Atomiko a numero

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    <title>Atomiko a numero</title>
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      <text bytes="2024" sha1="df3qyqezyqsuj7q9rr9cyicp6936ism" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Atomic number depiction.svg|thumb|300px|right|Ti panangilawlawag iti superindises ken subindises a kas makita idiay atomiko a numero a panakaimatangan.]]

Iti [[kimka]] ken [[pisika]], ti '''atomiko a numero''' (naamammoan pay a kas ti '''proton a numero''') ket isu ti numero dagiti [[proton]] a mabirukan idiay [[atomiko a pakatengngaan|pakatengngaan]] iti maysa nga [[atomo]] ken daytoy ngarud ket kapadpada ti [[karga a numero]] dagiti katengngaan. Daytoy ket kadawyan a mairepresenta babaen ti simbolo a '''''Z'''''. Ti atomiko a numero ket naisangsangayan nga inaganan ti maysa a [[kimiko nga element0]]. Iti maysa nga atomo iti [[kuriente a karga|agmangngamangnga a karga]], ti atomiko a numero ket kapadpadana ti bilang dagiti [[elektron]].

Ti atomiko a numero, ''Z'', ket saan koma a mairiro iti [[masa a numero]], ''A'', a daytoy ket ti dagup a bilang dagiti proton ken dagiti [[neutron]] iti katengngaan iti maysa nga atomo. Dagiti bilang iti neutron, ''N'', ket naamammoan a kas ti [[neutron a numero]] iti atomo; isu a ti, ''A'' = ''Z'' + ''N''. Yantangay a dagiti proton ken dagiti neutron ket addaanda ti agarup nga agpadpada a masa (ken ti masa dagiti elektron ket [[maliwayan]] para kadagiti adu a kapanggepan), ken ti [[masa a kurang]] ket kadawyan a bassit laeng a no maipada iti masa, ti [[atomiko a masa]] iti maysa nga atomo ket agarup a kapadpada ti ''A''.

Dagiti atomo nga addaan iti kapadpada nga atomiko a numero a ''Z'' ngem addaan iti sabali a numero ti neutron ''N'', ngarud ket addaan ti sabali nga atomiko a masa, ket dagitoy ket naamammoan a kas dagiti [[isotopo]]. Kaaduan kadagiti masna a rumsua nga elemento ket rumsuada a kas samusam nga isotopo, ken ti kalalainganna nga atomiko a masa kadagitoy a samusam ket agikeddeng kadagiti [[atomiko a kadagsen]] dagiti elemento.

Ti kadawyan a simbolo a ''Z'' ket naipagarup a naggapu ti balikas nga {{lang|de|Atom z ahl}} (atomiko a numeror) iti [[Pagsasao nga Aleman|Aleman]] .

{{pungol-kimika}}

[[Category:Dagiti tagikua ti kimiko]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Galileo Galilei</title>
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      <text bytes="37196" sha1="kt6rggizajeanaulc060l357zaxtblq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox sientista|name = Galileo Galilei
|image = Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg
|caption = Ladawan ni Galileo Galilei babaen ni [[Giusto Sustermans]]
|birth_date = {{Petsa ti pannakaipasngay|1564|2|15|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|last=O'Connor|first=J. J.|author2=Robertson, E. F.
|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html |publisher=[[Unibersidad iti St Andrews]], Eskosia
|work=Arkibo ti MacTutor a Pakasaritaan ti Matematika
|title=Galileo Galilei|accessdate=2007-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|birth_place = [[Pisa]],&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot; /&gt; [[Dukado iti Florensia]], Italia
|residence = [[Nalatak a Dukado iti Toskana]], Italia
|nationality = Italiano (Toskano)
|death_date = {{Petsa ti ipupusay ken tawen|df=yes|1642|1|8|1564|2|15}}&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot; /&gt;
|death_place = [[Arcetri]],&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot; /&gt; [[Nalatak a Dukado iti Toskana]], Italia
|field = Astronomia, pisika ken matematika
|work_institutions = [[Unibersidad iti Pisa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Unibersidad iti Padua]]
|alma_mater = Unibersidad iti Pisa
|academic_advisors = [[Ostilio Ricci]]&lt;ref&gt;F. Vinci, ''Ostilio Ricci da Fermo, Maestro di Galileo Galilei'', Fermo, 1929.&lt;/ref&gt;
|notable_students = [[Benedetto Castelli]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mario Guiducci]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vincenzo Viviani]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu.id.php?id=134975 NODAK.edu]{{Natay a silpo|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|known_for = [[Kinematiko]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Analitiko a dinamika|Dinamika]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Panagpalpaliiw ti teleskopio nga astronomia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Heliosentrismo]]
|signature = Galileo Galilei Signature 2.svg
|footnotes = Ti amana ket maysa a musikero [[Vincenzo Galilei]]. Ti kamalala ni Galileo Galilei a ni [[Marina Gamba]] (1570&amp;nbsp;– 21 Agosto 1612?) ket nangiyanak ti dua a babbbai ([[Maria Celeste]] (Virginia, 1600–1634) ken Livia (1601–1659), a dagitoy du a ket nagbalinda a madre) ken maysa nga anak a lalaki a ni [[Vincenzo Gamba|Vincenzo]] (1606–1649), a [[laudista]].
}}

