Bettye Washington Greene

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[[Usòrò:Bettye Washington Greene 1970.tif|thumb]]
 
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Bettye Washington Greene''' (March 20, 1935 - June 16, 1995) bụ onye Amerika na-eme nnyocha na ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ nwaanyị Afrịka-Amerika mbụ Ph.D. chemist na-arụ ọrụ n'ọkwa ọkachamara na Dow Chemical Company. Na Dow, ọ nyochara latex na polymers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Othmeralia&quot;/&gt; A na-ewere Dr. Greene dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ mbụ nke Afrika-Amerika na sayensị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-04|title=The Complete List of Genius Black Inventors, Scientists and Engineers That Changed the World|url=https://interestingengineering.com/black-inventors-the-complete-list-of-genius-black-american-african-american-inventors-scientists-and-engineers-with-their-revolutionary-inventions-that-changed-the-world-and-impacted-the-history-part-one|accessdate=2020-07-12|work=interestingengineering.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712195612/https://interestingengineering.com/black-inventors-the-complete-list-of-genius-black-american-african-american-inventors-scientists-and-engineers-with-their-revolutionary-inventions-that-changed-the-world-and-impacted-the-history-part-one}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Bettye Washington na Fort Worth, Texas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warren&quot;/&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na I.M. Terrell High School n'ihe dị ka afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri ise na abụọ.

Ọ banyere Tuskegee Institute na Alabama, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B.S. na kemịkal nafo otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri ise na ise. Mgbe ọ lụrụ Veteran Air force Captain William Miller Greene n'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri ise na ise, ọ gara Mahadum Wayne State na Detroit, ebe ọ nwetara Ph.D. ya na kemịkal anụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na Wilfred Heller(1962).&lt;ref name=&quot;Heller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heller|first=Wilfried|title=Surface tension measurements by means of the &quot;microcone tensiometer&quot;|journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science|date=August 1966|volume=22|issue=2|pages=179–194|doi=10.1016/0021-9797(66)90082-8|pmid=5983141}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kụzikwaara ụmụ akwụkwọ kemịkal n'oge a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Warren, Wini.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42072097|title=Black women scientists in the United States|date=1999|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-33603-1|location=Bloomington|pages=109|oclc=42072097}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara akwụkwọ doctoral ya, &quot;Determination of particle size distributions in emulsions by light scattering&quot; n'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri isii na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thesis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Greene|first=Bettye W.|title=Determination of particle size distributions in emulsions by light scattering|date=1965|publisher=Wayne State University, Dept. of Chemistry|location=Detroit, Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A hoputara ya na Sigma Xi, Scientific Research Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warren&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Bettye Washington Greene at work.tif|thumb|Bettye Washington Greene na-arụ ọrụ.]]

=== Dow Chemical ===
N'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri isii na ise, Greene sonyeere Dow Chemical Company's E. C. Britton Research Laboratory na Midland, Michigan.  Ọ bụ nwaanyị Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ sonyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ọkwa ọkachamara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Othmeralia&quot;/&gt; Dr. Greene jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na nsogbu Polymers na Saran Research Laboratory na otu Styrene Butadiene (SB) Latex na-ejikarị nkà ya na ihe ọmụma ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Bettye Washington Greene (1935-1995)|url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/t722h939f|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=Science History Institute Digital Collections|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Dow, ọ nyochara colloid na latex chemistry, gụnyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti latex na akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warren&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Warren|first=Wini|title=Black women scientists in the United States|date=1999|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, Ind. [u.a.]|isbn=0253336031|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackwomenscient00warr/page/109 109]–110|url=https://archive.org/details/blackwomenscient00warr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri asaa, a kwalitere Dr. Greene ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nyocha kemist na Dow Chemical. N'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri asaa na atọ, ọ sonyeere Dow Chemical's Designed Polymers Research Division, na-arụ ọrụ ọzọ na latex, iji chọta polymers nwere ike imezi latex.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warren&quot;/&gt; E mechara bulie ya n'ọkwa nke ọkachamara nyocha n'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri asaa na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ na Dow Chemical ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri iteghete.&lt;ref name=&quot;Othmeralia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kativa|first=Hillary|title=From African-American History to Women's History Month: Today we celebrate Dr. Betty Greene|url=http://othmeralia.tumblr.com/post/78212258500/from-african-american-history-to-womens-history|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|accessdate=22 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Warren&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-17|title=Dr. Bettye Washington Greene...|url=https://blacksciencefictionsociety.com/profiles/blogs/dr-bettye-washington-greene|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=Blacksciencefictionsociety|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610195202/https://blacksciencefictionsociety.com/profiles/blogs/dr-bettye-washington-greene|archive-date=2020-06-10|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; O bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-amụ banyere ihe dị iche iche nke na-eme ka latex dịghachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=9 black chemists you should know about|url=https://cen.acs.org/people/profiles/Six-black-chemists-should-know/97/web/2019/02|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=9 black chemists you should know about|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O bipụtakwara ọrụ na-amụ usoro iji chọpụta nrụgide elu nke mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heller|first=Wilfried|date=1966-08-01|title=Surface tension measurements by means of the &quot;microcone tensiometer&quot;|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021979766900828|journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=179–194|doi=10.1016/0021-9797(66)90082-8|issn=0021-9797}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ Dow Chemical n'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri iteghete.

Dr. Greene gbara akwụkwọ maka ọtụtụ ikike n'oge ọrụ ya na Dow Chemical. N'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri asatọ na ise e nyere ya akwụkwọ ikike nke isiokwu ya bụ &quot;Stable latexes containing phosphorus surface groups&quot; na-akọwa usoro nke ịkwadebe mpempe akwụkwọ mkpuchi nke gụnyere mgbakwunye site na ihe dị ka pasent abụọ ruo ihe dị ka pasent iri atọ nke latex gbanwere nke nwere phosphorus surface groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Patent for Stable latexes containing phosphorus surface groups Patent (Patent # 4,506,057 issued March 19, 1985) - Justia Patents Search|url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/4506057|accessdate=2020-08-16|work=patents.justia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri asatọ na isii e nyere ya akwụkwọ ikike na-esote nke isiokwu ya bụ &quot;Composite sheet prepared with stable latexes containing phosphorus surface groups&quot; na-ejikwa usoro emulsion polymerization maka ịkwadebe latex gbanwere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Patent for Composite sheet prepared with stable latexes containing phosphorus surface groups Patent (Patent # 4,609,434 issued September 2, 1986) - Justia Patents Search|url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/4609434|accessdate=2020-08-16|work=patents.justia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri iteghete e nyere Dr. Greene ikike nke isiokwu ya bụ &quot;Latex based adhesive prepared by emulsion polymerization&quot; maka imepụta latex based pressure sensitive adhesive for coating conventional substrates to form an adhesive tape.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US Patent for Latex based adhesive prepared by emulsion polymerization Patent (Patent # 4,968,740 issued November 6, 1990) - Justia Patents Search|url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/4968740|accessdate=2020-08-16|work=patents.justia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ nke onyinye na sayensị nke polymers, ọ nwụrụ na Midland n'onwa June 16, otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri iteghete na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Greene bụ onye so n'akwụkwọ iwu nke Midland, Michigan Alumni Chapter nke Delta Sigma Theta sorority, otu ọrụ ọha na eze na-ekwusi ike na ọrụ ya na ụmụ nwaanyị Afrika-America.&lt;ref name=&quot;Othmeralia&quot;/&gt;  A kwadoro isi Midland n'afọ otú pụkụ narị iteghete na iri asatọ na anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Midland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our History|url=http://www.midlandmidst.org/our-history.html|publisher=Midland Alumnae Chapter|accessdate=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202071626/https://www.midlandmidst.org/our-history.html|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sorority&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wade|first=Cheryl|title=Delta Sigma Theta Sorority (Midland chapter) brings women together to celebrate 30th|url=http://www.ourmidland.com/news/delta-sigma-theta-sorority-midland-chapter-brings-women-together-to/article_72b3b46b-96b0-5d7e-b236-8ae3822a3691.html|accessdate=1 April 2014|work=Midland Daily News|date=15 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patents ==
Greene nwere ọtụtụ ikike gụnyere ihe nkedo dabeere na latex site na iji carboxylic acid copolymerizing agent, na latex polymers na phosphates eji dị ka mkpuchi:&lt;ref name=&quot;Patents&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Patents by Inventor Bettye W. Greene|url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/bettye-w-greene|publisher=Justia Patents|accessdate=22 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

* 4968740: Latex-based adhesive prepared by emulsion polymerization
* 4609434: Mpempe akwụkwọ mejupụtara nke a kwadebere na latexes kwụsiri ike nke nwere ìgwè elu phosphorus
* 4506057: Latexes na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ìgwè elu phosphorus

== Ndensibia ==</text>
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[[Usòrò:Badagry_heritage_museum_side-view,_Badagry,_Lagos.jpg|thumb|Badagry Heritage Museum]]

'''Badagry Heritage Museum''' bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị na Badagry, Naijiria nke dị na District Officer's Office nke gọọmentị British colonial wuru n'afọ 1863.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-14|title=3 Historical Slavery Museums Every Nigerian Should Visit|url=https://guardian.ng/life/3-historical-slavery-museums-every-nigerian-should-visit/|accessdate=2022-02-24|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522091209/https://guardian.ng/life/3-historical-slavery-museums-every-nigerian-should-visit/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-10-10|title=A historical treasure waiting to be unearthed|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/badagry-black-heritage-museum-a-historical-treasure-waiting-to-be-unearthed/97vk9zq|accessdate=2022-02-24|work=Pulse Nigeria|archivedate=2022-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224191619/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/badagry-black-heritage-museum-a-historical-treasure-waiting-to-be-unearthed/97vk9zq}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-03-19|title=Badagry Heritage Museum experiences high patronage &amp;#124; Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/125838-badagry-heritage-museum-experiences-high-patronage.html|accessdate=2022-02-24|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Badagry Heritage Museum · Antislavery Usable Past|url=http://www.antislavery.ac.uk/items/show/2022|work=www.antislavery.ac.uk|accessdate=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224212402/http://www.antislavery.ac.uk/items/show/2022|archive-date=24 February 2022|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Usòrò:Badagry_Heritage_Museum.jpg|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama na Badagry Heritage Museum]]
[[Usòrò:Freedom_Statue_at_Badagry_Heritage_Museum.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi nnwere onwe na Badagry Heritage Museum]]

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ȯra Lagos]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Beezy Bailey</title>
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'''Beezy Bailey''' (amụrụ na 21 Julaị 1962 na Johannesburg, South Africa) bụ onye na-ese ihe na South Africa nke na-arụ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, nke gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, eserese, obibi akwụkwọ na ceramics. Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe oge niile ruo afọ iri atọ, na ihe karịrị ngosi otu onye iri abụọ na London, Johannesburg na Cape Town yana ọtụtụ ihe ngosi otu gburugburu ụwa.

Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta nka dị mma site na Byam Shaw School of Art na [[London]] na 1986, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ afọ abụọ nke ise ihe na nke atọ na obibi akwụkwọ, eserese na ihe ọkpụkpụ.

Bailey nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta chiri anya na ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ - ndị egwu a ma ama. Ya na David Bowie, Brian Eno, Dave Matthews na [[Arno Carstens]] arụwo ọrụ. Na mgbakwunye, ya na ndị na-ese foto Adam Letch na [https://web.archive.org/web/20120909051800/http://www.zwelethumthethwa.co.za/?m=1 Zwelethu Mthethwa] na onye na-ese ihe Koos Malgas arụkọwo ọrụ.
N'afọ 1985 tupu ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta ya, Bailey na Young British Artist, Lennie Lee rụkọtara ọrụ wee mepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe efu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ London, UK.  
A na-anọchite anya ọrụ Bailey n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta nka, nke gụnyere David Bowie Art Collection.

Beezy Bailey lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ ma na-ebi na Cape Town na London.

== Joyce Ntobe ==
N'ịbụ onye a mụrụ site na nkụda mmụọ nke &quot;omume nkwenye na-arịwanye elu&quot;, Bailey nyere ọrụ nka abụọ maka ihe ngosi afọ atọ.  Otu bụ nke nwere akara ọdịnala '''Beezy Bailey''' (ajụrụ ajụ) nke ọzọ bịanyere aka na Joyce Ntobe.  Nke ikpeazụ bi ugbu a na South African National Gallery dị ka akụkụ nke nchịkọta ya na-adịgide adịgide.  Mgbe onye nlekọta nke Gallery chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii atọ na-ese ihe, Joyce Ntobe bụ otu, Bailey kpughere eziokwu, na-akpata ihe ihere nke mgbasa ozi. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512121935/http://www.carmelart.co.za/site/cvbb.htm]!

== Hụkwa ==

* Febụwarị 3, Ememe Udo nke Mba Rainbow
* ''Red Jacket''

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.beezybailey.co.za Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Beezy Bailey]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825055810/http://www.artdaily.org/index.asp?int_sec=2&amp;int_new=33439#.T_wMeo5o8rh Akụkọ banyere 'Art for Africa' na Sotheby's]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512121935/http://www.carmelart.co.za/site/cvbb.htm Akụkọ ndụ dị mkpirikpi nke Beezy Bailey]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131026004931/http://www.beezybailey.com/johannesburg/?m=1 Beezy Bailey na Everard Read Gallery]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, William}} 
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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[[File:Bida.poly Main gate 10.jpg|thumb|Bida.poly Main gate 10]]

{{Infobox settlement||official_name=Bida|other_name=|native_name=|nickname=|settlement_type=[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]] and city|motto=|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=Nigeria|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_mapsize=250|pushpin_map_caption=North Central|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Nigeria}}|subdivision_type1=[[States of Nigeria|State]]|subdivision_name1=[[Niger State]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=Local Government Chairman and the Head of the Local Government Council|leader_name=Sheshi Suleiman|leader_title1=Etsu|leader_name1=[[Yahaya Abubakar]]|established_title=|established_date=&lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=1698|area_land_km2=&lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;|population_as_of=2006 census|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=266,008|population_density_km2=|population_density_urban_sq_mi=|population_blank1_title=Ethnicities|population_blank1=|population_blank2_title=Religions|population_blank2=|population_density_blank1_km2=|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=+1|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|9|05|N|6|01|E|type:adm2nd_region:NG|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;|postal_code_type=3-digit postal code prefix|postal_code=912|area_code=|iso_code=NG.NI.BI|website=|footnotes=}}


'''Bida''' bụ ógbè ọchịchị ime Obodo dị na Naịja [[Ȯra Niger|Steeti]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na obodo dị n'okporo ụzọ awara awara A124 nke jigidere ọtụtụ ebe n'ógbè ahụ.

Ọchịchị imé Obodo a nwere 51 km2 (20 sq )ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị Puku  narị asatọ na iri asatọ na asatọ,otu narị na irí asatọ na otu na ngụkọ nke afọ 2006.

Koodu ozi nke mpaghara ahụ bụ narị iteghete na iri na abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=7 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obodo ahụ ==
Bida bụ obodo nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na [[Ȯra Niger|steeti Naịja]] nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya dị  ọnụ ọgụgụ ruru puku narị irí asaa na asatọ, narị asatọ na iri anọ n'afọ(2007).&lt;ref name=&quot;world gazetteer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gpro&amp;lng=en&amp;dat=32&amp;geo=-158&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=aohdq&amp;pt=c&amp;va=x&amp;geo=356706601|title=The World Gazetteer|accessdate=2007-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231814/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gpro&amp;lng=en&amp;dat=32&amp;geo=-158&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=aohdq&amp;pt=c&amp;va=x&amp;geo=356706601|archivedate=2007-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Minna]], isi obodo nke Naíja  Steeti, ọ bụkwa obodo akọrọ na nke kpọrọ nkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=List of Short Let Mini Flats in Bida, Niger|url=https://nigeriapropertycentre.com/for-rent/short-let/flats-apartments/mini-flats/niger/bida/showtype|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=nigeriapropertycentre.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216213706/https://nigeriapropertycentre.com/for-rent/short-let/flats-apartments/mini-flats/niger/bida/showtype|archive-date=2021-12-16|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara gụnyere Katcha, Enagi, Baddeggi, Agaie, Pategi, Lemu, Kutigi, na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

E nwere ebe ndị ọzọ na Bida dị ka; ala Bamisu, Ramatu dangana, okporo ụzọ ECWA poly, obere ahịa, Main Market na Federal Medical Centre (Bida)  na ndị ọzọ. E nwekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche dị ka Federal Government Girls College Bida, Federal Polytechnic Staff Secondary School, Government College Bida na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nigerian Library Association. Niger State Chapter. Annual Conference (2nd : 2017 : Bida, Nigeria)|title=Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Bida 2017|oclc=1074126465}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ==
A maara obodo a maka mmepụta nka ọdịnala, ọkachasị iko, nka ọla na ngwa ọla. A makwaara Bida maka mmemme Durbar ya na [[Nupe Day Festival|emume ụbọchị Nupe]] . Ọ bụkwa ụlọ nke Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Federal Medical Center na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọọsụ nke Naịja Steeti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hugh, Vernon-Jackson|date=1960|title=Craft Work in Bida|journal=Africa|volume=30|issue=1|pages=51–61|doi=10.2307/1157742|issn=0001-9720}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agbụrụ ==
Ndị isi agbụrụ bụ ndị Nupe. Bida bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Alaeze Nupe nke Etsu Nupe (nke bụ Etsu Yahaya Abubakar ugbu a) duziri. Ụdị idu ndú nke obodo ochie nke Bida bụ emirship, a na-akpọkwa onye isi obodo ahụ Etsu Nupe.
Agbụrụ [[Ndi Haụsa|ndị]] ọzọ gụnyere [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]], [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]], Hausa, Igala na Gbagi, Ibira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mason, Mike, 1938-|title=Foundations of the Bida Kingdom|date=1981|publisher=Ahmadu Bello University Press|isbn=978-125-012-7|oclc=12134929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=W. E, Nicholson|date=1934|title=89. Bida (Nupe) Pottery|journal=Man|volume=34|pages=71–73|doi=10.2307/2790654|issn=0025-1496}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Federal Medical Centre (Bida)
* Federal Polytechnic Bida

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Biya no nime Saut Afrika</title>
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[[Usòrò:Castle.Beer.JPG|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Castle.Beer.JPG/220px-Castle.Beer.JPG|thumb|Castle Lager bụ otu n'ime biya kachasị ewu ewu na South Africa nke South African Breweries mere]]

'''Beer na South Africa''' nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme, na akụkọ ihe mere anya ụlọ ọrụ nke malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
biya [[South Africa]] enweela mmetụta abụọ dị mkpa na mmepe ya.  Nke mbụ, ndị bi na Europe bụ ndị chịrị mba ahụ wetara nka na ihe ọmụma ka ndị bi na mba ahụ.  Ndị Dutch si mba ọzọ site na 1650 gaa n'ihu, na ndị Britain, ndị si mba ọzọ kwabata na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20 nyere aka n'ụzọ dị iche iche na ihe ọmụma nke mmepụta mmanya.

'''Beer Ọdịda Anyanwụ South Africa'''

Beer rutere South Africa na ndị ọcha mbụ biri na ya ma a na-aṅụ ya ebe a ihe karịrị afọ 300.
N'October 4, 1658, Jan van Riebeeck dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na n'ụbọchị a ka a na-aṅụ biya mbụ na Cape. E nyere mmepụta biya ihe dị elu n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ dị mkpa maka ịlụso ọrịa scurvy a na-atụ egwu nke jupụtara na ụgbọ mmiri na-azụ ahịa n'etiti [[Netherlands]] na East Indies. A ka na-eji biya akpọrọ ihe dị elu taa dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ dị mma. N'afọ 1960, ụlọ ọrụ Malan Liquor Commission mechara nyocha ya siri ike banyere nkesa mmanya na-egbu egbu na South Africa ma kọọ ya dị ka ndị a: Echiche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-akwado akụkọ a bụ na a ga-emepụta ọnọdụ nke ga-agba ume ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya, ọkacha mma na nri, na-efu mmanya ma ọ bụ mmụọ siri ike. A na-atụ aro ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọnụahịa dị n'etiti ihe ọṅụṅụ na mmụọ na nnweta dị mfe nke mbụ dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ a na-ezube iwepụ àgwà ịṅụ mmanya nke ndị mmadụ n'akụkụ a. Dr. E. M. Jellinck, onye a na-ewere dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta sayensị n'ụwa niile n'ọhịa ọmụmụ ihe mmanya na-aba n'anya, bịara na nkwubi okwu na-esonụ: Ụdị ihe ọṅụṅụ a na-eji eme ihe na-ekpughe mgbe niile omume ịṅụ mmanya. Beer bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ahọpụtara, ọ bụghị site n'aka ndị aṅụrụma, kama ọ bụ ndị na-aṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya.

Mmetụta ọzọ dị mkpa ma a na-elegharakarị anya bụ ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala.  Ụlọ ọrụ na-aṅụ mmanya n'ógbè ahụ, nke ndị isi ojii na-arụ ọrụ, ọkachasị ndị dị ka ndị Sotho, Zulu na Xhosa, anọwo na-apụta ụdị biya [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]] ogologo oge tupu ndị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] ọ bụla abịarute.

[[Umqombothi]], sitere n'asụsụ Nguni (Xhosa na Zulu), bụ biya ọdịnala e mere na Transkei, site na ọka (ọka), ọka malt, sorghum malt, yist, na mmiri.

'''Mmanya Bantu'''

Ịṅụ na ịṅụ biya Bantu rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ndụ agbụrụ Bantu na Southern Africa. A na-eme ya site n'ikwe ka ngwakọta mmiri na sorghum na-agbanye mmiri. A na-agbanye ihe na-agbari agbari naanị n'ụzọ dị nta ma si otú a na-ejigide pasent dị ukwuu nke ihe siri ike. A na-ele ya anya dị ka nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ.
N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-emepụta ntụ biya Bantu na-anọchi anya malt sorghum n'ụlọ na obere ụlọ ọrụ. Ọtụtụ obodo nwere ikike maka mmepụta biya Bantu na mpaghara ha na ndị buru ibu na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke oge a maka nzube a. Na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ nke biya Bantu, ọka ọka ghọrọ isi ihe dị mkpa ma gwakọta ya na malt sorghum na oke nke akụkụ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ nke ọka na otu akụkụ nke malt. Ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-ere ọtụtụ n'ime biya Bantu a na-emepụta n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe site n'ọtụtụ, a na-ewebata nkwakọ ngwaahịa nke oge a na plastik na ụdị akpa ndị ọzọ ngwa ngwa na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ biya obodo.
Ebe ọ bụ na e nyere ndị Bantu mmanya na-aba n'anya na 1962, ire biya Bantu site na obodo malitere ịbawanye ngwa ngwa karịa tupu.

Mmanya Europe na Bantu nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ha. Nke ikpeazụ bụ n'ezie ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye mbido mbụ nke mbụ. Na Leipzig, na Germany, a na-echekwa ụlọ ọrụ biya dị ọtụtụ narị afọ dị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ndị njem nleta na ngwaahịa ya siri ike ịmata ọdịiche dị na biya Bantu. A maghị n'ozuzu na uru nri na-edozi ahụ nke biya Europe na-eru nso na nke biya Bantu. Ha abụọ nwere ihe dịka otu pasentị mmanya na-aba n'anya mana ebe a na-akwụsị ịgba ụka maka biya Europe site na pasteurisation mgbe etinyechara ya na karama, ọ na-aga n'ihu na biya Bantu ruo mgbe ọ gbanwere. N'ihi ya, mmanya na-aba n'anya nke biya Bantu na-abawanye mgbe ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ biya ma ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ịchọta na o nwere mmanya na-egbu egbu karịa nke iwu kwadoro, ya bụ, 3% site na ịdị arọ ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 4% site na olu. Iwu South Africa nke 1964 nyere ikike n'oge ahụ.

Ugbu a, laa azụ n'afọ ndị 1960, Gọọmentị South Africa kpebiri iji uru ndị na-enweta na obodo site na mmepụta na ire biya Bantu iji kọọghachi maka abamuru nke obodo Bantu na mpaghara ha, hends [sic?], ihe mere Gọọmentụ Akpa ókè agbụrụ ji wuo ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọbá akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọgwụ, ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ anọ maka ụmụ amaala nke ala ahụ, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'iwepụ obodo Afrịka niile site na Townhomes ha dịka. Old Alberton North (Emagogogweni area) na obodo dị iche iche dịka Katlehong, Thokoza, na Vosloorus (Katorus), nke dị anya site na obodo ndị Europe. Ha wuru ihe ahụ niile site na iji uru nke Bantu Beer.

E mepụtara biya Bantu na ọnụahịa nke ihe dị ka centi asatọ (8) ruo na iri (10) kwa galọn ma ree ya n'ụba na ihe dị ka centi iri abụọ (20) na-ahapụ obodo ndị nwere nnukwu uru dị nso na iri (10) ruo na iri na abụọ (12) cents kwa gallon, nke centi abụọ (2) na Gọọmentị etiti dị ka ụtụ isi.
Mgbe a na-ere otu galọn biya Europe site na ụlọ ahịa obodo maka oriri na ụlọ ahụ, ego ndị a na-agbakwunye na: (а) steeti (dị ka ụtụ isi) - cents 80; na (б) Obodo (dị ka nnukwu akara na-ere) - cants 83.
A chọrọ ka obodo kwụọ 80% nke uru ha na-enweta na ire mmanya Europe na Ngalaba nke Bantu Administration maka iji ya mee ihe na mmepe nke ala nna Bantu. Site n'akụkụ ego, o yiri ka ọ ga-abụ ihe siri ike maka ịgba ndị Bantu ume ka ha ṅụọ biya ndị Europe n'ihi na ime nke a, ego buru ibu ga-adị maka uru nke ya na nke mba ahụ.

== N' ụbọchị ndị a ==
South Africa na-akpata 34% nke ahịa biya nke Africa ma na-atụ anya na ọ ga-eto site na 8o10% kwa afọ n'ime afọ ise na-esote. A na-etinye biya na mba ahụ na lita 60 maka onye ọ bụla na 2012 nke karịrị nkezi 14.6 nke Africa yana nkezi ụwa nke lita 22.

Taa, South African Breweries (SAB) na-achịkwa ọtụtụ n'ime ahịa biya South Africa, yana ma e wezụga ụdị ndị si mba ọzọ dị ka Heineken, Guinness na ndị ọzọ, SAB nwere ma na-emepụta ụdị niile dị na mba ahụ, yana inwe Miller's Genuine Draft (American) na ndepụta ogologo nke ndị ọzọ nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ biya nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Akara ha kachasị ewu ewu na nke bara uru bụ Carling Black Label, nke bụ biya a na-enye onyinye na mba ahụ na onyinye biya 20 nke mba ụwa na aha ya. Ha na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi Castle, Hansa Pilsner, Castle Lager na Castle Lite. Mmanya biya ndị ọzọ a na-aṅụkarị na South Africa bụ Windhoek Lager, biya si Namibia nke e mere dịka Reinheitsgebot si kwuo, yana Tafel Lager, ihe ọzọ si [[Namibia]].

Jo'burg biya, azụmahịa kwụụrụ onwe ya na ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ọnụ ala, na-achịkwa n'etiti ndị na-enweta ego dị ala, ma na-etinye ụtọ nke ịṅụ mmanya ọdịnala.

Ọganihu ndị na-adịbeghị anya ahụla mmụba na atụmatụ njem biya nke South Africa. N'ịbụ nke Beer Route malitere, njikọ aka nke ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmanya na South Africa, ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ abanyela n'ụgbọ iji nyere ndị njem nleta aka iduzi ndị njem nlegharị anya na taprooms na mba ahụ dum. N'otu oge ahụ Kwazulu-Natal nwekwara ngwaahịa a na-eduzi n'ógbè a na-akpọ KZN Craft Revolution. Njem biya bụ ngalaba njem nleta na-eto ngwa ngwa, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na njem nleta nri ma yie echiche nke ụzọ mmanya.

=== Ụmụ obere ebe ana asiputa biya ===
Ọtụtụ obere microbreweries apụtala n'ime iri afọ gara aga, ndị a na-asọ mpi na mpaghara.  Ebe mbụ a na-emepụta obere mmanya na mba ahụ bụ Mitchell's Brewery na Knysna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/popularity-of-microbreweries-set-to-increase-2009-11-13/|title=Popularity of microbreweries set to increase|publisher=Creamer Media's Engineering News|accessdate=21 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-emepụta Mitchell ugbu a dị ka akara nkwekọrịta na Devil's Peak Brewing Company. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2019, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ 211 na-emepụta lita 34 nde biya kwa afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://brewmistress.co.za/statistics-south-african-craft-beer/|title=Statistics for the South Africa craft beer industry|publisher=The Brewmistress|accessdate=2020-10-09|archivedate=2020-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924010333/https://brewmistress.co.za/statistics-south-african-craft-beer/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://brewmistress.co.za/map-craft-breweries-south-africa/|title=Map of craft breweries in South Africa|publisher=The Brewmistress|accessdate=2020-10-09|archivedate=2020-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026031906/https://brewmistress.co.za/map-craft-breweries-south-africa/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obere mmanya ndị ọzọ dị na Saụt Afrika gụnyere:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Cape ====
Mpaghara Western Cape na-akpata ọkara nke microbreweries biya na Saụt Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://ec.europa.eu/chafea/agri/sites/default/files/south-africa-handbook-2020_en.pdf|title=The Food and Beverage Market Entry Handbook: South Africa|publisher=European Union|year=2020|isbn=978-92-9478-535-0|location=European Union|pages=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Cape Town =====

* Afro Caribbean Brewing Co
* Aegir Project Independent Brewery
* Ebe A Na-emepụta Ọṅụ Ọṅụ Woodstock
* Ebe A Na-aṅụ Ọṅụ Ukhamba
* Ebe A Na-aṅụ Ọṅụ Ọṅụ Boston
* Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmanya Devils Peak
* Drifter Brewing Co.
* Jack Black
* Ebe A Na-emepụta Ọṅụ Hopman
* Ebe A Na-aṅụ Ọṅụ Long Beach
* Red Sky Brew
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Ngwá Ahịa Ebe Ana Emepụta Mmanya Biya Shackleton &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shackleton Brewing Company: Brewery in Cape Town – Craft Beers • Shackleton Brewing Company|url=https://shackletonbc.co.za/|accessdate=2022-05-10|work=Shackleton Brewing Company|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ịṅụ Triggerfish
* Ụlọ Ebe A Na-emepụta ihe Ọṅụṅụ Woodstock&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Brewery|first=Woodstock|title=Woodstock Brewery - BREWERY in Woodstock - Observatory, Western Cape|url=https://woodstockbrewery.co.za/|accessdate=2022-05-10|work=Woodstock Brewery|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Cape Winelands =====

* Ụlọ Ebe ana emepụta Mmanya Birkenhead
* Ụlọ ọrụ Cape Brewing Company
* Mmanya Ịhụnanya
* Hermanus Brewing Co
* Hey Joe Brewing Co
* Honingklip
* Frasers Folly
* Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmanya Stellenbosch
* Ụlọ Nri Ochie
* Saggy Stone Brewing Company

==== Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape ====

* Emerald Vale Brewing Company, Chintsa, Eastern Cape&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emeraldvalebrewery.co.za/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=20 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019042048/http://emeraldvalebrewery.co.za/|archivedate=19 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Obere Ebe A na-emepụta Mmanya Dị na Port Alfred, Eastern Cape
* Bridge Street Brewery na Port Elizabeth Eastern Cape&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Origin Digital|url=http://www.bridgestreet.co.za/|title=Bridge Street Brewery|work=Bridgestreet.co.za|accessdate=2018-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412044358/http://www.bridgestreet.co.za/|archive-date=2018-04-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Richmond Hill Brewing Co
* Tebụl 58 Brewing Co

==== KwaZulu-Natal ====

* Ụlọ ebe ana emepụta biya nke ebe ana ele anya elekere 
* East Coast Brewing Co.
* Ụbọchị Obi Ụtọ Ebe A Na-emepụta ihe Ọṅụṅụ 
* Nottingham Rd Brewing Company
* Ebe A Na-emepụta ihe Ọṅụ Ọṅụ Shongweni
* Nke Na-eme Mmanya
* 1000 Hills Brewing Co.

==== Gauteng na North West ====

* [https://www.smackrepublic.com/. MMA! Republic Brewing Co.]
* Ebe A Na-emepụta Ọṅụ Ọṅụ
* Ebe A Na-aṅụ Ọla
* Ụlọ ebe ana a-emepụta Ọṅụṅụ De Garve
* Ụlọ ebe emepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ Copperlake
* Ụlọ ebe a na-emepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ Black Horse
* Mogallywood
* Ụlọ ebe ana emepụta ihe Ọṅụṅụ Cockpit 
* Humanbrew (Loxton Lager)
* Ebe A Na-emepụta Ọsụsọ Mmiri
* Ụlọ ọrụ RedRock Brewing Company
* Ebe A Na-emepụta Ọgwụ Ọkọchị
* Hazeldean Brewing Co
* Nnukwu Onye Nri
* Frontier Beer Co
* Ebe A Na-emepụta Mmanya Agar
* Ebe a na-aṅụ mmanya
* Ụlọ Ale Irish
* Brauhaus Afrika, Rustenburg, North West Province&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.brauhaus.co.za/our-beers/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019041828/http://www.brauhaus.co.za/our-beers/|archivedate=19 October 2012|title=Our Beers - Brauhaus am Damm|date=19 October 2012|accessdate=1 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [https://copperlakebreweries.co.za/ Ebe A Na-emepụta Ọla Copperlake]

==== Free State, Limpopo na Mpumalanga ====

* Anvil Ale
* Ebe A Na-aṅụ ihe Ọṅụ Ọla
* Ebe A Na-emepụta Nkịta na Osisi fig
* Ndagwurugwu Hops
* Stellar Brewery (Bloemfontein, Free State)
* Ebe a na-aṅụ mmanya Zwakala, Haenertsburg, Limpopo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zwakalabrewery.co.za/|title=Zwakala Brewery|publisher=Zwakala Brewery|accessdate=2018-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830003335/http://www.zwakalabrewery.co.za/|archivedate=30 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omenala Ịṅụ Nri n'Ụlọ ==
E nwere nnukwu obodo na-eme mmanya n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche na mba ahụ dum. Ndị na-eme ihe n'ụlọ na-ezukọ kwa ọnwa n'obodo ukwu gụnyere Cape Town, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, Durban na Bloemfontein. Ndị isi klọb bụ Wort Hogs (Gauteng), Southyeasters (Cape Town), Durban Homebrewers (Durban), Free State Fermenters (Bloemfontein) na Helderberg Homebrew Club na Somerset West.

E nwere ọtụtụ asọmpi mba a na-eme kwa afọ. Nke afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ na abụọ (2022) hụrụ asọmpi bevPLUS Fools National Club Championship nke emere na Fools and Fans 5 na obere obodo Greyton na Western Cape. Klọb ndị si n'ofe mba ahụ na-asọ mpi megide ibe ha na asọmpi BJCP iji bụrụ klọb kachasị mma na mba ahụ. Helderberg Homebrew Club weghachiri ihe nrite ahụ n'ụlọ maka nkọwa magburu onwe ya nke ụdị ọdịnala; IPA Bekee.

Egwuregwu ndị ọzọ a ma ama bụ: Nationals, Powwow, Fools National Club Championship, yana klọb dị iche iche na-enwe asọmpi league.

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Beer na breweries site na mpaghara

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}HụOnye na-ebipụta: Historical Papers Research Archive, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Ebe: Johannesburg ©2016

== Njikọ sitere n' ebe ọzọ ==

* [https://www.beerroute.co.za Beer Route - chọta ndepụta zuru oke nke South Africa's Craft Beer Taprooms]
* [https://www.kzncraftrevolution.co.za/ Mgbanwe Ọrụ KZN]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227095826/https://www.ratebeer.com/Story.asp?StoryID=602 'Ịchọta ụlọ mmanya zoro ezo na South Africa' nke Ratebeer.com]
* [https://dispense.co.za Usoro nkesa pụrụ iche na-aga n'ihu na-eweta ngwá ọrụ biya Draft]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140518155448/http://robsonsbeer.com/]
{{Beers of the world}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Badagry Division</title>
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[[Usòrò:The_First_Administrative_Building,_Badagry,_Lagos2.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_First_Administrative_Building%2C_Badagry%2C_Lagos2.jpg/220px-The_First_Administrative_Building%2C_Badagry%2C_Lagos2.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ nchịkwa mbụ, Badagry, Lagos.]]
Badagry Division bụ '''ngalaba''' nchịkwa nke [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] State na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Badagry Division dị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Naịjirịa na mba Europe, ebe ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na ahịa ndị ohu tupu ndị mpaghara Britain achị. Ọ bụkwa ebe, na afo 1842, e bu ụzọ kwusaa Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Naijiria; Agia Cenotaph chetara nke a.

== Mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo ==
O nwere mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo anọ:

* [[Ojo, Lagos|Anya]]
* Amuwo-Odofin
* Ajeromi-Ifelodun
* Badagry

== Obodo ndị dị mkpa ==

* Badagry
* Ibereko
* Oke oko
* Ajara
* Iworo-Ajido
* Akarakumo
* Gbaji
* Ndị Aseri
* Egan
* Aganrin
* Ahanfe
* Epe
* Posi
* Mowo
* Itoga
* Ebiri
* Ekunpa
* Aradagun
* Berekete
* Ihe osise
* Gayingbo-Topo
* Kankon Moba
* Lopoji/Ropoji
* Oranyan
* Tafi-Awori
* Yeketome
* Pota
* Ógbè Mkpụrụ Obi
* Iyafin
* Oge Ogologo Oge
* [[Mushin, Lagos|Mushin]]

=== Obodo Awori District ===
Na Awori District bụ: 

* Awodi-Ora
* Ishasi
* [[Oto-Awori]]
* Ijanikin
* Ilogbo
* Oko-Afo
* Sibiri
* Apa
* Àgwàetiti na-adịghị ahụkebe
* N'oge na-eto eto
* Ibeshe
* Irede
* Irese
* Mebamu
* Itewe
* Igede
* Ajangbadi
* Iyagbe
* Ajegunie
* Aiyetoro
* [[Festac Town|Obodo Festac]]
* [[Satellite Town, Lagos|Obodo Satellite]]
* Ọ na-aga
* Kirikiri
* Agboju-Amuwo
* [[Okokomaiko]]
* Anya
* Amukoko
* Alaba-Ore
* Ijoiin
* Igbanko
* Imore
* Ijegun
* [[Mushin, Lagos|Mushin]]
* Isolo
* Ota
* Ilemba-Awori
* Okporo ụzọ
* Ipaja
* Agege
* Ibereko

== Ebe ndị njem nleta na ihe ncheta ==

* Agia Cenotaph, Badagry ebe e bu ụzọ kwusaa Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Naijiria n'afọ 1842.
* Ụzọ Ndị Ohu Atlantic / Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri [Badagry  São Marina and Gberefu Beach].
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Britain, Marina, Badagry.
* Ndị ozi ala ọzọ oge ochie na-eli ozu [1845], Hospital Road, Ahovikoh Quarters, Badagry.
* Mahadum Ọgwụ na Sayensị Ahụike Eko dị na Badagry Division.
* Ụlọ mbụ dị na Naịjirịa, nke CMS [Anglican Mission] wuru na 1845.
* Lagos State University, [LASU], Ojo.
* Nigeria-Benin Republic International Border, Seme, Badagry.
* Nigeria-French Language Village, Badagry, Inter-University Centre for French Language Studies
* Ogige Ọhịa Ologe, Ologe, Oto Awori Town, n'okporo ụzọ awara awara Badagry
* Lagos State University of Education, [LASUED], Oto Awori.
* Ogu Stately Drums [Sato] nke e wepụtara na 1543
* Ogu Toplisen Shrine, Hunto Quarters, Badagry ebe a na-ekpu ndị eze Badagry [Aholu] okpueze.
* Obí eze nke De Wheno Aholu [King] Menu Toyi 1, Akran nke Badagry, Jegba Quarters.
* Ihe ncheta nke ahia ohu, Badagry-Mobee Compound, Seriki Abass Slave Barraccoon [1847]; Boeko, Boekoh Quarters, Vlekete Slave Market, Posukoh Quarters  São Badagry ebe a nwalere Lander Brothers na 1825.
* Ili nke George Fremingo, [1620] onye a na-akpọ Huntokonu, onye ahịa ohu mbụ na Badagry
* Trade Fair Complex, Ojo [ebe a na-eme kwa afọ Lagos International Trade Fair].
* Whispering Palms [Recreation Resort], Iworo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Lagos|url=https://lagosstate.gov.ng/about-lagos/|accessdate=2021-06-16|work=Lagos State Government|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912163511/https://lagosstate.gov.ng/about-lagos/|archive-date=2022-09-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Usòrò:First storey building in Nigeria in Badagry Lagos State- Nigeria.jpg|
Usòrò:The first Nigeria storey building.jpg|First storey building in Nigeria
Usòrò:Badagry heritage museum, Badagry, Lagos.jpg|Badagry museum
Usòrò:Tafawa Balewa Square, Lagos.jpg|Tafawa Balewa square
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==</text>
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      <text bytes="29853" sha1="d9ncog0m14kbyfwlpt4iselujh8bzgl" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Chair market-Badagry-1910.jpg|thumb|chair market - Badagry -1910.jpg]]
Badagry (nke a na-akpọ '''Gbagli''') nke a na-asụkwa '''Badagri''', bụ obodo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mpaghara gọmentị ime obodo (LGA) na [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos Steeti]], [[Naijiria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Badagry {{!}} Nigeria|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Badagry|accessdate=2021-08-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị nso n'obodo Lagos, ma dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke Porto Novo Creek, ụzọ mmiri dị n'ime ala nke jikọrọ [[Lagos]] (obodo kachasị ukwuu na isi obodo akụ na ụba nke Nigeria) na isi obodo Benin (Porto-Novo). Otu ụzọ ahụ jikọrọ Lagos, Ilaro, na Porto-Novo, ma soro Republic of Benin nwee ókèala. Ka ọ na-erule nsonaazụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2006, obodo ahụ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 241,093.&lt;ref&gt;The area is led by a traditional king, Akran De Wheno Aholu Menu - Toyi 1, who is also the permanent vice-chairman of obas and chiefs in Lagos State. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070704042011/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/Connections/Pop2006.pdf Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette], published 15 May 2007, accessed 8 July 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Na-eje ozi dị ka ọdọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Atlantic, Badagry pụtara dị ka ebe azụmahịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri West Africa n'etiti afọ 1736 na afọ 1851. [1] Ọdọ mmiri ya na-ejikọta ma na-agafe agafe, iyi na ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime ala rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ iji mee ka azụmahịa dị mfe na dị ka ụlọ mmanya nchebe maka ndị bi na ya.  N'oge ahia ohu Trans-Atlantic, obodo ahụ bụ onye na-anọ n'etiti ndị ahịa Europe nọ n'ụsọro oké osimiri na ndị ahịa si n'ime ime obodo.

== Ọdịdị ala ==
Badagry dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naijiria, nke Gulf of Guinea gbara n'ebe ndịda. Ọ dị kilomita 43 (69 km) n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Lagos na kilomita 14 (23 km) n&quot;ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Seme, obodo dị n'ókè na [[Benin|Benin Republic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lynn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Harris|first=Lynn|title=Sea ports and sea power: African maritime cultural landscapes|date=2017|location=Cham|isbn=9783319469850|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Lagos Island, ọ dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime ala, usoro iyi, ụzọ mmiri ndị nwere ike ịga Lagos na Porto Novo. Ogologo dị n'etiti mmiri na oké osimiri dị iche n'ụsọ [[Oke Òrìmìlì|oké osimiri]], na Badagry, anya dị ihe dị ka otu kilomita.&lt;ref name=&quot;lynn&quot; /&gt; Omimi nke  mmiri ahụ dịgasị iche dabere na oge, site na ịdị elu nke mita 3 ruo ala nke otu mita.  mmiri ndị ahụ nwere ọtụtụ azụ dị iche iche gụnyere bonga, croaker, longfin pompano, tilapia na catfish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Seasonal distribution and richness of fish species in the Badagry Lagoon, south-west Nigeria {{!}} Request PDF|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238451038|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=ResearchGate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  mmiri ahụ nwere mmiri nnu na mmiri dị ọcha na mgbanwe oge, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Badagry, Osimiri Yewa na-enye mmiri na-abanye n'ọdọ [[mmiri]] ahụ.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere akụkọ ọdịnala [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] na ebe obibi mbụ n'ime mpaghara ahụ bụ otu [[Awori tribe|Awori]] sitere na Ile-Ife nke bi n'ebe obibi dị nso. Robin Law, onye ọkà mmụta banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke West Afrika, na-ekwu na mmalite nke ihe sitere na mbata maka ndị a chụpụrụ n'obodo dị iche iche nke ọtụtụ ndị Ogu, ndị Ewe na ndị Oyo Yorubas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Robin Law FBA|url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/robin-law-FBA/|accessdate=2022-05-31|work=The British Academy|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi iyi ọzọ na-ejikọta ndị bi na ebe obibi a na-akpọ Gberefu dị ka ndị Ewe nke Oyo, agwaetiti ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;lynn&quot; /&gt;

Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama e dekọrọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ahụ bụ nnweta ala site n'aka onye ahịa Europe nke a maara dị ka Yovo Huntokonu. Ọtụtụ isi mmalite na-akọwa onye Europe dị ka onye ahịa Dutch a na-akpọ Hendrik Hertogh. Huntokonu, onye si n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, biri n'ógbè ahụ mgbe ọ gbapụrụ n'iwe nke onye isi Afrịka. Ọ rutere n'ebe a na-akpọ Apa n'okpuru Obaship nke Alapa ma nye ya ala ugbo iji zụọ ahịa.

Aha Badagry sitere na ụzọ ụmụ amaala obodo ahụ si ebi ndụ, nke gụnyere ịkụ azụ, ọrụ ugbo, na mmepụta nnu. Ndị ọzọ na-eche na a kpọrọ obodo ahụ site na Agbedeh, onye ọrụ ugbo a ma ama nke ugbo ya, Agbadarigi, nke ndị Europe kpọrọ Badagry. Badagry jere ozi dị ka ụzọ maka ndị Europe iji buru ndị ohu gaa ebe ọhụrụ na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. A na-akpọ cenotaph ya &quot;Ebe oruru na ogaghi aloghachi,&quot; ma mee ka olulu mmiri dị n'ebe a dị mma iji mee ka ndị ohu na-aṅụ mmanya na ya chefuo ọdịnihu ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-12-01|title=History of Atlantic Slave Trade Chronicled By Museums, Monuments in Badagry, Nigeria|url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/nigeria/history-atlantic-slave-trade-chronicled-museums-monuments-badagry-nigeria/|accessdate=2022-05-31|work=Global Press Journal|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Badagry bụ otu n'ime ụzọ ndị ritere uru site na esemokwu ahịa ohu na-aga n'ihu n'etiti mba Portnovo na Dahomey na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. A na-ere ndị ohu e jidere n'oge esemokwu n'etiti obodo na Badagry.&lt;ref name=&quot;hometown.ng&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-12-09|title=Badagry Festival {{!}} Hometown.ng™|url=https://hometown.ng/listing-item/badagry-festival/|accessdate=2021-08-02|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904084700/https://hometown.ng/listing-item/badagry-festival/|archivedate=4 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chief Mobee bụ otu n'ime ndị isi Afrịka sonyere n'ahịa ohu n'afọ 1983. Na Marina, Badagry, e wuru ụlọ mbụ nwere okpukpu abụọ na afọ 1845.&lt;ref name=&quot;hometown.ng&quot; /&gt;

Huntokonu guzobere ụlọ ahịa na ala ahụ e nyere onyinye na afọ 1736, ọ bụkwa mgbe Huntokonu biri na Badagry pụtara dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ohu, na-eje ozi dị ka ụzọ isi gafee Oyo ma na-achụpụ [[Apa, Lagos|Apa]] na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na azụmahịa. N'oge a, ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbapụrụ n'aka Eze Agaja Trudo kwagara Badagry. [2] Agaja onye na-achọ ụzọ isi banye n'oké osimiri na-alụ agha gafee n'ụsọ oké osimiri na agha ahụ kpatara ọtụtụ ndị bi n'ụsoropụta, n'akụkụ Queme, na Allet, na Alos, na Pold. A bịara mara ìgwè ndị a dị ka Ogu. Otu ndị mbịarambịa ọ bụla nwere njikọ na mpaghara asatọ dị iche iche na ndị mbịara ọhụrụ rutere na ngalaba ndị metụtara steeti ha.  Ndị isi azụmahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achịkwa ngalaba Daggry si otú a mepụta usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kewara ekewa. Mgbanwe a bara uru maka azụmahịa mana ọ kpatara ọgba aghara n'ime.

Azụmahịa ohu abụghị ihe a ma ama na Badagry karịa ka ọ dị na Bonny, [[Angola]], Ouidah, na Calabar; na afọ 1865, ndị ohu si Badagry bubata bụ 800, ebe na Porto Novo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ 1,200, na Ouidah, a na-ebu ndị ohu 5,000. Oge kachasị elu nke ahia ohu na steeti obodo ahụ bụ n'etiti afọ 1736 na afọ 1789, mana ahia ahụ gara n'ihu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, na ndị ahịa Portuguese ma ọ bụ Brazil na-eweghara ndị Dutch.

Mmụba nke Badagry n'ụsọ oké osimiri dugara n'ọgụ na Ouidah, nke jikọtara ya na Oyo na Lagos iji kpochapụ obodo ahụ na afọ 1784.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Law|first=Robin|date=1978|title=THE CAREER OF ADELE AT LAGOS AND BADAGRY, c. 1807 - c. 1837|url=https://archive.org/details/historical-society-of-nigeria-journal_1978-06_9_2/page/35|journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria|volume=9|issue=2|pages=35–59|issn=0018-2540}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe mbibi ahụ gasịrị, Jiwa onye gbara ọsọ ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Porto-Novo weghaara ikike nke ọtụtụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti na afọ 1784 na afọ 1788. N'afọ 1821, a chụgara Oba Adele na Badagry, ọ gosipụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke idu ndú, ma nwee ike ime ka Badagry bụrụ steeti nwere onwe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Ntọala nke [[Abeokuta]] gosikwara uru Badagry dịka onye mbụ jiri Badagry mee ihe dị ka ụzọ maka azụmahịa. Adele sooro onye ahịa a ma ama, Madam Tinubu ma soro Egba na esemokwu ha na Ota na Ijebu. N'etiti ndị na-eso Adele si Lagos bụ ndị Alakụba, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ejere mpaghara Northern ozi, otu ndị a mere ka ndị Ogu mara Islam na obodo ahụ.

Mgbe ndị Britain kwụsịrị ahia ohu, onye ahịa a ma ama Francisco Félix de Sousa kwagara Badagry n'ihe dị ka 1807. Azụmahịa ọdụ́, ákwà na mmanụ nkwụ bụkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa nke ndị bi na ya. Thomas Hutton guzobere ọnụnọ na Badagri na afọ 1838, ndị ahịa Britain ndị ọzọ sochiri n'afọ ndị sochirinụ. N'adịghị ka n'ime ime, ala Badagry adabaghị maka [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] azụmahịa, mana e guzobere ugbo n'ógbè ndị gbara obodo ahụ gburugburu. Azụmahịa [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ nkwụ]] bara uru dị ukwuu nye Badagry ma bụrụ ahịa iwu na-akwadoghị na ndị ohu nke ndị Brazil duziri. Mmetụta nke mwakpo ahịa ndị na-emegide ndị ohu na inyefe Badagry na Britain kwụsịrị azụmahịa ahụ.

=== 1840-1900 ===
Ebe Badagry dị ka obodo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke nwere njikọ n'ebe ugwu na Abeokuta na Oyo mere ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri maka ndị si Sierra Leone na ndị ozi ala ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Aladeojebi, Gbade.|title=History Of Yoruba Land.|date=2016|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-6248-5|oclc=1147867988}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe dị ka afọ 1837, otu onye si Sierra-Leonean na-akwaga n'okpukpe Metọdist dere akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ka onye katkizim na Badagry. Ndị Metọdist enwela òtù ndị ozi ala ọzọ na Gold Coast, e zigakwara ụfọdụ ndị otu na Badagry. Thomas Birch Freeman na Charles DeGraft duziri otu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ndị ozi ala ọzọ Metọdist bu ụzọ kwusa ozi ọma n'okpuru [[Agiya Tree Monument|osisi Agia]] ma mesịa guzobe Chọọchị achara.

N'afọ 1845, otu ndị ozi ala ọzọ CMS rutere Badagry. N'ime nnọkọ ahụ bụ Revs, Townsend, Crowther na Gollmer, ndị nkuzi abụọ si Sierra Leone, ụfọdụ ndị ọkwá nkà na ndị nwunye nke ndị otu ahụ. Ebumnuche nke akụkụ ahụ bụ ịga n'ihu na-aga Abeokuta mana n'ihi ọnwụ Sodeke, onye isi na Abeokuta, ha na-egbu oge na Badagry. Ndị otu ahụ nọrọ na Badagry ruo otu afọ na ọkara, na-ewu ụlọ ozi ala ọzọ nwere okpukpu abụọ.

Otú ọ dị, ntọghata Ndị Kraịst na ọkara mbụ nke iri na itoolu enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na Badagry n'otu akụkụ n'ihi obodo n'etiti afọ 1851- 1854 nakwa n'ihi na Lagos ghọrọ ógbè. N'ime afọ ndị dị n'etiti ntọala nke Lagos na nke obodo Naịjirịa, Badagry tụfuru mmetụta Lagos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1863, n'ihi na ọ na-akpachara anya maka mmetụta ndị France na Porto-Novo, [[Lagos Colony|Lagos nke]] na-achị achị bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nke inyefe ndị isi Badagry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fọlayan|first=Kọla|title=The Career of Thomas Tickel in the Western District of Lagos, 1854-1886|date=1969|journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria|volume=5|issue=1|pages=27–46|issn=0018-2540}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nzukọ nke Berlin na afọ 1884 na afọ 1885, dugara n'ịkwapụ ndị agbụrụ agbụrụ Gbe n'ógbè ahụ, ọkachasị agbụrụ Badagry-Ogu na-ada n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain, ma wepụ ha site na iwepụ ha n'etiti ndị agbụrụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kunnuji|first=Joseph|title=Guided syncretism: repackaging Badagry-Ogu music in the context of Lagos' postcolonial modernity|journal=African Music|date=2017|volume=10|issue=3|doi=10.21504/amj.v10i3.2197|url=http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/2197|accessdate=13 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Okwu mmalite ===
Gbede:gli:me- asụsụ Gbe - N'ime mgbidi ndị na-arụ ọrụ.

Onye mbụ biri ebe ahụ bụ onye na-akpụ ihe a maara dị ka Gbede ma ọ bụ Agbede onye si n'ógbè Porto Novo kwaga ebe ahụ wee malite ugbo okra / okro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Badagry Area Guide|url=https://nigeriapropertycentre.com/area-guides/lagos/badagry|accessdate=2022-07-24|work=nigeriapropertycentre.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji chebe ugbo ya pụọ n'anụ ọhịa, o wuru mgbidi apịtị dị ala. Obodo ndị gbara agbata obi malitere ịkpọ ebe obibi ahụ - Inside Agbedeş Walls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Onyeakagbu|first=Adaobi|date=2021-10-20|title=About Badagry, the indigenous people of Lagos|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/about-badagry-the-indigenous-people-of-lagos/rx4ey9q|accessdate=2022-07-24|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ụyọkọ asụsụ Gbe, a na-akpọ onye na-akpụ ihe gbede ma ọ bụ agbede. Ndị ahịa Europe mebiri aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Badagry. Mbufe ndị Yoruba n'obodo ahụ agbanweela àgwà Badagry kpamkpam ka ọ bụrụ obodo Yoruba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-07-02|title=THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE EGUN PEOPLE|url=https://everyevery.ng/things-you-need-to-know-about-the-egun-people/|accessdate=2022-07-24|work=EveryEvery|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ogige ===
E kewara obodo Badagry na ngalaba asatọ nke ọ bụla nwere [[Tribal chief|isi ọdịnala]]. Ndị a bụ Jegba (Akran, Ụlọ na-achị achị), Asago (Bala), Ganho (Agoloto), Posuko (Possu), Boeko (Mobee), Ahoviko (Wawu), Ahwanjigo (Jengen), na Whar auto-vihento).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lagos State (Nigeria)|title=Focus on [name of administrative division|date=1991|publisher=The Dept.|location=Ikeja|language=en|oclc=32240791}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Narị afọ nke iri abụọ ==
N'agbata afọ 1953 na afọ 1965, Badagry bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ nke mpaghara nke Badagry, [[Amuwo-Odofin]], Ojo, na [[Ajeromi-Ifelodun]] mejupụtara. Mgbe e guzobere Lagos Steeti na afọ 1967, ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime mpaghara nchịkwa ise nke steeti ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Omenala ==
A na-eme ọtụtụ ememme na Badagry, ndị a bụ ofufe Ajido Zangbeto&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ajido Zangbeto Festival Archives|url=https://m.guardian.ng/tag/ajido-zangbeto-festival/|accessdate=2022-06-02|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ememme Igunnuko na Badagri diaspora na ememme ihe nketa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-04|title=Lagos hosts Badagry heritage festival|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/lagos-hosts-badagry-heritage-festival/|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-24|title=Day Zangbeto Festival shut down Badagry|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/day-zangbeto-festival-shut-down-badagry/|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ajido Zangbeto emere na steeti Lagos, ìgwè dị iche iche, dị ka nna eze, ụmụ nwanyị nke Zangan, Yonnusi, Kregbeto, Zan holu, Ohugigo, na ndị ọzọ gbara egwu dị ka ndị enyi ndị ọbịa na ndị njem nleta kwụrụ eze, Aholu Saheed Sedonu Adamson, Topon Toviaga 1, nke alaeze Ajido. Aholu Adamson kwuru, &quot;Zangbeto&quot; bụ ihe nketa ọdịbendị nke ndị Egun (Ogu) na-eme emume na nkwanye ùgwù dị elu. Ajido tinyere aka na nkwupụta nke Gọọmentị steeti Lagos na steeti Lagos bụ ebe njem nleta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;  Asụsụ ala nke Badagry bụ egbo (Ogu) a dialect nke Aja na yiri asụsụ Fon, a Aja sub-group nke a na-asụ na Porto-Novo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Badagry oge ochie nwere okpukpe ọdịnala dị nso na vothun na ebe ofufe ọdịnala dị iche iche. Ebe nsọ dị n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke obodo ahụ gụnyere Nabuku na Ijegba, Vlekete na Posuko, na Mathe na Adariko. Na Badagry nke oge a, ndị na-akwado Islam na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst jupụtara n'obodo ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Zangbeto masquerade bụ omenala dị ike n'etiti ndị Ogu (Egun), masquerade a bụ otu n'ime ụzọ ọdịnala nke ịchịkwa mpụ, ndị uwe ojii na nchekwa n'etiti ụmụ Egun nke Badagry. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke Zangbeto bụ iji chekwaa obodo ha, ha na-ejikwa ndị mmadụ eme ihe ntụrụndụ ka ha na-agba egwú site na ịgba gburugburu ngwa ngwa, na-ebelata ma na-eto eto ka masquerade na-atụgharị.

Echiche efu banyere masquerade Zangbeto malitere mgbe a sịrị na ndị iro ya chụpụrụ nwoke Egun, ọ dị mkpa ka onye Egun gbapụ n'obodo ya n'amaghị ama n'abalị. Mana mgbe ahụ, a na-ekwu na o jiri ike karịrị nke mmadụ kpuchie onwe ya, ka ndị iro ya na-achọ ndụ ya ghara ijide ya. O ji akwụkwọ kpọrọ nkụ na raffia kpuchie ahụ ya na site na iji mpi anụmanụ mee ụda egwu. O mechara nwee ike ịhapụ obodo ahụ n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ na ndị iro ya na-achọpụtaghị ya. O mechara chọta ebe obibi a na-akpọ 'Hugbonu' ma mesịa, ya na ndị ikom yi uwe yiri nke ahụ; ndị ikom ahụ nyeere ya aka inweta ebe obibi ahụ yana igbochi mwakpo a wakporo ya. Nke a bụ mmalite nke masquerade Zangbeto.

Zangbeto masquerade nwere ike ime ọtụtụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị site n'enyemaka nke anwansi / ike karịrị nke mmadụ. Nke a bụ isi ihe mere ndị Ogu (Egun) ji kpọrọ ha ihe ma were ha dị ka chi. Enwere ngosipụta ike n'ihu ọha dị ka ịgafe osimiri site n'ịga ije n'elu mmiri, ịtụgharị bọket mmiri ka ọ bụrụ mmanya yana karama ịgba egwú. Zangbeto na-eche obodo ahụ nche n'abalị na-agagharị iji chọpụta ndị ohi ma nye ikpe ziri ezi. Otu ìgwè ndị na-akụ ọkpọ na-eso ha ma na-eme mkpọtụ 'eerie' iji kpọsaa ọbịbịa ha. N'abalị, ndị na-ele anya na-ada ụda opi ha iji kwupụta mmalite nke elekere ahụ nakwa iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mara na ìgwè ahụ na-apụta, site na iji ike anwansi, Zangbeto masquerade nwere ike ịchọpụta onye ọ bụla na-agagharị n'ime radius nke mita 500 ma karịa. Ewezuga ịchekwa ndụ, ha na-enyekwa aka idozi esemokwu na ime udo n'etiti ndị Ogu ( Egun) Zangbeto masquerade na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na ndụ ndị Egun nke Badagry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-13|title=The 'Magical' Zangbeto Masquerade Of Egun People|url=https://everyevery.ng/the-magical-zangbeto-masquerade-of-egun-people/|accessdate=2022-08-19|work=EveryEvery|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agemo Francis Sewanu, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi na Naijiria, amụrụ na Badagry Lagos na afọ 1986. Ọ gụrụ Fine Arts na Delta State University Abraka ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na afọ 2008. Agemo, onye ọrụ ya nwere mmetụta nke Thron, Atinga, Tolegba na Tovothun,( chi na chi nwanyị) nke Egun (ogu) ndị na-anọchite anya Naijiria. Ihe osise Francis Sewanu Agemo agbanweela kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ site n'ịzụlite ya na nne na nna ya ochie, ndị bụ ndị na-efe ofufe nke Thron, Atinga na Tovothun (chi na chi nwanyị nke ndị Egun). Francis Sewanu Agemo nwere ọganihu ọdịbendị n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ ma ndị a emeela ka ọganihu nka ya mara. Agemo, onye gwara ndị na-eso ụzọ okwu n'ajụjụ ọnụ pụrụ iche kwuru na &quot;ọ mepụtara ụdị ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya nke yiri ihe ofufe dị ka totems, ihe oyiyi, ihe nkpuchi na eriri raffia. Francis Sewanu Agemo mere ka anyị mara na nka ya na-ele anya na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọdịnala na oge a.

Francis Sewanu Agemo, ihe ngosi nka nke meghere na Septemba 19 ma na-aga ruo ọnwa Septemba 23, ọrụ Agemo na-adọta uche dị ukwuu site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ, ndị nlekọta na ndị hụrụ nka n'anya nke ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ bụ ndị doro anya na-adọrọ mmasị ịhụ ọdịbendị Afrịka mbụ, ọkachasị site n'obodo ohu mba ụwa oge ochie nke Badagry, nyefere ha n'ụdị nka. Anwansi a, Agemo gwara vanguard ka o kwe omume &quot;na nkà ihe ọmụma nka m nke o mere ka o kwe ike &quot;na nkà nkà ihe ọmụma m nke m na-akpọ Tracontemporary- Ngwakọta nke ọdịnala nke na-adịghị ewepụ onwe ya na eziokwu na mgbanwe nke oge a.

