Wp/yua/Ek'ab

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Ek'ab</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:18:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
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      <text bytes="1211" sha1="hizrvz61xisy88yhx53c5308kud9c6y" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Roys Provinces.png|thumb|U kuchkabalo’ob ''Yucatán'' tu ''siglo''il XVI.]]
[[File:Tulum (WolfgangM 2005).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Zamá ([[Wp/yua/Tuulu'um|Tuulu'um]]), junp'éel kaaj yaan tu noojolil Ek'ab.]]
[[File:Location Tulum.png|left|thumb|Tu'ux yaan Tulum]]
'''Ek'ab''' u k'aaba' junp'éel [[Wp/yua/Kuchkabal|kuchkabal]] ti' yaan ka'ache' tu xaman-lak'inil [[Wp/yua/U peten lu'umil Maaya'ab|u petenil ''Yucatán'']], tu tséelil [[Wp/yua/U k'áa'náabil Caribe|u k'áa'náabil ''Caribe'']].

Jump’éel uchben kaajal ''maya'' yaan tu lak’inil ''Yucatán'', tu naats’il le k’áak’náab ''Caribe''. Tu yóok’ol k’áaxil ''arqueológico'' ku ya’alik ba’ax le lu’umilo’ ka’ach ku ts’aabal tu k’áat chi’ob le ''comercio'' tu yóok’ol k’áak’náab yéetel tu lu’umil. Taan u yilal ''restos'' ti’ u kaajal yéetel ''pruebas'' ti’ u máan ba’alo’ob je’ex sal yéetel jejeláas ''productos marinos''. ''Ek’ab'' ku beetik jump’éel ''parte'' ti’ u ''patrimonio arqueológico'' ku ts’aik u k’ajóoltik u ''organización'' yéetel ''economía'' le ''maya''o’ob uchbeno’.

==Referencias==

&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q4798798}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Chihuahua</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>7303942</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:35:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CodigoMayaOficial</username>
        <id>2606647</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Corrección  de redacción y ortografía</comment>
      <origin>7303942</origin>
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|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Chihuahua'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Coat of arms of Chihuahua.svg|125px]]
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[File:Mexico map, MX-CHH.svg|300px]]
|}
[[File:Chihuahua, Chih..jpg|thumb|252x252px|Jach jaaj uts u joolnajilil u k'uchul ti' ''Chihuahua'']]
[[File:Ciudad Juárez, skyline.jpg|thumb|''Ciudad Juárez'']]
[[File:El Paso Texas..jpg|thumb|El Paso Texas|left]]
[[File:Delicias Chihuahua 5. (3).jpg|thumb|''Delicias''|left]]
[[File:Centro en Hidalgo del Parral.jpg|thumb|''Centro en Hidalgo del Parral'']]
[[File:Benito Juárez Plaza en Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua.jpg|thumb|''Nuevo Casas Grandes''|left]]
[[File:Montaje de Camargo 2024 - Bogart Verea.jpg|thumb|''Camargo'']]
[[File:Stella nombre Ojinaga, Chihuahua.jpg|thumb|''Ojinaga''|left]]
[[File:Parroquia Santo Cristo de Burgos en Jiménez, Chihuahua.jpg|thumb|U najil ku'j ti' ''Jimenez'']]
[[File:Mamá e hijo tarahumara.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Na' yéetel u mejen paal ''Tarahumara''|left]]
[[File:Niña en las Barrancas del Cobre, Chihuaha.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Xch'úupal chan paal ti' le ''Barranca del Cobreo''']]
[[File:Conchos basin map.png|left|thumb|''Conchos'']]
'''Chihuahua''', jump'eel lu'umil [[Wp/yua/Mexikoo|''Meejiko'']]. ''Chihuahua'' jump'eel ti' u noj lu'umil ''Distrito Federal'' le je'ela ku chucbesik 32 u p'éelal noj kaajo'ob u luumil [[Wp/yua/Mexikoo|''Meejiko'']]. 

Chihuahua jées'eel tu xamanil [[Wp/yua/Mexikoo|''Meejiko'']] u luumile' 247 087 km°2, tuláakal u lu'umil, nojoch u lu'umil ti' ''[[Wp/yua/Reino Unido|Reino Unido]]'' le noj lúuma ku náakal xaman yéetel u lu'umil Nuevo México yéetel Texas'','' le je'ela' u noj lu'umil (''[[Wp/yua/Estados Unidos|Estados Unidos]]''); tu lak'iinil yéetel u noj lu'umil [[Wp/yua/Sonora|''Sonora'']] yéetel [[Wp/yua/Sinaloa|''Sinaloa'']], nojole' yeetel [[Wp/yua/Durango|''Durango'']] chik'iine' yéetel [[Wp/yua/Coahuila de Zaragoza|''Coahuila'']].
[[File:Procesión Rarámuri.jpg|thumb|256x256px|''Procesión'' ''Rarámuri'']]
U noj lu'umil ''Chihuahua'' jaats'a'an 67 u meek' kaajilo'ob u ''capitale'' lexli beey u k'a'aba'o, ''Chihuahua'' u kaajil mas ya'ab' winik kajaani' le je'ela ''Ciudad Juárez'', le jela u xuul aktáan ''El Paso, [[Wp/yua/Texas|Texas]].'' U la'ak'o'ob u noj lumilo'ob ''Cuautémoc'', ''Delicias'', ''Parral'', ''Nuevos Casa Grandes, Camargo, Ojinaga'' yéetel ''Jiménez''.

U sijil u k'aaba' ''Chihuahua'' jach ch'achitan tumen waako'ob ku xookiko'ob uuchben ts'iibo'ob yéetel jela'an t'áano'ob. Tan jo'op'eel jela'an ojela'an, u yola'al le ku k'abatik je' la kutuul ti'e t'aano'ob jeex le' ''náhuatl'', yéetel Rarámuri, tié ku kéexe ti´tuux ku núupu'uj ja'ob' wa u &quot;''kuchil fabricas''&quot; wa uuchben t'aanilo'ob, jeex bix le ''concho''. Junp'eel tuux u pajtal u yala'al siji k'aola'an leti'e ''Náhuatl Xicahua'', le je' la uk'aat u yaale &quot;kuuchil tiki yéetel sajkab luum&quot;. Chen mina'an mi'ix baal yoola le ''hipotesisa'''.

Máaxo'ob beetej: Jose Dzib Uitzil yéetel Marcos Chan Cauich.

== Láaylie'e' u paakat ==
* [[Wp/yua/Mexikoo|Mexikoo]]

[[Category:Wp/yua/Meejiko]]
[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q655}}</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2606647</id>
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      <comment>Corrección ortográfica y gramatical, Requiere mejorar traducción</comment>
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|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Chihuahua'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
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| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Coat of arms of Chihuahua.svg|125px]]
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[File:Mexico map, MX-CHH.svg|300px]]
|}
[[File:Chihuahua, Chih..jpg|thumb|252x252px|Jach jaaj uts u joolnajilil u k'uchul ti' ''Chihuahua'']]
[[File:Ciudad Juárez, skyline.jpg|thumb|''Ciudad Juárez'']]
[[File:El Paso Texas..jpg|thumb|El Paso Texas|left]]
[[File:Delicias Chihuahua 5. (3).jpg|thumb|''Delicias''|left]]
[[File:Centro en Hidalgo del Parral.jpg|thumb|''Centro en Hidalgo del Parral'']]
[[File:Benito Juárez Plaza en Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua.jpg|thumb|''Nuevo Casas Grandes''|left]]
[[File:Montaje de Camargo 2024 - Bogart Verea.jpg|thumb|''Camargo'']]
[[File:Stella nombre Ojinaga, Chihuahua.jpg|thumb|''Ojinaga''|left]]
[[File:Parroquia Santo Cristo de Burgos en Jiménez, Chihuahua.jpg|thumb|U najil ku'j ti' ''Jimenez'']]
[[File:Mamá e hijo tarahumara.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Na' yéetel u mejen paal ''Tarahumara''|left]]
[[File:Niña en las Barrancas del Cobre, Chihuaha.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Xch'úupal chan paal ti' le ''Barranca del Cobreo''']]
[[File:Conchos basin map.png|left|thumb|''Conchos'']]
'''Chihuahua''', jump'eel lu'umil [[Wp/yua/Mexikoo|''Meejiko'']]. ''Chihuahua'' jump'eel ti' u noj lu'umil ''Distrito Federal'' le je'ela ku chucbesik 32 u p'éelal noj kaajo'ob u luumil [[Wp/yua/Mexikoo|''Meejiko'']]. 

Chihuahua jées'eel tu xamanil [[Wp/yua/Mexikoo|''Meejiko'']] u luumile' 247 087 km°2, tuláakal u lu'umil, nojoch u lu'umil ti' ''[[Wp/yua/Reino Unido|Reino Unido]]'' le noj lúuma ku náakal xaman yéetel u lu'umil Nuevo México yéetel Texas'','' le je'ela' u noj lu'umil (''[[Wp/yua/Estados Unidos|Estados Unidos]]''); tu lak'iinil yéetel u noj lu'umil [[Wp/yua/Sonora|''Sonora'']] yéetel [[Wp/yua/Sinaloa|''Sinaloa'']], nojole' yeetel [[Wp/yua/Durango|''Durango'']] chik'iine' yéetel [[Wp/yua/Coahuila de Zaragoza|''Coahuila'']].
[[File:Procesión Rarámuri.jpg|thumb|256x256px|''Procesión'' ''Rarámuri'']]
U noj lu'umil Chihuahua jaatsa'an 67 u meek'kaajilo'ob u capitale leyli' beey u k'a'aba'o, Chihuahua. U jach nojoch kaajile', Ciudad Juárez, le je'ela' naats' ti' El Paso, [[Wp/yua/Texas|Texas]]. U láak'o'ob u noj kaajilo'ob Chihuahuae' Cuautémoc, Delicias, Parral, Nuevos Casa Grandes, Camargo, Ojinaga yéetel Jiménez.

U sijil u k'aaba' Chihuahua jach ch'a'achibta'an tumen máako'ob ku xookiko'ob úuchben ts'iibo'ob yéetel jela'an t'áano'ob. ka'ap'éel máasewal t'aan ku beeta'ali': náhuatl, yéetel Rarámuri, 

* [[Wp/yua/Mexikoo|Mexikoo]]

[[Category:Wp/yua/Meejiko]]
[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q655}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Ecuador</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303901</id>
      <parentid>7303521</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:21:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7303901</origin>
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|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Ekuador'''&lt;br&gt;'''Ecuador'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
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| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Chimal
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|}

'''''Ecuador''''' (káastlan t'aan: ''República del Ecuador'', [[Wp/yua/Kéechwa t'aan|kéechwa t'aan]]: ''Ecuadorpi Ripuwlika'') u k'aaba' junp'éel noj lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Nojol Amérikaa|Nojol ''Amérika''a]]
[[File:Vista de Quito desde El Panecillo, Ecuador, 2015-07-22, DD 42.JPG|thumb|''Quito'']]
[[File:Región Interandina del Ecuador.svg|thumb|''Región Interandina'' |left]]
[[File:Amazonia ecuador.jpg|thumb|''Amazonia'']]
[[File:Danzantes de la amazonía ecuatoriana.jpg|thumb|Ajóok’oto’ob xiibo’ob yéetel ko’olelo’ob|left]]
Tu tséel ti' tu xamanil yaan [[Wp/yua/Kolombia|''Colombia'']], tu noojol yéetel lak'in yaan [[Wp/yua/Peru|''Perú'']], tu chik'inil yaan [[Wp/yua/U nojk'áa'náabil Pacífico|u nojk'áa'náabil ''Pacífico'']].

U nojchúumukkaaj yéetel u kaaj tu'ux asab máak yaane' [[Wp/yua/Quito|''Quito'']].
[[File:Paisaje en Punta Pitt, isla de San Cristóbal, islas Galápagos, Ecuador, 2015-07-24, DD 75.JPG|thumb|''Islas Galápagos'']]
[[File:Iguana marina (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), Las Bachas, isla Santa Cruz, islas Galápagos, Ecuador, 2015-07-23, DD 24.jpg|thumb|''Juuj Islas Galápagos'']]
[[File:Galapagos photos on 13 October 2023 by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) - 55.jpg|left|thumb|''Áak Islas Galápagos'']]
Jump'éel ''nación'' yaan tu xaman-chik'inil ''América del Sur''. U ''capital''e' ''Quito'', jump'éel ti' le kaajo'ob ''más'' uchben ti' ''Sudamérica.'' ''Ecuador'' k'ajóolta'an tumen u ya'abtalil ''naturaleza'', tu'ux yaan le ''región andina'', le ''Amazonía'', u chi' le ''Océano Pacífico'' yéetel le ''islas Galápagos''. Bey xan, yaan te' ya'ab ''lugares'' k'ajóolta'ano'ob bey ''Patrimonio Mundial'' tumen le ''UNESCO'', lelo' ku ye'esik u noj ''riqueza cultural'' yéetel ''natural'' le ''nación''o'.

== Referencias ==
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Noj lu'umilo'ob]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Ameerika]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q736}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T03:10:45Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Krok6kola</username>
        <id>2034743</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Niligiris123.jpg]] → [[File:Yercaud Lake (1).jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Locaton error. While there is a possibility of copyright infringement when considering other files, this particular file depicts a location about 150 km away and is not the [[c::w:Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri Mountains]]. The description and coordinates have been improved.</comment>
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      <text bytes="8700" sha1="9l6p3al5ntrc9dzxs8zf6nq3nznbemd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Main layout table, two columns --&gt;
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! bgcolor=&quot;#D0E2EE&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #006699; font: 125% georgia; color:black;&quot; |'''[[:en:Badaga|படகா]] பாஸா முக்கிய பக்கம் !''' - '''[[:en:Badaga|Badaga]] Ba:sa: Mukkiya Pakkam!'''
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[[File:Ooty Town.jpg|right|300px]]
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[[File:Toda Hut.JPG|right|300px]]

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Do you speak ''Badaga''? Then we need your help!&lt;br&gt;

'''எல்லோருகு நமஸ்காரா'''&lt;br&gt;


படுகு பாஸைய தமிழுதோகெ பரவது பத்தி ஒந்து பிரச்சினை இல்லேந்துத்த தோரிறா. இன்னொந்து முக்கிய விசய ஏனாந்தலெ நங்க தமிழ்நாடுதோகெ இப்பதெந்த தமிழ் எழுத்தவே படுகுதோகெ பரவதுகு உபயோகிச்சோது ஒள்ளித்து. ஐரோப்பாதோகெ பேரெ பேரெ பாஸெ அட்டலெயு எழுத்தெல்லா கிட்டத்தட்ட ஒந்தே மாக்கெத்தா அடதே.
- '''மஞ்சூர் ராசா'''


It has always been felt that for a language to survive, it should have its own script. It cannot remain only as a spoken language for long. But of course, the script need not be peculiar and specific one pertaining to that particular language.

So too is the necessity of a script for Badaga. Many have attempted to achieve this objective with various degrees of success. But unfortunately, to my knowledge, no records exists, if any. I am no expert on phonetics or languages or much less innovating an unique script. But the urge to have a separate script has convinced me that it is very much possible to ‘ADOPT’ an existing script and ‘ADAPT’ it to Badaga language.

In Tamil script we cannot differentiate ‘K’ from ‘G’ or ‘T’ from ‘D’. This makes a huge impact when Badaga words are written in Tamil script. ‘Gaasu – potato’ is totally differnt from ‘Kaasu – coin, remove’. Or ‘Ettu – eight’ and ‘Eddu – getup’. Another drawback could be the absence of ‘Ha’ in classical Tamil. On the other hand, in English, we cannot clearly bring out the difference of ‘na’ from ‘Na’ [anna - food, aNNa- elder brother] or ‘halli – lizard’ from ‘haLLi – name, village’. ‘Kalla – a male name’ sounds the same as ‘ kaLLa – a thief.

Yes, it is indeed a little tricky to choose between Tamil and English. But, taking into consideration the younger generation who are going to be the future hope and the irrefutable fact that they are all more familiar with English than Tamil, the choice is English. Keeping in mind the successful adoptation of English script for Malay language (Malaysia) I would plump in for English. With a few minor modifications to overcome the grey areas mentioned above, English script can be easily used in Badaga.
- '''Bellie Jayaprakash'''

'''VOWELS'''&lt;br&gt;
''A,a''- அ,
''A:,a:'' - ஆ,
''I,i'' - இ,
''I:,i:'' - ஈ,
''U,u'' - உ,
''U:,u:'' - ஊ,
''E,e''- எ,
''E:,e:'' - ஏ,
''O,o'' - ஒ,
''O:,o:''- ஓ,
''Au''- ஔ,
''Ai''- ஐ,

'''CONSONANTS'''&lt;br&gt;
''Ka,ka''- க,
''Ga,ga''- ഗ,
''ṅa'' - ங,&lt;br&gt;

''Sa,sa''- ஸ,
''Ca,ca' - ഛ(cha),
''ña'' - ஞ &lt;br&gt;

''Pa,pa''- ப,
''Ba,ba''- ബ,
''Ma,ma''- ம&lt;br&gt;

''Ta,ta''- த,
''Da,da''- ட,
''ṭa'' - ട (Retroflex)
''Na,, - ண&lt;br&gt;

''Ya,ya''- ய,
''ra''- ர,
''la''- ல,
''N'a''- ந&lt;br&gt;

''Va,va''- வ,
''Za,za''- ழ,
''La''- ள
''na''-ன&lt;br&gt;

''Ha,ha''- ஹ,
''śa''- ஷ,


&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;!--'''Please [http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;task=untranslated&amp;group=core-mostused&amp;language=bfq&amp;limit=500 translate system messages] ([[betawiki:Translating:How to start|if you have translator rights]]) for the creation of Badaga Wikipedia'''--&gt;

[http://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;task=untranslated&amp;group=core-mostused&amp;language=bfq&amp;limit=500 எப்படி மொழிபெயர்ப்பது?]([[betawiki:Translating:How to start|எப்படி ஆரம்பிப்பது?]])


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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''உருவாக்குக:'''&lt;/div&gt;
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| width=&quot;10%&quot; | [[File:Nuvola apps kcoloredit.svg|40px|center]]
| width=&quot;90%&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%; &quot; |  '''படகா'''&lt;br/&gt; 
[[wp/bfq/படகா|படகா]]&amp;nbsp;- [[wp/bfq/நீலகிரி|நீலகிரி]]&amp;nbsp;-  [[wp/bfq/கெற்றி|கெற்றி]]&amp;nbsp;- 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------&gt;
|-
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| [[File:Nuvola apps edu languages.svg|40px|center]]
| style=&quot;font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;&quot; | '''பிரதேசம்''''&lt;br/&gt;
[[wp/bfq/தமிழ் நாடு|தமிழ் நாடு]]&amp;nbsp;- [[wp/bfq/ஊட்டி|ஊட்டி]]&amp;nbsp;-  [[wp/bfq/மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலை|மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலை]]&amp;nbsp;-  
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| style=&quot;font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;&quot; | '''பாஸா'''&lt;br/&gt;
[[wp/bfq/படகா|படகா]]&amp;nbsp;- [[wp/bfq/பாஸா|பாஸா]]&amp;nbsp;-  [[wp/bfq/Vaara|Vaara]]&amp;nbsp;- 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------&gt;
|- 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------&gt;
| [[File:Nuvola apps kuser.svg|40px|center]]
| style=&quot;font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;&quot; | '''சமயம்'''&lt;br/&gt;
[[wp/bfq/ஹிந்து|ஹிந்து]]&amp;nbsp;- [[wp/mfe/கிரிஸ்டியன்|கிரிஸ்டியன்]]&amp;nbsp;- 
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|- 
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| [[File:Nuvola apps xmag.png|40px|center]]
| style=&quot;font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;&quot; | '''கல்வி'''&lt;br/&gt;
[[wp/mfe/Accounting|Accounting]]&amp;nbsp;- [[wp/mfe/Economics|Economics]]&amp;nbsp;- 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------&gt;
|}
|}

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
{{INTERWIKI|Q5296}}

[[Category:Wb/bfq]]

[[Wb/bfq/wikibooks:Az:|wikibooks:Az:]]
[[Wb/bfq/wikibooks:De:|wikibooks:De:]]
[[Wb/bfq/wikibooks:En:|wikibooks:En:]]

[[Wb/bfq/wikibooks:Az:|wikibooks:Az:]]
[[Wb/bfq/wikibooks:De:|wikibooks:De:]]
[[Wb/bfq/wikibooks:En:|wikibooks:En:]]</text>
      <sha1>9l6p3al5ntrc9dzxs8zf6nq3nznbemd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Eex</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304039</id>
      <parentid>7236585</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:45:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7304039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1934" sha1="rjsdqny4mgvudss5ulgn7u0qzb1hp29" xml:space="preserve">Káastlan t'aan: '''Chowak eex:''' ''pantalón,'' tumen úuch ka'achile' le máako'obo' chéen ku ts'áajiko'ob chowak nook'.

La k'aaba' eexo' ku taal ti' le nook' pixik wíinik tu t'e'et' tak kabal, úuch ka'achile' chéen yaan chowak eex, ba'ale' je'el bix u bin u máan k'iine' káaj u yantal uláak' bix u búukinta'al yéetel u k'aaba' xan:  chowak eex, kul eex, xma' eex, etc

Le '''chowak eex''' leti' jump'éel u p'uuk' ku k'áaskuntik u chuwak u yooko'ob yéetel u xikinil u na'akalil u wíinkil. Ku k'áatik ti' jejeláas kaajo'ob ti' yóok'ol kaab bey u p'uuk' ku yúuchul k'iinil ka'ach wa ''formal'', yéetel ku beetik tu jejeláas ''material''o'ob je'ex ''algodón, mezclilla'' yéetel ''lana''. Le ''diseño moderno'' le ''chowak eex'' ku taal tu láak' kaajo'ob yéetel bejla'e' jump'éel ti' le p'uuk'o'ob más jach k'ajóolta'an.
== Jovita Valdovinos ==
[[File:Jovita Wore Pants.jpg|thumb|Jovita Valdovinos]]
Jovita ku k’áatik ''chowak eex'': u tsikbalil jump’éel máak ku meyaj tu yóok’ol u ''libertad México''. ¡Le tsikbal ma’alob yéetel jach u yáax kuxtal ti’ Jovita Valdovinos, junp’éel ''revolucionaria mexicana'' ku k’uchul u k’aaba’ bey wíinik ka’ach, ka’ach tu tsikbalta u ''derechos''!

Jump’éel máak ix-ch’úupal ''mexicana'' k’ajóolta’an tumen u yaantal tu ''Revolución Mexicana.'' Tu tsikbalilo’ob ''histórico'' ku ya’alik ba’ax leti’ tu k’ajóoltaj u k’áaxal tu yóok’ol le ''ejército revolucionario'' yéetel tu k’exaj u p’uuk’ je’ex wíinik, tumen ti’ le k’iino’obilo’obo’ le ix-ch’úupalo’ob ma’ tu ts’o’ok u yaantal u k’ajóoltik tu meyajil ''militar''. U tsikbalil ku k’a’amal bey jump’éel ''ejemplo'' ti’ u k’a’amalil yéetel u ''participación'' le ix-ch’úupalo’ob ti’ u k’exikuba’ob ''social'' ti’ ''México''.
[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Nook']]

{{INTERWIKI|Q39908}}</text>
      <sha1>rjsdqny4mgvudss5ulgn7u0qzb1hp29</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304047</id>
      <parentid>7304039</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:02:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7304047</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1971" sha1="r3xcpdfi7bvflqvkhqsahyy0wjdptp4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Shants.jpg|thumb|Chowak eex]]
Káastlan t'aan: '''Chowak eex:''' ''pantalón,'' tumen úuch ka'achile' le máako'obo' chéen ku ts'áajiko'ob chowak nook'.

La k'aaba' eexo' ku taal ti' le nook' pixik wíinik tu t'e'et' tak kabal, úuch ka'achile' chéen yaan chowak eex, ba'ale' je'el bix u bin u máan k'iine' káaj u yantal uláak' bix u búukinta'al yéetel u k'aaba' xan:  chowak eex, kul eex, xma' eex, etc

Le '''chowak eex''' leti' jump'éel u p'uuk' ku k'áaskuntik u chuwak u yooko'ob yéetel u xikinil u na'akalil u wíinkil. Ku k'áatik ti' jejeláas kaajo'ob ti' yóok'ol kaab bey u p'uuk' ku yúuchul k'iinil ka'ach wa ''formal'', yéetel ku beetik tu jejeláas ''material''o'ob je'ex ''algodón, mezclilla'' yéetel ''lana''. Le ''diseño moderno'' le ''chowak eex'' ku taal tu láak' kaajo'ob yéetel bejla'e' jump'éel ti' le p'uuk'o'ob más jach k'ajóolta'an.
== Jovita Valdovinos ==
[[File:Jovita Wore Pants.jpg|thumb|Jovita Valdovinos]]
Jovita ku k’áatik ''chowak eex'': u tsikbalil jump’éel máak ku meyaj tu yóok’ol u ''libertad México''. ¡Le tsikbal ma’alob yéetel jach u yáax kuxtal ti’ Jovita Valdovinos, junp’éel ''revolucionaria mexicana'' ku k’uchul u k’aaba’ bey wíinik ka’ach, ka’ach tu tsikbalta u ''derechos''!

Jump’éel máak ix-ch’úupal ''mexicana'' k’ajóolta’an tumen u yaantal tu ''Revolución Mexicana.'' Tu tsikbalilo’ob ''histórico'' ku ya’alik ba’ax leti’ tu k’ajóoltaj u k’áaxal tu yóok’ol le ''ejército revolucionario'' yéetel tu k’exaj u p’uuk’ je’ex wíinik, tumen ti’ le k’iino’obilo’obo’ le ix-ch’úupalo’ob ma’ tu ts’o’ok u yaantal u k’ajóoltik tu meyajil ''militar''. U tsikbalil ku k’a’amal bey jump’éel ''ejemplo'' ti’ u k’a’amalil yéetel u ''participación'' le ix-ch’úupalo’ob ti’ u k’exikuba’ob ''social'' ti’ ''México''.
[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Nook']]

{{INTERWIKI|Q39908}}</text>
      <sha1>r3xcpdfi7bvflqvkhqsahyy0wjdptp4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304176</id>
      <parentid>7304047</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:44:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7304176</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2060" sha1="d9zrg37oswxxcy06vmbauijbflzfcz2" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Shants.jpg|thumb|Chowak eex|167x167px]]
Káastlan t'aan: '''Chowak eex:''' ''pantalón,'' tumen úuch ka'achile' le máako'obo' chéen ku ts'áajiko'ob chowak nook'.
[[File:Four children walking together, August 2018.jpg|thumb|Eex paalalo’ob]]
La k'aaba' eexo' ku taal ti' le nook' pixik wíinik tu t'e'et' tak kabal, úuch ka'achile' chéen yaan chowak eex, ba'ale' je'el bix u bin u máan k'iine' káaj u yantal uláak' bix u búukinta'al yéetel u k'aaba' xan:  chowak eex, kul eex, xma' eex, etc

Le '''chowak eex''' leti' jump'éel u p'uuk' ku k'áaskuntik u chuwak u yooko'ob yéetel u xikinil u na'akalil u wíinkil. Ku k'áatik ti' jejeláas kaajo'ob ti' yóok'ol kaab bey u p'uuk' ku yúuchul k'iinil ka'ach wa ''formal'', yéetel ku beetik tu jejeláas ''material''o'ob je'ex ''algodón, mezclilla'' yéetel ''lana''. Le ''diseño moderno'' le ''chowak eex'' ku taal tu láak' kaajo'ob yéetel bejla'e' jump'éel ti' le p'uuk'o'ob más jach k'ajóolta'an.
== Jovita Valdovinos ==
[[File:Jovita Wore Pants.jpg|thumb|Jovita Valdovinos]]
Jovita ku k’áatik ''chowak eex'': u tsikbalil jump’éel máak ku meyaj tu yóok’ol u ''libertad México''. ¡Le tsikbal ma’alob yéetel jach u yáax kuxtal ti’ Jovita Valdovinos, junp’éel ''revolucionaria mexicana'' ku k’uchul u k’aaba’ bey wíinik ka’ach, ka’ach tu tsikbalta u ''derechos''!

Jump’éel máak ix-ch’úupal ''mexicana'' k’ajóolta’an tumen u yaantal tu ''Revolución Mexicana.'' Tu tsikbalilo’ob ''histórico'' ku ya’alik ba’ax leti’ tu k’ajóoltaj u k’áaxal tu yóok’ol le ''ejército revolucionario'' yéetel tu k’exaj u p’uuk’ je’ex wíinik, tumen ti’ le k’iino’obilo’obo’ le ix-ch’úupalo’ob ma’ tu ts’o’ok u yaantal u k’ajóoltik tu meyajil ''militar''. U tsikbalil ku k’a’amal bey jump’éel ''ejemplo'' ti’ u k’a’amalil yéetel u ''participación'' le ix-ch’úupalo’ob ti’ u k’exikuba’ob ''social'' ti’ ''México''.
[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Nook']]

{{INTERWIKI|Q39908}}</text>
      <sha1>d9zrg37oswxxcy06vmbauijbflzfcz2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Eek'</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>105960</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303915</id>
      <parentid>7221187</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:42:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku p'a'atal le bix u ya´alik wikipediao'</comment>
      <origin>7303915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1285" sha1="jtvw2qhrfekr0n95t4cqvww3t4unf49" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hubble ultra deep field.jpg|thumb|Le eek'o'ob]]
[[File:CaracolNoche.jpg|thumb|Éek' ti' ''Mayab'' yáanal ka'an]]

== Ba'ax u k'àat u ya'alej ==
[[File:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|left|thumb|Kíin]]
Le '''eek''''o' jump'éel nuxi' wóolis ti' ''plasma'' ku juul yéetel chokoj le je'ela' jach náach yaan te' yóok'ol kaaba', ich kastekant'aane' ku ya'alal ''estrella.''

Le ''eek'''o'obo' (''estrellas'') yaan u nojoch ba'alo'ob k'áak'náab ''gas'' chach choko'an, ''principalmente hidrógeno'' yéetel ''helio''. Ku meyajtiko'ob ''energía'' tumen jump'éel ''proceso'' k'aaba'e' ''fusión nuclear'', le ku ts'áik sáasil yéetel k'íin. 

K'iin (''el Sol'') leti' le ek' ''más'' naats' ti' Yóok'ol Kaab yéetel ku beetik u yaantal kuxtal ti' k lu'umil. Le ek'o'ob ku síijilo'ob ichil nojoch múuch'o'ob ''gas'' yéetel ''polvo'', ku jalach k'exikuba'ob tu yóok'ol ''millones'' wa ''miles de millones'' ja'abilo'ob, ka'ach ku ts'o'okol u kuxtalil jejeláas tuukulil tumen u nojochtal.

== U làak' ba'alo'ob ti' eek' ==

* Ya'ab u juul

* Ku beetiko'ob ba'alo'ob aaltak

* Ku wàak'al kan úuchuk ''procesos cosmológicos''

* Ku béeytal a wilik tak klu'umil.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q523}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Eek' Báalam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>107414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303918</id>
      <parentid>7221179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:46:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7303918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="tw1yk3gojzybi5az4g3f6ls52adlg41" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ek Balam loc.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Tu'ux yaan Ek Balam ti' ''Yucatán'']][[File:Piedra de bienvenida en ek' balam.jpg|thumb|u tuunilchil u k'uchul máak]]
'''Eek' Báalam''' (káastlan t'aan: ''Ek Balam'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Méxikoo|''Méxiko''o]].[[File:Ruina antigua ek' balam.jpg|thumb|Ek' balam]]
[[File:The Acropolis - Ek Balam Yucatan 2020.jpg|thumb|''Acrópolis'']]
Jump'éel ''zona arqueológica maya'' yaan tu lak'inil u péetlu'umil ''Yucatán'', naats' Saki'/Zací (''Valladolid)''. U k'aaba'e' ku taal tu t'aanil ''maya'' yéetel u k'áat u ya'al “ Éek'” (''Negro'') &quot;Báalam&quot; (jaguar) wa ''“Jaguar Estrella”''. Le kaajilo' ku ya'alik u yaantal máako'ob desde le k'iinil ''Preclásico'' yéetel ts'o'ok u yáantal u noj ''esplendor'' ti' le ''Clásico Tardío''. Ti' le ''construcciones más importantes'' yaan le ''Acrópolis'', le ''Juego de Pelota'' yéetel ya'ab ''estela''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'ob yaan ts'íibo'ob ''maya''o'ob. ''Eek' Báalam'' k'ajóolta'an tumen u ma'alob ''conservación'' ti' u ''esculturas'' yéetel u ''decoraciones'' ti' ''estuco''.
== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q988570}}</text>
      <sha1>tw1yk3gojzybi5az4g3f6ls52adlg41</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303932</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:01:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7303932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1237" sha1="57pucm5j6ssaursoawfsx4zomtt3sb3" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ek Balam loc.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Tu'ux yaan Ek Balam ti' ''Yucatán'']][[File:Piedra de bienvenida en ek' balam.jpg|thumb|u tuunilchil u k'uchul máak]]
'''Eek' Báalam''' (káastlan t'aan: ''Ek Balam'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Méxikoo|''Méxiko''o]].[[File:Ruina antigua ek' balam.jpg|thumb|Ek' balam]]
[[File:The Acropolis - Ek Balam Yucatan 2020.jpg|thumb|''Acrópolis'']]
[[File:Ek Balam Stela.jpg|thumb|''Estela'']]
Jump'éel ''zona arqueológica maya'' yaan tu lak'inil u péetlu'umil ''Yucatán'', naats' Saki'/Zací (''Valladolid)''. U k'aaba'e' ku taal tu t'aanil ''maya'' yéetel u k'áat u ya'al “ Éek'” (''Negro'') &quot;Báalam&quot; (jaguar) wa ''“Jaguar Estrella”''. Le kaajilo' ku ya'alik u yaantal máako'ob desde le k'iinil ''Preclásico'' yéetel ts'o'ok u yáantal u noj ''esplendor'' ti' le ''Clásico Tardío''. Ti' le ''construcciones más importantes'' yaan le ''Acrópolis'', le ''Juego de Pelota'' yéetel ya'ab ''estela''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'ob yaan ts'íibo'ob ''maya''o'ob. ''Eek' Báalam'' k'ajóolta'an tumen u ma'alob ''conservación'' ti' u ''esculturas'' yéetel u ''decoraciones'' ti' ''estuco''.
== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q988570}}</text>
      <sha1>57pucm5j6ssaursoawfsx4zomtt3sb3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303933</id>
      <parentid>7303932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:15:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7303933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1369" sha1="1r8yp12lvlavar187gmyl8rwopewddo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ek Balam loc.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Tu'ux yaan Ek Balam ti' ''Yucatán'']][[File:Piedra de bienvenida en ek' balam.jpg|thumb|U tuunilchil u k'uchul máak]]
'''Eek' Báalam''' (káastlan t'aan: ''Ek Balam'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Méxikoo|''Méxiko''o]].[[File:Ruina antigua ek' balam.jpg|thumb|Ek' balam]]
[[File:The Acropolis - Ek Balam Yucatan 2020.jpg|thumb|''Acrópolis'']]
[[File:U kúuchil tu'ux ku báaxta'al wóol.jpg|thumb|''Juego de Pelota'']]
[[File:Cenote Ek Balam, Yucatán.jpg|thumb|Tso'no'ot ]]
[[File:Ek Balam Stela.jpg|thumb|''Estela'']]
Jump'éel ''zona arqueológica maya'' yaan tu lak'inil u péetlu'umil ''Yucatán'', naats' Saki'/Zací (''Valladolid)''. U k'aaba'e' ku taal tu t'aanil ''maya'' yéetel u k'áat u ya'al “ Éek'” (''Negro'') &quot;Báalam&quot; (jaguar) wa ''“Jaguar Estrella”''. Le kaajilo' ku ya'alik u yaantal máako'ob desde le k'iinil ''Preclásico'' yéetel ts'o'ok u yáantal u noj ''esplendor'' ti' le ''Clásico Tardío''. Ti' le ''construcciones más importantes'' yaan le ''Acrópolis'', le ''Juego de Pelota'' yéetel ya'ab ''estela''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'ob yaan ts'íibo'ob ''maya''o'ob. ''Eek' Báalam'' k'ajóolta'an tumen u ma'alob ''conservación'' ti' u ''esculturas'' yéetel u ''decoraciones'' ti' ''estuco''.
== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q988570}}</text>
      <sha1>1r8yp12lvlavar187gmyl8rwopewddo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303934</id>
      <parentid>7303933</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:18:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7303934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1438" sha1="2gjho6kl4sq09xp9m2rrvjuj6zbwb3q" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ek Balam loc.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Tu'ux yaan Ek Balam ti' ''Yucatán'']][[File:Piedra de bienvenida en ek' balam.jpg|thumb|U tuunilchil u k'uchul máak]]
[[File:Ek Balam, Yucatan, Mexico - 51013124920.jpg|thumb|Ek' Balam]]
'''Eek' Báalam''' (káastlan t'aan: ''Ek Balam'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Méxikoo|''Méxiko''o]].[[File:Ruina antigua ek' balam.jpg|thumb|Ek' balam]]
[[File:The Acropolis - Ek Balam Yucatan 2020.jpg|thumb|''Acrópolis'']]
[[File:U kúuchil tu'ux ku báaxta'al wóol.jpg|thumb|''Juego de Pelota'']]
[[File:Cenote Ek Balam, Yucatán.jpg|thumb|Tso'no'ot ]]
[[File:Ek Balam Stela.jpg|thumb|''Estela'']]
Jump'éel ''zona arqueológica maya'' yaan tu lak'inil u péetlu'umil ''Yucatán'', naats' Saki'/Zací (''Valladolid)''. U k'aaba'e' ku taal tu t'aanil ''maya'' yéetel u k'áat u ya'al “ Éek'” (''Negro'') &quot;Báalam&quot; (jaguar) wa ''“Jaguar Estrella”''. Le kaajilo' ku ya'alik u yaantal máako'ob desde le k'iinil ''Preclásico'' yéetel ts'o'ok u yáantal u noj ''esplendor'' ti' le ''Clásico Tardío''. Ti' le ''construcciones más importantes'' yaan le ''Acrópolis'', le ''Juego de Pelota'' yéetel ya'ab ''estela''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'ob yaan ts'íibo'ob ''maya''o'ob. ''Eek' Báalam'' k'ajóolta'an tumen u ma'alob ''conservación'' ti' u ''esculturas'' yéetel u ''decoraciones'' ti' ''estuco''.
== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q988570}}</text>
      <sha1>2gjho6kl4sq09xp9m2rrvjuj6zbwb3q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303936</id>
      <parentid>7303934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:30:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7303936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1539" sha1="6iyc80q35yt28kbvgr5tpkdw4k67k4p" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ek Balam loc.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Tu'ux yaan Ek Balam ti' ''Yucatán'']][[File:Piedra de bienvenida en ek' balam.jpg|thumb|U tuunilchil u k'uchul máak]]
[[File:Ek Balam, Yucatan, Mexico - 51013124920.jpg|thumb|Ek Balam|left]]
[[File:Ek Balam, Yucatan, Mexico - 51013124920.jpg|left|thumb|'''Ek Balam''']]
'''Eek' Báalam''' (káastlan t'aan: ''Ek Balam'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Méxikoo|''Méxiko''o]].[[File:Ek Balam Stela.jpg|thumb|''Estela'']][[File:Ruina antigua ek' balam.jpg|thumb|Ek balam|left]]
[[File:The Acropolis - Ek Balam Yucatan 2020.jpg|thumb|''Acrópolis''|left]]
[[File:U kúuchil tu'ux ku báaxta'al wóol.jpg|thumb|''Juego de Pelota''|left]]
[[File:Cenote Ek Balam, Yucatán.jpg|thumb|Tso'no'ot |left]]
Jump'éel ''zona arqueológica maya'' yaan tu lak'inil u péetlu'umil ''Yucatán'', naats' Saki'/Zací (''Valladolid)''. U k'aaba'e' ku taal tu t'aanil ''maya'' yéetel u k'áat u ya'al “ Éek'” (''Negro'') &quot;Báalam&quot; (jaguar) wa ''“Jaguar Estrella”''. Le kaajilo' ku ya'alik u yaantal máako'ob desde le k'iinil ''Preclásico'' yéetel ts'o'ok u yáantal u noj ''esplendor'' ti' le ''Clásico Tardío''. Ti' le ''construcciones más importantes'' yaan le ''Acrópolis'', le ''Juego de Pelota'' yéetel ya'ab ''estela''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'ob yaan ts'íibo'ob ''maya''o'ob. ''Eek' Báalam'' k'ajóolta'an tumen u ma'alob ''conservación'' ti' u ''esculturas'' yéetel u ''decoraciones'' ti' ''estuco''.
== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q988570}}</text>
      <sha1>6iyc80q35yt28kbvgr5tpkdw4k67k4p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303937</id>
      <parentid>7303936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:31:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7303937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1584" sha1="0pzcd4pnvve2ow9vsup7ven36dusnx5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ek Balam loc.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Tu'ux yaan Ek Balam ti' ''Yucatán'']][[File:Piedra de bienvenida en ek' balam.jpg|thumb|U tuunilchil u k'uchul máak]]
[[File:Ek Balam, Yucatan, Mexico - 51013124920.jpg|thumb|Ek Balam|left]]
[[File:Ek Balam, Yucatan, Mexico - 51013124920.jpg|left|thumb|'''Ek Balam''']]
'''Eek' Báalam''' (káastlan t'aan: ''Ek Balam'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Méxikoo|''Méxiko''o]].[[File:Ek Balam Stela.jpg|thumb|''Estela'']][[File:Ruina antigua ek' balam.jpg|thumb|Ek balam|left]]
[[File:The Acropolis - Ek Balam Yucatan 2020.jpg|thumb|''Acrópolis''|left]]
[[File:U kúuchil tu'ux ku báaxta'al wóol.jpg|thumb|''Juego de Pelota''|left]]
[[File:Cenote Ek Balam, Yucatán.jpg|thumb|Tso'no'ot |left]]
[[File:Ek' balam - 08.jpg|thumb|''Estuco'']]
Jump'éel ''zona arqueológica maya'' yaan tu lak'inil u péetlu'umil ''Yucatán'', naats' Saki'/Zací (''Valladolid)''. U k'aaba'e' ku taal tu t'aanil ''maya'' yéetel u k'áat u ya'al “ Éek'” (''Negro'') &quot;Báalam&quot; (jaguar) wa ''“Jaguar Estrella”''. Le kaajilo' ku ya'alik u yaantal máako'ob desde le k'iinil ''Preclásico'' yéetel ts'o'ok u yáantal u noj ''esplendor'' ti' le ''Clásico Tardío''. Ti' le ''construcciones más importantes'' yaan le ''Acrópolis'', le ''Juego de Pelota'' yéetel ya'ab ''estela''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'ob yaan ts'íibo'ob ''maya''o'ob. ''Eek' Báalam'' k'ajóolta'an tumen u ma'alob ''conservación'' ti' u ''esculturas'' yéetel u ''decoraciones'' ti' ''estuco''.
== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q988570}}</text>
      <sha1>0pzcd4pnvve2ow9vsup7ven36dusnx5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Máas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>108409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304174</id>
      <parentid>7250768</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:28:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fcoba230</username>
        <id>2673901</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>se agrega un apartado</comment>
      <origin>7304174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="763" sha1="b0kb1tprdzrng0x1gpkdl4h53rjm0oh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Juntúul Máas.jpg|thumb|Juntúul máas]]

'''Máas:''' ichil u tuukulil maayaje' jump'éelili' ti'al u k'aabatik le mejen ik'elo'ob k'ajolta'an bey ''grillos'' yéetel ''chapulin,'' kex jejeláas u boonilo'ob yéetel u nojchil, yaan ya'axi', boox le je'elo' ma'atech ku k'exik u tuukulil ichil u k'aaba', yaane' ki' u yu'ubik u beetik u kajtalil tu'ux wej síis 'ool, ich k'áax, yaan u láak'o'obe', tu'ux tikin tu'ux minan k'aaxo'ob, yaane' ku chichillankil tuláakal le áak'abo'.

Le' màasobo', ku kuuxtalo'ob  ti' 60 a 120 k'iino'ob, ku kajtalo'ob tu' yootoch winik, tu'ux yaan mejeen joolo'ob, yèetel èjoch'e'enil. 

ku jaantik u le' xiu yèetel u laak' mejeen ik'elo'ob.


[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Ik'elo'ob]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q83902}}</text>
      <sha1>b0kb1tprdzrng0x1gpkdl4h53rjm0oh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Egipto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>114793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304177</id>
      <parentid>7220548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:48:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7304177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1761" sha1="71o9ucuvax4kamoi4in5ryaapg4bw59" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Noj Molay Lu'umile' Ejipto'''&lt;br&gt;'''République du Egypte'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|125px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Coat of arms of Egypt.svg|100px]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Lakam
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Chimal
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[image:Egypt (orthographic projection).svg|300px]]
|}
[[File:Piramides de Giza, Egipto.jpg|thumb|''Piramides'' ''de'' Giza, Egipto.|446x446px]]
'''Egipto''' u '''Noj Molay Lu'umile' ''Egipto''''' (fransés t'aan: ''République du Egypte'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Áfrikaa|Áfrikaa]]. Xook yéetel 32.604.000 utia'al wíinik.
[[File:Río Nilo, Luxor, Egipto, abril de 2009.JPG|thumb|''Río'' ''Nilo'']]
Jump’éel ''nación'' yaan tu nohol-láak’inil ''África'', k’ajóolta’an tumen u yaantal junp’éel ti’ le ''civilización''o’ob ''más'' uchben ti’ yóok’ol kaab. Tu tséel le ''río'' ''Nilo'' ku k’exikuba le noj ''cultura'', k’ajóolta’an tumen u ''pirámides, templos'' yéetel ''faraones''. U ''capital''e’ ''El Cairo''. '''''Egipto''''' xan yaan u jejeláas ''sitios arqueológicos'' k’ajóolta’ano’ob tumen le ''UNESCO'', lelo’ ku ye’esik u noj ''herencia histórica'' yéetel ''cultural''.

== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==&lt;!--Referencias--&gt;
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Noj lu'umilo'ob]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Áfrikaa]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q79}}</text>
      <sha1>71o9ucuvax4kamoi4in5ryaapg4bw59</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304178</id>
      <parentid>7304177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:52:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7304178</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1810" sha1="sth3u1e95kxoch39jt82j764i1a0glc" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Noj Molay Lu'umile' Ejipto'''&lt;br&gt;'''République du Egypte'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|125px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Coat of arms of Egypt.svg|100px]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Lakam
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Chimal
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[image:Egypt (orthographic projection).svg|300px]]
|}
[[File:Piramides de Giza, Egipto.jpg|thumb|''Piramides'' ''de'' Giza, Egipto.|446x446px]]
'''Egipto''' u '''Noj Molay Lu'umile' ''Egipto''''' (fransés t'aan: ''République du Egypte'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Áfrikaa|Áfrikaa]]. Xook yéetel 32.604.000 utia'al wíinik.
[[File:Río Nilo, Luxor, Egipto, abril de 2009.JPG|thumb|''Río'' ''Nilo'']]
[[File:El Cairo 1999 02.jpg|thumb|''El Cairo'']]
Jump’éel ''nación'' yaan tu nohol-láak’inil ''África'', k’ajóolta’an tumen u yaantal junp’éel ti’ le ''civilización''o’ob ''más'' uchben ti’ yóok’ol kaab. Tu tséel le ''río'' ''Nilo'' ku k’exikuba le noj ''cultura'', k’ajóolta’an tumen u ''pirámides, templos'' yéetel ''faraones''. U ''capital''e’ ''El Cairo''. '''''Egipto''''' xan yaan u jejeláas ''sitios arqueológicos'' k’ajóolta’ano’ob tumen le ''UNESCO'', lelo’ ku ye’esik u noj ''herencia histórica'' yéetel ''cultural''.

== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==&lt;!--Referencias--&gt;
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Noj lu'umilo'ob]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Áfrikaa]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q79}}</text>
      <sha1>sth3u1e95kxoch39jt82j764i1a0glc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304179</id>
      <parentid>7304178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:53:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7304179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1878" sha1="5llq8b9pcm9czwnk2x64m9zrl69i17z" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Noj Molay Lu'umile' Ejipto'''&lt;br&gt;'''République du Egypte'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|125px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Coat of arms of Egypt.svg|100px]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Lakam
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Chimal
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[image:Egypt (orthographic projection).svg|300px]]
|}
[[File:Piramides de Giza, Egipto.jpg|thumb|''Piramides'' ''de'' Giza, Egipto.|446x446px]]
'''Egipto''' u '''Noj Molay Lu'umile' ''Egipto''''' (fransés t'aan: ''République du Egypte'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Áfrikaa|Áfrikaa]]. Xook yéetel 32.604.000 utia'al wíinik.
[[File:Río Nilo, Luxor, Egipto, abril de 2009.JPG|thumb|''Río'' ''Nilo'']]
[[File:El Cairo 1999 02.jpg|thumb|''El Cairo'']]
[[File:EGIPTO - CAIRO - ESFINGE - panoramio.jpg|thumb|''Esfinge'']]
Jump’éel ''nación'' yaan tu nohol-láak’inil ''África'', k’ajóolta’an tumen u yaantal junp’éel ti’ le ''civilización''o’ob ''más'' uchben ti’ yóok’ol kaab. Tu tséel le ''río'' ''Nilo'' ku k’exikuba le noj ''cultura'', k’ajóolta’an tumen u ''pirámides, templos'' yéetel ''faraones''. U ''capital''e’ ''El Cairo''. '''''Egipto''''' xan yaan u jejeláas ''sitios arqueológicos'' k’ajóolta’ano’ob tumen le ''UNESCO'', lelo’ ku ye’esik u noj ''herencia histórica'' yéetel ''cultural''.

== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==&lt;!--Referencias--&gt;
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Noj lu'umilo'ob]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Áfrikaa]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q79}}</text>
      <sha1>5llq8b9pcm9czwnk2x64m9zrl69i17z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304182</id>
      <parentid>7304179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:56:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7304182</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1982" sha1="mno33r0p3yclaeylpk8fmla1q1hmeel" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Noj Molay Lu'umile' Ejipto'''&lt;br&gt;'''République du Egypte'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|125px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Coat of arms of Egypt.svg|100px]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Lakam
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Chimal
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[image:Egypt (orthographic projection).svg|300px]]
|}
[[File:Piramides de Giza, Egipto.jpg|thumb|''Piramides'' ''de'' Giza, Egipto.|446x446px]]
'''Egipto''' u '''Noj Molay Lu'umile' ''Egipto''''' (fransés t'aan: ''République du Egypte'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Áfrikaa|Áfrikaa]]. Xook yéetel 32.604.000 utia'al wíinik.
[[File:Río Nilo, Luxor, Egipto, abril de 2009.JPG|thumb|''Río'' ''Nilo'']]
[[File:El Cairo 1999 02.jpg|thumb|''El Cairo'']]
[[File:EGIPTO - CAIRO - ESFINGE - panoramio.jpg|thumb|''Esfinge'']]
[[File:Head of statue depicting new kingdom pharaoh Amenhotep III.jpg|thumb|''Faraón'' Amenhotep III]]
Jump’éel ''nación'' yaan tu nohol-láak’inil ''África'', k’ajóolta’an tumen u yaantal junp’éel ti’ le ''civilización''o’ob ''más'' uchben ti’ yóok’ol kaab. Tu tséel le ''río'' ''Nilo'' ku k’exikuba le noj ''cultura'', k’ajóolta’an tumen u ''pirámides, templos'' yéetel ''faraones''. U ''capital''e’ ''El Cairo''. '''''Egipto''''' xan yaan u jejeláas ''sitios arqueológicos'' k’ajóolta’ano’ob tumen le ''UNESCO'', lelo’ ku ye’esik u noj ''herencia histórica'' yéetel ''cultural''.

== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==&lt;!--Referencias--&gt;
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Noj lu'umilo'ob]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Áfrikaa]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q79}}</text>
      <sha1>mno33r0p3yclaeylpk8fmla1q1hmeel</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304231</id>
      <parentid>7304182</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:09:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7304231</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2220" sha1="3jzuopz6vuwkuetc3bqx4s11xpdejqu" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Noj Molay Lu'umile' Ejipto'''&lt;br&gt;'''République du Egypte'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|125px]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[File:Coat of arms of Egypt.svg|100px]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Lakam
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | Chimal
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[image:Egypt (orthographic projection).svg|300px]]
|}
[[File:Piramides de Giza, Egipto.jpg|thumb|''Piramides'' ''de'' Giza, Egipto.|446x446px]]
'''Egipto''' u '''Noj Molay Lu'umile' ''Egipto''''' (fransés t'aan: ''République du Egypte'') u k'aaba' junp'éel lu'umil ich [[Wp/yua/Áfrikaa|Áfrikaa]]. Xook yéetel 32.604.000 utia'al wíinik.
[[File:Río Nilo, Luxor, Egipto, abril de 2009.JPG|thumb|''Río'' ''Nilo''|left]]
[[File:El Cairo 1999 02.jpg|thumb|''El Cairo''|left]]
[[File:EGIPTO - CAIRO - ESFINGE - panoramio.jpg|thumb|''Esfinge''|left]]
[[File:Head of statue depicting new kingdom pharaoh Amenhotep III.jpg|thumb|''Faraón'' Amenhotep III]]
[[File:Recarved statue of Pharaoh Ramesses II from Harsaphes Heracleopolis Egypt 1897-1843 BCE Penn Museum 02.jpg|left|thumb|''Faraón'' Ramesses II]]
[[File:Flickr - archer10 (Dennis) - Egypt-6A-052.jpg|thumb|''Egipto'']]
Jump’éel ''nación'' yaan tu nohol-láak’inil ''África'', k’ajóolta’an tumen u yaantal junp’éel ti’ le ''civilización''o’ob ''más'' uchben ti’ yóok’ol kaab. Tu tséel le ''río'' ''Nilo'' ku k’exikuba le noj ''cultura'', k’ajóolta’an tumen u ''pirámides, templos'' yéetel ''faraones''. U ''capital''e’ ''El Cairo''. '''''Egipto''''' xan yaan u jejeláas ''sitios arqueológicos'' k’ajóolta’ano’ob tumen le ''UNESCO'', lelo’ ku ye’esik u noj ''herencia histórica'' yéetel ''cultural''.

== Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' ==&lt;!--Referencias--&gt;
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Noj lu'umilo'ob]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Áfrikaa]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q79}}</text>
      <sha1>3jzuopz6vuwkuetc3bqx4s11xpdejqu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Eek' lu'um</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>115884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303945</id>
      <parentid>7208384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:39:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
        <id>2658048</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
      <origin>7303945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="940" sha1="rly15hxju5enmfnmw7ca390sqb6ne9i" xml:space="preserve">[[File:North America from low orbiting satellite Suomi NPP.jpg|thumb|Eek' lu'um ''Tierra'' ]]
[[Image:Artist's Concept of Exoplanet OGLE-2005-BLG-390L b.jpg|thumb|249x249px|right|Yóok'ol Kaab ku sutikuba' tu pach K'iin (''Sol'')]]

* [[File:Montage of Our Solar System.jpg|left|thumb|Eek' lu'umo'ob]]Káastlan t'aan: ''Planeta''.
Yóok'ol Kaab, le '''éek' lu'um'''o' (''planeta Tierra''), leti' le óoxp'éel ''planeta'' ti' le ''Sistema Solar'' yéetel leti' le ''único'' k'ajóolta'an tu'ux yaan kuxtal. Yaan ti' ''continentes, océanos, atmósfera'' yéetel ya'ab jejeláas ''ecosistemas''. Yóok'ol Kaab ku sutikuba' tu pach K'iin (''Sol'') yéetel ku k'uchul ''aproximadamente'' 365 k'iin ti' u ts'o'okol jump'éel sut. Tumen u yaantal ha' ma' choko'an, ikuku' yéetel jump'éel ''temperatura'' ma'alob, le '''éek' lu'um'''o'  ku ts'áik u yaantal ''millones especies'' ti' ba'alo'ob kuxtal.
[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q634}}</text>
      <sha1>rly15hxju5enmfnmw7ca390sqb6ne9i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/San Marein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>251340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304462</id>
      <parentid>7303766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:04:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>7304462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5303" sha1="s4uyk965nybi23dnl6umrmg35el13ou" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/SM}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Gra amm=0|Nom=Ripóbblica ad San Marèin|Tip=Stèd|var=SM|Ban=Flag_of_San_Marino.svg|Did ban=[[Wp/rgn/Bandira ad San Marein|bandìra]]|Ste=Coat_of_arms_of_San_Marino.svg|Img=San_Marino_Europe_Location.svg|Map=San_Marino_CIA_map.gif|Cun=[[Wp/rgn/Italia|Italia]]|Nom ufc=Repubblica di San Marino|Cap=[[Wp/rgn/San Marèin Cità|San Marèin Cità]]|Len ufz=[[Wp/rgn/Italien|Italien]]|Elt len=[[Wp/rgn/Lengua rumagnòla|Rumagnùl]]|Sup=61,24|Abi={{formatnum:34132}} &lt;small&gt;(31-07-2025)&lt;/small&gt;|Den=557}}
La '''Ripóbblica ad San Marein&lt;ref&gt;&quot;San Maròin&quot; tel dialèt ad [[Wp/rgn/Seraval|Seravàl]]&lt;/ref&gt;''' ('''Repubblica di San Marino''' in [[Wp/rgn/Itaglièn|Italién]]) l'è un stèd znèin ad 61 kmq enclava dl'Itàlia, fra l'[[Wp/rgn/Emelia-Rumagna|Eméglia-Rumàgna]] e al [[Wp/rgn/Mèrchi|Mèrchi]] e l'è messa sò el [[Wp/rgn/Mont Titén|Mount Titèn]]. L'aggetìv dij abitìnt l'è &quot;Sammarinèiṡ&quot; o &quot;Sammarinòiṡ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Saravàl&lt;/ref&gt;. La [[Wp/rgn/Lengua|lèngua]] ufficiela l'è l'Italién, mo u-s scòrra enca la [[Wp/rgn/Lengua rumagnòla|lengua Rumagnùla]] ma i so [[Wp/rgn/Dialèt Sammarinèiṡ|varient luchéli]].

L'è cunsidereda la piò antiga ripóbblica del mònd sa la sua fundaziouna legendèra fiseda tel 301 AD.

L'è capitanèda da dó [[Wp/rgn/Capitèn Regìnt|Capitèn Regìnt]] elett gni sì miṡ.

== Storia ==
{{Wp/rgn/GE|Wp/rgn/Storia ad San Marein}}
=== Dal XX sècli in pó ===

== Geografèja ==
=== Teritori ===
=== Clima ===

=== Diviṡiouni (castéll) ===
* [[Wp/rgn/Aquaviva|Aquaviva]]
* [[Wp/rgn/E Bórgh|Borgh]]
* [[Wp/rgn/Ciṡanova|Ciṡanova]]
* [[Wp/rgn/Dmagnén|Dmagnén]]
* [[Wp/rgn/Faitèn|Faitèn]]
* [[Wp/rgn/Fiurantèin|Fiurantèin]]
* [[Wp/rgn/Mungiardèin|Mungiardèin]]
* [[Wp/rgn/San Marèin Cità|San Marèin Cità]] 
* [[Wp/rgn/Seraval|Seravàl]]

== Infrastruturi e traspurt ==
== Comunicaziòuni ==
== Forzi armèd e 'd polizèja ==
[[File:Guardia di Rocca al Palazzo Pubblico San Marino.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Guardij ad Ròca.]]

== Monuméint e póst d'interès ==
[[File:Liberty statue.jpg|197px|right|thumb|La Statua dla Liberté, ad Stefano Galletti.]]

=== Architetóri civili ===
==== Palàz Póblich ====
=== Monuméint dla memoria e Statui ===
=== Architetóri militèri ===
==== Tori ad San Marèin ====
=== Architetóri religióṣi ===

== Sucitê ==

== Pulética ==
===Urdinamèint 'd Stèd===
{{Wp/rgn/GE|Wp/rgn/Istituziouni ad San Marein}}

== Cultura ==
=== Istruziòuna ===
==== Istituziòuni dl'Università e Scientéfghi ====

=== Muṡej ===
=== Arte ===
==== Cinema girèd a San Marèin ====
* [[Wp/rgn/Lo sconosciuto di San Marino|Lo sconosciuto di San Marino]], 1946
* [[Wp/rgn/Prince of Foxes (cinema)|Prince of Foxes]], 1949
* [[Wp/rgn/Paolo e Francesca (cinema)|Paolo e Francesca]], 1950
* [[Wp/rgn/Camicie rosse|Camicie rosse]], 1952
* [[Wp/rgn/Estate violenta|Estate violenta]], 1959
* [[Wp/rgn/The last alchemist|The last alchemist]], 2012
==== Scenegéd ambintéd a San Marèin ====
* Lupin III (2015)

=== Patrimonij dl'umanitè ===
=== Produziouna Scréta ===
=== Muṡica ===
=== Fèsti ===
==== Sént Patrun ====
I sént patrùn dla Ripóbblica i sò san Marèin diacon, san Quirèin e sant'Ègta; i só imaggni i sò mes sla facèda de' Palàz Póblich, sòra la tora dl'arlògg.

== Sport ==
=== Chèlcc ===
=== Mutur: Formula 1, motomundièl, motocross e rally ===
=== Baseball ===
=== Tennis ===
=== Élt Sport ===

=== Giugh Olémpich ===
== Cuṡina ==

== Ambiènt ==

== Noti ==
== Bibliografèja ==
* Patrizia Battilani e Stefano Pivato (a cura di): ''Il turismo nei piccoli borghi. Fra cultura e ri-definizione dell'identità urbana: il caso di San Marino'', San Marino, Centro Studi Storici Sammarinesi, 2010.
* [[Wp/rgn/Giosuè Carducci|Giosuè Carducci]]: ''La libertà perpetua di San Marino: discorso al Senato e al popolo - XXX settembre MDCCCLXXXXIV'', Bologna: Zanichelli, 1894.
* Fabio Foresti: ''Quella nostra sancta libertà. Lingue, storia e società nella Repubblica di San Marino.'' Biblioteca e ricerca. Quaderni della Segretaria di Stato per la Pubblica Istruzione, Affari Sociali. Istituti Culturali e Giustizia 6. Aiep, San Marino 1998. ISBN 88-86051-66-2
* [[Wp/rgn/Melchiorre Delfico|Melchiorre Delfico]]: ''Memorie storiche della Repubblica di San Marino.'' Milano: Sonzogno, 1804
* [[Wp/rgn/Giovanni Spadolini|Giovanni Spadolini]]: ''San Marino, l'idea della repubblica'', Firenze: Le Monnier, maggio 1989. ISBN 88-00-85629-2.
* [[Wp/rgn/Sergio Anselmi|Sergio Anselmi]] (a cura),[https://web.archive.org/web/20160423020103/http://www.unirsm.sm/default.php?id=2332 Il territorio e la gente della Repubblica di San Marino, Secoli XIV-XIX], 1993, pp.&amp;nbsp;282
* Michaël Gasperoni,[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004004/http://www.unirsm.sm/default.php?id=4220 ''Popolazione, famiglie e parentela nella Repubblica di San Marino in epoca moderna''], con CD genealogico allegato, 2009
* Simone Sperduto: ''Cuor di Titano'', Rimini, Il Cerchio, 2016.

== Vosgi Lighèdi ==
* [[Wp/rgn/Diocesi ad San Marein-Mont Feltri|Dioceṡi ad San Marèin - Mònt Fèltri]]
== Élt Diṡégn ==
== Ligacc ad fùra ==

{{Wp/rgn/Armand}}

{{Wp/rgn/Castéll ad San Maréin}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/San Marein]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q238}}</text>
      <sha1>s4uyk965nybi23dnl6umrmg35el13ou</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Agl'Infunsẽ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>251378</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304292</id>
      <parentid>7299219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304292</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1425" sha1="ern1xjhhij0ihnjoa0b8lyqkfowkujz" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Gra amm=3|Nom=Agl'Infunsẽ|Tip=Cumõn|Ste=Alfonsine-Stemma.svg|Img=Palazzo Comunale - 25 aprile 2021.jpg|Did=E' Palaz cumunêl|Sta={{Template:Wp/rgn/Bandira|ITA}}|Div sup=Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Alt=6|Sup=106,79|Abi={{formatnum:11661}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot; /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(31-05-2026)&lt;/small&gt;|Den=106,79|Sit=[https://www.comune.alfonsine.ra.it/ comune.alfonsine.ra.it]|Map=Map of comune of Alfonsine (province of Ravenna, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Did map=Pusiziõn de' Cumõn dagl'Infunsẽ int la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.}}

'''Agl'Infunsẽ''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Alberto Giovannini|tit=A voj imparê e' Rumagnôl|ann=2025|edi=Tempo al Libro|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|vol=I|pag=114|isb=979-12-81307-40-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; o '''Agl'Infunsẽn''',&lt;ref name=&quot;pons&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Franco Ponseggi|tit=Nuovo vocabolario romagnolo|ann=2024|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|edi=Tempo al libro|pag=143|isb=979-12-81307-11-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Wp/rgn/Italièn|itagliãn]]: ''Alfonsine'') l è un cumõn [[Wp/rgn/Italia|itagliãn]] ch l à {{formatnum:11661}} abitẽnt.&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2026&amp;i=D7B|acc=26.08.2026|sit=demo.istat.it|tit=Bilancio demografico mensile}}&lt;/ref&gt; L è sota la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/ProvRAVENNA}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q52953}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Cità]]</text>
      <sha1>ern1xjhhij0ihnjoa0b8lyqkfowkujz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304293</id>
      <parentid>7304292</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1425" sha1="i33a9b105szyr4jq4k26duj3mjhnvrz" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Gra amm=3|Nom=Agl'Infunsẽ|Tip=Cumõn|Ste=Alfonsine-Stemma.svg|Img=Palazzo Comunale - 25 aprile 2021.jpg|Did=E' Palaz cumunêl|Sta={{Template:Wp/rgn/Bandira|ITA}}|Div sup=Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Alt=6|Sup=106,79|Abi={{formatnum:11661}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot; /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(31-05-2026)&lt;/small&gt;|Den=106,79|Sit=[https://www.comune.alfonsine.ra.it/ comune.alfonsine.ra.it]|Map=Map of comune of Alfonsine (province of Ravenna, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Did map=Pusiziõn de' Cumõn dagl'Infunsẽ int la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.}}

'''Agl'Infunsẽ''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Alberto Giovannini|tit=A voj imparê e' Rumagnôl|ann=2025|edi=Tempo al Libro|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|vol=I|pag=114|isb=979-12-81307-40-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; o '''Agl'Infunsẽn''',&lt;ref name=&quot;pons&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Franco Ponseggi|tit=Nuovo vocabolario romagnolo|ann=2024|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|edi=Tempo al libro|pag=143|isb=979-12-81307-11-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Wp/rgn/Italièn|itagliãn]]: ''Alfonsine'') l è un cumõn [[Wp/rgn/Italia|itagliãn]] ch'l à {{formatnum:11661}} abitẽnt.&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2026&amp;i=D7B|acc=26.08.2026|sit=demo.istat.it|tit=Bilancio demografico mensile}}&lt;/ref&gt; L è sota la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/ProvRAVENNA}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q52953}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Cità]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304295</id>
      <parentid>7304293</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:47:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304295</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1490" sha1="0f58lykuikqtvy0v09mricm2juh2ls9" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Gra amm=3|Nom=Agl'Infunsẽ|Tip=Cumõn|Ste=Alfonsine-Stemma.svg|Img=Palazzo Comunale - 25 aprile 2021.jpg|Did=E' Palaz cumunêl|Sta={{Template:Wp/rgn/Bandira|ITA}}|Div sup=[[Wp/rgn/Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Pruvẽnza d Ravèna]]|Alt=6|Sup=106,79|Abi={{formatnum:11661}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot; /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(31-05-2026)&lt;/small&gt;|Den=106,79|Sit=[https://www.comune.alfonsine.ra.it/ comune.alfonsine.ra.it]|Map=Map of comune of Alfonsine (province of Ravenna, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Did map=Pusiziõn de' Cumõn dagl'Infunsẽ int la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.}}

'''Agl'Infunsẽ''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Alberto Giovannini|tit=A voj imparê e' Rumagnôl|ann=2025|edi=Tempo al Libro|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|vol=I|pag=114|isb=979-12-81307-40-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; o '''Agl'Infunsẽn''',&lt;ref name=&quot;pons&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Franco Ponseggi|tit=Nuovo vocabolario romagnolo|ann=2024|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|edi=Tempo al libro|pag=143|isb=979-12-81307-11-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Wp/rgn/Italièn|itagliãn]]: ''Alfonsine'') l è un cumõn [[Wp/rgn/Itaglia|itagliãn]] ch'l à {{formatnum:11661}} abitẽnt.&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2026&amp;i=D7B|acc=26.08.2026|sit=demo.istat.it|tit=Bilancio demografico mensile}}&lt;/ref&gt; L è sota la [[Wp/rgn/Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Pruvẽnza d Ravèna]].

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/ProvRAVENNA}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q52953}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Cità]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Bagnacaval</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>251379</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304294</id>
      <parentid>7301274</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:46:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <text bytes="1565" sha1="rhspmx0kn4ebxzqb1gxufv7sj6ko2qj" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Gra amm=3|Nom=Bagnacaval|Tip=Cumõn|Sta={{Wp/rgn/Bandira|ITA}}|Div sup=[[Wp/rgn/Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Pruvẽnza d Ravèna]]|Ste=Bagnacavallo-Stemma.svg|Img=Piazza Nuova .jpg|Alt=11|Sup=79,58|Abi={{formatnum:16511}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot; /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(31-05-2026)&lt;/small&gt;|Den=207,48|Map=Map of comune of Bagnacavallo (province of Ravenna, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Did map=Pusiziõn de' Cumõn d Bagnacaval int la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.}}

'''Bagnacaval'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Alberto Giovannini|tit=A voj imparê e' Rumagnôl|ann=2025|edi=Tempo al Libro|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|vol=I|pag=114|isb=979-12-81307-40-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pons&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Franco Ponseggi|tit=Nuovo vocabolario romagnolo|ann=2024|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|edi=Tempo al libro|pag=147|isb=979-12-81307-11-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Wp/rgn/Italièn|itagliãn]]: ''Bagnacavallo'') l è un cumõn ch'l à {{formatnum:16511}} abitẽnt.&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2026&amp;i=D7B|acc=26.08.2026|sit=demo.istat.it|tit=Bilancio demografico mensile}}&lt;/ref&gt; L è sota la [[Wp/rgn/Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Pruvẽnza d Ravèna]].

== Prinzèpi de' nöm ==
E' nöm de' cumõn e' vẽn da e' latẽn (''Balneum caballi'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Giorgio Lazzari|tit=Dizionario etimologico romagnolo|ann=2020|edi=Il Ponte Vecchio|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Zisèna|Ciṣèna]]|pag=26|isb=978-88-6541-903-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Wp/rgn/ProvRAVENNA}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q52957}}</text>
      <sha1>rhspmx0kn4ebxzqb1gxufv7sj6ko2qj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Bagnèra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>251380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304296</id>
      <parentid>7300348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:50:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304296</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="933" sha1="lkpx11y0oiqwgz3wm424om95s2d84qd" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Gra amm=3|Nom=Bagnèra|Tip=Cumõn|Sta={{Wp/rgn/Bandira|ITA}}|Div sup=[[Wp/rgn/Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Pruvẽnza d Ravèna]]|Img=Rocca di Bagnara di Romagna.jpg|Alt=22|Sup=9,96|Abi={{formatnum:2311}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot; /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(31-05-2026)&lt;/small&gt;|Den=232,03|Map=Map of comune of Bagnara di Romagna (province of Ravenna, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Did map=Pusiziõn de' Cumõn d Bagnèra int la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.}}

'''Bagnèra''' ([[Wp/rgn/Italièn|itagliãn]]: ''Bagnara di Romagna'') l è un cumõn [[Wp/rgn/Itaglia|itagliãn]] ch'l à {{formatnum:2311}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2026&amp;i=D7B|acc=26.08.2026|sit=demo.istat.it|tit=Bilancio demografico mensile}}&lt;/ref&gt; abitẽnt. L è sota la [[Wp/rgn/Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Pruvẽnza d Ravèna]].

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Wp/rgn/ProvRAVENNA}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q52959}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Chêsla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>251382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304309</id>
      <parentid>7303654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T05:59:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1834" sha1="7plxlgr3m1jhocqudive2hjg8z2e0ya" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Gra amm=3|Nom=Chêsla|Tip=Cumõn|Sta={{Wp/rgn/Bandira|ITA}}|Div sup=[[Wp/rgn/Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Pruvẽnza d Ravèna]]|Img=Panorama di Casola Valsenio.jpg|Alt=195|Sup=84,42|Abi={{formatnum:2488}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot; /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(31-05-2026)&lt;/small&gt;|Den=29,47|Map=Map of comune of Castel Bolognese (province of Ravenna, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Did map=Pusiziõn de' Cumõn d Castèl Bulgnés int la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.}}

'''Chêsla''' ([[Wp/rgn/Italien|itagliãn]]: ''Casola Valsenio'') l è un cumõn [[Wp/rgn/Itaglia|itagliãn]] ch'l à {{formatnum:2488}} abitẽnt.&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2026&amp;i=D7B|acc=26.08.2026|sit=demo.istat.it|tit=Bilancio demografico mensile}}&lt;/ref&gt; L è sota la [[Wp/rgn/Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Pruvẽnza d Ravèna]].

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Culegamẽnt ad fura ==
* [http://www.comune.casolavalsenio.ra.it/ Comune di Casola Valsenio]
* [http://proloco-casolavalsenio.blogspot.com/ Proloco di Casola Valsenio]
* [http://www.ilgiardinodelleerbe.it/ Giardino delle Erbe]
* [http://proloco-casolavalsenio.blogspot.com/search/label/Festa%20di%20Primavera Festa di Primavera e dei Carri di Pensiero]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090303155257/http://www.fruttidimenticati.org/ Festa dei Frutti Dimenticati]
* [http://proloco-casolavalsenio.blogspot.com/2008/01/mercatino-serale-delle-erbe-edizione.html Mercatino Serale delle Erbe]
* [http://proloco-casolavalsenio.blogspot.com/search/label/Festa%20dei%20Marroni Erbe in Fiore]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072606/http://www.venadelgesso.org/ Vena del Gesso Romagnola]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113081449/http://www.montebattaglia.it/frame/fhome.htm Monte Battaglia]

{{Wp/rgn/ProvRAVENNA}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q52966}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Ravèna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>251390</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303997</id>
      <parentid>7299547</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:47:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303997</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2455" sha1="a49165pxq4khdniv4rwpk29e11jh9cq" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Nom=Ravèna|Tip=Cumõn|Gra amm=3|Ste=Ravenna-Stemma.svg|Img=Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna.jpg|Div sup=Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Alt=4|Map=Map of comune of Ravenna (province of Ravenna, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Did map=Pusiziõn de' Cumõn d Ravèna int la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.|Abi={{formatnum:156564}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot; /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(31-05-2026)&lt;/small&gt;|Den=239,46|Sup=653,82|Sit=[https://comune.ravenna.it/ comune.ravenna.it]|Sta={{Wp/rgn/Bandira|ITA}}|Nom abi=ramgnẽn, o ravgnẽn&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pons&quot; /&gt;}}

'''Ravèna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Giorgio Lazzari|tit=Dizionario etimologico romagnolo|ann=2020|edi=Il Ponte Vecchio|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Zisèna|Ciṣèna]]|pag=164-166|isb=978-88-6541-903-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pons&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Franco Ponseggi|tit=Nuovo vocabolario romagnolo|ann=2024|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|edi=Tempo al libro|pag=205|isb=979-12-81307-11-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;, o '''Ravena'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Alberto Giovannini|tit=A voj imparê e' Rumagnôl|ann=2025|edi=Tempo al Libro|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|vol=I|pag=114|isb=979-12-81307-40-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ([[Wp/rgn/Italièn|itagliãn]]: ''Ravenna'') l è un cumõn [[Wp/rgn/Italia|itagliãn]] ch l à {{formatnum:156564}} abitẽnt.&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2026&amp;i=D7B|acc=26.08.2026|sit=demo.istat.it|tit=Bilancio demografico mensile}}&lt;/ref&gt; L è e' caplugh dla pruvẽnza umònuma.

== Geugrafèja fìṣica ==

=== Teritôri ===
E' zẽntar dla zitê l è a 8 km da e' mêr Adriàtic.

=== Clìmit ===
E' clìmit ad Ravèna l è caratarèstic dla pianura Padana e l è sub-cuntinantêl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|tit=Grande atlante d'Italia De Agostini|ann=1987|aut=AA VV|isb=88-402-0060-6|pag=235|edi=Istituto Geografico De Agostini|loc=Novara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prinzèpi de' nöm ==
Int e' nöm dla zitê d Ravena u j è la radiṣa ''rava'', ch la vó dì &quot;idrònum&quot; e l è prubàbil ch la seja nativa da e' latẽn antigh o da una lengva prelatẽna. E' sufès ''-enna'' e' vẽn invēzi da la lengva etrosca.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Culegamẽnt ad fura ==
* [https://www.comune.ra.it/ Sid istituziunêl]
* [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ravenna/ Ravena - Treccani]

{{Wp/rgn/Chép-lugh dl'Eméglia-Rumâgna}}
{{Wp/rgn/ProvRAVENNA}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q13364}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Cità]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T05:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2455" sha1="bu6nds2uvqocwry9h8j7wm8bjaehxqd" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Nom=Ravèna|Tip=Cumõn|Gra amm=3|Ste=Ravenna-Stemma.svg|Img=Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna.jpg|Div sup=Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Alt=4|Map=Map of comune of Ravenna (province of Ravenna, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Did map=Pusiziõn de' Cumõn d Ravèna int la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.|Abi={{formatnum:156564}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot; /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(31-05-2026)&lt;/small&gt;|Den=239,46|Sup=653,82|Sit=[https://comune.ravenna.it/ comune.ravenna.it]|Sta={{Wp/rgn/Bandira|ITA}}|Nom abi=ramgnẽn, o ravgnẽn&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pons&quot; /&gt;}}

'''Ravèna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Giorgio Lazzari|tit=Dizionario etimologico romagnolo|ann=2020|edi=Il Ponte Vecchio|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Zisèna|Ciṣèna]]|pag=164-166|isb=978-88-6541-903-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pons&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Franco Ponseggi|tit=Nuovo vocabolario romagnolo|ann=2024|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|edi=Tempo al libro|pag=205|isb=979-12-81307-11-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;, o '''Ravena'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Alberto Giovannini|tit=A voj imparê e' Rumagnôl|ann=2025|edi=Tempo al Libro|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|vol=I|pag=114|isb=979-12-81307-40-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ([[Wp/rgn/Italièn|itagliãn]]: ''Ravenna'') l è un cumõn [[Wp/rgn/Italia|itagliãn]] ch'l à {{formatnum:156564}} abitẽnt.&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2026&amp;i=D7B|acc=26.08.2026|sit=demo.istat.it|tit=Bilancio demografico mensile}}&lt;/ref&gt; L è e' caplugh dla pruvẽnza umònuma.

== Geugrafèja fìṣica ==

=== Teritôri ===
E' zẽntar dla zitê l è a 8 km da e' mêr Adriàtic.

=== Clìmit ===
E' clìmit ad Ravèna l è caratarèstic dla pianura Padana e l è sub-cuntinantêl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|tit=Grande atlante d'Italia De Agostini|ann=1987|aut=AA VV|isb=88-402-0060-6|pag=235|edi=Istituto Geografico De Agostini|loc=Novara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prinzèpi de' nöm ==
Int e' nöm dla zitê d Ravena u j è la radiṣa ''rava'', ch'la vó dì &quot;idrònum&quot; e l è prubàbil ch'la seja nativa da e' latẽn antigh o da una lengva prelatẽna. E' sufès ''-enna'' e' vẽn invēzi da la lengva etrosca.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Culegamẽnt ad fura ==
* [https://www.comune.ra.it/ Sid istituziunêl]
* [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ravenna/ Ravena - Treccani]

{{Wp/rgn/Chép-lugh dl'Eméglia-Rumâgna}}
{{Wp/rgn/ProvRAVENNA}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q13364}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Cità]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T05:45:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ganjidvd</username>
        <id>2540604</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2519" sha1="r6f0xi8tnz9blan741qx4ab9q3lka7q" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/RO}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Nom=Ravèna|Tip=Cumõn|Gra amm=3|Ste=Ravenna-Stemma.svg|Img=Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna.jpg|Div sup=[[Wp/rgn/Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|Pruvẽnza d Ravèna]]|Alt=4|Map=Map of comune of Ravenna (province of Ravenna, region Emilia-Romagna, Italy).svg|Did map=Pusiziõn de' Cumõn d Ravèna int la Pruvẽnza d Ravèna.|Abi={{formatnum:156564}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot; /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(31-05-2026)&lt;/small&gt;|Den=239,46|Sup=653,82|Sit=[https://comune.ravenna.it/ comune.ravenna.it]|Sta={{Wp/rgn/Bandira|ITA}}|Nom abi=ramgnẽn, o ravgnẽn&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pons&quot; /&gt;}}

'''Ravèna'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Giorgio Lazzari|tit=Dizionario etimologico romagnolo|ann=2020|edi=Il Ponte Vecchio|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Zisèna|Ciṣèna]]|pag=164-166|isb=978-88-6541-903-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pons&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Franco Ponseggi|tit=Nuovo vocabolario romagnolo|ann=2024|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|edi=Tempo al libro|pag=205|isb=979-12-81307-11-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;, o '''Ravena'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|aut=Alberto Giovannini|tit=A voj imparê e' Rumagnôl|ann=2025|edi=Tempo al Libro|loc=[[Wp/rgn/Fënza|Fẽnza]]|vol=I|pag=114|isb=979-12-81307-40-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ([[Wp/rgn/Italièn|itagliãn]]: ''Ravenna'') l è un cumõn [[Wp/rgn/Italia|itagliãn]] ch'l à {{formatnum:156564}} abitẽnt.&lt;ref name=&quot;ab&quot;&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2026&amp;i=D7B|acc=26.08.2026|sit=demo.istat.it|tit=Bilancio demografico mensile}}&lt;/ref&gt; L è e' caplugh dla [[Wp/rgn/Pruvẽnza d Ravèna|pruvẽnza umònuma]].

== Geugrafèja fìṣica ==

=== Teritôri ===
E' zẽntar dla zitê l è a 8 km da e' mêr Adriàtic.

=== Clìmit ===
E' clìmit ad Ravèna l è caratarèstic dla pianura Padana e l è sub-cuntinantêl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/rgn/Zita lìvar|tit=Grande atlante d'Italia De Agostini|ann=1987|aut=AA VV|isb=88-402-0060-6|pag=235|edi=Istituto Geografico De Agostini|loc=Novara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prinzèpi de' nöm ==
Int e' nöm dla zitê d Ravena u j è la radiṣa ''rava'', ch'la vó dì &quot;idrònum&quot; e l è prubàbil ch'la seja nativa da e' latẽn antigh o da una lengva prelatẽna. E' sufès ''-enna'' e' vẽn invēzi da la lengva etrosca.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Armẽnd ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Culegamẽnt ad fura ==
* [https://www.comune.ra.it/ Sid istituziunêl]
* [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ravenna/ Ravena - Treccani]

{{Wp/rgn/Chép-lugh dl'Eméglia-Rumâgna}}
{{Wp/rgn/ProvRAVENNA}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q13364}}
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Cità]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wy/ko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <parentid>4867540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:38:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Таёжный лес</username>
        <id>2566317</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="179" sha1="75ejeqgjlslnnd4sgavla4av46krb28" xml:space="preserve">{{test wiki
| status = open
| language = Korean
| meta = yes
| mainpage = Wy/ko/위키여행:대문
| since = 2012-12-24
}}
[[Category:Incubator:Test wikis of languages of Korea]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Incubator:Wikis/ko</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>511638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304341</id>
      <parentid>7295442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:21:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48016-55</username>
        <id>2703191</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;위키미디어 재단 이사회는 2026-05-04부터 모든 위키뉴스 프로젝트를 종료하기로 결정했으므로 더 이상의 위키뉴스 프로젝트는 승인되지 않습니다 ([$1|발표 참조]).&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2532" sha1="j0wdhckxpyi72xpp0r8twgfbar0mokd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;
아래 목록에는 위키미디어 인큐베이터에서 현재 개발하고 있는, 다음 두 조건 중 하나 이상을 만족하는 모든 위키가 포함되어 있습니다.
* 위키들은 &lt;u&gt;실재&lt;/u&gt;(이름공간을 가진 적어도 25개의 문서를 가지고 있음)하거나/하고,
* 위키들은 &lt;u&gt;활동적&lt;/u&gt; ({{#expr:{{formatnum:{{CURRENTYEAR}}|R}}-1}}년 초부터 활발한 문서 생산을 하고 있음)입니다.
&lt;/div&gt;

위키들 중에 가장 활동적인 위키를 보려면, '''[[Incubator:Featured wikis]]'''를 참조하십시오.

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;
이 모든 위키에 대한 통계를 보려면, [[Incubator:Wikipedia projects]]을 참조하십시오.
&lt;/div&gt;

최근에 인큐베이터에서 이동한 위키를 보시려면, '''[[Incubator:Site creation log]]'''을 참조하십시오.

여기에 열거되지 않은 테스트 중인 위키는 '''[[:Category:Incubator:All test wikis|여기]]'''에 [[I:PREFIX|프로젝트 코드와 언어 코드]] 순으로 나열되어 있으며 확인하실 수 있습니다.

&lt;!--{{Special:SearchWiki}}--&gt;

{{Incubator:Wikis/template
| wikiname-Incubator = 인큐베이터
| wikiname-Meta      = 메타위키
| tests-languagename = 언어 이름
| tests-infopage     = 정보 문서
| tests-cat          = 주요 범주
| tests-meta         = 메타의 요청
| tests-analysis     = 메타의 분석
| tests-name         = 영어 이름
| tests-local        = 현지 이름
| tests-add          = 편집하기
| tests-wikisource   = 위키미디어 인큐베이터에는 없습니다. [[oldwikisource:Main_Page#Languages_at_Wikisource|다언어 위키문헌]]으로 가십시오.
| tests-wikiversity  = 위키미디어 인큐베이터에는 없습니다. [[betawikiversity:States of Wikiversities|베타 위키배움터]]로 가십시오.
| sister-wikibooks   = 위키책
| sister-wikipedia   = 위키백과
| sister-wikiquote   = 위키인용집
| sister-wiktionary  = 위키낱말사전
| sister-wikisource  = 위키문헌
| sister-wikiversity = 위키배움터
| sister-wikivoyage  = 위키여행
| sister-wikinews    = 위키뉴스
| wikinews-notice    = 위키미디어 재단 이사회는 2026-05-04부터 모든 위키뉴스 프로젝트를 종료하기로 결정했으므로 더 이상의 위키뉴스 프로젝트는 승인되지 않습니다 ([m:Special:PermaLink/30328679#Board_of_Trustees_Approves_Closure_of_Wikinews|발표 참조]).
}}

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304343</id>
      <parentid>7304341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:21:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48016-55</username>
        <id>2703191</id>
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      <origin>7304343</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2551" sha1="invyvgg4aj0t43tdbc26l0y5k8mrnvk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;
아래 목록에는 위키미디어 인큐베이터에서 현재 개발하고 있는, 다음 두 조건 중 하나 이상을 만족하는 모든 위키가 포함되어 있습니다.
* 위키들은 &lt;u&gt;실재&lt;/u&gt;(이름공간을 가진 적어도 25개의 문서를 가지고 있음)하거나/하고,
* 위키들은 &lt;u&gt;활동적&lt;/u&gt; ({{#expr:{{formatnum:{{CURRENTYEAR}}|R}}-1}}년 초부터 활발한 문서 생산을 하고 있음)입니다.
&lt;/div&gt;

위키들 중에 가장 활동적인 위키를 보려면, '''[[Incubator:Featured wikis]]'''를 참조하십시오.

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;
이 모든 위키에 대한 통계를 보려면, [[Incubator:Wikipedia projects]]을 참조하십시오.
&lt;/div&gt;

최근에 인큐베이터에서 이동한 위키를 보시려면, '''[[Incubator:Site creation log]]'''을 참조하십시오.

여기에 열거되지 않은 테스트 중인 위키는 '''[[:Category:Incubator:All test wikis|여기]]'''에 [[I:PREFIX|프로젝트 코드와 언어 코드]] 순으로 나열되어 있으며 확인하실 수 있습니다.

&lt;!--{{Special:SearchWiki}}--&gt;

{{Incubator:Wikis/template
| wikiname-Incubator = 인큐베이터
| wikiname-Meta      = 메타위키
| tests-languagename = 언어 이름
| tests-infopage     = 정보 문서
| tests-cat          = 주요 범주
| tests-meta         = 메타의 요청
| tests-analysis     = 메타의 분석
| tests-name         = 영어 이름
| tests-local        = 현지 이름
| tests-add          = 편집하기
| tests-wikisource   = 위키미디어 인큐베이터에는 없습니다. [[oldwikisource:Main_Page#Languages_at_Wikisource|다언어 위키문헌]]으로 가십시오.
| tests-wikiversity  = 위키미디어 인큐베이터에는 없습니다. [[betawikiversity:States of Wikiversities|베타 위키배움터]]로 가십시오.
| sister-wikibooks   = 위키책
| sister-wikipedia   = 위키백과
| sister-wikiquote   = 위키인용집
| sister-wiktionary  = 위키낱말사전
| sister-wikisource  = 위키문헌
| sister-wikiversity = 위키배움터
| sister-wikivoyage  = 위키여행
| sister-wikinews    = 위키뉴스
| wikinews-notice    = 홍명보 나가 - 위키미디어 재단 이사회는 2026-05-04부터 모든 위키뉴스 프로젝트를 종료하기로 결정했으므로 더 이상의 위키뉴스 프로젝트는 승인되지 않습니다 ([m:Special:PermaLink/30328679#Board_of_Trustees_Approves_Closure_of_Wikinews|발표 참조]).
}}

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Incubator:ISO 639/ko</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>512412</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304269</id>
      <parentid>6751039</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:38:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304269</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2585" sha1="7wukib8yxigvcle5rjw77i96k6ets3a" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== Code Selection ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If an '''ISO 639-1''' code is available, it must be used.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If no ISO 639-1 code exists, the '''ISO 639-3''' code should be used.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If neither code is available, the language cannot currently be supported on Wikimedia. However, you can [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp request a new code]. Be aware that this process can take significant time.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== Useful Links ==
Here are some resources for exploring ISO 639 codes:
&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 Codes]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;View codes by language name, scope, or type.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304271</id>
      <parentid>7304269</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:38:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;== 코드 선택 ==&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304271</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2562" sha1="pjcnpkpacyptbnkaihsvzlstkioopoo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If an '''ISO 639-1''' code is available, it must be used.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If no ISO 639-1 code exists, the '''ISO 639-3''' code should be used.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If neither code is available, the language cannot currently be supported on Wikimedia. However, you can [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp request a new code]. Be aware that this process can take significant time.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== Useful Links ==
Here are some resources for exploring ISO 639 codes:
&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 Codes]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;View codes by language name, scope, or type.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
      <sha1>pjcnpkpacyptbnkaihsvzlstkioopoo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304273</id>
      <parentid>7304271</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304273</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2518" sha1="dlqun9zck8mqixbs2qct9h489czendd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* '''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다.
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If no ISO 639-1 code exists, the '''ISO 639-3''' code should be used.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If neither code is available, the language cannot currently be supported on Wikimedia. However, you can [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp request a new code]. Be aware that this process can take significant time.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== Useful Links ==
Here are some resources for exploring ISO 639 codes:
&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 Codes]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;View codes by language name, scope, or type.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304275</id>
      <parentid>7304273</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:39:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304275</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2556" sha1="9ozz6fkm8nyouygtmj0ro1v30mjn2u6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* '''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다 &lt;small&gt;홍명보 나가세요&lt;/small&gt;.
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If no ISO 639-1 code exists, the '''ISO 639-3''' code should be used.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If neither code is available, the language cannot currently be supported on Wikimedia. However, you can [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp request a new code]. Be aware that this process can take significant time.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== Useful Links ==
Here are some resources for exploring ISO 639 codes:
&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 Codes]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;View codes by language name, scope, or type.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304277</id>
      <parentid>7304275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:39:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;ISO 639-1 코드가 존재하지 않는 경우에는 '''ISO 639-3''' 코드를 사용해야 한다.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304277</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2530" sha1="rpz9jz9bjr3otco1t30fa1lfrgz99xt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* '''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다 &lt;small&gt;홍명보 나가세요&lt;/small&gt;.
* ISO 639-1 코드가 존재하지 않는 경우에는 '''ISO 639-3''' 코드를 사용해야 한다.
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If neither code is available, the language cannot currently be supported on Wikimedia. However, you can [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp request a new code]. Be aware that this process can take significant time.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== Useful Links ==
Here are some resources for exploring ISO 639 codes:
&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 Codes]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;View codes by language name, scope, or type.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304279</id>
      <parentid>7304277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:39:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;코드 중 어느 것도 사용되지 않으면 현재 위키미디어에서 언어를 지원할 수 없습니다. 그러나 [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp]에 새로운 코드를 요청할 수 있습니다. 이 과정이 상당한 시간이 걸릴 수 있다는 것을 기억하십시오.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304279</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2554" sha1="5a3gzigd7sr3fne4ypjpvq532a3mprt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* '''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다 &lt;small&gt;홍명보 나가세요&lt;/small&gt;.
* ISO 639-1 코드가 존재하지 않는 경우에는 '''ISO 639-3''' 코드를 사용해야 한다.
* 코드 중 어느 것도 사용되지 않으면 현재 위키미디어에서 언어를 지원할 수 없습니다. 그러나 [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp]에 새로운 코드를 요청할 수 있습니다. 이 과정이 상당한 시간이 걸릴 수 있다는 것을 기억하십시오.

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== Useful Links ==
Here are some resources for exploring ISO 639 codes:
&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 Codes]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;View codes by language name, scope, or type.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304281</id>
      <parentid>7304279</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:39:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;== 유용한 링크 == 다음은 ISO 639 코드를 탐색하기 위한 몇 가지 리소스입니다.&quot;</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2528" sha1="epu1zt5u4i2wafqfe3ew3jbuylwp2o2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* '''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다 &lt;small&gt;홍명보 나가세요&lt;/small&gt;.
* ISO 639-1 코드가 존재하지 않는 경우에는 '''ISO 639-3''' 코드를 사용해야 한다.
* 코드 중 어느 것도 사용되지 않으면 현재 위키미디어에서 언어를 지원할 수 없습니다. 그러나 [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp]에 새로운 코드를 요청할 수 있습니다. 이 과정이 상당한 시간이 걸릴 수 있다는 것을 기억하십시오.

== 유용한 링크 ==
다음은 ISO 639 코드를 탐색하기 위한 몇 가지 리소스입니다.

* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 Codes]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;View codes by language name, scope, or type.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
      <sha1>epu1zt5u4i2wafqfe3ew3jbuylwp2o2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304283</id>
      <parentid>7304281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:39:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 코드]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2473" sha1="peldesbesu7v4r8kl0yre8ujan2lnkg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* '''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다 &lt;small&gt;홍명보 나가세요&lt;/small&gt;.
* ISO 639-1 코드가 존재하지 않는 경우에는 '''ISO 639-3''' 코드를 사용해야 한다.
* 코드 중 어느 것도 사용되지 않으면 현재 위키미디어에서 언어를 지원할 수 없습니다. 그러나 [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp]에 새로운 코드를 요청할 수 있습니다. 이 과정이 상당한 시간이 걸릴 수 있다는 것을 기억하십시오.

== 유용한 링크 ==
다음은 ISO 639 코드를 탐색하기 위한 몇 가지 리소스입니다.

* [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 코드]
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;View codes by language name, scope, or type.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
      <sha1>peldesbesu7v4r8kl0yre8ujan2lnkg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304285</id>
      <parentid>7304283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;언어 이름, 범주 또는 타입에 따라 코드를 참조하십시오.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304285</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2448" sha1="5vm44eh4b06kf6tn4x9sznonqkhwoel" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* '''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다 &lt;small&gt;홍명보 나가세요&lt;/small&gt;.
* ISO 639-1 코드가 존재하지 않는 경우에는 '''ISO 639-3''' 코드를 사용해야 한다.
* 코드 중 어느 것도 사용되지 않으면 현재 위키미디어에서 언어를 지원할 수 없습니다. 그러나 [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp]에 새로운 코드를 요청할 수 있습니다. 이 과정이 상당한 시간이 걸릴 수 있다는 것을 기억하십시오.

== 유용한 링크 ==
다음은 ISO 639 코드를 탐색하기 위한 몇 가지 리소스입니다.

* [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 코드]
** 언어 이름, 범주 또는 타입에 따라 코드를 참조하십시오.
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
      <sha1>5vm44eh4b06kf6tn4x9sznonqkhwoel</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304287</id>
      <parentid>7304285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:40:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 코드 목록]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304287</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2396" sha1="kflclfl50u4na1fo37b3pf5rbqii75p" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* '''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다 &lt;small&gt;홍명보 나가세요&lt;/small&gt;.
* ISO 639-1 코드가 존재하지 않는 경우에는 '''ISO 639-3''' 코드를 사용해야 한다.
* 코드 중 어느 것도 사용되지 않으면 현재 위키미디어에서 언어를 지원할 수 없습니다. 그러나 [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp]에 새로운 코드를 요청할 수 있습니다. 이 과정이 상당한 시간이 걸릴 수 있다는 것을 기억하십시오.

== 유용한 링크 ==
다음은 ISO 639 코드를 탐색하기 위한 몇 가지 리소스입니다.

* [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 코드]
** 언어 이름, 범주 또는 타입에 따라 코드를 참조하십시오.
* [https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 코드 목록]
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
      <sha1>kflclfl50u4na1fo37b3pf5rbqii75p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304289</id>
      <parentid>7304287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:41:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator] 및 [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QcGybx4al8s 영상]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2395" sha1="jlumxwx5c3gzqfsqoxujpg8g28if4kl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* '''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다 &lt;small&gt;홍명보 나가세요&lt;/small&gt;.
* ISO 639-1 코드가 존재하지 않는 경우에는 '''ISO 639-3''' 코드를 사용해야 한다.
* 코드 중 어느 것도 사용되지 않으면 현재 위키미디어에서 언어를 지원할 수 없습니다. 그러나 [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp]에 새로운 코드를 요청할 수 있습니다. 이 과정이 상당한 시간이 걸릴 수 있다는 것을 기억하십시오.

== 유용한 링크 ==
다음은 ISO 639 코드를 탐색하기 위한 몇 가지 리소스입니다.

* [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 코드]
** 언어 이름, 범주 또는 타입에 따라 코드를 참조하십시오.
* [https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 코드 목록]
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* [http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator] 및 [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QcGybx4al8s 영상]
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
      <sha1>jlumxwx5c3gzqfsqoxujpg8g28if4kl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304291</id>
      <parentid>7304289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:41:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48003-62</username>
        <id>2703175</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;BCP 47 언어 코드를 검증하는 도구&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304291</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2338" sha1="cterrfwpllycupeygeb7woxfkeg4ncu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
위키미디어는 무엇이 언어나 방언을 구성하는지 결정하지 않습니다. 대신 [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] 표준을 준수합니다. 모든 위키미디어 언어판에는 유효한 'ISO 639-1' 또는 'ISO 639-3' 코드가 있어야 한다. ISO 639-1 코드를 가진 모든 언어에는 ISO 639-3 코드도 있지만 그 반대는 사실이 아니다.

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* '''ISO 639-1''' 코드가 있으면 반드시 사용해야 합니다 &lt;small&gt;홍명보 나가세요&lt;/small&gt;.
* ISO 639-1 코드가 존재하지 않는 경우에는 '''ISO 639-3''' 코드를 사용해야 한다.
* 코드 중 어느 것도 사용되지 않으면 현재 위키미디어에서 언어를 지원할 수 없습니다. 그러나 [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp]에 새로운 코드를 요청할 수 있습니다. 이 과정이 상당한 시간이 걸릴 수 있다는 것을 기억하십시오.

== 유용한 링크 ==
다음은 ISO 639 코드를 탐색하기 위한 몇 가지 리소스입니다.

* [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 코드]
** 언어 이름, 범주 또는 타입에 따라 코드를 참조하십시오.
* [https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 코드 목록]
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* [http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator] 및 [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QcGybx4al8s 영상]
** BCP 47 언어 코드를 검증하는 도구

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
      <sha1>cterrfwpllycupeygeb7woxfkeg4ncu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>7304291</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T05:15:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aqurs1</username>
        <id>2532704</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Vandalism</comment>
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      <text bytes="2439" sha1="es1d8xg13ec3k50orxryc01iuhx31jq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Wikimedia does not determine what constitutes a language or a dialect. Instead, we adhere to the [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] standard. Every Wikimedia language edition must have a valid '''ISO 639-1''' or '''ISO 639-3''' code. Note that all languages with an ISO 639-1 code also have an ISO 639-3 code, but the reverse is not true.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span id=&quot;Code_Selection&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
== 코드 선택 ==
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If an '''ISO 639-1''' code is available, it must be used.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If no ISO 639-1 code exists, the '''ISO 639-3''' code should be used.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If neither code is available, the language cannot currently be supported on Wikimedia. However, you can [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp request a new code]. Be aware that this process can take significant time.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== Useful Links ==
Here are some resources for exploring ISO 639 codes:
&lt;/div&gt;

* [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 코드]
** 언어 이름, 범주 또는 타입에 따라 코드를 참조하십시오.
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** BCP 47 언어 코드를 검증하는 도구

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>7304297</parentid>
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        <username>Aqurs1</username>
        <id>2532704</id>
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      <comment>Vandalism</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2599" sha1="osuf5gqfbuxpet1pw1hso4xele0crgt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;languages/&gt;
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Wikimedia does not determine what constitutes a language or a dialect. Instead, we adhere to the [[w:ISO 639|ISO 639]] standard. Every Wikimedia language edition must have a valid '''ISO 639-1''' or '''ISO 639-3''' code. Note that all languages with an ISO 639-1 code also have an ISO 639-3 code, but the reverse is not true.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== Code Selection ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If an '''ISO 639-1''' code is available, it must be used.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If no ISO 639-1 code exists, the '''ISO 639-3''' code should be used.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;If neither code is available, the language cannot currently be supported on Wikimedia. However, you can [http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp request a new code]. Be aware that this process can take significant time.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== Useful Links ==
Here are some resources for exploring ISO 639 codes:
&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp SIL ISO 639-3 Codes]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;View codes by language name, scope, or type.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/downloads/iso-639-3.tab Raw ISO 639-3 Code List]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Downloadable tab-separated list of codes.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-1 codes|List of ISO 639-1 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes ISO 639-2/3 codes and additional language information.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[w:List of ISO 639-3 codes|List of ISO 639-3 Codes]] (English Wikipedia)&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Includes a language find tool and subpages with detailed lists and translations.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[http://schneegans.de/lv/ BCP 47 Code Validator]&lt;/span&gt;
** &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A tool for validating BCP 47 language codes.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
== See also ==
&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:SiteMatrix]] – a list of existing Wikimedia wikis&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Incubator:(all){{#translation:}}|ISO 639]]</text>
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    <ns>3</ns>
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      <minor />
      <comment>AccountVanishRequests moved page [[User talk:Bonita888]] to [[User talk:Renamed user 8900ca6314b08f356fcdf8be2561a038]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Bonita888|Bonita888]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 8900ca6314b08f356fcdf8be2561a038|Renamed user 8900ca6314b08f356fcdf8be2561a038]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1278" sha1="595pxq6a4ll3df5ff00s54lvavhzspi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float={{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|left|right}}
}}
{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|&lt;div class=&quot;rtl-text&quot;&gt;|}}
Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
{{#ifeq:|yes|If you haven't already, please consider creating yourself an account to be able to do more.  It's free.&lt;br&gt;}}
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand it!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and [[translatewiki:Special:FirstSteps|follow the instructions]].