Ni '''Galileo Galilei''' ({{IPA-it|ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi}}; 15 Pebrero 1564&lt;ref name=birthdate&gt;[[#Reference-Drake-1978|Drake (1978, p. 1).]] Ti petsa a panakaiyanak ni Galileo ket naited segun ti [[Kalendario a Huliano]], a daytoy ti inus-usar kadagiti amin a pagturayan ti Kristiano. Idi 1582 daytoy ket nasukatan iti [[Kalendario a Gregoriano]] idiay Italia ken dagiti dadduma pay a Katoliko a pagilian. No saan a sabali ti naibaga, dagiti petsa ti daytoy nga artikulo ket naited segun ti kalendario a Gregoriano.&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;– 8 Enero 1642),&lt;ref&gt;{{ws|&quot;[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Galileo Galilei|Galileo Galilei]]&quot; itie 1913 ''Katoliko nga Ensiklopedia''}} babaen ni John Gerard. Naala idi 11 Agosto 2007&lt;/ref&gt; ket maysa idi nga Italiano a [[pisisista]], [[matematiko]], [[astronomo]], ken [[pilosopo]] nga isu ket adda ti nangruna a papel iti [[Sientipiko a Rebolusion]]. Dagiti nagun-odanna ket mairaman ti pannakapasayaat ti [[teleskopio]] ken dagiti nagbanagan ti astronomiko a panagpalpaliiw ken ti panagsuporta para iti [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Kopernikanismo]]. Ni Galileo ket tinawtawagan idin a kas ti &quot;ama ti moderno a [[mapalpaliiw nga astronomia astronomia]]&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite document|title = Ti Ababa a Pakasaritaan ti Siensia iti Maikasangapulo ket sian a Siglo|first = Charles|last = Singer|year = 1941|publisher = Clarendon Press|url = http://www.google.com/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ&amp;pgis=1|page =217}}&lt;/ref&gt; i &quot;ama ti moderno a [[pisika]]&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Einstein&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Weidhorn|first=Manfred|title=Ti Tao iti Milenio: Ti Naisalsalumina nga Impakto ni Galileo iti Pakasaritaan ti Lubong|url=https://archive.org/details/personofmillenni0000weid|year=2005|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=0-595-36877-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/personofmillenni0000weid/page/155 155]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ti &quot;ama ti siensia&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Einstein&quot; /&gt; ken &quot;ti Ama ti Moderno a Siensia&quot;.&lt;ref name=finocchiaro2007&gt;[[#Reference-Finocchiaro-2007|Finocchiaro (2007)]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Dagiti naipaeawagna iti mapalpaliiw nga astronomia ket mairaman ti teleskopia a pannakapasingked  [[dagiti paset ti Benus]], ti panakaduktal kadagiti uppat a kadakkelan a satelite ti  [[Hupiter]] (a nanaganan ti [[Galileo a bulbulan]] a pammadayaw kaniana), ken ti pannakapalpaliiw ken panagusig [[dagiti turik ti init]]. Ni Galileo ket nagobra pay iti naipakat a siensia ken teknolohia, isu ket nagparnuay ken nangpasayaat iti [[Sektor (instrumento)|kompas ti militar]] ken dagiti nadumaduma pay nga instrumento.