Agemo bụ ụdị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ákwà. Ihe osise ya na-abụkarị akụkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na mkparịta ụka ọha na eze, okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ememe ndị nna nna na nkwenkwe ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ. Ọtụtụ oge Francis Sewanu Agemo na-akọ akụkọ na ihe osise ya banyere nkwenkwe, ọdịbendị na ọdịnala nke ndị ya, otu n'ime ọrụ Agemo a ma ama akpọrọ &quot;Nwanyị nwere ihu ọma&quot; nke o mere n'oge obibi na Alexis Galleries, Lagos. &quot;Ọrụ a&quot; ka Agemo kwuru, &quot;na-ekwu maka nwoke nwere ndị nwunye abụọ mana nwunye mbụ enweghị ike inye nwoke ahụ nwa nwoke. Ụmụ ya niile bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ya mere, nwoke ahụ na-achọ nwanyị ọzọ nke nwere ike inye ya ụmụ nwoke ọ chọrọ. N'ebe a, ọ chọtara nwanyị ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị njọ ma nwee nkwarụ (ọ nwere naanị otu anya) ọ nwere ike inye nwoke ahụ nwa nwoke ọ na-achọ. &quot;Ozizi dị n'ọrụ a bụ na ọdịdị ahụ - ihere na nkwarụ anaghị agụnye n'ezie. Nke ọ na-abịa na mmepụta ihe na ihe ndị a rụzuru. Ihe ndị a abụghị ihe mgbochi maka ihe ịga nke ọma na ndụ. Enwere ịma mma dị n'ime, nke ahụ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa. Otu onye nwere ike iyi ihe ọjọọ n'ọdịdị mana àgwà ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nke onye ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-achọsi ike. Nwanyị ahụ jọgburu onwe ya na nke nwere nkwarụ bụ onye nwere ike ịmụ nwa nwoke; ya mere ọ na-aghọ nwanyị nwere ihu ọma, nke bụ ebe aha ọrụ ahụ sitere.

Agemo kwenyere na ụwa dị obere. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị nro ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike nke bụ eziokwu nke ndụ; kwa ụbọchị ka anyị na-apụ, anyị nwere ike izute ihe ọma ma ọ bụ nke ọjọọ.

Agemo kwuru na ihe ọma na ihe ọjọọ niile na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise ya maka nka ya sitere na ọnọdụ na Badagry, ihe ochie na ngwaahịa ọdịnala- ebe nsọ, dịka nke Francis Sewanu Agemo onye na-ese ihe na-eji mepụta echiche nke ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=OSA|first=Amadi|title=Artist Agemo Francis takes the gods of Badagry to Europe|work=Vanguard|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/09/artist-agemo-francis-takes-the-gods-of-badagry-to-europe/amp/}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ==
Ọrụ akụ na ụba ndị dị na Badagry gụnyere ịkụ azụ, azụmahịa, na njem nleta. Ịdị nso Badagry na oké osimiri na akụkọ ihe mere eme gara aga na ahia ohu Trans-Atlantic na ndị ozi ala ọzọ na-adọta ndị njem nleta n'obodo ahụ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ewere ụlọ Thomas Birch Freeman wuru dị ka ụlọ mbụ dị na Naịjirịa ebe Freeman's Methodist Church bụ ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Kraịst na Naịjarịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Eruotor|first=Victor|date=2014|title=THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: case study, Lagos Nigeria|url=http://www.Theseus.fi/handle/10024/74531|accessdate=2020-07-12|work=www.Theseus.fi|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714091130/https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/74531|archive-date=2020-07-14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọvanọ nke steeti ahụ, Gọvanor Sanwo-Olu gbara [[Nigerian Ports Authority|ndị Naịjirịa]] Ports Authority (NPA) ume ka ha wuo ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ ọzọ, otu na [[Lekki]] na nke ọzọ na Badagry. O kwuru na &quot;Lagos Steeti kwesịrị inwe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ ọzọ, nke ọ bụghị naanị na ọ ga-ejere anyị ozi kamakwa na-ewulite akụ na ụba mba. Anyị amalitela mmepe nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri [[Lekki Port|Lekki]], nke malitere. Anyị na-ewu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ọzọ na Badagry. Mana anyị ka na-ekwu okwu na NPA iji nye nkwado n'ihi na anyị agbakwuru ndị mmepe ise, ndị na-ahụ maka ego, na ndị mmekọ na Badagry Port. Ọ bụrụ na anyị nwere ike ịrụcha ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ ahụ, ọ ga-eme ka mkpọchi dị na Apapa axis ghara ịdị mma ma mepụta ebe azụmahịa ọhụrụ maka ndị anyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sanwo-Olu seeks Badagry, Lekki Seaports' approval|url=https://punchng.com/sanwo-olu-seeks-badagry-lekki-seaports-approval/|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=Punch Newspapers|date=16 September 2019|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe ndị dị mkpa na Badagry ==

=== Obí Eze nke Mobee ===
Royal Palace Of Mobee bụ ihe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Slave Relics nke dị n'ụlọ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Ọ bụ ebe nchekwa nke ọrụ 'Chief Mobee' nke obodo ahụ na ọrụ ya na ndị nna ohu na-ejide ndị obodo n'oge ahia ohu gafere Atlantic, yana ọrụ dị iche nke nwa ya nwoke rụrụ n'ịkwatu ịgba ohu n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Badagry Slave Route: Slaves passed these 5 notable stops on their journey of no return|work=Punch|url=https://punchng.com/lagos-badagry-expressway-deplorable-highway-hinders-nigerias-multi-billion-naira-tourism-hub-in-historic-town/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na-egosi ihe akaebe nke mbata nke ndị Europe na mpaghara Badagry na mmalite nke ụmụ mmadụ na-ere ahịa maka ego, gin na ihe ndị ọzọ niile. Ihe ndị e ji mee ihe bụ ihe ncheta nke obi ọjọọ nke ijide, ijide, na ịgba ohu nke ndị Afrịka. Ihe ndị a gụnyere yokes, agbụ ígwè, mkpọchi ọnụ iji mechie ndị a dọtara n'agha, na aka maka ụmụaka. Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enye ndị ọbịa ozi gbasara ọnọdụ ọjọọ ndị ohu na-eche ihu n'oge njem ahụ, ihe oyiyi na-enye ihe ngosi nke ndụ na ubi. Ọ bụ isi iyi nke Black History na-ezo aka na ya ma na-eme ememe n'ọnwa ahụ.

=== Ụlọ elu mbụ na Naịjirịa ===
Ụlọ nke mbụ dị na Badagry, Lagos Steeti. A malitere ntọala ụlọ ahụ na afọ 1842 ma wuchaa ya na afọ 1845. Ọ bụ Reverend Henry Townsend nke Church Missionary Society (CMS) guzobere ya. Samuel Ajayi Crowther, Bishọp C.M.S nke Afrịka mbụ biri n'ebe ahụ ebe ọ malitere ntụgharị [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] Nsọ site na Bekee gaa na Yoruba. E jikwa ya mee ihe dị ka Vicarage maka chọọchị Anglican nke Saint Thomas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=I visited Nigeria's first storey building and found something interesting no one ever talks about|work=Pulse|url=https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/i-visited-nigerias-first-storey-building-and-found-something-interesting-no-one-ever/kl3xx1f}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Na-adịghị Ala Ala Ala Ọzọ ===
Ebe a na-adịghị alaghachi dị na Gbeferu Island. Nke a bụ ọnụ ụzọ maka ibuga ndị ohu site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Badagry gaa Europe na America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Badagry Slave Route: Slaves passed these 5 notable stops on their journey of no return|work=Pulse|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/badagry-slave-route-slaves-passed-these-5-notable-stops-on-their-journey-of-no-return/mr1dbj4.amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Osisi Agia'''

Ebe mbụ Reverend Freeman na Reverend Townsend mere ememe Krismas na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] Desemba 25, na afọ 1842&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oluwafunmilayo|first=Akinpelu|date=2018-12-04|title=How Henry Townsend and Birch Freeman got Nigerians to first celebrate Christmas|url=https://www.legit.ng/1207587-all-1842-the-history-christmas-nigeria.html|accessdate=2022-06-02|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Badagry Festival|Ememme Badagry]]
* [[Mowo, Badagry]]
* [[Velekete Slave Market|Ahịa Ndị Ohu Velekete]]

== Ebe a na-ese foto ==
&lt;gallery heights=&quot;132&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;[[Usòrò:Satelite Town Post Office, Badagry Expresss Way, Lagos.jpg|thumb|Satalite town post office, Badagry Express way, Lago.jpg￼]]Important places in Badagry&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Royal Palace of Mobee of Badagry 01.jpg|Royal Palace of Mobee of Badagry
Usòrò:Badagry (February 1851, VIII, p.12).jpg|Badagry (February 1851)&lt;ref name=Offering1851&gt;{{cite journal|title=Badagry|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=February 1851|volume=VIII|pages=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFwEAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=The+Wesleyan+juvenile+offering+1851|access-date=30 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission-House|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Usòrò:Badagri.jpg|Nigeria's first Christian Mission in Badagry. This is located at the museum of slavery.
Usòrò:Seriki Faremi Abass Slave Museum , Badagry 01.jpg|Seriki Faremi Abass Slave Museum, Badagry
Usòrò: Seme Route.jpg|Seme Route
Usòrò: Slave Port Badagry.jpg|Slave Port Badagry
Usòrò: The First Administrative Building, Badagry, Lagos.jpg|The First Administrative Building, Badagry, Lagos
Usòrò: The first well in Nigeria.jpg|
Usòrò:The first story building in Nigeria.jpg|The first story building in Nigeria
Usòrò: Badagry heritage museum model, Badagry, Lagos.jpg|Badagry heritage museum model, Badagry, Lagos
Usòrò: Badagry heritage museum stone, Badagry, Lagos.jpg|Badagry heritage museum stone, Badagry, Lagos
Usòrò:Badagry, Apapa, Ikeja Landmark.jpg|Badagry, Apapa, Ikeja landmark
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* Official website
{{Authority control}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Augustine nke Hippo</title>
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      <text bytes="14071" sha1="h2mv1x4kzpfm0ptvhym1ccugvo37wxg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox saint|honorific_prefix=[[Saint]]|name=Augustine of Hippo|titles=[[Bishop of Hippo Regius]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Doctor of the Church]]|birth_name=Aurelius Augustinus|birth_date=13 November 354|birth_place=[[Thagaste]], [[Numidia Cirtensis]], [[Roman Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;(modern-day [[Souk Ahras]], [[Algeria]])|death_date=28 August 430 (aged 75)|death_place=[[Hippo Regius]], Numidia Cirtensis, [[Western Roman Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;(modern-day [[Annaba]], Algeria)|resting_place=[[Pavia]], [[Italy]]|feast_day={{plainlist|
* 28 August ([[Latin Church]], [[Western Christianity]])
* 15 June ([[Eastern Christianity]])
* 4 November ([[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]])}}|image=Triunfo de San Agustín.jpg|caption=''The Triumph of Saint Augustine'' painted by [[Claudio Coello]], {{c.|1664|lk=no}}.|venerated_in=All [[Christian denomination]]s which [[veneration of saints|venerate saints]]|beatified_date=|beatified_place=|beatified_by=|canonized_date=[[Pre-Congregation]]|canonized_place=|canonized_by=|major_shrine=[[San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro]], [[Pavia]], [[Italy]]|attributes=Crozier, miter, young child, book, small church, flaming or pierced heart.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book| last = Hall| first = James| title = Hall's Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art| page = 35| year = 1996| edition = 2nd| publisher = John Murray | isbn = 0-7195-4147-6}}; {{Cite book| last = Daniel| first = Howard |  title = Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaoft0000dani| page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaoft0000dani/page/35 35]| year = 1971| publisher = Thames and Hudson | isbn = 0-500-18114-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;|patronage={{ubl|[[Brewing|Brewers]]|[[Printer (publisher)|Printers]]|[[Theologians]]|[[Philosophers]]|[[Conjunctivitis|Sore eyes]]|[[Bridgeport, Connecticut]]|[[Cagayan de Oro]]|[[San Agustin, Isabela]]|[[Mendez, Cavite]]|[[Tanza|Tanza, Cavite]]|[[Baliwag|Baliwag, Bulacan]]|[[Iba, Zambales]]}}|module={{Infobox philosopher
| embed = yes
| region = [[Western philosophy]]
| era = {{plainlist|
* [[Ancient philosophy]]
* [[Medieval philosophy]]}}
| school_tradition =
{{flatlist|
* [[Augustinianism]]
}}
| notable_students = [[Orosius|Paul Orosius]]{{sfn|Nguyen|Prior|2014|p=66}}
| main_interests =
{{plainlist|
* [[Anthropology]]
* [[Biblical criticism]]
* [[Epistemology]]
* [[Ethics]]
* [[Metaphysics]]
* [[Pedagogy]]
* [[Philosophy of religion]]
* [[Theodicy]]
* [[Theology]]
}}
| influences= {{hlist|
[[Ambrose]]|
[[Ambrosiaster]]|
[[Anaximander]]|
[[Anthony the Great|Anthony]]&lt;ref&gt;Confessions – Book VIII Chapters 1–6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;On Christian Doctrine – Preface Section 4&lt;/ref&gt;|
[[Arnobius]]|
[[Aristotle]]|
[[Cicero]]|
[[Cyprian]]|
[[Hilary of Poitiers]]|
[[Horace]]|
[[Ireneaus]]&lt;ref&gt;Altaner, Bertold (1949), “Augustinus und Irenäus”. Theologische Quartalschrift, 129: 162–172.&lt;/ref&gt;|
[[Lactantius]]|
[[Lucan]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Enchiridion on Faith, Hope and Love]] – 8&lt;/ref&gt;|
[[Saint Monica|Monica]]|
[[Optatus]]|
[[Paul the Apostle|Paul]]|
[[Persius]]|
[[Plato]]|
[[Plotinus]]|
[[Quintilian]]|
[[Sallust]]|
[[Seneca the Younger]]{{sfn|Quintilian|1939|loc=X.1.126}}|
[[Socrates]]{{sfn|Schaff|1887|p=146}}|
[[Stoicism]]|
[[Terence]]|
[[Ticonius]]|
[[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]]|
[[Gaius Marius Victorinus|Victorinus]]&lt;ref&gt;Augustine of Hippo, ''Confessions'', VIII,II, 3-6.&lt;/ref&gt;|
[[Virgil]]|
}}
| influenced= Virtually all of subsequent [[Western philosophy]] and [[Catholic theology]], as well as a significant amount of [[Protestant theology]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cary|first=Phillip|date=June 17, 2019|title=The Meaning Of Protestant Theology: Luther, Augustine, And The Gospel That Gives Us Christ|url=https://idoc.pub/documents/the-meaning-of-protestant-theology-luther-augustine-and-the-gospel-that-gives-us-christ-d49gew0x26n9|access-date=April 15, 2022|website=IDOCPUB|publisher=Baker Publishing Group|quote=The drama of Protestant theology begins on a stage set in large part by Augustinian spirituality,|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| notable_works ={{plainlist|
* ''[[Confessions (Augustine)|Confessions]]''
* ''[[On Christian Doctrine]]''
* ''[[On the Trinity]]''
* ''[[City of God (book)|The City of God]]''}}
| notable_ideas = {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}
|''[[Filioque]]''{{sfn|Siecienski|2010}}
|[[Original sin]]&lt;ref&gt;Bonaiuti, Ernesto, and Giorgio La Piana. “The Genesis of St. Augustine's Idea of Original Sin.” ''The Harvard Theological Review'', vol. 10, no. 2, 1917, pp. 159–75. ''JSTOR'', http://www.jstor.org/stable/1507550. Accessed 20 Jun. 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Free will in theology#Roman Catholic|Free will]]
|[[Augustinian predestination]]
|[[Just war theory]]
|[[Absence of good]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Augustine|title=Enchridion|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf103.iv.ii.xiii.html|chapter=What Is Called Evil in the Universe Is But the Absence of Good|access-date=17 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Concupiscence]]{{sfn|Greenblatt|2017}}
|[[Sacramental character]]{{sfn|Ryan|1908}}
|[[Augustinian hypothesis]]&lt;ref&gt;St. Augustine, ''The Harmony of the Gospels'', Book 1 chapter 2 paragraph 4. from [http://www.hypotyposeis.org/synoptic-problem/2004/10/external-evidence-augustine.html hypothesis.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Augustinian theodicy]]
|[[Augustinian values]]{{sfn|Esmeralda|n.d.|p=}}|[[Divine command theory]]{{sfn|Austin|2006}}
|[[Amillennialism]]
|''[[You are Christ]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?s=5|title=Jesus Christ Prayers – Prayers|first=Catholic|last=Online|website=Catholic Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Deity]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=deity |title=Deity |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=6 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|''[[Solvitur ambulando]]''{{sfn|Huffington|2013}}|[[Heroic virtue]]{{sfn|Wilhelm|1910}}
|''[[Incurvatus in se]]''{{sfn|Jenson|2006}}
|[[Allegorical interpretations of Genesis|Genesis as an allegory]]&lt;ref&gt;''Literal Interpretation of Genesis'' 1:19–20, Chapt. 19&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The Literal Interpretation of Genesis'' 2:9&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Divine illumination]]
|[[Theocentricism]]{{sfn|Demacopoulos|Papanikolaou|2008|p=271}}
|[[Limbo of Infants|Limbo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/15011.htm |title=CHURCH FATHERS: On Merit and the Forgiveness of Sins, and the Baptism of Infants, Book I (Augustine) |publisher=www.newadvent.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
}}
{{Ordination
| denomination = Roman Catholic
| embed        = yes
| date of priestly ordination = 391
| place of priestly ordination = [[Hippo Regius]], [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]], [[Roman Empire]]
| date of consecration = 395
| consecrated by = Megalius
| sources = {{sfn|Portalié|1907a}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Augustine of Hippo, Bishop and Theologian|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/50.html|website=justus.anglican.org|publisher=Society of Archbishop Justus|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824001306/http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/50.html|archive-date=24 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}}} 
[[Usòrò:Augustine Lateran.jpg|thumb|Augustine nke Hippo]]
.Augustine nke Hippo (/ɔːˈɡʌstɪn/ aw-GUST-in, US kwa /ˈɔːɡəstiːn/ AW-gə-steen; [1] Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 Nọvemba 354 – 28 Ọgọst 430), [31] makwaara dị ka Saint Augustine  , bụ ọkà mmụta okpukpe na ọkà ihe ọmụma nke Berber na bishọp Hippo Regius na Numidia, Roman North Africa.  Ihe odide ya metụtara mmepe nke nkà ihe ọmụma Western na Western Christianity, a na-elekwa ya anya dị ka otu n'ime ndị Nna Chọọchị kachasị mkpa nke Chọọchị Latin n'oge Patristic.  Ọtụtụ ọrụ ya dị mkpa gụnyere Obodo nke Chineke, Na nkuzi Ndị Kraịst, na nkwupụta.

Dị ka onye ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ si kwuo, Jerome, Augustine “mere ka okwukwe ochie dị ọhụrụ.”[ Lower-alpha 1] N’oge ntorobịa ya, ọ dọtara ya n’okwukwe Manichaean nke eclectic, ma mesịa banye na nkà ihe ọmụma ndị [[Greece|Gris]] nke Neoplatonism.  Mgbe a tọghatasịrị ya na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] na baptizim na 386, Augustine zụlitere ụzọ nke ya na nkà ihe ọmụma na nkà mmụta okpukpe, na-anabata ụzọ dị iche iche na echiche dị iche iche.[32]  N'ịkwenye na amara nke Kraịst dị mkpa maka nnwere onwe mmadụ, o nyere aka n'ịhazi ozizi nke mmehie mbụ ma nye aka dị ukwuu n'ịzụlite echiche agha ziri ezi.  Mgbe Alaeze Ukwu Rom dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ malitere ịla n'iyi, Augustine chere na Ụka ​​ahụ bụ obodo ime mmụọ nke Chineke, dị iche na obodo nkịtị nke ụwa.[33]  Akụkụ nke Ụka nke gbadoro ụkwụ n'echiche nke Atọ n'Ime Otu dịka Kansụl nke Nicaea na Kansụl Constantinople[34] kọwara nke ọma na Augustine's On the Trinity.

N'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, ozizi ya na-ese okwu karị, John Romanides wakporo ya nke ọma, mana ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe ndị ọzọ na ndị isi nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa anyanwụ egosila nkwado dị ịrịba ama nke ihe odide ya, ọkachasị Georges Florovsky.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Some Underlying Positions of This Website|url=http://www.romanity.org/htm/rom.00.en.some_underlying_positions_of_this_website.htm|work=www.romanity.org|accessdate=30 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Limits of Church|url=http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/limits_church.htm|work=www.fatheralexander.org|accessdate=30 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ozizi kachasị arụmụka metụtara ya, filioque, ka Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ jụrụ. [1] Ozizi ndị ọzọ a na-ese okwu gụnyere echiche ya banyere mmehie mbụ, ozizi amara, na akara aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rev. Dr.&quot;&gt;Papademetriou, George C. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101105045903/http://goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8153 &quot;Saint Augustine in the Greek Orthodox Tradition&quot;]. goarch.org {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105045903/http://goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8153 |date=5 November 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-ezighi ezi n'ihe ụfọdụ, a ka na-ewere ọ dị ka onye nsọ ma nwee mmetụta n'ebe ụfọdụ ndị Nna Chọọchị Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, ọkachasị Gregory Palamas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Gregorios Palamas' Reception of Augustine's Doctrine of the Original Sin and Nicholas Kabasilas' Rejection of Aquinas' Maculism as the Background to Scholarios' Immaculism|title=Never the Twain Shall Meet?|editor=Denis Searby|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110561074-219|date=2017|author=Kappes|first=Christian|pages=207–258|isbn=978-3-11-056107-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Gris na Russia, a na-eme ememe ụbọchị oriri ya na 15 June.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rev. Dr.&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=[[Archimandrite]]|title=Book Review: ''The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church''|journal=Orthodox Tradition|volume=II|issue=3&amp;4|pages=40–43|url=http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/bless_aug.aspx#rose|accessdate=28 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Diarmaid MacCulloch dere, sị: &quot;O siri ike ikwubiga okwu ókè banyere mmetụta Augustine nwere n'echiche Ndị Kraịst nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ; naanị ihe nlereanya ya ọ hụrụ n'anya, Paul nke Tarsus, enweela mmetụta karịa, ndị Ọdịda anyanwụ ahụla Paul site n'anya Augustine. &quot;

Ndị ọkà mmụta n'ozuzu ha kwenyere na Augustine na ezinụlọ ya bụ ndị Berber, otu agbụrụ nke North Africa, [1] [2] mana ha bụ ndị Romanized nke ukwuu, na-ekwu naanị Latin n'ụlọ dị ka ihe gbasara mpako na ùgwù. [3] N'ihe odide ya, Augustine hapụrụ ụfọdụ ozi gbasara ịmara ihe nketa Africa ya, ọ dịkarịa ala na mpaghara na ikekwe agbụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAAXAQAAIAAJ|title=Catholic World, Volumes 175–176|publisher=Paulist Fathers|year=1952|quote=The whole of North Africa was a glory of Christendom with St. Augustine, himself a Berber, its chief ornament.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ na-ezo aka na Apuleius dị ka &quot;onye Afrịka a ma ama,&quot; [1] na Ponticianus dị ka 'nwoke obodo anyị, ruo n'ókè nke ịbụ onye Afrịka, [2] na Faustus nke Mileve dị ka &quot;nwoke Afrịka&quot;. [3]&lt;ref&gt;Ep., CXXXIII, 19. [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102138.htm English version], [https://web.archive.org/web/20241113081520/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102138.htm Latin version]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Confess., VIII, 6, 14. [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/110108.htm English version], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030531/http://www.augustinus.it/latino/confessioni/index2.htm Latin version]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Contra Faustum, I, 1. [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/140601.htm English version], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230425002519/http://www.augustinus.it/latino/contro_fausto/index2.htm Latin version]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, site na mmesapụ aka nke nwa amaala ibe ya Romanianus, Augustine gara Carthage iji gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na rhetoric, ọ bụ ezie na ọ karịrị ego ezinụlọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Augustine of Hippo, ''Confessions'', 2:3.5&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị ezi ịdọ aka ná ntị nke nne ya, dị ka onye ntorobịa Augustine biri ndụ obi ụtọ ruo oge ụfọdụ, na-eso ụmụ okorobịa na-etu ọnụ maka omume mmekọahụ ha. Mkpa ha nwere inweta nnabata gbara ụmụ nwoke na-enweghị ahụmahụ dị ka Augustine ume ịchọ ma ọ bụ mepụta akụkọ banyere ahụmịhe mmekọahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;FLNZ1&quot;&gt;Augustine of Hippo, ''Confessions'', 2:3.7&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ nkwupụta na-emegide ya, a tụwo aro na ahụmahụ mmekọahụ Augustine n'ezie nwere ike ịbụ naanị na ndị nwoke na nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Soble|first=Alan G.|date=2002|title=Correcting Some Misconceptions about St. Augustine's Sex Life|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704726|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=11|issue=4|pages=545–569|doi=10.1353/sex.2003.0045}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''Mary Josephine Renfrew''' OBE FRSE (amụrụ n'afọ 1955) bụ onye Britain na-amụ nwa na agụmakwụkwọ.

== Mmụta ==
Renfrew gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Nọọsụ na Mahadum Edinburgh na 1975, na n'ọrụ ịmụ nwa n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1978. O nwetara Ph.D. na inye ara n'afọ 1982, mgbe ọ nọ na ngalaba ọmụmụ nke Medical Research Council na Edinburgh.

Ọ nọ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe nke Mahadum Oxford site na 1988 ruo 1994, ebe o guzobere National Midwifery Research Initiative. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ prọfesọ na na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị ogbi ozi ọma alaeze ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime ụmụ gị Ihe nke ịmụ nwa na Mahadum Leeds ruo 2003, mgbe ahụ prọfesor nke ahụike nne na nwa ọhụrụ na Mahadim York site na 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;HoMBRG&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017, ọ bụ prọfesọ nke ahụike nne na nwa ọhụrụ na onye isi nke nyocha, na Mahadum Dundee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dundee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Mary Renfrew|url=http://nursing-health.dundee.ac.uk/staff-member/professor-mary-renfrew|publisher=[[Dundee University]]|accessdate=30 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O dere nyocha nke [[Ị chu ara|inye]] ara maka Cochrane Library, World Health Organization's Reproductive Health Library, Human Tissue Authority, UK government's Department of Health, na National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ahụike nke Nne na Nwa A mụrụ.

== Nsọpụrụ ==
N'afọ 2014, a họpụtara ya dị ka Fellow nke Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE) - onye mbụ na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ nọọsụ natara nsọpụrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dundee2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Honour for Mary Renfrew|url=http://nursing-health.dundee.ac.uk/news/honour-mary-renfrew|work=School of Nursing &amp; Health Sciences|accessdate=30 June 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara Renfrew dị ka [[Order of the British Empire|onye isi nke Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) na 2022 Birthday Honours maka ọrụ maka ịmụ nwa.

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
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    <title>Benjamin Teidi</title>
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.Benjamin Teidi (amuru 5 Mee 1994) bu onye okacha amara n’ agha Naijiria nke na-egwu egwu dị ka onye ọgba aghara Georgian Dinamo Batumi

Ọ bụ onye meri Dinamo Batumi nke Georgian top league na Super Cup .

== Ọrụ ==
. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ტორპედო საქართველოს თასის მფლობელია|url=https://fortuna.ge/fortuna/post/torpedo-saqartvelos-tasis-mflobelia/|work=fortuna.ge (in Georgian)|date=23 November 2016|access-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127021310/https://fortuna.ge/fortuna/post/torpedo-saqartvelos-tasis-mflobelia/|archive-date=27 November 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Benjamin Teidi egwu egwu ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 18 na nke abụọ nke Georgian Gagra .  Na 2015, Teidi sonyeere Merani Martvili ebe ọ malite maka oge a na-esote.  Na 22 Nọvemba 2016, ọ gbara ajụjụ 90 zuru oke na njedebe nke ikpeazụ nke Georgian megide Torpedo Kutaisi

Na odi 2019, Teidi bịanyere aka na Dinamo Batumi onye nweta nkwalite na Erovnuli Liga .  [1] N'ịbụ onye egwuregwu squad kwụsiri ike n'ime afá anɔ sochirinụ, Teidi nyere onyunyo siri ike na mmeri nke aha Dinamo ka ha meri aha onye mmeri, [2] buliri iko mba wee nweta ihe nrite na-acha ọcha ugboro.

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://1tv.ge/news/teidi-isev-batumis-dinamoshi-itamashebs|work=1tv.ge (in Georgian)|title=ტეიდი ისევ ბათუმის „დინამოში“ ითამაშებს|date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;Dị ka o kwesịrị adaga Hapoel Tel-Aviv mgbe oge 2022, Teidi degaara ndị na-akwado Dinamo akwụkwọ ozi nlegharị anya nke ese, [1] n'agbanyeghị na ụnwapụta abụọ gachara, ọ la ike na ahụ na ike{{updated|match played 2 October 2023}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/benjamin-opeyemi-teidi/262694/ |title=Benjamin Teidi statistics |website=soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Gagra
|2012/13
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Pirveli Liga
|24
|2
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|27
|2
|-
|2013/14
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!29
!2
!3
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!32
!2
|-
|Guria Lanchkhuti
|2013/14
|Umaglesi Liga
|9
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|9
|0
|-
|Algeti
|2014/15
|Pirveli Liga
|15
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|15
|2
|-
|Imereti Khoni
|2015/16
|Pirveli Liga
|15
|4
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|17
|4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Merani Martvili
|2015/16
|Umaglesi Liga
|14
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|14
|0
|-
|2016
|Pirveli Liga
|19
|2
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|24
|2
|-
|2017
|Erovnuli Liga
|34
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|2{{efn|Appearances in [[Erovnuli Liga playoffs|play-offs]]}}
|0
|37
|1
|-
|2018
|Erovnuli Liga
|14
|1
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|15
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!81
!4
!7
!0
!0
!0
!2
!0
!90
!4
|-
|Liepaja
|2018
|Virsliga
|5
|0
|1
|0
|1{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|7
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Dinamo Batumi
|2019
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Erovnuli Liga
|29
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|29
|3
|-
|2020
|14
|0
|1
|0
|1{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|16
|0
|-
|2021
|30
|2
|3
|0
|6{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]|name=UCL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|39
|2
|-
|2022
|28
|2
|1
|0
|4{{efn|2 appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]] and 2 appearances in Conference League}}
|0
|1{{efn|Appearances in [[Georgian Super Cup]]|name=GSC}}
|0
|34
|2
|-
|2023
|21
|3
|1
|0
|2{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]|name=UCL}}
|0
|1{{efn|name=GSC}}
|0
|25
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!122
!10
!9
!0
!13
!0
!2
!0
!134
!10
|-	
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!276
!22
!19
!0
!14
!0
!4
!0
!313
!22
|}
{{Notelist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Benjamin,Teidi}}

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;{{Databox}}
'''Anna Mary Hawthorn Kitson Clark''', FSA (14 Mee 1905 - 1 Febụwarị 2005), lụrụ aha '''Mary Chitty''', bụ onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Bekee, onye nlekọta, na onye ọkà mmụta onwe ya. Ọ bụ ọkachamara na nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke Romano-British Northern England mana ọ na-etinye aka na nchọpụta na mpụga [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na Oge ndị Rom. Ọrụ &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Briggs|first=C. Stephen|title=Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=The Independent|date=18 March 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke afọ 1935, A Gazetteer of Roman Remains in East Yorkshire, &quot;ka bụ otu n'ime mmalite maka ọmụmụ ihe ọ bụla gbasara ndị Rom n'ebe ugwu England&quot;.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
mụrụ Kitson Clark na 14 Mee 1905 na Leeds, Yorkshire, England . &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Briggs|first=C. Stephen|title=Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=The Independent|date=18 March 2005}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBriggs2005&quot;&gt;Briggs, C. Stephen (18 March 2005). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html &quot;Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire&quot;]. ''The Independent''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 October&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot; /&gt; bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ atọ Edwin Kitson Clark (1866-1943) na Georgina Kitson Clark (née Bidder) ''amụrụ''; nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye bụ ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme George Kitson Clark. Nna nna &lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot; /&gt; bụ Edwin Charles Clark, Regius Prọfesọ nke Iwu Obodo na Mahadum Cambridge, nna nna ya bụ George Parker Bidder, onye injinia ama ama.

&lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Briggs|first=C. Stephen|title=Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=The Independent|date=18 March 2005}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBriggs2005&quot;&gt;Briggs, C. Stephen (18 March 2005). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html &quot;Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire&quot;]. ''The Independent''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 October&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Clark gụrụ akwụkwọ mbụ n'ụlọ ma mesịa gaa Leeds Girls' High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye a họọrọ na Leeds. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot; /&gt; ahụ, ọ banyere na Girton College, Cambridge iji mụọ akụkọ ihe mere eme tripos. Mgbe &lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot; /&gt; gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere Bachelor of Arts (BA), ọ nọgidere na Mahadum Cambridge iji mụọ maka diplọma otu afọ na nkà mmụta ihe ochie.

== Ọrụ ==
Kit&lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Briggs|first=C. Stephen|title=Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=The Independent|date=18 March 2005}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBriggs2005&quot;&gt;Briggs, C. Stephen (18 March 2005). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html &quot;Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire&quot;]. ''The Independent''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 October&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Clark so n'ọgbọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na-amụta ihe bụ ndị nọgidere dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta nwere onwe ha; n'oge ndụ ya ọ &quot;hụrụ mbelata nke mmetụta nke onye na-amụrụ ihe, onye ọkà mmụta nwereonwe ya, na ịrị elu nke klas ọkachamara nke onye ọkà mmụta ihe mgbe ochie na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme&quot;. Site  1929 ruo 1943, ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ nke Roman Antiquities Committee maka Yorkshire; nna ya bụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ ya. N'oge a, o bipụtara ''magnum opus'' ya, A Gazetteer of Roman Remains in East Yorkshire (1935). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wild|first=John Peter|title=Reviewed Work: Recent Research in Roman Yorkshire. Studies in Honour of Mary Kitson Clark (Mrs Derwas Chitty)|journal=Britannia|year=1990|volume=21|pages=425|doi=10.2307/526330}}&lt;/ref&gt; kọwara ya na 1990 dị ka &quot;onye a hụrụ n'anya nke ọma, onye nwere mkpịsị aka&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot; /&gt; ma dị ka akụkọ ọnwụ ya na The Independent si kwuo &quot;ọ ka bụ otu n'ime ebe mmalite maka ọmụmụ ihe ọ bụla gbasara ndị Rom n'ebe ugwu England&quot;. Site &lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot; /&gt; 1941 ruo 1943, ọ bụkwa onye nlekọta nke Roman Antiquities na York Museum na York. [1]

&lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Briggs|first=C. Stephen|title=Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=The Independent|date=18 March 2005}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBriggs2005&quot;&gt;Briggs, C. Stephen (18 March 2005). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html &quot;Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire&quot;]. ''The Independent''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 October&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; lụsịrị di na 1943, Kitson Clark nọgidere bụrụ onye otu Yorkshire Philosophical Society (nke, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, na-elekọta Yorkshire Museum), na-aghọ osote onye isi oche ya kachasị ogologo ndụ. Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị na 1971, ọ gara n'ihu na nyocha ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot; /&gt; bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede abụọ na The Monks of Ynys Enlli (1992, 2000); &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot; /&gt; e bipụtara mpịakọta ikpeazụ mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri itoolu na ise.

Kitson Clark tinyere aka n'ọtụtụ nchọpụta ihe ochie. Ọ gwupụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na East Yorkshire, ma bipụta nchọpụta ya na Gazetteer of Roman Remains na East Yorkshir (1935). &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Briggs|first=C. Stephen|title=Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=The Independent|date=18 March 2005}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBriggs2005&quot;&gt;Briggs, C. Stephen (18 March 2005). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html &quot;Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire&quot;]. ''The Independent''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 October&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 'afọ 1929, ọ gara Palestine wee rụọ ọrụ na Dorothy Garrod duziri nchọpụta nke ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe. [1] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Occupied by the Romans|work=[[Evening Telegraph (Dundee)|The Evening Telegraph and Post]]|date=24 August 1935|page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 1935, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị gwupụtara Petuaria, ebe ndị Rom siri ike na Brough, East Riding nke Yorkshire . [1]

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
'oge ọ na-etinye aka na nchọpụta 1929 na Palestine, Kitson Clark zutere onye ga-abụ di ya Derwas James Chitty (1901-1971); ọ bụkwa onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na onye ụkọchukwu Anglican. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Briggs|first=C. Stephen|title=Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=The Independent|date=18 March 2005}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBriggs2005&quot;&gt;Briggs, C. Stephen (18 March 2005). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html &quot;Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire&quot;]. ''The Independent''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 October&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot; /&gt; 5 Julaị 1943, ọ lụrụ Chitty. &lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot; /&gt; nwere otu nwa, nwa nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot; /&gt; biri na Upton, Berkshire, ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya ya. Mgbe &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot; /&gt; lara ezumike nká n'ozi oge niile na 1968, ha biri na Llangwnnadl, Caernarfonshire, Wales. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot; /&gt; ya nwụrụ na 1971 mgbe &quot;ihe mberede ụlọ&quot; gasịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot; /&gt;'okwu ọnwụ ya na The Independent, o kwuru na mgbe ọ nwụsịrị &quot;Mary nwere nkasi obi nke ukwuu site na nkwenkwe Ndị Kraịst ya siri ike&quot;.

== Nsọpụrụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;obit FSA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Obituaries|journal=Salon|volume=112|url=https://www.sal.org.uk/salon/archive/issue?no=112&amp;f=2&amp;fs=undefined&amp;cs=undefined|accessdate=11 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 13 Jenụwarị 1938, a họpụtara Kitson Clark ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Society of Antiquaries of [[London]] (FSA): n'oge ọnwụ ya ọ bụ &quot;onye ikpeazụ dị ndụ a họpụtara tupu [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;obit Ind&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Briggs|first=C. Stephen|title=Mary Kitson Clark: Archaeologist of Roman Yorkshire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/mary-kitson-clark-6757.html|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=The Independent|date=18 March 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 1985, ndị British Romanists nwere nzukọ iji sọpụrụ ya; e mechara bipụta usoro nke nzukọ a dị ka Recent Research in Roman Yorkshire: studies in honour of Mary Kitson Clark (Mrs Derwas Chitty) (1988). [1]

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Ebe Iron Age na Vale of Pickering&quot;, ''Yorkshire Archaeological Journal&quot; 30. '' ''157-172.''
* {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Kitson Clark|first=Mary|title=A Gazetteer of Roman Remains in East Yorkshire|date=1935|publisher=Roman Antiquities Committee of the Yorkshire Archaeological Society|location=Leeds}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Ụfọdụ mwakpo nke Yorkshire&quot;, ''Yorkshire Archaeological Journal'' 31. 320-330.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Ebe Brigantes nọ&quot;, ''Yorkshire Archaeological Journal'' 34. 80–87.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;The Defences of Isurium Brigantum (Alborough) &quot;, ''Yorkshire Archaeological Journal'' 40, 1-79.
* {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Chitty|first=Mary|title=The Monks On Ynys Enlli: Part One c.500 AD to 1252 AD|date=1992}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Chitty|first=Mary|title=The Monks On Ynys Enlli: Part Two 1252 AD to 1537 AD|date=2000}}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Bankole Adekuoroye''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba [[W:Football|bọọlụ]] na Ligue club Partizán Bardejov.

=== Ọrụ Klọb Ya===
=== ŠKF iClinic Sereď ===
Adekuoroye gbara bọọlụ na egwuregwu bọọlụ Fortuna Liga nke mbụ ya nye IClinic Sereď megide Ružomberok na 21 Julaị 2018. &lt;ref&gt;[http://ulk.futbalnet.sk/zapas/354246/ MFK Ružomberok - ŠKF iClinic Sereď 0:0] 22.07.2018, futbalnet.sk&lt;/ref&gt;

Adekuoroye rịọrọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bankole Olawale Adekuoroye po troch rokoch končí v ŠKF Sereď|url=https://www.skfseredfutbal.sk/2021/01/bankole-olawale-adekuoroye-po-troch-rokoch-konci-v-skf-sered/|accessdate=2021-01-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129023753/https://www.skfseredfutbal.sk/2021/01/bankole-olawale-adekuoroye-po-troch-rokoch-konci-v-skf-sered/|archive-date=2021-01-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ewee nyekwa ya ntọhapụ site na klọb ahụ na Jenụwarị afọ 2021.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Bankole Adekuoroye na Fortunaliga.sk  (n'asụsụ Slovak)
* Bankole Adekuoroye n'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
* [http://futbalnet.sk/member/1382638/#player Profaịlụ Futbalnet]  (n'asụsụ Slovak)  
{{DEFAULTSORT:Adekuoroye, Bankole}}
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{{Infobox officeholder|website=}}{{Databox}}
'''Awad Khleifat''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1945) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Jọdan nke jere ozi dị ka osote praịm minista Hashemite nke Jọdan na minista dị n'ime obodo site n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2012 ruo ngwụcha Machị afọ 2013.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Khleifat na Wadi Musa na mpaghara Petra na 1945. &lt;ref name=&quot;guide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Awad Khleifat|url=http://www.jordanpolitics.org/en/senate-member/84/awad-khleifat/8|publisher=Jordan Politics|accessdate=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105223406/http://www.jordanpolitics.org/en/senate-member/84/awad-khleifat/8|archive-date=5 November 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nwere PhD na akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke ọ natara na SOAS, Mahadum London.

== Ọrụ ==
Khleifat jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke Mahadum Mutah site na 1989 ruo 1991. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Russell E. Lucas|title=Institutions and the Politics of Survival in Jordan: Domestic Responses to External Challenges, 1988-2001|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-7914-8332-9|location=Albany, NY|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rA689kk0lWEC&amp;pg=PA35}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ahụ &lt;ref name=&quot;guide&quot;/&gt;{{Cite web|title=Awad Khleifat|url=http://www.jordanpolitics.org/en/senate-member/84/awad-khleifat/8|publisher=Jordan Politics|accessdate=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105223406/http://www.jordanpolitics.org/en/senate-member/84/awad-khleifat/8|archive-date=5 November 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231105223406/http://www.jordanpolitics.org/en/senate-member/84/awad-khleifat/8 &quot;Awad Khleifat&quot;]. Jordan Politics&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu ụlọ elu ọtụtụ ugboro. &lt;ref name=&quot;guide&quot; /&gt; rụkwara ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche nke Jọdan. Otu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Transfer of headmasters no demotion, says Sulaiman|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=75VUAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=CJADAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5509,1273364&amp;dq=awad+khleifat&amp;hl=en|accessdate=22 January 2013|work=New Straits Times|date=4 July 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ime ọkwa ya bụ minista nke agụmakwụkwọ ka elu. &lt;ref name=&quot;wleaks&quot; /&gt; bụkwa osote praịm minista. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jordanians protesting bread prices|work=The Spokesman Review|date=17 August 1996|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0MwiAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=BvIDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3968,4804317&amp;dq=awad+khleifat&amp;hl=en|accessdate=22 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbakwunye, Khleifat jere ozi dị ka minista nke ime obodo ọtụtụ ugboro, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1996. [1] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jordanian PM Brings 11 New Ministers to Cabinet|work=Xinhua|date=16 June 2001|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/20010617/419986.htm|accessdate=22 January 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112952/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/20010617/419986.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista nke ime obodo na June 2000 na kọmitii Ali Abu Ragheb. Oge &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=New Jordanian cabinet sworn in|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1381420/New-Jordanian-cabinet-sworn-in.html|accessdate=22 January 2013|work=The Telegraph|date=14 January 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; gwụrụ na Jenụwarị 2002, Qaftan Al Majali nọchiri ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;wleaks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eleven Exchange Visitor Alumni Appointed Members of the New Senate|url=http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=03AMMAN7526|work=Wikileaks|accessdate=22 January 2013|date=20 November 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005301/http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=03AMMAN7526|archivedate=3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eze Abdullah nke Abụọ họpụtara Khleifat ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ụlọ omebe iwu na 17 Nọvemba 2003. [1] Eze Abdullah nke Abụọ họpụtara Khleifat &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mahmoud Abed|title=Royal Committee members appointed|url=http://www.jordanembassyus.org/02012005002.htm|accessdate=22 January 2013|work=The Jordan Times|date=1 February 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; kọmitii eze na 31 Jenụwarị 2006. [1] 'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, a họpụtara ya ọzọ n'ụlọ omebe iwu n'ụbọchị iri na asaa nke ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009. [1]

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jordan gets new cabinet ahead of polls|work=Al Arabiya|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/10/11/243218.html|accessdate=22 January 2013|date=11 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; họpụtara Khleifat ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ minista na-ahụ maka ime obodo nakwa, osote praịm minista na kansụl nke Abdullah Ensour duziri na 11 Ọktoba 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Royal Decree Approves New Government|url=http://www.jordankorea.gov.jo/content/royal-decree-approves-new-govenrment|work=Embassy of Jardan (Petra)|accessdate=22 January 2013|date=11 October 2012|archivedate=3 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203043034/http://www.jordankorea.gov.jo/content/royal-decree-approves-new-govenrment}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oge &lt;ref name=&quot;jtimes30mar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ensour 19-member Cabinet sworn in|url=http://jordantimes.com/ensour-19-member-cabinet-sworn-in|accessdate=29 June 2013|work=The Jordan Times|date=30 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220113016/http://jordantimes.com/ensour-19-member-cabinet-sworn-in|archive-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; gwụrụ na 30 Machị 2013 ma Hussein Majali nọchiri ya dị ka minista dị n'ime ụlọ na mgbanwe nke ndị isi. &lt;ref name=&quot;jtimes30mar&quot; /&gt; naghị ejupụta ọkwa osote praịm minista na mgbanwe ahụ.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Khleifat nyere Kawkab Medal nke First Order na Istiqlal Medal nke mbụ Order. 

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|33em}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Bertha Stoneman</title>
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{{Databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
 

'''Bertha Stoneman''' (August 18, 1866 - April 30, 1943) bụ onye America a mụrụ na South Africa. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Huguenot College site na 1921 ruo 1933, na onye guzobere South African Association of University Women.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Bertha Stoneman n'ugbo dị nso na Jamestown, New York, nwa nwanyị nke Byron Stoneman na Mary Jane Markaham Stoneman. Nwanne nne ya, Kate Stoneman,  bụ nwanyị mbụ a nabatara na ụlọ ikpe New York State, nwanne nna ya George Stoneman bụ ọchịagha na [[Agha Obodo America]] ma mesịa bụrụ gọvanọ nke [[California]]. Bertha Stoneman gụsịrị akwụkwọ &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160918100745/http://gradschool.cornell.edu/about/bertha-stoneman-phd-1894-botany Bertha Stoneman, PhD 1894, Botany], Cornell University Graduate School.&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum Cornell na 1894 na 1896, n'otu n'otu. Nnyocha edemede &lt;ref&gt;Bertha Stoneman, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2464269 &quot;A Comparative Study of the Development of Some Anthracnoses&quot;] ''Botanical Gazette'' 26(2)(August 1898): 69-120.&lt;/ref&gt; metụtara anthracnoses . [1]

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Plants_and_their_ways_in_South_Africa_(1915)_(14773569171).jpg|thumb|ihe osise sitere na Bertha Stoneman, Plants and their ways in South Africa (1915) (14773569171) ]]
Mgbe  gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ nakweere ọkwa dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba botany na Huguenot College, kọleji ụmụ nwanyị na Wellington, South Africa. &lt;ref&gt;Ruth C. Ellenwood, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzECQh-Y5Z4C&amp;dq=Bertha+Stoneman&amp;pg=PA189 &quot;Bertha Stoneman, CHI: College President&quot;] ''The Anchora of Delta Gamma'' (January 1934): 189.&lt;/ref&gt; malitere herbarium nke Huguenot mepụtara nchịkọta osisi ya, ma kụzie ọmụmụ na nkà mmụta uche na arụmụka yana botany. N'afọ 1923, o guzobere South African Federation of University Women, ma bụrụ onye isi oche mbụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=nD8_AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Bertha+Stoneman&amp;pg=PA512 &quot;A South African Presidency&quot;] ''Cornell Alumni News'' 23(August 1921): 512.&lt;/ref&gt; ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Huguenot University College na 1921, [1] wee laa ezumike nká n'ọkwa ahụ na 1933. [2] &lt;ref&gt;Henry C. Cowles, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2465579 &quot;A South African Textbook in Botany&quot;] ''Botanical Gazette'' 43(2)(February 1907): 139-140.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bertha M. Stoneman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QhgyAQAAMAAJ ''Plants and their Ways in South Africa''] (Longman, Green 1915).&lt;/ref&gt; nkuzi Stoneman, Plants and their Ways in South Africa (1906), [1] [2] bụ akwụkwọ e kenyere n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ South Africa, ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Otu &lt;ref&gt;[http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000051534 &quot;Ethel Mary Doidge&quot;] JStor Global Plants.&lt;/ref&gt;'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ama ama bụ Olive Coates Palgrave na Ethel Doidge.

ỤkpụrụNdepụta nke onye edemede Onye Nkumea na-eji egosi onye a dị ka onye dere ya mgbena-ekwu maka yaaaha osisi.[11]

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Stoneman nwụrụ n'ụlọ na South Africa na 1943, mgbe ọ dị afọ 76.  &lt;ref&gt;Guide to the Bertha Stoneman Papers, 1894-1945, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.&lt;/ref&gt; na-edebe akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Cornell . [1] &lt;ref&gt;South African Association of Women Graduates, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160905051812/http://www.saawg.org/Bursaries.html National Fellowship Awards 2016].&lt;/ref&gt; nwere ụlọ nyocha ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Pretoria nke akpọrọ Stoneman, na South African Association of Women Graduates na-enye onyinye kwa afọ n'aha ya.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Akụkọ ndụ Bertha StonemannaS2A3Biographical Database nke Southern African Science
* Bertha StonemannaChọta Ili
* [http://www.carolizejansen.com/Bertha-Stoneman.html Akụkọ ndụ]</text>
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    <title>Aspens, Northern New Mexico</title>
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.Aspens, Northern New Mexico bụ foto oji na ọcha nke onye America na-ese foto Ansel Adams sere na 1958 {{Cite web|url=https://www.anseladams.com/ansel-adams-aspens-new-mexico/|title=Ansel Adams Aspens, New Mexico, 1958 - The AA Gallery|first=The Ansel Adams|author=Gallery|date=September 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ na nkọwa ==
Adams foto ahụ ahụ mgbe ọ na- mfe njem na Canyon de Chelly, na Arizona, ya na nri ya, Virginia, na ndị na-ese foto abụọ, Gerry Sharpe na Don Worth, n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1958. Nlebara anya ya  jidere na saịtị n'osisi aspens, na New Mexico, ji site na akwụkwọ edo edo ha.  O ihe ngwa ngwa ka ọ ago ma see ihe nkiri ahụ.  Ọ n'anya, sị: “N'azụ nọ na ndò nke ugwu [n'ebe ugwu Santa Fe], ìhè ahụ dị ike ma dị ike, ọ dịghị ihe ifufe na-akpali.  Ogwe osisi aspen dị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na akwụkwọ ya na-acha odo odo.  E ji enyemaka ruset isi ala ike ahụ.  Ọ dị mfe&lt;ref&gt;Ansel Adams, ''Examples: The Making of 40 Photographs'', Little, Brown &amp; Co., Boston, 2007, p. 61&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.anseladams.com/ansel-adams-aspens-new-mexico/|title=Ansel Adams Aspens, New Mexico, 1958 - The AA Gallery|first=The Ansel Adams|author=Gallery|date=September 18, 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGallery2020&quot;&gt;Gallery, The Ansel Adams (September 18, 2020). [https://www.anseladams.com/ansel-adams-aspens-new-mexico/ &quot;Ansel Adams Aspens, New Mexico, 1958 - The AA Gallery&quot;].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Adams tụlere ịse foto na agba, mana o kpebiri ime ya na oji na ọcha, usoro ọkacha mmasị ya, nke nyere ya ohere ime ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti onyinyo ọhịa na akwụkwọ osisi. Adams kwuru na &quot;Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekiri ihe oyiyi kwụ ọtọ na-eche na ọ bụ ebe anwụ na-acha. Mgbe m na-akọwa na ọ na-anọchi anya ọkụ na-esi na mbara igwe na-egosipụtakwa ìhè site na igwe ojii dị anya, ụfọdụ na-abanyeghachi, &quot;Mgbe ahụ gịnị kpatara o ji dị ka ọ dị. ọ na-eme?&quot; Ajụjụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-echetara m na ọtụtụ ndị na-ekiri na-atụ anya na foto ga-abụ ihe ngosi nkịtị nke eziokwu, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịzaghachi ihe oyiyi na-enweghị nchegbu maka eziokwu anụ ahụ nke isiokwu ahụ. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ansel Adams, ''Examples: The Making of 40 Photographs'', Little, Brown &amp; Co., Boston, 2007, p. 63&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2019/photographs/538f6d31-740f-469d-ac08-916a1d2dadc7|title=Sotheby's}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ahịa nka ==
. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6059519|title=Christie's|access-date=2024-05-23|archive-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204064632/https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6059519|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mbipụta foto a rere nke $439,500 na Christie's New York, na 6-mabụ 2017

== Nchịkọta ọha ==
.Enwere ike nke foto ahụ, n'etiti nchịkọta ọha na eze ndị ọzọ, na Museum of Modern Art, na New York, ndị nwe ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art, na New York, National Museum of American History, na Washington, DC  Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Princeton University Art.  Ndị Eze ihe ngosi nka, na Princeton, na Museum of Fine Arts, na Houston &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/53646|title=Ansel Adams. Aspens, Northern New Mexico. 1958 &amp;#124; MoMA}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/46478|title=Ansel Adams &amp;#124; Aspens, Northern New Mexico|work=whitney.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_906041|title=Aspens, Northern New Mexico|work=National Museum of American History}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/11450|title=Aspens, Northern New Mexico (x1969-409)|work=artmuseum.princeton.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/61020/aspen-northern-new-mexico|title=Aspen, Northern New Mexico &amp;#124; All Works &amp;#124; The MFAH Collections|work=emuseum.mfah.org|access-date=2024-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204070355/https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/61020/aspen-northern-new-mexico|archive-date=2024-12-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta foto ndị a na-ewere dị ka ihe kacha mkpa

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Ben Guez</title>
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      <text bytes="18785" sha1="jnhn7ep6gfcup7gpti2pkq8mip3cow4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} {{Infobox MLB player|name=Ben Guez|team=Sugar Land Skeeters|number=|position=[[Outfielder]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|mf=yes|1987|1|24}}|birth_place=[[Houston, Texas]]|bats=Right|throws=Right}}'''Benjamin James Guez''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 24, 1987) bụ onye Tigers dere n'afọ 2008, ọ na-egwuri egwu na nzukọ [[Detroit]] site n'afọ 2008 ruo 2014. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na Milwaukee Brewers site n'afọ 2014 ruo 2016. N'afọ 2012, a kpọrọ ya MiLB.com Organization All Star maka oge ahụ, na Scout.com Toledo Mud Hens Player of the Year. Guez gbakwara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu baseball nke mba Israel na Qualification Round na 2013 World Baseball Classic, na-egwuri egwu n'okpuru onye njikwa otu ahụ bụ Brad Ausmus.

== Ndụ mbụ na nke onwe ya ==
A mụrụ Guez na Houston, [[Texas]], ebe ọ bi n'oge ezumike.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.milb.com/milb/stats/stats.jsp?sid=t512&amp;t=p_pbp&amp;pid=457746|title=Ben Guez Stats, Bio, Photos, Highlights|publisher=Milb.com|date=|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://detroit.tigers.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=457746#gameType=%27S%27|title=Ben Guez Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio|publisher=Detroit.tigers.mlb.com|date=|accessdate=April 14, 2014|archivedate=April 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414174842/http://detroit.tigers.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=457746#gameType=%27S%27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye Juu, ọ bụ [[Bar mitzvah|Bar Mitzvah]] na Congregation Or Hadash na 2000, ma kwuo na ịzụlite ya na ndị Juu &quot;mere ka m nwekwuo ọzụzụ dịka onye&quot;.  Guez gbara Little League na West U n'oge ọ bụ nwata. &lt;ref name=&quot;jhvonline9556&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://jhvonline.com/moving-up-the-ladder-houston-native-guez-elevates-game-status-in-detroit-p9556-256.htm|author=Matt Samuels|title=Moving up the ladder: Houston native Guez elevates game, status in Detroit Tigers system|publisher=Jewish Herald-Voice|date=August 26, 2010|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jhvonline9556&quot; /&gt;

Ọ gara Lamar High School na Houston, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.perfectgame.org/players/playerprofile.aspx?ID=2754|title=Ben Guez Baseball Profile|publisher=Perfect Game USA|date=|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbara bọọlụ n'etiti maka otu egwuregwu baseball, na-ede akwụkwọ ugboro abụọ, ọ bụkwa otu mbụ All-District na 2004 na 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;jhvonline9556&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thebaseballcube1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/profile.asp?P=Ben-Guez|title=Ben Guez Baseball Statistics (2006–2014)|publisher=The Baseball Cube|accessdate=April 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414143351/http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/profile.asp?P=Ben-Guez|archivedate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=Sarah|url=http://www.yourhoustonnews.com/west_university/news/dream-comes-true-for-lifelong-friends/article_45121563-9390-5f48-bd49-d6b8de0ebebc.html?mode=jqm|title=Dream comes true for lifelong friends|publisher=Yourhoustonnews.com|date=November 21, 2010|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tribeathletics2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribeathletics.com/fls/25100/data_import/files/bsb/2007/Tribe.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=25100|title=Tribe Baseball|publisher=tribeathletics.com|date=2007|accessdate=April 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414194847/http://www.tribeathletics.com/fls/25100/data_import/files/bsb/2007/Tribe.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=25100|archivedate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtakwara ya na ndị otu All-Houston All Star tupu oge ezumike, ma gbaa bọọlụ na egwuregwu All-Greater-Houston all Star.[5]&lt;ref name=&quot;tribeathletics2007&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ kọleji ==
Guez gbara bọọlụ kọleji na William na Mary, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na akụ na ụba na kinesiology.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tribeathletics2007&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2007, mgbe ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ, o weputara Nkezi batting .270, ya na 2 home runs na 24 runs batted in.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;/&gt; N'afọ sochirinụ dị ka onye na-eto eto, nkezi ya gbagoro na .390 ma kụọ 13 homers, mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke itoolu na mba niile na ọsọ 75 (nke abụọ kachasị elu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ụlọ akwụkwọ), na-akwọ ụgbọala na 51 na-agba ọsọ ma na-ezu ohi 15, ọ nwekwara pasent .470 na-base na pasentị slugging, na egwuregwu 57, na-enweta nsọpụrụ All-Colonial Athletic Association, ma bụrụ onye a kpọrọ aha ya na Second-Team American Baseball Coaches Association East All-Region Team. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thebaseballcube1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tigers Information Guide&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=2011 Tigers Media Guide|year=2011|pages=92–93|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/det/downloads/y2011/2011_DET_Media_Guide.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribeathletics.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=25100&amp;ATCLID=205066494|title=Sheridan and Guez Selected to All-ECAC First Team – William &amp; Mary|publisher=Tribeathletics.com|date=June 18, 2008|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ahụ, ọ na-agba ọsọ maka asọmpi distrikti.&lt;ref name=&quot;mlive1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dean Holzwarth|url=http://www.mlive.com/whitecaps/index.ssf/2009/07/whitecaps_ben_guez_stays_hot_i.html|title=Whitecaps' Ben Guez stays hot in second half|publisher=MLive.com|date=July 20, 2009|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2006, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Covington Lumberjacks na Valley Baseball League, na-akụ .272 na 2 home runs, 18 RBIs, na 12 stolen bases na egwuregwu 42.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;/&gt; N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2007 ọ gbara bọọlụ na Bourne Braves na Cape Cod League, kụrụ .282 na 3 home runs, 24 RBIs, na 9 stolen bases, wee malite n'etiti etiti na Cape Cod league All-Star Game.[1]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebaseballcube.com/college/summer/stats.asp?Y=2007&amp;T=Bourne_Braves|title=2007 Bourne Braves|publisher=thebaseballcube.com|accessdate=September 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na June 2008, mgbe Bill Buck tụụrụ ya aro, Tigers kpọọrọ ya na agba nke iri na itoolu nke draft ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tigers Information Guide&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ya na obere egwuregwu ==

=== 2008–10 ===
Mgbe edepụtara ya, Guez sonyeere Oneonta Tigers maka oge izizi ya, wee kụọ .223 n'ime egwuregwu 70 na 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt; Ọ gbara ọsọ ugboro ise, gbaa ọsọ iri abụọ na ise, ma jikọta ya na 8 outfield assists. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jhvonline9556&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tigers Information Guide&quot;/&gt;

Guez gbara bọọlụ maka West [[Michigan]] Whitecaps, onye mmekọ Detroit na Midwest League, maka oge 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gary Bond|url=http://www.mlive.com/whitecaps/index.ssf/2009/07/ben_guez_homers_in_whitecaps_w.html|title=Ben Guez homers in Whitecaps' win over Peoria|publisher=The Grand Rapids Press|date=18 July 2009|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime egwuregwu 104, ọ kụrụ .275 na 12 homers na 64 RBIs, ma jikọta ya na nke anọ na Midwest League na .483 slugging percent.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;/&gt; Mmetụta nke ụkwụ aka nri mere ka ọ gaa na Ndepụta ndị nwere nkwarụ site na June 10-25.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt; Ọ laghachiri iji nweta ihe nrite Midwest League Player of the Week mgbe ọ kụrụ .440 na 2 homers na 6 runs batted in, ọ bụkwa onye nke abụọ na Midwest League na 67 ngụkọta, site na July 13-19. [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;[3]&lt;ref name=&quot;mlive1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gary Bond|url=http://www.mlive.com/whitecaps/index.ssf/2009/07/whitecaps_ouftielder_ben_guez.html|title=Whitecaps outfielder Ben Guez honored by MWL|publisher=The Grand Rapids Press|date=July 20, 2009|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=3868027|title=Guez named MWL Player of the Week|publisher=OurSports Central|date=July 20, 2009|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ Guez n'oge Ọgọstụ, ọnwa ọ kụrụ .355, gbara ọsọ ugboro anọ, ma gbaa ọsọ iri na isii, mere ka a kpọọ ya Tigers Minor League Player of the Month.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tigers Information Guide&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2010, Guez malitere afọ ahụ na Lakeland Flying Tigers . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọ pụtara naanị ugboro itoolu na Lakeland, a kwalitere ya na Toledo Mud Hens, otu egwuregwu Detroit kachasị elu.[2] Na June 3, Guez laghachiri Lakeland, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ izu atọ tupu ọ banye na Erie SeaWolves na June 24. [2] Ọ laghachiri Lakeland ọzọ na July 6.[2] Ụbọchị iri ka e mesịrị, a kpọgara ya na Toledo ma mechaa obere oge league na Mud Hens.[2] N'ozuzu, Guez mere 105 pụtara na klọb atọ ahụ, na-eti .249, na-eme homering 10 ugboro, na-akwọ ụgbọala na 43 na-agba ọsọ mgbe ọ na-ezu ohi 14 . [1] [2]&lt;ref name=&quot;Tigers Information Guide&quot;/&gt; N'oge oyi, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Surprise Rafters nke [[Arizona]] Fall League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/profile.asp?P=Ben-Guez&amp;Page=Other|title=Ben Guez Baseball Statistics (2006–2014)|publisher=The Baseball Cube|accessdate=April 18, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415163034/http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/profile.asp?P=Ben-Guez&amp;Page=Other|archivedate=April 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2011-dị ugbu a ===
Guez kewara oge 2011 n'etiti Erie na Toledo.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt; Ọ pụtara na egwuregwu 38 na SeaWolves, na-eti .299 na 4 homers na 24 RBIs na .504 slugging percent.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;thebaseballcube1&quot;/&gt; N'ime egwuregwu 95 ọ pụtara na Mud Hens, nkezi ya bụ .278, ọ gbara ọsọ ugboro atọ ma gbaa ọsọ 32. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;BR/M&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ben Guez Minor League Statistics and History|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=guez--001ben|work=Sports–Reference.com|publisher=Baseball–Reference.com|accessdate=February 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka ọ dị n'afọ gara aga, Guez so Erie na Toledo gbaa bọọlụ n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt; Ọ kụrụ .308 na .481 on-base percent maka Erie n'ime egwuregwu 26, mgbe ọ na-eme homering ugboro 3 ma na-enweta 11 runs batted in.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;thebaseballcube1&quot;/&gt; Ọ pụtara na egwuregwu 82 na Toledo ma tinye nkezi .284, .379 on-base percent, na 455. slugging percent, na 6 home runs na 37 RBIs na Mud Hens. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;BR/M&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;scout1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tigers.scout.com/2/1228141.html|title=2012 TigsTown Awards: Toledo Mud Hens|publisher=Tigers.scout.com|date=October 9, 2012|accessdate=April 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414232338/http://tigers.scout.com/2/1228141.html|archivedate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ya MiLB.com Organization All Star maka oge ahụ, na Scout.com Toledo Mud Hens Player of the Year. [1] [4]&lt;ref name=&quot;scout1&quot; /&gt;

