka ha kwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ na-ebibi ụmụ ha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110612/http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2011|title=Leymah Gbowee, Women in Peace and Security Network Africa — NIEW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> ==Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ== Gbowee nwetara nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (n'afọ 2001) site na Mother Patern College of Health Sciences dị na Monrovia, Liberia, ma mesịa nweta nzere 'Master of Arts' na Conflict Transformation (n'afọ 2007) site na Eastern Mennonite University dị na Harrisonburg, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Road |first=Copyright © 2006-2026 Eastern Mennonite University 1200 Park |last2=Harrisonburg |last3=Fax: 540-432-4444 |first3=Virginia 22802 Phone: 540-432-4000 |date=2011-10-07 |title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2011/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}</ref> O nwetakwara asambodo na ọzụzụ gbasara igbochi esemokwu na iwulite udo site n'aka United Nations Institute for Training, Healing Victims of War Trauma Center dị na Cameroon, na Non-Violent Peace Education dị na Liberia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee/ |title=Making Peace Work for Women |publisher=Womenpeacesecurity.org |date=26 October 2006|access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030031915/http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}</ref> ==Ọrụ== Gbowee bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, nke e hiwere na 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|title=US$50,000 Scholarship for Liberian Women, Gbowee Foundation Discloses|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514095525/http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|url-status=dead}}</ref> ma nwee isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Monrovia, nke na-enye ụmụ agbọghọ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa ohere agụmakwụkwọ na nke ịbụ ndị ndu na Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://gboweepeaceafrica.org/our-story |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa (GPFA) |language=en-US}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Gbowee bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke ''Women Peace and Security Network Africa'', nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Accra, [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |title=Hunt Alternatives Fund, Directory of Women Experts |publisher=Huntalternatives.org |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201036/http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref> nke na-ewulite mmekọrịta n'ofe mpaghara West Africa iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere igbochi, izere, na ịkwụsị esemokwu. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala ma bụrụkwa onye bụbu onye nhazi nke mmemme Women in Peacebuilding Program/West African Network for Peacebuilding (WIPNET/WANEP).<ref name="MightyBe" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye a họpụtara ịbụ kọmishọna maka Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta Udo na Liberia. N'ime afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2013–2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara pụrụ iche (Distinguished Fellow) n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi n'ọha mmadụ na Barnard College nke Mahadum Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |title=Barnard Welcomes Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee as Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice |publisher=Barnard.edu |access-date=2013-11-19 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203114218/http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |url-status=dead }}</ref> Site na afọ 2012 ruo 2014, Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ime Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Ọkwa Elu maka International Conference on Population and Development, nke [[Joaquim Chissano]] na [[Tarja Halonen]] so duzie dị ka ndị isi oche.<ref>[https://www.icpdtaskforce.org/task-force-members/ Members] High-Level Task Force for the International Conference on Population and Development.</ref> Na 2013, ọ ghọrọ Onye nnọchiteanya Oxfam n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |title=Leymah Gbowee &#124; Oxfam International |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190159/http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gbowee na-enye okwu n'ọkwa mba ụwa iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, yana udo na nchekwa. N'afọ 2016, Gbowee kwuru okwu n'oge ngagharị iwe nke otu a na-akpọ [[Women Wage Peace]] haziri; nke a bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite nkwekọrịta udo n'etiti Israel na Palestine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/these-israeli-women-marched-from-the-lebanese-border-to-jerusalem-heres-why/2016/10/19/a9b67618-b92c-4c7a-9ad8-d992477e7db1_story.html|title=These Israeli women marched from the Lebanese border to Jerusalem. Here's why.