Ti panangipatakderan ni Galileo ti [[heliosentrismo]] ket kontrobersial idi kadagiti panawen ti kabibiagna, idi kaaduan ti umananamong iti [[heosentrismo]] wenno ti [[Tycho a sistema]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Isabelle Pantin 1999&quot;&gt;Isabelle Pantin (1999), &quot;Ti Baro a Pilosopia ken dagiti Daan nga Ilem: Dagiti Aspeto ti Pagawatan ti Kopernikanismo iti Nabingbingay a Europa&quot;, Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 30: 237–262&lt;/ref&gt; Isu ket sinuppiat dagiti adu nga astronomo, a nagdudua ti heliosentrismo gapu ti kaawan ti napaliiw a [[estelar a paralahe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Isabelle Pantin 1999&quot; /&gt; Daytoy a banag ket sinukisok babaen ti [[Romano a Panagsukisok]] idi 1615, ken nangipatinggada a mabalin a masuportaran a daytoy ket kasla posibilidad laeng, a saan a naipatakderan a kinapudno.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isabelle Pantin 1999&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;contrary to scripture&quot;&gt;[[#Reference-Sharratt-1994|Sharratt (1994, pp. 127–131)]], [[#Reference-McMullin-2005a|McMullin (2005a)]].&lt;/ref&gt; Kalpasan daytoy ni Galileo ket inkaluyana dagitoy a kapanunotanna idiay ''[[Dialogo a Maipanggep ti Dua a Kangrunaan a Sistema ti Lubong]]'', a kasla nangipakpakita a nangiraut kenni Papa [[Urbano VIII]] ken isu ket nangisina kaniana ken [[dagiti Hesuita]], a dagitoy dua ket nagsuporta kenni Galileo aginggana ti daytoy a punto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isabelle Pantin 1999&quot; /&gt; Isu ket naidarum babaen ti Panagsukisok, ken napabasol ti &quot;nakaro a panakasuspetsa ti erehia&quot;, ken napilit a nagisubli kadagiti inbagana, ken naibalod idiay pagtaengan kadagiti sumaganad a kabibiagna.&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=ewKMpRsF4Y8C&amp;pg=PA47 Finocchiaro (1997), p. 47].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=KBKSyHOLzZAC&amp;pg=PA96 Hilliam (2005), p. 96].&lt;/ref&gt; Idi naibalod idiay pagtaenganna a ni Galileo ket nagsurat iti maysa a kapintasan nga obrana, ''[[Dua a Baro a Siensia]]'', nga iti daytoy ket inpabuklanna ti inobrana kadagiti napalabas nga uppat a pulo a tawtawen, kadagiti dua a siensia a tattan ket tinawtawagan a kas ti [[kinematika]] ken [[kapigsa dagiti materiales]].&lt;ref name=JoCarney&gt;{{cite book| first=Jo Eldridge |last=Carney |year=2000 |title=Renasimiento ken Repormasion, 1500–1620: a| url=https://archive.org/details/renaissancerefor0000unse_t1p6 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-30574-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Allan-Olney 1870&quot;&gt;Allan-Olney (1870)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasapa a biag ==
[[File:Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition.jpg|thumb|220px|left|]]
Ni Galileo ket naipasngay idi idiay [[Pisa]] (a paset idi ti [[Dukado iti Florensia]]), Italia, ti kaunaan kadagiti innem nga annak ni [[Vincenzo Galilei]], timaysa a nadayeg a [[laudista]], kompositor, ken [[teoria ti musika|teorista ti musika]]; kenni Giulia Ammannati. Ni Galileo ket nagbalin pay a maysa a nadayeg a laudista ket nasapa a nakaadal kenni amana ti nasalun-at nga eskeptisismo para iti naipatakder a turay,&lt;ref&gt;John Gribbon. ''Ti Kumaduaan: Gilbert, Bacon, Harvey, Wren, Newton ken ti Sarita ti Sientiko a Rebolusion''. The Overlook Press, 2008. p. 26&lt;/ref&gt; ti pateg ti nasayaat a pannakarukod wenno naaduan a panag-eksperimento, tipanagayat para iti periodiko wenno musiko a panagrukod ti oras wenno kumpas, ken ti pay naipalpalawagan a nagbanagan ti manamnama manipud iti panagtipon ti matematika ken eksperimento. Tallo kadagiti lima a kakabsat ni Galileo ket nagbiagda, ken ti kaubingan a ni Michelangelo (wenno [[Michelagnolo Galilei|Michelagnolo]]) ket nagbalin paya nadayeg a laudista ken kompositor, nupay isu ket nagparawad ti kinarigat ti busbos idi laus-ud ti ubing a kinaagtutubo ni Galileo. Ni Michelangelo ket saan idi a nakabael nga agparawad ti bingayna para iti naikari a palab-ong ti amana a para kadagiti kayongda, a kalpasan daytoy ket nagsukisok ti legado a pamuspusan para iti daytoy nga utang. Ni Michelangelo ket sagpaminsan pay nga immututang kenni Galileo para iti panagsuporta para kadagiti musika nga obrana. Dagiti a panagsagsagaba ti busbos ket nagparawad kenni Galileo ti panagayat ti panagparang-ay kadagiti maparnuay a magiyeg kaniana ti nayon ti matgedanna.

