Wikipedia ilowiki https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuna_a_Panid MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Midia Espesial Tungtungan Agar-aramat Agar-aramat tungtungan Wikipedia Wikipedia tungtungan Papeles Papeles tungtungan MediaWiki MediaWiki tungtungan Plantilia Plantilia tungtungan Tulong Tulong tungtungan Kategoria Kategoria tungtungan TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Modulo tungtungan Event Event talk 0 2020 407108 400639 2026-10-04T05:05:40Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 407108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pagsasao |image= |name=Aleman |nativename={{lang|de|Deutsch}} |pronunciation={{IPA-de|ˈdɔʏtʃ|}} |states= Kangrunaan idiay [[Agsasao ti Aleman a Europa]], a kas iti [[Aleman a kas minoridad a pagsasao|minoridad a pagsasao]] ken kadagiti [[Aleman a diaspora]] iti sanglubongan |speakers=90 a riwriw (1990) – 98 a riwriw |date=2005 |ref= |speakers2=[[Maikadua a pagsasao|L2]] dagiti agsasao: 80 a riwriw (2006)<ref name=natgeo2006>{{cite book | authorlink = National Geographic | title = National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World | publisher = R.R Donnelley & Sons Company | date = Abril 2006 | location = Willard, Ohio | pages = 257–270 | isbn = 978-0-7922-3662-7}}</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Dagiti pagsasao a Hermaniko|Hermaniko]] |fam3=[[Dagiti pagsasao a Laud a Hermaniko|Laud a Hermaniko]] |fam4=[[Dagiti pagsasao a nangato nga Aleman|Nangto nga Aleman]] |script=[[Abesedário a Latin|Latin]] ([[Aleman nga Abesedário]]) |nation= {{EU}}<br /><small>(opisial ken panagobra a pagsasao)</small> ---- {{wagayway|Alemania}}<br /> {{wagayway|Austria}}<br /> {{wagayway|Suisa}}<br /> {{wagayway|Liechtenstein}}<br /> {{wagayway|Italia}}<br /> <small> ([[Abagatan a Tyrol]]) </small> <br /> {{wagayway|Luxembourg}}<br /> {{wagayway|Belhika}}<br /> ([[Agsasao ti Aleman a Komunidad ti Belhika]]) |minority={{wagayway|Czech Republic}}<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cz1_de.html EUROPA – Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung – Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europäischen Union – Euromosaik-Studie][http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/da1_en.html EUROPA – Edukasion ken Panagsanay – Europa – Rehional ken minoridad a pagsasao – Euromosaïc study]</ref><br />{{wagayway|Dinamarka}}<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/da1_en.html Suporta manipud iti Europa a Komision para kadagit rukod a panagparang-ay ken pnagaywan ti rehional wenno minoridad a pagsasao ken kultura – Ti Euromosaic a panagadal: Ti Aleman idiay Denmark] (engl.). Letzter Zugriff am 13. Nobiembre 2009</ref><br />{{wagayway|Hungaria}}<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/hu_de.pdf EC.europa.eu]</ref><br /> {{wagayway|Kazakhstan}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=28051 |title=KAZAKHSTAN: Spesial a reporta kadagiti etniko nga Aleman |publisher=Irinnews.org |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref><br /> {{wagayway|Italia}}<br /> <small> ([[Trentino]]) </small> <br /> (naisasao babaen kadagiti komunidad ken kaaduan nga inadadal a pagsasao kadagiti pagadalan ken nagato a pagadalan) {{wagayway|Namibia}} <small>([[Nailian a pagsasao]]; opisial a pagsasao 1984–90)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf|title=Ti Aleman idiay Namibia|publisher=Nayon iti Allgemeine Zeitung|date=2007-08-18|accessdate=2008-06-23|format=PDF|language=Aleman|archive-date=2008-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624233949/http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html "CIA World Fact book Profile: Namibia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423100756/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |date=2020-04-23 }} ''cia.gov''. Naala idi 2008-11-30.</ref><br />{{wagayway|Poland}} <small>([[minoridad a pagsasao]] iti 28 munisipalidad idiay [[Opole Voivodeship]] ken 1 idiay [[Silesian Voivodeship]])</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=944 |title=Mapa a panid iti Polish a Ministro iti Kaunegan ken Administrasion (MSWiA) |date= |accessdate=2010-03-15 |archive-date=2012-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719121743/http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=944 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{wagayway|Romania}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siebenbuerger.de/zeitung/artikel/alteartikel/223-deutsche-minderheit-in-rumaenien.html |title=SbZ – Deutsche Minderheit in Rumänien: "Zimmerpflanze oder Betreuungs-Objekt" – Informationen zu Siebenbürgen und Rumänien |publisher=Siebenbuerger.de |date= |accessdate=2010-03-15}}</ref><br />{{wagayway|Rusia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rusdeutsch.eu/?menu=1&menu0=38&level3=&z=1 |title=Geschichte |publisher=Rusdeutsch.EU |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720175253/http://www.rusdeutsch.eu/?menu=1&menu0=38&level3=&z=1 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{wagayway|Slovakia}} <small>(Opisial a munisipal a pagsasao iti [[Krahule]]/Blaufuß)</small><ref name=natgeo2006 /><ref name='europa-slok'>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/slok1_de.html EUROPA – Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung – Rehional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europäischen Union – Euromosaik-Studie]</ref><br />{{VAT}} <small>(Administratibo ken panagbilbilin a pagsasao iti [[Guarda Suiso]])</small><ref>{{cite web |author=Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. |url=http://www.vds-ev.de/wussten-sie-dass |title=Wussten Sie, dass... |publisher=Vds-ev.de |date=2006-06-15 |accessdate=2012-01-25 |archive-date=2015-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223130844/http://www.vds-ev.de/wussten-sie-dass |url-status=dead }}</ref> |agency=''Awan ti opisial nga agalagad'' <br /> (ti Aleman nga ortograpia ken alagaden babaen ti Konsilo para iti Aleman nga Ortograpia ([[Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de/rat/ |title=Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung – Über den Rat |publisher=Rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref>). |iso1=de |iso2b=ger |iso2t=deu |lc1=deu|ld1=[[Baro a Nangato nga Aleman]] |lc2=gmh|ld2=[[Tengnga a Nangato nga Aleman]] |lc3=goh|ld3=[[Daan a Nangato nga Aleman]] |lc4=gct|ld4=[[Alemán Coloniero]] |lc5=bar|ld5=[[Austro-Bavarian]] |lc6=cim|ld6=[[Cimbrian]] |lc7=geh|ld7=[[Hutterite German]] |lc8=ksh|ld8=[[Kölsch dialect|Kölsch]] |lc9=nds|ld9=[[Nababa nga Aleman]] |lc10=sli|ld10=[[Pagsasao a Nababbaba a Silesiano|Nababa a Silesiano]] |lc11=ltz|ld11=[[Pagsasao a Luxembourgish|Luxembourgish]] |lc12=vmf|ld12=[[Kangrunaan a-Franconian]] |lc13=mhn|ld13=[[Mócheno]] |lc14=pfl|ld14=[[Palatinate nga Aleman]] |lc15=pdc|ld15=[[Pagsasao a Pennsylvania nga Aleman|Pennsylvania nga Aleman]] |lc16=pdt|ld16=[[Plautdietsch]] |lc17=swg|ld17=[[Swabian nga Aleman]] |lc18=gsw|ld18=[[Suiso nga Aleman]] |lc19=uln|ld19=[[Unserdeutsch]] |lc20=sxu|ld20=[[Nangatngato a Saxon]] |lc21=wae|ld21=[[Walser nga Aleman]]| |lc22=wep|ld22=[[Pagsasao a Westphaliano|Westphaliano]]| |lingua=52-AC (Kontinental a Laud a Hermaniko) > 52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch) ><br />52-ACB-d ([[Tengnga nga Aleman]] incl. 52-ACB–dl & -dm [[Pagalagadan nga Aleman|Pagalagadan/Sapasap a nagato nga Aleman]]) + 52-ACB-e & -f ([[Kangatuan nga Aleman]] & [[Suiso nga Aleman]]) + 52-ACB-g ([[Pagsasao a Yidis|Yidis]]) + 52-ACB-h ([[Aleman adiaspora|émigré German]] sabsabali a nairamraman. <br />52-ACB-hc [[Hutterite German]] & 52-ACB-he [[Pagsasao a Pennsylvania nga Aleman|Pennsylvania nga Aleman]] kdpy.) + 52-ACB-i ([[Pagsasao a Yeniche|Yenish]]); agdagup ti 285 a sasabali: 52-ACB-daa aginggana ti 52-ACB-i |map=Legal status of German in the world.svg |notice=IPA }} Ti '''Aleman'''<ref>{{cite-Rubino|Aleman|page=22}}</ref> (''{{Audio|de-Deutsch.ogg|Deutsch}}'') ket maysa a pagsasao a kameng ti lumaud a grupo dagiti pagsasao a Hermaniko ken maysa kadagiti kangrunaan a pagsasao iti sangalubongan. Ti Aleman ti kaaaduan iti patneng nga agsasao kadagiti pagilian a kameng ti [[Kappon ti Europa]]. Ar-aramaten ti 120 riwriw a tattao iti 38 a pagpagilian iti lubong, ti Aleman ket, kas iti Ingles, maysa a [[pluricentric]] a pagsasao ng addaan iti tallo a kangrunaan a pakaus-usaranna: [[Austria]], [[Alemania]] ken [[Suisa]]. [[File:Legal status of German in Europe.svg|frameless]] == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} {{InterWiki}} {{pungol-nangruna}} [[Kategoria:Dagiti Pagsasao iti Lubong|Aleman]] gfs5ofpw78qw4rbf3qfo0y8e3f9hf0j 0 4929 407105 397117 2026-10-04T00:46:49Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 407105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|53|N|23|E|display=title}} {{Infobox pagilian |native_name = {{unbulleted list | {{lang|be|Рэспубліка Беларусь}} | {{lang|ru|Республика Беларусь}} }} |conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Republika ti Bielorusia</span> |common_name = Bielorusia |image_flag = Flag of Belarus.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Belarus.svg |symbol_type = Nailian a kayarigan |image_map = Europe-Belarus.svg |map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=berde|region=Europa|region_color=nangisit a kolordapo|legend=Location Belarus Europe.png}} |national_anthem = Дзяржаўны гімн Рэспублікі Беларусь{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Pagsasao a Bieloruso|Bieloruso]])</small><br />''[[Ti Belarusik|Dziaržaŭny himn Respubliki Biełaruś]]''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[transliterasion]])<br />''Naestaduan a Kanta ti Republika ti Bielorusia''</small><br />[[Papeles:My Belarusy.ogg|center]] |official_languages = [[Pagsasao a Bieloruso|Bieloruso]]<br />[[Pagsasao a Ruso|Ruso]] |demonym = [[Tattao a Bieloruso|Bieloruso]] |capital = [[Minsk]] |coordinates = {{Coord|53|55|N|27|33|E|type:city}} |largest_city = kapitolio |government_type = [[Presidensial a republika]] |leader_title1 = [[Presidente ti Bielorusia|Presidente]] |leader_name1 = [[Alexander Lukashenko]] (Александр Лукашенко) |leader_title2 = [[Listaan dagiti Kangrunaan a Ministro ti Bielorusia|Kangrunaan a Ministro]] |leader_name2 = [[Roman Golovchenko]] (Раман Галоўчэнкo) |legislature = [[Nailian a Gimong iti Bielorusia|Nailian a Gimong]] |upper_house = [[Konseho ti Republika ti Bielorusia|Konseho ti Republika]] |lower_house = [[Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi iti Bielorusia|Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi]] |sovereignty_type = Wayawaya |sovereignty_note = Manipud iti [[Kappon ti Sobiet]] |established_event1 = Nairangarang |established_date1 = 27 Hulio 1990 |established_event2 = Pannakabangon |established_date2 = 25 Agosto 1991 |established_event3 = Pannakalpas |established_date3 = 25 Disiembre 1991 |area_km2 = 207595 |area_sq_mi = 80155 <!