|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> Gbowee bụkwa onye na-akwado n'ihu ọha nzukọ anaghị achọ uru nke Ebenezer Norman, onye obodo Liberia ibe ya, nke a na-akpọ ''A New Dimension of Hope''—otu ntọala na-ewu ụlọ akwụkwọ na Liberia. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, o degaara ndị nyere aka n'ọrụ nchịkọta ego nzukọ ahụ na ikpo okwu Indiegogo akwụkwọ ozi nkeonwe, ma kwuo okwu n'emume ha dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.regis.edu/News-Events-Media/News/2018/August/Nobel%20Prize.aspx|title=Regis University Welcomes 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Winner|website=www.regis.edu|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/small-village-and-elementary-school-in-africa-destroyed-by-corrupt-goernment-wcz/|title=Small Village and Elementary School in Africa Destroyed by Corrupt Government|date=2016-06-14|website=The Good Men Project|language=en-US|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>New Dimension of Hope, [http://www.prlog.org/12455792-african-charity-launches-crowd-funding-campaign-to-build-school-in-liberia.html "African Charity Launches Crowd-funding Campaign to Build School in Liberia"], prlog.org, 13 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.</ref><ref>Angelini, Anthony. [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/ndhope-s-school-building-project-in-liberia#/story "NDHope's School Building Project in Liberia"]. Indiegogo. New Dimension of Hope, 5 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, Gbowee na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye Isi Nchịkwa nke Mmemme Ụmụnwanyị maka Udo na Nchekwa (Women of Peace and Security Program) na AC4, nke dị n'ime Earth Institute nke Mahadum Columbia.<ref>[http://sps.columbia.edu/negotiation-and-conflict-resolution/news/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-direct-columbias-women-peace-and "Nobel Peace Prize Laureate to Direct Columbia's Women, Peace, and Security Initative"] [sic], Columbia SPS, 20 February 2017.</ref> Gbowee na-edekwara ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' ihe.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/leymah-gbowee-wins-nobel-peace-prize | title =Leymah Gbowee Wins Nobel Peace Prize | date =October 7, 2011 | website =The Daily Beast |access-date =15 October 2017 |quote=Liberian peace activist and Daily Beast contributor Leymah Gbowee was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for her "non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work." }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/author/leymah-gbowee.html | title =Leymah Gbowee | website =thedailybeast.com | date =15 December 2012 | publisher =The Daily Beast | access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> ===Itinye aka na ọgwụgwọ mmerụ ahụ=== N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1999, mgbe Gbowee nọrọla na ọrụ ọgwụgwọ Trauma otu afọ,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|95}} onye na-elekọta ya, bụ́ Reverend Bartholomew Bioh "BB" Colley—onye bụ́ pastọ n'Ụka Lutheran dị na Liberia—gosiri ya n'ebe [[Samuel Gbaydee Doe]] nọ (onye na-enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na onye bụbu onye isi ala Liberia nwere otu aha mbụ na aha nna ahụ),<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|98}} onye Liberia nwere "ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na ọgụgụ isi"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|107}} onye ka nwetara nzere 'master's' n'otu mahadum Ndị Kraịst dị na United States, nke gbadoro ụkwụ pụrụ iche n'ọmụmụ gbasara iwulite udo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Gbaydee Doe – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/sam-gbaydee-doe/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=emu.edu}}</ref> Doe bụ onye isi oche nke ọgbakọ udo mbụ mpaghara Africa, West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wanep.org |title=West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) |website=www.wanep.org |access-date=20 October 2011}}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}</ref> nke o so guzobe na 1998 na Ghana.<ref>Lynda Hollinger Janzen, "Africa-based peace initiative grows out of Liberian tragedy", ''Mennonite Weekly Review'', Vol. 82, No. 31, 2 August 2004, p. 7.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About-Us |url=http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111175829/http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-date=2013-11-11 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.wanep.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> Site n'agba ume sitere n'aka onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran ọ na-akpọ "BB", Gbowee malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gbasara iwulite udo; karịsịa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ''The Politics of Jesus'' nke ọkà mmụta okpukperechi Mennonite bụ John Howard Yoder dere, yana ọrụ ndị Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi, na onye edemede si Kenya bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara esemokwu na ime ka udo dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ, bụ Hizkias Assefa, dere.