N'oge oyi nke afọ 2013-14, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Águilas de Mexicali na Njikọ Pacific nke Mexico. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Berry|first=Adam|url=http://www.getbrainy.com/winter-league-roundup-mexicali-takes-playoff-opener/|title=Winter League Roundup: Mexicali takes playoff opener|publisher=Getbrainy.com|date=January 2, 2014|accessdate=April 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415044429/http://www.getbrainy.com/winter-league-roundup-mexicali-takes-playoff-opener/|archivedate=April 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'afọ 2014 maka Toledo Mud Hens . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcsn.tv/news_article/show/371204|title=Mud Hens release opening day roster &amp;#124; BCSN|publisher=The Blade|date=March 29, 2014|accessdate=April 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526133125/http://www.bcsn.tv/news_article/show/371204|archivedate=May 26, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Disemba 2014, Milwaukee Brewers bịanyere aka na ya ma kpọọ ya ka ọ gaa ọzụzụ oge opupu ihe ubi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/286032001.html|title=Brewers sign two minor-league outfielders|author=Tom Haudricourt|work=jsonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere n'afọ 2015 na-egwuri egwu maka klọb Brewers' AAA na Colorado Springs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kktv.com/sports/headlines/Guez-Powers-Sox-Early-Late-In-8-7-Win-303809341.html|title=Guez Powers Sox Early, Late In 8–7 Win|author=Sky Sox PR|work=kktv.com|accessdate=2024-05-25|archivedate=2018-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006014721/https://www.kktv.com/sports/headlines/Guez-Powers-Sox-Early-Late-In-8-7-Win-303809341.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime obere egwuregwu ya, ọ gbara bọọlụ atọ niile n'èzí, mana ọ na-egwuri egwu n'Akụkụ aka nri na n'etiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;thebaseballcube1&quot;/&gt;

== Ìgwè Israel ==
Guez bụ onye otu egwuregwu baseball nke mba Israel (Team Israel) na Qualification Round na 2013 World Baseball Classic na Septemba 2012, na-egwu n'okpuru onye njikwa otu ahụ bụ Brad Ausmus. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://forward.com/articles/187316/for-brad-ausmus-road-to-detroit-tigers-job-ran-thr/?p=all|author=Kuttler|first=Hillel|title=For Brad Ausmus, Road to Detroit Tigers Job Ran Through Israel|publisher=Forward|date=November 9, 2013|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kuttler|first=Hillel|url=http://azjewishpost.com/2014/brauns-back-kinslers-in-detroit-and-other-jewish-major-leaguers/|title=Braun's back, Kinsler's in Detroit and other Jewish Major Leaguers|publisher=AZ Jewish Post|date=March 28, 2014|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;freep1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20131103/SPORTS02/311030124/detroit-tigers-brad-ausmus-israel-world-baseball-classic-ben-guez|author=George Sipple|title=Tigers farmhand tells what it's like to play for Ausmus the manager|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=November 3, 2013|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Team Israel, n'okpuru iwu Classic, nwere ikike ka ụmụ amaala na-abụghị ndị Israel nke ihe nketa [[Jew|Ndị Juu]] na-egwuri egwu maka otu ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Belson|first=Ken|url=http://bats.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/01/israel-to-participate-in-2013-world-baseball-classic/#h&amp;#91;MLBIan&amp;#93;|title=Israel to Participate in 2013 World Baseball Classic|work=The New York Times|date=June 1, 2011|accessdate=July 16, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guez kwuru na mgbe Ausmus kpọrọ ya ma gwa ya ka ọ kpọọ maka Team Israel, &quot;ọ dị ka shoo-in. Enwere m nsọpụrụ na ọ ga-arịọ ka ọ kpụọ maka otu ya. Ọ bụ ụdị onye na-enweghị uche. &quot;[3]&lt;ref name=&quot;freep1&quot; /&gt;

Ọ na-agba bọọlụ ma na-agba ọsọ n'etiti, wee sonye n'ọgbọ egwuregwu nke gụnyere Adam Greenberg, Joc Pederson, Robbie Widlansky, na Shawn Green. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.israelsportsradio.com/high-expectations-israels-talented-team/|title=High Expectations for Israel's Talented Team &amp;#124; Israel Sports Radio|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140414073512/http://www.israelsportsradio.com/high-expectations-israels-talented-team/|archivedate=14 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://web.worldbaseballclassic.com/wbc/2013/teams/index.jsp?team_id=840|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922215922/http://web.worldbaseballclassic.com/wbc/2013/teams/index.jsp?team_id=840|archivedate=September 22, 2012|title=World Baseball Classic: Team Israel|publisher=worldbaseballclassic.com|accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Megdal|first=Howard|url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/sports/2012/09/6537454/sad-ending-team-israel-and-mighty-shawn-green|title=A sad ending for Team Israel and mighty Shawn Green|publisher=Capital New York|date=September 24, 2012|accessdate=April 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415132713/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/sports/2012/09/6537454/sad-ending-team-israel-and-mighty-shawn-green|archive-date=April 15, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel meriri Spain na ntinye ndị ọzọ na Pool Finals, na-efu n'otu ebe na World Baseball Classic.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/mets/index.ssf/2013/03/mets_q-and-a_with_josh_satin.html|author=Jorge Castillo|title=Mets' Q-and-A with utility player Josh Satin|publisher=The Star-Ledger|date=March 3, 2013|accessdate=April 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20121025&amp;content_id=40043052&amp;vkey=news_hou&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=hou|author=Corey Brock|title=Padres prospect Freiman looks to raise his game; First baseman enjoys the competition in World Classic, Arizona Fall League|work=mlb.com|date=October 25, 2012|accessdate=March 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|url=http://houston.astros.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20121206&amp;content_id=40552520&amp;vkey=pr_hou&amp;c_id=hou|title=Astros select Fields, Freiman in Major League portion of Rule 5 Draft|work=mlb.com|date=December 6, 2012|accessdate=March 12, 2013|archivedate=May 11, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511203934/http://houston.astros.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20121206&amp;content_id=40552520&amp;vkey=pr_hou&amp;c_id=hou}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;freep1&quot;/&gt;

N'oge egwuregwu atọ niile nke qualifier, Guez butere ụzọ wee malite n'etiti etiti. N'oge egwuregwu mmeghe Guez gara 0 maka 4 site na ịpị na ịga ije.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/wbc/2013/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2012_09_19_isrint_rsaint_1&amp;mode=box|title=Israel 7, South Africa 3|accessdate=2017-08-10|archivedate=2020-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027153852/http://mlb.mlb.com/wbc/2013/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2012_09_19_isrint_rsaint_1&amp;mode=box}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge egwuregwu nke abụọ Guez gara 1 maka 4, na-agba ọsọ na-agbapụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/wbc/2013/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2012_09_21_isrint_espint_1&amp;mode=box|title=Israel 4, Spain 2|accessdate=2017-08-10|archivedate=2020-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027153210/http://mlb.mlb.com/wbc/2013/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2012_09_21_isrint_espint_1&amp;mode=box}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge egwuregwu nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ, Guez gara 1 maka 4 na okpukpu abụọ, gbaa ọsọ, na-agagharị ma na-agbapụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/wbc/2013/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2012_09_23_espint_isrint_1&amp;mode=box|title=Spain 9, Israel 7|accessdate=2017-08-10|archivedate=2020-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027160539/http://mlb.mlb.com/wbc/2013/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2012_09_23_espint_isrint_1&amp;mode=box}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guez, Ben}}
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      <text bytes="1037" sha1="2fth4qh2hk514aykchewo1lnwd7hxwb" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Awbana River(4).jpg|thumb|Awbana River]]
ike Awbana bụ iyi sitere na isi iyi dị na Mgbidi, Imo steeti.  [1] Awbana na-asɔre n’ime ɔdɔ Ɔguta: 1 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ville/Village : Awbana River (Etat : Imo / Gouvernement Local -- Zone : Oguta) - Nigeria -- Promouvoir Compétences|url=https://promouvoircompetences.com/ng/ville.php?id=18198-awbana-river&amp;l=fr|accessdate=2023-07-12|work=promouvoircompetences.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712084632/https://promouvoircompetences.com/ng/ville.php?id=18198-awbana-river&amp;l=fr|archive-date=2023-07-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Foto nke osimiri Awbana ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Usòrò:Awbana_River(2).jpg|alt=Some of the building around the river|Akụkụ n'ime ụlọ dị n'ụdị osimiri ahụ
Usòrò:Awbana_River(5).jpg|alt=People swimming at the river|Ndị mmadụ na-egwu mmiri n'osimiri
Usòrò:Awbana_River(7).jpg|alt=Showing ongoing wooden boat construction|Na-egosi ụgbọ mmiri mmiri osisi na-aga n'ihu
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ayesha Sardar</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Ayesha Sardar'''  1927-16 Febrụwarị 1988) ( Bengali  ) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bangladesh Nationalist Party na onye bụbu onye omeiwu nke oche ụmụ nwanyị echekwabara.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Sardar na 1927 na Khanpur, Bagharpara Upazila, Jessore District, East Bengal, British India. &lt;ref name=&quot;bia&quot;/&gt;{{Cite web|author=Akbar|first=Md. Ali|title=Sardar, Begum Ayesha|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sardar,_Begum_Ayesha|accessdate=4 April 2021|work=Banglapedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222235426/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sardar,_Begum_Ayesha|archive-date=22 February 2025|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Na 1954, Sardar ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Muslim League Women Forum. Na 1963, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Zila Parishad na Divisional Council. Ọ bụ onye kọmishọna nke obodo Jessore na 1965 wee họpụta ya na Mgbakọ Ọchịchị East Pakistan n'otu afọ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;bia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Akbar|first=Md. Ali|title=Sardar, Begum Ayesha|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sardar,_Begum_Ayesha|accessdate=4 April 2021|work=Banglapedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222235426/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sardar,_Begum_Ayesha|archive-date=22 February 2025|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAkbar&quot;&gt;Akbar, Md. Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250222235426/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sardar,_Begum_Ayesha &quot;Sardar, Begum Ayesha&quot;]. ''Banglapedia''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 April&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1967 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Khulna Zone Labour Federation. Na 1977, ọ bụ Kọmishọna nke obodo Dhaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;bia&quot; /&gt;

Na 1978 Sardar ghọrọ onye so na kọmitii etiti Mahila Jagadal wee bụrụ onye otu Central Committee of Bangladesh Nationalist Party. &lt;ref name=&quot;bia&quot;/&gt; A họpụtara Sardar ka ọ bụrụ nzuko omeiwu site na oche ụmụ nwanyị echekwabara dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bangladesh Nationalist Party na 1979. &lt;ref name=&quot;1979results&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=List of 2nd Parliament Members|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf|accessdate=20 March 2021|work=Bangladesh Parliament|language=bn|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904090815/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf|archivedate=4 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke [[Jatiyatabadi Mahila Dal]], nku ụmụ nwanyị nke Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Ọ bụ onye isi oche Bangladesh Mahila Samaj Kalyan Samiti. O tinyere aka na mmepe nke Mpaghara Jessore wee guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ 50 n'ebe ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;bia&quot; /&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Jessore District Journalist Association na Jessore Ebaquib Samiti. Onye isi ala Pakistan nyere ya onyinye Tamgha-i-Khidmat maka ọrụ mmekọrịta ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;bia&quot;/&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Sardar nwụrụ na 16 February 1988. &lt;ref name=&quot;bia&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Lipan</title>
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      <text bytes="6938" sha1="f7w1klflb3kd09sqz94i60oxtpo14b3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Lipan''' ( Lipan Apache   ) bụ asụsụ Eastern Southern Athabaskan nke Lipan Apache na-asụ na steeti Coahuila na Chihuahua na ugwu [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], ụfọdụ ndoputa nke [[Nú Mézíkọ|New Mexico]] na akụkụ ndịda Texas. Lipan bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Na-Dene na ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Jicarilla, nke bụkwa akụkụ nke asụsụ ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Athabaska.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
 
Na 1981, a kọrọ na na New Mexico, e nwere nanị ndị ọkà okwu 2 ma ọ bụ 3 merela agadi ka dị ndụ. 

Na Machị 22, 2023, e nyere okwu na Lipan n’ụlọ ọrụ tribune nke Chamber of Deputies nke Mexico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hablante de lengua nde' mizaa, pronuncia discurso en la tribuna de la Cámara de Diputados|url=https://comunicacionsocial.diputados.gob.mx/index.php/lengua/ivan-alexander-de-leon-hablante-de-lengua-nde-mizaa-pronuncia-discurso-en-la-tribuna-de-la-camara-de-diputados}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Julaị 22, 2023, Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas weputara ma kwado mkpụrụedemede gọọmentị maka Lipan n'Ụlọ Mgbakọ nke Casas Grandes, Chihuahua.

== Nkesa ==
Na Mexico, a na-asụkarị Lipan n'obodo ụfọdụ dị na steeti Coahuila na Chihuahua : Na Coahuila, a na-asụkarị ya na Los Lirios na San Antonio de Alanzas na obodo Arteaga, El Remolino na Zaragoza na obodo Zaragoza, Sierra de Santa Rosa de Lima na Múzquiza na obodo Múzquiza nke dị na Múzquiza . Saltillo . Na Chihuahua a na-asụkarị ya na Ciudad Juarez, obodo Chihuahua na obodo ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé; Ndé miizaa|url=https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-|access-date=2025-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022035458/https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-|archive-date=2022-10-22|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-asụ Lipan na New Mexico na Mescalero Reservation na Texas na nso Mexico-U.S. oke.

== fonology ==

=== Consonants ===
Enwere consonants 30 na Lipan Apache:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bilabial
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Alveolar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Palatal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Velar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Glottal
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;
!plain
!sibilant
!lateral
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} ⟨m⟩
|{{IPA link|n}} ⟨n⟩
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Stop
!&lt;small&gt;prenasal&lt;/small&gt;
|
|{{IPA link|ⁿd}} ⟨nd⟩
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;
|{{IPA link|p}} ⟨b⟩
|{{IPA link|t}} ⟨d⟩
|{{IPA link|ts}} ⟨dz⟩
|{{IPA link|tɬ}} ⟨dl⟩
|{{IPA link|tʃ}} ⟨j⟩
|{{IPA link|k}} ⟨g⟩
|{{IPA link|ʔ}} ⟨'⟩
|-
!&lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;
|
|{{IPA link|tʰ}} ⟨t⟩
|{{IPA link|tsʰ}} ⟨ts⟩
|{{IPA link|tɬʰ}} ⟨tł⟩
|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}} ⟨ch⟩
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} ⟨k⟩
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;ejective&lt;/small&gt;
|
|{{IPA link|tʼ}} ⟨t'⟩
|{{IPA link|tsʼ}} ⟨ts'⟩
|{{IPA link|tɬʼ}} ⟨tł'⟩
|{{IPA link|tʃʼ}} ⟨ch'⟩
|{{IPA link|kʼ}} ⟨k'⟩
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Fricative
!&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
|{{IPA link|s}} ⟨s⟩
|{{IPA link|ɬ}} ⟨ł⟩
|{{IPA link|ʃ}} ⟨sh⟩
|{{IPA link|x}} ⟨x⟩
|{{IPA link|h}} ⟨h⟩
|-
!&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
|{{IPA link|z}} ⟨z⟩
|
|{{IPA link|ʒ}} ⟨zh⟩
|{{IPA link|ɣ}} ⟨gh⟩
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Approximant
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}} ⟨l⟩
|{{IPA link|j}} ⟨y⟩
|
|
|}

=== Udaume ===
Enwere ụdaume iri na isii na Lipan Apache:

=== Ụda ===
A na-anọchi anya ụda dị elu {{IPA|[V́]}}, obere {{IPA|[V̀]}}, na-ada {{IPA|[V́V̀]}}, na ebili {{IPA|[V̀V́]}} . Ụda ịrị elu na ọdịda na-eme naanị na ụdaume ogologo.

== Toponymy ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
| [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]]
| ''Mehigu''
|-
| Obodo Chihuahua
| ''Ją'éłąyá''
|-
| Ciudad Juárez
| ''Tsé Tahu'aya / Yaa tu enéé''
|-
| Coahuila
| ''Nacika''
|}

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==

* Breuninger, Evelyn; Hugar, Elbys; Lathan, Ellen Ann; &amp; Rushforth, Scott. (1982). ''Mescalero Apache dictionary''. Mescalero, NM: Mescalero Apache Tribe.
* Gatschet, Albert S. [1884]. Lipan words, phrases, and sentences. (Unpublished manuscript No. 81, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution).
* Gatschet, Albert S. [1885]. Lipan words, clans, and stories. (Unpublished manuscript No. 114, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution).
* Goddard, Pliny E. [1906]. Lipan texts. (Unpublished manuscript in Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University, Bloomington.)
* Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Lipan texts. (Available from the American Philosophical Society, Chicago.) (Unpublished field notes, includes handwritten transcription and typed versions, 4 texts, one text published as Hoijer 1975).
* Hoijer, Harry.  (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. ''American Anthropologist'', ''40'' (1), 75–87.
* Hoijer, Harry.  (1942). Phonetic and phonemic change in the Athapaskan languages. ''Language'', ''18'' (3), 218–220.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''11'' (4), 193–203.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''12'' (1), 1–13.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''12'' (2), 51–59.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1948). Linguistic and cultural change. ''Language'', ''24'' (4), 335–345.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1956). Athapaskan kinship systems. ''American Anthropologist'', ''58'' (2), 309–333.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1956). [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/464374 The chronology of the Athapaskan languages]. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''22'' (4), 219–232.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1975). The history and customs of the Lipan, as told by Augustina Zuazua. ''Linguistics: An international review'', ''161'', 5-37.
* Jung, Dagmar. (2000). &quot;Word Order in Apache Narratives.&quot; In ''The Athabaskan Languages''. (Eds. Fernald, Theodore and Platero, Paul). Oxford: Oxford UP. 92–100.
* Opler, Morris E. (1936). ''The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes''. ''American Anthropologist'', ''38'', 620–633.
* Opler, Morris E. (2001). ''Lipan Apache''. In Raymond J. DeMallie (ed.), Plains, 941-952. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
* Webster, Anthony. (1999). &quot;Lisandro Mendez’s ‘Coyote and Deer’: On narrative structures, reciprocity, and interactions.&quot; ''American Indian Quarterly''. 23(1): 1-24.

== Ntụaka ==
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    <title>Asụsụ Mescalero-Chiricahua</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Mescalero-Chiricahua''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Chiricahua Apache''' ) bụ asụsụ ndịda Athabaskan nke ndị Chiricahua na ndị Mescalero na-asụ na Chihuahua na Sonora, [[Mézíkọ|México]] na [[Oklahoma]] na [[Nú Mézíkọ|New Mexico]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé|url=https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-|access-date=2025-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022035458/https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-|archive-date=2022-10-22|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ metụtara Navajo na Western Apache na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ anthropological Harry Hoijer (1904–1976) kọwara ya nke ọma na Hoijer &amp; Opler (1938) na Hoijer (1946). Hoijer &amp; Opler's ''Chiricahua na Mescalero Apache Texts'', gụnyere ihe osise grammatical na akụkọ ọdịnala okpukpe na nke ụwa, agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ &quot;akwụkwọ&quot; dị n'ịntanetị dị na Mahadum Virginia.

Virginia Klinekole, onye isi nwanyị mbụ nke Mescalero Apache Tribe, mara maka mbọ ya ichekwa asụsụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alamogordo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Former tribal leader dies : Past Mescalero president, council member, writer remembered|work=Alamogordo Daily News|accessdate=2013-03-26|date=2011-03-15|url=http://www.alamogordonews.com/ci_17614404|archive-date=2014-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525202353/http://www.alamogordonews.com/ci_17614404|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere opekata mpe otu ụlọ akwụkwọ imikpu asụsụ maka ụmụaka na Mescalero. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamogordonews.com/tablehome/ci_21431757/udall-visits-mescalero-apache-schools-talk-language-preservation|title=Udall visits Mescalero Apache Schools to talk language preservation - Alamogordo Daily News|accessdate=2015-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525234738/http://www.alamogordonews.com/tablehome/ci_21431757/udall-visits-mescalero-apache-schools-talk-language-preservation|archivedate=2014-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== fonology ==

=== Consonants ===
Chiricahua nwere consonants 31:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bilabial
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Alveolar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mkpesa-&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwNg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; alveolar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Palatal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Velar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Glottal
|-
! plain
! sibilant
! lateral
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | imi
! simple
| m
| n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! post-stopped
| ( {{IPA|mᵇ}} )
| {{IPA|nᵈ}} 
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Plosive
! plain
| p
| t
| ts
| tˡ ~ tɬ
| tʃ
|
| k
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ʔ
|-
! aspirated
|
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|tsʰ}}
| {{IPA|tɬʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
! ejective
|
| tʼ
| tsʼ
| tɬʼ
| tʃʼ
|
| kʼ
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nke na-ese okwu
! voiceless
|
|
| s
| ɬ
| ʃ
|
| x
| h
|-
! voiced
|
|
| z
| ɮ
| ʒ
| ʝ
| ɣ
|
|}

=== Udaume ===
Chiricahua nwere ụdaume iri na isii:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |N'ihu
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Central
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Azu
|-
! short
! long
! short
! long
! short
! long
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Elu
! oral
| i
| {{IPA|iː}} 
|
|
|
|
|-
! nasal
| {{IPA|ĩ}}
| {{IPA|ĩː}} 
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | N'etiti
! oral
| ɛ
| {{IPA|ɛː}}
|
|
| o
| {{IPA|oː}}
|-
! nasal
| {{IPA|ɛ̃}}
| {{IPA|ɛ̃ː}}
|
|
| {{IPA|õ}}
| {{IPA|õː}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dị ala
! oral
|
|
| a
| {{IPA|aː}} 
|
|
|-
! nasal
|
|
| {{IPA|ã}}
| {{IPA|ãː}}
|
|
|}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Isi mmalite ==
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807024029/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/apache/frames/grammar.html Ederede Apache Chiricahua na Mescalero]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/apm Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache]
* 
* 
*</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Chuukese</title>
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      <text bytes="5483" sha1="cw6scxhgrxn6y3683vrh26xsjso1tlk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Chuukese|nativename={{lang|chk|Chuuk}}|states=[[Federated States of Micronesia]]|region=[[Chuuk State|Chuuk]]|speakers=51,330|date=2000 census|familycolor=Austronesian|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]|fam4=[[Micronesian languages|Micronesian]]|fam5=Nuclear Micronesian|fam6=[[Chuukic–Pohnpeic languages|Chuukic–Pohnpeic]]|fam7=[[Chuukic languages|Chuukic]]|nation={{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}|iso2=chk|iso3=chk|script=[[Latin script]]}}

Chuukese (/ tʃuːˈkiːz/), sụgharịkwara Trukese (/trʌˈkiːz/), [1] bụ asụsụ Chuukic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia nke a na-asụ n'agwaetiti Chuuk na agwaetiti Caroline na Micronesia.  Enwere obodo ndị na-ekwu okwu na Pohnpei, na Guam.  Atụmatụ ndị e mere na-egosi na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 45,900 na Micronesia.

== Nchịkọta ==
Chuukese bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Micronesia subbranch.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime olumba ndị ọgbọ Chuukic subgroup nke akara Micronesia, na ndị ikwu ya dị nso dị ka Woleaian, na Carolinian..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lynch|first=John|authorlink=John Lynch (linguist)|year=2002|title=The Oceanic languages|location=Richmond, Surrey|publisher=Curzon|isbn=978-0-7007-1128-4|oclc=48929366}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==
Chuukese nwere ihe iche nke na-enye ọhọre okwu ọhụrụ geminate (abụọ) consonants.  E ta na nna nna nke ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda, Micronesia nwere ihe a, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ya nke oge a efunahụla ya..&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemination&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reflexes of initial gemination in Western Micronesian languages|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]]|url=http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/AFLA12/abstracts/AFLA_0430_B_1200.pdf|accessdate=8 September 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609145711/http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/AFLA12/abstracts/AFLA_0430_B_1200.pdf|archivedate=June 9, 2012}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Lang|chk|Truk}} and {{Lang|chk|Chuuk}} are different in orthography, and both older {{grapheme|tr}} and current {{grapheme|ch}} transcribe the sound {{IPAblink|ʈʂ}}.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Mkpụrụ okwu Chuukese
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Akpụkpọ ahụ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Alveolar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Postalveolar/&lt;br /&gt;Palatal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Velar
|-
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;ụlọ nyocha&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
|m
|mʷ
|n
|
|ŋ
|-
!&lt;small&gt;oge&lt;/small&gt;
|mː
|mːʷ
|
|
|ŋː
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plosive/Africate
|p
|pʷ
|t
|ʈʂ
|k
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-esiri ike
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |f
|s
|
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;oge&lt;/small&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |fː
|sː
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|r
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |w
|l
|j
|
|}
A na-eji egwuume okpukpu eme ihe na Chuuk mgbe ha nwere ike na-anya olu.  A na-abụ ụfọdụ ndị na-egosi ime ihe n'etiti ụkwụ mgbe a na-eji okpukpu abụọ eme ihe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Goodenough|first=Ward Hunt|title=Trukese-English dictionary &lt;nowiki&gt;=&lt;/nowiki&gt; Pwpwuken tettenin fóós, Chuuk-Ingenes|url=https://archive.org/details/trukeseenglishdi0000good|date=1980|publisher=American Philosophical Society|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0871691415|edition=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yunick|first=Stanley Jr.|title=Linguistics, TESL, and language planning in Micronesia|journal=Studies in the Linguistic Sciences|date=2000|volume=30|issue=1|pages=183–200}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Goodenough|first=Ward H.|title=Gradual and Quantum Changes in the History of Chuukese (Trukese) Phonology|year=1992|location=Oceanic Linguistics 31|pages=93–114}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Mkpụrụedemede Chuukese
!
!N'ihu
!Central
!Ịlaghachi azụ
|-
!Elu
|i
|ɨ
|u
|-
!N'etiti
|e
|ʌ
|o
|-
!Ala Dị Ala
|æ
|a
|ɒ
|}
{{IPA|/ɨ/}} nwere ike ịnụ dị ka etiti [ɨ] ma ọ bụ azụ [ɯ].

== Orthography ==
Chuukese bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ole na ole na-enye ohere maka ụdaume abụọ mbụ: {{R|Gemination}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;32&quot; |Asụsụ Chuukese
|-
|a
|á
|na
|bụ
|i
|o
|ó
|u
|U
|f
|ff
|s
|ss
|k
|kk
|m
|mm
|mw
|mmw
|n
|ng
|nng
|p
|peeji nke
|pw
|ppw
|r
|ch
|t
|tt
|w
|na
|-
! colspan=&quot;32&quot; |IPA
|-
|{{IPA|ɐ}}
|{{IPA|a}}
|{{IPA|e}}
|{{IPA|ə}}
|{{IPA|i}}
|{{IPA|o}}
|{{IPA|ɑ}}
|{{IPA|u}}
|{{IPA|ɨ}}
|{{IPA|f}}
|{{IPA|fː}}
|{{IPA|s}}
|{{IPA|sː}}
|{{IPA|k}}
|{{IPA|kː}}
|{{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA|mː}}
|{{IPA|mˠ}}
|{{IPA|mˠː}}
|{{IPA|nn̩}}
|{{IPA|ŋ}}
|{{IPA|ŋː}}
|{{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA|pː}}
|{{IPA|p~b}}
|{{IPA|pː}}
|{{IPA|r}}
|{{IPA|tʂ}}
|{{IPA|t̪}}
|{{IPA|t̪ː}}
|{{IPA|w}}
|{{IPA|j}}
|}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250124180853/https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=349 Ndepụta okwu Chuukese na Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database] (Archive) 
* Howard, Jocelyne. &quot;CHUUKESE TRANSLATIONS.&quot; () Mahadum nke Hawaii.
* Kaipuleohone nwere ihe ncheta maka Chuukese gụnyere [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/32623 Ihe edere edere], ndekọ ọdịyo, na ndekọ ọdịyo ndị ọzọ sitere na thesis MA nke Brian Diettrich.
* Mahadum Portland State Multicultural Isiokwu na Sayensị na Nsogbu na Chuukese Archived 2020-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
{{Micronesian languages}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Kanikkaran</title>
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{{Infobox Language|name=Kanikkaran|nativename=கணிக்காரன்/കണ്ണിക്കാരൻ|states=[[India]]|region=[[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kanyakumari District|Kanyakumari]]|speakers=19,000|date=2007|familycolor=Dravidian|fam2=Southern|fam3=[[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]|fam4=Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]|fam5=Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]|fam6=Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]|fam7=Tamil–Irula|fam8=Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]|fam9=[[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]|fam10=[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]|script=[[Tamil script]], [[Malayalam script]]|iso3=kev}}

''''''Kani'''''' ( []),a makwaara dị ka Kani, bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke ihe dị ka ndị agbụrụ Kanikkar 19,000 na-asụ na ndịda India &lt;ref name=e25 /&gt; . Ha na-ebi n'ime ọhịa na ugwu nke Thiruvananthapuram na mpaghara Kollam nke Kerala, yana mpaghara Kanyakumari na Tirunelveli nke Tamil Nadu. A na-akpọ ya malambhāsha, ma ọ bụ “asụsụ ugwu. &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụedemede ===
Kanikkaran nwere ụdaume 5, /a, e, i, o, u/. Ọ na-egosipụta ogologo ụdaume dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mkpụrụ okwu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Akpụkpọ ahụ
!Ezé ezé
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
|m
|n̪
|n
|ɳ
|ɲ
|ŋ
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kwụsị
!&lt;small&gt;enweghịolu&lt;/small&gt;
|p
|t̪
|
|ʈ
|c
|k
|-
!&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwXQ&quot;&gt;kwuru okwu&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|b
|d̪
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
|ʋ
|
|l
|ɭ
|j
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ
|
|
|r
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Flap
|
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|}
Ha na-eji phoneme /l̩/ mgbe ụfọdụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shyam|first=S.K.|date=12 December 2017|title=Aspects of Life and Language of Kanikkar Tribal Community of Kerala –A Study|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2017/syamlanguagekanikar1.html|journal=Language in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203013426/http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2017/syamlanguagekanikar1.html|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=18 March 2026|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShyam2017&quot;&gt;Shyam, S.K. (12 December 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210203013426/http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2017/syamlanguagekanikar1.html &quot;Aspects of Life and Language of Kanikkar Tribal Community of Kerala –A Study&quot;]. ''Language in India''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asụsụ ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!otu
!ọtụtụ
|-
!Nke Mbụ
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|-
!Nke abụọ
|Il
|nīṇkaḷu
|-
!Nke atọ
|avanu/avaḷu
|avaru
|}
Asụsụ ahụ enweghị ike iji nkwụsị nke onwe, dịka Old Malayalam. Ihe atụ: ''Pova'' (ga ma ọ bụ gaa ma ọ bụ ka anyị gaa) na ''vārā'' (ga-abịa, ma ọ bụ &quot;hụ gị&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Paniya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73832</id>
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      <text bytes="2460" sha1="r2uct0anwf80xt0wxqc69f4i8gmht89" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Paniya|nativename={{lang|pcg|പണിയ}}|states=[[India]]|region=[[Kerala]]|speakers={{sigfig|22,808|2}}|date=2011 census|familycolor=Dravidian|fam2=Southern|fam3=[[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]|fam4=Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]|fam5=Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]|fam6=Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]|fam7=Tamil–Irula|fam8=Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]|fam9=[[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]|fam10=[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]|fam11=Paniya–[[Ravula language|Ravula]]|iso3=pcg}}

'''Paniya''' ( []) bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Malayalamoid a na-asụ na India. Ndị Paniya na-asụ ya, bụ́ ebo a haziri ahazi nke nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ya na steeti Kerala. A makwaara asụsụ a dị ka Pania, Paniyan na Panyah. Ọ bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Dravidian.&lt;ref name=e25&gt;{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28122|title=A Hand Book of Population Statistics - Census 1981|date=1988|publisher=Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 1981 si kwuo, e nwere ndị na-asụ Paniya dị puku iri isii na atọ na narị asatọ na iri abụọ na asaa, nke gụnyere puku iri ise na isii na narị itoolu na iri ise na abụọ na Kerala, puku isii na narị atọ na iri itoolu na atọ na Tamil Nadu, narị anọ na iri asatọ na abụọ na Karnataka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28122|title=A Hand Book of Population Statistics - Census 1981|date=1988|publisher=Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-asụ ya dị na mpaghara Wayanad, Kozhikode, Kannur na Malappuram nke Kerala, nakwa n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ugwu Nilgiri na Tamil Nadu.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta asụsụ ndị India site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ ya

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|title=Paniya|series=Beiträge zur Kenntnis südasiatischer Sprachen und Literaturen|first=Dieter B.|author=Kapp|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|date=2020|isbn=9783447114479}}

* https://web.archive.org/web/20250222060627/http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/paniya2.html
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110526072200/http://apha.confex.com/apha/135am/techprogram/paper_163341.htm
[[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akụkọ Banyere Ụkwara nta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75360</id>
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      <id>739727</id>
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      <text bytes="57968" sha1="gt7gug08za02tt1w46flzz5f9rtvfrb" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Cristobal_Rojas_37a.JPG|thumb|La Miseria nke Cristóbal Rojas dere (1886). Rojas nwere ọrịa ụkwara nta mgbe o sere nke a. N'ebe a, ọ na-egosi ''ọrịa ahụ ka o si metụta m''mekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya,, na mmekọrịta ya na ọnọdụ ndụ na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu.]]
'''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụkwara nta''' na-agụnye mmalite, mgbanwe, na mgbasa nke ụkwara nta (TB) n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile nke mmadụ, yana mmepe nke nghọta ahụike, ọgwụgwọ, na usoro nchịkwa maka ọrịa oge ochie a.

Ọrịa ụkwara nta bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke nje bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) na-akpata. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, e jirila aha dị iche iche mara ụkwara nta, gụnyere ''consumptio'', phthisis, na White Plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Ihe akaebe paleopathological chọpụtara ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'oge Neolithic (ihe dị ka puku afọ iri ruo puku afọ iri na otu gara aga), ebe ọmụmụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-atụ aro mmalite ya na mbụ tupu mgbe ahụ nakwa ka o si gbanwee n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;

Nnyocha phylogenetic e mere na-egosi na ụkwara nta malitere n'Africa ma na-agbanwe n'aka n'aka ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ruo ọtụtụ iri puku afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Ọrịa ahụ gbasara n'ụwa niile site na ngagharị nke mmadụ si n'otu ebe gaa ebe ọzọ, na-eme mgbanwe na ndabere n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị iche iche ma mesịa ghọọ ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche nwere nkesa dịgasị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dutour|first=Olivier|date=2023|title=The paleopathology and paleoepidemiology of Upper paleolithic tuberculosis: Review of evidence and hypotheses|journal=Tuberculosis|language=en|volume=143|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2023.102348|pmid=38012915}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ụkwara nta emetụtala ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama nke ọma  n'oge mmepe obodo mgbe ndị mmadụ jupụtara n'obodo ukwu, nke nyere aka na nkesa ya. Nghọta ahụike banyere ụkwara nta gbanwere na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu site na nchọpụta Robert Koch nke afọ  1882 nke ịchọpụta  Mycobacterium tuberculosis dịka nje bacteria na-akpata ya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; nke mmepe nke ọgwụ mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ nje sochiri n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

== Mmalite ya ==
Nghọta nke oge a banyere mmalite na usoro mgbanwe nke Mycobacterium tuberculosis agbanweela site na nnyocha genomic na phylogenetic emere na nso nso a. Ihe akaebe dị ugbu a na-egosi na ụkwara nta bụ ọrịa mmadụ oge ochie nke so ndị mmadụ gbasaa ruo ọtụtụ iri puku afọ, kama ịbụ nke enwetara  n'oge na-adịbeghị anya site n'aka ụmụ anụmanụ a zụrụ n'oge Neolithic dị ka e kwenyere na mbụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; Enwekwara ihe akaebe nke mmerụ ahụ nke yiri nke ụkwara nta na-akpata na fossil ''Homo erectus'' dị puku narị afọ ise ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta a bụ nke a na-arụ arụmụka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Roberts|first=Charlotte A.|date=1 July 2009|title=Letter to the editor: Was tuberculosis present in Homo erectus in Turkey?|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=139|issue=3|pages=442–444|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21056|issn=1096-8644|pmid=19358292|url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1524313}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe akaebe nke phylogenetic ===
Nnyocha phylogenetic zuru oke nke Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) na-egosi mmalite n'Africa maka nje a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke nke ụdị ụkwara nta nke oge a na-ekpughe na nje bacteria a pụtara n'Africa ma soro ọpụpụ mmadụ pụọ n'Africa. Nnyocha na-enyocha ọrịa ụkwara nta dị narị abụọ na iri ise na itoolu zuru ụwa ọnụ na-egosi na ụkwara nta malitere ihe dị ka afọ puku asaa gara aga, na-agbasa n'ime nnukwu okpukpu abụọ: nke mbụ ihe dị ka ebe puku afọ iri isii na asaa gara aga n'oge ndị mmadụ na-akwaga South Asia, na nke ọzọ ihe dị ka puku afọ iri anọ na isii gara aga n&quot;oge ndị mmadụ na-akwaga Near East, Europe, na Eshia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

N'ime ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtala ọtụtụ agbụrụ (nke dị ugbu a agbụrụ itoolu nke sitere na mmadụ) metụtara mpaghara dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Orgeur|first=Mickael|date=1 March 2024|title=Evolution and emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|doi=10.1093/femsre/fuae006|issn=1574-6976|pmid=38365982}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị a gụnyere Lineage 1 (East Africa, Philippines), Lineages 2-4 (Eurasia), Lineages 5-6 (West Africa), Lineage 7 (Ethiopia), Lineage 8 (East Afrika), na Lineage 9 (East Afrịka). &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Ezinụlọ ndị na-anabata anụmanụ, gụnyere ''M. bovis'' nke na-emetụta ehi, sitere na ụdị mmadụ kama na nke ọzọ, na-emegide echiche ndị gara aga banyere mmalite TB.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;

Nchọpụta nke ụdị ''M. ụkwara nta'' Lineage 8 na East Africa, nke na-ejigide ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a hụrụ na mycobacteria ndị nna nna ma ọ dịghị na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ nke ụkwara nta, na-enye ihe akaebe maka mmalite Africa oge ochie nke ụkwara nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

=== Ihe akaebe paleopathological ===
Ihe akaebe kachasị ochie nke ọrịa ụkwara nta mmadụ sitere n'oge Pre-Pottery Neolithic (puku afọ iri ruo puku afọ iri na otu afọ gara aga) na Near East.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=30 April 2020|title=The paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị bụ isi rịara ọrịa a na  mbụ gụnyere ihe fọdụrụ na Dja'de el Mughara na Tell Aswad na Siria (8800-7600 BCE), Ain Ghazal na Jọdan (7250 BCE), na Atlit Yam na Israel (6200-5500 BCE), ebe nnyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ kwadoro ọnụnọ nke TB DNA. Na Europe, ndị mbụ e gosipụtara na ha sitere na ebe ọdịbendị Linear Pottery nke Early Neolithic na Germany (5400-4800 BCE). &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Nchọpụta na-ese okwu nke e mere na 2014 dabeere na DNA sitere na ọkpụkpụ ndị dị otu puku afọ na Peru tụrụ aro na ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbụ nke ụmụ mmadụ butere site na akara, ikekwe malite naanị af puku isii gara aga. Agbanyeghị, nnyocha ndị sochirinụ agbaghaala nkọwa a. Ihe nnwale ndị Peru gosipụtara ihe akaebe nke ụdị ụkwara nta metụtara ''M. pinnipedii'' (ụkwara nta seal), mana nke a na-anọchite anya nnyefe zoonotic dị kpọmkwem na South America tupu ọchịchị ndị mmadụ kama ịbụ nke mmalite nke ọrịa ụkwara nta mmadụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Ụdị ndị a sitere na akara gafeere na ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma gbasaa baa n'ime ime obodo mana emesịrị jiri ụdị ''M. ụkwara nta'' nke ndị Europe na-achị ala wetara wee dochie ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Nchọpụta a na-anọchite anya ihe atụ nke nnyefe site n'anụmanụ gaa na mmadụ, mana ọ naghị emegide ihe akaebe maka ụkwara nta mmadụ n'oge gara aga n'Africa na Eurasia.

Ihe akaebe paleopathological dị ole na ole sitere na Upper Paleolithic (afọ puku ii anọ ruo afọ puku iri gara aga) n'agbanyeghị mkpa ọ dị na evolushọn TB na-anọchite anya ihe mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt; Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta Paleolithic, nke ga-enwe nkesaTB n'Udị ahịkwara achịkwa na ihe ịrịba ama na-erijughị afọ, ma ọ bụ site na njedebe n'ịchọpụta ụkwara nta oge ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbanwe Ya Na Mbido ===
Nnyocha genomic na-egosi na mmalite na mgbasa nke ụkwara nta ejikọtaghị ya na anụ ụlọ n'oge Neolithic, kama ọ bụ na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; Mgbanwe nke ndị mmadụ nke Neolithic (nke nwere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ịnọ otu ebe) nyere aka na-ebufe ụkwara nta ma kwe ka ọ gbasakwuo, mana ogologo oge tupu nke a, nje a na-akpata ọrịa amarala ụmụ mmadụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

A na-egosi njikọ aka n'etiti mmalite ụkwara nta na uto nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ mmadụ site na mgbanwe nke agbụrụ ụkwara nta dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị iche iche, na-egosipụta usoro ala nke mbata na obibi mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-egosikwa ihe akaebe nke nrụgide nhọrọ nke ụkwara nta na-eme na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, dị ka mgbanwe ugboro ole ụdị ụkwara nta dị ka TYK2 P1104A na ndị Europe n'ime afọ 2,000 gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị ihe ọ bụla banyere ugboro ole o mere tupu narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a na-eche na ọdịdị ọrịa a rịrị elu n'etiti ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na ngwụcha nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Ka oge na-aga, ọdịbendị dị iche iche nke ụwa nyere ọrịa ahụ aha dị iche iche: ''phthisis'' (Grik),  ''consumptio'' (Latin), ''yaksma'' (India), na ''chaky oncay'' (Incan), nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ezo aka na mmetụta &quot;ịmịkpọ ihe&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;nripịa&quot; nke ọrịa ahụ, cachexia.

Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ nke ụkwara nta kpatara n'etiti ndị na-eto eto na ndị okenye nọ n'etiti afọ iri anọ gbagowe, na ịrị elu nke Romanticism, nke kwusiri ike maka mmetụta ya karịa ihe kpatara ya, mere ka ọtụtụ ndị kpọwa ọrịa ahụ &quot;ọrịa roman&quot;.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

N'afọ 2008, a chọtara ihe akaebe maka ọrịa ụkwara nta n'ime ozu mmadụ sitere n'oge Neolithic nke malitere na afọ puku itoolu gara aga, na Atlit Yam, ebe obibi dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mediterenian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hershkovitz e3426&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hershkovitz|first=Israel|date=2008|title=Detection and molecular characterization of 9,000-year-old Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a Neolithic settlement in the Eastern Mediterranean|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=10|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003426|pmid=18923677|id={{CORE output|1683642}} {{Gale|A472574981}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A kwadoro nchọpụta a site na usoro ọdịdị na nke mkpụrụ ndụ; ruo ugbu a ọ bụ ihe akaebe kachasị ochie maka ọrịa ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mousavi-Sagharchi|first=Seyyed Mohammad Amin|date=1 March 2025|title=Historical examination of tuberculosis; from ancient affliction to modern challenges|journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health|volume=18|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102649|issn=1876-0341|pmid=39826381}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A chọpụtakwara ihe akaebe nke ọrịa ahụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ n'ebe ili ozu dị nso na Heidelberg, n'ime ọkpụkpụ Neolithic nke na-egosi ihe akaebe banyere ụdị angulation a na-ahụkarị na ụkwara nta nke ọkpụkpụ azụ. A chọpụtakwala ihe ịrịba ama nke ọrịa ahụ n'ime ozu ndị Ijipt nke e dere n'etiti afọ 3000 na 2400 BC. A chọtara ihe akaebe kachasị doo anya na ozu onye ụkọchukwu Nesperehen, nke Grebart chọpụtara na 1881, nke gosipụtara ihe akaebe nke ụkwara nta ọkpụkpụ azụ na enwe njirimara psoas abscesses. A chọtara ihe ndị yiri nke ahụ na ozu ndị ọzọ dị ka nke onye ụkọchukwu Philoc na n'ebe ili ozu niile dị na Thebes. O yikarịrị ka Akhenaten na nwunye ya Nefertiti nwụrụ site na ọrịa ụkwara nta, ihe akaebe na-egosi na ụlọ ọgwụ maka ụkwara nta dị n'Ijipt ihe dịrị ka afọ 1500 BC. Ebers papyrus, akwụkwọ ọgwụ dị mkpa nke ndị Ijipt site na 1550 BC, na-akọwa oriri nke akpa ume metụtara cervical lymph nodes. Agba Ochie nke akwụkwọ nsọ kwuru banyere ọrịa ogbugbu na-efe efe nke ga-emetụta ndị Juu ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahapụ Chineke.

=== India oge ochie ===
A na-ahụ ihe mbụ a rụtụr ụ aka gbasara ụkwara nta na mmepeanya na-abụghị nke Europe na Vedas. Nke kacha ochie n'ime ha (Rigveda, 1500 BC) na-akpọ ọrịa a ''yaksma''. Ndị Atharvaveda kpọrọ ya ''Balasa''. Ọ bụ na Atharvaveda ka e nyere nkọwa mbụ nke scrofula.  ''Sushruta Samhita'', nke a chịkọtara n'oge ca. 200 BCE - 500 CE, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Meulenbeld|first=G. Jan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm42207455|title=A history of Indian medical literature|date=1999|publisher=E. Forsten|isbn=978-90-6980-124-7|series=Groningen Oriental studies|location=Groningen|oclc=ocm42207455}}&lt;/ref&gt; tụrụ aro ka e were mmiri ara, anụ dị iche iche, mmanya na-aba n'anya na ezumike gwọọ ọrịa ahụ.  Yajurveda dụrụ ndị ọrịa a metụtara ọdụ ka ha kwaga n'ebe ndị dị elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghose214&quot; /&gt;

=== China oge ochie ===
Okwu Ndị China oge ochie bụ lao &quot;nripịa; ụkwara nta&quot; bụ aha a na-anụkarị na Ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị China, na ''fèijiéhé'' 肺結核 (pụtara &quot;mfikọ akpa ume kernel&quot;) &quot;ụkwara nta usoro okuku ume ahụ&quot; bu okwu ahụike nke ''ebe a''. ''A'' na-agwakọta Lao na aha ndị dị ka ''xulao'' 虛́ na &quot;[[wiktionary:虛|Ihe efu]]; ịtọgbọrọ na nkịtị&quot;, ''láobíng'' São病 na &quot;[[wiktionary:病|Ọrịa&quot;]], ''Laozhài'' na &quot;ọrịa oge ochie&quot;, na ''feilao'' 肺á na &quot;akpa ume&quot;. Zhang na Unschuld na-akọwa na okwu ahụike a bụ ''xulao'' &quot;ike ọgwụgwụ&quot; gụnyere ọrịa na-efe efe na nke na-erimi ahụ, dị ka ''Laozhai'' &quot;ike ọgwụgwụ na nrimi ahụ&quot; ma ọ bụ ''Laozhaichong'' &quot;ọtị maọbụ okpo nke ike ọgwụgwụ na nrimi ahụ&quot;. Ha na-akọwa ''feilao'' 肺 肺 &quot;ike ọgwụgwụ nke akpa ume&quot; na ''feilao chuanshi'' na-efe efe &quot;ike ọgwụgwụ nke akpa ume site na nnyefe ozu [ajọ] dị ka &quot;nri / ụkwara nta&quot;.  N'ịkọwa okwu ndị si na mba ọzọ a gbazitere n'okwu ahụike mbụ, Zhang na Unschuld na-ekwu na [[wiktionary:瘵|Ọdịdị]] ụdaume dị n'etiti Chinese ''feixiao'' 肺消 (sitere n'asụsụ China oge ochie **phot-ssew) &quot;oriri nke akpa ume&quot; yana okwu Greek oge ochie ''[[wiktionary:phthisis|phthisis]] &quot;bụ ụkwara nta nke usoro iku ume&quot;''

Ihe odide ahụike nke ''Huangdi Neijing'' nke China (ihe dị ka  - 260 CE), nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Eze Ukwu Yellow a na-akọ n'akụkọ ifo, na-akọwa ọrịa e kwenyere na ọ bụ ụkwara nta, nke a na'akpọ ''xulao bing'' (虛病 &quot;ọrịa na-adịghị ike na-erimi ahụ&quot;), nke ihe ndị ya na ya na-eso gụnyere ụkwara na-adịgide adịgide, ọdịdị na-adịghị mma, ahụ ọkụ, ọkụkụ-obi na-adịtụ nwanyọọ adịkwa ọsịịsọ, mgbochi nke obi, na ume nkụda. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2015)&quot;&gt;verification needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

''Huangdi Neijing'' na-akọwa otu ọrịa a na-apụghị ịgwọta nke a na-akpọ ''huai''fu'''' 壞府 &quot;obí eze ọjọọ&quot;, nke ndị na-akọ akụkọ na-akọwa dị ka ụkwara nta. &quot;N'ihe banyere eriri a na-ebibi, ụda ya na-adị oke njọ. N'ihe banyere osisi nke meworo agadi, a kpatuchaala akwụkwọ ya. Gbasara ọrịa nke dị n'ime [ime ahụ], ụda ọ na-emepụta bụ etuketu. Mgbe mmadụ nwere [ọnọdụ] atọ ndị a, a na-akpọ nke a 'obí eze mebiri emebi'. Ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu anaghị eweta ọgwụgwọ; agịga dị mkpirikpi enweghị ike ijide [ọrịa ahụ].  Wang 府 &quot;obí eze&quot; na-anọchite anya Hujikwa ọnụ &quot;obí&quot; na-emebi&quot; N'ihi ya, [ihe odide ahụ] na-ekwu: ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu anaghị ewere ọgwụgwọ; a pụghị iji agịga dị mkpirikpi jide ya. &quot;
  {{History of infectious disease}}

=== Oge Ochie ===
[[Faịlụ:Hippocrates_Light.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Hippocrates]]
Hippocrates, n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Of the Epidemics, kọwara njirimara nke ọrịa ahụ: ahụ ọkụ, mamịrị na-enweghị ụcha, ụkwara na-akpata ọsụ mmiri rọrọ arọ, na mmiri ma agụụ agaghị ịna-agụ onye ahụ. Ọ na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahụ nwere ọrịa a ghọrọ ndị isi mgbaka tupu ha anwụọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Internet Classics Archive {{!}} Of the Epidemics by Hippocrates|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/epidemics.1.i.html|accessdate=8 August 2025|work=classics.mit.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hippocrates na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ n'oge ahụ kwenyere na phthisis bụ ihe nketa. Aristotle ekwenyeghị, na-ekwere na ọrịa ahụ na-efe efe.

Pliny the Younger degaara Priscus akwụkwọ ozi ebe ọ kọwapụtara mgbaàmà nke phthisis dịka ọ hụrụ ha na Fannia:Galen tụrụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche maka ọrịa ahụ, gụnyere: opium dị ka ihe na-atụ ụra na ihe ga-akwụsị mgbu; ịhapụ ọbara; nri mmiri ọka bali, azụ, na mkpụrụ osisi. Ọ kọwakwara phyma (otito) nke akpa ume, nke a na-eche na ọ kwekọrọ na tubercles nke na-etolite na akpa ume n'ihi ọrịa ahụ.

Vitruvius kwuru na &quot;ịtụ oyi na ọwara ikuku, ụkwara, plurisy, phthisis,  ịgbọ ọbara&quot;, bụ ọrịa a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè ebe ifufe na-esi n'ebe ugwu efega n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ma dụọ ọdụ ka e wuo mgbidi iji chebe ndị mmadụ pụọ n'ikuku.

Aretaeus bụ onye mbụ kọwara mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike n'ihe odide ya De causis et signis diuturnorum morborum: 
 

=== Mmetụ Aka Eze ===
[[Faịlụ:Henri_IV_touche_les_escrouelles.jpg|thumb|Henry nke anọ nke France na-emetụ ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa aka n'oge emume nke &quot;mmetụta eze&quot;. Okwu mbụ ahụ na-agụ: ''Des mirabili strumas sanandi vi solis Galliae regibus christianissimis divinitus concessa liber unus''.]]
A na-ahụ ndị eze dị ka ndị okpukpe nwere ikike ime anwansi ma ọ bụ nye ọgwụgwọ. Ekwenyere na imetu aka eze, nke England ma ọ bụ France, nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa n'ihi ikike Chineke nke ndị eze nyere ha. Eze Henry nke Anọ nke France na-emekarị emume a otu ugboro n'izu, mgbe ọ nwesịrị oriri nsọ. Omume ọgwụgwọ a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na France, nke mere na a maara scrofula dị ka &quot;mal du roi&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;King's Evil&quot;.

Na mbido, emume mmetụ aka ahụ bụ usoro na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa nwere ike ịrịọ ụlọ ikpe maka mmetụ aka eze, nke eze ga-eme mgbe ọ dịkarịchaara ya mfe n'isi ụtụtụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, Eze nke France ga-emetụ ndị ọrịa n'oge ọ na-agagharị n'ala. Otú ọ dị, mgbasa ngwa ngwa nke ụkwara nta gafee France na England, mere ka usoro mmetụ aka bụrụzie nke a na-eme kwa mgbe na n'usoro. Ka ọ na-erule n'oge Louis nke Iri na Anọ nke France, a na-edepụta bọọdụ na-egosi ụbọchị na oge Eze ga-anọ maka mmetụ aka mgbe niile; a nọkwa na-ewepụta ego dị ka nkwado ọrụ ebere. N'England, usoro ahụ bụ nke a haziri ahazi ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1633, Book of Common Prayer nke Chọọchị Anglịkan nwere emume Royal Touch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mitchinson|first=John|title=QI: Quite Interesting facts about Kings|work=Telegraph.co.uk|date=9 January 2009|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/4176490/QI-Quite-interesting-facts-about-Kings.html|accessdate=23 December 2009|archive-date=29 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129132446/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/qi/4176490/QI-Quite-interesting-facts-about-Kings.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye eze (eze ma ọ bụ eze nwanyị), nke ga-anọ ọdụ n'elu ocheeze, metụrụ onye ahụ ahụ na-arịa ọrịa aka, ma nye ya mkpụrụ ego - ọ na-abụkarị Mmụọ ozi, mkpụrụ ego ọla edo nke ọnụ ahịa ya dịgasị iche site na ihe dị ka shillings isii ruo ihe dị kashilling iri - site na ịpị ya n'olu onye ọrịa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dang231&quot;&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na emume ahụ abaghị uru ọgwụ, ndị òtù ụlọ ikpe eze na-agbasa ozi na ndị natara aka eze na-anata ọgwụgwọ ọrụ ebube. André du Laurens, onye isi dọkịta nke Henry nke anọ, kpọsara nchọpụta na ọ dịkarịa ala ọkara nke ndị natara aka eze gwọrọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole. Mmetụta eze nọgidere na-ewu ewu na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Ndebanye aha parish sitere na Oxfordshire, England gụnyere ọ bụghị naanị ndekọ nke baptizim, alụmdi na nwunye, na ọnwụ, kamakwa ndekọ nke ndị ruru eru maka aka eze.

=== Mmetụta na-efe efe ===
Girolamo Fracastoro ghọrọ onye mbụ tụrụ aro, n'ọrụ ya De contagione n'afọ 1546, na nje a na-adịghị ahụ anya na-ebusa phthisis. Otu n'ime nkwupụta ya bụ na nje ahụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ n'agbata ''afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ'' na uwe ndị nwere ọrịa ahụ nakwa na a na-ebute ya site na mmetụ ahụ na ahụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nke si n'ahụ ndị bu ya, nke ọ kpọrọ ''fomes''. O kwuru na enwere ike ibute phthisis n'enweghị mmetụ ahu na ahu ma ọ bụ fomes, manaoejighị n'aka usoro ọrịa ahụ si gbasaa n'ebe dị anya.[46]

=== Usoro tartaric nke Paracelsus ===
Paracelsus kwalitere nkwenye na ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ site na ọdịda nke akụkụ dị n'ime iji mezuo ọrụ alchemical ya. Mgbe nke a mere n'akpa ume, nkume ga-amalite na-akpata ụkwara nta n'ihe ọ kpọrọ usoro ''tartaric''.

=== Mgbanwe ụlọ ọgwụ ===
[[Faịlụ:1950_Census_Enumeration_District_Maps_-_Puerto_Rico_(PR)_-_Aibonito_Municipality,_Tuberculosis_Sanatorium.jpg|thumb|1950 Census Enumeration District Map nke Aibonito, Puerto Rico, United States, na-egosi &quot;Tuberculosis Sanatorium&quot; ka ọ bụrụ ebe pụrụ iche (maka ịgụ ọnụ) ]]
Ọganihu nke nghọta sayensị banyere ụkwara nta, na ọdịdị ya na-efe efe mere ka ọ dị mkpa ka ụlọ ọrụ nwee ụlọ ndị nwere ọrịa.

George Bodington mere atụmatụ mbụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'akwụkwọ nke  ọ kpọrọ An essay on the treatment and cure of pulmonary consumption, on natural, rational and successful principles na 1840. N'akwụkwọ a, ọ tụrụ aro usoro nri, ezumike, na nlekọta ahụike maka ụlọ ọgwụ ọ na-eme atụmatụ imepe na Maney. Mwakpo sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike, ọkachasị isiokwu dị na The ''Lancet'', mere ka Bodington nwee nkụda mmụọ, mere na ọ tụgharịrị gaa na atụmatụ maka imepe ụlọ ndị isi mgbaka.

Hermann Brehmer, onye dọkịta Germany, kwenyesiri ike na ụkwara nta malitere site na ihe isi ike nke obi ịgba akpa ume mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Ya mere, ọ tụrụ aro na mpaghara ndị dị n'elu oke osimiri, ebe nrụgide ikuku dị obere, ga-enyere obi aka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Site na agbamume nke onye nchọpụta Alexander von Humboldt na onye nkuzi ya J. L. Schönlein, e guzobere ụlọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ụkwara nta mbụ n'afọ 1854, mita narị isii na iri ise n'elu oke osimiri, na Görbersdorf. Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, o bipụtara nchọpụta ya n'akwụkwọ ''Die chronische Lungenschwindsucht und Tuberkulose der Lunge: Ihre Ursache und ihre Heilung'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brehmer|first=Herrmann|url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/details/bsb10470952|title=Die chronische Lungenschwindsucht und Tuberkulose der Lunge|publisher=Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin (Adolph Enslin)|year=1869|location=Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brehmer na otu n'ime ndị ọrịa ya, [[Peter Dettweiler]], ghọrọ ndị na-akwado usoro mmepe ụlọ ahụike ụdị ndị ahụ, nke mere na mgbe a na-erule afọ 1877, ụlọ ọgwụ malitere ịgbasa karịa Germany na Europe dum. Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau mechara guzobe Adirondack Cottage Sanitorium na Saranac Lake, New York na 1884. Otu n'ime ndị ọrịa mbụ Trudeau bụ onye edemede Robert Louis Stevenson; aha ya nyere aka guzobe Saranac Lake dị ka ebe ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta. N'afọ 1894, mgbe ọkụ mebiri obere ụlọ nnyocha Trudeau, ọ haziri ụlọ nnyocha Saranac maka ọmụmụ nke ụkwara nta; nke a gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Trudeau Institute, ụlọ nnyocha ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-amụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe.

Peter Dettweiler gara n'ihu guzobe ụlọ ọgwụ nke ya na Falkenstein na 1877 ma bipụta nchọpụta na-azọrọ na otu narị na iri atọ na abụọ n'ime ndị ọrịa tu puku na iri abụọ na abụọ ya abụrụla ndị agwọrọ kpamkpam mgbe ha nọchara n'ụlọ ọgwụ ya.  N'ikpeazụ, ụlọ ọgwụ malitere ịpụta na nso obodo ukwu na n'ebe ndị dị ala, dị ka Sharon Sanatorium na 1890 na nso Boston.

Ọ bụghị naanị ụlọ ọgwụgwọ ka ụlọ ọgwụ ndị ahụ bụ. Ụlọ ọgwụ ụkwara nta pụrụ iche malitere ịpụta na mpaghara ndị buru ibu. Sir Robert Philip guzobere Royal Victoria Dispensary for Consumption na Edinburgh na 1887. Dispensaries rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ pụrụ iche maka ndị rịawara ụkwara nta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke e meghekwara maka ndị na-ejichaghị ego. Ojiji nke dispensaries iji gwọọ ndị nọ n'ọkwa gbagotetụrụ na ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị ala n'ógbè ndị dị mkpa na nhazi n'etiti ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmemme ahụike dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ, ụlọ ọgwụ, na mpaghara ụkwara nta ghọrọ ihe a maara dị ka &quot;Edinburgh Anti-tuberculosis Scheme&quot;.

N'afọ 1913, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Queen Mary maka Ụmụaka Consumptive na Toronto, Canada, ghọrọ ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ n'ụwa a raara nye  maka ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burke&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Burke|first=Stacie|date=2023|title=Review of Building Resistance: Children, Tuberculosis, and the Toronto Sanatorium|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/onhistory/2023-v115-n1-onhistory07936/1098788ar.pdf|journal=Eruid|volume=115|pages=140}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Annual Report - Canadian Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis|publisher=Canadian Tuberculosis Association|year=1919|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Annual_Report_Canadian_Association_for_t/B242AQAAMAAJ|pages=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Narị afọ nke iri abụọ ==

=== Njikwa ===
[[Faịlụ:Map_of_the_City_of_Washington_Showing_Location_of_Fatal_Cases_of_Consumption.jpg|thumb|Map nke ọnwụ sitere na ụkwara nta na [[Washington, D.C.]] na 1900 ruo 1901.]]
Na mbido narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ụkwara nta bụ otu n'ime nsogbu ahụike kachasị chọọ ụsa ngwa ngwa na UK. E guzobere kọmitii eze n'afọ 1901, The Royal Commission A họpụtara ka ọ nyochaa mmekọrịta nke ọrịa ụkwara nta na mmadụ na n'anụmanụ. Ọrụ ya bụ ịchọpụta ma ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ otu ọrịa ahụ, nakwa ka a mara ma ụmụ anụmanụ ma ụmụ mmadụ enwere ike ibunye ibe ha ọrịa ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1919, Commission ahụ aghọwo Kansul Nnyocha Ahụike nke UK.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'afọ 1902, Nzukọ Mba Nile na-ahụ maka ụkwara nta gbakọtara na Berlin. N'etiti mkpebi ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro Cross of Lorraine ka ọ bụrụ ihe nnọchianya na mba ụwa niikle nke ọgụ megide ụkwara nta. Mgbasa ozi mba gbasara na Europe na United States nile iji gbochie mgbasawanye nke ụkwara nta. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Mgbe o doro anya nke ọma 'afọ ndị 1880 na ọrịa ahụ na-efe efe, e mere ka ụkwara nta bụrụ ọrịa a na-ahụ anya na Britain; a bịara nwewe mkpọsa iji kwụsị ịgbọ ọnụ mmiri n'ebe ọha na eze, a na-arụgidekwa ndị ogbenye butere ọrịa ahụ ka ha banye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ; ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndị nọ n'etiti na ndị dị elu nyere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile. Ihe ọ bụla a na-ekwu na ọ bụ uru nke ikuku dị ọcha na ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, ọkara nke ndị batara na ha nwụrụ n'ime afọ ise (1916). &lt;ref name=&quot;sanatoria&quot;&gt;

Nkwalite nke Christmas Seals malitere na Denmark n'afọ 1904 dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ego maka mmemme ụkwara nta. Ọ gbasara gaa na United States na Canada na 1907-1908 iji nyere National Tuberculosis Association aka (nke e mechara kpọwa American Lung Association). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Swine_tuberculosis.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Chaatị na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta n'ụmụ anụ ụlọ e nyochara na mbipụta 1938 nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States.]]
Na mba United States, nchegbu banyere mgbasa nke ụkwara nta keere òkè na mmachibido nke ịgbụ ọnụ mmiri n'ebe ọhaneze ma e wezụga n'ime ọnụ ebe ndị e kwesịrị ịgbụnye ha. E wepụtara usoro ahụike ọha na eze iji soro ma chịkwaa mgbasa nke ụkwara nta n'ime anụ ụlọ nke nwere ike ibufe ụmụ mmadụ. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọgwụ mgbochi ===
Ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ n'ịgba ọgwụ megide ụkwara nta bụ nke Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin mepụtara site na ụkwara nta bovine-strain nke e belatara ebelata n'afọ 1906. A kpọrọ ya &quot;BCG&quot; (Bacille Calmette-Guérin). A malitere ịgba ụmụ mmadụ Ọgwụ mgbochi BCG a n'afọ 1921 na France, mana ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị ka BCG nwetara nnabata zuru oke na Great Britain yana Germany. N'ụbọchị ndị mbụ nke British National Health Service nnyocha X-ray maka ụkwara nta mụbara nke ukwuu mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi dị ala na mbụ. N'afọ 1953, e kwekọrịtara na ụmụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị kwesịrị ịgba ha ọgwụ mgbochi, mana ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1954, ọ bụ naanị mmadụ narị puku abụọ na iri ise ka a gbara ọgwụ mgbochi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1956, nke a arịgoola ruo narị uyku isii, ihe dị ka ọkara n'ime ha bụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Charles|title=The Health Services Since the War|date=1988|publisher=HMSO|location=London|isbn=978-0-11-630942-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'Ịtali, e jiri Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa Salvioli ({{Lang|it|Vaccino Diffondente Salvioli}}; VDS) mee ihe site na 1948 ruo 1976. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Gaetano Salvioli nke Mahadum Bologna mepụtara ya.