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|&lt;/div&gt;|}}&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 07:19, 15 January 2016 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="778" sha1="s0gmfjas5u5nypswznedjm9loagbqnj" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/O}}{{Wp/rgn/S}}
* [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eml Dichiarazioun Universela di Diret Umen]

===Rumagnôl ucidentêl :===
Articul 1&lt;br&gt;
Tot i s-cièn i nes lèbar e cumpègn in dignità e dret. Ló j'è duté ad rason e'd cuscienza e j à d'azì j'on vers j'étar com s'j fos fradel. 

===San Marèin (proper): ===
Artécli 1&lt;br&gt;
Tótt al persòuni i nasc lébri e uguéll pri dignità e dirét. Tótt j à la rasgòun e la cusciènza e i s'à da mòva fra luìlt cóm s'i fóss fradéll.

===San Marèin, Seravalòiṡ:===
Artécli 1&lt;br&gt;
Tot j essèri umèn i nàs lébri e cumpagn in dignità e dirét. Lou i è dutid ad rasoun e ad cuscinza e i à da operè, ognun ti cunfrunt at ch'j ilt, sa sentimint ad fratelènza.

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]</text>
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      <comment>Wt/azb/ایت دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7304315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="899" sha1="h2mlkj4oj3xdyvphz1lqh28rpdcuh5t" xml:space="preserve">==ایت==

{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک:‌اِت: ایت← ایت کؤپک.
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : İt
* اینگیلیزجه: dog
* تورکییه : köpek
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: سگ
* باهار دیلی: اِیت، کُپَک (it)
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو 2006''
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383'' 
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اورقانیسملر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/حئیوانلار]]</text>
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      <comment>Wt/azb/ایت دییشدیریلیر</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1053" sha1="7xrkbo18z5vyxdj15vhayto90fgpb94" xml:space="preserve">==ایت==

{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک:‌اِت: ایت← ایت کؤپک.
#اِیت← [[Wt/azb/باهار دیله|باهار دیلی]] اِیتماق، گؤم اولماق.‌ اِیت گِد گؤزؤم قاباقِندان.
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : İt
* اینگیلیزجه: dog
* تورکییه : köpek
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: سگ
* باهار دیلی: اِیت، کُپَک (it)
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو 2006''
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383'' 
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اورقانیسملر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/حئیوانلار]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/اگدی</title>
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        <id>77520</id>
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      <origin>7304310</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="940" sha1="4igibxbxb1nvzsxx6qxnks6dlozekqd" xml:space="preserve">== اگدی ==

{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: اَگدِی [[Wt/azb/باهار دیله|باهار دیلی]] یئنی بورماق، خَم اِلَماق، کَج اِلَماق.
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : əgdi
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/tilted|tilted]]
* تورکییه : اِگدی
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: کَج کرد
* باهار دیلی: اَگْدِ
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو'' 2006
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383''
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1219" sha1="3xmto0lu327vgnnxrbjl3kif6eukd89" xml:space="preserve">==اکک  ==
{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: بؤ سؤز [[Wt/azb/باهار دیله|باهار دیله]] یئنی اکینچیلیک، [[Wt/azb/بؤغدا|بؤغدا]] اَکماق، [[Wt/azb/آرپا|آرپا]] اَکماق، [[Wt/azb/یونجا|یونجا]] اَکماق. دانهَ اَکماق.
#:گَلِین گِدَگ چؤلدا [[Wt/azb/آغاج|آغاج]] اَکَگ.
[[File:Biology lab.jpg|thumb|245px|left|دانهَ اَکماق]]
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : əkək
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/plant|plant]]
* تورکییه : اکک
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: کاشتن
* باهار دیلی: اَکَک، اَکَگ
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو'' 2006
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383''
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[En:plant]]</text>
      <sha1>3xmto0lu327vgnnxrbjl3kif6eukd89</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/گه</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2904369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304359</id>
      <parentid>4047788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:56:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/گه دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7304359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="972" sha1="67e61eafxf9getgq0gehnmdhzbs0t1e" xml:space="preserve">== گه ==

{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: گَه [[Wt/azb/باهار دیله| باهار دیلی]]، یئنی یاخین اؤلماق، بیر شئ یا آدام طَرَفِه‌نَه گِدماق← گهَ بؤرَع.
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : gə
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/come|come]] 
* تورکییه : گَل
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: بیا
* باهار دیلی: گهَ
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو'' 2006
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383''
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[En:come]]</text>
      <sha1>67e61eafxf9getgq0gehnmdhzbs0t1e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/ایتیلدی</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2904972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304354</id>
      <parentid>4049534</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:46:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/ایتیلدی دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7304354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1117" sha1="mikwr3o625korjvwa8t618x5z9yysx8" xml:space="preserve">== ایتیلدی ==

{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: اِیتِیلْدِی [[Wt/azb/باهار دیله|باهار دیلی]]، گؤمگور اؤلماق، غیب اؤلماق، اِیتماق، [[Wt/azb/گؤم|گؤم]] اؤلماق.
#تیز اؤلماق، [[Wt/azb/بیچاق|بیچاق]] تیز اؤلماق. اِیتِنْدِی.
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : itildi
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/missing|missing]]
* تورکییه : اِیتیلدی
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: گم شد
* باهار دیلی: اِیتیلدِ
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو'' 2006
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383''

[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[En:missing]]</text>
      <sha1>mikwr3o625korjvwa8t618x5z9yysx8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/ایتتی</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2904981</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304344</id>
      <parentid>4049545</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:23:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/ایتتی دییشدیریلیر</comment>
      <origin>7304344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1133" sha1="37riu25miohy79k7kad0esmjdu44auh" xml:space="preserve">== ایتتی ==

{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# {{Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک}}دیوان لغات الترک: اِیتْتی [[Wt/azb/باهار دیله|باهار دیلی]]، اِیتْدِی یعنی غیب اؤلدِی، [[Wt/azb/گؤم|گؤم]] اؤلدِی. [[Wt/azb/ایت|ایت]].
#اِیتِْتِی [[Wt/azb/باهار دیله|باهار دیلی]]، تیز اِیلَدی، [[Wt/azb/بیچاق|بیچاق]] تیز ایلدی.
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : itti
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/lost|lost]]
* تورکییه :
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: گُم شد
* باهار دیلی: اِیدْدِ
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}
# ''دیوان لغات الترک.رامیز عسگر.باکو'' 2006
# ''دکتر حسین محمدزاده صدیق(دوزگون) 1383''
[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/دیوان لغات الترک]]
[[En:lost]]</text>
      <sha1>37riu25miohy79k7kad0esmjdu44auh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/jje/위키벡과</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2921141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304336</id>
      <parentid>7303556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:16:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NDG</username>
        <id>2609577</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/응워이등콩딩당|응워이등콩딩당]] ([[User talk:응워이등콩딩당|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]]</comment>
      <origin>6647463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="66813" sha1="2ybs3c2z5l0qurod4n3azm6mvyhnx0a" xml:space="preserve">ㅇ
{{Wp/jje/위키데이터 속성 추적}} {{Wp/jje/두 다른 뜻||Wp/jje/한국어 위키백과|Wp/jje/한국어 위키백과}} {{Wp/jje/웹사이트 정보|이름=위키백과|패비콘=|로고=Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|로고 설명=위키백과의 로고|로고 크기=150px|그림=Www.wikipedia.org screenshot 2018.png|그림 크기=150px|url={{공식 URL}}|그림 설명=각기 다른 언어의 위키백과를 표시하고 있는 위키백과 포털의 스크린샷|표어=자유 백과사전|영리적=비영리, 기부금을 통해 운영|종류=인터넷 [[Wp/jje/백과사전|백과사전]], [[Wp/jje/위키|위키]]|라이선스=[[Wp/jje/크리에이티브 커먼즈|크리에이티브 커먼즈]] 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 3.0. (대부분 문서는 [[Wp/jje/GNU 자유 문서 사용 허가서|GFDL]]로도 이중 사용 허락이 되어 있음). 미디어 파일은 별도의 라이선스를 따름.|programming_language=[[Wp/jje/LAMP (소프트웨어 번들)|LAMP]] 플랫폼&lt;ref name=&quot;roadchap&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;|회원 가입=선택|시작일={{Wp/jje/시작 날짜와 나이|2001|1|15}}|종료일=|언어=317개 언어 (한국어 포함)|소유자=[[Wp/jje/위키미디어 재단|위키미디어 재단]]|num_users=활동 사용자 [[:en:List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|&gt;{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]]명&lt;ref group=&quot;주석&quot;&gt;To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;등록 사용자 [[:en:list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|&gt;{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]]명|oclc=52075003|제작자=[[Wp/jje/지미 웨일스|지미 웨일스]], [[Wp/jje/래리 생어|래리 생어]]|현재 상태=운영 중|수입=}} '''위키백과'''(위키百科, {{Wp/jje/IPA-all|ɥikçibɛ̝k̚k͈wa̠&lt;nowiki&gt;], [&lt;/nowiki&gt;ykçibɛ̝k̚k͈wa̠|IPA|Ko-위키백과.oga}}) 또는 '''위키피디아'''({{Wp/jje/Llang|en|Wikipedia}}, {{Wp/jje/IPA-all|ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdɪə|IPA|En-us-Wikipedia.ogg}})는 누나 자유롭쥬 쓸 수 있는 다언어판 [[Wp/jje/인터넷|인터넷]] [[Wp/jje/백과사전|백과사전]]이다.&lt;ref&gt;김민주, 《2008 트렌드 키워드 - 키워드로 읽는 오늘의 세상》, 미래의창, 2008년, {{Wp/jje/ISBN|978-89-5989-080-4}}, 323쪽&lt;/ref&gt; 개방된 협업을 통해 [[Wp/jje/위키|위키]] 기반 편집 시스템을 사용하여 자발적인 [[Wp/jje/위키백과 공동체|위키백과 사용자]] 공동체가 작성하고 관리하고 있다. 위키백과는 대표적인 [[Wp/jje/집단 지성|집단 지성]]의 사례로 평가받고 있으며&lt;ref name=&quot;김태우&quot;&gt;김태우, 《미코노미 - 내가 중심에 서는 새로운 경제학 이야기, 웹2.0과 플랫폼 정치학》, 한빛미디어, 2008년, {{Wp/jje/ISBN|978-89-7914-496-3}}, 81쪽&lt;/ref&gt; 사상 최대의, 가장 많이 읽힌 [[Wp/jje/참고서|참고서]]이기도 하다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiki20&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|date=January 9, 2021|title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|access-date=February 25, 2021|newspaper=[[Wp/jje/The Economist|The Economist]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/시밀러웹|시밀러웹]]과 (과거) [[Wp/jje/알렉사 인터넷|알렉사 인터넷]]에서 [[Wp/jje/자주 방문하는 웹사이트 목록|가장 인기있는 웹사이트]] 10곳 중 하나로 꾸준히 순위를 올리고 있다. [[Wp/jje/2024년|2024년]] [[Wp/jje/1월|1월]] 기준으로 위키백과는 세계에서 7번째로 인기있는 사이트로 순위를 올렸다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|제목=시밀러웹|날짜=2024년 1월|웹사이트=Top Websites Ranking}}&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과는 [[Wp/jje/자유 저작물|자유 저작물]]을 보유하고 상업적인 [[Wp/jje/광고|광고]]가 없으며 주로 [[Wp/jje/기부|기부]]금을 통해 지원을 받는 비영리 단체인 [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 재단|위키미디어 재단]]이 소유하고 지원하고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last1=Dewey|first1=Caitlin|title=Wikipedia has a ton of money. So why is it begging you to donate yours?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/12/02/wikipedia-has-a-ton-of-money-so-why-is-it-begging-you-to-donate-yours/|access-date=April 10, 2019|agency=The Washington Post|date=December 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights – BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10104946|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=June 28, 2016|work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|author=Vogel, Peter S.|title=The Mysterious Workings of Wikis: Who Owns What?|url=http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/76351.html|date=October 10, 2012|accessdate=June 28, 2016|work=Ecommerce Times|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132745/https://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/76351.html%20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|title=Wikimedia Foundation employee ousted over paid editing|author=Mullin, Joe|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/01/wikimedia-foundation-employee-ousted-over-paid-editing/|date=January 10, 2014|access-date=June 28, 2016|work=Ars Technica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과는 [[Wp/jje/2001년|2001년]] [[Wp/jje/1월 15일|1월 15일]] [[Wp/jje/지미 웨일스|지미 웨일스]]와 [[Wp/jje/래리 생어|래리 생어]]가 창립하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kock&quot;&gt;Kock, N., Jung, Y., &amp; Syn, T. (2016). [http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges]. Archived September 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 12(2), 1–8.&lt;/ref&gt; 생어는 위키(wiki)와 [[Wp/jje/백과사전|백과사전]](encyclopedia)이라는 두 이름을 섞어서 '위키피디아'라는 이름을 만들어냈다.&lt;ref name=&quot;MiliardWho&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|url=https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html|first=Mike|last=Miliard|title=Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?|work=[[Wp/jje/Salt Lake City Weekly|Salt Lake City Weekly]]|date=March 1, 2008|access-date=December 18, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;J Sidener&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|url=https://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html|title=Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego|last=Sidener|first=Jonathan|date=October 9, 2006|work=[[Wp/jje/The San Diego Union-Tribune|The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111074945/https://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html|archive-date=November 11, 2016|access-date=May 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; 웨일스는 [[Wp/jje/프리드리히 하이에크|프리드리히 하이에크]]와 [[Wp/jje/오스트리아 학파|오스트리아 경제학파]]와 관련된 [[Wp/jje/자생적 질서|자생적 질서]]의 영향을 받았으며 이 개념들은 [[Wp/jje/자유지상주의|자유지상주의]] 경제학자 [[Wp/jje/마크 손턴|마크 손턴]]을 통해 노출되었다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|date=April 15, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699|url-access=subscription|newspaper=[[Wp/jje/The Wall Street Journal|The Wall Street Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 처음에는 [[Wp/jje/영어 위키백과|영어판]]만 제공되다가 빠르게 다른 언어판들의 개발이 이루어졌다. 2024년을 기준으로 [[Wp/jje/영어 위키백과|영어판]] 6,801,674개, [[Wp/jje/한국어 위키백과|한국어판]] {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}개를 비롯하여 300여 언어판을 합하면 전체 위키백과의 일반 문서(넘겨주기와 막다른 문서 제외)의 수는 5,500만 개를 넘으며,&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikipedia-jimmy-wales-morley-safer-60-minutes/|title=Wikipedia cofounder Jimmy Wales on 60 Minutes|access-date=April 6, 2015|work=[[Wp/jje/CBS News|CBS News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 한 달 순수 방문자 수는 약 17억명이다.&lt;ref name=&quot;small screen&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=The New York Times|date=February 9, 2014|last=Cohen|first=Noam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wikimedia_Stats&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects|website=stats.wikimedia.org|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date=November 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/2006년|2006년]] [[Wp/jje/타임 (잡지)|타임지]]는 누구나 편집하도록 허용하는 정책이 위키백과를 세계 최대의 백과사전으로 만들었다고 기술했다.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/잡지 인용|last=Anderson|first=Chris|date=May 8, 2006|title=Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|url-status=live|magazine=[[Wp/jje/타임 (잡지)|Time]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001311/https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|archive-date=2022-10-12|access-date=November 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과는 [[Wp/jje/지식의 민주화|지식의 민주화]]를 달성하고 다양한 분야, 고유한 구조와 문화를 갖춘 것 외에도 상업적 편향의 정도를 줄였다는 점에서 좋은 평가를 받아왔다. 그러나 여성에 대한 [[Wp/jje/위키백과의 젠더 편향|젠더 편향]], 이념적 편향 등 구조적 편향을 노출했다는 점에서는 [[Wp/jje/위키백과에 대한 비판|비판]]을 받았다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Econ21&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|date=January 9, 2021|title=Happy Birthday, Wikipedia|newspaper=[[Wp/jje/The Economist|The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|url-access=subscription|access-date=2023-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101031816/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|archive-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Slate-Neutrality&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=June 9, 2020|title=How Wikipedia Became a Battleground for Racial Justice|work=[[Wp/jje/Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|url=https://slate.com/technology/2020/06/wikipedia-george-floyd-neutrality.html|access-date=August 17, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/위키백과의 신뢰도|위키백과의 신뢰도]]는 2000년대에 종종 비판을 받았으나 시간이 지남에 따라 개선되어 2010년대 말과 2020년대 초에 대체로 좋은 평가를 받았다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiki20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Econ21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Last best&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last1=Cooke|first1=Richard|date=February 17, 2020|title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet|language=en-us|magazine=[[Wp/jje/와이어드 (잡지)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=2022-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/코로나19 범유행|코로나19 범유행]], [[Wp/jje/2022년 러시아의 우크라이나 침공과 위키백과|러시아의 우크라이나 침공]] 등 이 웹사이트에서 논란이 많았던 주제들은 상당한 미디어 집중을 받았다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|last=Mangu-Ward|first=Katherine|date=October 1, 2022|title=What Wikipedia Can Teach the Rest of the Internet|url=https://reason.com/2022/09/18/what-wikipedia-can-teach-the-rest-of-the-internet/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222013841/https://reason.com/2022/09/18/what-wikipedia-can-teach-the-rest-of-the-internet/|archive-date=2022-12-22|access-date=2023-01-22|website=[[Wp/jje/Reason (magazine)|Reason]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kleinz_2022&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Russische Medienaufsicht droht mit Wikipedia-Sperre - Die Online-Enzyklopädie informiert ausführlich über die Invasion der Ukraine und ist damit den russischen Behörden ein Dorn im Auge|language=de|trans-title=Ukraine-War: Russian media regulation threatens with blocking Wikipedia|author-first=Torsten|author-last=Kleinz|date=March 3, 2022|work=[[Wp/jje/Heise online|heise online]]|publisher=[[Wp/jje/Heise Medien|Heise Medien]] / [[Wp/jje/Heise Gruppe GmbH &amp; Co. KG|Heise Gruppe GmbH &amp; Co. KG]]|publication-place=Hannover, Germany|url=https://www.heise.de/news/Ukraine-Krieg-Russische-Medienaufsicht-droht-mit-Wikipedia-Sperre-6535734.html|access-date=March 20, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320215611/https://www.heise.de/news/Ukraine-Krieg-Russische-Medienaufsicht-droht-mit-Wikipedia-Sperre-6535734.html|archive-date=March 20, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/잡지 인용|last=Sachdev|first=Shaan|date=February 26, 2021|title=Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|url-status=live|magazine=[[Wp/jje/The New Republic|The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122324/https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|archive-date=February 28, 2021|access-date=February 27, 2021|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; 특정 페이지들에서부터 사이트 전체에 이르기까지 세계의 몇몇 정부들에 의해 [[Wp/jje/위키백과의 검열|검열]]되고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last=Treisman|first=Rachel|date=2022-04-01|title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war|work=[[Wp/jje/NPR|NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=2023-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=2022-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last=Skipper|first=Ben|date=December 7, 2015|title=China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again|work=International Business Times UK|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|archive-date=May 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과의 저작권은 [[Wp/jje/크리에이티브 커먼즈 라이선스|크리에이티브 커먼즈 라이선스]](CCL)와 [[Wp/jje/GNU 자유 문서|GNU 자유 문서]](GFDL)의 2중 [[Wp/jje/라이선스|라이선스]]를 따른다. 두 라이선스 모두 [[Wp/jje/자유 콘텐츠|자유 콘텐츠]]를 위한 것으로 일정한 요건을 갖춘다면 사용에 제약을 받지 않는다.

== 역사 ==
[[Wp/jje/파일:Jimmy Wales - August 2019 (cropped).jpg|섬네일|150px|위키백과 설립자 [[지미 웨일스]]의 모습.]] [[Wp/jje/파일:L Sanger.jpg|섬네일|150px|위키백과 공동 창립자 [[래리 생어]]의 모습.]] {{Wp/jje/본문|위키백과의 역사}}

=== 누피디아 ===
{{Wp/jje/본문|누피디아}} 위키백과 이전에도 온라인 [[Wp/jje/백과사전|백과사전]]을 운영하려는 여러 시도들이 있었으나 실패하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ &quot;The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?&quot;]. Nieman Lab. Retrieved 2016-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 [[Wp/jje/영어 위키백과|영어판]]은 전문가들이 작성했던 백과사전인 [[Wp/jje/누피디아|누피디아]]에서 비롯하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kock&quot; /&gt; 누피디아는 [[Wp/jje/웹 포털|웹 포털]] 회사인 [[Wp/jje/보미스|보미스]]가 [[Wp/jje/2000년|2000년]] [[Wp/jje/3월 9일|3월 9일]]에 개시하였다. 보미스의 CEO였던 [[Wp/jje/지미 웨일스|지미 웨일스]]와 편집장 [[Wp/jje/래리 생어|래리 생어]]는 누피디아의 글들을 [[Wp/jje/오픈 콘텐츠|오픈 콘텐츠]]로 제시하기로 하였고 [[Wp/jje/리처드 스톨먼|리처드 스톨먼]]이 주도한 [[Wp/jje/GNU 자유 문서|GNU 자유 문서]] 라이선스로 제공하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Richard M. Stallman (June 20, 2007). [https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html &quot;The Free Encyclopedia Project&quot;]. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved January 4, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; 누피디아는 그리 성공적이지 않았고, 지미 웨일스와 래리 생어는 누구나 참여할 수 있는 백과사전으로&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanger_2005&quot;&gt;Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). [http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml &quot;The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir&quot;]. Slashdot. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과를 개설하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sidener (December 6, 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011150228/http://signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html &quot;Everyone's Encyclopedia&quot;]. U-T San Diego. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; 생어는 모두의 백과사전이라는 목표를 분명히 하기 위해 이름에 [[Wp/jje/위키|위키]]를 넣었다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html &quot;Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?&quot;]. Retrieved February 20, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/2001년|2001년]] [[Wp/jje/1월 10일|1월 10일]], 생어는 누피디어 메일링 리스트를 통해 누피디아 프로젝트를 보완하기 위해 위키를 도입했다고 밝혔다.&lt;ref&gt;anger, Larry (January 10, 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html &quot;Let's Make a Wiki&quot;]. Internet Archive. Archived from [http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html the original] on April 14, 2003. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 출범과 성장 ===
위키백과는 2001년 1월 15일 서비스를 개시하였다. 도메인은 &lt;code&gt;www.wikipedia.com&lt;/code&gt;을 사용하였고 사용 언어는 영어 하나뿐이었다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/ &quot;Wikipedia: HomePage&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.wikipedia.com/ the original] on March 31, 2001. Retrieved March 31, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; 래리 생어는 위키백과의 출범 소식 역시 누피디아 메일링 리스트를 통하여 알렸다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanger_2005&quot; /&gt; 위키백과가 시작한지 한 달 안에 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:중립|중립성]] 정책이 수립되었다.&lt;ref name=&quot;en_Neautral&quot;&gt;[[:en:Wikipedia:Neutral|&quot;Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]], Wikipedia (January 21, 2007).&lt;/ref&gt; 이후 몇 가지 정책이 수립되면서 위키백과는 누피디아와는 별개인 서비스가 되었다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanger_2005&quot; /&gt; 애초에 보미스는 위키백과를 영리 목적으로 운영하려고 하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet &quot;Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says&quot;]. London: The Guardian.&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과의 초기 편집자들은 누피디아, [[Wp/jje/슬래시닷|슬래시닷]], 그리고 [[Wp/jje/웹 검색 엔진|웹 검색 엔진]]을 통해 유입되었다. 2001년 [[Wp/jje/8월 8일|8월 8일]] 위키백과의 문서수는 약 8,000개가 되었다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20010808121638/https://www.wikipedia.org/ &quot;Wikipedia, August 8, 2001&quot;]. Web.archive.bibalex.org. August 8, 2001. Archived from [http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20010808121638/https://www.wikipedia.org/ the original] on 2001-08-08. Retrieved March 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; 2001년 말이 되자 위키백과는 18개 언어판으로 늘었고, 문서 수는 2만여 개까지 늘어났다. 위키백과를 서비스 하는 언어는 [[Wp/jje/2002년|2002년]] 말에는 26개, [[Wp/jje/2003년|2003년]] 말에는 46개, [[Wp/jje/2004년|2004년]] 말에는 161개로 늘어났다.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics|&quot;Multilingual statistics&quot;]]. Wikipedia. March 30, 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 누피디아는 위키백과와 병립하여 운영되다가 컨텐츠를 위키백과로 넘기고 2003년 서버를 다운시켜 마감하였다.

2002년 사용자 사이에서 위키백과의 광고 수주와 그에 따른 상업적 운용에 대한 우려가 커졌고, 이에 따라 [[Wp/jje/스페인어 위키백과|스페인어 위키백과]] 사용자들은 위키백과 소스를 [[Wp/jje/포크 (소프트웨어 개발)|포크]]하여 별도의 위키백과인 엔시클로페디아 리브레(Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español)를 개설하였다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008|url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html|website=Osdir|access-date=December 26, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html|archive-date=October 6, 2008|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 이에 자극받은 지미 웨일스는 위키백과에 광고를 도입하지 않겠다고 선언하였고 도메인을 wikipedia.com에서 wikipedia.org로 변경하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Clay Shirky (February 28, 2008). [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1594201536/ref=sib_dp_srch_pop?v=search-inside&amp;keywords=spanish&amp;go.x=0&amp;go.y=0&amp;go=Go%21 Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations]. The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273. {{Wp/jje/ISBN|1-59420-153-6}}. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

영어 위키백과의 증대 속도는 [[Wp/jje/2007년|2007년]] 초 정점을 찍었고, [[Wp/jje/2009년|2009년]] [[Wp/jje/8월|8월]] 3백만 문서를 넘겼다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bobbie&quot;&gt;Bobbie Johnson (August 12, 2009). &quot;Wikipedia approaches its limits&quot;. The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 전체의 문서수는 [[Wp/jje/2006년|2006년]] 가장 빠르게 늘어 매일 약 1,800 개의 문서가 새로 생겨났다. 그 뒤로 문서 증가 속도는 둔화되어 [[Wp/jje/2013년|2013년]]의 경우 연평균으로 보았을 때 매일 약 800개의 문서가 새로 생겨났다.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth]]&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과의 성장 둔화 원인에 대해 [[Wp/jje/팰로앨토 연구소|팰로앨토 연구소]]는 프로젝트의 품질이 고급화되면서 변화에 대한 저항이 있다고 분석한 바 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110022/http://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-suh.pdf The Singularity is Not Near: Slowing Growth of Wikipedia] (PDF). The International Symposium on Wikis. Orlando, Florida. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 성장 둔화에 대한 다른 분석으로는 &quot;낮은 가지에 달린 열매&quot;처럼 주제나 가치가 분명하여 쉽게 만들 수 있는 문서는 이미 다 만들어졌기 때문이라는 설명이 있다.&lt;ref&gt;Evgeny Morozov (November–December 2009). [http://www.bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov &quot;Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia&quot;]. Boston Review.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html &quot;Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City&quot;]. The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Austin Gibbons, David Vetrano, Susan Biancani (2012). [http://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow]&lt;/ref&gt;

2009년 11월 [[Wp/jje/스페인|스페인]] [[Wp/jje/마드리드|마드리드]]의 후안 카를로스 국왕 대학교의 연구자는 2009년 1분기 동안 영어 위키백과가 49,000여 명의 기여자를 잃었다는 분석을 내놓았다. 2008년의 같은 기간에 줄어든 기여자 수가 4,900여 명이었던 것에 비해 열 배나 더 많은 수치였다.&lt;ref&gt;Jenny Kleeman (November 26, 2009). [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors &quot;Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words&quot;]. The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120403172516/http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe &quot;Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis&quot;]. Archived from [http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe the original] (PDF) on April 3, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 《[[Wp/jje/월스트리트 저널|월스트리트 저널]]》은 까다로워진 편집 지침의 증가가 이러한 경향을 이끌었다고 보도하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ_2009-11-27&quot;&gt;Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages, The Wall Street Journal, November 27, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; 지미 웨일스는 이러한 연구가 잘못된 방법론에 의한 것이라며 분석 결과를 거부하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html &quot;Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors&quot;]. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2년 뒤인 2011년 지미 웨일스는 한 인터뷰에서 기여자 감소를 인정하였지만, [[Wp/jje/2010년|2010년]] [[Wp/jje/6월|6월]]의 &quot;최소 36,000 명의 편집자&quot;에서 2011년 6월 당시의 35,800 명의 편집자 사이의 격차는 그리 크지 않다고 주장하면서 위키백과 편집자의 수는 &quot;안정적이고 지속적&quot;이라고 말하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kevin&quot;&gt;Kevin Rawlinson (August 8, 2011). &quot;Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors&quot;. The Independent. Retrieved April 5, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 2013년 [[Wp/jje/매사추세츠 공과대학교|매사추세츠 공과대학교]]의 《[[Wp/jje/테크놀로지 리뷰|테크놀로지 리뷰]]》에 실린 〈위키백과의 하락〉(''The Decline of Wikipedia'')은 지미 웨일스의 이러한 주장을 반박하고 있다. 이 글의 분석에 따르면 위키백과는 2007년 이후 위키백과 문서를 업데이트하고 교정하던 자원 편집자 가운데 3분의 1을 잃었으며, 편집자의 상당수는 사소한 편집만을 하는 것으로 나타났다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite&quot;&gt;Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). &quot;The Decline of Wikipedia&quot;. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved November 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;《[[Wp/jje/디 애틀랜틱|디 애틀랜틱]]》 2012년 7월호는 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:관리자|관리자]]의 수 역시 줄어들었다고 보도하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829 &quot;3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins&quot;]. The Atlantic. July 16, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 2013년 [[Wp/jje/11월 25일|11월 25일]] 《[[Wp/jje/뉴욕 (잡지)|뉴욕]]》의 캐서린 워드는 “여섯 번째로 많이 사용되는 웹사이트인 위키백과가 내부 비판에 휩싸였다”는 기사를 내보냈다.&lt;ref&gt;Ward, Katherine. New York Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 주요 이력 ===
{{Wp/jje/위키백과 문서 수}} {{Wp/jje/위키백과 사용자 수}}

2007년 1월 위키백과는 처음으로 가장 인기있는 웹사이트 리스트 Top10에 이름을 올렸다. [[Wp/jje/컴스코어|컴스코어]]는 위키백과의 연간 방문자를 4,290만 명으로 집계하며 9위로 올렸고, 《뉴욕타임즈》는 10위로 올렸다. [[Wp/jje/애플|애플]]은 11위로 집계하였다. 2006년도의 순위가 33위였던 것에 비하면 놀라운 부상이었다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120319204141/http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html &quot;Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|date=20181226132807}}. PCWorld. February 17, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015년 3월 위키백과는 5위를 기록하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181225215924/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org &quot;How popular is wikipedia.org?&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|date=20181225215924}}. Alexa Internet. May 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-04.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181225215924/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org &quot;Wikipedia.org Site Overview&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|date=20181225215924}}. alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-12-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 이 시기 순위는 [[Wp/jje/알렉사 인터넷|알렉사 인터넷]]의 조사에 의한 것으로, 위키백과는 2014년 내내 매 월 8억 이상의 [[Wp/jje/페이지 뷰|페이지 뷰]]를 기록하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132802/https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm%20 &quot;Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country&quot;]. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved March 8, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

2012년 1월 [[Wp/jje/영어 위키백과|영어 위키백과]]는 [[Wp/jje/미국 의회|미국 의회]]의 [[Wp/jje/온라인 저작권 침해 금지 법안|온라인 저작권 침해 금지 법안]](SOPA)와 [[Wp/jje/지적 재산권 보호 법안|지적 재산권 보호 법안]](PIPA)의 제정 시도에 맞서 [[Wp/jje/SOPA와 PIPA 반대 시위|SOPA와 PIPA 반대 시위]]의 일환으로 24시간 블랙아웃 시위를 벌였다.&lt;ref&gt;[[foundationsite:wiki/English_Wikipedia_anti-SOPA_blackout/ko|영어 위키백과 SOPA 반대 서비스 일시 중단]]&lt;/ref&gt;

2014년 1월 20일 수보드 바르마(Subodh Varma)는 《이코노믹 타임즈》에 투고한 글을 통해 위키백과가 2012년 12월에서 2013년 12월 사이에 전체적으로 페이지 뷰가 10퍼센트에 달하는 2억 번 이상의 페이지뷰를 잃었다고 발표하였다. 주요 언어판에 따라 나누면 영어 위키백과의 페이지뷰 감소율은 12%, 독일어가 17%, 일본어는 9%였다. 바르마는 &quot;만일 위키백과 운영자들이 통계 집계에 오류가 있다고 주장한다면 지난해 도입된 구글의 [[Wp/jje/지식 그래프|지식 그래프]]가 그 입을 다물게 할 것&quot;이라고 덧붙였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Varma&quot;&gt;Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms &quot;Google eating into Wikipedia page views?&quot;]. The Economic Times. Times Internet Limited. Retrieved February 10, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; 뉴욕 대학교의 부교수 클레이 셔키는 지식 그래프가 다른 사이트들의 페이지뷰를 잠식하고 있는 것에 대해 &quot;검색 페이지에서 당신의 질문에 대한 답을 바로 볼 수 있는데 굳이 그 사이트를 방문하겠는가?&quot;라고 반문하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Varma&quot; /&gt;

2016년 12월 위키백과는 가장 인기있는 웹사이트 리스트에 5위로 기록되었다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150302173920/http://www.alexa.com/topsites &quot;Alexa Top 500 Global Sites&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites|date=20150302173920}}. Alexa Internet. Retrieved December 28, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== 특징 ==

=== 개방성 ===
[[Wp/jje/파일:Polska Wikipedia na DVD z Helionem (krążek bez tła).png|섬네일|120px|폴란드어 위키백과의 문서를 담은 DVD이며, 2007년 7월 말에 나왔다.]]

위키백과의 가장 큰 특징은 누구나 [[Wp/jje/편집|편집]]과 [[Wp/jje/관리|관리]]에 참여할 수 있다는 점이다.&lt;ref group=&quot;주석&quot;&gt;위키백과의 편집 방식은 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:길라잡이|위키백과:길라잡이]]에 자세히 설명되어 있다.&lt;/ref&gt; 인터넷을 통해 누구나 글을 고칠 수 있는 체계인 [[Wp/jje/위키위키|위키]]로 만들어져 있어 [[Wp/jje/집단 지성|집단 지성]]적 특성을 가진다.&lt;ref name=&quot;김태우&quot; /&gt; 개방성은 위키백과의 가장 큰 특징 가운데 하나로, 원칙적으로 사용자들은 누구든 거의 모든 문서를 새로 만들고 수정할 수 있다. 하지만 장기인증 사용자만 편집하고 수정할 수 있는 문서도 있다.

그러나 이러한 강점은 동시에 악의적인 문서의 훼손이나 부정확한 내용의 수록에 취약하다는 약점이 되기도 한다. [[Wp/jje/위키백과 공동체|위키백과 커뮤니티]]는 이러한 약점을 보완하기 위해 편집 규칙을 정하고 일부 문서에 대한 생성과 편집을 규제하고 있다.&lt;ref group=&quot;주석&quot;&gt;일례로 이 문서 역시 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:보호 정책|위키백과:보호 정책]]에 따라 준보호 등급으로 편집을 규제하고 있다.&lt;/ref&gt; 2009년 이후 여러 언어마다 위키백과 편집에 대한 커뮤니티의 규제가 강화되었다. 영어 위키백과는 대중적 관심이 높은 문서에 대한 편집을 위해서는 로그인이 필요하도록 하였고, 독일어 위키백과는 모든 문서에 대해 로그인 된 사용자만이 편집할 수 있도록 하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pcworld.com/article/170826/wikipedia_changes_editing_policy.html Wikipedia Changes Editing Policy], PCWorld, 2009년 8월 29일&lt;/ref&gt;

과도한 편집 규제는 위키백과 성장의 걸림돌이라는 지적이 있고&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ_2009-11-27&quot; /&gt;, 위키백과 커뮤니티 내에서도 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:규칙에 얽매이지 마세요|과감한 편집]]은 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:다섯 원칙|위키백과의 기본 원칙]] 가운데 하나로 새로운 사용자를 포용하기 위해서라도 지켜져야 한다는 의견들이 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia], Slate.com, 2104년 6월&lt;/ref&gt;

한편, 위키백과 커뮤니티 내에 존재하는 편향으로 인해 [[Wp/jje/여성|여성]]을 비롯한 다양한 집단에 대한 개방이 부족하다는 지적도 있다. 2014년 8월 [[Wp/jje/게이머게이트 논쟁|게이머게이트 논쟁]]에서 영어 위키백과의 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:중재|중재위원회]]가 내린 5명의 여성주의 운동가 차단 결정은 위키백과의 개방성에 대한 많은 논란을 불러오기도 하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.themarysue.com/wikipedia-gamergate-update/ Wikipedia Organizations Address Gamergate Editor Controversy: Women Are “Invaluable Contributors”], The Marry Sue, 2015년 1월 28일&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 수정과 검토 ===
위키백과의 문서들은 끊임없이 누군가에 의해 수정된다. 위키백과의 편집 시스템인 [[Wp/jje/미디어위키|미디어위키]]는 다양한 방법으로 문서의 수정 사항을 사용자에게 알려주어 검토할 수 있도록 한다. 사용자는 문서의 역사를 확인하여 누가 언제 어떤 내용을 수정했는지 확인할 수 있다. 만약 변경 내용이 악의적인 문서 훼손이라면 사용자는 이를 손쉽게 되돌릴 수 있다. 또한 사용자는 시스템이 제공하는 &quot;최근 바뀜&quot;과 &quot;주시문서 목록&quot; 등의 기능을 통해 문서의 변경 사항을 쉽게 파악할 수 있다. 이러한 기능은 위키백과가 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:반달|반달리즘]]으로부터 문서 훼손을 보호할 수 있도록 돕는다.&lt;ref&gt;Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). &quot;World of Knowledge&quot;. Linux Magazine. Retrieved July 13, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과는 시작과 함께 문서의 신뢰성에 대한 의문이 따라다녔다. 누군가 보다 전문가적인 입장에서 사용자의 편집을 검토하고 제한할 수 있어야 한다는 주장이 늘 있다. 위키백과의 공동창립자인 [[Wp/jje/래리 생어|래리 생어]]는 결국 이 문제로 인해 위키백과를 떠나 전문가의 검토를 거치는 [[Wp/jje/시티즌디움|시티즌디움]]을 창립하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;이재구&quot;&gt;이재구, 《IT천재들, 상상을 현실로 바꾼 영웅들의 이야기》, 미래의 창, 2011년, {{Wp/jje/ISBN|978-89-5989-173-3}}, 290쪽&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 역시 몇 차례의 명백한 오류와 특정 집단의 의도적인 개입으로 완전한 개방 정책을 수정하지 않을 수 없었다. 오랫동안 《[[Wp/jje/USA 투데이|USA 투데이]]》의 편집장을 역임했던 [[Wp/jje/존 시겐설러|존 시겐설러]]가 [[Wp/jje/존 F. 케네디|존 F. 케네디]]의 암살에 연루되었다는 거짓 정보가 위키백과에 올라온 사례는 오랫동안 위키백과 문서의 오류에 대한 사례로 거론되었고&lt;ref name=&quot;이재구&quot; /&gt;, 2016년 1월에는 스위스의 정보 기관 공무원이 수년에 걸쳐 약 5,500건에 달하는 문서를 악의적으로 편집하였다가 아이피가 차단되는 일이 벌어지기도 하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/modify-delete_wikipedia-blocks-swiss-officials-over-editing/41949734 The online encyclopaedia Wikipedia has blocked the accounts of Swiss civil servants after they modified thousands of articles on the site.], Swissinfo.ch, 2016년 2월 9일&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과의 문서 품질은 사용자들의 지속적인 수정과 검토에 의해서 유지되고 향상된다. 2003년 안드레 시포릴리는 위키백과 컨텐츠의 유지는 파괴적 활동보다 창조적 활동량이 훨씬 많기 때문에 가능한 것이라는 분석을 내놓았다.&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Ciffolilli, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161206104747/http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1108/1028 &quot;Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1108/1028|date=20161206104747}} Archived December 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., First Monday December 2003.&lt;/ref&gt; 그러나 교묘한 거짓 정보는 매우 오랜 기간 검토되지 못한 채 남아있는 경우도 있다. 영어 위키백과에서는 2005년 1월 31일 등재된 연쇄 강간범 잭 로비쇼라는 문서가 완전히 허구의 인물을 서술한 것이라는 것을 2015년이 되어서야 발견한 일도 있었다. 이 문서는 2015년 9월 3일 삭제되었다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3433785/The-great-wiki-hoax-Authors-longest-running-fake-Wikipedia-page-reveal-post-fictional-serial-rapist-jazz-musician-took-decade-bust.html The great wiki-hoax: Authors of the longest running fake Wikipedia page reveal how their post about a fictional serial rapist and jazz musician took more than a decade to bust.], Mail Online, 2016년 2월 5일&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 커뮤니티 ===
{{Wp/jje/본문|위키백과 공동체}} [[Wp/jje/파일:Wikimania 2016 - group photo 02.jpg|섬네일|[[위키마니아]] 2016 행사에 참가한 위키백과 사용자들]] [[Wp/jje/파일:Wikiconf s^.ul 16 ear 028.jpg|섬네일|[[위키백과:위키컨퍼런스 서울 2016|위키컨퍼런스 서울 2016]]에 참여한 위키백과 사용자들]] 위키백과의 콘텐츠는 사용자들의 자발적인 참여로 이루어지기 때문에 사용자 간의 소통이 매우 중요하다. 이를 위해 위키백과는 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:사랑방|사랑방]]과 같은 커뮤니티 공간을 제공하고 있다. 또한 위키백과의 모든 문서에는 &quot;토론&quot; 탭이 있어서 사용자들 사이에 문서 개선을 위한 토론이 이루어지도록 하고 있다.&lt;ref group=&quot;주석&quot;&gt;이 문서의 [[Wp/jje/토론:위키백과|토론]] 탭 참조&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과 사용자들은 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:위키컨퍼런스|위키컨퍼런스]]와 같은 오프라인 모임을 통해 관심사를 공유하기도 한다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161008190418/http://www.bloter.net/archives/260478 위키백과가 언론보다 신뢰받는 이유는...] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.bloter.net/archives/260478|date=20161008190418}}, 블로터, 2016년 7월 26일&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과를 운영하고 있는 [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 재단|위키미디어 재단]]은 매년 세계적인 컨퍼런스인 [[Wp/jje/위키마니아|위키마니아]] 행사를 갖고 있다. 2016년 위키마니아는 [[Wp/jje/이탈리아|이탈리아]]의 [[Wp/jje/에시노라리오|에시노라리오]]에서 열렸다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wikimania2016.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page/ko&amp;uselang=ko 위키매니아 에시노 라리오]&lt;/ref&gt; 위키마니아에서는 위키백과뿐만 아니라 위키미디어 재단이 운영하고 있는 [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 공용|위키미디어 공용]], [[Wp/jje/위키데이터|위키데이터]], [[Wp/jje/위키책|위키책]], [[Wp/jje/위키문헌|위키문헌]], [[Wp/jje/위키낱말사전|위키낱말사전]]과 같은 여러 자매 프로젝트의 주요 관심사도 함께 논의된다. 위키미디어 재단은 이들 여러 프로젝트의 활성화를 위해 세계 각지의 지부나 사용자 모임을 지원하는 사업도 하고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[[metawiki:Wikimedia chapters|위키미디어 재단 지부 현황]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[metawiki:Wikimedia user groups|위키미디어 사용자 모임 현황]]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/대한민국|대한민국]]에서는 [[metawiki:위키미디어 대한민국/ko|한국위키미디어협회]]가 자발적 사용자 모임으로 활동중이다. 한국위키미디어협회는 2016년 1월 15일 위키백과 15주년 기념행사를 가졌다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.acrofan.com/ko-kr/detail_legacy.php?param1=ko-kr&amp;param2=live&amp;param3=content&amp;param4=20160117&amp;param5=0003030301 한국위키미디어협회 주최 위키백과 15주년 기념행사 현장], acrofan, 2016년 1월 17일&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과 커뮤니티는 종종 컬트적인 것으로 묘사되지만&lt;ref&gt;Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20 &quot;Log on and join in, but beware the web cults&quot;]. The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;, 그것이 늘 부정적인 면을 부각하는 것은 아니다.&lt;ref&gt;Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20031003144810/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html &quot;Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site&quot;]. CNN. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 사용자들은 훌륭한 활동에 대해 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:반스타|반스타]]를 부여하여 서로의 동기 유발을 지원하기도 한다.&lt;ref&gt;T. Kriplean, I. Beschastnikh, et al. (2008). [http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460563.1460573 &quot;Articulations of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnstars&quot;]. Proceedings of the ACM: 47. doi:10.1145/1460563.1460573. {{Wp/jje/ISBN|978-1-60558-007-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과는 사용자의 익명성을 보장한다.&lt;ref&gt;Jean Goodwin (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20091122202231/http://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf &quot;The Authority of Wikipedia&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt; 다중이 익명으로 참여한다고 하더라도 커뮤니티가 활력을 띄면 정보의 질은 꾸준히 향상된다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zdnet.co.kr/column/column_view.asp?artice_id=00000039150151&amp;type=det&amp;re= 위키 백과에 참여해야 할 이유], 지디넷, 2006년 8월 24일&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과의 이러한 작업 방식은 크라우드 소싱이라는 이름으로 다른 분야에서도 시도되고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051704/http://www.focus.kr/view.php?key=2016082400182309828 포항시립미술관 ‘2016 POMA 아카데미’ 개최] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.focus.kr/view.php?key=2016082400182309828|date=20170118051704}}, 포커스뉴스, 2016년 8월 25일&lt;/ref&gt; 그러나 실제로 위키백과에 정보를 추가하는 사람들은 전체 사용자 가운데 극히 소수라는 연구가 있고&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). [http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2008/02/the_wisdom_of_the_chaperones.html &quot;The Wisdom of the Chaperones&quot;]. Slate. Retrieved August 13, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;, 로그인 하지 않은 사용자에 대해서는 위키백과 커뮤니티가 이등시민 취급을 한다는 비판도 있다.&lt;ref&gt;Goldman, Eric. &quot;Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences&quot;. 8. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/다트머스 대학교|다트머스 대학교]] 연구진은 이를 검증하기 위한 2007년 연구에서 &quot;로그인 하지 않은 익명의 편집자나 기여 횟수가 적은 편집자의 활동 역시 로그인 사용자와 동등한 신뢰성을 보인다&quot;고 밝혔다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/good-samaritans-are-on-the-money/ &quot;Wikipedia &quot;Good Samaritans&quot; Are on the Money&quot;]. Scientific American. October 19, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 2009년 《[[Wp/jje/비지니스 인사이더|비지니스 인사이더]]》의 편집인 헨리 블라젯은 위키백과 문서에 대한 표집 조사 결과 대다수의 문서가 &quot;아웃사이더&quot;에 의해 생성된 뒤 &quot;인사이더&quot;에 의해 완성된다고 분석하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). [http://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway &quot;Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?&quot;]. Business Insider.&lt;/ref&gt;

몇몇 언어의 위키백과 커뮤니티는 자체적으로 문서를 엮어서 출판물을 제작하기도 하는데, [[Wp/jje/독일어 위키백과|독일어 위키백과]]의 경우 독일어 위키백과의 문서를 모아 2004년에 [[Wp/jje/콤팩트 디스크|CD]]로, 2005년와 2006년에는 [[Wp/jje/DVD|DVD]]와 [[Wp/jje/책|책]]으로 제작하였다.

=== 라이선스 ===
위키백과의 내용은 처음에는 [[Wp/jje/GNU 자유 문서 사용 허가서|GNU 자유 문서 사용 허가서]] 아래 배포되었으나 2009년 6월, [[Wp/jje/위키백과:크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 3.0 Unported 라이선스|크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 3.0 Unported 라이선스]]로 변경되었다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:저작권|위키백과:저작권]]&lt;/ref&gt; 2023년 6월부터는 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 4.0 국제 라이선스|크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 4.0 국제 라이선스]]로 변경되었다.

== 관리 ==
위키백과는 특별한 위계가 없는 사용자들의 집단 활동이라는 점에서 [[Wp/jje/아나키즘|아나키즘]]의 요소를 갖는 [[Wp/jje/민주주의|민주주의]] 체계로 평가되기도 한다.&lt;ref&gt;Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). [http://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir &quot;The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir&quot;]. Slashdot. Dice.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kostakis, Vasilis (March 2010). [http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 &quot;Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists&quot;]. First Monday.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 내의 모든 문서는 직접 내용 편집에 참여한 사용자를 포함하여 어느 누구도 소유권을 주장할 수 없다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:문서의 소유권|위키백과:문서의 소유권]]&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과의 이러한 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:정책과 지침|규칙]]은 커뮤니티가 공동으로 소유하는 가치에 대한 사적 이익 추구를 억제함으로써 [[Wp/jje/공유지의 비극|공유지의 비극]]을 방지하고자 만들어졌다.&lt;ref&gt;Avoiding Tragedy in the Wiki-Commons, by Andrew George, 12 Va. J.L. &amp; Tech. 8 (2007)&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과의 관리는 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:다섯 원칙|다섯 원칙]]의 정신과 이를 구현하기 위한 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:정책과 지침|정책과 지침]]에 따라 이루어진다. 정책과 지침은 커뮤니티의 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:총의|총의]]에 의해 수립되거나 수정된다. 총의의 개념은 2005년 찰스 메튜의 위키미디어 메일링 리스트&lt;ref&gt;[[mailarchive:wikien-l/2005-July/026513.html|WikiEN-l, William M. Connoley, admin? (was: Running the asylum)]]&lt;/ref&gt;에서 설명된 바와 같이 단순한 만장일치가 아닌 현시점에서 커뮤니티가 내릴 수 있는 최선의 타협이다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:총의|위키백과:총의]]&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과의 커뮤니티는 각각의 언어마다 독립되어 있기 때문에, 언어판마다 총의는 다를 수 있다. 위키백과 초창기 가장 큰 논란은 문서의 중립성 확보였고, 이에 따라 위키백과가 시작된지 한 달 만에 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:중립적 시각|중립적 시각]]이 정책으로 지정되었다.&lt;ref name=&quot;en_Neautral&quot; /&gt; [[Wp/jje/한국어 위키백과|한국어 위키백과]] 역시 2004년 중립적 시각 정책을 도입하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:중립적 시각|위키백과:중립적 시각]]&lt;/ref&gt; 문서와 커뮤니티의 성장에 따라 지침이 필요한 다양한 사안이 발생하였기 때문에 위키백과의 정책과 지침 역시 이에 대응할 수 있도록 다양하게 늘어났다.&lt;ref group=&quot;주석&quot;&gt;한국어 위키백과의 모든 정책과 지침은 [[Wp/jje/분류:위키백과 정책과 지침|분류:위키백과 정책과 지침]]에서 확인할 수 있다.&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과 사용자들 사이의 논쟁 또는 분쟁은 모두 위키백과 커뮤니티 안에서 해결된다. 사용자들 사이의 문제는 서로간의 토론을 통해 해결하는 것이 가장 바람직하지만, 문서의 훼손이나 악의적인 행위 등으로부터 선의의 편집 활동을 보호하기 위한 조치도 필요하다. 문서를 삭제하거나 악의적인 사용자를 차단하는 것과 같은 활동은 커뮤니티 안에서 충분히 신뢰할 수 있다고 평가받아 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:관리자|관리자]]로 선출 된 사용자가 실행한다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:관리자|위키백과:관리자]]&lt;/ref&gt; 한편 사용자 사이의 논쟁은 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:중재위원회|중재위원회]]와 같은 기구를 통해 상호 조정을 이루기도 한다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:중재위원회|위키백과:중재위원회]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== 운영 ==
위키백과는 [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 재단|위키미디어 재단]]이 운영하는 [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 프로젝트|위키미디어 프로젝트]] 가운데 하나이다. 위키미디어 프로젝트에는 위키백과 외에도 [[Wp/jje/위키낱말사전|위키낱말사전]], [[Wp/jje/위키책|위키책]], [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 공용|위키미디어 공용]], [[Wp/jje/위키문헌|위키문헌]], [[Wp/jje/위키인용집|위키인용집]], [[Wp/jje/위키데이터|위키데이터]] 등이 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[[foundationsite:wiki/Our_projects|&quot;Our projects&quot;]]. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 2013-09-01.&lt;/ref&gt; 모든 위키미디어 프로젝트는 자발적으로 참여하는 사용자들의 커뮤니티에 의해 운영되며 위키미디어 재단은 이들 프로젝트의 유지, [[Wp/jje/소프트웨어|소프트웨어]]와 [[Wp/jje/하드웨어|하드웨어]]의 관리, 사용자 커뮤니티에 대한 지원과 같은 일들을 담당한다.

=== 위키미디어 재단 ===
{{Wp/jje/본문|위키미디어 재단}} [[Wp/jje/파일:Wikimedia Foundation RGB logo with text.svg|섬네일|위키미디어 재단 로고]] 위키미디어 재단은 미국 [[Wp/jje/캘리포니아주|캘리포니아주]] [[Wp/jje/샌프란시스코|샌프란시스코]]에 본부를 둔 비영리 기구로 위키백과를 비롯한 위키미디어 프로젝트의 유지를 위한 기금을 조성하고 호스팅하고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/a/ac/FINAL_10_11From_KPMG.pdf &quot;Wikimedia Foundation – Financial Statements – June 30, 2011 and 2010&quot;] (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과가 시작된 지 2년 후인 2003년 6월 20일 플로리다주 법인으로 설립되었으며 2007년 본부를 샌프란시코로 이전하였다. 2013년 귀속분 국세청 신고서에 따르면 재단의 기금 수익은 3천9백7십만 달러이고 지출된 경비는 2천9백만 달러이다. 또한 총 자산은 3천7백2십만 달러로 이 가운데 부채는 230만 달러이다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/5/5c/Form_990_-_FY_12-13_-_Public.pdf &quot;Wikimedia Foundation IRS Form 990&quot;] (PDF). Retrieved October 14, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

2014년 5월 위키미디어 재단은 초대 사무국장 [[Wp/jje/슈 가드너|슈 가드너]]가 퇴임하고 2대 사무국장으로 [[Wp/jje/라일라 트레티코프|라일라 트레티코프]]를 지명하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[[foundationsite:wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov|&quot;Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov&quot;]]. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved June 14, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; 《월스트리트 저널》은 2014년 5월 1일자 보도를 통해 새로운 사무국장의 취임을 소개하면서 트레티코프의 “정보는 공기와 같이 자유를 좋아한다.”는 말을 인용하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Jeff Elder, The Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2014, &quot;Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 2016년 6월 3대 사무국장으로 [[Wp/jje/캐서린 마허|캐서린 마허]]가 취임하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Lorente, Patricio; Henner, Christophe (24 June 2016). [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/06/24/katherine-maher-executive-director/ &quot;Foundation Board appoints Katherine Maher as Executive Director&quot;]. Wikimedia Blog.&lt;/ref&gt; 마허는 위키미디어 프로젝트의 운영 방향에 대해 커뮤니티 내에서 상호 공감을 형성하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다는 입장을 밝혔다.&lt;ref&gt;Dimitra Kessenides. Bloomberg News Weekly. December 26, 2016, p. 74. &quot;Is Wikipedia 'Woke'&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 소프트웨어 ===
{{Wp/jje/참고|미디어위키}} 위키백과의 운영 프로그램은 [[Wp/jje/미디어위키|미디어위키]]이다. [[Wp/jje/오픈 소스|오픈 소스]]로 배포되는 [[Wp/jje/자유 소프트웨어|자유 소프트웨어]]인 미디어위키는 [[Wp/jje/PHP|PHP]] 기반의 [[Wp/jje/위키 소프트웨어|위키 소프트웨어]]로 [[Wp/jje/MySQL|MySQL]] 데이터베이스를 이용한다.&lt;ref&gt;Mark Bergman. [http://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf &quot;Wikimedia Architecture&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf|date=20090303204708}} (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 초기에는 [[Wp/jje/펄|펄]]로 작성된 [[Wp/jje/유스모드위키|유스모드위키]]를 사용하였으나 2002년 1월에 [[Wp/jje/마그누스 만스커|마그누스 만스커]]가 개발한 PHP와 MySQL 기반의 [[Wp/jje/위키|위키]]가 도입되었고&lt;ref&gt;ennifer Joline Anderson (2011). Wikipedia: The Company and Its Founders. ABDO. p. 44. {{Wp/jje/ISBN|978-1-61714-812-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, 다시 2002년 7월 [[Wp/jje/리 다니엘 크로커|리 다니엘 크로커]]가 개발한 미디어위키를 3세대 소프트웨어로 도입하였다. 미디어위키는 이후로도 여러차례 업데이트되어 위키백과를 비롯한 여러 위키미디어 프로젝트를 운영하는 소프트웨어가 되었다.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Special:Version|Mediawiki Versions]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 하드웨어 ===
위키백과는 낮 시간을 기준으로 1초에 25,000~60,000페이지 요청을 수신한다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|url=http://toolserver.org/~leon/stats/reqstats/reqstats-monthly.png|제목=보관된 사본|확인날짜=2008-01-10|보존url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528011038/http://toolserver.org/~leon/stats/reqstats/reqstats-monthly.png|보존날짜=2008-05-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 페이지 요청은 먼저 [[Wp/jje/스퀴드 (소프트웨어)|스퀴드 캐시]] 서버의 프론트엔드 계층으로 내보낸다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|url=http://dammit.lt/uc/workbook2007.pdf|제목=보관된 사본|확인날짜=2008-06-27|보존url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528030452/http://dammit.lt/uc/workbook2007.pdf|보존날짜=2008-05-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 스퀴드 캐시가 처리할 수 없는 요청은 [[Wp/jje/리눅스 버추얼 서버|리눅스 버추얼 서버]] 소프트웨어를 실행하고 있는 부하 제어 서버로 내보낸다. 즉, 데이터베이스로부터 렌더링한 페이지를 보여 주기 위해 아파치 웹 서버들 가운데 하나로 요청을 내보낸다는 뜻이다. 웹 서버는 요청한 페이지를 전달하여 모든 언어판의 위키백과에 대한 페이지 렌더링을 수행한다. 속도를 더 빠르게 하기 위해 렌더링 된 페이지는 만료될 때까지 분산 메모리 캐시에 캐시 처리되며 이로써 동일한 페이지 접근에는 대부분 페이지 렌더링을 완전히 생략할 수 있다.

[[Wp/jje/파일:Wikimedia-servers-2010-12-28.svg|가운데|섬네일|400 px|위키미디어 서버 시스템 구성도 (2010년 12월 28일 기준)]]

현재 사용되고 있는 위키백과의 서버는 주로 [[Wp/jje/우분투|우분투]]로 이루어진 [[Wp/jje/리눅스|리눅스]] 서버들의 [[Wp/jje/컴퓨터 클러스터|컴퓨터 클러스터]]로 운영되고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss, Todd R. (October 9, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121005181633/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?taxonomyId=154&amp;pageNumber=1&amp;taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data%20Center &quot;Wikipedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?taxonomyId=154&amp;pageNumber=1&amp;taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data%20Center|date=20121005181633}}. Computerworld. Retrieved November 1, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Paul, Ryan (October 9, 2008). [http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/10/wikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-its-server-infrastructure.ars &quot;Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure&quot;]. Ars Technica. Retrieved November 1, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 2009년을 기준으로 위키미디어 재단은 [[Wp/jje/미국|미국]] [[Wp/jje/플로리다주|플로리다주]]에 300대, [[Wp/jje/네덜란드|네덜란드]] [[Wp/jje/암스테르담|암스테르담]]에 44대의 서버를 운영하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116155841/http://wikitech.wikimedia.org/view/Server_roles &quot;Server roles at wikitech.wikimedia.org&quot;]. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; 2013년 1월 22일 위키백과는 중요 데이터를 미국의 [[Wp/jje/데이터 센터|데이터 센터]] 공기업인 [[Wp/jje/에퀴닉스|에퀴닉스]]로 이전하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Palmier, Guillaume. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/ &quot;Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia&quot;]. WMF. Retrieved 2016-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verge, Jason. [http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/ &quot;It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home&quot;]. Data Center Knowledge. Retrieved 2016-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 자동 편집 ===
위키백과에서는 단순 반복적인 활동을 위해 [[Wp/jje/인터넷 봇|봇]]이라고 불리는 프로그램이 운영된다. 봇은 자주 혼동되는 오탈자를 바로잡거나 자동으로 생성될 수 있는 반복적인 문구의 삽입과 같은 일을 담당한다. 봇 역시 위키백과 커뮤니티의 사용자들이 작성하여 운영하며 잘못된 사용을 막기 위해 별도의 등록 절차를 거친다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:봇|위키백과:봇]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== 평가 ==

=== 긍정적 평가 ===
2005년에 영국의 [[Wp/jje/네이처|네이처]] 지는 [[Wp/jje/브리태니커 백과사전|브리태니커 백과사전]]과 위키백과의 42가지 난해한 과학 기사를 비교한 평가 리뷰를 발표하였다. 그 결과는 위키백과의 정확도 수준이 [[Wp/jje/브리태니커 백과사전|브리태니커 백과사전]]에 근접한다는 것이었다.&lt;ref name=&quot;GilesJ2005Internet&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/저널 인용|author=Jim Giles|title=Internet encyclopedias go head to head|journal=[[Wp/jje/네이처|Nature]]|volume=438|issue=7070|pages=900–901|date=December 2005|pmid=16355180|doi=10.1038/438900a|authorlink=Jim Giles (reporter)|bibcode=2005Natur.438..900G}}{{Wp/jje/구독 필요}} Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:

* {{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|title=Wikipedia survives research test|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm|date=December 15, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; 다만 비평가들은 모든 범위의 기사에 대해 무작위로 표본을 추출한 경우 혹은 사회과학이나 논쟁적인 사회 문제에 중점을 둔 유사한 연구의 경우 그렇게 긍정적인 결과가 나오지 못했을 수도 있다고 여겼다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reagle, pp. 165–166&quot;&gt;Reagle, pp. 165–166.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlowski2005&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last1=Orlowski|first1=Andrew|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019|work=[[Wp/jje/The Register|The Register]]|date=December 16, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; 또 2006년 기사에서 [[Wp/jje/타임 (잡지)|타임]] 지는 위키백과는 누구나 편집할 수 있는 개방 정책을 갖고 있으며 이로써 위키백과가 세계에서 가장 큰 백과사전으로 만들어질 수 있도록 하고 [[Wp/jje/지미 웨일즈|지미 웨일즈]]의 비전을 실현한다고 밝혔다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/저널 인용|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|title=The 2006 Time 100|journal=Time|date=May 8, 2006|access-date=November 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 부정적 평가 ===
{{Wp/jje/참고|위키백과에 대한 비판}} [[Wp/jje/파일:John Seigenthaler Sr. speaking.jpg|섬네일|존 시겐설러는 위키백과를 &quot;허점 많고 무책임한 사이트&quot;라고 비판했다.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;munhwa&quot;&gt;[http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2005120601032932071004 못 믿을 ‘위키피디아(세계 최대 온라인 백과사전)’] - 문화일보, 2005년 12월 6일&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과는 누구나 참여할 수 있기 때문에 편집자의 시각에 따라 누군가가 악의적인 의도 등으로 잘못된 정보를 입력할 수 있고 이에 따라 잘못된 정보가 퍼져나갈 수 있다는 문제점이 제기되어 왔다. 예를 들어 2005년 [[Wp/jje/영어 위키백과|영어 위키백과]]에서는 [[Wp/jje/존 시겐설러|존 시겐설러]]라는 미국의 전직 언론인이 [[Wp/jje/존 F. 케네디|존 F. 케네디]] 대통령의 암살에 관여했다는 잘못된 정보가 올려져 있었다는 점이 밝혀졌으며&lt;ref name=&quot;munhwa&quot; /&gt; 한 익명 사용자가 신바드라는 미국의 코미디언이 사망했다는 거짓 정보를 올려 인터넷 전반에 잘못된 소문이 퍼지기도 했다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|url=http://www.hoax-slayer.com/sinbad-heart-attack-hoax.shtml|제목=Hoax Slayer - Sinbad Heart Attack Hoax|확인날짜=2007-06-09|archive-date=2007-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504124905/http://www.hoax-slayer.com/sinbad-heart-attack-hoax.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

또한 위키백과는 미국 내의 [[Wp/jje/보수주의|보수주의자]]들로부터 [[Wp/jje/자유주의|자유주의적]]이라는 비판을 받아왔다. 이로 인해 [[Wp/jje/컨서버피디아|컨서버피디아]]가 2006년에 개설되었다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|성=Johnson|이름=Bobbie|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,2024434,00.html|제목=Conservapedia—the US religious right's answer to Wikipedia|날짜=2007-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

미 연구팀에 의하면 영어판 위키백과에 등록된 문서 중 회사 관련 내용의 약 60% 정도가 잘못된 사실을 담고 있다는 연구결과가 나왔다. 연구팀의 교수는 이를 특정 회사들이 이미지를 긍정적으로 만들기 위해 위키백과에 회사에 유리한 내용을 삽입하기 때문인 것으로 추정하고 있다. &lt;ref&gt;[http://nownews.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20120419601013 美연구팀 “위키피디아 정보 중 60%는 오류”] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://nownews.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20120419601013|date=20121117045439}} 2012년 4월 19일 [[Wp/jje/서울신문|서울신문]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== 같이 보기 ==

* [[Wp/jje/한국어 위키백과|한국어 위키백과]]
* [[Wp/jje/언어별 위키백과 목록|언어별 위키백과 목록]]
* [[Wp/jje/집단 지성|집단 지성]]
* [[Wp/jje/274301 위키피디아|274301 위키피디아]]
* [[Wp/jje/지미 웨일스|지미 웨일스]]
* [[Wp/jje/래리 생어|래리 생어]]
* [[Wp/jje/백괴사전|백괴사전]]

== 각주 ==

; 내용주

{{Wp/jje/각주|group=&quot;주석&quot;}}

; 참조주

{{Wp/jje/각주}}

== 외부 링크 ==
{{Wp/jje/위키공용|Wikipedia}}

* {{Wp/jje/공식 웹사이트}} (위키백과 초기 화면)

{{Wp/jje/위키백과 둘러보기}} {{Wp/jje/위키미디어 재단}} {{Wp/jje/언어별 위키백과}} {{Wp/jje/전거 통제}}

[[Wp/jje/분류:온라인 백과사전|분류:온라인 백과사전]] [[Wp/jje/분류:하이퍼텍스트|분류:하이퍼텍스트]] [[Wp/jje/분류:인간-컴퓨터 상호 작용|분류:인간-컴퓨터 상호 작용]] [[Wp/jje/분류:가상 사회|분류:가상 사회]] [[Wp/jje/분류:웹 2.0|분류:웹 2.0]] [[Wp/jje/분류:위키미디어 프로젝트|분류:위키미디어 프로젝트]] [[Wp/jje/분류:위키|분류:위키]] [[Wp/jje/분류:다언어 웹사이트|분류:다언어 웹사이트]] [[Wp/jje/분류:미국의 웹사이트|분류:미국의 웹사이트]] [[Wp/jje/분류:사회적 정보 처리|분류:사회적 정보 처리]]
[[Category:Wp/jje]]
[[KK:Уикипедия]]
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{{Wp/jje/위키데이터 속성 추적}} {{Wp/jje/두 다른 뜻||Wp/jje/한국어 위키백과|Wp/jje/한국어 위키백과}} {{Wp/jje/웹사이트 정보|이름=위키백과|패비콘=|로고=Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|로고 설명=위키백과의 로고|로고 크기=150px|그림=Www.wikipedia.org screenshot 2018.png|그림 크기=150px|url={{공식 URL}}|그림 설명=각기 다른 언어의 위키백과를 표시하고 있는 위키백과 포털의 스크린샷|표어=자유 백과사전|영리적=비영리, 기부금을 통해 운영|종류=인터넷 [[Wp/jje/백과사전|백과사전]], [[Wp/jje/위키|위키]]|라이선스=[[Wp/jje/크리에이티브 커먼즈|크리에이티브 커먼즈]] 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 3.0. (대부분 문서는 [[Wp/jje/GNU 자유 문서 사용 허가서|GFDL]]로도 이중 사용 허락이 되어 있음). 미디어 파일은 별도의 라이선스를 따름.|programming_language=[[Wp/jje/LAMP (소프트웨어 번들)|LAMP]] 플랫폼&lt;ref name=&quot;roadchap&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;|회원 가입=선택|시작일={{Wp/jje/시작 날짜와 나이|2001|1|15}}|종료일=|언어=317개 언어 (한국어 포함)|소유자=[[Wp/jje/위키미디어 재단|위키미디어 재단]]|num_users=활동 사용자 [[:en:List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|&gt;{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]]명&lt;ref group=&quot;주석&quot;&gt;To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;등록 사용자 [[:en:list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|&gt;{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]]명|oclc=52075003|제작자=[[Wp/jje/지미 웨일스|지미 웨일스]], [[Wp/jje/래리 생어|래리 생어]]|현재 상태=운영 중|수입=}} '''위키백과'''(위키百科, {{Wp/jje/IPA-all|ɥikçibɛ̝k̚k͈wa̠&lt;nowiki&gt;], [&lt;/nowiki&gt;ykçibɛ̝k̚k͈wa̠|IPA|Ko-위키백과.oga}}) 또는 '''위키피디아'''({{Wp/jje/Llang|en|Wikipedia}}, {{Wp/jje/IPA-all|ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdɪə|IPA|En-us-Wikipedia.ogg}})는 누나 자유롭쥬 쓸 수 있는 다언어판 [[Wp/jje/인터넷|인터넷]] [[Wp/jje/백과사전|백과사전]]이다.&lt;ref&gt;김민주, 《2008 트렌드 키워드 - 키워드로 읽는 오늘의 세상》, 미래의창, 2008년, {{Wp/jje/ISBN|978-89-5989-080-4}}, 323쪽&lt;/ref&gt; 개방된 협업을 통해 [[Wp/jje/위키|위키]] 기반 편집 시스템을 사용하여 자발적인 [[Wp/jje/위키백과 공동체|위키백과 사용자]] 공동체가 작성하고 관리하고 있다. 위키백과는 대표적인 [[Wp/jje/집단 지성|집단 지성]]의 사례로 평가받고 있으며&lt;ref name=&quot;김태우&quot;&gt;김태우, 《미코노미 - 내가 중심에 서는 새로운 경제학 이야기, 웹2.0과 플랫폼 정치학》, 한빛미디어, 2008년, {{Wp/jje/ISBN|978-89-7914-496-3}}, 81쪽&lt;/ref&gt; 사상 최대의, 가장 많이 읽힌 [[Wp/jje/참고서|참고서]]이기도 하다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiki20&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|date=January 9, 2021|title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|access-date=February 25, 2021|newspaper=[[Wp/jje/The Economist|The Economist]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/시밀러웹|시밀러웹]]과 (과거) [[Wp/jje/알렉사 인터넷|알렉사 인터넷]]에서 [[Wp/jje/자주 방문하는 웹사이트 목록|가장 인기있는 웹사이트]] 10곳 중 하나로 꾸준히 순위를 올리고 있다. [[Wp/jje/2024년|2024년]] [[Wp/jje/1월|1월]] 기준으로 위키백과는 세계에서 7번째로 인기있는 사이트로 순위를 올렸다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|제목=시밀러웹|날짜=2024년 1월|웹사이트=Top Websites Ranking}}&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과는 [[Wp/jje/자유 저작물|자유 저작물]]을 보유하고 상업적인 [[Wp/jje/광고|광고]]가 없으며 주로 [[Wp/jje/기부|기부]]금을 통해 지원을 받는 비영리 단체인 [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 재단|위키미디어 재단]]이 소유하고 지원하고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last1=Dewey|first1=Caitlin|title=Wikipedia has a ton of money. So why is it begging you to donate yours?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/12/02/wikipedia-has-a-ton-of-money-so-why-is-it-begging-you-to-donate-yours/|access-date=April 10, 2019|agency=The Washington Post|date=December 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights – BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10104946|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=June 28, 2016|work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|author=Vogel, Peter S.|title=The Mysterious Workings of Wikis: Who Owns What?|url=http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/76351.html|date=October 10, 2012|accessdate=June 28, 2016|work=Ecommerce Times|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132745/https://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/76351.html%20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|title=Wikimedia Foundation employee ousted over paid editing|author=Mullin, Joe|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/01/wikimedia-foundation-employee-ousted-over-paid-editing/|date=January 10, 2014|access-date=June 28, 2016|work=Ars Technica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과는 [[Wp/jje/2001년|2001년]] [[Wp/jje/1월 15일|1월 15일]] [[Wp/jje/지미 웨일스|지미 웨일스]]와 [[Wp/jje/래리 생어|래리 생어]]가 창립하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kock&quot;&gt;Kock, N., Jung, Y., &amp; Syn, T. (2016). [http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges]. Archived September 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 12(2), 1–8.&lt;/ref&gt; 생어는 위키(wiki)와 [[Wp/jje/백과사전|백과사전]](encyclopedia)이라는 두 이름을 섞어서 '위키피디아'라는 이름을 만들어냈다.&lt;ref name=&quot;MiliardWho&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|url=https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html|first=Mike|last=Miliard|title=Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?|work=[[Wp/jje/Salt Lake City Weekly|Salt Lake City Weekly]]|date=March 1, 2008|access-date=December 18, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;J Sidener&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|url=https://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html|title=Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego|last=Sidener|first=Jonathan|date=October 9, 2006|work=[[Wp/jje/The San Diego Union-Tribune|The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111074945/https://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html|archive-date=November 11, 2016|access-date=May 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; 웨일스는 [[Wp/jje/프리드리히 하이에크|프리드리히 하이에크]]와 [[Wp/jje/오스트리아 학파|오스트리아 경제학파]]와 관련된 [[Wp/jje/자생적 질서|자생적 질서]]의 영향을 받았으며 이 개념들은 [[Wp/jje/자유지상주의|자유지상주의]] 경제학자 [[Wp/jje/마크 손턴|마크 손턴]]을 통해 노출되었다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|date=April 15, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699|url-access=subscription|newspaper=[[Wp/jje/The Wall Street Journal|The Wall Street Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 처음에는 [[Wp/jje/영어 위키백과|영어판]]만 제공되다가 빠르게 다른 언어판들의 개발이 이루어졌다. 2024년을 기준으로 [[Wp/jje/영어 위키백과|영어판]] 6,801,674개, [[Wp/jje/한국어 위키백과|한국어판]] {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}개를 비롯하여 300여 언어판을 합하면 전체 위키백과의 일반 문서(넘겨주기와 막다른 문서 제외)의 수는 5,500만 개를 넘으며,&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikipedia-jimmy-wales-morley-safer-60-minutes/|title=Wikipedia cofounder Jimmy Wales on 60 Minutes|access-date=April 6, 2015|work=[[Wp/jje/CBS News|CBS News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 한 달 순수 방문자 수는 약 17억명이다.&lt;ref name=&quot;small screen&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=The New York Times|date=February 9, 2014|last=Cohen|first=Noam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wikimedia_Stats&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects|website=stats.wikimedia.org|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date=November 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/2006년|2006년]] [[Wp/jje/타임 (잡지)|타임지]]는 누구나 편집하도록 허용하는 정책이 위키백과를 세계 최대의 백과사전으로 만들었다고 기술했다.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/잡지 인용|last=Anderson|first=Chris|date=May 8, 2006|title=Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|url-status=live|magazine=[[Wp/jje/타임 (잡지)|Time]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001311/https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|archive-date=2022-10-12|access-date=November 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 홍명보 나가라.

위키백과는 [[Wp/jje/지식의 민주화|지식의 민주화]]를 달성하고 다양한 분야, 고유한 구조와 문화를 갖춘 것 외에도 상업적 편향의 정도를 줄였다는 점에서 좋은 평가를 받아왔다. 그러나 여성에 대한 [[Wp/jje/위키백과의 젠더 편향|젠더 편향]], 이념적 편향 등 구조적 편향을 노출했다는 점에서는 [[Wp/jje/위키백과에 대한 비판|비판]]을 받았다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Econ21&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|date=January 9, 2021|title=Happy Birthday, Wikipedia|newspaper=[[Wp/jje/The Economist|The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|url-access=subscription|access-date=2023-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101031816/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|archive-date=2023-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Slate-Neutrality&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=June 9, 2020|title=How Wikipedia Became a Battleground for Racial Justice|work=[[Wp/jje/Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|url=https://slate.com/technology/2020/06/wikipedia-george-floyd-neutrality.html|access-date=August 17, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/위키백과의 신뢰도|위키백과의 신뢰도]]는 2000년대에 종종 비판을 받았으나 시간이 지남에 따라 개선되어 2010년대 말과 2020년대 초에 대체로 좋은 평가를 받았다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiki20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Econ21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Last best&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last1=Cooke|first1=Richard|date=February 17, 2020|title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet|language=en-us|magazine=[[Wp/jje/와이어드 (잡지)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=2022-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/코로나19 범유행|코로나19 범유행]], [[Wp/jje/2022년 러시아의 우크라이나 침공과 위키백과|러시아의 우크라이나 침공]] 등 이 웹사이트에서 논란이 많았던 주제들은 상당한 미디어 집중을 받았다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|last=Mangu-Ward|first=Katherine|date=October 1, 2022|title=What Wikipedia Can Teach the Rest of the Internet|url=https://reason.com/2022/09/18/what-wikipedia-can-teach-the-rest-of-the-internet/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222013841/https://reason.com/2022/09/18/what-wikipedia-can-teach-the-rest-of-the-internet/|archive-date=2022-12-22|access-date=2023-01-22|website=[[Wp/jje/Reason (magazine)|Reason]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kleinz_2022&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Russische Medienaufsicht droht mit Wikipedia-Sperre - Die Online-Enzyklopädie informiert ausführlich über die Invasion der Ukraine und ist damit den russischen Behörden ein Dorn im Auge|language=de|trans-title=Ukraine-War: Russian media regulation threatens with blocking Wikipedia|author-first=Torsten|author-last=Kleinz|date=March 3, 2022|work=[[Wp/jje/Heise online|heise online]]|publisher=[[Wp/jje/Heise Medien|Heise Medien]] / [[Wp/jje/Heise Gruppe GmbH &amp; Co. KG|Heise Gruppe GmbH &amp; Co. KG]]|publication-place=Hannover, Germany|url=https://www.heise.de/news/Ukraine-Krieg-Russische-Medienaufsicht-droht-mit-Wikipedia-Sperre-6535734.html|access-date=March 20, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320215611/https://www.heise.de/news/Ukraine-Krieg-Russische-Medienaufsicht-droht-mit-Wikipedia-Sperre-6535734.html|archive-date=March 20, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/잡지 인용|last=Sachdev|first=Shaan|date=February 26, 2021|title=Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|url-status=live|magazine=[[Wp/jje/The New Republic|The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122324/https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|archive-date=February 28, 2021|access-date=February 27, 2021|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; 특정 페이지들에서부터 사이트 전체에 이르기까지 세계의 몇몇 정부들에 의해 [[Wp/jje/위키백과의 검열|검열]]되고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last=Treisman|first=Rachel|date=2022-04-01|title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war|work=[[Wp/jje/NPR|NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=2023-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=2022-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last=Skipper|first=Ben|date=December 7, 2015|title=China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again|work=International Business Times UK|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|archive-date=May 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과의 저작권은 [[Wp/jje/크리에이티브 커먼즈 라이선스|크리에이티브 커먼즈 라이선스]](CCL)와 [[Wp/jje/GNU 자유 문서|GNU 자유 문서]](GFDL)의 2중 [[Wp/jje/라이선스|라이선스]]를 따른다. 두 라이선스 모두 [[Wp/jje/자유 콘텐츠|자유 콘텐츠]]를 위한 것으로 일정한 요건을 갖춘다면 사용에 제약을 받지 않는다.

== 역사 ==
[[Wp/jje/파일:Jimmy Wales - August 2019 (cropped).jpg|섬네일|150px|위키백과 설립자 [[지미 웨일스]]의 모습.]] [[Wp/jje/파일:L Sanger.jpg|섬네일|150px|위키백과 공동 창립자 [[래리 생어]]의 모습.]] {{Wp/jje/본문|위키백과의 역사}}

=== 누피디아 ===
{{Wp/jje/본문|누피디아}} 위키백과 이전에도 온라인 [[Wp/jje/백과사전|백과사전]]을 운영하려는 여러 시도들이 있었으나 실패하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ &quot;The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?&quot;]. Nieman Lab. Retrieved 2016-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 [[Wp/jje/영어 위키백과|영어판]]은 전문가들이 작성했던 백과사전인 [[Wp/jje/누피디아|누피디아]]에서 비롯하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kock&quot; /&gt; 누피디아는 [[Wp/jje/웹 포털|웹 포털]] 회사인 [[Wp/jje/보미스|보미스]]가 [[Wp/jje/2000년|2000년]] [[Wp/jje/3월 9일|3월 9일]]에 개시하였다. 보미스의 CEO였던 [[Wp/jje/지미 웨일스|지미 웨일스]]와 편집장 [[Wp/jje/래리 생어|래리 생어]]는 누피디아의 글들을 [[Wp/jje/오픈 콘텐츠|오픈 콘텐츠]]로 제시하기로 하였고 [[Wp/jje/리처드 스톨먼|리처드 스톨먼]]이 주도한 [[Wp/jje/GNU 자유 문서|GNU 자유 문서]] 라이선스로 제공하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Richard M. Stallman (June 20, 2007). [https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html &quot;The Free Encyclopedia Project&quot;]. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved January 4, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; 누피디아는 그리 성공적이지 않았고, 지미 웨일스와 래리 생어는 누구나 참여할 수 있는 백과사전으로&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanger_2005&quot;&gt;Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). [http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml &quot;The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir&quot;]. Slashdot. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과를 개설하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Sidener (December 6, 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011150228/http://signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html &quot;Everyone's Encyclopedia&quot;]. U-T San Diego. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; 생어는 모두의 백과사전이라는 목표를 분명히 하기 위해 이름에 [[Wp/jje/위키|위키]]를 넣었다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html &quot;Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?&quot;]. Retrieved February 20, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/2001년|2001년]] [[Wp/jje/1월 10일|1월 10일]], 생어는 누피디어 메일링 리스트를 통해 누피디아 프로젝트를 보완하기 위해 위키를 도입했다고 밝혔다.&lt;ref&gt;anger, Larry (January 10, 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html &quot;Let's Make a Wiki&quot;]. Internet Archive. Archived from [http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html the original] on April 14, 2003. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 출범과 성장 ===
위키백과는 2001년 1월 15일 서비스를 개시하였다. 도메인은 &lt;code&gt;www.wikipedia.com&lt;/code&gt;을 사용하였고 사용 언어는 영어 하나뿐이었다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/ &quot;Wikipedia: HomePage&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.wikipedia.com/ the original] on March 31, 2001. Retrieved March 31, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; 래리 생어는 위키백과의 출범 소식 역시 누피디아 메일링 리스트를 통하여 알렸다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanger_2005&quot; /&gt; 위키백과가 시작한지 한 달 안에 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:중립|중립성]] 정책이 수립되었다.&lt;ref name=&quot;en_Neautral&quot;&gt;[[:en:Wikipedia:Neutral|&quot;Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]], Wikipedia (January 21, 2007).&lt;/ref&gt; 이후 몇 가지 정책이 수립되면서 위키백과는 누피디아와는 별개인 서비스가 되었다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanger_2005&quot; /&gt; 애초에 보미스는 위키백과를 영리 목적으로 운영하려고 하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet &quot;Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says&quot;]. London: The Guardian.&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과의 초기 편집자들은 누피디아, [[Wp/jje/슬래시닷|슬래시닷]], 그리고 [[Wp/jje/웹 검색 엔진|웹 검색 엔진]]을 통해 유입되었다. 2001년 [[Wp/jje/8월 8일|8월 8일]] 위키백과의 문서수는 약 8,000개가 되었다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20010808121638/https://www.wikipedia.org/ &quot;Wikipedia, August 8, 2001&quot;]. Web.archive.bibalex.org. August 8, 2001. Archived from [http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20010808121638/https://www.wikipedia.org/ the original] on 2001-08-08. Retrieved March 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; 2001년 말이 되자 위키백과는 18개 언어판으로 늘었고, 문서 수는 2만여 개까지 늘어났다. 위키백과를 서비스 하는 언어는 [[Wp/jje/2002년|2002년]] 말에는 26개, [[Wp/jje/2003년|2003년]] 말에는 46개, [[Wp/jje/2004년|2004년]] 말에는 161개로 늘어났다.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics|&quot;Multilingual statistics&quot;]]. Wikipedia. March 30, 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 누피디아는 위키백과와 병립하여 운영되다가 컨텐츠를 위키백과로 넘기고 2003년 서버를 다운시켜 마감하였다.

2002년 사용자 사이에서 위키백과의 광고 수주와 그에 따른 상업적 운용에 대한 우려가 커졌고, 이에 따라 [[Wp/jje/스페인어 위키백과|스페인어 위키백과]] 사용자들은 위키백과 소스를 [[Wp/jje/포크 (소프트웨어 개발)|포크]]하여 별도의 위키백과인 엔시클로페디아 리브레(Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español)를 개설하였다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008|url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html|website=Osdir|access-date=December 26, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html|archive-date=October 6, 2008|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; 이에 자극받은 지미 웨일스는 위키백과에 광고를 도입하지 않겠다고 선언하였고 도메인을 wikipedia.com에서 wikipedia.org로 변경하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Clay Shirky (February 28, 2008). [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1594201536/ref=sib_dp_srch_pop?v=search-inside&amp;keywords=spanish&amp;go.x=0&amp;go.y=0&amp;go=Go%21 Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations]. The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273. {{Wp/jje/ISBN|1-59420-153-6}}. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

영어 위키백과의 증대 속도는 [[Wp/jje/2007년|2007년]] 초 정점을 찍었고, [[Wp/jje/2009년|2009년]] [[Wp/jje/8월|8월]] 3백만 문서를 넘겼다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bobbie&quot;&gt;Bobbie Johnson (August 12, 2009). &quot;Wikipedia approaches its limits&quot;. The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 전체의 문서수는 [[Wp/jje/2006년|2006년]] 가장 빠르게 늘어 매일 약 1,800 개의 문서가 새로 생겨났다. 그 뒤로 문서 증가 속도는 둔화되어 [[Wp/jje/2013년|2013년]]의 경우 연평균으로 보았을 때 매일 약 800개의 문서가 새로 생겨났다.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth]]&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과의 성장 둔화 원인에 대해 [[Wp/jje/팰로앨토 연구소|팰로앨토 연구소]]는 프로젝트의 품질이 고급화되면서 변화에 대한 저항이 있다고 분석한 바 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110022/http://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-suh.pdf The Singularity is Not Near: Slowing Growth of Wikipedia] (PDF). The International Symposium on Wikis. Orlando, Florida. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 성장 둔화에 대한 다른 분석으로는 &quot;낮은 가지에 달린 열매&quot;처럼 주제나 가치가 분명하여 쉽게 만들 수 있는 문서는 이미 다 만들어졌기 때문이라는 설명이 있다.&lt;ref&gt;Evgeny Morozov (November–December 2009). [http://www.bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov &quot;Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia&quot;]. Boston Review.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html &quot;Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City&quot;]. The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Austin Gibbons, David Vetrano, Susan Biancani (2012). [http://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow]&lt;/ref&gt;

2009년 11월 [[Wp/jje/스페인|스페인]] [[Wp/jje/마드리드|마드리드]]의 후안 카를로스 국왕 대학교의 연구자는 2009년 1분기 동안 영어 위키백과가 49,000여 명의 기여자를 잃었다는 분석을 내놓았다. 2008년의 같은 기간에 줄어든 기여자 수가 4,900여 명이었던 것에 비해 열 배나 더 많은 수치였다.&lt;ref&gt;Jenny Kleeman (November 26, 2009). [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors &quot;Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words&quot;]. The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120403172516/http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe &quot;Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis&quot;]. Archived from [http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe the original] (PDF) on April 3, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 《[[Wp/jje/월스트리트 저널|월스트리트 저널]]》은 까다로워진 편집 지침의 증가가 이러한 경향을 이끌었다고 보도하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ_2009-11-27&quot;&gt;Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages, The Wall Street Journal, November 27, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; 지미 웨일스는 이러한 연구가 잘못된 방법론에 의한 것이라며 분석 결과를 거부하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html &quot;Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors&quot;]. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved March 31, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2년 뒤인 2011년 지미 웨일스는 한 인터뷰에서 기여자 감소를 인정하였지만, [[Wp/jje/2010년|2010년]] [[Wp/jje/6월|6월]]의 &quot;최소 36,000 명의 편집자&quot;에서 2011년 6월 당시의 35,800 명의 편집자 사이의 격차는 그리 크지 않다고 주장하면서 위키백과 편집자의 수는 &quot;안정적이고 지속적&quot;이라고 말하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kevin&quot;&gt;Kevin Rawlinson (August 8, 2011). &quot;Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors&quot;. The Independent. Retrieved April 5, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 2013년 [[Wp/jje/매사추세츠 공과대학교|매사추세츠 공과대학교]]의 《[[Wp/jje/테크놀로지 리뷰|테크놀로지 리뷰]]》에 실린 〈위키백과의 하락〉(''The Decline of Wikipedia'')은 지미 웨일스의 이러한 주장을 반박하고 있다. 이 글의 분석에 따르면 위키백과는 2007년 이후 위키백과 문서를 업데이트하고 교정하던 자원 편집자 가운데 3분의 1을 잃었으며, 편집자의 상당수는 사소한 편집만을 하는 것으로 나타났다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite&quot;&gt;Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). &quot;The Decline of Wikipedia&quot;. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved November 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;《[[Wp/jje/디 애틀랜틱|디 애틀랜틱]]》 2012년 7월호는 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:관리자|관리자]]의 수 역시 줄어들었다고 보도하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829 &quot;3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins&quot;]. The Atlantic. July 16, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 2013년 [[Wp/jje/11월 25일|11월 25일]] 《[[Wp/jje/뉴욕 (잡지)|뉴욕]]》의 캐서린 워드는 “여섯 번째로 많이 사용되는 웹사이트인 위키백과가 내부 비판에 휩싸였다”는 기사를 내보냈다.&lt;ref&gt;Ward, Katherine. New York Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 주요 이력 ===
{{Wp/jje/위키백과 문서 수}} {{Wp/jje/위키백과 사용자 수}}

2007년 1월 위키백과는 처음으로 가장 인기있는 웹사이트 리스트 Top10에 이름을 올렸다. [[Wp/jje/컴스코어|컴스코어]]는 위키백과의 연간 방문자를 4,290만 명으로 집계하며 9위로 올렸고, 《뉴욕타임즈》는 10위로 올렸다. [[Wp/jje/애플|애플]]은 11위로 집계하였다. 2006년도의 순위가 33위였던 것에 비하면 놀라운 부상이었다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120319204141/http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html &quot;Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|date=20181226132807}}. PCWorld. February 17, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 2015년 3월 위키백과는 5위를 기록하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181225215924/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org &quot;How popular is wikipedia.org?&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|date=20181225215924}}. Alexa Internet. May 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-04.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181225215924/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org &quot;Wikipedia.org Site Overview&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|date=20181225215924}}. alexa.com. Retrieved 2016-12-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 이 시기 순위는 [[Wp/jje/알렉사 인터넷|알렉사 인터넷]]의 조사에 의한 것으로, 위키백과는 2014년 내내 매 월 8억 이상의 [[Wp/jje/페이지 뷰|페이지 뷰]]를 기록하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132802/https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm%20 &quot;Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country&quot;]. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved March 8, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

2012년 1월 [[Wp/jje/영어 위키백과|영어 위키백과]]는 [[Wp/jje/미국 의회|미국 의회]]의 [[Wp/jje/온라인 저작권 침해 금지 법안|온라인 저작권 침해 금지 법안]](SOPA)와 [[Wp/jje/지적 재산권 보호 법안|지적 재산권 보호 법안]](PIPA)의 제정 시도에 맞서 [[Wp/jje/SOPA와 PIPA 반대 시위|SOPA와 PIPA 반대 시위]]의 일환으로 24시간 블랙아웃 시위를 벌였다.&lt;ref&gt;[[foundationsite:wiki/English_Wikipedia_anti-SOPA_blackout/ko|영어 위키백과 SOPA 반대 서비스 일시 중단]]&lt;/ref&gt;

2014년 1월 20일 수보드 바르마(Subodh Varma)는 《이코노믹 타임즈》에 투고한 글을 통해 위키백과가 2012년 12월에서 2013년 12월 사이에 전체적으로 페이지 뷰가 10퍼센트에 달하는 2억 번 이상의 페이지뷰를 잃었다고 발표하였다. 주요 언어판에 따라 나누면 영어 위키백과의 페이지뷰 감소율은 12%, 독일어가 17%, 일본어는 9%였다. 바르마는 &quot;만일 위키백과 운영자들이 통계 집계에 오류가 있다고 주장한다면 지난해 도입된 구글의 [[Wp/jje/지식 그래프|지식 그래프]]가 그 입을 다물게 할 것&quot;이라고 덧붙였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Varma&quot;&gt;Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms &quot;Google eating into Wikipedia page views?&quot;]. The Economic Times. Times Internet Limited. Retrieved February 10, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; 뉴욕 대학교의 부교수 클레이 셔키는 지식 그래프가 다른 사이트들의 페이지뷰를 잠식하고 있는 것에 대해 &quot;검색 페이지에서 당신의 질문에 대한 답을 바로 볼 수 있는데 굳이 그 사이트를 방문하겠는가?&quot;라고 반문하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Varma&quot; /&gt;

2016년 12월 위키백과는 가장 인기있는 웹사이트 리스트에 5위로 기록되었다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150302173920/http://www.alexa.com/topsites &quot;Alexa Top 500 Global Sites&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites|date=20150302173920}}. Alexa Internet. Retrieved December 28, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== 특징 ==

=== 개방성 ===
[[Wp/jje/파일:Polska Wikipedia na DVD z Helionem (krążek bez tła).png|섬네일|120px|폴란드어 위키백과의 문서를 담은 DVD이며, 2007년 7월 말에 나왔다.]]

위키백과의 가장 큰 특징은 누구나 [[Wp/jje/편집|편집]]과 [[Wp/jje/관리|관리]]에 참여할 수 있다는 점이다.&lt;ref group=&quot;주석&quot;&gt;위키백과의 편집 방식은 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:길라잡이|위키백과:길라잡이]]에 자세히 설명되어 있다.&lt;/ref&gt; 인터넷을 통해 누구나 글을 고칠 수 있는 체계인 [[Wp/jje/위키위키|위키]]로 만들어져 있어 [[Wp/jje/집단 지성|집단 지성]]적 특성을 가진다.&lt;ref name=&quot;김태우&quot; /&gt; 개방성은 위키백과의 가장 큰 특징 가운데 하나로, 원칙적으로 사용자들은 누구든 거의 모든 문서를 새로 만들고 수정할 수 있다. 하지만 장기인증 사용자만 편집하고 수정할 수 있는 문서도 있다.