--Saan nga ikkaten[[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = Maika-85 |percent_water = saan a malasin (2.830&nbsp;km²)¹ |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |population_census_rank = Maika-86 |population_census = 9,468,154 |population_census_year = 2014 |population_density_km2 = 45.6 |population_density_sq_mi = 118.1 <!--Saan nga ikkaten [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = Maika-142 |GDP_PPP = $141.771&nbsp;bilion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=913&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=103&pr.y=5 |title=Bielorusia|publisher=Internasional a Pundo ti Panguartaan|accessdate=17 Abril 2012}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2011 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $15,028<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2011 |GDP_nominal = $55.483&nbsp;bilion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $5,881<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 2011 |Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 26.5 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2011+wbapi_data_value&sort=asc |title=Distribution of family income&nbsp;– Gini index |work=GINI index |publisher=Worldbank |accessdate=5 Enero 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423005315/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2011+wbapi_data_value&sort=asc |archive-date=2016-04-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.786 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=27 Hulio 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |HDI_rank = Maika-53 |currency = [[Rublo ti Bielorusia]] |currency_code = BYR |time_zone = [[Further-eastern European Time|FET]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/belarus-eternal-dst.html|title=Agnanayon a Panagin-inot ti Lawag nga Oras (DST) idiay Bielorusia|date=19 Septiembre 2011|accessdate=26 Nobiembre 2011|work=timeanddate.com}}</ref> |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |ethnic_groups = '''83.7% [[Tattao a Bieloruso|Bieloruso]]''',<br /> 8.3% [[Dagiti Ruso idiay Bielorusia|Dagiti Ruso]],<br /> 3.1% [[Dagiti Polako idiay Bielorusia|Polako]],<br /> 1.7% [[Ukraniano]], 4.2% dadduma pay ken dagiti saan a nainaganan |ethnic_groups_year = 2009 |drives_on = kanawan |cctld = [[.by]] |calling_code = [[+375|375]] |footnote1 = {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/belarus/index.stm |publisher=FAO |title=Pakaammo iti Danum ken Agrikultura ti FAO|accessdate=4 Abril 2008}} }} Ti '''Bielorusia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Belarus.ogg|b|ɛ|l|ə|ˈ|r|uː|s}} {{respell|bel-ə|ROOSS|'}}; {{lang-be|Беларусь}}, {{IPA-ru|bʲɛlaˈrusʲ}} {{lang-ru|Беларусь, Белоруссия}}, ''Belarus', Belorussiya''), opisial a ti '''Republika ti Bielorusia''', ket maysa a [[napalikmutan ti daga a pagilian]] idiay [[Akindaya nga Europa]],<ref name="unee">{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#europe|title=Pagalagadan a Pagilian ken dagiti Kodigo ti Lugar a Pannakaidasig (M49)|accessdate=22 Abril 2010|publisher=Organisasion ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian|date=1 Abril 2010|author=UN Dibision dagiti Estadistika}}</ref> agpakanawan a nabeddengan babaen ti [[Rusia]] iti amianan a daya, ti [[Ukrania]] iti abagatan, ti [[Polonia]] iti laud, ken [[Lituania]] ken [[Letonia]] iti amianan a laud. Ti kapitoliona ket ti [[Minsk]]; dagiti kangrunaan a siudad ket mairaman ti [[Brest, Bielorusia|Brest]], [[Hrodna|Grodno (Hrodna)]], [[Gomel|Gomel (Homiel)]], [[Mogilev|Mogilev (Mahilyow)]] ken [[Vitebsk|Vitebsk (Vitsebsk)]]. Sumurok a sangapulo ket uppat a porsiento ti {{pagbaliwen|207600|km2}} ket kabakiran,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/europethecis/belarus/belarus_2005_en.pdf |title=Belarus: Tawa iti Oportumnidad (kitaen ti Tabla 15, panid 66) |publisher=Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian |format=PDF |access-date=2012-04-24 |archive-date=2015-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110193052/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/europethecis/belarus/belarus_2005_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ken dagiti kapigsaan a paset ti ekonomiana ket ti agrikultura ken [[panagpartuat]]. == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} {{Europa}} [[Kategoria:Bielorusia| ]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian idiay Europa]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti Mankomunidad dagiti Nawaya nga Estado]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti estado a kameng ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti naserraan ti daga a pagilian]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti republika]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian ken teritorio nga agsasao ti Ruso]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti Eslabo a pagilian ken teritorio]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti estado ken teritorio a nabangon idi 1991]] {{pungol-heograpia}} 6npq7asayja9tderivk47uhymj607yn 0 15151 407104 406837 2026-10-04T00:28:06Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 407104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Napili nga artikulo}}[[Papeles:NGC 4414 (NASA-med).jpg|right|300px|thumb|[[NGC 4414]], ti maysa a tipiko nga agkusikos nga ariwanas idiay [[konstelasion]] a [[Coma Berenices]], ket agarup a 55,000&nbsp;[[lawag a tawen]] iti diametrona ken agarup a 60 a riwriw a lawag a tawtawen ti kaadayona manipud iti Daga.]] Ti '''ariwanas''' ket mays a nawatiwat, a [[grabitasinal|grabitasion a panakaibedbed]] a sistema a buklen dagiti [[bituen]] ken dagiti [[estelar a tidda]], maysa a [[interestelar a pamay-an]] iti alingasaw ken [[kosmiko a tapok|tapok]], ken nagruna ngem saan unay a maawawatan a komponente a pangpadasanna a nanaganan ti [[nangisit a banag]].<ref name="sparkegallagher2000" /><ref name=nasa060812 /> Ti balikas nga ariwanas ket naala manipud iti [[Pagsasao a Griego|Griego]] a ''galaxias'' ({{lang|el|γαλαξίας}}), literal a kayatna a sawen ket "nagatasan", ti maysa a panagreperensia ti [[Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen]] nga ariwanas. Dagiti kas pagarigan dagiti ariwanas ket sumakop manipud dagiti [[ansisit nga ariwanas|ansisit]] nga adda dagiti basbassit ngem sangapulo a riwriw(10⁷) a bitbituen<ref name=eso000503 /> aginggana kadagiti higante nga addaan dagiti ginasut a [[Trilion (ababa a gantingan)|trilion]] (10¹⁴) a bitbituen,<ref name=science250_4980_539 /> a ti tunggal maysa ket palpalikmutanna ti bukod ti ariwanasna a [[tengnga iti masa]]. Ti ariwanas ket agloan kadagiti nadumaduma a bilang dagiti [[bituen a sistema]], dagiti [[bituen a rimpuok]] ken ti kita dagiti [[interestelar nga ulep]]. Iti nagbaetan dagitoy a banbanag ket ti maysa a naingpis nga [[interestelar a pamay-an]] iti alingasaw, tapok, ken dagiti [[kosmiko nga anaraar]]. Ti [[nangisit a banag]] ket agparang ti pannakaibilang para iti agarup a 90% iti [[masa]] kadagiti kaaduan nga ariwanas. Dagiti napalpaliiw a datos ket agipaltiing a dagiti [[nawatiwat unay a nangisit nga abot]] ket baka rumsuada iti tengnga kadagiti adu, wenno baka amin, nga ariwanas. Naipanunotan dagitoy a nagnangruna a mangiturturong iti [[aktibo a galaktiko a katengngaan|aktibo a galaktiko a tengnga]] a mabirukan iti bugas kadagiti ariwanas. Ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen nga ariwanas ket agparang a mangisanglad iti maysa a kastoy a banag.<ref name="smbh" /> Ti ariwanas ket naipakasaritaan a naikategoria segun kadagiti makitkita a sukogda; a kadaywan a maitudtudo kadagiti bukodda a makitkita a morpolohia. Ti kadaywan a porma ket ti [[eliptiko nga ariwanas]],<ref name=uf030616 /> nga adda ti [[basikaw nga immitlog]] a sukog a lawag a bariweswes. Dagiti [[agkusikos nga ariwanas]] ket nasukogda a kasla disko nga adda ti natapokan, nga agkilkillo a dagiti ima. Dagiti rinagis wenno karnarna a sukog ket naamammon dagitoy a kas dagiti [[rinagis nga ariwanas]] ken kadaywan a nagtaud manipud iti panaggulo babaen ti grabitasional a panagguyod kadagiti kaarubana nga ariwanas. Dagiti kastoy a pannakitignay a nagbaetan dagiti ariwanas, a mabalin a pagbanagan dagiti panagtitipon, a sagpaminsan nga inaramid ti naisangsangayan a panagpaadu dagiti aramid a [[panagporma ti bituen]] a magipapan dagiti [[agbettak a bituen nga ariwanas]]. Dagiti basbassit nga ariwanas ket awananda kadagiti nasupnet a patakder a maipadpatudo a kas dagiti [[rinagis nag ariwanas]].<ref name="IRatlas" /> Adda ngata dagiti agarup a 170&nbsp;bilion ({{nowrap|1.7 × 10¹¹}}) nga ariwanas a [[mapalpaliiw a law-ang]],<ref name=apj624_2 /><ref name=kackie020201 /> ken posible nga ad-adyu pay kadagiti nawatwatiwat a teoretiko a [[multiberso]].<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z7uFxViR19oC&pg=PT234&dq=%22galaxies%22+multiverse&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xQjMT9aMIsSc8gPft4gE&ved=0CGEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22galaxies%22%20multiverse&f=false Ti Pabrika iti Kinapudno] David Deutsch – 2011</ref> Kaaduan ket 1,000 to 100,000<ref name="M101" />&nbsp;a dagiti [[parsec]] iti diametro ken kadaywan a naisina babaen ti kaadayo iti urno s iti riwriw iti parsecs (wenno megaparsecs).<ref name=gilman_ch4 /> Ti [[Intergalaktiko a limbang]] (ti limbang a nagbaetan dagiti ariwanas) ket napnoda kadagiti naingpis nga alingasaw iti natimbengan a densidad iti basbassit ngem maysa nga [[atomo]] iti tunggal maysa a kubiko metro. Kaaduan kadagiti ariwanas ket naurnosda kadagiti pagurnosan iti asosasion nga ammo a kas dagiti [[grupo ti ariwanas ken rimrimpuok|grupo ken rimpuok]], a daytoy ket, a kadawyan daytoy nga agbalin dagiti dakdakkel a [[nalatak a rimpuok]]. Iti [[Dakkel a gantingan a kadakkel iti kosmos|kadakkelan a gantingan]], dagitoy nga asosasion ket sapasap dagitoy a maur-urnos kadagiti [[ariwanas a pilamento|sabanas ken pilamento]], a napalikmutan babaen dagiti nakadakdakkel a [[kodapis (astronomia)|vkodapsi]].<ref name=camb_lss /> == Etimolohia == Ti balikas nga ''ariwanas'' ket nagtaud iti [[Pagsasao a Griego|Griego]] a termino para iti bukodtayo nga aríwánas, ''galaxias'' (''γαλαξίας'', ''"milky one"''), wenno ''[[kyklos]] ("sirkulo") galaktikos ("nagatasan")''<ref name=oed/> para iti langana iti langit. Iti [[Griego a mitolohia]],, ni [[Zeus]] ket inkabilna ti anakna a lalaki a naipasngay babaen ti mortal a babai, ti maladaga [[Herakles]], iti suso ni [[Hera]] bayat nga isu ket nakaturturog tapno ti maladaga ket inumenna ti nadiosan a gatas ti mortal a babai ken iti gapu daytoy ket agbalinto a saan a matay. Ni Hera ket nakariing bayat nga agsussuso ken nakitana nga agayaywan ti dina ammo a maladaga: induronna ti maladaga ken pimmsuak ti gatasna iti rabii a langit, a nagpataud daytoy ti nakusnaw a lawag a natawtawaganen a kas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen.<ref name=waller_hodge2003 /><ref name=konean2006 /> Iti astronomiko a literatura, ti naipadakkel a balikas ti 'Ariwanas' ket maus-usar a mangitudo ti bukodtayo nga ariwanas, ti [[Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen]], tapno mailasin manipud kadagiti bilion a sabsabali nga ariwanas. Ti Ingles a termino a ''Milky Way'' ket masurot manipud iti sarita babaen ni [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]]: {{Quote|"See yonder, lo, the Galaxyë<br />&nbsp;Which men clepeth the Milky Wey,<br />&nbsp;For hit is whyt."|Geoffrey Chaucer. ''[[Ti Balay iti Dayaw]]'', ''c.'' 1380.<ref name=oed />}} Idi inaramid ni [[William Herschel]] ti bukodna a [[Katologo iti Nebulosa|katologo]] dagiti nauneg a banag iti langit idi 1786, isu ket nagusar tinagan a ''[[agkusikos a nebulosa]]'' para kadagiti naisangayan a banag aka ti [[Andromeda nga Ariwanas|M31]]. Dagitoy ket mabigbiganto a dagiti nakadakdakkel a nagtitiponan dagiti bitbituen, idi ti husto a kaadayo dagitoy abanag ket narugian a maiyamanan, ken materminodanto a ka dagiti ''iisla a law-ang.'' Nupay kasta, ti balikas a ''Law-ang'' ket naawawatan a ti kayatna a sawen ket ti intero nga irurumsua, so nga daytoy nga insao ket saan unayen a maus-usar ken dagiti banbanag ket nagbalin nga ammo a kas dagiti ariwanas.<ref name=rao2005 /> == Panagpalpaliiw a pakasaritaan == Ti realisasion a datayo ket agtaeng iti maysa nga ariwanas, ken adda idi, iti kinapudno, nga adda dagiti sabsabali nga ariwanas, dagiti paralelo a panakaduktalan a naaramid a maipanggep ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ken dagiti dadduma a [[nebula]] iti rabii a langit. === Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen === {{Nangruna|Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen}} [[Papeles:Milky Way Galaxy and a meteor.jpg|[[Galaktiko a Tengnga]] iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen|thumb]] Ti [[Griego a pilosopia|Griego]] a pilosopo a ni [[Democritus]] (450–370 BC) ket nagipaltiing a dagiti naraniag a banda iti rabii a langit a tinawtawagan a Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket baka buklen dagiti adayo a bitbituen.<ref name="Plutarch">{{cite book | title=Ti Kompleto nga Obra Tomo 3: Dagiti Salaysay ken Nadumaduma |publisher=Echo a Biblioteka | author=Plutarch | authorlink= | year=2006 | at=panid 66, kapitulo 3 | isbn=978-1-4068-3224-2}}</ref> [[Aristoteles]] (384–322 BC), nupay kasta, namatmati a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket naaramid babaen ti "ti panaggangat iti immapuy a panagisang-aw kadagiti bituen a dagitoy ket dadakkel, adu ken nagiinnnasidegda" ken ti "panaggangat ket maaramid idiay ngato a paset iti [[tangatang]], idiay [[Sublunario a globo|rehion iti lubong nga agtultuloy kadagiti panaggunay dagiti nainlangitan]]."<ref name=Montada>{{cite web |last1=Montada |first1=J. P. |date=2007-09-28 |title=Ibn Bajja |work=Stanford nga Ensiklopedia iti Pilosopia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-bajja |accessdate=2008-07-11 }}</ref> Ti [[Neoplatonismo|Neoplatonista]] a pilosopo a ni [[Olympiodorus the Younger]] (c. 495–570 AD) ket sientipiko idi a kritiko iti daytoy a kapanunutan, a sumupsupiat a no ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket sublinario daytoy ket nasken nga agparang a sabali kadagiti sabsabali a panawen ken luglugar iti Daga, ken daytoy ket nasken nga adda iti [[paralahe]], na daytoy ket awan. Iti panunutna, ti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen ket maysa a nailangitanl. Daytoy a kapanunotan ket kalpasanto a makaimpluensia iti [[Muslim a lubong|Islamiko a lubong]].<ref name=heidarzadeh23 /> Segun kenni Mohani Mohamed, ti [[Islamiko nga astronomia|Arabiano]] nga astronomo a ni [[Alhazen]] (965–1037) ket nagaramid ti immuna a panagpalpaliiw ken panagrukod paralahe ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen,<ref name=mohamed /> ken isu ket "naikeddengna a ti gapuanan ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket awan ti paralahe, adayo unay iti Daga ken saan a tagikuaen ti tangatang."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bouali |first1=H.-E. |last2=Zghal |first2=M. |last3=Lakhdar |first3=Z. B. |year=2005 |title=Pannakaidayeg iti Optikal a Penomena: Panangipatakder ti Immuna a Ibn Al-Haytham a Pagobraan iti Potograpia |publisher=Ti Edukasion ken Panagsanay kadagit Optiko ken Potoniko a Komperensia |url=http://spie.org/etop/ETOP2005_080.pdf |accessdate=2008-07-08 }}</ref> Ti [[Tattao a Persiano|Persiano]] nga astronomo a ni [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] (973–1048) ket nagipaltiing a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen nga ariwanas ket dagiti "umnong dagiti adu a tidda iti masna iti nebulosa a bitbituen."<ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Al-Biruni|title=Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni}}</ref><ref name=al_biruni /> Ti [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] nga astronomo a ni [[Ibn Bajjah]] ("Avempace", d. 1138) ket nagipaltiing a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket naaramid kadagiti adu a bitbituen a gangani nga agaasideg ken agparang ngaagtultuloy nga imahen gapu ti nagbanagan ti to be a [[repraksion]] manipud kadagiti sublunario a materiales,<ref name=Montada /><ref name="heidarzadeh25" /> a nagdakamat kadagiti panagpalpaliiwna iti [[Pangsilpo (astronomia ken astrolohia)|pangsilpo]] iti Hupiter ken Marte a kas ebidensia iti daytoy nga irurumsua no ti dua a banag ket aginnasidegda.<ref name=Montada /> Idi maika-14 a siglo, ti Taga-Siri a naipasngay a ni [[Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya]] ket nagipaltiing a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen nga ariwanas ket "reprep dagiti babassit a bitbituen a naipenpen iti maysa a globo dagiti natalinaed a bitbituen".<ref name=Livingston>{{cite journal |last1=Livingston |first1=J. W. |year=1971 |title=Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: Ti Maika-14 a siglo a Salaknik iti Astrolohiko a Pannakailangitan ken Alkemiko a Transmutasion |journal=Warnakan iti Amerikano nga Oriental a Kagimongan |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=96–103 [99] |doi=10.2307/600445 |jstor=600445 }}</ref> Ti pudno a paneknek ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen a buklen dagiti adu a bitbituen ket manipud idi 1610 idi ni [[Galileo Galilei]] ket nagusar ti maysa a [[optiko a teleskopio|teleskopio]] tapno maadalna ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ken naduktalanna a daytoy ket buklen dagiti adu unay a bilbilang dagiti nakusnaw a bitbituen.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |date=Nobiembre 2002 |title=Galileo Galilei |url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html |publisher=Unibersidad ti St. Andrews |accessdate=2007-01-08 }}</ref> Idi 1750 ni [[Thomas Wright (astronomo)|Thomas Wright]], iti bukodna a ''Maysa a kasisigud wenno baro a hipotesis iti Law-ang'', ket nagsirmata a (napudno) ti ariwanas ket mabalin a agliklikmut a bagi dagiti nawatiwat a bilbilang dagiti bituen a tinengtengngel babaen ti [[grabitasion]]al a puersa, a kaparis ti sistema a solar iti dakdakkel a gantingan. Ti nagbanagan dagiti disko dagiti bitbituen ket makita a kas banda iti langit manipud iti perspektibo iti uneg ti disko.<ref name="our_galaxy" /> Iti maysa a tratado idi 1755, ni [[Immanuel Kant]] inpasayaatna ti kapanunotan ni Wright a maipanggep ti patakder iti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen. [[Papeles:Herschel-Galaxy.png|thumb|left|Ti sukog iti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen a kas naipakissayan a bituen a bilbilang babaen ni William Herschel idi 1785; ti sistema solar ket naipagarup nga adda idiay asideg ti tengnga.]] Ti immuna a panagpadas ti panagipalpalawag ti sukog iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ken ti puestona iti [[Init]] ket inaramid ni [[William Herschel]] idi 1785 babaen ti naannad a panagbilang dagiti bituen kadagiti sabsabali a rehion iti langit. Isu ket napakataud iti diagrama iti sukog iti ariwanas iti sistema a solar nga asideg ti tengnga.<ref name=paul1993 /> A nagusar iti napasayaat nga arngian, ni [[Jacobus Kapteyn|Kapteyn]] idi 1920 ket nakasangpet iti ladawan iti bassit nga (diametto ti agarup a 15&nbsp;kiloparsecs) basikaw nga immitlog nga ariwanas nga adda ti Init nga asideg ti tengnga. Ti sabali pay a pamay-an ket babaen ni [[Harlow Shapley]] a naibatay ti panagkatologo dagiti [[globular a rimpuok]] a nagiturong daytoy ti naisangsangayan a sabali a ladawan: ti maysa a dalumpinas a disko nga adda ti diametro ti agarup a 70&nbsp;kiloparsecs ken ti Init ket adayo manipud iti tengnga.<ref name="our_galaxy" /> Dagitoy dua a panagusig ket napaay ti panangala ti [[panagawan (astronomia)|panagsagepsep iti lawag]] babaen ti [[kosmiko a tapok|interestelar a tapok]] nga adda ti [[galaktiko a dalumpinas]], ngem kalpasan ni [[Robert Julius Trumpler]] ket inbilangna daytoy a nagbanagan idi1930 babaen ti panagadalna dagiti [[nalukatan a rimpuok]], ti agdama a ladawan ti bukod tayo nga ariwanas, ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen, ket rimsua.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trimble |first1=V. |year=1999 |title=Robert Trumpler ken ti (Awan) panakasarang iti Limbang |journal=Pakdaar iti Amerikano nga Astronomiko a kagimongan |volume=31 |issue=31 |pages=1479 |bibcode=1999AAS...195.7409T }}</ref> === Pannakailasin manipud kadagiti sabali a nebulosa === [[Papeles:M51Sketch.jpg|thumb|right|Pannakailadawan iti [[Alikuno nga Ariwanas|Messier 51]] baen ni [[William Parsons, Maika-3 a Konde iti Rosse|Apo Rosse]] idi 1845, nga ammo kalpasan daytoy iti Alikuno nga Ariwanas]] Idi maika-10 a siglo, ti Persiano nga astronomo, a ni [[Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi]] (naamammoan iti laud a kas ni ''Azophi''), ket nangaramid ti kasapaan a nairehistro a panagpalpaliiw iti [[Andromeda nga Ariwanas]], a nangipalpalawag a daytoy ket "bassit nga ulep".<ref name="NSOG" /> Ti Andromeda nga Ariwanas ket nawaya a naduktalan manen babaen ni [[Simon Marius]] idi 1612.<ref name="NSOG" /> Ni Al-Sufi ketnainagananna pay ti [[Dakkel a Magallanes nga Ulep]], a makita daytoy manipud idiay [[Yemen]], ngem saan a makita idiay [[Isfahan]]; daytoy ket saan a nakita dagiti Europeano aginggana idi nagbaniaga ni [[Ferdinand Magellan|Magellan]] idi maika-16 a siglo.<ref name="obspm">{{cite web |title=Abd-al-Rahman Al Sufi (Disiembre 7, 903 – Mayo 25, 986 A.D.) |url=http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/Bios/alsufi.html |publisher=Observatoire de Paris |accessdate=2007-04-19 }}</ref><ref name="obspm2">{{cite web |title=Ti Dakkel a Magalanes nga Ulep, LMC |url=http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/ngc/lmc.html |publisher=Observatoire de Paris |accessdate=2007-04-19 }}</ref> Dagitoy ti immuna nga ariwanas a saan a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen a napalpaliiw manipud iti Daga. Ni Al-Sufi ket nagipablaak kadagitoy a panagsukusokna iti librona a ''[[Libro dagiti Natalinaed a Bituen]]'' idi 964. Idi 1750 ni [[Thomas Wright (astronomo)|Thomas Wright]], iti bukodna a ''Maysa a kasisigud a teoria wenno baro a hipotesis iti Law-ang'', naisipanna (a husto) a ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen ket nadalumpinas a disko dagiti bituen, ken adda dagiti [[nebulosa]] a makita iti rabii a langit ket mabalin a dagiti sabsabali a Naririmpuok a Bitbituen.