Panagpudot ti lubong

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    <title>Panagpudot ti lubong</title>
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      <text bytes="42318" sha1="b4b1yylbmw1735b4067ywhjvinpebq0" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|width=320
|image1=Global Temperature Anomaly.svg|caption1=Ti sangalubongan a natimbengan a temperatura ti daga-taaw manipud idi 1880–2020, a mainaig ti 1951–1980 a katimbengan. Ti nangisit a linia ket ti tinawena katimbengan ken ti nalabbaga a linia ket isu ti 5 a tawen nga [[Agalallatiw a katimbengan|agtartaray a katimbengan]]. Dagiti berde a baras ket agiparparang kadagiti di-nalawag a karkulo. Nagtaudan: [http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/ NASA GISS]
|image2=GISS temperature 2000-09 lrg.png
|image3=GISS temperature palette.svg|caption3=Ti mapa ket agiparparang ti 10-a tawen a katimbengan (2000–2009) iti sangalubongan a natimbengan a temperatura nga anomalia a mainaig ti 1951–1980 a katimbengan. Ti kadakkelan a panagpangato ti temperetura ket idiay Artiko ken Antartiko a Peninsula. Nagtaudan: [[NASA nga Oserbatorio ti Daga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=42392 Ti 2009 a Gibisan ti Kapudotan a Dekada a Nairehistro]. [[NASA]] Imahen ti Obserbatorio ti Daga iti Dayta nga Aldaw, 22 Enero 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|image4=Global Warming Observed CO2 Emissions from fossil fuel burning vs IPCC scenarios.svg
|caption4=Posil a sungrod a mainaig ti panagruar ti CO2 a maipada kadagiti lima a maar-aramid nga IPCC a panagruar. Dagiti naidennet ket minaig kadagiti sangalubongan a panagsardeng. Datos manipud iti [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/emission/data/allscen.xls IPCC SRES a mararamid]; [http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS Datos a pagsaknapan ti papel a mairaman ti &quot;CO2 a Panagsengngaw manipud iti Panaguram ti Sungrod 2010 – Dagiti nailasin&quot; ti Ahensia ti Sangalubongan nga Enerhia]; ken [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/may/29/carbon-emissions-nuclearpower Nayon a IEA a datos]. Nagtaudan ti ladawan: [[Eskeptiko a Siensia]]}}

Ti '''Panagpudot ti lubong''' ({{lang-en|Global warming}}) ket daytoy ti panagpangato ti katimbengan a temperatura ti tangatang iti [[Daga (planeta)|Daga]] ken dagiti taaw manipud idi gibus iti maika-19 a siglo ken dagiti naipadto a panagtultuloy. Manipud idi rugi ti maika-20  a siglo, ti katimbengan a temperatura ti rabaw ti Daga ket nagpangato babaen ti agarup a {{convert|0.8|C-change|F-change|1}}, nga addaan iti agarup a dua a pagkatlo kadagiti panagpangato ket rimsua manipud idi 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmericasClimateChoices-2011-FullReport&quot;&gt;{{Cite book
| publisher = Ti Nailian nga Akademia a Pagmalditan
| isbn = 978-0-309-14585-5
| title = Dagiti Pagpilian ti Klima ti Amerika
| location = Washington, D.C.
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12781&amp;page=1
| page = 15
| quote = Ti katimbengan a temperatura iti rabaew ti Daga ket ngimmato babaen ti agarup a {{val|1.4|u=°F}} ({{val|0.8|u=°C}}) kadagiti napalabas a 100 a tawen, nga addaan iti agarup a {{val|1.0|u=°F}} ({{val|0.6|u=°C}}) iti daytoy a panagpudot a rimsua kadagiti napalabas a tallo a dekada
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti panagpudot iti [[klima]] a sistema ket awan dudua, ken dagiti sientista ket ad-adu ngem 90% a sigurado a kaaduan kadagitoy ket naaramid babaen ti immadu a konsentrasion iti [[inbernadero nga alingasaw]] a napataud babaen kadagiti aramid ti nagtagitaon a kas dagiti [[panagpaawan ti kabakiran]] ken ti panagpuor kadagiti [[posil a sungrod]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ti panagpudo iti klima a sistema ket awan dudua, ket makitkita tattan manipud kadagiti panagpalpaliiw kadagiti panagpangato iti sangalubongan a katimbengan a temperatura ti angin ken taaw, ti agnanayon a panakatunaw iti niebe ken yelo ken panagpangato ti sangalubongan a katimbengan ti pantar ti baybay.&quot; IPCC, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Sintesia a Reporta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182622/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html |date=2018-11-02 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains1.html Paset 1.1: Panagpalpaliiw ti panagbalbaliw ti klima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231804/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains1.html |date=2018-08-04 }}, iti {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dagiti tallo nga inusar ket inusar a panagipalpalawag kdagiti di-nalawag  nga addaan iti tunggal maysa a naisangayan a porma ti pagsasao. * * * A dagiti di-nalawag iti maysa a nisangayan a nagbanagan ket naipategan ti panagusar ti eksperto a panangipato ken estadistikal a panagusig kadagiti bagbagi ti ebidensia (a kas dagiti panagpalpaliiw wenno nagbanagan ti modelo), dagiti sumaganad a pumadpada a panakasakup ket usaren a panagiyebkas ti naipategan a probabilidad a rumsua: awan dudua &gt;99%; nangato ti panakaagpayso &gt;95%; agpayso &gt;90%......&quot; IPCC, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Sintesis a Reporta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182622/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html |date=2018-11-02 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mainssyr-introduction.html Panagtaripatu ti Di-nalawag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309213209/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mainssyr-introduction.html |date=2013-03-09 }}, iti {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;IPCC, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Sintesis a Reporta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182622/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html |date=2018-11-02 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains2-4.html Section 2.4: Panakagupit ti panagbaliw ti klima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103000828/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains2-4.html |date=2018-11-03 }}, iti {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
 | publisher=Ti Nailian nga Akademia a Pagmalditan
 | isbn = 0-309-14588-0
 | last = &lt;nowiki&gt;Dagiti Pagpilian ti Klima ti Amerika: Gunglo ti Panagparang-ay ti Siensia iti Panagbaliw ti Klima; Konsilo ti Nailian a Pangsukisok&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 | title = Panagparang-ay ti Siensia ti Panagbaliw ti Klima
 | location = Washington, D.C.
 | year = 2010
 | url = http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12782
 | quote = (p1) … adda napigsa, kredible a bagi ti ebidensia, a naibatay kadagit adu a linia ti panagsukisok, nga agdokdukumento a ti klima ket agbalbaliw ken dagitoy a panagbalbaliw ket kaaduan a gapuanan kadagiti inararamid ti nagtagitaoan. Nupay adu pay dagiti maadal, ti bugas ti the core penomeno, sientipiko a panagsalsaludsod, ken dagiti hipotesis ket natalipupos a naimatangan ken natibker a natakderan iti rupa ti nakaro a sientipiko a suppiat ken ti naannad a panagadal kadagiti sabsabali a panagipalpalawagan. * * * (p21-22) Adda dagiti daduma a sientipiko a naipatingga wenno teoria ket natalipupos a naimatangan ken nasubokan, ken nasuportaran babaen kadagiti adu a nawaya a panagpalpaliiw ken nagbanagana, a ti kababalin a dagiti sumaganad ket mabirukan a dagitoy ket saan a pudno ket mapaawanen a bassit. Iti kaytoy a naipatingga ken dagiti teoria ket naipategandan a kas maysa a naikeddeng a kinapudno. Daytoy ket kasla ti kaso para iti naipatingga a ti sistema ti Daga ket pumudpudot ken ti kaaduan iti daytoy a pangpudpudot ket gapu kadagiti inararamid ti nagtagitaoan.
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti a nasukimat ket mabigbigan babaen ti nailian a siensia dagiti akademia kadagiti amin a kangrunaan a naparang-ay a pagpagilian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf
 |title=Kumaduaan nga insarita dagiti Akademia ti Siensia
 |format=PDF
 |date=
 |accessdate=9 Agosto 2010
 |archive-date=2013-09-09
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909022954/http://www.nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Cref2|A}}