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|88}} Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1999, "WANEP na-agba mbọ nke ukwuu itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ya, a kpọkwara m ka m gaa nzukọ na Ghana," ka Gbowee dere.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|101}} N'ọgbakọ WANEP ọzọ e nwere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2000, Gbowee zutere [[Thelma Ekiyor]] si Naịjirịa, onye "nwere ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ, bụrụkwa ọkaiwu ọkachamara n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-esi edozi esemokwu."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|107–108}} Ekiyor gwara Gbowee maka echiche ya ịgakwuru WANEP ka ha guzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị. "Thelma bụ onye na-eche echiche miri emi ma nwee ọhụụ, dịka BB na Sam. Mana ọ bụ nwanyị, dịka mụ onwe m."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|109}} N'ime otu afọ, Ekiyor nwetara ego nkwado site na WANEP ma hazie nzukọ mbụ nke Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET) na Accra, Ghana, nke Gbowee gara: <blockquote>Kedu ka a ga-esi kọwaa obi ụtọ dị na nzukọ mbụ ahụ...? E nwere ụmụ nwanyị si Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, na Togo – ya bụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile dị iri na isii n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Site n'ụzọ dị jụụ mana nke gosipụtara ọgụgụ isi pụrụ iche, Thelma ji aka ya dee akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ọzụzụ ndị nhazi; akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe omume ndị ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị pụta n'ihu, tinye aka n'ihe a na-eme, mụta maka esemokwu na otu esi edozi ha, ma nyere ha aka ịghọta ihe mere o ji dị mkpa ka ha tinye aka n'idozi nsogbu ndị a.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|112}}</blockquote> N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere ọmịiko ma na-achọkwa udo, Gbowee kọrọ akụkụ ndị na-ewute obi n'akụkọ ndụ ya nke mbụ ya; nke a gụnyere oge ya na nwa ya a mụrụ ọhụrụ nọrọ otu izu na-ehi ụra n'ala n'okporo ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi na o nweghị ego ọ ga-eji kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa onye ga-enyere ya aka.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|113}} "Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ n'Africa na-eme nke a: ilekwasị anya naanị n'ụmụ nwanyị na naanị n'iwulite udo."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|113}} Ekiyor ghọrọ onye nkuzi na enyi Gbowee. Ọ bụkwa ya kwupụtara mmalite nke WIPNET na Liberia ma họpụta Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi nke Liberian Women's Initiative.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|114–115}} Enwere ike ịsị na echiche Gbowee banyere "ụka na-akwado udo" sitere n'oge a – Thelma Ekiyor, Rev. "BB" Colley, Samuel Gbaydee Doe, na Hizkias Assefa nwere njikọ niile na Eastern Mennonite University dị na United States, ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị gụburu akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ (n'ihe gbasara Assefa) dị ka onye nkuzi na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.<ref name=autogenerated9>[http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/nobel-prize-winner-connected-to-peace-church-tradition/ "Nobel Prize Winner Connected to Peace-Church Tradition"]. Retrieved 20 October 2011.</ref> ===Na-edu otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị=== N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2002, Gbowee na-arụ ọrụ n'ehihie iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche, ebe ọ na-ejikwa oge mgbede ya arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndu WIPNET na Liberia n'enweghị ụgwọ ọ bụla. Ụmụ ya—gụnyere nwa nwanyị ọ nabatara aha ya bụ Lucia "Malou" (nke mere ka ọnụọgụ ụmụ ya ruo ise)—bi na Ghana n'okpuru nlekọta nwanne ya nwanyị.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|148}} Ka ọ na-ehi ụra n'ọfịs WIPNET n'otu abalị, o tetara na nrọ ebe o kwuru na Chineke gwara ya, sị: "Kpọkọtanụ ụmụ nwanyị ma kpee ekpere maka udo!"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|122}} Ụfọdụ ndị enyi nyeere ya aka ịghọta na nrọ ahụ abụghị maka ndị ọzọ dịka Gbowee chere; kama, ọ ghọtara na ọ dị mkpa ka ya onwe ya mee ihe banyere ya.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|122}}<ref name="podcastFaith">{{Cite podcast |url=https://emu.edu/now/podcast/2009/10/23/the-faith-of-a-peacebuilder-leymah-gbowee/ |title=The Faith of a Peacebuilder – Leymah Gbowee – Eastern Mennonite University Podcast |website=emu.edu |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> Na-esochi nkuzi WIPNET na Liberia,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|124}} Gbowee na ndị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ, gụnyere otu nwanyị Mandingo onye Alakụba aha ya bụ Asatu, malitere site n'ịga "n'ụlọ alakụba n'ehihie Fraịde mgbe ekpere gasịrị, n'ahịa n'ụtụtụ Satọde, nakwa n'ụlọ ụka abụọ kwa Sọnde."