그러나 이러한 강점은 동시에 악의적인 문서의 훼손이나 부정확한 내용의 수록에 취약하다는 약점이 되기도 한다. [[Wp/jje/위키백과 공동체|위키백과 커뮤니티]]는 이러한 약점을 보완하기 위해 편집 규칙을 정하고 일부 문서에 대한 생성과 편집을 규제하고 있다.&lt;ref group=&quot;주석&quot;&gt;일례로 이 문서 역시 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:보호 정책|위키백과:보호 정책]]에 따라 준보호 등급으로 편집을 규제하고 있다.&lt;/ref&gt; 2009년 이후 여러 언어마다 위키백과 편집에 대한 커뮤니티의 규제가 강화되었다. 영어 위키백과는 대중적 관심이 높은 문서에 대한 편집을 위해서는 로그인이 필요하도록 하였고, 독일어 위키백과는 모든 문서에 대해 로그인 된 사용자만이 편집할 수 있도록 하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pcworld.com/article/170826/wikipedia_changes_editing_policy.html Wikipedia Changes Editing Policy], PCWorld, 2009년 8월 29일&lt;/ref&gt;

과도한 편집 규제는 위키백과 성장의 걸림돌이라는 지적이 있고&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ_2009-11-27&quot; /&gt;, 위키백과 커뮤니티 내에서도 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:규칙에 얽매이지 마세요|과감한 편집]]은 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:다섯 원칙|위키백과의 기본 원칙]] 가운데 하나로 새로운 사용자를 포용하기 위해서라도 지켜져야 한다는 의견들이 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia], Slate.com, 2104년 6월&lt;/ref&gt;

한편, 위키백과 커뮤니티 내에 존재하는 편향으로 인해 [[Wp/jje/여성|여성]]을 비롯한 다양한 집단에 대한 개방이 부족하다는 지적도 있다. 2014년 8월 [[Wp/jje/게이머게이트 논쟁|게이머게이트 논쟁]]에서 영어 위키백과의 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:중재|중재위원회]]가 내린 5명의 여성주의 운동가 차단 결정은 위키백과의 개방성에 대한 많은 논란을 불러오기도 하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.themarysue.com/wikipedia-gamergate-update/ Wikipedia Organizations Address Gamergate Editor Controversy: Women Are “Invaluable Contributors”], The Marry Sue, 2015년 1월 28일&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 수정과 검토 ===
위키백과의 문서들은 끊임없이 누군가에 의해 수정된다. 위키백과의 편집 시스템인 [[Wp/jje/미디어위키|미디어위키]]는 다양한 방법으로 문서의 수정 사항을 사용자에게 알려주어 검토할 수 있도록 한다. 사용자는 문서의 역사를 확인하여 누가 언제 어떤 내용을 수정했는지 확인할 수 있다. 만약 변경 내용이 악의적인 문서 훼손이라면 사용자는 이를 손쉽게 되돌릴 수 있다. 또한 사용자는 시스템이 제공하는 &quot;최근 바뀜&quot;과 &quot;주시문서 목록&quot; 등의 기능을 통해 문서의 변경 사항을 쉽게 파악할 수 있다. 이러한 기능은 위키백과가 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:반달|반달리즘]]으로부터 문서 훼손을 보호할 수 있도록 돕는다.&lt;ref&gt;Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). &quot;World of Knowledge&quot;. Linux Magazine. Retrieved July 13, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과는 시작과 함께 문서의 신뢰성에 대한 의문이 따라다녔다. 누군가 보다 전문가적인 입장에서 사용자의 편집을 검토하고 제한할 수 있어야 한다는 주장이 늘 있다. 위키백과의 공동창립자인 [[Wp/jje/래리 생어|래리 생어]]는 결국 이 문제로 인해 위키백과를 떠나 전문가의 검토를 거치는 [[Wp/jje/시티즌디움|시티즌디움]]을 창립하였다.&lt;ref name=&quot;이재구&quot;&gt;이재구, 《IT천재들, 상상을 현실로 바꾼 영웅들의 이야기》, 미래의 창, 2011년, {{Wp/jje/ISBN|978-89-5989-173-3}}, 290쪽&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 역시 몇 차례의 명백한 오류와 특정 집단의 의도적인 개입으로 완전한 개방 정책을 수정하지 않을 수 없었다. 오랫동안 《[[Wp/jje/USA 투데이|USA 투데이]]》의 편집장을 역임했던 [[Wp/jje/존 시겐설러|존 시겐설러]]가 [[Wp/jje/존 F. 케네디|존 F. 케네디]]의 암살에 연루되었다는 거짓 정보가 위키백과에 올라온 사례는 오랫동안 위키백과 문서의 오류에 대한 사례로 거론되었고&lt;ref name=&quot;이재구&quot; /&gt;, 2016년 1월에는 스위스의 정보 기관 공무원이 수년에 걸쳐 약 5,500건에 달하는 문서를 악의적으로 편집하였다가 아이피가 차단되는 일이 벌어지기도 하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/modify-delete_wikipedia-blocks-swiss-officials-over-editing/41949734 The online encyclopaedia Wikipedia has blocked the accounts of Swiss civil servants after they modified thousands of articles on the site.], Swissinfo.ch, 2016년 2월 9일&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과의 문서 품질은 사용자들의 지속적인 수정과 검토에 의해서 유지되고 향상된다. 2003년 안드레 시포릴리는 위키백과 컨텐츠의 유지는 파괴적 활동보다 창조적 활동량이 훨씬 많기 때문에 가능한 것이라는 분석을 내놓았다.&lt;ref&gt;Andrea Ciffolilli, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161206104747/http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1108/1028 &quot;Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1108/1028|date=20161206104747}} Archived December 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., First Monday December 2003.&lt;/ref&gt; 그러나 교묘한 거짓 정보는 매우 오랜 기간 검토되지 못한 채 남아있는 경우도 있다. 영어 위키백과에서는 2005년 1월 31일 등재된 연쇄 강간범 잭 로비쇼라는 문서가 완전히 허구의 인물을 서술한 것이라는 것을 2015년이 되어서야 발견한 일도 있었다. 이 문서는 2015년 9월 3일 삭제되었다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3433785/The-great-wiki-hoax-Authors-longest-running-fake-Wikipedia-page-reveal-post-fictional-serial-rapist-jazz-musician-took-decade-bust.html The great wiki-hoax: Authors of the longest running fake Wikipedia page reveal how their post about a fictional serial rapist and jazz musician took more than a decade to bust.], Mail Online, 2016년 2월 5일&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 커뮤니티 ===
{{Wp/jje/본문|위키백과 공동체}} [[Wp/jje/파일:Wikimania 2016 - group photo 02.jpg|섬네일|[[위키마니아]] 2016 행사에 참가한 위키백과 사용자들]] [[Wp/jje/파일:Wikiconf s^.ul 16 ear 028.jpg|섬네일|[[위키백과:위키컨퍼런스 서울 2016|위키컨퍼런스 서울 2016]]에 참여한 위키백과 사용자들]] 위키백과의 콘텐츠는 사용자들의 자발적인 참여로 이루어지기 때문에 사용자 간의 소통이 매우 중요하다. 이를 위해 위키백과는 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:사랑방|사랑방]]과 같은 커뮤니티 공간을 제공하고 있다. 또한 위키백과의 모든 문서에는 &quot;토론&quot; 탭이 있어서 사용자들 사이에 문서 개선을 위한 토론이 이루어지도록 하고 있다.&lt;ref group=&quot;주석&quot;&gt;이 문서의 [[Wp/jje/토론:위키백과|토론]] 탭 참조&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과 사용자들은 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:위키컨퍼런스|위키컨퍼런스]]와 같은 오프라인 모임을 통해 관심사를 공유하기도 한다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161008190418/http://www.bloter.net/archives/260478 위키백과가 언론보다 신뢰받는 이유는...] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.bloter.net/archives/260478|date=20161008190418}}, 블로터, 2016년 7월 26일&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과를 운영하고 있는 [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 재단|위키미디어 재단]]은 매년 세계적인 컨퍼런스인 [[Wp/jje/위키마니아|위키마니아]] 행사를 갖고 있다. 2016년 위키마니아는 [[Wp/jje/이탈리아|이탈리아]]의 [[Wp/jje/에시노라리오|에시노라리오]]에서 열렸다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wikimania2016.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page/ko&amp;uselang=ko 위키매니아 에시노 라리오]&lt;/ref&gt; 위키마니아에서는 위키백과뿐만 아니라 위키미디어 재단이 운영하고 있는 [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 공용|위키미디어 공용]], [[Wp/jje/위키데이터|위키데이터]], [[Wp/jje/위키책|위키책]], [[Wp/jje/위키문헌|위키문헌]], [[Wp/jje/위키낱말사전|위키낱말사전]]과 같은 여러 자매 프로젝트의 주요 관심사도 함께 논의된다. 위키미디어 재단은 이들 여러 프로젝트의 활성화를 위해 세계 각지의 지부나 사용자 모임을 지원하는 사업도 하고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[[metawiki:Wikimedia chapters|위키미디어 재단 지부 현황]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[metawiki:Wikimedia user groups|위키미디어 사용자 모임 현황]]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/대한민국|대한민국]]에서는 [[metawiki:위키미디어 대한민국/ko|한국위키미디어협회]]가 자발적 사용자 모임으로 활동중이다. 한국위키미디어협회는 2016년 1월 15일 위키백과 15주년 기념행사를 가졌다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.acrofan.com/ko-kr/detail_legacy.php?param1=ko-kr&amp;param2=live&amp;param3=content&amp;param4=20160117&amp;param5=0003030301 한국위키미디어협회 주최 위키백과 15주년 기념행사 현장], acrofan, 2016년 1월 17일&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과 커뮤니티는 종종 컬트적인 것으로 묘사되지만&lt;ref&gt;Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20 &quot;Log on and join in, but beware the web cults&quot;]. The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;, 그것이 늘 부정적인 면을 부각하는 것은 아니다.&lt;ref&gt;Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20031003144810/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html &quot;Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site&quot;]. CNN. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 사용자들은 훌륭한 활동에 대해 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:반스타|반스타]]를 부여하여 서로의 동기 유발을 지원하기도 한다.&lt;ref&gt;T. Kriplean, I. Beschastnikh, et al. (2008). [http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460563.1460573 &quot;Articulations of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnstars&quot;]. Proceedings of the ACM: 47. doi:10.1145/1460563.1460573. {{Wp/jje/ISBN|978-1-60558-007-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과는 사용자의 익명성을 보장한다.&lt;ref&gt;Jean Goodwin (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20091122202231/http://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf &quot;The Authority of Wikipedia&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt; 다중이 익명으로 참여한다고 하더라도 커뮤니티가 활력을 띄면 정보의 질은 꾸준히 향상된다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zdnet.co.kr/column/column_view.asp?artice_id=00000039150151&amp;type=det&amp;re= 위키 백과에 참여해야 할 이유], 지디넷, 2006년 8월 24일&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과의 이러한 작업 방식은 크라우드 소싱이라는 이름으로 다른 분야에서도 시도되고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051704/http://www.focus.kr/view.php?key=2016082400182309828 포항시립미술관 ‘2016 POMA 아카데미’ 개최] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.focus.kr/view.php?key=2016082400182309828|date=20170118051704}}, 포커스뉴스, 2016년 8월 25일&lt;/ref&gt; 그러나 실제로 위키백과에 정보를 추가하는 사람들은 전체 사용자 가운데 극히 소수라는 연구가 있고&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). [http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2008/02/the_wisdom_of_the_chaperones.html &quot;The Wisdom of the Chaperones&quot;]. Slate. Retrieved August 13, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;, 로그인 하지 않은 사용자에 대해서는 위키백과 커뮤니티가 이등시민 취급을 한다는 비판도 있다.&lt;ref&gt;Goldman, Eric. &quot;Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences&quot;. 8. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wp/jje/다트머스 대학교|다트머스 대학교]] 연구진은 이를 검증하기 위한 2007년 연구에서 &quot;로그인 하지 않은 익명의 편집자나 기여 횟수가 적은 편집자의 활동 역시 로그인 사용자와 동등한 신뢰성을 보인다&quot;고 밝혔다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/good-samaritans-are-on-the-money/ &quot;Wikipedia &quot;Good Samaritans&quot; Are on the Money&quot;]. Scientific American. October 19, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 2009년 《[[Wp/jje/비지니스 인사이더|비지니스 인사이더]]》의 편집인 헨리 블라젯은 위키백과 문서에 대한 표집 조사 결과 대다수의 문서가 &quot;아웃사이더&quot;에 의해 생성된 뒤 &quot;인사이더&quot;에 의해 완성된다고 분석하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). [http://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway &quot;Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?&quot;]. Business Insider.&lt;/ref&gt;

몇몇 언어의 위키백과 커뮤니티는 자체적으로 문서를 엮어서 출판물을 제작하기도 하는데, [[Wp/jje/독일어 위키백과|독일어 위키백과]]의 경우 독일어 위키백과의 문서를 모아 2004년에 [[Wp/jje/콤팩트 디스크|CD]]로, 2005년와 2006년에는 [[Wp/jje/DVD|DVD]]와 [[Wp/jje/책|책]]으로 제작하였다.

=== 라이선스 ===
위키백과의 내용은 처음에는 [[Wp/jje/GNU 자유 문서 사용 허가서|GNU 자유 문서 사용 허가서]] 아래 배포되었으나 2009년 6월, [[Wp/jje/위키백과:크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 3.0 Unported 라이선스|크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 3.0 Unported 라이선스]]로 변경되었다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:저작권|위키백과:저작권]]&lt;/ref&gt; 2023년 6월부터는 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 4.0 국제 라이선스|크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 4.0 국제 라이선스]]로 변경되었다.

== 관리 ==
위키백과는 특별한 위계가 없는 사용자들의 집단 활동이라는 점에서 [[Wp/jje/아나키즘|아나키즘]]의 요소를 갖는 [[Wp/jje/민주주의|민주주의]] 체계로 평가되기도 한다.&lt;ref&gt;Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). [http://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir &quot;The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir&quot;]. Slashdot. Dice.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kostakis, Vasilis (March 2010). [http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 &quot;Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists&quot;]. First Monday.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 내의 모든 문서는 직접 내용 편집에 참여한 사용자를 포함하여 어느 누구도 소유권을 주장할 수 없다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:문서의 소유권|위키백과:문서의 소유권]]&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과의 이러한 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:정책과 지침|규칙]]은 커뮤니티가 공동으로 소유하는 가치에 대한 사적 이익 추구를 억제함으로써 [[Wp/jje/공유지의 비극|공유지의 비극]]을 방지하고자 만들어졌다.&lt;ref&gt;Avoiding Tragedy in the Wiki-Commons, by Andrew George, 12 Va. J.L. &amp; Tech. 8 (2007)&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과의 관리는 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:다섯 원칙|다섯 원칙]]의 정신과 이를 구현하기 위한 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:정책과 지침|정책과 지침]]에 따라 이루어진다. 정책과 지침은 커뮤니티의 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:총의|총의]]에 의해 수립되거나 수정된다. 총의의 개념은 2005년 찰스 메튜의 위키미디어 메일링 리스트&lt;ref&gt;[[mailarchive:wikien-l/2005-July/026513.html|WikiEN-l, William M. Connoley, admin? (was: Running the asylum)]]&lt;/ref&gt;에서 설명된 바와 같이 단순한 만장일치가 아닌 현시점에서 커뮤니티가 내릴 수 있는 최선의 타협이다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:총의|위키백과:총의]]&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과의 커뮤니티는 각각의 언어마다 독립되어 있기 때문에, 언어판마다 총의는 다를 수 있다. 위키백과 초창기 가장 큰 논란은 문서의 중립성 확보였고, 이에 따라 위키백과가 시작된지 한 달 만에 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:중립적 시각|중립적 시각]]이 정책으로 지정되었다.&lt;ref name=&quot;en_Neautral&quot; /&gt; [[Wp/jje/한국어 위키백과|한국어 위키백과]] 역시 2004년 중립적 시각 정책을 도입하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:중립적 시각|위키백과:중립적 시각]]&lt;/ref&gt; 문서와 커뮤니티의 성장에 따라 지침이 필요한 다양한 사안이 발생하였기 때문에 위키백과의 정책과 지침 역시 이에 대응할 수 있도록 다양하게 늘어났다.&lt;ref group=&quot;주석&quot;&gt;한국어 위키백과의 모든 정책과 지침은 [[Wp/jje/분류:위키백과 정책과 지침|분류:위키백과 정책과 지침]]에서 확인할 수 있다.&lt;/ref&gt;

위키백과 사용자들 사이의 논쟁 또는 분쟁은 모두 위키백과 커뮤니티 안에서 해결된다. 사용자들 사이의 문제는 서로간의 토론을 통해 해결하는 것이 가장 바람직하지만, 문서의 훼손이나 악의적인 행위 등으로부터 선의의 편집 활동을 보호하기 위한 조치도 필요하다. 문서를 삭제하거나 악의적인 사용자를 차단하는 것과 같은 활동은 커뮤니티 안에서 충분히 신뢰할 수 있다고 평가받아 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:관리자|관리자]]로 선출 된 사용자가 실행한다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:관리자|위키백과:관리자]]&lt;/ref&gt; 한편 사용자 사이의 논쟁은 [[Wp/jje/위키백과:중재위원회|중재위원회]]와 같은 기구를 통해 상호 조정을 이루기도 한다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:중재위원회|위키백과:중재위원회]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== 운영 ==
위키백과는 [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 재단|위키미디어 재단]]이 운영하는 [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 프로젝트|위키미디어 프로젝트]] 가운데 하나이다. 위키미디어 프로젝트에는 위키백과 외에도 [[Wp/jje/위키낱말사전|위키낱말사전]], [[Wp/jje/위키책|위키책]], [[Wp/jje/위키미디어 공용|위키미디어 공용]], [[Wp/jje/위키문헌|위키문헌]], [[Wp/jje/위키인용집|위키인용집]], [[Wp/jje/위키데이터|위키데이터]] 등이 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[[foundationsite:wiki/Our_projects|&quot;Our projects&quot;]]. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 2013-09-01.&lt;/ref&gt; 모든 위키미디어 프로젝트는 자발적으로 참여하는 사용자들의 커뮤니티에 의해 운영되며 위키미디어 재단은 이들 프로젝트의 유지, [[Wp/jje/소프트웨어|소프트웨어]]와 [[Wp/jje/하드웨어|하드웨어]]의 관리, 사용자 커뮤니티에 대한 지원과 같은 일들을 담당한다.

=== 위키미디어 재단 ===
{{Wp/jje/본문|위키미디어 재단}} [[Wp/jje/파일:Wikimedia Foundation RGB logo with text.svg|섬네일|위키미디어 재단 로고]] 위키미디어 재단은 미국 [[Wp/jje/캘리포니아주|캘리포니아주]] [[Wp/jje/샌프란시스코|샌프란시스코]]에 본부를 둔 비영리 기구로 위키백과를 비롯한 위키미디어 프로젝트의 유지를 위한 기금을 조성하고 호스팅하고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/a/ac/FINAL_10_11From_KPMG.pdf &quot;Wikimedia Foundation – Financial Statements – June 30, 2011 and 2010&quot;] (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과가 시작된 지 2년 후인 2003년 6월 20일 플로리다주 법인으로 설립되었으며 2007년 본부를 샌프란시코로 이전하였다. 2013년 귀속분 국세청 신고서에 따르면 재단의 기금 수익은 3천9백7십만 달러이고 지출된 경비는 2천9백만 달러이다. 또한 총 자산은 3천7백2십만 달러로 이 가운데 부채는 230만 달러이다.&lt;ref&gt;[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/5/5c/Form_990_-_FY_12-13_-_Public.pdf &quot;Wikimedia Foundation IRS Form 990&quot;] (PDF). Retrieved October 14, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

2014년 5월 위키미디어 재단은 초대 사무국장 [[Wp/jje/슈 가드너|슈 가드너]]가 퇴임하고 2대 사무국장으로 [[Wp/jje/라일라 트레티코프|라일라 트레티코프]]를 지명하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[[foundationsite:wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov|&quot;Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov&quot;]]. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved June 14, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; 《월스트리트 저널》은 2014년 5월 1일자 보도를 통해 새로운 사무국장의 취임을 소개하면서 트레티코프의 “정보는 공기와 같이 자유를 좋아한다.”는 말을 인용하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Jeff Elder, The Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2014, &quot;Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; 2016년 6월 3대 사무국장으로 [[Wp/jje/캐서린 마허|캐서린 마허]]가 취임하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Lorente, Patricio; Henner, Christophe (24 June 2016). [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/06/24/katherine-maher-executive-director/ &quot;Foundation Board appoints Katherine Maher as Executive Director&quot;]. Wikimedia Blog.&lt;/ref&gt; 마허는 위키미디어 프로젝트의 운영 방향에 대해 커뮤니티 내에서 상호 공감을 형성하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다는 입장을 밝혔다.&lt;ref&gt;Dimitra Kessenides. Bloomberg News Weekly. December 26, 2016, p. 74. &quot;Is Wikipedia 'Woke'&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 소프트웨어 ===
{{Wp/jje/참고|미디어위키}} 위키백과의 운영 프로그램은 [[Wp/jje/미디어위키|미디어위키]]이다. [[Wp/jje/오픈 소스|오픈 소스]]로 배포되는 [[Wp/jje/자유 소프트웨어|자유 소프트웨어]]인 미디어위키는 [[Wp/jje/PHP|PHP]] 기반의 [[Wp/jje/위키 소프트웨어|위키 소프트웨어]]로 [[Wp/jje/MySQL|MySQL]] 데이터베이스를 이용한다.&lt;ref&gt;Mark Bergman. [http://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf &quot;Wikimedia Architecture&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf|date=20090303204708}} (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과 초기에는 [[Wp/jje/펄|펄]]로 작성된 [[Wp/jje/유스모드위키|유스모드위키]]를 사용하였으나 2002년 1월에 [[Wp/jje/마그누스 만스커|마그누스 만스커]]가 개발한 PHP와 MySQL 기반의 [[Wp/jje/위키|위키]]가 도입되었고&lt;ref&gt;ennifer Joline Anderson (2011). Wikipedia: The Company and Its Founders. ABDO. p. 44. {{Wp/jje/ISBN|978-1-61714-812-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, 다시 2002년 7월 [[Wp/jje/리 다니엘 크로커|리 다니엘 크로커]]가 개발한 미디어위키를 3세대 소프트웨어로 도입하였다. 미디어위키는 이후로도 여러차례 업데이트되어 위키백과를 비롯한 여러 위키미디어 프로젝트를 운영하는 소프트웨어가 되었다.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Special:Version|Mediawiki Versions]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 하드웨어 ===
위키백과는 낮 시간을 기준으로 1초에 25,000~60,000페이지 요청을 수신한다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|url=http://toolserver.org/~leon/stats/reqstats/reqstats-monthly.png|제목=보관된 사본|확인날짜=2008-01-10|보존url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528011038/http://toolserver.org/~leon/stats/reqstats/reqstats-monthly.png|보존날짜=2008-05-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 페이지 요청은 먼저 [[Wp/jje/스퀴드 (소프트웨어)|스퀴드 캐시]] 서버의 프론트엔드 계층으로 내보낸다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|url=http://dammit.lt/uc/workbook2007.pdf|제목=보관된 사본|확인날짜=2008-06-27|보존url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528030452/http://dammit.lt/uc/workbook2007.pdf|보존날짜=2008-05-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 스퀴드 캐시가 처리할 수 없는 요청은 [[Wp/jje/리눅스 버추얼 서버|리눅스 버추얼 서버]] 소프트웨어를 실행하고 있는 부하 제어 서버로 내보낸다. 즉, 데이터베이스로부터 렌더링한 페이지를 보여 주기 위해 아파치 웹 서버들 가운데 하나로 요청을 내보낸다는 뜻이다. 웹 서버는 요청한 페이지를 전달하여 모든 언어판의 위키백과에 대한 페이지 렌더링을 수행한다. 속도를 더 빠르게 하기 위해 렌더링 된 페이지는 만료될 때까지 분산 메모리 캐시에 캐시 처리되며 이로써 동일한 페이지 접근에는 대부분 페이지 렌더링을 완전히 생략할 수 있다.

[[Wp/jje/파일:Wikimedia-servers-2010-12-28.svg|가운데|섬네일|400 px|위키미디어 서버 시스템 구성도 (2010년 12월 28일 기준)]]

현재 사용되고 있는 위키백과의 서버는 주로 [[Wp/jje/우분투|우분투]]로 이루어진 [[Wp/jje/리눅스|리눅스]] 서버들의 [[Wp/jje/컴퓨터 클러스터|컴퓨터 클러스터]]로 운영되고 있다.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss, Todd R. (October 9, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121005181633/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?taxonomyId=154&amp;pageNumber=1&amp;taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data%20Center &quot;Wikipedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor&quot;] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?taxonomyId=154&amp;pageNumber=1&amp;taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data%20Center|date=20121005181633}}. Computerworld. Retrieved November 1, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Paul, Ryan (October 9, 2008). [http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/10/wikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-its-server-infrastructure.ars &quot;Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure&quot;]. Ars Technica. Retrieved November 1, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 2009년을 기준으로 위키미디어 재단은 [[Wp/jje/미국|미국]] [[Wp/jje/플로리다주|플로리다주]]에 300대, [[Wp/jje/네덜란드|네덜란드]] [[Wp/jje/암스테르담|암스테르담]]에 44대의 서버를 운영하였다.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116155841/http://wikitech.wikimedia.org/view/Server_roles &quot;Server roles at wikitech.wikimedia.org&quot;]. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; 2013년 1월 22일 위키백과는 중요 데이터를 미국의 [[Wp/jje/데이터 센터|데이터 센터]] 공기업인 [[Wp/jje/에퀴닉스|에퀴닉스]]로 이전하였다.&lt;ref&gt;Palmier, Guillaume. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/ &quot;Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia&quot;]. WMF. Retrieved 2016-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verge, Jason. [http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/ &quot;It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home&quot;]. Data Center Knowledge. Retrieved 2016-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 자동 편집 ===
위키백과에서는 단순 반복적인 활동을 위해 [[Wp/jje/인터넷 봇|봇]]이라고 불리는 프로그램이 운영된다. 봇은 자주 혼동되는 오탈자를 바로잡거나 자동으로 생성될 수 있는 반복적인 문구의 삽입과 같은 일을 담당한다. 봇 역시 위키백과 커뮤니티의 사용자들이 작성하여 운영하며 잘못된 사용을 막기 위해 별도의 등록 절차를 거친다.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wp/jje/위키백과:봇|위키백과:봇]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== 평가 ==

=== 긍정적 평가 ===
2005년에 영국의 [[Wp/jje/네이처|네이처]] 지는 [[Wp/jje/브리태니커 백과사전|브리태니커 백과사전]]과 위키백과의 42가지 난해한 과학 기사를 비교한 평가 리뷰를 발표하였다. 그 결과는 위키백과의 정확도 수준이 [[Wp/jje/브리태니커 백과사전|브리태니커 백과사전]]에 근접한다는 것이었다.&lt;ref name=&quot;GilesJ2005Internet&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/저널 인용|author=Jim Giles|title=Internet encyclopedias go head to head|journal=[[Wp/jje/네이처|Nature]]|volume=438|issue=7070|pages=900–901|date=December 2005|pmid=16355180|doi=10.1038/438900a|authorlink=Jim Giles (reporter)|bibcode=2005Natur.438..900G}}{{Wp/jje/구독 필요}} Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:

* {{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|title=Wikipedia survives research test|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm|date=December 15, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; 다만 비평가들은 모든 범위의 기사에 대해 무작위로 표본을 추출한 경우 혹은 사회과학이나 논쟁적인 사회 문제에 중점을 둔 유사한 연구의 경우 그렇게 긍정적인 결과가 나오지 못했을 수도 있다고 여겼다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reagle, pp. 165–166&quot;&gt;Reagle, pp. 165–166.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlowski2005&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/뉴스 인용|last1=Orlowski|first1=Andrew|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019|work=[[Wp/jje/The Register|The Register]]|date=December 16, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; 또 2006년 기사에서 [[Wp/jje/타임 (잡지)|타임]] 지는 위키백과는 누구나 편집할 수 있는 개방 정책을 갖고 있으며 이로써 위키백과가 세계에서 가장 큰 백과사전으로 만들어질 수 있도록 하고 [[Wp/jje/지미 웨일즈|지미 웨일즈]]의 비전을 실현한다고 밝혔다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/저널 인용|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|title=The 2006 Time 100|journal=Time|date=May 8, 2006|access-date=November 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 부정적 평가 ===
{{Wp/jje/참고|위키백과에 대한 비판}} [[Wp/jje/파일:John Seigenthaler Sr. speaking.jpg|섬네일|존 시겐설러는 위키백과를 &quot;허점 많고 무책임한 사이트&quot;라고 비판했다.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;munhwa&quot;&gt;[http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2005120601032932071004 못 믿을 ‘위키피디아(세계 최대 온라인 백과사전)’] - 문화일보, 2005년 12월 6일&lt;/ref&gt; 위키백과는 누구나 참여할 수 있기 때문에 편집자의 시각에 따라 누군가가 악의적인 의도 등으로 잘못된 정보를 입력할 수 있고 이에 따라 잘못된 정보가 퍼져나갈 수 있다는 문제점이 제기되어 왔다. 예를 들어 2005년 [[Wp/jje/영어 위키백과|영어 위키백과]]에서는 [[Wp/jje/존 시겐설러|존 시겐설러]]라는 미국의 전직 언론인이 [[Wp/jje/존 F. 케네디|존 F. 케네디]] 대통령의 암살에 관여했다는 잘못된 정보가 올려져 있었다는 점이 밝혀졌으며&lt;ref name=&quot;munhwa&quot; /&gt; 한 익명 사용자가 신바드라는 미국의 코미디언이 사망했다는 거짓 정보를 올려 인터넷 전반에 잘못된 소문이 퍼지기도 했다.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|url=http://www.hoax-slayer.com/sinbad-heart-attack-hoax.shtml|제목=Hoax Slayer - Sinbad Heart Attack Hoax|확인날짜=2007-06-09|archive-date=2007-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504124905/http://www.hoax-slayer.com/sinbad-heart-attack-hoax.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

또한 위키백과는 미국 내의 [[Wp/jje/보수주의|보수주의자]]들로부터 [[Wp/jje/자유주의|자유주의적]]이라는 비판을 받아왔다. 이로 인해 [[Wp/jje/컨서버피디아|컨서버피디아]]가 2006년에 개설되었다.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;&gt;{{Wp/jje/웹 인용|성=Johnson|이름=Bobbie|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,2024434,00.html|제목=Conservapedia—the US religious right's answer to Wikipedia|날짜=2007-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

미 연구팀에 의하면 영어판 위키백과에 등록된 문서 중 회사 관련 내용의 약 60% 정도가 잘못된 사실을 담고 있다는 연구결과가 나왔다. 연구팀의 교수는 이를 특정 회사들이 이미지를 긍정적으로 만들기 위해 위키백과에 회사에 유리한 내용을 삽입하기 때문인 것으로 추정하고 있다. &lt;ref&gt;[http://nownews.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20120419601013 美연구팀 “위키피디아 정보 중 60%는 오류”] {{Wp/jje/웨이백|url=http://nownews.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20120419601013|date=20121117045439}} 2012년 4월 19일 [[Wp/jje/서울신문|서울신문]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== 같이 보기 ==

* [[Wp/jje/한국어 위키백과|한국어 위키백과]]
* [[Wp/jje/언어별 위키백과 목록|언어별 위키백과 목록]]
* [[Wp/jje/집단 지성|집단 지성]]
* [[Wp/jje/274301 위키피디아|274301 위키피디아]]
* [[Wp/jje/지미 웨일스|지미 웨일스]]
* [[Wp/jje/래리 생어|래리 생어]]
* [[Wp/jje/백괴사전|백괴사전]]

== 각주 ==

; 내용주

{{Wp/jje/각주|group=&quot;주석&quot;}}

; 참조주

{{Wp/jje/각주}}

== 외부 링크 ==
{{Wp/jje/위키공용|Wikipedia}}

* {{Wp/jje/공식 웹사이트}} (위키백과 초기 화면)

{{Wp/jje/위키백과 둘러보기}} {{Wp/jje/위키미디어 재단}} {{Wp/jje/언어별 위키백과}} {{Wp/jje/전거 통제}}

[[Wp/jje/분류:온라인 백과사전|분류:온라인 백과사전]] [[Wp/jje/분류:하이퍼텍스트|분류:하이퍼텍스트]] [[Wp/jje/분류:인간-컴퓨터 상호 작용|분류:인간-컴퓨터 상호 작용]] [[Wp/jje/분류:가상 사회|분류:가상 사회]] [[Wp/jje/분류:웹 2.0|분류:웹 2.0]] [[Wp/jje/분류:위키미디어 프로젝트|분류:위키미디어 프로젝트]] [[Wp/jje/분류:위키|분류:위키]] [[Wp/jje/분류:다언어 웹사이트|분류:다언어 웹사이트]] [[Wp/jje/분류:미국의 웹사이트|분류:미국의 웹사이트]] [[Wp/jje/분류:사회적 정보 처리|분류:사회적 정보 처리]]
[[Category:Wp/jje]]
[[KK:Уикипедия]]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pfu8jmily1jmctqnatz6sx3pbsr6yyj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Incubator:Requests for deletion</title>
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    <id>2969803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303904</id>
      <parentid>7303422</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Таёжный лес</username>
        <id>2566317</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wq/jje */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="51965" sha1="lwp94vjsws4w8gvyxlwhkdqxnaiqmq4" xml:space="preserve">{{Shortcut|[[I:RFD]]|archivelink=Incubator:Requests for deletions/Archive}}
__NEWSECTIONLINK__
This page is for nominating '''test wikis''' for deletion, or for nominating '''pages related to the maintenance of the Incubator''' for deletion. Requests for '''un'''deletion can also be made here. To request the deletion of '''individual pages in a specific test wiki''', please use the relevant talk pages where the editors of the test wiki are most active (such as the talk page of the test wiki's Main Page). Pages that should be speedily deleted should be tagged with {{tl|delete}} '''with a proper reason'''.

It is typically not necessary to request that pages in a test wiki be deleted after the project has been given its own subdomain (e.g., &lt;code&gt;aa.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), since such deletions are part of the normal workflow when creating new wikis. Eventually all pages in the test wiki will be deleted, leaving behind only the [[Incubator:Policy/Test wiki info page|info page]].

For the deletion policy, see [[Incubator:Deletion policy]].

{{Autoarchive resolved section | age = 1 | archive = 'Incubator:Requests for deletions/Archive/((year)) | show = yes }}

== [[Wt/grc]] ==
As suggested by the [[m:Requests for new languages/Wiktionary Ancient Greek|rejected request]], and even agreed by a &quot;keeper&quot; of [[#Wp/grc]] above, there's blatantly no reason for having a Wiktionary in Historical language such as in Ancient Greek. For writting definitions of Ancient Greek words, the existing Wiktionaries e.g. [[wikt:el:|Greek Wiktionary]] are already hard on doing so. I would hence prefer to merge these contents into el.wiktionary. --[[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 08:25, 12 July 2025 (UTC)

:Just to be clear, I did not say that &quot;there's blatantly no reason for having a Wiktionary in an historical language such as Ancient Greek&quot;. I don't agree on that point! What I've actually said is that I don't see reasons to preserve this draft of a Wiktionary, because the lemmas are too few and, above all, almost exclusively (80%?) written in Modern Greek. Probably, it is a draft by someone who wanted to translate them in Classical Greek but never had the time to do so. Since this Wiktionary is also inactive, and since there is no probability at all that this person will ever continue what he barely started, I don't find particular reasons to keep this very rough draft of a project alive. If someone wanted to restart an Ancient Greek Wiktionary, he could start it anew: having this draft or not would make very little difference!
:On the other hand, having a real Ancient Greek Wiktionary would be useful: who could say that monolingual dictionaries are of no use for students of foreign languages? Nobody could say that! Therefore, a functional Ancient Greek Wiktionary would be very useful for the ca. 1 million students of Ancient Greek around the globe. Unfortunately, no scholar is currently willing to write such a monolingual dictionary for free. [[User:Anaxicrates|Anaxicrates]] ([[User talk:Anaxicrates|talk]]) 13:16, 18 July 2025 (UTC)

{{Oppose}}. It's a good historical record. Others may be interested in it later.[[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] ([[User talk:Andrijko Z.|talk]]) 01:06, 25 August 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] A good historical record? At least one former active user [[m:Special:Contributions/Leonardo José Raimundo|Leonardo José Raimundo]] is nowadays [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Leonardo José Raimundo|global banned]]. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 01:17, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::For me it's not an argument. The project may be cleaned if necessary, but not deleted. [[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] ([[User talk:Andrijko Z.|talk]]) 01:57, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
*'''Delete''', {{ping|Andrijko Z.}} Are you really sure that you can speak such a historical language instead of a living language? From your record of contributions, I really really and really can't see anything as &quot;good&quot;, all of your historical records are only promoting your bad properties instead of &quot;good&quot;s. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|&amp;#126;2026-19854-51]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|talk]]) 06:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
*:Please stick back to constructive arguments. @[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-Warburg]] please pay attention to the tone of this user. Thank you! [[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] ([[User talk:Andrijko Z.|talk]]) 23:10, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] You don't really need to ping MF-W or other administrators, since the user who made bad tone is just you, not me. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20750-41|&amp;#126;2026-20750-41]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20750-41|talk]]) 14:10, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Only Wikisource allows such ancient languages, and for testing Wikisource, [[s:mul:|here, the correct place]]. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-37662-04|&amp;#126;2026-37662-04]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-37662-04|talk]]) 10:59, 1 July 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/atv]] ==

See [[Incubator:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Wp/atv_existence]]. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 21:19, 14 November 2025 (UTC)

== Multiple projects ==
;[[Wy/wal]], [[Wy/zu]], [[Wy/mg]], [[Wy/aa]], [[Wy/zyj]], [[Wy/udm]], [[Wy/wym]], [[Wy/jbo]]

These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:25, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[Wq/so]], [[Wq/blk]], [[Wq/dtp]], [[Wq/aa]], [[Wq/zgh]], [[Wq/tcy]], [[Wq/se]], [[Wq/ary]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[Wb/ab]], [[Wb/ain]], [[Wb/bhi]], [[Wb/bug]], [[Wb/mos]], [[Wb/rw]], [[Wb/sn]], [[Wb/tum]], [[Wb/ddo]], [[Wb/lki]], [[Wb/wal]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:35, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[wn/ace]], [[wn/ain]], [[wn/am]], [[wn/gl]], [[wn/ady]], [[wn/ceb]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:40, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[Wp/mki]], [[Wp/beu]], [[Wp/com]], [[Wp/lrl]], [[Wp/mhp]], [[Wp/bgx]], [[Wp/enx]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:46, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

:For what?... [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 18:38, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::For being inactive, not having any content (or very few) and just taking up space. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 23:16, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;Placeholder&quot; projects have always existed on Incubator and are not a problem by themselves. Info pages with &quot;tocreate&quot; status (like Wp/com) also should not be deleted. If a Main Page properly written in the languages invites people to contribute, there is no problem. If there are additional problems, like the sole Main Page is not actually written in the language itself, or the language is dead/invalid, please elaborate. For example, I did just deleted Wb/tum because its Main Page was very broken with a lot of missing templates. --&lt;small&gt;[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''&lt;/small&gt; 00:11, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::::There is really no problem aside from that it has no content, so if you say that they are just placeholder than they should be fine. Thanks for telling me. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 00:35, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::::But also, these projects have never been active since creation. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 00:36, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Placeholder-only &quot;projects&quot; are nonsense of nonsense, gibberish of gibberish, trolls of trolls, and especially, damn of damn. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|&amp;#126;2026-19854-51]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|talk]]) 06:24, 31 March 2026 (UTC)

:Also Wb/ary Wy/acm Wt/acm [[User:Almajidy|&lt;b style=&quot;background:#3e67b3;color:#FFF;border:4pxsolid #3e67b3;border-radius:25px;padding:3px 10px;font:20px 'Brush Script MT';&quot;&gt;'''Almajidy'''&lt;/b&gt;]]&lt;b style=&quot;font-size:7px;&quot;&gt;【Talk】&lt;/b&gt; 08:45, 8 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/ase]] ==

Pains me to say this but this project is unlikely to ever go anywhere. It has had no activity since 2020 besides spam. Most Deaf folks in the US, for cultural reasons, use English, and the SignWriting community is not very large. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-10410-48|&amp;#126;2026-10410-48]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-10410-48|talk]]) 22:57, 16 February 2026 (UTC)

:And is it just me or are there not even really characters to represent sign language? They don't show up for me at least. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12914-86|&amp;#126;2026-12914-86]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-12914-86|talk]]) 15:42, 27 February 2026 (UTC)
::There is a gadget you need to activate. --&lt;small&gt;[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''&lt;/small&gt; 15:31, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
::I do not support the request for deletion. This content is readable to fluent ASL users with knowledge of signwriting (speaking as one myself). the characters do represent signed langauge [[User:Kachow03|Kachow03]] ([[User talk:Kachow03|talk]]) 07:32, 17 June 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Yair rand|Yair rand]]: What's the technical status of this project? I thought it was just waiting for MediaWiki to [[phab:T11436|properly support vertical text]] or for VisualEditor to have better support for SignWriting? Have you had any contact with [[User:ValSutton|ValSutton]] lately about this project? [[User:Mxn|Minh &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Nguyễn&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mxn|&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x1f4ac;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:13, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
:This project has faltered in the past due to a lack of technical investment, but actually I think its potential has gone way up since 2020. If AI works for speech recognition in audio, it's likely to work decently for sign recognition in video as well; this would be an easy way to bypass SignWriting's traditional problem of having to learn a whole new writing system. [[User:Pharos|Pharos]] ([[User talk:Pharos|talk]]) 19:54, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
:{{oppose}} this is maybe the only incubator in a sign language, providing a proof of concept for testing technical investment in this area. This is an important language to have here and will be a reference for future sign languages in wikimedia. [[User:Arcstur|Arcstur]] ([[User talk:Arcstur|talk]]) 18:27, 11 July 2026 (UTC)
:If there is no established practice among Deaf users of using SignWriting as a means of writing and consuming content - rather than simply as a transcription of &quot;live&quot; signs - I don't see any realistic possibility of this project moving forward. I don't think it's reasonable for Wikimedia to try to impose the use of a script which the external community surrounding a language has not accepted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|talk]]) 23:17, 14 August 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews test projects ==
As of March 30, 2026, [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Wikinews has been shut down]]. Therefore, none of the Wikinews test projects on the Incubator will ever go anywhere. They should therefore either be deleted or the content should be archived elsewhere. [[User:DraconicDark|DraconicDark]] ([[User talk:DraconicDark|talk]]) 17:17, 31 March 2026 (UTC)

:Please note that existing Wikinews tests are now [technically] in read only mode (or restricted to administrators), and creating new tests is also restricted. 🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 20:13, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:I'd suggest to announce this question via top of these test projects' portal pages e.g. [[Wn/cdo]] via that tag. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|&amp;#126;2026-20743-13]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|talk]]) 07:51, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::Done, there’ll now be a notice on every Wikinews tests info page. 🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 09:37, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
I am told that the Board considers making a decision about this and is in consultation about possible place to put this content, so let's wait for that. --&lt;small&gt;[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''&lt;/small&gt; 13:20, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:And, for the record, what to do with [[m:Requests_for_new_languages#Wikinews|RFL requests for Wikinewses]] (which many of them are marked eligible)? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-22152-29|&amp;#126;2026-22152-29]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-22152-29|talk]]) 01:22, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
::If no users oppose, then I'd love to merge the above &quot;Wn/kk, Wn/sah/ Wn/tt&quot; section and another section below as L3 sections under this thread since we are discussing all Wikinews test projects here. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 01:46, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Manually pinging @[[User:Nvdtn19|Nvdtn19]] for [[Wn/vi]] due to talk page semi-protected. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 00:32, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
::I have no further comments on [[Wn/vi]]. This project just needs to archive and read-only like other cases. [[User:Nvdtn19|Nvdtn19]] ([[User talk:Nvdtn19|{{int:talkpagelinktext}}]]) 05:39, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

As one of the main contributors and maintainers of [[Wn/cdo]], I was caught completely off guard and deeply shocked by this news. Reading [[#Wn/ms|the statement below from the Wn/ms community]] truly resonated with me.

Over the years, volunteer reporters for Wn/cdo have actively gathered and edited news, gone on field assignments, and connected with locals to take photos and write articles—covering everything from major international events to grassroots local news in [[:w:en:Fuzhou|Hokchew]], [[:w:en:Matsu_Islands|Matsu]] and Malaysia [[:w:en:Fuzhou people|Hokchew community]]. Wikireporters even volunteered for field assignments in other cities, such as Shanghai, to cover local exhibitions. We were dedicated to ensuring that the Wikinews in our mother tongue was not merely a translation of dominant, high-resource languages, but instead possessed its own unique character. Wn/cdo is a project that has grown alongside the personal capabilities of its editors and maintainers.

It is profoundly regrettable to hear this news today. The editors of Wn/cdo are currently discussing where to go from here. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 09:28, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Hello Davidzdh,
:I'm  Victoria, the  WMF Board of Trustees member responsible for the Wikinews -related discussions. I'm truly sorry that this news has come so unexpectedly. The wider Wikimedia Movement was discussing the possible future of the Wikinews projects for a while, and the consensus was that the existing projects did not leave up to the expectations while using the limited resources. But I understand that the bulk of discussions was happening in other places (mostly on Meta) and many people were not aware of them.
:It’s clear from your message how much care, effort, and personal commitment has gone into building and sustaining Wn/cdo over the years. The work of your community is deeply meaningful. It’s especially difficult when something that has grown so organically and with such dedication faces an uncertain future. I can assure you that all you've done wouldn't be lost as it will be accessible in the read mode and can be copied.
:I regret that this situation has come as a shock, and that it has affected contributors who have invested so much into the project.I understand that you and your fellow editors are now considering next steps. I sincerely hope that, whatever direction you choose, the strength and cohesion of your community will carry forward. [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] ([[User talk:Victoria|talk]]) 09:53, 21 April 2026 (UTC)

:: Hi [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]], what is the most recent work on [[Wn/cdo/Wikinews:Main Page|wn:cdo]]? Just making sure nothing is lost. [[User:Sj|Sj]] ([[User talk:Sj|talk]]) 19:50, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Interesting, all the newsletters shown on their mainpage were created 8 years ago, so where are their recent news? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 06:26, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Hi @[[User:Sj|Sj]], all works from [[Wn/cdo]] are [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Wn/cdo/ here], in addition, their category pages, templates, and modules cannot be seen on the above summary page; they can be found at:
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Wn%2Fcdo%2F&amp;namespace=1 &lt;code&gt;Talk:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Category:Wn/cdo/ &lt;code&gt;Category:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=template%3AWn%2Fcdo%2F&amp;namespace=0 &lt;code&gt;template:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=module%3AWn%2Fcdo%2F&amp;namespace=0 &lt;code&gt;module:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Wn%2Fcdo&amp;namespace=829 &lt;code&gt;module_talk:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::I have provided a detailed summary of the page distribution and the community’s migration plan below [[#Wn/cdo]]. Thank you for your attention! [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 05:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
:::To provide some additional context regarding the main page, which might confuse those unfamiliar with the project:
:::Mindong has long had two mainstream writing systems: one using Chinese characters and the other using [[:en:Bàng-uâ-cê|Latin alphabets]]. For nearly thirty years in the online Mindong community, the debate over which script to use has been a controversial topic that has, to some extent, torn the community apart. Under the Mindong Wikipedia's village pump, Help namespace, and Wikipedia namespace, you will find extensive records of fierce arguments between both sides, as well as essays written by their respective supporters defending their stances. This controversy is not limited to Wikimedia projects; you can find even more of it in other Min language web forums and online chat rooms.
:::Therefore, in order to resolve this dispute and unite the community—at least within Wikimedia projects—we want the project's official pages to feature both Chinese characters and Romanization side-by-side (合璧, hăk-bék), with one script on the left half and the other on the right. Moreover, the content on both sides is essentially identical; if read aloud, they produce exactly the same sound, only the written text differs. This imposes high demands on the content—they cannot be written independently of one another, but must be coordinated to ensure both sides say the exact same thing.
:::Additionally, our view of the main page is that it serves as a showcase of the project volunteers' reporting and editing standards. Because of this, it is not simply the latest news that gets posted on the main page. Instead, we feature reports where volunteers actually did fieldwork, visited the sites, and took news photos to write lengthy, detailed articles. Furthermore, all articles featured on the main page are audio news reports, meaning an audio file read aloud by a human voice without any mispronunciations or verbal errors is attached alongside the transcript. Some even go a step further and are presented as full video news report programs that we have produced.
:::Naturally, requiring both high-quality reporting and strict consistency between the Chinese character and Latin alphabet versions makes maintaining updates on the main page objectively difficult. Our intent for the main page is to give people an understanding of the editorial style and quality standards of this incubator project as much as possible, so we do not aggressively push for rapid updates there. However, this does not mean there are no newer news articles within the project. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 06:29, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hello Victoria,
::Thank you for your clarification. I appreciate the assurance that, the content &quot;wouldn't be lost.&quot; I believe this is extremely important because it directly affects the volunteers' trust in Wikimedia. Many newsletters from Mindong Wikinews have been cited and linked on social media via their URLs. Regardless of the final outcome, keeping these URLs accessible means that the past efforts of the Mindong language community will have a chance to be remembered. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 06:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
:[[Wn/tr/Ekrem İmamoğlu 13. cumhurbaşkanı seçildi]] is a spam page [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25348-62|&amp;#126;2026-25348-62]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25348-62|talk]]) 17:10, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::+1, that should really fit the speedy deletion criteria. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:59, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/sah]], [[Wn/tt]] ===

These projects are already on Russian Wikinews [[Special:Contributions/151.135.197.56|151.135.197.56]] 13:47, 4 January 2025 (UTC)

:Tend to '''support deletion''' of Wn/kk per the [[m:Requests for new languages/Wikinews Kazakh|rejected RFL]], which as only having little substubs before RFL rejection, there are merely no benefit for having a separate kk.wikinews. Eventually, it currently has '''[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wn/kk/|no pages]]'''. (Someone would say that there's [[m:Requests for new languages/Wikinews Kazakh 2|second open RFL]], but its creator Bauka0625 didn't create anything except their own user page here)
:The later two were discussed [[Incubator:Requests_for_deletions/Archive/3#Wikinews_projects_in_languages_of_the_Russian_Federation|in 2019]] which result no consensus, of which Tatar Wikinews has its [[m:Requests for new languages/Wikinews Tatar|RFL verified as eligible]], I'm not sure whether there's really benefit for second trial of RFD em. --[[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 00:35, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

: {{Support}} I support the deletion of the projects as per the request. Besides that, these projects have never been active in the incubator since their creation.--[[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|talk]]) 08:15, 5 January 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] The last Tatar one may be a sensitive question as, again, its RFL is verified as eligible, I contacted a user who voted keep in that 2019 DR, that has several contributions to [[Wq/tt]]. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 10:24, 8 January 2025 (UTC)
: &quot;Delete&quot; (in scare quotes because no use of the MediaWiki deletion functionality is involved here - the page will really be replaced with a pointer) [[wn/kk]] as empty. Delete [[wn/sah]], which only contains a main page and no other content. Inclined to delete [[wn/tt]], which only contains a Main Page and one news article from 2020, as well, but not as strongly convinced. In any case these can be recreated if there's a movement to develop the project outside of Russian Wikinews. 
: Once these are deleted, we need to decide what to do with the domain names https://kk.wikinews.org, https://sah.wikinews.org, https://tt.wikinews.org.
:: Inclined to redirect https://tt.wikinews.org -&gt; https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82, https://sah.wikinews.org -&gt; https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9, but redirect https://kk.wikinews.org to https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C (the project page explaining Russian Wikinews' multilingual initiative) since there isn't even a Kazakh Main Page. Although even the first two are very dead. And for all three domains redirect https://tt.wikinews.org/wiki/foo -&gt; https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/Foo. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|talk]]) 20:03, 12 January 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Pppery|Pppery]] I think for 3rd one, once we indeed gain consensus to delete, we might need to discuss with langcom members on whether its RFL's eligible status should be revoked. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 03:42, 13 January 2025 (UTC)
::: The project should remain in-theory eligible. I'm effectively saying to do a [[w:WP:Soft deletion|soft delete]] - delete the nearly-empty test currently there without prejudice against a new movement for starting a test if one forms. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|talk]]) 03:43, 13 January 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Ooswesthoesbes|OWTB]]: As you're most likely supporting to keep such &quot;tocreate portal pages&quot;, do you have time on Pppery's suggestions above? [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 04:57, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
::::Anyway, it looks like the member who marked Tatar Wikinews request eligible [[m:User_talk:Jon_Harald_Søby#Consider_cancelling_eligibility_of_Wikinews_Tatar?|doesn't agree]] to re-consider it should be revoked or not. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 05:01, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
:::::If they are already present on Wn/ru, then at least, they should link to their respective pages on ru.wikinews. --[[User:Ooswesthoesbes|OWTB]] ([[User talk:Ooswesthoesbes|talk]]) 06:17, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
::::::Looks like the nominator already did so. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 07:53, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Per [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard#Board_of_Trustees_Approves_Closure_of_Wikinews|board decision]], they are already failed, and should go to 3rd platform for further contributing. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|&amp;#126;2026-20743-13]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|talk]]) 07:46, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
*:{{Oppose}} Soft-closure and archive. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 00:32, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] The entire projects were created on other wikis, why archive here? Make discussion branches? That's really hassle for citing. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:54, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
*:::Why not keep with soft redirections? But, yes, I'm not really opposite it, however should let the local community speak up maybe other russian contributors as well. [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:50, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{Oppose}} all of the above. You should first ask one of the ru-Wikinews users (as me) to move these 4 pages. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 05:49, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

I have moved all useful Tatar and Kazakh content along with Yakut mainpage, and I'm asking the Incubator administrators to help me complete the migration:
# Delete all content of [[Wn/tt]] and [[Wn/kk]]
# Move all of the templates with redirects (~30) in [[Wn/sah]] &lt;u&gt;with prefixes, under their current names&lt;/u&gt; to Russian Wikinews. I can't do it myself, because importing to Wikinews from Incubator is not allowed, local sysops cannot import pages from Incubator. In the edit description, would be good to specify the contributors who created the template and the CC-BY-SA license (because Russian Wikinews use CC-BY-2.5).
# Place stubs from [[User:Таёжный лес/news]] on [[Wn/evn]] (another one language version hosted in ruWN), [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/tt]], [[Wn/sah]] respectively. 
[[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 11:30, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ruwikinews, as well as other Wikinews with official subdomains, are being discussed on [[m:Migration_of_Wikinews_and_future_hosts#Russian_Wikinews|future migration targets]], so I don't know why 3rd is still needed. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 02:30, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
::Right, along with other Wikinews, including projects in Incubator. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 03:44, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Just note: Wn/evn is now deleted. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-36425-52|&amp;#126;2026-36425-52]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-36425-52|talk]]) 04:50, 23 June 2026 (UTC)

=== Empty Wikinews test projects ===
These Wikinews test projects contain no pages or only main pages:
[[Wn/ady]], [[Wn/ain]], [[Wn/arz]], [[Wn/bew]], [[Wn/bgn]], [[Wn/brh]], [[Wn/ccp]], [[Wn/ceb]], [[Wn/cnh]], [[Wn/ctg]], [[Wn/cy]], [[Wn/ddo]], [[Wn/dlg]], [[Wn/dtp]], [[Wn/dv]], [[Wn/dz]], [[Wn/ee]], [[Wn/ff]], [[Wn/fur]], [[Wn/ga]], [[Wn/gag]], [[Wn/gd]], [[Wn/gl]], [[Wn/gu]], [[Wn/hif]], [[Wn/hnd]], [[Wn/ie]], [[Wn/jax]], [[Wn/jbo]], [[Wn/jje]], [[Wn/kbd]], [[Wn/kip]], [[Wn/kjh]], [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/kl]], [[Wn/km]], [[Wn/kn]], [[Wn/ks]], [[Wn/ku]], [[Wn/ky]], [[Wn/lg]], [[Wn/lo]], [[Wn/min]], [[Wn/mn]], [[Wn/mnw]], [[Wn/mr]], [[Wn/mrh]], [[Wn/my]], [[Wn/nrm]], [[Wn/nv]], [[Wn/oc]], [[Wn/om]], [[Wn/os]], [[Wn/pcm]], [[Wn/phr]], [[Wn/rw]], [[Wn/sah]], [[Wn/sco]], [[Wn/so]], [[Wn/tly]], [[Wn/trv]], [[Wn/ts]], [[Wn/tt]], [[Wn/tum]], [[Wn/tw]], [[Wn/vec]], [[Wn/wal]], [[Wn/yi]], [[Wn/zu]]
[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21280-06|&amp;#126;2026-21280-06]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-21280-06|talk]]) 09:25, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:False about Wn/tt. I don't see any problem with a test project having at least one page written in a language, even if it's just a mainpage. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 04:21, 8 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] This is already being discussed on the section above. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 23:06, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Probably [[Wn/als]], [[Wn/ang]], [[Wn/ba]] and [[Wn/bar]] can also be ditto opinions. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 23:10, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::als, ba, and bar document where the corresponding projects are, and ang puts up a deletion notice. I don't see why we should delete them. [[User:魔琴|魔琴]] ([[User talk:魔琴|talk]]) 21:49, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] Where are benefits to keep such semi-redirect to closed projects? Those &quot;projects&quot; are having no pages useful, deletion of them should potentially be feel free and without prejudice, as like how we are plugging power sockets. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 15:02, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Redirects are cheap. [[User:魔琴|魔琴]] ([[User talk:魔琴|talk]]) 15:05, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] That will only result unnecessary discussion branches which can really stuck citation purposes, that said, [[w:Don't be a jerk|no need to leave such redirects to jerk pages]]/ [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:55, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::Just soft close those pages, its not hard. It's nothing [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:52, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

* {{oppose}} all requests above. Cause this doesn’t even matter if the consensus reach to keep or delete, as the board already decided to close the project. If the board ask us delete all tests, we'll delete them.🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 01:57, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
*:bew and ks are already deleted. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 22:58, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

:Suggest to '''delete''' those with entirely no subpages, e.g. [[Wn/my]], these can be feel free to go without prejudice. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 04:00, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{Oppose}} [[Wn/nrm]] because of special code. {{Oppose}} [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/sah]], and [[Wn/tt]] because we may need to mention [[:n:ru:Викиновости:Multilingualism|Russosphere Multilingual Wikinews project]] on their portals. --[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] ([[User talk:魔琴|talk]]) 21:52, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] Russian Wikinews is currently discussing the target of migration, see details [[m:Migration_of_Wikinews_and_future_hosts#Russian_Wikinews|here]]. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 17:09, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

* {{oppose}} First, we clearly need redirects etc.; e.g. if the Incubator cannot have interested contributors taking a look, then there's no way forward for the whole site, might consider a soft closure as well(no lol). Second, this actually brings no real benefit. Third, a soft closure decision points to soft closure, also the history of Wikimedia movement sites is not a have or not have. Wikinews(pages) have already been soft-closed now, and anyway that is a done deal. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 14:23, 8 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/ms]] ===
I need clarification regarding the closure of Malay Wikinews. Will administrators on Wikimedia Incubator mass-delete all the pages associated with Malay Wikinews, given that there are currently a total of 1162 pages (including categories, templates, talk pages, and redirects) based on [https://meta.toolforge.org/catanalysis/index.php?cat=0&amp;title=Wn/ms&amp;wiki=incubatorwiki the statistics on this page]? Or will the community be given the option to move/archive these pages elsewhere (such as Miraheze, or maybe one of the Malay Wikimedia projects with new namespace, or perhaps separate toolforge project)? [[User:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] ([[User talk:Hakimi97|talk]]) 05:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:I will tag active Malay Wikinews contributors such as @[[User:Stress 043|Stress 043]], @[[User:26 Ramadan|26 Ramadan]], @[[User:EmpAhmadK|EmpAhmadK]], @[[User:Izington|Izington]], @[[User:Rulwarih|Rulwarih]], @[[User:Jeluang Terluang|Jeluang Terluang]], @[[User:SNN95|SNN95]], @[[User:Zazamental|Zazamental]], @[[User:Wiki Farazi|Wiki Farazi]], @[[User:Adikhebat|Adikhebat]], @[[User:Tofeiku|Tofeiku]], @[[User:Song GK|Song GK]], @[[User:Ceball1923|Ceball1923]], @[[User:Niduzzi|Niduzzi]] regarding this. They have the right to know where their contributions would go, and worst comes to worst, send their final goodbye to their content. [[User:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] ([[User talk:Hakimi97|talk]]) 05:13, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
::Actually, with the exception of blocked users e.g. Zazamental (and some who are inactive for at least 2 years), I already posted noticement on their talk pages this morning. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 05:20, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:As someone who has been very hopeful and working a lot on the release of Malay Wikinews since 2020, it is definitely upsetting to see the years of work wasted, especially with the recent creation of the news header template and all the work that the Malaysian community put for more original reports on the ground that also helped to contribute to other projects such as Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons. I would suggest that even if Wikinews is no longer supported, the local communities on incubator should have the autonomy to continue running their own Wikinews (and any other projects if they also get shut down) afterwards on Incubator as it barely costs anything for the Foundation to support.
:The initiatives taken by the Malaysian community such as to get the media pass to be the first to report on the iPhone 17 launch and have pictures uploaded to commons cannot be ignored. Even other news occassionally refers to the Malay Wikinews for their report, such as when the new Kamus Dewan Perdana website was announced, where the Malay tech news [https://amanz.my/2025541529 directly cited Wikinews' original report] of the announcement from Dewan Bahasa.
:If local communities are able to bring Wikinews to greater heights, nobody should be able to stop them. At least let us operate our projects on the Incubator even if it will never make it to its full stage, it's better than shutting it down entirely. [[User:EmpAhmadK|EmpAhmadK]] ([[User talk:EmpAhmadK|talk]]) 06:33, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:: Hello [[user:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] and [[user:EmpAhmadK|EmpAhmadK]], I don't believe any pages will be deleted, at most made read-only.  Existing URLs should continue to work. There are also community plans to [[m:Migration of Wikinews and future hosts|migrate Wikinews to a new host]] which could include interested active incubator languages. (You may want to comment there.) So no work to date should be wasted. [[User:Sj|Sj]] ([[User talk:Sj|talk]]) 19:50, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
:::I don't think that it is possible for Malay Wikinews to be moved together with those established language editions of Wikinews, given that the Malay Wikinews has not even graduated from the Incubator before the closure of the Wikinews being announced. [[User:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] ([[User talk:Hakimi97|talk]]) 20:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Sj|Sj]] Maybe [[Wn/tr]] has really benefits for losing instead of archiving due to its totally spam subpages. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 12:01, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::First, I believe that Malay Wikinews will absolutely not be deleted; another key aspect of soft closure is proper preservation. Second, you are welcome to continue following future developments related to Wikinews and participate in related discussions, perhaps join back in again! ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 00:30, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:Sorry for being inactive for quite some time. When I first came across Malay Wikinews back in 2024, it had roughly 300 articles. Seeing that number grow to over 600 today is a significant achievement, especially given the very small number of active contributors.
:Realistically, awareness of Wikinews is quite low, and even fewer people know about the Malay edition. For this reason, the Board's decision to close the project is understandable, and I accept the archival of the Malay site. However, I completely empathize with the contributors who might feel frustrated by this decision. They invested a great deal of time and effort into producing original reporting and photography, and their disappointment is completely valid.
:Ultimately, life goes on, and the broader Wikimedia movement will continue to move forward. Free knowledge truly comes with a hefty price. [[User:Stress 043|Stress 043]] ([[User talk:Stress 043|talk]]) 15:45, 24 May 2026 (UTC)
::That being said, many communities are still going, and we welcome you to join us moving forward or stopping together. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 23:00, 24 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/cdo]] ===

Following the recent news regarding the Wikinews closures, the Mindong (cdo) community has discussed our next steps. With the explicit support of our local administrators, we plan to migrate our Wikinews test project to the Mindong Wikipedia (cdo.wikipedia.org) and continue operating it there as a dedicated sub-project.

To ensure that the years of hard work by our contributors are preserved and that proper attribution is maintained, we need to perform a full import. Therefore, I am requesting a complete dump—including full edit histories—for all pages under the Wn/cdo/ prefix.

For context, our community has already prepared the necessary namespace mapping plan for the target wiki:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Incubator Path !! Target path on cdo.wikipedia
|-
| Wn/cdo/xxx || Report:xxx
|-
| Talk:Wn/cdo/xxx || Report_talk:xxx
|-
| Wn/cdo/Help:xxx || Help:xxx
|-
| Wn/cdo/Wikinews:xxx || WN:xxx
|-
| Talk:Wn/cdo/Wikinews:xxx || WN_talk:xxx
|-
| Category:Wn/cdo/xxx || Category:Wn/cdo/xxx
|-
| Template:Wn/cdo/xxx || Template:Wn/cdo/xxx
|-
| Module:Wn/cdo/xxx || Module:Wn/cdo/xxx
|-
| Module_talk:Wn/cdo/xxx || Module_talk:Wn/cdo/xxx
|}

Could an administrator or someone with the necessary access please assist us in generating this export? --[[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 05:30, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

:You need to file a request at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?tags=wikimedia-site-requests phabricator] for those namespace creation. 🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 05:46, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for the information. Do we need the Phabricator request for the namespaces to be approved and implemented first, or can the data dump and import happen in parallel? [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 06:44, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::[[phab:T424413]] has been created. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 07:11, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
:Really support this constructive decision by the local community. Keep it up! ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 00:31, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

I would recommend not creating new namespaces (that makes archiving and discovery much harder, especially for a small number of pages) unless necessary.  You can more easily map this as follows, with no new namespaces needed.  Also it's better for the official page title to be a full &quot;wikinews&quot; rather than an abbreviation &quot;WN&quot; again for searchability and readability. [[User:Sj|Sj]] ([[User talk:Sj|talk]]) 12:59, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Incubator Path !! Target path on cdo.wikipedia
|-
| Wn/cdo/xxx || Project:Reports/xxx
|-
| Wn/cdo/Wikinews:xxx || Project:Wikinews/xxx
|}
:Thank you for your constructive suggestion.
:From my understanding, requesting and creating new namespaces is actually a separate matter from importing the news articles and their edit histories from the Incubator. (I also pointed this out during our internal discussions within the local community, and the local Wikipedia administrator agrees with this as well.)
:For the import process itself, I think using the target paths you suggested works perfectly. As for creating new namespaces, it might take a very long time due to technical or other reasons, or it might not even be implemented at all. However, this will not affect the continued operation of the local community's news project.
:How should we move forward with the export and import process? [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 09:11, 25 May 2026 (UTC)

=== Archive all ===

It should be based on full archival as the standard. Since the closure component of the soft-close has already been applied to the various Incubator sites, its archival component should also be applied here. 

and For Incubator versions with communities by the way, they have always been part of the global Wikinews community, and they are also welcome to take part in future contributions and discussions. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 13:47, 8 May 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] I don't think empty ones e.g. [[Wn/my]] should also be &quot;archived&quot;, since there are eventually no projects under this prefix, such empty &quot;projects&quot; should feel free to be deleted. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:51, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::The main thing is, deleting a one page doesn't do any good, and since it's already been soft-closed, the process isn't exactly fair. And since there's no negative impact anyway, I guess it's fine to just keep it. But, not really impact much thing [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:43, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] But keeping such &quot;null project&quot;s, on the other hand, can really mislead users to consider starting them even after 4 May, to which those are no longer allowed to active in any circumstances, that will only cause unnecessary unprotect requests which are also unfair for the administrators. Due to really existing negative impact in the near future, I suggest that we can exclude such empty ones from archival by early-bird deletion, that's the correct way with no hurts, not keeping, this way is really hurting future new users. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 05:14, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::::I understand your concerns, but they are unnecessary. Enough explanation is enough. If you think like that, then all soft shutdown sites would have this problem, which is impossible. [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 11:04, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] I don't think so, it's unable to guess what the new users really wanna do, if and when they asked for unprotect, are you really able to do such &quot;enough explanation&quot;s? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38002-61|&amp;#126;2026-38002-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-38002-61|talk]]) 04:09, 3 July 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] Anyway, I suggest that we can exclude one from your archival proposal: Turkish ([[Wn/tr]]) as someone else pointed above, there are really nothing but spam pages under Wn/tr prefix. Presumably, that's already a scandal of Incubator. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:52, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah If there truly is an extremely exceptional incubator version that cannot be resolved through cleanup and has a significant negative impact, then of course it is open to discuss, I won't be opposite. [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:39, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/tr]] ===
Since someone pointed above, I suggest that even we are considering to archive all Wikinews test projects without deletion, but this Turkish one should really be excluded from archival, and should consider '''deleting all pages''', and with explaination to '''direct to either tr.wikipedia or Miraheze/Fandom...''' for future news contributions, due to '''full of spam-only pages, include the mainpage'''. --'''[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:24, 13 May 2026 (UTC)'''

== [[Wy/ssh]] ==

not in shihhi arabic  [[User:Almajidy|&lt;b style=&quot;background:#3e67b3;color:#FFF;border:4pxsolid #3e67b3;border-radius:25px;padding:3px 10px;font:20px 'Brush Script MT';&quot;&gt;'''Almajidy'''&lt;/b&gt;]]&lt;b style=&quot;font-size:7px;&quot;&gt;【Talk】&lt;/b&gt; 07:36, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

:Seems already deleted, close? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 12:00, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
{{Section resolved|1=[[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 14:32, 3 July 2026 (UTC)}}

== [[Wb/ary]], [[Wp/ars]], [[Wt/acm]], [[Wy/acm]], [[Wp/ayl]], [[Wq/ary]], [[Wp/afb]] ==

one page wiki test projects [[User:Almajidy|&lt;b style=&quot;background:#3e67b3;color:#FFF;border:4pxsolid #3e67b3;border-radius:25px;padding:3px 10px;font:20px 'Brush Script MT';&quot;&gt;'''Almajidy'''&lt;/b&gt;]]&lt;b style=&quot;font-size:7px;&quot;&gt;【Talk】&lt;/b&gt; 12:10, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

:Notifyed two users that were active on some of above. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 05:07, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
:Wp/afb has multiple pages. [[User:JJUPLOADS22|JJUPLOADS22]] ([[User talk:JJUPLOADS22|talk]]) 19:01, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/xpq]] ==

There's no one encyclopedic article in this wiki, only images and two interrogative sentences in [[Wp/xpq/Shwi mitukushq]]. Mohegan-Pequot is actually a dead language. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 12:40, 30 August 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/mjy]] ==

No encyclopedic content: articles contain nothing except title and single image. Mahican language has no speakers. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 13:20, 30 August 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/xzh]] ==

Unactive test in an ancient language. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 05:08, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wt/mxi]] ==

Unactive test in a historical language. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 05:08, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wy/bxr]] ==

The single page, being abandoned for 5 years, contains only English text. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 14:00, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wt/neg]] ==

No Negidal content except from the described words. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 17:26, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wt/ude]] ==

Same situation as in Negidal project. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 17:29, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wt/evn]] ==

Same as in Udege and Negidal projects. No Evenki content except from several short Russian-Evenki and Chinese-Ewenki translations. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 17:39, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wt/ulc]] ==

Same as in Udege, Evenki and Negidal projects. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 17:41, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wt/oaa]] ==

Same situation. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 17:49, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wt/gld]] ==

Same situation. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 18:11, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wq/jje]] ==

No actual content since creation. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 14:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lwp94vjsws4w8gvyxlwhkdqxnaiqmq4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303905</id>
      <parentid>7303904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:34:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Таёжный лес</username>
        <id>2566317</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51085" sha1="712a9qqfie9roggfstvmf4qfh7wewxa" xml:space="preserve">{{Shortcut|[[I:RFD]]|archivelink=Incubator:Requests for deletions/Archive}}
__NEWSECTIONLINK__
This page is for nominating '''test wikis''' for deletion, or for nominating '''pages related to the maintenance of the Incubator''' for deletion. Requests for '''un'''deletion can also be made here. To request the deletion of '''individual pages in a specific test wiki''', please use the relevant talk pages where the editors of the test wiki are most active (such as the talk page of the test wiki's Main Page). Pages that should be speedily deleted should be tagged with {{tl|delete}} '''with a proper reason'''.

It is typically not necessary to request that pages in a test wiki be deleted after the project has been given its own subdomain (e.g., &lt;code&gt;aa.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), since such deletions are part of the normal workflow when creating new wikis. Eventually all pages in the test wiki will be deleted, leaving behind only the [[Incubator:Policy/Test wiki info page|info page]].

For the deletion policy, see [[Incubator:Deletion policy]].

{{Autoarchive resolved section | age = 1 | archive = 'Incubator:Requests for deletions/Archive/((year)) | show = yes }}

== [[Wt/grc]] ==
As suggested by the [[m:Requests for new languages/Wiktionary Ancient Greek|rejected request]], and even agreed by a &quot;keeper&quot; of [[#Wp/grc]] above, there's blatantly no reason for having a Wiktionary in Historical language such as in Ancient Greek. For writting definitions of Ancient Greek words, the existing Wiktionaries e.g. [[wikt:el:|Greek Wiktionary]] are already hard on doing so. I would hence prefer to merge these contents into el.wiktionary. --[[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 08:25, 12 July 2025 (UTC)

:Just to be clear, I did not say that &quot;there's blatantly no reason for having a Wiktionary in an historical language such as Ancient Greek&quot;. I don't agree on that point! What I've actually said is that I don't see reasons to preserve this draft of a Wiktionary, because the lemmas are too few and, above all, almost exclusively (80%?) written in Modern Greek. Probably, it is a draft by someone who wanted to translate them in Classical Greek but never had the time to do so. Since this Wiktionary is also inactive, and since there is no probability at all that this person will ever continue what he barely started, I don't find particular reasons to keep this very rough draft of a project alive. If someone wanted to restart an Ancient Greek Wiktionary, he could start it anew: having this draft or not would make very little difference!
:On the other hand, having a real Ancient Greek Wiktionary would be useful: who could say that monolingual dictionaries are of no use for students of foreign languages? Nobody could say that! Therefore, a functional Ancient Greek Wiktionary would be very useful for the ca. 1 million students of Ancient Greek around the globe. Unfortunately, no scholar is currently willing to write such a monolingual dictionary for free. [[User:Anaxicrates|Anaxicrates]] ([[User talk:Anaxicrates|talk]]) 13:16, 18 July 2025 (UTC)

{{Oppose}}. It's a good historical record. Others may be interested in it later.[[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] ([[User talk:Andrijko Z.|talk]]) 01:06, 25 August 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] A good historical record? At least one former active user [[m:Special:Contributions/Leonardo José Raimundo|Leonardo José Raimundo]] is nowadays [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Leonardo José Raimundo|global banned]]. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 01:17, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::For me it's not an argument. The project may be cleaned if necessary, but not deleted. [[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] ([[User talk:Andrijko Z.|talk]]) 01:57, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
*'''Delete''', {{ping|Andrijko Z.}} Are you really sure that you can speak such a historical language instead of a living language? From your record of contributions, I really really and really can't see anything as &quot;good&quot;, all of your historical records are only promoting your bad properties instead of &quot;good&quot;s. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|&amp;#126;2026-19854-51]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|talk]]) 06:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
*:Please stick back to constructive arguments. @[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-Warburg]] please pay attention to the tone of this user. Thank you! [[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] ([[User talk:Andrijko Z.|talk]]) 23:10, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] You don't really need to ping MF-W or other administrators, since the user who made bad tone is just you, not me. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20750-41|&amp;#126;2026-20750-41]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20750-41|talk]]) 14:10, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Only Wikisource allows such ancient languages, and for testing Wikisource, [[s:mul:|here, the correct place]]. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-37662-04|&amp;#126;2026-37662-04]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-37662-04|talk]]) 10:59, 1 July 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/atv]] ==

See [[Incubator:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Wp/atv_existence]]. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 21:19, 14 November 2025 (UTC)

== Multiple projects ==
;[[Wy/wal]], [[Wy/zu]], [[Wy/mg]], [[Wy/aa]], [[Wy/zyj]], [[Wy/udm]], [[Wy/wym]], [[Wy/jbo]]

These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:25, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[Wq/so]], [[Wq/blk]], [[Wq/dtp]], [[Wq/aa]], [[Wq/zgh]], [[Wq/tcy]], [[Wq/se]], [[Wq/ary]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[Wb/ab]], [[Wb/ain]], [[Wb/bhi]], [[Wb/bug]], [[Wb/mos]], [[Wb/rw]], [[Wb/sn]], [[Wb/tum]], [[Wb/ddo]], [[Wb/lki]], [[Wb/wal]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:35, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[wn/ace]], [[wn/ain]], [[wn/am]], [[wn/gl]], [[wn/ady]], [[wn/ceb]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:40, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[Wp/mki]], [[Wp/beu]], [[Wp/com]], [[Wp/lrl]], [[Wp/mhp]], [[Wp/bgx]], [[Wp/enx]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:46, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

:For what?... [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 18:38, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::For being inactive, not having any content (or very few) and just taking up space. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 23:16, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;Placeholder&quot; projects have always existed on Incubator and are not a problem by themselves. Info pages with &quot;tocreate&quot; status (like Wp/com) also should not be deleted. If a Main Page properly written in the languages invites people to contribute, there is no problem. If there are additional problems, like the sole Main Page is not actually written in the language itself, or the language is dead/invalid, please elaborate. For example, I did just deleted Wb/tum because its Main Page was very broken with a lot of missing templates. --&lt;small&gt;[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''&lt;/small&gt; 00:11, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::::There is really no problem aside from that it has no content, so if you say that they are just placeholder than they should be fine. Thanks for telling me. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 00:35, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::::But also, these projects have never been active since creation. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 00:36, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Placeholder-only &quot;projects&quot; are nonsense of nonsense, gibberish of gibberish, trolls of trolls, and especially, damn of damn. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|&amp;#126;2026-19854-51]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|talk]]) 06:24, 31 March 2026 (UTC)

:Also Wb/ary Wy/acm Wt/acm [[User:Almajidy|&lt;b style=&quot;background:#3e67b3;color:#FFF;border:4pxsolid #3e67b3;border-radius:25px;padding:3px 10px;font:20px 'Brush Script MT';&quot;&gt;'''Almajidy'''&lt;/b&gt;]]&lt;b style=&quot;font-size:7px;&quot;&gt;【Talk】&lt;/b&gt; 08:45, 8 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/ase]] ==

Pains me to say this but this project is unlikely to ever go anywhere. It has had no activity since 2020 besides spam. Most Deaf folks in the US, for cultural reasons, use English, and the SignWriting community is not very large. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-10410-48|&amp;#126;2026-10410-48]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-10410-48|talk]]) 22:57, 16 February 2026 (UTC)

:And is it just me or are there not even really characters to represent sign language? They don't show up for me at least. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12914-86|&amp;#126;2026-12914-86]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-12914-86|talk]]) 15:42, 27 February 2026 (UTC)
::There is a gadget you need to activate. --&lt;small&gt;[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''&lt;/small&gt; 15:31, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
::I do not support the request for deletion. This content is readable to fluent ASL users with knowledge of signwriting (speaking as one myself). the characters do represent signed langauge [[User:Kachow03|Kachow03]] ([[User talk:Kachow03|talk]]) 07:32, 17 June 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Yair rand|Yair rand]]: What's the technical status of this project? I thought it was just waiting for MediaWiki to [[phab:T11436|properly support vertical text]] or for VisualEditor to have better support for SignWriting? Have you had any contact with [[User:ValSutton|ValSutton]] lately about this project? [[User:Mxn|Minh &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Nguyễn&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mxn|&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x1f4ac;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:13, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
:This project has faltered in the past due to a lack of technical investment, but actually I think its potential has gone way up since 2020. If AI works for speech recognition in audio, it's likely to work decently for sign recognition in video as well; this would be an easy way to bypass SignWriting's traditional problem of having to learn a whole new writing system. [[User:Pharos|Pharos]] ([[User talk:Pharos|talk]]) 19:54, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
:{{oppose}} this is maybe the only incubator in a sign language, providing a proof of concept for testing technical investment in this area. This is an important language to have here and will be a reference for future sign languages in wikimedia. [[User:Arcstur|Arcstur]] ([[User talk:Arcstur|talk]]) 18:27, 11 July 2026 (UTC)
:If there is no established practice among Deaf users of using SignWriting as a means of writing and consuming content - rather than simply as a transcription of &quot;live&quot; signs - I don't see any realistic possibility of this project moving forward. I don't think it's reasonable for Wikimedia to try to impose the use of a script which the external community surrounding a language has not accepted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|talk]]) 23:17, 14 August 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews test projects ==
As of March 30, 2026, [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Wikinews has been shut down]]. Therefore, none of the Wikinews test projects on the Incubator will ever go anywhere. They should therefore either be deleted or the content should be archived elsewhere. [[User:DraconicDark|DraconicDark]] ([[User talk:DraconicDark|talk]]) 17:17, 31 March 2026 (UTC)

:Please note that existing Wikinews tests are now [technically] in read only mode (or restricted to administrators), and creating new tests is also restricted. 🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 20:13, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:I'd suggest to announce this question via top of these test projects' portal pages e.g. [[Wn/cdo]] via that tag. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|&amp;#126;2026-20743-13]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|talk]]) 07:51, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::Done, there’ll now be a notice on every Wikinews tests info page. 🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 09:37, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
I am told that the Board considers making a decision about this and is in consultation about possible place to put this content, so let's wait for that. --&lt;small&gt;[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''&lt;/small&gt; 13:20, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:And, for the record, what to do with [[m:Requests_for_new_languages#Wikinews|RFL requests for Wikinewses]] (which many of them are marked eligible)? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-22152-29|&amp;#126;2026-22152-29]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-22152-29|talk]]) 01:22, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
::If no users oppose, then I'd love to merge the above &quot;Wn/kk, Wn/sah/ Wn/tt&quot; section and another section below as L3 sections under this thread since we are discussing all Wikinews test projects here. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 01:46, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Manually pinging @[[User:Nvdtn19|Nvdtn19]] for [[Wn/vi]] due to talk page semi-protected. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 00:32, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
::I have no further comments on [[Wn/vi]]. This project just needs to archive and read-only like other cases. [[User:Nvdtn19|Nvdtn19]] ([[User talk:Nvdtn19|{{int:talkpagelinktext}}]]) 05:39, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

As one of the main contributors and maintainers of [[Wn/cdo]], I was caught completely off guard and deeply shocked by this news. Reading [[#Wn/ms|the statement below from the Wn/ms community]] truly resonated with me.

Over the years, volunteer reporters for Wn/cdo have actively gathered and edited news, gone on field assignments, and connected with locals to take photos and write articles—covering everything from major international events to grassroots local news in [[:w:en:Fuzhou|Hokchew]], [[:w:en:Matsu_Islands|Matsu]] and Malaysia [[:w:en:Fuzhou people|Hokchew community]]. Wikireporters even volunteered for field assignments in other cities, such as Shanghai, to cover local exhibitions. We were dedicated to ensuring that the Wikinews in our mother tongue was not merely a translation of dominant, high-resource languages, but instead possessed its own unique character. Wn/cdo is a project that has grown alongside the personal capabilities of its editors and maintainers.

It is profoundly regrettable to hear this news today. The editors of Wn/cdo are currently discussing where to go from here. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 09:28, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Hello Davidzdh,
:I'm  Victoria, the  WMF Board of Trustees member responsible for the Wikinews -related discussions. I'm truly sorry that this news has come so unexpectedly. The wider Wikimedia Movement was discussing the possible future of the Wikinews projects for a while, and the consensus was that the existing projects did not leave up to the expectations while using the limited resources. But I understand that the bulk of discussions was happening in other places (mostly on Meta) and many people were not aware of them.
:It’s clear from your message how much care, effort, and personal commitment has gone into building and sustaining Wn/cdo over the years. The work of your community is deeply meaningful. It’s especially difficult when something that has grown so organically and with such dedication faces an uncertain future. I can assure you that all you've done wouldn't be lost as it will be accessible in the read mode and can be copied.
:I regret that this situation has come as a shock, and that it has affected contributors who have invested so much into the project.I understand that you and your fellow editors are now considering next steps. I sincerely hope that, whatever direction you choose, the strength and cohesion of your community will carry forward. [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] ([[User talk:Victoria|talk]]) 09:53, 21 April 2026 (UTC)

:: Hi [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]], what is the most recent work on [[Wn/cdo/Wikinews:Main Page|wn:cdo]]? Just making sure nothing is lost. [[User:Sj|Sj]] ([[User talk:Sj|talk]]) 19:50, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Interesting, all the newsletters shown on their mainpage were created 8 years ago, so where are their recent news? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 06:26, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Hi @[[User:Sj|Sj]], all works from [[Wn/cdo]] are [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Wn/cdo/ here], in addition, their category pages, templates, and modules cannot be seen on the above summary page; they can be found at:
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Wn%2Fcdo%2F&amp;namespace=1 &lt;code&gt;Talk:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Category:Wn/cdo/ &lt;code&gt;Category:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=template%3AWn%2Fcdo%2F&amp;namespace=0 &lt;code&gt;template:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=module%3AWn%2Fcdo%2F&amp;namespace=0 &lt;code&gt;module:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Wn%2Fcdo&amp;namespace=829 &lt;code&gt;module_talk:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::I have provided a detailed summary of the page distribution and the community’s migration plan below [[#Wn/cdo]]. Thank you for your attention! [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 05:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
:::To provide some additional context regarding the main page, which might confuse those unfamiliar with the project:
:::Mindong has long had two mainstream writing systems: one using Chinese characters and the other using [[:en:Bàng-uâ-cê|Latin alphabets]]. For nearly thirty years in the online Mindong community, the debate over which script to use has been a controversial topic that has, to some extent, torn the community apart. Under the Mindong Wikipedia's village pump, Help namespace, and Wikipedia namespace, you will find extensive records of fierce arguments between both sides, as well as essays written by their respective supporters defending their stances. This controversy is not limited to Wikimedia projects; you can find even more of it in other Min language web forums and online chat rooms.
:::Therefore, in order to resolve this dispute and unite the community—at least within Wikimedia projects—we want the project's official pages to feature both Chinese characters and Romanization side-by-side (合璧, hăk-bék), with one script on the left half and the other on the right. Moreover, the content on both sides is essentially identical; if read aloud, they produce exactly the same sound, only the written text differs. This imposes high demands on the content—they cannot be written independently of one another, but must be coordinated to ensure both sides say the exact same thing.
:::Additionally, our view of the main page is that it serves as a showcase of the project volunteers' reporting and editing standards. Because of this, it is not simply the latest news that gets posted on the main page. Instead, we feature reports where volunteers actually did fieldwork, visited the sites, and took news photos to write lengthy, detailed articles. Furthermore, all articles featured on the main page are audio news reports, meaning an audio file read aloud by a human voice without any mispronunciations or verbal errors is attached alongside the transcript. Some even go a step further and are presented as full video news report programs that we have produced.
:::Naturally, requiring both high-quality reporting and strict consistency between the Chinese character and Latin alphabet versions makes maintaining updates on the main page objectively difficult. Our intent for the main page is to give people an understanding of the editorial style and quality standards of this incubator project as much as possible, so we do not aggressively push for rapid updates there. However, this does not mean there are no newer news articles within the project. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 06:29, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hello Victoria,
::Thank you for your clarification. I appreciate the assurance that, the content &quot;wouldn't be lost.&quot; I believe this is extremely important because it directly affects the volunteers' trust in Wikimedia. Many newsletters from Mindong Wikinews have been cited and linked on social media via their URLs. Regardless of the final outcome, keeping these URLs accessible means that the past efforts of the Mindong language community will have a chance to be remembered. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 06:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
:[[Wn/tr/Ekrem İmamoğlu 13. cumhurbaşkanı seçildi]] is a spam page [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25348-62|&amp;#126;2026-25348-62]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25348-62|talk]]) 17:10, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::+1, that should really fit the speedy deletion criteria. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:59, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/sah]], [[Wn/tt]] ===

These projects are already on Russian Wikinews [[Special:Contributions/151.135.197.56|151.135.197.56]] 13:47, 4 January 2025 (UTC)

:Tend to '''support deletion''' of Wn/kk per the [[m:Requests for new languages/Wikinews Kazakh|rejected RFL]], which as only having little substubs before RFL rejection, there are merely no benefit for having a separate kk.wikinews. Eventually, it currently has '''[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wn/kk/|no pages]]'''. (Someone would say that there's [[m:Requests for new languages/Wikinews Kazakh 2|second open RFL]], but its creator Bauka0625 didn't create anything except their own user page here)
:The later two were discussed [[Incubator:Requests_for_deletions/Archive/3#Wikinews_projects_in_languages_of_the_Russian_Federation|in 2019]] which result no consensus, of which Tatar Wikinews has its [[m:Requests for new languages/Wikinews Tatar|RFL verified as eligible]], I'm not sure whether there's really benefit for second trial of RFD em. --[[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 00:35, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

: {{Support}} I support the deletion of the projects as per the request. Besides that, these projects have never been active in the incubator since their creation.--[[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|talk]]) 08:15, 5 January 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] The last Tatar one may be a sensitive question as, again, its RFL is verified as eligible, I contacted a user who voted keep in that 2019 DR, that has several contributions to [[Wq/tt]]. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 10:24, 8 January 2025 (UTC)
: &quot;Delete&quot; (in scare quotes because no use of the MediaWiki deletion functionality is involved here - the page will really be replaced with a pointer) [[wn/kk]] as empty. Delete [[wn/sah]], which only contains a main page and no other content. Inclined to delete [[wn/tt]], which only contains a Main Page and one news article from 2020, as well, but not as strongly convinced. In any case these can be recreated if there's a movement to develop the project outside of Russian Wikinews. 
: Once these are deleted, we need to decide what to do with the domain names https://kk.wikinews.org, https://sah.wikinews.org, https://tt.wikinews.org.
:: Inclined to redirect https://tt.wikinews.org -&gt; https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82, https://sah.wikinews.org -&gt; https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9, but redirect https://kk.wikinews.org to https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C (the project page explaining Russian Wikinews' multilingual initiative) since there isn't even a Kazakh Main Page. Although even the first two are very dead. And for all three domains redirect https://tt.wikinews.org/wiki/foo -&gt; https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/Foo. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|talk]]) 20:03, 12 January 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Pppery|Pppery]] I think for 3rd one, once we indeed gain consensus to delete, we might need to discuss with langcom members on whether its RFL's eligible status should be revoked. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 03:42, 13 January 2025 (UTC)
::: The project should remain in-theory eligible. I'm effectively saying to do a [[w:WP:Soft deletion|soft delete]] - delete the nearly-empty test currently there without prejudice against a new movement for starting a test if one forms. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|talk]]) 03:43, 13 January 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Ooswesthoesbes|OWTB]]: As you're most likely supporting to keep such &quot;tocreate portal pages&quot;, do you have time on Pppery's suggestions above? [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 04:57, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
::::Anyway, it looks like the member who marked Tatar Wikinews request eligible [[m:User_talk:Jon_Harald_Søby#Consider_cancelling_eligibility_of_Wikinews_Tatar?|doesn't agree]] to re-consider it should be revoked or not. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 05:01, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
:::::If they are already present on Wn/ru, then at least, they should link to their respective pages on ru.wikinews. --[[User:Ooswesthoesbes|OWTB]] ([[User talk:Ooswesthoesbes|talk]]) 06:17, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
::::::Looks like the nominator already did so. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 07:53, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Per [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard#Board_of_Trustees_Approves_Closure_of_Wikinews|board decision]], they are already failed, and should go to 3rd platform for further contributing. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|&amp;#126;2026-20743-13]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|talk]]) 07:46, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
*:{{Oppose}} Soft-closure and archive. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 00:32, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] The entire projects were created on other wikis, why archive here? Make discussion branches? That's really hassle for citing. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:54, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
*:::Why not keep with soft redirections? But, yes, I'm not really opposite it, however should let the local community speak up maybe other russian contributors as well. [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:50, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{Oppose}} all of the above. You should first ask one of the ru-Wikinews users (as me) to move these 4 pages. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 05:49, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

I have moved all useful Tatar and Kazakh content along with Yakut mainpage, and I'm asking the Incubator administrators to help me complete the migration:
# Delete all content of [[Wn/tt]] and [[Wn/kk]]
# Move all of the templates with redirects (~30) in [[Wn/sah]] &lt;u&gt;with prefixes, under their current names&lt;/u&gt; to Russian Wikinews. I can't do it myself, because importing to Wikinews from Incubator is not allowed, local sysops cannot import pages from Incubator. In the edit description, would be good to specify the contributors who created the template and the CC-BY-SA license (because Russian Wikinews use CC-BY-2.5).
# Place stubs from [[User:Таёжный лес/news]] on [[Wn/evn]] (another one language version hosted in ruWN), [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/tt]], [[Wn/sah]] respectively. 
[[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 11:30, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ruwikinews, as well as other Wikinews with official subdomains, are being discussed on [[m:Migration_of_Wikinews_and_future_hosts#Russian_Wikinews|future migration targets]], so I don't know why 3rd is still needed. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 02:30, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
::Right, along with other Wikinews, including projects in Incubator. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 03:44, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Just note: Wn/evn is now deleted. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-36425-52|&amp;#126;2026-36425-52]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-36425-52|talk]]) 04:50, 23 June 2026 (UTC)

=== Empty Wikinews test projects ===
These Wikinews test projects contain no pages or only main pages:
[[Wn/ady]], [[Wn/ain]], [[Wn/arz]], [[Wn/bew]], [[Wn/bgn]], [[Wn/brh]], [[Wn/ccp]], [[Wn/ceb]], [[Wn/cnh]], [[Wn/ctg]], [[Wn/cy]], [[Wn/ddo]], [[Wn/dlg]], [[Wn/dtp]], [[Wn/dv]], [[Wn/dz]], [[Wn/ee]], [[Wn/ff]], [[Wn/fur]], [[Wn/ga]], [[Wn/gag]], [[Wn/gd]], [[Wn/gl]], [[Wn/gu]], [[Wn/hif]], [[Wn/hnd]], [[Wn/ie]], [[Wn/jax]], [[Wn/jbo]], [[Wn/jje]], [[Wn/kbd]], [[Wn/kip]], [[Wn/kjh]], [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/kl]], [[Wn/km]], [[Wn/kn]], [[Wn/ks]], [[Wn/ku]], [[Wn/ky]], [[Wn/lg]], [[Wn/lo]], [[Wn/min]], [[Wn/mn]], [[Wn/mnw]], [[Wn/mr]], [[Wn/mrh]], [[Wn/my]], [[Wn/nrm]], [[Wn/nv]], [[Wn/oc]], [[Wn/om]], [[Wn/os]], [[Wn/pcm]], [[Wn/phr]], [[Wn/rw]], [[Wn/sah]], [[Wn/sco]], [[Wn/so]], [[Wn/tly]], [[Wn/trv]], [[Wn/ts]], [[Wn/tt]], [[Wn/tum]], [[Wn/tw]], [[Wn/vec]], [[Wn/wal]], [[Wn/yi]], [[Wn/zu]]
[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21280-06|&amp;#126;2026-21280-06]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-21280-06|talk]]) 09:25, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:False about Wn/tt. I don't see any problem with a test project having at least one page written in a language, even if it's just a mainpage. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 04:21, 8 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] This is already being discussed on the section above. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 23:06, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Probably [[Wn/als]], [[Wn/ang]], [[Wn/ba]] and [[Wn/bar]] can also be ditto opinions. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 23:10, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::als, ba, and bar document where the corresponding projects are, and ang puts up a deletion notice. I don't see why we should delete them. [[User:魔琴|魔琴]] ([[User talk:魔琴|talk]]) 21:49, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] Where are benefits to keep such semi-redirect to closed projects? Those &quot;projects&quot; are having no pages useful, deletion of them should potentially be feel free and without prejudice, as like how we are plugging power sockets. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 15:02, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Redirects are cheap. [[User:魔琴|魔琴]] ([[User talk:魔琴|talk]]) 15:05, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] That will only result unnecessary discussion branches which can really stuck citation purposes, that said, [[w:Don't be a jerk|no need to leave such redirects to jerk pages]]/ [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:55, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::Just soft close those pages, its not hard. It's nothing [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:52, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

* {{oppose}} all requests above. Cause this doesn’t even matter if the consensus reach to keep or delete, as the board already decided to close the project. If the board ask us delete all tests, we'll delete them.🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 01:57, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
*:bew and ks are already deleted. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 22:58, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

:Suggest to '''delete''' those with entirely no subpages, e.g. [[Wn/my]], these can be feel free to go without prejudice. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 04:00, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{Oppose}} [[Wn/nrm]] because of special code. {{Oppose}} [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/sah]], and [[Wn/tt]] because we may need to mention [[:n:ru:Викиновости:Multilingualism|Russosphere Multilingual Wikinews project]] on their portals. --[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] ([[User talk:魔琴|talk]]) 21:52, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] Russian Wikinews is currently discussing the target of migration, see details [[m:Migration_of_Wikinews_and_future_hosts#Russian_Wikinews|here]]. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 17:09, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

* {{oppose}} First, we clearly need redirects etc.; e.g. if the Incubator cannot have interested contributors taking a look, then there's no way forward for the whole site, might consider a soft closure as well(no lol). Second, this actually brings no real benefit. Third, a soft closure decision points to soft closure, also the history of Wikimedia movement sites is not a have or not have. Wikinews(pages) have already been soft-closed now, and anyway that is a done deal. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 14:23, 8 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/ms]] ===
I need clarification regarding the closure of Malay Wikinews. Will administrators on Wikimedia Incubator mass-delete all the pages associated with Malay Wikinews, given that there are currently a total of 1162 pages (including categories, templates, talk pages, and redirects) based on [https://meta.toolforge.org/catanalysis/index.php?cat=0&amp;title=Wn/ms&amp;wiki=incubatorwiki the statistics on this page]? Or will the community be given the option to move/archive these pages elsewhere (such as Miraheze, or maybe one of the Malay Wikimedia projects with new namespace, or perhaps separate toolforge project)? [[User:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] ([[User talk:Hakimi97|talk]]) 05:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:I will tag active Malay Wikinews contributors such as @[[User:Stress 043|Stress 043]], @[[User:26 Ramadan|26 Ramadan]], @[[User:EmpAhmadK|EmpAhmadK]], @[[User:Izington|Izington]], @[[User:Rulwarih|Rulwarih]], @[[User:Jeluang Terluang|Jeluang Terluang]], @[[User:SNN95|SNN95]], @[[User:Zazamental|Zazamental]], @[[User:Wiki Farazi|Wiki Farazi]], @[[User:Adikhebat|Adikhebat]], @[[User:Tofeiku|Tofeiku]], @[[User:Song GK|Song GK]], @[[User:Ceball1923|Ceball1923]], @[[User:Niduzzi|Niduzzi]] regarding this. They have the right to know where their contributions would go, and worst comes to worst, send their final goodbye to their content. [[User:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] ([[User talk:Hakimi97|talk]]) 05:13, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
::Actually, with the exception of blocked users e.g. Zazamental (and some who are inactive for at least 2 years), I already posted noticement on their talk pages this morning. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 05:20, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:As someone who has been very hopeful and working a lot on the release of Malay Wikinews since 2020, it is definitely upsetting to see the years of work wasted, especially with the recent creation of the news header template and all the work that the Malaysian community put for more original reports on the ground that also helped to contribute to other projects such as Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons. I would suggest that even if Wikinews is no longer supported, the local communities on incubator should have the autonomy to continue running their own Wikinews (and any other projects if they also get shut down) afterwards on Incubator as it barely costs anything for the Foundation to support.
:The initiatives taken by the Malaysian community such as to get the media pass to be the first to report on the iPhone 17 launch and have pictures uploaded to commons cannot be ignored. Even other news occassionally refers to the Malay Wikinews for their report, such as when the new Kamus Dewan Perdana website was announced, where the Malay tech news [https://amanz.my/2025541529 directly cited Wikinews' original report] of the announcement from Dewan Bahasa.
:If local communities are able to bring Wikinews to greater heights, nobody should be able to stop them. At least let us operate our projects on the Incubator even if it will never make it to its full stage, it's better than shutting it down entirely. [[User:EmpAhmadK|EmpAhmadK]] ([[User talk:EmpAhmadK|talk]]) 06:33, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:: Hello [[user:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] and [[user:EmpAhmadK|EmpAhmadK]], I don't believe any pages will be deleted, at most made read-only.  Existing URLs should continue to work. There are also community plans to [[m:Migration of Wikinews and future hosts|migrate Wikinews to a new host]] which could include interested active incubator languages. (You may want to comment there.) So no work to date should be wasted. [[User:Sj|Sj]] ([[User talk:Sj|talk]]) 19:50, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
:::I don't think that it is possible for Malay Wikinews to be moved together with those established language editions of Wikinews, given that the Malay Wikinews has not even graduated from the Incubator before the closure of the Wikinews being announced. [[User:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] ([[User talk:Hakimi97|talk]]) 20:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Sj|Sj]] Maybe [[Wn/tr]] has really benefits for losing instead of archiving due to its totally spam subpages. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 12:01, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::First, I believe that Malay Wikinews will absolutely not be deleted; another key aspect of soft closure is proper preservation. Second, you are welcome to continue following future developments related to Wikinews and participate in related discussions, perhaps join back in again! ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 00:30, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:Sorry for being inactive for quite some time. When I first came across Malay Wikinews back in 2024, it had roughly 300 articles. Seeing that number grow to over 600 today is a significant achievement, especially given the very small number of active contributors.
:Realistically, awareness of Wikinews is quite low, and even fewer people know about the Malay edition. For this reason, the Board's decision to close the project is understandable, and I accept the archival of the Malay site. However, I completely empathize with the contributors who might feel frustrated by this decision. They invested a great deal of time and effort into producing original reporting and photography, and their disappointment is completely valid.
:Ultimately, life goes on, and the broader Wikimedia movement will continue to move forward. Free knowledge truly comes with a hefty price. [[User:Stress 043|Stress 043]] ([[User talk:Stress 043|talk]]) 15:45, 24 May 2026 (UTC)
::That being said, many communities are still going, and we welcome you to join us moving forward or stopping together. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 23:00, 24 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/cdo]] ===

Following the recent news regarding the Wikinews closures, the Mindong (cdo) community has discussed our next steps. With the explicit support of our local administrators, we plan to migrate our Wikinews test project to the Mindong Wikipedia (cdo.wikipedia.org) and continue operating it there as a dedicated sub-project.

To ensure that the years of hard work by our contributors are preserved and that proper attribution is maintained, we need to perform a full import. Therefore, I am requesting a complete dump—including full edit histories—for all pages under the Wn/cdo/ prefix.

For context, our community has already prepared the necessary namespace mapping plan for the target wiki:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Incubator Path !! Target path on cdo.wikipedia
|-
| Wn/cdo/xxx || Report:xxx
|-
| Talk:Wn/cdo/xxx || Report_talk:xxx
|-
| Wn/cdo/Help:xxx || Help:xxx
|-
| Wn/cdo/Wikinews:xxx || WN:xxx
|-
| Talk:Wn/cdo/Wikinews:xxx || WN_talk:xxx
|-
| Category:Wn/cdo/xxx || Category:Wn/cdo/xxx
|-
| Template:Wn/cdo/xxx || Template:Wn/cdo/xxx
|-
| Module:Wn/cdo/xxx || Module:Wn/cdo/xxx
|-
| Module_talk:Wn/cdo/xxx || Module_talk:Wn/cdo/xxx
|}

Could an administrator or someone with the necessary access please assist us in generating this export? --[[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 05:30, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

:You need to file a request at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?tags=wikimedia-site-requests phabricator] for those namespace creation. 🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 05:46, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for the information. Do we need the Phabricator request for the namespaces to be approved and implemented first, or can the data dump and import happen in parallel? [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 06:44, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::[[phab:T424413]] has been created. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 07:11, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
:Really support this constructive decision by the local community. Keep it up! ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 00:31, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

I would recommend not creating new namespaces (that makes archiving and discovery much harder, especially for a small number of pages) unless necessary.  You can more easily map this as follows, with no new namespaces needed.  Also it's better for the official page title to be a full &quot;wikinews&quot; rather than an abbreviation &quot;WN&quot; again for searchability and readability. [[User:Sj|Sj]] ([[User talk:Sj|talk]]) 12:59, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Incubator Path !! Target path on cdo.wikipedia
|-
| Wn/cdo/xxx || Project:Reports/xxx
|-
| Wn/cdo/Wikinews:xxx || Project:Wikinews/xxx
|}
:Thank you for your constructive suggestion.
:From my understanding, requesting and creating new namespaces is actually a separate matter from importing the news articles and their edit histories from the Incubator. (I also pointed this out during our internal discussions within the local community, and the local Wikipedia administrator agrees with this as well.)
:For the import process itself, I think using the target paths you suggested works perfectly. As for creating new namespaces, it might take a very long time due to technical or other reasons, or it might not even be implemented at all. However, this will not affect the continued operation of the local community's news project.
:How should we move forward with the export and import process? [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 09:11, 25 May 2026 (UTC)

=== Archive all ===

It should be based on full archival as the standard. Since the closure component of the soft-close has already been applied to the various Incubator sites, its archival component should also be applied here. 

and For Incubator versions with communities by the way, they have always been part of the global Wikinews community, and they are also welcome to take part in future contributions and discussions. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 13:47, 8 May 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] I don't think empty ones e.g. [[Wn/my]] should also be &quot;archived&quot;, since there are eventually no projects under this prefix, such empty &quot;projects&quot; should feel free to be deleted. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:51, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::The main thing is, deleting a one page doesn't do any good, and since it's already been soft-closed, the process isn't exactly fair. And since there's no negative impact anyway, I guess it's fine to just keep it. But, not really impact much thing [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:43, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] But keeping such &quot;null project&quot;s, on the other hand, can really mislead users to consider starting them even after 4 May, to which those are no longer allowed to active in any circumstances, that will only cause unnecessary unprotect requests which are also unfair for the administrators. Due to really existing negative impact in the near future, I suggest that we can exclude such empty ones from archival by early-bird deletion, that's the correct way with no hurts, not keeping, this way is really hurting future new users. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 05:14, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::::I understand your concerns, but they are unnecessary. Enough explanation is enough. If you think like that, then all soft shutdown sites would have this problem, which is impossible. [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 11:04, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] I don't think so, it's unable to guess what the new users really wanna do, if and when they asked for unprotect, are you really able to do such &quot;enough explanation&quot;s? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38002-61|&amp;#126;2026-38002-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-38002-61|talk]]) 04:09, 3 July 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] Anyway, I suggest that we can exclude one from your archival proposal: Turkish ([[Wn/tr]]) as someone else pointed above, there are really nothing but spam pages under Wn/tr prefix. Presumably, that's already a scandal of Incubator. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:52, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah If there truly is an extremely exceptional incubator version that cannot be resolved through cleanup and has a significant negative impact, then of course it is open to discuss, I won't be opposite. [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:39, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/tr]] ===
Since someone pointed above, I suggest that even we are considering to archive all Wikinews test projects without deletion, but this Turkish one should really be excluded from archival, and should consider '''deleting all pages''', and with explaination to '''direct to either tr.wikipedia or Miraheze/Fandom...''' for future news contributions, due to '''full of spam-only pages, include the mainpage'''. --'''[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:24, 13 May 2026 (UTC)'''

== [[Wy/ssh]] ==

not in shihhi arabic  [[User:Almajidy|&lt;b style=&quot;background:#3e67b3;color:#FFF;border:4pxsolid #3e67b3;border-radius:25px;padding:3px 10px;font:20px 'Brush Script MT';&quot;&gt;'''Almajidy'''&lt;/b&gt;]]&lt;b style=&quot;font-size:7px;&quot;&gt;【Talk】&lt;/b&gt; 07:36, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

:Seems already deleted, close? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 12:00, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
{{Section resolved|1=[[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 14:32, 3 July 2026 (UTC)}}

== [[Wb/ary]], [[Wp/ars]], [[Wt/acm]], [[Wy/acm]], [[Wp/ayl]], [[Wq/ary]], [[Wp/afb]] ==

one page wiki test projects [[User:Almajidy|&lt;b style=&quot;background:#3e67b3;color:#FFF;border:4pxsolid #3e67b3;border-radius:25px;padding:3px 10px;font:20px 'Brush Script MT';&quot;&gt;'''Almajidy'''&lt;/b&gt;]]&lt;b style=&quot;font-size:7px;&quot;&gt;【Talk】&lt;/b&gt; 12:10, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

:Notifyed two users that were active on some of above. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 05:07, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
:Wp/afb has multiple pages. [[User:JJUPLOADS22|JJUPLOADS22]] ([[User talk:JJUPLOADS22|talk]]) 19:01, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/xpq]] ==

There's no one encyclopedic article in this wiki, only images and two interrogative sentences in [[Wp/xpq/Shwi mitukushq]]. Mohegan-Pequot is actually a dead language. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 12:40, 30 August 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/mjy]] ==

No encyclopedic content: articles contain nothing except title and single image. Mahican language has no speakers. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 13:20, 30 August 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/xzh]] ==

Unactive test in an ancient language. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 05:08, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wt/mxi]] ==

Unactive test in a historical language. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 05:08, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wy/bxr]] ==

The single page, being abandoned for 5 years, contains only English text. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 14:00, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

== Tungusic Wiktionaries ==
[[Wt/neg]], [[Wt/ude]], [[Wt/evn]], [[Wt/ulc]], [[Wt/oaa]], [[Wt/gld]]. No content on these languages except from the described words. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 17:39, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wq/jje]] ==

No actual content since creation. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 14:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>712a9qqfie9roggfstvmf4qfh7wewxa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303909</id>
      <parentid>7303905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:37:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Таёжный лес</username>
        <id>2566317</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wy/jje */ new section</comment>
      <origin>7303909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51250" sha1="9v9s65acpd7o9yel1uvav9udtu9ney4" xml:space="preserve">{{Shortcut|[[I:RFD]]|archivelink=Incubator:Requests for deletions/Archive}}
__NEWSECTIONLINK__
This page is for nominating '''test wikis''' for deletion, or for nominating '''pages related to the maintenance of the Incubator''' for deletion. Requests for '''un'''deletion can also be made here. To request the deletion of '''individual pages in a specific test wiki''', please use the relevant talk pages where the editors of the test wiki are most active (such as the talk page of the test wiki's Main Page). Pages that should be speedily deleted should be tagged with {{tl|delete}} '''with a proper reason'''.