=== Ọgwụgwọ ===
[[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_in_the_USA_1861-2014.png|alt= Tuberculosis mortality in the USA from 1861 to 2014.|thumb|Ọnwụ ụkwara nta na USA site na 1861 ruo 2014.]]
[[Faịlụ:TB_Specialist_Nurse_Eleanor_Pond_at_the_18_bed_'Fresh_Air_School'_for_TB_patients,_Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Montreal._1939.tif|thumb|Nọọsụ ọkachamara na 'Fresh Air School' nwere àkwà iri na asatọ maka ụmụaka na-arịa ụkwara nta. Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. 1939.]]
Ka narị afọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu, a bịara jiriwe ụfọdụ usoro ịwa ahụ, gụnyere usoro pneumothorax ma ọ bụ plombage - ịkụkpọ akpa ume na-arịa ọrịa ka o &quot;zuo ike&quot; ma mee ka mmerụ ahụ ya gwọọ - iji gwọọ ụkwara nta. Pneumothorax abụghị usoro ọhụrụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. N'afọ 1696, Giorgio Baglivi kọrọ na mgbake dịtụ n'etiti ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta mgbe ha nwetara ọnyá mma agha n'obi. [[F.H. Ramadge]] nyere usoro ọgwụgwọ pneumothorax mbụ gara nke ọma n'afọ 1834, wee kọọ ka e mesịrị na a gwọrọ onye ọrịa ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọrọ iji nlezianya nyochaa ịdị irè nke usoro ndị dị otú ahụ. Carlo Forlanini nwalere site n'iji usoro pneumothorax aka ya site na 1882 ruo 1888, nke a malitere ịgbaso naanị afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hansson|first=Nils|title=Therapeutic Pneumothorax and the Nobel Prize|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|date=August 2015|volume=100|issue=2|pages=761–765|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.03.100|pmid=26234863}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1939, ''British Journal of Tuberculosis'' bipụtara nyocha nke [[Oli Hjaltested]] na [[Kjeld Törning]] na ndị ọrịa dị otu narị na iri itoolu na otu ndị a nọ na-enye usoro ahụ n'etiti 1925 na 1931; na 1951, Roger Mitchell bipụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu banyere nsonaazụ ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ọrịa narị ise na iri ise na asaa ndị a gwọrọ n'etiti 1930 na 1939 na Trudeau Sanatorium dị na Saranac Lake. Otú ọ dị, ọchụchọ maka ọgwụgwọ sitere n'inye ọgwụ gara n'ihu n'ụzọ siri ike.

N'oge Mgbe ndị Nazi biri na Poland, SS-Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Koppe haziri ogbugbu nke ihe karịrị ndị Poland puku iri atọ na-arịa ụkwara nta - nwere obere ihe ọmụma ma ọ bụ echiche na ọgwụgwọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dị.

N'afọ 1944, Albert Schatz, Elizabeth Bugie, na Selman Waksman wepụtara streptomycin nke nje bacteria ''Streptomyces griseus.'' mepụtara. Streptomycin bụ ọgwụ nje mbụ rụrụ ọrụ megide M. tuberculosis. A na-ewere nchọpụta a dị ka mmalite nke oge a nke ụkwara nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniel1868&quot;&gt; Para-aminosalicylic acid, nke a chọpụtara na 1946, ka ejiri ya na Streptomycin belata mpụta nke ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ, nke mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrịa belata.&lt;ref name=&quot;snider&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis Then and Now: A Personal Perspective on the Last 50 Years|author=Snider|first=Gordon|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=126|date=1 December 1997|pages=237–243|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-126-3-199702010-00011|pmid=9027277}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke bụ ezigbo mgbanwe malitere afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, na 1952, site na mmepụta nke isoniazid, ọgwụ mbụ na-egbu nje ụkwara nta a na-etinye n'ọnụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Daniel1868&quot;&gt;Daniel 2006:1868&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, o gosikwara na ọnwụ sitere na ọrịa ụkwara nta na England na Wales ejirila ihe ruru pasent iri itoolu ruo pasent iri itolu na ise belata tupu streptomycin na ọgwụ mgbochi BCG  adị n'ọtụtụ ebe, nakwa na enyemaka nke ọgwụ nje na mbelata nke ọnwụ site na ụkwara ume dị obere n'ezie: &quot;maka ngụkọta oge kemgbe e dekọrọ ihe kpatara ọnwụ (1848-71) mbelata ahụ bụ pasent atọ na ụma abụọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a enwetakla nkwado na mba niile dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ (lee dịka ọmụmaatụ mbelata nke ọnwụ sitere na TB na USA) na maka ọrịa niile a maara n'oge ahụ na-efe efe. McKeown kọwara mbelata nke ọnwụ site na ọrịa na-efe efe site na ọnọdụ ndụ ka mma, ọkachasị site na nri na-edozi ahụ, na site na ịdị ọcha ka mma, na obere site na enyemaka nke ọgwụ. McKeown, onye a na-ewere dị ka nna nke ọgwụgwọ ọha na eze, &lt;ref name=&quot;:142&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Great Escape. Health, wealth, and the origins of inequality|url=https://archive.org/details/greatescapehealt0000deat|author=Deaton|first=Angus|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-691-15354-4|location=Princeton and Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatescapehealt0000deat/page/91 91]–93|quote=McKeown's views, updated to modern circumstances, are still important today in debates between those who think that health is primarily determined by medical discoveries and medical treatment and those who look to the background social conditions of life.}}&lt;/ref&gt; arịọọla kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, na site n'inye ọgwụ na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dị iche iche n'anyị nwere ike imeri n'agha ahụ mana a ga-emeri anyị n'ọgụ megide ọrịa nke ịda ogbenye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diseases of Poverty (Chapter 8) In: The Origins of Human Disease|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|publisher=Basil Blackwell|year=1988|isbn=978-0-631-17938-2|location=Oxford, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/originsofhumandi0000mcke/page/181 181–199]|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofhumandi0000mcke/page/181}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, mgbalị na ihe onwunwe kwesịrị ịgakarịa n'idozi na imeziwanye ọnọdụ ndụ nke ndị mmadụ na mba ndị nwere obere ihe onwunwe, nakwa n'imeziwanye gburugburu ebe obibi ha site n'inye ha mmiri dị ọcha, ịdị ọcha, ụlọ ka mma, agụmakwụkwọ, nchekwa na ikpe ziri ezi, yana ịnweta nlekọta ahụike. Karịsịa ọrụ nke ndị nrite Nobel Robert W. Fogel (1993)  &lt;ref name=&quot;:142&quot;&gt;  na Angus Deaton (2015)  enyela aka nke ukwuu na nzaghachi nke inye ekele na nso nso a maka ihe McKeown na-ekwu mgbe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fogel|first=R. W.|year=2004|title=Technophysio evolution and the measurement of economic growth|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Economics|volume=14|issue=2|pages=217–21|doi=10.1007/s00191-004-0188-x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World|url=https://archive.org/details/escapefromhunger0000foge|author=Fogel|first=Robert|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 189 pp|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-80878-1|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World since 1700|author=Fogel, Robert|publisher=Cambridge University Press, New York|year=2011|isbn=978-0-521-87975-0|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/changingbodyheal0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Explaining Long-Term Trends in Health and Longevity|url=https://archive.org/details/explaininglongte0000foge|author=Fogel|first=Robert W.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-107-02791-6|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwado na-adịghị mma nke okwu McKeown bụ na mmụba nrụgide na ụgwọ ọrụ site na mgbazinye ego IMF nye Eastern Europe nke ndị Kọmunist nwere njikọ ya na ịrị elu nke ọrịa TB, mgbasa na ọnwụ ndị mmadụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Stuckler, David|title=International Monetary Fund programs and tuberculosis outcomes in post-communist countries|journal=PLOS Medicine|date=22 July 2008|volume=5|issue=7|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050143|pmid=18651786}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na United States, e nwere mbelata dị egwu n'ọrịa ụkwara nta site na afọ 1970. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ ndị 1900, a malitere mkpọsa maka ahụike ọha na eze iji kụziere ndị mmadụ banyere ọrịa ahụ. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, akwụkwọ mmado, akwụkwọ mpịakọta na akwụkwọ akụkọ nọgidere na-agwa ndị mmadụ banyere ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ na usoro iji zeere ya, gụnyere ịbawanye ụba nke mmata ọha na eze banyere mkpa ịdị ọcha. Ọ bụ ezie na mmata ka mma banyere omume ịdị ọcha belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-arịa ya, ọnọdụ ahụ kaara njọ na mpaghara ndị dara ogbenye. E guzobere ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze iji melite mmata na inye nnyocha. Na Scotland, Dr Nora Wattie duziri ihe ọhụrụ ahụike ọha na eze ma na mpaghara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=26 November 1913|title=Watch Your Health|page=3|work=Motherwell Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na nke mba n'ozuzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=10 July 1939|title=Solving the problems of adolescence, Conference of National Council of Girls' Clubs, Growth of Nervous Diseases.|page=13|work=The Scotsman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a mere ka mbelata dị egwu dị n'ime afọ 1920 na 1930.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/plague-gallery/|title=TB in America: 1895-1954 &amp;#124; American Experience|work=[[PBS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mwakpoghachị Ozọ ===
[[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|Afọ ndụ nkwarụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ụkwara nta kpatara maka otu puku mmadụ na otu puku mmadụ, 2012: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Health Organization Disease Burden Estimates for 2000-2012|url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index2.html|year=2012|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112174339/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index2.html|archivedate=12 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

  56-248
  271-911
  930-1,483
  1,511-1,511
  1,559-3,130 

  3,254-7,760
  7,860-9,008
  9,297-9,297
  9,550-14,199
  14,284-74,731 

&amp;nbsp;{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{legend|#ffff20|56-248}}
{{legend|#ffe820|271-911}}
{{legend|#ffd820|930-1,483}}
{{legend|#ffc020|1,511-1,511}}
{{legend|#ffa020|1,559-3,130}}
{{Col-break}}
{{legend|#ff9a20|3,254-7,760}}
{{legend|#f08015|7,860-9,008}}
{{legend|#e06815|9,297-9,297}}
{{legend|#d85010|9,550-14,199}}
{{legend|#d02010|14,284-74,731}}
{{Col-end}}]]
Olileanya na enwere ike iwepụ ọrịa ahụ kpamkpam dara n'afọ ndị 1980 site na ịrị elu nke ụdị ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ. Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta na Britain, dị n'ọnụ ọgụ dị ihe dị ka otu narị puku na iri na asaa n'afọ 1913, dara ruo ihe dị ka puku ise n'afọ 1987, mana ndị na-arịa ya rịrị elu ọzọ, ruo puku isii na narị atọ n'afọ 2000 na puku asaa na narị isii n'afọ 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_AZ/tb/epidemiology/table1.htm|title=Tuberculosis&amp;nbsp;— Respiratory and Non-respiratory Notifications, England and Wales, 1913–2005|publisher=Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections|date=21 March 2007|accessdate=1 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi mwepụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze na New York na mpụta nke nje HIV, e nwere mwakpoghachị ọzọ nke ụkwara nta na ngwụcha afọ 1980. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrịa na-emezughị usoro ọgwụ ha dị elu. New York aghaghị ịnagide ihe karịrị ndị ọrịa TB puku iri abụọ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ dị iche iche (na-eguzogide, ma ọ dịkarịa ala, ma rifampin na isoniazid).

N'ịzaghachi nlọghachi nke ụkwara nta, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa wepụtara nkwupụta nke ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993. Kwa afọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nde ụdị ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ (MDR-TB) na-eme n'ụwa niile.

== Hụkwa ==

* Akụkọ banyere ịba
* Usoro iheomume nke ahụike ụwa
* Ndepụta nke ndị nwụrụ n'ihi ụkwara nta

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edensibịa ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* Abel, Emily K. Ọrịa ụkwara nta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Exclusion: Akụkọ banyere ahụike ọha na eze na mbata na Los Angeles (Rutgers University Press 2007) 
* {{Cite book|title=A Short History of Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofme00acke|author=Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz|publisher=JHU Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-471-06762-7}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Obodo Na-arịa Ọrịa: Ahụike, Ụkwara nta, na Ọdịbendị na Buenos Aires, 1870-1950'' (2011) 
* {{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000aufd|author=Aufderheide, Arthur C.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-55203-5}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Making of a Social Disease: Tuberculosis in Nineteenth-century France|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofsocialdi0000barn|author=Barnes, David S.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-520-08772-9}}
* {{Cite book|title=Epidemics Laid Low: A History of what Happened in Rich Countries|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicslaidlow0000bour|author=Bourdelais, Patrice|publisher=JHU Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8018-8294-4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Brock|first=Thomas D.|title=Milestones in Microbiology 1546 to 1940|url=https://archive.org/details/milestonesinmicr0000unse|date=1999|publisher=ASM Press|isbn=978-1-55581-142-6}}
* {{Cite book|doi=10.1128/9781555818272|title=Robert Koch|date=1998|author=Brock|first=Thomas D.|isbn=978-1-68367-266-1}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] N'okpuru Ugwu Ime Anwansi: Akụkọ Ọha nke Ụkwara Ọrịa Mgbasa na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na Britain (1988), 298p.
* {{Cite book|title=Pioneers of Medicine and Their Impact on Tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/pioneersofmedici0000dani|author=Daniel, Thomas M.|publisher=Boydell &amp; Brewer|year=2000|isbn=978-1-58046-067-5}}
* {{Cite book|author=Dubos|first=René Jules|title=The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man, and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/whiteplaguetuber0000dubo|date=1987|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1224-2}}
* {{Cite book|title=Chemistry and Medical Debate: Van Helmont to Boerhaave|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistrymedical0000debu|author=Debus, Allen G.|authorlink=Allen G. Debus|publisher=Science History Publications|year=2001|isbn=978-0-88135-292-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=Sediments of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History|url=https://archive.org/details/sedimentsoftimee0000unse|author=Elvin, Mark|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998}}
* {{Cite book|doi=10.1007/3-540-36488-9|title=Biotechnology in India I|series=Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology|date=2003|isbn=978-3-540-00609-1|editor=Ghose}}
* {{Cite book|doi=10.1163/9789004253520|title=Princes and Princely Culture 1450–1650|date=2003|editor=Gosman|isbn=978-90-04-25352-0}}
* {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=Everything Is Tuberculosis: The History and Persistence of Our Deadliest Infection|url=https://archive.org/details/everythingistube0000unse|date=2025|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}}
* {{Cite book|title=Bittersweet: The Story of Sugar|author=Macinnis, Peter|publisher=Allen &amp; Unwin|year=2002|isbn=978-1-86508-657-6|url=https://archive.org/details/bittersweetstory00maci}}
* McMillen, Christian W. Ịchọpụta ụkwara nta: Akụkọ zuru ụwa ọnụ, 1900 ruo ugbu a (2014) 
* {{Cite book|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-18937-1|title=Tuberculosis|date=2004|isbn=978-3-642-62365-3|editor=Madkour}}
* {{Cite book|title=A History of the Life Sciences|author=Magner, Lois N.|publisher=CRC Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8247-8942-8|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflifesci0000magn}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=Tuberculosis|author=Nathanson|first=Constance A.|title=Disease Prevention as Social Change|url=https://archive.org/details/diseasepreventio0000nath|date=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diseasepreventio0000nath/page/80 80]–106|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|isbn=978-0-87154-644-9}}
* {{Cite book|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/pulmonarytubercu00otis|author=Otis, Edward Osgood|publisher=W.M. Leonard|year=1920}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Medicine|author=Porter, Roy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-55791-7}}
* {{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9780429433702|title=Tuberculosis in the Americas, 1870–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosisinam0000rebe|date=2018|author=Reber|first=Vera Blinn|isbn=978-0-429-43370-2}}
* 446 + peeji nke iri na abụọ.{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosisgrea0000ryan|author=Ryan, Frank|publisher=Swift Publishers, England|year=1992|isbn=1-874082-00-6}}
* {{Cite book|title=Doctors and Their Patients: A Social History|url=https://archive.org/details/doctorstheirpati0000shor|author=Shorter, Edward|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1991|isbn=978-0-88738-871-2}}
* {{Cite book|title=National Tuberculosis Association, 1904-1954: A Study of the Voluntary Health Movement in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/nationaltubercul0000shry|author=Shryock, Richard Harrison|publisher=Ayer Publishing|year=1988|isbn=978-0-405-09831-4}}
* Smith, F. B. Nlaghachi nke ụkwara nta, 1850-1950 (1988) 271p
* {{Cite book|title=The Conquest of Tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/conquestoftuberc0000unse|author=Waksman, Selman A.|publisher=University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles|year=1964}}
* {{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis|author=Yancey, Diane|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7613-1624-4|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosistwen00dian}}
* Zumla, Alimuddin et al. eds. Ọrịa ụkwara nta: Nkwupụta Ọgwụ zuru oke (Saunders, 2009) 

* {{Cite book|author=Dang|first=B|chapter=The Royal Touch|pages=229–234|editor=Whitelaw|title=The Proceedings of the 10th Annual History of Medicine Days: Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Held March 23rd and 24th, 2001 in the Libin Theatre, Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, AB|date=2001|publisher=University of Calgary|doi=10.11575/PRISM/10355|oclc=51294903}}

=== Ọmụmụ ihe nke ochie ===

* {{Cite book|title=A Treatise on Tuberculosis: The Constitutional Origin of Consumption and Scrofula|url=https://archive.org/details/treatiseontuberc00ance|author=Ancell, Henry|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green &amp; Longmans|year=1852}}
* {{Cite book|title=An Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption: On Principles Natural, Rational, and Successful; with Suggestions for an Improved Plan of Treatment of the Disease Amongst the Lower Classes of Society|url=https://archive.org/details/b2172779x|author=Bodington, George|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green &amp; Longmans|year=1840}}
* Unschuld, Paul U. na Hermann Tessenow (2011), Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: Annotated Translation of Huang Di's Inner Classic - Basic Questions, University of California Press.
* {{Cite book|title=Observations on the Dropsy in the Brain|url=https://archive.org/details/b30549966|author=Whytt, R|publisher=Balfour, Auld &amp; Smellie|year=1768|location=Edinburgh}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Divine Farmer's Materia Medica: A Translation of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing|author=Yang, Shou-zhong|publisher=Blue Poppy Enterprises, Inc.|year=1998}}
* Zhang Zhibin na Paul U. Unschuld (2014), ''Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu, Mpịakọta 1: Chinese Historical Illness Terminology'', Mahadum California Press.

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta dere ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Bonah|first=Christian|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|date=December 2005|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003|pmid=16337557}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Chalke|first=H.D.|title=Some historical aspects of tuberculosis|journal=Public Health|date=December 1959|volume=74|issue=3|pages=83–95|doi=10.1016/S0033-3506(59)80055-X|pmid=13809031}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Comstock|first=G. W.|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: A Pioneering Venture in Mass Vaccination and Research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1994-09_19_3/page/528|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|date=September 1994|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–540|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528|pmid=7811874}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Daniel T|title=The impact of tuberculosis on civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2004-03_18_1/page/157|journal=Infect Dis Clin N Am|volume=18|issue=1|pages=157–65|year=2004|doi=10.1016/s0891-5520(03)00096-5|pmid=15081511}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Egedesø|first=Peter Juul|title=Preventing the White Death: Tuberculosis Dispensaries|journal=The Economic Journal|date=July 2020|volume=130|issue=629|pages=1288–1316|doi=10.1093/ej/ueaa014}}
* {{Cite journal|title=The Treatment of Tuberculosis|author=Graham JE|journal=The Montreal Medical Journal|volume=21|pages=253–273|date=1893}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Henius|first=Kurt|title=Erfahrungen mit dem Tuberkulomuzin Weleminsky|language=de|journal=Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift|date=December 1925|volume=51|issue=52|pages=2149–2150|doi=10.1055/s-0028-1137468}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Herzog|first=H.|title=History of Tuberculosis|journal=Respiration|date=1998|volume=65|issue=1|pages=5–15|id={{ProQuest|228284362}}|doi=10.1159/000029220|pmid=9523361}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Jones|first=Susan D.|title=Mapping a Zoonotic Disease: Anglo-American Efforts to Control Bovine Tuberculosis before World War I|journal=Osiris|date=January 2004|volume=19|pages=133–148|doi=10.1086/649398|pmid=15478271}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Koch|first=Robert|title=Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose|language=de|journal=Berliner Klinischen Wochenschrift|volume=19|issue=15|date=10 April 1882|pages=221–230}}
* {{Cite journal|author=McDonald|first=S. K.|title='TB or not TB': the conundrum of pre-European contact tuberculosis in the Pacific|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=23 November 2020|volume=375|issue=1812|doi=10.1098/rstb.2019.0583|pmid=33012234}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Ts'Un-Yan|first=Liu|title=The Taoists' Knowledge of Tuberculosis in the Twelfth Century|journal=T'oung Pao|date=1971|volume=57|issue=5|pages=285–301|doi=10.1163/156853271X00011|pmid=11633350}}
* {{Cite journal|title=The King's Evil in Oxfordshire|journal=Med Hist|volume=17|issue=1|pages=87–89|year=1973|pmid=4595538|doi=10.1017/s0025727300018251}}
* {{Cite journal|author=McCarthy OR|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_royal-society-of-medicine-great-britain-journal_2001-08_94_8/page/413|journal=J R Soc Med|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–7|year=2001|pmid=11461990|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Galen on Tuberculosis|journal=The Physician and Surgeon|volume=31|date=September 1909|author=McClelland C|pages=400–404}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis in New York city: recent lessons and a look ahead|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=4|issue=5|pages=287–93|year=2004|pmid=15120345|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01004-7}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Prehistoric Tuberculosis in America: Adding Comments to a Literature Review|author=Prat JG|journal=Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz|issue=Suppl. I|volume=98|pages=151–159|year=2003|doi=10.1590/S0074-02762003000900023|pmid=12687776}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Stivelman|first=Barnet P|title=Address on Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of the National Medical Association|volume=23|issue=3|date=1931|pages=128–130}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Waddington|first=Keir|title='Unfit for Human Consumption': Tuberculosis and the Problem of Infected Meat in Late Victorian Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_fall-2003_77_3/page/636|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|date=2003|volume=77|issue=3|pages=636–661|doi=10.1353/bhm.2003.0147|id={{Project MUSE|46371}}|pmid=14523263}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Wilson Leonard G|year=1990|title=The historical decline of tuberculosis in Europe and America: its causes and significance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-medicine-and-allied-sciences_1990-07_45_3/page/366|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|volume=45|issue=3|pages=366–396|doi=10.1093/jhmas/45.3.366|pmid=2212609}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Wolfart W|title=Surgical treatment of tuberculosis and its modifications—collapse therapy and resection treatment and their present-day sequelae|journal=Offentl Gesundheitswes|volume=52|issue=8–9|pages=506–11|year=1990|pmid=2146567}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNAs from Egyptian Mummies by Spoligotyping|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2003-01_41_1/page/359|journal=J Clin Microbiol|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|year=2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}
* {{Cite journal|doi=10.11141/ia.5.3|issue=5|title=Detecting Ancient Tuberculosis|journal=Internet Archaeology|year=1998|author=Gernaey|first=Angela M.}}
* {{Cite journal|title=The Edinburgh Anti=Tuberculosis Scheme|journal=The British Journal of Nursing|volume=52|date=7 January 1914|url=http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME052-1914/page117-volume52-07thfebruary1914.pdf}}

=== Nzukọ Ndị E megasaịrị ===

*  {{cite thesis|last1=Kolchinsky|first1=Anna|title=Tuberculosis as Disease and Politics in Germany, 1871-1961|date=2013|publisher=[[Boston College]]. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|url=https://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir:101513|type=[[PhD thesis]]}}

=== Edensibịa ndị ọzọ ===

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <comment>Notifying of multimove discussion on [[Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023|Template talk:Efn]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="500" sha1="ncdrm3dnpr1w2ddpenjzzwjnfja0b89" xml:space="preserve">== Move discussion in progress ==

{{User:RMCD bot/multimove|1=Template:Lower-roman explanatory footnote|2=Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023}}
There is a move discussion in progress on [[Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023|Template talk:Efn]] which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. &lt;!-- Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023 crosspost --&gt; —[[User:RMCD bot|RMCD bot]] 02:18, 31 January 2023 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;Mellohi!</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Closing requested move; not moved using [[User:TheTVExpert/rmCloser|rmCloser]]</comment>
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== Move discussion in progress ==

{{User:RMCD bot/multimove|1=Template:Lower-roman explanatory footnote|2=Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023}}
There is a move discussion in progress on [[Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023|Template talk:Efn]] which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. &lt;!-- Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023 crosspost --&gt; —[[User:RMCD bot|RMCD bot]] 02:18, 31 January 2023 (UTC)</text>
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== Move discussion in progress ==

There is a move discussion in progress on [[Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023|Template talk:Efn]] which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. &lt;!-- Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023 crosspost --&gt; —[[User:RMCD bot|RMCD bot]] 02:18, 31 January 2023 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Templeeti:Footnotes</title>
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      <timestamp>2013-06-18T15:56:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>106.196.121.110</ip>
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      <comment>/* Overview */</comment>
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      <comment>Added warning note on very frequent error of not using &quot;/&quot; to name the reference but having to use it to invoke it. Not intuitive and easy to miss in such a complex page.</comment>
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      <text bytes="38780" sha1="m76xkx5enak5qnof3vdxm3qu3l7vbmx" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Wikipedia help article}}
{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
{{Redirect|WP:FN|the fringe theories noticeboard|Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard}}
{{Redirect|WP:NOTES|hatnotes|Wikipedia:Hatnote|article layout of footnotes|MOS:NOTES|musical notes|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Images and notation}}
{{Redirect|WP:FOOTNOTES|explanatory foot notes|Help:Explanatory_notes}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-semi-indef}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}}

This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes are created using the {{cite.php}} software extension. This extension adds the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}} and {{tag|references}}. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes. Using the example name of &quot;manchester2002&quot;, the syntax to define a named footnote is:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;text of full reference&lt;/var&gt;}} is the full &quot;named&quot; reference and used only once.

To invoke the named reference:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} is the short version that is used other places in the article.
:Note that when the reference is named, you should not place a &quot;/&quot; before the closing &quot;&gt;&quot;, but the invocation of the named reference requires it, otherwise you will generate the error {{!xt|Cite error: A &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag is missing the closing &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;}}

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|content=Content}}

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
:{{tlx|reflist|2=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;}}
or:
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}

For the repeated note:

:{{tag|ref|s|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
      <sha1>m76xkx5enak5qnof3vdxm3qu3l7vbmx</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <id>739743</id>
      <parentid>739742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T20:53:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ChaseKiwi</username>
        <id>65001</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Footnotes: using a source more than once */  better if longer note on issue just added</comment>
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      <text bytes="38898" sha1="qienubk3z18bhy6odvab2mii4dawqq7" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Wikipedia help article}}
{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
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This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes are created using the {{cite.php}} software extension. This extension adds the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}} and {{tag|references}}. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes. Using the example name of &quot;manchester2002&quot;, the syntax to define a named footnote is:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;text of full reference&lt;/var&gt;}} is the full &quot;named&quot; reference and used only once.

To invoke the named reference:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} is the short version that is used other places in the article.
:Note in wiki markup that when the reference is named and defined, you should not place a &quot;/&quot; before the closing &quot;&gt;&quot; as at the end of the definition the code &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; exists, but any other invocation of the named reference requires it, otherwise you will generate the error {{!xt|Cite error: A &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag is missing the closing &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;}}

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|content=Content}}

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
:{{tlx|reflist|2=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;}}
or:
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}

For the repeated note:

:{{tag|ref|s|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
      <sha1>qienubk3z18bhy6odvab2mii4dawqq7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739744</id>
      <parentid>739743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T15:40:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chatul</username>
        <id>59100</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Footnotes: using a source more than once */  clarify</comment>
      <origin>739744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38731" sha1="b50fcsv9885ni6neqgidkjsme3u4elr" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Wikipedia help article}}
{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
{{Redirect|WP:FN|the fringe theories noticeboard|Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard}}
{{Redirect|WP:NOTES|hatnotes|Wikipedia:Hatnote|article layout of footnotes|MOS:NOTES|musical notes|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Images and notation}}
{{Redirect|WP:FOOTNOTES|explanatory foot notes|Help:Explanatory_notes}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-semi-indef}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}}

This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes are created using the {{cite.php}} software extension. This extension adds the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}} and {{tag|references}}. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes. Using the example name of &quot;manchester2002&quot;, the syntax to define a named footnote is:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;text of full reference&lt;/var&gt;}} is the full &quot;named&quot; reference and used only once.

To invoke the named reference:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} is used to refer to a reference defined elsewhere in the article.
:Note in wiki markup that when the reference is named and defined, you should use {{tag|ref|p|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, not {{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, as the later is for referring to the reference rather than defining it.

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|content=Content}}

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
:{{tlx|reflist|2=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;}}
or:
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}

For the repeated note:

:{{tag|ref|s|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
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        <username>en&gt;DiscreetParrot</username>
        <id>0</id>
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      <comment>Clarification. (Not sure why there's even any need to mention here the background detail of this being provided by a mediawiki extension, but let's try to make this a bit less confusing to readers).</comment>
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      <text bytes="38750" sha1="oat8yldz8q6z3lm4zn6e80eazl8frhe" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Wikipedia help article}}
{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
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{{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}}

This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes rely upon the {{cite.php}} mediawiki software extension, which enables use of the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}} and {{tag|references}} within wikitext. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes. Using the example name of &quot;manchester2002&quot;, the syntax to define a named footnote is:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;text of full reference&lt;/var&gt;}} is the full &quot;named&quot; reference and used only once.

To invoke the named reference:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} is used to refer to a reference defined elsewhere in the article.
:Note in wiki markup that when the reference is named and defined, you should use {{tag|ref|p|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, not {{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, as the later is for referring to the reference rather than defining it.

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|content=Content}}

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
:{{tlx|reflist|2=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;}}
or:
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}

For the repeated note:

:{{tag|ref|s|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
      <sha1>oat8yldz8q6z3lm4zn6e80eazl8frhe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739746</id>
      <parentid>739745</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-18T04:37:18Z</timestamp>
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        <username>DiscreetParrot</username>
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      <text bytes="38751" sha1="q4exgdvbvts89fus1jfnokr2xjf30jf" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Wikipedia help article}}
{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
{{Redirect|WP:FN|the fringe theories noticeboard|Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard}}
{{Redirect|WP:NOTES|hatnotes|Wikipedia:Hatnote|article layout of footnotes|MOS:NOTES|musical notes|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Images and notation}}
{{Redirect|WP:FOOTNOTES|explanatory foot notes|Help:Explanatory_notes}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-semi-indef}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}}

This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes rely upon the {{cite.php}} mediawiki software extension, which enables use of the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}}, and {{tag|references}} within wikitext. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes. Using the example name of &quot;manchester2002&quot;, the syntax to define a named footnote is:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;text of full reference&lt;/var&gt;}} is the full &quot;named&quot; reference and used only once.

To invoke the named reference:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} is used to refer to a reference defined elsewhere in the article.
:Note in wiki markup that when the reference is named and defined, you should use {{tag|ref|p|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, not {{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, as the later is for referring to the reference rather than defining it.

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|content=Content}}

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
:{{tlx|reflist|2=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;}}
or:
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}

For the repeated note:

:{{tag|ref|s|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
      <sha1>q4exgdvbvts89fus1jfnokr2xjf30jf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;JohnnyH2000</username>
        <id>0</id>
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      <comment>Fixed WP:REFNAME confusingly merging an introductory clause with an independent clause. Also fixed typo of later to latter.</comment>
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      <text bytes="38755" sha1="md0z5ndlwz1zh1zwx4nj0kfbdwssm9m" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Wikipedia help article}}
{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
{{Redirect|WP:FN|the fringe theories noticeboard|Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard}}
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This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes rely upon the {{cite.php}} mediawiki software extension, which enables use of the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}}, and {{tag|references}} within wikitext. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes.

Here is an example giving a reference the name &quot;manchester2002&quot;:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;reference information&lt;/var&gt;}}

Here, the reference is named &quot;manchester2002&quot; and contains the citation information.

To reuse the named reference, use a single tag containing the same name:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

When a reference is first named and defined—used for the first time—you should use {{tag|ref|p|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} instead of {{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, as the latter is for referring to the reference rather than defining it.

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|content=Content}}

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
:{{tlx|reflist|2=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;}}
or:
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}

For the repeated note:

:{{tag|ref|s|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
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{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
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{{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}}

This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes rely upon the {{cite.php}} mediawiki software extension, which enables use of the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}}, and {{tag|references}} within wikitext. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes.

Here is an example giving a reference the name &quot;manchester2002&quot;:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;reference information&lt;/var&gt;}}

Here, the reference is named &quot;manchester2002&quot; and contains the citation information.

To reuse the named reference, use a single tag containing the same name:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

When a reference is first named and defined—used for the first time—you should use {{tag|ref|p|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} instead of {{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, as the latter is for referring to the reference rather than defining it.

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|content=Content}}

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
:{{tlx|reflist|2=group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;}}
or:
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}

For the repeated note:

:{{tag|ref|s|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
      <sha1>onpj2vzcww3y1bzlu117xfmr64p2ib1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739749</id>
      <parentid>739748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T21:47:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Northern Moonlight</username>
        <id>37961</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Footnotes: groups */ Add syntax highlighting</comment>
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      <text bytes="38977" sha1="2y59dpq8bpzxsdi45kgp9d3mun6mh92" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Wikipedia help article}}
{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
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{{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}}

This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes rely upon the {{cite.php}} mediawiki software extension, which enables use of the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}}, and {{tag|references}} within wikitext. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes.

Here is an example giving a reference the name &quot;manchester2002&quot;:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;reference information&lt;/var&gt;}}

Here, the reference is named &quot;manchester2002&quot; and contains the citation information.

To reuse the named reference, use a single tag containing the same name:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

When a reference is first named and defined—used for the first time—you should use {{tag|ref|p|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} instead of {{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, as the latter is for referring to the reference rather than defining it.

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{reflist|group=groupname}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
or:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;groupname&quot;&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot; name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For the repeated note:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot; name=&quot;name&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
      <sha1>2y59dpq8bpzxsdi45kgp9d3mun6mh92</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739750</id>
      <parentid>739749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T21:48:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Northern Moonlight</username>
        <id>37961</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Footnotes: groups */ Parsoid thing</comment>
      <origin>739750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38875" sha1="oejwy6qqlrabc4fj3y0nfu58ve69bea" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Wikipedia help article}}
{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
{{Redirect|WP:FN|the fringe theories noticeboard|Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard}}
{{Redirect|WP:NOTES|hatnotes|Wikipedia:Hatnote|article layout of footnotes|MOS:NOTES|musical notes|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Images and notation}}
{{Redirect|WP:FOOTNOTES|explanatory foot notes|Help:Explanatory notes}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-semi-indef}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}}

This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes rely upon the {{cite.php}} mediawiki software extension, which enables use of the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}}, and {{tag|references}} within wikitext. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes.

Here is an example giving a reference the name &quot;manchester2002&quot;:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;reference information&lt;/var&gt;}}

Here, the reference is named &quot;manchester2002&quot; and contains the citation information.

To reuse the named reference, use a single tag containing the same name:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

When a reference is first named and defined—used for the first time—you should use {{tag|ref|p|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} instead of {{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, as the latter is for referring to the reference rather than defining it.

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{reflist|group=groupname}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
or:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;groupname&quot;&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot; name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For the repeated note:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot; name=&quot;name&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
      <sha1>oejwy6qqlrabc4fj3y0nfu58ve69bea</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <id>739751</id>
      <parentid>739750</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T11:25:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Johannes Richter (WMDE)</username>
        <id>19826</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Footnotes: using a source more than once */ VE no longer creates names like &quot;:0&quot; on English Wikipedia</comment>
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      <text bytes="38872" sha1="lyf5qgsxiz3hdvzesv9rg1bv55ph2qb" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Wikipedia help article}}
{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
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{{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}}

This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes rely upon the {{cite.php}} mediawiki software extension, which enables use of the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}}, and {{tag|references}} within wikitext. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes.

Here is an example giving a reference the name &quot;manchester2002&quot;:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;reference information&lt;/var&gt;}}

Here, the reference is named &quot;manchester2002&quot; and contains the citation information.

To reuse the named reference, use a single tag containing the same name:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

When a reference is first named and defined—used for the first time—you should use {{tag|ref|p|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} instead of {{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, as the latter is for referring to the reference rather than defining it.

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, used to be [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{reflist|group=groupname}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
or:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;groupname&quot;&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot; name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For the repeated note:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot; name=&quot;name&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
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{{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}}
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&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-semi-indef}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}}

This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word &quot;Footnotes&quot; refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]].

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]],
* [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or
* source information for tables and other elements.

Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]].

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]].

Footnotes rely upon the {{cite.php}} mediawiki software extension, which enables use of the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}}, and {{tag|references}} within wikitext. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed.

==Overview==

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
* A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
* A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

:Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}.
:For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
{{dummy footnote|margin=5em}}
:If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
{{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}}
:Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker.

===Footnotes in action===
The superscript numeral &quot;1&quot; in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.&lt;ref&gt;This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{reflist}}
{{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}}

==Footnotes: the basics==

{{See also|Help:Reftags}}

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used.

The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

===Where to place ref tags===
Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text.&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{xt|Correct}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;.
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text&lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}}
{{reflist}}
|&lt;nowiki&gt;...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|...text. &lt;ref&gt;Content of the reference&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Formatting ref tags===
The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

==Reference lists: the basics==
Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published  and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled &quot;References&quot;, &quot;Notes&quot; or the like.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref&gt;''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=2|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

'''Notes'''
{{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}}

{{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}}

==Footnotes: using a source more than once==
{{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS|WP:CITENAME}}
{{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}}
{{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} &lt;!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --&gt;
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}}
You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes.

Here is an example giving a reference the name &quot;manchester2002&quot;:
:{{tag|ref|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=&lt;var&gt;reference information&lt;/var&gt;}}

Here, the reference is named &quot;manchester2002&quot; and contains the citation information.

To reuse the named reference, use a single tag containing the same name:
:{{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;manchester2002&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}

When a reference is first named and defined—used for the first time—you should use {{tag|ref|p|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}} instead of {{tag|ref|s|params=name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;refname&lt;/var&gt;&quot;}}, as the latter is for referring to the reference rather than defining it.

{{refname rules}}

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, used to be [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, or even better, an exact date, such as &lt;code&gt;&quot;manchester_12/14/2002&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date.

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is page content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is more content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This is starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; And more starter content.&lt;ref name=&quot;manchester2002&quot; /&gt; And more expert content.&lt;ref name=&quot;lexington2004&quot; /&gt;
{{reflist}}
}}

When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is:
:{{tag|ref|params=group=&quot;&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;&quot; name=&quot;&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;&quot;|content=Content}}
Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]].

==Reference lists: columns==
{{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}}
{{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}}

Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 11 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen &quot;cinema&quot; displays.

The CSS &quot;column-width&quot; property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, &quot;short&quot;, &quot;medium&quot;, and &quot;long&quot;. For example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{refwidth|short}}
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the &quot;short&quot; setting:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist|20em}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &quot;short&quot; or &quot;20em&quot; setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}.

==List-defined references==
{{shortcut|WP:LDR}}
{{main|Help:List-defined references}}

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected.

For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;xml&quot;&gt;
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name...n&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

==References==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;/&gt;
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;/&gt;
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;/&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LazyDog&quot;&gt;This is the lazy dog reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jukeboxes&quot;&gt;This is the jukeboxes reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JumpingFrogs&quot;&gt;This is the jumping frogs reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;}}

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]].

{{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}}

==Footnotes: groups==
{{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}}

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{reflist|group=groupname}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
or:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;groupname&quot;&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Example:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=note&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation.&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|This part of the text requires clarification,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Listed separately from the citation&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the entire text is cited.&lt;ref&gt;Citation&lt;/ref&gt; And this needs even more clarification.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Another note&lt;/ref&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot; name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For the repeated note:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;groupname&quot; name=&quot;name&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}}

Example with both names and groups:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
}}

Example with both names and groups, using list-defined references:
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|It is possible to reuse a group reference.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot; /&gt; For example, this reference&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt; is used twice.&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot; /&gt;

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
&lt;references group=note&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;once&quot;&gt;If you need to.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref group=note name=&quot;twice&quot;&gt;Used twice.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
}}

==Footnotes: predefined groups==
{{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}}
{{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}}
{{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}}
&lt;section begin=pregroup /&gt;&lt;!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates--&gt;{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}}
There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.

'''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like &lt;sup&gt;'''''a b c'''''&lt;/sup&gt;) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&amp;nbsp;Issues]].

===Template use by reference group type===
&lt;section begin=pregrouptable /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Group type !! Footnote marker template&lt;br/&gt;or markup !! Reference list&lt;br/&gt; template !! Sample labels
|-
|rowspan=3|''none by default,&lt;br&gt;but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}}
|rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}}
|rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
|-
| {{tlx|r}} (for nested references)
|-
| {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references)
|-
| lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j
|-
| upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J
|-
| lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
|-
| upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
|-
| lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
|-
|note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3
|}&lt;section end=&quot;pregrouptable&quot; /&gt;

* {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'.  Do not enclose values in quotes.
* {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

{{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}
}}

{{markup|title=With lower-roman labels
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}
{{notelist-lr}}
}}

{{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes: 
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs: 
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}}

Notes:
{{notelist|group=lower-roman}}
Refs:
{{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}

{{markup|title=With named references
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist}}
}}
'''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.

{{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}
}}

{{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt; groups}}.}}

[[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name1&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;name2&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths.
{{collapsed bottom}}

===Issues===
* Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above.
* The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed.
** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup.
** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}}
* The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to &lt;code&gt;bodyclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;; to resolve this, replace the style with &lt;code&gt;listclass=hlist&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;section end=pregroup /&gt;
* If the note text contains an &quot;=&quot; sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping &lt;nowiki&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template. For instance, to call &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:108%&quot;&gt;{{notelist}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will cause the output of the &lt;code&gt;notelist&lt;/code&gt; template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox.

==Footnotes: embedding references==
{{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}}

{{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}}

[[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest (''contain'') {{tag|ref}} references. The markup is:

:{{tlx|efn|''content''}}
:{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or
:{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter)
''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another template.

Parsoid also allows the reverse: using these templates ''inside'' {{tag|ref}}; however, the legacy parser does not render these correctly.

The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Examples:

===Using {{tl|efn}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{notelist}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|refn}}===
With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. 
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.&lt;ref&gt;A reference for the footnote.&lt;/ref&gt;}} This also works, but only in Parsoid.&lt;ref&gt;A second footnote. {{refn|A reference for the second footnote.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

===Using {{tl|r}}===
{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

The use of the magic word &lt;code&gt;#tag:ref&lt;/code&gt; is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

:&lt;code&gt;&amp;#123;&amp;#123;#tag:ref|&lt;var&gt;refcontent&lt;/var&gt;|group=&lt;var&gt;groupname&lt;/var&gt;|name=&lt;var&gt;name&lt;/var&gt;}}&lt;/code&gt;
{{anchor|Grouping footnotes}}

==Reference lists: automatically generated==
{{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}}

A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 10.6em;&quot;&gt;
==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;width: 15.6em;&quot;&gt;
==See also==
==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Talk pages===
On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

{{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}}

==Footnotes: page numbers==
{{main|Help:References and page numbers}}

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the &quot;pages&quot; parameter saying &quot;see pages 8, 12, 18, 241&quot; but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. 

One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]).

A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the &quot;page&quot; with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:

{{markup
|&lt;nowiki&gt;Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|12}} while &quot;open discussion of differences&quot; was generally avoided.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially &quot;self-absorbed citizens&quot;, according to his analysis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}
{{fake heading|sub=3|References}}
{{reflist}}
}}

{{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and {{t|rp}}: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is equivalent to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schudson&quot;/&gt;{{rp|241-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

==Previewing edits==
When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading &quot;Preview of references&quot;, although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.

Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget.

==RefToolbar==
{{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}}

[[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]]
[[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]]
You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the &quot;Ref name&quot; box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the &quot;Named references&quot; button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
{{clear}}

==Issues and limitations==
* {{cite.php|bug}}
* [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}
* The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}}

== Flagging inadequate referencing ==
{{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}}
* The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead.
* The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''.

==See also==
{{For|instructions on how to &quot;bundle&quot; citations|Help:Citation merging}} 
*[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}}
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
* [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.
* [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}}
* [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags.
* For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful.

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Help navigation}}

[[Category:Wikipedia editor help]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]</text>
      <sha1>lyf5qgsxiz3hdvzesv9rg1bv55ph2qb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leymah Gbowee</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>81190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>739710</id>
      <parentid>739708</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T12:05:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improved this article</comment>
      <origin>739710</origin>
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      <text bytes="76400" sha1="lnqex42ioy46x0zfn8ylmf58hh7nac5" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Onye na-akwado udo nke bụ onye Liberia (a mụrụ na 1972)}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Leymah Gbowee &lt;!-- do not add image icons such as Nobel Peace Prize; see [[WP:ICON]] --&gt;
| image         = Leymah Gbowee no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 (9730602149) (cropped).jpg
| alt           =
| caption       = Gbowee na 2013
| birth_name    = Leymah Roberta Gbowee
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|01}}
| birth_place   = Central [[Liberia]]
| death_date    = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;
| death_place   =
| other_names   =
| known_for     = [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]] and ''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]''
| occupation    = [[Peace activist]]
| education     =  [[Mother Patern College of Health Sciences]] (AA)&lt;br&gt; [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (MA)
| awards        = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2011 Nobel Peace Prize|2011]])
}}
'''Leymah Roberta Gbowee''' (a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị 1 nke ọnwa Febụwarị, afọ 1972) bụ onye Liberia na-akwado udo, onye duziri otu ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ udo n'ụzọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a maara dị ka &quot;Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace&quot; (Mgbakọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Liberia maka Udo). Otu a nyeere aka n'ịkwụsị Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ n'afọ 2003. Mgbalị ya na nke onye ha na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ, bụ [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], nyeere aka iweta oge udo ma mee ka e nwee ntuli aka n'efu na nke ziri ezi n'afọ 2005, nke Sirleaf meriri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|title=African women look within for change|publisher=CNN|date=31 October 2009|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=10 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518201040/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere Gbowee na Sirleaf, tinyere Tawakkul Karman, ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke afọ 2011 &quot;maka mgba ha na-enweghị ime ihe ike iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ọrụ iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=autogenerated5&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |title=The Rabble Rousers |last=Conley |first=Kevin |date=2008 |website=[[O, the Oprah Magazine]] |language=en-us |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004218/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ndụ mbido==
A mụrụ Leymah Gbowee na etiti [[Liberia]] na 1 February 1972. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ n'ime atọ bi na [[Monrovia]] ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, Foundation, Accomplishments, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leymah-Gbowee |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe Agha obodo mbụ nke Liberia dara na 1989,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Leymah Gbowee Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=  https://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/#interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke tụbara mba ahụ n'ọgba aghara ruo 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|15–25,50}} &quot;Ka agha ahụ na-ebelata, ọ matara maka otu mmemme nke UNICEF na-elekọta... nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta ọdịmma ọha, bụ ndị ga-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị agha kpatara oke nhụjuanya n'obi,&quot; ka Gbowee dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2011, nke a na-akpọ ''Mighty Be Our Powers''.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |last1=Gbowee |first1=Leymah |last2=Mithers |first2=Carol |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|50}} Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ dị ọnwa atọ, nke mere ka ọ ghọta na nna ụmụ ya abụọ nta—nwa ya nwoke bụ Joshua &quot;Nuku&quot; na nwa ya nwanyị bụ Amber—na-emegbu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|50}} N'ịchọ udo na ihe oriri maka ezinụlọ ya, Gbowee sooro di ya, akpọrọ Daniel n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, gaa Ghana ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Arthur) bi dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-enweghị ebe obibi ma fọrọ nke nta ka agụụ gbụọ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|59–68}} Ọ kpọrọ ụmụ ya atọ wee gbaa ọsọ, na-agba bọs n'ụgwọ ruo ihe karịrị otu izu &quot;n'ihi na enweghị m otu mkpụrụ ego,&quot; laghachi n'ọnọdụ ọgba aghara dị na Liberia, ebe ndị mụrụ ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ ka bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|69}}

N'afọ 1998, n'ọchịchọ ya ịbanye n'usoro ọmụmụ maka nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (social work) na kọleji Mother Patern College of Health Sciences, Gbowee malitere ịrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'otu mmemme nke Chọọchị Lutheran dị na Liberia. A na-arụ ọrụ a n'ime ụlọ ụka St. Peter's Lutheran dị na Monrovia—ebe nne ya bụ onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa ebe o ji oge uto ya niile biri. A na-akpọ mmemme ahụ 'Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Program' (THRP), ọ bụkwa ya malitere njem Gbowee n'ịghọ onye na-akwado udo:&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|80–82}}

Ọfịs THRP ahụ dị ọhụrụ, mana mmemme ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ụka dị na Liberia anọgidewo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịchọ udo kemgbe agha obodo malitere; n'afọ 1991, ndị ụkọchukwu Lutheran, ndị ndu ụka na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị nkuzi, na ndị ọrụ ahụike jikọrọ aka na Christian Health Association of Liberia iji gbalịa idozi mmebi uche na nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke agha ahụ kpatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|81}}
Gbowee gụrụ akwụkwọ wee rụkwaa ụzọ ya gaa n'ọkwa mmụta nka, enyere ya na 2001,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|111}} ka ọ na-etinye n'ọrụ ihe ọ mụtara gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche na ime ka ndị mmadụ dịghachi ná mma, n'ịgbalị inyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bụbu ụmụaka a na-etinye n'agha n'òtù ndị agha Charles Taylor aka ịghọghachi ndị bara uru n'obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html |title=Leymah Gbowee Biography |website=Nobel Peace Prize Forum |access-date=31 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html Leymah Gbowee Biography]{{dead link|date=October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ihe ngosi agha gbara ya gburugburu, ọ ghọtara na &quot;ọ bụrụ na a ga-enwe mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụ ndị nne ga-emerịrị ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gruberprizes.org/GruberPrizes/WomensRights_LaureateBio.php?id=86&amp;awardid=53 |title=2009 Gruber Foundation Women's Rights Prize |publisher=Gruberprizes.org |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gbowee mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, bụ Nicole &quot;Pudu&quot;, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nne ụmụ anọ, ka ọ na-amalite akụkụ ọzọ nke njem ndụ ya—ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Liberia ka ha kwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ na-ebibi ụmụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110612/http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2011|title=Leymah Gbowee, Women in Peace and Security Network Africa — NIEW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ==
Gbowee nwetara nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (n'afọ 2001) site na Mother Patern College of Health Sciences dị na Monrovia, Liberia, ma mesịa nweta nzere 'Master of Arts' na Conflict Transformation (n'afọ 2007) site na Eastern Mennonite University dị na Harrisonburg, Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Road |first=Copyright © 2006-2026 Eastern Mennonite University 1200 Park |last2=Harrisonburg |last3=Fax: 540-432-4444 |first3=Virginia 22802 Phone: 540-432-4000 |date=2011-10-07 |title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2011/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetakwara asambodo na ọzụzụ gbasara igbochi esemokwu na iwulite udo site n'aka United Nations Institute for Training, Healing Victims of War Trauma Center dị na Cameroon, na Non-Violent Peace Education dị na Liberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee/ |title=Making Peace Work for Women |publisher=Womenpeacesecurity.org |date=26 October 2006|access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030031915/http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọrụ==
Gbowee bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, nke e hiwere na 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|title=US$50,000 Scholarship for Liberian Women, Gbowee Foundation Discloses|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514095525/http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nwee isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Monrovia, nke na-enye ụmụ agbọghọ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa ohere agụmakwụkwọ na nke ịbụ ndị ndu na Liberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://gboweepeaceafrica.org/our-story |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa (GPFA) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye, Gbowee bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke ''Women Peace and Security Network Africa'', nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Accra, [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |title=Hunt Alternatives Fund, Directory of Women Experts |publisher=Huntalternatives.org |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201036/http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-ewulite mmekọrịta n'ofe mpaghara West Africa iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere igbochi, izere, na ịkwụsị esemokwu. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala ma bụrụkwa onye bụbu onye nhazi nke mmemme Women in Peacebuilding Program/West African Network for Peacebuilding (WIPNET/WANEP).&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye a họpụtara ịbụ kọmishọna maka Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta Udo na Liberia. N'ime afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2013–2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara pụrụ iche (Distinguished Fellow) n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi n'ọha mmadụ na Barnard College nke Mahadum Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |title=Barnard Welcomes Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee as Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice |publisher=Barnard.edu |access-date=2013-11-19 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203114218/http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na afọ 2012 ruo 2014, Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ime Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Ọkwa Elu maka International Conference on Population and Development, nke [[Joaquim Chissano]] na [[Tarja Halonen]] so duzie dị ka ndị isi oche.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.icpdtaskforce.org/task-force-members/ Members] High-Level Task Force for the International Conference on Population and Development.&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2013, ọ ghọrọ Onye nnọchiteanya Oxfam n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |title=Leymah Gbowee &amp;#124; Oxfam International |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190159/http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee na-enye okwu n'ọkwa mba ụwa iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, yana udo na nchekwa. N'afọ 2016, Gbowee kwuru okwu n'oge ngagharị iwe nke otu a na-akpọ [[Women Wage Peace]] haziri; nke a bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite nkwekọrịta udo n'etiti Israel na Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/these-israeli-women-marched-from-the-lebanese-border-to-jerusalem-heres-why/2016/10/19/a9b67618-b92c-4c7a-9ad8-d992477e7db1_story.html|title=These Israeli women marched from the Lebanese border to Jerusalem. Here's why.|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=16 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee bụkwa onye na-akwado n'ihu ọha nzukọ anaghị achọ uru nke Ebenezer Norman, onye obodo Liberia ibe ya, nke a na-akpọ ''A New Dimension of Hope''—otu ntọala na-ewu ụlọ akwụkwọ na Liberia. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, o degaara ndị nyere aka n'ọrụ nchịkọta ego nzukọ ahụ na ikpo okwu Indiegogo akwụkwọ ozi nkeonwe, ma kwuo okwu n'emume ha dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.regis.edu/News-Events-Media/News/2018/August/Nobel%20Prize.aspx|title=Regis University Welcomes 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Winner|website=www.regis.edu|access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/small-village-and-elementary-school-in-africa-destroyed-by-corrupt-goernment-wcz/|title=Small Village and Elementary School in Africa Destroyed by Corrupt Government|date=2016-06-14|website=The Good Men Project|language=en-US|access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;New Dimension of Hope, [http://www.prlog.org/12455792-african-charity-launches-crowd-funding-campaign-to-build-school-in-liberia.html &quot;African Charity Launches Crowd-funding Campaign to Build School in Liberia&quot;], prlog.org, 13 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Angelini, Anthony. [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/ndhope-s-school-building-project-in-liberia#/story &quot;NDHope's School Building Project in Liberia&quot;]. Indiegogo. New Dimension of Hope, 5 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, Gbowee na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye Isi Nchịkwa nke Mmemme Ụmụnwanyị maka Udo na Nchekwa (Women of Peace and Security Program) na AC4, nke dị n'ime Earth Institute nke Mahadum Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sps.columbia.edu/negotiation-and-conflict-resolution/news/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-direct-columbias-women-peace-and &quot;Nobel Peace Prize Laureate to Direct Columbia's Women, Peace, and Security Initative&quot;] [sic], Columbia SPS, 20 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee na-edekwara ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/leymah-gbowee-wins-nobel-peace-prize | title =Leymah Gbowee Wins Nobel Peace Prize | date =October 7, 2011 | website =The Daily Beast |access-date =15 October 2017 |quote=Liberian peace activist and Daily Beast contributor Leymah Gbowee was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for her &quot;non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work.&quot; }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/author/leymah-gbowee.html | title =Leymah Gbowee | website =thedailybeast.com | date =15 December 2012 | publisher =The Daily Beast | access-date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Itinye aka na ọgwụgwọ mmerụ ahụ===
N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1999, mgbe Gbowee nọrọla na ọrụ ọgwụgwọ Trauma otu afọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|95}} onye na-elekọta ya, bụ́ Reverend Bartholomew Bioh &quot;BB&quot; Colley—onye bụ́ pastọ n'Ụka Lutheran dị na Liberia—gosiri ya n'ebe [[Samuel Gbaydee Doe]] nọ (onye na-enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na onye bụbu onye isi ala Liberia nwere otu aha mbụ na aha nna ahụ),&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|98}} onye Liberia nwere &quot;ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na ọgụgụ isi&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|107}} onye ka nwetara nzere 'master's' n'otu mahadum Ndị Kraịst dị na United States, nke gbadoro ụkwụ pụrụ iche n'ọmụmụ gbasara iwulite udo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sam Gbaydee Doe – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/sam-gbaydee-doe/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=emu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doe bụ onye isi oche nke ọgbakọ udo mbụ mpaghara Africa, West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wanep.org |title=West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) |website=www.wanep.org |access-date=20 October 2011}}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke o so guzobe na 1998 na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;Lynda Hollinger Janzen, &quot;Africa-based peace initiative grows out of Liberian tragedy&quot;, ''Mennonite Weekly Review'', Vol. 82, No. 31, 2 August 2004, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About-Us |url=http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111175829/http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-date=2013-11-11 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.wanep.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'agba ume sitere n'aka onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran ọ na-akpọ &quot;BB&quot;, Gbowee malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gbasara iwulite udo; karịsịa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ''The Politics of Jesus'' nke ọkà mmụta okpukperechi Mennonite bụ John Howard Yoder dere, yana ọrụ ndị Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi, na onye edemede si Kenya bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara esemokwu na ime ka udo dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ, bụ Hizkias Assefa, dere.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|88}}

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1999, &quot;WANEP na-agba mbọ nke ukwuu itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ya, a kpọkwara m ka m gaa nzukọ na Ghana,&quot; ka Gbowee dere.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|101}} N'ọgbakọ WANEP ọzọ e nwere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2000, Gbowee zutere [[Thelma Ekiyor]] si Naịjirịa, onye &quot;nwere ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ, bụrụkwa ọkaiwu ọkachamara n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-esi edozi esemokwu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|107–108}} Ekiyor gwara Gbowee maka echiche ya ịgakwuru WANEP ka ha guzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị. &quot;Thelma bụ onye na-eche echiche miri emi ma nwee ọhụụ, dịka BB na Sam. Mana ọ bụ nwanyị, dịka mụ onwe m.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|109}}

N'ime otu afọ, Ekiyor nwetara ego nkwado site na WANEP ma hazie nzukọ mbụ nke Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET) na Accra, Ghana, nke Gbowee gara:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Kedu ka a ga-esi kọwaa obi ụtọ dị na nzukọ mbụ ahụ...? E nwere ụmụ nwanyị si Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, na Togo – ya bụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile dị iri na isii n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Site n'ụzọ dị jụụ mana nke gosipụtara ọgụgụ isi pụrụ iche, Thelma ji aka ya dee akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ọzụzụ ndị nhazi; akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe omume ndị ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị pụta n'ihu, tinye aka n'ihe a na-eme, mụta maka esemokwu na otu esi edozi ha, ma nyere ha aka ịghọta ihe mere o ji dị mkpa ka ha tinye aka n'idozi nsogbu ndị a.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|112}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere ọmịiko ma na-achọkwa udo, Gbowee kọrọ akụkụ ndị na-ewute obi n'akụkọ ndụ ya nke mbụ ya; nke a gụnyere oge ya na nwa ya a mụrụ ọhụrụ nọrọ otu izu na-ehi ụra n'ala n'okporo ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi na o nweghị ego ọ ga-eji kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa onye ga-enyere ya aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|113}} &quot;Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ n'Africa na-eme nke a: ilekwasị anya naanị n'ụmụ nwanyị na naanị n'iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|113}} Ekiyor ghọrọ onye nkuzi na enyi Gbowee. Ọ bụkwa ya kwupụtara mmalite nke WIPNET na Liberia ma họpụta Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi nke Liberian Women's Initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|114–115}} Enwere ike ịsị na echiche Gbowee banyere &quot;ụka na-akwado udo&quot; sitere n'oge a – Thelma Ekiyor, Rev. &quot;BB&quot; Colley, Samuel Gbaydee Doe, na Hizkias Assefa nwere njikọ niile na Eastern Mennonite University dị na United States, ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị gụburu akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ (n'ihe gbasara Assefa) dị ka onye nkuzi na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.&lt;ref name=autogenerated9&gt;[http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/nobel-prize-winner-connected-to-peace-church-tradition/ &quot;Nobel Prize Winner Connected to Peace-Church Tradition&quot;]. Retrieved 20 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Na-edu otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị===
N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2002, Gbowee na-arụ ọrụ n'ehihie iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche, ebe ọ na-ejikwa oge mgbede ya arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndu WIPNET na Liberia n'enweghị ụgwọ ọ bụla. Ụmụ ya—gụnyere nwa nwanyị ọ nabatara aha ya bụ Lucia &quot;Malou&quot; (nke mere ka ọnụọgụ ụmụ ya ruo ise)—bi na Ghana n'okpuru nlekọta nwanne ya nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|148}} Ka ọ na-ehi ụra n'ọfịs WIPNET n'otu abalị, o tetara na nrọ ebe o kwuru na Chineke gwara ya, sị: &quot;Kpọkọtanụ ụmụ nwanyị ma kpee ekpere maka udo!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|122}} Ụfọdụ ndị enyi nyeere ya aka ịghọta na nrọ ahụ abụghị maka ndị ọzọ dịka Gbowee chere; kama, ọ ghọtara na ọ dị mkpa ka ya onwe ya mee ihe banyere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|122}}&lt;ref name=&quot;podcastFaith&quot;&gt;{{Cite podcast |url=https://emu.edu/now/podcast/2009/10/23/the-faith-of-a-peacebuilder-leymah-gbowee/ |title=The Faith of a Peacebuilder – Leymah Gbowee – Eastern Mennonite University Podcast |website=emu.edu |access-date=19 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na-esochi nkuzi WIPNET na Liberia,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|124}} Gbowee na ndị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ, gụnyere otu nwanyị Mandingo onye Alakụba aha ya bụ Asatu, malitere site n'ịga &quot;n'ụlọ alakụba n'ehihie Fraịde mgbe ekpere gasịrị, n'ahịa n'ụtụtụ Satọde, nakwa n'ụlọ ụka abụọ kwa Sọnde.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|126}} Akwụkwọ ozi ha dere, sị: &quot; Ike agwụla anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara igbu ụmụ anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara mmegbu a na-emegbu anyị!! Ụmụ nwanyị, teta n'ụra – unu nwere olu n'usoro iweta udo!&quot; Ha nyekwara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-apụghị ịgụ akwụkwọ ihe osise dị mfe iji kọwaa ebumnuche ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|127}}