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|126}} Akwụkwọ ozi ha dere, sị: " Ike agwụla anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara igbu ụmụ anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara mmegbu a na-emegbu anyị!! Ụmụ nwanyị, teta n'ụra – unu nwere olu n'usoro iweta udo!" Ha nyekwara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-apụghị ịgụ akwụkwọ ihe osise dị mfe iji kọwaa ebumnuche ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|127}} Ka ọ na-erule oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2002, a ghọtara Gbowee dị ka onye na-ekwuru okwu na onye ndu na-akpali mmụọ maka otu "Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace"—otu a kọwara dị ka òtù na-akwado udo nke malitere mgbe ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ógbè ahụ malitere ikpe ekpere na ịbụ abụ n'ahịa azụ̀.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |title=2009 Peace warrior for Liberia |publisher=Odemagazine.com |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227090728/http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |archive-date=December 27, 2009 }}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-emegidekwa agha ahụ site n'ibu ọnụ na ịga n'ụlọ gọọmentị na-eme mkpọtụ.<ref name=":3" /> N'ịrụ ọrụ gafere oke okpukperechi na agbụrụ, Gbowee duziri ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba ka ha gbakọta na Monrovia ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. Ha kpere ekpere maka udo site n'iji ụdị ekpere nke ndị Alakụba na nke Ndị Kraịst, ma mesịa mee ngagharị iwe na ọrụ ịnọdụ ala n'ebe ọha na eze kwa ụbọchị n'ụzọ na-enweghị ime ihe ike, na-emegide iwu sitere n'aka onye isi ala na-achị aka ike n'oge ahụ, bụ Charles Taylor.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|128,135}} Ha mere ngagharị iwe nke gụnyere iyi egwu nke [[Anasyrma|ọbụbụ ọnụ]] na [[mmekọahụ]]. Banyere ngagharị iwe ahụ, Gbowee kwuru, "Mgbagharị ahụ [mmekọahụ] dịgidere, na-aga n'ihu ma na-apụ, ruo ọnwa ole na ole. O nweghị mmetụta bara uru ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị, mana ọ bara nnukwu uru n'ịdọta uche anyị na mgbasa ozi."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|147}} N'ime ihe dị oke egwu ha mere, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ mechara weghara otu ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ; ọ dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Tubman Boulevard, bụ́ ụzọ Charles Taylor na-esi aga ma na-alọta Capitol Hill ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|136}} Iji mee ka a mata ha nke ọma dị ka otu, ụmụ nwanyị niile yi uwe elu 'T-shirt' na-acha ọcha—nke na-anọchite anya udo—nke nwere akara WIPNET, ma jiri ihe e ji kee ntutu isi na-acha ọcha kee ntutu ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|136}} N'ikpeazụ, Taylor kwere ka e nwee nzukọ iji gee ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ntị n'ụbọchị nke 23 n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe karịrị puku ụmụ nwanyị abụọ gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ ọchịchị ya, ọ bụ Gbowee ka a họpụtara ka ọ kọwaara ya okwu ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|140}} Gbowee tụgharịrị ihu ya ka Taylor nwee ike ịhụ ya, mana ọ gwara [[Grace Minor]] okwu—onye bụ́ onyeisi ndị omeiwu nakwa naanị nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa gọọmentị nọ ebe ahụ: <blockquote>Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara agha. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-agba ọsọ ndụ. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-arịọ maka nri ọka wit (bulgur). Ike agwụla anyị ịhụ ka a na-edina ụmụ anyị n'ike. Ugbu a, anyị na-eme mkpebi a siri ike iji chekwaa ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị. N'ihi na anyị kwenyere na, dịka ndị na-elekọta ọha mmadụ, n'ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị ga-ajụ anyị sị, "Mama, gịnị ka ị rụrụ n'oge nsogbu ahụ?"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|141}}</blockquote> N'akwụkwọ ya, Gbowee kpughere na Grace Minor ji nwayọọ nye "nnukwu ego nke ya... n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ọ tinyere onwe ya na ya" iji kwado ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|149}} Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ na-eme ngagharị iwe nwetara nkwa n'aka Onye isi ala Charles Taylor na ọ ga-aga nzukọ udo na [[Ghana]] iji soro ndị nnupụisi sitere na otu 'Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy' nwee mkparịta ụka<ref>[http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Bio of Gbowee Leymah] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=March 14, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/5|title=The Rabble Rousers|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113193530/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/leymah-gbowee-and-abigail-disney-shoot-for-peace-in-liberia/5|url-status=dead}}</ref> na otu ndị nnupụisi ọhụrụ ọzọ, MODEL.