It is typically not necessary to request that pages in a test wiki be deleted after the project has been given its own subdomain (e.g., &lt;code&gt;aa.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), since such deletions are part of the normal workflow when creating new wikis. Eventually all pages in the test wiki will be deleted, leaving behind only the [[Incubator:Policy/Test wiki info page|info page]].

For the deletion policy, see [[Incubator:Deletion policy]].

{{Autoarchive resolved section | age = 1 | archive = 'Incubator:Requests for deletions/Archive/((year)) | show = yes }}

== [[Wt/grc]] ==
As suggested by the [[m:Requests for new languages/Wiktionary Ancient Greek|rejected request]], and even agreed by a &quot;keeper&quot; of [[#Wp/grc]] above, there's blatantly no reason for having a Wiktionary in Historical language such as in Ancient Greek. For writting definitions of Ancient Greek words, the existing Wiktionaries e.g. [[wikt:el:|Greek Wiktionary]] are already hard on doing so. I would hence prefer to merge these contents into el.wiktionary. --[[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 08:25, 12 July 2025 (UTC)

:Just to be clear, I did not say that &quot;there's blatantly no reason for having a Wiktionary in an historical language such as Ancient Greek&quot;. I don't agree on that point! What I've actually said is that I don't see reasons to preserve this draft of a Wiktionary, because the lemmas are too few and, above all, almost exclusively (80%?) written in Modern Greek. Probably, it is a draft by someone who wanted to translate them in Classical Greek but never had the time to do so. Since this Wiktionary is also inactive, and since there is no probability at all that this person will ever continue what he barely started, I don't find particular reasons to keep this very rough draft of a project alive. If someone wanted to restart an Ancient Greek Wiktionary, he could start it anew: having this draft or not would make very little difference!
:On the other hand, having a real Ancient Greek Wiktionary would be useful: who could say that monolingual dictionaries are of no use for students of foreign languages? Nobody could say that! Therefore, a functional Ancient Greek Wiktionary would be very useful for the ca. 1 million students of Ancient Greek around the globe. Unfortunately, no scholar is currently willing to write such a monolingual dictionary for free. [[User:Anaxicrates|Anaxicrates]] ([[User talk:Anaxicrates|talk]]) 13:16, 18 July 2025 (UTC)

{{Oppose}}. It's a good historical record. Others may be interested in it later.[[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] ([[User talk:Andrijko Z.|talk]]) 01:06, 25 August 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] A good historical record? At least one former active user [[m:Special:Contributions/Leonardo José Raimundo|Leonardo José Raimundo]] is nowadays [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Leonardo José Raimundo|global banned]]. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 01:17, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::For me it's not an argument. The project may be cleaned if necessary, but not deleted. [[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] ([[User talk:Andrijko Z.|talk]]) 01:57, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
*'''Delete''', {{ping|Andrijko Z.}} Are you really sure that you can speak such a historical language instead of a living language? From your record of contributions, I really really and really can't see anything as &quot;good&quot;, all of your historical records are only promoting your bad properties instead of &quot;good&quot;s. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|&amp;#126;2026-19854-51]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|talk]]) 06:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
*:Please stick back to constructive arguments. @[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-Warburg]] please pay attention to the tone of this user. Thank you! [[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] ([[User talk:Andrijko Z.|talk]]) 23:10, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Andrijko Z.|Andrijko Z.]] You don't really need to ping MF-W or other administrators, since the user who made bad tone is just you, not me. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20750-41|&amp;#126;2026-20750-41]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20750-41|talk]]) 14:10, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Only Wikisource allows such ancient languages, and for testing Wikisource, [[s:mul:|here, the correct place]]. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-37662-04|&amp;#126;2026-37662-04]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-37662-04|talk]]) 10:59, 1 July 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/atv]] ==

See [[Incubator:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Wp/atv_existence]]. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 21:19, 14 November 2025 (UTC)

== Multiple projects ==
;[[Wy/wal]], [[Wy/zu]], [[Wy/mg]], [[Wy/aa]], [[Wy/zyj]], [[Wy/udm]], [[Wy/wym]], [[Wy/jbo]]

These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:25, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[Wq/so]], [[Wq/blk]], [[Wq/dtp]], [[Wq/aa]], [[Wq/zgh]], [[Wq/tcy]], [[Wq/se]], [[Wq/ary]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[Wb/ab]], [[Wb/ain]], [[Wb/bhi]], [[Wb/bug]], [[Wb/mos]], [[Wb/rw]], [[Wb/sn]], [[Wb/tum]], [[Wb/ddo]], [[Wb/lki]], [[Wb/wal]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:35, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[wn/ace]], [[wn/ain]], [[wn/am]], [[wn/gl]], [[wn/ady]], [[wn/ceb]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:40, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

; [[Wp/mki]], [[Wp/beu]], [[Wp/com]], [[Wp/lrl]], [[Wp/mhp]], [[Wp/bgx]], [[Wp/enx]]

Again, These projects only have one page, usually the main page, and have never been active since creation. They should be deleted. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 02:46, 8 January 2026 (UTC)

:For what?... [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 18:38, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
::For being inactive, not having any content (or very few) and just taking up space. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 23:16, 11 February 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;Placeholder&quot; projects have always existed on Incubator and are not a problem by themselves. Info pages with &quot;tocreate&quot; status (like Wp/com) also should not be deleted. If a Main Page properly written in the languages invites people to contribute, there is no problem. If there are additional problems, like the sole Main Page is not actually written in the language itself, or the language is dead/invalid, please elaborate. For example, I did just deleted Wb/tum because its Main Page was very broken with a lot of missing templates. --&lt;small&gt;[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''&lt;/small&gt; 00:11, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::::There is really no problem aside from that it has no content, so if you say that they are just placeholder than they should be fine. Thanks for telling me. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 00:35, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::::But also, these projects have never been active since creation. [[User:Breck0530|Breck0530]] ([[User talk:Breck0530|talk]]) 00:36, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Placeholder-only &quot;projects&quot; are nonsense of nonsense, gibberish of gibberish, trolls of trolls, and especially, damn of damn. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|&amp;#126;2026-19854-51]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-19854-51|talk]]) 06:24, 31 March 2026 (UTC)

:Also Wb/ary Wy/acm Wt/acm [[User:Almajidy|&lt;b style=&quot;background:#3e67b3;color:#FFF;border:4pxsolid #3e67b3;border-radius:25px;padding:3px 10px;font:20px 'Brush Script MT';&quot;&gt;'''Almajidy'''&lt;/b&gt;]]&lt;b style=&quot;font-size:7px;&quot;&gt;【Talk】&lt;/b&gt; 08:45, 8 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/ase]] ==

Pains me to say this but this project is unlikely to ever go anywhere. It has had no activity since 2020 besides spam. Most Deaf folks in the US, for cultural reasons, use English, and the SignWriting community is not very large. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-10410-48|&amp;#126;2026-10410-48]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-10410-48|talk]]) 22:57, 16 February 2026 (UTC)

:And is it just me or are there not even really characters to represent sign language? They don't show up for me at least. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12914-86|&amp;#126;2026-12914-86]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-12914-86|talk]]) 15:42, 27 February 2026 (UTC)
::There is a gadget you need to activate. --&lt;small&gt;[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''&lt;/small&gt; 15:31, 2 March 2026 (UTC)
::I do not support the request for deletion. This content is readable to fluent ASL users with knowledge of signwriting (speaking as one myself). the characters do represent signed langauge [[User:Kachow03|Kachow03]] ([[User talk:Kachow03|talk]]) 07:32, 17 June 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Yair rand|Yair rand]]: What's the technical status of this project? I thought it was just waiting for MediaWiki to [[phab:T11436|properly support vertical text]] or for VisualEditor to have better support for SignWriting? Have you had any contact with [[User:ValSutton|ValSutton]] lately about this project? [[User:Mxn|Minh &lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;Nguyễn&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mxn|&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x1f4ac;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:13, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
:This project has faltered in the past due to a lack of technical investment, but actually I think its potential has gone way up since 2020. If AI works for speech recognition in audio, it's likely to work decently for sign recognition in video as well; this would be an easy way to bypass SignWriting's traditional problem of having to learn a whole new writing system. [[User:Pharos|Pharos]] ([[User talk:Pharos|talk]]) 19:54, 23 March 2026 (UTC)
:{{oppose}} this is maybe the only incubator in a sign language, providing a proof of concept for testing technical investment in this area. This is an important language to have here and will be a reference for future sign languages in wikimedia. [[User:Arcstur|Arcstur]] ([[User talk:Arcstur|talk]]) 18:27, 11 July 2026 (UTC)
:If there is no established practice among Deaf users of using SignWriting as a means of writing and consuming content - rather than simply as a transcription of &quot;live&quot; signs - I don't see any realistic possibility of this project moving forward. I don't think it's reasonable for Wikimedia to try to impose the use of a script which the external community surrounding a language has not accepted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|talk]]) 23:17, 14 August 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews test projects ==
As of March 30, 2026, [[meta:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Wikinews has been shut down]]. Therefore, none of the Wikinews test projects on the Incubator will ever go anywhere. They should therefore either be deleted or the content should be archived elsewhere. [[User:DraconicDark|DraconicDark]] ([[User talk:DraconicDark|talk]]) 17:17, 31 March 2026 (UTC)

:Please note that existing Wikinews tests are now [technically] in read only mode (or restricted to administrators), and creating new tests is also restricted. 🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 20:13, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:I'd suggest to announce this question via top of these test projects' portal pages e.g. [[Wn/cdo]] via that tag. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|&amp;#126;2026-20743-13]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|talk]]) 07:51, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
::Done, there’ll now be a notice on every Wikinews tests info page. 🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 09:37, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
I am told that the Board considers making a decision about this and is in consultation about possible place to put this content, so let's wait for that. --&lt;small&gt;[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''&lt;/small&gt; 13:20, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:And, for the record, what to do with [[m:Requests_for_new_languages#Wikinews|RFL requests for Wikinewses]] (which many of them are marked eligible)? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-22152-29|&amp;#126;2026-22152-29]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-22152-29|talk]]) 01:22, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
::If no users oppose, then I'd love to merge the above &quot;Wn/kk, Wn/sah/ Wn/tt&quot; section and another section below as L3 sections under this thread since we are discussing all Wikinews test projects here. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 01:46, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Manually pinging @[[User:Nvdtn19|Nvdtn19]] for [[Wn/vi]] due to talk page semi-protected. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 00:32, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
::I have no further comments on [[Wn/vi]]. This project just needs to archive and read-only like other cases. [[User:Nvdtn19|Nvdtn19]] ([[User talk:Nvdtn19|{{int:talkpagelinktext}}]]) 05:39, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

As one of the main contributors and maintainers of [[Wn/cdo]], I was caught completely off guard and deeply shocked by this news. Reading [[#Wn/ms|the statement below from the Wn/ms community]] truly resonated with me.

Over the years, volunteer reporters for Wn/cdo have actively gathered and edited news, gone on field assignments, and connected with locals to take photos and write articles—covering everything from major international events to grassroots local news in [[:w:en:Fuzhou|Hokchew]], [[:w:en:Matsu_Islands|Matsu]] and Malaysia [[:w:en:Fuzhou people|Hokchew community]]. Wikireporters even volunteered for field assignments in other cities, such as Shanghai, to cover local exhibitions. We were dedicated to ensuring that the Wikinews in our mother tongue was not merely a translation of dominant, high-resource languages, but instead possessed its own unique character. Wn/cdo is a project that has grown alongside the personal capabilities of its editors and maintainers.

It is profoundly regrettable to hear this news today. The editors of Wn/cdo are currently discussing where to go from here. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 09:28, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Hello Davidzdh,
:I'm  Victoria, the  WMF Board of Trustees member responsible for the Wikinews -related discussions. I'm truly sorry that this news has come so unexpectedly. The wider Wikimedia Movement was discussing the possible future of the Wikinews projects for a while, and the consensus was that the existing projects did not leave up to the expectations while using the limited resources. But I understand that the bulk of discussions was happening in other places (mostly on Meta) and many people were not aware of them.
:It’s clear from your message how much care, effort, and personal commitment has gone into building and sustaining Wn/cdo over the years. The work of your community is deeply meaningful. It’s especially difficult when something that has grown so organically and with such dedication faces an uncertain future. I can assure you that all you've done wouldn't be lost as it will be accessible in the read mode and can be copied.
:I regret that this situation has come as a shock, and that it has affected contributors who have invested so much into the project.I understand that you and your fellow editors are now considering next steps. I sincerely hope that, whatever direction you choose, the strength and cohesion of your community will carry forward. [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] ([[User talk:Victoria|talk]]) 09:53, 21 April 2026 (UTC)

:: Hi [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]], what is the most recent work on [[Wn/cdo/Wikinews:Main Page|wn:cdo]]? Just making sure nothing is lost. [[User:Sj|Sj]] ([[User talk:Sj|talk]]) 19:50, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Interesting, all the newsletters shown on their mainpage were created 8 years ago, so where are their recent news? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 06:26, 22 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Hi @[[User:Sj|Sj]], all works from [[Wn/cdo]] are [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Wn/cdo/ here], in addition, their category pages, templates, and modules cannot be seen on the above summary page; they can be found at:
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Wn%2Fcdo%2F&amp;namespace=1 &lt;code&gt;Talk:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Category:Wn/cdo/ &lt;code&gt;Category:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=template%3AWn%2Fcdo%2F&amp;namespace=0 &lt;code&gt;template:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=module%3AWn%2Fcdo%2F&amp;namespace=0 &lt;code&gt;module:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::* [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Wn%2Fcdo&amp;namespace=829 &lt;code&gt;module_talk:Wn/cdo/xxx&lt;/code&gt;]
:::I have provided a detailed summary of the page distribution and the community’s migration plan below [[#Wn/cdo]]. Thank you for your attention! [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 05:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
:::To provide some additional context regarding the main page, which might confuse those unfamiliar with the project:
:::Mindong has long had two mainstream writing systems: one using Chinese characters and the other using [[:en:Bàng-uâ-cê|Latin alphabets]]. For nearly thirty years in the online Mindong community, the debate over which script to use has been a controversial topic that has, to some extent, torn the community apart. Under the Mindong Wikipedia's village pump, Help namespace, and Wikipedia namespace, you will find extensive records of fierce arguments between both sides, as well as essays written by their respective supporters defending their stances. This controversy is not limited to Wikimedia projects; you can find even more of it in other Min language web forums and online chat rooms.
:::Therefore, in order to resolve this dispute and unite the community—at least within Wikimedia projects—we want the project's official pages to feature both Chinese characters and Romanization side-by-side (合璧, hăk-bék), with one script on the left half and the other on the right. Moreover, the content on both sides is essentially identical; if read aloud, they produce exactly the same sound, only the written text differs. This imposes high demands on the content—they cannot be written independently of one another, but must be coordinated to ensure both sides say the exact same thing.
:::Additionally, our view of the main page is that it serves as a showcase of the project volunteers' reporting and editing standards. Because of this, it is not simply the latest news that gets posted on the main page. Instead, we feature reports where volunteers actually did fieldwork, visited the sites, and took news photos to write lengthy, detailed articles. Furthermore, all articles featured on the main page are audio news reports, meaning an audio file read aloud by a human voice without any mispronunciations or verbal errors is attached alongside the transcript. Some even go a step further and are presented as full video news report programs that we have produced.
:::Naturally, requiring both high-quality reporting and strict consistency between the Chinese character and Latin alphabet versions makes maintaining updates on the main page objectively difficult. Our intent for the main page is to give people an understanding of the editorial style and quality standards of this incubator project as much as possible, so we do not aggressively push for rapid updates there. However, this does not mean there are no newer news articles within the project. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 06:29, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::Hello Victoria,
::Thank you for your clarification. I appreciate the assurance that, the content &quot;wouldn't be lost.&quot; I believe this is extremely important because it directly affects the volunteers' trust in Wikimedia. Many newsletters from Mindong Wikinews have been cited and linked on social media via their URLs. Regardless of the final outcome, keeping these URLs accessible means that the past efforts of the Mindong language community will have a chance to be remembered. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 06:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
:[[Wn/tr/Ekrem İmamoğlu 13. cumhurbaşkanı seçildi]] is a spam page [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25348-62|&amp;#126;2026-25348-62]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-25348-62|talk]]) 17:10, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::+1, that should really fit the speedy deletion criteria. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:59, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/sah]], [[Wn/tt]] ===

These projects are already on Russian Wikinews [[Special:Contributions/151.135.197.56|151.135.197.56]] 13:47, 4 January 2025 (UTC)

:Tend to '''support deletion''' of Wn/kk per the [[m:Requests for new languages/Wikinews Kazakh|rejected RFL]], which as only having little substubs before RFL rejection, there are merely no benefit for having a separate kk.wikinews. Eventually, it currently has '''[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wn/kk/|no pages]]'''. (Someone would say that there's [[m:Requests for new languages/Wikinews Kazakh 2|second open RFL]], but its creator Bauka0625 didn't create anything except their own user page here)
:The later two were discussed [[Incubator:Requests_for_deletions/Archive/3#Wikinews_projects_in_languages_of_the_Russian_Federation|in 2019]] which result no consensus, of which Tatar Wikinews has its [[m:Requests for new languages/Wikinews Tatar|RFL verified as eligible]], I'm not sure whether there's really benefit for second trial of RFD em. --[[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 00:35, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

: {{Support}} I support the deletion of the projects as per the request. Besides that, these projects have never been active in the incubator since their creation.--[[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] ([[User talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|talk]]) 08:15, 5 January 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]] The last Tatar one may be a sensitive question as, again, its RFL is verified as eligible, I contacted a user who voted keep in that 2019 DR, that has several contributions to [[Wq/tt]]. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 10:24, 8 January 2025 (UTC)
: &quot;Delete&quot; (in scare quotes because no use of the MediaWiki deletion functionality is involved here - the page will really be replaced with a pointer) [[wn/kk]] as empty. Delete [[wn/sah]], which only contains a main page and no other content. Inclined to delete [[wn/tt]], which only contains a Main Page and one news article from 2020, as well, but not as strongly convinced. In any case these can be recreated if there's a movement to develop the project outside of Russian Wikinews. 
: Once these are deleted, we need to decide what to do with the domain names https://kk.wikinews.org, https://sah.wikinews.org, https://tt.wikinews.org.
:: Inclined to redirect https://tt.wikinews.org -&gt; https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82, https://sah.wikinews.org -&gt; https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9, but redirect https://kk.wikinews.org to https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C (the project page explaining Russian Wikinews' multilingual initiative) since there isn't even a Kazakh Main Page. Although even the first two are very dead. And for all three domains redirect https://tt.wikinews.org/wiki/foo -&gt; https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/Foo. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|talk]]) 20:03, 12 January 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Pppery|Pppery]] I think for 3rd one, once we indeed gain consensus to delete, we might need to discuss with langcom members on whether its RFL's eligible status should be revoked. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 03:42, 13 January 2025 (UTC)
::: The project should remain in-theory eligible. I'm effectively saying to do a [[w:WP:Soft deletion|soft delete]] - delete the nearly-empty test currently there without prejudice against a new movement for starting a test if one forms. [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|talk]]) 03:43, 13 January 2025 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Ooswesthoesbes|OWTB]]: As you're most likely supporting to keep such &quot;tocreate portal pages&quot;, do you have time on Pppery's suggestions above? [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 04:57, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
::::Anyway, it looks like the member who marked Tatar Wikinews request eligible [[m:User_talk:Jon_Harald_Søby#Consider_cancelling_eligibility_of_Wikinews_Tatar?|doesn't agree]] to re-consider it should be revoked or not. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 05:01, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
:::::If they are already present on Wn/ru, then at least, they should link to their respective pages on ru.wikinews. --[[User:Ooswesthoesbes|OWTB]] ([[User talk:Ooswesthoesbes|talk]]) 06:17, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
::::::Looks like the nominator already did so. [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 07:53, 12 July 2025 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Per [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard#Board_of_Trustees_Approves_Closure_of_Wikinews|board decision]], they are already failed, and should go to 3rd platform for further contributing. --[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|&amp;#126;2026-20743-13]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20743-13|talk]]) 07:46, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
*:{{Oppose}} Soft-closure and archive. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 00:32, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] The entire projects were created on other wikis, why archive here? Make discussion branches? That's really hassle for citing. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:54, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
*:::Why not keep with soft redirections? But, yes, I'm not really opposite it, however should let the local community speak up maybe other russian contributors as well. [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:50, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{Oppose}} all of the above. You should first ask one of the ru-Wikinews users (as me) to move these 4 pages. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 05:49, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

I have moved all useful Tatar and Kazakh content along with Yakut mainpage, and I'm asking the Incubator administrators to help me complete the migration:
# Delete all content of [[Wn/tt]] and [[Wn/kk]]
# Move all of the templates with redirects (~30) in [[Wn/sah]] &lt;u&gt;with prefixes, under their current names&lt;/u&gt; to Russian Wikinews. I can't do it myself, because importing to Wikinews from Incubator is not allowed, local sysops cannot import pages from Incubator. In the edit description, would be good to specify the contributors who created the template and the CC-BY-SA license (because Russian Wikinews use CC-BY-2.5).
# Place stubs from [[User:Таёжный лес/news]] on [[Wn/evn]] (another one language version hosted in ruWN), [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/tt]], [[Wn/sah]] respectively. 
[[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 11:30, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ruwikinews, as well as other Wikinews with official subdomains, are being discussed on [[m:Migration_of_Wikinews_and_future_hosts#Russian_Wikinews|future migration targets]], so I don't know why 3rd is still needed. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 02:30, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
::Right, along with other Wikinews, including projects in Incubator. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 03:44, 20 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Just note: Wn/evn is now deleted. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-36425-52|&amp;#126;2026-36425-52]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-36425-52|talk]]) 04:50, 23 June 2026 (UTC)

=== Empty Wikinews test projects ===
These Wikinews test projects contain no pages or only main pages:
[[Wn/ady]], [[Wn/ain]], [[Wn/arz]], [[Wn/bew]], [[Wn/bgn]], [[Wn/brh]], [[Wn/ccp]], [[Wn/ceb]], [[Wn/cnh]], [[Wn/ctg]], [[Wn/cy]], [[Wn/ddo]], [[Wn/dlg]], [[Wn/dtp]], [[Wn/dv]], [[Wn/dz]], [[Wn/ee]], [[Wn/ff]], [[Wn/fur]], [[Wn/ga]], [[Wn/gag]], [[Wn/gd]], [[Wn/gl]], [[Wn/gu]], [[Wn/hif]], [[Wn/hnd]], [[Wn/ie]], [[Wn/jax]], [[Wn/jbo]], [[Wn/jje]], [[Wn/kbd]], [[Wn/kip]], [[Wn/kjh]], [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/kl]], [[Wn/km]], [[Wn/kn]], [[Wn/ks]], [[Wn/ku]], [[Wn/ky]], [[Wn/lg]], [[Wn/lo]], [[Wn/min]], [[Wn/mn]], [[Wn/mnw]], [[Wn/mr]], [[Wn/mrh]], [[Wn/my]], [[Wn/nrm]], [[Wn/nv]], [[Wn/oc]], [[Wn/om]], [[Wn/os]], [[Wn/pcm]], [[Wn/phr]], [[Wn/rw]], [[Wn/sah]], [[Wn/sco]], [[Wn/so]], [[Wn/tly]], [[Wn/trv]], [[Wn/ts]], [[Wn/tt]], [[Wn/tum]], [[Wn/tw]], [[Wn/vec]], [[Wn/wal]], [[Wn/yi]], [[Wn/zu]]
[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21280-06|&amp;#126;2026-21280-06]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-21280-06|talk]]) 09:25, 7 April 2026 (UTC)

:False about Wn/tt. I don't see any problem with a test project having at least one page written in a language, even if it's just a mainpage. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 04:21, 8 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] This is already being discussed on the section above. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 23:06, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Probably [[Wn/als]], [[Wn/ang]], [[Wn/ba]] and [[Wn/bar]] can also be ditto opinions. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 23:10, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::als, ba, and bar document where the corresponding projects are, and ang puts up a deletion notice. I don't see why we should delete them. [[User:魔琴|魔琴]] ([[User talk:魔琴|talk]]) 21:49, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] Where are benefits to keep such semi-redirect to closed projects? Those &quot;projects&quot; are having no pages useful, deletion of them should potentially be feel free and without prejudice, as like how we are plugging power sockets. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 15:02, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
::::Redirects are cheap. [[User:魔琴|魔琴]] ([[User talk:魔琴|talk]]) 15:05, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] That will only result unnecessary discussion branches which can really stuck citation purposes, that said, [[w:Don't be a jerk|no need to leave such redirects to jerk pages]]/ [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:55, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::Just soft close those pages, its not hard. It's nothing [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:52, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

* {{oppose}} all requests above. Cause this doesn’t even matter if the consensus reach to keep or delete, as the board already decided to close the project. If the board ask us delete all tests, we'll delete them.🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 01:57, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
*:bew and ks are already deleted. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 22:58, 22 April 2026 (UTC)

:Suggest to '''delete''' those with entirely no subpages, e.g. [[Wn/my]], these can be feel free to go without prejudice. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 04:00, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{Oppose}} [[Wn/nrm]] because of special code. {{Oppose}} [[Wn/kk]], [[Wn/sah]], and [[Wn/tt]] because we may need to mention [[:n:ru:Викиновости:Multilingualism|Russosphere Multilingual Wikinews project]] on their portals. --[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] ([[User talk:魔琴|talk]]) 21:52, 29 April 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:魔琴|魔琴]] Russian Wikinews is currently discussing the target of migration, see details [[m:Migration_of_Wikinews_and_future_hosts#Russian_Wikinews|here]]. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 17:09, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

* {{oppose}} First, we clearly need redirects etc.; e.g. if the Incubator cannot have interested contributors taking a look, then there's no way forward for the whole site, might consider a soft closure as well(no lol). Second, this actually brings no real benefit. Third, a soft closure decision points to soft closure, also the history of Wikimedia movement sites is not a have or not have. Wikinews(pages) have already been soft-closed now, and anyway that is a done deal. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 14:23, 8 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/ms]] ===
I need clarification regarding the closure of Malay Wikinews. Will administrators on Wikimedia Incubator mass-delete all the pages associated with Malay Wikinews, given that there are currently a total of 1162 pages (including categories, templates, talk pages, and redirects) based on [https://meta.toolforge.org/catanalysis/index.php?cat=0&amp;title=Wn/ms&amp;wiki=incubatorwiki the statistics on this page]? Or will the community be given the option to move/archive these pages elsewhere (such as Miraheze, or maybe one of the Malay Wikimedia projects with new namespace, or perhaps separate toolforge project)? [[User:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] ([[User talk:Hakimi97|talk]]) 05:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:I will tag active Malay Wikinews contributors such as @[[User:Stress 043|Stress 043]], @[[User:26 Ramadan|26 Ramadan]], @[[User:EmpAhmadK|EmpAhmadK]], @[[User:Izington|Izington]], @[[User:Rulwarih|Rulwarih]], @[[User:Jeluang Terluang|Jeluang Terluang]], @[[User:SNN95|SNN95]], @[[User:Zazamental|Zazamental]], @[[User:Wiki Farazi|Wiki Farazi]], @[[User:Adikhebat|Adikhebat]], @[[User:Tofeiku|Tofeiku]], @[[User:Song GK|Song GK]], @[[User:Ceball1923|Ceball1923]], @[[User:Niduzzi|Niduzzi]] regarding this. They have the right to know where their contributions would go, and worst comes to worst, send their final goodbye to their content. [[User:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] ([[User talk:Hakimi97|talk]]) 05:13, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
::Actually, with the exception of blocked users e.g. Zazamental (and some who are inactive for at least 2 years), I already posted noticement on their talk pages this morning. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 05:20, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:As someone who has been very hopeful and working a lot on the release of Malay Wikinews since 2020, it is definitely upsetting to see the years of work wasted, especially with the recent creation of the news header template and all the work that the Malaysian community put for more original reports on the ground that also helped to contribute to other projects such as Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons. I would suggest that even if Wikinews is no longer supported, the local communities on incubator should have the autonomy to continue running their own Wikinews (and any other projects if they also get shut down) afterwards on Incubator as it barely costs anything for the Foundation to support.
:The initiatives taken by the Malaysian community such as to get the media pass to be the first to report on the iPhone 17 launch and have pictures uploaded to commons cannot be ignored. Even other news occassionally refers to the Malay Wikinews for their report, such as when the new Kamus Dewan Perdana website was announced, where the Malay tech news [https://amanz.my/2025541529 directly cited Wikinews' original report] of the announcement from Dewan Bahasa.
:If local communities are able to bring Wikinews to greater heights, nobody should be able to stop them. At least let us operate our projects on the Incubator even if it will never make it to its full stage, it's better than shutting it down entirely. [[User:EmpAhmadK|EmpAhmadK]] ([[User talk:EmpAhmadK|talk]]) 06:33, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:: Hello [[user:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] and [[user:EmpAhmadK|EmpAhmadK]], I don't believe any pages will be deleted, at most made read-only.  Existing URLs should continue to work. There are also community plans to [[m:Migration of Wikinews and future hosts|migrate Wikinews to a new host]] which could include interested active incubator languages. (You may want to comment there.) So no work to date should be wasted. [[User:Sj|Sj]] ([[User talk:Sj|talk]]) 19:50, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
:::I don't think that it is possible for Malay Wikinews to be moved together with those established language editions of Wikinews, given that the Malay Wikinews has not even graduated from the Incubator before the closure of the Wikinews being announced. [[User:Hakimi97|Hakimi97]] ([[User talk:Hakimi97|talk]]) 20:15, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Sj|Sj]] Maybe [[Wn/tr]] has really benefits for losing instead of archiving due to its totally spam subpages. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 12:01, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::First, I believe that Malay Wikinews will absolutely not be deleted; another key aspect of soft closure is proper preservation. Second, you are welcome to continue following future developments related to Wikinews and participate in related discussions, perhaps join back in again! ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 00:30, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
:Sorry for being inactive for quite some time. When I first came across Malay Wikinews back in 2024, it had roughly 300 articles. Seeing that number grow to over 600 today is a significant achievement, especially given the very small number of active contributors.
:Realistically, awareness of Wikinews is quite low, and even fewer people know about the Malay edition. For this reason, the Board's decision to close the project is understandable, and I accept the archival of the Malay site. However, I completely empathize with the contributors who might feel frustrated by this decision. They invested a great deal of time and effort into producing original reporting and photography, and their disappointment is completely valid.
:Ultimately, life goes on, and the broader Wikimedia movement will continue to move forward. Free knowledge truly comes with a hefty price. [[User:Stress 043|Stress 043]] ([[User talk:Stress 043|talk]]) 15:45, 24 May 2026 (UTC)
::That being said, many communities are still going, and we welcome you to join us moving forward or stopping together. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 23:00, 24 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/cdo]] ===

Following the recent news regarding the Wikinews closures, the Mindong (cdo) community has discussed our next steps. With the explicit support of our local administrators, we plan to migrate our Wikinews test project to the Mindong Wikipedia (cdo.wikipedia.org) and continue operating it there as a dedicated sub-project.

To ensure that the years of hard work by our contributors are preserved and that proper attribution is maintained, we need to perform a full import. Therefore, I am requesting a complete dump—including full edit histories—for all pages under the Wn/cdo/ prefix.

For context, our community has already prepared the necessary namespace mapping plan for the target wiki:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Incubator Path !! Target path on cdo.wikipedia
|-
| Wn/cdo/xxx || Report:xxx
|-
| Talk:Wn/cdo/xxx || Report_talk:xxx
|-
| Wn/cdo/Help:xxx || Help:xxx
|-
| Wn/cdo/Wikinews:xxx || WN:xxx
|-
| Talk:Wn/cdo/Wikinews:xxx || WN_talk:xxx
|-
| Category:Wn/cdo/xxx || Category:Wn/cdo/xxx
|-
| Template:Wn/cdo/xxx || Template:Wn/cdo/xxx
|-
| Module:Wn/cdo/xxx || Module:Wn/cdo/xxx
|-
| Module_talk:Wn/cdo/xxx || Module_talk:Wn/cdo/xxx
|}

Could an administrator or someone with the necessary access please assist us in generating this export? --[[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 05:30, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

:You need to file a request at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?tags=wikimedia-site-requests phabricator] for those namespace creation. 🪶-[[User:Tanbiruzzaman|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;color:#006400;letter-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;TΛNBIRUZZΛMΛN&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Tanbiruzzaman|💬]]) 05:46, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for the information. Do we need the Phabricator request for the namespaces to be approved and implemented first, or can the data dump and import happen in parallel? [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 06:44, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
::[[phab:T424413]] has been created. [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 07:11, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
:Really support this constructive decision by the local community. Keep it up! ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 00:31, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

I would recommend not creating new namespaces (that makes archiving and discovery much harder, especially for a small number of pages) unless necessary.  You can more easily map this as follows, with no new namespaces needed.  Also it's better for the official page title to be a full &quot;wikinews&quot; rather than an abbreviation &quot;WN&quot; again for searchability and readability. [[User:Sj|Sj]] ([[User talk:Sj|talk]]) 12:59, 28 April 2026 (UTC)

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Incubator Path !! Target path on cdo.wikipedia
|-
| Wn/cdo/xxx || Project:Reports/xxx
|-
| Wn/cdo/Wikinews:xxx || Project:Wikinews/xxx
|}
:Thank you for your constructive suggestion.
:From my understanding, requesting and creating new namespaces is actually a separate matter from importing the news articles and their edit histories from the Incubator. (I also pointed this out during our internal discussions within the local community, and the local Wikipedia administrator agrees with this as well.)
:For the import process itself, I think using the target paths you suggested works perfectly. As for creating new namespaces, it might take a very long time due to technical or other reasons, or it might not even be implemented at all. However, this will not affect the continued operation of the local community's news project.
:How should we move forward with the export and import process? [[User:Davidzdh|Davidzdh]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|talk]]) 09:11, 25 May 2026 (UTC)

=== Archive all ===

It should be based on full archival as the standard. Since the closure component of the soft-close has already been applied to the various Incubator sites, its archival component should also be applied here. 

and For Incubator versions with communities by the way, they have always been part of the global Wikinews community, and they are also welcome to take part in future contributions and discussions. ~ [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 13:47, 8 May 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] I don't think empty ones e.g. [[Wn/my]] should also be &quot;archived&quot;, since there are eventually no projects under this prefix, such empty &quot;projects&quot; should feel free to be deleted. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:51, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::The main thing is, deleting a one page doesn't do any good, and since it's already been soft-closed, the process isn't exactly fair. And since there's no negative impact anyway, I guess it's fine to just keep it. But, not really impact much thing [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:43, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] But keeping such &quot;null project&quot;s, on the other hand, can really mislead users to consider starting them even after 4 May, to which those are no longer allowed to active in any circumstances, that will only cause unnecessary unprotect requests which are also unfair for the administrators. Due to really existing negative impact in the near future, I suggest that we can exclude such empty ones from archival by early-bird deletion, that's the correct way with no hurts, not keeping, this way is really hurting future new users. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 05:14, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::::I understand your concerns, but they are unnecessary. Enough explanation is enough. If you think like that, then all soft shutdown sites would have this problem, which is impossible. [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 11:04, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] I don't think so, it's unable to guess what the new users really wanna do, if and when they asked for unprotect, are you really able to do such &quot;enough explanation&quot;s? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38002-61|&amp;#126;2026-38002-61]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-38002-61|talk]]) 04:09, 3 July 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] Anyway, I suggest that we can exclude one from your archival proposal: Turkish ([[Wn/tr]]) as someone else pointed above, there are really nothing but spam pages under Wn/tr prefix. Presumably, that's already a scandal of Incubator. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:52, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah If there truly is an extremely exceptional incubator version that cannot be resolved through cleanup and has a significant negative impact, then of course it is open to discuss, I won't be opposite. [[User:Sheminghui.WU|Sheminghui.WU]] ([[User talk:Sheminghui.WU|talk]]) 12:39, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

=== [[Wn/tr]] ===
Since someone pointed above, I suggest that even we are considering to archive all Wikinews test projects without deletion, but this Turkish one should really be excluded from archival, and should consider '''deleting all pages''', and with explaination to '''direct to either tr.wikipedia or Miraheze/Fandom...''' for future news contributions, due to '''full of spam-only pages, include the mainpage'''. --'''[[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 11:24, 13 May 2026 (UTC)'''

== [[Wy/ssh]] ==

not in shihhi arabic  [[User:Almajidy|&lt;b style=&quot;background:#3e67b3;color:#FFF;border:4pxsolid #3e67b3;border-radius:25px;padding:3px 10px;font:20px 'Brush Script MT';&quot;&gt;'''Almajidy'''&lt;/b&gt;]]&lt;b style=&quot;font-size:7px;&quot;&gt;【Talk】&lt;/b&gt; 07:36, 11 May 2026 (UTC)

:Seems already deleted, close? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 12:00, 12 May 2026 (UTC)
{{Section resolved|1=[[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 14:32, 3 July 2026 (UTC)}}

== [[Wb/ary]], [[Wp/ars]], [[Wt/acm]], [[Wy/acm]], [[Wp/ayl]], [[Wq/ary]], [[Wp/afb]] ==

one page wiki test projects [[User:Almajidy|&lt;b style=&quot;background:#3e67b3;color:#FFF;border:4pxsolid #3e67b3;border-radius:25px;padding:3px 10px;font:20px 'Brush Script MT';&quot;&gt;'''Almajidy'''&lt;/b&gt;]]&lt;b style=&quot;font-size:7px;&quot;&gt;【Talk】&lt;/b&gt; 12:10, 12 May 2026 (UTC)

:Notifyed two users that were active on some of above. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|&amp;#126;2026-23926-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-23926-28|talk]]) 05:07, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
:Wp/afb has multiple pages. [[User:JJUPLOADS22|JJUPLOADS22]] ([[User talk:JJUPLOADS22|talk]]) 19:01, 31 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/xpq]] ==

There's no one encyclopedic article in this wiki, only images and two interrogative sentences in [[Wp/xpq/Shwi mitukushq]]. Mohegan-Pequot is actually a dead language. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 12:40, 30 August 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/mjy]] ==

No encyclopedic content: articles contain nothing except title and single image. Mahican language has no speakers. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 13:20, 30 August 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wp/xzh]] ==

Unactive test in an ancient language. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 05:08, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wt/mxi]] ==

Unactive test in a historical language. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 05:08, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wy/bxr]] ==

The single page, being abandoned for 5 years, contains only English text. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 14:00, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

== Tungusic Wiktionaries ==
[[Wt/neg]], [[Wt/ude]], [[Wt/evn]], [[Wt/ulc]], [[Wt/oaa]], [[Wt/gld]]. No content on these languages except from the described words. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 17:39, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wq/jje]] ==

No actual content since creation. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 14:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wy/jje]] ==

Same as [[Wq/jje]]. [[User:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[User talk:Таёжный лес|talk]]) 14:37, 3 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9v9s65acpd7o9yel1uvav9udtu9ney4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hoc/𑢷𑢢𑢼 𑢷𑢢𑢼𑢾𑢡 𑢶𑢣𑢳𑢱𑢡 𑢵𑢢𑢬𑢢𑢳 𑢺𑢫𑢢𑢱</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3091130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304252</id>
      <parentid>5386807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T01:38:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-47918-66</username>
        <id>2703159</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>𑣖𑣁𑣝𑣙𑣃 𑣞𑣂𑣓𑣌𑣃</comment>
      <origin>7304252</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1577" sha1="oaf2m7zv2hqgnyjtuhfgypbuzdfdt97" xml:space="preserve">[[Wp/hoc/𑢳𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖|𑢳𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖]] 𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣖𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣍 𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣗𑣃 

𑢡𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣌𑣒𑣁 𑣞𑣃𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣈𑣋𑣈 𑣎𑣉𑣙𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣈𑣕𑣈 ......𑣿

𑢳𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖 𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣖𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣍 𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣗𑣃 

𑢡𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣌𑣒𑣁 𑣞𑣃𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣈𑣋𑣈 𑣎𑣉𑣙𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣈𑣕𑣈.......𑣿

𑢮𑣓𑣉𑣖𑣈 𑣚𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣇𑣚𑣂 𑣙𑣁𑣕𑣃 𑣕𑣚𑣁𑣜𑣈 

𑢳𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖 𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣓𑣂𑣕𑣂𑣜 𑣌𑣈𑣑𑣁 𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣕𑣁𑣚𑣁 𑣖𑣚𑣁𑣜𑣈

𑢡𑣗𑣃 𑣕𑣚𑣁 𑣖𑣚𑣁𑣜𑣈........𑣢

𑢳𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖 𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣈𑣗𑣃 𑣖𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣍 𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣗𑣃 

𑢡𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣌𑣒𑣁 𑣞𑣃𑣗𑣈𑣜𑣈𑣋𑣈 𑣎𑣉𑣙𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣈𑣕𑣈........𑣿

𑢺𑣛𑣁𑣆 𑣌𑣈𑣓𑣁 𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣘𑣃𑣓𑣑𑣂 𑣁𑣜𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣉 𑣚𑣉𑣄

𑢴𑣂𑣝𑣃𑣖 𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣗𑣍𑣏𑣁𑣉 𑣌𑣈𑣑𑣁 𑢡𑣗𑣃 𑣖𑣓𑣖𑣂 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣌𑣉 𑣚𑣋𑣂𑣑

𑢡𑣗𑣃 𑣙𑣉𑣉 𑣙𑣃𑣔𑣈 𑣚𑣋𑣂𑣑......𑣢

𑢳𑣃𑣕𑣃𑣖 𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣗𑣃 𑣖𑣓𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣍 𑣌𑣂𑣓𑣁𑣗𑣃 

𑢡𑣌𑣂𑣓 𑣌𑣒𑣁 𑣞𑣃𑣗𑣁𑣜𑣈𑣋𑣈 𑣎𑣉𑣙𑣁𑣜 𑣌𑣈𑣕𑣈............𑣿

𑣿𑣿𑣿𑣿𑣿𑣿𑣿𑣿𑣿𑣿𑣿𑣿𑣿

[[Category:Wp/hoc]]</text>
      <sha1>oaf2m7zv2hqgnyjtuhfgypbuzdfdt97</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:咽頭べさ</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3171358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304253</id>
      <parentid>7303754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T02:17:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>咽頭べさ</username>
        <id>2556230</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pali Wikipedia */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>7304253</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21255" sha1="cv75b4a1obxrruwvsi1h8grfxvpnqq4" xml:space="preserve">{{User:咽頭べさ/Top icon |imagename=Flag of the Mon people.gif |wikilink=Mon National Day |description=Mon National Flag |id= |width=50 |height=30 |sortkey= |nocat= }}
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:23px;border:1px solid #FF69B4; background:#F7D1DE; width:100%;padding:10px;margin-top:0px;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF69B4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;letter-spacing:3px; font-size:300%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[[File:Love_Flag_English.png|100x100px]]Hello, Welcome to the user talk.[[File:Love_Mon_Flag.png|100x100px]]&lt;br /&gt;မ္ၚဵုရအဴ၊ ဒုင်တၠုင်ဏာနူကဵုညးလွပ်ဓရီုကျာဏအ်ရအဴ။&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|&lt;div class=&quot;nomobile&quot;&gt;[[File:Welcome to Mon National Day mnw to en.png|link=en:Mon National Day|center|1000x1000px|Welcome to Mon National Day]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|[[File:Buddha meditating.gif|200px]][[File:Map of Mon Country.svg|300px]]
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! [[File:Flag_of_the_Mon_people.png|30px]] !! style=&quot;background-color:#FECB00&quot;|Mon Country  !! style=&quot;background-color:#EA2839&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Mon State
|-
|Mon national flag or Mon people flag||Area covering Old Mon Country known in history as Hongsgwaddy or Rehmanaya, conquered by the Burmese in 1757.|| Mon State created by Ne Win Government in 1974, comprising Moulmein and Thatan districts.
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float={{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|left|right}}
}}
{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|&lt;div class=&quot;rtl-text&quot;&gt;|}}
Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
{{#ifeq:|yes|If you haven't already, please consider creating yourself an account to be able to do more.  It's free.&lt;br&gt;}}
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand it!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and [[translatewiki:Special:FirstSteps|follow the instructions]].

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|&lt;/div&gt;|}}&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 18:24, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

== [[Wp/blk]] ==

Last month, you created this portal page, but then nothing else are contributed, I wonder if you're interested in contributing this project or not? --[[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 11:47, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
::Hello{{Ping|Liuxinyu970226}}, I'm trying to have a Pa'O language wikipedia, But I am not a Pa'O people. I have a little knowledge of Pa'O language, now I am looking for an author of Pa'O language. Related to Pa'O language, I wrote a post on Facebook looking for help from Pa'O people for Pa'O language wikipedia thank you very much.--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 13:36, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

== FYI ==

You should read [[I:CASE]] before creating the template/module that start with a lower case letter after the prefix. Thanks. [[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 15:45, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
:::Hello{{Ping|Ninjastrikers}}, I copy the original version of Template and Module, everything I do now is based on the original Template and Module.--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 03:06, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
::::ဆိုလိုတာက တမ်းပလိတ်/မော်ဂျူး/ကဏ္ဍတွေလုပ်တဲ့အခါမှာ Template:Wp/blk/ ဒါမှမဟုတ် Module:Wp/blk/ ဒါမှမဟုတ် Category:Wp/blk/ ရဲ့နောက်မှာ အင်္ဂလိပ်စာလုံးအသေး (lower case) နဲ့မစဘဲ စာလုံးကြီး (Capital letter) နဲ့ စရေးဖို့ကိုပြောတာပါ။ ဥပမာ [[Template:Wp/blk/coord]] အစား [[Template:Wp/blk/Coord]] ဆိုပြီး C အကြီးနဲ့ လုပ်ဖို့ပါ။ နည်းပညာဆိုင်ရာအကန့်အသတ်တွေကြောင့် ဝစ်ရှင်နရီပရောဂျက်ကလွဲပြီး ကျန်ပရောဂျက်တွေမှာ အဲအတိုင်းလုပ်ရမှာပါ။ ကျေးဇူးပါ။ [[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 03:13, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
::{{Ping|Ninjastrikers}},File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-blk.svgဖိုင်နဲ့ပက်သက်ပြီ ဒီမှာပဲတစ်ခါထဲမေးလိုက်မယ် ဝီခီဖီးဒီယာအမည်ကို ခင်ဗျာဘာအထောက်အထားနဲ့ ဝီခီပီးဒီးယားအမည်ဟု ပြောင်လဲလိုက်တာလဲ ဒါကိုရှင်းပေးပါ ဒါမှမဟုတ်ခင်ဗျာကပအိုဝ်စာပေပညာရှင်လား ဒါမှမဟုတ်ခင်ဗျာကတိုင်းရင်းသားစာပေအဖျက်သမားလား ခင်ဗျာကျွန်ပ်နဲ့ပြသနာတွေတတ်အောင်အမျိုးမျိုးလုပ်နေတယ်နော် ဒီဝီခီဖီးဒီယာအမည်အတွက်ကျွန်ပ်ပအိုဝ်ပညာရှင်တွေနဲ့ဆွေးနွေးခဲ့တယ် ဒီဝီခီဖီးဒီယာအမည်ဟာပအိုဝ်အများအတည်ပြုတယ်အမည်ဖြစ်တယ် ပအိုဝ်တွေနဲ့ခင်ဗျာဆွေးနွေးသင့်တယ် ပအိုဝ်တွေရဲ့အတည်ပြုချက်ကို ခင်ဗျာလေစာသင့်တယ် ခင်ဗျာမကူညီချင်နေပါ ရှုပ်အောင်မလုပ်ပါနဲ့ ဒါဟာဗမာအမည်စကားမဟုတ်ဘူး အဲ့တော့ခင်ဗျာပေးချင်တယ်အမည်ပေးမရဘူး ဒီအမည်နဲ့ပက်သက်ပြီခင်ဗျာနဲ့မဆိုင်ဘူး မူလပုံစံအတိုင်းပြန်ပြင်ပေးပါ ကျွန်ပ်ကခင်ဗျာနဲ့ပြသနာမတတ်အောင်ရှောင်းနေတယ်ကြာကခင်ဗျာလာရှုပ်တာ ဒါဘာသဘောလဲ ပြောရင်လည်းခင်ဗျာကမကြိုက်ဘူး ခင်ဗျာမကူညီလို့ကျွန်ပ်မပင်ပန်သွားဘူး ခင်ဗျာလာမရှုပ်ရင်ရပြီ မကူညီချင်လည်းဘာမဖြစ်ဘူး အက်မင်တွေကခင်ဗျာတစ်ယောက်ထဲမဟုတ်ဘူး ခင်ဗျာမလုပ်လည်းတခြာအက်မင်တွေကလုပ်သွားလိမ့်မယ်--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 05:50, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
:::ခင်ဗျား ပထမဆုံးတင်လိုက်တဲ့ လိုဂိုဖိုင်က logo localization သတ်မှတ်ချက်တွေနဲ့ လွဲနေခဲ့ပါတယ်။ အချိုးအစားမကိုက်တာ၊ စာလုံးတွေက ဘဲဥပုံဖြစ်နေတာ စသဖြင့်ပေါ့။ ဒါကြောင့် စကေးကိုက်ဖြစ်အောင် ပြန်ပြန်တဲ့အခါမှာ အောက်က စာသားနှစ်ကြောင်းကို ပြန်ရိုက်ပေးဖို့ ပအိုဝ်းမိတ်ဆွေတွေကို ပြောတဲ့အချိန် စာလုံးမှားနေတယ်ဆိုပြီး အမှန်ပြင်ပေးခဲ့ကြလို့ စာနှစ်ကြောင်းလုံး ပြင်လိုက်ပါတယ်။ reference အနေနဲ့ [https://www.facebook.com/107830084985098/posts/108308008270639/ ဒီပို့စ်] က ပအိုဝ်းဝီကီပီးဒီးယား လို့ရေးထားတာကိုလည်း တွေ့ရတယ်။ ဒါပါပဲ။ စကားမစပ် &quot;ပအိုဝ်း&quot; ပါ။ &quot;ပအိုဝ်&quot; မဟုတ်ပါဘူး။ နောက်ပြီး translatewiki မှာ ခင်ဗျားရဲ့ဘာသာပြန်တချို့ စာလုံးပေါင်းမှားနေတာတွေရှိလို့ ပြန်ပြင်ထားပါတယ်။ [[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 04:59, 26 September 2021 (UTC)
:::{{Ping|Ninjastrikers}},ပအိုဝ်းကိုမွန်အသံအတိုင်းပအိုဝ်လို့ရေးတာလေ ကျွန်ပ်ကလည်း [https://web.facebook.com/PAOKHAMSAR/ Facebook ပအိုဝ်ႏခမ်းသား-Pa'O People / Pa'O Language] ကပေးတယ်အမည်အတိုင်းလုပ်တာလေ အခုပအိုဝ်းဝီကီဖြစ်လာဖို့သူတို့အကူညီနဲ့ကျွန်ပ်လုပ်ခဲ့တာ [https://web.facebook.com/PaO-Wikipedia-Info-107830084985098/ Pa'O Wikipedia Info] ရဲ့အကောင့်ကလည်း ပအိုဝ်ႏခမ်းသား-Pa'O People / Pa'O Language အကောင့်နဲ့အတူတူပါပဲ ခင်ဗျာသူတို့နဲ့မေးမြန်းကြည့်ပါ ဟုတ်မဟုတ်ဆိုတာ ကျွန်ပ်လုပ်နေတာသူတို့ကိုယ်စားဖြစ်တယ် အခုကျွန်ပ်လုပ်နေတာကကိုယ်လုပ်ချင်းသလို လုပ်နေတာမဟုတ်ဘူး သူတို့လိုလာတယ်ပုံစံအတိုင်းလုပ်နေတာ အဲ့လောက်ကျွန်ပ်ပြောရင်ခင်ဗျာသဘောပေါက်မှာပါ စာလုံးကဘဲဥပုံဖြစ်နေတာ ကျွန်ပ်နဲ့မဆိုင်ဘူး Unicode fontတီထွင်းခဲ့သူနဲ့ဆိုင်တယ်--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 11:08, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

== S'gaw Karen projects ==

There is a [https://www.facebook.com/groups/sgawkarenwikipedia group on Facebook] for S'gaw Karen Wikipedia and other projects. You can consult with them before supporting the projects. Thanks. [[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 03:42, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
:::{{Ping|Ninjastrikers}},It is not convenient for me to go and talk to them myself, but because my Facebook account was blocked for 3 months, but do not worry, I will send my dearest sister to talk to them on my behalf, thanks.--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 04:26, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
::{{Ping|우습게}},나의 가장 사랑하는 아이야 내가 너에게 말할게, 들어라 당신은 나를 대신하여 이 [https://www.facebook.com/groups/sgawkarenwikipedia S'gaw Karen] 그룹에 가서 그들과 이야기했습니다 모든 지침은 LINE으로 전송됩니다.--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 04:26, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

== Meta Wiki==

Hello, seems that the Wp/blk project develops well. Would you create a request of the language on meta so that it can be verified as eligible? --[[User:မ္ၚဵု|မ္ၚဵု]] ([[User talk:မ္ၚဵု|talk]]) 19:52, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
:Hello{{Ping|မ္ၚဵု}},Language request for Wp/blk not required yet, but the a language confirmation request for Wt/blk can be found at the link [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Pa%27O Wiktionary Pa'O] below, if you know Pa'O language, you can help with Wp/blk, thanks.--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 20:58, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

== Interlingue ==
Hi! Thank you for you kind message. Yes, I would like to ask you whether it would be possible to have a translation to Pa'O, Mon and/or Burmese of that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue article]. A few lines would be fine. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 15:33, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

:::{{Ping|Caro de Segeda}}, Although it is not difficult to translate the Interlingue article, we have to discuss the title of the article because the vocabulary called Interlingue is a vocabulary that many people in Burma have never heard of, once we have discussed the Interlingue article topic in our Facebook group, we will start translating the Interlingue article, I am currently working to get my own Pa-O wiki domain, thanks.--[[User:咽頭べさ|Music writer Dr.Intobesa of Japanese idol NMB48 and BNK48.]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 16:01, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
::::No worries, thanks for your help. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 16:45, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

== Invitation to participate in the discussion on proposed language approval ==

Hello,

As part of an experiment proposed by the Wikimedia Foundation, the Language Committee has been requested to approve your language project and help graduate it from the Incubator.

As you are an active editor of the language in the Incubator, I am personally reaching out to invite you to join the discussion on the talk page here: &lt;[[Talk:Wp/tdd#Feedback Request: Approval and Participation in Incubation Experiment|https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wp/tdd#Feedback_Request:_Approval_and_Participation_in_Incubation_Experiment]]&gt;. You can also find more information about the experiment in the talk page message.

The deadline to respond to the discussion on [[Talk:Wp/tdd#Feedback Request: Approval and Participation in Incubation Experiment|Talk:Wp/tdd]] is '''September 16th'''. After this date, the Language Committee will be asked to consider an alternative wiki for the experiment. [[User:SSethi (WMF)|SSethi (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SSethi (WMF)|talk]]) 19:46, 12 September 2024 (UTC)

== Pali Wikipedia ==

Hello Itobesa, if you actually know Pali, please help us revive [[:pi:पमुख पत्त Pamukha patta|Pali Wikipedia]]! [[User:ङघिञ|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange;&quot;&gt;'''ङघिञ'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:ङघिञ|talk]]) 11:09, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

:I would like to say that has nothing to do with my proficiency in the Pali language, because isn't that from the Pali Wikipedia on the Indian side? To be completely honest, my education is neither from the Indian side of Pali nor the Burmese side of Pali; it is solely [[:en:Mon_language|Mon Pali]], and it is called [https://w.wiki/U8c9 Mon Pali]. I can help with that matter, but to be honest, I truly do not want any unwanted problems to arise due to differing regional perspectives. In the past, I also helped out on the Japanese Wikipedia, but I was misunderstood and my account was even blocked. In truth, because I am an extremely honest person, I don't know how to speak with any bias toward anyone when I talk, which is why some people tend to think of me as a rude person. In reality, I am not a rude person; I am simply someone with a strong sense of justice who speaks openly and honestly straight from the heart. If you can accept my openness and honesty, I can help you with this matter, thanks. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: magenta; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:咽頭べさ|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;𝓓𝓻.𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓸𝓫𝓮𝓼𝓪&lt;/span&gt;]]|[[User talk:咽頭べさ|𝒯𝒶𝓁𝓀]]&lt;/span&gt; 15:13, 2 September 2026 (UTC)
::Hi! The only difference is in scripts between the two varieties of Pali. Can you read and write in [[:en:Devanagari|Devanagari]]? And yes, honesty is the best policy. [[User:ङघिञ|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange;&quot;&gt;'''ङघिञ'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:ङघिञ|talk]]) 09:56, 3 September 2026 (UTC)
:::That is not merely a difference in scripts; there are also some differences in concepts (for example, Mon people in Burma tend to use them mixed with Burmese, and the Mon in Thailand do the same). Regarding the Pali language, what I have observed and discovered is that (for instance, those who use the Burmese style of Pali tend to write in Pali using Burmese concepts, and our Mon side does the same as well. A practical example is my own name, Intobesa, which you can examine carefully—those are Mon-style Pali usages employed by the Mon people, not Mon words at all, but rather Mon-Pali terms). As for Devanagari, when I was 14 years old, I learned it at a basic level at a Hindu temple in Mawlamyine, Mon State, and I also learned it on the India-Burma border in Chin State. That wasn't a level of completing a course of study, nor did I learn it from genuine teachers; rather, it was learned simply at a basic level with whoever I happened to meet while traveling. Actually, this has been a habit of mine since childhood—because I am the kind of person who has the habit of learning and studying any language whenever an opportunity arises, right up to the present age. I can speak a little Hindi, Tamil, Nepali, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Rohingya, and Bengali, and I know a few prayers used in Hindu temples by heart. The weakness is just writing; as for speaking, I can converse well enough to make one another understand. As for being able to write in Devanagari characters, I would primarily have to use a phone, because I do not yet know how to type on a computer. The languages I can type on a computer are limited to Thai, Mon, Burmese, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and English. Since I obtained a PhD degree in Thailand, I am more proficient in Thai typography. As for Mon, because it is my mother tongue, I am proficient in it at a higher level than others. Once upon a time, I tried to pursue degrees in the United States and Japan, but as they say, I had bad luck; practically speaking, there was not much living space for me in those countries, so it became impossible to continue my education there. Continuing my education in China also involved extremely high living expenses, and because of those reasons, all of my education ultimately ended in Thailand. At present, I live in Thailand working as a Mon writer, and I am still the sole translator of over a thousand languages into Mon on Mon Wiktionary. To conclude all of this, I will help contribute to the Pali Wikipedia simply by writing in it during my spare time just to test things out. I only hope that there will be no unwanted issues like those on the Japanese Wikipedia. As for anything else, I do not need a thing. In reality, helping others through writing is one of my passions, and learning and studying any language whatsoever are also my hobbies. I am the kind of person who feels happy if I get to write every day. When I was young, I would also spend the whole day sitting in bookstores reading books. My arrival on this wiki was not expected to gain anything; it has come about purely because of my hobbies of reading and writing, ([https://w.wiki/UAaZ You can take a look at this piece of my work for an example]) thanks. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: magenta; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:咽頭べさ|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;𝓓𝓻.𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓸𝓫𝓮𝓼𝓪&lt;/span&gt;]]|[[User talk:咽頭べさ|𝒯𝒶𝓁𝓀]]&lt;/span&gt; 02:17, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="22066" sha1="e45ihggzqoomsewwl0p3pcjjvtvxggq" xml:space="preserve">{{User:咽頭べさ/Top icon |imagename=Flag of the Mon people.gif |wikilink=Mon National Day |description=Mon National Flag |id= |width=50 |height=30 |sortkey= |nocat= }}
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:23px;border:1px solid #FF69B4; background:#F7D1DE; width:100%;padding:10px;margin-top:0px;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF69B4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;letter-spacing:3px; font-size:300%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[[File:Love_Flag_English.png|100x100px]]Hello, Welcome to the user talk.[[File:Love_Mon_Flag.png|100x100px]]&lt;br /&gt;မ္ၚဵုရအဴ၊ ဒုင်တၠုင်ဏာနူကဵုညးလွပ်ဓရီုကျာဏအ်ရအဴ။&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|&lt;div class=&quot;nomobile&quot;&gt;[[File:Welcome to Mon National Day mnw to en.png|link=en:Mon National Day|center|1000x1000px|Welcome to Mon National Day]]&lt;/div&gt;
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|[[File:Buddha meditating.gif|200px]][[File:Map of Mon Country.svg|300px]]
|-
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{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
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! [[File:Flag_of_the_Mon_people.png|30px]] !! style=&quot;background-color:#FECB00&quot;|Mon Country  !! style=&quot;background-color:#EA2839&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Mon State
|-
|Mon national flag or Mon people flag||Area covering Old Mon Country known in history as Hongsgwaddy or Rehmanaya, conquered by the Burmese in 1757.|| Mon State created by Ne Win Government in 1974, comprising Moulmein and Thatan districts.
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float={{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|left|right}}
}}
{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|&lt;div class=&quot;rtl-text&quot;&gt;|}}
Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
{{#ifeq:|yes|If you haven't already, please consider creating yourself an account to be able to do more.  It's free.&lt;br&gt;}}
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand it!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and [[translatewiki:Special:FirstSteps|follow the instructions]].

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|&lt;/div&gt;|}}&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 18:24, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

== [[Wp/blk]] ==

Last month, you created this portal page, but then nothing else are contributed, I wonder if you're interested in contributing this project or not? --[[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 11:47, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
::Hello{{Ping|Liuxinyu970226}}, I'm trying to have a Pa'O language wikipedia, But I am not a Pa'O people. I have a little knowledge of Pa'O language, now I am looking for an author of Pa'O language. Related to Pa'O language, I wrote a post on Facebook looking for help from Pa'O people for Pa'O language wikipedia thank you very much.--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 13:36, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

== FYI ==

You should read [[I:CASE]] before creating the template/module that start with a lower case letter after the prefix. Thanks. [[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 15:45, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
:::Hello{{Ping|Ninjastrikers}}, I copy the original version of Template and Module, everything I do now is based on the original Template and Module.--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 03:06, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
::::ဆိုလိုတာက တမ်းပလိတ်/မော်ဂျူး/ကဏ္ဍတွေလုပ်တဲ့အခါမှာ Template:Wp/blk/ ဒါမှမဟုတ် Module:Wp/blk/ ဒါမှမဟုတ် Category:Wp/blk/ ရဲ့နောက်မှာ အင်္ဂလိပ်စာလုံးအသေး (lower case) နဲ့မစဘဲ စာလုံးကြီး (Capital letter) နဲ့ စရေးဖို့ကိုပြောတာပါ။ ဥပမာ [[Template:Wp/blk/coord]] အစား [[Template:Wp/blk/Coord]] ဆိုပြီး C အကြီးနဲ့ လုပ်ဖို့ပါ။ နည်းပညာဆိုင်ရာအကန့်အသတ်တွေကြောင့် ဝစ်ရှင်နရီပရောဂျက်ကလွဲပြီး ကျန်ပရောဂျက်တွေမှာ အဲအတိုင်းလုပ်ရမှာပါ။ ကျေးဇူးပါ။ [[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 03:13, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
::{{Ping|Ninjastrikers}},File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-blk.svgဖိုင်နဲ့ပက်သက်ပြီ ဒီမှာပဲတစ်ခါထဲမေးလိုက်မယ် ဝီခီဖီးဒီယာအမည်ကို ခင်ဗျာဘာအထောက်အထားနဲ့ ဝီခီပီးဒီးယားအမည်ဟု ပြောင်လဲလိုက်တာလဲ ဒါကိုရှင်းပေးပါ ဒါမှမဟုတ်ခင်ဗျာကပအိုဝ်စာပေပညာရှင်လား ဒါမှမဟုတ်ခင်ဗျာကတိုင်းရင်းသားစာပေအဖျက်သမားလား ခင်ဗျာကျွန်ပ်နဲ့ပြသနာတွေတတ်အောင်အမျိုးမျိုးလုပ်နေတယ်နော် ဒီဝီခီဖီးဒီယာအမည်အတွက်ကျွန်ပ်ပအိုဝ်ပညာရှင်တွေနဲ့ဆွေးနွေးခဲ့တယ် ဒီဝီခီဖီးဒီယာအမည်ဟာပအိုဝ်အများအတည်ပြုတယ်အမည်ဖြစ်တယ် ပအိုဝ်တွေနဲ့ခင်ဗျာဆွေးနွေးသင့်တယ် ပအိုဝ်တွေရဲ့အတည်ပြုချက်ကို ခင်ဗျာလေစာသင့်တယ် ခင်ဗျာမကူညီချင်နေပါ ရှုပ်အောင်မလုပ်ပါနဲ့ ဒါဟာဗမာအမည်စကားမဟုတ်ဘူး အဲ့တော့ခင်ဗျာပေးချင်တယ်အမည်ပေးမရဘူး ဒီအမည်နဲ့ပက်သက်ပြီခင်ဗျာနဲ့မဆိုင်ဘူး မူလပုံစံအတိုင်းပြန်ပြင်ပေးပါ ကျွန်ပ်ကခင်ဗျာနဲ့ပြသနာမတတ်အောင်ရှောင်းနေတယ်ကြာကခင်ဗျာလာရှုပ်တာ ဒါဘာသဘောလဲ ပြောရင်လည်းခင်ဗျာကမကြိုက်ဘူး ခင်ဗျာမကူညီလို့ကျွန်ပ်မပင်ပန်သွားဘူး ခင်ဗျာလာမရှုပ်ရင်ရပြီ မကူညီချင်လည်းဘာမဖြစ်ဘူး အက်မင်တွေကခင်ဗျာတစ်ယောက်ထဲမဟုတ်ဘူး ခင်ဗျာမလုပ်လည်းတခြာအက်မင်တွေကလုပ်သွားလိမ့်မယ်--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 05:50, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
:::ခင်ဗျား ပထမဆုံးတင်လိုက်တဲ့ လိုဂိုဖိုင်က logo localization သတ်မှတ်ချက်တွေနဲ့ လွဲနေခဲ့ပါတယ်။ အချိုးအစားမကိုက်တာ၊ စာလုံးတွေက ဘဲဥပုံဖြစ်နေတာ စသဖြင့်ပေါ့။ ဒါကြောင့် စကေးကိုက်ဖြစ်အောင် ပြန်ပြန်တဲ့အခါမှာ အောက်က စာသားနှစ်ကြောင်းကို ပြန်ရိုက်ပေးဖို့ ပအိုဝ်းမိတ်ဆွေတွေကို ပြောတဲ့အချိန် စာလုံးမှားနေတယ်ဆိုပြီး အမှန်ပြင်ပေးခဲ့ကြလို့ စာနှစ်ကြောင်းလုံး ပြင်လိုက်ပါတယ်။ reference အနေနဲ့ [https://www.facebook.com/107830084985098/posts/108308008270639/ ဒီပို့စ်] က ပအိုဝ်းဝီကီပီးဒီးယား လို့ရေးထားတာကိုလည်း တွေ့ရတယ်။ ဒါပါပဲ။ စကားမစပ် &quot;ပအိုဝ်း&quot; ပါ။ &quot;ပအိုဝ်&quot; မဟုတ်ပါဘူး။ နောက်ပြီး translatewiki မှာ ခင်ဗျားရဲ့ဘာသာပြန်တချို့ စာလုံးပေါင်းမှားနေတာတွေရှိလို့ ပြန်ပြင်ထားပါတယ်။ [[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 04:59, 26 September 2021 (UTC)
:::{{Ping|Ninjastrikers}},ပအိုဝ်းကိုမွန်အသံအတိုင်းပအိုဝ်လို့ရေးတာလေ ကျွန်ပ်ကလည်း [https://web.facebook.com/PAOKHAMSAR/ Facebook ပအိုဝ်ႏခမ်းသား-Pa'O People / Pa'O Language] ကပေးတယ်အမည်အတိုင်းလုပ်တာလေ အခုပအိုဝ်းဝီကီဖြစ်လာဖို့သူတို့အကူညီနဲ့ကျွန်ပ်လုပ်ခဲ့တာ [https://web.facebook.com/PaO-Wikipedia-Info-107830084985098/ Pa'O Wikipedia Info] ရဲ့အကောင့်ကလည်း ပအိုဝ်ႏခမ်းသား-Pa'O People / Pa'O Language အကောင့်နဲ့အတူတူပါပဲ ခင်ဗျာသူတို့နဲ့မေးမြန်းကြည့်ပါ ဟုတ်မဟုတ်ဆိုတာ ကျွန်ပ်လုပ်နေတာသူတို့ကိုယ်စားဖြစ်တယ် အခုကျွန်ပ်လုပ်နေတာကကိုယ်လုပ်ချင်းသလို လုပ်နေတာမဟုတ်ဘူး သူတို့လိုလာတယ်ပုံစံအတိုင်းလုပ်နေတာ အဲ့လောက်ကျွန်ပ်ပြောရင်ခင်ဗျာသဘောပေါက်မှာပါ စာလုံးကဘဲဥပုံဖြစ်နေတာ ကျွန်ပ်နဲ့မဆိုင်ဘူး Unicode fontတီထွင်းခဲ့သူနဲ့ဆိုင်တယ်--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 11:08, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

== S'gaw Karen projects ==

There is a [https://www.facebook.com/groups/sgawkarenwikipedia group on Facebook] for S'gaw Karen Wikipedia and other projects. You can consult with them before supporting the projects. Thanks. [[User:Ninjastrikers|&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;&quot;&gt;Ninja&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;✮&lt;/span&gt;Strikers&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 03:42, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
:::{{Ping|Ninjastrikers}},It is not convenient for me to go and talk to them myself, but because my Facebook account was blocked for 3 months, but do not worry, I will send my dearest sister to talk to them on my behalf, thanks.--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 04:26, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
::{{Ping|우습게}},나의 가장 사랑하는 아이야 내가 너에게 말할게, 들어라 당신은 나를 대신하여 이 [https://www.facebook.com/groups/sgawkarenwikipedia S'gaw Karen] 그룹에 가서 그들과 이야기했습니다 모든 지침은 LINE으로 전송됩니다.--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 04:26, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

== Meta Wiki==

Hello, seems that the Wp/blk project develops well. Would you create a request of the language on meta so that it can be verified as eligible? --[[User:မ္ၚဵု|မ္ၚဵု]] ([[User talk:မ္ၚဵု|talk]]) 19:52, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
:Hello{{Ping|မ္ၚဵု}},Language request for Wp/blk not required yet, but the a language confirmation request for Wt/blk can be found at the link [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Pa%27O Wiktionary Pa'O] below, if you know Pa'O language, you can help with Wp/blk, thanks.--[[User:咽頭べさ|咽頭べさ]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 20:58, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

== Interlingue ==
Hi! Thank you for you kind message. Yes, I would like to ask you whether it would be possible to have a translation to Pa'O, Mon and/or Burmese of that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue article]. A few lines would be fine. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 15:33, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

:::{{Ping|Caro de Segeda}}, Although it is not difficult to translate the Interlingue article, we have to discuss the title of the article because the vocabulary called Interlingue is a vocabulary that many people in Burma have never heard of, once we have discussed the Interlingue article topic in our Facebook group, we will start translating the Interlingue article, I am currently working to get my own Pa-O wiki domain, thanks.--[[User:咽頭べさ|Music writer Dr.Intobesa of Japanese idol NMB48 and BNK48.]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 16:01, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
::::No worries, thanks for your help. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 16:45, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

== Invitation to participate in the discussion on proposed language approval ==

Hello,

As part of an experiment proposed by the Wikimedia Foundation, the Language Committee has been requested to approve your language project and help graduate it from the Incubator.

As you are an active editor of the language in the Incubator, I am personally reaching out to invite you to join the discussion on the talk page here: &lt;[[Talk:Wp/tdd#Feedback Request: Approval and Participation in Incubation Experiment|https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wp/tdd#Feedback_Request:_Approval_and_Participation_in_Incubation_Experiment]]&gt;. You can also find more information about the experiment in the talk page message.

The deadline to respond to the discussion on [[Talk:Wp/tdd#Feedback Request: Approval and Participation in Incubation Experiment|Talk:Wp/tdd]] is '''September 16th'''. After this date, the Language Committee will be asked to consider an alternative wiki for the experiment. [[User:SSethi (WMF)|SSethi (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SSethi (WMF)|talk]]) 19:46, 12 September 2024 (UTC)

== Pali Wikipedia ==

Hello Itobesa, if you actually know Pali, please help us revive [[:pi:पमुख पत्त Pamukha patta|Pali Wikipedia]]! [[User:ङघिञ|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange;&quot;&gt;'''ङघिञ'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:ङघिञ|talk]]) 11:09, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

:I would like to say that has nothing to do with my proficiency in the Pali language, because isn't that from the Pali Wikipedia on the Indian side? To be completely honest, my education is neither from the Indian side of Pali nor the Burmese side of Pali; it is solely [[:en:Mon_language|Mon Pali]], and it is called [https://w.wiki/U8c9 Mon Pali]. I can help with that matter, but to be honest, I truly do not want any unwanted problems to arise due to differing regional perspectives. In the past, I also helped out on the Japanese Wikipedia, but I was misunderstood and my account was even blocked. In truth, because I am an extremely honest person, I don't know how to speak with any bias toward anyone when I talk, which is why some people tend to think of me as a rude person. In reality, I am not a rude person; I am simply someone with a strong sense of justice who speaks openly and honestly straight from the heart. If you can accept my openness and honesty, I can help you with this matter, thanks. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: magenta; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:咽頭べさ|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;𝓓𝓻.𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓸𝓫𝓮𝓼𝓪&lt;/span&gt;]]|[[User talk:咽頭べさ|𝒯𝒶𝓁𝓀]]&lt;/span&gt; 15:13, 2 September 2026 (UTC)
::Hi! The only difference is in scripts between the two varieties of Pali. Can you read and write in [[:en:Devanagari|Devanagari]]? And yes, honesty is the best policy. [[User:ङघिञ|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange;&quot;&gt;'''ङघिञ'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:ङघिञ|talk]]) 09:56, 3 September 2026 (UTC)
:::That is not merely a difference in scripts; there are also some differences in concepts (for example, Mon people in Burma tend to use them mixed with Burmese, and the Mon in Thailand do the same). Regarding the Pali language, what I have observed and discovered is that (for instance, those who use the Burmese style of Pali tend to write in Pali using Burmese concepts, and our Mon side does the same as well. A practical example is my own name, Intobesa, which you can examine carefully—those are Mon-style Pali usages employed by the Mon people, not Mon words at all, but rather Mon-Pali terms). As for Devanagari, when I was 14 years old, I learned it at a basic level at a Hindu temple in Mawlamyine, Mon State, and I also learned it on the India-Burma border in Chin State. That wasn't a level of completing a course of study, nor did I learn it from genuine teachers; rather, it was learned simply at a basic level with whoever I happened to meet while traveling. Actually, this has been a habit of mine since childhood—because I am the kind of person who has the habit of learning and studying any language whenever an opportunity arises, right up to the present age. I can speak a little Hindi, Tamil, Nepali, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Rohingya, and Bengali, and I know a few prayers used in Hindu temples by heart. The weakness is just writing; as for speaking, I can converse well enough to make one another understand. As for being able to write in Devanagari characters, I would primarily have to use a phone, because I do not yet know how to type on a computer. The languages I can type on a computer are limited to Thai, Mon, Burmese, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and English. Since I obtained a PhD degree in Thailand, I am more proficient in Thai typography. As for Mon, because it is my mother tongue, I am proficient in it at a higher level than others. Once upon a time, I tried to pursue degrees in the United States and Japan, but as they say, I had bad luck; practically speaking, there was not much living space for me in those countries, so it became impossible to continue my education there. Continuing my education in China also involved extremely high living expenses, and because of those reasons, all of my education ultimately ended in Thailand. At present, I live in Thailand working as a Mon writer, and I am still the sole translator of over a thousand languages into Mon on Mon Wiktionary. To conclude all of this, I will help contribute to the Pali Wikipedia simply by writing in it during my spare time just to test things out. I only hope that there will be no unwanted issues like those on the Japanese Wikipedia. As for anything else, I do not need a thing. In reality, helping others through writing is one of my passions, and learning and studying any language whatsoever are also my hobbies. I am the kind of person who feels happy if I get to write every day. When I was young, I would also spend the whole day sitting in bookstores reading books. My arrival on this wiki was not expected to gain anything; it has come about purely because of my hobbies of reading and writing, ([https://w.wiki/UAaZ You can take a look at this piece of my work for an example]) thanks. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: magenta; padding: 2px 5px 1px 5px&quot;&gt;[[User:咽頭べさ|&lt;span style=&quot;color: white&quot;&gt;𝓓𝓻.𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓸𝓫𝓮𝓼𝓪&lt;/span&gt;]]|[[User talk:咽頭べさ|𝒯𝒶𝓁𝓀]]&lt;/span&gt; 02:17, 4 September 2026 (UTC)
::::Hello, it's okay if you write in Mon-Pali, after all, it is just a dialect of the same language! To type Devanagari on a computer, I use [https://www.google.com/intl/hi/inputtools/try/ Google Input Upkaran], which, when you type something in Latin script gets converted to Devanagari with plenty of options if you meant something else. Yes, I too joined Wikimedia to write. The major reason why I contacted you is that there is almost no one on Pali Wikipedia, which is why [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_Pali_Wikipedia some people want to close it]. But I want to save this language, through Wikipedia. Thank you a lot!!! [[User:ङघिञ|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange;&quot;&gt;'''ङघिञ'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:ङघिञ|talk]]) 07:18, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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'''Reagan Muhairwe''' akazaarwa ebiro 12 okwa mukaaga omu mwaka gwa 1992), Orikumanywa nka '''Ray G Rhiganz''' N'omunya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] orikweshongora kandi akahandiika ebyeshongoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|title=Ray G|url=https://m.eachamps.com/artist/311/ray-g|access-date=2022-01-06|website=Eachamps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nayeshongora kukirayo omu bunyakare bwe arikukozesa orurimi rwe orwa [[Wp/nyn/Runyankore|Runyankore]]. Akatandiika kweshongora omuri 2009 akiri omu ishomero kuhitsya  omuri 2014 obu yarabamu akamanywa na ekyeshongoro kye ekya Amarari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|title=Ray G Biography, Music, Videos, Lyrics And News {{!}} Enewsug Media|url=https://informationug.com/ray-g/|access-date=2021-12-12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|date=2021-10-19|title=Ray G: Biography and Love Life • The Campus Times|url=https://www.campustimesug.com/ray-g-biography-and-love-life/|access-date=2022-01-06|website=The Campus Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ray abagaineho za sitegi mpaango  nabeshongozi bamaani nka [[Wp/nyn/Eddy Kenzo|Eddy Kenzo]], Meddy na [[Wp/nyn/Jose Chameleone|Jose Chameleone]] aha [[Wp/nyn/Johnnie Walker|Johnnie Walker]] [[Wp/nyn/Highball|Highball]] tour omuri [[Wp/nyn/Mbarara|Mbarara]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|title=Ray G and Chameleone rock Mbarara|url=https://www.chano8.com/jose-chameleone-ray-g-rock-johnnie-walker-highball-tour-in-mbarara/|url-status=live|website=Chano8}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'omwe omuri [[Wp/nyn/Allan Toniks|Allan Toniks]], [[Wp/nyn/Sister Charity|Sister Charity]], [[Wp/nyn/Juliana Kanyomozi|Juliana Kanyomozi]] abari kuruga omuri burengyerwa-izooba bwa Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|title=The Ultimate List of Top Runyankole Musicians in Uganda by Tusiime Tutu|url=https://www.andariya.com/post/The-Ultimate-List-of-Top-Runyankole-Musicians-in-Uganda|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Andariya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akashomera Ishaka Adventist Collage,&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|last=Patricia|first=Busingye|date=2021-10-19|title=Ray G: Biography and Love Life • The Campus Times|url=https://www.campustimesug.com/ray-g-biography-and-love-life/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=The Campus Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|title=Ray G Songs, Biography, Music downloads {{!}} Blizz Uganda|url=https://blizz.co.ug/artist/35/rayg|access-date=2022-01-07|website=blizz.co.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahabwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Certificate of Education|Uganda Certificate of Education]] na [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education|Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education]] ebi yaamazire omuri 2012 atakamanyirwegye aha rurengo rw'ahaiguru omu ry'omuziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|date=2018-07-11|title=INTERVIEW: I was too broke to join university but now I can afford Harvard - Ray*G|url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/2018/07/11/interview-i-was-too-broke-to-join-university-but-now-i-can-afford-harvard-rayg/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Matooke Republic|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Taregeitsire aha [[Wp/nyn/University|university]] ahabw'okugira ngu abazaire be bakaba bataine sente z'okumushashurira omu Univasite ahabwokugira ngu akaba aine abarumuna bingi barikwenda kuza ahaishomero.Akarabamu kumanywa aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/East Africa|East Africa]] bwanyima y'okukora ekyeshongoro na [[Wp/nyn/Spice Diana|Spice Diana]] ekyirikwetwa ''Omusheeshe''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|last=BigEyeUg9|date=2020-08-09|title=MCM: Meet Ray G, Western Uganda’s biggest music icon.|url=https://bigeye.ug/mcm-meet-ray-g-western-ugandas-biggest-music-icon/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=BigEye.UG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aha kugyaguza emyaka 10 yo Muziki, akatekaho ekyafaayo kyo kugira abantu baingi  abaizire kumuhagira omuri burengyerwa-izooba aha ebiro 14 by'okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 2019 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Mbarara City|Mbarara City]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Eki, kikasika za kampani, nka [[Wp/nyn/91.3 Capital FM|91.3Capital Fm]], [[Wp/nyn/Africall Uganda|Africell Uganda]], 91.2 Crooze Fm na [[Wp/nyn/NBS Television|NBS Television]].

Omuri 2021, Ray G akasingura ekirabo ekyokuba orikusingayo oburungi omu kweshongora  kuruga omu burengyerwa-izooba, ekyaheirwe aba  Janzi Awards,&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|date=2021-12-13|title=Janzi Awards 2021 in Uganda: All the winners|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/janzi-awards-2021-uganda-all-winners|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Music In Africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ekyirabo ekikufayo munonga aha beshongozi abari kukoragye omu muziki gwa Uganda na East Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|last=sqoopadmin|title=Full list of winners at Janzi Awards|url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/202112/news/events/full-list-of-winners-at-janzi-awards.html|access-date=2022-01-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bwanyima y'okubarukaho kwa [[Wp/nyn/COVID-19|COVID-19]] pandemic, Akaimutsya eiraka eryabiire rigyenderiire ku shomesa abantu aha buzibu bwa vayirasi. Eki kikakorwa kurabira omu kyeshongoro ekyabiire kyiriho na [[Wp/nyn/Bebe Cool|Bebe Cool]], Catherine Kusasira, ekyayetsirwe Corana Distance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|title=Corona Distance (Chapter Two) by Bebe Cool ft Catherine Kusasira, Full Figure, Ray G and various Artistes|url=https://m.eachamps.com/song/3161/corona-distance-(chapter-two)|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Eachamps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2021, bakamutwara omu kooti barikugira ngu akaryarya omuntu ou baabeire bikyiriziine kuza kumweshongorera, ari Ray G n'omureeberezi we Clifford bakaakiira million 2 za  Uganda kweshongora aha bugyenyi omuri Ibanda Disturikiti Kandi bwanyima bakaba  bangire kushashura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|title=Ray G Faces Arrest For Failing To Perform At Wedding After Being Paid – Exposed Uganda|url=https://www.exposeduganda.com/ray-g-faces-arrest-for-failing-to-perform-at-wedding-after-being-paid/|access-date=2022-01-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obujurizi ==
&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]

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    <title>Wp/nyn/katoonga</title>
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      <text bytes="2959" sha1="8ev5ek6ylpe9hzut7obe3xr83qijf69" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|340px|right]] gwa Katoonga nigushangwa omu nsi ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Niguruga burengyerwa-eizooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] omu nyaanja  ya Goerge obwo guraraba omu disiturikiti ezirimu Kamwenge, Ibanda, Mubende, Mityana, Kiruhuura, Gomba, [[Wp/nyn/Butambala District|Butambala]], [[Wp/nyn/Mpigi District|Mpigi]], Ssembabule, Bukomansimbi na Kaluungu okushukira kimwe omu nyaanja Nnalubaale guri kumaraho mayiro 140 zoona. Kigambibwa nti mu biro by'enyimaho ngu enyanja  y'etabagaho, omurindi  ogu  gukaba guratwaara  omu nyaanja  ya George kwonka  ahabw'okuhindahinduka kw'ensi,  hakaija hazaho  orufinjo  gwahinduka ne gutandika okukulukuta nga gudda ebuvanjuba okuyiwa mu kinnya obwaguuga ekyafuukamu ennyanja Nnalubaale. 

Omurindi guno Katonga guliko emigga emirala emitonotono egigugabirira nga olutobazi nabajjuzi olwo ne gugenda okutuuka mu Nnalubaale nga mugga munene ddala. Katonga gwe gumu ku migga egisinga obunene mu gigabirira ennyanja Nnalubaale. Ku nsibuko yaagwo emu waliyo ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Katonga era nga gukolebwako eby'enkulaakulana bingi gamba ng'obulambuzi, obuvubi, entambula, amazzi n'ebirala bingi.

Okuva edda n'edda nga omugga guno gumanyiddwa era bajjajjaffe baaguggyako n'enjogera egamba nti &quot;Oli mu kulya Katonga ajjula&quot; nga erabula abantu obutaba bagayaavu naye balabuukirirenga embeera eza buli ngeri obudde bwonna. Kino kyava ku lugero olugamba nti lumu waaliwo abaali bagenze ku mbaga emitala w'omugga guno naye nga we baasomokera omugga guno nga gwakala olw'omusana. Ku mbaga baamalayo ennaku nnyingi, bagenda okudda nga omugga guzzeemu okukulukuta nga n'okubooga gubooze. Awo omu kwe kugamba banne nti obwedda tuli mu kulya (ku mbaga) nga Katonga ajjula!

Bw'oba nga ova e [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]] ku luguudo lw'e [[Wp/nyn/Masaka|Masaka]] ogusanga nga waakayisa equator n'akabuga k'e Kayabwe. Mugga gulabika nga munene nnyo ate nga gujjuddemu ebitoogo. Omugga guno mukulu nnyo anti gwe gumu ku giyimirizzaawo ennyanja Nnalubaale ko n'okuwanirira eby'obulimi mu kitundu ky'amassekkati ga [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kubanga guyambako mu kutonnyesa enkuba n'okugimusa ettaka. Kisaanye nno omugga guno okukuumibwa obutiribiri anti gwe gumu ku bifuula [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] okuba ekkula. 

Okukuuma omugga guno weewale bino; okusuula ebisasiro mu mugga, okuyiwamu ettaka oba okulima nga totangira kukulugguka kwa ttaka, okulimamu emmere, okuzimbamu amayumba, okutemamu emikutu n'ebirala ebiringa ebyo. Tukwasize wamu tusobole okutaasa omugga gwaffe guno era n'ennyanja yaffe Nnalubaale. Tujjukire nti obutonde bwe butuyimirizaawo

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==
[http://www.uwa.or.ug/katonga.html Katonga Wildlife Reserve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502110916/http://www.uwa.or.ug/katonga.html|date=2009-05-02}} at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Emigyera ya Uganda]]

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      <text bytes="2847" sha1="nb3hodt2futyjmcuod32g195d8jofqk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|340px|right]] gwa Katoonga nigushangwa omu nsi ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Niguruga burengyerwa-eizooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] omu nyaanja  ya Goerge obwo guraraba omu disiturikiti ezirimu Kamwenge, Ibanda, Mubende, Mityana, Kiruhuura, Gomba, [[Wp/nyn/Butambala District|Butambala]], [[Wp/nyn/Mpigi District|Mpigi]], Ssembabule, Bukomansimbi na Kaluungu okushukira kimwe omu nyaanja Nnalubaale guri kumaraho mayiro 140 zoona. Kigambibwa nti mu biro by'enyimaho ngu enyanja  y'etabagaho, omurindi  ogu  gukaba guratwaara  omu nyaanja  ya George kwonka  ahabw'okuhindahinduka kw'ensi,  hakaija hazaho  orufinjo  gwahinduka ne gutandika okukulukuta nga gudda ebuvanjuba okuyiwa mu kinnya obwaguuga ekyafuukamu ennyanja Nnalubaale. 

Omurindi guno Katonga guliko emigga emirala emitonotono egigugabirira nga olutobazi nabajjuzi olwo ne gugenda okutuuka mu Nnalubaale nga mugga munene ddala. Katonga gwe gumu ku migga egisinga obunene mu gigabirira ennyanja Nnalubaale. Ku nsibuko yaagwo emu waliyo ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Katonga era nga gukolebwako eby'enkulaakulana bingi gamba ng'obulambuzi, obuvubi, entambula, amazzi n'ebirala bingi.

Okuva edda n'edda nga omugga guno gumanyiddwa era bajjajjaffe baaguggyako n'enjogera egamba nti &quot;Oli mu kulya Katonga ajjula&quot; nga erabula abantu obutaba bagayaavu naye balabuukirirenga embeera eza buli ngeri obudde bwonna. Kino kyava ku lugero olugamba nti lumu waaliwo abaali bagenze ku mbaga emitala w'omugga guno naye nga we baasomokera omugga guno nga gwakala olw'omusana. Ku mbaga baamalayo ennaku nnyingi, bagenda okudda nga omugga guzzeemu okukulukuta nga n'okubooga gubooze. Awo omu kwe kugamba banne nti obwedda tuli mu kulya (ku mbaga) nga Katonga ajjula!

Bw'oba nga ova e [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]] ku luguudo lw'e [[Wp/nyn/Masaka|Masaka]] ogusanga nga waakayisa equator n'akabuga k'e Kayabwe. Mugga gulabika nga munene nnyo ate nga gujjuddemu ebitoogo. Omugga guno mukulu nnyo anti gwe gumu ku giyimirizzaawo ennyanja Nnalubaale ko n'okuwanirira eby'obulimi mu kitundu ky'amassekkati ga [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kubanga guyambako mu kutonnyesa enkuba n'okugimusa ettaka. Kisaanye nno omugga guno okukuumibwa obutiribiri anti gwe gumu ku bifuula [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] okuba ekkula. 

Okukuuma omugga guno weewale bino; okusuula ebisasiro mu mugga, okuyiwamu ettaka oba okulima nga totangira kukulugguka kwa ttaka, okulimamu emmere, okuzimbamu amayumba, okutemamu emikutu n'ebirala ebiringa ebyo. Tukwasize wamu tusobole okutaasa omugga gwaffe guno era n'ennyanja yaffe Nnalubaale. Tujjukire nti obutonde bwe butuyimirizaawo

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==
[http://www.uwa.or.ug/katonga.html Katonga Wildlife Reserve] at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Emigyera ya Uganda]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q2692613}}</text>
      <sha1>nb3hodt2futyjmcuod32g195d8jofqk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303838</id>
      <parentid>7303830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:14:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adellah owobusingye</username>
        <id>2703042</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. */</comment>
      <origin>7303838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3092" sha1="op1gqhcp1rtrqkh5bje6hovmqnlmtpn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|340px|right]] gwa Katoonga nigushangwa omu nsi ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Niguruga burengyerwa-eizooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] omu nyaanja  ya Goerge obwo guraraba omu disiturikiti ezirimu Kamwenge, Ibanda, Mubende, Mityana, Kiruhuura, Gomba, [[Wp/nyn/Butambala District|Butambala]], [[Wp/nyn/Mpigi District|Mpigi]], Ssembabule, Bukomansimbi na Kaluungu okushukira kimwe omu nyaanja Nnalubaale guri kumaraho mayiro 140 zoona. Kigambibwa nti mu biro by'enyimaho ngu enyanja  y'etabagaho, omurindi  ogu  gukaba guratwaara  omu nyaanja  ya George kwonka  ahabw'okuhindahinduka kw'ensi,  hakaija hazaho  orufinjo  gwahinduka ne gutandika okukulukuta nga gudda ebuvanjuba okuyiwa mu kinnya obwaguuga ekyafuukamu ennyanja Nnalubaale. 

Omurindi guno Katonga guliko emigga emirala emitonotono egigugabirira nga olutobazi nabajjuzi olwo ne gugenda okutuuka mu Nnalubaale nga mugga munene ddala. Katonga gwe gumu ku migga egisinga obunene mu gigabirira ennyanja Nnalubaale. Ku nsibuko yaagwo emu waliyo ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Katonga era nga gukolebwako eby'enkulaakulana bingi gamba ng'obulambuzi, obuvubi, entambula, amazzi n'ebirala bingi.

Okuva edda n'edda nga omugga guno gumanyiddwa era bajjajjaffe baaguggyako n'enjogera egamba nti &quot;Oli mu kulya Katonga ajjula&quot; nga erabula abantu obutaba bagayaavu naye balabuukirirenga embeera eza buli ngeri obudde bwonna. Kino kyava ku lugero olugamba nti lumu waaliwo abaali bagenze ku mbaga emitala w'omugga guno naye nga we baasomokera omugga guno nga gwakala olw'omusana. Ku mbaga baamalayo ennaku nnyingi, bagenda okudda nga omugga guzzeemu okukulukuta nga n'okubooga gubooze. Awo omu kwe kugamba banne nti obwedda tuli mu kulya (ku mbaga) nga Katonga ajjula!

Bw'oba nga ova e [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]] ku luguudo lw'e [[Wp/nyn/Masaka|Masaka]] ogusanga nga waakayisa equator n'akabuga k'e Kayabwe. Mugga gulabika nga munene nnyo ate nga gujjuddemu ebitoogo. Omugga guno mukulu nnyo anti gwe gumu ku giyimirizzaawo ennyanja Nnalubaale ko n'okuwanirira eby'obulimi mu kitundu ky'amassekkati ga [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kubanga guyambako mu kutonnyesa enkuba n'okugimusa ettaka. Kisaanye nno omugga guno okukuumibwa obutiribiri anti gwe gumu ku bifuula [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] okuba ekkula. 

Okukuuma omugga guno weewale bino; okusuula ebisasiro mu mugga, okuyiwamu ettaka oba okulima nga totangira kukulugguka kwa ttaka, okulimamu emmere, okuzimbamu amayumba, okutemamu emikutu n'ebirala ebiringa ebyo. Tukwasize wamu tusobole okutaasa omugga gwaffe guno era n'ennyanja yaffe Nnalubaale. Tujjukire nti obutonde bwe butuyimirizaawo

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* [http://www.uwa.or.ug/katonga.html Ekibikiro ky'enyamaishwa ekya Katonga] aha  [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]
* [http://www.rwandagorillasafaris.com/uganda/river-katonga.html Omugyera gwa Katonga].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Emigyera n'enyanja za Uganda].

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Emigyera ya Uganda]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q2692613}}</text>
      <sha1>op1gqhcp1rtrqkh5bje6hovmqnlmtpn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303839</id>
      <parentid>7303838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:15:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adellah owobusingye</username>
        <id>2703042</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reeba na</comment>
      <origin>7303839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3107" sha1="fv20ozvu3ckvuqm5zfp1no2ijw9d9bb" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|340px|right]] gwa Katoonga nigushangwa omu nsi ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Niguruga burengyerwa-eizooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] omu nyaanja  ya Goerge obwo guraraba omu disiturikiti ezirimu Kamwenge, Ibanda, Mubende, Mityana, Kiruhuura, Gomba, [[Wp/nyn/Butambala District|Butambala]], [[Wp/nyn/Mpigi District|Mpigi]], Ssembabule, Bukomansimbi na Kaluungu okushukira kimwe omu nyaanja Nnalubaale guri kumaraho mayiro 140 zoona. Kigambibwa nti mu biro by'enyimaho ngu enyanja  y'etabagaho, omurindi  ogu  gukaba guratwaara  omu nyaanja  ya George kwonka  ahabw'okuhindahinduka kw'ensi,  hakaija hazaho  orufinjo  gwahinduka ne gutandika okukulukuta nga gudda ebuvanjuba okuyiwa mu kinnya obwaguuga ekyafuukamu ennyanja Nnalubaale. 

Omurindi guno Katonga guliko emigga emirala emitonotono egigugabirira nga olutobazi nabajjuzi olwo ne gugenda okutuuka mu Nnalubaale nga mugga munene ddala. Katonga gwe gumu ku migga egisinga obunene mu gigabirira ennyanja Nnalubaale. Ku nsibuko yaagwo emu waliyo ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Katonga era nga gukolebwako eby'enkulaakulana bingi gamba ng'obulambuzi, obuvubi, entambula, amazzi n'ebirala bingi.

Okuva edda n'edda nga omugga guno gumanyiddwa era bajjajjaffe baaguggyako n'enjogera egamba nti &quot;Oli mu kulya Katonga ajjula&quot; nga erabula abantu obutaba bagayaavu naye balabuukirirenga embeera eza buli ngeri obudde bwonna. Kino kyava ku lugero olugamba nti lumu waaliwo abaali bagenze ku mbaga emitala w'omugga guno naye nga we baasomokera omugga guno nga gwakala olw'omusana. Ku mbaga baamalayo ennaku nnyingi, bagenda okudda nga omugga guzzeemu okukulukuta nga n'okubooga gubooze. Awo omu kwe kugamba banne nti obwedda tuli mu kulya (ku mbaga) nga Katonga ajjula!

Bw'oba nga ova e [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]] ku luguudo lw'e [[Wp/nyn/Masaka|Masaka]] ogusanga nga waakayisa equator n'akabuga k'e Kayabwe. Mugga gulabika nga munene nnyo ate nga gujjuddemu ebitoogo. Omugga guno mukulu nnyo anti gwe gumu ku giyimirizzaawo ennyanja Nnalubaale ko n'okuwanirira eby'obulimi mu kitundu ky'amassekkati ga [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kubanga guyambako mu kutonnyesa enkuba n'okugimusa ettaka. Kisaanye nno omugga guno okukuumibwa obutiribiri anti gwe gumu ku bifuula [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] okuba ekkula. 

Okukuuma omugga guno weewale bino; okusuula ebisasiro mu mugga, okuyiwamu ettaka oba okulima nga totangira kukulugguka kwa ttaka, okulimamu emmere, okuzimbamu amayumba, okutemamu emikutu n'ebirala ebiringa ebyo. Tukwasize wamu tusobole okutaasa omugga gwaffe guno era n'ennyanja yaffe Nnalubaale. Tujjukire nti obutonde bwe butuyimirizaawo

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* [http://www.uwa.or.ug/katonga.html Ekibikiro ky'enyamaishwa ekya Katonga] aha  [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]
* [http://www.rwandagorillasafaris.com/uganda/river-katonga.html Omugyera gwa Katonga].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Emigyera n'enyanja za Uganda].

== Reeba na ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Emigyera ya Uganda]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q2692613}}</text>
      <sha1>fv20ozvu3ckvuqm5zfp1no2ijw9d9bb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303840</id>
      <parentid>7303839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:16:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adellah owobusingye</username>
        <id>2703042</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Reeba na */</comment>
      <origin>7303840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3145" sha1="lrw00u097yurmn5pk5uothqrxygtenn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png|340px|right]] gwa Katoonga nigushangwa omu nsi ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Niguruga burengyerwa-eizooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] omu nyaanja  ya Goerge obwo guraraba omu disiturikiti ezirimu Kamwenge, Ibanda, Mubende, Mityana, Kiruhuura, Gomba, [[Wp/nyn/Butambala District|Butambala]], [[Wp/nyn/Mpigi District|Mpigi]], Ssembabule, Bukomansimbi na Kaluungu okushukira kimwe omu nyaanja Nnalubaale guri kumaraho mayiro 140 zoona. Kigambibwa nti mu biro by'enyimaho ngu enyanja  y'etabagaho, omurindi  ogu  gukaba guratwaara  omu nyaanja  ya George kwonka  ahabw'okuhindahinduka kw'ensi,  hakaija hazaho  orufinjo  gwahinduka ne gutandika okukulukuta nga gudda ebuvanjuba okuyiwa mu kinnya obwaguuga ekyafuukamu ennyanja Nnalubaale. 

Omurindi guno Katonga guliko emigga emirala emitonotono egigugabirira nga olutobazi nabajjuzi olwo ne gugenda okutuuka mu Nnalubaale nga mugga munene ddala. Katonga gwe gumu ku migga egisinga obunene mu gigabirira ennyanja Nnalubaale. Ku nsibuko yaagwo emu waliyo ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Katonga era nga gukolebwako eby'enkulaakulana bingi gamba ng'obulambuzi, obuvubi, entambula, amazzi n'ebirala bingi.