<ref name="our_galaxy">{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=J. C. |date=1998-11-24 |title=Ti Ariwanas tayo |url=http://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/ch20_txt.htm |publisher=Unibersidad ti George Mason |accessdate=2007-01-04 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414004141/http://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/ch20_txt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Kitaen ti inadaw a sinao manipud iti ''Maysa a kasisigud a teoria wenno baro a hipotesis iti Law-ang'' ni Wright idiay {{Cite book |last1=Dyson |first1=F. |year=1979 |title=Panagdisturbo ti Law-ang |url=https://archive.org/details/disturbinguniver0000dyso_x9c5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/disturbinguniver0000dyso_x9c5/page/245 245] |publisher=Pan a Liblibro |isbn=0-330-26324-2 }}</ref> Idi 1755, ni [[Immanuel Kant]] ket nangipaammo ti termino nga "isla a law-ang" para kadagitoy a adayo a nebulosa. Ti pakaipanan ti maika-18 a siglo, ni [[Charles Messier]] ket nagumnong ti maysa a [[Messier a banag|katologo]] a naglaon kadagiti 109 a karanigan a nebulosa (nainlangitan a banbanag nga agparang a kasla nebulosa), kalpasan daytoy ket sinaruno ti dakdakkel a katologo dagiti 5,000 a nebulosa nga inurnong babaen ni William Herschel.<ref name="our_galaxy" /> Idi 1845, ni [[William Parsons, Maika-3 a Konde iti Rosse|Apo Rosse]] ket nagaramid ti maysa a baro a teleskopio ken nakabael a nangilasin ti paggiddiatan ti basikaw nga immitlog ken agkusikos a nebulosa. Isu ket nakabael pay a nakakita ti agmaymaysa a punto a nagtaudan kadagitoy a nebulosa, a daytoy ket nangted ti panagpasingked kadagiti nasapa kapanunutan ni Kant.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbey |first1=L. |title=Ti Konde iti Rosse ken ti Lebiatano iti Parsontown |url=http://labbey.com/Telescopes/Parsontown.html |accessdate=2007-01-04 }}</ref> Idi 1912, ni [[Vesto Slipher]] ket nagaramid kadagiti espektrograpiko a panagadal kadagiti karanigan a nagkusikos a nebulosa tapno maikeddengna no dagitoy ket naaramid manipud kadagiti kimiko a manamnama kadagiti planetario a sistema. Nupay kasta, ni Slipher ket naduktalanna a ti nagkusikos a nebulosa ket adda dagiti nagato a nalabbaga panagsukat, a daytoy ket mangitudo a dagitoy ket umadadayo iti naparpardas a gatad ngem ti [[panagtalaw a kinapardas]] ti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen. Nga isu ngarod a dagitoy ket saan a naibedbed ti grabidad ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen, ken dagitoy mabalin a saan a paset iti ariwanas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slipher |first1=V. M. |year=1913 |title=Ti raniag a kinapardas iti Andromeda a Nebulosa |journal=Pakdaar ti Lowell nga Obserbatorio |volume=1 |pages=56–57 |bibcode=1913LowOB...2...56S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slipher |first1=V. M. |year=1915 |title=Spektrograpiko a Panagpalpaliiw iti Nebulosa |journal=Nadayeg nga Astronomia |volume=23 |pages=21–24 |bibcode=1915PA.....23...21S }}</ref> Idi 1917, ni [[Heber Curtis]] ket nakapalpaliiw ti nova a [[S Andromedae]] ti kaunegan ti "Nalatak nga [[Andromeda (kontelasion)|Andromeda]] Nebulosa" (a kas ti Andromeda nga Ariwanas, ti [[Messier a banag]] a [[Andromeda nga Ariwanas|M31]], nga ammo). Iti panagbirbirukna kadagiti potograpiko a rehistro, isu ket nakabiruk pay kadagiti 11 a [[nova]]. Ni Curtis ket napaliiwna a dagiti nova ket, iti katimbengan, a 10 [[kinadakkel (astronomia)|kinadakkel]] a nakuskusnaw ngem dagiti rimsua iti bukodtayo nga ariwanas. A kas ti nagbanagan daytoy isu ket nakapabael a nakaaramid ti panagkarkulo ti kaadayo kadagiti 150,000&nbsp;a [[parsec]]. Isu ket nagipatakder kadagiti makunkuna a "isla a law-ang" a hipotesis, nga agibagbaga a ti agkusikos a nebulosa ket dagiti nawaya nga ariwanas.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Curtis |first1=H. D. |year=1988 |title=Dagiti nova iti Agkusikos a Nebulosa ken ti Teoria nga Isla a Law-ang |journal=Dagiti Pablaak iti Astronomiko a kagimongan iti Pasipiko |volume=100 |pages=6 |bibcode=1988PASP..100....6C |doi=10.1086/132128 }}</ref> [[Papeles:Pic iroberts1.jpg|thumb|left|Ladawan iti "Nalatak nga Andromeda Nebulosa" manipud idi 1899, a kalpasan daytoy ket nainaganan a kas ti [[Andromeda nga Ariwanas]]]] Idi 1920 ti nakunkuna a [[Ti Nalatak a Suppiat|Nalatak a Suppiat]] ket naaramid a naggiddiatan ni [[Harlow Shapley]] ken [[Heber Curtis]], ti kaipapanan ti kasasaad iti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen, ti agkusikos nebulosa, ken dagiti rukod iti law-ang. Tapno masuportaranna iti daytoy a pangtunton a ti Nalatak nga Andromeda Nebulosa ket maysa nga akin-ruar nga ariwanas, ni Curtis ket nagisurat a ti langa dagiti nagisit a bet-ang a kapadpada dagiti tapok nga ulep idiay Naririmpuok a Bitbituen, ken ti pay naisangsangayan a [[Doppler a pagangayan|Doppler a panagsukat]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weaver |first1=H. F. |title=Robert Julius Trumpler |url=http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/rtrumpler.html |publisher=Nailian nga Akademia dagiti Siensia ti Estados Unidos |accessdate=2007-01-05 }}</ref> Daytoy a banag ket naipatingga a naikeddeng idi nasapa a panawen ti 1920. Idi 1922, ti astronomo a ni [[Ernst Öpik]] ket nagited ti kaadayo a panangikeddeng a nagsuporta ti teoria a ti Andromeda Nebulosa ket maysa nga adayo a naisangsangayan a galaktiko a banag.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Öpik |first1=E. |year=1922 |title=Maysa a karkulo iti kaadayo iti Nebulosa |journal=Astropisikal a Warnakan |volume=55 |pages=406 |bibcode=1922ApJ....55..406O |doi=10.1086/142680 }}</ref> Ti panagus-usar ti 100&nbsp;a pulgada a [[Bantay Wilson nga Obserbatorio|Bantay Wilson]] a teleskopio, ni [[Edwin Hubble]] ket nakapabael a mangsulbar dagiti akin-ruar a paset dagiti agkusikos a nebulosa a kas urnong dagiti nagmaymaysa a bituen ken nanginagan kadagiti [[Cepheid a panagdumaduma]], a daytoy ket nangpalubos kaniana ti panagkarkulo ti kaadayo dagiti nebulosa: dagitoy ket adayoda unay nga sabali a paset iti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hubble |first1=E. P. |year=1929 |title=Ti agkusikos a nebulosa a kas maysa a nailangitan a sistema, Messier 31 |journal=Astropisiskal a Warnakan |volume=69 |pages=103–158 |bibcode=1929ApJ....69..103H |doi=10.1086/143167 }}</ref> Idi 1936 ni Hubble nagpataud ti maysa a pannakaidasig ti sistema para kadagiti ariwanas a maus-usar iti tatta pay nga aldaw, ti [[Galaxy morpolohiko a panakaidasig|Hubble a panagsasaruno]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sandage |first1=A. |year=1989 |title=Edwin Hubble, 1889–1953 |journal=Warnakan iti Naarian a Kagimongan ti Astronomiko iti Kanada |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages= |url=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/1996/sandage_hubble.html |accessdate=2007-01-08 }}</ref> === Moderno a panagsukisok === [[Papeles:GalacticRotation2.svg|thumb|[[Killo a panagtayyek ti Ariwanas|Killo a panagtayyek]] iti kadaywan nga agkusikos nga ariwanas: naipadto (A) ken napalpaliiw (B). Ti kaadayo ket manipud iti galaktiko a bugas.]] [[Papeles:UDFy-38135539.jpg|thumb|Ti maikadua a kaadaywan nga ariwanas: [[UDFy-38135539]]]] Idi 1944, ni [[Hendrik C. van de Hulst|Hendrik van de Hulst]] ket nagipadto a ti [[mikroaanda]] a radision iti [[hidroheno a linia|kaatiddog ti allon iti 21 sm]] a nagbanagan manipud iti interestelar nga atomiko a [[hidroheno]] nga alingasaw;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tenn |first1=J. |title=Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst |url=http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/vandeHulst/ |publisher=Estado a Unibersidad ti Sonoma |accessdate=2007-01-05 |archive-date=2012-05-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529/http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/vandeHulst/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> daytoy a radiasion ket napaliiw idi 1951. Daytoy a radiasion ket nangpalubos para iti naiparang-ay a panagdal ti Ariwanas ti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen, gapu ta daytoy ket saan a naapektaran babaen ti panagsspsep ti tapok ket ti bukod a Doppler a panagsukat ket mabalin nga usaren ti panangimapa dagiti panaggunay ti alaingasaw idiay Ariwanas. Dagitoy a panagpalpaliiw ket nangiturong ti postulasion iti agtaytayyek a [[barado nga agkusikos nga ariwanas|baras a patakder]] iti tengnga ti Ariwanas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=López-Corredoira |first1=M. |year=2001 |title=Panagbirbiruk para iti nadalumpinas a Galaktiko a baras ken singsing idiay DENIS |journal=Astronomia ken Astropisika |volume=373 |issue=1 |pages=139–152 |bibcode=2001A&A...373..139L |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20010560 |arxiv = astro-ph/0104307 }}</ref> Nga adda dagiti napasayaat a [[radio a teleskopio]], ti alingasaw a hidroheno ket mabalin a masurot kadagiti sabsabali nga ariwanas Idi panawen ti 1970 naduktalan kadagiti panagadal ni [[Vera Rubin]] iti [[killo a panagtayyek ti ariwanas|kapardas ti panagtayyek]] iti alingasaw kadagiti ariwanas nga adda dagiti dagup a makita a masa ket (manipud kadagiti bituen ken alingasaw) saan nga husto ti panakaibilang para iti pardas iti agtaytayyek nga alingasaw. Daytoy a problema ti ariwanas a panagtayyek ket naikapanunotan a naipalpalawag babaen ti kaadda kadagiti adu a kantidad iti saan a makita a [[nangisit a banag]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rubin |first1=V. C. |year=1983 |title=Nangisit a banag kadagiti agkusikos nga ariwanas |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1983-06_248_6/page/96 |journal=Sientipiko nga Amerikano |volume=248 |issue=6 |pages=96–106 |bibcode=1983SciAm.248...96R |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0683-96 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rubin |first1=V. C. |year=2000 |title=Sangagasut a Tawen dagiti Agtaytayyek nga Ariwanas |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-society-of-the-pacific-publications_2000-06_112_772/page/747 |journal=Dagiti Pablaak iti AStronimiko a Kagimongan iti Pasipiko |volume=112 |issue=772 |pages=747–750 |bibcode=2000PASP..112..747R |doi=10.1086/316573 }}</ref> Iti rugi ti panawen ti 1990, ti [[Hubble a Teleskopio ti Limbang]] ket nakapataud kadagiti napasayaat a panagpalpaliiw. Ken dagiti pay nadumaduma a banbanag, daytoy ket nangipatakder a ti napukaw a nangisit a banag iti bukod tayo nga ariwanas ket saan a buklen laeng dagiti nakusnaw ken babassit a bituen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ti Hubble Nagpaay ti Pangyuna a Panagilawlawag para iti Nangisit a Banag |publisher=Hubble News Desk |date=1994-10-17 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1994/41/text/ |accessdate=2007-01-08 }}</ref> Ti [[Hubble a Nauneg a Lugar]], ti maysa nga atiddog unay a panangiparang iti maysa nga awan ti linaon a paset iti langit, ket nakaited ti ebidensia nga adda dagiti agarup a 125 bilion ({{val|1.25|e=11}}) nga ariwanas iti law-ang.