Ka ọ na-erule oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2002, a ghọtara Gbowee dị ka onye na-ekwuru okwu na onye ndu na-akpali mmụọ maka otu &quot;Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace&quot;—otu a kọwara dị ka òtù na-akwado udo nke malitere mgbe ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ógbè ahụ malitere ikpe ekpere na ịbụ abụ n'ahịa azụ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |title=2009 Peace warrior for Liberia |publisher=Odemagazine.com |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227090728/http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |archive-date=December 27, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị na-emegidekwa agha ahụ site n'ibu ọnụ na ịga n'ụlọ gọọmentị na-eme mkpọtụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ịrụ ọrụ gafere oke okpukperechi na agbụrụ, Gbowee duziri ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba ka ha gbakọta na Monrovia ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. Ha kpere ekpere maka udo site n'iji ụdị ekpere nke ndị Alakụba na nke Ndị Kraịst, ma mesịa mee ngagharị iwe na ọrụ ịnọdụ ala n'ebe ọha na eze kwa ụbọchị n'ụzọ na-enweghị ime ihe ike, na-emegide iwu sitere n'aka onye isi ala na-achị aka ike n'oge ahụ, bụ Charles Taylor.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|128,135}}

Ha mere ngagharị iwe nke gụnyere iyi egwu nke [[Anasyrma|ọbụbụ ọnụ]] na [[mmekọahụ]]. Banyere ngagharị iwe ahụ, Gbowee kwuru, &quot;Mgbagharị ahụ [mmekọahụ] dịgidere, na-aga n'ihu ma na-apụ, ruo ọnwa ole na ole. O nweghị mmetụta bara uru ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị, mana ọ bara nnukwu uru n'ịdọta uche anyị na mgbasa ozi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|147}} N'ime ihe dị oke egwu ha mere, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ mechara weghara otu ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ; ọ dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Tubman Boulevard, bụ́ ụzọ Charles Taylor na-esi aga ma na-alọta Capitol Hill ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|136}} Iji mee ka a mata ha nke ọma dị ka otu, ụmụ nwanyị niile yi uwe elu 'T-shirt' na-acha ọcha—nke na-anọchite anya udo—nke nwere akara WIPNET, ma jiri ihe e ji kee ntutu isi na-acha ọcha kee ntutu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|136}} N'ikpeazụ, Taylor kwere ka e nwee nzukọ iji gee ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ntị n'ụbọchị nke 23 n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe karịrị puku ụmụ nwanyị abụọ gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ ọchịchị ya, ọ bụ Gbowee ka a họpụtara ka ọ kọwaara ya okwu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|140}} Gbowee tụgharịrị ihu ya ka Taylor nwee ike ịhụ ya, mana ọ gwara [[Grace Minor]] okwu—onye bụ́ onyeisi ndị omeiwu nakwa naanị nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa gọọmentị nọ ebe ahụ:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara agha. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-agba ọsọ ndụ. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-arịọ maka nri ọka wit (bulgur). Ike agwụla anyị ịhụ ka a na-edina ụmụ anyị n'ike. Ugbu a, anyị na-eme mkpebi a siri ike iji chekwaa ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị. N'ihi na anyị kwenyere na, dịka ndị na-elekọta ọha mmadụ, n'ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị ga-ajụ anyị sị, &quot;Mama, gịnị ka ị rụrụ n'oge nsogbu ahụ?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|141}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ya, Gbowee kpughere na Grace Minor ji nwayọọ nye &quot;nnukwu ego nke ya... n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ọ tinyere onwe ya na ya&quot; iji kwado ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|149}} Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ na-eme ngagharị iwe nwetara nkwa n'aka Onye isi ala Charles Taylor na ọ ga-aga nzukọ udo na [[Ghana]] iji soro ndị nnupụisi sitere na otu 'Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy' nwee mkparịta ụka&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Bio of Gbowee Leymah] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=March 14, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/5|title=The Rabble Rousers|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113193530/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/leymah-gbowee-and-abigail-disney-shoot-for-peace-in-liberia/5|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na otu ndị nnupụisi ọhụrụ ọzọ, MODEL.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|155}}

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2003, Gbowee duuru otu ndị inyom Liberia gaa Ghana iji tinye nrụgide n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-alụso ibe ha agha n'oge usoro mkparịta ụka udo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Leymah Gbowee&lt;!-- Both generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=14 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-anọdụ ala kwa ụbọchị n'ihu ụlọ nkwari akụ ndị mara mma ebe ndị na-eme mkparịta ụka na-ezukọ, na-akpali ka e nwee ọganihu n'okwu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|154–156}} Mgbe mkparịta ụka ahụ gbatịpụrụ site na mmalite ọnwa Juun ruo na ngwụcha ọnwa Julaị—n'enweghị ọganihu ọ bụla e nwetara ebe ime ihe ike ka na-aga n'ihu na Liberia—Gbowee duuru ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị (ndị mechara mụbaa ruo ọtụtụ narị mmadụ) banye n'ime ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ, ebe ha &quot;dọdụrụ onwe ha ala n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ enyo bụ isi ụzọ mbata na-eduga n'ime ụlọ nzukọ ahụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|161}} Ha ji ihe ngosi ndị dere sị: &quot;Ndị na-egbu ma na-agbapụta ọbara ndị Liberia -- Kwụsị!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|161}} Gbowee zigara onye isi na-ahazi mkparịta ụka udo, bụ [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|General Abubakar]] (onye bụbu onye isi ala Naịjirịa), ozi na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ga-ejikọ aka ma nọdụ ala n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, na-egbochi ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ ịpụ ruo mgbe a ga-enwe nkwekọrịta udo. Abubakar, onye gosipụtara na ya nwere ọmịiko n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọ, ji ntakịrị ọchị kwuo okwu sị: &quot;General Leymah na ndị agha ya ewegharawo ụlọ nzukọ udo a.&quot; Mgbe ụmụ nwoke ahụ nwara ịpụ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, Leymah na ndị ya na ha jikọrọ aka yiri egwu na ha ga-adọpụ uwe ha: &quot;N'Africa, ọ bụ ihe arụ dị egwu ịhụ ka nwanyị lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwanyị meworo agadi ji aka ya kpughee ahụ ya n'ihu ọha.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|162}} Site n'enyemaka nke Abubakar, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọgidere n'èzí ụlọ mkparịta ụka n'ime ụbọchị ndị sochirinụ, na-ahụ na &quot;ọnọdụ dị na mkparịta ụka udo gbanwere site na ihe nkiri gaa na ihe mwute.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|163}}

Agha Liberia kwụsịrị izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, site na mbinye aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra na 18 Ọgọstụ 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|164}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110173005/http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2010|title=Retrieved 20 October 2011.|access-date=5 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Mana ihe anyị [ụmụ nwanyị] mere bụ mmalite nke njedebe.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|163}}

Ewezuga inye aka n'ịkwụsị agha were afọ iri na anọ na Liberia, mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị a dugara n'ịhọpụta [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala Liberia n'afọ 2005; ọ bụkwa ya bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu obodo n'Africa. Sirleaf so na ndị natara ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize n'afọ 2011, ya na Gbowee nakwa Tawakel Karman. E nyere ha atọ ahụ ihe nrite a &quot;n'ihi mgba ha gbara n'ụzọ udo maka nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye nke ọma n'ọrụ iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=autogenerated5 /&gt; N'oge mkpọsa ntuli aka nke ugboro abụọ nke Sirleaf na 2011, Gbowee kwadoro ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011101208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2011|title=Liberian activist endorses Nobel Peace Prize winner for president|access-date=13 December 2016|date=10 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ime ka udo sikwuo ike===
A na-amata ha ngwa ngwa site n'uwe elu ha na-acha ọcha nke nwere akara WIPNET; ndị Liberia nọ n'okporo ámá weere Gbowee na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe na Liberia dị ka ndị dike mba ruo ọtụtụ izu mgbe e binyere aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|167}} Ka o sila dị, Gbowee dere banyere nchegbu ha na-enwe mgbe niile banyere otú udo ha nyeere aka iweta si dị nro ma nwee ike ịkwụsị n'oge ọ bụla:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Agha nke afọ iri na anọ anaghị akwụsị akwụsị. N'oge ahụ anyị nwere obi iru ala ilegharị anya, anyị zutere oke ihe mere na Liberia. Mmadụ narị abụọ na iri ise nwụrụ, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka. Otu n'ime mmadụ atọ gbara ọsọ ndụ, mmadụ 350,000 bi n'ogige ndị a chụpụrụ n'obodo ha, ndị ọzọ bikwa ebe ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịchọta ebe obibi. Otu nde mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke inwe nri na-adịghị mma, afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa measles na cholera n'ihi mmerụ ahụ dị n'olulu mmiri. Ihe karịrị pasentị 75 nke akụrụngwa anụ ahụ nke mba ahụ, okporo ụzọ anyị, ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị, emebiela.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|167}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Gbowee kwupụtara nchegbu pụrụ iche banyere &quot;mmebi uche&quot; nke ndị Liberia na-ata ahụhụ ya:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Otu ọgbọ dum nke ụmụ nwoke amaghị onye ha bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ejighị egbe n'aka. Ọtụtụ ọgbọ ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ anwụ, ndị e dinara n'ike, ndị hụrụ ka e dinara ụmụ ha nwanyị na ndị nne ha n'ike, nakwa ndị hụrụ ka ụmụ ha na-egbu mmadụ ma na-egbukwa ha onwe ha. Ndị agbata obi ghọrọ ndị iro ibe ha; ndị ntorobịa tụfuru olileanya, ebe ndị agadi tụfuru ihe niile ha ji nnukwu mgbalị nweta. Mmadụ niile nọ n'ọnọdụ oke nhụjuanya na mmerụ ahụ n'obi.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|168}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ e nwere maka International Women's Day, Gbowee kwupụtakwara ihe ndị a:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-akwado udo gosiri ụwa na òtù ndị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị n'ala ala obodo dị oke mkpa maka ịkwado udo; na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa ndu bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iweta udo; nakwa mkpa ọ dị inwe òtù na-alụso ikpe na-ezighị ezi ọgụ n'ụzọ dabara na omenala ndị mmadụ. Ahụmahụ Liberia bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nye ụwa na ụmụ nwanyị—karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka—nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-akwalite udo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/international-women%C2%B4s-day-interview-leymah-gbowee/|title=International Women´s Day: Interview With Leymah Gbowee|access-date=13 December 2016|date=8 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'etiti mbibi na mkpa na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, Gbowee tụrụ ụjọ maka mpako, amaghị ihe na enweghị mmasị n'omenala nke ụlọ ọrụ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu e zigara iji nyere aka napụta mba ahụ, idobe udo, guzobe usoro maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, na ịmalite mgbalị iwughachi. &quot;Ndị biri ndụ n'ọgba aghara dị egwu nwere ike ịnwe agụụ na enweghị olileanya, ''mana ha abụghị ndị nzuzu'' (Gbowee na-ekwusi ike). Ha na-enwekarị echiche dị mma gbasara otu udo ga-esi gbasaa, a chọkwara ka a jụọ ha.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|171}} Gbowee kwadoro ka etinye aka n'òtù ndị nkịtị dị na Liberia—karịsịa òtù ụmụ nwanyị—n'ọrụ iweghachi obodo ahụ n'ọnọdụ dị mma. Iwe were ya maka otu UN si na-emefu ọtụtụ nde dọla na Liberia, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ego ahụ na-aga n'ịkwụ ndị ọrụ ha ụgwọ na ihe ndị metụtara ha... A sị na ha nyere ụmụ amaala obodo ahụ akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ime ego ahụ, ọ gaara eweta ezigbo mgbanwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|173}}

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na oge oyi nke 2003-04, &quot;ụwa nke idozi esemokwu, iwulite udo na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ&quot; na-akpọ Gbowee ka o dee akwụkwọ, bịa na ogbako ma kọwaa ahụmịhe na echiche nke WIPNET. Thelma Ekiyor gbara Gbowee ume ka o merie enweghị ùgwù onwe onye ya n'etiti &quot;ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi dị elu bụ ndị nwere nzere masta ma na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ dị ike&quot; site n'ịgụ na ịmụ ihe karịa iji ghọta echiche ndị na-agbasa n'ụwa nke iwulite udo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|177}} Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ndị a: &quot;The Peace Book&quot; nke Louise Diamond dere—onye a ma ama maka ịkwado usoro mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche (multi-track diplomacy)—yana &quot;The Journey Toward Reconciliation&quot; na &quot;The Little Book of Conflict Transformation&quot;; akwụkwọ abụọ a nke ikpeazụ bụ nke John Paul Lederach dere, onye bụkwa onye isi nchoputa nke Center for Justice and Peacebuilding na Eastern Mennonite University.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|177}} Ọ gara ọgbakọ USAID na New York, njem mbụ ya ịpụ Afrịka,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|174–175}} gaa n'ọgbakọ na South Africa, nakwa na Switzerland, ebe ya na onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka mmemme UN na Liberia nwere mkparịta ụka ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|174–176}}

===Nzere masta n'iwulite udo===
Na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2004, ihe dị ka ọnwa asatọ ka e binyere aka na Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra, Ghana, Gbowee kpebiri ịga gụọ akwụkwọ na mahadum n'ihe gbasara ngalaba ọ na-arụbu ọrụ na ya: &quot;Anụla m banyere [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (EMU), mahadum dị na Amerịka nke nwere usoro ọmụmụ a ma ama n'ihe gbasara iwulite udo na idozi esemokwu. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst nke na-akwado mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na inye aka n'obodo; o nwere mmekọrịta dịte aka ya na WANEP, ma nweekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịnabata ndị Afrịka ka ha bịa gụọ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}} Oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na EMU—izu anọ n'ime mmemme kwa afọ a na-akpọ Summer Peacebuilding Institute—bụ &quot;oge wetaara m mgbanwe dị ukwuu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}}

Gbowee so Hizkias Assefa mụọ ihe; ọ gụọla ihe ndị Assefa dere afọ ise tupu mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na St. Peter's Lutheran Church n'ihe gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche. Ọ sokwara Howard Zehr mụọ ihe, onye &quot;kụziiri m echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi na-eweta mweghachi&quot; (restorative justice)—usoro e si agwọ ọnya site na mgbalị nkwonkwo nke ndị e merụrụ ahụ na ndị mere mmerụ ahụ ahụ, iji dozie mmebi ndị ahụ e mepụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}}  O chere na ikpe ziri ezi maka imezi ihe dị mkpa karịsịa n'Africa: &quot;Ikpe ziri ezi maka imezi ihe bụ... ihe anyị nwere ike ịhụ dị ka nke anyị, ọ bụghị nke ndị ọdịda anyanwụ tinyere n'ọrụ aka. Anyị chọkwara ya, anyị chọrọ ịlaghachi n'ọdịnala ahụ. Omenala nke ntaramahụhụ juru ebe niile n'Africa. Ndị mmadụ, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị, na gọọmentị mere ihe ọjọọ mana a dịghị aza ha ajụjụ. Ihe karịrị ihe anyị chọrọ iji taa ha ahụhụ, anyị kwesịrị idozi mmebi ha mere.... Mgbe m hapụrụ EMU, amaara m na enwere ihe ndị ọzọ ebe a maka m. N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, m ga-achọta ụzọ m ga-esi laghachi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178–179}}

Gbowee lọtara maka nzukọ mkparịta ụka gburugburu tebụl nke akpọrọ &quot;Atụmatụ maka Ịgwọ Ọnya Mmetụta Uche na Iwulite Ike Iguzogide&quot; n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2005, wee debanye aha dị ka nwa akwụkwọ oge niile na-ebi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-achụso nzere masta na ngalaba &quot;mgbanwe esemokwu na iwulite udo&quot; na Center for Justice and Peacebuilding nke EMU n'afọ 2006-07:&lt;ref name=autogenerated9 /&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;N'ụlọ akwụkwọ ngụsị akwụkwọ, enwere m ike ịhụ ka uche m na-agbasa, nghọta m na-esikwu ike. Aghọtara m na m nwere ike itinye aha a kpọrọ &quot;iwulite udo dị mkpa,&quot; n'ihe m mere n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa na Liberia.... Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na EMU ebiela ndụ n'oge esemokwu, e nwekwara ahụ efe n'etiti ha.... Na Harrisonburg, obere obodo ochie dị na Ndagwurugwu Shenandoah, nke dị anya na Liberia na mwute ya na ndị na-atụ anya ihe n'aka m, ọ dịghị mkpa ka m sie ike. Mgbe ụfọdụ - dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe m hụrụ nne na ụmụ ya - m na-ebe ákwá. Ọ dịghị onye nọ na EMU chere na nke ahụ bụ ihe ijuanya. Ezutere m otu agadi nwoke nke furu ezinụlọ ya niile na mgbukpọ agbụrụ Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|179}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2006, n'oge Gbowee na-amalite oge ọmụmụ zuru oke nke mbụ ya na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, ọ gara obodo New York ịgwa ndị otu UN okwu n'emume ncheta afọ ise nke nnabata Mkpebi 1325 (Resolution 1325). Mkpebi a lekwasịrị anya n'ichekwa ụmụ nwanyị pụọ n'ime ihe ike dabeere na okike, nakwa itinye ha n'ime mbọ udo nke UN na-akwado.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|179}} Mgbe ọ nọ na New York, ọ natara oku ekwentị site n'aka Abigail Disney—onye sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Walt Disney, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa onye na-enye onyinye ebere. Disney na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ, bụ́ Gini Reticker, chọrọ iso Gbowee kwurịta maka ebumnuche ha ime ihe nkiri akwụkwọ (documentary) gbasara otu ụmụ nwanyị Liberia si chịkọta onwe ha iji manye ụmụ nwoke ịkwụsị agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|212}}

===Women in Peace and Security Network (WIPSEN)===
N'agbata afọ 2006 na 2007, Gbowee malitekwara iso Ekiyor na Ecoma Alaga (onye Naijiria, dị ka Ekiyor) kwurịta maka ikewapụ WIPNET na WANEP. O mere nke a n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa ego nzukọ nne ahụ, ọ chọkwara ka ha atọ nwee ikike zuru oke n'ilekọta ihe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|187}} Onye guzobere WANEP, bụ́ Sam Gbaydee Doe—onye bụkwa ezigbo enyi Gbowee—kwadoro ọchịchọ ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ inwe nnwere onwe n'usoro nhazi ha, mana ọ hapụlarị WANEP iji gaa mba England gụọ akwụkwọ maka nzere PhD.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|189}} Onye na edu WANEP bụ onye ọzọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na MA na mmemme mgbanwe esemokwu na EMU, Emmanuel Bombande bụ onye Ghana,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/emmanuel-bombande/.|title=» Emmanuel Bombande|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-ekwetaghị na ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ nwere alaka WIPNET nke WANEP, ya mere o kweghị ka ọ kewapụ onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|188–189}} N'ihi ya, Gbowee na ndị ọrụ ibe ya abụọ guzobere otu ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ Women in Peace and Security Network (WIPSEN), nke dịkwa na Accra, Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|189}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/who/founders/ |title=Founders |website=[[WIPSEN-Africa.org]] |access-date=19 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abigail Disney tinyere aka inyere Gbowee aka ịchịkọta ego n'etiti ndị na-enye onyinye ebere na New York maka iwepụta WIPSEN, nke mere ka o nwee ike inweta $50,000 dị ka ego mbido.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|202}}

===Ndụ nkeonwe na ihe ịma aka dị iche iche===
Mgbe Gbowee gụchara ọmụmụ ihe ya na EMU n'ụbọchị 30 nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, ma laghachi n'ebe ụmụ ya nọ na Liberia n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2007—ebe ndị mụrụ ya na-elekọta ha—ọ ghọtara na ọnwa itoolu ọ nọrọ n'ebe dị anya &quot;fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bibie anyị niile.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|194}} Na Virginia, o biri na ọnọdụ &quot;oyi na-adịghị apụ apụ,&quot; ọ nwekwara mmetụta &quot;ụjọ, mwute, na oyi dị ka ọchịchịrị ojii na-agba okirikiri,&quot; ka ọ na-eche ihu &quot;ikpe ndị bụbu enyi ya na WANEP kpọtere ya, n'ihi ọchịchọ anyị inyocha ụzọ ọhụrụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|200–201}} Ogo agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ọ na-achọ inweta (nke e nyere ya na ngwụcha afọ 2007), aha ya na-ewu ewu karịa, tinyere mgbanwe ndị ọzọ n'ụdị ndụ ya, kpatara esemokwu n'ime mmekọrịta ya na otu nwoke si Liberia aha ya bụ Tunde. Nwoke a, onye na-arụrụ òtù mba ụwa ọrụ, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nna nye ụmụ ya ruo afọ iri—malite n'oge mmalite nke mmegharị udo ụmụ nwanyị Liberia, ruo n'oge Gbowee nọ na-agụ akwụkwọ maka ogo agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na EMU&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|203–204}} (nke o kwụrụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ya&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|198}}). Ha kewapụrụ, ma n'oge mmalite afọ 2008, Gbowee nọ na mmekọrịta ya na otu nwoke si Liberia bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ ozi, onye ọ kpọrọ aha ya bụ James.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205-205}} Ọ bụ nna nwa ya nke isii, bụ́ nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Jaydyn Thelma Abigail, onye a mụrụ na New York City n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Juun, afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|223}}

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, mgbe ezinụlọ na ndị enyi Gbowee zukọrọ ime emume ncheta ọmụmụ nke nwa ya nwanyị nke mbụ, Amber, o doro anya na Gbowee enweela nnukwu nsogbu mmanya. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, Gbowee kọwara na ọ malitere ịṅụ mmanya ruo ihe dị ka afọ iri iji merie owu ọmụma nke ikewapụ onwe ya mgbe niile n'ezinụlọ ya, nsogbu ịda ogbenye na mmerụ ahụ agha kpatara, na nrụgide nke ihe ndị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ n'oge ya. N'oge emume ncheta ọmụmụ Amber, ụmụ Gbowee kwuru na ọ ṅụrụ iko mmanya iri na anọ. N'echi ya, ọ tụfuru onwe ya. Mgbe ọ matara onwe ya ọzọ, na-arịa ọnya afọ, ọ rịọrọ James ka ọ kpọga ya dọkịta: &quot;Mgbe ahụ ahụrụ m ụmụaka ahụ ka ha gbakọtara gburugburu anyị, ihu ha na-atụ ụjọ, ndị na-enweghị enyemaka. Mgbe ha furu efu, nke a ga-abụ nke ikpeazụ. Mba. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Ọ nwere ike ịdị ka ihe dị mfe, mana nke ahụ bụ njedebe nye m. Anaghị m ehi ụra nke ọma, m ka na-eteta n'oge, mana anaghị m aṅụ mmanya ọzọ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|208–209}}

==Echiche gbasara okpukperechi==
N'oge Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ, Gbowee jiri usoro okpukperechi na nke ime mmụọ dị iche iche mee ihe iji dozie nsogbu ndị agha ahụ kpatara. O kwuru na ya jiri egwu okpukperechi, egwu ọdịnala, yana egwu ndị ọzọ ndị otu ya n'obodo ndị Alakụba dị nso na-abụkwa mee ihe. Mgbe o meriri ihe nrite Nobel na 2011, o nyere ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ ebe o mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na ọ dị mkpa itinye okpukperechi n'ọrụ, yana mkpebi siri ike o nwere iji ya mee ihe dị ka ụzọ isi weta udo na Liberia. Na Ọktoba 6, 2016, Gbowee nyere ajụjụ ọnụ na Harvard Divinity School, ebe o kwuru okwu nwere isiokwu bụ &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-akpali mmegharị dị iche iche—nke dabeere n'okpukperechi na ime mmụọ, ma n'ime obodo ma n'ụwa niile—iji weta udo na-adịgide adịgide.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Can the Women Do Something? {{!}} Harvard Divinity Bulletin |url=https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/can-the-women-do-something/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women as Catalysts for Peace {{!}} Harvard Divinity School |url=https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/29/women-catalysts-peace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206185537/https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/29/women-catalysts-peace |archive-date=2025-12-06 |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=www.hds.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee jiri okpukperechi na mmụọ dị ka atụmatụ iji kwalite ụmụ nwanyị maka ịkwụsị agha obodo abụọ nke Liberia. Usoro ndị o ji dịka egwu okpukperechi na ọdịnala nyere aka ịmepụta obodo nke ga-ejikọ ya na ụmụ nwanyị ya. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, ''Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer, and Sex Changed a Nation at War; a Memoir,'' Mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta mmetụta nke nkwenkwe okpukperechi ya na atụmatụ maka iweghachi udo na Liberia. Mgbe agha obodo nke abụọ malitere na 1999, na-eme ka nsogbu dịlarị nke ndina n'ike na ime ihe ike na Liberia dịkwuo elu, Gbowee chere na ọ dị mkpa ka e mee oku maka ihe omume n'etiti okpukperechi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Nobel Peace laureate Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Women's Initiative|url=https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/laureate/leymah-gbowee/|website=Nobel Women's Initiative|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nzaghachi nye ebili nke abụọ a nke esemokwu na-egbu egbu, Gbowee guzobere otu njikọ maka iwulite udo nke gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba; nke a kpalitere mmegharị a ma ama a na-akpọ &quot;Liberia Mass Action for Peace Movement.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Site n'itinye aka n'ọnọdụ ndị a dị oke mkpa, Gbowee nwetara nkà ndu dị ukwuu, nke o jikọtara ya na nzụlite okpukperechi ya. N'oge LMAPM, ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe haziri ọtụtụ nzukọ ekpere, na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka ụdị ngagharị iwe na-adịghị eji ime ihe ike. Nzukọ ekpere ndị a kpọrọ oku maka ime udo n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ma chọọ ka e mee ihe doro anya iji kwụsị agha ahụ, n'oge mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche na mpaghara West Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Gbowee, ya na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, dị ka [[Thelma Ekiyor]], jikọtara okpukperechi na omenala ọdịnala iji kọwaa usoro ha ji eleba anya n'ịgbanwe ọnọdụ esemokwu, iwulite udo, na nchekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Thelma Ekiyor|url=https://risingleader.org/board/thelma-ekiyor/|website=Rising Leadership Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203232323/https://risingleader.org/board/thelma-ekiyor/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwukwe Gbowee nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi na ọrụ ọ na-arụ. Ekpere bụ isiokwu na-apụta ugboro ugboro n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya na n'okwu ndị ọ na-ekwu. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ya na-akọwa oge ndị e nwere mfu, ihe mgbu, iru újú, na nkụda mmụọ—ihe ndị mere ka ọ nwee obi abụọ banyere okwukwe ya—ọ na-egosi na ekpere bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ime njem ya nke iweta udo. O dere sị, &quot;Chineke na-eguzosi ike n'okwu ya mgbe niile, ọ na-ahụkwa n'anya mgbe niile; ọ na-anụ ekpere anyị.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; O ji ekpere mee ihe dị ka isi iyi nke nchebe, olileanya, na nduzi n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado mgbanwe n'obodo. Gbowee na-ahụ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst dị ka ihe bara uru nke ukwuu, nke dịkwa oke mkpa n'ihe gbasara ndụ mmekọrịta na omenala nke ndị Liberia. Gbowee kwenyere na iji nweta ezigbo nsonaazụ n'ọnọdụ esemokwu—karịsịa ndị o sonyere na ha—ekpere aghaghị ịbụ ihe kacha mkpa. Nke a bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke onye ọ bụ, dị ka onye na-akwado mgbanwe n'ụwa niile, ebe ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. Isonye n'otu dị iche iche, dị ka 'Christian Women's Peace Initiative' (CWI), nyeere ya aka itinye akụkụ a nke okwukwe ya n'ọrụ iji weta udo, ma kụziere ndị ọzọ gbasara udo n'ime afọ ndị gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Okpukperechi metụtara ụzọ Gbowee si ewulite udo dịka ụdị nne. N'ezie, ọ na-adọta olu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ okorobịa na-anaghị asọpụrụ bụ́ ndị na-ebu ibu agha. Gbowee ejirila okpukperechi mezuo ọtụtụ ọrụ ya n'oge njem na nkuzi ya n'ebe ọgwụgwọ. Ọrụ dị mkpa ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ike dịka Ekiyor, jiri okpukperechi mee ihe dị ka ihe nkwado iji zụlite ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ, na-achọ udo n'ime obodo ha, n'ụlọ ha, na mba ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; Ikpe ekpere abụrụla akụkụ nke ndụ Gbowee, ọkachasị ná ndụ ịhụnanya ya. Iji ekpere maka ya bụ ngwa ọgwụgwọ nke nyeere ya aka imeri mmekọrịta mmegbu ya ma chebe ụmụ ya. Otu akụkụ nke Gbowee iji okpukperechi na okwukwe dị ka ụdị nne bụ site n'iji ya dị ka ihe enyemaka iji nyere onye ọ bụla ọ na-enyere aka inwe njikọ. O jiri okwukwe na nkwenkwe ya, karịsịa Baịbụl nyere ha aka ịghọta ahụmịhe ha na ihe mwute ha na-enwe. Na Septemba 2016, Gbowee mere ajụjụ ọnụ na Harvard Divinity School na &quot;Religion and The Practice of Peace.&quot; O kwuru na Okpukperechi na ime mmụọ bụ ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị ná ndụ ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na Liberian Women's Mass Action for Peace. Nzukọ ime mmụọ ndị a bụ ihe o ji mee ihe n'obodo ya iji kwalite ma nye ụmụ nwanyị ike ime ihe n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ha, ma nke onwe, nke ime mmụọ, ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na ajụjụ ọnụ Harvard, o kwuru:

&quot;N'ime otu anyị, ihe mbụ anyị mere bụ inwe nzukọ ndụmọdụ ụbọchị atọ. N'ụbọchị mbụ anyị kpọtara naanị ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst, anyị wee laghachi na Baịbụl ịchọta ihe ndị ahụ dị na Baịbụl nke ụmụ nwanyị mere. Anyị chọrọ igosi ha (ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst) na Chineke nwere ụzọ isi jiri ụmụ nwanyị mee ihe nakwa na e nwere ebe ụmụ nwanyị ga-anọ tụgharịa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ha. Ya mere, anyị kpọgara ha na Baịbụl, anyị wee jiri ụmụ nwanyị nwere okwukwe mee ihe atụ—Esta, Debora, Rehab, onye akwụna—ndị mere ihe dị ukwuu iji gbanwee ọnọdụ ahụ. Anyị jiri ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ mee ihe dị ka ihe mmalite maka ịkwalite ụmụ nwanyị.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women as Catalysts for Peace|url=https://rpp.hds.harvard.edu/news/women-catalysts-peace|website=rpp.hds.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okpukpe na Baịbụl nyere Gbowee aka ịkọwa ọhụụ ya nye ụmụ nwanyị Liberia nwere nkwenkwe dị iche iche. Iji wulite obodo ndị siri ike maka iwulite udo na ịkwalite ngagharị iwe gụnyere ijide otu okpukperechi ndị ọzọ, nke bụ nnukwu akụkụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Agbanyeghị, maka Gbowee, iwulite obodo siri ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nke ga-etinye ha n'ihu n'ime nnukwu mmegharị ahụ maka njedebe agha na ịghara igbochi nkwenkwe ya naanị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, bụ usoro o kwadoro. N'ajụjụ ọnụ Harvard, o kwuru, &quot;Ihe nke abụọ anyị mere bụ ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ma gafee otu usoro ahụ, mana na Qur'an... Anyị ga-ekwu okwu ma gụọ ụfọdụ nkọwa ndị na-ekwu maka otu esi emeso ụmụ nwanyị nke ọma ma bie ndụ na-enweghị ihe ike...&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Iji okwukwe mee ihe jikọrọ ụmụ nwanyị niile ọnụ nyeere ha aka iwulite mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ha n'ihe gbasara idu ndú. Gbowee si n'obodo e nwere ngwakọta nke okpukperechi na ihe gbasara ime mmụọ; ebe ndị mụrụ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst, mana ezigbo ndị enyi ha na ndị agbata obi ha bụ ndị Alakụba. Iji okpukperechi eme ihe iji kpọkọta ndị ntorobịa—karịsịa ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị—ghọrọ ebumnuche Gbowee. O ji nke a kwalite nkà idu ndú na inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike site n'ọrụ nkwado ọ na-arụ, si otú a na-azụlite ndị ndú ọhụrụ maka ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=July 2026 |first=The ReligionStars Team-Modified on: 4 |title=Religion of Leymah Gbowee |url=https://religionstars.com/en/star/leymah-gbowee/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Religion Stars |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe a na-enye enyemaka maka ọgwụgwọ mmetụta uche—dị ka 'Trauma Healing Office'—ebe ọ gara n'obodo dị iche iche na Liberia iji kụziere ndị mmadụ otu ha ga-esi merie ihe mgbu na mmerụ ahụ uche ha nwere. O chere na nke a bụ ọrụ Chineke kpọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; N'ihi oke agha ahụ na mgbalị ọ na-agba iji lekọta ezinụlọ ya, o ji okwukwe siri ike mee ihe iji nye ndị ọ na-enyere aka nkasi obi. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ike gwụrụ na ụmụ okorobịa ndị a manyere isonye n'ihe omume mbibi ahụ aka. Ọrụ nkwado ọ na-arụ n'obodo dị iche iche na Liberia sitere n'ahụmahụ ndị o nwetara n'ezinụlọ nke ya. O nweghị ike ilekọta ụmụ ya n'ụzọ ọ chọrọ, ya mere, ewezuga ụmụ ya, ihe kacha ya mkpa bụ ịghara ịhapụ okwukwe ya. Ndị o nyeere aka ma na Liberia ma na Ghana na-akpọ ya &quot;Big Mama&quot; (Nne Ukwu) ma ọ bụ &quot;Nne nke Udo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt;

Maka Gbowee, okpukperechi na ihe gbasara ime mmụọ dị oke mkpa n'ime atụmatụ iweta udo, yana n'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ maka mmadụ niile n'ebe ọ bụla ha nọ. O kwenyere na iji merie ajọ omume ndị na-emebi ndụ mmadụ na otu ha si ebi ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ọ dị mkpa inwe ndị kwere ekwe n'ezie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transforming Conflict through Nonviolent Coalitions|url=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&amp;context=lecture_series|date=13 March 2013|website=University of San Diego Digital USD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye okpukperechi n'ọnọdụ ndị a, maka Gbowee, ime mmegwara abụghị ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ kọwara na ya na-agụ Baịbụl ma na-achọ akụkọ dị iche iche na-akwado udo, kama ịkwado ụkpụrụ nke &quot;anya maka anya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Maka Gbowee, okpukperechi na mkpa ọ bara na-enyere aka ịkụzi ọmịiko na ime omume mgbaghara—ihe ndị nyekwara aka n'ime ka ọrụ nkwado ya nwee ihe ịga nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leymah Gbowee on her faith, resilience, and channeling anger for good|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gspF9FKdq8M |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gspF9FKdq8M |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|date=13 October 2015|website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọrụ ya na ndị iwe ji, bụ́ ndị gabigara ahụmahụ na-egbu mgbu sitere n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nakwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mgbaghara ghọrọ akụkụ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ na agụmakwụkwọ o bu n'obi inye ndị ọ na-elekwasị anya. Maka Gbowee, mgbaghara ejikọtaghị na otu okpukperechi pụrụ iche, kama ọ metụtara ọtụtụ okpukperechi dị iche iche. N'otu nzukọ gbasara udo, o kwuru sị, &quot;N'ime njem ndụ m, ọ bụghị naanị Ndị Kraịst bịakwutere m. Ọ bụghịkwa naanị ndị Alakụba. Kama, ọ bụ ndị si n'okpukperechi dị iche iche.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

N'ihe gbasara onyinye o nyere n'otú e si aghọta ihe gbasara ime ihe ike, Gbowee jikwa okwukwe ya mee ihe iji mesie ike mkpa ọ dị iji ụzọ ndị na-adịghị agụnye ime ihe ike eme ihe. Nke a pụtara ìhè karịsịa n'ime mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa n'ọrụ o rụrụ mgbe ọ nọ na otu 'Women in Peace-building Network' (WIPNET).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women in Peacebuilding Network {{!}} Liberian organization|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Women-in-Peacebuilding-Network|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ji ụmụ nwanyị ndị nwere okwukwe siri ike, bụ́ ndị nwekwara ahụmahụ siri ike metụtara ime ihe ike—n'agbanyeghị na ihe ndị a mere n'ọnọdụ sara mbara karị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị so Gbowee rụọ ọrụ chere ụdị ime ihe ike dị iche iche ihu, gụnyere ime ihe ike metụtara mmekọahụ, ahụ́, mmetụta uche, na uche. E ji egwu na egwu ịgba nke okpukperechi ọdịnala mee ihe n'ime mgbalị ndị na-adịghị eji ime ihe ike, iji weta ọgwụgwọ na udo. A na-eji egwu na egwu ịgba ndị a akọ akụkọ.

Gbowee na-egosipụta nraranye o nwere n'okwukwe Ndị Kraịst ya. O ji okwu ndị a malite ngalaba ebe o ji kwupụta ekele n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya: &quot;Otuto, ebube, na nsọpụrụ niile dịrị Chineke maka ịhụnanya na amara Ya na-adịgide adịgide o gosiri m.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt;{{rp|245}} Ọ gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nọ n'ọgbakọ ofufe na EMU n'afọ 2009 sị:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ bụghị site n'ike nke m ka m ji ruo ebe a... ma ọ bụ site n'ihe ọ bụla m mere n'onwe m; kama, ọ bụ site n'amara na ebere Chineke.... O jidere m n'aka. N'oge ndị kacha sie ike, Ọ nọrọnyere m. E nwere otu egwu na-asị, &quot;Duzie nzọụkwụ m n'ụzọ Gị, O Onyenwe anyị,&quot; kwa ụbọchị mgbe m tetara, nke ahụ bụkwa ekpere m. N'ihi na ọ gaghị ekwe omume mmadụ ịga njem a—dị ka onye na-eweta udo, ma ọ bụ onye na-eweta mgbanwe n'obodo ya—n'enweghị okwukwe.... Ka m na-aga n'ihu n'ime njem ndụ a, ana m echetara onwe m sị: Ihe niile m bụ, na ihe niile m nwere olileanya ịbụ, bụ n'ihi Chineke.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Gbowee gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ EMU na ọ bụbu nne nwere ụmụ anọ, dị afọ iri abụọ na ise, onye iwe juru obi, na-enweghị ego, na-enweghịkwa ebe obibi kwụsiri ike—onye na-amaghịkwa ihe ga-abụ ọdịnihu ya—tupu ọ malite ige ntị n'olu Chineke n'afọ 1997. O kwuru na Chineke gwara ya okwu site n'ọnụ otu nwa nwoke dị afọ ise, nwa ọ kpọrọ aha njirimara bụ &quot;Nuku&quot;. Ihe ndị Nuku kwuru mere ka ọ ghọta na ọ dara mbà n'obi nke ukwuu, na enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'onwe ya tinyere mmetụta nke enweghị enyemaka na-ebibi ezinụlọ ya—ezinụlọ nke agha obi ọjọọ na-eme na Liberia na-akpatakwa nnukwu nsogbu. Gbowee kwuru na ya malitere ime obere nzọụkwụ n'otu n'otu, na-arịọkwa Chineke ka o nyere ya aka na nzọụkwụ ọ bụla. O kwukwara na Chineke zitere ya ndị mmụọ ozi n'ụdị ụmụ mmadụ, ndị setịpụụrụ ya aka n'oge kpọmkwem ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ ma na-achọ enyemaka nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;

Dị ka ọdịdị nke gụnyere okpukpe dị iche iche n'ime mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-egosi, Gbowee kwuru na ndị ọzọ nwere ike inweta otu nkwado ahụ site n'okpukpe ndị dị iche na nke ya:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ nwere ike ịbụ Jizọs, ọ nwere ike ịbụ Muhammad, ọ nwere ike ịbụ Buddha; mana ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkpọta mgbanwe n'ime ndụ ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na e nweghị onye ị nwere ike ịdabere na ya—onye ahụ bụ &quot;onye na-etinye aka site n'ike Chineke&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;onye sitere n'ebe Chineke nọ&quot;—onye ị nwere ike ịkpọku kwa ụbọchị... Chineke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, n'agbanyeghị otu i si mara Ya... Mee nzọụkwụ nke okwukwe, Chineke ga-elekọtakwa ihe ndị fọdụrụ.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Odyssey Networks, Gbowee kwuru na a pụkwara ịkpọ Chineke &quot;Ike Kasị Elu.&quot; O kwusiri ike na ọ bụrụ na Ike Kasị Elu a nọnyeere gị, ị nwere ike &quot;ibili ma mee ihe ga-agbanwe ọnọdụ gị.&quot; O nyere ndụmọdụ sị: &quot;Echela onye dị ka Gandhi, echela onye dị ka King, echela onye dị ka Mandela. 'Gị onwe gị' bụ Mandela nke gị, 'gị onwe gị' bụ Gandhi nke gị, 'gị onwe gị' bụ Eze nke gị.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odysseynetworks.org/video/Odyssey-Networks-exclusive-interview-with-2011-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Laureate-Leymah-Gbowee|title=Odyssey Networks exclusive interview with 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Leymah Gbowee - Odyssey Networks&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111144546/http://www.odysseynetworks.org/video/Odyssey-Networks-exclusive-interview-with-2011-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Laureate-Leymah-Gbowee|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ihe nkiri akwụkwọ==
Gbowee bụ onye na-akọ akụkọ na onye isi ihe nkiri na 2008 ihe nkiri ''Pray the Devil Back to Hell'', nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na vidiyo sitere n'oge agha ahụ. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri kacha mma na Ememme Ihe nkiri Tribeca nke 2008 na New York. A na-agbasa ya na United States dịka akụkụ nke usoro ihe nkiri &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị, Agha &amp; Udo&quot;, nke a na-agbasa ihe karịrị ụbọchị ise n'usoro na Tuzdee na mmalite Nọvemba 2011 na ọdụ telivishọn ọha.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Women, War &amp; Peace,&quot; www.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/. Retrieved 20 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; E jirila ''Ekpere'' mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ nkwado n'ebe ndị a na-alụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ ebe a lụchara ọgụ, dị ka Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq, South Africa, Rwanda, Mexico, Kenya, Cambodia, Russia, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, na West Bank: &quot;Mmeghachi omume ahụ yiri onwe ha nke ukwuu: n'agbanyeghị otú mba na ọha mmadụ dị iche iche si dị, ụmụ nwanyị ghọtara onwe ha, malitekwa ikwurịta otu ha ga-esi jikọọ aka iji dozie nsogbu nke ha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ November 2009 MEDIAGLOBAL] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710093803/http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ |date=10 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|214}}

N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Gbowee pụtara dị ka onye nwere ike ịchị ọchị ma nwee obi ụtọ ná ndụ, n'agbanyeghị ihe o birila: &quot;Gbowee pụtara dị ka onye na-eme atụmatụ, onye na-adịghị mma, onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-akwalite obi ụtọ. Ọ bụghị ihe ọchị dịka balụn - achịcha-kọfị-kọfị-ndị na-eme ihe ọchị, kama ọ bụ ịdị n'otu na-akpali mmadụ inwe obi ụtọ. Ị na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba egwu, na-abụ abụ, na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị, na-eyi uwe mara mma, dị ka nduru, ị na-ahụkwa ọchị n'oge ịnọdụ ala na ngagharị iwe.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lisa Witter, &quot;The Nobel Peace Prize: A Laughing Matter?&quot; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-witter/the-nobel-peace-prize-laughing_b_1023953.html. Retrieved 24 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Onyinye na nkwanye ugwu==
[[File:Tawakkul Karman Leymah Gbowee Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Nobel Peace Prize 2011 Harry Wad.jpg|thumb|350px|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: [[Tawakkul Karman]], Leymah Gbowee, na [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] na-egosi ihe nrite ha n'oge a na-enye Onyinye Nobel maka Udo, n'ụbọchị 10 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2011.]]

Mkpughe Gbowee na ntọala ọha mmadụ nke New York, nke Disney (onye ghọrọ ezigbo enyi) kwadoro&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated7&quot; /&gt; mepeere ụzọ maka ọtụtụ onyinye. Nke mbụ, nke sitere na [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] dị na [[Harvard]], bịara na mmalite afọ 2006; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha malitere ịbịa n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa: nkwanye ùgwù sitere n'aka [[Women's eNews]], [[Gruber Prize for Women's Rights]], [[John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award]], ihe nrite &quot;Living Legends Award&quot; maka ije ozi nye ụmụ mmadụ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na Julaị 2011, [[Eastern Mennonite University|EMU]] kwupụtara na a họpụtara Gbowee dị ka &quot;Onye Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ nke Afọ&quot; (Alumna of the Year) n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-05 |title=Crossroads Summer 2011 - Alumni Magazine of Eastern Mennonite University |url=https://issuu.com/easternmennoniteuniversity/docs/crossroads_summer_2011 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Issuu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Nwa nwoke mbụ Gbowee, bụ Joshua &quot;Nuku&quot; Mensah, banyere EMU dị ka nwa akwụkwọ afọ mbụ n'afọ 2010; n'oge ahụ, ọ nọrọ otu afọ n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na nwa nwanyị mbụ Sam Gbaydee Doe, bụ Samfee Doe, onye nọ n'afọ ikpeazụ ya n'oge ahụ.)&lt;ref name=autogenerated9 /&gt; Nsọpụrụ kachasị pụta ìhè bịara n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011, mgbe Kọmitii Nobel nke Norway họpụtara Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ natara Ihe Nrite Nobel maka Udo (Nobel Peace Prize) nke afọ 2011. N'afọ 2022, Gbowee jere ozi dị ka onye otu 'Bartels World Affairs Fellows' na Mahadum Cornell, ebe o nyere nkuzi kwa afọ a na-akpọ 'Bartels World Affairs Lecture'.

===Onyinye===
* 2019 – Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[Peter Gabriel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2019 Summit Highlights Photo | url= https://achievement.org/summit/2019/|quote= Leymah Gbowee of Liberia, the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, addresses Academy delegates and members at a symposium at Four Seasons Hotel during the 53rd annual International Achievement Summit in New York City.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 – [[Community of Christ International Peace Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Peace Award |url=https://cofchrist.org/international-peace-award/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Community of Christ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 – Oxfam America Right the Wrong Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee|title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Oxfam International|website=www.oxfam.org|language=en|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130330/https://www.oxfam.org/en/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 – The [[New York Women's Foundation]] Century Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|medium=video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQOeNAaYIuE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/bQOeNAaYIuE |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Abigail Disney and Leymah Gbowee at the 2013 Celebrating Women Breakfast}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 – Barnard College Medal of Distinction &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://barnard.edu/news/nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-address-barnard-graduates|title=Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee to Address Barnard Graduates - Barnard College|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310042720/https://www.barnard.edu/news/nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-address-barnard-graduates|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 – Olympic flag bearer in the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zucconi |first=Mike |date=2012-07-31 |title=Gbowee Carries Olympic Flag at Ceremony |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2012/gbowee-carries-olympic-flag-at-ceremony/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 - [[Interfaith Center of New York|James Parks Morton Interfaith Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ICNY |date=2012-06-25 |title=The 2012 James Parks Morton Interfaith Awards Dinner {{!}} ICNY |url=https://interfaithcenter.org/the-2012-james-parks-morton-interfaith-awards-dinner/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Nobel Peace Prize laureate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/gbowee/facts/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]] Greeley Scholar for Peace Studies&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uml.edu/News/stories/2010-11/greeley_scholar_coverage.aspx Greeley Scholar Challenges Listeners to 'Speak Up'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125171655/http://uml.edu/News/stories/2010-11/greeley_scholar_coverage.aspx |date=2011-11-25 }} Julia Gavin, 8 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – Villanova Peace Award from [[Villanova University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wildcat Newswire |url=https://newswire.villanova.edu/newswire/wildcatnewswire/graduate/09-09-2011.html |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=newswire.villanova.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – Alumna of the Year, [[Eastern Mennonite University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/.|title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize - EMU News|date=7 October 2011|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – Living Legends Award for Service to Humanity&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.savweb.com/2011/10/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell/|title=Pray the Devil Back to Hell* - Sandy Audio Visual LLC|date=7 October 2011|work=Sandy Audio Visual LLC|access-date=4 June 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – John Jay Medal for Justice from the [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/3777.php |title=John Jay Justice Awards |publisher=Jjay.cuny.edu |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929043545/http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/3777.php |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – Joli Humanitarian Award from [[Riverdale Country School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9/10 Building |url=https://www.riverdale.edu/footnote-hill_campus-9_10_building/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Riverdale Country School |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – [[Gruber Prize for Women's Rights]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 Gruber Women's Rights Prize {{!}} Gruber Foundation |url=https://gruber.yale.edu/prize/2009-gruber-womens-rights-prize |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=gruber.yale.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – John F. Kennedy [[Profile in Courage Award]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Profile-in-Courage-Award/Award-Recipients.aspx|title=Award Recipients - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library &amp; Museum|website=www.jfklibrary.org|access-date=20 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – &quot;Honor Award for Courageous Commitment for Human Rights of Women&quot; by the Filmfestival Women's Worlds, TERRE DES FEMMES, Germany.{{Citation needed|date=October 2026}}
* 2008 – [[Women's eNews]] Leaders for the 21st Century Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Seltzer |first=Sarah |url=http://womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/071224/seven-who-topple-tyrannies |title=2008 – Seven Who Topple Tyrannies |publisher=Womensenews.org |date=24 December 2007 |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2007 – Blue Ribbon for Peace from the [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harvard Honors Alumna – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/2008/08/harvard-honors-alumna/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=emu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Honorary degrees===
* 2024 – Honorary Doctorate, delivery of the [[Oliver Tambo]] lecture, [[Georgetown University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Ceremony &amp; Oliver Tambo Lecture with Leymah Gbowee |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/event/honorary-degree-ceremony-oliver-tambo-lecture-with-leymah-gbowee/ |website=Georgetown University |access-date=13 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 – Honorary Doctorate of International Affairs from [[American University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.american.edu/commencement/honorary-degree-recipients.cfm |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=American University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 – Honorary Doctorate by Rhodes University&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ru.ac.za/graduationgateway/honorarydoctorates/2012/|title=Honorary Doctorates 2012 |date=12 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="76403" sha1="g2w3el7o88skvq0b29x1mkv8kzwgy04" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Onye na-akwado udo nke bụ onye Liberia (a mụrụ na 1972)}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Leymah Gbowee &lt;!-- do not add image icons such as Nobel Peace Prize; see [[WP:ICON]] --&gt;
| image         = Leymah Gbowee no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 (9730602149) (cropped).jpg
| alt           =
| caption       = Gbowee na 2013
| birth_name    = Leymah Roberta Gbowee
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|01}}
| birth_place   = Central [[Liberia]]
| death_date    = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;
| death_place   =
| other_names   =
| known_for     = [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]] and ''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]''
| occupation    = [[Peace activist]]
| education     =  [[Mother Patern College of Health Sciences]] (AA)&lt;br&gt; [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (MA)
| awards        = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2011 Nobel Peace Prize|2011]])
}}
'''Leymah Roberta Gbowee''' (a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị 1 nke ọnwa Febụwarị, afọ 1972) bụ onye Liberia na-akwado udo, onye duziri otu ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ udo n'ụzọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a maara dị ka &quot;Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace&quot; (Mgbakọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Liberia maka Udo). Otu a nyeere aka n'ịkwụsị Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ n'afọ 2003. Mgbalị ya na nke onye ha na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ, bụ [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], nyeere aka iweta oge udo ma mee ka e nwee ntuli aka n'efu na nke ziri ezi n'afọ 2005, nke Sirleaf meriri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|title=African women look within for change|publisher=CNN|date=31 October 2009|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=10 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518201040/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere Gbowee na Sirleaf, tinyere Tawakkul Karman, ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke afọ 2011 &quot;maka mgba ha na-enweghị ime ihe ike iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ọrụ iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=autogenerated5&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |title=The Rabble Rousers |last=Conley |first=Kevin |date=2008 |website=[[O, the Oprah Magazine]] |language=en-us |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004218/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ndụ mbido==
A mụrụ Leymah Gbowee na etiti [[Liberia]] na 1 February 1972. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ n'ime atọ bi na [[Monrovia]] ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, Foundation, Accomplishments, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leymah-Gbowee |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe Agha obodo mbụ nke Liberia dara na 1989,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Leymah Gbowee Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=  https://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/#interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke tụbara mba ahụ n'ọgba aghara ruo 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|15–25,50}} &quot;Ka agha ahụ na-ebelata, ọ matara maka otu mmemme nke UNICEF na-elekọta... nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta ọdịmma ọha, bụ ndị ga-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị agha kpatara oke nhụjuanya n'obi,&quot; ka Gbowee dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2011, nke a na-akpọ ''Mighty Be Our Powers''.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |last1=Gbowee |first1=Leymah |last2=Mithers |first2=Carol |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|50}} Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ dị ọnwa atọ, nke mere ka ọ ghọta na nna ụmụ ya abụọ nta—nwa ya nwoke bụ Joshua &quot;Nuku&quot; na nwa ya nwanyị bụ Amber—na-emegbu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|50}} N'ịchọ udo na ihe oriri maka ezinụlọ ya, Gbowee sooro di ya, akpọrọ Daniel n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, gaa Ghana ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Arthur) bi dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-enweghị ebe obibi ma fọrọ nke nta ka agụụ gbụọ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|59–68}} Ọ kpọrọ ụmụ ya atọ wee gbaa ọsọ, na-agba bọs n'ụgwọ ruo ihe karịrị otu izu &quot;n'ihi na enweghị m otu mkpụrụ ego,&quot; laghachi n'ọnọdụ ọgba aghara dị na Liberia, ebe ndị mụrụ ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ ka bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|69}}

N'afọ 1998, n'ọchịchọ ya ịbanye n'usoro ọmụmụ maka nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (social work) na kọleji Mother Patern College of Health Sciences, Gbowee malitere ịrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'otu mmemme nke Chọọchị Lutheran dị na Liberia. A na-arụ ọrụ a n'ime ụlọ ụka St. Peter's Lutheran dị na Monrovia—ebe nne ya bụ onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa ebe o ji oge uto ya niile biri. A na-akpọ mmemme ahụ 'Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Program' (THRP), ọ bụkwa ya malitere njem Gbowee n'ịghọ onye na-akwado udo:&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|80–82}}

Ọfịs THRP ahụ dị ọhụrụ, mana mmemme ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ụka dị na Liberia anọgidewo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịchọ udo kemgbe agha obodo malitere; n'afọ 1991, ndị ụkọchukwu Lutheran, ndị ndu ụka na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị nkuzi, na ndị ọrụ ahụike jikọrọ aka na Christian Health Association of Liberia iji gbalịa idozi mmebi uche na nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke agha ahụ kpatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|81}}
Gbowee gụrụ akwụkwọ wee rụkwaa ụzọ ya gaa n'ọkwa mmụta nka, enyere ya na 2001,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|111}} ka ọ na-etinye n'ọrụ ihe ọ mụtara gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche na ime ka ndị mmadụ dịghachi ná mma, n'ịgbalị inyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bụbu ụmụaka a na-etinye n'agha n'òtù ndị agha Charles Taylor aka ịghọghachi ndị bara uru n'obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html |title=Leymah Gbowee Biography |website=Nobel Peace Prize Forum |access-date=31 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html Leymah Gbowee Biography]{{dead link|date=October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ihe ngosi agha gbara ya gburugburu, ọ ghọtara na &quot;ọ bụrụ na a ga-enwe mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụ ndị nne ga-emerịrị ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gruberprizes.org/GruberPrizes/WomensRights_LaureateBio.php?id=86&amp;awardid=53 |title=2009 Gruber Foundation Women's Rights Prize |publisher=Gruberprizes.org |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gbowee mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, bụ Nicole &quot;Pudu&quot;, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nne ụmụ anọ, ka ọ na-amalite akụkụ ọzọ nke njem ndụ ya—ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Liberia ka ha kwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ na-ebibi ụmụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110612/http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2011|title=Leymah Gbowee, Women in Peace and Security Network Africa — NIEW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ==
Gbowee nwetara nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (n'afọ 2001) site na Mother Patern College of Health Sciences dị na Monrovia, Liberia, ma mesịa nweta nzere 'Master of Arts' na Conflict Transformation (n'afọ 2007) site na Eastern Mennonite University dị na Harrisonburg, Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Road |first=Copyright © 2006-2026 Eastern Mennonite University 1200 Park |last2=Harrisonburg |last3=Fax: 540-432-4444 |first3=Virginia 22802 Phone: 540-432-4000 |date=2011-10-07 |title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2011/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetakwara asambodo na ọzụzụ gbasara igbochi esemokwu na iwulite udo site n'aka United Nations Institute for Training, Healing Victims of War Trauma Center dị na Cameroon, na Non-Violent Peace Education dị na Liberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee/ |title=Making Peace Work for Women |publisher=Womenpeacesecurity.org |date=26 October 2006|access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030031915/http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọrụ==
Gbowee bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, nke e hiwere na 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|title=US$50,000 Scholarship for Liberian Women, Gbowee Foundation Discloses|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514095525/http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nwee isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Monrovia, nke na-enye ụmụ agbọghọ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa ohere agụmakwụkwọ na nke ịbụ ndị ndu na Liberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://gboweepeaceafrica.org/our-story |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa (GPFA) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye, Gbowee bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke ''Women Peace and Security Network Africa'', nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Accra, [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |title=Hunt Alternatives Fund, Directory of Women Experts |publisher=Huntalternatives.org |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201036/http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-ewulite mmekọrịta n'ofe mpaghara West Africa iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere igbochi, izere, na ịkwụsị esemokwu. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala ma bụrụkwa onye bụbu onye nhazi nke mmemme Women in Peacebuilding Program/West African Network for Peacebuilding (WIPNET/WANEP).&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye a họpụtara ịbụ kọmishọna maka Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta Udo na Liberia. N'ime afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2013–2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara pụrụ iche (Distinguished Fellow) n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi n'ọha mmadụ na Barnard College nke Mahadum Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |title=Barnard Welcomes Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee as Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice |publisher=Barnard.edu |access-date=2013-11-19 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203114218/http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na afọ 2012 ruo 2014, Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ime Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Ọkwa Elu maka International Conference on Population and Development, nke [[Joaquim Chissano]] na [[Tarja Halonen]] so duzie dị ka ndị isi oche.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.icpdtaskforce.org/task-force-members/ Members] High-Level Task Force for the International Conference on Population and Development.&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2013, ọ ghọrọ Onye nnọchiteanya Oxfam n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |title=Leymah Gbowee &amp;#124; Oxfam International |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190159/http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee na-enye okwu n'ọkwa mba ụwa iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, yana udo na nchekwa. N'afọ 2016, Gbowee kwuru okwu n'oge ngagharị iwe nke otu a na-akpọ [[Women Wage Peace]] haziri; nke a bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite nkwekọrịta udo n'etiti Israel na Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/these-israeli-women-marched-from-the-lebanese-border-to-jerusalem-heres-why/2016/10/19/a9b67618-b92c-4c7a-9ad8-d992477e7db1_story.html|title=These Israeli women marched from the Lebanese border to Jerusalem. Here's why.|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=16 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee bụkwa onye na-akwado n'ihu ọha nzukọ anaghị achọ uru nke Ebenezer Norman, onye obodo Liberia ibe ya, nke a na-akpọ ''A New Dimension of Hope''—otu ntọala na-ewu ụlọ akwụkwọ na Liberia. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, o degaara ndị nyere aka n'ọrụ nchịkọta ego nzukọ ahụ na ikpo okwu Indiegogo akwụkwọ ozi nkeonwe, ma kwuo okwu n'emume ha dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.regis.edu/News-Events-Media/News/2018/August/Nobel%20Prize.aspx|title=Regis University Welcomes 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Winner|website=www.regis.edu|access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/small-village-and-elementary-school-in-africa-destroyed-by-corrupt-goernment-wcz/|title=Small Village and Elementary School in Africa Destroyed by Corrupt Government|date=2016-06-14|website=The Good Men Project|language=en-US|access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;New Dimension of Hope, [http://www.prlog.org/12455792-african-charity-launches-crowd-funding-campaign-to-build-school-in-liberia.html &quot;African Charity Launches Crowd-funding Campaign to Build School in Liberia&quot;], prlog.org, 13 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Angelini, Anthony. [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/ndhope-s-school-building-project-in-liberia#/story &quot;NDHope's School Building Project in Liberia&quot;]. Indiegogo. New Dimension of Hope, 5 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, Gbowee na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye Isi Nchịkwa nke Mmemme Ụmụnwanyị maka Udo na Nchekwa (Women of Peace and Security Program) na AC4, nke dị n'ime Earth Institute nke Mahadum Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sps.columbia.edu/negotiation-and-conflict-resolution/news/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-direct-columbias-women-peace-and &quot;Nobel Peace Prize Laureate to Direct Columbia's Women, Peace, and Security Initative&quot;] [sic], Columbia SPS, 20 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee na-edekwara ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/leymah-gbowee-wins-nobel-peace-prize | title =Leymah Gbowee Wins Nobel Peace Prize | date =October 7, 2011 | website =The Daily Beast |access-date =15 October 2017 |quote=Liberian peace activist and Daily Beast contributor Leymah Gbowee was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for her &quot;non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work.&quot; }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/author/leymah-gbowee.html | title =Leymah Gbowee | website =thedailybeast.com | date =15 December 2012 | publisher =The Daily Beast | access-date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Itinye aka na ọgwụgwọ mmerụ ahụ===
N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1999, mgbe Gbowee nọrọla na ọrụ ọgwụgwọ Trauma otu afọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|95}} onye na-elekọta ya, bụ́ Reverend Bartholomew Bioh &quot;BB&quot; Colley—onye bụ́ pastọ n'Ụka Lutheran dị na Liberia—gosiri ya n'ebe [[Samuel Gbaydee Doe]] nọ (onye na-enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na onye bụbu onye isi ala Liberia nwere otu aha mbụ na aha nna ahụ),&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|98}} onye Liberia nwere &quot;ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na ọgụgụ isi&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|107}} onye ka nwetara nzere 'master's' n'otu mahadum Ndị Kraịst dị na United States, nke gbadoro ụkwụ pụrụ iche n'ọmụmụ gbasara iwulite udo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sam Gbaydee Doe – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/sam-gbaydee-doe/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=emu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doe bụ onye isi oche nke ọgbakọ udo mbụ mpaghara Africa, West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wanep.org |title=West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) |website=www.wanep.org |access-date=20 October 2011}}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke o so guzobe na 1998 na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;Lynda Hollinger Janzen, &quot;Africa-based peace initiative grows out of Liberian tragedy&quot;, ''Mennonite Weekly Review'', Vol. 82, No. 31, 2 August 2004, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About-Us |url=http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111175829/http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-date=2013-11-11 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.wanep.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'agba ume sitere n'aka onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran ọ na-akpọ &quot;BB&quot;, Gbowee malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gbasara iwulite udo; karịsịa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ''The Politics of Jesus'' nke ọkà mmụta okpukperechi Mennonite bụ John Howard Yoder dere, yana ọrụ ndị Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi, na onye edemede si Kenya bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara esemokwu na ime ka udo dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ, bụ Hizkias Assefa, dere.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|88}}

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1999, &quot;WANEP na-agba mbọ nke ukwuu itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ya, a kpọkwara m ka m gaa nzukọ na Ghana,&quot; ka Gbowee dere.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|101}} N'ọgbakọ WANEP ọzọ e nwere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2000, Gbowee zutere [[Thelma Ekiyor]] si Naịjirịa, onye &quot;nwere ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ, bụrụkwa ọkaiwu ọkachamara n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-esi edozi esemokwu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|107–108}} Ekiyor gwara Gbowee maka echiche ya ịgakwuru WANEP ka ha guzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị. &quot;Thelma bụ onye na-eche echiche miri emi ma nwee ọhụụ, dịka BB na Sam. Mana ọ bụ nwanyị, dịka mụ onwe m.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|109}}