Dagiti maipadpadto a [[modelo ti klima]] ket naipabuklan idi 2007 a [[Maikapat a Reporta ti Panagipateg ti IPCC|Reporta ti Maikapat a Panagipateg]] (AR4) babaen ti [[Intergobernmental a Sangkabenneg iti Panagbalbaliw ti Klima]] (IPCC). Nangibagbagada nga iti las-ud ti maika-21 a siglo ti rabaw a temperatura ti lubong ket mabalin nga umad-adu a ngumato iti {{pagbaliwen|1.1|to|2.9|C-change|F-change|1}} para iti kababaanda a [[Naipangpangruna a Reporta dagiti Senario ti Sengngaw]] ken {{pagbaliwen|2.4|to|6.4|C-change|F-change|1}} para iti kangatoda.&lt;ref&gt;Meehl ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html Chap. 10: Dagiti Maipadpadto a Klima ti Sangalubongan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415020743/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html |date=2016-04-15 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-es-1-mean-temperature.html Sec. 10.ES: Katimbengan a Temperatura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116102329/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-es-1-mean-temperature.html |date=2011-11-16 }}, iti {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dagitoy a sakup kadagitoy a karkulo ket nagtaud manipud iti panagusar kadagiti modelo nga adda dagiti aggigiddiat a [[sensitibidad ti klima|sensitibidad ti konsetrasion ti alingasaw iti inbernadero]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
|last=Schneider Von Deimling |first=Thomas
|author2=Held |author3=Ganopolski |author4= Rahmstorf
|title=Nakarkulo a sensitibidad ti klima manipud naigrupo a simulasion ti glasial a klima
|journal=Dagiti Dinamiko ti Klima
|year=2006
|id = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.172.3264}}
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Meehl ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html Chap. 10: Dagiti Maipadpadto a Klima ti Sangalubongan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415020743/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html |date=2016-04-15 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-5.html Paset 10.5: Panangibilang ti Sakup ti Panagbalbaliw ti Klima], iti {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dagiti masakbayan a ballag ken mainaig a panagbalbalaiw ket maigiddiat manipud kadagiti [[dagiti rehional a pagtonoyan ti panagpudot ti lubong|rehion]] ti lawlaw ti lubong.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ts.html Teknikal a pakabuklan],
[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts-5-3.html Paset TS.5.3: Dagiti Maipadpadto a Rehional a Gatad], iti {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti [[dagiti rehional a pagtonoyan ti panagpudot ti lubong|pagtonoyan]] iti panagpangato ti temperatura ti lubong ket mangiraman ti maysa a [[Agdama a panagpangato ti lessaad ti baybay|panagpangato kadagiti lessaad ti baybay]] ken ti panagbalbaliw ti kaadu ken tabas iti [[tudo (meteorolohia)|tudo]], ken dagiti pay mabalin a panagpadakkel dagiti [[Subtropiko|subtropikal]] a [[desierto]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal
 |last1        = Lu
 |first1       = Jian
 |last2        = Vechhi
 |first2       = Gabriel A.
 |last3        = Reichler
 |first3       = Thomas
 |title        = Panagpadakkel ti Hadley a selula babaen ti panagpudot ti lubong
 |journal      = Sursurat ti Heopisikal a Panagsukisok
 |volume       = 34
 |issue        = 6
 |page         = L06805
 |year         = 2007
 |url          = http://www.atmos.berkeley.edu/~jchiang/Class/Spr07/Geog257/Week10/Lu_Hadley06.pdf
 |format       = PDF
 |doi          = 10.1029/2006GL028443
 |bibcode      = 2007GeoRL..3406805L
 |access-date  = 2013-02-11
 |archive-date = 2008-12-17
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217020052/http://www.atmos.berkeley.edu/~jchiang/Class/Spr07/Geog257/Week10/Lu_Hadley06.pdf
 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti panagpudot ket manamnama a [[Artiko a panagkumriit|napigpigsa idiay Artiko]] ken mainaigto iti agtultuloy a [[panagsanud dagiti glasier manipud idi 1850|panagsanud dagiti glasier]], [[permafrost]] ken [[yelo ti baybay]]. Dagiti mabalin pay a pagtonoyan iti panagpudot ket mairaman ti kankanayon nga irurumsua dagiti pasamak ti [[nakaro a tiempo]] a mairaman dagiti [[allon ti pudot]], igaaw ken napigsa a tudo, [[panag-asido ti taaw]] ken [[pannakapukaw a peggad manipud iti panagbalbaliw ti klima|pannakapukaw dagiti sebbangan]] gapu kadagiti agbalbaliw a rehimen ti temperatura. Dagiti pagtonoyan a nakaro para iti tattao ket mairaman ti [[panagbalbaliw ti klima kenagrikultura|seguridad ti taraon]] manipud kadagiti panagbabassit kadagiti maapit ken ti [[klima a panagkamang|pannkapukaw kadagiti pagnaedan]] manipud iti inundasion.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=Battisti /&gt;--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|US NRC|2012}}{{full|date=Nobiembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dagiti maisingsingasing a panagsungbat nga annuroten iti panagpudot ti lubong ket mairaman ti [[panagpalag-an ti panagpudot ti lubong|panagpalag-an]] babaen ti panagpabassit kadagiti sengngaw, [[panagampon iti panagpudot ti lubong|panagampon]] kadagiti pagtonoyanna, ken dagiti mabalin a masakbayan a [[heoinhenieria]]. Kaaduan ti pagpagilian ket partido ti [[Pagibatayan a Taripnong ti Panagbalbaliw ti Klima ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]] (UNFCCC),&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
 | year=2011
 | author=[[Pagibatayan a Taripnong ti Panagbalbaliw ti Klima ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]] (UNFCCC)
 | title=Kasasaad ti Panagpasingked ti Taripnong
 | url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php
 | publisher=UNFCCC
 | location=Sekretariat ti UNFCCC: [[Bonn]], [[Alemania]]
}}. Kaaduan ti pagpagilian iti lubong ket partido ti [[Pagibatayan a Taripnong ti Panagbalbaliw ti Klima ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]] (UNFCCC), a nangampon ti puntaan a {{val|2|u=°C}} . Manipud idi 25 Nobiembre 2011, dagitoy ket partido ti 195 (194 nga es-estado ken 1 a rhional nga ekonomiko a gunglo ti panagtitipon (ti [[Kappon ti Europa]])) iti UNFCCC.&lt;/ref&gt; a ti dumtengan ti gandatda ket ti [[Panagliklik kadagiti makadangran a panagbalbaliw ti klima|panagpawil kadagiti makadangran nga antropoheniko a (a kas ti, pinataud ti tao) a panagbalbaliw ti klima]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Artikulo 2|work=Pagibatayan a Taripnong ti Panagbalbaliw ti Klima ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian|quote=Ti dumtengan a gandat iti daytoy a Taripnong ken dagiti amiaman a mainaig a legado nga instrumento a maampon ken magun-od dagiti Konperensia dagiti Partido, segun kadagiti nangruna a probision ti Taripnong, ti panagtalinaay ti kaadu dagiti inarbedero nga alingasaw iti tangatang iti maysa nga agpang a mangpawil ti makadangran nga antropoheniko a panagbiang ti sistema ti klima. Dagiti kastoy nga agpang ket mabain a magun-od iti kaunegan ti batayan ti panawen a makaanay a mangpalubos ti ekosistema a mangampon ti masna a panagbalbaliw ti klima, tapno maisegurado ti panagpataud ti taraon ket saan a madangran ken tapno mapakabaelen ti pannakaipan ti ekonomiko a panagrang-ay iti matalinaay a pamay-an. |url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1353.php
}}, naala manipud iti nakabangonan  ti sangalubongan a tulagan a naikeddeng idi 21 Marso 1994.&lt;/ref&gt;  Dagiti Partido ti UNFCCC ket nangamponda kadagti sakup ti annuroten a naidaremdem a mangpabassit kadagiti alingasaw a sengngaw ti inarbedero&lt;ref name=&quot;2005 unfccc synthesis of non-annex I statements&quot;&gt;{{citation
 | year=2005
 | author=[[Pagibatayan a Taripnong ti Panagbalbaliw ti Klima ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]] (UNFCCC)
 | title=Maikanem nga Urnong ken sintesis ti immuna a nailian a panakinsinnarita manipud kadagiti Partido a saan a nairaman iti Nairaman I iti Taripnong. Palagip babaen ti sekretariat. Ehekutibo a pakabuklan.
 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2005/sbi/eng/18.pdf
 | format=PDF
 | publisher=Opisina ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian idiay Ginebra
 | location=Ginebra (Suisa)
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|10|date=Nobiembre2012}}&lt;ref&gt;Gupta, S. ''et al''. [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch13s13-2-1.html 13.2 Panagbalbaliw ti klima ken dagiti dadduma pay a mainaig nga annuroten] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309012120/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch13s13-2-1.html |date=2013-03-09 }}, in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
 | chapter=Ch 4: Panagbalbaliw ti klima ken pakasakbayan ti enerhia
}}, in {{harvnb|IEA|2009|pp=173-184}} (pp.175-186 of PDF)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications&quot;&gt;{{citation
 | year=2011
 | author=[[Pagibatayan a Taripnong ti Panagbalbaliw ti Klima ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]] (UNFCCC)
 | title=Urnong ken sintesis ti maikalima a nailian a panakisinnaritaan. Ehekutibo a pakabuklan. Palagip babaen ti sekretariat.
 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/sbi/eng/inf01.pdf
 | format=PDF
 | publisher=Opisina ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian idiay Ginebra
 | location=Ginebra (Suisa)
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|9|date=Nobiembre 2012}} ken ti panagtulong ti [[panagampon ti panagpudot ti lubong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2005 unfccc synthesis of non-annex I statements&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|13|date=Nobiembre 2012}}&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|10|date=Nobiembre 2012}}&lt;ref&gt;Adger, ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch17.html Kapitulo 17: Pagtonoyan ti panagampon dagiti panagsanay, dagiti pagpilian, dagiti lapped ken kapasidad,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103172451/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch17.html |date=2018-11-03 }} [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch17s17-es.html Ehekutino  apakabuklan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310003821/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch17s17-es.html |date=2013-03-10 }}, iti {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG2|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2010/Resources/5287678-1226014527953/Chapter-6.pdf 6. Panagala kadagiti masapul a pundo para iti panangipabassit ken panag-ampon (PDF)], iti {{citation
|year=2010
|author=Bangko ti Lubong
|title=2010 a Reporta ti Panagrang-ay ti Lubong: Panagrang-ay ken Panagbalbaliw ti Klima
|publisher=Ti Internasional a Banko para iti Panagibangon manen ken Panagrang-ayt / Ti Banko ti Lubong
|location=Washington DC, Estados Unidos
|url=http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/EXTWDR2010/0,,contentMDK:21969137~menuPK:5287816~pagePK:64167689~piPK:64167673~theSitePK:5287741,00.html
|pages=262–263
|access-date=2013-02-11
|archive-date=2010-03-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305081236/http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/EXTWDR2010/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21969137~menuPK%3A5287816~pagePK%3A64167689~piPK%3A64167673~theSitePK%3A5287741%2C00.html
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti Partido ti UNFCCC ket nangitunosda nasken dagiti panagpabassit kadagiti sengngaw,&lt;ref name=&quot;unfccc 2 degrees celsius target&quot;&gt;{{citation
 | year=2011
 | author=[[Pagibatayan a Taripnong ti Panagbalbaliw ti Klima ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]] (UNFCCC)
 | title=Taripnong dagiti Partido&amp;nbsp;– Maika-16 a taripnong: Keddeng 1/CP.16: Dagiti Tulagan ti Cancun: Dagiti Nagbalinan dagiti obra ti Ad Hoc a Grupo ti Agob-obra iti Nabayag a Termino a Tignay ti Pagtitinnulongan babaen ti Taripnong (Ingles): Parapo 4
 | publisher=UNFCCC
 | location=Sekretariat ti UNFCCC: [[Bonn]], [[Alemania]]
 | page=3
 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf#page=2
 | format=PDF
}} &quot;(…) nasken dagiti adu a panagpabassit ti alingasaw a sengngaw ti inbernadero segun ti siensia, ken kas tinaidokumento iti Maikapat a Panagtonoy a Reporta ti Intergobernmental nga Entrapanio ti Panagbalbaliw ti Klima, nga adda ti panirigan ti panagpabassit ti alingasaw a sengngaw ti inbernadero tapno matengngel ti panagpangato ti natimbeng a temperatura ti lubong iti baba ti {{val|2|u=°C}} a nangatngatao ngem dagiti preindustrial nga agpang&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  ken dagiti masakbayan a panagpudot ti lubong ket mapatinggaan ti baba ti {{convert|2.0|C-change|F-change|1}} a mainaig ti pre-industrial nga agpang.&lt;ref name=&quot;unfccc 2 degrees celsius target&quot; /&gt;{{Cref2|B}} Dagiti reporta naipablaak idi 2011 babaen ti [[Enbironmento a Programa ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]]&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
 | date=Nobiembre 2011
 | author=Enbironmento a Programa ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian (UNEP)
 | title=Panagisilpo ti Baetan ti Sengngaw: Ti Sintesis a Reporta ti UNEP
 | chapter=Ehekutibo a Pakabuklan
 | page=8
 | url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_bridging_gap.pdf
 | format=PDF
 | publisher=UNEP
 | location=[[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]
 | isbn=978-92-807-3229-0
 | access-date=2013-02-11
 | archive-date=2011-11-26
 | archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20111126075241/http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_bridging_gap.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 }} UNEP Stock Number: DEW/1470/NA&lt;/ref&gt; ken ti [[Ahensia ti Internasional nga Enerhia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
 | year=2011
 | author=Ahensia ti Internasional nga Enerhia (IEA)
 | title=2011 a Sangalubongan a Pakasakbayan ti Enerhia
 | chapter=Ehekutibo a Pakabuklan (Ingles)
 | publisher=IEA
 | location=[[Paris]], [[Pransia]]
 | page=2
 | url=http://www.iea.org/weo/docs/weo2011/executive_summary.pdf
 | format=PDF
 | access-date=2013-02-11
 | archive-date=2013-10-19
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019005512/http://www.iea.org/weo/docs/weo2011/executive_summary.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ket mangisingsingasing a dagiti ganetget manipud iti naspsapa ngem maika-21 a siglo a panagpabassit kadagiti sengngaw ket saan a makaanay ti UNFCCC a puntaan ti {{val|2|u=°C}}.