<ref>{{cite web |date=2002-11-27 |title=Mano pay ti kaadu dagiti ariwanas? |url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/021127a.html |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2007-01-08 }}</ref> Ti panagpasayaat ti teknolohia ti panagduktal ti [[elektromagnetiko nga espektro|espektra]] a saan a makita ti tao (radio a telekopio, inpraroho a kamera, ken [[x-ray nga astronomia|x-ray a teleskopio]]) ket mangpalubos ti panagduktal kadagiti sabsabali nga ariwanas a saan a maduktalan babaen ti Hubble. A naisangsangayan ti, panagsukisok ti ariwanas idiay [[Pagliklikan a Sona]] (ti rehion iti langit a nalapdanbabaen ti Naririmpuok a Bitbituen) ket nagpakita kadagiti adu a baro nga ariwanas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kraan-Korteweg |first1=R. C. |last2=Juraszek |first2=S. |year=2000 |title=Panagmapa dagiti Nailemmeng a Law-ang: Ti panakaiwarwaras ti ariwans idiay Pagliklikan a Sona |journal=Dagiti Pablaak iti Astronomiko a Kagimongan iti Australia |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |bibcode=1999astro.ph.10572K |arxiv = astro-ph/9910572 }}</ref> {{clear}} == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="sparkegallagher2000">{{harvnb|Sparke|Gallagher III|2000|p=i}}</ref> <ref name="heidarzadeh23">{{harvnb|Heidarzadeh|2008|pp=23–25}}</ref> <ref name="heidarzadeh25">{{harvnb|Heidarzadeh|2008|p=25, Table 2.1}}</ref> <ref name=paul1993>{{harvnb|Paul|1993|pp=16–18}}</ref> <ref name=al_biruni>{{harvnb|Al-Biruni|2004|p=87}}</ref> <ref name=mohamed>{{harvnb|Mohamed|2000|pp=49–50}}</ref> <ref name="NSOG">{{harvnb|Kepple|Sanner|1998|p=18}}</ref> <ref name=waller_hodge2003>{{harvnb|Waller|Hodge|2003|p=91}}</ref> <ref name=nasa060812>{{cite web |last1=Hupp |first1=E. |last2=Roy |first2=S. |last3=Watzke |first3=M. |date=2006-08-12 |title=NASA ket Nakabiruk kadagiti Paneknek iti Nangisit a Banag |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2007-04-17 |archive-date=2020-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328193824/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=eso000503>{{cite web |date=2000-05-03 |title=Panangilukasan iti Virgo nga Ansisit nga Ariwanas |url=http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html |publisher=ESO |accessdate=2007-01-03 |archive-date=2012-07-29 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120729/http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=science250_4980_539>{{cite journal |last1=Uson |first1=J. M. |last2=Boughn |first2=S. P. |last3=Kuhn |first3=J. R. |year=1990 |title=Ti tengnga nga ariwanas iti Abell 2029 – Ti maysa a daan nalatak a higante |journal=Siensia |volume=250 |issue=4980 |pages=539–540 |bibcode=1990Sci...250..539U |doi=10.1126/science.250.4980.539 }}</ref> <ref name="M101">{{cite web |date=2006-02-28 |title=Ti Kadakkelan a Nailadawan nga Ariwanas ni Hubble ket Mangidaton ti Baro a Nangato a Panagilawlawagan a Panakakita |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hst_spiral_m10.html |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2007-01-03 }}</ref> <ref name=uf030616>{{cite news |last1=Hoover |first1=A. |date=2003-06-16 |title=Dagiti UF nga Astronomo: Ti Law-ang Nasimsimple Bassit ngem ti Nanamnama |url=http://news.ufl.edu/2003/06/16/galaxies/ |publisher=Hubble News Desk |accessdate=2011-03-04 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720083835/http://news.ufl.edu/2003/06/16/galaxies/ |url-status=dead }} Based upon: *{{Cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=A. W. |last2=Guzmán |first2=R. |year=2003 |title=HST Potometrio dagiti Ansisit nga Basikaw nga Immitlog nga Ariwanas idiay Coma, ken ti Panagipalpalawag para iti naipasingked a Patakder a Dikotomia a nagbaetan ti Ansisit ken Naraniag a Basikaw nga Immitlog nga Ariwanas |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2003-06_125_6/page/2936 |journal=Astronomiko a Warnakan |volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=2936–2950 |bibcode=2003AJ....125.2936G |doi=10.1086/374992 |arxiv = astro-ph/0303391 }}</ref> <ref name="IRatlas">{{cite web |last1=Jarrett |first1=T. H. |title=Near-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas |url=http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/galmorph/ |publisher=Instituto ti Teknolohia ti California |accessdate=2007-01-09 }}</ref> <ref name=apj624_2>{{cite journal |last1=Gott III |first1=J. R. |year=2005 |title=Mapa iti law-ang |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2005-05-10_624_2/page/463 |journal=Astropisikal a Warnakan |volume=624 |issue=2 |pages=463–484 |bibcode=2005ApJ...624..463G |doi=10.1086/428890 |arxiv = astro-ph/0310571 }}</ref> <ref name=kackie020201>{{cite web |last1=Mackie |first1=G. |date=2002-02-01 |title=Ti panagkita ti Law-ang iti maysa a bukel iti Taranaki a Darat |url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html |publisher=Unibersidad ti Swinburne |accessdate=2006-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514195451/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html |archive-date=2026-05-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=gilman_ch4>{{cite web |last1=Gilman |first1=D. |title=Dagiti Ariwanas: Isla dagiti Bitbituen |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/EP-177/ch4-7.html |publisher=NASA/WMAP |accessdate=2006-08-10 |archive-date=2012-08-02 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/20120802/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/EP-177/ch4-7.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=camb_lss>{{cite web |title=Rimpuok ti Arwanas ken Dakkel a Gantingan a Patakder |url=http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_lss.html |publisher=Unibersidad ti Cambridge |accessdate=2007-01-15 }}</ref> <ref name="smbh">{{cite web |last1=Finley |first1=D. |last2=Aguilar |first2=D. |date=2005-11-02 |title=Dagiti astronomo ket nakaala ti kaasitgan a pannakakita itiMisterioso a Bugas ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen |url=http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2005/sagastar/ |publisher=Obserbatorio ti Nailian a Radio nga Astronomia |accessdate=2006-08-10 }}</ref> <ref name=konean2006>{{cite web |last1=Koneãn˘ |first1=Lubomír |url=http://www.udu.cas.cz/collegium/tintoretto.pdf |title=Emblematiko, Agrikultura, ken Mitograpia Ti Nagtaudan ti Nagririmpuok a Bitbituen |publisher=Akademia dagiti Siensia iti Republika ti Tseko |accessdate=2007-01-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720204104/http://www.udu.cas.cz/collegium/tintoretto.pdf |archivedate=2006-07-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=oed>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=D. |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=galaxy |title=galaxy|work=Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=2011-11-11 }}</ref> <ref name=rao2005>{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=J. |date=2005-09-02 |title=Sukisuken ti Pagturayan ti Pumapana |url=http://www.space.com/spacewatch/050902_teapot.html |publisher=Space.com |accessdate=2007-01-03 }}</ref> }} <!-- Gibus: refs= --> == Bibliograpia == {{refbegin}} *{{Cite book |last=Al-Biruni |others=R. Ramsay Wright (transl.) |year=2004 |title=The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VbPna7GOoIEC&pg=PA87 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=0-7661-9307-1 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Belkora |first1=L. |year=2003 |title=Minding the Heavens: the Story of our Discovery of the Milky Way |url=https://archive.org/details/mindingheavensst0000belk |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0-7503-0730-7 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Bertin |first1=G. |last2=Lin |first2=C.-C. |year=1996 |title=Spiral Structure in Galaxies: a Density Wave Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/spiralstructurei0000bert |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0-262-02396-2 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Binney |first1=J. |last2=Merrifield |first2=M. |year=1998 |title=Galactic Astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/galacticastronom0000binn |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-00402-1 |oclc=39108765 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Dickinson |first1=T. |year=2004 |title=The Universe and Beyond |url=https://archive.org/details/universebeyond0004dick |edition=4th |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=1-55297-901-6 |oclc=55596414 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Heidarzadeh |first1=T. |year=2008 |title=A History of Physical Theories of Comets, from Aristotle to Whipple |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofphysica0000heid |publisher=Springer |isbn=1-4020-8322-X }} *{{Cite book |last1=Kepple |first1=G. R. |last2=Sanner |first2=G. W. |year=1998 |title=The Night Sky Observer's Guide, Volume 1 |publisher=Willmann-Bell |isbn=0-943396-58-1 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Mohamed |first1=M. |year=2000 |title=Great Muslim Mathematicians |publisher=Penerbit UTM |isbn=983-52-0157-9 |oclc=48759017 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Paul |first1=E. R. |year=1993 |title=The Milky Way Galaxy and Statistical Cosmology, 1890–1924 |url=https://archive.org/details/milkywaygalaxyst0000paul |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-35363-7 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Sparke |first1=L. S. |last2=Gallagher III |first2=J. S. |year=2000 |title=Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/galaxiesinuniver0000spar |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-59740-4 }} *{{cite book |last1=Van den Bergh |first1=S. |year=1998 |title=Galaxy Morphology and Classification |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-62335-9 }} *{{cite book |last1=Waller |first1=W. H. |last2=Hodge |first2=P. W. |year=2003 |title=Galaxies and the Cosmic Frontier |url=https://archive.org/details/galaxiescosmicfr0000wall |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-01079-5 }} {{refend}} == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == {{commonscat-inline|Galaxies|Kategoria:Ariwanas}} [[Kategoria:Dagiti ariwanas]] [[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo (atiddog)]] 8mn5co2lyg3xdsmma49fwhsp5gnos4k 0 19104 407109 397818 2026-10-04T05:20:31Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 407109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Unibersidad |name = Pederal nga Unibersidad ti Bahia |native_name = Universidade Federal da Bahia |image_name = |image_size = 100px |caption = Eskudo ti unibersidad |motto = ''Virtute Spiritus'' |mottoilo = Kinasingpet ken kararua |established = [[Abril 8]], [[1946]] |type = Publiko nga unibersidad |president = Dora Leal Rosa |city = [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] |state = [[Bahia]] |country = [[Brasil]] |faculty = 1,768<ref name="Demonstrativo Financeiro 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.proplad.ufba.br/estatisticas-f.html|title=Relatório de Administração|year=2010|publisher=UFBA|language=Portuges|accessdate=30 Marso 2010|archive-date=2012-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205203055/http://www.proplad.ufba.br/estatisticas-f.