N'ime otu afọ, Ekiyor nwetara ego nkwado site na WANEP ma hazie nzukọ mbụ nke Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET) na Accra, Ghana, nke Gbowee gara:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Kedu ka a ga-esi kọwaa obi ụtọ dị na nzukọ mbụ ahụ...? E nwere ụmụ nwanyị si Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, na Togo – ya bụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile dị iri na isii n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Site n'ụzọ dị jụụ mana nke gosipụtara ọgụgụ isi pụrụ iche, Thelma ji aka ya dee akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ọzụzụ ndị nhazi; akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe omume ndị ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị pụta n'ihu, tinye aka n'ihe a na-eme, mụta maka esemokwu na otu esi edozi ha, ma nyere ha aka ịghọta ihe mere o ji dị mkpa ka ha tinye aka n'idozi nsogbu ndị a.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|112}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere ọmịiko ma na-achọkwa udo, Gbowee kọrọ akụkụ ndị na-ewute obi n'akụkọ ndụ ya nke mbụ ya; nke a gụnyere oge ya na nwa ya a mụrụ ọhụrụ nọrọ otu izu na-ehi ụra n'ala n'okporo ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi na o nweghị ego ọ ga-eji kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa onye ga-enyere ya aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|113}} &quot;Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ n'Africa na-eme nke a: ilekwasị anya naanị n'ụmụ nwanyị na naanị n'iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|113}} Ekiyor ghọrọ onye nkuzi na enyi Gbowee. Ọ bụkwa ya kwupụtara mmalite nke WIPNET na Liberia ma họpụta Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi nke Liberian Women's Initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|114–115}} Enwere ike ịsị na echiche Gbowee banyere &quot;ụka na-akwado udo&quot; sitere n'oge a – Thelma Ekiyor, Rev. &quot;BB&quot; Colley, Samuel Gbaydee Doe, na Hizkias Assefa nwere njikọ niile na Eastern Mennonite University dị na United States, ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị gụburu akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ (n'ihe gbasara Assefa) dị ka onye nkuzi na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.&lt;ref name=autogenerated9&gt;[http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/nobel-prize-winner-connected-to-peace-church-tradition/ &quot;Nobel Prize Winner Connected to Peace-Church Tradition&quot;]. Retrieved 20 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Na-edu otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị===
N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2002, Gbowee na-arụ ọrụ n'ehihie iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche, ebe ọ na-ejikwa oge mgbede ya arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndu WIPNET na Liberia n'enweghị ụgwọ ọ bụla. Ụmụ ya—gụnyere nwa nwanyị ọ nabatara aha ya bụ Lucia &quot;Malou&quot; (nke mere ka ọnụọgụ ụmụ ya ruo ise)—bi na Ghana n'okpuru nlekọta nwanne ya nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|148}} Ka ọ na-ehi ụra n'ọfịs WIPNET n'otu abalị, o tetara na nrọ ebe o kwuru na Chineke gwara ya, sị: &quot;Kpọkọtanụ ụmụ nwanyị ma kpee ekpere maka udo!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|122}} Ụfọdụ ndị enyi nyeere ya aka ịghọta na nrọ ahụ abụghị maka ndị ọzọ dịka Gbowee chere; kama, ọ ghọtara na ọ dị mkpa ka ya onwe ya mee ihe banyere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|122}}&lt;ref name=&quot;podcastFaith&quot;&gt;{{Cite podcast |url=https://emu.edu/now/podcast/2009/10/23/the-faith-of-a-peacebuilder-leymah-gbowee/ |title=The Faith of a Peacebuilder – Leymah Gbowee – Eastern Mennonite University Podcast |website=emu.edu |access-date=19 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na-esochi nkuzi WIPNET na Liberia,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|124}} Gbowee na ndị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ, gụnyere otu nwanyị Mandingo onye Alakụba aha ya bụ Asatu, malitere site n'ịga &quot;n'ụlọ alakụba n'ehihie Fraịde mgbe ekpere gasịrị, n'ahịa n'ụtụtụ Satọde, nakwa n'ụlọ ụka abụọ kwa Sọnde.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|126}} Akwụkwọ ozi ha dere, sị: &quot; Ike agwụla anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara igbu ụmụ anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara mmegbu a na-emegbu anyị!! Ụmụ nwanyị, teta n'ụra – unu nwere olu n'usoro iweta udo!&quot; Ha nyekwara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-apụghị ịgụ akwụkwọ ihe osise dị mfe iji kọwaa ebumnuche ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|127}}

Ka ọ na-erule oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2002, a ghọtara Gbowee dị ka onye na-ekwuru okwu na onye ndu na-akpali mmụọ maka otu &quot;Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace&quot;—otu a kọwara dị ka òtù na-akwado udo nke malitere mgbe ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ógbè ahụ malitere ikpe ekpere na ịbụ abụ n'ahịa azụ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |title=2009 Peace warrior for Liberia |publisher=Odemagazine.com |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227090728/http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |archive-date=December 27, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị na-emegidekwa agha ahụ site n'ibu ọnụ na ịga n'ụlọ gọọmentị na-eme mkpọtụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ịrụ ọrụ gafere oke okpukperechi na agbụrụ, Gbowee duziri ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba ka ha gbakọta na Monrovia ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. Ha kpere ekpere maka udo site n'iji ụdị ekpere nke ndị Alakụba na nke Ndị Kraịst, ma mesịa mee ngagharị iwe na ọrụ ịnọdụ ala n'ebe ọha na eze kwa ụbọchị n'ụzọ na-enweghị ime ihe ike, na-emegide iwu sitere n'aka onye isi ala na-achị aka ike n'oge ahụ, bụ Charles Taylor.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|128,135}}

Ha mere ngagharị iwe nke gụnyere iyi egwu nke [[Anasyrma|ọbụbụ ọnụ]] na [[mmekọahụ]]. Banyere ngagharị iwe ahụ, Gbowee kwuru, &quot;Mgbagharị ahụ [mmekọahụ] dịgidere, na-aga n'ihu ma na-apụ, ruo ọnwa ole na ole. O nweghị mmetụta bara uru ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị, mana ọ bara nnukwu uru n'ịdọta uche anyị na mgbasa ozi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|147}} N'ime ihe dị oke egwu ha mere, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ mechara weghara otu ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ; ọ dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Tubman Boulevard, bụ́ ụzọ Charles Taylor na-esi aga ma na-alọta Capitol Hill ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|136}} Iji mee ka a mata ha nke ọma dị ka otu, ụmụ nwanyị niile yi uwe elu 'T-shirt' na-acha ọcha—nke na-anọchite anya udo—nke nwere akara WIPNET, ma jiri ihe e ji kee ntutu isi na-acha ọcha kee ntutu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|136}} N'ikpeazụ, Taylor kwere ka e nwee nzukọ iji gee ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ntị n'ụbọchị nke 23 n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe karịrị puku ụmụ nwanyị abụọ gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ ọchịchị ya, ọ bụ Gbowee ka a họpụtara ka ọ kọwaara ya okwu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|140}} Gbowee tụgharịrị ihu ya ka Taylor nwee ike ịhụ ya, mana ọ gwara [[Grace Minor]] okwu—onye bụ́ onyeisi ndị omeiwu nakwa naanị nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa gọọmentị nọ ebe ahụ:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara agha. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-agba ọsọ ndụ. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-arịọ maka nri ọka wit (bulgur). Ike agwụla anyị ịhụ ka a na-edina ụmụ anyị n'ike. Ugbu a, anyị na-eme mkpebi a siri ike iji chekwaa ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị. N'ihi na anyị kwenyere na, dịka ndị na-elekọta ọha mmadụ, n'ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị ga-ajụ anyị sị, &quot;Mama, gịnị ka ị rụrụ n'oge nsogbu ahụ?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|141}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ya, Gbowee kpughere na Grace Minor ji nwayọọ nye &quot;nnukwu ego nke ya... n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ọ tinyere onwe ya na ya&quot; iji kwado ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|149}} Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ na-eme ngagharị iwe nwetara nkwa n'aka Onye isi ala Charles Taylor na ọ ga-aga nzukọ udo na [[Ghana]] iji soro ndị nnupụisi sitere na otu 'Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy' nwee mkparịta ụka&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Bio of Gbowee Leymah] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=March 14, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/5|title=The Rabble Rousers|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113193530/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/leymah-gbowee-and-abigail-disney-shoot-for-peace-in-liberia/5|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na otu ndị nnupụisi ọhụrụ ọzọ, MODEL.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|155}}

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2003, Gbowee duuru otu ndị inyom Liberia gaa Ghana iji tinye nrụgide n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-alụso ibe ha agha n'oge usoro mkparịta ụka udo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Leymah Gbowee&lt;!-- Both generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=14 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-anọdụ ala kwa ụbọchị n'ihu ụlọ nkwari akụ ndị mara mma ebe ndị na-eme mkparịta ụka na-ezukọ, na-akpali ka e nwee ọganihu n'okwu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|154–156}} Mgbe mkparịta ụka ahụ gbatịpụrụ site na mmalite ọnwa Juun ruo na ngwụcha ọnwa Julaị—n'enweghị ọganihu ọ bụla e nwetara ebe ime ihe ike ka na-aga n'ihu na Liberia—Gbowee duuru ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị (ndị mechara mụbaa ruo ọtụtụ narị mmadụ) banye n'ime ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ, ebe ha &quot;dọdụrụ onwe ha ala n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ enyo bụ isi ụzọ mbata na-eduga n'ime ụlọ nzukọ ahụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|161}} Ha ji ihe ngosi ndị dere sị: &quot;Ndị na-egbu ma na-agbapụta ọbara ndị Liberia -- Kwụsị!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|161}} Gbowee zigara onye isi na-ahazi mkparịta ụka udo, bụ [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|General Abubakar]] (onye bụbu onye isi ala Naịjirịa), ozi na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ga-ejikọ aka ma nọdụ ala n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, na-egbochi ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ ịpụ ruo mgbe a ga-enwe nkwekọrịta udo. Abubakar, onye gosipụtara na ya nwere ọmịiko n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọ, ji ntakịrị ọchị kwuo okwu sị: &quot;General Leymah na ndị agha ya ewegharawo ụlọ nzukọ udo a.&quot; Mgbe ụmụ nwoke ahụ nwara ịpụ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, Leymah na ndị ya na ha jikọrọ aka yiri egwu na ha ga-adọpụ uwe ha: &quot;N'Africa, ọ bụ ihe arụ dị egwu ịhụ ka nwanyị lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwanyị meworo agadi ji aka ya kpughee ahụ ya n'ihu ọha.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|162}} Site n'enyemaka nke Abubakar, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọgidere n'èzí ụlọ mkparịta ụka n'ime ụbọchị ndị sochirinụ, na-ahụ na &quot;ọnọdụ dị na mkparịta ụka udo gbanwere site na ihe nkiri gaa na ihe mwute.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|163}}

Agha Liberia kwụsịrị izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, site na mbinye aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra na 18 Ọgọstụ 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|164}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110173005/http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2010|title=Retrieved 20 October 2011.|access-date=5 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Mana ihe anyị [ụmụ nwanyị] mere bụ mmalite nke njedebe.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|163}}

Ewezuga inye aka n'ịkwụsị agha were afọ iri na anọ na Liberia, mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị a dugara n'ịhọpụta [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala Liberia n'afọ 2005; ọ bụkwa ya bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu obodo n'Africa. Sirleaf so na ndị natara ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize n'afọ 2011, ya na Gbowee nakwa Tawakel Karman. E nyere ha atọ ahụ ihe nrite a &quot;n'ihi mgba ha gbara n'ụzọ udo maka nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye nke ọma n'ọrụ iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=autogenerated5 /&gt; N'oge mkpọsa ntuli aka nke ugboro abụọ nke Sirleaf na 2011, Gbowee kwadoro ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011101208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2011|title=Liberian activist endorses Nobel Peace Prize winner for president|access-date=13 December 2016|date=10 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ime ka udo sikwuo ike===
A na-amata ha ngwa ngwa site n'uwe elu ha na-acha ọcha nke nwere akara WIPNET; ndị Liberia nọ n'okporo ámá weere Gbowee na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe na Liberia dị ka ndị dike mba ruo ọtụtụ izu mgbe e binyere aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|167}} Ka o sila dị, Gbowee dere banyere nchegbu ha na-enwe mgbe niile banyere otú udo ha nyeere aka iweta si dị nro ma nwee ike ịkwụsị n'oge ọ bụla:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Agha nke afọ iri na anọ anaghị akwụsị akwụsị. N'oge ahụ anyị nwere obi iru ala ilegharị anya, anyị zutere oke ihe mere na Liberia. Mmadụ narị abụọ na iri ise nwụrụ, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka. Otu n'ime mmadụ atọ gbara ọsọ ndụ, mmadụ 350,000 bi n'ogige ndị a chụpụrụ n'obodo ha, ndị ọzọ bikwa ebe ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịchọta ebe obibi. Otu nde mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke inwe nri na-adịghị mma, afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa measles na cholera n'ihi mmerụ ahụ dị n'olulu mmiri. Ihe karịrị pasentị 75 nke akụrụngwa anụ ahụ nke mba ahụ, okporo ụzọ anyị, ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị, emebiela.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|167}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Gbowee kwupụtara nchegbu pụrụ iche banyere &quot;mmebi uche&quot; nke ndị Liberia na-ata ahụhụ ya:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Otu ọgbọ dum nke ụmụ nwoke amaghị onye ha bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ejighị egbe n'aka. Ọtụtụ ọgbọ ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ anwụ, ndị e dinara n'ike, ndị hụrụ ka e dinara ụmụ ha nwanyị na ndị nne ha n'ike, nakwa ndị hụrụ ka ụmụ ha na-egbu mmadụ ma na-egbukwa ha onwe ha. Ndị agbata obi ghọrọ ndị iro ibe ha; ndị ntorobịa tụfuru olileanya, ebe ndị agadi tụfuru ihe niile ha ji nnukwu mgbalị nweta. Mmadụ niile nọ n'ọnọdụ oke nhụjuanya na mmerụ ahụ n'obi.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|168}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ e nwere maka International Women's Day, Gbowee kwupụtakwara ihe ndị a:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-akwado udo gosiri ụwa na òtù ndị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị n'ala ala obodo dị oke mkpa maka ịkwado udo; na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa ndu bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iweta udo; nakwa mkpa ọ dị inwe òtù na-alụso ikpe na-ezighị ezi ọgụ n'ụzọ dabara na omenala ndị mmadụ. Ahụmahụ Liberia bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nye ụwa na ụmụ nwanyị—karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka—nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-akwalite udo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/international-women%C2%B4s-day-interview-leymah-gbowee/|title=International Women´s Day: Interview With Leymah Gbowee|access-date=13 December 2016|date=8 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'etiti mbibi na mkpa na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, Gbowee tụrụ ụjọ maka mpako, amaghị ihe na enweghị mmasị n'omenala nke ụlọ ọrụ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu e zigara iji nyere aka napụta mba ahụ, idobe udo, guzobe usoro maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, na ịmalite mgbalị iwughachi. &quot;Ndị biri ndụ n'ọgba aghara dị egwu nwere ike ịnwe agụụ na enweghị olileanya, ''mana ha abụghị ndị nzuzu'' (Gbowee na-ekwusi ike). Ha na-enwekarị echiche dị mma gbasara otu udo ga-esi gbasaa, a chọkwara ka a jụọ ha.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|171}} Gbowee kwadoro ka etinye aka n'òtù ndị nkịtị dị na Liberia—karịsịa òtù ụmụ nwanyị—n'ọrụ iweghachi obodo ahụ n'ọnọdụ dị mma. Iwe were ya maka otu UN si na-emefu ọtụtụ nde dọla na Liberia, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ego ahụ na-aga n'ịkwụ ndị ọrụ ha ụgwọ na ihe ndị metụtara ha... A sị na ha nyere ụmụ amaala obodo ahụ akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ime ego ahụ, ọ gaara eweta ezigbo mgbanwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|173}}

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na oge oyi nke 2003-04, &quot;ụwa nke idozi esemokwu, iwulite udo na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ&quot; na-akpọ Gbowee ka o dee akwụkwọ, bịa na ogbako ma kọwaa ahụmịhe na echiche nke WIPNET. Thelma Ekiyor gbara Gbowee ume ka o merie enweghị ùgwù onwe onye ya n'etiti &quot;ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi dị elu bụ ndị nwere nzere masta ma na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ dị ike&quot; site n'ịgụ na ịmụ ihe karịa iji ghọta echiche ndị na-agbasa n'ụwa nke iwulite udo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|177}} Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ndị a: &quot;The Peace Book&quot; nke Louise Diamond dere—onye a ma ama maka ịkwado usoro mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche (multi-track diplomacy)—yana &quot;The Journey Toward Reconciliation&quot; na &quot;The Little Book of Conflict Transformation&quot;; akwụkwọ abụọ a nke ikpeazụ bụ nke John Paul Lederach dere, onye bụkwa onye isi nchoputa nke Center for Justice and Peacebuilding na Eastern Mennonite University.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|177}} Ọ gara ọgbakọ USAID na New York, njem mbụ ya ịpụ Afrịka,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|174–175}} gaa n'ọgbakọ na South Africa, nakwa na Switzerland, ebe ya na onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka mmemme UN na Liberia nwere mkparịta ụka ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|174–176}}

===Nzere masta n'iwulite udo===
Na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2004, ihe dị ka ọnwa asatọ ka e binyere aka na Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra, Ghana, Gbowee kpebiri ịga gụọ akwụkwọ na mahadum n'ihe gbasara ngalaba ọ na-arụbu ọrụ na ya: &quot;Anụla m banyere [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (EMU), mahadum dị na Amerịka nke nwere usoro ọmụmụ a ma ama n'ihe gbasara iwulite udo na idozi esemokwu. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst nke na-akwado mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na inye aka n'obodo; o nwere mmekọrịta dịte aka ya na WANEP, ma nweekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịnabata ndị Afrịka ka ha bịa gụọ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}} Oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na EMU—izu anọ n'ime mmemme kwa afọ a na-akpọ Summer Peacebuilding Institute—bụ &quot;oge wetaara m mgbanwe dị ukwuu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}}

Gbowee so Hizkias Assefa mụọ ihe; ọ gụọla ihe ndị Assefa dere afọ ise tupu mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na St. Peter's Lutheran Church n'ihe gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche. Ọ sokwara Howard Zehr mụọ ihe, onye &quot;kụziiri m echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi na-eweta mweghachi&quot; (restorative justice)—usoro e si agwọ ọnya site na mgbalị nkwonkwo nke ndị e merụrụ ahụ na ndị mere mmerụ ahụ ahụ, iji dozie mmebi ndị ahụ e mepụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}}  O chere na ikpe ziri ezi maka imezi ihe dị mkpa karịsịa n'Africa: &quot;Ikpe ziri ezi maka imezi ihe bụ... ihe anyị nwere ike ịhụ dị ka nke anyị, ọ bụghị nke ndị ọdịda anyanwụ tinyere n'ọrụ aka. Anyị chọkwara ya, anyị chọrọ ịlaghachi n'ọdịnala ahụ. Omenala nke ntaramahụhụ juru ebe niile n'Africa. Ndị mmadụ, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị, na gọọmentị mere ihe ọjọọ mana a dịghị aza ha ajụjụ. Ihe karịrị ihe anyị chọrọ iji taa ha ahụhụ, anyị kwesịrị idozi mmebi ha mere.... Mgbe m hapụrụ EMU, amaara m na enwere ihe ndị ọzọ ebe a maka m. N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, m ga-achọta ụzọ m ga-esi laghachi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178–179}}

Gbowee lọtara maka nzukọ mkparịta ụka gburugburu tebụl nke akpọrọ &quot;Atụmatụ maka Ịgwọ Ọnya Mmetụta Uche na Iwulite Ike Iguzogide&quot; n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2005, wee debanye aha dị ka nwa akwụkwọ oge niile na-ebi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-achụso nzere masta na ngalaba &quot;mgbanwe esemokwu na iwulite udo&quot; na Center for Justice and Peacebuilding nke EMU n'afọ 2006-07:&lt;ref name=autogenerated9 /&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;N'ụlọ akwụkwọ ngụsị akwụkwọ, enwere m ike ịhụ ka uche m na-agbasa, nghọta m na-esikwu ike. Aghọtara m na m nwere ike itinye aha a kpọrọ &quot;iwulite udo dị mkpa,&quot; n'ihe m mere n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa na Liberia.... Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na EMU ebiela ndụ n'oge esemokwu, e nwekwara ahụ efe n'etiti ha.... Na Harrisonburg, obere obodo ochie dị na Ndagwurugwu Shenandoah, nke dị anya na Liberia na mwute ya na ndị na-atụ anya ihe n'aka m, ọ dịghị mkpa ka m sie ike. Mgbe ụfọdụ - dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe m hụrụ nne na ụmụ ya - m na-ebe ákwá. Ọ dịghị onye nọ na EMU chere na nke ahụ bụ ihe ijuanya. Ezutere m otu agadi nwoke nke furu ezinụlọ ya niile na mgbukpọ agbụrụ Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|179}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2006, n'oge Gbowee na-amalite oge ọmụmụ zuru oke nke mbụ ya na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, ọ gara obodo New York ịgwa ndị otu UN okwu n'emume ncheta afọ ise nke nnabata Mkpebi 1325 (Resolution 1325). Mkpebi a lekwasịrị anya n'ichekwa ụmụ nwanyị pụọ n'ime ihe ike dabeere na okike, nakwa itinye ha n'ime mbọ udo nke UN na-akwado.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|179}} Mgbe ọ nọ na New York, ọ natara oku ekwentị site n'aka Abigail Disney—onye sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Walt Disney, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa onye na-enye onyinye ebere. Disney na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ, bụ́ Gini Reticker, chọrọ iso Gbowee kwurịta maka ebumnuche ha ime ihe nkiri akwụkwọ (documentary) gbasara otu ụmụ nwanyị Liberia si chịkọta onwe ha iji manye ụmụ nwoke ịkwụsị agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|212}}

===Women in Peace and Security Network (WIPSEN)===
N'agbata afọ 2006 na 2007, Gbowee malitekwara iso Ekiyor na Ecoma Alaga (onye Naijiria, dị ka Ekiyor) kwurịta maka ikewapụ WIPNET na WANEP. O mere nke a n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa ego nzukọ nne ahụ, ọ chọkwara ka ha atọ nwee ikike zuru oke n'ilekọta ihe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|187}} Onye guzobere WANEP, bụ́ Sam Gbaydee Doe—onye bụkwa ezigbo enyi Gbowee—kwadoro ọchịchọ ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ inwe nnwere onwe n'usoro nhazi ha, mana ọ hapụlarị WANEP iji gaa mba England gụọ akwụkwọ maka nzere PhD.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|189}} Onye na edu WANEP bụ onye ọzọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na MA na mmemme mgbanwe esemokwu na EMU, Emmanuel Bombande bụ onye Ghana,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/emmanuel-bombande/.|title=» Emmanuel Bombande|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-ekwetaghị na ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ nwere alaka WIPNET nke WANEP, ya mere o kweghị ka ọ kewapụ onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|188–189}} N'ihi ya, Gbowee na ndị ọrụ ibe ya abụọ guzobere otu ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ Women in Peace and Security Network (WIPSEN), nke dịkwa na Accra, Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|189}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/who/founders/ |title=Founders |website=[[WIPSEN-Africa.org]] |access-date=19 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abigail Disney tinyere aka inyere Gbowee aka ịchịkọta ego n'etiti ndị na-enye onyinye ebere na New York maka iwepụta WIPSEN, nke mere ka o nwee ike inweta $50,000 dị ka ego mbido.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|202}}

===Ndụ nkeonwe na ihe ịma aka dị iche iche===
Mgbe Gbowee gụchara ọmụmụ ihe ya na EMU n'ụbọchị 30 nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, ma laghachi n'ebe ụmụ ya nọ na Liberia n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2007—ebe ndị mụrụ ya na-elekọta ha—ọ ghọtara na ọnwa itoolu ọ nọrọ n'ebe dị anya &quot;fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bibie anyị niile.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|194}} Na Virginia, o biri na ọnọdụ &quot;oyi na-adịghị apụ apụ,&quot; ọ nwekwara mmetụta &quot;ụjọ, mwute, na oyi dị ka ọchịchịrị ojii na-agba okirikiri,&quot; ka ọ na-eche ihu &quot;ikpe ndị bụbu enyi ya na WANEP kpọtere ya, n'ihi ọchịchọ anyị inyocha ụzọ ọhụrụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|200–201}} Ogo agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ọ na-achọ inweta (nke e nyere ya na ngwụcha afọ 2007), aha ya na-ewu ewu karịa, tinyere mgbanwe ndị ọzọ n'ụdị ndụ ya, kpatara esemokwu n'ime mmekọrịta ya na otu nwoke si Liberia aha ya bụ Tunde. Nwoke a, onye na-arụrụ òtù mba ụwa ọrụ, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nna nye ụmụ ya ruo afọ iri—malite n'oge mmalite nke mmegharị udo ụmụ nwanyị Liberia, ruo n'oge Gbowee nọ na-agụ akwụkwọ maka ogo agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na EMU&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|203–204}} (nke o kwụrụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ya&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|198}}). Ha kewapụrụ, ma n'oge mmalite afọ 2008, Gbowee nọ na mmekọrịta ya na otu nwoke si Liberia bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ ozi, onye ọ kpọrọ aha ya bụ James.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205-205}} Ọ bụ nna nwa ya nke isii, bụ́ nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Jaydyn Thelma Abigail, onye a mụrụ na New York City n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Juun, afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|223}}

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, mgbe ezinụlọ na ndị enyi Gbowee zukọrọ ime emume ncheta ọmụmụ nke nwa ya nwanyị nke mbụ, Amber, o doro anya na Gbowee enweela nnukwu nsogbu mmanya. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, Gbowee kọwara na ọ malitere ịṅụ mmanya ruo ihe dị ka afọ iri iji merie owu ọmụma nke ikewapụ onwe ya mgbe niile n'ezinụlọ ya, nsogbu ịda ogbenye na mmerụ ahụ agha kpatara, na nrụgide nke ihe ndị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ n'oge ya. N'oge emume ncheta ọmụmụ Amber, ụmụ Gbowee kwuru na ọ ṅụrụ iko mmanya iri na anọ. N'echi ya, ọ tụfuru onwe ya. Mgbe ọ matara onwe ya ọzọ, na-arịa ọnya afọ, ọ rịọrọ James ka ọ kpọga ya dọkịta: &quot;Mgbe ahụ ahụrụ m ụmụaka ahụ ka ha gbakọtara gburugburu anyị, ihu ha na-atụ ụjọ, ndị na-enweghị enyemaka. Mgbe ha furu efu, nke a ga-abụ nke ikpeazụ. Mba. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Ọ nwere ike ịdị ka ihe dị mfe, mana nke ahụ bụ njedebe nye m. Anaghị m ehi ụra nke ọma, m ka na-eteta n'oge, mana anaghị m aṅụ mmanya ọzọ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|208–209}}

==Echiche gbasara okpukperechi==
N'oge Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ, Gbowee jiri usoro okpukperechi na nke ime mmụọ dị iche iche mee ihe iji dozie nsogbu ndị agha ahụ kpatara. O kwuru na ya jiri egwu okpukperechi, egwu ọdịnala, yana egwu ndị ọzọ ndị otu ya n'obodo ndị Alakụba dị nso na-abụkwa mee ihe. Mgbe o meriri ihe nrite Nobel na 2011, o nyere ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ ebe o mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na ọ dị mkpa itinye okpukperechi n'ọrụ, yana mkpebi siri ike o nwere iji ya mee ihe dị ka ụzọ isi weta udo na Liberia. Na Ọktoba 6, 2016, Gbowee nyere ajụjụ ọnụ na Harvard Divinity School, ebe o kwuru okwu nwere isiokwu bụ &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-akpali mmegharị dị iche iche—nke dabeere n'okpukperechi na ime mmụọ, ma n'ime obodo ma n'ụwa niile—iji weta udo na-adịgide adịgide.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Can the Women Do Something? {{!}} Harvard Divinity Bulletin |url=https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/can-the-women-do-something/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women as Catalysts for Peace {{!}} Harvard Divinity School |url=https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/29/women-catalysts-peace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206185537/https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/29/women-catalysts-peace |archive-date=2025-12-06 |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=www.hds.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee jiri okpukperechi na mmụọ dị ka atụmatụ iji kwalite ụmụ nwanyị maka ịkwụsị agha obodo abụọ nke Liberia. Usoro ndị o ji dịka egwu okpukperechi na ọdịnala nyere aka ịmepụta obodo nke ga-ejikọ ya na ụmụ nwanyị ya. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, ''Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer, and Sex Changed a Nation at War; a Memoir,'' Mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta mmetụta nke nkwenkwe okpukperechi ya na atụmatụ maka iweghachi udo na Liberia. Mgbe agha obodo nke abụọ malitere na 1999, na-eme ka nsogbu dịlarị nke ndina n'ike na ime ihe ike na Liberia dịkwuo elu, Gbowee chere na ọ dị mkpa ka e mee oku maka ihe omume n'etiti okpukperechi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Nobel Peace laureate Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Women's Initiative|url=https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/laureate/leymah-gbowee/|website=Nobel Women's Initiative|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nzaghachi nye ebili nke abụọ a nke esemokwu na-egbu egbu, Gbowee guzobere otu njikọ maka iwulite udo nke gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba; nke a kpalitere mmegharị a ma ama a na-akpọ &quot;Liberia Mass Action for Peace Movement.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Site n'itinye aka n'ọnọdụ ndị a dị oke mkpa, Gbowee nwetara nkà ndu dị ukwuu, nke o jikọtara ya na nzụlite okpukperechi ya. N'oge LMAPM, ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe haziri ọtụtụ nzukọ ekpere, na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka ụdị ngagharị iwe na-adịghị eji ime ihe ike. Nzukọ ekpere ndị a kpọrọ oku maka ime udo n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ma chọọ ka e mee ihe doro anya iji kwụsị agha ahụ, n'oge mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche na mpaghara West Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Gbowee, ya na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, dị ka [[Thelma Ekiyor]], jikọtara okpukperechi na omenala ọdịnala iji kọwaa usoro ha ji eleba anya n'ịgbanwe ọnọdụ esemokwu, iwulite udo, na nchekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Thelma Ekiyor|url=https://risingleader.org/board/thelma-ekiyor/|website=Rising Leadership Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203232323/https://risingleader.org/board/thelma-ekiyor/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwukwe Gbowee nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi na ọrụ ọ na-arụ. Ekpere bụ isiokwu na-apụta ugboro ugboro n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya na n'okwu ndị ọ na-ekwu. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ya na-akọwa oge ndị e nwere mfu, ihe mgbu, iru újú, na nkụda mmụọ—ihe ndị mere ka ọ nwee obi abụọ banyere okwukwe ya—ọ na-egosi na ekpere bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ime njem ya nke iweta udo. O dere sị, &quot;Chineke na-eguzosi ike n'okwu ya mgbe niile, ọ na-ahụkwa n'anya mgbe niile; ọ na-anụ ekpere anyị.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; O ji ekpere mee ihe dị ka isi iyi nke nchebe, olileanya, na nduzi n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado mgbanwe n'obodo. Gbowee na-ahụ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst dị ka ihe bara uru nke ukwuu, nke dịkwa oke mkpa n'ihe gbasara ndụ mmekọrịta na omenala nke ndị Liberia. Gbowee kwenyere na iji nweta ezigbo nsonaazụ n'ọnọdụ esemokwu—karịsịa ndị o sonyere na ha—ekpere aghaghị ịbụ ihe kacha mkpa. Nke a bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke onye ọ bụ, dị ka onye na-akwado mgbanwe n'ụwa niile, ebe ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. Isonye n'otu dị iche iche, dị ka 'Christian Women's Peace Initiative' (CWI), nyeere ya aka itinye akụkụ a nke okwukwe ya n'ọrụ iji weta udo, ma kụziere ndị ọzọ gbasara udo n'ime afọ ndị gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Okpukperechi metụtara ụzọ Gbowee si ewulite udo dịka ụdị nne. N'ezie, ọ na-adọta olu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ okorobịa na-anaghị asọpụrụ bụ́ ndị na-ebu ibu agha. Gbowee ejirila okpukperechi mezuo ọtụtụ ọrụ ya n'oge njem na nkuzi ya n'ebe ọgwụgwọ. Ọrụ dị mkpa ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ike dịka Ekiyor, jiri okpukperechi mee ihe dị ka ihe nkwado iji zụlite ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ, na-achọ udo n'ime obodo ha, n'ụlọ ha, na mba ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; Ikpe ekpere abụrụla akụkụ nke ndụ Gbowee, ọkachasị ná ndụ ịhụnanya ya. Iji ekpere maka ya bụ ngwa ọgwụgwọ nke nyeere ya aka imeri mmekọrịta mmegbu ya ma chebe ụmụ ya. Otu akụkụ nke Gbowee iji okpukperechi na okwukwe dị ka ụdị nne bụ site n'iji ya dị ka ihe enyemaka iji nyere onye ọ bụla ọ na-enyere aka inwe njikọ. O jiri okwukwe na nkwenkwe ya, karịsịa Baịbụl nyere ha aka ịghọta ahụmịhe ha na ihe mwute ha na-enwe. Na Septemba 2016, Gbowee mere ajụjụ ọnụ na Harvard Divinity School na &quot;Religion and The Practice of Peace.&quot; O kwuru na Okpukperechi na ime mmụọ bụ ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị ná ndụ ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na Liberian Women's Mass Action for Peace. Nzukọ ime mmụọ ndị a bụ ihe o ji mee ihe n'obodo ya iji kwalite ma nye ụmụ nwanyị ike ime ihe n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ha, ma nke onwe, nke ime mmụọ, ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na ajụjụ ọnụ Harvard, o kwuru:

&quot;N'ime otu anyị, ihe mbụ anyị mere bụ inwe nzukọ ndụmọdụ ụbọchị atọ. N'ụbọchị mbụ anyị kpọtara naanị ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst, anyị wee laghachi na Baịbụl ịchọta ihe ndị ahụ dị na Baịbụl nke ụmụ nwanyị mere. Anyị chọrọ igosi ha (ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst) na Chineke nwere ụzọ isi jiri ụmụ nwanyị mee ihe nakwa na e nwere ebe ụmụ nwanyị ga-anọ tụgharịa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ha. Ya mere, anyị kpọgara ha na Baịbụl, anyị wee jiri ụmụ nwanyị nwere okwukwe mee ihe atụ—Esta, Debora, Rehab, onye akwụna—ndị mere ihe dị ukwuu iji gbanwee ọnọdụ ahụ. Anyị jiri ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ mee ihe dị ka ihe mmalite maka ịkwalite ụmụ nwanyị.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women as Catalysts for Peace|url=https://rpp.hds.harvard.edu/news/women-catalysts-peace|website=rpp.hds.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okpukpe na Baịbụl nyere Gbowee aka ịkọwa ọhụụ ya nye ụmụ nwanyị Liberia nwere nkwenkwe dị iche iche. Iji wulite obodo ndị siri ike maka iwulite udo na ịkwalite ngagharị iwe gụnyere ijide otu okpukperechi ndị ọzọ, nke bụ nnukwu akụkụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Agbanyeghị, maka Gbowee, iwulite obodo siri ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nke ga-etinye ha n'ihu n'ime nnukwu mmegharị ahụ maka njedebe agha na ịghara igbochi nkwenkwe ya naanị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, bụ usoro o kwadoro. N'ajụjụ ọnụ Harvard, o kwuru, &quot;Ihe nke abụọ anyị mere bụ ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ma gafee otu usoro ahụ, mana na Qur'an... Anyị ga-ekwu okwu ma gụọ ụfọdụ nkọwa ndị na-ekwu maka otu esi emeso ụmụ nwanyị nke ọma ma bie ndụ na-enweghị ihe ike...&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Iji okwukwe mee ihe jikọrọ ụmụ nwanyị niile ọnụ nyeere ha aka iwulite mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ha n'ihe gbasara idu ndú. Gbowee si n'obodo e nwere ngwakọta nke okpukperechi na ihe gbasara ime mmụọ; ebe ndị mụrụ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst, mana ezigbo ndị enyi ha na ndị agbata obi ha bụ ndị Alakụba. Iji okpukperechi eme ihe iji kpọkọta ndị ntorobịa—karịsịa ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị—ghọrọ ebumnuche Gbowee. O ji nke a kwalite nkà idu ndú na inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike site n'ọrụ nkwado ọ na-arụ, si otú a na-azụlite ndị ndú ọhụrụ maka ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=July 2026 |first=The ReligionStars Team-Modified on: 4 |title=Religion of Leymah Gbowee |url=https://religionstars.com/en/star/leymah-gbowee/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Religion Stars |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe a na-enye enyemaka maka ọgwụgwọ mmetụta uche—dị ka 'Trauma Healing Office'—ebe ọ gara n'obodo dị iche iche na Liberia iji kụziere ndị mmadụ otu ha ga-esi merie ihe mgbu na mmerụ ahụ uche ha nwere. O chere na nke a bụ ọrụ Chineke kpọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; N'ihi oke agha ahụ na mgbalị ọ na-agba iji lekọta ezinụlọ ya, o ji okwukwe siri ike mee ihe iji nye ndị ọ na-enyere aka nkasi obi. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ike gwụrụ na ụmụ okorobịa ndị a manyere isonye n'ihe omume mbibi ahụ aka. Ọrụ nkwado ọ na-arụ n'obodo dị iche iche na Liberia sitere n'ahụmahụ ndị o nwetara n'ezinụlọ nke ya. O nweghị ike ilekọta ụmụ ya n'ụzọ ọ chọrọ, ya mere, ewezuga ụmụ ya, ihe kacha ya mkpa bụ ịghara ịhapụ okwukwe ya. Ndị o nyeere aka ma na Liberia ma na Ghana na-akpọ ya &quot;Big Mama&quot; (Nne Ukwu) ma ọ bụ &quot;Nne nke Udo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt;

Maka Gbowee, okpukperechi na ihe gbasara ime mmụọ dị oke mkpa n'ime atụmatụ iweta udo, yana n'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ maka mmadụ niile n'ebe ọ bụla ha nọ. O kwenyere na iji merie ajọ omume ndị na-emebi ndụ mmadụ na otu ha si ebi ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ọ dị mkpa inwe ndị kwere ekwe n'ezie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transforming Conflict through Nonviolent Coalitions|url=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&amp;context=lecture_series|date=13 March 2013|website=University of San Diego Digital USD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye okpukperechi n'ọnọdụ ndị a, maka Gbowee, ime mmegwara abụghị ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ kọwara na ya na-agụ Baịbụl ma na-achọ akụkọ dị iche iche na-akwado udo, kama ịkwado ụkpụrụ nke &quot;anya maka anya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Maka Gbowee, okpukperechi na mkpa ọ bara na-enyere aka ịkụzi ọmịiko na ime omume mgbaghara—ihe ndị nyekwara aka n'ime ka ọrụ nkwado ya nwee ihe ịga nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leymah Gbowee on her faith, resilience, and channeling anger for good|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gspF9FKdq8M |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gspF9FKdq8M |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|date=13 October 2015|website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọrụ ya na ndị iwe ji, bụ́ ndị gabigara ahụmahụ na-egbu mgbu sitere n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nakwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mgbaghara ghọrọ akụkụ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ na agụmakwụkwọ o bu n'obi inye ndị ọ na-elekwasị anya. Maka Gbowee, mgbaghara ejikọtaghị na otu okpukperechi pụrụ iche, kama ọ metụtara ọtụtụ okpukperechi dị iche iche. N'otu nzukọ gbasara udo, o kwuru sị, &quot;N'ime njem ndụ m, ọ bụghị naanị Ndị Kraịst bịakwutere m. Ọ bụghịkwa naanị ndị Alakụba. Kama, ọ bụ ndị si n'okpukperechi dị iche iche.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

N'ihe gbasara onyinye o nyere n'otú e si aghọta ihe gbasara ime ihe ike, Gbowee jikwa okwukwe ya mee ihe iji mesie ike mkpa ọ dị iji ụzọ ndị na-adịghị agụnye ime ihe ike eme ihe. Nke a pụtara ìhè karịsịa n'ime mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa n'ọrụ o rụrụ mgbe ọ nọ na otu 'Women in Peace-building Network' (WIPNET).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women in Peacebuilding Network {{!}} Liberian organization|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Women-in-Peacebuilding-Network|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ji ụmụ nwanyị ndị nwere okwukwe siri ike, bụ́ ndị nwekwara ahụmahụ siri ike metụtara ime ihe ike—n'agbanyeghị na ihe ndị a mere n'ọnọdụ sara mbara karị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị so Gbowee rụọ ọrụ chere ụdị ime ihe ike dị iche iche ihu, gụnyere ime ihe ike metụtara mmekọahụ, ahụ́, mmetụta uche, na uche. E ji egwu na egwu ịgba nke okpukperechi ọdịnala mee ihe n'ime mgbalị ndị na-adịghị eji ime ihe ike, iji weta ọgwụgwọ na udo. A na-eji egwu na egwu ịgba ndị a akọ akụkọ.

Gbowee na-egosipụta nraranye o nwere n'okwukwe Ndị Kraịst ya. O ji okwu ndị a malite ngalaba ebe o ji kwupụta ekele n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya: &quot;Otuto, ebube, na nsọpụrụ niile dịrị Chineke maka ịhụnanya na amara Ya na-adịgide adịgide o gosiri m.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt;{{rp|245}} Ọ gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nọ n'ọgbakọ ofufe na EMU n'afọ 2009 sị:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ bụghị site n'ike nke m ka m ji ruo ebe a... ma ọ bụ site n'ihe ọ bụla m mere n'onwe m; kama, ọ bụ site n'amara na ebere Chineke.... O jidere m n'aka. N'oge ndị kacha sie ike, Ọ nọrọnyere m. E nwere otu egwu na-asị, &quot;Duzie nzọụkwụ m n'ụzọ Gị, O Onyenwe anyị,&quot; kwa ụbọchị mgbe m tetara, nke ahụ bụkwa ekpere m. N'ihi na ọ gaghị ekwe omume mmadụ ịga njem a—dị ka onye na-eweta udo, ma ọ bụ onye na-eweta mgbanwe n'obodo ya—n'enweghị okwukwe.... Ka m na-aga n'ihu n'ime njem ndụ a, ana m echetara onwe m sị: Ihe niile m bụ, na ihe niile m nwere olileanya ịbụ, bụ n'ihi Chineke.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Gbowee gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ EMU na ọ bụbu nne nwere ụmụ anọ, dị afọ iri abụọ na ise, onye iwe juru obi, na-enweghị ego, na-enweghịkwa ebe obibi kwụsiri ike—onye na-amaghịkwa ihe ga-abụ ọdịnihu ya—tupu ọ malite ige ntị n'olu Chineke n'afọ 1997. O kwuru na Chineke gwara ya okwu site n'ọnụ otu nwa nwoke dị afọ ise, nwa ọ kpọrọ aha njirimara bụ &quot;Nuku&quot;. Ihe ndị Nuku kwuru mere ka ọ ghọta na ọ dara mbà n'obi nke ukwuu, na enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'onwe ya tinyere mmetụta nke enweghị enyemaka na-ebibi ezinụlọ ya—ezinụlọ nke agha obi ọjọọ na-eme na Liberia na-akpatakwa nnukwu nsogbu. Gbowee kwuru na ya malitere ime obere nzọụkwụ n'otu n'otu, na-arịọkwa Chineke ka o nyere ya aka na nzọụkwụ ọ bụla. O kwukwara na Chineke zitere ya ndị mmụọ ozi n'ụdị ụmụ mmadụ, ndị setịpụụrụ ya aka n'oge kpọmkwem ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ ma na-achọ enyemaka nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;

Dị ka ọdịdị nke gụnyere okpukpe dị iche iche n'ime mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-egosi, Gbowee kwuru na ndị ọzọ nwere ike inweta otu nkwado ahụ site n'okpukpe ndị dị iche na nke ya:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ nwere ike ịbụ Jizọs, ọ nwere ike ịbụ Muhammad, ọ nwere ike ịbụ Buddha; mana ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkpọta mgbanwe n'ime ndụ ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na e nweghị onye ị nwere ike ịdabere na ya—onye ahụ bụ &quot;onye na-etinye aka site n'ike Chineke&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;onye sitere n'ebe Chineke nọ&quot;—onye ị nwere ike ịkpọku kwa ụbọchị... Chineke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, n'agbanyeghị otu i si mara Ya... Mee nzọụkwụ nke okwukwe, Chineke ga-elekọtakwa ihe ndị fọdụrụ.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Odyssey Networks, Gbowee kwuru na a pụkwara ịkpọ Chineke &quot;Ike Kasị Elu.&quot; O kwusiri ike na ọ bụrụ na Ike Kasị Elu a nọnyeere gị, ị nwere ike &quot;ibili ma mee ihe ga-agbanwe ọnọdụ gị.&quot; O nyere ndụmọdụ sị: &quot;Echela onye dị ka Gandhi, echela onye dị ka King, echela onye dị ka Mandela. 'Gị onwe gị' bụ Mandela nke gị, 'gị onwe gị' bụ Gandhi nke gị, 'gị onwe gị' bụ Eze nke gị.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odysseynetworks.org/video/Odyssey-Networks-exclusive-interview-with-2011-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Laureate-Leymah-Gbowee|title=Odyssey Networks exclusive interview with 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Leymah Gbowee - Odyssey Networks&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111144546/http://www.odysseynetworks.org/video/Odyssey-Networks-exclusive-interview-with-2011-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Laureate-Leymah-Gbowee|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ihe nkiri akwụkwọ==
Gbowee bụ onye na-akọ akụkọ na onye isi ihe nkiri na 2008 ihe nkiri ''Pray the Devil Back to Hell'', nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na vidiyo sitere n'oge agha ahụ. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri kacha mma na Ememme Ihe nkiri Tribeca nke 2008 na New York. A na-agbasa ya na United States dịka akụkụ nke usoro ihe nkiri &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị, Agha &amp; Udo&quot;, nke a na-agbasa ihe karịrị ụbọchị ise n'usoro na Tuzdee na mmalite Nọvemba 2011 na ọdụ telivishọn ọha.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Women, War &amp; Peace,&quot; www.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/. Retrieved 20 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; E jirila ''Ekpere'' mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ nkwado n'ebe ndị a na-alụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ ebe a lụchara ọgụ, dị ka Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq, South Africa, Rwanda, Mexico, Kenya, Cambodia, Russia, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, na West Bank: &quot;Mmeghachi omume ahụ yiri onwe ha nke ukwuu: n'agbanyeghị otú mba na ọha mmadụ dị iche iche si dị, ụmụ nwanyị ghọtara onwe ha, malitekwa ikwurịta otu ha ga-esi jikọọ aka iji dozie nsogbu nke ha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ November 2009 MEDIAGLOBAL] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710093803/http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ |date=10 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|214}}

N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Gbowee pụtara dị ka onye nwere ike ịchị ọchị ma nwee obi ụtọ ná ndụ, n'agbanyeghị ihe o birila: &quot;Gbowee pụtara dị ka onye na-eme atụmatụ, onye na-adịghị mma, onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-akwalite obi ụtọ. Ọ bụghị ihe ọchị dịka balụn - achịcha-kọfị-kọfị-ndị na-eme ihe ọchị, kama ọ bụ ịdị n'otu na-akpali mmadụ inwe obi ụtọ. Ị na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba egwu, na-abụ abụ, na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị, na-eyi uwe mara mma, dị ka nduru, ị na-ahụkwa ọchị n'oge ịnọdụ ala na ngagharị iwe.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lisa Witter, &quot;The Nobel Peace Prize: A Laughing Matter?&quot; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-witter/the-nobel-peace-prize-laughing_b_1023953.html. Retrieved 24 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Onyinye na nkwanye ugwu==
[[File:Tawakkul Karman Leymah Gbowee Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Nobel Peace Prize 2011 Harry Wad.jpg|thumb|350px|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: [[Tawakkul Karman]], Leymah Gbowee, na [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] na-egosi ihe nrite ha n'oge a na-enye Onyinye Nobel maka Udo, n'ụbọchị 10 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2011.]]

Mkpughe Gbowee na ntọala ọha mmadụ nke New York, nke Disney (onye ghọrọ ezigbo enyi) kwadoro&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated7&quot; /&gt; mepeere ụzọ maka ọtụtụ onyinye. Nke mbụ, nke sitere na [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] dị na [[Harvard]], bịara na mmalite afọ 2006; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha malitere ịbịa n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa: nkwanye ùgwù sitere n'aka [[Women's eNews]], [[Gruber Prize for Women's Rights]], [[John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award]], ihe nrite &quot;Living Legends Award&quot; maka ije ozi nye ụmụ mmadụ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na Julaị 2011, [[Eastern Mennonite University|EMU]] kwupụtara na a họpụtara Gbowee dị ka &quot;Onye Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ nke Afọ&quot; (Alumna of the Year) n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-05 |title=Crossroads Summer 2011 - Alumni Magazine of Eastern Mennonite University |url=https://issuu.com/easternmennoniteuniversity/docs/crossroads_summer_2011 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Issuu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Nwa nwoke mbụ Gbowee, bụ Joshua &quot;Nuku&quot; Mensah, banyere EMU dị ka nwa akwụkwọ afọ mbụ n'afọ 2010; n'oge ahụ, ọ nọrọ otu afọ n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na nwa nwanyị mbụ Sam Gbaydee Doe, bụ Samfee Doe, onye nọ n'afọ ikpeazụ ya n'oge ahụ.)&lt;ref name=autogenerated9 /&gt; Nsọpụrụ kachasị pụta ìhè bịara n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011, mgbe Kọmitii Nobel nke Norway họpụtara Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ natara Ihe Nrite Nobel maka Udo (Nobel Peace Prize) nke afọ 2011. N'afọ 2022, Gbowee jere ozi dị ka onye otu 'Bartels World Affairs Fellows' na Mahadum Cornell, ebe o nyere nkuzi kwa afọ a na-akpọ 'Bartels World Affairs Lecture'.

===Onyinye===
* 2019 – Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[Peter Gabriel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2019 Summit Highlights Photo | url= https://achievement.org/summit/2019/|quote= Leymah Gbowee of Liberia, the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, addresses Academy delegates and members at a symposium at Four Seasons Hotel during the 53rd annual International Achievement Summit in New York City.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 – [[Community of Christ International Peace Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Peace Award |url=https://cofchrist.org/international-peace-award/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Community of Christ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 – Oxfam America Right the Wrong Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee|title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Oxfam International|website=www.oxfam.org|language=en|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130330/https://www.oxfam.org/en/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 – The [[New York Women's Foundation]] Century Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|medium=video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQOeNAaYIuE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/bQOeNAaYIuE |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Abigail Disney and Leymah Gbowee at the 2013 Celebrating Women Breakfast}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 – Barnard College Medal of Distinction &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://barnard.edu/news/nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-address-barnard-graduates|title=Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee to Address Barnard Graduates - Barnard College|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310042720/https://www.barnard.edu/news/nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-address-barnard-graduates|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 – Olympic flag bearer in the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zucconi |first=Mike |date=2012-07-31 |title=Gbowee Carries Olympic Flag at Ceremony |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2012/gbowee-carries-olympic-flag-at-ceremony/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 - [[Interfaith Center of New York|James Parks Morton Interfaith Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ICNY |date=2012-06-25 |title=The 2012 James Parks Morton Interfaith Awards Dinner {{!}} ICNY |url=https://interfaithcenter.org/the-2012-james-parks-morton-interfaith-awards-dinner/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Nobel Peace Prize laureate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/gbowee/facts/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]] Greeley Scholar for Peace Studies&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uml.edu/News/stories/2010-11/greeley_scholar_coverage.aspx Greeley Scholar Challenges Listeners to 'Speak Up'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125171655/http://uml.edu/News/stories/2010-11/greeley_scholar_coverage.aspx |date=2011-11-25 }} Julia Gavin, 8 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – Villanova Peace Award from [[Villanova University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wildcat Newswire |url=https://newswire.villanova.edu/newswire/wildcatnewswire/graduate/09-09-2011.html |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=newswire.villanova.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – Alumna of the Year, [[Eastern Mennonite University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/.|title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize - EMU News|date=7 October 2011|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – Living Legends Award for Service to Humanity&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.savweb.com/2011/10/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell/|title=Pray the Devil Back to Hell* - Sandy Audio Visual LLC|date=7 October 2011|work=Sandy Audio Visual LLC|access-date=4 June 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – John Jay Medal for Justice from the [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/3777.php |title=John Jay Justice Awards |publisher=Jjay.cuny.edu |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929043545/http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/3777.php |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – Joli Humanitarian Award from [[Riverdale Country School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9/10 Building |url=https://www.riverdale.edu/footnote-hill_campus-9_10_building/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Riverdale Country School |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – [[Gruber Prize for Women's Rights]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 Gruber Women's Rights Prize {{!}} Gruber Foundation |url=https://gruber.yale.edu/prize/2009-gruber-womens-rights-prize |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=gruber.yale.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – John F. Kennedy [[Profile in Courage Award]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Profile-in-Courage-Award/Award-Recipients.aspx|title=Award Recipients - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library &amp; Museum|website=www.jfklibrary.org|access-date=20 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – &quot;Honor Award for Courageous Commitment for Human Rights of Women&quot; by the Filmfestival Women's Worlds, TERRE DES FEMMES, Germany.{{Citation needed|date=October 2026}}
* 2008 – [[Women's eNews]] Leaders for the 21st Century Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Seltzer |first=Sarah |url=http://womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/071224/seven-who-topple-tyrannies |title=2008 – Seven Who Topple Tyrannies |publisher=Womensenews.org |date=24 December 2007 |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2007 – Blue Ribbon for Peace from the [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harvard Honors Alumna – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/2008/08/harvard-honors-alumna/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=emu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Nzere nsọpụrụ===
* 2024 – Honorary Doctorate, delivery of the [[Oliver Tambo]] lecture, [[Georgetown University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Ceremony &amp; Oliver Tambo Lecture with Leymah Gbowee |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/event/honorary-degree-ceremony-oliver-tambo-lecture-with-leymah-gbowee/ |website=Georgetown University |access-date=13 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 – Honorary Doctorate of International Affairs from [[American University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.american.edu/commencement/honorary-degree-recipients.cfm |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=American University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 – Honorary Doctorate by Rhodes University&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ru.ac.za/graduationgateway/honorarydoctorates/2012/|title=Honorary Doctorates 2012 |date=12 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="82280" sha1="l0p0epmc0qi963tlez332hkiu5jfrfk" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Onye na-akwado udo nke bụ onye Liberia (a mụrụ na 1972)}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Leymah Gbowee &lt;!-- do not add image icons such as Nobel Peace Prize; see [[WP:ICON]] --&gt;
| image         = Leymah Gbowee no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 (9730602149) (cropped).jpg
| alt           =
| caption       = Gbowee na 2013
| birth_name    = Leymah Roberta Gbowee
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|01}}
| birth_place   = Central [[Liberia]]
| death_date    = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;
| death_place   =
| other_names   =
| known_for     = [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]] and ''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]''
| occupation    = [[Peace activist]]
| education     =  [[Mother Patern College of Health Sciences]] (AA)&lt;br&gt; [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (MA)
| awards        = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2011 Nobel Peace Prize|2011]])
}}
'''Leymah Roberta Gbowee''' (a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị 1 nke ọnwa Febụwarị, afọ 1972) bụ onye Liberia na-akwado udo, onye duziri otu ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ udo n'ụzọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a maara dị ka &quot;Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace&quot; (Mgbakọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Liberia maka Udo). Otu a nyeere aka n'ịkwụsị Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ n'afọ 2003. Mgbalị ya na nke onye ha na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ, bụ [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], nyeere aka iweta oge udo ma mee ka e nwee ntuli aka n'efu na nke ziri ezi n'afọ 2005, nke Sirleaf meriri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|title=African women look within for change|publisher=CNN|date=31 October 2009|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=10 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518201040/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere Gbowee na Sirleaf, tinyere Tawakkul Karman, ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke afọ 2011 &quot;maka mgba ha na-enweghị ime ihe ike iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ọrụ iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=autogenerated5&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |title=The Rabble Rousers |last=Conley |first=Kevin |date=2008 |website=[[O, the Oprah Magazine]] |language=en-us |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004218/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ndụ mbido==
A mụrụ Leymah Gbowee na etiti [[Liberia]] na 1 February 1972. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ n'ime atọ bi na [[Monrovia]] ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, Foundation, Accomplishments, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leymah-Gbowee |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe Agha obodo mbụ nke Liberia dara na 1989,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Leymah Gbowee Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=  https://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/#interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke tụbara mba ahụ n'ọgba aghara ruo 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|15–25,50}} &quot;Ka agha ahụ na-ebelata, ọ matara maka otu mmemme nke UNICEF na-elekọta... nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta ọdịmma ọha, bụ ndị ga-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị agha kpatara oke nhụjuanya n'obi,&quot; ka Gbowee dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2011, nke a na-akpọ ''Mighty Be Our Powers''.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |last1=Gbowee |first1=Leymah |last2=Mithers |first2=Carol |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|50}} Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ dị ọnwa atọ, nke mere ka ọ ghọta na nna ụmụ ya abụọ nta—nwa ya nwoke bụ Joshua &quot;Nuku&quot; na nwa ya nwanyị bụ Amber—na-emegbu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|50}} N'ịchọ udo na ihe oriri maka ezinụlọ ya, Gbowee sooro di ya, akpọrọ Daniel n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, gaa Ghana ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Arthur) bi dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-enweghị ebe obibi ma fọrọ nke nta ka agụụ gbụọ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|59–68}} Ọ kpọrọ ụmụ ya atọ wee gbaa ọsọ, na-agba bọs n'ụgwọ ruo ihe karịrị otu izu &quot;n'ihi na enweghị m otu mkpụrụ ego,&quot; laghachi n'ọnọdụ ọgba aghara dị na Liberia, ebe ndị mụrụ ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ ka bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|69}}

N'afọ 1998, n'ọchịchọ ya ịbanye n'usoro ọmụmụ maka nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (social work) na kọleji Mother Patern College of Health Sciences, Gbowee malitere ịrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'otu mmemme nke Chọọchị Lutheran dị na Liberia. A na-arụ ọrụ a n'ime ụlọ ụka St. Peter's Lutheran dị na Monrovia—ebe nne ya bụ onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa ebe o ji oge uto ya niile biri. A na-akpọ mmemme ahụ 'Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Program' (THRP), ọ bụkwa ya malitere njem Gbowee n'ịghọ onye na-akwado udo:&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|80–82}}

Ọfịs THRP ahụ dị ọhụrụ, mana mmemme ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ụka dị na Liberia anọgidewo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịchọ udo kemgbe agha obodo malitere; n'afọ 1991, ndị ụkọchukwu Lutheran, ndị ndu ụka na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị nkuzi, na ndị ọrụ ahụike jikọrọ aka na Christian Health Association of Liberia iji gbalịa idozi mmebi uche na nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke agha ahụ kpatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|81}}
Gbowee gụrụ akwụkwọ wee rụkwaa ụzọ ya gaa n'ọkwa mmụta nka, enyere ya na 2001,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|111}} ka ọ na-etinye n'ọrụ ihe ọ mụtara gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche na ime ka ndị mmadụ dịghachi ná mma, n'ịgbalị inyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bụbu ụmụaka a na-etinye n'agha n'òtù ndị agha Charles Taylor aka ịghọghachi ndị bara uru n'obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html |title=Leymah Gbowee Biography |website=Nobel Peace Prize Forum |access-date=31 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html Leymah Gbowee Biography]{{dead link|date=October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ihe ngosi agha gbara ya gburugburu, ọ ghọtara na &quot;ọ bụrụ na a ga-enwe mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụ ndị nne ga-emerịrị ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gruberprizes.org/GruberPrizes/WomensRights_LaureateBio.php?id=86&amp;awardid=53 |title=2009 Gruber Foundation Women's Rights Prize |publisher=Gruberprizes.org |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gbowee mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, bụ Nicole &quot;Pudu&quot;, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nne ụmụ anọ, ka ọ na-amalite akụkụ ọzọ nke njem ndụ ya—ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Liberia ka ha kwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ na-ebibi ụmụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110612/http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2011|title=Leymah Gbowee, Women in Peace and Security Network Africa — NIEW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ==
Gbowee nwetara nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (n'afọ 2001) site na Mother Patern College of Health Sciences dị na Monrovia, Liberia, ma mesịa nweta nzere 'Master of Arts' na Conflict Transformation (n'afọ 2007) site na Eastern Mennonite University dị na Harrisonburg, Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Road |first=Copyright © 2006-2026 Eastern Mennonite University 1200 Park |last2=Harrisonburg |last3=Fax: 540-432-4444 |first3=Virginia 22802 Phone: 540-432-4000 |date=2011-10-07 |title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2011/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetakwara asambodo na ọzụzụ gbasara igbochi esemokwu na iwulite udo site n'aka United Nations Institute for Training, Healing Victims of War Trauma Center dị na Cameroon, na Non-Violent Peace Education dị na Liberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee/ |title=Making Peace Work for Women |publisher=Womenpeacesecurity.org |date=26 October 2006|access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030031915/http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọrụ==
Gbowee bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, nke e hiwere na 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|title=US$50,000 Scholarship for Liberian Women, Gbowee Foundation Discloses|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514095525/http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nwee isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Monrovia, nke na-enye ụmụ agbọghọ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa ohere agụmakwụkwọ na nke ịbụ ndị ndu na Liberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://gboweepeaceafrica.org/our-story |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa (GPFA) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye, Gbowee bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke ''Women Peace and Security Network Africa'', nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Accra, [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |title=Hunt Alternatives Fund, Directory of Women Experts |publisher=Huntalternatives.org |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201036/http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-ewulite mmekọrịta n'ofe mpaghara West Africa iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere igbochi, izere, na ịkwụsị esemokwu. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala ma bụrụkwa onye bụbu onye nhazi nke mmemme Women in Peacebuilding Program/West African Network for Peacebuilding (WIPNET/WANEP).&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye a họpụtara ịbụ kọmishọna maka Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta Udo na Liberia. N'ime afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2013–2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara pụrụ iche (Distinguished Fellow) n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi n'ọha mmadụ na Barnard College nke Mahadum Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |title=Barnard Welcomes Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee as Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice |publisher=Barnard.edu |access-date=2013-11-19 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203114218/http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na afọ 2012 ruo 2014, Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ime Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Ọkwa Elu maka International Conference on Population and Development, nke [[Joaquim Chissano]] na [[Tarja Halonen]] so duzie dị ka ndị isi oche.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.icpdtaskforce.org/task-force-members/ Members] High-Level Task Force for the International Conference on Population and Development.&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2013, ọ ghọrọ Onye nnọchiteanya Oxfam n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |title=Leymah Gbowee &amp;#124; Oxfam International |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190159/http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee na-enye okwu n'ọkwa mba ụwa iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, yana udo na nchekwa. N'afọ 2016, Gbowee kwuru okwu n'oge ngagharị iwe nke otu a na-akpọ [[Women Wage Peace]] haziri; nke a bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite nkwekọrịta udo n'etiti Israel na Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/these-israeli-women-marched-from-the-lebanese-border-to-jerusalem-heres-why/2016/10/19/a9b67618-b92c-4c7a-9ad8-d992477e7db1_story.html|title=These Israeli women marched from the Lebanese border to Jerusalem. Here's why.|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=16 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee bụkwa onye na-akwado n'ihu ọha nzukọ anaghị achọ uru nke Ebenezer Norman, onye obodo Liberia ibe ya, nke a na-akpọ ''A New Dimension of Hope''—otu ntọala na-ewu ụlọ akwụkwọ na Liberia. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, o degaara ndị nyere aka n'ọrụ nchịkọta ego nzukọ ahụ na ikpo okwu Indiegogo akwụkwọ ozi nkeonwe, ma kwuo okwu n'emume ha dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.regis.edu/News-Events-Media/News/2018/August/Nobel%20Prize.aspx|title=Regis University Welcomes 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Winner|website=www.regis.edu|access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/small-village-and-elementary-school-in-africa-destroyed-by-corrupt-goernment-wcz/|title=Small Village and Elementary School in Africa Destroyed by Corrupt Government|date=2016-06-14|website=The Good Men Project|language=en-US|access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;New Dimension of Hope, [http://www.prlog.org/12455792-african-charity-launches-crowd-funding-campaign-to-build-school-in-liberia.html &quot;African Charity Launches Crowd-funding Campaign to Build School in Liberia&quot;], prlog.org, 13 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Angelini, Anthony. [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/ndhope-s-school-building-project-in-liberia#/story &quot;NDHope's School Building Project in Liberia&quot;]. Indiegogo. New Dimension of Hope, 5 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, Gbowee na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye Isi Nchịkwa nke Mmemme Ụmụnwanyị maka Udo na Nchekwa (Women of Peace and Security Program) na AC4, nke dị n'ime Earth Institute nke Mahadum Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sps.columbia.edu/negotiation-and-conflict-resolution/news/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-direct-columbias-women-peace-and &quot;Nobel Peace Prize Laureate to Direct Columbia's Women, Peace, and Security Initative&quot;] [sic], Columbia SPS, 20 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee na-edekwara ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/leymah-gbowee-wins-nobel-peace-prize | title =Leymah Gbowee Wins Nobel Peace Prize | date =October 7, 2011 | website =The Daily Beast |access-date =15 October 2017 |quote=Liberian peace activist and Daily Beast contributor Leymah Gbowee was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for her &quot;non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work.&quot; }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/author/leymah-gbowee.html | title =Leymah Gbowee | website =thedailybeast.com | date =15 December 2012 | publisher =The Daily Beast | access-date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Itinye aka na ọgwụgwọ mmerụ ahụ===
N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1999, mgbe Gbowee nọrọla na ọrụ ọgwụgwọ Trauma otu afọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|95}} onye na-elekọta ya, bụ́ Reverend Bartholomew Bioh &quot;BB&quot; Colley—onye bụ́ pastọ n'Ụka Lutheran dị na Liberia—gosiri ya n'ebe [[Samuel Gbaydee Doe]] nọ (onye na-enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na onye bụbu onye isi ala Liberia nwere otu aha mbụ na aha nna ahụ),&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|98}} onye Liberia nwere &quot;ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na ọgụgụ isi&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|107}} onye ka nwetara nzere 'master's' n'otu mahadum Ndị Kraịst dị na United States, nke gbadoro ụkwụ pụrụ iche n'ọmụmụ gbasara iwulite udo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sam Gbaydee Doe – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/sam-gbaydee-doe/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=emu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doe bụ onye isi oche nke ọgbakọ udo mbụ mpaghara Africa, West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wanep.org |title=West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) |website=www.wanep.org |access-date=20 October 2011}}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke o so guzobe na 1998 na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;Lynda Hollinger Janzen, &quot;Africa-based peace initiative grows out of Liberian tragedy&quot;, ''Mennonite Weekly Review'', Vol. 82, No. 31, 2 August 2004, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About-Us |url=http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111175829/http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-date=2013-11-11 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.wanep.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'agba ume sitere n'aka onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran ọ na-akpọ &quot;BB&quot;, Gbowee malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gbasara iwulite udo; karịsịa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ''The Politics of Jesus'' nke ọkà mmụta okpukperechi Mennonite bụ John Howard Yoder dere, yana ọrụ ndị Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi, na onye edemede si Kenya bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara esemokwu na ime ka udo dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ, bụ Hizkias Assefa, dere.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|88}}