Okuva edda n'edda nga omugga guno gumanyiddwa era bajjajjaffe baaguggyako n'enjogera egamba nti &quot;Oli mu kulya Katonga ajjula&quot; nga erabula abantu obutaba bagayaavu naye balabuukirirenga embeera eza buli ngeri obudde bwonna. Kino kyava ku lugero olugamba nti lumu waaliwo abaali bagenze ku mbaga emitala w'omugga guno naye nga we baasomokera omugga guno nga gwakala olw'omusana. Ku mbaga baamalayo ennaku nnyingi, bagenda okudda nga omugga guzzeemu okukulukuta nga n'okubooga gubooze. Awo omu kwe kugamba banne nti obwedda tuli mu kulya (ku mbaga) nga Katonga ajjula!

Bw'oba nga ova e [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]] ku luguudo lw'e [[Wp/nyn/Masaka|Masaka]] ogusanga nga waakayisa equator n'akabuga k'e Kayabwe. Mugga gulabika nga munene nnyo ate nga gujjuddemu ebitoogo. Omugga guno mukulu nnyo anti gwe gumu ku giyimirizzaawo ennyanja Nnalubaale ko n'okuwanirira eby'obulimi mu kitundu ky'amassekkati ga [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kubanga guyambako mu kutonnyesa enkuba n'okugimusa ettaka. Kisaanye nno omugga guno okukuumibwa obutiribiri anti gwe gumu ku bifuula [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] okuba ekkula. 

Okukuuma omugga guno weewale bino; okusuula ebisasiro mu mugga, okuyiwamu ettaka oba okulima nga totangira kukulugguka kwa ttaka, okulimamu emmere, okuzimbamu amayumba, okutemamu emikutu n'ebirala ebiringa ebyo. Tukwasize wamu tusobole okutaasa omugga gwaffe guno era n'ennyanja yaffe Nnalubaale. Tujjukire nti obutonde bwe butuyimirizaawo

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* [http://www.uwa.or.ug/katonga.html Ekibikiro ky'enyamaishwa ekya Katonga] aha  [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]
* [http://www.rwandagorillasafaris.com/uganda/river-katonga.html Omugyera gwa Katonga].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Emigyera n'enyanja za Uganda].

== Reeba na ==
[[Wp/nyn/Lake Edward|Enyanja Edward]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Emigyera ya Uganda]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q2692613}}</text>
      <sha1>lrw00u097yurmn5pk5uothqrxygtenn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Óom</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3361894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303907</id>
      <parentid>7275101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:36:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="251" sha1="abetdpusb03v0wise7jpxgpf6egu0y0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.</text>
      <sha1>abetdpusb03v0wise7jpxgpf6egu0y0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303908</id>
      <parentid>7303907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:37:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="563" sha1="ti7n28b87khvpts9u5c6joq9qmt5niv" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.</text>
      <sha1>ti7n28b87khvpts9u5c6joq9qmt5niv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303910</id>
      <parentid>7303908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:38:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="764" sha1="jh1bu9q8rewlbusk425dy5ubnfzyyk1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido.</text>
      <sha1>jh1bu9q8rewlbusk425dy5ubnfzyyk1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303911</id>
      <parentid>7303910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:38:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1149" sha1="h77laos7cdxrjftjniy5xtgrn9zre98" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.</text>
      <sha1>h77laos7cdxrjftjniy5xtgrn9zre98</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303913</id>
      <parentid>7303911</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:39:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1491" sha1="9uhqw7ihuchntv3060aeikm5oiydklp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303914</id>
      <parentid>7303913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1651" sha1="trervtcfxruuazkm00vuc8v856j6lqq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.</text>
      <sha1>trervtcfxruuazkm00vuc8v856j6lqq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303916</id>
      <parentid>7303914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1870" sha1="muln2x3w3dvnmxt3d1atl9d0wcns36v" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.</text>
      <sha1>muln2x3w3dvnmxt3d1atl9d0wcns36v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303917</id>
      <parentid>7303916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:46:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2024" sha1="cyvouth5rroqgwnxm0s16ockm2wjjp7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas.</text>
      <sha1>cyvouth5rroqgwnxm0s16ockm2wjjp7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303919</id>
      <parentid>7303917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:47:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2280" sha1="f5vkavul78fyo2nhlhacrqqx31o1ffg" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303920</id>
      <parentid>7303919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:47:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2429" sha1="hmod63zs7je40u1dqvk5k4o932t497o" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.</text>
      <sha1>hmod63zs7je40u1dqvk5k4o932t497o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303921</id>
      <parentid>7303920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:48:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2701" sha1="jn0ya3jz9ddjlq7qluuudxkmp0dlfql" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303922</id>
      <parentid>7303921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:48:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2924" sha1="gpcyi10vzhoeroiztb2t7e638lns16b" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.</text>
      <sha1>gpcyi10vzhoeroiztb2t7e638lns16b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303923</id>
      <parentid>7303922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3088" sha1="58dag7p225t3pufhker26acbnqruaoc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.</text>
      <sha1>58dag7p225t3pufhker26acbnqruaoc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303924</id>
      <parentid>7303923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3406" sha1="e8eki43evddcba26aqd7d8tc479tglk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.</text>
      <sha1>e8eki43evddcba26aqd7d8tc479tglk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303925</id>
      <parentid>7303924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:50:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
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      <text bytes="3513" sha1="804bolfclinovodpb0rjpbjdjzd8286" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303926</id>
      <parentid>7303925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:51:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
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      <text bytes="3754" sha1="p1nzmxo5q4yc0qg3jw2ihtk46gmym6u" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial,</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303927</id>
      <parentid>7303926</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:51:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):</text>
      <sha1>prlt6uhifjuwp8hjnarve6h45exwcef</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303928</id>
      <parentid>7303927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4170" sha1="132dzolxa5jfzl0un5hu9gczb29sx6s" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303929</id>
      <parentid>7303928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:52:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4327" sha1="eudooyxxw61o367ecuogim2pnvfvpuw" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303930</id>
      <parentid>7303929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:53:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4429" sha1="2rsumkql0gkn3l5q9rtodt9ynrteco6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación;</text>
      <sha1>2rsumkql0gkn3l5q9rtodt9ynrteco6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303931</id>
      <parentid>7303930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:53:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4630" sha1="ebzxuval5j7ed1rkb8j9zfs8q71hesi" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le espumao' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u bolsillos vapor wa gas ti' jump'éel líquido wa sólido.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>ebzxuval5j7ed1rkb8j9zfs8q71hesi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303938</id>
      <parentid>7303931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4646" sha1="8lgcif16g4ao10ey12st8vg26hf5983" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel esponja wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel vaso k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ejemplos espumas. Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le espumas, le volumen gas nojoch, yéetel películas finas u líquido wa sólido separando le regiones gas. Le espumas de jabón xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix espuma.

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>8lgcif16g4ao10ey12st8vg26hf5983</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303941</id>
      <parentid>7303938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:35:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4690" sha1="lvwk2zbjve18j74ecnhu3sqxpc2h6a1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le espumas sólidas páajtal u beel wa celda cerrada wa celda abierta. Ti' le espuma u células cerradas, le gas ku beetik bolsillos discretos, Amal jaatsatako'ob rodeado tumen le xooko'obo' sólido. Ti' le espuma u células abiertas, le bolsillos gas táan interconectados. jump'éel esponja wichkíil leti' jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células abiertas: le ja'o' fluye uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, desplazando le iik'o'. jump'éel estera u camping jach jump'éel ejemplo u espuma u células cerradas: le bolsillos gas ku sellados múuch' utia'al u le estera ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>lvwk2zbjve18j74ecnhu3sqxpc2h6a1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303946</id>
      <parentid>7303941</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:40:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4798" sha1="e13uzv6gwq7440kyvkf0xy5ksitymuu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le espuma'obo' leti'obe' ejemplos ti' le medios comunicación dispersos. Tu general, yaan gas, bey u jats ti' burbujas gas u jejeláas tamaños (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach polidisperso), separado tumen regiones líquidas u páajtal u formar películas, ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le fase líquida drena ti' le yaan. Le ken u escala noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel espuma jach fina, le chúumuk disperso je'el u páajtal u considerado jump'éel bin yano'ob coloide.

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>e13uzv6gwq7440kyvkf0xy5ksitymuu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303952</id>
      <parentid>7303946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:44:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4879" sha1="gi3fwp9ciyoi8sr8b3zhov5251223hj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' leti'obe' ''ejemplos'' ti' le ''medios comunicación dispersos.'' Tu ''general,'' yaan ''gas'', bey u jats ti' ''burbujas gas'' u jejeláas ''tamaños'' (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach ''polidisperso''), ''separado'' tumen ''regiones líquidas'' u páajtal u ''formar películas'', ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le ''fase líquida drena'' ti' le yaan. Le ken u ''escala'' noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel ''espuma'' jach ''fina,'' le chúumuk ''disperso'' je'el u páajtal u ''considerado'' jump'éel bin yano'ob ''coloide.''

Le t'aan espuma xan je'el u páajtal u referir u ti' ba'al ku análogo ti' le espuma, bey espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico, wa ya'ab uláak' espumas fabricadas.

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>gi3fwp9ciyoi8sr8b3zhov5251223hj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303954</id>
      <parentid>7303952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:45:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4903" sha1="nu4xh67daw1gyrq5o60mxbwd52frbnd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' leti'obe' ''ejemplos'' ti' le ''medios comunicación dispersos.'' Tu ''general,'' yaan ''gas'', bey u jats ti' ''burbujas gas'' u jejeláas ''tamaños'' (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach ''polidisperso''), ''separado'' tumen ''regiones líquidas'' u páajtal u ''formar películas'', ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le ''fase líquida drena'' ti' le yaan. Le ken u ''escala'' noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel ''espuma'' jach ''fina,'' le chúumuk ''disperso'' je'el u páajtal u ''considerado'' jump'éel bin yano'ob ''coloide.''

Le t'aan ''espuma'' xan je'el u páajtal u ''referir'' u ti' ba'al ku ''análogo'' ti' le ''espuma'', bey ''espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico,'' wa ya'ab uláak' ''espumas fabricadas.''

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le espuma'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le emulsiones, ku beetiko'ob capas adsorción ku baal le fase dispersa ti' le ka'ap'éel sistemas. Ba'ale', le espumas jela'an ti' le emulsiones ti' ka'ap'éel aspectos clave: le fase dispersa jach jump'éel gas ti' le espumas yéetel juntúul líquido ti' le emulsiones; yéetel le burbujas gas ti' espumas ku jach asab nukuch u le gotas ti' emulsiones. Le espumas ku sistemas coloidales tuméen le capas rodean le burbujas gas ku bek'ech, yaan dimensiones coloidales, wa poseen propiedades coloidales.

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>nu4xh67daw1gyrq5o60mxbwd52frbnd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303957</id>
      <parentid>7303954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:49:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5008" sha1="95ranh37ldirzaezqke1rdbhf96zy68" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' leti'obe' ''ejemplos'' ti' le ''medios comunicación dispersos.'' Tu ''general,'' yaan ''gas'', bey u jats ti' ''burbujas gas'' u jejeláas ''tamaños'' (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach ''polidisperso''), ''separado'' tumen ''regiones líquidas'' u páajtal u ''formar películas'', ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le ''fase líquida drena'' ti' le yaan. Le ken u ''escala'' noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel ''espuma'' jach ''fina,'' le chúumuk ''disperso'' je'el u páajtal u ''considerado'' jump'éel bin yano'ob ''coloide.''

Le t'aan ''espuma'' xan je'el u páajtal u ''referir'' u ti' ba'al ku ''análogo'' ti' le ''espuma'', bey ''espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico,'' wa ya'ab uláak' ''espumas fabricadas.''

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le ''emulsiones'', ku beetiko'ob ''capas adsorción'' ku baal le ''fase dispersa'' ti' le ka'ap'éel ''sistemas''. Ba'ale', le ''espumas'' jela'an ti' le ''emulsiones'' ti' ka'ap'éel ''aspectos'' ''clave:'' le ''fase dispersa'' jach jump'éel ''gas'' ti' le ''espumas'' yéetel juntúul ''líquido'' ti' le ''emulsiones;'' yéetel le ''burbujas gas'' ti' ''espumas'' ku jach asab nukuch u le ''gotas'' ti' ''emulsiones.'' Le ''espumas'' ku ''sistemas coloidales'' tuméen le ''capas rodean'' le ''burbujas gas'' ku bek'ech, yaan ''dimensiones coloidales,'' wa ''poseen propiedades coloidales.''

Le espuma ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel especialmente ken u jaatik le olas ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel aglomeración burbujas ku persiste ichil jump'éel k'iin corto ti' le superficie le k'áak'náabo', agitado tumen causas mecánicas. Le formación espuma k'áak'náabo' jach facilitada tumen ya'ab factores químicos wa físicos: jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le densidad iik' yéetel ja', le alcalinidad le ja'o', u contenido coloides disueltos, etc.

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>95ranh37ldirzaezqke1rdbhf96zy68</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303960</id>
      <parentid>7303957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:53:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5072" sha1="5fe8cgn527hofy7hodnp08nsuwnr0ak" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' leti'obe' ''ejemplos'' ti' le ''medios comunicación dispersos.'' Tu ''general,'' yaan ''gas'', bey u jats ti' ''burbujas gas'' u jejeláas ''tamaños'' (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach ''polidisperso''), ''separado'' tumen ''regiones líquidas'' u páajtal u ''formar películas'', ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le ''fase líquida drena'' ti' le yaan. Le ken u ''escala'' noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel ''espuma'' jach ''fina,'' le chúumuk ''disperso'' je'el u páajtal u ''considerado'' jump'éel bin yano'ob ''coloide.''

Le t'aan ''espuma'' xan je'el u páajtal u ''referir'' u ti' ba'al ku ''análogo'' ti' le ''espuma'', bey ''espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico,'' wa ya'ab uláak' ''espumas fabricadas.''

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le ''emulsiones'', ku beetiko'ob ''capas adsorción'' ku baal le ''fase dispersa'' ti' le ka'ap'éel ''sistemas''. Ba'ale', le ''espumas'' jela'an ti' le ''emulsiones'' ti' ka'ap'éel ''aspectos'' ''clave:'' le ''fase dispersa'' jach jump'éel ''gas'' ti' le ''espumas'' yéetel juntúul ''líquido'' ti' le ''emulsiones;'' yéetel le ''burbujas gas'' ti' ''espumas'' ku jach asab nukuch u le ''gotas'' ti' ''emulsiones.'' Le ''espumas'' ku ''sistemas coloidales'' tuméen le ''capas rodean'' le ''burbujas gas'' ku bek'ech, yaan ''dimensiones coloidales,'' wa ''poseen propiedades coloidales.''

Le ''espuma'' ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel ''especialmente'' ken u jaatik le ''olas'' ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel ''aglomeración burbujas'' ku ''persiste'' ichil jump'éel k'iin ''corto'' ti' le ''superficie'' le k'áak'náabo', ''agitado'' tumen ''causas mecánicas.'' Le ''formación espuma'' k'áak'náabo' jach ''facilitada'' tumen ya'ab ''factores químicos'' wa ''físicos:'' jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le ''densidad'' iik' yéetel ja', le ''alcalinidad'' le ja'o', u ''contenido coloides disueltos, etc.''

Ti' mineralogía, le mineral hematita u k'aaba' espuma hierro, ka' jo'op' u espuma manganeso jach jump'éel óxido manganeso ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>5fe8cgn527hofy7hodnp08nsuwnr0ak</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303961</id>
      <parentid>7303960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:54:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5092" sha1="teyffhtfmhmdv88w7sy7rvlj2gni6to" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' leti'obe' ''ejemplos'' ti' le ''medios comunicación dispersos.'' Tu ''general,'' yaan ''gas'', bey u jats ti' ''burbujas gas'' u jejeláas ''tamaños'' (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach ''polidisperso''), ''separado'' tumen ''regiones líquidas'' u páajtal u ''formar películas'', ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le ''fase líquida drena'' ti' le yaan. Le ken u ''escala'' noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel ''espuma'' jach ''fina,'' le chúumuk ''disperso'' je'el u páajtal u ''considerado'' jump'éel bin yano'ob ''coloide.''

Le t'aan ''espuma'' xan je'el u páajtal u ''referir'' u ti' ba'al ku ''análogo'' ti' le ''espuma'', bey ''espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico,'' wa ya'ab uláak' ''espumas fabricadas.''

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le ''emulsiones'', ku beetiko'ob ''capas adsorción'' ku baal le ''fase dispersa'' ti' le ka'ap'éel ''sistemas''. Ba'ale', le ''espumas'' jela'an ti' le ''emulsiones'' ti' ka'ap'éel ''aspectos'' ''clave:'' le ''fase dispersa'' jach jump'éel ''gas'' ti' le ''espumas'' yéetel juntúul ''líquido'' ti' le ''emulsiones;'' yéetel le ''burbujas gas'' ti' ''espumas'' ku jach asab nukuch u le ''gotas'' ti' ''emulsiones.'' Le ''espumas'' ku ''sistemas coloidales'' tuméen le ''capas rodean'' le ''burbujas gas'' ku bek'ech, yaan ''dimensiones coloidales,'' wa ''poseen propiedades coloidales.''

Le ''espuma'' ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel ''especialmente'' ken u jaatik le ''olas'' ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel ''aglomeración burbujas'' ku ''persiste'' ichil jump'éel k'iin ''corto'' ti' le ''superficie'' le k'áak'náabo', ''agitado'' tumen ''causas mecánicas.'' Le ''formación espuma'' k'áak'náabo' jach ''facilitada'' tumen ya'ab ''factores químicos'' wa ''físicos:'' jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le ''densidad'' iik' yéetel ja', le ''alcalinidad'' le ja'o', u ''contenido coloides disueltos, etc.''

Ti' ''mineralogía,'' le ''mineral hematita'' u k'aaba' ''espuma hierro'', ka' jo'op' u ''espuma manganeso'' jach jump'éel ''óxido manganeso'' ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le espuma ti' escoria ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ganado k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le espuma ti' le escoria jach causada chuunil laat'a'an tumen le generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja', dióxido azufre, oxígeno yéetel hidrógeno-ichil le escoria, ku p'áatal ti' espumoso, bey ja' jabón.

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>teyffhtfmhmdv88w7sy7rvlj2gni6to</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303964</id>
      <parentid>7303961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:56:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5149" sha1="s3eteogywz3low33a4jcfd34xbczcp5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' leti'obe' ''ejemplos'' ti' le ''medios comunicación dispersos.'' Tu ''general,'' yaan ''gas'', bey u jats ti' ''burbujas gas'' u jejeláas ''tamaños'' (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach ''polidisperso''), ''separado'' tumen ''regiones líquidas'' u páajtal u ''formar películas'', ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le ''fase líquida drena'' ti' le yaan. Le ken u ''escala'' noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel ''espuma'' jach ''fina,'' le chúumuk ''disperso'' je'el u páajtal u ''considerado'' jump'éel bin yano'ob ''coloide.''

Le t'aan ''espuma'' xan je'el u páajtal u ''referir'' u ti' ba'al ku ''análogo'' ti' le ''espuma'', bey ''espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico,'' wa ya'ab uláak' ''espumas fabricadas.''

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le ''emulsiones'', ku beetiko'ob ''capas adsorción'' ku baal le ''fase dispersa'' ti' le ka'ap'éel ''sistemas''. Ba'ale', le ''espumas'' jela'an ti' le ''emulsiones'' ti' ka'ap'éel ''aspectos'' ''clave:'' le ''fase dispersa'' jach jump'éel ''gas'' ti' le ''espumas'' yéetel juntúul ''líquido'' ti' le ''emulsiones;'' yéetel le ''burbujas gas'' ti' ''espumas'' ku jach asab nukuch u le ''gotas'' ti' ''emulsiones.'' Le ''espumas'' ku ''sistemas coloidales'' tuméen le ''capas rodean'' le ''burbujas gas'' ku bek'ech, yaan ''dimensiones coloidales,'' wa ''poseen propiedades coloidales.''

Le ''espuma'' ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel ''especialmente'' ken u jaatik le ''olas'' ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel ''aglomeración burbujas'' ku ''persiste'' ichil jump'éel k'iin ''corto'' ti' le ''superficie'' le k'áak'náabo', ''agitado'' tumen ''causas mecánicas.'' Le ''formación espuma'' k'áak'náabo' jach ''facilitada'' tumen ya'ab ''factores químicos'' wa ''físicos:'' jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le ''densidad'' iik' yéetel ja', le ''alcalinidad'' le ja'o', u ''contenido coloides disueltos, etc.''

Ti' ''mineralogía,'' le ''mineral hematita'' u k'aaba' ''espuma hierro'', ka' jo'op' u ''espuma manganeso'' jach jump'éel ''óxido manganeso'' ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le ''espuma'' ti' ''escoria'' ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ''ganado'' k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le ''espuma'' ti' le ''escoria'' jach ''causada'' chuunil laat'a'an tumen le ''generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja''&lt;nowiki/&gt;', ''dióxido azufre, oxígeno'' yéetel ''hidrógeno''-ichil le ''escoria,'' ku p'áatal ti' ''espumoso'', bey ja' ''jabón.''

Le espuma je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen movimientos mecánicos ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' gas.

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>s3eteogywz3low33a4jcfd34xbczcp5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303965</id>
      <parentid>7303964</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:56:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5161" sha1="grtgwwlsewt0dh1mx0tscl2pfku97n7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' leti'obe' ''ejemplos'' ti' le ''medios comunicación dispersos.'' Tu ''general,'' yaan ''gas'', bey u jats ti' ''burbujas gas'' u jejeláas ''tamaños'' (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach ''polidisperso''), ''separado'' tumen ''regiones líquidas'' u páajtal u ''formar películas'', ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le ''fase líquida drena'' ti' le yaan. Le ken u ''escala'' noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel ''espuma'' jach ''fina,'' le chúumuk ''disperso'' je'el u páajtal u ''considerado'' jump'éel bin yano'ob ''coloide.''

Le t'aan ''espuma'' xan je'el u páajtal u ''referir'' u ti' ba'al ku ''análogo'' ti' le ''espuma'', bey ''espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico,'' wa ya'ab uláak' ''espumas fabricadas.''

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le ''emulsiones'', ku beetiko'ob ''capas adsorción'' ku baal le ''fase dispersa'' ti' le ka'ap'éel ''sistemas''. Ba'ale', le ''espumas'' jela'an ti' le ''emulsiones'' ti' ka'ap'éel ''aspectos'' ''clave:'' le ''fase dispersa'' jach jump'éel ''gas'' ti' le ''espumas'' yéetel juntúul ''líquido'' ti' le ''emulsiones;'' yéetel le ''burbujas gas'' ti' ''espumas'' ku jach asab nukuch u le ''gotas'' ti' ''emulsiones.'' Le ''espumas'' ku ''sistemas coloidales'' tuméen le ''capas rodean'' le ''burbujas gas'' ku bek'ech, yaan ''dimensiones coloidales,'' wa ''poseen propiedades coloidales.''

Le ''espuma'' ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel ''especialmente'' ken u jaatik le ''olas'' ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel ''aglomeración burbujas'' ku ''persiste'' ichil jump'éel k'iin ''corto'' ti' le ''superficie'' le k'áak'náabo', ''agitado'' tumen ''causas mecánicas.'' Le ''formación espuma'' k'áak'náabo' jach ''facilitada'' tumen ya'ab ''factores químicos'' wa ''físicos:'' jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le ''densidad'' iik' yéetel ja', le ''alcalinidad'' le ja'o', u ''contenido coloides disueltos, etc.''

Ti' ''mineralogía,'' le ''mineral hematita'' u k'aaba' ''espuma hierro'', ka' jo'op' u ''espuma manganeso'' jach jump'éel ''óxido manganeso'' ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le ''espuma'' ti' ''escoria'' ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ''ganado'' k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le ''espuma'' ti' le ''escoria'' jach ''causada'' chuunil laat'a'an tumen le ''generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja''&lt;nowiki/&gt;', ''dióxido azufre, oxígeno'' yéetel ''hidrógeno''-ichil le ''escoria,'' ku p'áatal ti' ''espumoso'', bey ja' ''jabón.''

Le ''espuma'' je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen ''movimientos mecánicos'' ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' ''gas.''

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al espuma: k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj mecánico, k'a'abéet u yantal componentes yéetel superficies activas (surfactantes) uti'al u xu'ulul u tensión superficial, yéetel espuma k'a'abéet u formar asab séeba'an u u descompone. Utia'al u beeta'al espuma, k'a'abéet meyaj (W) uti'al u ya'abtal u yich (ΔA):

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>grtgwwlsewt0dh1mx0tscl2pfku97n7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303968</id>
      <parentid>7303965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:02:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5203" sha1="ekfvgcfo4k2ohg0m69rhezv8rswnoxs" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' leti'obe' ''ejemplos'' ti' le ''medios comunicación dispersos.'' Tu ''general,'' yaan ''gas'', bey u jats ti' ''burbujas gas'' u jejeláas ''tamaños'' (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach ''polidisperso''), ''separado'' tumen ''regiones líquidas'' u páajtal u ''formar películas'', ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le ''fase líquida drena'' ti' le yaan. Le ken u ''escala'' noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel ''espuma'' jach ''fina,'' le chúumuk ''disperso'' je'el u páajtal u ''considerado'' jump'éel bin yano'ob ''coloide.''

Le t'aan ''espuma'' xan je'el u páajtal u ''referir'' u ti' ba'al ku ''análogo'' ti' le ''espuma'', bey ''espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico,'' wa ya'ab uláak' ''espumas fabricadas.''

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le ''emulsiones'', ku beetiko'ob ''capas adsorción'' ku baal le ''fase dispersa'' ti' le ka'ap'éel ''sistemas''. Ba'ale', le ''espumas'' jela'an ti' le ''emulsiones'' ti' ka'ap'éel ''aspectos'' ''clave:'' le ''fase dispersa'' jach jump'éel ''gas'' ti' le ''espumas'' yéetel juntúul ''líquido'' ti' le ''emulsiones;'' yéetel le ''burbujas gas'' ti' ''espumas'' ku jach asab nukuch u le ''gotas'' ti' ''emulsiones.'' Le ''espumas'' ku ''sistemas coloidales'' tuméen le ''capas rodean'' le ''burbujas gas'' ku bek'ech, yaan ''dimensiones coloidales,'' wa ''poseen propiedades coloidales.''

Le ''espuma'' ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel ''especialmente'' ken u jaatik le ''olas'' ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel ''aglomeración burbujas'' ku ''persiste'' ichil jump'éel k'iin ''corto'' ti' le ''superficie'' le k'áak'náabo', ''agitado'' tumen ''causas mecánicas.'' Le ''formación espuma'' k'áak'náabo' jach ''facilitada'' tumen ya'ab ''factores químicos'' wa ''físicos:'' jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le ''densidad'' iik' yéetel ja', le ''alcalinidad'' le ja'o', u ''contenido coloides disueltos, etc.''

Ti' ''mineralogía,'' le ''mineral hematita'' u k'aaba' ''espuma hierro'', ka' jo'op' u ''espuma manganeso'' jach jump'éel ''óxido manganeso'' ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le ''espuma'' ti' ''escoria'' ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ''ganado'' k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le ''espuma'' ti' le ''escoria'' jach ''causada'' chuunil laat'a'an tumen le ''generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja''&lt;nowiki/&gt;', ''dióxido azufre, oxígeno'' yéetel ''hidrógeno''-ichil le ''escoria,'' ku p'áatal ti' ''espumoso'', bey ja' ''jabón.''

Le ''espuma'' je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen ''movimientos mecánicos'' ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' ''gas.''

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al ''espuma'': k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj ''mecánico,'' k'a'abéet u yantal ''componentes'' yéetel ''superficies activas (surfactantes)'' uti'al u xu'ulul u ''tensión superficial,'' yéetel ''espuma'' k'a'abéet u ''formar'' asab séeba'an u ''descompone.'' Utia'al u beeta'al ''espuma,'' k'a'abéet meyaj ''(W)'' uti'al u ya'abtal u yich ''(ΔA):''

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le espumao' leti' le dispersión, tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach gas yéetel jump'éel líquido. jump'éel método dispersión asab específico implica inyectar jump'éel gas ti' jump'éel líquido yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel sólido. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel burbuja ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>ekfvgcfo4k2ohg0m69rhezv8rswnoxs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303970</id>
      <parentid>7303968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:03:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5247" sha1="4h0vndwmyclt0cafesmrhm9rtcggbkq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' leti'obe' ''ejemplos'' ti' le ''medios comunicación dispersos.'' Tu ''general,'' yaan ''gas'', bey u jats ti' ''burbujas gas'' u jejeláas ''tamaños'' (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach ''polidisperso''), ''separado'' tumen ''regiones líquidas'' u páajtal u ''formar películas'', ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le ''fase líquida drena'' ti' le yaan. Le ken u ''escala'' noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel ''espuma'' jach ''fina,'' le chúumuk ''disperso'' je'el u páajtal u ''considerado'' jump'éel bin yano'ob ''coloide.''

Le t'aan ''espuma'' xan je'el u páajtal u ''referir'' u ti' ba'al ku ''análogo'' ti' le ''espuma'', bey ''espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico,'' wa ya'ab uláak' ''espumas fabricadas.''

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le ''emulsiones'', ku beetiko'ob ''capas adsorción'' ku baal le ''fase dispersa'' ti' le ka'ap'éel ''sistemas''. Ba'ale', le ''espumas'' jela'an ti' le ''emulsiones'' ti' ka'ap'éel ''aspectos'' ''clave:'' le ''fase dispersa'' jach jump'éel ''gas'' ti' le ''espumas'' yéetel juntúul ''líquido'' ti' le ''emulsiones;'' yéetel le ''burbujas gas'' ti' ''espumas'' ku jach asab nukuch u le ''gotas'' ti' ''emulsiones.'' Le ''espumas'' ku ''sistemas coloidales'' tuméen le ''capas rodean'' le ''burbujas gas'' ku bek'ech, yaan ''dimensiones coloidales,'' wa ''poseen propiedades coloidales.''

Le ''espuma'' ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel ''especialmente'' ken u jaatik le ''olas'' ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel ''aglomeración burbujas'' ku ''persiste'' ichil jump'éel k'iin ''corto'' ti' le ''superficie'' le k'áak'náabo', ''agitado'' tumen ''causas mecánicas.'' Le ''formación espuma'' k'áak'náabo' jach ''facilitada'' tumen ya'ab ''factores químicos'' wa ''físicos:'' jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le ''densidad'' iik' yéetel ja', le ''alcalinidad'' le ja'o', u ''contenido coloides disueltos, etc.''

Ti' ''mineralogía,'' le ''mineral hematita'' u k'aaba' ''espuma hierro'', ka' jo'op' u ''espuma manganeso'' jach jump'éel ''óxido manganeso'' ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le ''espuma'' ti' ''escoria'' ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ''ganado'' k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le ''espuma'' ti' le ''escoria'' jach ''causada'' chuunil laat'a'an tumen le ''generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja''&lt;nowiki/&gt;', ''dióxido azufre, oxígeno'' yéetel ''hidrógeno''-ichil le ''escoria,'' ku p'áatal ti' ''espumoso'', bey ja' ''jabón.''

Le ''espuma'' je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen ''movimientos mecánicos'' ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' ''gas.''

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al ''espuma'': k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj ''mecánico,'' k'a'abéet u yantal ''componentes'' yéetel ''superficies activas (surfactantes)'' uti'al u xu'ulul u ''tensión superficial,'' yéetel ''espuma'' k'a'abéet u ''formar'' asab séeba'an u ''descompone.'' Utia'al u beeta'al ''espuma,'' k'a'abéet meyaj ''(W)'' uti'al u ya'abtal u yich ''(ΔA):''

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le ''espuma''o' leti' le ''dispersión'', tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach ''gas'' yéetel jump'éel ''líquido.'' jump'éel ''método dispersión'' asab ''específico implica'' ''inyectar'' jump'éel ''gas'' ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel ''sólido''. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel ''burbuja'' ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le teorías uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in continuación; kex beyo', kex le teoría ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan teórica ku nupikubáa yéetel le datos experimentales, tu general ku k'a'amal u le separación tumen capilaridad jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
      <sha1>4h0vndwmyclt0cafesmrhm9rtcggbkq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303972</id>
      <parentid>7303970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:05:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Editor1869</username>
        <id>2662630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Se hace una edición en texto</comment>
      <origin>7303972</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5279" sha1="527bidvk9f987fu5q7tnkvh7z9d4tuu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Soapbubbles1b.jpg|thumb|200px|Óom]]

'''Óom'''

* ''Káastlan t'aan'': ''Espuma''.

[[Category:Wp/yua]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q215414}}Le ''espuma''o' jump'éel ba'al ku beeta'al tumen u k'a'alal u ''bolsillos vapor'' wa gas ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' wa ''sólido''.

jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil yéetel u yóok'ol jump'éel ''vaso'' k'áaj ja'o' leti'obe' ''ejemplos espumas.'' Ti' óol tuláakal le máasewáalo'obo' ti' le ''espumas,'' le ''volumen gas'' nojoch, yéetel ''películas finas'' u ''líquido'' wa ''sólido separando'' le ''regiones gas.'' Le ''espumas de jabón'' xan k'ajóolta'ano'ob bix ''espuma.''

Le ''espumas sólidas'' páajtal u beel wa ''celda cerrada'' wa ''celda abierta''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas'', le ''gas'' ku beetik ''bolsillos discretos'', Amal jaatsatako'ob ''rodeado'' tumen le xooko'obo' ''sólido''. Ti' le ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'', le ''bolsillos gas'' táan ''interconectados''. jump'éel ''esponja'' wichkíil leti' jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células abiertas'': le ja'o' ''fluye'' uchik tumen tuláakal le ba'ax, ''desplazando'' le iik'o'. jump'éel ''estera'' u ''camping'' jach jump'éel ''ejemplo'' u ''espuma'' u ''células cerradas:'' le ''bolsillos gas'' ku ''sellados'' múuch' utia'al u le ''estera'' ma' u chu'uchik ja'.

Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' leti'obe' ''ejemplos'' ti' le ''medios comunicación dispersos.'' Tu ''general,'' yaan ''gas'', bey u jats ti' ''burbujas gas'' u jejeláas ''tamaños'' (i.e., le xooko'obo' jach ''polidisperso''), ''separado'' tumen ''regiones líquidas'' u páajtal u ''formar películas'', ku suutikuba'ob asab bek'ech yéetel asab bek'ech bey le ''fase líquida drena'' ti' le yaan. Le ken u ''escala'' noj bejo' le chan, i.e., utia'al jump'éel ''espuma'' jach ''fina,'' le chúumuk ''disperso'' je'el u páajtal u ''considerado'' jump'éel bin yano'ob ''coloide.''

Le t'aan ''espuma'' xan je'el u páajtal u ''referir'' u ti' ba'al ku ''análogo'' ti' le ''espuma'', bey ''espuma cuántica, espuma poliuretano (caucho espuma), espuma XPS, poliestireno, fenólico,'' wa ya'ab uláak' ''espumas fabricadas.''

== '''Bíixil''' ==
Le ''espuma''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'obo' ku ke'etel yéetel le ''emulsiones'', ku beetiko'ob ''capas adsorción'' ku baal le ''fase dispersa'' ti' le ka'ap'éel ''sistemas''. Ba'ale', le ''espumas'' jela'an ti' le ''emulsiones'' ti' ka'ap'éel ''aspectos'' ''clave:'' le ''fase dispersa'' jach jump'éel ''gas'' ti' le ''espumas'' yéetel juntúul ''líquido'' ti' le ''emulsiones;'' yéetel le ''burbujas gas'' ti' ''espumas'' ku jach asab nukuch u le ''gotas'' ti' ''emulsiones.'' Le ''espumas'' ku ''sistemas coloidales'' tuméen le ''capas rodean'' le ''burbujas gas'' ku bek'ech, yaan ''dimensiones coloidales,'' wa ''poseen propiedades coloidales.''

Le ''espuma'' ku páajtal u yila'al te' k'áak'náabo'obo', yéetel ''especialmente'' ken u jaatik le ''olas'' ti' le k'áak'náabo', leti' jump'éel ''aglomeración burbujas'' ku ''persiste'' ichil jump'éel k'iin ''corto'' ti' le ''superficie'' le k'áak'náabo', ''agitado'' tumen ''causas mecánicas.'' Le ''formación espuma'' k'áak'náabo' jach ''facilitada'' tumen ya'ab ''factores químicos'' wa ''físicos:'' jump'éel nuxi' jela'anil in ichil le ''densidad'' iik' yéetel ja', le ''alcalinidad'' le ja'o', u ''contenido coloides disueltos, etc.''

Ti' ''mineralogía,'' le ''mineral hematita'' u k'aaba' ''espuma hierro'', ka' jo'op' u ''espuma manganeso'' jach jump'éel ''óxido manganeso'' ku yaantal ti' jump'éel noj lu'umil.

Le ''espuma'' ti' ''escoria'' ts'oonak ts'o'ok u ''ganado'' k'ana'an ju'uno'ob. Le ''espuma'' ti' le ''escoria'' jach ''causada'' chuunil laat'a'an tumen le ''generación burbujas gas-monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono, vapor ja''&lt;nowiki/&gt;', ''dióxido azufre, oxígeno'' yéetel ''hidrógeno''-ichil le ''escoria,'' ku p'áatal ti' ''espumoso'', bey ja' ''jabón.''

Le ''espuma'' je'ela' ku beeta'al tumen ''movimientos mecánicos'' ku beetiko'ob u ch'a'abal iik' wa uláak' ''gas.''

== '''Kapasitasion''' ==
Yaan ya'ab ba'alo'ob k'a'abéet uti'al u beeta'al ''espuma'': k'a'abéet u táakpajal meyaj ''mecánico,'' k'a'abéet u yantal ''componentes'' yéetel ''superficies activas (surfactantes)'' uti'al u xu'ulul u ''tensión superficial,'' yéetel ''espuma'' k'a'abéet u ''formar'' asab séeba'an u ''descompone.'' Utia'al u beeta'al ''espuma,'' k'a'abéet meyaj ''(W)'' uti'al u ya'abtal u yich ''(ΔA):''

jump'éel bix u beeta'al le ''espuma''o' leti' le ''dispersión'', tu'ux ku xa'ak'pajal ya'abkach ''gas'' yéetel jump'éel ''líquido.'' jump'éel ''método dispersión'' asab ''específico implica'' ''inyectar'' jump'éel ''gas'' ti' jump'éel ''líquido'' yo'osal jump'éel jool ti' jump'éel ''sólido''. Wa ku beeta'al le meyaja' Chaambel, je'el u páajtal u beeta'al jump'éel ''burbuja'' ti' jump'éel súutukil, je'el bix u ye'esik le oochelo' ku láak'intiko'.

Junp'éel ti' le ''teorías'' uti'al u yila'al u k'iinil u jóok'ol máake' ku ye'esik in ''continuación;'' kex beyo', kex le ''teoría'' ku ts'áaik a'alajil t'aan ''teórica'' ku nupikubáa yéetel le ''datos experimentales,'' tu ''general'' ku k'a'amal u le ''separación'' tumen ''capilaridad'' jach jump'éel ma'alo'ob tsoolil.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/mrt/Yahaya Bello</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T22:03:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baby juuu</username>
        <id>2634254</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Controversies */</comment>
      <origin>7304241</origin>
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      <text bytes="754" sha1="gm2re1b1oke5969srqcow7bhc0pp8p4" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/mrt/Databox|item=Q22295109}}
'''Yahaya Adoza Bello '''[[Wp/mrt/CON|CON]] (// ⓘ; nji yanyi 18 hya kwa fa 1975) ndgya kra jo ih Nigerian businessman, politician ba wanted man hearara EFCC, njo yu 84 billion Naira fraud a raja. A irja thur [[Wp/mrt/Governor ni Kogi State|governor ni Kogi State]] hearo 2016 ando 2024.[1] A member of the [[Wp/mrt/All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress]], Bello najan kushu or governor ni [[Wp/mrt/Nigeria|Nigeria]] pichara jo office.
Nji yanyi or [[Wp/mrt/Okene|Okene]], Bello baji jiga accounting and business administration or [[Wp/mrt/Ahmadu Bello University|Ahmadu Bello University]].

==Ndar dunyar mdu aga mtə==

==Ndar siyasar mdu==

== Controvees ==
[[Category:Wp/mrt]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q22295109}}</text>
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        <id>2634254</id>
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      <comment>/* Controvees */</comment>
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'''Yahaya Adoza Bello '''[[Wp/mrt/CON|CON]] (// ⓘ; nji yanyi 18 hya kwa fa 1975) ndgya kra jo ih Nigerian businessman, politician ba wanted man hearara EFCC, njo yu 84 billion Naira fraud a raja. A irja thur [[Wp/mrt/Governor ni Kogi State|governor ni Kogi State]] hearo 2016 ando 2024.[1] A member of the [[Wp/mrt/All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress]], Bello najan kushu or governor ni [[Wp/mrt/Nigeria|Nigeria]] pichara jo office.
Nji yanyi or [[Wp/mrt/Okene|Okene]], Bello baji jiga accounting and business administration or [[Wp/mrt/Ahmadu Bello University|Ahmadu Bello University]].

==Ndar dunyar mdu aga mtə==

==Ndar siyasar mdu==

== Coees ==
[[Category:Wp/mrt]]

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'''Yahaya Adoza Bello '''[[Wp/mrt/CON|CON]] (// ⓘ; nji yanyi 18 hya kwa fa 1975) ndgya kra jo ih Nigerian businessman, politician ba wanted man hearara EFCC, njo yu 84 billion Naira fraud a raja. A irja thur [[Wp/mrt/Governor ni Kogi State|governor ni Kogi State]] hearo 2016 ando 2024.[1] A member of the [[Wp/mrt/All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress]], Bello najan kushu or governor ni [[Wp/mrt/Nigeria|Nigeria]] pichara jo office.
Nji yanyi or [[Wp/mrt/Okene|Okene]], Bello baji jiga accounting and business administration or [[Wp/mrt/Ahmadu Bello University|Ahmadu Bello University]].

==Ndar dunyar mdu aga mtə==

==Ndar siyasar mdu==


[[Category:Wp/mrt]]

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      <text bytes="646" sha1="92xidgfx9o1vxfvyl75jb3jzts21dhu" xml:space="preserve">'''Bena Luluwa''' badi bantu ba mu Afrike wa pankatshi, badi nangananga mu ditunga dia République démocratique du Congo, mu tshitupa tshia pankatshi tshia ku Sud kua provense wa Kasaï-Ouest, pankatshi pa musulu wa Kasai ku Ouest ne mikalu ya Kasaï-Oriental ku Est[1]. Bamue ba kudibu badi basombele ku mikalu ya ditunga dia Angola lua ku Nord-Est. Tshisamba tshia bena Luba ba mu Kasaï ne bena Bakwa-Luntu ne bena Baluba-Lubilanji badibu balamatangane nabu bikole, kadi bavua mu dikokangana nabu pakabuelabu mu budikadidi (1959-1961). Tudi kabidi mua kubadibikila ne: bena Luba-Kasai, mbuena kuamba ne: bisamba bia bungi

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      <text bytes="689" sha1="3rdgy9xev0vkz4o41dlckjtmafer886" xml:space="preserve">'''Bena Luluwa''' badi bantu ba mu Afrike wa pankatshi, badi nangananga mu [[Wp/lua/Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata|ditunga dia République démocratique du Congo]], mu tshitupa tshia pankatshi tshia ku Sud kua provense wa Kasaï-Ouest, pankatshi pa musulu wa Kasai ku Ouest ne mikalu ya Kasaï-Oriental ku Est[1]. Bamue ba kudibu badi basombele ku mikalu ya ditunga dia Angola lua ku Nord-Est. Tshisamba tshia bena Luba ba mu Kasaï ne bena Bakwa-Luntu ne bena Baluba-Lubilanji badibu balamatangane nabu bikole, kadi bavua mu dikokangana nabu pakabuelabu mu budikadidi (1959-1961). Tudi kabidi mua kubadibikila ne: bena Luba-Kasai, mbuena kuamba ne: bisamba bia bungi

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      <text bytes="714" sha1="kv33x37eeq3ktuo6ydqgkmtx5hnosgz" xml:space="preserve">'''Bena Luluwa''' badi bantu ba mu Afrike wa pankatshi, badi nangananga mu [[Wp/lua/Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata|ditunga dia République démocratique du Congo]], mu tshitupa tshia pankatshi tshia ku Sud kua provense wa Kasaï-Ouest, pankatshi pa musulu wa Kasai ku Ouest ne mikalu ya Kasaï-Oriental ku Est[1]. Bamue ba kudibu badi basombele ku mikalu ya ditunga dia Angola lua ku Nord-Est. Tshisamba tshia bena Luba ba mu Kasaï ne bena Bakwa-Luntu ne bena Baluba-Lubilanji badibu balamatangane nabu bikole, kadi bavua mu dikokangana nabu pakabuelabu mu budikadidi (1959-1961). Tudi kabidi mua kubadibikila ne: bena [[Wp/lua/Luba-wa-Kasai|Luba-Kasai]], mbuena kuamba ne: bisamba bia bungi

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Allen Catherine Kagina n'omwebembezi w'ebitongore omuri Uganda. Akaba ari mukuru w'ekitongore ky'enguuto ekya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda National Roads Authority|Uganda National Roads Authority]] (UNRA). 

Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro abiri n'abina Okwa kana omu mwaka gwa 2015 kandi akabingwa ebiro 23 Okwa ikumi n'ebiri omu  mwaka gwa 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Nelson Bwire (27 April 2015). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Allen-Kagina-appointed-UNRA-Executive-Director/-/688334/2698930/-/wd7k8qz/-/index.html Allen Kagina To Head UNRA). Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 27 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakahikire, kuruga omu mwaka gwa 2004 kuhisya omu gw'e 2014, akakora nk'omujwekyerwa w'ekitongore ky'emishoro ekya Uganda Revenue Authority (URA)&lt;ref&gt;Kaujju, Peter (24 March 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062818/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1168429/changes-ura More Changes In URA]&quot;. 'New Vision'. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa n'obwegyese ==
Kagina akazaarirwa omuri disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Rukungiri|Rukungiri]], omu kicweka ky'oburengyebwa-eizooba bwa Uganda, omuri 1961 owa Hezron na Catherine Kakuuyo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.softpower.ug/hezron-kakuyo-father-to-unras-allen-kagina-dies-at-93/ Hezron Kakuyo, Father to UNRA's Allen Kagina Dies at 93&quot;.] Online news from Uganda and the East African region - SoftPower News. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shifa Mwesigye (2 January 2011). &quot;[http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=11566:despite-its-rich-profile-rukungiri-wallows-in-poverty Despite Its Rich Profile, Rukungiri Wallows In Poverty]&quot;. The Observer (Uganda). Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 8 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;Akashomera omu ishomero rya [[Wp/nyn/Gayaza High School|Gayaza High School]] ery'abantu buntu, ery'okuraramu, ery'abaishiki boona erya miduro na siniya. Aine diguri y'okubanza omu by'emiteekatekyere kuruga omuri yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]], yunivaasite ya gavumenti erikukirayo obukuru kandi erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda. Aine na diguri y'akabiri omu by'obwebembezi kuruga omuri yunivasite ya Liverpool omuri Bungyereza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Dorothy Nakaweesi (29 June 2010). &quot;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Prosper/-/688616/948138/-/iyfnysz/-/index.html Allen The Tax Collector And Mother&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatunga diguri y'akabiri endiijo omu by'obwebembezi n'okwebembera ebitongore ebiro 30 Okwa ikumi omuri 2015 kuruga omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]], omuri [[Wp/nyn/Mukono|Mukono]], Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;Campusbee Uganda (2016). &quot;[https://campusbee.ug/news/top-10-prominent-ucu-alumnus/ Top prominent UCU alumni……number five will shock you!&quot;]. Campusbee.ug. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 14 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obumanyirizi bw'emirimo ==
Kagina akatandika omurimo gwe omuri 1985 nk'omuhwezi w'omwegyesa omu yunivaasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]]. Bwanyima akaza omu ofiisi y'omwebembezi w'eihanga. Omuri 1992, akaza omu kitongore kya URA nk'omukuru omu by'emishoro, yaheereza omu myanya egyo kuhisya omuri 1998. Omuri 2000, akaheebwa ekitiinisa ky'omuhwezi wa kaminsona w'eby'emishoro omuri URA, yaheereza omu myanya egyo kuhisya omuri  2001. Akatooranwa nk'omujwekyerwa wa URA omuri 2004.&lt;ref&gt;David Mugabe, and Mark Owor (15 July 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062818/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1286450/kagina-set-stay-helm-revenue-body &quot;Kagina Set to Stay at Helm of Revenue Body]&quot;. New Vision. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Akaheebwa ekirabo ky'obwebembezi bw'ekitongore omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2006, ekya Destiny Consult, ekibiina ky'amakorero, ahabw'okuhindura enkora y'ekitongore ky'emishoro kuruga obu yaatoranwa kwebembera ekitongore omuri 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Olaki, Emmy (8 February 2006). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062814/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1154865/kagina-leadership-award Kagina gets leadership award&quot;.] New Vision. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu kwezi kwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 2010, konturakiti ye ekagarurwa busya kumara emyaka ishatu. Omushaara gwe ogwa buri kwezi gukaba nigugambwa kuba miriyoni nka UGX: 28 (nk'obukade bwa doora za Amerika 11,250).&lt;ref&gt;Mugerwa, Yasiin (15 May 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062809/https://mobile.monitor.co.ug/News/Highest-paid-government-officials-named/2466686-2716862-format-xhtml-fwucinz/index.html &quot;Highest paid government officials named&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ebiro 27 Okwa kana omuri 2015, John Byabagambi, Minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda omuri Uganda obwire obwo, akamutorana nk'orikukurira ekitongore kya UNRA, okutandika n'ekiro kimwe (1) Okwa ikumi omuri  2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bwire, Nelson (27 April 2015). &quot;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Allen-Kagina-to-head-UNRA/688334-2698930-di5yaq/index.html Allen Kagina to head UNRA&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebirikukwata aha muntu ==
Allen Kagina ashweirwe Paul Kagina. Boona hamwe, n'abazaire b'abaana bashatu, Dan, Michelle na Mark. N'omukurisitaayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Samuel Sanya (25 October 2014). &quot;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1313159/makes-allen-kagina-tick What Makes Allen Kagina Tick&quot;]. New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ni munyanya wa Lorna Magara, Jocelyn Kyobutungi Rugunda (omukazi w'owabaireho enganzi y'eihanga rya Uganda, [[Wp/nyn/Ruhakana Rugunda|Ruhakana Rugunda]]) hamwe na Caleb Kakuyo (owaabaireho mukuru w'ebyobushuubuzi omu kitongore ky'amaju n'okwombeka ekya National Housing and Construction Corporation) n'abandi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freewebhostinguganda.com/ugandapressreview/kakuyo-the-fallen-hero-who-left-an-indelible-legacy/ Kakuyo the fallen hero who left an indelible legacy]&quot;. Uganda Press Review®. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba n'ebi ==

* Juliana Kagwa
* Lilly Ajarova
* Shakila Rahim Lamar
* Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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Allen Catherine Kagina n'omwebembezi w'ebitongore omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Akaba ari mukuru w'ekitongore ky'enguuto ekya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda National Roads Authority|Uganda National Roads Authority]] (UNRA). 

Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro abiri n'abina Okwa kana omu mwaka gwa 2015 kandi akabingwa ebiro 23 Okwa ikumi n'ebiri omu  mwaka gwa 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Nelson Bwire (27 April 2015). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Allen-Kagina-appointed-UNRA-Executive-Director/-/688334/2698930/-/wd7k8qz/-/index.html Allen Kagina To Head UNRA). Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 27 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakahikire, kuruga omu mwaka gwa 2004 kuhisya omu gw'e 2014, akakora nk'omujwekyerwa w'ekitongore ky'emishoro ekya Uganda Revenue Authority (URA)&lt;ref&gt;Kaujju, Peter (24 March 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062818/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1168429/changes-ura More Changes In URA]&quot;. 'New Vision'. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa n'obwegyese ==
Kagina akazaarirwa omuri disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Rukungiri|Rukungiri]], omu kicweka ky'oburengyebwa-eizooba bwa Uganda, omuri 1961 owa Hezron na Catherine Kakuuyo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.softpower.ug/hezron-kakuyo-father-to-unras-allen-kagina-dies-at-93/ Hezron Kakuyo, Father to UNRA's Allen Kagina Dies at 93&quot;.] Online news from Uganda and the East African region - SoftPower News. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shifa Mwesigye (2 January 2011). &quot;[http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=11566:despite-its-rich-profile-rukungiri-wallows-in-poverty Despite Its Rich Profile, Rukungiri Wallows In Poverty]&quot;. The Observer (Uganda). Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 8 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;Akashomera omu ishomero rya [[Wp/nyn/Gayaza High School|Gayaza High School]] ery'abantu buntu, ery'okuraramu, ery'abaishiki boona erya miduro na siniya. Aine diguri y'okubanza omu by'emiteekatekyere kuruga omuri yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]], yunivaasite ya gavumenti erikukirayo obukuru kandi erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda. Aine na diguri y'akabiri omu by'obwebembezi kuruga omuri yunivasite ya Liverpool omuri Bungyereza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Dorothy Nakaweesi (29 June 2010). &quot;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Prosper/-/688616/948138/-/iyfnysz/-/index.html Allen The Tax Collector And Mother&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatunga diguri y'akabiri endiijo omu by'obwebembezi n'okwebembera ebitongore ebiro 30 Okwa ikumi omuri 2015 kuruga omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]], omuri [[Wp/nyn/Mukono|Mukono]], Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;Campusbee Uganda (2016). &quot;[https://campusbee.ug/news/top-10-prominent-ucu-alumnus/ Top prominent UCU alumni……number five will shock you!&quot;]. Campusbee.ug. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 14 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obumanyirizi bw'emirimo ==
Kagina akatandika omurimo gwe omuri 1985 nk'omuhwezi w'omwegyesa omu yunivaasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]]. Bwanyima akaza omu ofiisi y'omwebembezi w'eihanga. Omuri 1992, akaza omu kitongore kya URA nk'omukuru omu by'emishoro, yaheereza omu myanya egyo kuhisya omuri 1998. Omuri 2000, akaheebwa ekitiinisa ky'omuhwezi wa kaminsona w'eby'emishoro omuri URA, yaheereza omu myanya egyo kuhisya omuri  2001. Akatooranwa nk'omujwekyerwa wa URA omuri 2004.&lt;ref&gt;David Mugabe, and Mark Owor (15 July 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062818/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1286450/kagina-set-stay-helm-revenue-body &quot;Kagina Set to Stay at Helm of Revenue Body]&quot;. New Vision. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Akaheebwa ekirabo ky'obwebembezi bw'ekitongore omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2006, ekya Destiny Consult, ekibiina ky'amakorero, ahabw'okuhindura enkora y'ekitongore ky'emishoro kuruga obu yaatoranwa kwebembera ekitongore omuri 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Olaki, Emmy (8 February 2006). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062814/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1154865/kagina-leadership-award Kagina gets leadership award&quot;.] New Vision. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu kwezi kwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 2010, konturakiti ye ekagarurwa busya kumara emyaka ishatu. Omushaara gwe ogwa buri kwezi gukaba nigugambwa kuba miriyoni nka UGX: 28 (nk'obukade bwa doora za Amerika 11,250).&lt;ref&gt;Mugerwa, Yasiin (15 May 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062809/https://mobile.monitor.co.ug/News/Highest-paid-government-officials-named/2466686-2716862-format-xhtml-fwucinz/index.html &quot;Highest paid government officials named&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ebiro 27 Okwa kana omuri 2015, John Byabagambi, Minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda omuri Uganda obwire obwo, akamutorana nk'orikukurira ekitongore kya UNRA, okutandika n'ekiro kimwe (1) Okwa ikumi omuri  2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bwire, Nelson (27 April 2015). &quot;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Allen-Kagina-to-head-UNRA/688334-2698930-di5yaq/index.html Allen Kagina to head UNRA&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebirikukwata aha muntu ==
Allen Kagina ashweirwe Paul Kagina. Boona hamwe, n'abazaire b'abaana bashatu, Dan, Michelle na Mark. N'omukurisitaayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Samuel Sanya (25 October 2014). &quot;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1313159/makes-allen-kagina-tick What Makes Allen Kagina Tick&quot;]. New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ni munyanya wa Lorna Magara, Jocelyn Kyobutungi Rugunda (omukazi w'owabaireho enganzi y'eihanga rya Uganda, [[Wp/nyn/Ruhakana Rugunda|Ruhakana Rugunda]]) hamwe na Caleb Kakuyo (owaabaireho mukuru w'ebyobushuubuzi omu kitongore ky'amaju n'okwombeka ekya National Housing and Construction Corporation) n'abandi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freewebhostinguganda.com/ugandapressreview/kakuyo-the-fallen-hero-who-left-an-indelible-legacy/ Kakuyo the fallen hero who left an indelible legacy]&quot;. Uganda Press Review®. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba n'ebi ==

* Juliana Kagwa
* Lilly Ajarova
* Shakila Rahim Lamar
* Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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      <id>7304438</id>
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Allen Catherine Kagina n'omwebembezi w'ebitongore omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Akaba ari mukuru w'ekitongore ky'enguuto ekya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda National Roads Authority|Uganda National Roads Authority]] (UNRA). 

Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro abiri n'abina Okwa kana omu mwaka gwa 2015 kandi akabingwa ebiro 23 Okwa ikumi n'ebiri omu  mwaka gwa 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Nelson Bwire (27 April 2015). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Allen-Kagina-appointed-UNRA-Executive-Director/-/688334/2698930/-/wd7k8qz/-/index.html Allen Kagina To Head UNRA). Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 27 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakahikire, kuruga omu mwaka gwa 2004 kuhisya omu gw'e 2014, akakora nk'omujwekyerwa w'ekitongore ky'emishoro ekya Uganda Revenue Authority (URA)&lt;ref&gt;Kaujju, Peter (24 March 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062818/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1168429/changes-ura More Changes In URA]&quot;. 'New Vision'. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa n'obwegyese ==
Kagina akazaarirwa omuri disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Rukungiri|Rukungiri]], omu kicweka ky'oburengyebwa-eizooba bwa Uganda, omuri 1961 owa Hezron na Catherine Kakuuyo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.softpower.ug/hezron-kakuyo-father-to-unras-allen-kagina-dies-at-93/ Hezron Kakuyo, Father to UNRA's Allen Kagina Dies at 93&quot;.] Online news from Uganda and the East African region - SoftPower News. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shifa Mwesigye (2 January 2011). &quot;[http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=11566:despite-its-rich-profile-rukungiri-wallows-in-poverty Despite Its Rich Profile, Rukungiri Wallows In Poverty]&quot;. The Observer (Uganda). Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 8 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;Akashomera omu ishomero rya [[Wp/nyn/Gayaza High School|Gayaza High School]] ery'abantu buntu, ery'okuraramu, ery'abaishiki boona erya miduro na siniya. Aine diguri y'okubanza omu by'emiteekatekyere kuruga [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]], yunivaasite ya gavumenti erikukirayo obukuru kandi erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda. Aine na diguri yakabiri omu by'obwebembezi kuruga omuri yunivasite ya Liverpool omuri Bungyereza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Dorothy Nakaweesi (29 June 2010). &quot;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Prosper/-/688616/948138/-/iyfnysz/-/index.html Allen The Tax Collector And Mother&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatunga diguri y'akabiri endiijo omu by'obwebembezi n'okwebembera ebitongore ebiro 30 Okwa ikumi omuri 2015 kuruga omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]], omuri [[Wp/nyn/Mukono|Mukono]], Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;Campusbee Uganda (2016). &quot;[https://campusbee.ug/news/top-10-prominent-ucu-alumnus/ Top prominent UCU alumni……number five will shock you!&quot;]. Campusbee.ug. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 14 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obumanyirizi bw'emirimo ==
Kagina akatandika omurimo gwe omuri 1985 nk'omuhwezi w'omwegyesa omu yunivaasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]]. Bwanyima akaza omu ofiisi y'omwebembezi w'eihanga. Omuri 1992, akaza omu kitongore kya URA nk'omukuru omu by'emishoro, yaheereza omu myanya egyo kuhisya omuri 1998. Omuri 2000, akaheebwa ekitiinisa ky'omuhwezi wa kaminsona w'eby'emishoro omuri URA, yaheereza omu myanya egyo kuhisya omuri  2001. Akatooranwa nk'omujwekyerwa wa URA omuri 2004.&lt;ref&gt;David Mugabe, and Mark Owor (15 July 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062818/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1286450/kagina-set-stay-helm-revenue-body &quot;Kagina Set to Stay at Helm of Revenue Body]&quot;. New Vision. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Akaheebwa ekirabo ky'obwebembezi bw'ekitongore omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2006, ekya Destiny Consult, ekibiina ky'amakorero, ahabw'okuhindura enkora y'ekitongore ky'emishoro kuruga obu yaatoranwa kwebembera ekitongore omuri 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Olaki, Emmy (8 February 2006). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062814/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1154865/kagina-leadership-award Kagina gets leadership award&quot;.] New Vision. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu kwezi kwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 2010, konturakiti ye ekagarurwa busya kumara emyaka ishatu. Omushaara gwe ogwa buri kwezi gukaba nigugambwa kuba miriyoni nka UGX: 28 (nk'obukade bwa doora za Amerika 11,250).&lt;ref&gt;Mugerwa, Yasiin (15 May 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062809/https://mobile.monitor.co.ug/News/Highest-paid-government-officials-named/2466686-2716862-format-xhtml-fwucinz/index.html &quot;Highest paid government officials named&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ebiro 27 Okwa kana omuri 2015, John Byabagambi, Minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda omuri Uganda obwire obwo, akamutorana nk'orikukurira ekitongore kya UNRA, okutandika n'ekiro kimwe (1) Okwa ikumi omuri  2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bwire, Nelson (27 April 2015). &quot;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Allen-Kagina-to-head-UNRA/688334-2698930-di5yaq/index.html Allen Kagina to head UNRA&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebirikukwata aha muntu ==
Allen Kagina ashweirwe Paul Kagina. Boona hamwe, n'abazaire b'abaana bashatu, Dan, Michelle na Mark. N'omukurisitaayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Samuel Sanya (25 October 2014). &quot;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1313159/makes-allen-kagina-tick What Makes Allen Kagina Tick&quot;]. New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ni munyanya wa Lorna Magara, Jocelyn Kyobutungi Rugunda (omukazi w'owabaireho enganzi y'eihanga rya Uganda, [[Wp/nyn/Ruhakana Rugunda|Ruhakana Rugunda]]) hamwe na Caleb Kakuyo (owaabaireho mukuru w'ebyobushuubuzi omu kitongore ky'amaju n'okwombeka ekya National Housing and Construction Corporation) n'abandi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freewebhostinguganda.com/ugandapressreview/kakuyo-the-fallen-hero-who-left-an-indelible-legacy/ Kakuyo the fallen hero who left an indelible legacy]&quot;. Uganda Press Review®. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba n'ebi ==

* Juliana Kagwa
* Lilly Ajarova
* Shakila Rahim Lamar
* Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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Allen Catherine Kagina n'omwebembezi w'ebitongore omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Akaba ari mukuru w'ekitongore ky'enguuto ekya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda National Roads Authority|Uganda National Roads Authority]] (UNRA). 

Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro abiri n'abina Okwa kana omu mwaka gwa 2015 kandi akabingwa ebiro 23 Okwa ikumi n'ebiri omu  mwaka gwa 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Nelson Bwire (27 April 2015). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Allen-Kagina-appointed-UNRA-Executive-Director/-/688334/2698930/-/wd7k8qz/-/index.html Allen Kagina To Head UNRA). Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 27 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakahikire, kuruga omu mwaka gwa 2004 kuhisya omu gw'e 2014, akakora nk'omujwekyerwa w'ekitongore ky'emishoro ekya Uganda Revenue Authority (URA)&lt;ref&gt;Kaujju, Peter (24 March 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062818/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1168429/changes-ura More Changes In URA]&quot;. 'New Vision'. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa n'obwegyese ==
Kagina akazaarirwa omuri disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Rukungiri|Rukungiri]], omu kicweka ky'oburengyebwa-eizooba bwa Uganda, omuri 1961 owa Hezron na Catherine Kakuuyo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.softpower.ug/hezron-kakuyo-father-to-unras-allen-kagina-dies-at-93/ Hezron Kakuyo, Father to UNRA's Allen Kagina Dies at 93&quot;.] Online news from Uganda and the East African region - SoftPower News. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shifa Mwesigye (2 January 2011). &quot;[http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=11566:despite-its-rich-profile-rukungiri-wallows-in-poverty Despite Its Rich Profile, Rukungiri Wallows In Poverty]&quot;. The Observer (Uganda). Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 8 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;Akashomera omu ishomero rya [[Wp/nyn/Gayaza High School|Gayaza High School]] ery'abantu buntu, ery'okuraramu, ery'abaishiki boona erya miduro na siniya. Aine diguri y'okubanza omu by'emiteekatekyere kuruga [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]], yunivaasite ya gavumenti erikukirayo obukuru kandi erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda. Aine na diguri yakabiri omu by'obwebembezi kuruga omuri yunivasite ya Liverpool omuri Bungyereza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Dorothy Nakaweesi (29 June 2010). &quot;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Prosper/-/688616/948138/-/iyfnysz/-/index.html Allen The Tax Collector And Mother&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatunga diguri y'akabiri endiijo omu by'obwebembezi n'okwebembera ebitongore ebiro 30 Okwa ikumi omuri 2015 kuruga omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]], omuri [[Wp/nyn/Mukono|Mukono]], Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;Campusbee Uganda (2016). &quot;[https://campusbee.ug/news/top-10-prominent-ucu-alumnus/ Top prominent UCU alumni……number five will shock you!&quot;]. Campusbee.ug. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 14 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obumanyirizi bw'emirimo ==
Kagina akatandika omurimo gwe omuri 1985 nk'omuhwezi w'omwegyesa omu yunivaasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]]. Bwanyima akaza omu ofiisi y'omwebembezi w'eihanga. Omuri 1992, akaza omu kitongore kya URA nk'omukuru omu by'emishoro, yaheereza omu myanya egyo kuhisya omuri 1998. Omuri 2000, akaheebwa ekitiinisa ky'omuhwezi wa kaminsona w'eby'emishoro omuri URA, yaheereza omu myanya egyo kuhisya omuri  2001. Akatooranwa nk'omujwekyerwa wa URA omuri 2004.&lt;ref&gt;David Mugabe, and Mark Owor (15 July 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062818/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1286450/kagina-set-stay-helm-revenue-body &quot;Kagina Set to Stay at Helm of Revenue Body]&quot;. New Vision. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Akaheebwa ekirabo ky'obwebembezi bw'ekitongore omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2006, ekya Destiny Consult, ekibiina ky'amakorero, ahabw'okuhindura enkora y'ekitongore ky'emishoro kuruga obu yaatoranwa kwebembera ekitongore omuri 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Olaki, Emmy (8 February 2006). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062814/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1154865/kagina-leadership-award Kagina gets leadership award&quot;.] New Vision. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu kwezi kwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 2010, konturakiti ye ekagarurwa busya kumara emyaka ishatu. Omushaara gwe ogwa buri kwezi gukaba nigugambwa kuba miriyoni nka UGX: 28 (nk'obukade bwa doora za Amerika 11,250).&lt;ref&gt;Mugerwa, Yasiin (15 May 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190528062809/https://mobile.monitor.co.ug/News/Highest-paid-government-officials-named/2466686-2716862-format-xhtml-fwucinz/index.html &quot;Highest paid government officials named&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ebiro 27 Okwa kana omuri 2015, John Byabagambi, Minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda omuri Uganda obwire obwo, akamutorana nk'orikukurira ekitongore kya UNRA, okutandika n'ekiro kimwe (1) Okwa ikumi omuri  2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bwire, Nelson (27 April 2015). &quot;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Allen-Kagina-to-head-UNRA/688334-2698930-di5yaq/index.html Allen Kagina to head UNRA&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebirikukwata aha muntu ==
Allen Kagina ashweirwe Paul Kagina. Boona hamwe, n'abazaire b'abaana bashatu; Dan, Michelle na Mark. N'omukurisitaayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Samuel Sanya (25 October 2014). &quot;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1313159/makes-allen-kagina-tick What Makes Allen Kagina Tick&quot;]. New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 20 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ni munyanya wa Lorna Magara, Jocelyn Kyobutungi Rugunda (omukazi w'owabaireho enganzi y'eihanga rya Uganda, [[Wp/nyn/Ruhakana Rugunda|Ruhakana Rugunda]]) hamwe na Caleb Kakuyo (owaabaireho mukuru w'ebyobushuubuzi omu kitongore ky'amaju n'okwombeka ekya National Housing and Construction Corporation) n'abandi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freewebhostinguganda.com/ugandapressreview/kakuyo-the-fallen-hero-who-left-an-indelible-legacy/ Kakuyo the fallen hero who left an indelible legacy]&quot;. Uganda Press Review®. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba n'ebi ==

* Juliana Kagwa
* Lilly Ajarova
* Shakila Rahim Lamar
* Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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[[File:Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering).jpg|thumb|Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering)]]
'''Albertine Rift'''  guru omu kicweeka ky'oburengyerwa-izooba ekya East African Rift, ekirikutwariramu n'ebicweka bya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], [[Wp/nyn/Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC), [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Wp/nyn/Burundi|Burundi]] na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].

kirikuruga aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Albert omu mateemba kuhisya aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Tanganyika omu mashuuma. Ekigambo ky'eitaka kiratwariramu ebibanda hamwe n'enshozi ezeetorwaire.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFOwiunjiPlumptre2011|Owiunji &amp;#x26; Plumptre]] 2011, p.&amp;#x20;164.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa ==
Omwanya ogurikwetwa Albertine Rift hamwe n'enshozi nibirugirira ahaby'obuhangwa ebirikujanjaara mporampora omwanya ogurikwetwa Somali Plate kuruga aha kicweka kya Afirika ekindi. Enshozi ezirikwetorwaire enjatika nizikorwa amabaare g'omunda ga Pre-Cambrian, agashwekirwe amabaare g'enshozi z'omuriro.

== Enyanja n'emigyera ==
Ekicweka ky'amatemba ga Rift kicwekirwe enshozi ibiri empango, [[Wp/nyn/Rwenzori Mountains|enshozi za Rwenzori]] ahagati y'enyanja Albert hamwe n'enyanja Rutanzige (eyabaire eri enyanja Edward) hamwe n'enshozi za Virunga ahagati y'enyanja Rutanzige hamwe n'enyanja Kivu.

Virunga nizikora ekizibiti ahagati ya Nile Basin omu matemba n'oburugwa izooba hamwe na Congo Basin omu burengyerwizooba n'amashuuma. Enyanja ya Rwenzige eriisibwa enyanja mpango nyingi, enyanja ya Rutshuru n'emwe, kandi eruga omu matemba kurabira omunyanja ya Semliki kuza omunyanja ya Albert. Omugyera Nilu ogurikwetwa Victoria niguruga omu nyanja Nilu ogurikuza omu matemba g'enyanja Albert reero gurugyeyo nk'omugyera Nilu ogurikwetwa White Nile kuruga omu mwanya oguri omu burengyerwa-izooba bukye, ogurikutamburira omumatemba g'enyanja ya Mediterranean.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, pp.&amp;#x20;35–36.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu mashuuma ga Virungu, enyanja ya Kivu neetemba omu mashuuma g'enyanja ya Tanganyika erikurabira omu mugyera gwa Ruzizi. Enyanja ya Tanganyika neeza omu mugyera Congo erikurabira omu mugyera Lukuga.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift%23CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;35-36.&lt;/ref&gt;Nikireebeka ngu enkora y'amaizi eriho obwahati ekatandikwaho juba obu enjuba ya Virunga yabaruka yazibira amaizi kuruga omu nyanja ya Kivu kuza omu nyanja ya Edward, ekyareteire amaizi kuruga omu mashuuma kuza omu nyanja ya Tanganyika. Obwire obwo butakahikire, enyanja ya Tanganyika, nainga ebicweka bitari bimwe na bimwe omu nyanja eriho hati, ekaba etarikubaasa kuba yaabaire eine oburugo bw'amaizi okwihaho okufuuhirira.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFClark1969|Clark 1969]], p.&amp;#x20;35.&lt;/ref&gt;Lukuga etandikireho juba, ekirikureetaho omuhanda ogurikubaasa kurabwamu enyamaishwa eziri omu maizi kuruga omuri Congo kuza omunyanja Tanganyika, eyabaire eine enyamaishwa ezitarikushushana.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp;#x26; Hughes 1992]], p.&amp;#x20;562.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Enshozi ==
Kuruga omu matemba kuza omu mashuuma ,enshozi zirimu ekicweeka kya Lendu Plateau, enshozi za Rwenzori, enshozi za Virunga hamwe n'enshozi za Itombwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0101 Albertine Rift montane forests]&quot;. ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Emishozi ya Ruwenzori ekamanyirwe nka &quot;Emishozi y'okwezi&quot; eya Ptolemy. Ekicweka eki nikitwariramu ekicweka kya kiromita 120 (75 mi) obuhango bwa kiromita 65 (40 mi). Omwanya ogu gurimu omushozi Stanley ogurikwingana mita 5,119 (16,795 ft), omushozi Speke ogurikwingana mita 4,890 (16,040 ft) hamwe n'omushozi Baker ogurikwingana mita 4,843 (15,889 ft).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper 2010]], p.&amp;#x20;37.&lt;/ref&gt;Omwanya gwa Virunga Massif aha nsharo ahagati ya Rwanda na DRC gurimu enyoozi munaana. Babiri aharibo, Nyamuragira na Nyiragongo, nibakikora munonga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010 Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;36.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Oburugo bw'enshozi omu mashuuma nibutwariramu orushozi rwa Bururi omu mashuuma ga Burundi, orushozi rwa Kungwe-Mahale omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Tanzania, hamwe n'orushozi rwa Kabobo hamwe n'orushozi rwa Marungu omuri DRC aha rubaju rw'enyanja Tanganyika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Amaizi maingi nigatemba ahagati ya mita 2,000 (6,600 ft) na mita 3,500 (11,500 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFBirdlife Birdlife].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyobuhangwa ==
Ebibira bya Albertine Rift n'eby'omugasho omu by'obuhangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ebibira ebirikugyenda omu maisho, ahagati y'eitaka ryahansi hamwe n'ebibira by'emishozi, nibishangwa ahaiguru kuruga mita 1,000 (fuuti 3,300) kuhisya mita 1,750 (fuuti 5,740). Ekibira ky'omushozi nikitwarira emishozi kuruga mita 1,600 (fuuti 5,200) kuhisya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). Aheiguru ya mita 2,400 (fuuti 7,900), hariho ebicweka by'ebibira by'ebikondo hamwe n'eby'enjojo. Omuriro n'obunyasi nibisinga ahaiguru ya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). 

Eby'obuhangwa biri omu kabi ahabw'okutema emiti ahabw'abantu abarikweyongyera kuronda eitaka risya ry'okuhingamu. Okwiba embaaho omu buryo butahikire, nikyo kizibu ekindi, hamwe n'okwiba ezaabu omu buryo bw'emikono, nikireetaho oburemeezi omu byaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba nebi ==

* Mukura Forest Reserve
* Budongo Conservation Field Station
* [[Wp/nyn/Maramagambo Forest|Maramagambo Forest]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Bwindi Impenetrable Forest|Bwindi Impenetrable Forest]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
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[[File:Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering).jpg|thumb|Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering)]]
'''Albertine Rift'''  guru omu kicweeka ky'oburengyerwa-izooba ekya East African Rift, ekirikutwariramu n'ebicweka bya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], [[Wp/nyn/Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC), [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Wp/nyn/Burundi|Burundi]] na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].

kirikuruga aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Albert omu mateemba kuhisya aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Tanganyika omu mashuuma. Ekigambo ky'eitaka kiratwariramu ebibanda hamwe n'enshozi ezeetorwaire.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFOwiunjiPlumptre2011|Owiunji &amp;#x26; Plumptre]] 2011, p.&amp;#x20;164.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa ==
Omwanya ogurikwetwa Albertine Rift hamwe n'enshozi nibirugirira ahaby'obuhangwa ebirikujanjaara mporampora omwanya ogurikwetwa Somali Plate kuruga aha kicweka kya Afirika ekindi. Enshozi ezirikwetorwaire enjatika nizikorwa amabaare g'omunda ga Pre-Cambrian, agashwekirwe amabaare g'enshozi z'omuriro.

== Enyanja n'emigyera ==
Ekicweka ky'amatemba ga Rift kicwekirwe enshozi ibiri empango, [[Wp/nyn/Rwenzori Mountains|enshozi za Rwenzori]] ahagati y'enyanja Albert hamwe n'enyanja Rutanzige ([[Wp/nyn/Lake Edward|eyabaire eri enyanja Edward]]) hamwe n'enshozi za Virunga ahagati y'enyanja Rutanzige hamwe n'enyanja Kivu.

Virunga nizikora ekizibiti ahagati ya Nile Basin omu matemba n'oburugwa izooba hamwe na Congo Basin omu burengyerwizooba n'amashuuma. Enyanja ya Rwenzige eriisibwa enyanja mpango nyingi, enyanja ya Rutshuru n'emwe, kandi eruga omu matemba kurabira omunyanja ya Semliki kuza omunyanja ya Albert. Omugyera Nilu ogurikwetwa Victoria niguruga omu nyanja Nilu ogurikuza omu matemba g'enyanja Albert reero gurugyeyo nk'omugyera Nilu ogurikwetwa White Nile kuruga omu mwanya oguri omu burengyerwa-izooba bukye, ogurikutamburira omumatemba g'enyanja ya Mediterranean.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, pp.&amp;#x20;35–36.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu mashuuma ga Virungu, enyanja ya Kivu neetemba omu mashuuma g'enyanja ya Tanganyika erikurabira omu mugyera gwa Ruzizi. Enyanja ya Tanganyika neeza omu mugyera Congo erikurabira omu mugyera Lukuga.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift%23CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;35-36.&lt;/ref&gt;Nikireebeka ngu enkora y'amaizi eriho obwahati ekatandikwaho juba obu enjuba ya Virunga yabaruka yazibira amaizi kuruga omu nyanja ya Kivu kuza omu nyanja ya Edward, ekyareteire amaizi kuruga omu mashuuma kuza omu nyanja ya Tanganyika. Obwire obwo butakahikire, enyanja ya Tanganyika, nainga ebicweka bitari bimwe na bimwe omu nyanja eriho hati, ekaba etarikubaasa kuba yaabaire eine oburugo bw'amaizi okwihaho okufuuhirira.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFClark1969|Clark 1969]], p.&amp;#x20;35.&lt;/ref&gt;Lukuga etandikireho juba, ekirikureetaho omuhanda ogurikubaasa kurabwamu enyamaishwa eziri omu maizi kuruga omuri Congo kuza omunyanja Tanganyika, eyabaire eine enyamaishwa ezitarikushushana.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp;#x26; Hughes 1992]], p.&amp;#x20;562.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Enshozi ==
Kuruga omu matemba kuza omu mashuuma ,enshozi zirimu ekicweeka kya Lendu Plateau, enshozi za Rwenzori, enshozi za Virunga hamwe n'enshozi za Itombwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0101 Albertine Rift montane forests]&quot;. ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Emishozi ya Ruwenzori ekamanyirwe nka &quot;Emishozi y'okwezi&quot; eya Ptolemy. Ekicweka eki nikitwariramu ekicweka kya kiromita 120 (75 mi) obuhango bwa kiromita 65 (40 mi). Omwanya ogu gurimu omushozi Stanley ogurikwingana mita 5,119 (16,795 ft), omushozi Speke ogurikwingana mita 4,890 (16,040 ft) hamwe n'omushozi Baker ogurikwingana mita 4,843 (15,889 ft).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper 2010]], p.&amp;#x20;37.&lt;/ref&gt;Omwanya gwa Virunga Massif aha nsharo ahagati ya Rwanda na DRC gurimu enyoozi munaana. Babiri aharibo, Nyamuragira na Nyiragongo, nibakikora munonga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010 Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;36.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Oburugo bw'enshozi omu mashuuma nibutwariramu orushozi rwa Bururi omu mashuuma ga Burundi, orushozi rwa Kungwe-Mahale omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Tanzania, hamwe n'orushozi rwa Kabobo hamwe n'orushozi rwa Marungu omuri DRC aha rubaju rw'enyanja Tanganyika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Amaizi maingi nigatemba ahagati ya mita 2,000 (6,600 ft) na mita 3,500 (11,500 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFBirdlife Birdlife].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyobuhangwa ==
Ebibira bya Albertine Rift n'eby'omugasho omu by'obuhangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ebibira ebirikugyenda omu maisho, ahagati y'eitaka ryahansi hamwe n'ebibira by'emishozi, nibishangwa ahaiguru kuruga mita 1,000 (fuuti 3,300) kuhisya mita 1,750 (fuuti 5,740). Ekibira ky'omushozi nikitwarira emishozi kuruga mita 1,600 (fuuti 5,200) kuhisya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). Aheiguru ya mita 2,400 (fuuti 7,900), hariho ebicweka by'ebibira by'ebikondo hamwe n'eby'enjojo. Omuriro n'obunyasi nibisinga ahaiguru ya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). 

Eby'obuhangwa biri omu kabi ahabw'okutema emiti ahabw'abantu abarikweyongyera kuronda eitaka risya ry'okuhingamu. Okwiba embaaho omu buryo butahikire, nikyo kizibu ekindi, hamwe n'okwiba ezaabu omu buryo bw'emikono, nikireetaho oburemeezi omu byaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba nebi ==

* Mukura Forest Reserve
* Budongo Conservation Field Station
* [[Wp/nyn/Maramagambo Forest|Maramagambo Forest]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Bwindi Impenetrable Forest|Bwindi Impenetrable Forest]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
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[[File:Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering).jpg|thumb|Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering)]]
'''Albertine Rift'''  guru omu kicweeka ky'oburengyerwa-izooba ekya East African Rift, ekirikutwariramu n'ebicweka bya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], [[Wp/nyn/Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC), [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Wp/nyn/Burundi|Burundi]] na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].

kirikuruga aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Albert omu mateemba kuhisya aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Tanganyika omu mashuuma. Ekigambo ky'eitaka kiratwariramu ebibanda hamwe n'enshozi ezeetorwaire.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFOwiunjiPlumptre2011|Owiunji &amp;#x26; Plumptre]] 2011, p.&amp;#x20;164.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa ==
Omwanya ogurikwetwa Albertine Rift hamwe n'enshozi nibirugirira ahaby'obuhangwa ebirikujanjaara mporampora omwanya ogurikwetwa Somali Plate kuruga aha kicweka kya Afirika ekindi. Enshozi ezirikwetorwaire enjatika nizikorwa amabaare g'omunda ga Pre-Cambrian, agashwekirwe amabaare g'enshozi z'omuriro.

== Enyanja n'emigyera ==
Ekicweka ky'amatemba ga Rift kicwekirwe enshozi ibiri empango, [[Wp/nyn/Rwenzori Mountains|enshozi za Rwenzori]] ahagati y'enyanja Albert hamwe n'enyanja Rutanzige (eyabaire eri [[Wp/nyn/Lake Edward|enyanja Edward]]) hamwe n'enshozi za Virunga ahagati y'enyanja Rutanzige hamwe n'enyanja Kivu.

Virunga nizikora ekizibiti ahagati ya Nile Basin omu matemba n'oburugwa izooba hamwe na Congo Basin omu burengyerwizooba n'amashuuma. Enyanja ya Rwenzige eriisibwa enyanja mpango nyingi, enyanja ya Rutshuru n'emwe, kandi eruga omu matemba kurabira omunyanja ya Semliki kuza omunyanja ya Albert. Omugyera Nilu ogurikwetwa Victoria niguruga omu nyanja Nilu ogurikuza omu matemba g'enyanja Albert reero gurugyeyo nk'omugyera Nilu ogurikwetwa White Nile kuruga omu mwanya oguri omu burengyerwa-izooba bukye, ogurikutamburira omumatemba g'enyanja ya Mediterranean.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, pp.&amp;#x20;35–36.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu mashuuma ga Virungu, enyanja ya Kivu neetemba omu mashuuma g'enyanja ya Tanganyika erikurabira omu mugyera gwa Ruzizi. Enyanja ya Tanganyika neeza omu mugyera Congo erikurabira omu mugyera Lukuga.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift%23CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;35-36.&lt;/ref&gt;Nikireebeka ngu enkora y'amaizi eriho obwahati ekatandikwaho juba obu enjuba ya Virunga yabaruka yazibira amaizi kuruga omu nyanja ya Kivu kuza omu nyanja ya Edward, ekyareteire amaizi kuruga omu mashuuma kuza omu nyanja ya Tanganyika. Obwire obwo butakahikire, enyanja ya Tanganyika, nainga ebicweka bitari bimwe na bimwe omu nyanja eriho hati, ekaba etarikubaasa kuba yaabaire eine oburugo bw'amaizi okwihaho okufuuhirira.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFClark1969|Clark 1969]], p.&amp;#x20;35.&lt;/ref&gt;Lukuga etandikireho juba, ekirikureetaho omuhanda ogurikubaasa kurabwamu enyamaishwa eziri omu maizi kuruga omuri Congo kuza omunyanja Tanganyika, eyabaire eine enyamaishwa ezitarikushushana.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp;#x26; Hughes 1992]], p.&amp;#x20;562.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Enshozi ==
Kuruga omu matemba kuza omu mashuuma ,enshozi zirimu ekicweeka kya Lendu Plateau, enshozi za Rwenzori, enshozi za Virunga hamwe n'enshozi za Itombwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0101 Albertine Rift montane forests]&quot;. ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Emishozi ya Ruwenzori ekamanyirwe nka &quot;Emishozi y'okwezi&quot; eya Ptolemy. Ekicweka eki nikitwariramu ekicweka kya kiromita 120 (75 mi) obuhango bwa kiromita 65 (40 mi). Omwanya ogu gurimu omushozi Stanley ogurikwingana mita 5,119 (16,795 ft), omushozi Speke ogurikwingana mita 4,890 (16,040 ft) hamwe n'omushozi Baker ogurikwingana mita 4,843 (15,889 ft).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper 2010]], p.&amp;#x20;37.&lt;/ref&gt;Omwanya gwa Virunga Massif aha nsharo ahagati ya Rwanda na DRC gurimu enyoozi munaana. Babiri aharibo, Nyamuragira na Nyiragongo, nibakikora munonga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010 Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;36.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Oburugo bw'enshozi omu mashuuma nibutwariramu orushozi rwa Bururi omu mashuuma ga Burundi, orushozi rwa Kungwe-Mahale omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Tanzania, hamwe n'orushozi rwa Kabobo hamwe n'orushozi rwa Marungu omuri DRC aha rubaju rw'enyanja Tanganyika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Amaizi maingi nigatemba ahagati ya mita 2,000 (6,600 ft) na mita 3,500 (11,500 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFBirdlife Birdlife].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyobuhangwa ==
Ebibira bya Albertine Rift n'eby'omugasho omu by'obuhangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ebibira ebirikugyenda omu maisho, ahagati y'eitaka ryahansi hamwe n'ebibira by'emishozi, nibishangwa ahaiguru kuruga mita 1,000 (fuuti 3,300) kuhisya mita 1,750 (fuuti 5,740). Ekibira ky'omushozi nikitwarira emishozi kuruga mita 1,600 (fuuti 5,200) kuhisya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). Aheiguru ya mita 2,400 (fuuti 7,900), hariho ebicweka by'ebibira by'ebikondo hamwe n'eby'enjojo. Omuriro n'obunyasi nibisinga ahaiguru ya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). 

Eby'obuhangwa biri omu kabi ahabw'okutema emiti ahabw'abantu abarikweyongyera kuronda eitaka risya ry'okuhingamu. Okwiba embaaho omu buryo butahikire, nikyo kizibu ekindi, hamwe n'okwiba ezaabu omu buryo bw'emikono, nikireetaho oburemeezi omu byaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba nebi ==

* Mukura Forest Reserve
* Budongo Conservation Field Station
* [[Wp/nyn/Maramagambo Forest|Maramagambo Forest]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Bwindi Impenetrable Forest|Bwindi Impenetrable Forest]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
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[[File:Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering).jpg|thumb|Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering)]]
'''Albertine Rift'''  guru omu kicweeka ky'oburengyerwa-izooba ekya East African Rift, ekirikutwariramu n'ebicweka bya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], [[Wp/nyn/Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC), [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Wp/nyn/Burundi|Burundi]] na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].

kirikuruga aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Albert omu mateemba kuhisya aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Tanganyika omu mashuuma. Ekigambo ky'eitaka kiratwariramu ebibanda hamwe n'enshozi ezeetorwaire.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFOwiunjiPlumptre2011|Owiunji &amp;#x26; Plumptre]] 2011, p.&amp;#x20;164.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa ==
Omwanya ogurikwetwa Albertine Rift hamwe n'enshozi nibirugirira ahaby'obuhangwa ebirikujanjaara mporampora omwanya ogurikwetwa Somali Plate kuruga aha kicweka kya Afirika ekindi. Enshozi ezirikwetorwaire enjatika nizikorwa amabaare g'omunda ga Pre-Cambrian, agashwekirwe amabaare g'enshozi z'omuriro.

== Enyanja n'emigyera ==
Ekicweka ky'amatemba ga Rift kicwekirwe enshozi ibiri empango, [[Wp/nyn/Rwenzori Mountains|enshozi za Rwenzori]] ahagati y'enyanja Albert hamwe n'enyanja Rutanzige (eyabaire eri [[Wp/nyn/Lake Edward|enyanja Edward]]) hamwe n'enshozi za Virunga ahagati y'enyanja Rutanzige hamwe n'enyanja Kivu.

Virunga nizikora ekizibiti ahagati ya Nile Basin omu matemba n'oburugwa izooba hamwe na Congo Basin omu burengyerwizooba n'amashuuma. Enyanja ya Rwenzige eriisibwa enyanja mpango nyingi, enyanja ya Rutshuru n'emwe, kandi eruga omu matemba kurabira [[Wp/nyn/Semliki River|omumugyera Semliki]] kuza omunyanja ya Albert. Omugyera Nile ogurikwetwa Victoria niguruga omu nyanja Nilu ogurikuza omu matemba g'enyanja Albert reero gurugyeyo nk'omugyera Nilu ogurikwetwa White Nile kuruga omu mwanya oguri omu burengyerwa-izooba bukye, ogurikutamburira omumatemba g'enyanja ya Mediterranean.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, pp.&amp;#x20;35–36.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu mashuuma ga Virunga, enyanja ya Kivu neetemba omu mashuuma g'enyanja ya Tanganyika erikurabira omu mugyera gwa Ruzizi. Enyanja ya Tanganyika neeza omu mugyera Congo erikurabira omu mugyera Lukuga.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift%23CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;35-36.&lt;/ref&gt;Nikireebeka ngu enkora y'amaizi eriho obwahati ekatandikwaho juba obu enjuba ya Virunga yabaruka yazibira amaizi kuruga omu nyanja ya Kivu kuza omu nyanja ya Edward, ekyareteire amaizi kuruga omu mashuuma kuza omu nyanja ya Tanganyika. Obwire obwo butakahikire, enyanja ya Tanganyika, nainga ebicweka bitari bimwe na bimwe omu nyanja eriho hati, ekaba etarikubaasa kuba yaabaire eine oburugo bw'amaizi okwihaho okufuuhirira.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFClark1969|Clark 1969]], p.&amp;#x20;35.&lt;/ref&gt;Lukuga etandikireho juba, ekirikureetaho omuhanda ogurikubaasa kurabwamu enyamaishwa eziri omu maizi kuruga omuri Congo kuza omunyanja Tanganyika, eyabaire eine enyamaishwa ezitarikushushana.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp;#x26; Hughes 1992]], p.&amp;#x20;562.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Enshozi ==
Kuruga omu matemba kuza omu mashuuma ,enshozi zirimu ekicweeka kya Lendu Plateau, enshozi za Rwenzori, enshozi za Virunga hamwe n'enshozi za Itombwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0101 Albertine Rift montane forests]&quot;. ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Emishozi ya Ruwenzori ekamanyirwe nka &quot;Emishozi y'okwezi&quot; eya Ptolemy. Ekicweka eki nikitwariramu ekicweka kya kiromita 120 (75 mi) obuhango bwa kiromita 65 (40 mi). Omwanya ogu gurimu omushozi Stanley ogurikwingana mita 5,119 (16,795 ft), omushozi Speke ogurikwingana mita 4,890 (16,040 ft) hamwe n'omushozi Baker ogurikwingana mita 4,843 (15,889 ft).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper 2010]], p.&amp;#x20;37.&lt;/ref&gt;Omwanya gwa Virunga Massif aha nsharo ahagati ya Rwanda na DRC gurimu enyoozi munaana. Babiri aharibo, Nyamuragira na Nyiragongo, nibakikora munonga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010 Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;36.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Oburugo bw'enshozi omu mashuuma nibutwariramu orushozi rwa Bururi omu mashuuma ga Burundi, orushozi rwa Kungwe-Mahale omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Tanzania, hamwe n'orushozi rwa Kabobo hamwe n'orushozi rwa Marungu omuri DRC aha rubaju rw'enyanja Tanganyika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Amaizi maingi nigatemba ahagati ya mita 2,000 (6,600 ft) na mita 3,500 (11,500 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFBirdlife Birdlife].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyobuhangwa ==
Ebibira bya Albertine Rift n'eby'omugasho omu by'obuhangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ebibira ebirikugyenda omu maisho, ahagati y'eitaka ryahansi hamwe n'ebibira by'emishozi, nibishangwa ahaiguru kuruga mita 1,000 (fuuti 3,300) kuhisya mita 1,750 (fuuti 5,740). Ekibira ky'omushozi nikitwarira emishozi kuruga mita 1,600 (fuuti 5,200) kuhisya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). Aheiguru ya mita 2,400 (fuuti 7,900), hariho ebicweka by'ebibira by'ebikondo hamwe n'eby'enjojo. Omuriro n'obunyasi nibisinga ahaiguru ya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). 

Eby'obuhangwa biri omu kabi ahabw'okutema emiti ahabw'abantu abarikweyongyera kuronda eitaka risya ry'okuhingamu. Okwiba embaaho omu buryo butahikire, nikyo kizibu ekindi, hamwe n'okwiba ezaabu omu buryo bw'emikono, nikireetaho oburemeezi omu byaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba nebi ==

* Mukura Forest Reserve
* Budongo Conservation Field Station
* [[Wp/nyn/Maramagambo Forest|Maramagambo Forest]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Bwindi Impenetrable Forest|Bwindi Impenetrable Forest]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
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[[File:Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering).jpg|thumb|Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering)]]
'''Albertine Rift'''  guru omu kicweeka ky'oburengyerwa-izooba ekya East African Rift, ekirikutwariramu n'ebicweka bya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], [[Wp/nyn/Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC), [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Wp/nyn/Burundi|Burundi]] na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].

kirikuruga aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Albert omu mateemba kuhisya aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Tanganyika omu mashuuma. Ekigambo ky'eitaka kiratwariramu ebibanda hamwe n'enshozi ezeetorwaire.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFOwiunjiPlumptre2011|Owiunji &amp;#x26; Plumptre]] 2011, p.&amp;#x20;164.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa ==
Omwanya ogurikwetwa Albertine Rift hamwe n'enshozi nibirugirira ahaby'obuhangwa ebirikujanjaara mporampora omwanya ogurikwetwa Somali Plate kuruga aha kicweka kya Afirika ekindi. Enshozi ezirikwetorwaire enjatika nizikorwa amabaare g'omunda ga Pre-Cambrian, agashwekirwe amabaare g'enshozi z'omuriro.

== Enyanja n'emigyera ==
Ekicweka ky'amatemba ga Rift kicwekirwe enshozi ibiri empango, [[Wp/nyn/Rwenzori Mountains|enshozi za Rwenzori]] ahagati y'enyanja Albert hamwe n'enyanja Rutanzige (eyabaire eri [[Wp/nyn/Lake Edward|enyanja Edward]]) hamwe n'enshozi za Virunga ahagati y'enyanja Rutanzige hamwe n'enyanja Kivu.

Virunga nizikora ekizibiti ahagati ya Nile Basin omu matemba n'oburugwa izooba hamwe na Congo Basin omu burengyerwizooba n'amashuuma. Enyanja ya Rwenzige eriisibwa enyanja mpango nyingi, enyanja ya Rutshuru n'emwe, kandi eruga omu matemba kurabira [[Wp/nyn/Semliki River|omumugyera Semliki]] kuza omunyanja ya [[Wp/nyn/Lake Albert|Albert]]. Omugyera Nile ogurikwetwa Victoria niguruga omu nyanja Nilu ogurikuza omu matemba g'enyanja Albert reero gurugyeyo nk'omugyera Nilu ogurikwetwa White Nile kuruga omu mwanya oguri omu burengyerwa-izooba bukye, ogurikutamburira omumatemba g'enyanja ya Mediterranean.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, pp.&amp;#x20;35–36.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu mashuuma ga Virunga, enyanja ya Kivu neetemba omu mashuuma g'enyanja ya Tanganyika erikurabira omu mugyera gwa Ruzizi. Enyanja ya Tanganyika neeza omu mugyera Congo erikurabira omu mugyera Lukuga.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift%23CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;35-36.&lt;/ref&gt;Nikireebeka ngu enkora y'amaizi eriho obwahati ekatandikwaho juba obu enjuba ya Virunga yabaruka yazibira amaizi kuruga omu nyanja ya Kivu kuza omu nyanja ya Edward, ekyareteire amaizi kuruga omu mashuuma kuza omu nyanja ya Tanganyika. Obwire obwo butakahikire, enyanja ya Tanganyika, nainga ebicweka bitari bimwe na bimwe omu nyanja eriho hati, ekaba etarikubaasa kuba yaabaire eine oburugo bw'amaizi okwihaho okufuuhirira.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFClark1969|Clark 1969]], p.&amp;#x20;35.&lt;/ref&gt;Lukuga etandikireho juba, ekirikureetaho omuhanda ogurikubaasa kurabwamu enyamaishwa eziri omu maizi kuruga omuri Congo kuza omunyanja Tanganyika, eyabaire eine enyamaishwa ezitarikushushana.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp;#x26; Hughes 1992]], p.&amp;#x20;562.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Enshozi ==
Kuruga omu matemba kuza omu mashuuma ,enshozi zirimu ekicweeka kya Lendu Plateau, enshozi za Rwenzori, enshozi za Virunga hamwe n'enshozi za Itombwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0101 Albertine Rift montane forests]&quot;. ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Emishozi ya Ruwenzori ekamanyirwe nka &quot;Emishozi y'okwezi&quot; eya Ptolemy. Ekicweka eki nikitwariramu ekicweka kya kiromita 120 (75 mi) obuhango bwa kiromita 65 (40 mi). Omwanya ogu gurimu omushozi Stanley ogurikwingana mita 5,119 (16,795 ft), omushozi Speke ogurikwingana mita 4,890 (16,040 ft) hamwe n'omushozi Baker ogurikwingana mita 4,843 (15,889 ft).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper 2010]], p.&amp;#x20;37.&lt;/ref&gt;Omwanya gwa Virunga Massif aha nsharo ahagati ya Rwanda na DRC gurimu enyoozi munaana. Babiri aharibo, Nyamuragira na Nyiragongo, nibakikora munonga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010 Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;36.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Oburugo bw'enshozi omu mashuuma nibutwariramu orushozi rwa Bururi omu mashuuma ga Burundi, orushozi rwa Kungwe-Mahale omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Tanzania, hamwe n'orushozi rwa Kabobo hamwe n'orushozi rwa Marungu omuri DRC aha rubaju rw'enyanja Tanganyika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Amaizi maingi nigatemba ahagati ya mita 2,000 (6,600 ft) na mita 3,500 (11,500 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFBirdlife Birdlife].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyobuhangwa ==
Ebibira bya Albertine Rift n'eby'omugasho omu by'obuhangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ebibira ebirikugyenda omu maisho, ahagati y'eitaka ryahansi hamwe n'ebibira by'emishozi, nibishangwa ahaiguru kuruga mita 1,000 (fuuti 3,300) kuhisya mita 1,750 (fuuti 5,740). Ekibira ky'omushozi nikitwarira emishozi kuruga mita 1,600 (fuuti 5,200) kuhisya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). Aheiguru ya mita 2,400 (fuuti 7,900), hariho ebicweka by'ebibira by'ebikondo hamwe n'eby'enjojo. Omuriro n'obunyasi nibisinga ahaiguru ya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). 

Eby'obuhangwa biri omu kabi ahabw'okutema emiti ahabw'abantu abarikweyongyera kuronda eitaka risya ry'okuhingamu. Okwiba embaaho omu buryo butahikire, nikyo kizibu ekindi, hamwe n'okwiba ezaabu omu buryo bw'emikono, nikireetaho oburemeezi omu byaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba nebi ==

* Mukura Forest Reserve
* Budongo Conservation Field Station
* [[Wp/nyn/Maramagambo Forest|Maramagambo Forest]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Bwindi Impenetrable Forest|Bwindi Impenetrable Forest]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
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[[File:Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering).jpg|thumb|Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering)]]
'''Albertine Rift'''  guru omu kicweeka ky'oburengyerwa-izooba ekya East African Rift, ekirikutwariramu n'ebicweka bya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], [[Wp/nyn/Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC), [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Wp/nyn/Burundi|Burundi]] na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].

kirikuruga aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Albert omu mateemba kuhisya aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Tanganyika omu mashuuma. Ekigambo ky'eitaka kiratwariramu ebibanda hamwe n'enshozi ezeetorwaire.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFOwiunjiPlumptre2011|Owiunji &amp;#x26; Plumptre]] 2011, p.&amp;#x20;164.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa ==
Omwanya ogurikwetwa Albertine Rift hamwe n'enshozi nibirugirira ahaby'obuhangwa ebirikujanjaara mporampora omwanya ogurikwetwa Somali Plate kuruga aha kicweka kya Afirika ekindi. Enshozi ezirikwetorwaire enjatika nizikorwa amabaare g'omunda ga Pre-Cambrian, agashwekirwe amabaare g'enshozi z'omuriro.

== Enyanja n'emigyera ==
Ekicweka ky'amatemba ga Rift kicwekirwe enshozi ibiri empango, [[Wp/nyn/Rwenzori Mountains|enshozi za Rwenzori]] ahagati y'enyanja Albert hamwe n'enyanja Rutanzige (eyabaire eri [[Wp/nyn/Lake Edward|enyanja Edward]]) hamwe n'enshozi za Virunga ahagati y'enyanja Rutanzige hamwe n'enyanja Kivu.