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |students = 27,549<ref name="Demonstrativo Financeiro 2010"/> |undergrad = 24,075<ref name="Demonstrativo Financeiro 2010"/> |postgrad = 3,474<ref name="Demonstrativo Financeiro 2010"/> |other = 22,705<ref name="Demonstrativo Financeiro 2010"/> |campus = Urbano |free_label = |free = |mascot = |website= [http://www.ufba.br UFBA] }} Ti '''Pederal nga Unibersidad ti Bahia''' ({{lang-gl|Universidade Federal da Bahia}} wenno '''UFBA''') ket maysa a publiko nga [[unibersidad]] a mabirukan idiay [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] iti probinsia ti [[Bahia]], [[Brasil]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.universia.com.br/ondeestudar/instituicoes_zoom.jsp?instituicao=1438 |title=a Maipanggep ti UFBA |access-date=2013-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728181713/http://www.universia.com.br/ondeestudar/instituicoes_zoom.jsp?instituicao=1438 |archive-date=2009-07-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aai.ufba.br/aainew/historiaufba_ing.htm Naipakasaritaan a Pakaammo - UFBA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424001406/http://www.aai.ufba.br/aainew/historiaufba_ing.htm |date=2008-04-24 }} {{iti sao|pt}}</ref> Daytoy nga unibersidad ket nabangon idi [[Abril 8]], [[1946]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.webometrics.info/top50_latinamerica.asp?cont=brazil&zoom_highlight=federal+da+bahia |title=Universidad Federal de Bahía en webometrics |access-date=2013-01-13 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721203928/http://www.webometrics.info/top50_latinamerica.asp?cont=brazil |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.portal.ufba.br/end_tel/unidades_ensino Universidade Federal da Bahia - Unidades Universitárias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409233625/http://www.portal.ufba.br/end_tel/unidades_ensino |date=2009-04-09 }} {{iti sao|pt}}, naala idi 12 Abril 2009</ref> == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} {{pungol}} [[Kategoria:Dagiti unibersidad idiay Brasil]] 75ce0gxvnukz8vpqay8zxkwr66gwpfg 0 34902 407106 406325 2026-10-04T01:48:54Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 407106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Des Moines, Iowa | official_name = City of Des Moines | settlement_type = [[Listaan dagiti kapitolio ti Estados Unidos|Kapitolio ti Estado]] | image_skyline = DesMoinesIA Aerial.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Puseg ti ili ti Des Moines | image_flag = Flag of Des Moines, Iowa.svg | image_seal = | image_blank_emblem = | nickname = "Hartford of the West"<ref>{{cite book|last=Shankle|first=George Earlie|title=American nicknames; their origin and significance|url=https://archive.org/details/americannickname0000shan|publisher=The H.W. Wilson Company|location=New York|year=1955|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americannickname0000shan/page/123 123]|isbn=978-0-82420-004-6 |quote=Des Moines was nicknamed the ''Hartford of the West'' because like Hartford, Conn., it is an insurance center.}}</ref><ref>Neal R. Peirce (1973), [https://books.google.com/books?id=JyqbTl9fsc4C&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=Des+Moines+%22Hartford+of+the+West%22&source=bl&ots=CBNUgwgLZ5&sig=ypn2JT6v3bH3kCfPwaAUmwJ4G5k&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=13&ct=result ''The Great Plains States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Nine Great Plains States''], W. W. Norton & Company, {{ISBN|0-393-05349-0}}, page 106</ref> | image_map = Polk County Iowa Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Des Moines Highlighted.svg | mapsize = | map_caption = Lokasion idiay [[Kondado ti Polk, Iowa|Kondado ti Polk]] ken iti [[Iowa|Estado ti Iowa]] | pushpin_map = Iowa#EUA | pushpin_map_caption = Lokasion idiay Iowa ken Estados Unidos | coordinates = {{coord|41|35|27|N|93|37|15|W|region:US-IA|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type = Pagilian | subdivision_name = [[Estados Unidos]] | subdivision_type1 = Estados | subdivision_type2 = [[Listaan dagiti kondado idiay Iowa|Kondado]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Iowa]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kondado ti Polk, Iowa|Polk]], [[Kondado ti Warren, Iowa|Warren]] | established_date = | established_title1 = Napundar | established_date1 = 1843 | established_title2 = Nainkorporado | established_date2 = Septiembre 22, 1851 | government_type = Konseho-mangimaton<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ci.des-moines.ia.us/departments/CMO/Index.htm | title = City Manager's Office | publisher = City of Des Moines – City Manager's Office | accessdate = December 10, 2009 | archive-date = November 4, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091104015256/http://www.ci.des-moines.ia.us/departments/CMO/Index.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Frank Cownie ([[Partido Demokratiko (Estados Unidos)|D]]) | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 213.93 | area_total_sq_mi = 90.65 | area_land_km2 = 233.3 | area_land_sq_mi = 88.92 | area_water_km2 = 4.48 | area_water_sq_mi = 1.73 | elevation_m = 291 | elevation_ft = 955 | population_total = 203433 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = 978.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 2532.9 | population_est = 210,330 (EUA: [[Listaan dagiti siudad ti Estados Unidos babaen ti populasion|Maika-104]]) | pop_est_as_of = 2015<ref name="2015 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Mayo 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521091454/http://factfinder.census.gov:80/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |archivedate=Mayo 21, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref> | population_metro = 622,899 ([[Listaan dagiti ugar ti Estadistika ti Metropolitano|Maika-91]]) | population_rank = [[Listaan dagiti kadakkelan a siudad ti Iowa babaen ti populasion|Umuna]] idiay Iowa | postal_code_type = Kodigo ti koreo | postal_code = 50301-50340-50310 | area_code = 515 | website = [http://www.dmgov.org/ www.dmgov.org] | footnotes = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | timezone = [[Sona ti Oras ti Sentral|CST]] | utc_offset = -6 | timezone_DST = [[Sona ti Oras ti Sentral|CDT]] | utc_offset_DST = -5 | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|Kodigo ti FIPS]] | blank_info = 19-21000 | blank1_name = ID ti langa ti [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] | blank1_info = 0465961 }} Ti '''Des Moines''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=DesMoines.ogg|d|ᵻ|ˈ|m|ɔɪ|n}}) ket isu ti [[kapitolio]] ken ti kaaduan ti populasion a siudad iti [[Estado ti Estados Unidos|Estado]] ti [[Iowa]]. Daytoy ket isu pay ti tugaw ti kondado ti [[Kondado ti Polk, Iowa|Kondado ti Polk]]. Ti bassit a paset ti siudad ket maigay-at iti [[Kondado ti Warren, Iowa|Kondado ti Warren,]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2006_19.csv | title = Subcounty population estimates: Iowa 2000–2006| format = CSV| publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division | date = Hunio 28, 2007 | accessdate = Hunio 8, 2008}}</ref> Daytoy ket nainkorporado idi Septiembre 22, 1851, a kas Puerto Des Moines ken naipayababa met iti "Des Moines" idi 1857.<ref>{{cite web|author=City of Des Moines|title=City of Des Moines Action Center: City History|url=http://www.dmgov.org/departments/AC/Information/AChistoricalinfo.htm|accessdate=Disiembre 20, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207045425/http://www.dmgov.org/departments/AC/Information/AChistoricalinfo.htm|archivedate=2006-12-07|url-status=live}}</ref> Daytoy ket nainagana manipud iti [[Karayan Des Moines]] ken mabalin a naampon manipud iti Pranses ti ''Rivière des Moines'', a ti kaibuksilanna ket "Karayan dagiti [[Monghe]]." Ti populasion ti siudad ket 203,433 manipud iti senso ti Estados Unidos idi 2010.<ref name=2010pop>{{cite news|title=Iowa's Largest Cities|publisher=Quad City Times|url=http://qctimes.com/article_c5d8850a-3556-11e0-ba3b-001cc4c002e0.html|date=2011-02-10|accessdate=2011-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011014204/http://qctimes.com/article_c5d8850a-3556-11e0-ba3b-001cc4c002e0.html|archive-date=2011-10-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ti lima a kondado a metropolitano a lugar ket nairanggo a kas maika-88 kadagiti termino iti populasion ti Estados Unidos nga addaan kadagiti 594,600 nga agnanaed segun ti karkulo ti Opisina ti Senso ti Estados Unidos idi 2014.<ref name="msapop">{{cite web|author=United States Census Bureau|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/|accessdate=Oktubre 12, 2012}}</ref> ==Dagiti nagibasaran== {{Reflist}} == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == {{commonscat-inline|Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines}} {{Wikivoyage-inline|Des Moines}} *[http://www.dmgov.org/ Opisial a website Siudad ti Des Moines] {{Dagiti kapitolio nga estado ti Estados Unidos}} {{Kontrol ti autoridad}} {{Estados Unidos-heograpia-pungol}} [[Kategoria:Estados Unidos]] 3pg7lodpscdkgbn3cueeq90iqndfnfy 0 34950 407110 362583 2026-10-04T05:33:22Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 407110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lokasion}} [[Papeles:Providence RI skyline2.jpg|thumb|300px|Puseg ti ili ti Providence]] Ti '''Providence''' ket isu ti [[kapitolio]] ken ti kaaduan ti populasion a siudad ti [[Estado ti Estados Unidos|Estado]] ti [[Rhode Island]]. Daytoy ket nabangon idi 1636, daytoy ket maysa kadagiti kaduogan a siudad idiay Estados Unidos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-Northeast/Providence-Introduction.html|publisher=Advameg, Inc.|title=Providence: Introduction|accessdate=2007-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509132059/http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-Northeast/Providence-Introduction.html|archive-date=2006-05-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> Daytoy ket mabirukan idiay [[Kondado ti Providence, Rhode Island|Kondado ti Providence]], ken isu ti maikatlo a kadakkelan a siudad iti rehion ti [[New England]] kalpasan ti [[Boston]] ken [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]. Ti Providence ket addaan iti populasion iti 177,994 ken paset daytoy ti maika-37 a kadakkelan a populasion ti metropolitano iti pagilian, nga addaan iti nakarkulo a populasion iti 1,600,856, kenlabsanna daytoy ti Rhode Island babaen ti agarup a 60%, ken gumay-at daytoy idiay akin-abagatan a [[Massachusetts]].