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1999, &quot;WANEP na-agba mbọ nke ukwuu itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ya, a kpọkwara m ka m gaa nzukọ na Ghana,&quot; ka Gbowee dere.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|101}} N'ọgbakọ WANEP ọzọ e nwere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2000, Gbowee zutere [[Thelma Ekiyor]] si Naịjirịa, onye &quot;nwere ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ, bụrụkwa ọkaiwu ọkachamara n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-esi edozi esemokwu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|107–108}} Ekiyor gwara Gbowee maka echiche ya ịgakwuru WANEP ka ha guzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị. &quot;Thelma bụ onye na-eche echiche miri emi ma nwee ọhụụ, dịka BB na Sam. Mana ọ bụ nwanyị, dịka mụ onwe m.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|109}}

N'ime otu afọ, Ekiyor nwetara ego nkwado site na WANEP ma hazie nzukọ mbụ nke Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET) na Accra, Ghana, nke Gbowee gara:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Kedu ka a ga-esi kọwaa obi ụtọ dị na nzukọ mbụ ahụ...? E nwere ụmụ nwanyị si Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, na Togo – ya bụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile dị iri na isii n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Site n'ụzọ dị jụụ mana nke gosipụtara ọgụgụ isi pụrụ iche, Thelma ji aka ya dee akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ọzụzụ ndị nhazi; akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe omume ndị ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị pụta n'ihu, tinye aka n'ihe a na-eme, mụta maka esemokwu na otu esi edozi ha, ma nyere ha aka ịghọta ihe mere o ji dị mkpa ka ha tinye aka n'idozi nsogbu ndị a.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|112}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere ọmịiko ma na-achọkwa udo, Gbowee kọrọ akụkụ ndị na-ewute obi n'akụkọ ndụ ya nke mbụ ya; nke a gụnyere oge ya na nwa ya a mụrụ ọhụrụ nọrọ otu izu na-ehi ụra n'ala n'okporo ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi na o nweghị ego ọ ga-eji kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa onye ga-enyere ya aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|113}} &quot;Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ n'Africa na-eme nke a: ilekwasị anya naanị n'ụmụ nwanyị na naanị n'iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|113}} Ekiyor ghọrọ onye nkuzi na enyi Gbowee. Ọ bụkwa ya kwupụtara mmalite nke WIPNET na Liberia ma họpụta Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi nke Liberian Women's Initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|114–115}} Enwere ike ịsị na echiche Gbowee banyere &quot;ụka na-akwado udo&quot; sitere n'oge a – Thelma Ekiyor, Rev. &quot;BB&quot; Colley, Samuel Gbaydee Doe, na Hizkias Assefa nwere njikọ niile na Eastern Mennonite University dị na United States, ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị gụburu akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ (n'ihe gbasara Assefa) dị ka onye nkuzi na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.&lt;ref name=autogenerated9&gt;[http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/nobel-prize-winner-connected-to-peace-church-tradition/ &quot;Nobel Prize Winner Connected to Peace-Church Tradition&quot;]. Retrieved 20 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Na-edu otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị===
N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2002, Gbowee na-arụ ọrụ n'ehihie iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche, ebe ọ na-ejikwa oge mgbede ya arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndu WIPNET na Liberia n'enweghị ụgwọ ọ bụla. Ụmụ ya—gụnyere nwa nwanyị ọ nabatara aha ya bụ Lucia &quot;Malou&quot; (nke mere ka ọnụọgụ ụmụ ya ruo ise)—bi na Ghana n'okpuru nlekọta nwanne ya nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|148}} Ka ọ na-ehi ụra n'ọfịs WIPNET n'otu abalị, o tetara na nrọ ebe o kwuru na Chineke gwara ya, sị: &quot;Kpọkọtanụ ụmụ nwanyị ma kpee ekpere maka udo!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|122}} Ụfọdụ ndị enyi nyeere ya aka ịghọta na nrọ ahụ abụghị maka ndị ọzọ dịka Gbowee chere; kama, ọ ghọtara na ọ dị mkpa ka ya onwe ya mee ihe banyere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|122}}&lt;ref name=&quot;podcastFaith&quot;&gt;{{Cite podcast |url=https://emu.edu/now/podcast/2009/10/23/the-faith-of-a-peacebuilder-leymah-gbowee/ |title=The Faith of a Peacebuilder – Leymah Gbowee – Eastern Mennonite University Podcast |website=emu.edu |access-date=19 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na-esochi nkuzi WIPNET na Liberia,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|124}} Gbowee na ndị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ, gụnyere otu nwanyị Mandingo onye Alakụba aha ya bụ Asatu, malitere site n'ịga &quot;n'ụlọ alakụba n'ehihie Fraịde mgbe ekpere gasịrị, n'ahịa n'ụtụtụ Satọde, nakwa n'ụlọ ụka abụọ kwa Sọnde.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|126}} Akwụkwọ ozi ha dere, sị: &quot; Ike agwụla anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara igbu ụmụ anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara mmegbu a na-emegbu anyị!! Ụmụ nwanyị, teta n'ụra – unu nwere olu n'usoro iweta udo!&quot; Ha nyekwara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-apụghị ịgụ akwụkwọ ihe osise dị mfe iji kọwaa ebumnuche ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|127}}

Ka ọ na-erule oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2002, a ghọtara Gbowee dị ka onye na-ekwuru okwu na onye ndu na-akpali mmụọ maka otu &quot;Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace&quot;—otu a kọwara dị ka òtù na-akwado udo nke malitere mgbe ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ógbè ahụ malitere ikpe ekpere na ịbụ abụ n'ahịa azụ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |title=2009 Peace warrior for Liberia |publisher=Odemagazine.com |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227090728/http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |archive-date=December 27, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị na-emegidekwa agha ahụ site n'ibu ọnụ na ịga n'ụlọ gọọmentị na-eme mkpọtụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ịrụ ọrụ gafere oke okpukperechi na agbụrụ, Gbowee duziri ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba ka ha gbakọta na Monrovia ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. Ha kpere ekpere maka udo site n'iji ụdị ekpere nke ndị Alakụba na nke Ndị Kraịst, ma mesịa mee ngagharị iwe na ọrụ ịnọdụ ala n'ebe ọha na eze kwa ụbọchị n'ụzọ na-enweghị ime ihe ike, na-emegide iwu sitere n'aka onye isi ala na-achị aka ike n'oge ahụ, bụ Charles Taylor.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|128,135}}

Ha mere ngagharị iwe nke gụnyere iyi egwu nke [[Anasyrma|ọbụbụ ọnụ]] na [[mmekọahụ]]. Banyere ngagharị iwe ahụ, Gbowee kwuru, &quot;Mgbagharị ahụ [mmekọahụ] dịgidere, na-aga n'ihu ma na-apụ, ruo ọnwa ole na ole. O nweghị mmetụta bara uru ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị, mana ọ bara nnukwu uru n'ịdọta uche anyị na mgbasa ozi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|147}} N'ime ihe dị oke egwu ha mere, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ mechara weghara otu ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ; ọ dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Tubman Boulevard, bụ́ ụzọ Charles Taylor na-esi aga ma na-alọta Capitol Hill ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|136}} Iji mee ka a mata ha nke ọma dị ka otu, ụmụ nwanyị niile yi uwe elu 'T-shirt' na-acha ọcha—nke na-anọchite anya udo—nke nwere akara WIPNET, ma jiri ihe e ji kee ntutu isi na-acha ọcha kee ntutu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|136}} N'ikpeazụ, Taylor kwere ka e nwee nzukọ iji gee ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ntị n'ụbọchị nke 23 n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe karịrị puku ụmụ nwanyị abụọ gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ ọchịchị ya, ọ bụ Gbowee ka a họpụtara ka ọ kọwaara ya okwu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|140}} Gbowee tụgharịrị ihu ya ka Taylor nwee ike ịhụ ya, mana ọ gwara [[Grace Minor]] okwu—onye bụ́ onyeisi ndị omeiwu nakwa naanị nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa gọọmentị nọ ebe ahụ:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara agha. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-agba ọsọ ndụ. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-arịọ maka nri ọka wit (bulgur). Ike agwụla anyị ịhụ ka a na-edina ụmụ anyị n'ike. Ugbu a, anyị na-eme mkpebi a siri ike iji chekwaa ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị. N'ihi na anyị kwenyere na, dịka ndị na-elekọta ọha mmadụ, n'ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị ga-ajụ anyị sị, &quot;Mama, gịnị ka ị rụrụ n'oge nsogbu ahụ?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|141}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ya, Gbowee kpughere na Grace Minor ji nwayọọ nye &quot;nnukwu ego nke ya... n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ọ tinyere onwe ya na ya&quot; iji kwado ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|149}} Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ na-eme ngagharị iwe nwetara nkwa n'aka Onye isi ala Charles Taylor na ọ ga-aga nzukọ udo na [[Ghana]] iji soro ndị nnupụisi sitere na otu 'Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy' nwee mkparịta ụka&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Bio of Gbowee Leymah] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=March 14, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/5|title=The Rabble Rousers|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113193530/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/leymah-gbowee-and-abigail-disney-shoot-for-peace-in-liberia/5|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na otu ndị nnupụisi ọhụrụ ọzọ, MODEL.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|155}}

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2003, Gbowee duuru otu ndị inyom Liberia gaa Ghana iji tinye nrụgide n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-alụso ibe ha agha n'oge usoro mkparịta ụka udo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Leymah Gbowee&lt;!-- Both generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=14 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-anọdụ ala kwa ụbọchị n'ihu ụlọ nkwari akụ ndị mara mma ebe ndị na-eme mkparịta ụka na-ezukọ, na-akpali ka e nwee ọganihu n'okwu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|154–156}} Mgbe mkparịta ụka ahụ gbatịpụrụ site na mmalite ọnwa Juun ruo na ngwụcha ọnwa Julaị—n'enweghị ọganihu ọ bụla e nwetara ebe ime ihe ike ka na-aga n'ihu na Liberia—Gbowee duuru ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị (ndị mechara mụbaa ruo ọtụtụ narị mmadụ) banye n'ime ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ, ebe ha &quot;dọdụrụ onwe ha ala n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ enyo bụ isi ụzọ mbata na-eduga n'ime ụlọ nzukọ ahụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|161}} Ha ji ihe ngosi ndị dere sị: &quot;Ndị na-egbu ma na-agbapụta ọbara ndị Liberia -- Kwụsị!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|161}} Gbowee zigara onye isi na-ahazi mkparịta ụka udo, bụ [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|General Abubakar]] (onye bụbu onye isi ala Naịjirịa), ozi na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ga-ejikọ aka ma nọdụ ala n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, na-egbochi ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ ịpụ ruo mgbe a ga-enwe nkwekọrịta udo. Abubakar, onye gosipụtara na ya nwere ọmịiko n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọ, ji ntakịrị ọchị kwuo okwu sị: &quot;General Leymah na ndị agha ya ewegharawo ụlọ nzukọ udo a.&quot; Mgbe ụmụ nwoke ahụ nwara ịpụ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, Leymah na ndị ya na ha jikọrọ aka yiri egwu na ha ga-adọpụ uwe ha: &quot;N'Africa, ọ bụ ihe arụ dị egwu ịhụ ka nwanyị lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwanyị meworo agadi ji aka ya kpughee ahụ ya n'ihu ọha.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|162}} Site n'enyemaka nke Abubakar, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọgidere n'èzí ụlọ mkparịta ụka n'ime ụbọchị ndị sochirinụ, na-ahụ na &quot;ọnọdụ dị na mkparịta ụka udo gbanwere site na ihe nkiri gaa na ihe mwute.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|163}}

Agha Liberia kwụsịrị izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, site na mbinye aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra na 18 Ọgọstụ 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|164}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110173005/http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2010|title=Retrieved 20 October 2011.|access-date=5 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Mana ihe anyị [ụmụ nwanyị] mere bụ mmalite nke njedebe.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|163}}

Ewezuga inye aka n'ịkwụsị agha were afọ iri na anọ na Liberia, mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị a dugara n'ịhọpụta [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala Liberia n'afọ 2005; ọ bụkwa ya bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu obodo n'Africa. Sirleaf so na ndị natara ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize n'afọ 2011, ya na Gbowee nakwa Tawakel Karman. E nyere ha atọ ahụ ihe nrite a &quot;n'ihi mgba ha gbara n'ụzọ udo maka nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye nke ọma n'ọrụ iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=autogenerated5 /&gt; N'oge mkpọsa ntuli aka nke ugboro abụọ nke Sirleaf na 2011, Gbowee kwadoro ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011101208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2011|title=Liberian activist endorses Nobel Peace Prize winner for president|access-date=13 December 2016|date=10 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ime ka udo sikwuo ike===
A na-amata ha ngwa ngwa site n'uwe elu ha na-acha ọcha nke nwere akara WIPNET; ndị Liberia nọ n'okporo ámá weere Gbowee na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe na Liberia dị ka ndị dike mba ruo ọtụtụ izu mgbe e binyere aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|167}} Ka o sila dị, Gbowee dere banyere nchegbu ha na-enwe mgbe niile banyere otú udo ha nyeere aka iweta si dị nro ma nwee ike ịkwụsị n'oge ọ bụla:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Agha nke afọ iri na anọ anaghị akwụsị akwụsị. N'oge ahụ anyị nwere obi iru ala ilegharị anya, anyị zutere oke ihe mere na Liberia. Mmadụ narị abụọ na iri ise nwụrụ, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka. Otu n'ime mmadụ atọ gbara ọsọ ndụ, mmadụ 350,000 bi n'ogige ndị a chụpụrụ n'obodo ha, ndị ọzọ bikwa ebe ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịchọta ebe obibi. Otu nde mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke inwe nri na-adịghị mma, afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa measles na cholera n'ihi mmerụ ahụ dị n'olulu mmiri. Ihe karịrị pasentị 75 nke akụrụngwa anụ ahụ nke mba ahụ, okporo ụzọ anyị, ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị, emebiela.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|167}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Gbowee kwupụtara nchegbu pụrụ iche banyere &quot;mmebi uche&quot; nke ndị Liberia na-ata ahụhụ ya:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Otu ọgbọ dum nke ụmụ nwoke amaghị onye ha bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ejighị egbe n'aka. Ọtụtụ ọgbọ ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ anwụ, ndị e dinara n'ike, ndị hụrụ ka e dinara ụmụ ha nwanyị na ndị nne ha n'ike, nakwa ndị hụrụ ka ụmụ ha na-egbu mmadụ ma na-egbukwa ha onwe ha. Ndị agbata obi ghọrọ ndị iro ibe ha; ndị ntorobịa tụfuru olileanya, ebe ndị agadi tụfuru ihe niile ha ji nnukwu mgbalị nweta. Mmadụ niile nọ n'ọnọdụ oke nhụjuanya na mmerụ ahụ n'obi.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|168}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ e nwere maka International Women's Day, Gbowee kwupụtakwara ihe ndị a:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-akwado udo gosiri ụwa na òtù ndị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị n'ala ala obodo dị oke mkpa maka ịkwado udo; na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa ndu bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iweta udo; nakwa mkpa ọ dị inwe òtù na-alụso ikpe na-ezighị ezi ọgụ n'ụzọ dabara na omenala ndị mmadụ. Ahụmahụ Liberia bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nye ụwa na ụmụ nwanyị—karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka—nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-akwalite udo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/international-women%C2%B4s-day-interview-leymah-gbowee/|title=International Women´s Day: Interview With Leymah Gbowee|access-date=13 December 2016|date=8 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'etiti mbibi na mkpa na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, Gbowee tụrụ ụjọ maka mpako, amaghị ihe na enweghị mmasị n'omenala nke ụlọ ọrụ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu e zigara iji nyere aka napụta mba ahụ, idobe udo, guzobe usoro maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, na ịmalite mgbalị iwughachi. &quot;Ndị biri ndụ n'ọgba aghara dị egwu nwere ike ịnwe agụụ na enweghị olileanya, ''mana ha abụghị ndị nzuzu'' (Gbowee na-ekwusi ike). Ha na-enwekarị echiche dị mma gbasara otu udo ga-esi gbasaa, a chọkwara ka a jụọ ha.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|171}} Gbowee kwadoro ka etinye aka n'òtù ndị nkịtị dị na Liberia—karịsịa òtù ụmụ nwanyị—n'ọrụ iweghachi obodo ahụ n'ọnọdụ dị mma. Iwe were ya maka otu UN si na-emefu ọtụtụ nde dọla na Liberia, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ego ahụ na-aga n'ịkwụ ndị ọrụ ha ụgwọ na ihe ndị metụtara ha... A sị na ha nyere ụmụ amaala obodo ahụ akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ime ego ahụ, ọ gaara eweta ezigbo mgbanwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|173}}

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na oge oyi nke 2003-04, &quot;ụwa nke idozi esemokwu, iwulite udo na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ&quot; na-akpọ Gbowee ka o dee akwụkwọ, bịa na ogbako ma kọwaa ahụmịhe na echiche nke WIPNET. Thelma Ekiyor gbara Gbowee ume ka o merie enweghị ùgwù onwe onye ya n'etiti &quot;ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi dị elu bụ ndị nwere nzere masta ma na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ dị ike&quot; site n'ịgụ na ịmụ ihe karịa iji ghọta echiche ndị na-agbasa n'ụwa nke iwulite udo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|177}} Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ndị a: &quot;The Peace Book&quot; nke Louise Diamond dere—onye a ma ama maka ịkwado usoro mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche (multi-track diplomacy)—yana &quot;The Journey Toward Reconciliation&quot; na &quot;The Little Book of Conflict Transformation&quot;; akwụkwọ abụọ a nke ikpeazụ bụ nke John Paul Lederach dere, onye bụkwa onye isi nchoputa nke Center for Justice and Peacebuilding na Eastern Mennonite University.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|177}} Ọ gara ọgbakọ USAID na New York, njem mbụ ya ịpụ Afrịka,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|174–175}} gaa n'ọgbakọ na South Africa, nakwa na Switzerland, ebe ya na onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka mmemme UN na Liberia nwere mkparịta ụka ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|174–176}}

===Nzere masta n'iwulite udo===
Na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2004, ihe dị ka ọnwa asatọ ka e binyere aka na Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra, Ghana, Gbowee kpebiri ịga gụọ akwụkwọ na mahadum n'ihe gbasara ngalaba ọ na-arụbu ọrụ na ya: &quot;Anụla m banyere [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (EMU), mahadum dị na Amerịka nke nwere usoro ọmụmụ a ma ama n'ihe gbasara iwulite udo na idozi esemokwu. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst nke na-akwado mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na inye aka n'obodo; o nwere mmekọrịta dịte aka ya na WANEP, ma nweekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịnabata ndị Afrịka ka ha bịa gụọ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}} Oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na EMU—izu anọ n'ime mmemme kwa afọ a na-akpọ Summer Peacebuilding Institute—bụ &quot;oge wetaara m mgbanwe dị ukwuu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}}

Gbowee so Hizkias Assefa mụọ ihe; ọ gụọla ihe ndị Assefa dere afọ ise tupu mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na St. Peter's Lutheran Church n'ihe gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche. Ọ sokwara Howard Zehr mụọ ihe, onye &quot;kụziiri m echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi na-eweta mweghachi&quot; (restorative justice)—usoro e si agwọ ọnya site na mgbalị nkwonkwo nke ndị e merụrụ ahụ na ndị mere mmerụ ahụ ahụ, iji dozie mmebi ndị ahụ e mepụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}}  O chere na ikpe ziri ezi maka imezi ihe dị mkpa karịsịa n'Africa: &quot;Ikpe ziri ezi maka imezi ihe bụ... ihe anyị nwere ike ịhụ dị ka nke anyị, ọ bụghị nke ndị ọdịda anyanwụ tinyere n'ọrụ aka. Anyị chọkwara ya, anyị chọrọ ịlaghachi n'ọdịnala ahụ. Omenala nke ntaramahụhụ juru ebe niile n'Africa. Ndị mmadụ, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị, na gọọmentị mere ihe ọjọọ mana a dịghị aza ha ajụjụ. Ihe karịrị ihe anyị chọrọ iji taa ha ahụhụ, anyị kwesịrị idozi mmebi ha mere.... Mgbe m hapụrụ EMU, amaara m na enwere ihe ndị ọzọ ebe a maka m. N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, m ga-achọta ụzọ m ga-esi laghachi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178–179}}

Gbowee lọtara maka nzukọ mkparịta ụka gburugburu tebụl nke akpọrọ &quot;Atụmatụ maka Ịgwọ Ọnya Mmetụta Uche na Iwulite Ike Iguzogide&quot; n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2005, wee debanye aha dị ka nwa akwụkwọ oge niile na-ebi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-achụso nzere masta na ngalaba &quot;mgbanwe esemokwu na iwulite udo&quot; na Center for Justice and Peacebuilding nke EMU n'afọ 2006-07:&lt;ref name=autogenerated9 /&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;N'ụlọ akwụkwọ ngụsị akwụkwọ, enwere m ike ịhụ ka uche m na-agbasa, nghọta m na-esikwu ike. Aghọtara m na m nwere ike itinye aha a kpọrọ &quot;iwulite udo dị mkpa,&quot; n'ihe m mere n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa na Liberia.... Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na EMU ebiela ndụ n'oge esemokwu, e nwekwara ahụ efe n'etiti ha.... Na Harrisonburg, obere obodo ochie dị na Ndagwurugwu Shenandoah, nke dị anya na Liberia na mwute ya na ndị na-atụ anya ihe n'aka m, ọ dịghị mkpa ka m sie ike. Mgbe ụfọdụ - dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe m hụrụ nne na ụmụ ya - m na-ebe ákwá. Ọ dịghị onye nọ na EMU chere na nke ahụ bụ ihe ijuanya. Ezutere m otu agadi nwoke nke furu ezinụlọ ya niile na mgbukpọ agbụrụ Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|179}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2006, n'oge Gbowee na-amalite oge ọmụmụ zuru oke nke mbụ ya na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, ọ gara obodo New York ịgwa ndị otu UN okwu n'emume ncheta afọ ise nke nnabata Mkpebi 1325 (Resolution 1325). Mkpebi a lekwasịrị anya n'ichekwa ụmụ nwanyị pụọ n'ime ihe ike dabeere na okike, nakwa itinye ha n'ime mbọ udo nke UN na-akwado.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|179}} Mgbe ọ nọ na New York, ọ natara oku ekwentị site n'aka Abigail Disney—onye sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Walt Disney, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa onye na-enye onyinye ebere. Disney na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ, bụ́ Gini Reticker, chọrọ iso Gbowee kwurịta maka ebumnuche ha ime ihe nkiri akwụkwọ (documentary) gbasara otu ụmụ nwanyị Liberia si chịkọta onwe ha iji manye ụmụ nwoke ịkwụsị agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|212}}

===Women in Peace and Security Network (WIPSEN)===
N'agbata afọ 2006 na 2007, Gbowee malitekwara iso Ekiyor na Ecoma Alaga (onye Naijiria, dị ka Ekiyor) kwurịta maka ikewapụ WIPNET na WANEP. O mere nke a n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa ego nzukọ nne ahụ, ọ chọkwara ka ha atọ nwee ikike zuru oke n'ilekọta ihe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|187}} Onye guzobere WANEP, bụ́ Sam Gbaydee Doe—onye bụkwa ezigbo enyi Gbowee—kwadoro ọchịchọ ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ inwe nnwere onwe n'usoro nhazi ha, mana ọ hapụlarị WANEP iji gaa mba England gụọ akwụkwọ maka nzere PhD.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|189}} Onye na edu WANEP bụ onye ọzọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na MA na mmemme mgbanwe esemokwu na EMU, Emmanuel Bombande bụ onye Ghana,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/emmanuel-bombande/.|title=» Emmanuel Bombande|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-ekwetaghị na ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ nwere alaka WIPNET nke WANEP, ya mere o kweghị ka ọ kewapụ onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|188–189}} N'ihi ya, Gbowee na ndị ọrụ ibe ya abụọ guzobere otu ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ Women in Peace and Security Network (WIPSEN), nke dịkwa na Accra, Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|189}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/who/founders/ |title=Founders |website=[[WIPSEN-Africa.org]] |access-date=19 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abigail Disney tinyere aka inyere Gbowee aka ịchịkọta ego n'etiti ndị na-enye onyinye ebere na New York maka iwepụta WIPSEN, nke mere ka o nwee ike inweta $50,000 dị ka ego mbido.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|202}}

===Ndụ nkeonwe na ihe ịma aka dị iche iche===
Mgbe Gbowee gụchara ọmụmụ ihe ya na EMU n'ụbọchị 30 nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, ma laghachi n'ebe ụmụ ya nọ na Liberia n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2007—ebe ndị mụrụ ya na-elekọta ha—ọ ghọtara na ọnwa itoolu ọ nọrọ n'ebe dị anya &quot;fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bibie anyị niile.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|194}} Na Virginia, o biri na ọnọdụ &quot;oyi na-adịghị apụ apụ,&quot; ọ nwekwara mmetụta &quot;ụjọ, mwute, na oyi dị ka ọchịchịrị ojii na-agba okirikiri,&quot; ka ọ na-eche ihu &quot;ikpe ndị bụbu enyi ya na WANEP kpọtere ya, n'ihi ọchịchọ anyị inyocha ụzọ ọhụrụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|200–201}} Ogo agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ọ na-achọ inweta (nke e nyere ya na ngwụcha afọ 2007), aha ya na-ewu ewu karịa, tinyere mgbanwe ndị ọzọ n'ụdị ndụ ya, kpatara esemokwu n'ime mmekọrịta ya na otu nwoke si Liberia aha ya bụ Tunde. Nwoke a, onye na-arụrụ òtù mba ụwa ọrụ, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nna nye ụmụ ya ruo afọ iri—malite n'oge mmalite nke mmegharị udo ụmụ nwanyị Liberia, ruo n'oge Gbowee nọ na-agụ akwụkwọ maka ogo agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na EMU&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|203–204}} (nke o kwụrụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ya&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|198}}). Ha kewapụrụ, ma n'oge mmalite afọ 2008, Gbowee nọ na mmekọrịta ya na otu nwoke si Liberia bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ ozi, onye ọ kpọrọ aha ya bụ James.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205-205}} Ọ bụ nna nwa ya nke isii, bụ́ nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Jaydyn Thelma Abigail, onye a mụrụ na New York City n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Juun, afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|223}}

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, mgbe ezinụlọ na ndị enyi Gbowee zukọrọ ime emume ncheta ọmụmụ nke nwa ya nwanyị nke mbụ, Amber, o doro anya na Gbowee enweela nnukwu nsogbu mmanya. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, Gbowee kọwara na ọ malitere ịṅụ mmanya ruo ihe dị ka afọ iri iji merie owu ọmụma nke ikewapụ onwe ya mgbe niile n'ezinụlọ ya, nsogbu ịda ogbenye na mmerụ ahụ agha kpatara, na nrụgide nke ihe ndị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ n'oge ya. N'oge emume ncheta ọmụmụ Amber, ụmụ Gbowee kwuru na ọ ṅụrụ iko mmanya iri na anọ. N'echi ya, ọ tụfuru onwe ya. Mgbe ọ matara onwe ya ọzọ, na-arịa ọnya afọ, ọ rịọrọ James ka ọ kpọga ya dọkịta: &quot;Mgbe ahụ ahụrụ m ụmụaka ahụ ka ha gbakọtara gburugburu anyị, ihu ha na-atụ ụjọ, ndị na-enweghị enyemaka. Mgbe ha furu efu, nke a ga-abụ nke ikpeazụ. Mba. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Ọ nwere ike ịdị ka ihe dị mfe, mana nke ahụ bụ njedebe nye m. Anaghị m ehi ụra nke ọma, m ka na-eteta n'oge, mana anaghị m aṅụ mmanya ọzọ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|208–209}}

==Echiche gbasara okpukperechi==
N'oge Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ, Gbowee jiri usoro okpukperechi na nke ime mmụọ dị iche iche mee ihe iji dozie nsogbu ndị agha ahụ kpatara. O kwuru na ya jiri egwu okpukperechi, egwu ọdịnala, yana egwu ndị ọzọ ndị otu ya n'obodo ndị Alakụba dị nso na-abụkwa mee ihe. Mgbe o meriri ihe nrite Nobel na 2011, o nyere ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ ebe o mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na ọ dị mkpa itinye okpukperechi n'ọrụ, yana mkpebi siri ike o nwere iji ya mee ihe dị ka ụzọ isi weta udo na Liberia. Na Ọktoba 6, 2016, Gbowee nyere ajụjụ ọnụ na Harvard Divinity School, ebe o kwuru okwu nwere isiokwu bụ &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-akpali mmegharị dị iche iche—nke dabeere n'okpukperechi na ime mmụọ, ma n'ime obodo ma n'ụwa niile—iji weta udo na-adịgide adịgide.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Can the Women Do Something? {{!}} Harvard Divinity Bulletin |url=https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/can-the-women-do-something/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women as Catalysts for Peace {{!}} Harvard Divinity School |url=https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/29/women-catalysts-peace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206185537/https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/29/women-catalysts-peace |archive-date=2025-12-06 |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=www.hds.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee jiri okpukperechi na mmụọ dị ka atụmatụ iji kwalite ụmụ nwanyị maka ịkwụsị agha obodo abụọ nke Liberia. Usoro ndị o ji dịka egwu okpukperechi na ọdịnala nyere aka ịmepụta obodo nke ga-ejikọ ya na ụmụ nwanyị ya. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, ''Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer, and Sex Changed a Nation at War; a Memoir,'' Mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta mmetụta nke nkwenkwe okpukperechi ya na atụmatụ maka iweghachi udo na Liberia. Mgbe agha obodo nke abụọ malitere na 1999, na-eme ka nsogbu dịlarị nke ndina n'ike na ime ihe ike na Liberia dịkwuo elu, Gbowee chere na ọ dị mkpa ka e mee oku maka ihe omume n'etiti okpukperechi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Nobel Peace laureate Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Women's Initiative|url=https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/laureate/leymah-gbowee/|website=Nobel Women's Initiative|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nzaghachi nye ebili nke abụọ a nke esemokwu na-egbu egbu, Gbowee guzobere otu njikọ maka iwulite udo nke gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba; nke a kpalitere mmegharị a ma ama a na-akpọ &quot;Liberia Mass Action for Peace Movement.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Site n'itinye aka n'ọnọdụ ndị a dị oke mkpa, Gbowee nwetara nkà ndu dị ukwuu, nke o jikọtara ya na nzụlite okpukperechi ya. N'oge LMAPM, ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe haziri ọtụtụ nzukọ ekpere, na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka ụdị ngagharị iwe na-adịghị eji ime ihe ike. Nzukọ ekpere ndị a kpọrọ oku maka ime udo n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ma chọọ ka e mee ihe doro anya iji kwụsị agha ahụ, n'oge mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche na mpaghara West Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Gbowee, ya na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, dị ka [[Thelma Ekiyor]], jikọtara okpukperechi na omenala ọdịnala iji kọwaa usoro ha ji eleba anya n'ịgbanwe ọnọdụ esemokwu, iwulite udo, na nchekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Thelma Ekiyor|url=https://risingleader.org/board/thelma-ekiyor/|website=Rising Leadership Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203232323/https://risingleader.org/board/thelma-ekiyor/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwukwe Gbowee nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi na ọrụ ọ na-arụ. Ekpere bụ isiokwu na-apụta ugboro ugboro n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya na n'okwu ndị ọ na-ekwu. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ya na-akọwa oge ndị e nwere mfu, ihe mgbu, iru újú, na nkụda mmụọ—ihe ndị mere ka ọ nwee obi abụọ banyere okwukwe ya—ọ na-egosi na ekpere bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ime njem ya nke iweta udo. O dere sị, &quot;Chineke na-eguzosi ike n'okwu ya mgbe niile, ọ na-ahụkwa n'anya mgbe niile; ọ na-anụ ekpere anyị.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; O ji ekpere mee ihe dị ka isi iyi nke nchebe, olileanya, na nduzi n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado mgbanwe n'obodo. Gbowee na-ahụ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst dị ka ihe bara uru nke ukwuu, nke dịkwa oke mkpa n'ihe gbasara ndụ mmekọrịta na omenala nke ndị Liberia. Gbowee kwenyere na iji nweta ezigbo nsonaazụ n'ọnọdụ esemokwu—karịsịa ndị o sonyere na ha—ekpere aghaghị ịbụ ihe kacha mkpa. Nke a bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke onye ọ bụ, dị ka onye na-akwado mgbanwe n'ụwa niile, ebe ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. Isonye n'otu dị iche iche, dị ka 'Christian Women's Peace Initiative' (CWI), nyeere ya aka itinye akụkụ a nke okwukwe ya n'ọrụ iji weta udo, ma kụziere ndị ọzọ gbasara udo n'ime afọ ndị gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Okpukperechi metụtara ụzọ Gbowee si ewulite udo dịka ụdị nne. N'ezie, ọ na-adọta olu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ okorobịa na-anaghị asọpụrụ bụ́ ndị na-ebu ibu agha. Gbowee ejirila okpukperechi mezuo ọtụtụ ọrụ ya n'oge njem na nkuzi ya n'ebe ọgwụgwọ. Ọrụ dị mkpa ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ike dịka Ekiyor, jiri okpukperechi mee ihe dị ka ihe nkwado iji zụlite ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ, na-achọ udo n'ime obodo ha, n'ụlọ ha, na mba ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; Ikpe ekpere abụrụla akụkụ nke ndụ Gbowee, ọkachasị ná ndụ ịhụnanya ya. Iji ekpere maka ya bụ ngwa ọgwụgwọ nke nyeere ya aka imeri mmekọrịta mmegbu ya ma chebe ụmụ ya. Otu akụkụ nke Gbowee iji okpukperechi na okwukwe dị ka ụdị nne bụ site n'iji ya dị ka ihe enyemaka iji nyere onye ọ bụla ọ na-enyere aka inwe njikọ. O jiri okwukwe na nkwenkwe ya, karịsịa Baịbụl nyere ha aka ịghọta ahụmịhe ha na ihe mwute ha na-enwe. Na Septemba 2016, Gbowee mere ajụjụ ọnụ na Harvard Divinity School na &quot;Religion and The Practice of Peace.&quot; O kwuru na Okpukperechi na ime mmụọ bụ ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị ná ndụ ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na Liberian Women's Mass Action for Peace. Nzukọ ime mmụọ ndị a bụ ihe o ji mee ihe n'obodo ya iji kwalite ma nye ụmụ nwanyị ike ime ihe n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ha, ma nke onwe, nke ime mmụọ, ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na ajụjụ ọnụ Harvard, o kwuru:

&quot;N'ime otu anyị, ihe mbụ anyị mere bụ inwe nzukọ ndụmọdụ ụbọchị atọ. N'ụbọchị mbụ anyị kpọtara naanị ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst, anyị wee laghachi na Baịbụl ịchọta ihe ndị ahụ dị na Baịbụl nke ụmụ nwanyị mere. Anyị chọrọ igosi ha (ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst) na Chineke nwere ụzọ isi jiri ụmụ nwanyị mee ihe nakwa na e nwere ebe ụmụ nwanyị ga-anọ tụgharịa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ha. Ya mere, anyị kpọgara ha na Baịbụl, anyị wee jiri ụmụ nwanyị nwere okwukwe mee ihe atụ—Esta, Debora, Rehab, onye akwụna—ndị mere ihe dị ukwuu iji gbanwee ọnọdụ ahụ. Anyị jiri ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ mee ihe dị ka ihe mmalite maka ịkwalite ụmụ nwanyị.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women as Catalysts for Peace|url=https://rpp.hds.harvard.edu/news/women-catalysts-peace|website=rpp.hds.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okpukpe na Baịbụl nyere Gbowee aka ịkọwa ọhụụ ya nye ụmụ nwanyị Liberia nwere nkwenkwe dị iche iche. Iji wulite obodo ndị siri ike maka iwulite udo na ịkwalite ngagharị iwe gụnyere ijide otu okpukperechi ndị ọzọ, nke bụ nnukwu akụkụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Agbanyeghị, maka Gbowee, iwulite obodo siri ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nke ga-etinye ha n'ihu n'ime nnukwu mmegharị ahụ maka njedebe agha na ịghara igbochi nkwenkwe ya naanị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, bụ usoro o kwadoro. N'ajụjụ ọnụ Harvard, o kwuru, &quot;Ihe nke abụọ anyị mere bụ ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ma gafee otu usoro ahụ, mana na Qur'an... Anyị ga-ekwu okwu ma gụọ ụfọdụ nkọwa ndị na-ekwu maka otu esi emeso ụmụ nwanyị nke ọma ma bie ndụ na-enweghị ihe ike...&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Iji okwukwe mee ihe jikọrọ ụmụ nwanyị niile ọnụ nyeere ha aka iwulite mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ha n'ihe gbasara idu ndú. Gbowee si n'obodo e nwere ngwakọta nke okpukperechi na ihe gbasara ime mmụọ; ebe ndị mụrụ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst, mana ezigbo ndị enyi ha na ndị agbata obi ha bụ ndị Alakụba. Iji okpukperechi eme ihe iji kpọkọta ndị ntorobịa—karịsịa ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị—ghọrọ ebumnuche Gbowee. O ji nke a kwalite nkà idu ndú na inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike site n'ọrụ nkwado ọ na-arụ, si otú a na-azụlite ndị ndú ọhụrụ maka ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=July 2026 |first=The ReligionStars Team-Modified on: 4 |title=Religion of Leymah Gbowee |url=https://religionstars.com/en/star/leymah-gbowee/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Religion Stars |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe a na-enye enyemaka maka ọgwụgwọ mmetụta uche—dị ka 'Trauma Healing Office'—ebe ọ gara n'obodo dị iche iche na Liberia iji kụziere ndị mmadụ otu ha ga-esi merie ihe mgbu na mmerụ ahụ uche ha nwere. O chere na nke a bụ ọrụ Chineke kpọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; N'ihi oke agha ahụ na mgbalị ọ na-agba iji lekọta ezinụlọ ya, o ji okwukwe siri ike mee ihe iji nye ndị ọ na-enyere aka nkasi obi. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ike gwụrụ na ụmụ okorobịa ndị a manyere isonye n'ihe omume mbibi ahụ aka. Ọrụ nkwado ọ na-arụ n'obodo dị iche iche na Liberia sitere n'ahụmahụ ndị o nwetara n'ezinụlọ nke ya. O nweghị ike ilekọta ụmụ ya n'ụzọ ọ chọrọ, ya mere, ewezuga ụmụ ya, ihe kacha ya mkpa bụ ịghara ịhapụ okwukwe ya. Ndị o nyeere aka ma na Liberia ma na Ghana na-akpọ ya &quot;Big Mama&quot; (Nne Ukwu) ma ọ bụ &quot;Nne nke Udo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt;

Maka Gbowee, okpukperechi na ihe gbasara ime mmụọ dị oke mkpa n'ime atụmatụ iweta udo, yana n'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ maka mmadụ niile n'ebe ọ bụla ha nọ. O kwenyere na iji merie ajọ omume ndị na-emebi ndụ mmadụ na otu ha si ebi ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ọ dị mkpa inwe ndị kwere ekwe n'ezie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transforming Conflict through Nonviolent Coalitions|url=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&amp;context=lecture_series|date=13 March 2013|website=University of San Diego Digital USD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye okpukperechi n'ọnọdụ ndị a, maka Gbowee, ime mmegwara abụghị ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ kọwara na ya na-agụ Baịbụl ma na-achọ akụkọ dị iche iche na-akwado udo, kama ịkwado ụkpụrụ nke &quot;anya maka anya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Maka Gbowee, okpukperechi na mkpa ọ bara na-enyere aka ịkụzi ọmịiko na ime omume mgbaghara—ihe ndị nyekwara aka n'ime ka ọrụ nkwado ya nwee ihe ịga nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leymah Gbowee on her faith, resilience, and channeling anger for good|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gspF9FKdq8M |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gspF9FKdq8M |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|date=13 October 2015|website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọrụ ya na ndị iwe ji, bụ́ ndị gabigara ahụmahụ na-egbu mgbu sitere n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nakwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mgbaghara ghọrọ akụkụ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ na agụmakwụkwọ o bu n'obi inye ndị ọ na-elekwasị anya. Maka Gbowee, mgbaghara ejikọtaghị na otu okpukperechi pụrụ iche, kama ọ metụtara ọtụtụ okpukperechi dị iche iche. N'otu nzukọ gbasara udo, o kwuru sị, &quot;N'ime njem ndụ m, ọ bụghị naanị Ndị Kraịst bịakwutere m. Ọ bụghịkwa naanị ndị Alakụba. Kama, ọ bụ ndị si n'okpukperechi dị iche iche.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

N'ihe gbasara onyinye o nyere n'otú e si aghọta ihe gbasara ime ihe ike, Gbowee jikwa okwukwe ya mee ihe iji mesie ike mkpa ọ dị iji ụzọ ndị na-adịghị agụnye ime ihe ike eme ihe. Nke a pụtara ìhè karịsịa n'ime mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa n'ọrụ o rụrụ mgbe ọ nọ na otu 'Women in Peace-building Network' (WIPNET).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women in Peacebuilding Network {{!}} Liberian organization|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Women-in-Peacebuilding-Network|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ji ụmụ nwanyị ndị nwere okwukwe siri ike, bụ́ ndị nwekwara ahụmahụ siri ike metụtara ime ihe ike—n'agbanyeghị na ihe ndị a mere n'ọnọdụ sara mbara karị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị so Gbowee rụọ ọrụ chere ụdị ime ihe ike dị iche iche ihu, gụnyere ime ihe ike metụtara mmekọahụ, ahụ́, mmetụta uche, na uche. E ji egwu na egwu ịgba nke okpukperechi ọdịnala mee ihe n'ime mgbalị ndị na-adịghị eji ime ihe ike, iji weta ọgwụgwọ na udo. A na-eji egwu na egwu ịgba ndị a akọ akụkọ.

Gbowee na-egosipụta nraranye o nwere n'okwukwe Ndị Kraịst ya. O ji okwu ndị a malite ngalaba ebe o ji kwupụta ekele n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya: &quot;Otuto, ebube, na nsọpụrụ niile dịrị Chineke maka ịhụnanya na amara Ya na-adịgide adịgide o gosiri m.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt;{{rp|245}} Ọ gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nọ n'ọgbakọ ofufe na EMU n'afọ 2009 sị:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ bụghị site n'ike nke m ka m ji ruo ebe a... ma ọ bụ site n'ihe ọ bụla m mere n'onwe m; kama, ọ bụ site n'amara na ebere Chineke.... O jidere m n'aka. N'oge ndị kacha sie ike, Ọ nọrọnyere m. E nwere otu egwu na-asị, &quot;Duzie nzọụkwụ m n'ụzọ Gị, O Onyenwe anyị,&quot; kwa ụbọchị mgbe m tetara, nke ahụ bụkwa ekpere m. N'ihi na ọ gaghị ekwe omume mmadụ ịga njem a—dị ka onye na-eweta udo, ma ọ bụ onye na-eweta mgbanwe n'obodo ya—n'enweghị okwukwe.... Ka m na-aga n'ihu n'ime njem ndụ a, ana m echetara onwe m sị: Ihe niile m bụ, na ihe niile m nwere olileanya ịbụ, bụ n'ihi Chineke.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Gbowee gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ EMU na ọ bụbu nne nwere ụmụ anọ, dị afọ iri abụọ na ise, onye iwe juru obi, na-enweghị ego, na-enweghịkwa ebe obibi kwụsiri ike—onye na-amaghịkwa ihe ga-abụ ọdịnihu ya—tupu ọ malite ige ntị n'olu Chineke n'afọ 1997. O kwuru na Chineke gwara ya okwu site n'ọnụ otu nwa nwoke dị afọ ise, nwa ọ kpọrọ aha njirimara bụ &quot;Nuku&quot;. Ihe ndị Nuku kwuru mere ka ọ ghọta na ọ dara mbà n'obi nke ukwuu, na enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'onwe ya tinyere mmetụta nke enweghị enyemaka na-ebibi ezinụlọ ya—ezinụlọ nke agha obi ọjọọ na-eme na Liberia na-akpatakwa nnukwu nsogbu. Gbowee kwuru na ya malitere ime obere nzọụkwụ n'otu n'otu, na-arịọkwa Chineke ka o nyere ya aka na nzọụkwụ ọ bụla. O kwukwara na Chineke zitere ya ndị mmụọ ozi n'ụdị ụmụ mmadụ, ndị setịpụụrụ ya aka n'oge kpọmkwem ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ ma na-achọ enyemaka nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;

Dị ka ọdịdị nke gụnyere okpukpe dị iche iche n'ime mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-egosi, Gbowee kwuru na ndị ọzọ nwere ike inweta otu nkwado ahụ site n'okpukpe ndị dị iche na nke ya:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ nwere ike ịbụ Jizọs, ọ nwere ike ịbụ Muhammad, ọ nwere ike ịbụ Buddha; mana ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkpọta mgbanwe n'ime ndụ ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na e nweghị onye ị nwere ike ịdabere na ya—onye ahụ bụ &quot;onye na-etinye aka site n'ike Chineke&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;onye sitere n'ebe Chineke nọ&quot;—onye ị nwere ike ịkpọku kwa ụbọchị... Chineke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, n'agbanyeghị otu i si mara Ya... Mee nzọụkwụ nke okwukwe, Chineke ga-elekọtakwa ihe ndị fọdụrụ.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Odyssey Networks, Gbowee kwuru na a pụkwara ịkpọ Chineke &quot;Ike Kasị Elu.&quot; O kwusiri ike na ọ bụrụ na Ike Kasị Elu a nọnyeere gị, ị nwere ike &quot;ibili ma mee ihe ga-agbanwe ọnọdụ gị.&quot; O nyere ndụmọdụ sị: &quot;Echela onye dị ka Gandhi, echela onye dị ka King, echela onye dị ka Mandela. 'Gị onwe gị' bụ Mandela nke gị, 'gị onwe gị' bụ Gandhi nke gị, 'gị onwe gị' bụ Eze nke gị.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odysseynetworks.org/video/Odyssey-Networks-exclusive-interview-with-2011-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Laureate-Leymah-Gbowee|title=Odyssey Networks exclusive interview with 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Leymah Gbowee - Odyssey Networks&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111144546/http://www.odysseynetworks.org/video/Odyssey-Networks-exclusive-interview-with-2011-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Laureate-Leymah-Gbowee|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ihe nkiri akwụkwọ==
Gbowee bụ onye na-akọ akụkọ na onye isi ihe nkiri na 2008 ihe nkiri ''Pray the Devil Back to Hell'', nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na vidiyo sitere n'oge agha ahụ. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri kacha mma na Ememme Ihe nkiri Tribeca nke 2008 na New York. A na-agbasa ya na United States dịka akụkụ nke usoro ihe nkiri &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị, Agha &amp; Udo&quot;, nke a na-agbasa ihe karịrị ụbọchị ise n'usoro na Tuzdee na mmalite Nọvemba 2011 na ọdụ telivishọn ọha.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Women, War &amp; Peace,&quot; www.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/. Retrieved 20 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; E jirila ''Ekpere'' mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ nkwado n'ebe ndị a na-alụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ ebe a lụchara ọgụ, dị ka Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq, South Africa, Rwanda, Mexico, Kenya, Cambodia, Russia, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, na West Bank: &quot;Mmeghachi omume ahụ yiri onwe ha nke ukwuu: n'agbanyeghị otú mba na ọha mmadụ dị iche iche si dị, ụmụ nwanyị ghọtara onwe ha, malitekwa ikwurịta otu ha ga-esi jikọọ aka iji dozie nsogbu nke ha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ November 2009 MEDIAGLOBAL] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710093803/http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ |date=10 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|214}}

N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Gbowee pụtara dị ka onye nwere ike ịchị ọchị ma nwee obi ụtọ ná ndụ, n'agbanyeghị ihe o birila: &quot;Gbowee pụtara dị ka onye na-eme atụmatụ, onye na-adịghị mma, onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-akwalite obi ụtọ. Ọ bụghị ihe ọchị dịka balụn - achịcha-kọfị-kọfị-ndị na-eme ihe ọchị, kama ọ bụ ịdị n'otu na-akpali mmadụ inwe obi ụtọ. Ị na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba egwu, na-abụ abụ, na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị, na-eyi uwe mara mma, dị ka nduru, ị na-ahụkwa ọchị n'oge ịnọdụ ala na ngagharị iwe.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lisa Witter, &quot;The Nobel Peace Prize: A Laughing Matter?&quot; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-witter/the-nobel-peace-prize-laughing_b_1023953.html. Retrieved 24 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Onyinye na nkwanye ugwu==
[[File:Tawakkul Karman Leymah Gbowee Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Nobel Peace Prize 2011 Harry Wad.jpg|thumb|350px|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: [[Tawakkul Karman]], Leymah Gbowee, na [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] na-egosi ihe nrite ha n'oge a na-enye Onyinye Nobel maka Udo, n'ụbọchị 10 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2011.]]

Mkpughe Gbowee na ntọala ọha mmadụ nke New York, nke Disney (onye ghọrọ ezigbo enyi) kwadoro&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated7&quot; /&gt; mepeere ụzọ maka ọtụtụ onyinye. Nke mbụ, nke sitere na [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] dị na [[Harvard]], bịara na mmalite afọ 2006; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha malitere ịbịa n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa: nkwanye ùgwù sitere n'aka [[Women's eNews]], [[Gruber Prize for Women's Rights]], [[John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award]], ihe nrite &quot;Living Legends Award&quot; maka ije ozi nye ụmụ mmadụ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na Julaị 2011, [[Eastern Mennonite University|EMU]] kwupụtara na a họpụtara Gbowee dị ka &quot;Onye Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ nke Afọ&quot; (Alumna of the Year) n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-05 |title=Crossroads Summer 2011 - Alumni Magazine of Eastern Mennonite University |url=https://issuu.com/easternmennoniteuniversity/docs/crossroads_summer_2011 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Issuu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Nwa nwoke mbụ Gbowee, bụ Joshua &quot;Nuku&quot; Mensah, banyere EMU dị ka nwa akwụkwọ afọ mbụ n'afọ 2010; n'oge ahụ, ọ nọrọ otu afọ n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na nwa nwanyị mbụ Sam Gbaydee Doe, bụ Samfee Doe, onye nọ n'afọ ikpeazụ ya n'oge ahụ.)&lt;ref name=autogenerated9 /&gt; Nsọpụrụ kachasị pụta ìhè bịara n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011, mgbe Kọmitii Nobel nke Norway họpụtara Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ natara Ihe Nrite Nobel maka Udo (Nobel Peace Prize) nke afọ 2011. N'afọ 2022, Gbowee jere ozi dị ka onye otu 'Bartels World Affairs Fellows' na Mahadum Cornell, ebe o nyere nkuzi kwa afọ a na-akpọ 'Bartels World Affairs Lecture'.

===Onyinye===
* 2019 – Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[Peter Gabriel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2019 Summit Highlights Photo | url= https://achievement.org/summit/2019/|quote= Leymah Gbowee of Liberia, the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, addresses Academy delegates and members at a symposium at Four Seasons Hotel during the 53rd annual International Achievement Summit in New York City.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 – [[Community of Christ International Peace Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Peace Award |url=https://cofchrist.org/international-peace-award/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Community of Christ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 – Oxfam America Right the Wrong Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee|title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Oxfam International|website=www.oxfam.org|language=en|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130330/https://www.oxfam.org/en/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 – The [[New York Women's Foundation]] Century Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|medium=video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQOeNAaYIuE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/bQOeNAaYIuE |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Abigail Disney and Leymah Gbowee at the 2013 Celebrating Women Breakfast}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 – Barnard College Medal of Distinction &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://barnard.edu/news/nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-address-barnard-graduates|title=Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee to Address Barnard Graduates - Barnard College|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310042720/https://www.barnard.edu/news/nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-address-barnard-graduates|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 – Olympic flag bearer in the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zucconi |first=Mike |date=2012-07-31 |title=Gbowee Carries Olympic Flag at Ceremony |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2012/gbowee-carries-olympic-flag-at-ceremony/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 - [[Interfaith Center of New York|James Parks Morton Interfaith Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ICNY |date=2012-06-25 |title=The 2012 James Parks Morton Interfaith Awards Dinner {{!}} ICNY |url=https://interfaithcenter.org/the-2012-james-parks-morton-interfaith-awards-dinner/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Nobel Peace Prize laureate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/gbowee/facts/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]] Greeley Scholar for Peace Studies&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uml.edu/News/stories/2010-11/greeley_scholar_coverage.aspx Greeley Scholar Challenges Listeners to 'Speak Up'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125171655/http://uml.edu/News/stories/2010-11/greeley_scholar_coverage.aspx |date=2011-11-25 }} Julia Gavin, 8 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – Villanova Peace Award from [[Villanova University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wildcat Newswire |url=https://newswire.villanova.edu/newswire/wildcatnewswire/graduate/09-09-2011.html |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=newswire.villanova.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – Alumna of the Year, [[Eastern Mennonite University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/.|title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize - EMU News|date=7 October 2011|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – Living Legends Award for Service to Humanity&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.savweb.com/2011/10/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell/|title=Pray the Devil Back to Hell* - Sandy Audio Visual LLC|date=7 October 2011|work=Sandy Audio Visual LLC|access-date=4 June 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – John Jay Medal for Justice from the [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/3777.php |title=John Jay Justice Awards |publisher=Jjay.cuny.edu |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929043545/http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/3777.php |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – Joli Humanitarian Award from [[Riverdale Country School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9/10 Building |url=https://www.riverdale.edu/footnote-hill_campus-9_10_building/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Riverdale Country School |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – [[Gruber Prize for Women's Rights]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 Gruber Women's Rights Prize {{!}} Gruber Foundation |url=https://gruber.yale.edu/prize/2009-gruber-womens-rights-prize |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=gruber.yale.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – John F. Kennedy [[Profile in Courage Award]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Profile-in-Courage-Award/Award-Recipients.aspx|title=Award Recipients - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library &amp; Museum|website=www.jfklibrary.org|access-date=20 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – &quot;Honor Award for Courageous Commitment for Human Rights of Women&quot; by the Filmfestival Women's Worlds, TERRE DES FEMMES, Germany.{{Citation needed|date=October 2026}}
* 2008 – [[Women's eNews]] Leaders for the 21st Century Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Seltzer |first=Sarah |url=http://womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/071224/seven-who-topple-tyrannies |title=2008 – Seven Who Topple Tyrannies |publisher=Womensenews.org |date=24 December 2007 |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2007 – Blue Ribbon for Peace from the [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harvard Honors Alumna – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/2008/08/harvard-honors-alumna/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=emu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Nzere nsọpụrụ===
* 2024 – Honorary Doctorate, delivery of the [[Oliver Tambo]] lecture, [[Georgetown University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Ceremony &amp; Oliver Tambo Lecture with Leymah Gbowee |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/event/honorary-degree-ceremony-oliver-tambo-lecture-with-leymah-gbowee/ |website=Georgetown University |access-date=13 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 – Honorary Doctorate of International Affairs from [[American University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.american.edu/commencement/honorary-degree-recipients.cfm |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=American University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 – Honorary Doctorate by Rhodes University&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ru.ac.za/graduationgateway/honorarydoctorates/2012/|title=Honorary Doctorates 2012 |date=12 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ihe omume ndị ọzọ==
* [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], Member of the Board of Trustees (kemgbe 2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/carnegie-corporation-new-york-welcomes-three-new-trustees/ Carnegie Corporation of New York Welcomes Three New Trustees] [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], press release of 22 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gulbenkian Prize|Calouste Gulbenkian Prize for Human Rights]], Member of the Jury (kemgbe 2018)&lt;ref&gt;[https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/gulbenkian-prizes/the-jury/ Jury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164902/https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/gulbenkian-prizes/the-jury/ |date=2018-11-18 }} [[Gulbenkian Prize|Calouste Gulbenkian Prize for Human Rights]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ara Pacis Initiative, Member of the Council&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.arapacisinitiative.org/en/il-consiglio/8-membro-del-consiglio/67-leymah-roberta-gbowee |title=Leymah Roberta Gbowee |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190207/http://www.arapacisinitiative.org/en/il-consiglio/8-membro-del-consiglio/67-leymah-roberta-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity|Aurora Prize]], Member of the Selection Committee (kemgbe 2015)&lt;ref&gt;[https://auroraprize.com/en/aurora-prize/2018/selection_committee Selection Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909115146/https://auroraprize.com/en/aurora-prize/2018/selection_committee |date=2018-09-09 }} [[Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity|Aurora Prize]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* High Level Taskforce for the International Conference on Population and Development, Member&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.icpdtaskforce.org/about/Leymah-Gbowee.html |title=Leymah Gbowee, Founder and President, Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, Liberia - About the High-Level Task Force for ICPD |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319221715/http://www.icpdtaskforce.org/about/Leymah-Gbowee.html |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nobel Women's Initiative, Member of the Board&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nobelwomensinitiative.org/meet-the-laureates/leymah-gbowee/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711163520/http://nobelwomensinitiative.org/meet-the-laureates/leymah-gbowee/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 11, 2012|title=Meet Nobel Peace laureate Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Women's Initiative|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* PeaceJam Foundation, Member of the Board&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.peacejam.org/laureates/Leymah-Gbowee-13.aspx |title=Peacejam &amp;#124; Leymah Gbowee |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028153007/http://peacejam.org/laureates/Leymah-Gbowee-13.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* World Refugee &amp; Migration Council (WRMC), Member of the Council&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://wrmcouncil.org/council-members/|title=Council Members, World Refugee &amp; Migration Council |website=wrmcouncil.org |access-date=8 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọrụ==
* {{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |last=(ya na Carol Mithers) |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}

==Hụkwa==
* Enweghị nha anya n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị na Liberia
* Ndị ojii natara ihe nrite Nobel
* Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị natara ihe nrite Nobel
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-akwado udo
* Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị duziri nnupụisi ma ọ bụ ọgụ megide ọchịchị
* Ọgbagha mmekọahụ
* Lysistrata
* [http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/international-women%C2%B4s-day-interview-leymah-gbowee/ Ụbọchị Ụmụ Nwanyị Mba Ụwa: Ajụjụ Ọnụ nke Leymah Gbowee] na * [http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/ Global Education Magazine]

==Edensịbịa==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Wikiquote|Leymah Gbowee}}
* TED speaker
** [https://www.ted.com/talks/leymah_gbowee_unlock_the_intelligence_passion_greatness_of_girls &quot;Unlock the intelligence, passion, greatness of girls&quot; (TED2012)]
* [http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/ WIPSEN-Africa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111009211616/http://www.gnwp.org/members/wipnet WIPNET]
* [http://www.emu.edu/peacebuilding/leymah-gbowee Master's program alumni profile]
* C-SPAN 63480
* Charlie Rose view 7276
* NYTtopic people/g/leymah_gbowee
* [http://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/28190/ Ubben Lecture at DePauw University]; 15 February 2012
* [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/tag/leymah-gbowee/ Leymah Gbowee] at ''Women, War &amp; Peace'' at [[PBS]]
* [http://www.thirteen.org/insidethirteen/2011/10/06/leymah-gbowee-discusses-women-war-peace-on-tavis-smiley/ Leymah Gbowee Discusses Women, War &amp; Peace on Tavis Smiley'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912010449/https://www.thirteen.org/insidethirteen/2011/10/06/leymah-gbowee-nobel-peace-prize/ |date=2019-09-12 }}, ''[[WNET]]'', full video of 5 October 2011 interview
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094520/http://www.universitiesnews.com/2012/05/29/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-leymah-gbowee-to-address-international-educators-conference-tomorrow/ Leymah Gbowee to Address International Educators Conference – NAFSA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020459/http://www.sgiquarterly.org/feature2011Jan-4.html Interview with Leymah Gbowee in SGI Quarterly &quot;Unleashing the Power of Women&quot;]
* Nobelprize

{{S-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Liu Xiaobo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Laureate of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]|with=[[Tawakel Karman]] and [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]|years=2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[European Union]]}}
{{S-end}}


{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gbowee, Leymah}}
[[Category: Ụmụ nwanyị]]
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
      <sha1>l0p0epmc0qi963tlez332hkiu5jfrfk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Ugbo: Celebrating Igbo Agricultural Heritage on Wikitionary in the Ikwerre Community</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>81250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>739717</id>
      <parentid>739415</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T14:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Juliegwen</username>
        <id>12936</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Project worklist */ added to worklist</comment>
      <origin>739717</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4466" sha1="qpsbh6r40wovkf8r5hallazmzghqal4" xml:space="preserve">'''Asusu Ụgbọ: Celebrating Igbo Agricultural Heritage on Wikitionary in the Ikwerre Community '''
is a Wikimedia initiative focused on preserving indigenous agricultural heritage by recording native Igbo speakers pronuncing traditional farming terms, crops and tools for the Igbo Wiktionary.  By capturing these local dialects and oral traditions, the project enriches the digital archhive, protects endangered regional vocabulary and ensures that the rich agricultural knowledge of the community is openly shared and preserved for future generations to avoid extinction.
==Project timeline/Activities==
*December 13th - December 20th: Participants will continue creating new entries, maintaining a steady pace of documentation to expand the agricultural lexicon.
*December 21st - December 28th: Focus shifts towards peer review alongside ongoing entry creation.Participants will review each others works to identify and correct spelling, formatting and content errors, ensuring that all enteries are accurate and properly structured.
*December 29th - January 5th: The final week will focus on wrapping up any remaining enteries, performing a comprehensive review of all contributions, making final corrections, documenting project statistics and preparing the final report.
==Project worklist== 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Igbo Words 1-250
! S/N !! Igbo Words!!English Translation
|-
|1 || Mbụbọ|| Garden/Backyard Farm
|-
|2 ||Ịzụlite ihe Ubi ||Cultivation/Breeding 
|-
|3 ||Owuwe ihe ubi ||Harvest/Reaping
|-
|4 ||Ịkụ mkpụrụ ||Planting Seeds
|-
|5 ||ịgha mkpụrụ ||sowing seeds
|-
|6 ||Mmụba ihe ubi||Crop yeild/Crop increase
|-
|7 ||Ala nri umụanụmanụ || Pasture
|-
|8 ||Oba ji ||Yarm barn
|-
|9 ||Ubi mkpụrụosisi||Orchard
|-
|10 ||Ọhịa ||Bush/wilderness
|-
|11 ||Oké Ọhịa || Forest
|-
|12 ||Ahịhịa ||Weed/Grass
|-
|13 ||Nlekọta ihe ubi||Crop management 
|-
|14 ||Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ||Crop diversity 
|-
|15 ||Mmá ||Knife/Machette
|-
|16 ||Nnukwu mmá||Cutlass
|-
|17 ||Ọgụ ||Hoe
|-
|18 ||Ngwuala ||Pickaxe/digging tool
|-
|19 ||Ọgụ ntụ||Shovel/Spade
|-
|20 ||Ụgbọ Ndọkpụ|| Tractor
|-
|21 ||Ogbuachara ||Scythe/Sickle
|-
|22 ||Nko ahịhịa ||Pitchfork
|-
|23 ||Elili/Eriri ||Rope
|-
|24 ||Ekwete ||small wooden trough
|-
|25 ||Mpa ||Carrier Tray
|-
|26 ||Ụlọ Igwengwepịa||Processing Mill
|-
|27 ||Olori Mmiri ||Water tank
|-
|28 ||Ụlọ akụmakụ||Greenhouse
|-
|29 ||Anya Ọgụ ||Hoe blade
|-
|30 ||Eku ||Wooden Ladle
|-
|31 ||Mma Obeji ||Heavy duty yam cutlass
|-
|32 ||Mgbasa mmiri ||Sprinkler
|-
|33 ||Nnyo ||Sieve/Strainer
|-
|34 ||Ịkwa Ekwuru||Making heaps or mounds
|-
|35 ||Ịkwa Ọgwụgwụ ||Digging, planting holes
|-
|36 ||Igbu ọhịa ||Bush clearing
|-
|37 ||Ịmụnye ọkụ||Controlled burning
|-
|38 ||Ifo ahịhịa ||Weeding
|-
|39 ||Ifesa ọgwụ ||Spraying Pesticides
|-
|40 || ||
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|}