== Napalplaliiw a panagbalbaliw ti temperatura ==

[[Papeles:WhereIsTheHeatOfGlobalWarming.svg|260px|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Ti panagpangato ti [[linaon a pudot]] ti taaw ket ad-adu ngem ti ania man a naipenpen nga [[enerhia]] iti pudot a balanse ti Daga kadagiti dua a paset ti panawen ti 1961 aginggana ti 2003 ken 1993 aginggana ti 2003, ken pakaibilangan kadagiti ad-adu ngem 90% iti mabalin a panagpangato ti linaon a pudot ti sistema ti Daga iti las-ud kadagitoy a paset ti panawen.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
 | at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch5s5-2-2-3.html Sec 5.2.2.3 Dagiti pagbanagan para iti Balanse ti Pudot ti Daga]
 | chapter=Kapitulo 5: Dagiti panagpalplaliiw: Maipapan ti Taaw a Panagbalbaliw ti Klima ken Lessaad ti Baybay
 | chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch5.html
 | author=Bindoff, N.L.
 | title=Archive copy
 | access-date=2013-05-30
 | archive-date=2017-06-20
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620210108/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch5.html
 | url-status=dead
 }}, iti {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}, nagibasaran babaen ti:
{{citation
 | title=Dagiti Grapiko ti Klima babaen ti Skeptical Science: Dagiti Komponente ti Panagpudo ti Lubong:
 | at=Dagiti komponente ti panagpudot ti lubong para iti paset ti panawen ti 1993 aginggana ti 2003 a nakarkulo manipud iti IPCC AR4 5.2.2.3
 | url=http://www.skepticalscience.com/graphics.php?g=12
 | publisher=Skeptical Science
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Papeles:Temperature_reconstruction_last_two_millennia.svg|thumb|alt=refer to caption and adjacent text|Dua milenio dagiti natimbeng a temperatura ti rabaw segun ti nadumaduma a rekonstruksion manipud dagiti [[Pannakbagi (klima)|pannakbagi a klima]], ti tunggal maysa ket naipasayaat iti maipapan ti dekada a gatagantingan, nga adda ti [[rehistro ti instrumental a temperatura]] a natuonan iti nangisit.]]

Ti [[natimbeng a temperatura ti rabaw ti lubong|natimbeng a temperatura ti rabaw ti Daga]] ket ngimmato babaen ti {{val|0.74|0.18|u=°C}} kadagit ipaset ti panawen ti 1906–2005. Ti gatad ti panagpudot kadagiti kinaudi a gudua iti dayta a paset ti panawen ket gangani nadoble para iti dayta a paset ti panawen a kas maysa a sibubukel ({{val|0.13|0.03|u=°C}} tunggal maysa a dekada, a maigiddiat ti {{val|0.07|0.02|u=°C}} tungngal maysa a dekada). Ti pagtonoyan a [[isla ti urbano a pudot]] ket bassit laeng, a nakarkulo a  pakaibilangan para iti basbassit ngem {{val|0.002|u=°C}} iti panagpudot iti tungngal maysa a dekada manipud idi 1900.&lt;ref&gt;Trenberth ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3.html Kapitulo. 3, Dagiti panagpalpaliiw: Atmosperiko a Rabaw ken Panagbalbaliw ti Klima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100014/http://ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3.html |date=2017-09-24 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s3-2-2-2.html Paet 3.2.2.2: Dagiti Isla ti Urbano a Pudot ken dagti Pagtonoyan ti Panagusar ti Daga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512172320/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s3-2-2-2.html |date=2014-05-12 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter3.pdf p. 244] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023052326/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter3.pdf |date=2017-10-23 }}, iti {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti temperatura iti akin-baba a  [[tropospera]] ket ngimmato iti nagbaetan ti 0.13 ken {{val|0.22|u=°C}} (0.22 ken {{val|0.4|ul=°F}}) tunggal maysa a dekada manipud idi 1979, segun [[dagiti panagrukod ti satelite]]. Dagiti [[Pannakbagi (klima)|pannakbagi ti klima]] ket mangipakpakita ti temperatura a relatibo a natalinaayen kadagiti [[rehistro ti temperatura iti napalabas a 1000 a tawtawen|maysa wenno dua ribo a tawtawen]] sakbay ti 1850, nga adda dagiti maipapan ti rehion a panagduduma a kas ti [[Mediebal a Napudot a Paset ti Panawen]] ken ti [[Bassit a Panawen ti Yelo]].&lt;ref&gt;Jansen ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch6.html Kapitulo 6, Palaeoklima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125074904/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch6.html |date=2013-11-25 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch6s6-6.html#6-6-1 Paset 6.6.1.1: Ania kadi ti Ipakita dagiti Rekonstruksion a Naibatay iti Paleoklimatiko a Pannakbagi?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328093747/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch6s6-6.html#6-6-1 |date=2015-03-28 }}, [http://www.ipcc-wg1.unibe.ch/publications/wg1-ar4/ar4-wg1-chapter6.pdf pp. 466–478] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524082417/http://www.ipcc-wg1.unibe.ch/publications/wg1-ar4/ar4-wg1-chapter6.pdf |date=2010-05-24 }}, iti {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti panagpudot a makitkita iti rehistro ti instrumental a temperatura ket maitunos kadagiti nawatiwat a sakop iti panagpalpaliiw, a kas nadokumentuan babaen dagiti adu a sientipiko a grupo.&lt;ref name=&quot;kennedy evidence for global warming&quot;&gt;{{citation
 | author=Kennedy, J.J.
 | year=2010
 | title=Kasano nga ammotayo no pimmudot ti lubong? iti: 2. Sangalubongan a Klima, iti: Kasasaad ti Klima idi 2009
 | url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/2009.php
 | journal=Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.
 | volume=91
 | issue=7
 | page=26
 | access-date=2013-05-30
 | archive-date=2015-08-20
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820035443/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/2009.php
 | url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti kas pagarigan ket mairaman ti  [[panagpangato ti agdama a lessaad ti baybay|panagpangato ti lessaad ti baybay]] (ti [[danum]] ket [[termal a panagpadakkel|dumakkel]] no pumudot),&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
 | author=Kennedy, C.
 | date=10 Hulio 2012
 | title=ClimateWatch Magazine &gt;&gt; Kasasaad ti Klima: Sangalubongan a Lessaad ti Baybay idi 2011
 | url=http://www.climatewatch.noaa.gov/article/2012/2011-state-of-the-climate-sea-level
 | publisher=Portal ti Serbisio ti Klima ti NOAA
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ti nawatiwat a pannakatunaw iti [[niebe]] ken [[yelo]],&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
 | at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspm-direct-observations.html Dagiti Dagus a Pangpalplaiiw kadagiti Kinaudi a Panagbalbaliw ti Klima]
 | chapter=Pakabuklan para kadagiti Agar-aramid ti Annuroten
 | chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spm.html
 | title=Archive copy
 | access-date=2013-05-30
 | archive-date=2018-11-02
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182309/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spm.html
 | url-status=dead
 }}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;  pannakaipangato ti [[linaon a pudott]] kadagiti [[taaw]],&lt;ref name=&quot;kennedy evidence for global warming&quot; /&gt; pannakaipangato ti [[naisangayan a kadam-eg|kadam-eg]],&lt;ref name=&quot;kennedy evidence for global warming&quot; /&gt;  ken ti nasapsapa a [[penolohia|pannakaitutop]] kadagiti pasamak ti [[primabera (tiempo)|primabera]],&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
 | at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-b.html B. Ti agdama a pannakaammo kadagiti napalpaliiw a pagbanagan iti panagbalbaliw ti klima iti masna ken enbironmento ti tao]
 | chapter=Pakabuklan para kadagiti Agar-aramid ti Annuroten
 | chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spm.html
 | title=Archive copy
 | access-date=2013-05-30
 | archive-date=2016-04-19
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419000003/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spm.html
 | url-status=dead
 }}, iti {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG2|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; e.g., ti [[sabong|panagsabsabong]] dagiti [[mula]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation
 | at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch1s1-3-5-1.html Paset 1.3.5.1 Dagiti panagbalbaliw iti penolohia]
 | author=Rosenzweig, C.
 | chapter=Kapitulo 1: Panagikeddeng ti balor dagiti Napaliiw a Panagbalbaliw ken dagiti Sunbat dagiti Masna ken Maimaton a Sistema
 | chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch1.html
 | title=Archive copy
 | access-date=2013-05-30
 | archive-date=2018-11-02
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102182439/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch1.html
 | url-status=dead
 }}, iti {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG2|2007|p=99}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti [[probabilidad]] a dagitoy a panagbalbaliw ket nairana laeng a napasamak ket pudno a sero.&lt;ref name=&quot;kennedy evidence for global warming&quot; /&gt;