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|155}} N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2003, Gbowee duuru otu ndị inyom Liberia gaa Ghana iji tinye nrụgide n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-alụso ibe ha agha n'oge usoro mkparịta ụka udo.<ref>[http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Leymah Gbowee<!-- Both generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=14 March 2009 }}</ref> Na mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-anọdụ ala kwa ụbọchị n'ihu ụlọ nkwari akụ ndị mara mma ebe ndị na-eme mkparịta ụka na-ezukọ, na-akpali ka e nwee ọganihu n'okwu ahụ.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|154–156}} Mgbe mkparịta ụka ahụ gbatịpụrụ site na mmalite ọnwa Juun ruo na ngwụcha ọnwa Julaị—n'enweghị ọganihu ọ bụla e nwetara ebe ime ihe ike ka na-aga n'ihu na Liberia—Gbowee duuru ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị (ndị mechara mụbaa ruo ọtụtụ narị mmadụ) banye n'ime ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ, ebe ha "dọdụrụ onwe ha ala n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ enyo bụ isi ụzọ mbata na-eduga n'ime ụlọ nzukọ ahụ."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|161}} Ha ji ihe ngosi ndị dere sị: "Ndị na-egbu ma na-agbapụta ọbara ndị Liberia -- Kwụsị!"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|161}} Gbowee zigara onye isi na-ahazi mkparịta ụka udo, bụ [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|General Abubakar]] (onye bụbu onye isi ala Naịjirịa), ozi na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ga-ejikọ aka ma nọdụ ala n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, na-egbochi ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ ịpụ ruo mgbe a ga-enwe nkwekọrịta udo. Abubakar, onye gosipụtara na ya nwere ọmịiko n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọ, ji ntakịrị ọchị kwuo okwu sị: "General Leymah na ndị agha ya ewegharawo ụlọ nzukọ udo a." Mgbe ụmụ nwoke ahụ nwara ịpụ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, Leymah na ndị ya na ha jikọrọ aka yiri egwu na ha ga-adọpụ uwe ha: "N'Africa, ọ bụ ihe arụ dị egwu ịhụ ka nwanyị lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwanyị meworo agadi ji aka ya kpughee ahụ ya n'ihu ọha."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|162}} Site n'enyemaka nke Abubakar, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọgidere n'èzí ụlọ mkparịta ụka n'ime ụbọchị ndị sochirinụ, na-ahụ na "ọnọdụ dị na mkparịta ụka udo gbanwere site na ihe nkiri gaa na ihe mwute."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|163}} Agha Liberia kwụsịrị izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, site na mbinye aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra na 18 Ọgọstụ 2003.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|164}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110173005/http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2010|title=Retrieved 20 October 2011.|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> "Mana ihe anyị [ụmụ nwanyị] mere bụ mmalite nke njedebe."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|163}} Ewezuga inye aka n'ịkwụsị agha were afọ iri na anọ na Liberia, mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị a dugara n'ịhọpụta [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala Liberia n'afọ 2005; ọ bụkwa ya bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu obodo n'Africa. Sirleaf so na ndị natara ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize n'afọ 2011, ya na Gbowee nakwa Tawakel Karman. E nyere ha atọ ahụ ihe nrite a "n'ihi mgba ha gbara n'ụzọ udo maka nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye nke ọma n'ọrụ iwulite udo."<ref name=autogenerated5 /> N'oge mkpọsa ntuli aka nke ugboro abụọ nke Sirleaf na 2011, Gbowee kwadoro ya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011101208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2011|title=Liberian activist endorses Nobel Peace Prize winner for president|access-date=13 December 2016|date=10 October 2011}}</ref> ===Ime ka udo sikwuo ike=== A na-amata ha ngwa ngwa site n'uwe elu ha na-acha ọcha nke nwere akara WIPNET; ndị Liberia nọ n'okporo ámá weere Gbowee na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe na Liberia dị ka ndị dike mba ruo ọtụtụ izu mgbe e binyere aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|167}} Ka o sila dị, Gbowee dere banyere nchegbu ha na-enwe mgbe niile banyere otú udo ha nyeere aka iweta si dị nro ma nwee ike ịkwụsị n'oge ọ bụla: <blockquote>Agha nke afọ iri na anọ anaghị akwụsị akwụsị. N'oge ahụ anyị nwere obi iru ala ilegharị anya, anyị zutere oke ihe mere na Liberia. Mmadụ narị abụọ na iri ise nwụrụ, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka. Otu n'ime mmadụ atọ gbara ọsọ ndụ, mmadụ 350,000 bi n'ogige ndị a chụpụrụ n'obodo ha, ndị ọzọ bikwa ebe ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịchọta ebe obibi. Otu nde mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke inwe nri na-adịghị mma, afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa measles na cholera n'ihi mmerụ ahụ dị n'olulu mmiri. Ihe karịrị pasentị 75 nke akụrụngwa anụ ahụ nke mba ahụ, okporo ụzọ anyị, ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị, emebiela.