Ni Galileo ket nainaganan manipud iti puonan a kabagianna, a ni Galileo Bonaiuti, nga isu ket maysa a mangngagas, manursuro iti unibersidad ken politiko a nagtaeng idiay Florensia manipud idi 1370 aginggan idi 1450; iti dayta a paset ti panawen ti naladaw a maika-14 a siglo, ti apelyido ti pamiliana ket nasukatan manipud iti Bonaiuti (wenno Buonaiuti) iti Galilei. Ni Galileo Bonaiuti ket naipunpon iti isu met laeng a simbaan, ti [[Basilika iti Santa Croce, Florensia|Basilika iti Santa Croce idiay Florensia]], nga iti agarup 200 a tawtawen ti napalabas ti nakaipunponan met laeng ti nadaydayeg a kaputotanna a ni Galileo Galilei. Idi agtawen ti 8 ni Galileo Galilei, ti pamiliana ket immalis idiay [[Floresia, Italia|Florensia]], ngem isu ket naibati kenni Jacopo Borghini para iti dua a tawen.&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot; /&gt; Isu ket nagadal idiay Camaldolese a Monasterio idiay [[Vallombrosa]], 35&amp;nbsp;km nga abagatan a daya ti Florensia.&lt;ref name=&quot;McTutor&quot; /&gt;