Dagiti kaaudian a karkulo ti [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] (GISS) ti [[NASA]] ken ti [[National Climatic Data Center]] ket mangipakpakita nga idi 2005 ken 2010 ket agpadpada para iti kapudotan a tawen ti planeta manipud idi matalekan a, nawatwat a magun-od dagiti instrumento a panagrukod idi naladaw a maika-19 a siglo, a linabsanna idi 1998 babaen ti basbassit a sangkagasut a grado.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| last = Cole
| first = Steve
| author2 = Leslie McCarthy
| title = NASA&amp;nbsp;– NASA a Panagsukisok ket nakitana a ti 2010 ket Naipada ti Nairehistro a Kapudotan a Tawen
| format = Pabuya
| accessdate = 3 Marso 2011
| url = http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2010-warmest-year.html
| archive-date = 2020-01-03
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103225235/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2010-warmest-year.html
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/
| last=Hansen
| first=James E.
| authorlink=James E. Hansen
| title = Goddard nga Instituto para kadagiti Panagadal ti Limbang, Panagusig ti Rabaw a Temperatura ti GISS
| accessdate =17 Enero 2007
| date = 12 Enero 2006
| publisher=NASA a Goddard nga Instituto para kadagiti Panagadal ti Limbang}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2009/13
| title = Kasasaad ti Klima: Sangalubongan a Panagusig para iti Tinawen ti 2009
| accessdate = 3 Mayo 2011
| date = 15 Enero 2010
| archive-date = 2014-12-19
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141219040739/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2009/13
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti karkulo babaen ti [[Climatic Research Unit]] (CRU) ket nangipakpakita nga idi 2005 a kas ti kapudotan a tawen, iti likudan ti 1998 a ti 2003 ken 2010 ket agpadpada para iti maikatlo a kapudotan a tawen, nupay kasta, &quot;ti biddut a karkulo para kadagiti agmaymaysa a tawen … ket saan a basbassit ngem sangapulo a beses a dakdakkel ngem ti baetan a paggiddiatan dagitoy a tallo a tawen.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| last = Jones
| first = Phil
| title = Pakaammo a Sabanas ti CRU blng. 1: Rehistro ti Sangalubongan a Temperatura
| accessdate = 3 Mayo 2011
| url = http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/
| publisher = Unit ti Panagsukisok ti Klima, Eskuela dagiti Siensia ti Enbironmento, Unibersidad ti Daya nga Anglia
| archive-date = 2015-11-03
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151103044452/http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) ''dagiti insasao iti kasasaad ti sangalubongan a klima idi 2010'' ket nangipalpalawag a, &quot;Ti 2010 a nominal a pateg iti {{val|p=+|0.53|u=°C}} ket nairanggo nga immuna kadagiti 2005 ({{val|p=+|0.52|u=°C}}) ken 1998 ({{val|p=+|0.51|u=°C}}), urayno dagiti paggiddiatan a baetan dagitoy a tallo a tawen ket saan nga estadistika a nangruna...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
| publisher=World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
| last = World Meteorological Organization
| title = Insasao ti WMO iti kasasaad ti sangalubongan a klima idi 2010
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcdmp/statement/documents/1074_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Papeles:Enso-global-temp-anomalies.png|thumb|alt=refer to caption and adjacent text|Ti [[NOAA]] a grapiko dagiti Sangalubongana Tinawen nga Anomalia ti Temperatura 1950–2012, a mangipakpakita ti [[Akin-abagatan a Panagpallayog ti El Niño]]]]
Dagiti temperatura idi 1998 ket saan a kadawyan a gapu ta dagiti sangalubongan a temperatura ket napektaran babaen ti [[Akin-abagatan a Panagpallayog ti El Niño]] (ENSO), ken ti kapigsaan nga El Niño iti napalabas a siglo ket napasamak iti las-ud ti dayta a tawen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Changnon2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | title = El Niño, 1997–1998: Ti Klima a Pasamak iti Siglo|last=Changnon|first=Stanley A.|author2=Bell, Gerald D.|year=2000|publisher=Unibersidad ti Oxford a Pagmalditan|location=Londres|isbn = 0-19-513552-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti sangalubongan a temperatura ket suheto dagiti nabiit a termino a panagbalbaliw a maituoon kadagiti napaut a pagduyosan ken mabalin a temporario a manglapped kaniada. Ti relatibo a katalinaay ti temperatura manipud idi 2002 aginggana idi 2009 ket maitunos  iti kastoy a pasamak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/j/j/global_temperatures_09.pdf|title=Dagiti Kadi Sangalubongan a Pagduyosan ti Temperatua Kadagiti Kinaudi a Dekada ket Mangpamadi kadagiti Panangipadto ti Klima? [iti &quot;Kasasaad ti Klima idi 2008&quot;]|first=J.|last=Knight|first2=J.J.|last2=Kenney|first3=C.|last3=Folland|first4=G.|last4=Harris|first5=G.S.|last5=Jones|first6=M.|last6=Palmer|first7=D.|last7=Parker|first8=A.|last8=Scaife|first9=P.|last9=Stott|display-authors=2|work=Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.|volume=90|issue=8|pages=S75–S79|date=Agosto 2009|format=PDF|accessdate=13 Agosto 2011|archive-date=2011-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123102216/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/j/j/global_temperatures_09.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book| title = Panagbuntog ti Sangalubongan a Temperatura&amp;nbsp;– saan a ti gibus ti panagbalbaliw ti klima| publisher = UK Met Office| url = http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/policymakers/policy/slowdown.html| accessdate = 20 Marso 2011| archive-date = 2011-04-07| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110407071102/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/policymakers/policy/slowdown.html| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Idi 2010 ket El Niño pay a tawen. Iti ababa a pangbaliw ti panagpallayog, ti 2011 ket maysa idi a [[La Niña]] a tawen nga idi ket nalamlamiis ngem daytoy ket maika-11 pay a kapudotan a tawen manipud idi nairugin ti panagirehistro idi 1880. Kadagiti 13 a kapudotan a tawtawen manipud idi 1880, 11 kadagitoy ket tawtawen manipud idi 2001 aginggana idi 2011. Kadagiti kabarbaro a kinaudi a rehistro, ti 2011 ket isu idi ti kapudotan a tawen ti La Niña iti paset ti panawen manipud idi 1950 aginggana idi 2011, ken maasitganna ti 1997 a saan idi a ti kababaan a puntos iti siklo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2011/13 | title = Sentro ti Datos ti Nailian a Klima ti NOAA, Kasasaad ti Klima: Sangalubongan a Panagusig para iti Tinawen ti 2011 | accessdate = 31 Enero 2012 | date = 19 Enero 2012 | publisher = [[NOAA]] | archive-date = 2012-01-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120122125721/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2011/13 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dagiti panagbalbaliw ti klima ket agdumaduma iti sangalubongan. Manipud idi 1979, dagiti temperatura ti daga ket ngimmato iti agarup a mamindua a naparpardas ngem dagiti temperatura ti taaw ({{val|0.25|u=°C}} tunggal maysa a dekada a maigiddiat ti {{val|0.13|u=°C}} tunggal maysa a dekada).&lt;ref&gt;Trenberth ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3.html Kapitulo 3, Dagiti Panagpalpaliiw: Atmosperiko a Rabaw ken Panagbalbaliw ti Klima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100014/http://ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3.html |date=2017-09-24 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s3-es.html Ehekutibo a Pakabuklan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102212635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s3-es.html |date=2018-11-02 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter3.pdf p. 237] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023052326/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter3.pdf |date=2017-10-23 }}, iti {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti temperatura ti taaw ket nabunbuntog a nagpangato ngem dagiti temperatura ti daga gapu ti dakdakkel nga epektibo a kapasidad dagiti taaw ken gapu ta ti taaw ket ad-adu a makapukaw ti pudot baaen ti panagbawbaw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal
 |title        = Daga/baybay a pannakaibagi a panagpudot a panagsungbat iti panagbalbaliw ti klima: Dagiti modelo a resulta ti IPCC AR4 ken panangipada kadagiti panagpalpaliiw
 |author       = Rowan T. Sutton
 |author2      = Buwen Dong
 |author3      = Jonathan M. Gregory
 |journal      = Sursurat ti Heopisikal a Panagsukisok
 |volume       = 34
 |url          = http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL028164.shtml
 |doi          = 10.1029/2006GL028164
 |issue        = 2
 |pages        = L02701
 |year         = 2007
 |accessdate   = 19 Septiembre 2007
 |bibcode      = 2007GeoRL..3402701S
 |archive-date = 2012-09-23
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120923041910/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL028164.shtml
 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti [[akin-abagatan a Hemisperio]] ket masna pay a napudpudot ngem ti [[akin-abagatan a Hemisperio]] gapu ti maipapan ti meridiano a panangawit ti pudot kadagiti taaw nga adda dagiti paggiddiatan iti agarup a 0.9 petawatts nga agpaamianan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Carl|first=Wunsch|title=The Total Meridional Heat Flux and Its Oceanic and Atmospheric Partition|journal=Warnakan iti Klima|date=Nobiembre 2005|volume=18|issue=21|pages=4374–4380|doi=10.1175/JCLI3539.1|url=http://ocean.mit.edu/~cwunsch/papersonline/wunschjclim2005.pdf|accessdate=25 Abril 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; nga adda ti maysa a mainayon a maited manipud kadagiti albedo a paggiddiatan a nagbaetan dagiti polar a rehion.  Manipud idi rugi ti industrialisasion ti  interhemisperiko a paggiddiatan ti temperatura ket ngimmaton gapu ti pannakatunaw ti yelo ti baybay ken niebe idiay Amianan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Feulner|first=Georg|author2=Stefan Rahmstorf |author3=Anders Levermann |author4= Silvia Volkwardt|title=Iti Taudan ti Rabaw a Temperatura ti Angin a Paggiddiatan ti Baetan dagiti Hemisperio iti Agdama nga Aldaw a Klima ti Daga|journal=Warnakan iti Klima|date=Marso 2013|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00636.1|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00636.1|accessdate=25 Abril 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti natimbeng a temperatura ti artiko ket ngimmatngaton iti gangani a dua a gatad iti sangalubongan kadagiti napalabas a 100 a tawtawen, nupay kasta dagiti temperatura ti artko ket nakarkaroda pay nga agbalbaliw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts-3-1-2.html |title=TS.3.1.2 Spatial Distribution of Changes in Temperature, Circulation and Related Variables – AR4 WGI Technical Summary&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011184755/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts-3-1-2.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Urayno ad-adu pay dagiti inbernadero nga alingasaw ti naipuspusgaw iti Akin-amianan ngem ti Akin-abagatan a Hemisperio daytoy ket saan a makaited iti paggiddiatan iti panagpudot gapu ta dagiti nangruna nga inbernadero nga alingasaw ket aganayda laeng nga agpaput tapno mailaokda kadagiti hemisperio.&lt;ref&gt;Ehhalt ''et al.'', [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/127.htm Kapitulo 4: Atmosperiko a Kimika ken dagiti Inbernadero nga Alingasaw], [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/139.htm#4231 Paset 4.2.3.1: Karbon mono oksido(CO) ken hidrohenio (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409122116/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/139.htm#4231 |date=2012-04-09 }}, [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/pdf/TAR-04.pdf p. 256] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117054647/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/pdf/TAR-04.pdf |date=2012-01-17 }}, iti {{Harvnb|IPCC TAR WG1|2001}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti [[Bolumetriko a kapasidad ti pudot|termal nga inertia]] dagiti taaw ken dagiti nabuntog a sungbat dagiti saan a dagus a pakaibanagan ket kaibuksilanna a ti klima ket makasapul kadagiti siglo wenno napapaut tapno maipag-isu kadagiti panagbalbaliw. Dagiti panagadal ti [[panagikeddeng ti klima]] ket mangipakpakita nga urayno mapatalinaay dagiti inbernadero nga alingasaw kadagiti agpang idi 2000, ti adu pay a panagpudpudot iti agarup a {{val|0.5|u=°C}} ({{val|0.9|u=°F}}) ket mapasamak pay laeng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal
|last=Meehl|first=Gerald A.
|date = 18 Marso 2005
|title = How Much More Global Warming and Sea Level Rise
|journal=Science|volume=307|issue=5716
|pages =1769–1772|doi=10.1126/science.1106663
|url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/307/5716/1769.pdf|format=PDF
|accessdate =11 Pebrero 2007|pmid=15774757| bibcode=2005Sci...307.1769M
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{commons-nailinia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panagpudot ti lubong}}
[[Kategoria:Panagpudot ti lubong]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo (atiddog)]]</text>
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    <title>Ho Jong-suk</title>
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      <text bytes="6092" sha1="gqvkfx2pkttim6jzb80ecf0pdgmqws1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox tao
| name          = Ho Jong-suk
| image         = Huh Jung-sook.jpg
| alt           = 
| caption       = 1930
| birth_name    = Ho Jong-ja
| birth_date    = {{Petsa ti pannakaipasngay|1908|07|16}}
| birth_place   = [[Seoul]], [[Imperio a Koreano|Korea]]
| death_date    = {{Petsa ti ipupusay ken tawen|1991|06|05|1908|07|16}}
| death_place   = [[Pyongyang]], [[Amianan a Korea]]
| nationality   = 
| other_names   = 
| occupation    = Aktibista iti wayawaya
| years_active  = 
| known_for     = 
| notable_works = 
| party         = [[Partido Komunista ti Korea]]
| module        = {{Infobox nagan a Koreano | child = yes
|hangul=허정숙
|hanja={{linktext|許|貞|淑}}
|rr=Heo Jeongsuk
|mr=Hŏ Chŏngsuk
|hangulja=정자
|hanjaja={{linktext|貞|子}}
|rrja=Jeongja
|mrja=Chŏngja
|context = north}}
}}