Virunga nizikora ekizibiti ahagati ya Nile Basin omu matemba n'oburugwa izooba hamwe na Congo Basin omu burengyerwizooba n'amashuuma. Enyanja ya Rwenzige eriisibwa enyanja mpango nyingi, enyanja ya Rutshuru n'emwe, kandi eruga omu matemba kurabira [[Wp/nyn/Semliki River|omumugyera Semliki]] kuza omunyanja ya [[Wp/nyn/Lake Albert|Albert]]. Omugyera Nile ogurikwetwa Victoria niguruga omu nyanja Nilu ogurikuza omu matemba g'enyanja Albert reero gurugyeyo nk'omugyera Nile ogurikwetwa White Nile kuruga omu mwanya oguri omu burengyerwa-izooba bukye, ogurikutamburira omumatemba g'enyanja ya Mediterranean.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, pp.&amp;#x20;35–36.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu mashuuma ga Virunga, enyanja ya Kivu neetemba omu mashuuma g'enyanja ya Tanganyika erikurabira omu mugyera gwa Ruzizi. Enyanja ya Tanganyika neeza omu mugyera Congo erikurabira omu mugyera Lukuga.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift%23CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;35-36.&lt;/ref&gt;Nikireebeka ngu enkora y'amaizi eriho obwahati ekatandikwaho juba obu enjuba ya Virunga yabaruka yazibira amaizi kuruga omu nyanja ya Kivu kuza omu nyanja ya Edward, ekyareteire amaizi kuruga omu mashuuma kuza omu nyanja ya Tanganyika. Obwire obwo butakahikire, enyanja ya Tanganyika, nainga ebicweka bitari bimwe na bimwe omu nyanja eriho hati, ekaba etarikubaasa kuba yaabaire eine oburugo bw'amaizi okwihaho okufuuhirira.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFClark1969|Clark 1969]], p.&amp;#x20;35.&lt;/ref&gt;Lukuga etandikireho juba, ekirikureetaho omuhanda ogurikubaasa kurabwamu enyamaishwa eziri omu maizi kuruga omuri Congo kuza omunyanja Tanganyika, eyabaire eine enyamaishwa ezitarikushushana.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp;#x26; Hughes 1992]], p.&amp;#x20;562.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Enshozi ==
Kuruga omu matemba kuza omu mashuuma ,enshozi zirimu ekicweeka kya Lendu Plateau, enshozi za Rwenzori, enshozi za Virunga hamwe n'enshozi za Itombwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0101 Albertine Rift montane forests]&quot;. ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Emishozi ya Ruwenzori ekamanyirwe nka &quot;Emishozi y'okwezi&quot; eya Ptolemy. Ekicweka eki nikitwariramu ekicweka kya kiromita 120 (75 mi) obuhango bwa kiromita 65 (40 mi). Omwanya ogu gurimu omushozi Stanley ogurikwingana mita 5,119 (16,795 ft), omushozi Speke ogurikwingana mita 4,890 (16,040 ft) hamwe n'omushozi Baker ogurikwingana mita 4,843 (15,889 ft).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper 2010]], p.&amp;#x20;37.&lt;/ref&gt;Omwanya gwa Virunga Massif aha nsharo ahagati ya Rwanda na DRC gurimu enyoozi munaana. Babiri aharibo, Nyamuragira na Nyiragongo, nibakikora munonga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010 Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;36.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Oburugo bw'enshozi omu mashuuma nibutwariramu orushozi rwa Bururi omu mashuuma ga Burundi, orushozi rwa Kungwe-Mahale omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Tanzania, hamwe n'orushozi rwa Kabobo hamwe n'orushozi rwa Marungu omuri DRC aha rubaju rw'enyanja Tanganyika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Amaizi maingi nigatemba ahagati ya mita 2,000 (6,600 ft) na mita 3,500 (11,500 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFBirdlife Birdlife].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyobuhangwa ==
Ebibira bya Albertine Rift n'eby'omugasho omu by'obuhangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ebibira ebirikugyenda omu maisho, ahagati y'eitaka ryahansi hamwe n'ebibira by'emishozi, nibishangwa ahaiguru kuruga mita 1,000 (fuuti 3,300) kuhisya mita 1,750 (fuuti 5,740). Ekibira ky'omushozi nikitwarira emishozi kuruga mita 1,600 (fuuti 5,200) kuhisya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). Aheiguru ya mita 2,400 (fuuti 7,900), hariho ebicweka by'ebibira by'ebikondo hamwe n'eby'enjojo. Omuriro n'obunyasi nibisinga ahaiguru ya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). 

Eby'obuhangwa biri omu kabi ahabw'okutema emiti ahabw'abantu abarikweyongyera kuronda eitaka risya ry'okuhingamu. Okwiba embaaho omu buryo butahikire, nikyo kizibu ekindi, hamwe n'okwiba ezaabu omu buryo bw'emikono, nikireetaho oburemeezi omu byaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba nebi ==

* Mukura Forest Reserve
* Budongo Conservation Field Station
* [[Wp/nyn/Maramagambo Forest|Maramagambo Forest]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Bwindi Impenetrable Forest|Bwindi Impenetrable Forest]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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      <id>7304335</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:14:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
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[[File:Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering).jpg|thumb|Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering)]]
'''Albertine Rift'''  guru omu kicweeka ky'oburengyerwa-izooba ekya East African Rift, ekirikutwariramu n'ebicweka bya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], [[Wp/nyn/Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC), [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Wp/nyn/Burundi|Burundi]] na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].

kirikuruga aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Albert omu mateemba kuhisya aha muheru gw'enyanja ya Tanganyika omu mashuuma. Ekigambo ky'eitaka kiratwariramu ebibanda hamwe n'enshozi ezeetorwaire.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFOwiunjiPlumptre2011|Owiunji &amp;#x26; Plumptre]] 2011, p.&amp;#x20;164.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'obuhangwa ==
[[File:Map of Great Rift Valley.svg|thumb|Maapu ya Great Rift Valley]]
Omwanya ogurikwetwa Albertine Rift hamwe n'enshozi nibirugirira ahaby'obuhangwa ebirikujanjaara mporampora omwanya ogurikwetwa Somali Plate kuruga aha kicweka kya Afirika ekindi. Enshozi ezirikwetorwaire enjatika nizikorwa amabaare g'omunda ga Pre-Cambrian, agashwekirwe amabaare g'enshozi z'omuriro.

== Enyanja n'emigyera ==
Ekicweka ky'amatemba ga Rift kicwekirwe enshozi ibiri empango, [[Wp/nyn/Rwenzori Mountains|enshozi za Rwenzori]] ahagati y'enyanja Albert hamwe n'enyanja Rutanzige (eyabaire eri [[Wp/nyn/Lake Edward|enyanja Edward]]) hamwe n'enshozi za Virunga ahagati y'enyanja Rutanzige hamwe n'enyanja Kivu.

Virunga nizikora ekizibiti ahagati ya Nile Basin omu matemba n'oburugwa izooba hamwe na Congo Basin omu burengyerwizooba n'amashuuma. Enyanja ya Rwenzige eriisibwa enyanja mpango nyingi, enyanja ya Rutshuru n'emwe, kandi eruga omu matemba kurabira [[Wp/nyn/Semliki River|omumugyera Semliki]] kuza omunyanja ya [[Wp/nyn/Lake Albert|Albert]]. Omugyera Nile ogurikwetwa Victoria niguruga omu nyanja Nilu ogurikuza omu matemba g'enyanja Albert reero gurugyeyo nk'omugyera Nile ogurikwetwa White Nile kuruga omu mwanya oguri omu burengyerwa-izooba bukye, ogurikutamburira omumatemba g'enyanja ya Mediterranean.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, pp.&amp;#x20;35–36.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu mashuuma ga Virunga, enyanja ya Kivu neetemba omu mashuuma g'enyanja ya Tanganyika erikurabira omu mugyera gwa Ruzizi. Enyanja ya Tanganyika neeza omu mugyera Congo erikurabira omu mugyera Lukuga.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift%23CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper]] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;35-36.&lt;/ref&gt;Nikireebeka ngu enkora y'amaizi eriho obwahati ekatandikwaho juba obu enjuba ya Virunga yabaruka yazibira amaizi kuruga omu nyanja ya Kivu kuza omu nyanja ya Edward, ekyareteire amaizi kuruga omu mashuuma kuza omu nyanja ya Tanganyika. Obwire obwo butakahikire, enyanja ya Tanganyika, nainga ebicweka bitari bimwe na bimwe omu nyanja eriho hati, ekaba etarikubaasa kuba yaabaire eine oburugo bw'amaizi okwihaho okufuuhirira.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFClark1969|Clark 1969]], p.&amp;#x20;35.&lt;/ref&gt;Lukuga etandikireho juba, ekirikureetaho omuhanda ogurikubaasa kurabwamu enyamaishwa eziri omu maizi kuruga omuri Congo kuza omunyanja Tanganyika, eyabaire eine enyamaishwa ezitarikushushana.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp;#x26; Hughes 1992]], p.&amp;#x20;562.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Enshozi ==
Kuruga omu matemba kuza omu mashuuma ,enshozi zirimu ekicweeka kya Lendu Plateau, enshozi za Rwenzori, enshozi za Virunga hamwe n'enshozi za Itombwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0101 Albertine Rift montane forests]&quot;. ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Emishozi ya Ruwenzori ekamanyirwe nka &quot;Emishozi y'okwezi&quot; eya Ptolemy. Ekicweka eki nikitwariramu ekicweka kya kiromita 120 (75 mi) obuhango bwa kiromita 65 (40 mi). Omwanya ogu gurimu omushozi Stanley ogurikwingana mita 5,119 (16,795 ft), omushozi Speke ogurikwingana mita 4,890 (16,040 ft) hamwe n'omushozi Baker ogurikwingana mita 4,843 (15,889 ft).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Albertine_Rift#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010|Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper 2010]], p.&amp;#x20;37.&lt;/ref&gt;Omwanya gwa Virunga Massif aha nsharo ahagati ya Rwanda na DRC gurimu enyoozi munaana. Babiri aharibo, Nyamuragira na Nyiragongo, nibakikora munonga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFErfurt-CooperCooper2010 Erfurt-Cooper &amp;#x26; Cooper] 2010, p.&amp;#x20;36.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Oburugo bw'enshozi omu mashuuma nibutwariramu orushozi rwa Bururi omu mashuuma ga Burundi, orushozi rwa Kungwe-Mahale omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Tanzania, hamwe n'orushozi rwa Kabobo hamwe n'orushozi rwa Marungu omuri DRC aha rubaju rw'enyanja Tanganyika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Amaizi maingi nigatemba ahagati ya mita 2,000 (6,600 ft) na mita 3,500 (11,500 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albertine_Rift&amp;wvprov=sticky-header#CITEREFBirdlife Birdlife].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyobuhangwa ==
Ebibira bya Albertine Rift n'eby'omugasho omu by'obuhangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ebibira ebirikugyenda omu maisho, ahagati y'eitaka ryahansi hamwe n'ebibira by'emishozi, nibishangwa ahaiguru kuruga mita 1,000 (fuuti 3,300) kuhisya mita 1,750 (fuuti 5,740). Ekibira ky'omushozi nikitwarira emishozi kuruga mita 1,600 (fuuti 5,200) kuhisya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). Aheiguru ya mita 2,400 (fuuti 7,900), hariho ebicweka by'ebibira by'ebikondo hamwe n'eby'enjojo. Omuriro n'obunyasi nibisinga ahaiguru ya mita 3,500 (fuuti 11,500). 

Eby'obuhangwa biri omu kabi ahabw'okutema emiti ahabw'abantu abarikweyongyera kuronda eitaka risya ry'okuhingamu. Okwiba embaaho omu buryo butahikire, nikyo kizibu ekindi, hamwe n'okwiba ezaabu omu buryo bw'emikono, nikireetaho oburemeezi omu byaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reba nebi ==

* Mukura Forest Reserve
* Budongo Conservation Field Station
* [[Wp/nyn/Maramagambo Forest|Maramagambo Forest]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Bwindi Impenetrable Forest|Bwindi Impenetrable Forest]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>r9k7wkmixzm0khx8r01cho4mltq5jjy</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Abakiga</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304189</id>
      <parentid>7264319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:09:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marion Tumwakiire</username>
        <id>2655671</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatic correction</comment>
      <origin>7304189</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3851" sha1="idcv9jzmnqhj9ds26y1sfbau4n5ldro" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q804430}}

'''Abakiga''' (''abantu b'omu nshozi''), n'Oruganda rw'abantu, oruraruga omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] hamwe n'omu matemba ga Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/bakiga.html AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Bakiga people]&quot;. ''www.101lasttribes.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/how-bakiga-migrated-from-rwanda-to-kabale-1690602 How Bakiga migrated from Rwanda to Kabale]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-23.&lt;/ref&gt; 
== Oburugo ==
[[File:Bakiga dance.png|thumb|''Bakiga'' ]]
Abakiga barateekateekwaho kuba baarugire [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]]. Eki kiragambwaho omuri kimwe aha byeshongoro byabo eby'enzaarwa. Abakiga boona bakaruga Rwanda omuri Byumba na Ruhengyere. Byumba na Ruhengyere n'endembo eziri muri Rwanda obwa hati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Bakiga-migrated-from-Rwanda-to-Kabale/689844-3836608-udasqhz/index.html How Bakiga migrated from Rwanda to Kabale]&quot;. ''Daily Monitor''. Retrieved 2020-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://eastafricanwatch.net/read-about-the-unique-bakiga-tribe-of-western-uganda/ Read about the unique Bakiga tribe of Western Uganda - The East African Watch]&quot;. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2024-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210121213807/http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bakiga-culture.html THE BAKIGA | Uganda Travel Guide]&quot;. ''Uganda Travel Guide &amp;#x7C; Uganda's Leading Travel Guiding''. 2014-08-06. Archived from [http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bakiga-culture.html the original] on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2024-02-04.&lt;/ref&gt; Abakiga barateekateekwaho kuba nibo baijukuru ba Kashiga, owaijire kwetwa Kakiga bwanyima. Kiragambwa ngu ni mutabani wa Mbogo kuruga omu bugabe bwa Bumbogo obwa Rwanda owaafurukiire omu kicweka ky'amashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] akatandikaho ekicweka ekiriho hati ekya Bakiga ba Kigezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;     

Omu mwaka gwa1700 gutakahikire, Rwanda  ekatwarwa Abatwa, abaahererukire kwegaitwaho Abahutu. Rwanda omu bwire obwo ekaba erimu amahanga makye n'obutegyeki bukye buri kukwataniisa aha nsi y'omutegyeki omwe ohu bareeta '''Mwami'''. Akaba aramanywa '''nk'Omukama.'''&lt;ref&gt;Uzoigwe, G. N.; Denoon, Donald (1975). &quot;A History of Kigezi in South-West Uganda&quot;. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''8''': 16. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/217613|10.2307/217613]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/217613 217613].&lt;/ref&gt;     

Omu Bakiga, omuntu owaabaire aine obushoboorozi akaba areetwa Mukama, nari Mwami omu bicweka ebindi ebya Rwanda. Omu biro eby'okubanza, Mukama nikyo kitiiniisa ekyabaire kiraheebwa omukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210415084507/http://vbbultd.org/index.php/background/bakiga-traditional-way-of-life/the-traditional-bakiga-community.html The traditional Bakiga Community]&quot;. ''www.vbbultd.org''. Archived from [http://www.vbbultd.org/index.php/background/bakiga-traditional-way-of-life/the-traditional-bakiga-community.html the original] on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2020-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt; Bwanyima, abantu bakatwara Mukama nk'eiziina ry'abaana baabo (ekirikumanyisa &quot;omwebembezi&quot; nainga &quot;omutegyeki&quot;). Aba bakaba bari batabani b'amaka g'ekika ekiri omu butegyeki ekya ba Muhutu. Omuntu weena ori kwetererwa eiziina Mukama, ashemereire kuba ari Omuhutu, okukira munonga Mungura/Mwitira, nainga ari ow'ekika ky'obugabe ekya Baamuhutu. Omu bunaku obwo ahanyima y'okujanjaara kw'obukurisitaayo, eiziina rikyakoreesibwa nka rimwe aha maziina ga Ruhanga. Ah'abw'enshonga egi, abantu hati barakoreesa eiziina erindi. Ekyokureeberaho Byamukama, Kyomukama, Owamukama, Kamukama na Bainomukama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>idcv9jzmnqhj9ds26y1sfbau4n5ldro</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304190</id>
      <parentid>7304189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:13:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marion Tumwakiire</username>
        <id>2655671</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammar</comment>
      <origin>7304190</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3852" sha1="e2r6yvic93masy207h9r35bnnl26m33" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q804430}}

'''Abakiga''' (''abantu b'omu nshozi''), n'Oruganda rw'abantu, oruraruga omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] hamwe n'omu matemba ga Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/bakiga.html AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Bakiga people]&quot;. ''www.101lasttribes.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/how-bakiga-migrated-from-rwanda-to-kabale-1690602 How Bakiga migrated from Rwanda to Kabale]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-23.&lt;/ref&gt; 
== Oburugo ==
[[File:Bakiga dance.png|thumb|''Bakiga'' ]]
Abakiga barateekateekwaho kuba baarugire [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]]. Eki kiragambwaho omuri kimwe aha byeshongoro byabo eby'enzaarwa. Abakiga boona bakaruga Rwanda omuri Byumba na Ruhengyere. Byumba na Ruhengyere n'endembo eziri omuri Rwanda obwa hati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Bakiga-migrated-from-Rwanda-to-Kabale/689844-3836608-udasqhz/index.html How Bakiga migrated from Rwanda to Kabale]&quot;. ''Daily Monitor''. Retrieved 2020-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://eastafricanwatch.net/read-about-the-unique-bakiga-tribe-of-western-uganda/ Read about the unique Bakiga tribe of Western Uganda - The East African Watch]&quot;. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2024-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210121213807/http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bakiga-culture.html THE BAKIGA | Uganda Travel Guide]&quot;. ''Uganda Travel Guide &amp;#x7C; Uganda's Leading Travel Guiding''. 2014-08-06. Archived from [http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bakiga-culture.html the original] on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2024-02-04.&lt;/ref&gt; Abakiga barateekateekwaho kuba nibo baijukuru ba Kashiga, owaijire kwetwa Kakiga bwanyima. Kiragambwa ngu ni mutabani wa Mbogo kuruga omu bugabe bwa Bumbogo obwa Rwanda owaafurukiire omu kicweka ky'amashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] akatandikaho ekicweka ekiriho hati ekya Bakiga ba Kigezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;     

Omu mwaka gwa1700 gutakahikire, Rwanda  ekatwarwa Abatwa, abaahererukire kwegaitwaho Abahutu. Rwanda omu bwire obwo ekaba erimu amahanga makye n'obutegyeki bukye buri kukwataniisa aha nsi y'omutegyeki omwe ohu bareeta '''Mwami'''. Akaba aramanywa '''nk'Omukama.'''&lt;ref&gt;Uzoigwe, G. N.; Denoon, Donald (1975). &quot;A History of Kigezi in South-West Uganda&quot;. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''8''': 16. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/217613|10.2307/217613]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/217613 217613].&lt;/ref&gt;     

Omu Bakiga, omuntu owaabaire aine obushoboorozi akaba areetwa Mukama, nari Mwami omu bicweka ebindi ebya Rwanda. Omu biro eby'okubanza, Mukama nikyo kitiiniisa ekyabaire kiraheebwa omukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210415084507/http://vbbultd.org/index.php/background/bakiga-traditional-way-of-life/the-traditional-bakiga-community.html The traditional Bakiga Community]&quot;. ''www.vbbultd.org''. Archived from [http://www.vbbultd.org/index.php/background/bakiga-traditional-way-of-life/the-traditional-bakiga-community.html the original] on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2020-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt; Bwanyima, abantu bakatwara Mukama nk'eiziina ry'abaana baabo (ekirikumanyisa &quot;omwebembezi&quot; nainga &quot;omutegyeki&quot;). Aba bakaba bari batabani b'amaka g'ekika ekiri omu butegyeki ekya ba Muhutu. Omuntu weena ori kwetererwa eiziina Mukama, ashemereire kuba ari Omuhutu, okukira munonga Mungura/Mwitira, nainga ari ow'ekika ky'obugabe ekya Baamuhutu. Omu bunaku obwo ahanyima y'okujanjaara kw'obukurisitaayo, eiziina rikyakoreesibwa nka rimwe aha maziina ga Ruhanga. Ah'abw'enshonga egi, abantu hati barakoreesa eiziina erindi. Ekyokureeberaho Byamukama, Kyomukama, Owamukama, Kamukama na Bainomukama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>e2r6yvic93masy207h9r35bnnl26m33</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304198</id>
      <parentid>7304190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:41:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marion Tumwakiire</username>
        <id>2655671</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatic change</comment>
      <origin>7304198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3852" sha1="jyjo3xnn578ltfozsd162lpjb7v5gvm" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q804430}}

'''Abakiga''' (''abantu b'omu nshozi''), n'Oruganda rw'abantu, oruraruga omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] hamwe n'omu matemba ga Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/bakiga.html AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Bakiga people]&quot;. ''www.101lasttribes.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/how-bakiga-migrated-from-rwanda-to-kabale-1690602 How Bakiga migrated from Rwanda to Kabale]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-23.&lt;/ref&gt; 
== Oburugo ==
[[File:Bakiga dance.png|thumb|''Bakiga'' ]]
Abakiga barateekateekwaho kuba baarugire [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]]. Eki kiragambwaho omuri kimwe aha byeshongoro byabo eby'enzaarwa. Abakiga boona bakaruga Rwanda omuri Byumba na Ruhengyere. Byumba na Ruhengyere n'endembo eziri omuri Rwanda obwa hati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Bakiga-migrated-from-Rwanda-to-Kabale/689844-3836608-udasqhz/index.html How Bakiga migrated from Rwanda to Kabale]&quot;. ''Daily Monitor''. Retrieved 2020-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://eastafricanwatch.net/read-about-the-unique-bakiga-tribe-of-western-uganda/ Read about the unique Bakiga tribe of Western Uganda - The East African Watch]&quot;. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2024-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210121213807/http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bakiga-culture.html THE BAKIGA | Uganda Travel Guide]&quot;. ''Uganda Travel Guide &amp;#x7C; Uganda's Leading Travel Guiding''. 2014-08-06. Archived from [http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bakiga-culture.html the original] on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2024-02-04.&lt;/ref&gt; Abakiga barateekateekwaho kuba nibo baijukuru ba Kashiga, owaijire kwetwa Kakiga bwanyima. Kiragambwa ngu ni mutabani wa Mbogo kuruga omu bugabe bwa Bumbogo obwa Rwanda owaafurukiire omu kicweka ky'amashuuma g'Oburengyerwa-izooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] akatandikaho ekicweka ekiriho hati ekya Bakiga ba Kigezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;     

Omu mwaka gwa1700 gutakahikire, Rwanda  ekatwarwa Abatwa, abaahererukire kwegaitwaho Abahutu. Rwanda omu bwire obwo ekaba erimu amahanga makye n'obutegyeki bukye buri kukwataniisa aha nsi y'omutegyeki omwe ohu bareeta '''Mwami'''. Akaba aramanywa '''nk'Omukama.'''&lt;ref&gt;Uzoigwe, G. N.; Denoon, Donald (1975). &quot;A History of Kigezi in South-West Uganda&quot;. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''8''': 16. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/217613|10.2307/217613]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/217613 217613].&lt;/ref&gt;     

Omu Bakiga, omuntu owaabaire aine obushoboorozi akaba areetwa Mukama, nari Mwami omu bicweka ebindi ebya Rwanda. Omu biro eby'okubanza, Mukama nikyo kitiiniisa ekyabaire kiraheebwa omukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210415084507/http://vbbultd.org/index.php/background/bakiga-traditional-way-of-life/the-traditional-bakiga-community.html The traditional Bakiga Community]&quot;. ''www.vbbultd.org''. Archived from [http://www.vbbultd.org/index.php/background/bakiga-traditional-way-of-life/the-traditional-bakiga-community.html the original] on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2020-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt; Bwanyima, abantu bakatwara Mukama nk'eiziina ry'abaana baabo (ekirikumanyisa &quot;omwebembezi&quot; nainga &quot;omutegyeki&quot;). Aba bakaba bari batabani b'amaka g'ekika ekiri omu butegyeki ekya ba Muhutu. Omuntu weena ori kwetererwa eiziina Mukama, ashemereire kuba ari Omuhutu, okukira munonga Mungura/Mwitira, nainga ari ow'ekika ky'obugabe ekya Baamuhutu. Omu bunaku obwo ahanyima y'okujanjaara kw'obukurisitaayo, eiziina rikyakoreesibwa nka rimwe aha maziina ga Ruhanga. Ah'abw'enshonga egi, abantu hati barakoreesa eiziina erindi. Ekyokureeberaho Byamukama, Kyomukama, Owamukama, Kamukama na Bainomukama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
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'''Abakiga''' (''abantu b'omu nshozi''), n'Oruganda rw'abantu, oruraruga omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] hamwe n'omu matemba ga Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/bakiga.html AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Bakiga people]&quot;. ''www.101lasttribes.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/how-bakiga-migrated-from-rwanda-to-kabale-1690602 How Bakiga migrated from Rwanda to Kabale]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-23.&lt;/ref&gt; 
== Oburugo ==
[[File:Bakiga dance.png|thumb|''Bakiga'' ]]
Abakiga barateekateekwaho kuba baarugire [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]]. Eki kiragambwaho omuri kimwe aha byeshongoro byabo eby'enzaarwa. Abakiga boona bakaruga Rwanda omuri Byumba na Ruhengyere. Byumba na Ruhengyere n'endembo eziri omuri Rwanda obwa hati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/How-Bakiga-migrated-from-Rwanda-to-Kabale/689844-3836608-udasqhz/index.html How Bakiga migrated from Rwanda to Kabale]&quot;. ''Daily Monitor''. Retrieved 2020-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://eastafricanwatch.net/read-about-the-unique-bakiga-tribe-of-western-uganda/ Read about the unique Bakiga tribe of Western Uganda - The East African Watch]&quot;. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2024-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210121213807/http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bakiga-culture.html THE BAKIGA | Uganda Travel Guide]&quot;. ''Uganda Travel Guide &amp;#x7C; Uganda's Leading Travel Guiding''. 2014-08-06. Archived from [http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bakiga-culture.html the original] on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2024-02-04.&lt;/ref&gt; Abakiga barateekateekwaho kuba nibo baijukuru ba Kashiga, owaijire kwetwa Kakiga bwanyima. Kiragambwa ngu ni mutabani wa Mbogo kuruga omu bugabe bwa Bumbogo obwa Rwanda owaafurukiire omu kicweka ky'amashuuma g'Oburengyerwa-izooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]](Yuganda) akatandikaho ekicweka ekiriho hati ekya Bakiga ba Kigezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;     

Omu mwaka gwa1700 gutakahikire, Rwanda  ekatwarwa Abatwa, abaahererukire kwegaitwaho Abahutu. Rwanda omu bwire obwo ekaba erimu amahanga makye n'obutegyeki bukye buri kukwataniisa aha nsi y'omutegyeki omwe ohu bareeta '''Mwami'''. Akaba aramanywa '''nk'Omukama.'''&lt;ref&gt;Uzoigwe, G. N.; Denoon, Donald (1975). &quot;A History of Kigezi in South-West Uganda&quot;. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''8''': 16. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/217613|10.2307/217613]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/217613 217613].&lt;/ref&gt;     

Omu Bakiga, omuntu owaabaire aine obushoboorozi akaba areetwa Mukama, nari Mwami omu bicweka ebindi ebya Rwanda. Omu biro eby'okubanza, Mukama nikyo kitiiniisa ekyabaire kiraheebwa omukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210415084507/http://vbbultd.org/index.php/background/bakiga-traditional-way-of-life/the-traditional-bakiga-community.html The traditional Bakiga Community]&quot;. ''www.vbbultd.org''. Archived from [http://www.vbbultd.org/index.php/background/bakiga-traditional-way-of-life/the-traditional-bakiga-community.html the original] on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2020-05-30.&lt;/ref&gt; Bwanyima, abantu bakatwara Mukama nk'eiziina ry'abaana baabo (ekirikumanyisa &quot;omwebembezi&quot; nainga &quot;omutegyeki&quot;). Aba bakaba bari batabani b'amaka g'ekika ekiri omu butegyeki ekya ba Muhutu. Omuntu weena ori kwetererwa eiziina Mukama, ashemereire kuba ari Omuhutu, okukira munonga Mungura/Mwitira, nainga ari ow'ekika ky'obugabe ekya Baamuhutu. Omu bunaku obwo ahanyima y'okujanjaara kw'obukurisitaayo, eiziina rikyakoreesibwa nka rimwe aha maziina ga Ruhanga. Ah'abw'enshonga egi, abantu hati barakoreesa eiziina erindi. Ekyokureeberaho Byamukama, Kyomukama, Owamukama, Kamukama na Bainomukama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
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'''Abajurizi ba Uganda'''&lt;ref&gt;Luwedde, Brenda (3 June 2026). &quot;[https://ntv.co.ug/news/abajulizi-ba-uganda-ebikujjuko-nga-bwebibadde-okwetoloola-eggwanga-2 ABAJULIZI BA UGANDA :Ebikujjuko nga bwebibadde okwetoloola eggwanga - NTV Uganda]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; n'ekibiina ky'Abanya katuriki 22 hamwe n'Abakurisitaayo 23 abaahindukire aba kurisitaayo omu bugabe bwa [[Wp/nyn/Buganda|Buganda]].

Obwa hati ekicweka kya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|yuganda]] abaisirwe aha gati y'okwezi kw'okubanza omu mwaka gwa 1885 ebiro 31hamwe  n'okwezi kw'okubanza omu mwaka gwa 1887 ebiro 27&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Martyrs of Uganda&quot;. ''[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612654/Martyrs-of-Uganda Encyclopædia Britannica Inc]''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140719024926/http://www.buganda.com/martyrs.htm The Christian Martyrs of Uganda]&quot;. ''The Buganda Home Page''. Archived from [http://www.buganda.com/martyrs.htm the original] on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bakaitirwa ahansi  y'ebiragiro bya Mwanga II Kabaka (Omukama) wa Buganda. Okwitwa kukabaho omu bwire obu haabaire hariho entaro z'amadiini ashatu ahabw'amaani g'eby'obutegyeki omu maka g'omugabe wa Buganda. Eki kikabaho aha mushororongo gw'okutahiriira, okw'ebaganiisamu, okutwara obutegyeki ahabwa mahanga ga Buraaya hamwe n'okutwara eitaka rya Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Moorehead, Alan (1963). &quot;Chapter 16, Paradise Reformed&quot;. ''The White Nile''. Penguin. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780060956394|9780060956394]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bwanyima y'emyaka mikye, ekibiina kya kyaki miishanare sosayate kikakoresa okufa kw'aba bantu kutunga obushagiki bw'abantu baingi ahabw'okugira ngu Abangyereza bakatunga [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] aha bw'obugabe.&lt;ref&gt;David Apter (1961). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FZJL3zJjipgC The Political Kingdom in Uganda: A Study of Bureaucratic Nationalism]''. Princeton University. p.&amp;#x20;77. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30764-5|978-1-136-30764-5]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekereziya y'abanyakaturiki ekaha omugisha Abajurizi baayo abakaturiki 22 omu mwaka gwa1920 kandi bakahindurwa abarikwera omu mwaka gwa 1964 eki kikakorwa Paapa Paul VI ahari St. Peter's Basilica omuri Rooma.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_165154 Mapeera relative speaks out on her impression of Uganda]&quot;. ''New Vision''. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-uganda-s-martyrs-shaped-catholic-hymns-4247574 How Uganda's martyrs shaped Catholic hymns]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 27 May 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu 2024, ebisigaire by'abajurizi babiri ab'Abakaturiki, Charles Lwanga na Mathias Mulumba, bikagarurwa omu Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;Kisekka, Christopher (10 September 2024). &quot;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/relics-of-uganda-martyrs-return-as-church-marks-60-years-of-their-sainthood Relics of Uganda Martyrs Return as Church Marks 60 Years of Their Sainthood]&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 6 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Oburugiriro''': ==
Okushohoza ebaruha omuri Bungyereza omu mwaka gwa 1875  eya handiikirwe Kabaka Muteesa 1 arikushaba abo Bangyereza okwija okuburira engiri, kikarugamu okuhika kwa Alexander Mackay ow'ekanisa ya Anglican Church Missionary Society omuri Buganda omu mwaka gwa 1877, Akakuku k'Abakaturiki Abajungu n'Abafaransa akarikwebemberwa Pierre Simon Lourdel (Fr. Mapera) kakareebeka bwanyima y'emyaka ebiri. Abashuubuzi Abaharabu kuruga Zanzibar, bakaba batwire obusiraamu omu bwa kabaka.&lt;ref&gt;Ian Leggett (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tdz9geaMMtkC Uganda]''. Oxfam. p.&amp;#x20;13. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85598-454-0|978-0-85598-454-0]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Eki kikareetaho entaro z'ediini ez'emiringo eshatu ahabw'obushoboorozi bw'eby'obutegyeki omu kooti y'obugabe bwa Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ahagati y'emyaka ya 1880, baingi bakaba baahindwirwe buri guruupu, kandi bamwe ah'abaahindukire bakaba baine emyanya y'omugasho omu kooti y'omugabe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ug0016) Long-Distance Trade and Foreign Contact]&quot;. ''Uganda''. Library of Congress Country Studies. December 1990. Retrieved 29 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Muteesa wenyini akaba aine esaasi n'obusiraamu, kwonka abaami b'amaani abaingi bakaba bahindukire Abakurisitaayo.&lt;ref&gt;Mark R. Lipschutz and R. Kent Rasmussen, ''Dictionary of African Historical Biography'', University of California Press, 1986 ([[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06611-3|978-0-520-06611-3]]&lt;/bdi&gt;), p. 164.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kabaka Mwanga II akasikira entebe y'obukama omu mwaka gwa 1884. Akaba ayerarikiriire amaani g'obukurisitayo agabaire gari kweyongyera hamwe n'okubaho kw'ekika ky'abakugu abatsya ababaire batari kushushana n'abaami b'ebyanga ab'eira, ababaire begyesiibwe, baine ediini, kandi barikwenda kuhindura abantu ba Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Lipshutz and Rasmussen (1986), ''Dictionary of African Historical Biography'', 1986, p. 165.&lt;/ref&gt; Okugaitwa kwa Bugirimaani omuri Tanzania obwa hati, kikareetaho okwerarikirira okundi. Omwaka gumwe ahanyima y'okuhinduka omugabe akaragiira ngu Yusufu Rugarama, Mako Kakumba, hamwe na Nuwa/Noah Serwanga, abaabaire bahindukire Aba kurisitaayo&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;, baitwa.  

Ahabw'okushagikwa enganzi ye, ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi omu mwaka gwa 1885 akatuma omureberezi w'Abakurisitaayo James Hannington kwitwa aha nsharo y'oburugwa-izooba bw'obugabe bwe. Eki nikibaasa kuba kyabaire kigyendereirwe kuhisya obutumwa aha Bangyereza ngu akaba atarikwenda bataahirire [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Nikigambwa ngu okwitwa kw'omureeberezi James Hannington kukarugiirira aha kitebyo omu bwire obwo ngu abazigu abaabaire nibaza kucwekyereza obugabe bakaba nibaija kuruga omuri burugwa-izooba, ahu omureeberezi yaareetiirwe. N'ahabw'ekyo, Kabaka akaragiira Luba, omukuru w'eihanga rya Busoga omuri burengyerwa-eizooba kwita Biishopu.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Ward, &quot;[http://www.dacb.org/history/a%20history%20of%20christianity%20in%20uganda.html A History of Christianity in Uganda]&quot; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123083842/http://www.dacb.org/history/a%20history%20of%20christianity%20in%20uganda.html|date=23 November 2016}} in ''Dictionary of African Christian Biography''.&lt;/ref&gt;  Kwonka bwanyima Mwanga akatoorana Abakurisitaayo baingi omu myanya y'amahe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
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'''Abajurizi ba Uganda'''&lt;ref&gt;Luwedde, Brenda (3 June 2026). &quot;[https://ntv.co.ug/news/abajulizi-ba-uganda-ebikujjuko-nga-bwebibadde-okwetoloola-eggwanga-2 ABAJULIZI BA UGANDA :Ebikujjuko nga bwebibadde okwetoloola eggwanga - NTV Uganda]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; n'ekibiina ky'Abanya katuriki 22 hamwe n'Abakurisitaayo 23 abaahindukire aba kurisitaayo omu bugabe bwa [[Wp/nyn/Buganda|Buganda]].

Obwa hati ekicweka kya  [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] abaisirwe aha gati y'okwezi kw'okubanza omu mwaka gwa 1885 ebiro 31hamwe  n'okwezi kw'okubanza omu mwaka gwa 1887 ebiro 27&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Martyrs of Uganda&quot;. ''[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612654/Martyrs-of-Uganda Encyclopædia Britannica Inc]''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140719024926/http://www.buganda.com/martyrs.htm The Christian Martyrs of Uganda]&quot;. ''The Buganda Home Page''. Archived from [http://www.buganda.com/martyrs.htm the original] on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bakaitirwa ahansi  y'ebiragiro bya Mwanga II Kabaka (Omukama) wa Buganda. Okwitwa kukabaho omu bwire obu haabaire hariho entaro z'amadiini ashatu ahabw'amaani g'eby'obutegyeki omu maka g'omugabe wa Buganda. Eki kikabaho aha mushororongo gw'okutahiriira, okw'ebaganiisamu, okutwara obutegyeki ahabwa mahanga ga Buraaya hamwe n'okutwara eitaka rya Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Moorehead, Alan (1963). &quot;Chapter 16, Paradise Reformed&quot;. ''The White Nile''. Penguin. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780060956394|9780060956394]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bwanyima y'emyaka mikye, ekibiina kya kyaki miishanare sosayate kikakoresa okufa kw'aba bantu kutunga obushagiki bw'abantu baingi ahabw'okugira ngu Abangyereza bakatunga [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] aha bw'obugabe.&lt;ref&gt;David Apter (1961). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FZJL3zJjipgC The Political Kingdom in Uganda: A Study of Bureaucratic Nationalism]''. Princeton University. p.&amp;#x20;77. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30764-5|978-1-136-30764-5]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekereziya y'abanyakaturiki ekaha omugisha Abajurizi baayo abakaturiki 22 omu mwaka gwa1920 kandi bakahindurwa abarikwera omu mwaka gwa 1964 eki kikakorwa Paapa Paul VI ahari St. Peter's Basilica omuri Rooma.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_165154 Mapeera relative speaks out on her impression of Uganda]&quot;. ''New Vision''. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/how-uganda-s-martyrs-shaped-catholic-hymns-4247574 How Uganda's martyrs shaped Catholic hymns]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 27 May 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu 2024, ebisigaire by'abajurizi babiri ab'Abakaturiki, Charles Lwanga na Mathias Mulumba, bikagarurwa omu Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;Kisekka, Christopher (10 September 2024). &quot;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/relics-of-uganda-martyrs-return-as-church-marks-60-years-of-their-sainthood Relics of Uganda Martyrs Return as Church Marks 60 Years of Their Sainthood]&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 6 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Oburugiriro''': ==
Okushohoza ebaruha omuri Bungyereza omu mwaka gwa 1875  eya handiikirwe Kabaka Muteesa 1 arikushaba abo Bangyereza okwija okuburira engiri, kikarugamu okuhika kwa Alexander Mackay ow'ekanisa ya Anglican Church Missionary Society omuri Buganda omu mwaka gwa 1877, Akakuku k'Abakaturiki Abajungu n'Abafaransa akarikwebemberwa Pierre Simon Lourdel (Fr. Mapera) kakareebeka bwanyima y'emyaka ebiri. Abashuubuzi Abaharabu kuruga Zanzibar, bakaba batwire obusiraamu omu bwa kabaka.&lt;ref&gt;Ian Leggett (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tdz9geaMMtkC Uganda]''. Oxfam. p.&amp;#x20;13. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85598-454-0|978-0-85598-454-0]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Eki kikareetaho entaro z'ediini ez'emiringo eshatu ahabw'obushoboorozi bw'eby'obutegyeki omu kooti y'obugabe bwa Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ahagati y'emyaka ya 1880, baingi bakaba baahindwirwe buri guruupu, kandi bamwe ah'abaahindukire bakaba baine emyanya y'omugasho omu kooti y'omugabe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ug0016) Long-Distance Trade and Foreign Contact]&quot;. ''Uganda''. Library of Congress Country Studies. December 1990. Retrieved 29 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Muteesa wenyini akaba aine esaasi n'obusiraamu, kwonka abaami b'amaani abaingi bakaba bahindukire Abakurisitaayo.&lt;ref&gt;Mark R. Lipschutz and R. Kent Rasmussen, ''Dictionary of African Historical Biography'', University of California Press, 1986 ([[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06611-3|978-0-520-06611-3]]&lt;/bdi&gt;), p. 164.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kabaka Mwanga II akasikira entebe y'obukama omu mwaka gwa 1884. Akaba ayerarikiriire amaani g'obukurisitayo agabaire gari kweyongyera hamwe n'okubaho kw'ekika ky'abakugu abatsya ababaire batari kushushana n'abaami b'ebyanga ab'eira, ababaire begyesiibwe, baine ediini, kandi barikwenda kuhindura abantu ba Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Lipshutz and Rasmussen (1986), ''Dictionary of African Historical Biography'', 1986, p. 165.&lt;/ref&gt; Okugaitwa kwa Bugirimaani omuri Tanzania obwa hati, kikareetaho okwerarikirira okundi. Omwaka gumwe ahanyima y'okuhinduka omugabe akaragiira ngu Yusufu Rugarama, Mako Kakumba, hamwe na Nuwa/Noah Serwanga, abaabaire bahindukire Aba kurisitaayo&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;, baitwa.  

Ahabw'okushagikwa enganzi ye, ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi omu mwaka gwa 1885 akatuma omureberezi w'Abakurisitaayo James Hannington kwitwa aha nsharo y'oburugwa-izooba bw'obugabe bwe. Eki nikibaasa kuba kyabaire kigyendereirwe kuhisya obutumwa aha Bangyereza ngu akaba atarikwenda bataahirire [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Nikigambwa ngu okwitwa kw'omureeberezi James Hannington kukarugiirira aha kitebyo omu bwire obwo ngu abazigu abaabaire nibaza kucwekyereza obugabe bakaba nibaija kuruga omuri burugwa-izooba, ahu omureeberezi yaareetiirwe. N'ahabw'ekyo, Kabaka akaragiira Luba, omukuru w'eihanga rya Busoga omuri burengyerwa-eizooba kwita Biishopu.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Ward, &quot;[http://www.dacb.org/history/a%20history%20of%20christianity%20in%20uganda.html A History of Christianity in Uganda]&quot; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123083842/http://www.dacb.org/history/a%20history%20of%20christianity%20in%20uganda.html|date=23 November 2016}} in ''Dictionary of African Christian Biography''.&lt;/ref&gt;  Kwonka bwanyima Mwanga akatoorana Abakurisitaayo baingi omu myanya y'amahe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1094107}}</text>
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{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q52106766}}'''Alex Emix Muhangi''', orikumanywa nka Alex Muhangi, n'omuteezi w'ebishushani omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chano8.com/a-look-at-alex-muhangis-career-as-he-celebrates-his-birthday/ A Look at Alex Muhangi's Career As He Celebrates His Birthday]&quot;. ''Chano8''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;, omuzaani, inginiya w'amahurire,orikukurira ebyeshongoro, Comedi Store Uganda&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://matookerepublic.com/2017/03/16/muhangi-earns-big-as-ntv-buys-his-comedy-stores-show/ Muhangi earns big as NTV buys his Comedy Stores show]&quot;. ''Matooke Republic''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akahandiikwa nk'omwe aha ba comedi 10 abarikukirayo oburungi omuri yuganda omu mwaka gwa 2016 hamwe n'omwaka gwa 2017 okuruga omu New Vision,&lt;ref&gt;[https://bigeye.ug/abby-mukiibi-is-ugandas-biggest-comedian-see-top-10-here/ &quot;Abby Mukiibi is Uganda's biggest comedian, see top 10 here]&quot;. Big Eye. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1468331/ugandan-personalities-rocked-2017 Top 10 Ugandan personalities that rocked 2017]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; kandi nk'omwe aha bazaani b'omutaano omu rurimi rw'orungyereza omuri yuganda.&lt;ref&gt;Muleyi, Solomon. &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1443084/personalities-moved-uganda-2016 Top 10 Celebrities That Shook Uganda In 2016]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akagyenda omu ruramburo gw'ensi yoona omu mwaka gwa 2014 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?page=mv2_article&amp;id_article=17749 Alex Muhangi To 'Kill' All Rwandans]&quot;. Igihe. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mutabazi, Geofrey. &quot;[http://chano8.com/alex-muhangi-desire-luzinda-reap-big-from-rwanda-gig/ Comedian Alex Muhangi Set For Kigali Show]&quot;. Chano8. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/showbiz/20572/comedian-alex-muhangi-set-to-perform-in-rwanda Comedian Alex Muhangi Set For Kigali Show]&quot;. Howwe Biz. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/nyn/South Africa|South Africa]], [[Wp/nyn/Zambia|Zambia]], [[Wp/nyn/Malawi|Malawi]], [[Wp/nyn/Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Wp/nyn/South Sudan|South Sudan]], [[Wp/nyn/Kenya|Kenya]] (Churchill Show), &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://mobile.howwe.biz/news/comedy/949/alex-muhangi-scoops-churchill-live-gig Alex Muhangi Scoops Churchill Live Gig]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chano8.com/the-comedy-knights-rwanda-to-be-hosted-by-alex-muhangi/ The Comedy Knights Rwanda To Be Hosted By Alex Muhang]i&quot;. ''Chano8''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/comedian-alex-muhangi-headline-show-rwanda/ Comedian Alex Muhangi To Headline Show in Rwanda]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Canada, Australia, [[Wp/nyn/Somalia|Somalia]], Bungyereza, Germany, Norway, Sweden, [[Wp/nyn/Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[Wp/nyn/Ghana|Ghana]], Turkey, UAE, China hamwe n'okureebeka ahariza  Improv omuri United States.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alex Muhangi Beats Anne Kansiime&quot;. ''New Vision''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1418397/alex-muhangi-beats-anne-kansiime]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-lands-juicy-deals-usa-london/ Alex Muhangi lands juicy deals in USA and London]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Emirimo ==
Muhangi akakora aha 96.9FM Reediyo Rukungiri na 89.1FM Viijon Fm [[Wp/nyn/Mbarara|Mbarara]], omu burengyerwa-izooba bwa yuganda nk'omushomi w'amahurire aha  reediyo omu biro bye by'eishomero erya siniya. Bwanyiima akatandikaho ekitongore kye ekya Masters Music omuri 2014 omuri Kampala, ahu akyari mukuru w'ekitongore kandi inginiya w'amahuriire.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/music/3386/comedian-alex-muhangi-sets-to-leave-fenon-records Comedian Alex Muhangi Sets To Leave Fenon Records]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omuri 2009, akakora ehururu ya Stand Up yuganda, ehururu ya DStv y'okuroonda omuteezi w'ebishushaani orikukurataho ahu yaabaire owa kabiri omu basinguzi. Kuyaabaire naavuga aha ruguudo rwa Kimathi Avenue akareeba abantu barikwemerera omu runyiriri rw'okwegyezamu, eki yaabaire naatekateeka ngu n'okwegyezamu kw'okwejumba omu by'emizaano. Akasharamu kwejuumba omu bigyezo by'okuzaana omuzaano ahabw'okuba akaba naakunda kuzaana emizaano kandi akaba atatebekaniise akazaano koona. Akashabwa kuzaana akazaano ke eki yaakozire kandi aho n'aho yaaba owa kabiri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/celebrity/15578/what-you-probably-didnt-know-about-comedian-alex-muhangi Things you probably didn't know about Comedian Alex Muhangi]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omu mwaka gwa 2010,  akatandikaho ekibiina kya katemba ekya &quot;The Crackers&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-now-driving-car-newest-number-plate/ Alex Muhangi now driving a car with the newest number plate]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ekyabaire kiine omworeko gwa terevijoni ogwa namba emwe &quot;Mic Check&quot; aha Cable.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.sqoop.co.ug/201301/four-one-one/crackers-split-and-make-up.html Crackers split and make up]&quot;. ''Sqoop''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bwanyima akatandikaho ekitongore kya Jazz Comedi Omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2016, akatandikaho Comedi Store Uganda, omworeko gw'eby'amashemererwa ogurikukirayo obuhango omu yuganda, ogu arikutebeekaniisa buri rwakana aha UMA Lugogo omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]]. 

Akozire n'abanyayuganda hamwe n'banyamahanga abarikweshemeza, abazaani b'emizaano hamwe n'abandi ba sereebu otwariireemu Anne Kansiime, Daniel Ndambuki, Teacher Mpamire, Eric Omondi, Akite Agnes n'abandi. Muhangi atebekaniise emikoro mingi omu Yuganda n'aheeru otwariireemu emikoro ya kiraabu Music and Vidiyo Awards (CMVA) hamwe na Crystal Newman na Ellah,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.showbizuganda.com/ellah-alex-muhangi-crystal-newman-set-to-host-cmva-2017/ Ellah, Alex Muhangi, Crystal Newman set to host CMVA 2017]&quot;. ''Showbiz Uganda''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ebyafaayo bye bya Comedi Store Uganda kuruuga 2016, hamwe na Arthur na Kansiime arataaha omuri Kigali.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/201930 Kansiime, Nkusi promise 'night of laughter]'&quot;. ''The New Times Rwanda''. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'amagaara ge ==
[[File:Alex Pics 2.jpg|thumb|Alex Muhangi]]
Alex Muhangi aine omuhara, Jehu Muhangi,&lt;ref&gt;Celebrity, Gossip. &quot;[https://bigeye.ug/cute-photo-comedian-alex-muhangi-celebrates-daughters-birthday/ CUTE PHOTO: Comedian Alex Muhangi Celebrates Daughter's Birthday]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; niwe omukazi we kandi omukozi wa reediyo Prim Asiimwe&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://campuseye.ug/wedding-bells-alex-muhangi-wed-longtime-sweetheart-prim-year/ Wedding Bells: Alex Muhangi To Wed Longtime Sweetheart Prim This Year]&quot;. Campus Bee. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ebishushani bya firimu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!omwaka
!omworeeko rwa terevijoni
!omurimo
!Ebigambirwe
|-
|Since 2016
|Comedi Store Uganda
|Himself
|Host
|}

== Ebihembo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: #FBFC8A;&quot; |Awards
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
!Omwaka
!Ekihembo
!Category
!Result
|-
|
|East Africa Choice Awards
|Best Comedian|Won
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards (ASFAs)
|Male Most Stylish/Dressed Celebrity (Uganda) Won
|-
|Pearl of Africa Fashion Awards
|Best Fashionable Comedian|Won
|}

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q52106766}}'''Alex Emix Muhangi''', orikumanywa nka Alex Muhangi, n'omuteezi w'ebishushani omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chano8.com/a-look-at-alex-muhangis-career-as-he-celebrates-his-birthday/ A Look at Alex Muhangi's Career As He Celebrates His Birthday]&quot;. ''Chano8''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;, omuzaani, inginiya w'amahurire,orikukurira ebyeshongoro, Comedi Store Uganda&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://matookerepublic.com/2017/03/16/muhangi-earns-big-as-ntv-buys-his-comedy-stores-show/ Muhangi earns big as NTV buys his Comedy Stores show]&quot;. ''Matooke Republic''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akahandiikwa nk'omwe aha ba comedi 10 abarikukirayo oburungi omuri yuganda omu mwaka gwa 2016 hamwe n'omwaka gwa 2017 okuruga omu New Vision,&lt;ref&gt;[https://bigeye.ug/abby-mukiibi-is-ugandas-biggest-comedian-see-top-10-here/ &quot;Abby Mukiibi is Uganda's biggest comedian, see top 10 here]&quot;. Big Eye. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1468331/ugandan-personalities-rocked-2017 Top 10 Ugandan personalities that rocked 2017]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; kandi nk'omwe aha bazaani b'omutaano omu rurimi rw'orungyereza omuri yuganda.&lt;ref&gt;Muleyi, Solomon. &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1443084/personalities-moved-uganda-2016 Top 10 Celebrities That Shook Uganda In 2016]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akagyenda omu ruramburo gw'ensi yoona omu mwaka gwa 2014 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?page=mv2_article&amp;id_article=17749 Alex Muhangi To 'Kill' All Rwandans]&quot;. Igihe. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mutabazi, Geofrey. &quot;[http://chano8.com/alex-muhangi-desire-luzinda-reap-big-from-rwanda-gig/ Comedian Alex Muhangi Set For Kigali Show]&quot;. Chano8. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/showbiz/20572/comedian-alex-muhangi-set-to-perform-in-rwanda Comedian Alex Muhangi Set For Kigali Show]&quot;. Howwe Biz. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/nyn/South Africa|South Africa]], [[Wp/nyn/Zambia|Zambia]], [[Wp/nyn/Malawi|Malawi]], [[Wp/nyn/Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Wp/nyn/South Sudan|South Sudan]], [[Wp/nyn/Kenya|Kenya]] (Churchill Show), &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://mobile.howwe.biz/news/comedy/949/alex-muhangi-scoops-churchill-live-gig Alex Muhangi Scoops Churchill Live Gig]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chano8.com/the-comedy-knights-rwanda-to-be-hosted-by-alex-muhangi/ The Comedy Knights Rwanda To Be Hosted By Alex Muhang]i&quot;. ''Chano8''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/comedian-alex-muhangi-headline-show-rwanda/ Comedian Alex Muhangi To Headline Show in Rwanda]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Canada, Australia, [[Wp/nyn/Somalia|Somalia]], Bungyereza, Germany, Norway, Sweden, [[Wp/nyn/Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[Wp/nyn/Ghana|Ghana]], Turkey, UAE, China hamwe n'okureebeka ahariza  Improv omuri United States.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alex Muhangi Beats Anne Kansiime&quot;. ''New Vision''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1418397/alex-muhangi-beats-anne-kansiime]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-lands-juicy-deals-usa-london/ Alex Muhangi lands juicy deals in USA and London]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Emirimo ==
Muhangi akakora aha 96.9FM Reediyo Rukungiri na 89.1FM Viijon Fm [[Wp/nyn/Mbarara|Mbarara]], omu burengyerwa-izooba bwa yuganda nk'omushomi w'amahurire aha  reediyo omu biro bye by'eishomero erya siniya. Bwanyiima akatandikaho ekitongore kye ekya Masters Music omuri 2014 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], ahu akyari mukuru w'ekitongore kandi inginiya w'amahuriire.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/music/3386/comedian-alex-muhangi-sets-to-leave-fenon-records Comedian Alex Muhangi Sets To Leave Fenon Records]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omuri 2009, akakora ehururu ya Stand Up yuganda, ehururu ya DStv y'okuroonda omuteezi w'ebishushaani orikukurataho ahu yaabaire owa kabiri omu basinguzi. Kuyaabaire naavuga aha ruguudo rwa Kimathi Avenue akareeba abantu barikwemerera omu runyiriri rw'okwegyezamu, eki yaabaire naatekateeka ngu n'okwegyezamu kw'okwejumba omu by'emizaano. Akasharamu kwejuumba omu bigyezo by'okuzaana omuzaano ahabw'okuba akaba naakunda kuzaana emizaano kandi akaba atatebekaniise akazaano koona. Akashabwa kuzaana akazaano ke eki yaakozire kandi aho n'aho yaaba owa kabiri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/celebrity/15578/what-you-probably-didnt-know-about-comedian-alex-muhangi Things you probably didn't know about Comedian Alex Muhangi]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omu mwaka gwa 2010,  akatandikaho ekibiina kya katemba ekya &quot;The Crackers&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-now-driving-car-newest-number-plate/ Alex Muhangi now driving a car with the newest number plate]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ekyabaire kiine omworeko gwa terevijoni ogwa namba emwe &quot;Mic Check&quot; aha Cable.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.sqoop.co.ug/201301/four-one-one/crackers-split-and-make-up.html Crackers split and make up]&quot;. ''Sqoop''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bwanyima akatandikaho ekitongore kya Jazz Comedi Omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2016, akatandikaho Comedi Store Uganda, omworeko gw'eby'amashemererwa ogurikukirayo obuhango omu yuganda, ogu arikutebeekaniisa buri rwakana aha UMA Lugogo omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]]. 

Akozire n'abanyayuganda hamwe n'banyamahanga abarikweshemeza, abazaani b'emizaano hamwe n'abandi ba sereebu otwariireemu Anne Kansiime, Daniel Ndambuki, Teacher Mpamire, Eric Omondi, Akite Agnes n'abandi. Muhangi atebekaniise emikoro mingi omu Yuganda n'aheeru otwariireemu emikoro ya kiraabu Music and Vidiyo Awards (CMVA) hamwe na Crystal Newman na Ellah,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.showbizuganda.com/ellah-alex-muhangi-crystal-newman-set-to-host-cmva-2017/ Ellah, Alex Muhangi, Crystal Newman set to host CMVA 2017]&quot;. ''Showbiz Uganda''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ebyafaayo bye bya Comedi Store Uganda kuruuga 2016, hamwe na Arthur na Kansiime arataaha omuri Kigali.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/201930 Kansiime, Nkusi promise 'night of laughter]'&quot;. ''The New Times Rwanda''. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'amagaara ge ==
[[File:Alex Pics 2.jpg|thumb|Alex Muhangi]]
Alex Muhangi aine omuhara, Jehu Muhangi,&lt;ref&gt;Celebrity, Gossip. &quot;[https://bigeye.ug/cute-photo-comedian-alex-muhangi-celebrates-daughters-birthday/ CUTE PHOTO: Comedian Alex Muhangi Celebrates Daughter's Birthday]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; niwe omukazi we kandi omukozi wa reediyo Prim Asiimwe&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://campuseye.ug/wedding-bells-alex-muhangi-wed-longtime-sweetheart-prim-year/ Wedding Bells: Alex Muhangi To Wed Longtime Sweetheart Prim This Year]&quot;. Campus Bee. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ebishushani bya firimu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!omwaka
!omworeeko rwa terevijoni
!omurimo
!Ebigambirwe
|-
|Since 2016
|Comedi Store Uganda
|Himself
|Host
|}

== Ebihembo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: #FBFC8A;&quot; |Awards
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
!Omwaka
!Ekihembo
!Category
!Result
|-
|
|East Africa Choice Awards
|Best Comedian|Won
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards (ASFAs)
|Male Most Stylish/Dressed Celebrity (Uganda) Won
|-
|Pearl of Africa Fashion Awards
|Best Fashionable Comedian|Won
|}

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304350</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:32:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
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      <origin>7304350</origin>
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      <text bytes="8278" sha1="6m613v5ce5v84u2661ztdyu1bb2lgzs" xml:space="preserve">
{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q52106766}}'''Alex Emix Muhangi''', orikumanywa nka Alex Muhangi, n'omuteezi w'ebishushani omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chano8.com/a-look-at-alex-muhangis-career-as-he-celebrates-his-birthday/ A Look at Alex Muhangi's Career As He Celebrates His Birthday]&quot;. ''Chano8''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;, omuzaani, inginiya w'amahurire,orikukurira ebyeshongoro, Comedi Store Uganda&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://matookerepublic.com/2017/03/16/muhangi-earns-big-as-ntv-buys-his-comedy-stores-show/ Muhangi earns big as NTV buys his Comedy Stores show]&quot;. ''Matooke Republic''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akahandiikwa nk'omwe aha ba comedi 10 abarikukirayo oburungi omuri yuganda omu mwaka gwa 2016 hamwe n'omwaka gwa 2017 okuruga omu New Vision,&lt;ref&gt;[https://bigeye.ug/abby-mukiibi-is-ugandas-biggest-comedian-see-top-10-here/ &quot;Abby Mukiibi is Uganda's biggest comedian, see top 10 here]&quot;. Big Eye. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1468331/ugandan-personalities-rocked-2017 Top 10 Ugandan personalities that rocked 2017]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; kandi nk'omwe aha bazaani b'omutaano omu rurimi rw'orungyereza omuri yuganda.&lt;ref&gt;Muleyi, Solomon. &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1443084/personalities-moved-uganda-2016 Top 10 Celebrities That Shook Uganda In 2016]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akagyenda omu ruramburo gw'ensi yoona omu mwaka gwa 2014 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?page=mv2_article&amp;id_article=17749 Alex Muhangi To 'Kill' All Rwandans]&quot;. Igihe. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mutabazi, Geofrey. &quot;[http://chano8.com/alex-muhangi-desire-luzinda-reap-big-from-rwanda-gig/ Comedian Alex Muhangi Set For Kigali Show]&quot;. Chano8. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/showbiz/20572/comedian-alex-muhangi-set-to-perform-in-rwanda Comedian Alex Muhangi Set For Kigali Show]&quot;. Howwe Biz. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/nyn/South Africa|South Africa]], [[Wp/nyn/Zambia|Zambia]], [[Wp/nyn/Malawi|Malawi]], [[Wp/nyn/Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Wp/nyn/South Sudan|South Sudan]], [[Wp/nyn/Kenya|Kenya]] (Churchill Show), &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://mobile.howwe.biz/news/comedy/949/alex-muhangi-scoops-churchill-live-gig Alex Muhangi Scoops Churchill Live Gig]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chano8.com/the-comedy-knights-rwanda-to-be-hosted-by-alex-muhangi/ The Comedy Knights Rwanda To Be Hosted By Alex Muhang]i&quot;. ''Chano8''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/comedian-alex-muhangi-headline-show-rwanda/ Comedian Alex Muhangi To Headline Show in Rwanda]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Canada, Australia, [[Wp/nyn/Somalia|Somalia]], Bungyereza, Germany, Norway, Sweden, [[Wp/nyn/Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[Wp/nyn/Ghana|Ghana]], Turkey, UAE, China hamwe n'okureebeka ahariza  Improv omuri United States.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alex Muhangi Beats Anne Kansiime&quot;. ''New Vision''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1418397/alex-muhangi-beats-anne-kansiime]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-lands-juicy-deals-usa-london/ Alex Muhangi lands juicy deals in USA and London]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Emirimo ==
Muhangi akakora aha 96.9FM Reediyo Rukungiri na 89.1FM Viijon Fm [[Wp/nyn/Mbarara|Mbarara]], omu burengyerwa-izooba bwa yuganda nk'omushomi w'amahurire aha  reediyo omu biro bye by'eishomero erya siniya. Bwanyiima akatandikaho ekitongore kye ekya Masters Music omuri 2014 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], ahu akyari mukuru w'ekitongore kandi inginiya w'amahuriire.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/music/3386/comedian-alex-muhangi-sets-to-leave-fenon-records Comedian Alex Muhangi Sets To Leave Fenon Records]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omuri 2009, akakora ehururu ya Stand Up yuganda, ehururu ya DStv y'okuroonda omuteezi w'ebishushaani orikukurataho ahu yaabaire owa kabiri omu basinguzi. Kuyaabaire naavuga aha ruguudo rwa Kimathi Avenue akareeba abantu barikwemerera omu runyiriri rw'okwegyezamu, eki yaabaire naatekateeka ngu n'okwegyezamu kw'okwejumba omu by'emizaano. Akasharamu kwejuumba omu bigyezo by'okuzaana omuzaano ahabw'okuba akaba naakunda kuzaana emizaano kandi akaba atatebekaniise kazaano koona. Akashabwa kuzaana akazaano ke eki yaakozire kandi aho n'aho yaaba owa kabiri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/celebrity/15578/what-you-probably-didnt-know-about-comedian-alex-muhangi Things you probably didn't know about Comedian Alex Muhangi]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omu mwaka gwa 2010,  akatandikaho ekibiina kya katemba ekya &quot;The Crackers&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-now-driving-car-newest-number-plate/ Alex Muhangi now driving a car with the newest number plate]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ekyabaire kiine omworeko gwa terevijoni ogwa namba emwe &quot;Mic Check&quot; aha Cable.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.sqoop.co.ug/201301/four-one-one/crackers-split-and-make-up.html Crackers split and make up]&quot;. ''Sqoop''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bwanyima akatandikaho ekitongore kya Jazz Comedi Omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2016, akatandikaho Comedy Store Uganda, omworeko gw'eby'amashemererwa ogurikukirayo obuhango omu yuganda, ogu arikutebeekaniisa buri rwakana aha UMA Lugogo omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]]. 

Akozire n'abanyayuganda hamwe n'banyamahanga abarikweshemeza, abazaani b'emizaano hamwe n'abandi ba sereebu otwariireemu [[Wp/nyn/Anne Kansiime|Anne Kansiime]], Daniel Ndambuki, [[Wp/nyn/Teacher Mpamire|Teacher Mpamire]], Eric Omondi, Akite Agnes n'abandi. Muhangi atebekaniise emikoro mingi omu Uganda n'aheeru otwariireemu emikoro ya kiraabu Music and Vidiyo Awards (CMVA) hamwe na Crystal Newman na Ellah,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.showbizuganda.com/ellah-alex-muhangi-crystal-newman-set-to-host-cmva-2017/ Ellah, Alex Muhangi, Crystal Newman set to host CMVA 2017]&quot;. ''Showbiz Uganda''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ebyafaayo bye bya Comedy Store Uganda kuruuga 2016, hamwe na Arthur na Kansiime arataaha omuri Kigali.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/201930 Kansiime, Nkusi promise 'night of laughter]'&quot;. ''The New Times Rwanda''. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'amagaara ge ==
[[File:Alex Pics 2.jpg|thumb|Alex Muhangi]]
Alex Muhangi aine omuhara, Jehu Muhangi,&lt;ref&gt;Celebrity, Gossip. &quot;[https://bigeye.ug/cute-photo-comedian-alex-muhangi-celebrates-daughters-birthday/ CUTE PHOTO: Comedian Alex Muhangi Celebrates Daughter's Birthday]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; niwe omukazi we kandi omukozi wa reediyo Prim Asiimwe&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://campuseye.ug/wedding-bells-alex-muhangi-wed-longtime-sweetheart-prim-year/ Wedding Bells: Alex Muhangi To Wed Longtime Sweetheart Prim This Year]&quot;. Campus Bee. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ebishushani bya firimu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!omwaka
!omworeeko rwa terevijoni
!omurimo
!Ebigambirwe
|-
|Since 2016
|Comedi Store Uganda
|Himself
|Host
|}

== Ebihembo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: #FBFC8A;&quot; |Awards
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
!Omwaka
!Ekihembo
!Category
!Result
|-
|
|East Africa Choice Awards
|Best Comedian|Won
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards (ASFAs)
|Male Most Stylish/Dressed Celebrity (Uganda) Won
|-
|Pearl of Africa Fashion Awards
|Best Fashionable Comedian|Won
|}

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>6m613v5ce5v84u2661ztdyu1bb2lgzs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304351</id>
      <parentid>7304350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:33:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8287" sha1="1io25rtj5mv80arlprw9qmropw2i6ym" xml:space="preserve">
{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q52106766}}'''Alex Emix Muhangi''', orikumanywa nka Alex Muhangi, n'omuteezi w'ebishushani omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chano8.com/a-look-at-alex-muhangis-career-as-he-celebrates-his-birthday/ A Look at Alex Muhangi's Career As He Celebrates His Birthday]&quot;. ''Chano8''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;, omuzaani, inginiya w'amahurire,orikukurira ebyeshongoro, Comedi Store Uganda&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://matookerepublic.com/2017/03/16/muhangi-earns-big-as-ntv-buys-his-comedy-stores-show/ Muhangi earns big as NTV buys his Comedy Stores show]&quot;. ''Matooke Republic''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akahandiikwa nk'omwe aha ba comedi 10 abarikukirayo oburungi omuri yuganda omu mwaka gwa 2016 hamwe n'omwaka gwa 2017 okuruga omu New Vision,&lt;ref&gt;[https://bigeye.ug/abby-mukiibi-is-ugandas-biggest-comedian-see-top-10-here/ &quot;Abby Mukiibi is Uganda's biggest comedian, see top 10 here]&quot;. Big Eye. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1468331/ugandan-personalities-rocked-2017 Top 10 Ugandan personalities that rocked 2017]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; kandi nk'omwe aha bazaani b'omutaano omu rurimi rw'orungyereza omuri yuganda.&lt;ref&gt;Muleyi, Solomon. &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1443084/personalities-moved-uganda-2016 Top 10 Celebrities That Shook Uganda In 2016]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akagyenda omu ruramburo gw'ensi yoona omu mwaka gwa 2014 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?page=mv2_article&amp;id_article=17749 Alex Muhangi To 'Kill' All Rwandans]&quot;. Igihe. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mutabazi, Geofrey. &quot;[http://chano8.com/alex-muhangi-desire-luzinda-reap-big-from-rwanda-gig/ Comedian Alex Muhangi Set For Kigali Show]&quot;. Chano8. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/showbiz/20572/comedian-alex-muhangi-set-to-perform-in-rwanda Comedian Alex Muhangi Set For Kigali Show]&quot;. Howwe Biz. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/nyn/South Africa|South Africa]], [[Wp/nyn/Zambia|Zambia]], [[Wp/nyn/Malawi|Malawi]], [[Wp/nyn/Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Wp/nyn/South Sudan|South Sudan]], [[Wp/nyn/Kenya|Kenya]] (Churchill Show), &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://mobile.howwe.biz/news/comedy/949/alex-muhangi-scoops-churchill-live-gig Alex Muhangi Scoops Churchill Live Gig]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chano8.com/the-comedy-knights-rwanda-to-be-hosted-by-alex-muhangi/ The Comedy Knights Rwanda To Be Hosted By Alex Muhang]i&quot;. ''Chano8''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/comedian-alex-muhangi-headline-show-rwanda/ Comedian Alex Muhangi To Headline Show in Rwanda]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Canada, Australia, [[Wp/nyn/Somalia|Somalia]], Bungyereza, Germany, Norway, Sweden, [[Wp/nyn/Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[Wp/nyn/Ghana|Ghana]], Turkey, UAE, China hamwe n'okureebeka ahariza  Improv omuri United States.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alex Muhangi Beats Anne Kansiime&quot;. ''New Vision''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1418397/alex-muhangi-beats-anne-kansiime]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-lands-juicy-deals-usa-london/ Alex Muhangi lands juicy deals in USA and London]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Emirimo ==
Muhangi akakora aha 96.9FM Reediyo Rukungiri na 89.1FM Viijon Fm [[Wp/nyn/Mbarara|Mbarara]], omu burengyerwa-izooba bwa yuganda nk'omushomi w'amahurire aha  reediyo omu biro bye by'eishomero erya siniya. Bwanyiima akatandikaho ekitongore kye ekya Masters Music omuri 2014 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], ahu akyari mukuru w'ekitongore kandi inginiya w'amahuriire.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/music/3386/comedian-alex-muhangi-sets-to-leave-fenon-records Comedian Alex Muhangi Sets To Leave Fenon Records]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omuri 2009, akakora ehururu ya Stand Up yuganda, ehururu ya DStv y'okuroonda omuteezi w'ebishushaani orikukurataho ahu yaabaire owa kabiri omu basinguzi. Kuyaabaire naavuga aha ruguudo rwa Kimathi Avenue akareeba abantu barikwemerera omu runyiriri rw'okwegyezamu, eki yaabaire naatekateeka ngu n'okwegyezamu kw'okwejumba omu by'emizaano. Akasharamu kwejuumba omu bigyezo by'okuzaana omuzaano ahabw'okuba akaba naakunda kuzaana emizaano kandi akaba atatebekaniise kazaano koona. Akashabwa kuzaana akazaano ke eki yaakozire kandi aho n'aho yaaba owa kabiri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/celebrity/15578/what-you-probably-didnt-know-about-comedian-alex-muhangi Things you probably didn't know about Comedian Alex Muhangi]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omu mwaka gwa 2010,  akatandikaho ekibiina kya katemba ekya &quot;The Crackers&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-now-driving-car-newest-number-plate/ Alex Muhangi now driving a car with the newest number plate]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ekyabaire kiine omworeko gwa terevijoni ogwa namba emwe &quot;Mic Check&quot; aha Cable.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.sqoop.co.ug/201301/four-one-one/crackers-split-and-make-up.html Crackers split and make up]&quot;. ''Sqoop''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bwanyima akatandikaho ekitongore kya Jazz Comedi Omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2016, akatandikaho Comedy Store Uganda, omworeko gw'eby'amashemererwa ogurikukirayo obuhango omu yuganda, ogu arikutebeekaniisa buri rwakana aha UMA Lugogo omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]]. 

Akozire n'abanyayuganda hamwe n'banyamahanga abarikweshemeza, abazaani b'emizaano hamwe n'abandi ba sereebu otwariireemu [[Wp/nyn/Anne Kansiime|Anne Kansiime]], Daniel Ndambuki, [[Wp/nyn/Teacher Mpamire|Teacher Mpamire]], Eric Omondi, Akite Agnes n'abandi. Muhangi atebekaniise emikoro mingi omu Uganda n'aheeru otwariireemu emikoro ya kiraabu Music and Vidiyo Awards (CMVA) hamwe na Crystal Newman na Ellah,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.showbizuganda.com/ellah-alex-muhangi-crystal-newman-set-to-host-cmva-2017/ Ellah, Alex Muhangi, Crystal Newman set to host CMVA 2017]&quot;. ''Showbiz Uganda''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ebyafaayo bye bya Comedy Store Uganda kuruuga 2016, hamwe na Arthur na Kansiime arataaha omuri Kigali.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/201930 Kansiime, Nkusi promise 'night of laughter]'&quot;. ''The New Times Rwanda''. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'amagaara ge ==
[[File:Alex Pics 2.jpg|thumb|Alex Muhangi]]
Alex Muhangi aine omuhara, Jehu Muhangi,&lt;ref&gt;Celebrity, Gossip. &quot;[https://bigeye.ug/cute-photo-comedian-alex-muhangi-celebrates-daughters-birthday/ CUTE PHOTO: Comedian Alex Muhangi Celebrates Daughter's Birthday]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; owuyazaire n'omukazi we kandi omukozi wa reediyo, Prim Asiimwe&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://campuseye.ug/wedding-bells-alex-muhangi-wed-longtime-sweetheart-prim-year/ Wedding Bells: Alex Muhangi To Wed Longtime Sweetheart Prim This Year]&quot;. Campus Bee. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ebishushani bya firimu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!omwaka
!omworeeko rwa terevijoni
!omurimo
!Ebigambirwe
|-
|Since 2016
|Comedi Store Uganda
|Himself
|Host
|}

== Ebihembo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: #FBFC8A;&quot; |Awards
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
!Omwaka
!Ekihembo
!Category
!Result
|-
|
|East Africa Choice Awards
|Best Comedian|Won
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards (ASFAs)
|Male Most Stylish/Dressed Celebrity (Uganda) Won
|-
|Pearl of Africa Fashion Awards
|Best Fashionable Comedian|Won
|}

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>1io25rtj5mv80arlprw9qmropw2i6ym</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304352</id>
      <parentid>7304351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:34:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ebishushani bya firimu */</comment>
      <origin>7304352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8324" sha1="skcb4jdb86ypn6vyqn8o2myj2d2cs92" xml:space="preserve">
{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q52106766}}'''Alex Emix Muhangi''', orikumanywa nka Alex Muhangi, n'omuteezi w'ebishushani omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chano8.com/a-look-at-alex-muhangis-career-as-he-celebrates-his-birthday/ A Look at Alex Muhangi's Career As He Celebrates His Birthday]&quot;. ''Chano8''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;, omuzaani, inginiya w'amahurire,orikukurira ebyeshongoro, Comedi Store Uganda&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://matookerepublic.com/2017/03/16/muhangi-earns-big-as-ntv-buys-his-comedy-stores-show/ Muhangi earns big as NTV buys his Comedy Stores show]&quot;. ''Matooke Republic''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akahandiikwa nk'omwe aha ba comedi 10 abarikukirayo oburungi omuri yuganda omu mwaka gwa 2016 hamwe n'omwaka gwa 2017 okuruga omu New Vision,&lt;ref&gt;[https://bigeye.ug/abby-mukiibi-is-ugandas-biggest-comedian-see-top-10-here/ &quot;Abby Mukiibi is Uganda's biggest comedian, see top 10 here]&quot;. Big Eye. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1468331/ugandan-personalities-rocked-2017 Top 10 Ugandan personalities that rocked 2017]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; kandi nk'omwe aha bazaani b'omutaano omu rurimi rw'orungyereza omuri yuganda.&lt;ref&gt;Muleyi, Solomon. &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1443084/personalities-moved-uganda-2016 Top 10 Celebrities That Shook Uganda In 2016]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akagyenda omu ruramburo gw'ensi yoona omu mwaka gwa 2014 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?page=mv2_article&amp;id_article=17749 Alex Muhangi To 'Kill' All Rwandans]&quot;. Igihe. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mutabazi, Geofrey. &quot;[http://chano8.com/alex-muhangi-desire-luzinda-reap-big-from-rwanda-gig/ Comedian Alex Muhangi Set For Kigali Show]&quot;. Chano8. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/showbiz/20572/comedian-alex-muhangi-set-to-perform-in-rwanda Comedian Alex Muhangi Set For Kigali Show]&quot;. Howwe Biz. Retrieved 16 March 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/nyn/South Africa|South Africa]], [[Wp/nyn/Zambia|Zambia]], [[Wp/nyn/Malawi|Malawi]], [[Wp/nyn/Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Wp/nyn/South Sudan|South Sudan]], [[Wp/nyn/Kenya|Kenya]] (Churchill Show), &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://mobile.howwe.biz/news/comedy/949/alex-muhangi-scoops-churchill-live-gig Alex Muhangi Scoops Churchill Live Gig]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]], &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://chano8.com/the-comedy-knights-rwanda-to-be-hosted-by-alex-muhangi/ The Comedy Knights Rwanda To Be Hosted By Alex Muhang]i&quot;. ''Chano8''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/comedian-alex-muhangi-headline-show-rwanda/ Comedian Alex Muhangi To Headline Show in Rwanda]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Canada, Australia, [[Wp/nyn/Somalia|Somalia]], Bungyereza, Germany, Norway, Sweden, [[Wp/nyn/Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[Wp/nyn/Ghana|Ghana]], Turkey, UAE, China hamwe n'okureebeka ahariza  Improv omuri United States.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alex Muhangi Beats Anne Kansiime&quot;. ''New Vision''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1418397/alex-muhangi-beats-anne-kansiime]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-lands-juicy-deals-usa-london/ Alex Muhangi lands juicy deals in USA and London]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Emirimo ==
Muhangi akakora aha 96.9FM Reediyo Rukungiri na 89.1FM Viijon Fm [[Wp/nyn/Mbarara|Mbarara]], omu burengyerwa-izooba bwa yuganda nk'omushomi w'amahurire aha  reediyo omu biro bye by'eishomero erya siniya. Bwanyiima akatandikaho ekitongore kye ekya Masters Music omuri 2014 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], ahu akyari mukuru w'ekitongore kandi inginiya w'amahuriire.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/music/3386/comedian-alex-muhangi-sets-to-leave-fenon-records Comedian Alex Muhangi Sets To Leave Fenon Records]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omuri 2009, akakora ehururu ya Stand Up yuganda, ehururu ya DStv y'okuroonda omuteezi w'ebishushaani orikukurataho ahu yaabaire owa kabiri omu basinguzi. Kuyaabaire naavuga aha ruguudo rwa Kimathi Avenue akareeba abantu barikwemerera omu runyiriri rw'okwegyezamu, eki yaabaire naatekateeka ngu n'okwegyezamu kw'okwejumba omu by'emizaano. Akasharamu kwejuumba omu bigyezo by'okuzaana omuzaano ahabw'okuba akaba naakunda kuzaana emizaano kandi akaba atatebekaniise kazaano koona. Akashabwa kuzaana akazaano ke eki yaakozire kandi aho n'aho yaaba owa kabiri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.howwe.biz/news/celebrity/15578/what-you-probably-didnt-know-about-comedian-alex-muhangi Things you probably didn't know about Comedian Alex Muhangi]&quot;. ''How We''. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omu mwaka gwa 2010,  akatandikaho ekibiina kya katemba ekya &quot;The Crackers&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://bigeye.ug/alex-muhangi-now-driving-car-newest-number-plate/ Alex Muhangi now driving a car with the newest number plate]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ekyabaire kiine omworeko gwa terevijoni ogwa namba emwe &quot;Mic Check&quot; aha Cable.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.sqoop.co.ug/201301/four-one-one/crackers-split-and-make-up.html Crackers split and make up]&quot;. ''Sqoop''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bwanyima akatandikaho ekitongore kya Jazz Comedi Omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2016, akatandikaho Comedy Store Uganda, omworeko gw'eby'amashemererwa ogurikukirayo obuhango omu yuganda, ogu arikutebeekaniisa buri rwakana aha UMA Lugogo omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]]. 

Akozire n'abanyayuganda hamwe n'banyamahanga abarikweshemeza, abazaani b'emizaano hamwe n'abandi ba sereebu otwariireemu [[Wp/nyn/Anne Kansiime|Anne Kansiime]], Daniel Ndambuki, [[Wp/nyn/Teacher Mpamire|Teacher Mpamire]], Eric Omondi, Akite Agnes n'abandi. Muhangi atebekaniise emikoro mingi omu Uganda n'aheeru otwariireemu emikoro ya kiraabu Music and Vidiyo Awards (CMVA) hamwe na Crystal Newman na Ellah,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.showbizuganda.com/ellah-alex-muhangi-crystal-newman-set-to-host-cmva-2017/ Ellah, Alex Muhangi, Crystal Newman set to host CMVA 2017]&quot;. ''Showbiz Uganda''. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ebyafaayo bye bya Comedy Store Uganda kuruuga 2016, hamwe na Arthur na Kansiime arataaha omuri Kigali.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/201930 Kansiime, Nkusi promise 'night of laughter]'&quot;. ''The New Times Rwanda''. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'amagaara ge ==
[[File:Alex Pics 2.jpg|thumb|Alex Muhangi]]
Alex Muhangi aine omuhara, Jehu Muhangi,&lt;ref&gt;Celebrity, Gossip. &quot;[https://bigeye.ug/cute-photo-comedian-alex-muhangi-celebrates-daughters-birthday/ CUTE PHOTO: Comedian Alex Muhangi Celebrates Daughter's Birthday]&quot;. ''Big Eye''. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; owuyazaire n'omukazi we kandi omukozi wa reediyo, Prim Asiimwe&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://campuseye.ug/wedding-bells-alex-muhangi-wed-longtime-sweetheart-prim-year/ Wedding Bells: Alex Muhangi To Wed Longtime Sweetheart Prim This Year]&quot;. Campus Bee. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ebishushani bya firimu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!omwaka
!omworeeko rwa terevijoni
!omurimo
!Ebigambirwe
|-
|Since 2016
|Comedy Store Uganda
|Himself
|Host
|}

== Ebihembo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: #FBFC8A;&quot; |Awards
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
!Omwaka
!Ekihembo
!Category
!Result
|-
|
|East Africa Choice Awards
|Best Comedian|Akasingura
|Akasingura
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|Abryanz Style and Fashion Awards (ASFAs)
|Male Most Stylish/Dressed Celebrity (Uganda) 
|Akasingura
|-
|Pearl of Africa Fashion Awards
|Best Fashionable Comedian|
|Akasingura
|}

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>skcb4jdb86ypn6vyqn8o2myj2d2cs92</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/ngi/London</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3627745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304373</id>
      <parentid>7153948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T08:50:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>2602927</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="562" sha1="dv4lou0dps5ennd1jisd3y4c23n7j59" xml:space="preserve">'''London''' (England) dah Marem e ko kunuñ kuninda nikka lardi dikima e dikima  turai &lt;ref&gt;https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/no1poultry_molas_2007/&lt;/ref&gt;
==Gagay==
*[[File:London , Kodachrome by Chalmers Butterfield edit.jpg|thumb]]E kunuñ Gagai marem ɗaah turai
==Ɗaah ==

* Ingilishi

*England 
==Baaka ==
*diikima daah  turai
==Marni Rama==
Marni Englishi  

Marni Faranse  

Marni Chanis  

Marni Jamani  

== Hoto ==
[[File:City of London skyline from London City Hall - Oct 2008 - Aligned.jpg|thumb]]

== Nazaar ==
[[Category:Wp/ngi]]</text>
      <sha1>dv4lou0dps5ennd1jisd3y4c23n7j59</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Rosemary Nauwat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3640767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304220</id>
      <parentid>7038194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:00:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304220</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2486" sha1="0fepcnm5qx7bfyt49sp69hpkej5d2ci" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Rosemary Nauwat&lt;/big&gt;''' (akazaarwa  ebiro 14 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Nauwat#cite_note-:0-1&lt;/ref&gt;) n'omushomesa kandi omuny'ishengyero omuri Uganda. Okuruga okwa kana omuri 2020, obwahati naakora nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omuri [[:en:Amudat_District|disiturikiti ya Amudat]] omu [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_tenth_Parliament_of_Uganda|ishengyero rya ikumi.]] Akajwekyera ekicweka kimwe omu ishengyero rya  mwenda nka memba w'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]].Bwanyima akahakanira akaruuru ka boona aka  omuri 2016 nk'omuntu oyesimbireho ahabwe.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Nauwat#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo n'obwegyese. ==
'''Nauwat''' akakora ebigyezo bye by'okuruga omu purayimare omu ishomero rya Kalas Girls Primary School omuri 1980 atakatungire dipuroma ye eya O Levels ([[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Uganda Certificate of Education]]) omu ishomero rya Kangole Girls Secondary School omuri 1984.Bwanyima akaza omu ishomero rya [[:en:Kyebambe_Girls_Secondary_School|Kyebambe Girls Secondary School]] kwega A Levels ([[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education]]) omuri 1998 reero yaaza omu ishomero rya Kaliro National Teachers College kwega dipuroma y'eby'obwegyese bwa siniya ei yaatungire omuri 1993. Bwanyima, akatunga diguri y'eby'obwegyese kuruga omu [[:en:Makerere_University|yunivasite ya Makerere]] omuri 2001.

== Emirimo ==
Ahagati ya 1994 na 2003, '''Nauwat''' akakora nk'omwegyesa aha eishomero rya Moroto High School.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bwanyima akahakanira entebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omuri [[:en:Amudat_District|disiturikiti ya Amudat]] omuri 2011 aha tiketi y'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]]. Akeesimbaho nk'omwebembezi  OMU ihanga omu [[:en:2016_Ugandan_general_election|karuuru ka boona aka 2016]] kugumizamu n'entebe. Nk'omukazi omukiiki omu ishengyero rya ikumi rya Uganda, ni memba w'ekibiina kya [[:en:Uganda_Women_Parliamentary_Association|Uganda Women Parliamentary Association]] (UWOPA) kandi ashutama aha kakiiko k'eishengyero akarikukurira eby'entaasya y'eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba n'bi ==

* [[:en:Amudat_District|Amudat District]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_tenth_Parliament_of_Uganda|Tenth Parliament of Uganda]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q90920801}}</text>
      <sha1>0fepcnm5qx7bfyt49sp69hpkej5d2ci</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304221</id>
      <parentid>7304220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:00:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304221</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2493" sha1="jzxtktwmquh99lew13enyj79lycognu" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Rosemary Nauwat&lt;/big&gt;''' (akazaarwa  ebiro 14 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Nauwat#cite_note-:0-1&lt;/ref&gt;) n'omushomesa kandi omuny'ishengyero omuri Uganda. Okuruga okwa kana omuri 2020, obwahati naakora nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omuri [[:en:Amudat_District|disiturikiti ya Amudat]] omu [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_tenth_Parliament_of_Uganda|ishengyero rya ikumi.]] Akajwekyera ekicweka kimwe omu ishengyero rya  mwenda nka memba w'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]].Bwanyima akahakanira akaruuru ka boona aka  omuri 2016 nk'omuntu oyesimbireho ahabwe.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Nauwat#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo n'obwegyese. ==
'''Nauwat''' akakora ebigyezo bye by'okuruga omu purayimare omu ishomero rya Kalas Girls Primary School omuri 1980 atakatungire dipuroma ye eya O Levels ([[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Uganda Certificate of Education]]) omu ishomero rya Kangole Girls Secondary School omuri 1984.Bwanyima akaza omu ishomero rya [[:en:Kyebambe_Girls_Secondary_School|Kyebambe Girls Secondary School]] kwega A Levels ([[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education]]) omuri 1998 reero yaaza omu ishomero rya Kaliro National Teachers College kwega dipuroma y'eby'obwegyese bwa siniya ei yaatungire omuri 1993. Bwanyima, akatunga diguri y'eby'obwegyese kuruga omu [[:en:Makerere_University|yunivasite ya Makerere]] omuri 2001.

== Emirimo ==
Ahagati ya  omuri 1994 na 2003, '''Nauwat''' akakora nk'omwegyesa aha eishomero rya Moroto High School.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bwanyima akahakanira entebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omuri [[:en:Amudat_District|disiturikiti ya Amudat]] omuri 2011 aha tiketi y'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]]. Akeesimbaho nk'omwebembezi  OMU ihanga omu [[:en:2016_Ugandan_general_election|karuuru ka boona aka 2016]] kugumizamu n'entebe. Nk'omukazi omukiiki omu ishengyero rya ikumi rya Uganda, ni memba w'ekibiina kya [[:en:Uganda_Women_Parliamentary_Association|Uganda Women Parliamentary Association]] (UWOPA) kandi ashutama aha kakiiko k'eishengyero akarikukurira eby'entaasya y'eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba n'bi ==

* [[:en:Amudat_District|Amudat District]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_tenth_Parliament_of_Uganda|Tenth Parliament of Uganda]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q90920801}}</text>
      <sha1>jzxtktwmquh99lew13enyj79lycognu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304222</id>
      <parentid>7304221</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:00:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Emirimo */ grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304222</origin>
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      <text bytes="2499" sha1="l1m9u5nv4bu1yllb2ph6br8q295mkaf" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Rosemary Nauwat&lt;/big&gt;''' (akazaarwa  ebiro 14 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Nauwat#cite_note-:0-1&lt;/ref&gt;) n'omushomesa kandi omuny'ishengyero omuri Uganda. Okuruga okwa kana omuri 2020, obwahati naakora nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omuri [[:en:Amudat_District|disiturikiti ya Amudat]] omu [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_tenth_Parliament_of_Uganda|ishengyero rya ikumi.]] Akajwekyera ekicweka kimwe omu ishengyero rya  mwenda nka memba w'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]].Bwanyima akahakanira akaruuru ka boona aka  omuri 2016 nk'omuntu oyesimbireho ahabwe.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Nauwat#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo n'obwegyese. ==
'''Nauwat''' akakora ebigyezo bye by'okuruga omu purayimare omu ishomero rya Kalas Girls Primary School omuri 1980 atakatungire dipuroma ye eya O Levels ([[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Uganda Certificate of Education]]) omu ishomero rya Kangole Girls Secondary School omuri 1984.Bwanyima akaza omu ishomero rya [[:en:Kyebambe_Girls_Secondary_School|Kyebambe Girls Secondary School]] kwega A Levels ([[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education]]) omuri 1998 reero yaaza omu ishomero rya Kaliro National Teachers College kwega dipuroma y'eby'obwegyese bwa siniya ei yaatungire omuri 1993. Bwanyima, akatunga diguri y'eby'obwegyese kuruga omu [[:en:Makerere_University|yunivasite ya Makerere]] omuri 2001.

== Emirimo ==
Ahagati ya  omuri 1994 na omuri 2003, '''Nauwat''' akakora nk'omwegyesa aha eishomero rya Moroto High School.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bwanyima akahakanira entebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omuri [[:en:Amudat_District|disiturikiti ya Amudat]] omuri 2011 aha tiketi y'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]]. Akeesimbaho nk'omwebembezi  OMU ihanga omu [[:en:2016_Ugandan_general_election|karuuru ka boona aka 2016]] kugumizamu n'entebe. Nk'omukazi omukiiki omu ishengyero rya ikumi rya Uganda, ni memba w'ekibiina kya [[:en:Uganda_Women_Parliamentary_Association|Uganda Women Parliamentary Association]] (UWOPA) kandi ashutama aha kakiiko k'eishengyero akarikukurira eby'entaasya y'eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba n'bi ==

* [[:en:Amudat_District|Amudat District]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_tenth_Parliament_of_Uganda|Tenth Parliament of Uganda]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q90920801}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
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      <text bytes="2505" sha1="2n5hzzlks62xg74rsrtjevx42a3kqco" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Rosemary Nauwat&lt;/big&gt;''' (akazaarwa  ebiro 14 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Nauwat#cite_note-:0-1&lt;/ref&gt;) n'omushomesa kandi omuny'ishengyero omuri Uganda. Okuruga okwa kana omuri 2020, obwahati naakora nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omuri [[:en:Amudat_District|disiturikiti ya Amudat]] omu [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_tenth_Parliament_of_Uganda|ishengyero rya ikumi.]] Akajwekyera ekicweka kimwe omu ishengyero rya  mwenda nka memba w'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]].Bwanyima akahakanira akaruuru ka boona aka  omuri 2016 nk'omuntu oyesimbireho ahabwe.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Nauwat#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo n'obwegyese. ==
'''Nauwat''' akakora ebigyezo bye by'okuruga omu purayimare omu ishomero rya Kalas Girls Primary School omuri 1980 atakatungire dipuroma ye eya O Levels ([[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Uganda Certificate of Education]]) omu ishomero rya Kangole Girls Secondary School omuri 1984.Bwanyima akaza omu ishomero rya [[:en:Kyebambe_Girls_Secondary_School|Kyebambe Girls Secondary School]] kwega A Levels ([[:en:Uganda_Advanced_Certificate_of_Education|Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education]]) omuri 1998 reero yaaza omu ishomero rya Kaliro National Teachers College kwega dipuroma y'eby'obwegyese bwa siniya ei yaatungire omuri 1993. Bwanyima, akatunga diguri y'eby'obwegyese kuruga omu [[:en:Makerere_University|yunivasite ya Makerere]] omuri 2001.

== Emirimo ==
Ahagati ya  omuri 1994 na omuri 2003, '''Nauwat''' akakora nk'omwegyesa aha eishomero rya Moroto High School.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bwanyima akahakanira entebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omuri [[:en:Amudat_District|disiturikiti ya Amudat]] omuri 2011 aha tiketi y'ekibiina kya [[:en:National_Resistance_Movement|National Resistance Movement]]. Akeesimbaho nk'omwebembezi  OMU ihanga omu [[:en:2016_Ugandan_general_election|karuuru ka boona aka omuri 2016]] kugumizamu n'entebe. Nk'omukazi omukiiki omu ishengyero rya ikumi rya Uganda, ni memba w'ekibiina kya [[:en:Uganda_Women_Parliamentary_Association|Uganda Women Parliamentary Association]] (UWOPA) kandi ashutama aha kakiiko k'eishengyero akarikukurira eby'entaasya y'eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba n'bi ==

* [[:en:Amudat_District|Amudat District]]
* [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_tenth_Parliament_of_Uganda|Tenth Parliament of Uganda]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Constitution of Uganda</title>
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        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10679" sha1="pzjvfa5nj4ox9h01fthomw2q38ytged" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q2687826}}
'''Engyenderwaho y'eihanga''' niyo erikukirayo obukuru omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|yuganda]]. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ey'omurundi gwa kana kandi eriho obwahati ekarangirirwa ebiro munaana Okwa ikumi omuri 1995.Ekihandiiko nikyoreka obutegyeki bwa repubulika oburimu omwebembezi w'eihanga ow'amaani.

Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ey'okubanza ekateebwaho omuri 1962 kwonka bwanyima y'emyaka ena ekahindurwa omuri 1966.Engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1966, eyahinguziibwe omu bwire bw'eby'obutegyeki obwabaire burimu okwerarikirira kwingi kandi etarimu kuhanuura, ekahindurwa omuri 1967.Ekitongore ky'eby'obutegyeki ekya 1966, ekyahindwirwe omu bwire bw'eby'obutegyeki obwabaire burimu okwerarikirira kwingi kandi etarimu kuhanuura, kikahindurwa omuri 1967.

Omuri 2005, engyenderwaho y'eihanga ekahindurwamu kugira ngu habeho enkora y'ebibiina by'obutegyeki bingi.

== Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ey'okubanza (1962–1966) ==
Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ey'okubanza omuri yuganda ekaruga omu rukiiko rw'engyenderwaho y'eihanga rya Yuganda kandi ekatandiika kukora obu Yuganda yaatunga okwetegyeka (ebiro 9 Okwa ikumi omuri 1962).kikareetaho enkora y'obugabe bw'okusharamu omu ishengyero erikwombekwa aha nteekateeka y'engyenderwaho y'eihanga.Kikareetaho enkora y'amaani ey'okusharamu omu Uganda: Obukama bwa [[Wp/nyn/Buganda|Buganda]] bukatunga amaani g'okwetegyeka;Obugabe bwa Bunyoro, Acoli, Tooro na Ankole hamwe n'ekicweka kya [[Wp/nyn/Busoga|Busoga]] nabwo bukatunga obugabe bw'okwetegyeka kandi bwikirizibwa kugira eishengyero ryabwo;Kwonka disiturikiti ezindi hamwe n'ekicweka kya Mbale bikaba nibitegyekwa gavumenti eya rwagati.Engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1962 ekaba neeha abakiiki baingi omu ishengyero obugabe bw'okutooranwa butunu.Ekyabaire kitarikushushana n'ebindi, n'ekya Buganda, ahu ababaka baabaire nibarondwa akakiiko k'eby'oburuuru akarimu abantu ba Lukiiko (eishengyero rya Buganda).

Engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1962 ekahindurwamu emirundi eshatu: omurundi gw'okubanza, kandi ogw'omugasho munonga, ekahindurwamu omuri 1963 kuhindura omu mwanya gwa Queen Elizabeth II (akajwekyerwa Gavana Genero wa Uganda, Sir Walter Coutts) nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga aine omwanya gw'omukoro gw'okuba omwebembezi w'eihanga, akarondwa omu bategyeki b'enzaarwa kandi abakuru b'ebicweka;Omuri 1964 kikahindurwamu kugira ngu habeho empindahinduka nkye aha eizooba eri eishengyero ry'obugabe bwa Tooro rishemereire kushenyukaho;Kandi omu kwezi kw'okubanza  omuri 1965 kikahindurwamu omurundi gwa kashatu kandi ogw'ahamuheru kugira ngu kihikiirize ebyarugire omu karuuru k'okuteera akaruuru k'okusharamu kw'abantu b'omu byanga ebyabaire bitarikwetegyerezibwa.

Kuruga omuri 1963 kuhisya omuri 1966, Uganda ekaba neeyetwa 'Eihanga rya yuganda eryetongweire' ahabw'obutegyeki bw'obugabe obwabaire buri omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga.

== Engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya kabiri (1966–1967) ==
Omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 1966, hamwe na 1967 omu bwire bw'obutabanguko bw'eby'obutegyeki obwabaire buriho oburikukwata aha mishango y'ezaabu, obwo obwa mukuru w'eihanga (kandi mukuru w'eihanga) [[Wp/nyn/Milton Obote|Milton Obote]] akabinga engyenderwaho y'eihanga ey'okubanza,Akeehindura mukuru w'eihanga kandi mukuru w'eihanga bwanyima y'obwire bukye. Ebiro 15 okwa kana engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya ekarangirirwa. Ekiragiro eki ekitarikureebwa (ekirikwetwa ekiragiro ekyateirwe omu bishengye by'abany'eishengyero) kikaba kigyendereirwe nk'eky'obwire bukye &quot;kuhitsya obu eishengyero ririkwija kutaho akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki akarikwija kutaho engyenderwaho y'eihanga omu mwanya gw'engyenderwaho egi&quot;.

N'obu kiragiro eki ekitarikureebwa kiraabe kyabaire kiri eky'obwire bukye &quot;kuhitsya obu eishengyero ririkwija kutaho akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki akarikwija kutaho engyenderwaho y'eihanga omu mwanya gw'engyenderwaho egi&quot;, ekiragiro ekyo kikaba nikyoreka ngu omwebembezi w'ekibiina ekirikukirayo obwingi omu ishengyero naija kwetwa &quot;Purezidenti&quot;.Engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1966 ekakyendeza aha rurengo Buganda yaabaire eriho, kugira ngu erugyemu erugyemu n'obugabe obundi obwabaire buriho, nk'okwihaho obugabe bwa Buganda obw'okutoorana abantu omu ishengyero rya Uganda, hamwe n'okwihaho kooti enkuru eya Buganda.Buganda ekanga kwikiriza engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya, ekyarugiremu okubingwa kwa Kabaka Mutesa II (owaabaire naaheereza nka purezidenti wa Uganda w'okubanza) hamwe n'okwongyerayo akaruuru k'eihanga omuri 1971.

Okuhindura omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1966 kukatandika kukora ebiro 3 okwa mukaaga omuri 1966, ekyareteire Buganda kuhikaana n'obugabe bwa Bunyoro, Acoli, Tooro na Ankole, kwonka Busoga ekashuuma aha rurengo rwa disiturikiti.

== Engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya kashatu (1967–1995) ==
Engyenderwaho y'eihanga eri ekahindura eiziina rya Uganda yaagihindura 'Republic of Uganda'.

Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ey'akashatu ekarangirirwa ebiro munaana okwaikumi na mwenda omuri 1967 bwanyima y'ameezi ashatu g'okuhanuura n'okukora eiteeka eririkukuratirwa akakiiko k'eihanga akarimu abantu kuruga omu ishengyero ry'eihanga.Kikaba kiri ekihandiiko kya konsitityusoni ya 1966 ekyahindwirwemu, kwonka kikaihamu abategyeki b'enzaarwa boona hamwe n'ebiragiro by'enzaarwa byona, kandi kyongyera amaani g'ekitongore ekirikwebembera eihanga (ekyabaire kiri ahansi y'obwebembezi bwa Obote) aha rufu rw'ekitongore ekirikukora ebiragiro.N'obu engyenderwaho y'eihanga erikworeka ngu ekaba neija kureetaho obugabe bw'okusharamu, omu mazima eishengyero rikaba ritaine maani.Omuri 1969, ekibiina kya UPC kikarangirirwa nk'ekibiina kya Uganda eky'obutegyeki kyonka, kugira ngu kihindure Uganda eihanga ry'ekibiina kimwe.

Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ey'akashatu ekabingwa omu bicweka ahansi ya Idi Amin kurugirira aha kihandiiko ky'ebiragiro ekya 1971[2][4] kandi ekaba etarikukuratirwa omuri bwebembezi bwe.Okukira munonga, ahabw'okugira ngu ekiragiro kikabinga ekicweka 1 (eky'okukuratira engyenderwaho y'eihanga), kikabaasisa Amin kutegyeka arikukoresa ebiragiro.Ebindi ebyahindwirwe omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga bikakorwa ekiragiro kya Konsitityusoni (Okuhindura) Ekihandiiko Na. 5 ekya 1971, ekyaretsireho ngu obushoborozi bwona obw'okwebembera eihanga bukaba nibuza kukorwa mukuru w'akakiiko k'ebyokwerinda (ekitiinisa eki Amin yaabaire aine)[7] hamwe n'ekiragiro kya ishengyero (Okutwara obushoborozi) Ekihandiiko Na. 8 ekya 1971, ekyaretsireho ngu obushoborozi bw'okukora ebiragiro bukaba nibuza kuba omuri Amin hamwe n'akakiiko ke k'abaminisita.[6]

Ebiragiro by'engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1967 bwanyima y'okwihwaho kwa Amin omuri 1979 bikaba bitarikwetegyerezibwa gye.Ekihandiiko ky'ebiragiro ekya 1979 kikashazamu ekihandiiko ky'ebiragiro ekya 1971, kandi kyagaruka kyikiriza engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1967 kuba ey'ahaiguru, kwonka kikabinga ebicweka bingi kandi kyahindura obushoborozi bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga [[Wp/nyn/Yusuf Lule|Yusuf Lule.]] Obushoborozi bw'eishengyero bwona oburikugambwaho omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga bukaba nibwija kuba omu kakiiko k'eihanga akarikwebuuza aha bantu National Consultative Council (NCC) kuhitsya obu eishengyero ry'eihanga ryabaire niribaasa kutooranwa.

N'obu kiraabe kiri kityo, akakiiko k'eihanga akarikwebuuza aha bantu kakashagika okugumizamu n'okwihaho engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1967. Obutaikirizana obu bukareetaho akakiiko k'eihanga akarikwebuuza aha bantu kwiha Lule omu ntebe kandi kateekaho [[Wp/nyn/Godfrey Binaisa|Godfrey Binaisa]] omu kwezi kwa mukaaga  omuri 1979.Bwanyima y'ekyo, ekihandiiko ky'ebiragiro ekya 5 ekya 1980 kikaragiira okutandikaho akakiiko k'omwebembezi w'eihanga. Kikaragiira ngu &quot;ahabw'okugira ngu hariho okuhakanisa ahagati y'ebiragiro by'ekiragiro eki hamwe n'ebiragiro by'engyenderwaho y'eihanga, ebiragiro by'ekiragiro eki nibyo birikukira&quot;.

Engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1967 ekagarurwaho omu butongore Obote ku yaagarukire omu bwebembezi aha muheru gwa 1980, kwonka bwanyima y'okwihwaho kwe na Bazilio Olara-Okello omu kwezi kwa mushanju 1985, engyenderwaho y'eihanga ekagaruka yaayemerezibwa.Obu baatwara obutegyeki omuri 1986, aba National Resistance Army, barikwebemberwa [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]], bakahamya ngu engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1967 ekaba eri ey'ahaiguru kwonka ekemerezibwa.Okukira munonga, ebiragiro omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga ebirikukwata aha kubaho kw'eishengyero ry'eihanga hamwe n'okuronda omwebembezi w'eihanga bikemerezibwa kumara emyaka ena (bwanyima bikongyerwaho kuhika aha myaka munaana).[2]Ebirikukiraho aha kubingwa oku bikashoboororwa omu kihandiiko ky'ebiragiro eky'omurundi gwa 1 ekya 1986, ekyashaziremu ekiragiro ky'omurundi gwa 1 ekya 1979 kandi kyaha Museveni obushoborozi bw'okwebembera eihanga.

== Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ey'omurundi gwa kana (1995–obwahati) ==
Omuri 1988, akakiiko k'eihanga akarikukurira eby'obutegyeki kakatandikaho akakiiko k'eihanga akarikukora aha ngyenderwaho y'eihanga kandi kakaha omurimo gw'okushwijuma engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1967 n'okukora engyenderwaho ensya. Ekigyendererwa ky'akakiiko kikaba kiri okwebuuza aha bantu n'okukora ebiteiso by'engyenderwaho y'eihanga erikugumaho erikuruga omu kwikirizana kw'eihanga.Omu ripoota yaako ey'ahamuheru eya Decemba 1992, akakiiko kakashaba ngu engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya ekirizibwe akakiiko k'eihanga akarikuruga omu bantu. Akaruuru k'okuronda ab'akakiiko k'eihanga kakabaho omu kwezi kwa kashatu 1994.

Nk'eky'okureeberaho, omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1995, okurondwa kwa ba minisita hamwe n'okweguza kwa gavumenti bishemereire kwikirizibwa eishengyero; kandi abakozi ba gavumenti barondwa ekitongore ekirikwetegyeka ekya Public Services Commission hamwe n'ekitongore ekirikwetegyeka ekya Judicial Service Commission. Omwebembezi w'eihanga takyaine bushoborozi bw'okushenya eishengyero kandi eishengyero niribaasa kusingura okuhakanisibwa kw'omwebembezi w'eihanga n'oburuuru bubiri ahari bushatu.Engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1995 neyoreka ngu hariho ekitongore ky'oburamuzi ekyetongoire, kandi ngu kooti enkuru niyo erikubaasa kuhurira okujurira.

Engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1995 egarwireho obugabe bw'obuhangwa, okwihaho obugabe bwa Ankole, kwonka erikukyendeeza obushoborozi bw'obugabe bwa Uganda aha nshonga z'eby'obuhangwa zonka. Okuhindura omuri 2005 kukaihamu ekikomo ky'ebisanja by'omwebembezi w'eihanga kandi kyahindura engyenderwaho y'eby'obutegyeki kuba ey'ebibiina bingi.Kwonka, empindahinduka zikakorwa kandi ekikomo ky'ebisanja by'omwebembezi w'eihanga kikaihwaho omuri 2018.

Kurugirira aha kicweka 102, omuntu kubaasa kuba omwebembezi w'eihanga, aine kuba ari omunya Uganda kuruga omu bazaire be, atakahikize emyaka makumi ashatu n'etaano kandi aine ebirikumwikiriza kuba omukiiki omwishengyero.

== Eby'okureeberaho ==
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      <text bytes="574" sha1="7wrymnzxsx7x2cf85w86lptoawun1me" xml:space="preserve">{{box|A Wikipedia in Greenlandic previously existed as [[:kl:]], however it was closed in 2025 due to a lack of native speakers and a large amount of machine-generated content. No content was imported to Incubator. See [[m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Greenlandic Wikipedia]].&lt;br&gt;If you want to start a test-wiki, please ask on the [[I:AN|administrators' noticeboard]] first.}}
{{test wiki
| status = open
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| meta = 
| since = September 3, 2026  (first article)
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[[Category:Incubator:Test wikis that weren't imported]]</text>
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    <title>Wq/tt/Фәһим бабай</title>
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      <comment>/* КАРПАТ-ДУНАЙ МОҢНАРЫ – УРАЛ-ИДЕЛ ШАҢДАВЫ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="555309" sha1="3dwmf9rvdby0idyfmu69p3ay9m24zyw" xml:space="preserve">== '''ГИМННАР ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘРЕ''' ==
СЫЛТАМА:&lt;br&gt;
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гимннар_тәрҗемәләре

== '''ИГОРЬ ГУБЕРМАН “ГАРИКЛАРЫ”''' ==
СЫЛТАМА:&lt;br&gt;
https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wq/tt/Игорь_Губерман

== '''ГӨЛНӘФИДӘ''' ==
СЫЛТАМА:&lt;br&gt;
https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wq/tt/Гөлнәфидә_Лопанова

== '''КАРПАТ-ДУНАЙ МОҢНАРЫ – УРАЛ-ИДЕЛ ШАҢДАВЫ''' ==

'''''Бу сәхифәнең башлангыч өлешенә Маҗарстанның “Карпатия” исемле вокаль-инструменталь ансамбле репертуарыннан һәм башка маҗар чыганакларыннан алынган җыр-шигырь тәрҗемәләре керде. Башка телләрдән тәрҗемәләр һәм авторның үз язмалары – сәхифә азагында.''''' 

Маҗарлар – тарихи яктан татарларга тугандаш халык: аларның борынгы бабалары Көнбатыш Себердән Дунай елгасы буйларына таба бер мең елга  сузылган “Ватан эзләү сәяхәте” вакытында  бүгенге Татарстан һәм Башкортстан җирләре аша да үткәннәр. Маҗар эзләрен тарихчылар, әйтик, Минзәлә һәм Актаныш якларында тапканнар.

Соңрак маҗарлар төрки телле  башка халыклар белән дә аралашканнар. Галимнәр сүзе буенча, бүгенге маҗар телендә дә 800 ләп төрки-кыпчак алынмасы булуы менә шул борынгы тарихи мөнәсәбәтләр белән аңлатыла. Шул сәбәпле бу шигъри тупланманың  сәхифәдә беренче өлеш һәм аерым бер бүлек рәвешендә кертелүе дә урынсыз булмастыр: телләребез үзгә булса да – фонетик һәм грамматик аваздашлар, милли исем-атамаларыбыз да – рифмадаш. Борынгы һәм бүгенге Урал-Идел топонимнарының “җисми һәм тарихи игезәкләрен” Карпат-Дунай  буйларында да, димәк, биредәге тәрҗемәләрдә дә эзләп табып була.  Байракларыбызда да –  бер үк кызыл-ак-яшел төсләр.

Татарча текстлар маҗар телендәге шигырьләрнең үлчәмнәренә тәңгәл китереп тәрҗемә ителде.

=== '''ISTEN UJJA MEGÉRINTETT (Ходай кулы тиде безгә)''' ===
Volt valamikor egy régi világ&lt;br&gt;
Akkor élt apám, dédapám, nagyapám&lt;br&gt;
Tették a dolgukat, nem kérdeztek semmit&lt;br&gt;
Tudták az életet, jó volt magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;

Jött valamikor egy másik világ&lt;br&gt;
Jött a zöld szemű Rózsa, s jött a Kormorán.&lt;br&gt;
Lett egy nagy család, lesz mit elmesélni&lt;br&gt;
Volt valahol egy hely, hol jó volt magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;

Van nekünk egy zászlónk, mit nem téphetnek szét&lt;br&gt;
A színek maradnak, akármilyen a szél&lt;br&gt;
Álmaimban álmodtam, jó lenne szeretni&lt;br&gt;
Legyen olyan hely, hol jó magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;

Legyen végre egy ország, hol a szavakat kimondhatják!&lt;br&gt;
Legyen végre egy nép, mely elmondhatja kínját!&lt;br&gt;
Legyen végre sok ember, kik tudják, hol a mennyország!&lt;br&gt;
Az lesz az a hely, mit úgy hívnak Magyarország!&lt;br&gt;

A csillagok messze a Föld szívébe látnak&lt;br&gt;
Kik hosszú úton vándoroltak, itt hazát találtak&lt;br&gt;
Ha elvették, mi Tiéd volt, vissza kell azt venni!&lt;br&gt;
Isten ujja megérintett: jó lesz magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na, na-na-na-na-na…&lt;br&gt;

'''ХОДАЙ КУЛЫ ТИДЕ БЕЗГӘ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Ходай кулы тиде безгә...''' Насара Инҗилендә шундый бер җөмлә бар (Иов 19:21):
'''”Гафу итегез, гафу итегез мине, дусларым, Ходай кулы миңа кагылды”'''. Бу җырның исеме шуннан алынган.&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/kormoran-isten-ujja-megerintett-378ec3a2d9f62a97c26f38b468250cab

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/kormoran-isten-ujja-megerintett-2-0259becade0deb757f60be998f8cef51

Беләм элек шундый дөнья булган-барын:&lt;br&gt;
Аңарда яшәгән ата-бабаларым&lt;br&gt;
Эшләгән үз эшен, сорамый ялварып,&lt;br&gt;
Тормышны белгәннәр, күркәм дип маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;

Кайчандыр башка бер дөнья пәйда булган,&lt;br&gt;
Яшел күз гөлчәчәк*, очар кош Корморан**.&lt;br&gt;
Зур гаилә туган, сөйләп тә мактарлык,&lt;br&gt;
Булган күркәмлектә анда да маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;

Ту-байрагыбызны ертып-өзеп булмас,&lt;br&gt;
Нинди җил иссә дә, төсләре һич уңмас.&lt;br&gt;
Төштә күргән хыял – яратып уйларлык:&lt;br&gt;
Булса иде күркәм илемдә маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;

Киләчәктә булсын бер ил – сүзең әйтеп булган бер!&lt;br&gt;
Киләчәктә булсын халык – зарын сөйли алган бер!&lt;br&gt;
Киләчәк оҗмах дип илне телгә алсын!&lt;br&gt;
Булсын шундый урын – Маҗарстан аталсын!&lt;br&gt;

Йолдыз күрә ул ерактан, Җир күңеленә баккан.&lt;br&gt;
Озак сәфәр кылган бабам үз җирен-илен тапкан.&lt;br&gt;
Элек тартып алынганны куй син кире кайтарып!&lt;br&gt;
Ходай кулы тиде безгә: күркәм Җирдә маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на, на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

* Яшел күзле гөлчәчәк сорты Нидерландта барлыкка килгән. Бик нәзберекле гөл, карап-күзәтеп үстерергә кирәк, диләр.&lt;br&gt;

** Корморан – бакланнар гаиләсендәге бер кош. Бу җырны беренче булып башкарган маҗар ансамбленең исеме дә ул. Әлеге кош шулай ук Нидерландтагы бер автомобильләр җитештерүче фирманың рәсми символы булып тора.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''PIROS SZÍV, FEHÉR HÓ, ZÖLD LEVÉL (КЫЗЫЛ ҖАН, АК КАРЛАР, ЯШЕЛ УТ)''' ===
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;
Piros hajnal, fehér álom, zöld remény.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új remény, hogy visszatér még a fény.&lt;br&gt;
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél&lt;br&gt;

Nagyszőlős, Beregszász, Ilosva,&lt;br&gt;
Munkácsnak megcsúfolt várfoka...&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új határ, és a szép turulmadár&lt;br&gt;
Vissza száll, újra száll, haza száll.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új határ, és a szép turulmadár&lt;br&gt;
Vissza száll, újra száll, haza száll.&lt;br&gt;

Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;
Piros hajnal, fehér álom, zöld remény.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új remény, hogy visszatér még a fény&lt;br&gt;
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;

Esküvők, katonák, ünnepek,&lt;br&gt;
Ősi föld, sok vidám kisgyerek.&lt;br&gt;
Kárpátalján szól a dal, jaj lesz e még elég magyar,&lt;br&gt;
Száll a dal, zeng a dal, hív a dal.&lt;br&gt;
Kárpátalján szól a dal, jaj lesz e még elég magyar,&lt;br&gt;
Száll a dal, zeng a dal, hív a dal.&lt;br&gt;

Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;
Piros hajnal, fehér álom, zöld remény.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új remény, hogy visszatér még a fény.&lt;br&gt;
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;

Hogy ha kell, megesküszöm, ott leszek.&lt;br&gt;
Hogy ha kell, еsküszöm, elmegyek.&lt;br&gt;
Nyílik majd még sok virág, s az árnyas Ungvári fák&lt;br&gt;
Nе sárgulj, maradj zöld, fűzfaág!&lt;br&gt;
Nyílik majd még sok virág, s az árnyas Ungvári fák&lt;br&gt;
Ne sárgulj, maradj zöld, fűzfaág!&lt;br&gt;

https://rutube.ru/video/2dd960e0db64bb48ceea178c8b2c98f3/

https://get-tune.net/song/256810-k-rp-tia/195545703-piros-sz-v-feh-r-h-z-ld-lev-l/

'''КЫЗЫЛ ҖАН, АК КАРЛАР, ЯШЕЛ УТ'''&lt;br&gt;

Кызыл җан, ак карлар, яшел ут:&lt;br&gt;
Таң, хыял, өметтә – төс шул ук. &lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз һәм өмет безне алга дәшер:&lt;br&gt;
Җан – кызыл, карлар – ак, ут – яшел*.&lt;br&gt;

Надьсөлөш, Бәрәгсас, Илошва…&lt;br&gt;
Мункачның** кирмәне – хурлыкта...&lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз, яңа чик – әй, гүзәлем, кош Турул***,&lt;br&gt;
Кайт туган җиреңә, илдә бул.&lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз, яңа чик – әй, гүзәлем, кош Турул,&lt;br&gt;
Кайт туган җиреңә, илдә бул.&lt;br&gt;

Кызыл җан, ак карлар, яшел ут:&lt;br&gt;
Таң, хыял, өметтә – төс шул ук. &lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз һәм өмет безне алга дәшер:&lt;br&gt;
Җан – кызыл, карлар – ак, ут – яшел.&lt;br&gt;

Бәйрәмнәр, яучылар һәм туйлар,&lt;br&gt;
Тәүге җир, күңелле балалар.&lt;br&gt;
Җыр яңгырый Карпатта, өн сала ул маҗарга,&lt;br&gt;
Җыр оча, җыр өнди ул алга.&lt;br&gt;
Җыр яңгырый Карпатта, өн сала ул маҗарга,&lt;br&gt;
Җыр оча, җыр өнди ул алга.&lt;br&gt;

Кызыл җан, ак карлар, яшел ут:&lt;br&gt;
Таң, хыял, өметтә – төс шул ук. &lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз һәм өмет безне алга дәшер:&lt;br&gt;
Җан – кызыл, карлар – ак, ут – яшел.&lt;br&gt;

Ант итәм: мин анда булырмын.&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәм: кирәксә, барырмын.&lt;br&gt;
Саргаймый чәчәкләр, агач-тал – Уңварда****,&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл, ак, яшел төс – аларда!&lt;br&gt;
Саргаймый чәчәкләр, агач-тал – Уңварда,&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл, ак, яшел төс – аларда!&lt;br&gt;

* Кызыл, ак, яшел – Маҗарстан байрагы төсләре. Яшел ут – биредә “ яшел үлән” мәгънәсендә.

** Надьсөлөш, Бәрәгсас, Илошва, Мункач – Карпат арты өлкәсендәге шәһәрчекләрнең маҗарча исемнәре. 1944 елга кадәр алар Маҗарстан карамагында булганнар. Икенче бөтендөнья сугышыннан соң Карпат артын ашыга-ашыга украинлаштыру башланган. Бу урыннарның бүгенге славянча исемнәре – Виноградов, Берегово, Иршава, Мукачево.

*** Турул – маҗарларның милли-риваяти кошы.

**** Уңвар – Карпат арты өлкәсе үзәге Ужгород шәһәренең маҗарча исеме.

=== '''CIVITAS FORTISSIMA (Иң кыю шәһәр)''' ===
'''''Recitativ:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Tudjátok meg emberek, hogy jövőtök felől ti magatok, nem pedig mások döntenek.&lt;br&gt;
S hogy volt egy város, ki kezébe vette sorsát.&lt;br&gt;
Fegyverek ordító hangján szólt az igazság,&lt;br&gt;
Nem hajtott fejet a nagyhatalmak előtt,&lt;br&gt;
saját földjéért vitézül küzdött.&lt;br&gt;
Hogy mi lehetett volna, ha követőkre talál és minden város bátran sarkára áll.&lt;br&gt;
Hát csak szolgáljon példaként, hirdessük tettüket, hegyeket mozdít el a hazaszeretet.&lt;br&gt;
Letűnt idők, beszédes tanúja Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;

Volt egy szép ország, ahogy apáink álmodták,&lt;br&gt;
De most idegen csizmák súlyos léptei földünk tapossák,&lt;br&gt;
De most idegen csizmák súlyos léptei földünk tapossák.&lt;br&gt;

A halál amerre kaszál, fogy a nép szűkül a határ.&lt;br&gt;
És a reggeli napfény más országok karmai közt talál.&lt;br&gt;
És a reggeli napfény más országok karmai közt talál.&lt;br&gt;

Megtör vagy ellenáll, csak biztató jelre vár,&lt;br&gt;
S az Ipoly partján egy város népe bátran harcba száll,&lt;br&gt;
S az Ipoly partján egy város népe bátran harcba száll.&lt;br&gt;

Szemükben elszántság, céljuk a szabadság&lt;br&gt;
és a padlásokról előkerülnek az elrejtett puskák,&lt;br&gt;
és a padlásokról előkerülnek az elrejtett puskák.&lt;br&gt; 

Civil, vasutas, katona maroknyi lelkes hada.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;

'''ИҢ КЫЮ ШӘҺӘР'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-civitas-fortissima-b6f21071b8923e01b015edab86d35bc2

https://zvyki.com/song/174903949/Karpatia_-_Civitas_fortissima/

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Әй кешеләр, киләчәкне хәл итәсез үзегез,&lt;br&gt;
Читтән килеп булышмаслар, дуслар, шуны белегез.&lt;br&gt;
Шәһәр булган, үз язмышын алган ул үз кулына.&lt;br&gt;
Хакыйкать әйткән үз сүзен, кушылып туп тавышына.&lt;br&gt;
“Бөекләр” алдында халкы имәгән газиз башын,&lt;br&gt;
Тәвәккәл булып яклаган үз җирен, үз дөньясын.&lt;br&gt;
Ни булыр иде, ил буйлап тарафдарлар ул тапса,&lt;br&gt;
Бөтен шәһәрләр дә бергә шулай аякка басса?&lt;br&gt;
Ватанга мәхәббәт таулар күчерә – хак сүз сиңа:&lt;br&gt;
Узган заманнардан шаһит – Civitas Fortissima!&lt;br&gt;

1. Гүзәл иде бу ил элек, ата-баба хыялы,&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Ләкин хәзер, авыр атлап, чит-ятлар таптый аны. ''':||'''&lt;br&gt;

2. Үлем туе: халык кырыла һәм кискәләнә Ватан,&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Башка илләр тырнагында туа аңарда ал таң. ''':||'''

3. Каршы торма, ди хакимнәр, туган җиреңне ташла.&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Ипой ярында бер шәһәр халкы аякка баса. ''':||'''

4. Һәм күзләре яна уттай – азат тормыш хакына,&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Чардакта яткан мылтыгын ала һәркем кулына. ''':||'''

5. Тимер юлчы, эшче, солдат – бер бөртек гаскәр.&lt;br&gt;
'''||||:''' Канга манып язды куллар – “Иң кыю шәһәр”. ''':||||''' 

''Бу җыр Маҗарстанның '''Балашадьярмат''' шәһәре тарихына багышлап язылган. 1919 елда, Австрия-Венгрия империясен таркатып бетерү йөзеннән, Антанта гаскәрләре элек маҗарлар күчеп килеп яшәгән җирләрне яңадан төзелә яки торгызыла торган дәүләтләргә өләшә башлыйлар. “Бөекләр” әмере буенча Балашадьярмат шәһәре Чехословакия карамагына керергә тиеш була. Моның төп сәбәбе: Көнчыгышка, Украинага һәм Антантага каршы сугышкан Советлар Русиясенә таба тимер юл шул шәһәр аша үтә.''

''Ләкин әлеге елның 29 гыйнварында Ипой (Ипел) елгасы буенда урнашкан шәһәр кешеләре, Маҗарстанда бердәнбер булган килеш, баскыннарга каршы баш күтәрә. Маҗарстанның дәүләт гаскәрләреннән бу төбәктә туып үскән 95 солдат та килеп кушыла. Каршы як гаскәре тар-мар ителә. Антанта бүтән бу шәһәргә кул сузмый, ул бүген дә Маҗарстан дәүләте карамагында. Шушы батырлык өчен шәһәргә “Civitas Fortissima” дигән өстәмә атама бирелгән. Латин сүзләрен “Иң кыю өммәт” дип тә тәрҗемә итеп була.''

''Бүген 14 меңләп  кеше яшәгән Балашадьярматта бу тарихи вакыйгага багышланган һәйкәл бар.''   

=== '''IGAZÁN SZERETNI (Ихластан ярату)''' ===
'''''Recitativ:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Amit erő és hatalom elvesz, azt idő és kedvező szerencse ismét visszahozhatják. De miről a nemzet, félve a szenvedésektől, önmaga lemondott, annak visszaszerzése mindig nehéz, s mindig kétsége. 

Mert aki hazáját igazán szereti,&lt;br&gt;
Oltárán gyönyörű életét szenteli.&lt;br&gt;
Piros-fehér-zöld lesz áldott szemfedője,&lt;br&gt;
De Isten úgy segítsen, száz lép majd helyébe.&lt;br&gt;

Akinek fáj Erdély rabláncon tartása,&lt;br&gt;
S eljut a szívéig súlyos sóhajtása.&lt;br&gt;
Meghallja konduló harang hívó szavát,&lt;br&gt;
Nem hagyja magára szegény Kárpátalját.&lt;br&gt;

Kinyújtja segítő két kezét népének,&lt;br&gt;
Ezer sebből vérző Tátra-Felvidéknek.&lt;br&gt;
És ha harci sípját a nyugati szél fújja,&lt;br&gt;
Őr vidék keresztjét erős vállán hordja.&lt;br&gt;

Látja szolga sorba hajtott magyarságát,&lt;br&gt;
Eke szarván síró Bánságot és Bácskát.&lt;br&gt;
Ráncot szánt az idő ifjú homlokára,&lt;br&gt;
De szemében csillog a szabadságnak lángja.&lt;br&gt;

Mert aki hazáját igazán szereti,&lt;br&gt;
Oltárán gyönyörű életét szenteli.&lt;br&gt;
Piros-fehér-zöld lesz áldott szemfedője,&lt;br&gt;
De Isten úgy segítsen, én lépek helyébe. &lt;br&gt;

'''ИХЛАСТАН ЯРАТУ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-igazan-szeretni-747c20ace0ccfe57c0ca289df2cbcdba

&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/154544161/K_rp_tia_-_Igaz_n_szeretni/&lt;br&gt;

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Көч-куәт белән тартып алынганны заман һәм уңыш кайтарырга мөмкин. Әмма милләтнең, газаплардан шүрләп, үзе баш тарткан байлыгын кайтаруы һәрчак кыен һәм икеле. 

Яратса бер кеше ихластан Ватанын,&lt;br&gt;
Багышлар тормышын аның хозурында.&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл-ак-яшел төс кәфенендә аның,&lt;br&gt;
Йөз басар ур(ы)нына, ярдәм бирсен Хода.&lt;br&gt;

Җан сыкрана, күреп Әрдей богауларын,&lt;br&gt;
Тоеп илнең ыңгырашу-иңрәүләрен;&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә, иш(е)теп кыңгырау чаңнарын,&lt;br&gt;
Калдырмас бәладә Карпатия җирләрен.&lt;br&gt;

Сузар ярдәм кулын Ходай үз халкына,&lt;br&gt;
Канга баткан Татра һәм Тау өлкәсенә.&lt;br&gt;
Өрсә мәгъриб җиле яу сыбызгысына,&lt;br&gt;
Чик ташларын батыр салыр җилкәсенә.&lt;br&gt;

Газиз халкы дучар коллык сөргененә,&lt;br&gt;
Сабан тоткан Банат һәм Бачка сагышлы;&lt;br&gt;
Җыерчыклар салса да вакыт йөзенә,&lt;br&gt;
Азатлыкка сүнмәс күзләр омтылышлы.&lt;br&gt;

Яратса бер кеше ихластан Ватанын,&lt;br&gt;
Багышлар тормышын аның хозурында.&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл-ак-яшел төс кәфенендә аның,&lt;br&gt;
Мин басам ур(ы)нына, ярдәм бирсен Хода.&lt;br&gt;

'''''Кызыл-ак-яшел''''' ''– Маҗарстан байрагы төсләре.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Әрдей''''' ''(Erdély, Трансильвания) – 1920 елда Румыниягә кереп калган саф маҗар телле төбәк; биредә яшәүче сейкәй кавеменең ата-бабалары – көнчыгыштан Карпат таулары артына IX гасырда ук килеп урнашкан беренче маҗар токымы.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Карпатия''''' ''– Украинаның үзәге Уңвар (Ужгород) булган маҗар телле Карпат арты төбәге һәм Молдованың чаңгош маҗарлары яшәгән җирләр.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Татра''''' ''һәм '''Тау өлкәсе''' – бүгенге Словакиядә маҗарларның словаклар белән аралашып яшәгән җирләре.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Банат''''' ''һәм '''Бачка''' – Дунай һәм Тиса елгалары арасындагы, элек, Австрия-Венгрия мәмләкәте таркалганчы, Маҗар кыйраллыгы составына кергән маҗар телле төбәкләр. Бүген алар Сербия һәм Румыния карамагында.''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''MAGYAR ÉNEK (Маҗар җыры)''' ===
Mint egykor Erdély meghajszolt határán&lt;br&gt;
A fölriasztott utolsó bölény.&lt;br&gt;
Úgy állsz most népem, oly riadtan, árván,&lt;br&gt;
Búd vadonának reszkető ölén. &lt;br&gt;

És én, mint véred lüktető zenéje,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy most lázas ajkadon liheg.&lt;br&gt;
A hang vagyok, mely belesír az éjbe&lt;br&gt;
és sorsod gyászát így zendíti meg: &lt;br&gt;

A mindenségbe annyi jaj kiáltson,&lt;br&gt;
Ahány magyar rög innen elszakad.&lt;br&gt;
A tíz körmömmel kelljen bár kiásnom,&lt;br&gt;
Kikaparom a földből a holtakat. &lt;br&gt;

Meredjen égnek, körül a határon&lt;br&gt;
Irtó karjuknak végtelen sora.&lt;br&gt;
S az égboltján fönt lángbetűkkel álljon&lt;br&gt;
Egy égő, elszánt, zordon szó: soha &lt;br&gt;

Uram, tudd meg, hogy nem akarok élni&lt;br&gt;
Csak magyar földön és csak magyarul.&lt;br&gt;
Ha bűn, hogy lelket nem tudok cserélni,&lt;br&gt;
Jobb is, ha szárnyam mármost porba hull.&lt;br&gt;

De ezt a lelket itt hagyom örökbe,&lt;br&gt;
S ez ott vijjog majd Kárpát havasán.&lt;br&gt;
És belesírom minden ősi rögbe,&lt;br&gt;
El innen rablók, ez az én hazám.&lt;br&gt;

És leszek szégyen és legyek gyalázat,&lt;br&gt;
és ott égek majd minden homlokon.&lt;br&gt;
S mint bujdosó gyász az én szép hazámat&lt;br&gt;
A Jóistentől visszazokogom.&lt;br&gt;

És megfúvom majd hitem harsonáit,&lt;br&gt;
Bölcsővé lesz még minden ravatal.&lt;br&gt;
Havas Kárpáttól kéklő Adriáig&lt;br&gt;
Egy ország lesz itt, egyetlen, s magyar.&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАР ҖЫРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-magyar-enek-58e77008c056989798d2abc02e3b6e9f

&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/search/q/magyar+ének/

Әрдейләрдә эзәрлекләнгән берчак,&lt;br&gt;
Бүген, соңгы үгез күк калтырап,&lt;br&gt;
Өркетелгән халкым тора ялгызак,&lt;br&gt;
Буда карурманында аптырап.&lt;br&gt;

Иреннәреңдә кызышып саташкан&lt;br&gt;
Канның дөп-дөп типкән көе кебек,&lt;br&gt;
Язмышыңның фаҗигасен тараткан&lt;br&gt;
Сөрән салып дәшәм, сиңа килеп.&lt;br&gt;

Таудан купкан кантарлар өне белән&lt;br&gt;
Галәмгә ачы тавышым иңсен.&lt;br&gt;
Ун бармагым тырмашсын, кабат гүрдән&lt;br&gt;
Яугир шәһитләр, дип, илгә килсен.&lt;br&gt;

Тәмугка ашсын, канлы кулын уып,&lt;br&gt;
Чик буенда посышкан бар дошман.&lt;br&gt;
Күк йөзендә утлы хәрефләр булып&lt;br&gt;
Язылсын катгый бер сүз: “Һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Йа Ходай, кирәк түгел миңа яшәү&lt;br&gt;
Туган җиргә, телгә чит тарафта.&lt;br&gt;
Гөнаһ булса җан алмаштыра белмәү,&lt;br&gt;
Юкка чыксын бу хыял-канат та.&lt;br&gt;

Калдырырмын мин җанымны мираска,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгырасын Карпат-тау иңендә,&lt;br&gt;
Инәлүем язылыр һәрбер ташка:&lt;br&gt;
“Юкка чыксын талаучы Илемдә!”&lt;br&gt;

Оят булып йөзенә ягылырмын,&lt;br&gt;
Сатса берәр бәндә үз намусын.&lt;br&gt;
Бер Ходайдан мин ялварып алырмын&lt;br&gt;
Ватан дигән бу йөрәк сагышын.&lt;br&gt;

Сулыш өрәм инану торбасына:&lt;br&gt;
Бишек ясарбыз әле табуттан.&lt;br&gt;
Чал Карпаттан күк Әдрән дәрьясына&lt;br&gt;
Кабат җәелер ул – уртак Ватан.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''MAGYARNAK SZÜLETTEM! (Маҗар булып яшим!)''' ===
Nem hajlok semmi szélnek,&lt;br&gt;
Pusztító jégverésnek,&lt;br&gt;
Úgy állok rendületlen,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Hiába ütnek, rúgnak,&lt;br&gt;
Kemény fából faragtak.&lt;br&gt;
Az ég ítél felettem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Lágy eső arcom mossa,&lt;br&gt;
Vállamon népem sorsa.&lt;br&gt;
Teszem mit meg kell tennem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Vadászhat énrám bárki,&lt;br&gt;
Van erőm bosszút állni.&lt;br&gt;
Én soha nem felejtem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Ha egyszer megtagadnám,&lt;br&gt;
Édes jó szülőhazám.&lt;br&gt;
Sújtson le rám az Isten&lt;br&gt;!
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Rab madár, hogy ha voltam,&lt;br&gt;
Kitéptem minden tollam.&lt;br&gt;
Áruló sosem lettem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАР БУЛЫП ЯШИМ!'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-magyarnak-szulettem-44d1709ef7038e59fb0d3a40427e3a3e

https://zvyki.com/song/20207573/Karpatia_-_Magyarnak_szulettem/

Баш имим җил каршында,&lt;br&gt;
Үтәмен кар-бозын да,&lt;br&gt;
Нык торамын, бирешмим:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим!&lt;br&gt;

Кыйнасалар да качмам,&lt;br&gt;
Имән күк мин агачтан.&lt;br&gt;
Күкләр миңа тик хаким,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Ләйсән юа йөземне,&lt;br&gt;
Мин кадерлим илемне.&lt;br&gt;
Кирәк булганны эшлим,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Теләсә кем ауласын –&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһым ярлыкасын!&lt;br&gt;
Онытмыйм, бәхәсләшмим:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Әгәр дә мин ваз кичсәм&lt;br&gt;
Изге туган җиремнән,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһым кичермәс, дим.&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Читлектә кош булыйммы?! –&lt;br&gt;
Йолкыгыз каурыемны!&lt;br&gt;
Һәр сатлыкка көндәш мин,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''NEMZETI DAL (Милләт җыры)''' ===
Talpra magyar, hí a haza!&lt;br&gt;
Itt az idő, most vagy soha!&lt;br&gt;
Rabok legyünk vagy szabadok?&lt;br&gt;
Ez a kérdés, válasszatok!&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk! &lt;br&gt;

Rabok voltunk mostanáig,&lt;br&gt;
Kárhozottak ősapáink,&lt;br&gt;
Kik szabadon éltek-haltak,&lt;br&gt;
Szolgaföldben nem nyughatnak.&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk! &lt;br&gt;

Sehonnai bitang ember,&lt;br&gt;
Ki most, ha kell, halni nem mer,&lt;br&gt;
Kinek drágább rongy élete,&lt;br&gt;
Mint a haza becsülete.&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

Fényesebb a láncnál a kard,&lt;br&gt;
Jobban ékesíti a kart,&lt;br&gt;
És mi mégis láncot hordtunk!&lt;br&gt;
Ide veled, régi kardunk!&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

A magyar név megint szép lesz,&lt;br&gt;
Méltó régi nagy hiréhez;&lt;br&gt;
Mit rákentek a századok,&lt;br&gt;
Lemossuk a gyalázatot!&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

Hol sírjaink domborulnak,&lt;br&gt;
Unokáink leborulnak,&lt;br&gt;
És áldó imádság mellett&lt;br&gt;
Mondják el szent neveinket.&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

'''МИЛЛӘТ ҖЫРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(авторы – Шандор Пәтөфи, 1848 елда язылган)'''''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиолары:&lt;br&gt;
'''Kormorán''' ансамбле башкаруында&lt;br&gt;
https://muzjam.org/search/nemzeti%20dal

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/fonograf-nemzeti-dal-4c11dd22b9efe4ca75d7f368b58e2658

Кузгал, маҗар, чакыра Ватан!&lt;br&gt;
Йә бүген үк, йә һичкайчан!&lt;br&gt;
Коллар булып калыргамы,&lt;br&gt;
Әллә азат булыргамы?&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Коллар булдык... Ата-баба&lt;br&gt;
Каберләрдән сөрән сала:&lt;br&gt;
Азат яшәгәннәр җирдә&lt;br&gt;
Таба алмый тынлык гүрдә!&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Ләгънәтем – язмыш кушканда,&lt;br&gt;
Үлемнән куркып качканга,&lt;br&gt;
Учлап тотып кабих җанын,&lt;br&gt;
Сатып намусын, Ватанын.&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Кылыч – балкышлы чылбырдан,&lt;br&gt;
Төшмәсен ул безнең кулдан.&lt;br&gt;
Күпме йөрергә богауда?&lt;br&gt;
Тот коралың, ирек яула!&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Маҗар ис(е)ме горур, шанлы,&lt;br&gt;
Кайтарыйк борынгы данны;&lt;br&gt;
Кире как шайтан әгъвасын,&lt;br&gt;
Юып ташла йөз карасын!&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Гүр өстендә тау өярләр,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм оныклар баш иярләр,&lt;br&gt;
Дога кылып, әйтер һәркем&lt;br&gt;
Изгеләрнең исемнәрен.&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

=== '''EGY AZ ISTEN, EGY A NEMZET (Бер үк Алла, бер үк милләт)''' ===
Egy az Isten, egy a nemzet,&lt;br&gt;
Bármily gyenge, bármily sebzett.&lt;br&gt;
Ahol a fák égig nőnek,&lt;br&gt;
Állnak még a határkövek.&lt;br&gt;
||: Szent koronánk&lt;br&gt;
Óvd, vigyázd Hazánk,&lt;br&gt;
Hajnal csillag szép keresztünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ragyogj fel reánk. :||&lt;br&gt;

Zúgó erdők, kéklő sziklák&lt;br&gt;
Esőverte árva kopják&lt;br&gt;
Visszhangozzák, mennydörögnek&lt;br&gt;
Egy az Isten, egy a nemzet.&lt;br&gt;
||: Szent koronánk&lt;br&gt;
Óvd, vigyázd Hazánk,&lt;br&gt;
Hajnal csillag szép keresztünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ragyogj fel reánk. :||&lt;br&gt;

Elvérzett a nemzet nagy Magyarországért&lt;br&gt;
Most sír, zokog a lelkünk hegyekért, rónákért.&lt;br&gt;
Aki azt majd egyszer újra feltámasztja,&lt;br&gt;
Áldja meg az Isten és minden magyar ajka. &lt;br&gt;
Most hát okulásul figyelj a szavamra,&lt;br&gt;
Figyelj, s kezed merítsd a hűs patakba,&lt;br&gt;
Érzed a pataknak sebes rohanását,&lt;br&gt;
Az ország szívének minden dobbanását.&lt;br&gt; 
Hallgasd a köveket, hallgasd, amint mondják,&lt;br&gt;
Idegen hatalmak őket összezúzták.&lt;br&gt;
Kőnek és embernek ugyanaz volt sorsa,&lt;br&gt;
Mostoha gyermekét egy világ taposta.&lt;br&gt;

||: Szent koronánk&lt;br&gt;
Óvd, vigyázd Hazán&lt;br&gt;k,
Hajnal csillag szép keresztünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ragyogj fel reánk. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕР ҮК АЛЛА, БЕР ҮК МИЛЛӘТ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-egy-az-isten-egy-a-nemzet-828e0c8836a6210242e2c68e3cf01f7f

&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/23793729/K_rp_tia_-_Egy_az_isten_egy_a_nemzet/ 

Бер үк Алла, бер үк милләт,&lt;br&gt;
Бер шәфәгать, бер үк гыйльләт;&lt;br&gt;
Анда агач үсә күккә,&lt;br&gt;
Ә ташлар куелган чиккә.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (2):'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ил гамендә – изге таҗыбыз;&lt;br&gt;
Таң йолдызы һәм гүзәл хач,&lt;br&gt;
Бергә балкыгыз!&lt;br&gt; 

Зәңгәр кыя, кара урман –&lt;br&gt;
Бер яңгырдан сугарылган,&lt;br&gt;
Яшен яшьнәп һәм күк күкрәп:&lt;br&gt;
“Бер үк Алла, бер үк милләт”.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (2).'''''&lt;br&gt; 

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Кан койды халкыбыз Бөек Маҗарстан дип,&lt;br&gt;
Ә хәзер кайгырта елга-тау тотам дип.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм кемсә бу илгә кабат нигез салыр –&lt;br&gt;
Алланың, маҗарның рәхмәтен казаныр. &lt;br&gt;
Дикъкатьләп сүземне күңелгә алыгыз&lt;br&gt;
Һәм салкын елгага кулларны салыгыз;&lt;br&gt;
Сиз(е)ләме елганың ярсулы агышы –&lt;br&gt;
Илемнең ул йөрәк тибеше, сагышы.&lt;br&gt;
Тыңлагыз ташларны, аңлагыз сүзләрен,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-ятның куллары җимерде үзләрен.&lt;br&gt;
Ташлар да, халык та тәкъдиргә тап булган:&lt;br&gt;
Үксезлек улларын кимсетеп таптаган.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (4):'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ил гамендә – изге таҗыбыз;&lt;br&gt;
Таң йолдызы һәм гүзәл хач,&lt;br&gt;
Бергә балкыгыз!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HA LÁTOK CSILLAGOT (Күрәм якты йолдызымны)''' ===
Ha látok csillagot ragyogni az égen&lt;br&gt;
Látom, amit láttak őseink is régen&lt;br&gt;
Látom az Alföldről hajnalpirkadatkor&lt;br&gt;
Eltűnnni fényüket a látóhatárról&lt;br&gt;

Látom, ha felnézek fenyőrengetegből&lt;br&gt;
Göncölszekér rúdját, Erdély szegletéből&lt;br&gt;
Apró gyertyalángként mutatják az utat&lt;br&gt;
S hazáig vezetik kóborló fiukat&lt;br&gt;

Látom a Tiszának s Murának vizében&lt;br&gt;
Tükröződni fényük vajdasági éjben&lt;br&gt;
Halászok hálóján gyöngysorként csillognak&lt;br&gt;
Mint akik az égről búsan aláhulltak&lt;br&gt;

Látom nagy hegyekről, oly, de oly közelről&lt;br&gt;
Kéznyújtásra vannak palócok földjéről&lt;br&gt;
Mint ezernyi mécses pislákoló fénye&lt;br&gt;
Kigyúl, majd elalszik, estéről estére&lt;br&gt;

Látom tündöklésük Kárpátok aljáról&lt;br&gt;
Ott tekintenek le sötét égboltjáról&lt;br&gt;
Hol szabad tűz mellett vadászok regélne&lt;br&gt;k
S míg egymást hallgatják, ők is fel-felnéznek&lt;br&gt;

Látom sugarukat megtörni a Rábán&lt;br&gt;
Rég kiszolgált malmok korbácsolta fodrán&lt;br&gt;
Őrségi házaknak kicsiny ablakán át&lt;br&gt;
Figyelik a csillag örök vándorlását&lt;br&gt;

'''КҮРӘМ ЯКТЫ ЙОЛДЫЗЫМНЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Берничә илдә таралып яшәүче маҗарлар күңелендәге уртак күк җисеме турында “Карпатия” төркеменең җыры.&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-ha-latok-csillagot-53ae43449852defad9d65fb49d53577c

https://zvyki.com/song/154544120/K_rp_tia_-_Ha_l_tok_csillagot/
 
Күрәм, йолдыз балкып тора аяз күктән,&lt;br&gt;
Аны шулай бабаларым да күзәткән.&lt;br&gt;
Моңсуланам, Альфөлдләрдә таң атканда,&lt;br&gt;
Сүнгән йолдызымны күздән югалтканда.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм аны, йөрсәм Әрдей урманында,&lt;br&gt;
Зур Җидегән чүмеченең кыл янында:&lt;br&gt;
Елтыр уты шәмдәй миңа юл күрсәтә,&lt;br&gt;
Кайт илеңә, балам, диеп, ул юнәлтә.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм, чаг(ы)ла Тиса, Мура суларында,&lt;br&gt;
Яктыра ул төнлә Вайда асманында,&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчылар ятьмәсендә энҗе-мәрҗән&lt;br&gt;
Ялтыр-йолтыр – йолдыз нуры җиргә иңгән.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм якты йолдызымны мин якыннан –&lt;br&gt;
Кул сузып тот аны палоцлар тавыннан:&lt;br&gt;
Меңләгән ут җемелдәвендә күренә,&lt;br&gt;
Кичен балкый йолдыз, иртән ул сүрелә.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм балкыганын Карпат итәгендә&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызымның караңгы төн күкрәгендә,&lt;br&gt;
Аучы халкы учак янында җыйнаулап&lt;br&gt;
Имеш-мимешләрен сөйли, аңа карап.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм, балкышыннан Раба да нурлана,&lt;br&gt;
Тирмән чарыгыннан елга дулкынлана.&lt;br&gt;
Өршейг өйләренең тәрәзләре аша&lt;br&gt;
Хыял йолдыз сәяхәтенә тоташа.&lt;br&gt;

'''Альфөлд''' – Бөек маҗар тигезлегенең җирле исеме.

'''Мура''' – Австриядәге таулардан агып чыккан елга, Драваның сул кушылдыгы, бүгенге Маҗарстанның чик сызыгы шул елга буйлап аның тамагына кадәр.

'''Тиса''' – Дунайның сул яктагы һәм иң озын кушылдыгы, елганың урта өлеше Маҗарстан аша үтә.

'''Вайда''' – Сербиянең Воеводина мохтарияте, илнең 26 милләт вәкиле яшәүче иң зур төбәге, анда маҗарлар сан буенча, серблардан кала, икенче урында.

'''Палоцлар''' – Маҗарстанның төньягындагы милли төркем, бер өлеше Словакиядәге Татра тауларында яши. Русия тарихчылары палоцларны күптән маҗарлашкан кыпчаклар дип тә саный.

'''Раба''' – Дунай елгасының уң кушылдыгы.

'''Өршейг''' – Маҗарстанның көнбатышындагы милли парк, Раба елгасыннан көньяктарак урнашкан.

=== '''A HAZA MINDEN ELŐTT! (Барыннан өстен Ватан!)''' ===
“Kell, hogy történjenek olyan csodák, amiket tíz nemzedék megemlegessen. Példákat kell adni ennek a nemzetnek, amik a szíveket megerősíték. Hóhérpallost a futó rabszolgahadnak! Addig nem fog győzni a szabadság ügye, amíg a magyar nemzet saját áruló korcsivadékának hulláiból olyan hegyet nem rak,
Mint a Mátra, s a döghalom tetején az utolsó áruló apát a saját fia le nem nyakazza!”&lt;br&gt;
('''Jókai Mór''')

Háromszínű zászlóm kibontom,&lt;br&gt;
Vérem alatta bátran kiontom,&lt;br&gt;
Láncra vert rab hazám.&lt;br&gt;
Széttárom sebzett két karom,&lt;br&gt;
Életem egykönnyen nem adom,&lt;br&gt;
Törhetnek bárhonnan rám.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén:&lt;br&gt;
Ha elhagy is minden remény,&lt;br&gt;
Akkor sem változhat vízzé a vér.&lt;br&gt;
Legyek inkább üldözött,&lt;br&gt;
Mint áruló latrok között.&lt;br&gt;
A haza minden előtt!&lt;br&gt;

Vessen a sors bárhova,&lt;br&gt;
Nem koptat idő vasfoga,&lt;br&gt;
Dacolva megyek tovább.&lt;br&gt;
Szememben nincs félelem,&lt;br&gt;
Tudom, hogy kell leküzdenem,&lt;br&gt;
Hitem sziklaszilárd.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

Háromszínű zászlóm kibontom,&lt;br&gt;
Vérem alatta bátran kiontom,&lt;br&gt;
Láncra vert rab hazám.&lt;br&gt;
Széttárom sebzett két karom,&lt;br&gt;
Életem egykönnyen nem adom,&lt;br&gt;
Törhetnek bárhonnan rám.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;
A haza minden előtt!&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-a-haza-minden-elott-c37c28300f040a26bdaac42e6ae4d4fa

'''БАРЫННАН ӨСТЕН ВАТАН!'''&lt;br&gt;
“Ун буын искә алырлык могҗизалар булырга тиеш әле. Халкыбызга кеше йөрәкләрен ныгытырлык үрнәкләр бирергә кирәк. Качкын коллар гаскәренә баш чапкыч тумраннар бирергә! Азатлык эше җиңә алмаячак – маҗар халкы үз сатлыклары-мөртәтләре мәетләрен тау итеп өеп куйганчы һәм бу тау башында соңгы сатлык атаның башын аның улы чабып өзгәнче!”&lt;br&gt;
('''Йокаи Мор''')&lt;br&gt;

Җилфердә өч төс байрагым,&lt;br&gt;
Түг(е)лер сине яклап каным,&lt;br&gt;
Әй, богауланган Ватан.&lt;br&gt;
Җәеп яралы кулларны,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңел генә бирмәм җанны,&lt;br&gt;
Ниләр кылса да дошман.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта:&lt;br&gt;
Чыкса да бар өмет юкка,&lt;br&gt;
Әйләнмәс кызыл кан төссез суга.&lt;br&gt;
Бул эзәрләп куылган,&lt;br&gt;
Ләкин булма сатлык җан.&lt;br&gt;
Барыннан өстен Ватан!&lt;br&gt;

Язмыш кайларга юнәлтмәс,&lt;br&gt;
Вакыт гамәлне югалтмас,&lt;br&gt;
Алга мин ыргыламын.&lt;br&gt;
Курку кермәс һич күзләргә,&lt;br&gt;
Беләм тиешем үтәргә,&lt;br&gt;
Таш кыядай иманым.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта.&lt;br&gt;

Җилфердә өч төс байрагым,&lt;br&gt;
Түг(е)лер сине яклап каным,&lt;br&gt;
Әй, богауланган Ватан.&lt;br&gt;
Җәеп яралы кулларны,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңел генә бирмәм җанны,&lt;br&gt;
Ниләр кылса да дошман.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта.&lt;br&gt;
Барыннан өстен Ватан!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''A BÁNAT KOVÁCSA''' '''(Сагыш тимерчесе)''' ===
||: Ha a bánat arany lenne,&lt;br&gt;
Gazdag ember lennék,&lt;br&gt;
Pénzzé tenném valamennyit,&lt;br&gt;
Árán mosolyt vennék.&lt;br&gt;
Ingyen adnám a magyarnak,&lt;br&gt;
Legyen boldog újra,&lt;br&gt;
Csak ne hulljon több magyar könny,&lt;br&gt;
Veszendőn a porba!&lt;br&gt;

De a bánat acél penge,'''&lt;br&gt;'''
Sorsom a kovácsa,&lt;br&gt;
Keserűség vas üllőjén,&lt;br&gt;
Fröccsen a szikrája!&lt;br&gt;
Ha tüzet gyújt ez a szikra,&lt;br&gt;
Lángba borít mindent,&lt;br&gt;
Égbenyúló szent máglyája,&lt;br&gt;
Szabadságot hirdet.&lt;br&gt;
Szabadságot hirdet! :||'''&lt;br&gt;

'''САГЫШ ТИМЕРЧЕСЕ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-a-banat-kovacsa-cf6e7d36d99cb71a97d45278bc4cd9ea

||: Сагыш, алтын булып, баю&lt;br&gt;
Итсә әгәр насыйп,&lt;br&gt;
Бар акчага бер елмаю&lt;br&gt;
Алыр идем сатып.&lt;br&gt;
Тигенгә биреп, маҗарга&lt;br&gt;
Бүләк итәм бәхет:&lt;br&gt;
Язмасын бүтән еларга,&lt;br&gt;
Югал, милли ләхет!&lt;br&gt;

Сагыш – корыч кылыч, әмма&lt;br&gt;
Тимерче – язмышым:&lt;br&gt;
Әрнүемнән чүкеч-сандал&lt;br&gt;
Очкыннар очырсын!&lt;br&gt;
Чаткылардан ут кабызсак,&lt;br&gt;
Ялкын күккә җитәр,&lt;br&gt;
Балкып торган изге учак&lt;br&gt;
Ирек насыйп итәр.&lt;br&gt;
Ирек насыйп итәр! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BALLADA (Баллада)''' ===
Kettő madár száll az égen,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik nappal, másik éjjel,&lt;br&gt;
A lány fecske verőfényben,&lt;br&gt;
Fiú karvaly éjsötétben.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Elátkozott két madárka,&lt;br&gt;
Egymást csak egy percig látja,&lt;br&gt;
Amint Hold a Napot váltja,&lt;br&gt;
Átváltozik Ő, s a párja.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Fecske suhan szelek hátán,&lt;br&gt;
Aranygyűrű csillog lábán,&lt;br&gt;
Irigy varjak megtámadják,&lt;br&gt;
Szép gyűrűjét elragadják.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Zuhan, szárnya eget szántja,&lt;br&gt;
Szalad kedvese utána,&lt;br&gt;
Egy-egy tollát elhullajtva,&lt;br&gt;
Párjának utat mutatja.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

A legény nyomát követi,&lt;br&gt;
Rába vizében megleli,&lt;br&gt;
Reszkető testét kiveszi,&lt;br&gt;
Fehér ingébe tekeri.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Nap szárítja csapzott tollát,&lt;br&gt;
Nézi szíve választottját,&lt;br&gt;
Megesküszik földre-égre,&lt;br&gt;
Halálba is elmegy érte.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Borostyánok és vadrózsák,&lt;br&gt;
Lassan testük körbefonják,&lt;br&gt;
A szerelmük mégsem halott,&lt;br&gt;
Tiszta lelkük szárnyra kapott.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na &lt;br&gt;

Az eszéki harang hangja,&lt;br&gt;
Azóta is azt kongatja,&lt;br&gt;
Egymásé lett két madárka,&lt;br&gt;
Nem fog rajtuk senki átka.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

'''БАЛЛАДА'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-ballada-fd9e767bb2ac157a24ba25b4f94979fa

Ике гашыйк күккә менә,&lt;br&gt;
Берсе көндез, берсе төнлә:&lt;br&gt;
Кыз-карлыгач – ал таң атса,&lt;br&gt;
Егет-тилгән – шәфәкъ батса.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

Очрашалар ике кошчык&lt;br&gt;
Бер мизгелгә – гүя Сак-Сок&lt;br&gt;:
Ай Кояшны алмаштыргач,&lt;br&gt;
Күрми тилгәнне карлыгач.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

Сылу кош җил куенында,&lt;br&gt;
Алтын балдак аягында,&lt;br&gt;
Комсыз козгын һөҗүм итә&lt;br&gt;
Һәм алканы урлап китә.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

Гашыйк егет күрә ярын:&lt;br&gt;
Кыз, каерып канатларын,&lt;br&gt;
Оча, каурый җуя-җуя.&lt;br&gt;
Егет аңа иңен куя.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на&lt;br&gt;

Сөйгәнен ул озата бара&lt;br&gt;
Раба* суларына таба,&lt;br&gt;
Тетрәүләгән тәнен күрә,&lt;br&gt;
Ак күлмәккә аны төрә.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на&lt;br&gt;

Җил корыта каурыйларын.&lt;br&gt;
Егет, үбеп сөйгән ярын,&lt;br&gt;
Ант итә күккә һәм җиргә:&lt;br&gt;
“Ахирәттә дә без – бергә...”&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-наа…&lt;br&gt;

“Мәхәббәтебез – үлемсез;&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү нигә миңа – синсез?”&lt;br&gt;
Гәрәбә, гөләп һәм әрем&lt;br&gt;
Сырып ала җәсәдләрен...&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на…&lt;br&gt;

…Шул заманнан Уэска чаңы**&lt;br&gt;
Һаман кага – тыңла аны:&lt;br&gt;
“Уртак кошлар язмышлары,&lt;br&gt;
Төшмәс һичкем каргышлары”.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на…&lt;br&gt;

* '''Раба''' – Дунай елгасының уң кушылдыгы.&lt;br&gt;
** “'''Уэска чаңы'''” дип атала торган кыңгырау тәүге кат XII гасырга караган испан риваятендә телгә алына. Соңрак аны Европаның башка халыклары да үз иҗатында куллана башлаган.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ABBÓL A FÁBÓL (Шул агачтан кисеп ал)''' ===
Abból a fából vágjátok az én keresztem,&lt;br&gt;
Amit akkor ültettek, amikor születtem,&lt;br&gt;
Abból a fából legyen majd az én koporsóm,&lt;br&gt;
Amelynek árnyéka alatt írták meg a sorsom.&lt;br&gt;

Gallyaiból rakjatok egy olyan nagy tüzet,&lt;br&gt;
Ami még egyszer táplálja kihűlő szívemet.&lt;br&gt;
Földbe’ nyugvó gyökeréből faragjatok pipát,&lt;br&gt;
Szabad lelkem az égbe szálljon mint a füstkarikák.&lt;br&gt;

Sudár ágai jók lesznek vaskaszák nyelének,&lt;br&gt;
Mely arat, de fegyver is a Magyar kezének,&lt;br&gt;
Fának apró forgácsát vessétek a szélnek,&lt;br&gt;
Viszik messze majd hírünket ahol földet érnek.&lt;br&gt;

Egy árva szűz rügyéből új élet sarjadjon,&lt;br&gt;
Ne hagyjátok soha, soha, hogy nemzetetek kihaljon,&lt;br&gt;
Legszebbik részéből végül bölcsőt készítsetek,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy szebb jövőről álmodjon minden magyar gyermek!&lt;br&gt;

'''ШУЛ АГАЧТАН КИСЕП АЛ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://new.zvuch.com/artists/karpatia-44072

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-abbol-a-fabol-612a9bc3b95f709aeb06d61cbb71eb27

https://zvyki.com/song/166579777/Kárpátia_-_Abból_a_fából/

Шул агачтан каберемә кисеп сал таҗны* –&lt;br&gt;
Мин туганда утыртканнар бит ул агачны.&lt;br&gt;
Шул агачтан уеп яса табутымны син –&lt;br&gt;
Аның астында кичердем язмышымны мин.&lt;br&gt;

Агач ботакларын кисеп, ут сал учакка –&lt;br&gt;
Соңгы тапкыр иңсен җылы сүнгән йөрәккә.&lt;br&gt;
Тамырыннан уеп алып, көпшә хәстәрлә,&lt;br&gt;
Азат җаным төтен сыман ашыр күкләргә.&lt;br&gt;

Агач кулай чалгы белән кылыч сабына –&lt;br&gt;
Эш һәм яу коралы керсен маҗар кулына.&lt;br&gt;
Вак йомычка итеп тура, тапшыр җилләргә –&lt;br&gt;
Ирештерсен даныбызны ерак илләргә.&lt;br&gt;

Яңа тормышны үстерер сафлык бөресе,&lt;br&gt;
Һичкайчан җуелмас җирдә милләт өлгесе.&lt;br&gt;
Иң күркәм тармакларыннан – бишек үрергә,&lt;br&gt;
Һәр маҗар баласы лаек якты килергә!&lt;br&gt;

* '''''Кисеп сал таҗны –''' маҗар телендәге текстта '''“ кисеп куй хачны”''' дип язылган.''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''JÓ LENNE! (Сизәсе иде!)''' ===
Jó lenne megfogni apám erős kezét,&lt;br&gt;
mégegyszer látni csak szigorú szemét,&lt;br&gt;
jó lenne hallgatni bölcs szavait,&lt;br&gt;
megfogadni mindent amit tanít.&lt;br&gt;

Jó lenne anyámnak ölelő karjában,&lt;br&gt;
őszinte gyermekként hinni a világban,&lt;br&gt;
Jó lenne érezni tiszta illatát,&lt;br&gt;
aggódó arcának lágy mosolyát.&lt;br&gt;

'''СИЗӘСЕ ИДЕ!'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-jo-lenne-fb9467510f49f12b80f5924702282225

&lt;br&gt;https://zvyki.com/song/89106103/K_rp_tia_-_J_lenne/

||: Көчле әти кулын кысасы иде,&lt;br&gt;
Катгый карашын да тоясы иде,&lt;br&gt;
Акыллы сүзләрен тыңлыйсы иде,&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш сабакларын аңлыйсы иде.&lt;br&gt;

Әнием куенына керәсе иде,&lt;br&gt;
Гамьле йөзе нурын күрәсе иде,&lt;br&gt;
Хуш исле битен бер үбәсе иде.&lt;br&gt;
Дөньяны сабый күк сизәсе иде! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''KALANDRA FEL (Маҗара-өн)''' ===
Nagy terveket szövögettek odafönt az égben&lt;br&gt;
Megteremtik a magyart valamikor régen&lt;br&gt;
Telik múlik az idő, és szépen éldegélnek&lt;br&gt;
Vadászgatnak a mezőn, keveset beszélnek&lt;br&gt;

Történt egyszer, hogy valaki egy nagyot kiáltott&lt;br&gt;
Nézünk kicsit nyugatra, mit csinálnak mások&lt;br&gt;
Így történhetett meg aztán, hogy egy nyári este&lt;br&gt;
Kopogtatott a magyar Európa szerte&lt;br&gt;

Ez volt a jel, (indulni kell)&lt;br&gt;
A dicsőséget mindenki magának éri el&lt;br&gt;
Repít a szél, (gyerünk testvér)&lt;br&gt;
Sötét az éj, (nem baj, ne félj)&lt;br&gt;
Napkelettől napnyugatig nincsen ellenfél&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej!&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej!&lt;br&gt;

Portyáznak a hegyek között, portyáznak a völgyben&lt;br&gt;
Begyűjtenek mindent amit találnak útközben&lt;br&gt;
St. Gallen-től, Modenáig arra kérik Istent&lt;br&gt;
A Magyarok nyilaitól ments meg Uram minket&lt;br&gt;

|||: Ez volt a jel, (indulni kell)&lt;br&gt;
A dicsőséget mindenki magának éri el&lt;br&gt;
Repít a szél, (gyerünk testvér)&lt;br&gt;
Sötét az éj, (nem baj, ne félj)&lt;br&gt;

Napkelettől napnyugatig nincsen ellenfél&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej!&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej! :|||&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАРА-ӨН'''&lt;br&gt;
Сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-kalandra-fel-e439a050f2c35d1cab1710f5e34cb91d

Бөек ният корып, безне иңдергәннәр күктән:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар бар ителгәннәр бу дөньяда күптән.&lt;br&gt;
Вакыт уза барган, алар мул тормыш корганнар,&lt;br&gt;
Тын-гаугасыз кырда җәнлек, кош-корт аулаганнар.&lt;br&gt;

Берчак берәү таң калдырган, гавамга өн салып:&lt;br&gt;
“Карап карыйк, нишләп ята көнбаешта халык?!”&lt;br&gt;
Шулай кояш чыгышыннан бер өер яу кылган:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар бөтен Европаның ишеген шакыган.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗара-өн: “Иярлә, мен!&lt;br&gt;
Әйдә, юлга! Алга, алга!&lt;br&gt;
Һәркем үзе эзләп таба данын-шөһрәтен!”&lt;br&gt;
Җилләр өрә: “Бергә, бергә!”&lt;br&gt;
Караңгы төн: “Курыкма гел!&lt;br&gt;
Иртә таңнан кичкә кадәр булмас көндәшең!”&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй!&lt;br&gt;

Яу кыласы таулар кичеп, үзәннәрне үтеп,&lt;br&gt;
Күзең нәрсә күрсә шуны ганимәт мал итеп.&lt;br&gt;
Санкт-Галлен да, Модена да ял(ы)нып дога кылган:&lt;br&gt;
“Йа Ходаем, коткар безне маҗар укларыннан!”&lt;br&gt;

|||: Маҗара-өн: “Иярлә, мен!&lt;br&gt;
Әйдә, юлга! Алга, алга!&lt;br&gt;
Һәркем үзе эзләп таба данын-шөһрәтен!”&lt;br&gt;
Җилләр өрә: “Бергә, бергә!”&lt;br&gt;
Караңгы төн: “Курыкма гел!&lt;br&gt;
Иртә таңнан кичкә кадәр булмас көндәшең!”&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! :|||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HINTALÓ (Таган-ат)''' ===
Alattam billeg a hintaló,&lt;br&gt;
Zsebemben csúzli, üveggolyó,&lt;br&gt;
Várakat húzok homokból,&lt;br&gt;
Megvédem minden gonosztól!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén (2):&lt;br&gt;
Kezemben kard, kard,&lt;br&gt;
Szívemben tűz,&lt;br&gt;
Ember bízz, és küzdve küzdj!&lt;br&gt;
Sodorjon szél,&lt;br&gt;
Mit bánom én,&lt;br&gt;
Aki hitvány mit sem ér!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Lá-lá-lá-lá-lá :||||&lt;br&gt;

Rossz iskolába kerültem,&lt;br&gt;
Puskák lapultak a zsebemben,&lt;br&gt;
Hittem, hogy minden szép és jó,&lt;br&gt;
De az élet ennél durvább tanító!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

Dolgozom, a törvényt tisztelem,&lt;br&gt;
De zsebemben csúsztatva ott van bokszerem,&lt;br&gt;
Bár a dolgok jó oldalát kell nézni,&lt;br&gt;
Azért a rossz arcokra jobb felkészülni!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;
||||: Lá-lá-lá-lá-lá :||||&lt;br&gt;

Tisztességben megvénültem,&lt;br&gt;
De a csúzli és bokszer még mindig a zsebemben,&lt;br&gt;
Alattam, billeg a hintaszék,&lt;br&gt;
És ha újra kezdhetném, ugyanígy élnék!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén (2):&lt;br&gt;
Kezemben kard, kard,&lt;br&gt;
Szívemben tűz,&lt;br&gt;
Ember bízz, és küzdve küzdj!&lt;br&gt;
Sodorjon szél,&lt;br&gt;
Mit bánom én,&lt;br&gt;
Aki hitvány mit sem ér!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Lá-lá-lá-lá-lá :||||&lt;br&gt;

'''ТАГАН-АТ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hintalo-c43b4fbd3cf41f981028fcb2d6faab2b

Таган-атта уйныйм идәндә,&lt;br&gt;
Пыяла шар, аткыч – кесәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Кирмәннәрне комнан мин корам,&lt;br&gt;
Явызлардан сакта гел торам!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2):&lt;br&gt;
Кылыч – кулда,&lt;br&gt;
Ялкын – җанда.&lt;br&gt;
Кеше, көрәш һәм ышан!&lt;br&gt;
Җил ал(ы)п китсен,&lt;br&gt;
Бетсен, бетсен –&lt;br&gt;
Вак җан бит ул дошман!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Ла-ла-ла-ла-ла :||||&lt;br&gt;

Укыдым начар мәдрәсәдә,&lt;br&gt;
Шпаргалкам булды кесәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Бар да яхшы, дип йөрдем уйлап,&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш булды күпкә кырысрак!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2).&lt;br&gt;

Кануннарны хөрмәт итсәм дә,&lt;br&gt;
Аткыч белән кастет әле һаман кесәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Яхшылыкка багла өмет, тик бул сак,&lt;br&gt;
Явызларга әзер булып тор һәрчак!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2).&lt;br&gt;
||||: Ла-ла-ла-ла-ла :||||&lt;br&gt;

Инде лә картаеп бетсәм дә,&lt;br&gt;
Аткыч белән кастет әле гелән кесәмдә,&lt;br&gt;
Ә таган-ат һаман идәндә;&lt;br&gt;
Шулай яшәрмен, үлеп кабат терелсәм дә!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2):&lt;br&gt;
Кылыч – кулда,&lt;br&gt;
Ялкын – җанда.&lt;br&gt;
Кеше, көрәш һәм ышан!&lt;br&gt;
Җил ал(ы)п китсен,&lt;br&gt;
Бетсен, бетсен,&lt;br&gt;
Вак җан бит ул дошман!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Ла-ла-ла-ла-ла :||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''EGY SZÖKÖTT HADIFOGOLY ÉNEKE (Качып кайтучы әсир җыры)''' ===
Havas fenyvesek mellett lépkedek,&lt;br&gt;
Lábam elfagyott, mindenem remeg,&lt;br&gt;
Ruhám rongyai tetvek otthona,&lt;br&gt;
Szőrös arcomon háborúk nyoma.&lt;br&gt;
Előttem folyók, mögöttem hegyek,&lt;br&gt;
Nyomomban veszett kutyák lihegnek,&lt;br&gt;
Sár levét iszom, fák kérgét eszem,&lt;br&gt;
A hideg holdsugár terít meg nekem.&lt;br&gt;
||: A magasban elszáll egy madár,&lt;br&gt;
Ő talán tudja, merre jár,&lt;br&gt;
De én, akit üldöz a keleti szél,&lt;br&gt;
Csak lába viszi, míg haza nem ér. :||&lt;br&gt;

Láttam őrjöngő, csonttörő halált,&lt;br&gt;
Vitt magával nőt és katonát,&lt;br&gt;
Bomló testüket jégvirág lepi,&lt;br&gt;
Kezük görcsösen egymást öleli.&lt;br&gt;
A domb túloldalán géppisztoly kaszál,&lt;br&gt;
Hangja szaggatott, gyilkos táncot jár,&lt;br&gt;
Földhöz lapulok, lassan kúszom,&lt;br&gt;
Egy kőhajításnyira már csak az otthon.&lt;br&gt;
||: A magasban elszáll egy madár,&lt;br&gt;
Ő talán tudja, merre jár,&lt;br&gt;
De én, akit üldöz a keleti szél,&lt;br&gt;
Csak lába viszi, míg haza nem ér. :||

'''КАЧЫП КАЙТУЧЫ ӘСИР ҖЫРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-egy-szokott-hadifogoly-eneke-e872c4f4fabb0d3d19e9326b485f5497

Барам кар баскан чыршылар аша,&lt;br&gt;
Аяклар туңа, тәнем тырмаша.&lt;br&gt;
Сәләмә кием – бетләр оясы,&lt;br&gt;
Сакаллы яңак – сугыш тамгасы.&lt;br&gt;
Артымда таулар, алда елгалар,&lt;br&gt;
Этләр эземне иснәп чабалар.&lt;br&gt;
Ризык – пычрак су, агач кайрысы,&lt;br&gt;
Юлны күрсәтә айның яктысы.&lt;br&gt;
||: Канатлы кошлар гизә асманны,&lt;br&gt;
Белеп торалар кая очканны.&lt;br&gt;
Ә мин буйсынам көнчыгыш җилгә,&lt;br&gt;
Атлар аяклар, кайтканчы өйгә. :||&lt;br&gt;

Күрдем үлемне – сөяк сындыра,&lt;br&gt;
Солдатларны ул өтә дә кыра,&lt;br&gt;
Мәетләр череп каткан, бәс каплый,&lt;br&gt;
Бер-берсен алар үлеп кочаклый.&lt;br&gt;
Таудан пулемёт ата да тетә,&lt;br&gt;
Үтергәнче ул сине биетә.&lt;br&gt;
Сыешып җиргә, шуышам алга,&lt;br&gt;
Туп-туры туган өемә таба.&lt;br&gt;
||: Канатлы кошлар гизә асманны,&lt;br&gt;
Белеп торалар кая очканны.&lt;br&gt;
Ә мин буйсынам көнчыгыш җилгә,&lt;br&gt;
Атлар аяклар, кайтканчы өйгә. :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''MÁR NEM EMBER, MÉG NEM ÁLLAT (Хайван түгел, элек – кеше)''' ===
Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Ösztön hajtja, és a vágyak&lt;br&gt;
Nincsen múltja, nincs jövője&lt;br&gt;
Nem az Isten teremtménye&lt;br&gt;

Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Akárkinek nekitámad&lt;br&gt;
Harap jobbra, harap balra&lt;br&gt;
Saját magát is megmarja &lt;br&gt;

Nem ismer Istent, sem embert&lt;br&gt;
A soha meg nem keresztelt&lt;br&gt;
Üvölt ahogy kifér a torkán&lt;br&gt;
Szemében mindenki bárány &lt;br&gt;

Nem ismer Istent, sem embert&lt;br&gt;
A soha meg nem keresztelt&lt;br&gt;
Üvölt ahogy kifér a torkán&lt;br&gt;
Szemében mindenki bárány&lt;br&gt;

Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Nem épít magának házat&lt;br&gt;
Földön alszik, nincs barátja&lt;br&gt;
Sötét titkot őriz álma&lt;br&gt;

Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Elvesz mindent önmagának&lt;br&gt;
Tűz előtte, tűz mögötte&lt;br&gt;
Pusztul minden körülötte&lt;br&gt;

Nem ismer Istent, sem embert&lt;br&gt;
A soha meg nem keresztelt&lt;br&gt;
Üvölt ahogy kifér a torkán&lt;br&gt;
Szemében mindenki bárány.(4)&lt;br&gt;

'''ХАЙВАН ТҮГЕЛ, ЭЛЕК – КЕШЕ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-mar-nem-ember-meg-nem-allat-7985d011195bd4f202fa6373f06cfa6c 

Хайван түгел, элек – кеше:&lt;br&gt;
Юк әвәс-теләк, тартымы&lt;br&gt;
Һәм кичәге-иртәгесе –&lt;br&gt;
Бу Хак Тәгалә затымы?&lt;br&gt;

Хайван түгел, элек – кеше:&lt;br&gt;
Һәрбарчага һөҗүм итә,&lt;br&gt;
Һәрнәрсәне умыра теше,&lt;br&gt;
Үзен тешләсәң дә – тетә.&lt;br&gt;

Алла, адәм – тик чүп кенә:&lt;br&gt;
Чукынмас ул, хачлар алып,&lt;br&gt;
Бугаз ертып улый-үкерә,&lt;br&gt;
Аның өчен һәркем – сарык.&lt;br&gt;

Кешелектән – ерткычлыкка:&lt;br&gt;
Барысын бүксәсенә тыга.&lt;br&gt;
Алды-арты аның утта,&lt;br&gt;
Дөньясы да юкка чыга.&lt;br&gt;

Алла, адәм – тик чүп кенә:&lt;br&gt;
Чукынмас ул, хачлар алып,&lt;br&gt;
Бугаз ертып улый-үкерә,&lt;br&gt;
Аның өчен һәркем – сарык.&lt;br&gt;

Хайван түгел, элек – кеше:&lt;br&gt;
Юк каралтысы, йортлары,&lt;br&gt;
Караңгыда – күргән төше,&lt;br&gt;
Юк туганы, юк дуслары.&lt;br&gt;

Кешелектән – ерткычлыкка:&lt;br&gt;
Барысын бүксәсенә тыга.&lt;br&gt;
Алды-арты аның утта,&lt;br&gt;
Дөньясы да юкка чыга.&lt;br&gt;

Алла, адәм – тик чүп кенә:&lt;br&gt;
Чукынмас ул, хачлар алып,&lt;br&gt;
Бугаз ертып улый-үкерә,&lt;br&gt;
Аның өчен һәркем – сарык.(4)&lt;br&gt;

=== '''VAJÁKOS (ИМ-ТОМЧЫ)''' ===
Betegség, vagy kórság gyötör?&lt;br&gt;
Ezerféle nyavalya tör?&lt;br&gt;
Mindegy, kinek mi a kínja&lt;br&gt;
Javasasszony meggyógyítja!&lt;br&gt;

A vajákos Kati néni&lt;br&gt;
Öreg üstjét kevergeti&lt;br&gt;
Ég a tűz, a főzet rotyog&lt;br&gt;
Ez is, az is belepotyog&lt;br&gt;

Galagonya vérnyomásra&lt;br&gt;
Szegfűszeg a fogfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág a fekélyre&lt;br&gt;
Gyermekláncfű vesekőre&lt;br&gt;
Édeskömény kólikára&lt;br&gt;
Bodzabogyó szorulásra&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát így kúrálja&lt;br&gt;
Nem költ pénzt a patikára&lt;br&gt;

Ide tipeg, oda tipeg&lt;br&gt;
Ebből abból egy-két csipet&lt;br&gt;
Amit talál a kamrában&lt;br&gt;
Belekerül a mozsárba&lt;br&gt;

Vadgesztenye aranyérre&lt;br&gt;
Csalán levél kiütésre&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág zúzódásra&lt;br&gt;
Macskagyökér fejfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Kamilla a viszketésre&lt;br&gt;
Cickafark a gyulladt bőrrе&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát ezzel keni&lt;br&gt;
Mindеn baját elfelejti&lt;br&gt;

Kötényzsebében rejteget&lt;br&gt;
Százhúsz éves recepteket&lt;br&gt;
Innen a sok tudománya&lt;br&gt;
Minek mi a gyógyhatása&lt;br&gt;

Kígyó zsírja a köszvényre&lt;br&gt;
Kőrisbogár veszettségre&lt;br&gt;
Disznózsír a mellhártyára&lt;br&gt;
Kilenc tetű sárgaságra&lt;br&gt;
Pióca a szélütésre&lt;br&gt;
Feketeszén hasmenésre&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát így kezeli&lt;br&gt;
A halál is elkerüli&lt;br&gt;

(Na még egyszer)&lt;br&gt;
Galagonya vérnyomásra&lt;br&gt;
Szegfűszeg a fogfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág a fekélyre&lt;br&gt;
Gyermekláncfű vesekőre&lt;br&gt;
Édeskömény kólikára&lt;br&gt;
Bodzabogyó szorulásra&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát így kúrálja&lt;br&gt;
Nem költ pénzt a patikára&lt;br&gt;

(Van még, há-há)&lt;br&gt;
Vadgesztenye aranyérre&lt;br&gt;
Csalán levél kiütésre&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág zúzódásra&lt;br&gt;
Macskagyökér fejfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Kamilla a viszketésre&lt;br&gt;
Cickafark a gyulladt bőrre&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát ezzel keni&lt;br&gt;
Minden baját elfelejti.&lt;br&gt;

'''ИМ-ТОМЧЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-vajakos-889b41a081c236c15d67ab0c8ffbfcae&lt;br&gt;

Авыру-чир интектерәме?&lt;br&gt;
Мең төр сырхау йөдәтәме?&lt;br&gt;
Күпме авыру җәфаласын –&lt;br&gt;
Им-томчы табар дәвасын!&lt;br&gt;

Убыр Кати белә санын,&lt;br&gt;
Кайната иске казанын,&lt;br&gt;
Төнәтмәсен гел болгата,&lt;br&gt;
Анысын-монысын шуңа ата:&lt;br&gt;

Дүләнә – кан басымыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Канәфер – теш сызлавыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Тырнак гөл – ялкынсынудан,&lt;br&gt;
Тузганак – бөер ташыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Шөет – эчәк авыртудан,&lt;br&gt;
Аю балан – эч катудан.&lt;br&gt;
Нәкъ шулай дәваланганга,&lt;br&gt;
Дару хакы кала янга.&lt;br&gt;

Бер чеметем – һәрберсеннән&lt;br&gt;
(Куәте арта әфсеннән!):&lt;br&gt;
Нәрсә табылса чоланда,&lt;br&gt;
Ур(ы)нын таба шул казанда.&lt;br&gt;

Кычыткан – кутыр-тимгелдән,&lt;br&gt;
Календула – күгәректән;&lt;br&gt;
Кәстәнә – күтәнең чыкса,&lt;br&gt;
Акчәчәк – тән кымырҗыса,&lt;br&gt;
Песи үлән – баш сызласа,&lt;br&gt;
Акбаш – тире ялкынсынса.&lt;br&gt;
Адәм эчеп-сөртеп торыр,&lt;br&gt;
Бар бәлаләр онытылыр.&lt;br&gt;

Күкрәк кесәсендә саклый&lt;br&gt;
Йөз еллык гыйлем-сабакны;&lt;br&gt;
Им-томнары шуннан бар да,&lt;br&gt;
Нәрсә ничек дәваларга.&lt;br&gt;

Елан ите – тоз утырса,&lt;br&gt;
Коңгызныкы – котырынса,&lt;br&gt;
Дуңгыз маен сүрүгә сөрт,&lt;br&gt;
Сары авырудан – тугыз бет,&lt;br&gt;
Инсультка дәва – сөлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Эч китүгә – күмерлектә.&lt;br&gt;
Кем болардан һич тартынмас –&lt;br&gt;
Үлем аңарга кагылмас.&lt;br&gt;

(Йә, тагын бер кат)&lt;br&gt;
Дүләнә – кан басымыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Канәфер – теш сызлавыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Тырнак гөл – ялкынсынудан,&lt;br&gt;
Тузганак – бөер ташыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Шөет – эчәк авыртудан,&lt;br&gt;
Аю балан – эч катудан.&lt;br&gt;
Нәкъ шулай дәваланганга,&lt;br&gt;
Дару хакы кала янга.&lt;br&gt;

(Эһем-эһем, кабаттан)&lt;br&gt;
Кычыткан – кутыр-тимгелдән,&lt;br&gt;
Календула – күгәректән;&lt;br&gt;
Кәстәнә – күтәнең чыкса,&lt;br&gt;
Акчәчәк – тән кымырҗыса,&lt;br&gt;
Песи үлән – баш сызласа,&lt;br&gt;
Акбаш – тире ялкынсынса.&lt;br&gt;
Адәм эчеп-сөртеп торыр,&lt;br&gt;
Бар бәлаләр онытылыр.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HALLOTTAM NAGY HÍRÉT (Беләм бөек данын)''' ===
Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét pattogó tüzeknek&lt;br&gt;
Pusztákon száguldó vad harci méneknek&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét jurták tengerének&lt;br&gt;
Nyeregbe született szilaj gyermekének&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét pengő szablyáknak&lt;br&gt;
Lándzsát hajító jó acélos karjának&lt;br&gt;

Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét táltos doboknak&lt;br&gt;
Erőtől duzzadó, felajzott íjaknak&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét kalandozásoknak&lt;br&gt;
Bizáncnak, Rómának megsarcolásának&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét fényes győzelmének&lt;br&gt;
Pozsonynál elhulló rút ellenségének&lt;br&gt;

Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;
Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕЛӘМ БӨЕК ДАНЫН'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы: &lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hallottam-nagy-hiret-243f828bbdf2397dcc23f740611918ee

Яңадан тетрәнсә үзәне һәм тавы,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратса җирне яугир маҗар шавы,&lt;br&gt;
||: Булыр иде шәп,&lt;br&gt;
бик шәп бер үрнәк.&lt;br&gt;
Ә-ә-ә-ә-ә-әй! :||&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын янган учакларның,&lt;br&gt;
Дала буйлап яуга җилдерткән атларның;&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын күчмә тирмәләрнең,&lt;br&gt;
Иярләрдә туган кыргый бәбәйләрнең;&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын чыңлы кылычларның,&lt;br&gt;
Сөңге аткан көчле, корычтай кулларның.&lt;br&gt;

Яңадан тетрәнсә үзәне һәм тавы,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратса җирне яугир маҗар шавы,&lt;br&gt;
||: Булыр иде шәп,&lt;br&gt;
бик шәп бер үрнәк.&lt;br&gt;
Ә-ә-ә-ә-ә-әй! :||&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын шаман шөлдеренең,&lt;br&gt;
Атуга тартылган уклар керешенең;&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын яу чапкан бабаның,&lt;br&gt;
Византия-Румны ничек талаганын,&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын, җиңү яулаганын,&lt;br&gt;
Пожонь* кирмәнендә дошманны кырганын.&lt;br&gt;

Яңадан тетрәнсә үзәне һәм тавы,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратса җирне яугир маҗар шавы,&lt;br&gt;
||: Булыр иде шәп,&lt;br&gt;
бик шәп бер үрнәк.&lt;br&gt;
Ә-ә-ә-ә-ә-әй! :||&lt;br&gt;

* Пожонь – бүген Словакия башкаласы булган һәм Дунай елгасының сул ягында урнашкан Братислава шәһәренең маҗарча исеме. Маҗар тарихының зур өлеше шушы, элек Прессбург дип аталган күпмилләтле шәһәр белән бәйләнгән. Маҗарлар аны 907 елның 4 июлендә, Байар Иле (Бавария) кыйраллыгы гаскәрен тар-мар итеп, яулап алганнар. 1536-1784 елларда ул Маҗарстанның башкаласы булган, бу чорда маҗар кыйраллары нәкъ шунда таҗ киеп тәхеткә утыра торган булганнар. Маҗарлар Габсбург империясендә яу чукмарлары булып яшәгән чорда милләтара ызгыш-талашлар да еш булган. 1919 елда, Австрия-Маҗарстан мәмләкәте таркалгач, шәһәрне чех легионерлары басып алган. Шуннан соң Пожонь Чехословакия дәүләте карамагына эләккән, аның исемен Братислава дип үзгәрткәннәр.

=== '''TURUL (Турул)''' ===
Hordozzák a véres kardot,&lt;br&gt;
Apáink vére hullott,&lt;br&gt;
A múltunk újra megkísért!&lt;br&gt;
Ki most szívét máshol hordja,&lt;br&gt;
Árulók szekértolója,&lt;br&gt;
Rút testét a kutyáknak vessék!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Jöjj, jöjj, Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarország rossz úton jár!&lt;br&gt;
Édes Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Téged Hazád visszavár! :||&lt;br&gt;

Ősi földünk, hozzád szólunk,&lt;br&gt;
Gyönyörű Magyarországunk,&lt;br&gt;
Ébredj, pusztákon vágtató vad szél!&lt;br&gt;
Medrükből a folyók kilépnek,&lt;br&gt;
Utat tör újra az élet,&lt;br&gt;
Felnyög a Föld, s nyílik az Ég!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Jöjj, jöjj, Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarország rossz úton jár!&lt;br&gt;
Édes Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Téged Hazád visszavár! :||&lt;br&gt;

'''''Előadói beszéd:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Őrvény fonta arany haját,&lt;br&gt;
Hegyek ránca zord homlokát!&lt;br&gt;
Mohos kő az öregapja,&lt;br&gt;
Minden ősét elsiratja!&lt;br&gt;
Két tűz szeme lángolása,&lt;br&gt;
Vihart kavar szárnycsapása!&lt;br&gt;
Csillagos ég lepedője,&lt;br&gt;
Legszebb lány a szeretője!&lt;br&gt;
Égzengése komor hangja,&lt;br&gt;
Holdsarlója éles karma!&lt;br&gt;
Lába nyomán forrás fakad,&lt;br&gt;
Előle a szél is szalad!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Jöjj, jöjj, Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarország rossz úton jár!&lt;br&gt;
Édes Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Téged Hazád visszavár! :||&lt;br&gt;

'''ТУРУЛ'''&lt;br&gt;
Турул – маҗар мифологиясендә маҗарларга үз Ватанын табарга ярдәм иткән дип тасвирлана торган кош. 2004 елда бу халыкның борынгы Рум мәмләкәтендәге Паннония төбәгенә килеп урнашуына 1100 ел тулды. Бу җыр шул вакытта, риваяти кошка Маҗарстанның Татабанья шәһәрендә һәйкәл куелгач, иҗат ителгән иде. Һәйкәлнең биеклеге 15 метр, ул Европада милли җанварларга яки кошларга багышланган иң зур истәлек дип санала.&lt;br&gt;
Борынгы риваятьләрнең милли тормышта ныгыту һәм берләштерү коралы булуын онытырга ярамый.&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-turul-9c5b1a4be202019472d005e2755b3e0f

https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/karpatia

(Turul аудиосына керергә)

&lt;br&gt;https://zvyki.com/song/176298239/K_rp_tia_-_Turul/

Кылыч ник ал төскә канган? –&lt;br&gt;
Ата-баба каны тамган,&lt;br&gt;
Эзәрли хәзер дә шул үткән!&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәген күкрәктән куган –&lt;br&gt;
Сатлык йомышчысы булган:&lt;br&gt;
Җәсәден аның ташла эткә!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Талпын, оч, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарстан юлдан язмасын!&lt;br&gt;
Халкың, әй, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Кодрәтең онытмасын! :||&lt;br&gt;

Баба җире, Ватаныбыз –&lt;br&gt;
Бу гүзәл Маҗарстаныбыз!&lt;br&gt;
Сызгырып үт, җил, даладан,&lt;br&gt;
Елга, ашып ак ярлардан!&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш үзенә юл салыр,&lt;br&gt;
Күк ачылыр, Җир сыкраныр!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Талпын, оч, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарстан юлдан язмасын!&lt;br&gt;
Халкың, әй, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Кодрәтең онытмасын! :||&lt;br&gt;

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Өермә үргән алтын чәчен,&lt;br&gt;
Баш очында – тау түбәсе!&lt;br&gt;
Мүкле таш – аның бабасы,&lt;br&gt;
Борынгыны – сагынасы!&lt;br&gt;
Ике күзе очкын чәчә,&lt;br&gt;
Канат кагып, давыл дәшә!&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызлы күк – туган ягы,&lt;br&gt;
Иң гүзәл кыз – сөйгән яры!&lt;br&gt;
Күк күкрәү – тав(ы)шы шаңдавы,&lt;br&gt;
Ай-урак – очлы тырнагы!&lt;br&gt;
Басса – чишмә ургып чыга,&lt;br&gt;
Аласа – алдан җил чаба!&lt;br&gt;

'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Талпын, оч, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарстан юлдан язмасын!&lt;br&gt;
Халкың, әй, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Кодрәтең онытмасын! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''KÖLTÖZŐ MADÁR (Сәйяр кошым)''' ===
Az, aki megy, elköszön,&lt;br&gt;
Marad utána néhány könny.&lt;br&gt;
Ami ma fáj, holnapután,&lt;br&gt;
A múlt csupán.&lt;br&gt;
Mert jön, az az egy, aki helyett,&lt;br&gt;
Senki más már nem jöhet.&lt;br&gt;
S, csak az az egy, aki szeret,&lt;br&gt;
Marad veled.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ágrólszakadt költöző madár,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik fészekről másikra jár.&lt;br&gt;
Egy földre szállt angyal, ha rád talál,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve szép kalitkájába zár.&lt;br&gt;

Hol az a nyár, hol az a tél,&lt;br&gt;
Mennyit adtál az álmokért.&lt;br&gt;
De az a perc, hogy nem kellesz,&lt;br&gt;
Nem ereszt.&lt;br&gt;
Hát ilyen a sors, van, hogy kifoszt,&lt;br&gt;
Aztán megint új lapot oszt.&lt;br&gt;
És majd lesz, akihez,&lt;br&gt;
Te is jó lehetsz.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ágrólszakadt költöző madár,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik fészekről másikra jár.&lt;br&gt;
Egy földre szállt angyal, ha rád talál,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve szép kalitkájába zár.&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Solo)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Az, aki megy, elköszön,&lt;br&gt;
Marad utána néhány könny.&lt;br&gt;
Ami ma fáj, holnapután,&lt;br&gt;
A múlt csupán.&lt;br&gt;
Mert jön, az az egy, aki helyett,&lt;br&gt;
Senki más már nem jöhet.&lt;br&gt;
S, csak az az egy, aki szeret,&lt;br&gt;
Marad veled.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Ágrólszakadt költöző madár,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik fészekről másikra jár.&lt;br&gt;
Egy földre szállt angyal, ha rád talál,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve szép kalitkájába zár. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''СӘЙЯР КОШЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-koltozo-madar-e98faffe2e4738d0ee2ca0f465e4045f&lt;br&gt;

https://zvyki.com/song/154544111/K_rp_tia_-_K_lt_z_mad_r/

Мәңгегә дип хушлашканнан&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләре инде тамган.&lt;br&gt;
Булыр бүген авырттырган –&lt;br&gt;
Үткән заман.&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем алыштыра алмас&lt;br&gt;
Бердәнберең килми калмас,&lt;br&gt;
Булыр сөйгән шул бер генәң&lt;br&gt;
Синең белән.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Сәйяр кошым канатын кага,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китә башка ояга.&lt;br&gt;
Мәләк, иңеп күктән күң(е)леңә,&lt;br&gt;
Урын бирер йөрәк түрендә.&lt;br&gt;

Ничәмә җәй, ничәмә кыш&lt;br&gt;
Йөртте сине хыял-сагыш.&lt;br&gt;
Әйе, кирәк тапмасалар,&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәк сызлар…&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш сыный ул, телгәли,&lt;br&gt;
Яңа бәхет тә бирәм, ди.&lt;br&gt;
Килер кемдер, сине сөяр,&lt;br&gt;
Җаным! дияр.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Сәйяр кошым канатын кага,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китә башка ояга.&lt;br&gt;
Мәләк, иңеп күктән күң(е)леңә,&lt;br&gt;
Урын бирер йөрәк түрендә.&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Аккомп.)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Мәңгегә дип хушлашканнан&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләре инде тамган.&lt;br&gt;
Булыр бүген авырттырган –&lt;br&gt;
Үткән заман.&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем алыштыра алмас&lt;br&gt;
Бердәнберең килми калмас,&lt;br&gt;
Булыр сөйгән шул бер генәң&lt;br&gt;
Синең белән.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Сәйяр кошым канатын кага,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китә башка ояга.&lt;br&gt;
Мәләк, иңеп синең күңелеңә,&lt;br&gt;
Урын бирер йөрәк түрендә. :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''SOK A HORGÁSZ, KEVÉS A HAL (Балыкчы күп, балык бик аз)''' ===
Állok a stégen a szúnyogok csípnek,&lt;br&gt;
A halak meg lentről nagyokat néznek,&lt;br&gt;
Ki ez a pofa ilyen hosszú bottal,&lt;br&gt;
Meg egy krómozott nyelű sörnyitóval?&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;

Csónakba szállunk és űzöm a halat,&lt;br&gt;
Hátha valami a horgomra akad.&lt;br&gt;
A nap már az égen magasan jár,&lt;br&gt;
Látod semmi sem biztos, csak a halál.&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;

Izzad a tenyerem, száraz a torkom,&lt;br&gt;
Az utolsó megmaradt sörömet bontom.&lt;br&gt;
Tágas a nádas, szökik a hal,&lt;br&gt;
Itt van a vége, jön a vihar.&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;

'''БАЛЫКЧЫ КҮП, БАЛЫК БИК АЗ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы: &lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-sok-a-horgasz-keves-a-hal-75a71cce339fbef72ed4b8a1d2b7d3aa

Бастым мин басмага, черки тешли, талый,&lt;br&gt;
Балык судан миңа чекерәеп карый.&lt;br&gt;
Кем ул иңбашына озын кармак аскан,&lt;br&gt;
Сыра тулы шешә һәм ачкычын тоткан?&lt;br&gt;
||: Әй! Тотып булмас:&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчы күп,&lt;br&gt;
Балык бик аз! :||&lt;br&gt;

Салдым кармагымны, утырып каекка, &lt;br&gt;
Эләксәнә! дигән әфсенем – балыкка. &lt;br&gt;
Кояш күтәрелә күкләр гөмбәзенә, &lt;br&gt;
Өлгер бу дөньяда бары үлем генә... &lt;br&gt;
||: Әй! Тотып булмас:&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчы күп,&lt;br&gt;
Балык бик аз! :||&lt;br&gt;

Тирли уч, бармаклар, кибекте тамагым,&lt;br&gt;
Ә шешәдә сыра – нибары бер кабым.&lt;br&gt;
Яшенле болытлар асман йөзен басты,&lt;br&gt;
Балыклар камышның төбенә үк качты.&lt;br&gt;
||||||: Әй! Тотып булмас:&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчы күп,&lt;br&gt;
Балык бик аз! :||||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BÁNYÁSZ HIMNUSZ (Шахтёрлар гимны)''' ===

БЕЗНЕҢ БОРЫНГЫ “ШАХТА” КӨЕН БАШКА ХАЛЫКЛАР НИЧЕГРӘК ҖЫРЛЫЙ ИКӘН? 

Менә ничек:

Szerencse fel! Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;
Ilyen a bányász élete.&lt;br&gt;
Váratlan vész rohanja meg,&lt;br&gt;
Mint bérctetőt a fergeteg.&lt;br&gt;
Nem kincs után sóvárgok én,&lt;br&gt;
Bányász kislányt óhajtok én.&lt;br&gt;
Bányász kislányt óhajt szívem,&lt;br&gt;
Ki szívében bányász legyen.&lt;br&gt;
És hogyha majd a föld ölében végóránkat éljük,&lt;br&gt;
Isten kezében életünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ő megsegít reméljük!&lt;br&gt;
S te kisleány, ne bánkódjál,&lt;br&gt;
Bányásznak halni szép halál,&lt;br&gt;
Egekbe szállani fel, fel!&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;

Чынбарлыкта биредәге Bányász himnusz – “Бәхетле бул” исемле алман халык көе, алман шахтачылары җыры (сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://music.yandex.ru/artist/9369974 – Glück auf! Das Steigerlied).

Маҗарстан шахтачылары аны, текстын үзгәртеп-кыскартып һәм эчтәлеген “җиңеләйтеп”, үзләренчә җырлыйлар. Австрия чигендә урнашкан Чолнок шәһәренең катнаш маҗар-алман халык хоры җырны дәүләт телендә дә башкара:
https://music.yandex.ru/album/11012386/track/67160514

Бәхетле бул! Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;
Шахтёр язмышы шундый ул:&lt;br&gt;
Бәла көтмәгәндә килә,&lt;br&gt;
Гүя тауга давыл иңә.&lt;br&gt;
Көмеш-алтын кирәк түгел,&lt;br&gt;
Шахтёр кызда – минем күңел,&lt;br&gt;
Шул гүзәлкәй – җан ялкыным,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын ул шахтёр хатыным.&lt;br&gt;
Һәммәбез җир кочагында –&lt;br&gt;
Торабыз Күкләр алдында;&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә хөкем кылыр,&lt;br&gt;
Инанам, ярлыкау булыр!&lt;br&gt;
Шахтёр җаны ул – хөрмәтле,&lt;br&gt;
Күктә дә булыр нигъмәтле!&lt;br&gt;
Кайгырма, дус, өметле бул,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''CSENDES A DON (Тын Дон)''' ===
Álmos a táj, nem muzsikál&lt;br&gt;
Mint, amikor egy szív, ha megáll&lt;br&gt;
Búsul a vén őszi levél&lt;br&gt;
Vissza talán már sose tér&lt;br&gt;

De még mielőtt a földbe teszik&lt;br&gt;
Mesélj milyen volt, mondd el nekik&lt;br&gt;
Hogy csendes a Don egy halk sírhalom&lt;br&gt;
És fázik a jéghideg földben a csont&lt;br&gt;
De mind hazavágy, mint a madár&lt;br&gt;
Várja őket az otthoni táj&lt;br&gt;

Hallgat a tábor, nincs csatazaj&lt;br&gt;
Sírnak az ágak, néma a dal.&lt;br&gt;

'''ТЫН ДОН'''&lt;br&gt;
Дон елгасы исеменең бик борынгы заманнарда ук төрки-кыпчаклардан алынганлыгын, ә “Тын Дон” сүзләренең безнең телләрдә “майлы май” гына булуын аңлатып та торырга кирәкмидер. Ә нигә соң биредә бу сабыр холыклы елга турында бүгенге маҗарлар шулай сагышланып-моңаеп җырлый? Югыйсә, аларның бабалары, “Ватан эзли-эзли” көнбатышка таба барганда, бу җирләр аша бер мең ярым ел элек үк үткәннәр бит. Юк шул, әле 83 ел элек кенә маҗарлар, һитлерчыларга ияреп, 1943 елның үтә дә салкын кышында Сталинград янындагы канкойгыч сугышларда катнашканнар. Бик күбесе шунда һәм Идел буенда тар-мар ителгәннән соң Донга таба чигенгәндә йә башын салган, йә суыкта туңып үлгән. Җыр текстында бу хакта бер генә сүз дә юк. Ләкин барысы да... ветераннарга гына түгел, яшь замандашларга да аңлашыла.