[[Papeles:Suor maria celeste.jpg|thumb|upright|Ti anak a babai ni Galileo, Virginia ([[Madre]] [[Maria Celeste]]), ket naisangsangayan a nagay-ayat idi iti amana. Isu ken ti amana ket naipuponda idiay [[Basilika iti Santa Croce, Florensia]].]]
Nupay isu ket maysa a reliohiosa a Romano Katoliko,&lt;ref&gt;[[#Reference-Sharratt-1994|Sharratt (1994, pp. 17, 213)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ni Galileo ket nakaputo ti tallo nga annak babaen ti kamalalana a ni [[Marina Gamba]]. Adda dua nga annakda a babbai, ni Virginia idi 1600 kenni Livia idi 1601, ken maysa nga anak a lalaki, a ni [[Vincenzo Gamba|Vincenzo]], idi 1606. Gapu ti panakaanakda ti ruar, ti amada ket pinanunotanna a dagitoy dua a bababei ket saan a mabalin a makiasawa, ngem no saan daytoy ket mangited ti parikut ti nagina a panagsuporta wenno dagiti palab-ong, a daytoy ket kapadpadanto  dagiti dati a parikut ti busbos dagiti dua a kakabsatna a babbai.&lt;ref&gt;John Gribbon. ''Ti Kumaduaan: Gilbert, Bacon, Harvey, Wren, Newton ken ti Sarita ti Sientipiko a Rebolusion''. The Overlook Press, 2008. p. 42&lt;/ref&gt; Ti napateg laeng nga alternatiboda ket ti relihioso a biag. Dagitoy dua a babbai ket naipatulodda idiay konbento iti San Matteo idiay [[Arcetri]] ken nagtaengda idiay kadagiti dagup a panagbiagdaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;daughters unmarriageable&quot;&gt;[[#Reference-Sobel-2000|Sobel (2000, p. 5)]] [http://www.galileosdaughter.com/firstchapter.shtml Kapitulio 1.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510012932/http://www.galileosdaughter.com/firstchapter.shtml |date=2000-05-10 }} Naala idi 26 Agosto 2007. &quot;Gaputa isu ket saana met nga inasawa ti ina ni Virginia, naipanunotanna a daytoy a babai ket saan a mabalin a makiasawa. Kalpasan ti maika-13 a kasangayanna, isu ket nangipatulod kaniana idiay Konbento iti San Matteo idiay Arcetri.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ni Virginia ket nangala ti nagan a [[Maria Celeste]] idi simrrek idiay konbento. Ni Virginia ket pimmusay idi 2 Abril 1634, ken naipunpon a kaduna ni Galileo idiay [[Basilicka iti Santa Croce, Florensia]]. Ni Livia ket nanagal ti nagan a Madre Arcangela ken managsakit para kadagiti kaaduan a kabibiagna. Ni Vincenzo ket naipalegado a kas ti legado a tumawid kenni Galileo, ken inasawana ni Sestilia Bocchineri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference| last=Pedersen|first=O.|title=Relihion ni Galileo| booktitle=Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science| publisher = Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.| pages=75–102|date=24–27 Mayo 1984|location=Cracow| bibcode=1985gamf.conf...75P}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paammo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book
|first=Mary
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|year=1870
|title=Ti Pribado a Biag ni Galileo: Naurnong manipud kadagiti sinursuratna ken dagiti sinursurat ti kaunaan nga anakna a babai, ni Madre Maria Celeste
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|location=Boston
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=zWcSAAAAIAAJ
|accessdate=2008-06-09
}}
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*{{cite book
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|author= Blackwell, Richard J.
|publisher= University of Notre Dame Press
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book |last=Clavelin |first=Maurice |title=The Natural Philosophy of Galileo |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalphilosoph00maur |publisher=MIT Press |year=1974}}
*{{cite journal |last=Coffa |first=J. |title=Galileo's Concept of Inertia |journal=Physis Riv. Internaz. Storia Sci. |year=1968 |volume=10 |pages=261–281}}
*{{cite book |last=Consolmagno |first=Guy |last2=Schaefer |first2=Marta |year=1994 |title=Worlds Apart, A Textbook in Planetary Science |location=Englewood, New Jersey |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=0-13-964131-9}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Cooper
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 |year=1935
 |isbn=1-4067-5263-0
 |ref=Reference-Cooper-1935}}
*{{cite book
|title= The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth
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|year= 2005
|ref=Reference-Coyne-2005}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Drabkin |editor-first=Israel |editor2-last=Drake |editor2-first=Stillman |title=On Motion and On Mechanics |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1960 |isbn=0-299-02030-4}}
*{{cite book
|title= Notes to English translation of Galileo's Dialogue
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*{{cite book |ref=Reference-Drake-1957 |last=Drake |first=Stillman |year=1957 |title=Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveriesopini00gali_0 |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday &amp; Company |isbn=0-385-09239-3}}
*{{cite book
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*{{cite journal |last=Drake |first=Stillman |year=1973 |title=Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1973-05_228_5/page/84 |journal=Scientific American |volume=228 |issue=5 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0573-84}}
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*{{cite journal |last1=Drake |first1=Stillman|last2=Kowal|first2=C. T. |year=1980 |title=Galileo's Sighting of Neptune |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1980-12_243_6/page/74 |journal=Scientific American |volume=243 |issue=6 |pages=74–81 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1280-74}}
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*{{cite book |last=Duhem |first=Pierre |title=Etudes sur Leonard de Vinci |year=1906–13}}
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*{{cite journal |last=Zik |first=Yaakov |title=Science and Instruments: The telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century |journal=Perspectives on Science |year=2001 |season=Fall |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=259–284 |doi=10.1162/10636140160176143}}
{{Refend}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Galileo Galilei}}
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