Ni '''Ho Jong-suk''' ({{Koreano|hangul=허정숙|hanja=許貞淑|rr=Heo Jeong-suk|mr=Hŏ Chŏng-suk|context = north}}; HUlio 16, 1908 – Hunio 5, 1991) ket maysa idi a [[Korea]]na nga aktibista iti wayawaya, mannurat, periodista, ken [[komunista]]. Ti pudno idi a naganna ket '''Jongja''' (정자; 貞子).&lt;ref&gt;[http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=200000000&amp;docId=1164490&amp;mobile&amp;categoryId=200001111 Ho Jong-suk]{{Natay a silpo|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{iti sao|ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kameng isuna idi ti [[Singanhoe]], [[Geunwoohoe]] ken ti [[Partido Komunista ti Korea]] ken maysa pay a nasapa a Koreana nga aktibista iti [[karbengan ti babbai]].

== Biag ==
Kadagiti nasapa panawenna, napan ni Ho idiay [[Hapon]] tapno agadal idiay Eskuela ti Kwansei iti [[Tokyo]]. Kanungpalan a pimmanaw ken kadagiti simmarunoa panawen napan ni Ho idiay [[Tsina]] nga idiay ket naikkan idi iti serrekan iti [[Ganganaet a Nangato nga Eskuela ti Shanghai]] ken isu met ti nagturposanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;sisos&quot;&gt;[http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=1596&amp;docId=527538&amp;mobile&amp;categoryId=1596 Ho Jong-suk] {{iti sao|ko}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalpasanna nagsubli met iti bukodna pagilian. Idi 1921, nakibinglay isuna iti tignay ti babbai ken timmipon iti [[Partido Komunista ti Korea]].

Iti dayta a panawen, inkeddeng ti [[Gobernor-Heneral ti Korea|Gobierno ti Hapon-Heneral ti Korea]] a di legado ti [[Partido Komunista]]. Nangliklik isuna iti pannakaidadanes iti pannakibinglay iti Partido Komunista. Kanungpalanna idi 1924, naipayammo isuna iti [[Internasional nga Aldaw ti Babbai]], iti Marso 1925, napan isuna iti pasamak ti Aldaw ti Babbai idiay Seoul. Idi 1927 isuna ket maysa idi a nagpundar a kameng ti Geunwoohoi ken nakibinglay pay iti [[Singanhoe]] (신간회).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=2977&amp;docId=920000&amp;mobile&amp;categoryId=2977 |title=Ho Jong-suk |access-date=2019-11-26 |archive-date=2020-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328083748/https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=920000&amp;mobile&amp;cid=62048&amp;categoryId=62048 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagay-ayat pay ni Ho iti &quot;Unrelated Love and Sex&quot;. Nakondenar ti kapanunotanna iti kangimongan a Koreano gapu ta iti dayta a panawen, dagiti tidda iti pundamentalismo a [[Konpusianismo]] ket nagtultuloy kadagiti amin a paset ti [[Korea]].

Idi 1936, napan isuna idiay Tsina nga idiay ket nakibinglay iti [[Nailian a Partido Rebolusionario ti Korea]] (조선민족혁명당).&lt;ref name=&quot;sisos&quot; /&gt; Idi 1938, napan isuna idiay [[Hebei]], nakibinglay iti Pagkakadduan iti Napili a Wayawaya, ti maysa a kontra Hapon Koreano a Grupo ti resistansia.&lt;ref name=&quot;sisos&quot; /&gt; Idi 1945, napan isuna idiay [[Seoul]] ngem pimmanaw ken napan idiay [[Amianan a Korea]] tapno maliklik iti terorismo iti payak a kanawan. Nakibinglay isuna idi 1948 iti [[gobierno ti Amianan a Korea]].

Nagserbi ni Ho a kas ti [[Pangulo ti Hustisia]] iti [[Kangatuan a Korte ti Amianan a Korea]] idi baetan ti 28 Oktubre 1959 ken 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;ScalapinoLee1972&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Scalapino|first1=Robert A.|author2=Lee Chong-Sik|title=Communism in Korea: The society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2M_yhsWc6gC&amp;pg=PA1366|volume=2|year=1972|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-02274-4|page=1366}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Service1960&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Service|first=United States. Foreign Broadcast Information|title=Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0cjAQAAMAAJ|year=1960}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliograpia ==
[[Papeles:Heo Jong-suk.png|right|thumb|210px|Ni Ho Jong-suk idi 1945]]
* In Grace Lover (은혜로운 사랑 속에서)
* Democraticism founder days (민주건국의 나날에)
* Historical rememories of great loves (위대한 사랑의 력사를 되새기며)

== Kitaen pay ==
* [[Hwang Jini]]
* [[Heo Nanseolheon]]
* [[Na Hye-sok]]
* [[Shin Saimdang]]

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Ho Jong-suk}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040913155536/http://preview.britannica.co.kr/bol/topic.asp?article_id=b25h0215a Ho Jong-suk:britannica] {{iti sao|ko}}
* [https://archive.is/20130104095654/http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=13565 Ho Jong-suk] {{iti sao|ko}}
* [http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=200000000&amp;docId=1164490&amp;mobile&amp;categoryId=200001111 Ho Jong-suk]{{Natay a silpo|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{iti sao|ko}}
* [http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=1596&amp;docId=527538&amp;mobile&amp;categoryId=1596 Ho Jong-suk] {{iti sao|ko}}
* [http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=2977&amp;docId=920000&amp;mobile&amp;categoryId=2977 Ho Jong-suk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328083748/https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=920000&amp;mobile&amp;cid=62048&amp;categoryId=62048 |date=2020-03-28 }} {{iti sao|ko}}
* [http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?ptype=book&amp;no=183&amp;pn=37 조선의 첫 녀성상] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722175044/http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?ptype=book&amp;no=183&amp;pn=37 |date=2023-07-22 }} {{iti sao|ko}}

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ho, Jong-suk}}
[[Kategoria:Dagiti rebolusionario manipud iti Korea]]
[[Kategoria:1908 a pannakaipasngay]]
[[Kategoria:1991 nga ipupusay]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emil Jannings</title>
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      <text bytes="2330" sha1="0x7745rvxqz4nk9dxgh1q5anojyv5dn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox tao
| background   = aktor
| name         = Emil Jannings
| image        = Bundesarchiv Bild 102-07770, Berlin, Rückkehr Emil Jannings aus Amerika.jpg
| caption      = Ni Jannings idiay Berlin, Mayo 1929
| birth_date   = {{Petsa ti pannakaipasngay|1884|07|23|df=y}}
| alt          = 
| birth_place  = [[Rorschach, St. Gallen|Rorschach, Suisa]]
| death_date   = {{Petsa ti ipupusay ken tawen|1950|01|02|1884|07|23|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Strobl]], [[Austria]]
| death_cause  = [[Kanser ti dalem]]
| birth_name   = Theodor Friedrich Emil Janenz
| occupation   = Aktor
| years_active = 1914–1945
| spouse       = [[Hanna Ralph]] (asawa idi 1919–1921)&lt;br /&gt;[[Lucie Höflich]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Gussy Holl]] asawa idi 1923–1950)
}}

Ni '''Emil Jannings''' (23 Hulio 1884&amp;nbsp;– 2 Enero 1950) ket maysa idi nga Aleman nga aktor, isu ket nadayeg idiay Hollywood kadagiti tawen ti 1920. Isu ti immuna a nagungunaan iti [[Pammadayaw nga Oscar|Oscar]], isu ket naipammadayawan iti [[Kalaingan nga Aktor (Oscar)|Kalaingan nga aktor]] iti immuna a seremo ti Gunguna ti Akademia idi 1929. Iti agdama, is-isuna pay laeng ti Aleman a nangabak ti Kalaingan nga Aktor ti Oscar

Kaaduan nga ammo ni Jannings kadagiti kolaborasionna kada [[F.W. Murnau]] ken [[Josef von Sternberg]], mairaman ti ''[[The Blue Angel]]'' a kakuyogna ni [[Marlene Dietrich]] kadagiti tawen ti 1930. 

&lt;!--== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}--&gt;

== Adu pay a mabasbasa ==
* Frank Noack: ''Jannings.'' Belleville, München 2009 {{ISBN|978-3-933510-50-1}}
* Carl Zuckmayer: ''Geheimreport''. Hrsg. von Gunther Nickel und Johanna Schrön. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2002, {{ISBN|3-89244-599-0}}; pp.&amp;nbsp;136–45
* Emil Jannings: ''Theater, Film – Das Leben und ich. Autobiographie''. Berchtesgaden: Verlag Zimmer &amp; Herzog, 1951. (idi natay)
* Herbert Ihering: ''Emil Jannings: Baumeister seines Lebens und seiner Filme.'' Heidelberg 1941

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
{{Commonscat-inline|Emil Jannings}}
*[http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=673 Dagiti ladawan ni Emil Jannings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214090009/http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=673 |date=2009-02-14 }}

{{Kalaingan nga Aktor Gunguna ti Akademia}}
{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}
{{aktor-pungol}}

{{Kabibiag|KATEGORIA|Jannings, Emil}}</text>
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    <title>Osbeckia lanata</title>
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      <text bytes="4338" sha1="0p3mp9q7dm7qu72aw3s2oig2a8pu31q" xml:space="preserve">{{speciesbox
|image = 
|image_caption = 
|genus = Osbeckia
|species = lanata
|authority = Alston
}}

Ti '''''Osbeckia lanata''''' ket ti [[agsabsabong a mula]] inti henero ti ''[[Osbeckia]]''. Daytoy ket patneng kadagiti bantay ti akin-abagatan a [[Sri Lanka]].