==More Details==
*Date: 5th December,  2026
*Time: 2pm prompt
*Venue: in-person(to be communicated soon)
*Project lead: [[User:Juliegwen|Juliegwen]]
*Facilitator: [[User:Sylvaline39|Sylvaline39]]
==Programs Committee==
# [[User:Tochi Precious|Tochi Precious]] 
# [[User:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]] 
# [[User:Macocobovi|Macocobovi]] 
# [[User:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]]</text>
      <sha1>qpsbh6r40wovkf8r5hallazmzghqal4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739718</id>
      <parentid>739717</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T14:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Juliegwen</username>
        <id>12936</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Project worklist */ updated worklist</comment>
      <origin>739718</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10310" sha1="rezifb029njcgtk3wfe2628esqeyyl4" xml:space="preserve">'''Asusu Ụgbọ: Celebrating Igbo Agricultural Heritage on Wikitionary in the Ikwerre Community '''
is a Wikimedia initiative focused on preserving indigenous agricultural heritage by recording native Igbo speakers pronuncing traditional farming terms, crops and tools for the Igbo Wiktionary.  By capturing these local dialects and oral traditions, the project enriches the digital archhive, protects endangered regional vocabulary and ensures that the rich agricultural knowledge of the community is openly shared and preserved for future generations to avoid extinction.
==Project timeline/Activities==
*December 13th - December 20th: Participants will continue creating new entries, maintaining a steady pace of documentation to expand the agricultural lexicon.
*December 21st - December 28th: Focus shifts towards peer review alongside ongoing entry creation.Participants will review each others works to identify and correct spelling, formatting and content errors, ensuring that all enteries are accurate and properly structured.
*December 29th - January 5th: The final week will focus on wrapping up any remaining enteries, performing a comprehensive review of all contributions, making final corrections, documenting project statistics and preparing the final report.
==Project worklist== 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Igbo Words 1-250
! S/N !! Igbo Words!!English Translation
|-
|1 || Mbụbọ|| Garden/Backyard Farm
|-
|2 ||Ịzụlite ihe Ubi ||Cultivation/Breeding 
|-
|3 ||Owuwe ihe ubi ||Harvest/Reaping
|-
|4 ||Ịkụ mkpụrụ ||Planting Seeds
|-
|5 ||ịgha mkpụrụ ||sowing seeds
|-
|6 ||Mmụba ihe ubi||Crop yeild/Crop increase
|-
|7 ||Ala nri umụanụmanụ || Pasture
|-
|8 ||Oba ji ||Yarm barn
|-
|9 ||Ubi mkpụrụosisi||Orchard
|-
|10 ||Ọhịa ||Bush/wilderness
|-
|11 ||Oké Ọhịa || Forest
|-
|12 ||Ahịhịa ||Weed/Grass
|-
|13 ||Nlekọta ihe ubi||Crop management 
|-
|14 ||Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ||Crop diversity 
|-
|15 ||Mmá ||Knife/Machette
|-
|16 ||Nnukwu mmá||Cutlass
|-
|17 ||Ọgụ ||Hoe
|-
|18 ||Ngwuala ||Pickaxe/digging tool
|-
|19 ||Ọgụ ntụ||Shovel/Spade
|-
|20 ||Ụgbọ Ndọkpụ|| Tractor
|-
|21 ||Ogbuachara ||Scythe/Sickle
|-
|22 ||Nko ahịhịa ||Pitchfork
|-
|23 ||Elili/Eriri ||Rope
|-
|24 ||Ekwete ||small wooden trough
|-
|25 ||Mpa ||Carrier Tray
|-
|26 ||Ụlọ Igwengwepịa||Processing Mill
|-
|27 ||Olori Mmiri ||Water tank
|-
|28 ||Ụlọ akụmakụ||Greenhouse
|-
|29 ||Anya Ọgụ ||Hoe blade
|-
|30 ||Eku ||Wooden Ladle
|-
|31 ||Mma Obeji ||Heavy duty yam cutlass
|-
|32 ||Mgbasa mmiri ||Sprinkler
|-
|33 ||Nnyo ||Sieve/Strainer
|-
|34 ||Ịkwa Ekwuru||Making heaps or mounds
|-
|35 ||Ịkwa Ọgwụgwụ ||Digging, planting holes
|-
|36 ||Igbu ọhịa ||Bush clearing
|-
|37 ||Ịmụnye ọkụ||Controlled burning
|-
|38 ||Ifo ahịhịa ||Weeding
|-
|39 ||Ifesa ọgwụ ||Spraying Pesticides
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|40
|Ịwụsa nri ala
|Manuring / Fertilizing
|-
|41
|Ịgba mmiri
|Watering / Irrigation
|-
|42
|Ịkwado ji
|Staking yams
|-
|43
|Ịmị mkpụrụ
|Fruiting / Bearing fruit
|-
|44
|Ịtụpụ ome
|Sprouting
|-
|45
|Ịpị ube
|Pruning
|-
|46
|Ịfọ rụrụ
|Mulching
|-
|47
|Ịkpachara
|Lopping off branches
|-
|48
|Ịgwupụta ji
|Harvesting yams (digging up)
|-
|49
|Ịhọrọ mkpụrụ
|Seed selection
|-
|50
|Ịmị nwayọ
|Late ripening
|-
|51
|Ịta nchara
|Blighting / Rusting
|-
|52
|Ịkpọ nkụ
|Withering / Drying up
|-
|53
|Ịkwọcha
|Processing / Peeling crops
|-
|54
|Ji nza
|Water yam
|-
|55
|Aka nni
|A variety of cocoyam
|-
|56
|Mbana
|Aerial yam / Yam potato
|-
|57
|Ji igwe
|A resilient white yam variety
|-
|58
|Una
|Bitter yam
|-
|59
|Ji abana
|Water yam variant
|-
|60
|Ọka
|Maize / Corn
|-
|61
|Agwa
|Beans
|-
|62
|Mkpụrụ ebe
|Pigeon peas
|-
|63
|Egusi
|Melon seed
|-
|64
|Ụgba
|Oil bean seed
|-
|65
|Azụma
|Wild grain
|-
|66
|Mkpụrụ lenti
|Lentils
|-
|67
|Onugbu
|Bitter leaf
|-
|68
|Ụha
|African rosewood leaves (used in soup)
|-
|69
|Afụfa
|Garden egg fruit
|-
|70
|Ube
|African pear
|-
|71
|Ube oyibo
|Avocado pear
|-
|72
|Oroma nkịrịsị
|Lime / Lemon
|-
|73
|Unere
|Banana
|-
|74
|Abịrịka
|Plantain
|-
|75
|Ụdara
|African star apple
|-
|76
|Ụkwá
|African breadfruit
|-
|77
|Ọkwụrụ bekee/ Ọkwụrụ Oyibo
|Pawpaw / Papaya
|-
|78
|Mgba mgbam
|Wild spinach
|-
|79
|Nkwuaba
|Pineapple
|-
|80
|Ayọ
|Onion
|-
|81
|Nkwụ
|Oil palm tree
|-
|82
|Akwụ
|Palm fruit bunch
|-
|83
|Akụ
|Palm kernel
|-
|84
|Mmanya ngwọ
|Raffia palm wine
|-
|85
|Ogu nkwụ
|Palm frond
|-
|86
|Okpokpo
|Cashew tree
|-
|87
|Nturuku
|Rabbit
|-
|88
|Ọbọgwụ
|Duck
|-
|89
|Nkwụ nwa ọkụkọ
|Brooding / Hatching
|-
|90
|Mkpụrụ azụ
|Fingerling / Fish seed
|-
|91
|Ogige ụmụanụmanụ
|Animal pen / Paddock
|-
|92
|Ụlọ ọkụkọ
|Poultry pen
|-
|93
|Ebe azụ na-aba
|Fish pond
|-
|94
|Nri ụmụanụmanụ
|Animal feed
|-
|95
|Anụ
|Meat
|-
|96
|Mmiriozuzo
|Rain
|-
|97
|Ikuku
|Wind / Air
|-
|98
|Ihuigwe
|Weather / Climate
|-
|99
|Ide mmiri
|Flood
|-
|100
|Ụmụnshị ala
|Organic fertilizer / Compost
|-
|101
|Onyinyo osisi
|Tree canopy / Shade
|-
|102
|Mkpụrụ
|Seed / Fruit kernel
|-
|103
|Ife
|Flower / Blossom
|-
|104
|Ome
|Shoot / Bud
|-
|105
|Ihe nkwado
|Tendril
|-
|106
|Mgbidi
|Bark of a tree
|-
|107
|Alaka
|Branch
|-
|108
|Okpukpu mkpụrụ
|Seed coat / Shell
|-
|109
|Ala ruru unyi
|Loamy soil
|-
|110
|Ala áwà
|Clay soil
|-
|111
|Ala aja
|Sandy soil
|-
|112
|Ala ọma
|Fertile land
|-
|113
|Ala kporo nkụ
|Arid land
|-
|114
|Ala mmiri
|Marshy land / Swamp
|-
|115
|Ugwu
|Hill / High ground
|-
|116
|Kpakpando ala
|Soil nutrients
|-
|117
|Ala nchara
|Eroded soil
|-
|118
|Ala gba nkịtị
|Fallow land
|-
|119
|Ahụhụ
|Insects
|-
|120
|Uche
|Locusts
|-
|121
|Nza
|Small birds (farm pests)
|-
|122
|Mbakara
|Beetle larvae
|-
|123
|Oke
|Rat / Rodent
|-
|124
|Eju
|Snail
|-
|125
|Ọrịa ihe ubi
|Crop disease
|-
|126
|Ihe nbibi
|Pests
|-
|127
|Ịkọrọ nkụ
|Sun drying
|-
|128
|Ụlọ nchekwa
|Storehouse / Silo
|-
|129
|Ihe nlele
|Scale / Measurement unit
|-
|130
|Onye azụmahịa
|Trader / Merchant
|-
|131
|Ịgbanwado ihe ọkụkụ
|Crop rotation
|-
|132
|Ihe ọkụkụ ego
|Cash crops
|-
|133
|Ihe ọkụkụ nri
|Food crops
|-
|134
|Ịkụ ihe agwakọta
|Mixed farming
|-
|134
|Ndi nche ubi
|Farm guards
|-
|136
|Enyemaka ọrụ
|Communal farm labor
|-
|137
|Oru nza
|Cooperative farming
|-
|138
|Oge ubi
|Farming season
|-
|139
|Ike ubi
|Farm boundary marks
|-
|140
|Mkpụrụ mbụ
|First fruits / Early yield
|-
|141
|Ntu ala
|Soil testing / Surveying
|-
|142
|Mmiri dọrọ n’ubi
|Waterlogged soil
|-
|143
|Ọnyà
|Animal trap
|-
|144
|Mkpụrụ ubi rere ure
|Spoiled seeds
|-
|145
|Ofe ubi
|Communal border path
|-
|146
|Ekwu
|Open-air farm hearth
|-
|147
|Ọba ji
|Dedicated yam barn
|-
|148
|Akwụkwọ ndụ
|Green vegetation
|-
|149
|Ọrụ ubi ọhụrụ
|Mechanized farming
|-
|150
|Nka na ụzụ ugbo
|Agricultural technology
|-
|151
|Di ubi
|Master farmer / Farm owner
|-
|152
|Nkwado ala
|Land preparation / Tillage
|-
|153
|Ebe ntinye nri
|Feed trough / Manger
|-
|153
|Ịgbazinye ala
|Land leasing / Renting farmland
|-
|154
|Efe ubi
|Farm pathway / Access lane
|-
|155
|Mkpụrụ nnọchi
|Cover crop
|-
|156
|Ịkpa aṅụ
|Beekeeping / Apiculture
|-
|157
|Anwụrụ ubi
|Farm smudge / Smoke used to repel pests
|-
|158
|Ome kacha
|Main shoot / Dominant apical bud
|-
|159
|Mkpụrụ agụụ
|Famine crop / Reserve crop
|-
|160
|Ọji ugo
|A premium native kola nut variety
|-
|161
|Akpụ nni
|Edible cassava variety (low cyanide)
|-
|162
|Ji ndụ
|Freshly harvested yam (not yet dried/cured)
|-
|163
|Ube mmanụ
|Oily/creamy variant of African pear
|-
|164
|Ose ọkụ
|Habanero pepper / Hot pepper
|-
|165
|Onugbu ubi
|Wild or uncultivated bitter leaf variant
|-
|166
|Nkwu ite
|Short, accessible oil palm tree variety
|-
|167
|Osisi nku
|Firewood tree / Trees grown for fuel
|-
|168
|Mkpụrụ osikapa
|Paddy rice / Unhusked rice grain
|-
|169
|Agwa ite
|Local brown beans variety
|-
|170
|Ala ruru amị
|Highly fertile, moisture-rich soil
|-
|171
|Aja ubi
|Farm silt / Topsoil
|-
|172
|Okwute ala
|Stony ground / Rocky soil texture
|-
|173
|Ife ikuku
|Windbreak / Tree line to block wind
|-
|174
|Mmiri nwayọ
|Drizzle / Soft rain ideal for soft planting
|-
|175
|Mkpọrọgwụ ikuku
|Aerial root
|-
|176
|Okpete
|Sugar cane
|-
|177
|Mmanụ akị
|Palm kernel oil
|-
|178
|Ite mmanya
|Palm wine gourd / Collecting pot
|-
|179
|Ngwu ji
|Yam digger / Pointed iron rod tool
|-
|180
|Mma ngwọ
|Raffia tapping knife
|-
|181
|Ikwengwepịa ọka
|Corn mill / Maize sheller
|-
|182
|Ịfịcha
|Threshing / Separating grain from chaff
|-
|183
|Ịfị rụrụ
|To lay mulch / Layering dry leaves on soil
|-
|184
|Ịzụ ahịhịa
|Controlled grazing
|-
|185
|Ụlọ anụ
|Livestock barn / Shelter
|-
|186
|Ọnya mgbasa
|Broad-net animal trap
|-
|187
|Nchi ubi
|Farm grasscutter infestation
|-
|188
|Eke ubi
|Farm-specific market sales agreement
|-
|189
|Owuwe mmiri
|Water harvesting
|-
|190
|Ihe ọkụkụ oge
|Seasonal crops
|-
|191
|Ome ji
|Yam vine / Sprout
|-
|192
|Akwụkwọ rorororo
|Tender young leaves / Microgreens
|-
|193
|Nri azụ
|Fish feed
|-
|194
|Ọdọ mmiri azụ
|Natural fish breeding pool
|-
|195
|Ogige ọkụkọ
|Poultry run / Free-range chicken fencing
|-
|196
|Ịtụgharị ala
|Crop rotation cycle
|-
|197
|Ọgwụ ahịhịa
|Herbicide
|-
|198
|Onye nlekọta ugbo
|Farm manager / Overseer
|-
|199
|Ugbo agwakọta
|Integrated/Mixed farming system
|-
|200
|Onye Ọrụ Ugbo
|Farmer
|-
|201
|Achara Ofe
|Elephant grass
|-
|202
|Obete
|Ginger Lily, Push Cane or Spiral Ginger
|-
|203
|Ukpor
|Horse-eye bean or hamburger seed
|-
|204
|Úgírí
|Wild mango
|-
|205
|Okoko
|Sunflower
|-
|206
|Ubene
|Plum
|-
|207
|Owu
|Cotton/Thread
|-
|208
|Ukpa
|African Walnut
|-
|209
|Osisi Ngwọ
|Palm wine tree
|}

==More Details==
*Date: 5th December,  2026
*Time: 2pm prompt
*Venue: in-person(to be communicated soon)
*Project lead: [[User:Juliegwen|Juliegwen]]
*Facilitator: [[User:Sylvaline39|Sylvaline39]]
==Programs Committee==
# [[User:Tochi Precious|Tochi Precious]] 
# [[User:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]] 
# [[User:Macocobovi|Macocobovi]] 
# [[User:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]]</text>
      <sha1>rezifb029njcgtk3wfe2628esqeyyl4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739719</id>
      <parentid>739718</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T14:29:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Juliegwen</username>
        <id>12936</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Project worklist */ Added to the list</comment>
      <origin>739719</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10283" sha1="ptm1sazo6nmpjo0nwo0mdhej1sz6g1t" xml:space="preserve">'''Asusu Ụgbọ: Celebrating Igbo Agricultural Heritage on Wikitionary in the Ikwerre Community '''
is a Wikimedia initiative focused on preserving indigenous agricultural heritage by recording native Igbo speakers pronuncing traditional farming terms, crops and tools for the Igbo Wiktionary.  By capturing these local dialects and oral traditions, the project enriches the digital archhive, protects endangered regional vocabulary and ensures that the rich agricultural knowledge of the community is openly shared and preserved for future generations to avoid extinction.
==Project timeline/Activities==
*December 13th - December 20th: Participants will continue creating new entries, maintaining a steady pace of documentation to expand the agricultural lexicon.
*December 21st - December 28th: Focus shifts towards peer review alongside ongoing entry creation.Participants will review each others works to identify and correct spelling, formatting and content errors, ensuring that all enteries are accurate and properly structured.
*December 29th - January 5th: The final week will focus on wrapping up any remaining enteries, performing a comprehensive review of all contributions, making final corrections, documenting project statistics and preparing the final report.
==Project worklist== 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Igbo Words 1-250
! S/N !! Igbo Words!!English Translation
|-
|1 
| Mbụbọ
| Garden/Backyard Farm
|-
|2 
|Ịzụlite ihe Ubi 
|Cultivation/Breeding 
|-
|3 
|Owuwe ihe ubi 
|Harvest/Reaping
|-
|4 
|Ịkụ mkpụrụ 
|Planting Seeds
|-
|5 
|ịgha mkpụrụ 
|sowing seeds
|-
|6 
|Mmụba ihe ubi
|Crop yeild/Crop increase
|-
|7 
|Ala nri umụanụmanụ
| Pasture
|-
|8 
|Oba ji 
|Yarm barn
|-
|9 
|Ubi mkpụrụosisi
|Orchard
|-
|10 
|Ọhịa 
|Bush/wilderness
|-
|11 
|Oké Ọhịa 
| Forest
|-
|12 
|Ahịhịa 
|Weed/Grass
|-
|13 
|Nlekọta ihe ubi
|Crop management 
|-
|14 
|Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ
|Crop diversity 
|-
|15 
|Mmá 
|Knife/Machette
|-
|16 
|Nnukwu mmá
|Cutlass
|-
|17 
|Ọgụ 
|Hoe
|-
|18 
|Ngwuala 
|Pickaxe/digging tool
|-
|19 
|Ọgụ ntụ
|Shovel/Spade
|-
|20 
|Ụgbọ Ndọkpụ
| Tractor
|-
|21 
|Ogbuachara 
|Scythe/Sickle
|-
|22 
|Nko ahịhịa 
|Pitchfork
|-
|23 
|Elili/Eriri 
|Rope
|-
|24 
|Ekwete 
|small wooden trough
|-
|25 
|Mpa 
|Carrier Tray
|-
|26 
|Ụlọ Igwengwepịa
|Processing Mill
|-
|27 
|Olori Mmiri 
|Water tank
|-
|28 
|Ụlọ akụmakụ
|Greenhouse
|-
|29 
|Anya Ọgụ 
|Hoe blade
|-
|30 
|Eku 
|Wooden Ladle
|-
|31 
|Mma Obeji 
|Heavy duty yam cutlass
|-
|32 
|Mgbasa mmiri
|Sprinkler
|-
|33 
|Nnyo 
|Sieve/Strainer
|-
|34 
|Ịkwa Ekwuru
|Making heaps or mounds
|-
|35 
|Ịkwa Ọgwụgwụ 
|Digging, planting holes
|-
|36 
|Igbu ọhịa |Bush clearing
|-
|37 |Ịmụnye ọkụ
|Controlled burning
|-
|38 
|Ifo ahịhịa |Weeding
|-
|39 |Ifesa ọgwụ 
|Spraying Pesticides
|-
|40
|Ịwụsa nri ala
|Manuring / Fertilizing
|-
|41
|Ịgba mmiri
|Watering / Irrigation
|-
|42
|Ịkwado ji
|Staking yams
|-
|43
|Ịmị mkpụrụ
|Fruiting / Bearing fruit
|-
|44
|Ịtụpụ ome
|Sprouting
|-
|45
|Ịpị ube
|Pruning
|-
|46
|Ịfọ rụrụ
|Mulching
|-
|47
|Ịkpachara
|Lopping off branches
|-
|48
|Ịgwupụta ji
|Harvesting yams (digging up)
|-
|49
|Ịhọrọ mkpụrụ
|Seed selection
|-
|50
|Ịmị nwayọ
|Late ripening
|-
|51
|Ịta nchara
|Blighting / Rusting
|-
|52
|Ịkpọ nkụ
|Withering / Drying up
|-
|53
|Ịkwọcha
|Processing / Peeling crops
|-
|54
|Ji nza
|Water yam
|-
|55
|Aka nni
|A variety of cocoyam
|-
|56
|Mbana
|Aerial yam / Yam potato
|-
|57
|Ji igwe
|A resilient white yam variety
|-
|58
|Una
|Bitter yam
|-
|59
|Ji abana
|Water yam variant
|-
|60
|Ọka
|Maize / Corn
|-
|61
|Agwa
|Beans
|-
|62
|Mkpụrụ ebe
|Pigeon peas
|-
|63
|Egusi
|Melon seed
|-
|64
|Ụgba
|Oil bean seed
|-
|65
|Azụma
|Wild grain
|-
|66
|Mkpụrụ lenti
|Lentils
|-
|67
|Onugbu
|Bitter leaf
|-
|68
|Ụha
|African rosewood leaves (used in soup)
|-
|69
|Afụfa
|Garden egg fruit
|-
|70
|Ube
|African pear
|-
|71
|Ube oyibo
|Avocado pear
|-
|72
|Oroma nkịrịsị
|Lime / Lemon
|-
|73
|Unere
|Banana
|-
|74
|Abịrịka
|Plantain
|-
|75
|Ụdara
|African star apple
|-
|76
|Ụkwá
|African breadfruit
|-
|77
|Ọkwụrụ bekee/ Ọkwụrụ Oyibo
|Pawpaw / Papaya
|-
|78
|Mgba mgbam
|Wild spinach
|-
|79
|Nkwuaba
|Pineapple
|-
|80
|Ayọ
|Onion
|-
|81
|Nkwụ
|Oil palm tree
|-
|82
|Akwụ
|Palm fruit bunch
|-
|83
|Akụ
|Palm kernel
|-
|84
|Mmanya ngwọ
|Raffia palm wine
|-
|85
|Ogu nkwụ
|Palm frond
|-
|86
|Okpokpo
|Cashew tree
|-
|87
|Nturuku
|Rabbit
|-
|88
|Ọbọgwụ
|Duck
|-
|89
|Nkwụ nwa ọkụkọ
|Brooding / Hatching
|-
|90
|Mkpụrụ azụ
|Fingerling / Fish seed
|-
|91
|Ogige ụmụanụmanụ
|Animal pen / Paddock
|-
|92
|Ụlọ ọkụkọ
|Poultry pen
|-
|93
|Ebe azụ na-aba
|Fish pond
|-
|94
|Nri ụmụanụmanụ
|Animal feed
|-
|95
|Anụ
|Meat
|-
|96
|Mmiriozuzo
|Rain
|-
|97
|Ikuku
|Wind / Air
|-
|98
|Ihuigwe
|Weather / Climate
|-
|99
|Ide mmiri
|Flood
|-
|100
|Ụmụnshị ala
|Organic fertilizer / Compost
|-
|101
|Onyinyo osisi
|Tree canopy / Shade
|-
|102
|Mkpụrụ
|Seed / Fruit kernel
|-
|103
|Ife
|Flower / Blossom
|-
|104
|Ome
|Shoot / Bud
|-
|105
|Ihe nkwado
|Tendril
|-
|106
|Mgbidi
|Bark of a tree
|-
|107
|Alaka
|Branch
|-
|108
|Okpukpu mkpụrụ
|Seed coat / Shell
|-
|109
|Ala ruru unyi
|Loamy soil
|-
|110
|Ala áwà
|Clay soil
|-
|111
|Ala aja
|Sandy soil
|-
|112
|Ala ọma
|Fertile land
|-
|113
|Ala kporo nkụ
|Arid land
|-
|114
|Ala mmiri
|Marshy land / Swamp
|-
|115
|Ugwu
|Hill / High ground
|-
|116
|Kpakpando ala
|Soil nutrients
|-
|117
|Ala nchara
|Eroded soil
|-
|118
|Ala gba nkịtị
|Fallow land
|-
|119
|Ahụhụ
|Insects
|-
|120
|Uche
|Locusts
|-
|121
|Nza
|Small birds (farm pests)
|-
|122
|Mbakara
|Beetle larvae
|-
|123
|Oke
|Rat / Rodent
|-
|124
|Eju
|Snail
|-
|125
|Ọrịa ihe ubi
|Crop disease
|-
|126
|Ihe nbibi
|Pests
|-
|127
|Ịkọrọ nkụ
|Sun drying
|-
|128
|Ụlọ nchekwa
|Storehouse / Silo
|-
|129
|Ihe nlele
|Scale / Measurement unit
|-
|130
|Onye azụmahịa
|Trader / Merchant
|-
|131
|Ịgbanwado ihe ọkụkụ
|Crop rotation
|-
|132
|Ihe ọkụkụ ego
|Cash crops
|-
|133
|Ihe ọkụkụ nri
|Food crops
|-
|134
|Ịkụ ihe agwakọta
|Mixed farming
|-
|134
|Ndi nche ubi
|Farm guards
|-
|136
|Enyemaka ọrụ
|Communal farm labor
|-
|137
|Oru nza
|Cooperative farming
|-
|138
|Oge ubi
|Farming season
|-
|139
|Ike ubi
|Farm boundary marks
|-
|140
|Mkpụrụ mbụ
|First fruits / Early yield
|-
|141
|Ntu ala
|Soil testing / Surveying
|-
|142
|Mmiri dọrọ n’ubi
|Waterlogged soil
|-
|143
|Ọnyà
|Animal trap
|-
|144
|Mkpụrụ ubi rere ure
|Spoiled seeds
|-
|145
|Ofe ubi
|Communal border path
|-
|146
|Ekwu
|Open-air farm hearth
|-
|147
|Ọba ji
|Dedicated yam barn
|-
|148
|Akwụkwọ ndụ
|Green vegetation
|-
|149
|Ọrụ ubi ọhụrụ
|Mechanized farming
|-
|150
|Nka na ụzụ ugbo
|Agricultural technology
|-
|151
|Di ubi
|Master farmer / Farm owner
|-
|152
|Nkwado ala
|Land preparation / Tillage
|-
|153
|Ebe ntinye nri
|Feed trough / Manger
|-
|153
|Ịgbazinye ala
|Land leasing / Renting farmland
|-
|154
|Efe ubi
|Farm pathway / Access lane
|-
|155
|Mkpụrụ nnọchi
|Cover crop
|-
|156
|Ịkpa aṅụ
|Beekeeping / Apiculture
|-
|157
|Anwụrụ ubi
|Farm smudge / Smoke used to repel pests
|-
|158
|Ome kacha
|Main shoot / Dominant apical bud
|-
|159
|Mkpụrụ agụụ
|Famine crop / Reserve crop
|-
|160
|Ọji ugo
|A premium native kola nut variety
|-
|161
|Akpụ nni
|Edible cassava variety (low cyanide)
|-
|162
|Ji ndụ
|Freshly harvested yam (not yet dried/cured)
|-
|163
|Ube mmanụ
|Oily/creamy variant of African pear
|-
|164
|Ose ọkụ
|Habanero pepper / Hot pepper
|-
|165
|Onugbu ubi
|Wild or uncultivated bitter leaf variant
|-
|166
|Nkwu ite
|Short, accessible oil palm tree variety
|-
|167
|Osisi nku
|Firewood tree / Trees grown for fuel
|-
|168
|Mkpụrụ osikapa
|Paddy rice / Unhusked rice grain
|-
|169
|Agwa ite
|Local brown beans variety
|-
|170
|Ala ruru amị
|Highly fertile, moisture-rich soil
|-
|171
|Aja ubi
|Farm silt / Topsoil
|-
|172
|Okwute ala
|Stony ground / Rocky soil texture
|-
|173
|Ife ikuku
|Windbreak / Tree line to block wind
|-
|174
|Mmiri nwayọ
|Drizzle / Soft rain ideal for soft planting
|-
|175
|Mkpọrọgwụ ikuku
|Aerial root
|-
|176
|Okpete
|Sugar cane
|-
|177
|Mmanụ akị
|Palm kernel oil
|-
|178
|Ite mmanya
|Palm wine gourd / Collecting pot
|-
|179
|Ngwu ji
|Yam digger / Pointed iron rod tool
|-
|180
|Mma ngwọ
|Raffia tapping knife
|-
|181
|Ikwengwepịa ọka
|Corn mill / Maize sheller
|-
|182
|Ịfịcha
|Threshing / Separating grain from chaff
|-
|183
|Ịfị rụrụ
|To lay mulch / Layering dry leaves on soil
|-
|184
|Ịzụ ahịhịa
|Controlled grazing
|-
|185
|Ụlọ anụ
|Livestock barn / Shelter
|-
|186
|Ọnya mgbasa
|Broad-net animal trap
|-
|187
|Nchi ubi
|Farm grasscutter infestation
|-
|188
|Eke ubi
|Farm-specific market sales agreement
|-
|189
|Owuwe mmiri
|Water harvesting
|-
|190
|Ihe ọkụkụ oge
|Seasonal crops
|-
|191
|Ome ji
|Yam vine / Sprout
|-
|192
|Akwụkwọ rorororo
|Tender young leaves / Microgreens
|-
|193
|Nri azụ
|Fish feed
|-
|194
|Ọdọ mmiri azụ
|Natural fish breeding pool
|-
|195
|Ogige ọkụkọ
|Poultry run / Free-range chicken fencing
|-
|196
|Ịtụgharị ala
|Crop rotation cycle
|-
|197
|Ọgwụ ahịhịa
|Herbicide
|-
|198
|Onye nlekọta ugbo
|Farm manager / Overseer
|-
|199
|Ugbo agwakọta
|Integrated/Mixed farming system
|-
|200
|Onye Ọrụ Ugbo
|Farmer
|-
|201
|Achara Ofe
|Elephant grass
|-
|202
|Obete
|Ginger Lily, Push Cane or Spiral Ginger
|-
|203
|Ukpor
|Horse-eye bean or hamburger seed
|-
|204
|Úgírí
|Wild mango
|-
|205
|Okoko
|Sunflower
|-
|206
|Ubene
|Plum
|-
|207
|Owu
|Cotton/Thread
|-
|208
|Ukpa
|African Walnut
|-
|209
|Osisi Ngwọ
|Palm wine tree
|}

==More Details==
*Date: 5th December,  2026
*Time: 2pm prompt
*Venue: in-person(to be communicated soon)
*Project lead: [[User:Juliegwen|Juliegwen]]
*Facilitator: [[User:Sylvaline39|Sylvaline39]]
==Programs Committee==
# [[User:Tochi Precious|Tochi Precious]] 
# [[User:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]] 
# [[User:Macocobovi|Macocobovi]] 
# [[User:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]]</text>
      <sha1>ptm1sazo6nmpjo0nwo0mdhej1sz6g1t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739720</id>
      <parentid>739719</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T14:31:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Juliegwen</username>
        <id>12936</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Project worklist */ edited worklist</comment>
      <origin>739720</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10287" sha1="tbu6hkin3jg88rcxxm9u7rcnvnf4ig1" xml:space="preserve">'''Asusu Ụgbọ: Celebrating Igbo Agricultural Heritage on Wikitionary in the Ikwerre Community '''
is a Wikimedia initiative focused on preserving indigenous agricultural heritage by recording native Igbo speakers pronuncing traditional farming terms, crops and tools for the Igbo Wiktionary.  By capturing these local dialects and oral traditions, the project enriches the digital archhive, protects endangered regional vocabulary and ensures that the rich agricultural knowledge of the community is openly shared and preserved for future generations to avoid extinction.
==Project timeline/Activities==
*December 13th - December 20th: Participants will continue creating new entries, maintaining a steady pace of documentation to expand the agricultural lexicon.
*December 21st - December 28th: Focus shifts towards peer review alongside ongoing entry creation.Participants will review each others works to identify and correct spelling, formatting and content errors, ensuring that all enteries are accurate and properly structured.
*December 29th - January 5th: The final week will focus on wrapping up any remaining enteries, performing a comprehensive review of all contributions, making final corrections, documenting project statistics and preparing the final report.
==Project worklist== 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Igbo Words 1-250
! S/N !! Igbo Words!!English Translation
|-
|1 
| Mbụbọ
| Garden/Backyard Farm
|-
|2 
|Ịzụlite ihe Ubi 
|Cultivation/Breeding 
|-
|3 
|Owuwe ihe ubi 
|Harvest/Reaping
|-
|4 
|Ịkụ mkpụrụ 
|Planting Seeds
|-
|5 
|ịgha mkpụrụ 
|sowing seeds
|-
|6 
|Mmụba ihe ubi
|Crop yeild/Crop increase
|-
|7 
|Ala nri umụanụmanụ
| Pasture
|-
|8 
|Oba ji 
|Yarm barn
|-
|9 
|Ubi mkpụrụosisi
|Orchard
|-
|10 
|Ọhịa 
|Bush/wilderness
|-
|11 
|Oké Ọhịa 
| Forest
|-
|12 
|Ahịhịa 
|Weed/Grass
|-
|13 
|Nlekọta ihe ubi
|Crop management 
|-
|14 
|Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ
|Crop diversity 
|-
|15 
|Mmá 
|Knife/Machette
|-
|16 
|Nnukwu mmá
|Cutlass
|-
|17 
|Ọgụ 
|Hoe
|-
|18 
|Ngwuala 
|Pickaxe/digging tool
|-
|19 
|Ọgụ ntụ
|Shovel/Spade
|-
|20 
|Ụgbọ Ndọkpụ
| Tractor
|-
|21 
|Ogbuachara 
|Scythe/Sickle
|-
|22 
|Nko ahịhịa 
|Pitchfork
|-
|23 
|Elili/Eriri 
|Rope
|-
|24 
|Ekwete 
|small wooden trough
|-
|25 
|Mpa 
|Carrier Tray
|-
|26 
|Ụlọ Igwengwepịa
|Processing Mill
|-
|27 
|Olori Mmiri 
|Water tank
|-
|28 
|Ụlọ akụmakụ
|Greenhouse
|-
|29 
|Anya Ọgụ 
|Hoe blade
|-
|30 
|Eku 
|Wooden Ladle
|-
|31 
|Mma Obeji 
|Heavy duty yam cutlass
|-
|32 
|Mgbasa mmiri
|Sprinkler
|-
|33 
|Nnyo 
|Sieve/Strainer
|-
|34 
|Ịkwa Ekwuru
|Making heaps or mounds
|-
|35 
|Ịkwa Ọgwụgwụ 
|Digging, planting holes
|-
|36 
|Igbu ọhịa 
|Bush clearing
|-
|37 
|Ịmụnye ọkụ
|Controlled burning
|-
|38 
|Ifo ahịhịa 
|Weeding
|-
|39 
|Ifesa ọgwụ 
|Spraying Pesticides
|-
|40
|Ịwụsa nri ala
|Manuring / Fertilizing
|-
|41
|Ịgba mmiri
|Watering / Irrigation
|-
|42
|Ịkwado ji
|Staking yams
|-
|43
|Ịmị mkpụrụ
|Fruiting / Bearing fruit
|-
|44
|Ịtụpụ ome
|Sprouting
|-
|45
|Ịpị ube
|Pruning
|-
|46
|Ịfọ rụrụ
|Mulching
|-
|47
|Ịkpachara
|Lopping off branches
|-
|48
|Ịgwupụta ji
|Harvesting yams (digging up)
|-
|49
|Ịhọrọ mkpụrụ
|Seed selection
|-
|50
|Ịmị nwayọ
|Late ripening
|-
|51
|Ịta nchara
|Blighting / Rusting
|-
|52
|Ịkpọ nkụ
|Withering / Drying up
|-
|53
|Ịkwọcha
|Processing / Peeling crops
|-
|54
|Ji nza
|Water yam
|-
|55
|Aka nni
|A variety of cocoyam
|-
|56
|Mbana
|Aerial yam / Yam potato
|-
|57
|Ji igwe
|A resilient white yam variety
|-
|58
|Una
|Bitter yam
|-
|59
|Ji abana
|Water yam variant
|-
|60
|Ọka
|Maize / Corn
|-
|61
|Agwa
|Beans
|-
|62
|Mkpụrụ ebe
|Pigeon peas
|-
|63
|Egusi
|Melon seed
|-
|64
|Ụgba
|Oil bean seed
|-
|65
|Azụma
|Wild grain
|-
|66
|Mkpụrụ lenti
|Lentils
|-
|67
|Onugbu
|Bitter leaf
|-
|68
|Ụha
|African rosewood leaves (used in soup)
|-
|69
|Afụfa
|Garden egg fruit
|-
|70
|Ube
|African pear
|-
|71
|Ube oyibo
|Avocado pear
|-
|72
|Oroma nkịrịsị
|Lime / Lemon
|-
|73
|Unere
|Banana
|-
|74
|Abịrịka
|Plantain
|-
|75
|Ụdara
|African star apple
|-
|76
|Ụkwá
|African breadfruit
|-
|77
|Ọkwụrụ bekee/ Ọkwụrụ Oyibo
|Pawpaw / Papaya
|-
|78
|Mgba mgbam
|Wild spinach
|-
|79
|Nkwuaba
|Pineapple
|-
|80
|Ayọ
|Onion
|-
|81
|Nkwụ
|Oil palm tree
|-
|82
|Akwụ
|Palm fruit bunch
|-
|83
|Akụ
|Palm kernel
|-
|84
|Mmanya ngwọ
|Raffia palm wine
|-
|85
|Ogu nkwụ
|Palm frond
|-
|86
|Okpokpo
|Cashew tree
|-
|87
|Nturuku
|Rabbit
|-
|88
|Ọbọgwụ
|Duck
|-
|89
|Nkwụ nwa ọkụkọ
|Brooding / Hatching
|-
|90
|Mkpụrụ azụ
|Fingerling / Fish seed
|-
|91
|Ogige ụmụanụmanụ
|Animal pen / Paddock
|-
|92
|Ụlọ ọkụkọ
|Poultry pen
|-
|93
|Ebe azụ na-aba
|Fish pond
|-
|94
|Nri ụmụanụmanụ
|Animal feed
|-
|95
|Anụ
|Meat
|-
|96
|Mmiriozuzo
|Rain
|-
|97
|Ikuku
|Wind / Air
|-
|98
|Ihuigwe
|Weather / Climate
|-
|99
|Ide mmiri
|Flood
|-
|100
|Ụmụnshị ala
|Organic fertilizer / Compost
|-
|101
|Onyinyo osisi
|Tree canopy / Shade
|-
|102
|Mkpụrụ
|Seed / Fruit kernel
|-
|103
|Ife
|Flower / Blossom
|-
|104
|Ome
|Shoot / Bud
|-
|105
|Ihe nkwado
|Tendril
|-
|106
|Mgbidi
|Bark of a tree
|-
|107
|Alaka
|Branch
|-
|108
|Okpukpu mkpụrụ
|Seed coat / Shell
|-
|109
|Ala ruru unyi
|Loamy soil
|-
|110
|Ala áwà
|Clay soil
|-
|111
|Ala aja
|Sandy soil
|-
|112
|Ala ọma
|Fertile land
|-
|113
|Ala kporo nkụ
|Arid land
|-
|114
|Ala mmiri
|Marshy land / Swamp
|-
|115
|Ugwu
|Hill / High ground
|-
|116
|Kpakpando ala
|Soil nutrients
|-
|117
|Ala nchara
|Eroded soil
|-
|118
|Ala gba nkịtị
|Fallow land
|-
|119
|Ahụhụ
|Insects
|-
|120
|Uche
|Locusts
|-
|121
|Nza
|Small birds (farm pests)
|-
|122
|Mbakara
|Beetle larvae
|-
|123
|Oke
|Rat / Rodent
|-
|124
|Eju
|Snail
|-
|125
|Ọrịa ihe ubi
|Crop disease
|-
|126
|Ihe nbibi
|Pests
|-
|127
|Ịkọrọ nkụ
|Sun drying
|-
|128
|Ụlọ nchekwa
|Storehouse / Silo
|-
|129
|Ihe nlele
|Scale / Measurement unit
|-
|130
|Onye azụmahịa
|Trader / Merchant
|-
|131
|Ịgbanwado ihe ọkụkụ
|Crop rotation
|-
|132
|Ihe ọkụkụ ego
|Cash crops
|-
|133
|Ihe ọkụkụ nri
|Food crops
|-
|134
|Ịkụ ihe agwakọta
|Mixed farming
|-
|134
|Ndi nche ubi
|Farm guards
|-
|136
|Enyemaka ọrụ
|Communal farm labor
|-
|137
|Oru nza
|Cooperative farming
|-
|138
|Oge ubi
|Farming season
|-
|139
|Ike ubi
|Farm boundary marks
|-
|140
|Mkpụrụ mbụ
|First fruits / Early yield
|-
|141
|Ntu ala
|Soil testing / Surveying
|-
|142
|Mmiri dọrọ n’ubi
|Waterlogged soil
|-
|143
|Ọnyà
|Animal trap
|-
|144
|Mkpụrụ ubi rere ure
|Spoiled seeds
|-
|145
|Ofe ubi
|Communal border path
|-
|146
|Ekwu
|Open-air farm hearth
|-
|147
|Ọba ji
|Dedicated yam barn
|-
|148
|Akwụkwọ ndụ
|Green vegetation
|-
|149
|Ọrụ ubi ọhụrụ
|Mechanized farming
|-
|150
|Nka na ụzụ ugbo
|Agricultural technology
|-
|151
|Di ubi
|Master farmer / Farm owner
|-
|152
|Nkwado ala
|Land preparation / Tillage
|-
|153
|Ebe ntinye nri
|Feed trough / Manger
|-
|153
|Ịgbazinye ala
|Land leasing / Renting farmland
|-
|154
|Efe ubi
|Farm pathway / Access lane
|-
|155
|Mkpụrụ nnọchi
|Cover crop
|-
|156
|Ịkpa aṅụ
|Beekeeping / Apiculture
|-
|157
|Anwụrụ ubi
|Farm smudge / Smoke used to repel pests
|-
|158
|Ome kacha
|Main shoot / Dominant apical bud
|-
|159
|Mkpụrụ agụụ
|Famine crop / Reserve crop
|-
|160
|Ọji ugo
|A premium native kola nut variety
|-
|161
|Akpụ nni
|Edible cassava variety (low cyanide)
|-
|162
|Ji ndụ
|Freshly harvested yam (not yet dried/cured)
|-
|163
|Ube mmanụ
|Oily/creamy variant of African pear
|-
|164
|Ose ọkụ
|Habanero pepper / Hot pepper
|-
|165
|Onugbu ubi
|Wild or uncultivated bitter leaf variant
|-
|166
|Nkwu ite
|Short, accessible oil palm tree variety
|-
|167
|Osisi nku
|Firewood tree / Trees grown for fuel
|-
|168
|Mkpụrụ osikapa
|Paddy rice / Unhusked rice grain
|-
|169
|Agwa ite
|Local brown beans variety
|-
|170
|Ala ruru amị
|Highly fertile, moisture-rich soil
|-
|171
|Aja ubi
|Farm silt / Topsoil
|-
|172
|Okwute ala
|Stony ground / Rocky soil texture
|-
|173
|Ife ikuku
|Windbreak / Tree line to block wind
|-
|174
|Mmiri nwayọ
|Drizzle / Soft rain ideal for soft planting
|-
|175
|Mkpọrọgwụ ikuku
|Aerial root
|-
|176
|Okpete
|Sugar cane
|-
|177
|Mmanụ akị
|Palm kernel oil
|-
|178
|Ite mmanya
|Palm wine gourd / Collecting pot
|-
|179
|Ngwu ji
|Yam digger / Pointed iron rod tool
|-
|180
|Mma ngwọ
|Raffia tapping knife
|-
|181
|Ikwengwepịa ọka
|Corn mill / Maize sheller
|-
|182
|Ịfịcha
|Threshing / Separating grain from chaff
|-
|183
|Ịfị rụrụ
|To lay mulch / Layering dry leaves on soil
|-
|184
|Ịzụ ahịhịa
|Controlled grazing
|-
|185
|Ụlọ anụ
|Livestock barn / Shelter
|-
|186
|Ọnya mgbasa
|Broad-net animal trap
|-
|187
|Nchi ubi
|Farm grasscutter infestation
|-
|188
|Eke ubi
|Farm-specific market sales agreement
|-
|189
|Owuwe mmiri
|Water harvesting
|-
|190
|Ihe ọkụkụ oge
|Seasonal crops
|-
|191
|Ome ji
|Yam vine / Sprout
|-
|192
|Akwụkwọ rorororo
|Tender young leaves / Microgreens
|-
|193
|Nri azụ
|Fish feed
|-
|194
|Ọdọ mmiri azụ
|Natural fish breeding pool
|-
|195
|Ogige ọkụkọ
|Poultry run / Free-range chicken fencing
|-
|196
|Ịtụgharị ala
|Crop rotation cycle
|-
|197
|Ọgwụ ahịhịa
|Herbicide
|-
|198
|Onye nlekọta ugbo
|Farm manager / Overseer
|-
|199
|Ugbo agwakọta
|Integrated/Mixed farming system
|-
|200
|Onye Ọrụ Ugbo
|Farmer
|-
|201
|Achara Ofe
|Elephant grass
|-
|202
|Obete
|Ginger Lily, Push Cane or Spiral Ginger
|-
|203
|Ukpor
|Horse-eye bean or hamburger seed
|-
|204
|Úgírí
|Wild mango
|-
|205
|Okoko
|Sunflower
|-
|206
|Ubene
|Plum
|-
|207
|Owu
|Cotton/Thread
|-
|208
|Ukpa
|African Walnut
|-
|209
|Osisi Ngwọ
|Palm wine tree
|}

==More Details==
*Date: 5th December,  2026
*Time: 2pm prompt
*Venue: in-person(to be communicated soon)
*Project lead: [[User:Juliegwen|Juliegwen]]
*Facilitator: [[User:Sylvaline39|Sylvaline39]]
==Programs Committee==
# [[User:Tochi Precious|Tochi Precious]] 
# [[User:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]] 
# [[User:Macocobovi|Macocobovi]] 
# [[User:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]]</text>
      <sha1>tbu6hkin3jg88rcxxm9u7rcnvnf4ig1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Event:Igbo Wikimedia Awareness in University of Nigeria Enugu Campus 2.0</title>
    <ns>1728</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-20T19:21:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King ChristLike</username>
        <id>13051</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Photo Gallery */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3919" sha1="dzizw87mgwhhswf9efnl8to2jjwn6jz" xml:space="preserve">'''Igbo Wikimedia Awareness in University of Nigeria Enugu Campus''' aims to introduce the Wikimedia Movement and Igbo Wikimedia projects to students and lecturers at the University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus (UNEC), where awareness of Wikimedia activities remains limited. A [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event:Igbo_Wikimedia_Awareness_in_University_of_Nigeria_Enugu_Campus previous awareness and training project] was held for students in the Faculty of Business Administration. Due to the large student population, the project was limited to that faculty. This second project will take the awareness to another department, while also inviting participants from the previous training to remain engaged.

Through an on-site awareness session and hands-on training, participants will learn about the Wikimedia Movement, Igbo Wikimedia projects, and how to contribute to Igbo Wikipedia. The project will end with a translation edit-a-thon, where each participant will translate one English Wikipedia article into Igbo to apply and test the knowledge gained during the training.
The project will help introduce new contributors, increase Igbo-language content online, and strengthen Wikimedia activities within UNEC.

== Background ==
Awareness of Wikimedia activities and Igbo language projects is currently limited within the University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC). This initiative seeks to bridge that gap by engaging students and lecturers directly, equipping them with the knowledge and skills needed to contribute to Igbo Wikipedia and other Wikimedia platforms.

== Objectives ==
* To introduce participants to the Wikimedia Movement
* To create awareness about Igbo Wikimedia projects
* To train new contributors on how to edit and contribute to Igbo Wikipedia
* To support participants in creating their own Wikimedia user accounts
* To increase Igbo language content online
* To build a community of Wikimedia contributors within UNEC

== Event Details ==
* '''Date:''' TBD
* '''Format:''' Physical (In-person)
* '''Location:''' University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC)

== Activities ==
* Awareness session on Wikimedia and its projects  
* Introduction to Igbo Wikipedia and other Igbo Wikimedia platforms  
* '''Account creation session for new participants'''  
* Hands-on training on editing Wikipedia  
* Translation edit-a-thon  

== Account Creation ==
Participants who do not already have Wikimedia accounts will be guided through the process of creating their accounts. This will enable them to actively participate in editing activities during and after the event.

== Edit-a-thon ==
Participants will take part in a translation edit-a-thon where they will work together to translate up to '''50''' English Wikipedia articles into Igbo. This activity is aimed at improving Igbo content online and giving participants practical editing experience.

== Expected Outcomes ==
* Increased awareness of Wikimedia within UNEC  
* New Wikimedia user accounts created  
* New editors contributing to Igbo Wikipedia  
* Up to '''50''' articles translated into Igbo  
* Strengthened presence of Igbo Wikimedia projects  

== Target Audience ==
* Students of UNEC  
* Lecturers and academic staff  
* Individuals interested in Igbo language and open knowledge  

== Participation ==
Participants are expected to attend the physical session and actively engage in the training, account creation, and edit-a-thon. Participants are to sign their names here. Click on edit/edit source, then sign under the last person's name below using this code &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;


==WorkList==
The following [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1-Ag4YwXvAOLh6bSMIjCjtEQXVDvkJc22wpuTDA_Gp5A/edit?usp=sharing worklist] will be translated from English to Igbo by participants to test their knowledge.

== Organizer==
[[User:Nwonwu Uchechukwu P|Nwonwu Uchechukwu P]]


== Photo Gallery==
&lt;gallery&gt;

&lt;/gallery&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dzizw87mgwhhswf9efnl8to2jjwn6jz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mariam Dao Gabala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>81256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>739715</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T13:06:57Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
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      <comment>Translate</comment>
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      <text bytes="3719" sha1="gb47epdaqorh50asw00us7r9b31lab3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Short description|Nwanyị azụmaahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke sị mba Ivory Coast}}
[[File:Dao Gabala.jpg|thumb|Mariam Dao Gabala]]
'''Mariam Dao Gabala''', a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke atọ n'ọnwa Maachị, 1960,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=E-FEMMES :: Mot du Ministre |url=https://efemmes.gouv.ci/femmes_refences/8 |access-date=2026-10-09 |website=efemmes.gouv.ci}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị si mba Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-02-22 |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Femmes - Mariam Dao Gabala, la bonne fée |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/economie/cote-d-ivoire-femmes-mariam-dao-gabala-la-bonne-fee-22-02-2015-1906964_28.php |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akwado ka ndị mmadụ niile nwee ohere iji ọrụ ego eme ihe, nakwa maka mmepe nkà ụmụ nwanyị na Ivory Coast yana n'Africa. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Sinetọ na mba [[Côte d'Ivoire]].

==Mbido Ndụ==

After her baccalaureate, she attentes to  Ecole Supérieur de Commerce d'Abijan, Mgbe baccalaureate ya gasịrị, ọ gara Ecole Supérieur de Commerce d'Abijan,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ma mesia gaa [[HEC Paris]] (1984) na France&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=FIF, qui est Mariam DAO Gabala la présidente du Comité de normalisation {{!}} 7info |url=https://www.7info.ci/fif-qui-est-mariam-dao-gabala-la-presidente-du-comite-de-normalisation/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website={{!}} 7info |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; na HEC Montréal(1987).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

==Ọrụ==

Mariam Dao Gabala bụ onye isi mpaghara nke NGO Oikocredit maka mba francophone nke Africa rụọ afọ iri abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=School |first=MDE Business |date=2016-07-22 |title=si-argent-motivation-premiere-vous-echouerez |url=https://www.mde.ci/actualites/si-argent-motivation-premiere-vous-echouerez/ |access-date=2026-10-10 |website=MDE Business School |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ n'ihe gbasara azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị na International Labour Office, African Development Bank, International Labour Organization, yana World Bank Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tony |first=NAHOUNOUX |date=2 June 2016 |title=Mariam Dao Gabala : la finance au service des autres |url=http://www.jda.ci/ |access-date=10 October 2026 |website=Journal d'Abidjan|language=French|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619231822/http://www.jda.ci/|archive-date=19 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ [[Ivorian Football Federation]] ọrụ, site na Jenụwarị 14, 2021 ruo Mee 4, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire. Fif : Mission réussie pour Dao Gabala, la force tranquille |url=https://lebanco.net/news/44646-cote-divoire-fif-mission-reussie-pour-dao-gabala-la-force-tranquille.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=lebanco.net |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, ọ so n'ime ndị sinetọ iri atọ na atọ Onye isi ala Alassane Ouattara họpụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Ndụ nke onwe==
A mụrụ ya na 1960. A mụrụ ya n'aka nna bụ Onye Kraịst na nne bụ Onye Alakụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Portrait - Mariam Dao Gabala : Prêter plutôt que donner |url=https://www.lebabi.net/actualite/portrait-mariam-dao-gabala-preter-plutot-que-donner-2485.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=LeBabi.net |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwa nke mbụ n'ime ụmụaka iri abụọ na abụọ, ọ na-elekọtakwa ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Edensịbịa==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dao Gabala, Mariam}}
[[Category:Ụmụ nwanyị]]
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
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&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
{{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- Categories and interwikis go here: --&gt;
[[Category:Footnote templates]]
[[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>45iryqan4lh0in9pnlaebjw2c925gpc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739756</id>
      <parentid>739755</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-12-01T02:21:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mikeblas</username>
        <id>31293</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fix duplicate ref def</comment>
      <origin>739756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="397" sha1="3i4vcn5qvoodsej2nunhwpdb90ih91q" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
{{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- Categories and interwikis go here: --&gt;
[[Category:Footnote templates]]
[[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]]
[[Category:Templates that generate named references]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3i4vcn5qvoodsej2nunhwpdb90ih91q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739757</id>
      <parentid>739756</parentid>
      <timestamp>2019-11-11T22:33:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SMcCandlish</username>
        <id>14527</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rm. redundant parent cat.</comment>
      <origin>739757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="365" sha1="fnk7egiakwrgip1fhf373d7m54dl350" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
{{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- Categories and interwikis go here: --&gt;
[[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]]
[[Category:Templates that generate named references]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fnk7egiakwrgip1fhf373d7m54dl350</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739758</id>
      <parentid>739757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2020-04-25T01:11:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vanisaac</username>
        <id>27024</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* top */clean up per [[WP:CAT#T]] and [[WP:AWBREQ]] add template:Sandbox other</comment>
      <origin>739758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="384" sha1="glmo4g8fneon6c1e2e3xqt4utquohex" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
{{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- Categories and interwikis go here: --&gt;
[[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]]
[[Category:Templates that generate named references]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>glmo4g8fneon6c1e2e3xqt4utquohex</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739759</id>
      <parentid>739758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-01-31T02:18:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RMCD bot</username>
        <id>14603</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying subject page of move discussion on [[Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023|Template talk:Efn]]</comment>
      <origin>739759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="539" sha1="06usolob614w0pkn0o7cykmz6e7b31c" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Template:Lower-roman explanatory footnote/doc|2=Template talk:Efn#Requested move 31 January 2023}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
{{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- Categories and interwikis go here: --&gt;
[[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]]
[[Category:Templates that generate named references]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>06usolob614w0pkn0o7cykmz6e7b31c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739760</id>
      <parentid>739759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-02-17T03:04:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RMCD bot</username>
        <id>14603</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing notice of move discussion</comment>
      <origin>739760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="384" sha1="glmo4g8fneon6c1e2e3xqt4utquohex" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
{{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- Categories and interwikis go here: --&gt;
[[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]]
[[Category:Templates that generate named references]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>glmo4g8fneon6c1e2e3xqt4utquohex</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739761</id>
      <parentid>739760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-12-26T18:56:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tom.Reding</username>
        <id>27108</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* top */{{High-use}}</comment>
      <origin>739761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="397" sha1="auxz5aoe6oub6dhqctz1et3vlnuebz8" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
{{High-use}}
&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
{{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- Categories and interwikis go here: --&gt;
[[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]]
[[Category:Templates that generate named references]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>auxz5aoe6oub6dhqctz1et3vlnuebz8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739762</id>
      <parentid>739761</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-20T19:44:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King ChristLike</username>
        <id>13051</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>9 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Efn-lr/doc]]</comment>
      <origin>739761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="397" sha1="auxz5aoe6oub6dhqctz1et3vlnuebz8" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
{{High-use}}
&lt;!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --&gt;
{{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- Categories and interwikis go here: --&gt;
[[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]]
[[Category:Templates that generate named references]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>auxz5aoe6oub6dhqctz1et3vlnuebz8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval/IgboRefBot</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>81258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>739784</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-21T07:54:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dolphyb</username>
        <id>10983</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jiri ' ==[[User:IgboRefBot|IgboRefBot]]== {{Bot ohu|IgboRefBot}}   '''Operator:''' {{u|Dolphyb}}  &lt;!--Automatic: Specify whether supervised or unsupervised --&gt; &lt;!--Manually Assisted: User must manually confirm every change --&gt; '''Automatic or Manually Assisted:''' Automatic  &lt;!--Programming Language: The computer language that this bot will be written in. E.g. Python, Java, C, VB, AutoWikiBrowser. NOT English etc --&gt; '''[[:en:Programming Language|Programming Language]](s):''' Pyt...' kere ihü</comment>
      <origin>739784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2536" sha1="0tqh2i99vdgzviq7gimkphkkxch7qkg" xml:space="preserve">
==[[User:IgboRefBot|IgboRefBot]]==
{{Bot ohu|IgboRefBot}} 

'''Operator:''' {{u|Dolphyb}}

&lt;!--Automatic: Specify whether supervised or unsupervised --&gt;
&lt;!--Manually Assisted: User must manually confirm every change --&gt;
'''Automatic or Manually Assisted:''' Automatic

&lt;!--Programming Language: The computer language that this bot will be written in. E.g. Python, Java, C, VB, AutoWikiBrowser. NOT English etc --&gt;
'''[[:en:Programming Language|Programming Language]](s):''' Python

&lt;!--Please keep Function Summary SHORT--&gt;
'''Function Summary:''' IgboRefBot is an automated bot created to help maintain and improve references on the Igbo Wikipedia

'''Edit period(s)''' ''(e.g. Continuous, daily, one time run)''''':''' runs daily

&lt;!--For existing bots only--&gt;
'''Already has a bot flag''' ''(Y/N)''''':''' No

&lt;!--List full function details here--&gt;
'''Function Details:'''
=== Bot Function ===

The bot helps identify and repair common reference and citation problems, particularly when content is translated from the English Wikipedia to Igbo Wikipedia that is located in [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%BA:Pages_with_reference_errors this category] 

The bot will:

*Missing empty reference definition with multiple definitions of same reference.
*Missing reference list&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;References /&gt; or reference template {{Reflist}} and ==Edensibia
==&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*Named reference without any definition found.
*Multiple definitions of the same named reference.
*Malformed &lt;ref&gt; tag.
*Remove unnamed ref tag
*references | Reflist block inconsistencies
*Multiple &lt;references&gt; tags or {{reflist}} templates
''This list is likely going to grow with more tasks in the future.''

=== Edit Type ===
Edits will be limited to articles with citation problems that exists on [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%BA:Pages_with_reference_errors this category] 
Edits will be limited to user talk pages only and will include a clear edit summary indicating that the message is a welcome from a bot.

=== Safeguards ===

*The bot will not overwrite any existing content on the article apart from the citation problem been detected.
*The bot will skip articles that has no citation problem
*The bot will maintain a local log of all articles that it has worked on. just to keep track of them.
*The bot will comply with community feedback and can be stopped immediately if issues arise

=== Framework ===
The bot is built using Pywikibot and operates via the official MediaWiki API. 

===Discussion===
&lt;!-- This is not a vote.  It is a discussion --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0tqh2i99vdgzviq7gimkphkkxch7qkg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>739785</id>
      <parentid>739784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-21T08:17:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dolphyb</username>
        <id>10983</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Edit Type */</comment>
      <origin>739785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2398" sha1="5p370nr9zh4qlnt95tr9qbteidzoozr" xml:space="preserve">
==[[User:IgboRefBot|IgboRefBot]]==
{{Bot ohu|IgboRefBot}} 

'''Operator:''' {{u|Dolphyb}}

&lt;!--Automatic: Specify whether supervised or unsupervised --&gt;
&lt;!--Manually Assisted: User must manually confirm every change --&gt;
'''Automatic or Manually Assisted:''' Automatic

&lt;!--Programming Language: The computer language that this bot will be written in. E.g. Python, Java, C, VB, AutoWikiBrowser. NOT English etc --&gt;
'''[[:en:Programming Language|Programming Language]](s):''' Python

&lt;!--Please keep Function Summary SHORT--&gt;
'''Function Summary:''' IgboRefBot is an automated bot created to help maintain and improve references on the Igbo Wikipedia

'''Edit period(s)''' ''(e.g. Continuous, daily, one time run)''''':''' runs daily

&lt;!--For existing bots only--&gt;
'''Already has a bot flag''' ''(Y/N)''''':''' No

&lt;!--List full function details here--&gt;
'''Function Details:'''
=== Bot Function ===

The bot helps identify and repair common reference and citation problems, particularly when content is translated from the English Wikipedia to Igbo Wikipedia that is located in [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%BA:Pages_with_reference_errors this category] 

The bot will:

*Missing empty reference definition with multiple definitions of same reference.
*Missing reference list&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;References /&gt; or reference template {{Reflist}} and ==Edensibia
==&lt;/nowiki&gt;
*Named reference without any definition found.
*Multiple definitions of the same named reference.
*Malformed &lt;ref&gt; tag.
*Remove unnamed ref tag
*references | Reflist block inconsistencies
*Multiple &lt;references&gt; tags or {{reflist}} templates
''This list is likely going to grow with more tasks in the future.''

=== Edit Type ===
Edits will be limited to articles with citation problems that exists on [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%BA:Pages_with_reference_errors this category]

=== Safeguards ===

*The bot will not overwrite any existing content on the article apart from the citation problem been detected.
*The bot will skip articles that has no citation problem
*The bot will maintain a local log of all articles that it has worked on. just to keep track of them.
*The bot will comply with community feedback and can be stopped immediately if issues arise

=== Framework ===
The bot is built using Pywikibot and operates via the official MediaWiki API. 

===Discussion===
&lt;!-- This is not a vote.  It is a discussion --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5p370nr9zh4qlnt95tr9qbteidzoozr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>