<ref name=metro>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table|title=Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico more information 2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data|work=2010 United States Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=Abril 14, 2011|accessdate=2011-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.bls.gov/oes/current/msa_def.htm#77200 |publisher=US Department of Labor|title=May 2006 OEC Metropolitan Statistical Area definitions|accessdate=2007-06-09}}</ref> Daytoy ket mabalin pay a maikeddeng a kas paset ti lugar ti panagbiahe ti [[Kalatakan a Boston]], nga aglaon kadagiti 7.6 a riwriw a tattao.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/2007/CSA-EST2007-alldata.csv|title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009|format=CSV|work=2007 Population Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division|date=2008-03-27|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> Ti siudad ket mabirukan idiay sabangan ti [[Karayan Providence]], idiay ulo ti [[Luek Narragansett]]. == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == {{Commons-nailinia|Providence, Rhode Island}} {{Wikivoyage-inline|Providence}} *[http://www.providenceri.com/ Website ti Siudad ti Providence] {{Dagiti kapitolio nga estado ti Estados Unidos}} {{Kontrol ti autoridad}} {{Estados Unidos-heograpia-pungol}} [[Kategoria:Estados Unidos]] ca09u1xff1tt5nbcky4zrqgpdpqnn5f 0 57481 407107 403610 2026-10-04T03:37:02Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 407107 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Paulo ti listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat}} == A == {{TOC ti listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat|top=no}} * '''Aa''' – [[Hubertus Antonius van der Aa]] (1935–2017) * '''A.A.Cocucci''' – {{illm|Andrea A. Cocucci|es}} (nayanak 1959) * '''A.A.Eaton''' – [[Alvah Augustus Eaton]] (1865–1908) * '''A.A.Fisch.Waldh.''' – [[Alexandr Alexandrovich Fischer von Waldheim]] (1839–1920) * '''A.Agostini''' – [[Angela Agostini]] (nayanak 1880) * '''A.A.Ham.''' – [[Arthur Andrew Hamilton]] (1855–1929) * '''A.A.Hend.''' – [[Andrew Augustus Henderson]] (1816–1876) * '''A.Ames''' – [[Adeline Ames]] (1879–1976) * '''A.Anderson''' – [[Alexander Anderson (botaniko)|Alexander Anderson]] (1748–1811) * '''A.Arber''' – [[Agnes Arber]] (1879–1960) * '''Aarons.''' – [[Aaron Aaronsohn]] (1876–1919) * '''Aase''' – [[Hannah Caroline Aase]] (1883–1980) * '''A.Barbero''' – [[Andrés Barbero]] (1877–1951) * '''A.Bassi''' – [[Agostino Bassi]] (1773–1856)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Porter|first=J R|date=Septiembre 1973|title=Agostino Bassi bicentennial (1773–1973)|journal=Bacteriological Reviews|volume=37|issue=3|pages=284–288|issn=0005-3678|pmid=4585794|pmc=413819}}</ref> * '''Abbayes''' – [[Henry Nicollon des Abbayes]] (1898–1974) * '''Abbot''' – [[John Abbot (entomologist)|John Abbot]] (1751–c. 1840) * '''Abedin''' – {{illm|Sultanul Abedin|es||WD=Q16142861}} ([[floruit|fl.]] 1986) * '''Aberc.''' – [[Henry McLaren, 2nd Baron Aberconway]] (1879–1953) * '''A.Berger''' – [[Alwin Berger]] (1871–1931) * '''A.B.Frank''' – [[Albert Bernhard Frank]] (1839–1900) * '''A.B.Graf''' – [[Alfred Byrd Graf]] (1901–2001) * '''A.B.Jacks.''' – [[Albert Bruce Jackson]] (1876–1947) * '''A.Bloxam''' – [[Andrew Bloxam]] (1801–1878) * '''A.Blytt''' – [[Axel Gudbrand Blytt]] (1843–1898) * '''A.Br.''' – [[Addison Brown]] (1830–1913) * '''Abramov''' – [[Ivan N. Abramov]] (1884–1953) * '''Abrams''' – [[LeRoy Abrams]] (1874–1956) * '''A.Braun''' – [[Alexander Karl Heinrich Braun]] (1805–1877) * '''Abrom.''' – [[Johannes Abromeit]] (1857–1946) * '''A.Bruggen''' – [[Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen]] (nayanak 1929) * '''A.Butler''' – {{illm|Alan Butler (botaniko)|lt=Alan Butler|WD=Q13493877}} (nayanak 1946) * '''A.Cabrera''' – [[Ángel Cabrera (naturalist)|Ángel Cabrera]] (1879–1960) (saan nga iyallilaw iti botaniko a ni [[Ángel Lulio Cabrera]] (1908–1999)) * '''A.Camus''' – [[Aimée Antoinette Camus]] (1879–1965) * '''A.Cast.''' – {{illm|Alberto Castellanos|es||pt}} (1896–1968) * '''Acerbi''' – [[Giuseppe Acerbi]] (1773–1846) * '''Ach.''' – [[Erik Acharius]] (1757–1819) * '''A.C.H.Blinks''' – [[Anne Catherine Hof Blinks]] (1903–1995) * '''A.Chev.''' – [[Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier]] (1873–1956) * '''Achv.''' – [[Agazi Asaturovich Achverdov]] (nayanak 1907) * '''Acloque''' – [[Alexandre Noël Charles Acloque]] (1871–1908) * '''A.C.Schultz''' – [[August Christian Schultz]] (1813–1908) * '''A.C.Sm.''' – [[Albert Charles Smith]] (1906–1999) * '''Acuña''' – [[Julián Acuña Galé]] (1900–1973) * '''A.Cunn.''' – [[Allan Cunningham (botaniko)|Allan Cunningham]] (1791–1839) * '''A.C.White''' – [[Alain Campbell White]] (1880–1951) * '''Adams''' – [[Johann Friedrich Adam]] (1780–1838) * '''Adamson''' – [[Robert Stephen Adamson]] (1885–1965) * '''Adans.''' – [[Michel Adanson]] (1727–1806) * '''A.DC.''' – [[Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyrame de Candolle]] (1806–1893) * '''A.D.Danilov''' – [[Alexander Danilovich Danilov]] (nayanak 1903) * '''Ade''' – {{illm|Alfred Ade|es||pt||WD=Q8195254}} (1876–1968) * '''Adelb.''' – {{illm|Albert George Ludwig Adelbert|es||pt||WD=Q8193378}} (1914–1972) * '''Adema''' – [[Fredericus Arnoldus Constantin Basil Adema]] (nayanak 1939) * '''Aderh.''' – [[Rudolf Ferdinand Theodor Aderhold]] (1865–1907) * '''A.D.Hardy''' – [[Alfred Douglas Hardy]] (1870–1958) * '''A.D.Hawkes''' – [[Alex Drum Hawkes]] (1927–1977) * '''A.Dietr.''' – [[Albert Gottfried Dietrich]] (1795–1856) * '''Adolf''' – [[Nina Avgustinovna Adolf]] (1903–1951) * '''A.E.D.Daniels''' – [[Albert Ebenezer Dulip Daniels]] (nayanak 1964) * '''A.E.Hoffm.''' – [[Adriana Hoffmann]] (nayanak 1940) * '''Aellen''' – {{illm|Paul Aellen|de||es||pt}} (1896–1973) * '''A.E.Newton''' – [[Angela E. Newton]] (nayanak 1958] * '''A.E.Ortmann''' – [[Arnold Edward Ortmann]] (1863–1927) * '''A.E.Reuss''' – [[August Emanuel Rudolph von Reuss]] (1811–1873) * '''A.Ernst''' – [[Alfred Ernst]] (1875–1968) * '''A.Evans''' – [[Alexander William Evans]] (1868–1959) * '''A.E.van Wyk''' – [[Abraham Erasmus Braam van Wyk]] (nayanak 1952) * '''A.-E.Wolf''' – [[Anne-Elizabeth Wolf]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1998) * '''A.F.Bartsch''' – [[Alfred Frank Bartsch]] (1913–2009)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/obituaries/alfred-fritz-bartsch/article_af21f79e-aeb9-530d-8312-bfcb3b56a60e.html |title=Corvallis (Oregon) Gazette-Times. Feb. 6, 2009 |access-date=2019-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415163753/https://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/obituaries/alfred-fritz-bartsch/article_af21f79e-aeb9-530d-8312-bfcb3b56a60e.html |archive-date=2021-04-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''A.Fedtsch.''' – [[Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko]] (1844–1873) * '''A.Fisch.''' – [[Alfred Fischer (botaniko)|Alfred Fischer]] (1858–1913) * '''Afonina''' – [[Olga Mikhailovna Afonina]] (nayanak 1945) * '''A.F.Tryon''' – [[Alice Faber Tryon]] (1920–2009) * '''Afzel.''' – [[Adam Afzelius]] (1750–1837) * '''Agerer''' – {{illm|Reinhard Agerer|es||pt||WD=Q9067799}} (nayanak 1947) * '''A.G.Floyd''' – [[Alexander G. Floyd]] (nayanak 1926) * '''A.G.Ham.''' – [[Alexander Greenlaw Hamilton]] (1852–1941) * '''A.Gibson''' – [[Alexander Gibson (botaniko)|Alexander Gibson]] (1800–1867) * '''A.G.Jones''' – {{illm|Almut Gitter Jones|es}} (nayanak 1923) * '''A.G.Lyon''' – [[Alexander Geoffrey Lyon]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1950–1960) * '''A.G.Mill.''' – {{illm|Anthony G. Miller|es||pt||it||WD=Q11679869}} (nayanak 1951) * '''Agra''' – [[Maria de Fátima Agra]] (nayanak 1952) * '''A.Gray''' – [[Asa Gray]] (1810–1888) * '''A.Ham.''' – {{illm|Arthur Hamilton (botaniko)|lt=Arthur Hamilton|es||WD=Q5659555}} ([[floruit|fl.]] 1832) * '''A.Hässl.''' – [[Arne Hässler]] (1904–1952) * '''A.Hay''' – [[Alistair Hay]] (nayanak 1955) * '''A.Heller''' – [[Amos Arthur Heller]] (1867–1944) * '''A.Hend.''' – [[Archibald Henderson (botaniko)|Archibald Henderson]] (nayanak 1921) * '''A.Henry''' – [[Augustine Henry]] (1857–1930) * '''A.H.Evans''' – [[Arthur Humble Evans]] (1855–1943) * '''A.H.Gentry''' – [[Alwyn Howard Gentry]] (1945–1993) * '''A.H.Heller''' – {{illm|Alfonse Henry Heller|es}} (1894–1973) * '''A.H.Holmgren''' – {{illm|Arthur Hermann Holmgren|es}} (1912–1992) * '''A.H.Kent''' – [[Adolphus Henry Kent]] (1828–1913) * '''Ahmadjian''' – [[Vernon Ahmadjian]] (1930–2012) * '''Ahrendt''' – [[Leslie Walter Allen Ahrendt]] (1903–1969) * '''A.H.S.Lucas''' – [[Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas]] (1853–1936) * '''A.Huet''' – [[Alfred Huet du Pavillon]] (1829–1907) * '''Ainsle''' – [[Whitelaw Ainsle]] (1767–1837) * '''Ainsw.''' – [[Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth]] (1905–1998) * '''Airy Shaw''' – [[Herbert Kenneth Airy Shaw]] (1902–1985) * '''Aitch.''' – [[James Edward Tierney Aitchison]] (1836–1898) * '''Aiton''' – [[William Aiton]] (1731–1793) * '''A.Jaeger''' – [[August Jaeger (botaniko)|August Jaeger]] (1842–1877) * '''A.J.Eames''' – [[Arthur Johnson Eames]] (1881–1969) * '''A.J.Hend.''' – [[Andrew Henderson (botaniko)|Andrew Henderson]] (nayanak 1950) * '''A.J.Hill''' – [[Albert Joseph Hill]] (nayanak 1940) * '''A.J.M.Baker''' – [[Alan John Martin Baker]] (nayanak 1948) * '''A.J.Paton''' – [[Alan James Paton]] (nayanak 1963) * '''A.J.Scott''' – {{illm|Andrew John Scott (botaniko)|Andrew John Scott|es||WD=Q5675316}} (nayanak 1950) * '''A.Juss.''' – [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu]] (1797–1853) * '''A.Kern.''' – [[Anton Kerner von Marilaun]] (1831–1898) * '''Akeroyd''' – [[John Akeroyd]] (nayanak 1952) * '''Akhani''' – {{illm|Hossein Akhani|es}} (nayanak 1950) * '''A.K.Irvine''' – [[Anthony Kyle Irvine]] (nayanak 1937) * '''A.K.Skvortsov''' – [[Alexey Skvortsov]] (1920–2008) * '''A.K.S.Prasad''' – [[Akshinthala K. Sai Krishna Prasad]] (nayanak 1949) * '''A.Kurz''' – [[Albert Kurz]] (1886–1948)<ref>Eduard Frey. ''Albert Kurz: 6 Oktubre 1886 bis 19 Juli 1948''. ''Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft idiay Bern''. ''Neue Folge''. vol. 1949. no. 6. pp. 185–188</ref> * '''A.K.Wallace''' – [[Anne Karin Wallace]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1997) * '''Alain''' – [[Henri Alain Liogier]] (1916–2009) * '''A.L.Andrews''' – [[Albert LeRoy Andrews]] (1878–1961) * '''Alb.''' – [[Johannes Baptista von Albertini]] (1769–1831) * '''Albov''' – [[Nikolai Michailovich Albov]] (1866–1897) * '''Albr.''' – [[David Edward Albrecht]] (nayanak 1962) * '''Al.Brongn.''' – [[Alexandre Brongniart]] (1770–1847) * '''Alderw.''' – [[Cornelis Rugier Willem Karel van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh]] (1863–1936) * '''Aldrovandi''' – [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]] (1522–1605) * '''Alef.''' – [[Friedrich Georg Christoph Alefeld]] (1820–1872) * '''A.Lem.''' – [[Adrien Lemaire]] (1852–1902) * '''A.Lesson''' – [[Adolphe Pierre Primevère Lesson]] (1805–1888) * '''Alexander''' – [[Edward Johnston