Ti ''Osbeckia lanata'' Alston. ket sinonimo iti ''Osbeckia buxifolia'' var. ''minor'' Thwait. ken ''Osbeckia walkeri'' var. ''becketii'' Triana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000867961]{{Natay a silpo|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Type specimen CP.2618 in ''Herbarium Hookerianum'' 1867, held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deskripsion ==
Daytoy ket addaan iti bassit nabalangatan a bulbulong iti baetan ti arinduyog ken nabussog iti sukog. Ti kangatuan a parte ti bulong ket nalennekan bassit iti ungto ken addaanda kadagiti nagtimbukel a batayan. Dagitibulong ket aglaon kadagiti tallo a nangruna a nalennekan ng urat manipud iti batayan; ti sirok dagitoy ket aglaon kadagiti atiddog a kayumanggi a dutdot. Ti puon ti kayo ket adu ti sangana. Ti tuktok ket nadalumpinas. Dagiti ungkay ket addaan kadagiti adu a de lana; Dagiti sabong ti mula ket adi ken nabaknang a lusiaw. Dagiti bractea ket kasla bulong, addaan kadagiti maralabbasit-kayumanggi a dutdot, bugbugtong wenno kadagiti grupo ti tallo, ken naipatugaw. Kapsula dagiti bunga.

== Ekolohia ==
Mabirukan daytoy iti sirok ti bakir ti bantay. Ti kita ti espesimen ket innal aidi babaen ti GHK Thwaites idi 1853 iti kangato iti 2,134&amp;nbsp;m.&lt;ref&gt;[http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000867961]{{Natay a silpo|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Type specimen CP.2618 in ''Herbarium Hookerianum'' 1867, held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew&lt;/ref&gt; Dagiti sitio a nakairehistruan ti mula para iti ''Flora of Ceylon'' idi Pebrero ken Marso 1977 ket addada pay iti nangato nga altitud, iti baetan ti 1,980&amp;nbsp;m iti bakras ti balisongsong ti [[Pantok ni Adan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950014 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-07-24 |archive-date=2014-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021148/http://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950014 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021148/http://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950014 |date=2014-10-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?TAXON_KEY=5600615&amp;SPATIAL_ISSUES=false&amp;GEOMETRY=80+6%2C80+8%2C82+8%2C82+6%2C80+6 www.gbif.org (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) – ''Osbeckia lanata'' Alston – Search occurrences]&lt;/ref&gt; ken iti asideg ti Dissuor Galagama&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950009 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-07-24 |archive-date=2014-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021159/http://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950009 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021159/http://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950009 |date=2014-10-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nga asideg iti pagbeddengan a pagbaetan [[Probinsia Sentral, Sri Lanka|Probinsia Sentral]] ken [[Probinsia ti Sabaragamuwa]] ti Sri Lanka, ken 2,225&amp;nbsp;m&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950013 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-07-24 |archive-date=2014-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021124/http://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950013 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021124/http://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950013 |date=2014-10-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ken 2,286&amp;nbsp;m,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950007 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2019-07-24 |archive-date=2014-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021211/http://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950007 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021211/http://www.gbif.org/occurrence/233950007 |date=2014-10-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; iti ad-adayo nga amianan iti pagbeddengan a pagbaetan ti Probinsia ti Madhyama ken [[Probinsia ti Uva]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://eol.org/pages/5441924/maps www.eol.org (Encyclopedia of Life) ''Osbeckia lanata'']&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti akinruar a silpo ==
* http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/fi004717?history=true

{{Taxonbar|from=Q17566373}}
{{Melastomataceae-pungol}}

[[Kategoria:Osbeckia|lanata]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Celia Nyamweru</title>
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      <text bytes="9543" sha1="0ygi0yaxe21tdrf9eowop4pvp46cq68" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Heograpo at antropologong pisikal na Briton-Kenya}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix  = 
| name              = Celia Nyamweru
| honorific_suffix  = 
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| fields            = Heograpiya iti antropolohiya ti Daya nga Africa
| workplaces        = Unibersidad ti Kenyatta, Kenya&lt;br&gt;Unibersidad ti St Lawrence, NY.
| patrons           = 
| education         = 
| alma_mater        = [[Girton College, Cambridge]] (B.A., 1964; PhD., 1968)
| thesis_title      = Late Quaternary Lakes in the Nakuru-Elmenteita Basin, Kenya
| thesis_url        =  
| thesis_year       = 1967
| doctoral_advisor  = Dick Grove

| academic_advisors = 
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}}

Ni '''Celia Nyamweru''' (nee Washbourn) ket maysa a Britaniko-Kenya [[pisikal a heograpia|pisikal a heograpiko]] ken [[antropolohia|antropologo]], ammo para iti obrana iti klima, aglawlaw ken kultura ti Daya nga Aprika ken ti [[Great Rift Valley, Kenya|Rift Valley]]. Isu ket propesor emerita idiay [[Unibersidad ti St Lawrence]], E.U.A., ken adjunct a propesor idiay [[Unibersidad ti Pwani]], [[Kenya]]..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44507520.pdf|title=Reinventing Africa's National Heroes|last1=Carrier|first1=Neil|last2=Nyamweru|first2=Celia|journal=African Affairs|volume=115|year=2016|pages=599–620 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adw051 |jstor=44507520 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nasapa a biag ken edukasion==
Ni Nyamweru ket naipasngay a ni Celia Washbourn idiay London, ken dimmakkel idiay Belgium, Sweden ken Finland sakbay a napan iti haiskul idiay London. Isu ket nakaturpos kadagiti A-level iti heograpia, pisika ken matematika idi 1960, ken idi 1961 ket napan idiay [[Girton College, Cambridge]] tapno agadal ti heograpia. 

Kas maysa nga undergraduate, isu ket naimpluensiaan babaen ti sursuro ti glasiologo [[Jean Grove]] ken heograpo [[Alfred Thomas Grove|Dick Grove]]. Kalpasan a nakompletona ti bachelor’s degree-na, nagtalinaed ni Nyamweru idiay Cambridge ket naturposna ti panagadalna iti PhD kadagiti danaw ti nasam-it a danum iti rift valley ti Kenya, iti sidong ti panangimaton ni Dick Grove. Isu ket nakaturpos ti PhD na idi 1968, ken immakar idiay Kenya. Sadiay, nangisuro kadagiti eskuelaan iti apagbiit ken, manipud Enero agingga iti Hunio 1971, maysa a Bisita a Katulongan a Propesor ti Heograpia idiay [[University of Georgia, Athens]], E.U.A. Kalpasanna nagsubli ni Nyamweru idiay Kenya ket nangala iti lectureship idiay [[Kenyatta University]], [[Nairobi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/landmark11.pdf|title=Alumni. Celia Nyamweru, Girton 1961-1968|work=Landmark|date=Autumn 2023|volume=11|pages=4–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isu ket nagbalin nga umili [[Kenya|Kenya]] idi 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gtrcmc.ku.ac.ke/on-14th-august-2024-gtrcmc-ea-hosted-a-special-guest-prof-celia-nyamweru/|title=On 14th August 2024, GTRCMC-EA hosted a special guest, Prof Celia Nyamweru|via=The Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre, Kenya (GTRCMC – EA)|access-date=2026-04-21|archive-date=2025-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525012627/https://gtrcmc.ku.ac.ke/on-14th-august-2024-gtrcmc-ea-hosted-a-special-guest-prof-celia-nyamweru/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Panagsukisok ken karera==
Ti tesis ni Nyamweru ket naipangpangruna iti heolohiko a pakasaritaan dagiti danaw manipud iti ginget ti rift ti Kenya, ken nangruna iti relasion ti nagbaetan dagiti panagbalbaliw ti lebel ti danaw ken dagiti aplaya babaen ti naladaw a [[Kuaternario]] a kas maysa a pakakitaan kadagiti panagbalbaliw ti klima. Daytoy, ken dagiti simmaruno a trabaho, ket nangiturong kadagiti sumagmamano a publikasion ti pagiwarnak, a mairaman dagiti papeles [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] ken [[Science (journal)|''Science'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Washbourn|first=C.|title=Lake Levels and Quaternary Climates in the Eastern Rift Valley of Kenya.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1967-11-18_216_5116/page/672|journal=Nature|volume=216|pages=672–673|year=1967|issue=5116 |doi=10.1038/216672a0 |bibcode=1967Natur.216..672W }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Late Quaternary Lakes in the Nakuru-Elmenteita Basin, Kenya|last=Washbourn-Kamau|first=C.K.|year=1971|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=137|issue=4 |pages=522–535|doi=10.2307/1797148 |jstor=1797148 |bibcode=1971GeogJ.137..522W |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797148|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Radiocarbon Dating of East African Lake Levels|first1=Karl W.|last1=Butzer|first2=Glynn L.|last2=Isaac|first3=Jonathan L.|last3=Richardson|first4=Celia|last4=Washbourn-Kamau|journal=Science |volume=175|year=1972|issue=4026 |pages=1069–1076|doi=10.1126/science.175.4026.1069 |jstor=1732788 |pmid=17797378 |bibcode=1972Sci...175.1069B |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1732788|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naglektiur ni Nyamweru idiay Kenyatta University, Kenya, iti 19 a tawen sakbay nga immakar idiay Estados Unidos idi 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blog.oup.com/2016/09/african-scholars-publishing-celia-nyamweru/|title=Africa-based scholars in academic publishing: Q&amp;A with Celia Nyamweru|work=OUPblog|date=September 9, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iti panagsukisokna, isu ket nasaknap a nagsurat iti antropolohia ken heograpia ti [[Daya nga Aprika]], ken nangisuro kadagiti topiko a mairaman dagiti babbai idiay Daya nga Aprika, dagiti isyu ti panagrang-ay, ken dagiti katutubo a panangmatmat iti aglawlaw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.celianyamweru.com/My-story.html|title=Celia Nyamweru|website=www.celianyamweru.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Iti adu a tawen, isu ket nagkontribusion kadagiti report ti aktibidad ti [[Tanzania|Tanzania]] a bulkan [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] iti [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian institution's]] [[Global Volcanism Program]] ken kadagiti naipablaak nga artikulo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200603-222120|title=Report on Ol Doinyo Lengai (Tanzania) — March 2006
|journal=Global Volcanism Bulletin
|doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200603-222120
|url-access=subscription
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nyamweru |first1=Celia |title=Activity of Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania, 1983–1987 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) |date=1 January 1988 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=603–610 |doi=10.1016/0899-5362(88)90110-8 |bibcode=1988JAfES...7..603N |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0899536288901108 |language=en |issn=0899-5362|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal |last1=Nyamweru |first1=C |title=Observations on changes in the active crater of Ol Doinyo Lengai from 1960 to 1988 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) |date=1 January 1990 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=385–390 |doi=10.1016/0899-5362(90)90017-9 |bibcode=1990JAfES..11..385N |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0899536290900179 |language=en |issn=0899-5362|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayat ti karerana, ni Nyamweru ket nangbusbos ti sumagmamano a panawen idiay Cambridge a kas maysa a managsirarak idiay [[Wolfson College, Cambridge]], idi 2003-2004; ken idiay Oxford, kas maysa a bisita a fellow idiay [[St Hilda’s College, Oxford]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.st-hildas.ox.ac.uk/asset/st-hilda-s-chronicle-2022-23-online.pdf|title=St Hilda's Chronicle 2022-2023|page=33|year=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dagiti Publikasion==
Kasta met ti panangipablaak kadagiti artikulo ti panagsirarak kadagiti pagiwarnak, Ni Nyameru ket nagsurat ken nag-edit kadagiti sumagmamano a libro ken monograpia iti pisikal a heograpia ken kultural nga antropolohia ti Daya nga Aprika. Isu ket nagsurat pay kadagiti libro a pagadalan para kadagiti estudiante ti heograpia iti pagadalan. 