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|167}}</blockquote> Gbowee kwupụtara nchegbu pụrụ iche banyere "mmebi uche" nke ndị Liberia na-ata ahụhụ ya: <blockquote>Otu ọgbọ dum nke ụmụ nwoke amaghị onye ha bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ejighị egbe n'aka. Ọtụtụ ọgbọ ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ anwụ, ndị e dinara n'ike, ndị hụrụ ka e dinara ụmụ ha nwanyị na ndị nne ha n'ike, nakwa ndị hụrụ ka ụmụ ha na-egbu mmadụ ma na-egbukwa ha onwe ha. Ndị agbata obi ghọrọ ndị iro ibe ha; ndị ntorobịa tụfuru olileanya, ebe ndị agadi tụfuru ihe niile ha ji nnukwu mgbalị nweta. Mmadụ niile nọ n'ọnọdụ oke nhụjuanya na mmerụ ahụ n'obi.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|168}}</blockquote> N'ajụjụ ọnụ e nwere maka International Women's Day, Gbowee kwupụtakwara ihe ndị a: <blockquote>Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-akwado udo gosiri ụwa na òtù ndị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị n'ala ala obodo dị oke mkpa maka ịkwado udo; na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa ndu bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iweta udo; nakwa mkpa ọ dị inwe òtù na-alụso ikpe na-ezighị ezi ọgụ n'ụzọ dabara na omenala ndị mmadụ. Ahụmahụ Liberia bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nye ụwa na ụmụ nwanyị—karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka—nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-akwalite udo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/international-women%C2%B4s-day-interview-leymah-gbowee/|title=International Women´s Day: Interview With Leymah Gbowee|access-date=13 December 2016|date=8 March 2014}}</ref></blockquote> N'etiti mbibi na mkpa na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, Gbowee tụrụ ụjọ maka mpako, amaghị ihe na enweghị mmasị n'omenala nke ụlọ ọrụ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu e zigara iji nyere aka napụta mba ahụ, idobe udo, guzobe usoro maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, na ịmalite mgbalị iwughachi. "Ndị biri ndụ n'ọgba aghara dị egwu nwere ike ịnwe agụụ na enweghị olileanya, ''mana ha abụghị ndị nzuzu'' (Gbowee na-ekwusi ike). Ha na-enwekarị echiche dị mma gbasara otu udo ga-esi gbasaa, a chọkwara ka a jụọ ha."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|171}} Gbowee kwadoro ka etinye aka n'òtù ndị nkịtị dị na Liberia—karịsịa òtù ụmụ nwanyị—n'ọrụ iweghachi obodo ahụ n'ọnọdụ dị mma. Iwe were ya maka otu UN si na-emefu ọtụtụ nde dọla na Liberia, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ego ahụ na-aga n'ịkwụ ndị ọrụ ha ụgwọ na ihe ndị metụtara ha... A sị na ha nyere ụmụ amaala obodo ahụ akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ime ego ahụ, ọ gaara eweta ezigbo mgbanwe.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|173}} Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na oge oyi nke 2003-04, "ụwa nke idozi esemokwu, iwulite udo na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ" na-akpọ Gbowee ka o dee akwụkwọ, bịa na ogbako ma kọwaa ahụmịhe na echiche nke WIPNET. Thelma Ekiyor gbara Gbowee ume ka o merie enweghị ùgwù onwe onye ya n'etiti "ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi dị elu bụ ndị nwere nzere masta ma na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ dị ike" site n'ịgụ na ịmụ ihe karịa iji ghọta echiche ndị na-agbasa n'ụwa nke iwulite udo.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|177}} Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ndị a: "The Peace Book" nke Louise Diamond dere—onye a ma ama maka ịkwado usoro mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche (multi-track diplomacy)—yana "The Journey Toward Reconciliation" na "The Little Book of Conflict Transformation"; akwụkwọ abụọ a nke ikpeazụ bụ nke John Paul Lederach dere, onye bụkwa onye isi nchoputa nke Center for Justice and Peacebuilding na Eastern Mennonite University.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|177}} Ọ gara ọgbakọ USAID na New York, njem mbụ ya ịpụ Afrịka,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|174–175}} gaa n'ọgbakọ na South Africa, nakwa na Switzerland, ebe ya na onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka mmemme UN na Liberia nwere mkparịta ụka ọrụ.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|174–176}} 8wjvl1n5bv3bvznwc3pdefsvthrg8pk 3 81193 737062 2026-10-11T18:00:47Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! 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