Alexander]] (1901–1985) * '''Alexeeva''' – [[N. B. Alexeeva]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2006) * '''Al.Jahn''' – [[Alfredo Jahn Hartman]] (1867–1940) * '''All.''' – [[Carlo Allioni]] (1728–1804) * '''A.L.Lamb''' – [[Anthony L. Lamb]] (nayanak 1942) * '''Allan''' – [[Harry Howard Barton Allan]] (1882–1957) * '''Alleiz.''' – [[Aymar Charles d' Alleizette]] (1884–1967) * '''Allemão''' – [[Francisco Freire Allemão e Cysneiro]] (1797–1874) * '''Allred''' – [[Kelly Allred]] (nayanak 1949) * '''Alm''' – [[Carl Gustav Alm]] (nayanak 1888) * '''Á.Löve''' – [[Áskell Löve]] (1916–1994) * '''Alphand''' – [[Jean-Charles Alphand]] (1817–1891) * '''Alph.Wood''' – [[Alphonso Wood]] (1810–1881) * '''Alpino''' – [[Prospero Alpino]] (1553–1617) * '''Al-Shehbaz''' – [[Ihsan Ali Al-Shehbaz]] (nayanak 1939) * '''A.L.Sm.''' – [[Annie Lorrain Smith]] (1854–1937) * '''Alston''' – [[Arthur Hugh Garfit Alston]] (1902–1958) * '''Alstr.''' – [[Clas Alströmer]] (1736–1794) * '''Altam.''' – [[Fernando Altamirano]] (1848–1908) * '''Altschul''' – [[Siri von Reis]] (nayanak 1931) * '''A.Macedo''' – [[Amaro Macedo]] (nayanak 1914) * '''Amakawa''' – [[Tairoko Amakawa]] (nayanak 1917) * '''Amann''' – [[Johann Amann]] (1814–1878) * '''Amaral''' – [[Ayrton Amaral]] (nayanak 1948) * '''A.Massal.''' – [[Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo]] (1824–1860) * '''A.Mathews''' – [[Andrew Mathews (botaniko)|Andrew Mathews]] (1801–1841) * '''Amberg''' – [[Otto Amberg]] (1875–1920) * '''Ambronn''' – [[Hermann Ambronn]] (1856–1927) * '''Ambrosetti''' – [[José Arturo Ambrosetti]] (nayanak 1939) * '''Ambrosi''' – [[Francesco Ambrosi]] (1821–1897) * '''Ambroz''' – [[Josef Ambroz]] (1886–1950) * '''A.M.Carter''' – [[Annetta Mary Carter]] (1907–1991) * '''A.Meeuse''' – {{illm|Adrianus Dirk Jacob Meeuse|es}} (nayanak 1914) * '''Ameljcz.''' – [[V. P. Ameljczenko]] (nayanak 1948) * '''Ames''' – [[Oakes Ames (botaniko)|Oakes Ames]] (1874–1950) * '''Amich''' – [[Francisco Amich García]] (nayanak 1953) * '''Amici''' – [[Giovanni Battista Amici]] (1786–1863) * '''Amin''' – [[Amal Amin]] (nayanak 1929) * '''Amirkh.''' – [[Amirkhan Magomedovich Amirkhanov]] (nayanak 1952) * '''Amman''' – [[Johann Amman]] (1707–1741) * '''Ammann''' – [[Morgane Ammann]] (nayanak 1986) * '''Ammerman''' – [[Elizabeth Ammerman]] (nayanak 1917) * '''Ammirati''' – [[Joseph F. Ammirati]] (nayanak 1942) * '''Amo''' – [[Mariano del Amo y Mora]] (1809–1896) * '''Amor''' – [[Angel Amor Morales]] (nayanak 1959) * '''A.M.Ross''' – [[Alexander Milton Ross]] (1832–1897) * '''Amshoff''' – [[Gerda Jane Hillegonda Amshoff]] (1913–1985) * '''Amsler''' – [[Charles D. Amsler]] (nayanak 1959) * '''A.M.Sm.''' – [[Annie Morrill Smith]] (1856–1946) * '''A.Murray''' – [[Andrew Dickson Murray]] (1812–1878) * '''A.N.Danilov''' – [[Afanasij Nikolaevich Danilov]] (1903–1942) * '''A.N.Demidov''' – [[Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato]] (1813–1870) * '''Andersen''' – [[Johannes Carl Andersen]] (1873–1962) * '''Anderson''' – [[James Anderson (botaniko)|James Anderson]] (1738–1809) * '''Andersson''' – [[Nils Johan Andersson]] (1821–1880) * '''Andr.''' – [[Gábor Andreánszky (botaniko)|Gábor Andreánszky]] (1895–1967) * '''André''' – [[Édouard André]] (1840–1911) * '''Andres''' – [[Heinrich Andres]] (1883–1970) * '''Andrews''' – [[Henry Charles Andrews]] (1794–1830) * '''Andriamih.''' – [[Tefy H. Andriamihajarivo]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2011) * '''Andronov''' – [[Nikolaĭ Matveevich Andronov]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1955) * '''Andrz.''' – {{illm|Antoni Lukianowicz Andrzejowski|WD=Q2090424}} (1785–1868) * '''A.Nelson''' – [[Aven Nelson]] (1859–1952) ('''A.Nels.''' is also used) * '''A.Neumann''' – [[Alfred Neumann (botaniko)|Alfred Neumann]] (1916–1973) * '''Ångstr.''' – [[Johan Ångström]] (1813–1879) * '''A.N.Henry''' – [[Ambrose Nathaniel Henry]] (nayanak 1936) * '''A.N.Rao''' – [[Abbareddy Nageswara Rao]] (nayanak 1954) * '''Ant.Juss.''' – [[Antoine de Jussieu]] (1686–1758) * '''Ant.Molina''' – [[José Antonio Molina Rosito]] (nayanak 1926) * '''Antoine''' – [[Franz Antoine]] (1815–1886) * '''Ant.Schott''' – [[Anton Schott (botaniko)|Anton Schott]] (1866–1945) * '''Apang''' – [[Ona Apang]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2012) * '''A.P.Br.''' – [[Andrew Phillip Brown]] (nayanak 1951) * '''A.Pearson''' – [[Arthur Anselm Pearson]] (1874–1954) * '''A.Phelps''' – [[Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps]] (1793–1884) * '''Applegate''' – [[Elmer Ivan Applegate]] (1867–1949) * '''A.Pramanik''' – [[Arabinda Pramanik]] (nayanak 1957) * '''Apstein''' – [[Carl Heinrich Apstein]] (1862–1950) * '''A.Q.Hu''' – [[Ai Qun Hu]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 2009) * '''A.Raynal''' – [[Aline Marie Raynal]] (nayanak 1937) * '''A.R.Bean''' – [[Anthony Bean]] (nayanak 1957) * '''Arcang.''' – [[Giovanni Arcangeli]] (1840–1921) * '''Archer''' – [[Thomas Croxen Archer]] (1817–1885) * '''A.R.Clapham''' – [[Arthur Roy Clapham]] (1904–1990) * '''Ard.''' – [[Pietro Arduino]] (1728–1805) * '''Ardoino''' – {{ill|Honoré Jean Baptiste Ardoino|WD=Q5901611}} (1819–1874) * '''Arechav.''' – [[José Arechavaleta]] (1838–1912) * '''A.Regel''' – [[Johann Albert von Regel]] (1845–1908) * '''Arènes''' – [[Jean Arènes]] (1898–1960) * '''Aresch.''' – [[Johan Erhard Areschoug]] (1811–1887) * '''A.R.Ferguson''' – [[Allan Ross Ferguson]] (nayanak 1943) * '''Argent''' – {{illm|Graham Charles George Argent|es}} (nayanak 1941) * '''A.Rich.''' – [[Achille Richard]] (1794–1852) * '''Arm.''' – [[Edward Armitage (botaniko)|Edward Armitage]] (1822–1906) * '''Armari''' – [[Beatrice Armari]] (1877–1918) * '''Arn.''' – [[George Arnott Walker Arnott]] (1799–1868) * '''Arnell''' – [[Hampus Wilhelm Arnell]] (1848–1932) * '''Arnold''' – [[Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold]] (1828–1901)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/collectors/arnold.html|title=Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold|website=www.botanischestaatssammlung.de|access-date=2017-08-11|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202449/http://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/collectors/arnold.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''A.Robyns''' – {{illm|Andre Georges Marie Walter Albert Robyns|es}} (1935–2003) * '''Arráb.''' – {{illm|Francisco Antonio de Arrábida|es}} (1771–1850) * '''Arruda''' – [[Manuel Arruda da Câmara]] (1752–1810) * '''A.R.Sm.''' – [[Alan Reid Smith]] (nayanak 1943) * '''Arthur''' – [[Joseph Charles Arthur]] (1850–1942) * '''Art.Mey.''' – [[Arthur Meyer (botaniko)|Arthur Meyer]] (1850–1922) * '''Arv.-Touv.''' – [[Casimir Arvet-Touvet]] (1841–1913) * '''A.S.Calvert''' – [[Amelia Smith Calvert]] (1876–1965) * '''Asch.''' – [[Paul Friedrich August Ascherson]] (1834–1913) * '''A.Schatz''' – [[Albert Israel Schatz]] (1920–2005) * '''A.Schenk''' – [[Alexander Schenk]] (1864–1924) * '''A.Schimp.''' – [[Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper]] (1856–1901) * '''A.Schlag.''' – [[Adolf Schlagintweit]] (1829–1857) * '''A.Schlick.''' – [[August Schlickum]] (1867–1946) * '''A.Schneid.''' – [[Albert Schneider]] (1863–1928) * '''A.Schnyd.''' – [[Albert Schnyder]] (1856–1938) * '''A.Schott''' – [[Arthur Carl Victor Schott]] (1814–1875) * '''A.Schreib.''' – [[Annelis Schreiber]] (1927– 2010) * '''A.Schultz''' – [[Arthur Schultz (botaniko)|Arthur Schultz]] (1838–1915) * '''A.S.Foster''' – [[Adriance S. Foster]] (1901–1973) * '''A.S.George''' – [[Alex George]] (nayanak 1939) * '''Ashby''' – [[Edwin Ashby]] (1861–1941) * '''Ashe''' – [[William Willard Ashe]] (1872–1932) * '''Ashwin''' – [[Margot Bernice Ashwin]] (nayanak 1935) * '''A.Sinclair''' – [[Andrew Sinclair (botaniko)|Andrew Sinclair]] (1796–1861) * '''Askerova''' – [[Rosa K. Askerova]] (nayanak 1929) * '''Asmussen''' – [[Conny Asmussen]] ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1997) * '''A.Soriano''' – [[Alberto Soriano]] (1920–1998) * '''A.S.Rob.''' – [[Alastair Robinson]] (nayanak 1980) * '''Assem''' – [[J. van den Assem]] ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1953) * '''A.Stahl''' – [[Agustín Stahl]] (1842–1917) * '''A.St.-Hil.''' – [[Augustin Saint-Hilaire]] (1799–1853) * '''Aston''' – [[Helen Isobel Aston]] (nayanak 1934) * '''Aswal''' – [[B. S. Aswal]] (nayanak 1948) * '''A.Terracc.''' – {{illm|Achille Terracciano|es}} (1861–1917) * '''A.T.Grimme''' – [[Arnold Grimme]] (1868–1958) * '''Atha''' – [[Daniel E. Atha]] (nayanak 1962) <!--HUH index has 1952 birth date, IPNI has 1962--> * '''A.Thouars''' – [[Abel Aubert Dupetit Thouars]] (1793–1864) * '''Atk.''' – [[William Sackston Atkinson]] (1821–1875) * '''Aubl.''' – [[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet]] (1720–1778) * '''Aubrév.''' – {{illm|André Aubréville|de||es||ru|Обревиль, Андре}} (1897–1982) * '''Aubriet''' – [[Claude Aubriet]] (1651–1742) * '''Aucher''' – [[Pierre Martin Rémi Aucher-Éloy]] (1792–1838) * '''Audib.''' – [[Urbain Audibert]] (1791–1846) * '''Audubon''' – [[John James Audubon]] (1785–1851) * '''Aug.DC.''' – [[Richard Émile Augustin de Candolle]] (1868–1920) * '''Ausserd.''' – [[Anton Ausserdorfer]] (1836–1885) * '''A.Usteri''' – [[Alfred Usteri]] (1869–1948) * '''Austin''' – [[Coe Finch Austin]] (1831–1880) * '''A.Vázquez''' – [[Antonio Vázquez (botaniko)|Antonio Vázquez]] (nayanak 1961) * '''A.V.Bobrov''' – [[Alexey Vladimir Bobrov]] (nayanak 1969) * '''A.V.Duthie''' – [[Augusta Vera Duthie]] (1881–1963) * '''Avé-Lall.''' – [[Julius Léopold Eduard Avé-Lallemant]] (1803–1867) * '''Aver.''' – {{ill|Leonid Vladimirovich Averyanov|ru|Аверьянов, Леонид Владимирович}} (nayanak 1955) * '''Averyanova''' – [[Anna Leonidovna Averyanova]] (nayanak 1981) * '''A.V.Roberts''' – [[Andrew Vaughan Roberts]] (nayanak 1940) * '''A.Wall''' – [[Arnold Wall]] (1869–1966) * '''A.Wallace''' – [[Alexander Wallace (botaniko)|Alexander Wallace]] (1829–1899) * '''A.W.Benn.''' – [[Alfred William Bennett]] (1833–1902) * '''A.Weber''' – [[Anton Weber]] (nayanak 1947) * '''A.W.Hill''' – [[Arthur William Hill (botaniko)|Arthur William Hill]] (1875–1941) * '''A.W.Howitt''' – [[Alfred William Howitt]] (1830–1908) * '''A.Wigg.''' – [[Heinrich August Ludwig Wiggers]] (1803–1880) * '''A.W.Purdie''' – [[Andrew William Purdie]] (1940–1989) * '''A.W.Russell''' – [[Anna Worsley Russell]] (1807–1876) * '''Axelrod''' – [[Daniel I. Axelrod]] (1910–1998) * '''Ayres''' – [[William Port Ayres]] (1815–1875) * '''Azara''' – [[Félix de Azara]] (1746–1821) == B—Z == {{TOC ti listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat}} Ti agbiruk kadagiti naikabil para iti '''B—Z''', usaren ti tabla dagiti linaon dita ngato. {{Sakaanan ti listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Listaan dagiti botaniko babaen ti pangyababaan ti mannurat A}} [[Kategoria:Dagiti botaniko nga addaan kadagiti pangyababaan ti mannurat| ]] [[Kategoria:Botaniko a nomenklatura|1]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti listaan dagiti botaniko|*]] rzmzvz8a0x5o7nqovkudupp4udhteea