===Napili a libro===
*{{cite book|title=Some traditions of the Akamba of Kenya|last=Nyamweru|first=Celia|year=2021|pages=258|publisher=Nairobi; Celia Nyamweru|isbn=9798753641663}}
*{{cite book|title=African sacred groves : ecological dynamics &amp; social change|last1=Sheridan|first1=Michael J.|last2=Nyamweru|first2=Celia|year=2008|publisher=Oxford : James Currey|pages=1–230|isbn=9781847014016}}
*{{cite book|title= Rifts and Volcanoes: A Study of the East African Rift System|url= https://archive.org/details/riftsvolcanoesst0000celi_n2v2|last=Nyamweru|first=Celia|publisher=Nelson Africa|year=1980|isbn=0175114471}}

==Dagiti Reperensia==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kontrol ti autoridad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nyamweru, Celia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neofiti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="950" sha1="3xpczsurreh0jyf9dqc6taixmrxaoc5" xml:space="preserve">Dagiti '''Neofiti''' (Ingles: Neophytes) ket maysa idi a grupo dagiti Italiano nga anusim, a naamammuan pay a kas dagiti kripto-Judio, nga agnanaed idiay Abagatan nga [[Italia]].

==Pakasaritaan==
Dagiti neofiti ket kaputotan dagiti Judio a napilitan a nakomberte iti Romano Katolisismo idi 1493. Intultuloyda a sililimed nga inalagad ti sumagmamano nga elemento ti Judaismo, kas iti inaramid ti adu a kaputotanda.

Idi tawtawen ti 1490, ti Inkisision ti Espania ket awan asi a nanganup kadagiti neofiti ken adu ti natutuok ken napapatay, nangruna idiay Sicilia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.the-jewish-story.org/neofiti.html |title=Expulsion of the Sicilian Neofiti (Marranos) and their resettlement |website=The-jewish-story.org |date= |access-date=2016-11-18 |archive-date=2016-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119055908/http://www.the-jewish-story.org/neofiti.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dagiti Reperensia==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Wikipedia:Dap-ayan/Teknikal/Damdamag 2026-Agosto</title>
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        <id>6184</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-36 */ baro a seksion</comment>
      <origin>406933</origin>
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      <text bytes="23515" sha1="70yrp6zgro3zq5e6wzx2eut117ru3dd" xml:space="preserve">== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
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* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:45, 3 Agosto 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 10 Agosto 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:STei (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30901051 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:02, 17 Agosto 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:STei (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30922806 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 24 Agosto 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:STei (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30961208 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:52, 31 Agosto 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:STei (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30990659 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>70yrp6zgro3zq5e6wzx2eut117ru3dd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-31T20:30:51Z</timestamp>
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        <id>20395</id>
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      <comment>Pinartuat ti panid iti &quot;{{Infobox person | name               = Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin | native_name        = Борис Георгиевич Перчаткин | image              =  | caption            =  | birth_date         = [[1 Julio]] [[1946]] | birth_place        = [[Mirgorod]], Ukraniano SSR, Unión Soviética | death_date         =  | death_place        =  | nationality        = Sovietico, Americano | occupation         = Aktivista ti karbengan ti tao, lider ti relihion...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="16890" sha1="k8q86gfm7nmjqz8qz9v7seqiv8mxh5y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin
| native_name        = Борис Георгиевич Перчаткин
| image              = 
| caption            = 
| birth_date         = [[1 Julio]] [[1946]]
| birth_place        = [[Mirgorod]], Ukraniano SSR, Unión Soviética
| death_date         = 
| death_place        = 
| nationality        = Sovietico, Americano
| occupation         = Aktivista ti karbengan ti tao, lider ti relihion
| spouse             = 
| children           = 6
| website            = {{URL|https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/}}
}}

Panggapo ti artikulo: '''Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin''' (Ruso: ''Бори́с Гео́ргиевич Перча́ткин''; nayanak idi [[1 Julio]] [[1946]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nashaamerica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nashaamerica.com/blogi/chtivo/item-894/|title=Он спас 1 млн человек. Сегодня они не могут собрать ему на операцию. Как же так?|website=www.nashaamerica.com|access-date=2023-09-26|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926133215/http://www.nashaamerica.com/blogi/chtivo/item-894/|archive-date=2023-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ket maysa a bantog a participante iti karkarna a garaw ti emigrasion ti relihion iti siudad ti [[Nakhodka]] idi maikadua a kabiang ti dekada 1970 ken idi rugi ti dekada 1980&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Островская О.П.|title=Судьбы участников эмиграционного движения пятидесятников на дальнем востоке в 1970-1980-х гг. // Владивосток – точка возвращения: прошлое и настоящее русской эмиграции. Материалы Второй международной научной конференции|url=http://dot.kostacademy.kz/bible/files/769476832.pdf#page=65|publisher=Дальневосточный юридический институт Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации|location=[[Khabarovsk]]|date=2017-06-23|pages=65–71|language=ru|isbn=978-5-9753-0229-8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926080912/http://dot.kostacademy.kz/bible/files/769476832.pdf#page=65|archive-date=2023-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Isu ket maysa nga aktivista ti karbengan ti tao a nagisuro ken nagpaammiris idiay Estados Unidos tapno maaprobaran ti &quot;Lautenberg Amendment&quot; idi 1989, a nagbanagan ti pannaka-emigrar ti agarup 1 a milyon a tattao manipud kadagiti republika ti Unión Soviética nga agturong idiay Estados Unidos&lt;ref name=&quot;romanovich&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://spasenie.by/publ/pravozashhitnik_boris_perchatkin_smertelno_bolen/4-1-0-82|title=Правозащитник, Борис Перчаткин, смертельно болен|website=spasenie.by|author=Михаил Романович|access-date=2023-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Biag ==
=== Dagiti umuna a tawen ken ti simbaan ===
Nayanak ni Boris Perchatkin iti pamilia ti maysa a piloto ti militar, a pimmusay iti aksidente ti kalsada kalpasan unay ti pannakayanakna. Ti ina ni Boris, kalpasan ti sumagmamano a panawen manipud iti ipupusay ti umuna nga asawana, ket nagpakasar manen iti maysa a soldado. Idi 1953, naparesisto ti maikadua nga asawa ti inana gapu ti panangsukir iti bilin iti panagrubbuat ken nasentensiaan iti 25 a tawen a pannakaitapon kadagiti kampo ti [[Vorkuta]]. Iti agtawen iti 16, naduktalan ni Boris ti simbaan ti Pentecostal iti siudad ti Nakhodka ken nagbalin a kameng daytoy. Kalpasan ti sumagmamano a panawen, nagur-urnong iti pakaammo maipanggep iti panangpaspasakit kadagiti mumatmati ken sireregta nga inbinglayna daytoy kadagiti ganggannaet a nsagpanpanwari&lt;ref name=&quot;semenova&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://usa.one/2020/01/boris-perchatkin-o-veruyushhix-v-sssr-immigracii-v-ssha-i-aktivizme/|title=Борис Перчаткин — о том, как помогал верующим из СССР попасть в США|website=usa.one|author=Виктория Семёнова|date=2020-01-03|access-date=2023-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Pannakameng iti garaw ti emigrasion ken panagkontak kadagiti disidente (1976–1980) ===
Idi 1976, nakikontak ni Perchatkin, kadua dagiti kakaduana a ni Vasili Patrushev, V. A. Burlachenko ken Vladimir Stepanov, kadagiti [[disidente]] idiay [[Moscow]] ken nagawatda iti pammagbaga a &quot;iwayat ti bagyo ti emigrasion iti naurnos a pamay-an&quot;. Iti met laeng dayta a tawen, dimmaton idiay Nakhodka ti rekurso ti [[Moscow Helsinki Group]] a ni L. V. Voronina. Manipud iti dayta a tawen, sireregta a tinulongan ni Perchatkin ti adu a Pentecostal a pumanaw iti [[Unión Soviética]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;. Iti met laeng dayta a tawen, nagpatulod ni Perchatkin kadagiti apanid kadagiti [[Nagkaykaysa a Nasion|UN]], [[Sanga-lubongang Konseho ti Simbaan]] ken kadagiti lider dagiti estado a nagpirma iti [[Kagutan iti Helsinki]], nga idiay ket imbagana ti agtultuloy a panangpaspasakit kadagiti mumatmati iti USSR&lt;ref name=&quot;nashaamerica&quot;/&gt;.

Idi 1977, kaduana ni Nikolai Gorety, timmureg a nagluwas para iti pannakainkas ti [[disidente]]s a naparesisto a da [[Aleksandr Ginzburg]], [[Yuri Orlov]] ken [[Anatoly Shcharansky]], a nagbalin a timek dagiti Pentecostal iti lubong dagiti Kristiano&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;. Iti met laeng dayta a tawen, kadua ti dadduma a Kristiano manipud iti nagduduma a sekta, nagraman iti maysa a nawaya a panagbisin, a ti gaddil daytoy ket ti pannakagun-od ti pammalubos a pumanaw iti USSR para kadagiti makasanay iti panangpaspasakit&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.ukrweekly.com/print-media/1977/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1977-38.pdf|title=Dissidents fast across USSR|website=The Ukrainian Weekly|date=1977-10-09|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926074510/https://archive.ukrweekly.com/print-media/1977/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1977-38.pdf|archive-date=2023-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Idi Disiembre 20, 1978, nangpadas ni Perchatkin nga agipatulod iti telegrama ti Baro a Tawen babaen ti oficina ti koreo ti Nakhodka para iti [[Presidente ti Estados Unidos]] a ni [[Jimmy Carter]], a nagkiddaw ti panangasikaso kadagiti tattao a awanan iti liberyad iti relihion&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nashaamerica&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rusbaptist.stunda.org/aven-ezer-primorje.pdf|title=АВЕН-ЕЗЕР. Евангельское движение в Приморье 1898-1990 годы|author=Андрей Дементьев|publisher=Русский остров|date=2011|pages=213|isbn=978-5-93577-054-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925212100/http://www.rusbaptist.stunda.org/aven-ezer-primorje.pdf|archive-date=2023-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Manipud idi 1979, nagobra iti panagurnos para iti pannakapatsek ti maysa a Sentro ti mumatmati a kayatna ti umakar iti USSR, ken nagtarigagay a agbalin a lider daytoy. Idi 1980, napili isu nga sekratario ti Baro a Konseho ti Simbaan ti Pentecostal a kayatna ti umakar&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;.

Idi maikadua a kabiang ti 1979, nagsurat ni Perchatkin iti maysa a pakdaar &quot;Para iti Kongreso ken ti Gobierno ti Estados Unidos, kadagiti Gobierno ti Canada, Australia, Inglatera, West Germany, Francia ken Italia&quot;, a nagisalaysayan ti pudno a kasasaad idiay Unión Soviética, dagiti bilbilin ti programa ti PCUS maipanggep kadagiti probinsia ti relihion, ken imfresentana dagiti ley ti Soviet maipanggep kadagiti sekta ti relihion&lt;ref name=&quot;nashaamerica&quot;/&gt;.

=== Panangpaspasakit ti estado ken ti balud ===
Isu ti karagatan a kameng ti komite ti mumatmati a nagsumite iti aplikasion para iti emigrasion. Ti gobierno ti Soviet ket nangipaganetget iti maysa a kampania ti panangdadael iti nagan ni Perchatkin ken ti pamiliatna babaen ti panagipablaak kadagiti artikulo iti kangrunaan a pagminar ti siudad a kas iti &quot;Ti Hipokrita iti wholesale ken retail&quot;, &quot;Pammati babaen ti kalkulasion&quot;, &quot;Sanga-agap sakbay nga naladawen&quot; ken dadduma pa&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;.

Idi Agosto 21, 1980, naparesisto ni Perchatkin idiay Nakhodka, ken idi gibus ti Marso 1981&lt;ref name=&quot;dtic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA145453.pdf|title=Chronology of Soviet Dissidence: January 1970 through December 1982|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002220919/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA145453.pdf|archive-date=2023-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nasentensiaan babaen ti Artikulo 190.1 ti Kodigo Penal ti RSFSR gapu ti &quot;panagipasnek iti bultos a pammadangsi a mangpadpadangsi iti sistema ti estado ken maipanggep iti sosiedad ti Soviet&quot; iti 2 tawen a pannakabalud&lt;ref name=&quot;dtic&quot;/&gt;. Babaen ti maysa a salaysay ti estasion ti radio a &quot;Voice of America&quot;, iti panagimbestiga ken iti tribunal, nausaran ni Perchatkin kadagiti kemikal (neuroleptics) a nagparang-at iti pannakapuawna&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;.

Idi Agosto 1982, nawayawayaan ni Perchatkin ken intultuloyna ti nakilaban para iti karbengan nga umakar manipud iti USSR. Idi Febrero 1983, naparesisto manen, ken idi agangay nasentensiaan babaen ti Artikulo 218, maikadua a kabiang ti Kodigo Penal ti RSFSR iti 1.5 tawen gapu iti illegal a panagkupkupit iti takkuab/armas&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;.

=== Diplomatiko nga obra ken panag-emigrar idiay Estados Unidos ===
Idi 1987, nagaramid ni Perchatkin iti salaysay para iti Kongreso ti Estados Unidos &quot;Maipanggep ti Kasasaad ti Relihion iti USSR&quot;. Daytoy a salaysay ket nabasa iti Kongreso ti Estados Unidos, ken naayaban ni Perchatkin iti maysa a panagkikita iti Secretario ti Estado ti Estados Unidos a ni [[George Shultz]]&lt;ref name=&quot;romanovich&quot;/&gt; tapno pagtungtongan ti migrasion ti relihion, ken kasta met iti Pangulo ti [[Agtutopia a Tribunal ti Estados Unidos]] a ni [[William Rehnquist]]&lt;ref name=&quot;romanovich&quot;/&gt; ken ti Sekretario ti Estado para iti Probinsia ti Relihion. Idi Mayo 1988, kabayatan ti opisial a panagbisita ti Presidente ti Estados Unidos a ni [[Ronald Reagan]] iti USSR tapno makipagkita ken ni [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], naayaban ni Perchatkin nga makipagkita iti asawa ni Reagan — ni [[Nancy Reagan]] — a kas kabiang ti delegasion ti 40 a tattao tapno pagtungtongan ti karbengan iti liberyad ti relihion idiay USSR. Idi Mayo 30, 1988, inrepresentar ni Perchatkin dagiti Protestante a Soviet. Iti agarup dua nga oras, imbagana ken ni Nancy Reagan ti kasasaad ti liberyad ti relihion iti USSR, a kalpasanna inyabyab ni Nancy Reagan ni Perchatkin a mangbasa iti salaysayna maipanggep ti kasasaad ti relihion idiay USSR iti Kongreso ti Estados Unidos&lt;ref name=&quot;gura&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Гура В.О.|title=Історія та есхатологічні мотиви релігійної еміграції пізніх протестантів із СРСР 1987–2017 рр.|website=Гілея: науковий вісник|location=[[Kyiv]]|date=2018|issue=135|pages=171–175|language=uk|issn=2076-1554|url=http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&amp;I21DBN=UJRN&amp;P21DBN=UJRN&amp;IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&amp;Image_file_name=PDF/gileya_2018_135_47.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Idi Julio 26, 1988, nag-emigrar ni Perchatkin idiay Estados Unidos&lt;ref name=&quot;gura&quot;/&gt; kaduana ti intero a pamiliatna&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;. Idi Agosto 4, 1988, nagpalawag iti [[Kongreso ti Estados Unidos]] iti maysa a salaysay maipanggep ti genosidio kadagiti mumatmati iti USSR&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gura&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://russiainphoto.ru/photos/195013/|title=Фото|language=ru|website=russiainphoto.ru|access-date=2023-09-26|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926063526/https://russiainphoto.ru/photos/195013/}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a rinipiripna manen kadagiti kongresista, senador ken diplomatiko&lt;ref name=&quot;gura&quot;/&gt;. Ti bunga daytoy a panagpapatang&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/afisha/docs/diaspora_08-11-13/9|title=25-летие начала исхода|website=Диаспора. Славянская общественная газета|author=Виталий Футорный|date=2013-08-11|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508015913/https://issuu.com/afisha/docs/diaspora_08-11-13/9|archive-date=2024-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; ket ti pannakaaprobar idi 1989 ti &quot;Lautenberg Amendment&quot;, a naipanagan iti Senador ti Democratic a manipud iti estado ti [[New Jersey]] a ni [[Frank Lautenberg]]. Iti umuna a dekada ti pannakaigiddato daytoy nga emendasion, agarup 350,000 a bakuit ti relihion ti simmrek idiay Estados Unidos&lt;ref name=&quot;gura&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;semenova&quot;/&gt;, ken idiay paset ti panawen aginggana idi 2010 — agarup 1 a milyon&lt;ref name=&quot;romanovich&quot;/&gt;. Ti adu a panagpukanaw dagiti Pentecostal idiay Nakhodka ket nagrugi idi 1988, idi pimanaw ti 152 nga adulto, saan a kabilang dagiti babassit nga ubbing. Idi 1989, 45 nga adulto a Pentecostal ti nag-emigrar manipud Nakhodka&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;.

=== Aktividad ti karbengan ti tao idiay Estados Unidos ===
Idi adtoyen idiay Estados Unidos, nangaramid ni Perchatkin iti sarili a website ti internet, a nagipresentaranda kadagiti detalye ti pannakaparesisto ken pannakabaludna idi kabayatan ti panagpangkis iti emigrasion&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/|title=Персональный сайт Бориса Перчаткина|access-date=2023-09-25|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926084710/https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ken inyurnosna ti organisasion ti Kristiano a karbengan ti tao a ARRC&lt;ref name=&quot;romanovich&quot;/&gt; (American-Russian Relief Committee)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YhIiVBx_5kC&amp;pg=PA21|title=Unregistered Religious Groups in Russia: Hearing Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|date=2007|language=en|isbn=978-0-16-077910-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Inluwasna met ti autobiografiko a librona a &quot;Agtutuok a Dalan&quot; (''Огненные тропы''), a naipablaak iti adu a beses&lt;ref name=&quot;ostrovskaya&quot;/&gt;.

Idi kalgaw ti 2025, ni Boris Perchatkin, kadua dagiti tattao a kapadana ti panangpampanunot iti [[Departamento ti Estado ti Estados Unidos]] ken iti [[Komision ti Estados Unidos para iti Liberyad ti Relihion iti Sanga-lubongan]], ket nagpalaawag maipanggep iti kinapudno a dagiti Kristiano a pasifista idiay Ukraine ken Russia ket mapaspasakit, madagdagupan iti alternatibo a serbisio sibil, mapuersa nga iserrek iti militar, ken maipasango kadagiti pannakaparesisto ken pangta gapu ti panangmadi a makipagkapet iti gubat. Gapu ditoy, nagtrabaho ni Boris Perchatkin tapno maikkan iti sabali a kuota ti migrasion dagiti Kristiano a pasifista manipud Ukraine a dimmaton idiay Estados Unidos babaen ti programa a [[Uniting for Ukraine|U4U]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.slavicsac.com/2025/07/14/ukraine-russian-christians/|title=В США обсуждают защиту христиан из Украины и России|website=Slavic Sacramento|date=2025-07-15|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-date=2025-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815145842/https://www.slavicsac.com/2025/07/14/ukraine-russian-christians/}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Dagiti pannakadutok ==
Ti sientipiko ti fisika ken ti nangabak iti Premio Nobel a ni [[Andrei Sakharov]] ket inraman ni Boris Perchatkin kadagiti presu politiko ti Soviet iti artikulona idi 1981 a &quot;Ti Responsabilidad dagiti Sientipiko&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakharov.space/lib/otvetstvennost-uchenyh|title=Сахаров. Ответственность учёных|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002222415/https://www.sakharov.space/lib/otvetstvennost-uchenyh|archive-date=2023-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Dagiti reperensia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti maikabit iti ruar ==
* [https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/ Personal a website ni Boris Perchatkin]
* {{Cite web|author=Michael Rowe|title=The Soviet pentecostal emigration movement|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/09637498308431098|website=Religion in Communist Lands|date=2008-01-02|issue=3|pages=337–339|language=en|doi=10.1080/09637498308431098}}
* {{Cite web|author=Catherine Wanner|title=Religion and Refugee Resettlement: Evolving Connections to Ukraine since World War II|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/css/44/1-2/article-p44_4.xml|website=Canadian-American Slavic Studies|date=2010-01-01|issue=1–2|pages=44–66|language=en|issn=2210-2396|doi=10.1163/221023910X512796}}
* {{Cite web|author=Special To the New York Times|title=Soviet Pentecostals Meet Illegally and Form Council|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/soviet-pentecostals-meet-illegally-and-form-council-20-delegates.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=2025-12-18|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310060316/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/soviet-pentecostals-meet-illegally-and-form-council-20-delegates.html|archive-date=2018-03-10}}

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