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-csendes-a-don-5a8cf8bf3b30666fa4dbcb6e505e3ea6

||: Йоклый гына ул, моңланмый,&lt;br&gt;
Сүнгән йөрәк тавышланмый.&lt;br&gt;
Сары яфрак барысын белә:&lt;br&gt;
Кайтмас җан дустың иленә...&lt;br&gt;

Сөйлә, җиргә күмелгәнче,&lt;br&gt;
Кем соң булган ул үлгәнче...&lt;br&gt;
Донда тып-тын тик курганнар&lt;br&gt;
Һәм җирдә ятып калганнар.&lt;br&gt;
Кошлар кебек, җан талпына,&lt;br&gt;
Кайтам диеп Ватаныма. :||&lt;br&gt;

Бәр(е)леш беткән, табыр тынган,&lt;br&gt;
Елый агач, җыр он(ы)тылган...&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HÓPEHELY (Кар бөртеге)''' ===
Egyetlen hópehelyben is&lt;br&gt;
látom a fehér Hargitát,&lt;br&gt;
Egy hópehely elég ahhoz,&lt;br&gt;
hogy érezd száz év bánatát,&lt;br&gt;
Egyetlen hópehely,&lt;br&gt;
A széllel útra kel,&lt;br&gt;
S kezemben boldogan olvad el.&lt;br&gt;

Egyetlen esőcseppben is&lt;br&gt;
érzem a folyók illatát,&lt;br&gt;
Egy esőcseppben benne van,&lt;br&gt;
a viharvert Kárpát-hazánk,&lt;br&gt;
Egyetlen esőcsepp,&lt;br&gt;
Új életet teremt,&lt;br&gt;
S a föld beissza a könnyeket.&lt;br&gt;

Egyetlen homokszemben is,&lt;br&gt;
látom a hatalmas sziklát,&lt;br&gt;
Egy homokszem dúdolja el&lt;br&gt;
a legendás idők dalát,&lt;br&gt;
Egyetlen homokszem,&lt;br&gt;
Egész történelem,&lt;br&gt;
Hallgatom ahogy a múlt üzen.&lt;br&gt;

||: Szikrázó hópelyhek,&lt;br&gt;
Csillogó vízcseppek,&lt;br&gt;
Gördülő apró homokszemek. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''КАР БӨРТЕГЕ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hopehely-73364e9f128fb373916c4a77564a8e2b

Күрәм бер кар бөртегендә&lt;br&gt;
Һаргитаның* чал тауларын,&lt;br&gt;
Бер кар бөртеге туплаган&lt;br&gt;
узган гасыр сагышларын.&lt;br&gt;
Шул бер бөртек карны&lt;br&gt;
Җил озата юлга –&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы су тама кулга.&lt;br&gt;

Тоям бер кар бөртегендә&lt;br&gt;
хуш исләрен үз елгамның,&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы яңгырда – Карпат,&lt;br&gt;
давыл йөдәткән ватаным.&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы яңгырдан&lt;br&gt;
Яңа тормыш иңә,&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләре җиргә сеңә.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм бер кар бөртегендә&lt;br&gt;
күккә ашкан ил тауларын,&lt;br&gt;
Бер кар бөртеге дә көйли&lt;br&gt;
бөек чорларның җырларын.&lt;br&gt;
Бер кар бөртегеннән&lt;br&gt;
Аңгара аласың&lt;br&gt;
Үткән заман юлламасын.&lt;br&gt;

||: Су тамчысы тама,&lt;br&gt;
Ябалак кар ява,&lt;br&gt;
Бөртекләре кулны яга... :||&lt;br&gt;

* Һаргита – Румыйния карамагындагы маҗар телле Әрдей мохтариятенең бер өязе (румыйнча атамасы – жудец, маҗарчасы – һәдьә).&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÉDES KISFIAM (Нәни татлым)''' ===
Itt vagy velem, mint egy új remény&lt;br&gt;
Az éjszakát felváltja a fény&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy perce élsz, nézlek boldogan&lt;br&gt;
Úgy vártam rád, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt;

A régi vágy újra szárnyra kél&lt;br&gt;
Míg dalt susog kinn az esti szél&lt;br&gt;
Minden bánatom eltűnt nyomtalan&lt;br&gt;
Mosolyogj rám, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt;

Egy rózsakert hinti árnyait&lt;br&gt;
Nincs fontosabb, mint az álmaid&lt;br&gt;
Még egy szót se tudsz, mégis annyian&lt;br&gt;
Hisznek neked, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt; 

'''''Recitativ:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Tudom, mindenütt így van ez a nagyvilágon. Ha egy kisgyerek megszületik, mert a kisgyerek egyszer felnő s talán sikerül neki, hogy a könnyeket nevetéssé a gyűlöletet szeretetté, az ellenségeket barátokká változtassa.&lt;br&gt;

Ezt érzem én, ahogy nézek rád&lt;br&gt;
Más lesz a föld, más lesz a világ.&lt;br&gt;
Sírnod sose kell, élsz majd gondtalan&lt;br&gt;
Boldog leszel, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt;

'''НӘНИ ТАТЛЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(маҗар бишек җыры,  сылтамада -- берничә аудио бергә, Жужа Чәрһати һәм Дора Синәтар җырлавы матур)'''''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиолар сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/édes%20kisfiam 

Балам минем – яңа өметем,&lt;br&gt;
Син бәләкәй, ә мин бәхетле,&lt;br&gt;
Төнгә алмашка килгән нур-яктым,&lt;br&gt;
Көтеп алган, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

Кичке җилләр талгын искәндә,&lt;br&gt;
Изге теләкләрем – бәбкәмә.&lt;br&gt;
Эзсез югалсын бу сагышларым, –&lt;br&gt;
Елмай әле, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

Гөлбакчага төшкән күләгә,&lt;br&gt;
Хыялларым – сиңа күрәзә,&lt;br&gt;
Игелекле бул, минем акыллым,&lt;br&gt;
Ышанычым, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Беләм, бөтен дөньяда да шулай була ул, нәни бала тугач. Чөнки бала бер тапкыр гына үсә, һәм ул үсеп җитеп уңышка ирешкәч, күз яшьләрен – шатлыкка, нәфрәтне – мәхәббәткә, дошманнарны дуска әйләндерер. 

Текәлгәннәр сиңа күзләрем,&lt;br&gt;
Күрәм, дөнья әле үзгәрер.&lt;br&gt;
Күз яше кибәр, булмас һич кайгың,&lt;br&gt;
Сәгадәтлем, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÉGI KIRÁLY (Күк Патшасы)''' ===
Az idő már későre jár,&lt;br&gt;
a madár is fészkére száll,&lt;br&gt;
csak a Szent Szűz jár hiába,&lt;br&gt;
Betlehemnek városába.&lt;br&gt;
||: Legalább ti jó emberek&lt;br&gt;
fogadjátok a kisdedet.&lt;br&gt;
Házatokra boldogság száll,&lt;br&gt;
ha betér az Égi Király. :||&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;

Ne sírj tovább Szűz Mária,&lt;br&gt;
ne menjetek már sehova,&lt;br&gt;
szállásunkat mi megosztjuk,&lt;br&gt;
kis Jézuskát béfogadjuk.&lt;br&gt;
Legalább ti jó emberek&lt;br&gt;
fogadjátok a kisdedet.&lt;br&gt;
Házatokra boldogság száll,&lt;br&gt;
ha betér az Égi Király.&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;

|||: Legalább ti jó emberek&lt;br&gt;
fogadjátok a kisdedet.&lt;br&gt;
Házatokra boldogság száll,&lt;br&gt;
ha betér az Égi Király. :||| &lt;br&gt;

'''КҮК ПАТШАСЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Бу дини җыр Раштуа бәйрәме йолаларын үтәгәндә төрлечә җырлана. Биредә Маҗарстанның халык җырчысы '''Нори Ковач''' башкаруындагы җырдан тәрҗемә.&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамасы ('''Égi Király''' җыры -- №7):&lt;br&gt;
https://music.yandex.ru/album/25374216/track/112662916

1. Кояш иңде тау артына,&lt;br&gt;
Сайрар кошлар – оясында,&lt;br&gt;
Йөри Мәрьям Ана гына&lt;br&gt;
Бәйтәл-Ләхәм каласында.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (2):'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ихлас күңелле кешеләр&lt;br&gt;
Изгеләргә ярдәм кылса,&lt;br&gt;
Тормышка да бәхет иңәр,&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы ярлыкаса.&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...  &lt;br&gt;

2. Мәрьям Ана, син елама,&lt;br&gt;
Сыену эзләп, ятка барма.&lt;br&gt;
Урын бездә киң сиңа да,&lt;br&gt;
Бәләкәчең Гайсага да.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта.'''''&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (3).'''''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''SZERELEM, SZERELEM... (Мәхәббәт, мәхәббәт...)''' ===
Piros pántlikamát fújdogálja a szél,&lt;br&gt;
köszönöm galambom, hogy eddig szerettél.&lt;br&gt;
Arról sem tehetek, ha már megvetettél,&lt;br&gt;
nálamnál szebbeket, s jobbakat kerestél.&lt;br&gt;
||:Szerelem szerelem átkozott szerelem,&lt;br&gt;
Mér nem termettél meg minden falevelen.:|| &lt;br&gt;

A piros rózsának elhajlik az ága,&lt;br&gt;
én is elhajlottam egy hűtlen szavára.&lt;br&gt;
Mit ér a rózsafa piros bimbó nélkül?&lt;br&gt;
Mit ér a szerelem igaz hűség nélkül?&lt;br&gt;
||:Szerelem szerelem átkozott szerelem,&lt;br&gt;
Mér nem termettél meg minden falevelen.:|&lt;br&gt; 

'''МӘХӘББӘТ, МӘХӘББӘТ...'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Нори Ковач репертуарыннан, маҗар халык җыры; аудиода Норига кушылып аның бабасы Йожеф Ковач (1936-2023) җырлый)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://vk.com/audio-2001636777_59636777 

Минем кызыл тасмам җилферди җилләрдә,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхмәт, күгәрченем, моңарчы сөйгәнгә.&lt;br&gt;
Мине ташлап, аңлыйм, һич тә кимсетмисең,&lt;br&gt;
Миннән яхшыракны син бары эзлисең.&lt;br&gt;
||:''' Мәхәббәт, мәхәббәт... аяусыз хисләре,&lt;br&gt;
'''Һәр ботакта үсми сөю җимешләре.''' ''':||&lt;br&gt;

Гөлчәчәкнең кызыл ботагы иелә,&lt;br&gt;
Мин шулай баш идем ​​хыянәт сүзенә.&lt;br&gt;
Тугрылыксыз сөю... бармы соң мәгънәсе?&lt;br&gt;
Яфраксыз гөлчәчәк – ничек ул яшәсен?..&lt;br&gt;
||:''' Мәхәббәт, мәхәббәт... каһәрле хисләре,&lt;br&gt;
'''Һәр ботакта үсми сөю җимешләре.''' ''':||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÉN AZ ÉJJEL NEM ALUDTAM EGY ÓRÁT (Бүген төне буе йоклый алмадым)''' ===
Én az éjjel nem aludtam egy órát,&lt;br&gt;
Hallgattam a régi babám panaszát.&lt;br&gt;
Éjfél után sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
kezdtem elszenderedni,&lt;br&gt;
Jaj de bajos ki egymást nem szereti.&lt;br&gt;

Úgy meguntam ezt a legényt szeretni,&lt;br&gt;
De mégjobban a gyűrűjét viselni.&lt;br&gt;
Csütörtökön sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
megmondom az anyának:&lt;br&gt;
Köszönöm a jóságát a fiának.&lt;br&gt;

De szeretnék az erdőben fa lenni.&lt;br&gt;
Ha engem meg meggyújtana valaki,&lt;br&gt;
Elégetném sejehaj&lt;br&gt;
ezt a cudar világot,&lt;br&gt;
Ne szeresse senki az én babámat.&lt;br&gt;

Széles a víz, keskeny a híd felette.&lt;br&gt;
Rólad babám minden gondom levettem.&lt;br&gt;
Úgy levettem sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy még eszembe se juss,&lt;br&gt;
Jóságodér fizessen meg a﻿ Jézus.&lt;br&gt;
Úgy levettem sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy még eszembe se juss,&lt;br&gt;
Jóságodér fizessen meg a﻿ Jézus.&lt;br&gt; 

'''БҮГЕН ТӨНЕ БУЕ ЙОКЛЫЙ АЛМАДЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Маҗар эстрада җырчылары репертуарыннан)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамалары:

https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/én%20az%20éjjel%20nem%20aludtam%20egy%20órát

(Holdviola, Magonc Együttes яки Sebestyén Márta башкаруындагы файлларны ачарга)

&lt;br&gt;https://zvyki.com/song/73543067/Holdviola_-_n_Az_jjel_Nem_Aludtam_Egy_r_t/

Бүген төне буе йоклый алмадым,&lt;br&gt;
Карт баламның үпкә-зарын тыңладым.&lt;br&gt;
Төн уртасы, мин әле&lt;br&gt;
Китә алмыйм йокыга…&lt;br&gt;
Әй, яратып булмый ыгы-зыгыда…&lt;br&gt;

Яшь картлачның “сөю”еннән мин туйдым&lt;br&gt;
Һәм балдагын кию мәгънәсен җуйдым...&lt;br&gt;
Атна кич соң кат рәхмәт&lt;br&gt;
Әйтермен анасына,&lt;br&gt;
Гашыйк бит ул үзе карт баласына...&lt;br&gt;

Үсәр идем урманда агач булып...&lt;br&gt;
Ут төртсәләр һәм китсәм шунда янып,&lt;br&gt;
Дөрләтер идем ялган,&lt;br&gt;
Мәкер тулы дөньяны,&lt;br&gt;
Назламас өчен бу картлач баланы...&lt;br&gt;

Киң судагы тар басма аша үттем.&lt;br&gt;
Бу “сабый”ның “гыйшык” йомгагын сүттем...&lt;br&gt;
Һәм баш тарттым Гайсәне&lt;br&gt;
Аңлый алмаганнардан,&lt;br&gt;
Игелеген танымый торганнардан...&lt;br&gt;  

=== '''ÖRÖKSÉGEM (Мирасым)''' ===
Anyám ajkáról minden szó,&lt;br&gt;
Úgy száll, mint könnyű pillangó.&lt;br&gt;
Apám hangja menydörgő ég,&lt;br&gt;
Őszintén, keményen beszélt.&lt;br&gt;
Ha éjjel ébren álmodom,&lt;br&gt;
A csendben őket hallgatom.&lt;br&gt;
Hallom, hogy suttogják nekem,&lt;br&gt;
Légy büszke magyar, gyermekem.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Apám szíve zúgó harang,&lt;br&gt;
Anyám lelke fehér galamb,&lt;br&gt;
Amit kaptam, viszem tovább,&lt;br&gt;
Örökségem a szabadság. &lt;br&gt;

Anyám keze az irgalom,&lt;br&gt;
Tíz ujja tíz virágszirom.&lt;br&gt;
Apám ökle az igazság,&lt;br&gt;
Ütötte mások asztalát.&lt;br&gt;
Érintésük arcomon,&lt;br&gt;
A halálomig hordozom.&lt;br&gt;
Ha egyszer fegyvert markolok,&lt;br&gt;
Az ő kezükkel harcolok.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Anyám szeme kék tiszta tó,&lt;br&gt;
Tükrében minden látható.&lt;br&gt;
Apám komor tekintete,&lt;br&gt;
Mély ráncok sűrű erdeje.&lt;br&gt;
A sötét háztetők felett,&lt;br&gt;
Ezernyi csillag lépeget.&lt;br&gt;
Nézem az elfolyó időt,&lt;br&gt;
A múltat görgető jövőt.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén.'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''МИРАСЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-oroksegem-c20308b1c07c9a0bd1421357717b027c

Әнкәемнең һәрбер сүзе –&lt;br&gt;
Очар күбәләк ул үзе,&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй тавышының чаңы –&lt;br&gt;
Катгый күк күкрәү вөҗданы.&lt;br&gt;
Уяу хыялый һәр төнем&lt;br&gt;
Уза тыңлап күкләр өнен;&lt;br&gt;
Өндәп дәшә бакый җаннар:&lt;br&gt;
“Балакай, бул горур маҗар”.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй йөрәге – рухы шаны,&lt;br&gt;
Ак күгәрчен – әнкәй җаны.&lt;br&gt;
Изге, кадерләп йөртерлек&lt;br&gt;
Мирас алдым: ирек, хөрлек.&lt;br&gt;

Әткәй йодрыгы – ихласлап&lt;br&gt;
Торыр чит-ят әрдән саклап;&lt;br&gt;
Әнкәй куллары – аклыкта,&lt;br&gt;
Ун аерча – ун бармакта:&lt;br&gt;
Йөзем сыйпап салган эзләр&lt;br&gt;
Гомер буе мине бизәр.&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй коралын алырмын&lt;br&gt;
Һәм дүрт куллап яу кылырмын.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Әнкәй күзе – саф сулы күл:&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья чаг(ы)ла – кара һәм күр.&lt;br&gt;
Кырыс әткәй карашлары,&lt;br&gt;
Ерганаклы бит сырлары.&lt;br&gt;
...Өй өстендә, бик биектә –&lt;br&gt;
Мең-мең йолдыз йөзә күктә.&lt;br&gt;
Күзаллыйм узган гомерне:&lt;br&gt;
Үткән этәрә килерне.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта''''' (2).&lt;br&gt;  

=== '''EGY NAP AZ ÉLET (Тормыш ул – бер көн)''' ===
Csak egy nap az élet fiúk,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy nap és nincsen tovább!&lt;br&gt;
De azért a napért megszületni,&lt;br&gt;
Érdemes volt cimborák. &lt;br&gt;

Még csontunkon mozdul a hús,&lt;br&gt;
De vérünket issza már a föld,&lt;br&gt;
És látni a távoli fényt,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy elfedi lágyan a köd.&lt;br&gt;

Ha dob helyett harsona szól,&lt;br&gt;
És nyitják a menny kapuját,&lt;br&gt;
Ott menetel seregünk,&lt;br&gt;
A csillagösvényen tovább.&lt;br&gt;

Nem számít honnan jöttél,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az számít, hogy merre mész,&lt;br&gt;
És a zászlód, mit magasra tart,&lt;br&gt;
Egy ökölbe szorított kéz.&lt;br&gt;

Csak egy nap az élet fiúk,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy nap és nincsen tovább!&lt;br&gt;
De azért a napért megszületni,&lt;br&gt;
Érdemes volt cimborák.&lt;br&gt;

Ezer meg ezer év edzett apát és fiát,&lt;br&gt;
Elfogadni ha kell, a hősies halált.&lt;br&gt;
Ezer meg ezer év tanított anyát és leányt,&lt;br&gt;
Szívében viselni, fekete gyászruhát.&lt;br&gt;

'''ТОРМЫШ УЛ – БЕР КӨН'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-egy-nap-az-elet-f15319dabce5b5b7cc2a9aa3d708feba

Бер генә көн кебек тормыш,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм юк, дуслар, юллар артка.&lt;br&gt;
Кабул итик, бу бит язмыш –&lt;br&gt;
Бирелмәгән һич тә юкка!&lt;br&gt;

Бәдән әле – гел сөяктә,&lt;br&gt;
Туфрак инде суыра канны.&lt;br&gt;
Бер яктылык ачыла күктә,&lt;br&gt;
Төсмерләре тик томанлы.&lt;br&gt;

Тамтам тынып, сур яңгырар,&lt;br&gt;
Ачылып китәр күк капусы,&lt;br&gt;
Безнең гаскәр юлга чыгар –&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызлы юл булыр бусы!&lt;br&gt;

Игътибарсыз үз сукмагың,&lt;br&gt;
Мөһим бергә барган юлың,&lt;br&gt;
Югарыдагы байрагың –&lt;br&gt;
Йодрыклатып тоткан кулың.&lt;br&gt; 

Бер генә көн кебек тормыш,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм юк, дуслар, юллар артка.&lt;br&gt;
Кабул итик, бу бит язмыш –&lt;br&gt;
Бирелмәгән һич тә юкка!&lt;br&gt;

'''Мең еллар ата-улларны өйрәттеләр,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Кирәксә, керергә үлем элмәгенә.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Мең еллар ана-кызларны яшәттеләр,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Йөрәкләрен төреп матәм күлмәгенә…'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''VENDÉGSÉG (Кунакчыллык)''' ===
Üdvözöllek magyarhonban, messziről jött idegen,&lt;br&gt;
Hogyha jó szándék vezérel, pihenj annyit, amit kell,&lt;br&gt;
De ha földünkre fáj fogad, vagy csak asszonyt vinnél el,&lt;br&gt;
||: Fordulj sarkon, s gyorsan kotródj innen Isten hírével. :||&lt;br&gt;

Ne szomjazzon más nép fia a mi javaink után,&lt;br&gt;
Mi sem kérünk semmit abból, ami nem nekünk dukál,&lt;br&gt;
Nem keressük mi a bajt, de el sem futunk előle,&lt;br&gt;
||: Aki fogát feni ránk, az pórul jár egy-kettőre. :||&lt;br&gt;

Szívesen látunk mi bárkit, ha utána hazamegy,&lt;br&gt;
Nem időzik a kamrában, hogy a zsebét tömje meg.&lt;br&gt;
Mert a világ ezen felén csak az él meg száz évet,&lt;br&gt;
||: Aki tiszteletben tartja mifelénk az illemet. :||&lt;br&gt;

Üdvözöllek magyarhonban, messziről jött idegen,&lt;br&gt;
Hogyha jó szándék vezérel, pihenj annyit, amit kell,&lt;br&gt;
De ha földünkre fáj fogad, vagy csak asszonyt vinnél el,&lt;br&gt;
||: Fordulj sarkon, s gyorsan kotródj innen Isten hírével. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''КУНАКЧЫЛЛЫК'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/89106040/K_rp_tia_-_Vend_gs_g/

Хуш киләсең Маҗарстанга, ерактан якын юлчы,&lt;br&gt;
Ниятләрең изге булса, утыр, ял ит туйганчы.&lt;br&gt;
Ымсынсаң безнең җирләргә яисә берәр кызга,&lt;br&gt;
||: Борыл да тиз элдерт моннан, Ходай сиңа юл сызган. :||&lt;br&gt;

Күз атмасын чит-ят халык уллары безнең малга,&lt;br&gt;
Кызыкмыйбыз үзебез дә безнеке булмаганга.&lt;br&gt;
Күңелсезлек эзләмибез, курыкмыйбыз яманнан,&lt;br&gt;
||: Кемсә безгә теш кайраса, бик үкенер соңыннан. :||&lt;br&gt;

Кунак булгач, тиеш юлчы кабат өйгә кайтырга,&lt;br&gt;
Казынмасын сандыкларда – кесә калынайтырга.&lt;br&gt;
Дөньяның бу төбәгендә йөз еллап яшәр бары&lt;br&gt;
||: Хөрмәт иткән маҗарларга кадерле йолаларны. :||&lt;br&gt;

Хуш киләсең Маҗарстанга, ерактан якын юлчы,&lt;br&gt;
Ниятләрең изге булса, утыр, ял ит туйганчы.&lt;br&gt;
Ымсынсаң безнең җирләргә яисә берәр кызга,&lt;br&gt;
||: Борыл да тиз элдерт моннан, Ходай сиңа юл сызган. :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''AZ ÉN HITEM (Моны мин әйтәм)''' ===
Hogy sokasodjon szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
||: Magyar leány be az ágyba,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar legény a karjába.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem! :||&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Hogy okosodjon szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Magyar tanárt katedrára,&lt;br&gt;
A tudomány oltárára.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Hogy gyarapodjon szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Magyar szántson magyar földön,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar vízzel ő öntözzön.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Hogy boldog legyen szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Bölcsőnknél anyánk daloljon,&lt;br&gt;
Apánk víg nótája szóljon.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Ha meghalok majd, szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Temessetek magyar földön,&lt;br&gt;
Belőlem új élet nőjön.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Magyar vagyok, szabad vagyok,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar földön itthon vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

'''МОНЫ МИН ӘЙТӘМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-az-en-hitem-2b57f3427a766a9076bf731957d9db0d

Халкым саны артсын дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Маҗар туташы – ятакта,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар егете – кочакта.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Аң-белемле булыйк дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Галимнәрне – остазлыкка,&lt;br&gt;
Шәкертләрне – абызлыкка.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Мул тормышта яшик дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Маҗар җирен маҗар сөрсен,&lt;br&gt;
Сугарсын, иген үстерсен.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Сәгадәтле булыйк дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Ана бишекне тибрәтсен,&lt;br&gt;
Ата угланын өйрәтсен.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Гүзәл халкым, үлеп китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Җәсәд – үз җиремдә ятсын,&lt;br&gt;
Өстә – хәят чәчәк атсын.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

||: Маҗармын һәм иреклемен,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар җирендә үз өем!&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HUNOK UNOKÁJA (Һуннар оныклары)''' ===
Szabad Magyar vagyok, élek ahogy élek,&lt;br&gt;
Én csak az Úr Isten előtt hajtok térdet.&lt;br&gt;
Ő adta hazánkul ezt a darab földet&lt;br&gt;
Ránk bízva a fákkal suttogó hegyeket.&lt;br&gt;

Nemzedékek sora vérveríték árán&lt;br&gt;
Kardal és kaszával ott állt kint a vártán&lt;br&gt;
Ma sem törhetnek meg közülünk egyet sem&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse kísérjen, bátorság vezessen!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Bátorság vezessen! :||||&lt;br&gt;

Vad vihar torkában, zúgó jeges árban,&lt;br&gt;
Sziklaként állunk mi szép Magyarországban.&lt;br&gt;
S míg a csillagösvény ragyog fejünk fölött,&lt;br&gt;
Körmünk szakadtáig védünk minden rögöt.&lt;br&gt;

Üzenjük a világ mind a négy sarkába,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy a büszke magyar, hunok unokája!&lt;br&gt;
Üzenjük a világ ezer szegletébe,&lt;br&gt;
Voltunk, vagyunk, s leszünk! Él Attila népe!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Él Attila népe! :||||&lt;br&gt;

'''ҺУННАР ОНЫКЛАРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hunok-unokaja-341e6826a34d3cb22a59da562522387d 
+ “слушать” тамгасы

Мин азат маҗармын, беләм яшәү тәмен,&lt;br&gt;
Бер Алла каршында бары тез чүгәмен:&lt;br&gt;
Ул бу җир кисәген Ватан итеп биргән,&lt;br&gt;
Тауларны иңдереп, урманга җан өргән.&lt;br&gt;

Ватаным! дип, халкым кан койган, тир түккән,&lt;br&gt;
Чалгы, кылыч тотып, илне имин иткән.&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем югалтмаган җан һәм тән куәсен,&lt;br&gt;
Уңыш юлдаш булсын, батырлык әйдәсен!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Батырлык әйдәсен! :||||&lt;br&gt;

Гарасат ав(ы)зында үк(е)реп боз яуганда,&lt;br&gt;
Таш кыя күк бастык гүзәл Маҗарстанда.&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызлы юл балкып тора ил күгендә,&lt;br&gt;
Саклап тотыйк җирнең һәрбер кисәген дә.&lt;br&gt;

Белеп торсын фани дөнья тарафлары:&lt;br&gt;
Без горур маҗарлар – һуннар оныклары!&lt;br&gt;
Бар дөньяга хәбәр бирсен меңнәр өне:&lt;br&gt;
Булды, бар ул, булыр – Аттила кавеме!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Аттила кавеме! :||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''DICSŐSÉG ISTENNEK! (Аллага шөкер!)''' ===

||||||: Még áll a Kárpátok határa&lt;br&gt;
Él még a hazaszeretet&lt;br&gt;
Angyalok szárnyai&lt;br&gt;
Óvják e nemzetet&lt;br&gt;
Dicsőség Istennek! :||||||&lt;br&gt;

'''АЛЛАГА ШӨКЕР!'''

Сылтамалары:

https://yandex.ru/video/preview/203329528523511779

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-dicsoseg-istennek-481fa55a4622f60cf77b10d62b04d11e

||||||: Карпат-тау әле калкып тора –&lt;br&gt;
Ватанны сөюгә зикер.&lt;br&gt;
Фәрештә канаты&lt;br&gt;
Саклап тота аны,&lt;br&gt;
Аллага шөкер! :||||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''A VILÁGTÓL ELZÁRVA (Дөньядан еракта)''' ===
A világtól elzárva, égi tisztaságban&lt;br&gt;
Hegyektől ölelve, a remény sugára&lt;br&gt;
Született asszonytól, született embertől&lt;br&gt;
Lelke hófehére az egy igaz Istentől&lt;br&gt;

Míg künn a fenyveseket tépi a vad nemere&lt;br&gt;
Bent pattogó tűznek simogat melege&lt;br&gt;
Hol apáról fiúra száll a titkok titka&lt;br&gt;
Kárpátok őrzője imígyen tanítja&lt;br&gt;

Ha mész hegygerincen, ha mész patakvölgyben&lt;br&gt;
Lábad alatt az út könnyű sosem legyen&lt;br&gt;
Menj sűrű erdőkön, menj a hómezőkön&lt;br&gt;
Hagyd ott nyomod minden drága magyar rögön&lt;br&gt;

Hallasz majd beszédet, hangosat, csendeset&lt;br&gt;
Keserűt kárognak, az igazság édesebb&lt;br&gt;
Édesebb a nyelvnek az őszinte szó íze&lt;br&gt;
Varjú károgása ne zavarjon össze&lt;br&gt;

Kutass a végtelenben, a sorsod két kezedben&lt;br&gt;
Nyisd ki, olvasd bátran, ott rejlik benne minden&lt;br&gt;
Ott rejlik boldogságod, ott rejlik minden álmod&lt;br&gt;
Tövisek közt nyíló, szép mártírhalálod&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-a-vilagtol-elzarva-619038082f64edec2a374b1b866b87bf

'''Дөньядан еракта'''&lt;br&gt;
Дөньядан еракта, күкләр сафлыгында,&lt;br&gt;
Таулар кочагында, өмет нурларында –&lt;br&gt;
Анадан туган ул, атадан туган ул,&lt;br&gt;
Бер Ходайдан иңгән, кар кебек ак җан ул.&lt;br&gt;

Тышта – чыршыларны кыргый җил битәрли,&lt;br&gt;
Эчтә – янган учак җылысы иркәли.&lt;br&gt;
Карпат сакчысының сабагы-гозере:&lt;br&gt;
Атадан угылга күчә яшәү сере.&lt;br&gt;

Бар тау сырты буйлап, иңлә үзәннәрне –&lt;br&gt;
Аяк астыңда юл булыр сикәлтәле.&lt;br&gt;
Карурманнарыңда, карлы кырларыңда –&lt;br&gt;
Калдыр эзләреңне маҗар туфрагында.&lt;br&gt;

Сөйләрләр сүзләрен – мактап йә каһәрләп:&lt;br&gt;
Авырын – аһ-зарлап, рәхәтрәген – тәмләп.&lt;br&gt;
Сөйләш үз телеңдә, татып һәр хак сүзне,&lt;br&gt;
Карга каркылдавы борчымасын сине.&lt;br&gt;

Эзлән Мәңгелектә, язмыш үз кулыңда,&lt;br&gt;
Укы ачып аны, бөтен серләр шунда.&lt;br&gt;
Анда хыялларың, яшерен сәгадәтең,&lt;br&gt;
Гөлләр арасында – ахыргы сәгатең.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ISTEN VELED, SZÜLŐI HÁZ (Иминлектә бул, туган йорт)''' ===
Kicsi ház a szőke Tisza partján,&lt;br&gt;
Ott lakott az én édesanyám.&lt;br&gt;
S a nyitott ablakon kihallott&lt;br&gt;
Apám zongorája,&lt;br&gt;
Dalára a tücsök elhallgatott.&lt;br&gt;
Édesanyám, ha ebédhez terített,&lt;br&gt;
Sürgött-forgott az egész család.&lt;br&gt;
S ha ebéd után a kémény&lt;br&gt;
felett elszállott a gólya,&lt;br&gt;
a tornácról néztük az útját.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén:&lt;br&gt;
Isten veled szülői ház,&lt;br&gt;
Mától kezdve rád más vigyáz.&lt;br&gt;
Emlékszem a szépre, jóra,&lt;br&gt;
Húsvétra, karácsonyra,&lt;br&gt;
Emlék, mely örökre bennem él.&lt;br&gt;

Elrepültek hónapok és évek,&lt;br&gt;
hajlott hátú édes jó apám.&lt;br&gt;
Székén ülve, a szeme alatt&lt;br&gt;
Elmorzsolt egy könnyet:&lt;br&gt;
Milyen szép az én kis unokám!&lt;br&gt;
Szőke Tisza, mesélj nekem róluk,&lt;br&gt;
Milyen lehet egy igaz szerelem.&lt;br&gt;
Hogyan lehet egy életen át&lt;br&gt;
Egymást úgy szeretni,&lt;br&gt;
Tisztelni sok hosszú éven át.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

De jött az este, és sötét lett minden,&lt;br&gt;
Rózsa nőtte be az ablakot.&lt;br&gt;
Az ablak alatt, ha este megállok,&lt;br&gt;
Hallom a hangokat:&lt;br&gt;
A zongorán a régi dallamot.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

'''ИМИНЛЕКТӘ БУЛ, ТУГАН ЙОРТ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://vk.com/wall-78485741_1042

Якты Тиса буйларында өем.&lt;br&gt;
Әнкәй тәрәз аша җырлады,&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй фортепианосында&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратты көен –&lt;br&gt;
Шөрчекләр дә тынып тыңлады.&lt;br&gt;
Әнкәй табын җәйгәч, тәгам итте&lt;br&gt;
Ыгы-зыгы килеп гаилә.&lt;br&gt;
Өй өстеннән, канат җәеп,&lt;br&gt;
Ләкләк очып үтте,&lt;br&gt;
Карап калдык аңа, кул изәп.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Туган йорт, бул иминлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын хуҗаң изгелектә.&lt;br&gt;
Күңел баглыйм һуш кылганга –&lt;br&gt;
Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга*,&lt;br&gt;
Калды алар мәңгегә истә.&lt;br&gt;

Үтеп китте бик тиз айлар, еллар,&lt;br&gt;
Әткәем дә инде картайды.&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләрен сөртә-сөртә:&lt;br&gt;
“Нинди соң матурлар&lt;br&gt;
Оныкларым...” – диеп моңайды.&lt;br&gt;
Якты Тиса гүя сөйләп тора:&lt;br&gt;
“Менә шундый ул – саф мәхәббәт!&lt;br&gt;
Бер-береңне гомер буе&lt;br&gt;
Мөмкин яратырга,&lt;br&gt;
Кылып игелек һәм мәрхәмәт”.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Туган йорт, бул иминлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын хуҗаң изгелектә.&lt;br&gt;
Күңел баглыйм һуш кылганга –&lt;br&gt;
Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга,&lt;br&gt;
Калды алар мәңгегә истә. &lt;br&gt;

Кич тә җитте. Тәрәз канатларын&lt;br&gt;
Урап алган гүзәл гөлчәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй фортепианосы урамга&lt;br&gt;
Тарата моңнарын;&lt;br&gt;
Көе күңелләргә иңәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Туган йорт, бул иминлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын хуҗаң изгелектә.&lt;br&gt;
Күңел баглыйм һуш кылганга –&lt;br&gt;
Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга,&lt;br&gt;
Калды алар мәңгегә истә.&lt;br&gt;

 * '''''Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга: “Карпатия” текстында – “Олы Көнгә, Раштуага”.'''''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ERDÉLY HIMNUSZ (Әрдей гимны)''' ===
Ki tudja merre, merre visz a végzet:&lt;br&gt;
Göröngyös úton, sötét éjjelen.&lt;br&gt;
Vezesd még egyszer, győzelemre néped,&lt;br&gt;
Csaba királyfi, csillagösvényen!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrain''''':&lt;br&gt;
Maroknyi székely porlik, mint a szikla,&lt;br&gt;
Népek harcának zajló tengerén.&lt;br&gt;
Fejünk az ár jaj, százszor elborít&lt;br&gt;ja,
Ne hagyd elveszni Erdélyt, Istenünk!&lt;br&gt;

Ameddig élünk, magyar ajkú népek,&lt;br&gt;
Megtörni lelkünk nem lehet soha!&lt;br&gt;
Szülessünk bárhol, földünk bármely pontján,&lt;br&gt;
Lenne a sorsunk jó vagy mostoha.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrain''''':&lt;br&gt;
Maroknyi székely porlik, mint a szikla,&lt;br&gt;
Népek harcának zajló tengerén.&lt;br&gt;
Fejünk az ár jaj, százszor elborítja,&lt;br&gt;
Ne hagyd elveszni Erdélyt, Istenünk! &lt;br&gt;

'''ӘРДЕЙ ГИМНЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/himnusz-szйkely-himnusz-99ee478c566fdfd54708534b0da13e5f

https://zvyki.com/song/154544099/K_rp_tia_-_Sz_kely_Himnusz/

Язмышлар безне йөртми кайда гына&lt;br&gt;
Караңгы төндә, сикәлтә урда.&lt;br&gt;
Чаба шаһзадә, кайт кабат халкыңа,&lt;br&gt;
Алып чык аны йолдызлы юлга.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ялгыз кыя күк, сейкәй басып тора&lt;br&gt;
Халыклар явы барган диңгездә,&lt;br&gt;
Йөз кат калды ул дулкыннар астында;&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү насыйп ит, Ходай, Әрдейгә. &lt;br&gt;

Маҗар телле кавемнәр арасында&lt;br&gt;
Мәңге сынмас безнең көч-рухыбыз,&lt;br&gt;
Дөньяның кайсы җирендә тусак та,&lt;br&gt;
Нинди булса да юл-язмышыбыз.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ялгыз кыя күк, сейкәй басып тора&lt;br&gt;
Халыклар явы барган диңгездә,&lt;br&gt;
Кат-кат калды ул дулкыннар астында;&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү насыйп ит, Ходай, Әрдейгә.&lt;br&gt;

''Беренче бөтендөнья сугышыннан соң Трианон халыкара килешүе буенча (1920 елда) Румыниягә кереп калган Әрдей (Трансильвания) маҗарлары (үзатамалары – сейкәйләр) бу җырны шул елларда милли гимн буларак куллана башлаганнар. Аны сейкәйләрнең милли бәйрәмнәрендә һәм җыеннарында башкаралар. Гимн шулай ук Әрдей спорт такымнары Румыния беренчелегендә катнашканда да илнең үз дәүләт гимны белән бергә оркестр язмасында уйнатыла.''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BIZALMAM AZ ŐSI ERÉNYBEN (Изгелеккә мин ышанам)''' ===
Bizalmam az ősi erényben&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy vélünk az Isten&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy lesz feltámadás&lt;br&gt;

Az idő kezdete óta&lt;br&gt;
Regéket mesélnek róla&lt;br&gt;
Milyen szép is az én hazám&lt;br&gt;

Ha látsz útmenti keresztet&lt;br&gt;
Vándor, állj meg egy percet! &lt;br&gt;
Olvasd a hősök névsorát! &lt;br&gt;

Voltak kik előttünk jártak&lt;br&gt;
Erősek, ifjak s bátrak&lt;br&gt;
Hitték egy szebb kor hajnalát&lt;br&gt;

Bizalmam az ősi erényben&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy vélünk az Isten&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy lesz feltámadás&lt;br&gt;
Jegyezd szavam, históriás! &lt;br&gt;

Lesznek kik utánunk jönnek&lt;br&gt;
Szótlanul helyünkbe lépnek&lt;br&gt;
Vitézül harcolnak tovább&lt;br&gt;

S egyszer majd arról mesélnek&lt;br&gt;
Hogy valahol volt egy nemzet&lt;br&gt;
Ki visszaszerezte hazáját&lt;br&gt;

Bizalmam az ősi erényben&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy vélünk az Isten&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy lesz feltámadás&lt;br&gt;
Jegyezd szavam, históriás! &lt;br&gt;

'''ИЗГЕЛЕККӘ МИН ЫШАНАМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-bizalmam-az-os-erenyben-88cdac565f316aad49da3af60e61dbf5&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/94165942/Karpatia_-_Bizalmam_az_os_erenyben/

Изгелеккә мин ышанам,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ безнең белән һаман,&lt;br&gt;
Мәсих иңәчәк кабаттан.&lt;br&gt;

Языладыр Әлмисактан&lt;br&gt;
Риваятьләр аның хакта, –&lt;br&gt;
Нинди гүзәл безнең Ватан!&lt;br&gt;

Күрсәң һәйкәл, хәтер ташын,&lt;br&gt;
Туктап дога кыл, юлдашым!&lt;br&gt;
Укы батырларның атын!&lt;br&gt;

Ышанган безнең элгәрләр,&lt;br&gt;
Куәтлеләр, кыю, яшьләр:&lt;br&gt;
Изге чорлар таңы иңәр!&lt;br&gt;

Изгелеккә мин ышанам,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ безнең белән һаман,&lt;br&gt;
Мәсих кабаттан иңәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Елъязмачы, бу – киләчәк!

Бездән соң да килер буын,&lt;br&gt;
Әзерләек аңа урын,&lt;br&gt;
Дәвам итсен элгәр явын.&lt;br&gt;

Үрнәк итеп сөйләр дөньяң: &lt;br&gt;
Шундый бер халык, ди, булган –&lt;br&gt;
Үз илен кире кайтарган.&lt;br&gt;

|||: Изгелеккә мин ышанам,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ безнең белән һаман,&lt;br&gt;
Мәсих кабаттан иңәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Елъязмачы, бу – киләчәк! :|||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HAJDANÁN (Бик күптән)''' ===
Hajdanán egy székely kiment az erdőbe,&lt;br&gt;
Csalta egyre beljebb tündérek meséje,&lt;br&gt;
Arra sétált, hol madár se járt,&lt;br&gt;
Erdő mélyén hazára talált,&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy kun lány zöld mezőre tévedt,&lt;br&gt;
Szép hosszú hajából levágott egy tincset,&lt;br&gt;
Vitte szárnyán könnyű fuvallat,&lt;br&gt;
Mezők selyme hazája maradt,&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy csángó kiült a nagy hegyre,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve messze szállt, mint a költöző fecske,&lt;br&gt;
Hallgatta a fenyők zúgását,&lt;br&gt;
Fentről nézte kedves hazáját,&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy vén jász szikes pusztát járta,&lt;br&gt;
Lelkét melengette tücsökmuzsikája,&lt;br&gt;
Száraz kórót kergetett a szél,&lt;br&gt;
Napnyugtára ő is hazatér&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy palóc dombok alját rótta,&lt;br&gt;
Hűs patak vizével a szomját oltotta,&lt;br&gt;
Vándorbotját földbe leszúrta,&lt;br&gt;
Szép hazában rügy fakadt rajta&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

'''БИК КҮПТӘН'''&lt;br&gt;
Тарихи эчтәлекле җыр. Бер маҗарларның гына түгел, борынгы заманнарда Урал үрләреннән алып Карпат тауларына кадәрге Бөек Далада иңгә-иң яшәгән халыкларның уртак тарихы турында да.

Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hajdanan-0c33fea2ebd586f4f26f07d5aa08c4c8

Бик күптән бер сейкәй керде карурманга,&lt;br&gt;
Серле риваятьләр рухы чакырганга,&lt;br&gt;
Кош очмаган җиргә ул басты,&lt;br&gt;
Чытырманда ватанын тапты.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер кыпчак кыз яшел болында,&lt;br&gt;
Кисеп бер тотам чәч озын толымында,&lt;br&gt;
Бирде аны талгын җилләргә –&lt;br&gt;
Ефәк итеп кырга җәяргә.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер чаңго менде тау башына –&lt;br&gt;
Карлыгачтай, йөрәк күкләргә ашкына;&lt;br&gt;
Тыңлый-тыңлый наратлар шавын,&lt;br&gt;
Бу җир, диде, газиз ватаным.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер карт яс гизде тозлы чүлне,&lt;br&gt;
Чикерткәләр көе назлады күңелне.&lt;br&gt;
Калды сахра җилләр иркенә,&lt;br&gt;
Бабай кире кайтты өенә.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер палоц үз итте чал тауны,&lt;br&gt;
Инеш суын эчеп, басты ул сусауны.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм туфракка таягын төртте – &lt;br&gt;
Бөреләнеп ватаны үсте.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Җырда телгә алынган кавемнәрнең бер өлеше, маҗарларга ияреп, Дунай буйларына кадәр барган һәм мең бер йөз ел дәвамында маҗарлашып та киткән инде. Әйтик, Трансильвания (латинча – “урман арты иле”, маҗарча – Әрдей) җиренә беренче булып килеп урнашкан маҗарлар арасында төрки теллеләр да булган. Бүген Будапешттан көнчыгыштарак яшәүче яслар чыгышы белән Кавказдагы осетиннарга тугандаш, алар борынгы телләрен онытканнар инде. “Кыпчак кызы” маҗарча — kun lány (кун лань). Төрки чыгышлылар бүгенге Маҗарстанның Куншаг (Кун иле) төбәгендә яшиләр. Биредә һәм күршедәге Токай (!) төбәгендә илнең иң татлы йөземнәрен үстерәләр һәм кызыл шәрабларын ясыйлар. Җирле сөйләштә кыпчак сүзләре әдәби тел белән чагыштырганда күбрәк сакланып калган.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HIMNUSZ (Гимн)''' ===
1. Isten, áldd meg a magyart&lt;br&gt;
Jó kedvvel, bőséggel,&lt;br&gt;
Nyújts feléje védő kart,&lt;br&gt;
Ha küzd ellenséggel;&lt;br&gt;
Bal sors akit régen tép,&lt;br&gt;
Hozz rá víg esztendőt,&lt;br&gt;
Megbűnhődte már e nép&lt;br&gt;
A múltat s jövendőt!&lt;br&gt;

2. Őseinket felhozád&lt;br&gt;
Kárpát szent bércére,&lt;br&gt;
Általad nyert szép hazát&lt;br&gt;
Bendegúznak vére.&lt;br&gt;
S merre zúgnak habjai&lt;br&gt;
Tiszának, Dunának,'''&lt;br&gt;
Árpád hős magzatjai&lt;br&gt;
Felvirágozának.&lt;br&gt;

3. Értünk Kunság mezein&lt;br&gt;
Ért kalászt lengettél,&lt;br&gt;
Tokaj szőlővesszein&lt;br&gt;
Nektárt csepegtettél.&lt;br&gt;
Zászlónk gyakran plántálád&lt;br&gt;
Vad török sáncára,&lt;br&gt;
S nyögte Mátyás bús hadát&lt;br&gt;
Bécsnek büszke vára.&lt;br&gt;

4. Hajh, de bűneink miatt&lt;br&gt;
Gyúlt harag kebledben,&lt;br&gt;
S elsújtád villámidat&lt;br&gt;
Dörgő fellegedben,&lt;br&gt;
Most rabló mongol nyilát&lt;br&gt;
Zúgattad felettünk,&lt;br&gt;
Majd töröktől rabigát&lt;br&gt;
Vállainkra vettünk.&lt;br&gt;

5. Hányszor zengett ajkain&lt;br&gt;
Ozman vad népének&lt;br&gt;
Vert hadunk csonthalmain&lt;br&gt;
Győzedelmi ének!&lt;br&gt;
Hányszor támadt tenfiad&lt;br&gt;
Szép hazám, kebledre,&lt;br&gt;
S lettél magzatod miatt&lt;br&gt;
Magzatod hamvvedre!&lt;br&gt;

6. Bújt az üldözött, s felé&lt;br&gt;
Kard nyúlt barlangjában,&lt;br&gt;
Szerte nézett s nem lelé&lt;br&gt;
Honját e hazában,&lt;br&gt;
Bércre hág és völgybe száll,&lt;br&gt;
Bú s kétség mellette,&lt;br&gt;
Vérözön lábainál,&lt;br&gt;
S lángtenger fölette.&lt;br&gt;

7. Vár állott, most kőhalom,&lt;br&gt;
Kedv s öröm röpkedtek,&lt;br&gt;
Halálhörgés, siralom&lt;br&gt;
Zajlik már helyettek.&lt;br&gt;
S ah, szabadság nem virul&lt;br&gt;
A holtnak véréből,&lt;br&gt;
Kínzó rabság könnye hull&lt;br&gt;
Árvák hő szeméből!&lt;br&gt;

8. Szánd meg Isten a magyart&lt;br&gt;
Kit vészek hányának,&lt;br&gt;
Nyújts feléje védő kart&lt;br&gt;
Tengerén kínjának.&lt;br&gt;
Bal sors akit régen tép,&lt;br&gt;
Hozz rá víg esztendőt,&lt;br&gt;
Megbűnhődte már e nép&lt;br&gt;
A múltat s jövendőt!&lt;br&gt;

'''ГИМН'''&lt;br&gt;
''Тарихи әһәмияткә дә ия булган '''Маҗарстан дәүләт гимны''' тәрҗемәсе. XIX гасырның беренче яртысында шигъри текстын ''' Фәрәнц Көлчәй''' (Kölcsey Ferenc), көен '''Фәрәнц Әркәл''' (Erkel Ferenc) иҗат иткән.''&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/himnusz&lt;br&gt;

1. Йа Ходаем, маҗарны&lt;br&gt;
Саклагыл, ярлыкагыл,&lt;br&gt;
Суз ярдәмчел кулыңны,&lt;br&gt;
Дошманнарын гаҗиз кыл.&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш, өз золым көчен,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле ит барчасын,&lt;br&gt;
Үткән һәм алдагы өчен&lt;br&gt;
Күрде халык казасын. &lt;br&gt;

2. Юл сыздың Карпат аша&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар бабаларына,&lt;br&gt;
Бирдең Ватан-гөлбакча&lt;br&gt;
Бәндәгуз улларына.&lt;br&gt;
Тиса, Дунай сулары&lt;br&gt;
Үтә тауларны урап, –&lt;br&gt;
Батыр Арпад уллары&lt;br&gt;
Анда мул тормыш кора.&lt;br&gt;

3. Кун иле җирләрендә&lt;br&gt;
Чайкала тук башаклар,&lt;br&gt;
Токай тәлгәшләреннән&lt;br&gt;
Тама татлы шәраблар.&lt;br&gt;
Безнең ту еш балкыган&lt;br&gt;
Төрек кирмәннәрендә,&lt;br&gt;
Матьяш явы сыкраткан&lt;br&gt;
Вена түрәләрен дә.&lt;br&gt;

4. Гөнаһларыбыз үче&lt;br&gt;
Кысты Синең күкрәкне:&lt;br&gt;
Аттың болыттан яшен,&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәттең безнең күкне.&lt;br&gt;
Баскын монголлар угы&lt;br&gt;
Очты баш өстебездә,&lt;br&gt;
Аннан төрек коллыгы&lt;br&gt;
Йөк булды җилкәбездә.&lt;br&gt;

5. Күпме торды яңгырап&lt;br&gt;
Кыргый госман гаугасы,&lt;br&gt;
Яугир җәсәден таптап&lt;br&gt;
Җиңүләр тантанасы!&lt;br&gt;
Күпме сине улларың,&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл ил, күкрәгеңә&lt;br&gt;
Басып изде, кыйнады,&lt;br&gt;
Әйләндереп кабергә!&lt;br&gt;

6. Эзәрләүдән капланып&lt;br&gt;
Утырмасын кай өндә,&lt;br&gt;
Сыеныр җир тапмады&lt;br&gt;
Үз Ватанында бәндә.&lt;br&gt;
Менсә тау түбәсенә –&lt;br&gt;
Ут диңгезе өстендә,&lt;br&gt;
Һәркайда кайгы-хәсрәт,&lt;br&gt;
Кан үзәне бар җирдә.&lt;br&gt;

7. Кирмән иде – таш өеме,&lt;br&gt;
Хозур, бәхет югалган,&lt;br&gt;
Афәт, үлем сөреме&lt;br&gt;
Ватанны чолгап алган.&lt;br&gt;
Аһ, мәетләр каныннан&lt;br&gt;
Азатлык чәчәк атмый,&lt;br&gt;
Илсезләр елавыннан&lt;br&gt;
Шатлык күз яше акмый.&lt;br&gt;

8. Кызган, Ходай, маҗарны&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья михнәтләрендә,&lt;br&gt;
Суз ярдәмчел кулыңны&lt;br&gt;
Газаплар диңгезендә.&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш, өз золым көчен,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле ит барчасын,&lt;br&gt;
Үткән һәм алдагы өчен&lt;br&gt;
Күрде халык казасын.&lt;br&gt;

'''Аңлатмалар'''
 1. '''Бәндәгуз''' (Bendegúz) – ''IV-V гасырларда яшәгән кеше. Маҗарлар аны үзләренең нәсел башы дип саный. Риваятьләр буенча, ул һун патшасы Аттиланың атасы булган.''&lt;br&gt;
 2. '''Арпад''' (Árpád) – ''IX-X гасырлар чигендә бүгенге Ватаннарына килеп урнашкан маҗарларның юлбашчысы (икенче бөек кенәзе), беренчесе булган Альмошның улы. 895-907 елларда маҗар кабиләләрен җитәкләгән.''&lt;br&gt;
 3. '''Кун иле''' (Kunság) – ''бүгенге Маҗарстанның уртасында, Дунай, Тиса һәм Көрөш елгалары арасында урнашкан тарихи-географик өлкә. XIII гасыр башында, бу урынга көнчыгыштан килеп, кыпчаклар яши башлаганнар. Бүген алар маҗарлашып беткән инде, ләкин телләрендә берничә дистә кыпчак сүзе сакланып калган, алар маҗар әдәби теленә дә кереп киткән.''&lt;br&gt;
 4. '''Токай''' (Tokaj) – ''Маҗарстанның шәрабчылык сәнәгате төбәге.''&lt;br&gt;
 5. '''Матьяш I''' (I. Mátyás) – ''XV гасырның икенче яртысында Маҗарстан короле. Госманлылар мәмләкәте һәм Рум империясе белән Австрия җирендә сугышкан.'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''AZ IGAZÁN SZÉP IDŐ''' ('''Ихластан шәп заман''')===
Az volt, kérem szépen, az igazán szép idő,&lt;br&gt;
Mikor férfi volt a férfi és nő volt a nő.&lt;br&gt;
A pimasz rágalmakat másnap párbaj követte,&lt;br&gt;
És a sértést vérrel mosták le.&lt;br&gt;

Akkor, kérem szépen, rend volt még a rend,&lt;br&gt;
Az utcát csendőr járta, a tolvaj reszketett,&lt;br&gt;
A börtön nem hotel volt, és a bíró nem haver,&lt;br&gt;
Megfizetett minden gazember.&lt;br&gt;

Az újságíró, kérem, az igazságról írt,&lt;br&gt;
Nem kellett keresni a sorok közt a hírt,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar zenét sugárzott a magyar rádió.&lt;br&gt;
Harsogott az Erdély induló.&lt;br&gt;

Csak tessék, csak tessék!&lt;br&gt;
Itt látható a világ egyetlen országa,&lt;br&gt;
Ami hihetetlen módon határos önmagával.&lt;br&gt;
Itt lakik az a nép,&lt;br&gt;
Melyet ezer éve óta próbálnak betörni és idomítani,&lt;br&gt;
De mindhiába.&lt;br&gt;
Az ütlegeléstől megedződtek,&lt;br&gt;
És a nélkülözések közepette is feltalálták magukat.&lt;br&gt;
Vigyázat!&lt;br&gt;
Ha a láncaiktól és a szájkosártól megszabadítanánk őket,&lt;br&gt;
Beláthatatlan következmények elé nézne a világ!&lt;br&gt;

Az volt, kérem szépen, az igazán szép idő,&lt;br&gt;
Mikor férfi volt a férfi és nő volt a nő.&lt;br&gt;
A pimasz rágalmakat másnap párbaj követte,&lt;br&gt;
És a sértést vérrel mosták le.&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-az-igazan-szep-idok-7488e96241836170ed74ef35a7e3d1e6

'''ИХЛАСТАН ШӘП ЗАМАН'''&lt;br&gt;
Гафу, элек ихластан да шәп заман иде,&lt;br&gt;
Ирләр – ир-ат, хатын – хатын-кыз булган иде.&lt;br&gt;
Яла якканнар дуэльгә юлыга иде,&lt;br&gt;
Бар үпкәне кан юа иде.&lt;br&gt;

Ул заманда, гафу, тәртип даим сакланды,&lt;br&gt;
Жандарм йөрде урамнарда, бур калтыранды,&lt;br&gt;
Мәхкәмә – дус, төрмә кунакханә булмады, &lt;br&gt;
Һәр кабахәт җәзасын алды.&lt;br&gt;

Журналистлар яза иде гел дөреслекне,&lt;br&gt;
Катыштырмыйча яшерен мәгънә-этлекне,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар радиосы маҗар көен уйнатты,&lt;br&gt;
Әрдей җырларын ул яңг(ы)ратты.&lt;br&gt;

Речитатив:&lt;br&gt;
Карап багыгызчы!&lt;br&gt;
Гаҗәеп хәл: бу дөньяда бар бер әкәмәт –&lt;br&gt;
Үзе белән үзе чиктәш бердәнбер дәүләт. &lt;br&gt;
Маташалар мең ел буе халкын кырырга,&lt;br&gt;
Рух куәтен сындырырга, буйсындырырга.&lt;br&gt;
Әмма файдасыз:&lt;br&gt;
Чыныгабыз тик, кыйналган саен,&lt;br&gt;
Кыерсытылган мәхрүмнәр таба үз җаен.&lt;br&gt;
Сак булыйк!&lt;br&gt;
Намуссызның алып кына ташла йөгәнен –&lt;br&gt;
Күрерсең дөньяңның асты өскә килгәнен!&lt;br&gt;
 
Гафу, элек ихластан да шәп заман иде,&lt;br&gt;
Ирләр – ир-ат, хатын – хатын-кыз булган иде.&lt;br&gt;
Яла якканнар дуэльгә юлыга иде,&lt;br&gt;
Бар үпкәне кан юа иде.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BARÁTOM, MONDD MERRE VAGY? (Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?)''' ===

Карпатия вокаль-инструменталь төркеменең тагын бер түгәрәк даталы тарихи җыры: 70 ел элек (23 октябрь-11 ноябрь, 1956) Маҗарстан халкы сталинчыл-советчыл режимга каршы баш күтәргән һәм СССР гаскәрләр кертеп “Маҗар инкыйлабын” (ил тарихына шул исем белән кертелгән) бастырган вакытта булган хәлләр чагылыш тапкан аңарда.

https://vkvideo.ru/video-7449590_159562759

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-baratom-mondd-merre-vagy-58c7691f41e19fd45b4d5917658e558a

Könnygáz marja torkomat,&lt;br&gt;
Sállal fedem arcomat,&lt;br&gt;
Kardlap cserzi hátamat,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom, mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Az utcán testvérem lövik,&lt;br&gt;
Pesten Magyar vér folyik,&lt;br&gt;
Rendőr lovak taposnak,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Mint eldobott kő, száll a szó.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy igaz út járható.&lt;br&gt;

Meggyalázzák lányomat,&lt;br&gt;
Nemzetem, vallásomat,&lt;br&gt;
Börtön mélyén kínoznak,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom, mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Ronggyá ázott ruhámban,&lt;br&gt;
Fegyverek célpontjában,&lt;br&gt;
A fél szemem aszfaltra fagy,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom, mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Mint eldobott kő, száll a szó.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy igaz út járható.&lt;br&gt;

RECITATIVO:&lt;br&gt;
Isten előtt, ki-ki bűnei szerint,&lt;br&gt;
módon elszámoltatik,&lt;br&gt;
Nem marad semmi véka alatt,&lt;br&gt;
mi megtörtént a nap alatt,&lt;br&gt;
S tüzes paripák nyomán&lt;br&gt;
jön el, élet és halál,&lt;br&gt;
Bizony mondom néktek döntse&lt;br&gt;
el mindenki, hogy hol áll.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Mint eldobott kő, száll a szó.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy igaz út járható.&lt;br&gt;

'''ӘЙТЧЕ, ДУСТЫМ, СИН КАЙДА?'''&lt;br&gt;
Газ өтә тамак-күзне,&lt;br&gt;
Шарф белән каплыйм йөзне,&lt;br&gt;
Кылыч эзе аркамда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Аталар туганыма,&lt;br&gt;
Атлар баса санына,&lt;br&gt;
Кан түгелә урамда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Сүзем таш күк атылган.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Туры юлны эзләр җан.&lt;br&gt;

Җәберлиләр кызымны,&lt;br&gt;
Динемне һәм халкымны,&lt;br&gt;
Җәзалыйлар зинданда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Өс-башым юешләнгән,&lt;br&gt;
Мылтык миңа төбәлгән,&lt;br&gt;
Ауныйм җирдә, тузанда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Сүзләр таш күк атылган.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Туры юлны эзләр җан.&lt;br&gt;

РЕЧИТАТИВ:&lt;br&gt;
Кылган гамәлләрнең казасын&lt;br&gt;
Хак каршында күрми калмассың,&lt;br&gt;
Яшеренеп калмас берни дә&lt;br&gt;
Кояш нурлар сипкән һәр җирдә,&lt;br&gt;
Уттай янган атлар эзендә&lt;br&gt;
Пәйда булыр тормыш-үлем дә,&lt;br&gt;
Бәян кылам сиңа ихластан:&lt;br&gt;
Хәл ит, барырсың кай тарафтан.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Сүзләр таш күк атылган.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Туры юлны эзләр җан.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''IGAZSÁGOT MAGYARORSZÁGNAK! (Хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!)''' ===

Nem kell nekünk a más folyója,&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk a mások bérce,&lt;br&gt;
Csak magyar hegy és magyar róna,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy az Isten rég kimérte.&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk idegen égbolt,&lt;br&gt;
Egy porszeme sem a világnak,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az kell ami a miénk volt.&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;

Nem kell nekünk a más folyója,&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk a mások bérce,&lt;br&gt;
Csak magyar hegy és magyar róna,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy az Isten rég kimérte.&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk idegen égbolt,&lt;br&gt;
Egy porszeme sem a világnak,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az kell ami a miénk volt.&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;

Nem kell nekünk idegen égbolt,&lt;br&gt;
Egy porszeme sem a világnak,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az kell ami a miénk volt.&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;

https://yandex.ru/video/preview/18010745160999839490

'''ХАКЛЫК БУЛСЫН МАҖАРСТАНГА!'''

Кирәкми безгә чит елгалар,&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми безгә чит-ят таулар.&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар үзән-тауларын гына&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ биргән маҗар хакына.&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми чит дөнья күге дә,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-яттан – тузан бөртеге дә.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва бары элек булганга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;

Кирәкми безгә чит елгалар,&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми безгә чит-ят таулар.&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар үзән-тауларын гына&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ биргән маҗар хакына.&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми чит дөнья күге дә,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-яттан – тузан бөртеге дә.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва бары элек булганга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;

Кирәкми чит дөнья күге дә,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-яттан – тузан бөртеге дә.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва бары элек булганга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÁRPÁD APÁNK INDULÓ (Арпад ата маршы)''' ===

Árpád apánk, ne féltsd ősi nemzeted,&lt;br&gt;
Nem veszhet el, ha eddig el nem veszett.&lt;br&gt;
||: Sej-haj, ősi búnk és bánatunk,&lt;br&gt;
Sej-haj, újra élünk s vígadunk! :||&lt;br&gt;
Volt is nékem, lesz is nékem boldog, vidám életem,&lt;br&gt;
Árpád apánk gyermekeként ezt a hazát kedvelem.&lt;br&gt;
||: Nem mennék el más országba sehová a világon,&lt;br&gt;
Jó időben, rossz ínségben ezt a hazát szolgálom! :||&lt;br&gt;

Tud szeretni a magyar szív igazán,&lt;br&gt;
Kit szeressen, ha nem téged, szép hazám.&lt;br&gt;
||: Sej-haj, hű légy hozzá, barátom,&lt;br&gt;
Sej-haj, nincs más hazád a világon! :||&lt;br&gt;
Volt is nékem, lesz is nékem boldog, vidám életem,&lt;br&gt;
Árpád apánk gyermekeként ezt a hazát kedvelem.&lt;br&gt;
||: Nem mennék el más országba sehová a világon,&lt;br&gt;
Jó időben, rossz ínségben ezt a hazát szolgálom! :||&lt;br&gt;

Volt is nékem, lesz is nékem boldog, vidám életem,&lt;br&gt;
Árpád apánk gyermekeként ezt a hazát kedvelem.&lt;br&gt;
||: Nem mennék el más országba sehová a világon,&lt;br&gt;
Jó időben, rossz ínségben ezt a hazát szolgálom! :||&lt;br&gt;

https://vk.ru/wall-50581772_355

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-arpad-apank-indulo-9c5ee38859b47a38f825c08bfaa5bfbc

'''АРПАД АТА МАРШЫ'''

Арпад ата, инанып бак халкыңа:&lt;br&gt;
Ул исән-сау, яшәячәк тагын да.&lt;br&gt;
||: Әй-һәй, иске кайгы-гөнаһлар,&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, тормыш күңелле атлар! :||&lt;br&gt;
Булган иде, булыр әле хозур тулы тормышым,&lt;br&gt;
Арпад ата баласы мин, шушы илдә язмышым.&lt;br&gt;
||: Үз ур(ы)нымны таба алмам, чит-ят җирләргә китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхәтлектә, авыр чорда – бер аңа хезмәт итәм! :||&lt;br&gt;

Мәхәббәттә, маҗар, изге йөрәгең,&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл илдән гайре бармы сөйгәнең?&lt;br&gt;
||: Әй-һәй, юктыр үзгә Ватаның,&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, сиңа тугры булганың! :||&lt;br&gt;
Булган иде, булыр әле хозур тулы тормышым,&lt;br&gt;
Арпад ата баласы мин, шушы илдә язмышым.&lt;br&gt;
||: Үз ур(ы)нымны таба алмам, чит-ят җирләргә китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхәтлектә, авыр чорда – бер аңа хезмәт итәм! :||&lt;br&gt;

Булган иде, булыр әле хозур тулы тормышым,&lt;br&gt;
Арпад ата баласы мин, шушы илдә язмышым.&lt;br&gt;
||: Үз ур(ы)нымны таба алмам, чит-ят җирләргә китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхәтлектә, авыр чорда – бер аңа хезмәт итәм! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''AMÍG CSAK EGY MAGYAR ÉL (Маҗарлар исән чакта)''' ===

Az alkonyat pirosra festi a felleget,&lt;br&gt;
Aranyló fürtjei bíborrá válnak.&lt;br&gt;
Lángjától felizzik, s haraggá gerjed,&lt;br&gt;
Minden magyarban, az elfojtott bánat.&lt;br&gt;
Évszázadok kínja egyszerre fellobban,&lt;br&gt;
Parázsa nem hunyt ki, most újra él,&lt;br&gt;
Felperzselt mezőn is új élet sarjad,&lt;br&gt;
Szép tavasz illatát hordja a szél.&lt;br&gt;
Amíg csak egy magyar él!&lt;br&gt;

Míg az éjjeli szellő a felhőket hajtja,&lt;br&gt;
A hajnal már tomboló vihart lehel,&lt;br&gt;
S korbácsok ütötte sebeit, gyógyítva,&lt;br&gt;
Szívében lángorkán bosszút nevel.&lt;br&gt;
Gyötrelmes szenvedés színültig csordult,&lt;br&gt;
S ki eddig sarcolta, reszketve fél.&lt;br&gt;
Rablánc és koldusbot eltűnik, széthull,&lt;br&gt;
Piros-fehér-zöldben táncol a szél.&lt;br&gt;
Amíg csak egy magyar él!&lt;br&gt;

Nemzetünk százéves álmából riasztja,&lt;br&gt;
A felajzott, dühödten lüktető szív.&lt;br&gt;
Az egyik kezével gyermekét szorítja,&lt;br&gt;
Másikkal, lángoló szablyával vív.&lt;br&gt;
Idegen rablóhad nézd, ahogy megvirrad,&lt;br&gt;
Nekünk az ébredés, nektek a vég.&lt;br&gt;
Üvöltő harci zaj után csak csend marad,&lt;br&gt;
Ármányos pénz többé semmit sem ér.&lt;br&gt;
Amíg csak egy magyar él! Бер маҗар исән чакта!&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАРЛАР ИСӘН ЧАКТА'''

https://zvyki.com/song/73346467/K_rp_tia_-_Am_g_Csak_Egy_Magyar_l/

Болытка шәфәкътән алтын төс ялгана,&lt;br&gt;
Куерып китә дә, толымнары яна.&lt;br&gt;
Ялкынлы учаклар ачулы, каргышлы,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар күңеле басынкы сагышлы.&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлар газабы бер мәл каб(ы)нып китә,&lt;br&gt;
Сүрелгән күмерләргә җан кертә.&lt;br&gt;
Янып көйгән кырлар янә чәчәк ата,&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл яз исләрен җил тарата –&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар исән чакта!&lt;br&gt;

Төнге җил болытларны куган бер мәлдә,&lt;br&gt;
Таң тыны чакыра яңадан дөрләргә,&lt;br&gt;
Камчылар ярасын дәвалап, тернәкләп.&lt;br&gt;
Үч алу гарасаты – йөрәктә:&lt;br&gt;
Газаплау касәләре тулып ташканнар,&lt;br&gt;
“Яклаучылар куркуга батканнар...&lt;br&gt;
Чылбырлар, култаяк тәмугка олаккан&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл-ак-яшел җилле һәр якта –&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар исән чакта!&lt;br&gt;

“Гасырлык йокыдан уянырга кирәк!” –&lt;br&gt;
Ярсый һәр маҗарда гайрәтле бер йөрәк.&lt;br&gt;
Баласы – сул кулда, коралы – уң кулда,&lt;br&gt;
Баскан ялкынлы, көрәшле юлга.&lt;br&gt;
Безгә бу – уяну, ә сезгә – бер шомлык,&lt;br&gt;
Котырган гөрелтедән соң – тынлык;&lt;br&gt;
Чит-ят баскын, кара: алсу таңнар ата,&lt;br&gt;
Мәкерле вәсвәсәң чыгачак юкка –&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар исән чакта!&lt;br&gt;

== '''АЛМАН ТЕЛЕННӘН ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘР''' ==
=== '''DAS MÄDCHEN AUS DER FREMDE (Чит җир сылуы)''' ===
In einem Tal bei armen Hirten&lt;br&gt;
Ersehien mit jedem jungen Jahr.&lt;br&gt;
Sobald die ersten Lerchen schwirrten,&lt;br&gt;
Ein Mädchen schön und wunderbar.&lt;br&gt;

Sie war nicht in dem Tal geboren,&lt;br&gt;
Man wusste nicht, woher sie kam,&lt;br&gt;
Und sehnell war ihre Spur verloren,&lt;br&gt;
Sobald das Mädchen Abschied nahm.&lt;br&gt;

Beseligend war ihre Nähe,&lt;br&gt;
Und alle Herzen wurden weit,&lt;br&gt;
Doch eine Würde, eine Höhe&lt;br&gt;
Entfernte die Vertraulichkeit.&lt;br&gt;

Sie brachte Blumen mit und Früchte&lt;br&gt;
Gereift auf einer andern Flur,&lt;br&gt;
In einem andern Sonnenlichte,&lt;br&gt;
In einer glüchlichern Natur.&lt;br&gt;

Und teilte jedem eine Gabe,&lt;br&gt;
Dem Früchte, jenem Blumen aus;&lt;br&gt;
Der Jungling und der Greis am Stabe,&lt;br&gt;
Ein jeder ging beschenkt nach Haus.&lt;br&gt;

Willkommen waren alle Gäste,&lt;br&gt;
Doch nahte sich ein liebend Paar,&lt;br&gt;
Dem reichte sie der Gaben beste,&lt;br&gt;
Der Blumen allerschönste dar.&lt;br&gt;

'''ЧИТ ҖИР СЫЛУЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
(шигыре Фридрих Шиллердан, көе Франц Шубертныкы)&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://www.schubertlied.de/die-lieder/das-maedchen-aus-der-fremde-d117-erste-bearbeitung

Пәйда була Сылу язлар килеп,&lt;br&gt;
Карлыгачлар канат какканда;&lt;br&gt;
Сокланалар, нурлы йөзен күреп,&lt;br&gt;
Ярлы көтүчеләр яланда.&lt;br&gt;

Чит төбәктә туган бу Сылуның&lt;br&gt;
Кайдан килгәнлеген кем белсен;&lt;br&gt;
Соң мизгеле саубуллашуының –&lt;br&gt;
Табалмассың шуннан соң эзен.&lt;br&gt;

Карашыннан гүя нур сибелә,&lt;br&gt;
Җан җылына, күңел ачыла;&lt;br&gt;
Затлылык, бөеклегеннән генә&lt;br&gt;
Гади бәндә азрак ятсына.&lt;br&gt;

Җиләк-җимеш, чәчәк кулларында –&lt;br&gt;
Үстергәннәр барысын читләрдә,&lt;br&gt;
Ягымлырак кояш нурларында,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетлерәк, мулрак җирләрдә.&lt;br&gt;

Һәркайсына таба ул бүләген –&lt;br&gt;
Җиләк-җимешме йә чәчәкме;&lt;br&gt;
Култаяклы карт, яшь җилкенчәген –&lt;br&gt;
Һәрбарчасын итә бүләкле.&lt;br&gt;

Ул кадерли үзенең һәр кунагын;&lt;br&gt;
Ә гашыйклар килсә аңарга,&lt;br&gt;
Чәчәк бәйләменең матуррагын&lt;br&gt;
Сайлап ала Сылу аларга.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ABENDLIED (Кичке җыр)''' ===
Von '''Franz Schubert''' und '''Matthias Claudius'''&lt;br&gt;

Der Mond ist aufgegangen,&lt;br&gt;
Die gold’nen Sternlein prangen&lt;br&gt;
Am Himmel hell und klar.&lt;br&gt;
Der Wald steht schwarz und schweiget,&lt;br&gt;
Und aus den Wiesen steiget&lt;br&gt;
Der weisse Nebel wunderbar.&lt;br&gt;

Wie ist die Welt so stille,&lt;br&gt;
Und in der Dämm’rung Hülle&lt;br&gt;
So traulich und so hold!&lt;br&gt;
Als eine stille Kammer,&lt;br&gt;
Wo ihr des Tages Jammer&lt;br&gt;
Verschlafen und vergessen sollt.&lt;br&gt;

Seht ihr den Mond dort stehen? –&lt;br&gt;
Er ist nur halb zu sehen,&lt;br&gt;
Und ist doch rund und schön!&lt;br&gt;
So sind wohl manche Sachen,&lt;br&gt;
Die wir getrost belachen,&lt;br&gt;
Weil uns’re Augen sie nicht seh’n.&lt;br&gt;

Wir stolze Menschenkinder&lt;br&gt;
Sind eitel arme Sünder,&lt;br&gt;
Und wissen gar nicht viel.&lt;br&gt;
Wir spinnen Luftgespinnste&lt;br&gt;
Und suchen viele Künste,&lt;br&gt;
Und kommen weiter von dem Ziel.&lt;br&gt;

Gott, lass uns dein Heil schauen,&lt;br&gt;
Auf nichts Vergänglich’s trauen,&lt;br&gt;
Nicht Eitelkeit uns freu’n!&lt;br&gt;
Lass uns einfältig werden,&lt;br&gt;
Und vor Dir hier auf Erden&lt;br&gt;
Wie Kinder fromm und fröhlich sein!&lt;br&gt;

So legt euch denn, ihr Brüder,&lt;br&gt;
In Gottes Namen nieder!&lt;br&gt;
Kalt ist der Abendhauch.&lt;br&gt;
Verschon’ uns Gott mit Strafen,&lt;br&gt;
Und lass uns ruhig schlafen,&lt;br&gt;
Und unser’n kranken Nachbar auch!&lt;br&gt; 

'''КИЧКЕ ҖЫР'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио-видео сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/mireille-mathieu-der-mond-ist-aufgegangen-209720acb3028056df0b777150e60f66

https://yandex.ru/video/preview/3841230331664325034

(икесе дә – Мирей Матйө башкаруында)&lt;br&gt;

https://www.schubertlied.de/en/die-lieder/abendlied-d499

Калыкты да Ай, йолдызлар,&lt;br&gt;
Яуды гүзәл алтын нурлар&lt;br&gt;
Аяз күк йөзенә.&lt;br&gt;
Дөм караңгылыкта урман,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм сихерле ап-ак томан&lt;br&gt;
Иңә болыннар түренә.&lt;br&gt;

Кичке тынлык тарафы да,&lt;br&gt;
Эңгер-меңгер япмасы да&lt;br&gt;
Күңелгә ятышлы!&lt;br&gt;
Булса дөнья имин-тымык,&lt;br&gt;
Ял иттерер, оныттырып &lt;br&gt;
Бөтен көндәлек сагышны.&lt;br&gt;

Тулган Ай йөзе – пар колач,&lt;br&gt;
Күрәбез бары яртылаш&lt;br&gt;
Йомры, гүзәл санын!&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья шундый: без белгәннең,&lt;br&gt;
Кечкентәй ул! дип көлгәннең&lt;br&gt;
Күрми күзләр арткы данын.&lt;br&gt;

4. Күр горур адәми затны –&lt;br&gt;
Нибары мескен, гөнаһлы,&lt;br&gt;
Аз белемле, кайчак надан.&lt;br&gt;
Күк кирмәннәре төзибез&lt;br&gt;
Һәм сәнгатьтә ни эзлибез,&lt;br&gt;
Тайпылып хак, туры юлдан?&lt;br&gt;

5. Ышанмыйк без фани малга,&lt;br&gt;
Тәкъва булыйк бер Ходайга,&lt;br&gt;
Масайтмыйк күңелне!&lt;br&gt;
Эчкерсез игелек кылып,&lt;br&gt;
Гомерләрне үтик, булып&lt;br&gt;
Балалар күк шат күңелле!&lt;br&gt;

Хак Тәгаләбез хакына,&lt;br&gt;
Тез чүк Аның тарафына!&lt;br&gt;
Кич салкын җил өне...&lt;br&gt;
Ярлыка безне, йа Аллам,&lt;br&gt;
Йолып ал бәла-казадан,&lt;br&gt;
Исән кыл хаста күршене!&lt;br&gt;

== '''РАБИНДРАНАТ ТАГОРДАН ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘР''' ==

=== '''ЯРСЫ, ДАВЫЛ, АЯМА!..''' ===
'''Һиндстанның мәшһүр язучысы, шагыйре һәм сәнгатькәре Рабиндранат Тагорның 1941 елда язган иң соңгы поэмасыннан бер өзек.'''&lt;br&gt;

Ярсы, давыл, коры ботак-чатаклыкны аяма,&lt;br&gt;
Куер, яңа болыт, яусын койма яңгырлар аңа.&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл төндә өермә су күз яшедәй коелсын,&lt;br&gt;
Узган чорның сулган төсе җәһәт кенә җуелсын.&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш “бакыйлыкка” дигән – китсен дөньядан, китсен!..&lt;br&gt;
Яңа чыпта җәйдем – өйне ямьле, күрекле итсен.
Салып ташладым өс-башны, күшеккәч юешләнеп.&lt;br&gt;
Күр, елга ташып, үзәнне су баскан үҗәтләнеп.&lt;br&gt;
Тавышым – ясмин аерчасы, очып китеп югалды,&lt;br&gt;
Гүя ахири җанымда яңа тормыш уянды.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''АТЛА ЯЛГЫЗ!''' ===
'''Рабиндранат Тагорның 1905 елда, Һиндстанда бәйсезлек өчен көрәш башланган вакытта язылган шигыре. Маһатма Ганди аны бик яратып укыган.'''&lt;br&gt;

Атла ялгыз, чакыруыңа “Юк!” дип җавап бирсәләр,&lt;br&gt;
Йә куркудан, дәшми-нитми, синнән йөз чөерсәләр, –&lt;br&gt;
Әй бичара, гакылыңны җик эшкә һәм әйт сүзең!&lt;br&gt;
Борылып китсә барчасы да, калсаң чүлдә берүзең,&lt;br&gt;
Күгән куакларын ерып, дәвам ит син юлыңны,&lt;br&gt;
Әй бичара, хак эздән бар, тамызып ал каныңны!&lt;br&gt;
Төнлә давыл котырганда, һичкем ут кабызмаса,&lt;br&gt;
Яшен сугып, авыртудан йөрәкләре сызласа,&lt;br&gt;
Каһарманнар алган юлын гел тотсын –&lt;br&gt;
Янган йөрәкләр дөньяны балкытсын!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''* * *''' ===
Килдем – якты өмет баглап, теләк итеп,&lt;br&gt;
Киттем – җиргә мәхәббәтем бүләк итеп.&lt;br&gt;
('''Рабиндранат Тагор''')&lt;br&gt;

=== '''* * *''' ===
Җилләр гөлне өзә&lt;br&gt;
юкка, моң-зар итеп:&lt;br&gt;
тузанда үлемгә&lt;br&gt;
аны дучар итеп.&lt;br&gt;
Ал син ул чәчәкне,&lt;br&gt;
кушып үр бәйләмгә,&lt;br&gt;
хәзинә-бизәкне&lt;br&gt;
җибәрмә әрәмгә.&lt;br&gt;
Мин җыр итәм бүләк –&lt;br&gt;
җырым аңлаганга,&lt;br&gt;
гөлләрне кадерләп&lt;br&gt;
тузаннан алганга.&lt;br&gt;
('''Рабиндранат Тагор''')&lt;br&gt;

== '''УРЫС ТЕЛЕННӘН ҺӘМ УРЫС ТЕЛЕНӘ ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘР''' ==
=== '''БОГ (Аллаһ)''' ===
'''(Авторы – Гавриил Державин, 1784 елда язылган)'''&lt;br&gt;

О Ты, пространством бесконечный,&lt;br&gt;
Живый в движеньи вещества,&lt;br&gt;
Теченьем времени предвечный,&lt;br&gt;
Без лиц, в Трёх Лицах Божества!&lt;br&gt;
Дух всюду Сущий и Единый,&lt;br&gt;
Кому нет места и причины,&lt;br&gt;
Кого никто постичь не мог,&lt;br&gt;
Кто всё Собою наполняет,&lt;br&gt;
Объемлет, зиждет, сохраняет,&lt;br&gt;
Кого мы нарицаем — Бог!&lt;br&gt;

Измерить океан глубокий,&lt;br&gt;
Сочесть пески, лучи планет&lt;br&gt;
Хотя и мог бы ум высокий, —&lt;br&gt;
Тебе числа и меры нет!&lt;br&gt;
Не могут духи просвещенны,&lt;br&gt;
От света Твоего рожденны,&lt;br&gt;
Исследовать судеб Твоих:&lt;br&gt;
Лишь мысль к Тебе взнестись дерзает,&lt;br&gt;
В Твоем величьи исчезает,&lt;br&gt;
Как в вечности прошедший миг.&lt;br&gt;

Хаоса бытность довременну&lt;br&gt;
Из бездн Ты вечности воззвал,&lt;br&gt;
А вечность, прежде век рожденну,&lt;br&gt;
В Себе Самом Ты основал:&lt;br&gt;
Себя Собою составляя,&lt;br&gt;
Собою из Себя сияя,&lt;br&gt;
Ты Свет, откуда свет истек.&lt;br&gt;
Создавый всё единым словом,&lt;br&gt;
В твореньи простираясь новом,&lt;br&gt;
Ты был, Ты есть, Ты будешь ввек!&lt;br&gt;

Ты цепь существ в Себе вмещаешь,&lt;br&gt;
Её содержишь и живишь;&lt;br&gt;
Конец с началом сопрягаешь&lt;br&gt;
И смертию живот даришь.&lt;br&gt;
Как искры сыплются, стремятся,&lt;br&gt;
Так солнцы от Тебя родятся;&lt;br&gt;
Как в мразный, ясный день зимой&lt;br&gt;
Пылинки инея сверкают,&lt;br&gt;
Вратятся, зыблются, сияют,&lt;br&gt;
Так звёзды в безднах под Тобой.&lt;br&gt;

Светил возженных миллионы&lt;br&gt;
В неизмеримости текут,&lt;br&gt;
Твои они творят законы,&lt;br&gt;
Лучи животворящи льют.&lt;br&gt;
Но огненны сии лампады,&lt;br&gt;
Иль рдяных кристалей громады,&lt;br&gt;
Иль волн златых кипящий сонм,&lt;br&gt;
Или горящие эфиры,&lt;br&gt;
Иль вкупе все светящи миры —&lt;br&gt;
Перед Тобой – как ночь пред днём.&lt;br&gt;

Как капля, в море опущенна,&lt;br&gt;
Вся твердь перед Тобой сия.&lt;br&gt;
Но что мной зримая вселенна?&lt;br&gt;
И что перед Тобою я?&lt;br&gt;
В воздушном океане оном,&lt;br&gt;
Миры умножа миллионом&lt;br&gt;
Стократ других миров, – и то,&lt;br&gt;
Когда дерзну сравнить с Тобою,&lt;br&gt;
Лишь будет точкою одною:&lt;br&gt;
А я перед Тобой – ничто.&lt;br&gt;

Ничто! – Но Ты во мне сияешь&lt;br&gt;
Величеством Твоих доброт;&lt;br&gt;
Во мне Себя изображаешь,&lt;br&gt;
Как солнце в малой капле вод.&lt;br&gt;
Ничто! – Но жизнь я ощущаю,&lt;br&gt;
Несытым некаким летаю&lt;br&gt;
Всегда пареньем в высоты;&lt;br&gt;
Тебя душа моя быть чает,&lt;br&gt;
Вникает, мыслит, рассуждает:&lt;br&gt;
Я есмь – конечно, есть и Ты!&lt;br&gt;

Ты есть! – природы чин вещает,&lt;br&gt;
Гласит моё мне сердце то,&lt;br&gt;
Меня мой разум уверяет,&lt;br&gt;
Ты есть – и я уж не ничто!&lt;br&gt;
Частица целой я Вселенной,&lt;br&gt;
Поставлен, мнится мне, в почтенной&lt;br&gt;
Средине естества я той,&lt;br&gt;
Где кончил тварей Ты телесных,&lt;br&gt;
Где начал Ты духов небесных&lt;br&gt;
И цепь существ связал всех мной.&lt;br&gt;

Я связь миров, повсюду сущих,&lt;br&gt;
Я крайня степень вещества;&lt;br&gt;
Я средоточие живущих,&lt;br&gt;
Черта начальна Божества;&lt;br&gt;
Я телом в прахе истлеваю,&lt;br&gt;
Умом громам повелеваю,&lt;br&gt;
Я царь – я раб – я червь – я бог!&lt;br&gt;
Но, будучи я столь чудесен,&lt;br&gt;
Отколе происшел? – безвестен;&lt;br&gt;
А сам собой я быть не мог.&lt;br&gt;

Твое созданье я, Создатель!&lt;br&gt;
Твоей премудрости я тварь,&lt;br&gt;
Источник жизни, благ Податель,&lt;br&gt;
Душа души моей и Царь!&lt;br&gt;
Твоей то правде нужно было,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб смертну бездну преходило&lt;br&gt;
Мое бессмертно бытие;&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб дух мой в смертность облачился&lt;br&gt;
И чтоб чрез смерть я возвратился,&lt;br&gt;
Отец! – в бессмертие Твое.&lt;br&gt;

Неизъяснимый, Непостижный!&lt;br&gt;
Я знаю, что души моей&lt;br&gt;
Воображении бессильны&lt;br&gt;
И тени начертать Твоей;&lt;br&gt;
Но если славословить должно,&lt;br&gt;
То слабым смертным невозможно&lt;br&gt;
Тебя ничем иным почтить,&lt;br&gt;
Как им к Тебе лишь возвышаться,&lt;br&gt;
В безмерной разности теряться&lt;br&gt;
И благодарны слёзы лить.&lt;br&gt;

'''АЛЛАҺ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''(Гавриил Державиннан)'''&lt;br&gt;

Иксез-чиксез иркенлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Тереклегең − хәрәкәттә,&lt;br&gt;
Яшәешең − мәңгелектә,&lt;br&gt;
Илаһи зат күп халәттә, −&lt;br&gt;
Һәр җирдә хәй һәм бердәмсең,&lt;br&gt;
Урын-сәбәпсез күркәмсең,&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем түгел Сиңа тиң-таман,&lt;br&gt;
Барысын да Үзең иңлисең,&lt;br&gt;
Урап, саклап, кадерлисең,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ – Синең бөек атамаң!&lt;br&gt;

Океаннар тирәнлеген,&lt;br&gt;
Комнар санын, нур күләмен&lt;br&gt;
Барлый ала акыл бүген, −&lt;br&gt;
Ә Синең юк бер үлчәмең!&lt;br&gt;
Синең нурыңнан туганнар,&lt;br&gt;
Рухыңнан гариф булганнар –&lt;br&gt;
Гамәлләрең кятибе түгел:&lt;br&gt;
Уй-хыяллар Сиңа аша,&lt;br&gt;
Бөеклегеңә яраша −&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелектә эри һәр мизгел.&lt;br&gt;

Хаосны, вакыт элгәрен,&lt;br&gt;
Бакый төпкеленнән алдың;&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелекне итеп җәлеп,&lt;br&gt;
Син үзеңдә нигез салдың.&lt;br&gt;
Үзең белән үзең кордың,&lt;br&gt;
Үз нурыңнан балкып тордың,&lt;br&gt;
Нур чишмәсе Син иң-иң элек.&lt;br&gt;
Бер сүз белән яралдырып,&lt;br&gt;
Бар яңаны иҗат кылып,&lt;br&gt;
Булдың, бар бүген, Син – мәңгелек!&lt;br&gt;

Тереклек чылбырын ипләп,&lt;br&gt;
Асрап тәрбия итәсең;&lt;br&gt;
Башын-очын тәгаенләп,&lt;br&gt;
Мәрттән яшәү җиткерәсең.&lt;br&gt;
Очкын очкыннарны куа −&lt;br&gt;
Һәм кояшлар Синнән туа.&lt;br&gt;
Аяз суык көндә боз һәм кар,&lt;br&gt;
Бәс тузаны сыман елгыр −&lt;br&gt;
Җемелдәшә ялтыр-йолтыр&lt;br&gt;
Синең хозурыңда йолдызлар.&lt;br&gt;

Үлчәмсезлектә бер агым:&lt;br&gt;
Миллион якты җисем бара,&lt;br&gt;
Кануннарың хаклылыгын&lt;br&gt;
Терек нурында сугара.&lt;br&gt;
Якты утлы лампадалар&lt;br&gt;
Гүя алсу кристалл таулар −&lt;br&gt;
Алтын дулкын чөйгән бер күбек.&lt;br&gt;
Ургып-дөрләп янган эфир,&lt;br&gt;
Нурга чумган Галәм һәм Җир −&lt;br&gt;
Көн каршында бары төн кебек.&lt;br&gt;

Диңгезгә тамган тамчы күк,&lt;br&gt;
Каты катлам алларыңда;&lt;br&gt;
Ни ул – мин күргән галәм-күк,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм мин үзем – Син барында?&lt;br&gt;
Яулап һава-океаннарны,&lt;br&gt;
Миллионлап дөньяларны,&lt;br&gt;
Иш итмәмен Сиңа барысын да:&lt;br&gt;
Тиң булмаслар Синең белән,&lt;br&gt;
Бөтенесе – нокта, беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә бер юк нәрсә каршыңда.&lt;br&gt;

Әмма миндә Синең агыла&lt;br&gt;
Игелегеңнең гыйззәте,&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы суда күк чагыла&lt;br&gt;
Кояшлы йөзең сурәте.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм дә мин тормышны тоям,&lt;br&gt;
Канат кагып туймый очам,&lt;br&gt;
Татып күк гөмбәзе тарлыгын.&lt;br&gt;
Минем җаным Сине сөя,&lt;br&gt;
Уйлана ул, фикер чөя:&lt;br&gt;
Мин – бар! Шиксез Синең барлыгың!&lt;br&gt;

“Син бар!” − диеп, хаклый хакың&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәк тибешемнән күңел,&lt;br&gt;
Раслый төпченүле акыл:&lt;br&gt;
“Син бар – мин юк нәрсә түгел!”&lt;br&gt;
Мин – Галәмнең бер өлеше,&lt;br&gt;
Синең сайлау миңа төште –&lt;br&gt;
Изге чиккә Син мине куйдың:&lt;br&gt;
Монда бетә җанварларың&lt;br&gt;
Һәм башлана рух-җаннарың,&lt;br&gt;
Миннән шунда Син ялгау койдың.&lt;br&gt;

Һәр төштә мин җир терәге,&lt;br&gt;
Матдәнең җитлеккән очы,&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш мәгънәсе үзәге,&lt;br&gt;
Илаһилык башлангычы.&lt;br&gt;
Тәнем чери, көлгә китә,&lt;br&gt;
Акыл яшеннәргә әйтә:&lt;br&gt;
“Мин патша – кол,&lt;br&gt;
Мин корт – алламын!”&lt;br&gt;
Булсам да шундый могҗиза,&lt;br&gt;
“Кайдан мин?” – дип, чигәм иза;&lt;br&gt;
Үзлегемнән ич булалмамын!&lt;br&gt;

Син бар иткән җимешеңмен,&lt;br&gt;
Акыл, кодрәт йөзек кашы,&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү көчем, Игелеклем,&lt;br&gt;
Җаным җаны һәм Патшасы!&lt;br&gt;
Хакың хаклауга ирешкән,&lt;br&gt;
Үлем төпсезлеген кичкән&lt;br&gt;
Үлемсез яшәү үзлегем дә;&lt;br&gt;
Фани киеме кисәмче,&lt;br&gt;
Үлем аша ирешсәмче,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһым! үлемсезлегеңә.&lt;br&gt;

Аңлатып-төшенеп булмас!&lt;br&gt;
Беләм җаным теләгәнне −&lt;br&gt;
Күз алдына китералмас&lt;br&gt;
Ул да Синең күләгәңне.&lt;br&gt;
Ләкин Сине данлар өчен,&lt;br&gt;
Фаниларның хакы, көче,&lt;br&gt;
Ирешү әмәле дә юк түгел:&lt;br&gt;
Синең катка юл аласы,&lt;br&gt;
Тарафыңда югаласы,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхмәтле күз яшьләре түгеп...&lt;br&gt;

'''Гавриил Роман улы Державин – урыс халкының бөек әдибе, хәзерге заман урыс теленә һәм әдәбиятына нигез салучыларның берсе, Александр Пушкинга олы иҗат фатихасы биргән, нәселендә татар каны да булган остаз. Аның “Бог” исемле мәдхиясен татар теленә Ренат Харис тәрҗемә иткән иде. Әлбәттә, тиңдәшсез төгәл итеп, тирәннән-тирән эчтәлеген һәм бөтен илаһи мәгънәләрен саклап калган монументаль әсәр рәвешендә. Моның өчен күренекле халык шагыйребез шигырь үлчәмен 12х12 итеп зурайтырга мәҗбүр булган.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Биредә бу шигырьнең сәхнәдән уку өчен бераз “җиңеләйтелгән”, Гавриил Державинның үз шигъри үлчәменә якынайтылган (8х8 һәм 8х9) һәм “дога кебек укыла торган” тәрҗемәсе.'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''СӨЙЛӘШИК МӘХӘББӘТ ХАКЫНДА''' ===
(Гөлнәфидә шигыре)&lt;br&gt;

Сөйләшик Мәхәббәт хакында&lt;br&gt;
Туачак ал таңнар хакына.&lt;br&gt;
Сүзләрдән мәрҗәннәр тезсәк тә,&lt;br&gt;
Калдырыйк моң итеп йөрәктә.&lt;br&gt;

Чәчәкләр патшасы гөленнән&lt;br&gt;
Таҗ үреп кигерттең башыма,&lt;br&gt;
Чәчләрне чәчләргә бәйләгән&lt;br&gt;
Саф кояш нурлары каршында.&lt;br&gt;

Бу төстә – яшәүнең, тормышның&lt;br&gt;
Иң бөек югары ноктасы.&lt;br&gt;
Моң булып сарылдың җаныма&lt;br&gt;
Җиткәндә гомернең уртасы.&lt;br&gt;

'''ГОВОРИТЬ О ЛЮБВИ ВПОРУ ВНОВЬ'''&lt;br&gt;
Говорить о любви впору вновь&lt;br&gt;
Ради будущей нашей зари.&lt;br&gt;
Так построим жемчужины слов,&lt;br&gt;
Для мелодий сердца отворив.&lt;br&gt;

Из царя ты цветов сплёл виток&lt;br&gt;
И на голову мне возложил,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб из солнца лучей тот венок&lt;br&gt;
Нам единую долю сложил.&lt;br&gt;

В той короне – клубок наших сил&lt;br&gt;
В середине земного бытья.&lt;br&gt;
Ты мелодией душу обвил,&lt;br&gt;
Озарив благозвучьем меня.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''БОГА НЕ ВИДНО, НО Я ЕГО ВИЖУ (Күз уңында булмаса да...)''' ===
'''(Дмитрий Кравченко)'''&lt;br&gt;

Бога не видно, но я его вижу:&lt;br&gt;
в зрелости яблок, в спелости вишен,&lt;br&gt;
в ливне и стуже и в красках заката.&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно – он где-то за кадром:&lt;br&gt;
в детской улыбке и в маминых фразах,&lt;br&gt;
и рассыпаясь любовью по вазам,&lt;br&gt;
Бог говорит с нашим миром цветами.&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно, и видно не станет.&lt;br&gt;
В дальних поездках и командировках,&lt;br&gt;
в легких касаниях, нежных и робких,&lt;br&gt;
в боли, в надежде и в маленьком шансе&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно? О, не соглашайтесь!&lt;br&gt;
Бог открывает для каждого двери.&lt;br&gt;
Те, кто не верил – однажды поверят.&lt;br&gt;
Даже сейчас, атеистам в отместку,&lt;br&gt;
ставленным голосом с этого места&lt;br&gt;
Бог говорит с вами мной через вирши.&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно, но я его вижу. &lt;br&gt;

'''КҮЗ УҢЫНДА БУЛМАСА ДА...'''&lt;br&gt;
'''(Дмитрий Кравченкодан)'''&lt;br&gt;

Күз уңында булмаса да, мин Аллаһым белән:&lt;br&gt;
Аның алма-чияләрне өлгерткәнен беләм;&lt;br&gt;
Ул – коеп яуган яңгырда, зәмһәрир суыкта,&lt;br&gt;
Ул, алсу төсләргә кереп, балкыйдыр офыкта.&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ күзгә һич күренми – чынбарлык эчендә:&lt;br&gt;
Ул бала елмаюында, әниең сүзендә,&lt;br&gt;
Сөю гөле күк утыра чүлмәк өсләрендә,&lt;br&gt;
Чәчәк итеп тарата Ул сөю хисләрен дә.&lt;br&gt;
Ул күренми, күз талдырып баксаң, пәйда булмас,&lt;br&gt;
Читтә йөрсәң әмма, үзен һич сиздерми калмас.&lt;br&gt;
Ул кыюсыз бер гашыйкның сөеп назлавында,&lt;br&gt;
Әрнү-сызланулар катыш өмет баглавында.&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ күренмиме? Юк-юк, һич ризалашмагыз! –&lt;br&gt;
Аның әмереннән ачык бар ишек-капкагыз.&lt;br&gt;
Элек ышанмаганнар да читтә калмас инде:&lt;br&gt;
Менә хәзер дә Аллаһым, әр итеп дәһрине,&lt;br&gt;
Үз тарафына чакыра шигырь аша мине.&lt;br&gt;
Барлыгына мин инанам, берлеген мин беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Күз уңында булмаса да, Аллаһымны күрәм!&lt;br&gt;

'''Дмитрий Кравченко – урыс телендә иҗат итүче, 2026 елда 35 яшен тутырган шагыйрь, язучы, драматург, театр һәм кино  актёры.'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''КҮПМЕ СУЛАР АККАН... (Веками дули ветры и струились воды…)''' ===
'''(Гөлнәфидә Лопанова-Миңнәхмәтева)'''&lt;br&gt;

Дәвер җиле исеп, күпме сулар аккан,&lt;br&gt;
Җирдә яшәп, күккә күпме җаннар ашкан...&lt;br&gt;
Килеп бер көн, без дә шунда юнәлербез,&lt;br&gt;
Киек Каз юлында күздән югалырбыз.&lt;br&gt;

Дәвер җиле исеп, күпме сулар аккан,&lt;br&gt;
Безгә кадәр дә бит гөлләр чәчәк аткан,&lt;br&gt;
Көзен киткән кошлар язын кабат кайткан,&lt;br&gt;
Соңгы кырау төшеп, җиргә ак кар яткан.&lt;br&gt;

Дәвер җиле исеп, күпме сулар аккан,&lt;br&gt;
Исәпләсәң, кеше күпме учак яккан.&lt;br&gt;
Бездән соң да тормыш җырын дәвам итәр&lt;br&gt;,
Мәңгелеккә йөрәк бәхилләшеп китәр.&lt;br&gt;

'''ВЕКАМИ ДУЛИ ВЕТРЫ И СТРУИЛИСЬ ВОДЫ…'''&lt;br&gt;

Веками дули ветры и струились воды,&lt;br&gt;
Пройдя свой путь, шли в вечность люди и народы…&lt;br&gt;
Настанет день и наш ‒ в лазурь небес взойти,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб скрыться в мириадах Млечного Пути.&lt;br&gt;

Веками дули ветры и струились воды,&lt;br&gt;
Цвели всегда тюльпаны, незабудки, розы,&lt;br&gt;
Извечен был возврат всех перелётных птиц,&lt;br&gt;
И после холодов снег первый падал вниз.&lt;br&gt;

Веками дули ветры и струились воды,&lt;br&gt;
Шли предки сквозь своей судьбы стремнины, броды.&lt;br&gt;
Пусть песня мира не прервётся после нас,&lt;br&gt;
И в вечности звучит Творца нетленный глас.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''КҮК ГӨМБӘЗЕН ЯҢГЫРАТТЫ ҖАН АВАЗЫҢ''' ===
'''(Под сводом неба прозвучал твой глас души)'''&gt;&lt;br&gt;
('''Гөлнәфидә Лопанова-Миңнәхмәтева''')&lt;br&gt;

– Күк гөмбәзен яңгыратты җан авазың,&lt;br&gt;
Сагыш уты җанны телә ямансулап.&lt;br&gt;
Соңга калып килгән булсам, кичерә күр:&lt;br&gt;
Юлым узды язмыш кырын кабат урап.&lt;br&gt;

¬Бар җиһанның мал-мөлкәтен бергә җыеп,&lt;br&gt;
Алтын таулар вәгъдә итеп, җанны кыеп...&lt;br&gt;
Каршы җилләр иссәләр дә, бер мизгелгә&lt;br&gt;
Мин барыбер сиңа киләм: “Саумы!” – диеп.&lt;br&gt;

Йөрәк нечкә-нәзек кылдан үрелгәндер,&lt;br&gt;
Күзләремнән энҗе яшьләр түгеләдер.&lt;br&gt;
Гасыр үтеп, килдем, иркәм, яннарыңа,&lt;br&gt;
Күңел кошың булып калыйм яннарыңда.&lt;br&gt;

'''ПОД СВОДОМ НЕБА ПРОЗВУЧАЛ ТВОЙ ГЛАС ДУШИ...'''&lt;br&gt;

– Под сводом неба прозвучал твой глас души…&lt;br&gt;
О, если с опозданием пришёл, прости….&lt;br&gt;
Огонь тоски терзает душу смурью мне&lt;br&gt;
В попытках тщетных обойти судьбу извне...&lt;br&gt;

Собрав всё скопом состояние вселенной,&lt;br&gt;
О золотых горах терзаясь скорбью бренной…&lt;br&gt;
В одно мгновенье, хоть дуют ветры встреч,&lt;br&gt;
Я всё равно приду к тебе – Любовь сберечь!&lt;br&gt;

Из струн тончайших наши сотканы сердца…&lt;br&gt;
Скатилась по щеке жемчужиной слеза…&lt;br&gt;
Прошёл весь век, я рядом, у судьбы своей, –&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб пташка райская жила в душе твоей.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''АК КҮГӘРЧЕН (Белый голубь)''' ===
('''Гөлнәфидә Лопанова-Миңнәхмәтева''')&lt;br&gt;

Йөргән юлым борма-сырмалы,&lt;br&gt;
Ай һәм Кояш яктырта аны.&lt;br&gt;
…Ак күгәрчен, кунып иңемә,&lt;br&gt;
Тартты колактагы алканы.&lt;br&gt;

‒ Ошый икән, бүләк итәрмен,&lt;br&gt;
Тик йолкыма колак итләрем!&lt;br&gt;
‒ Шаярттым ич!.. ‒ дип ул гөрләде,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китте, бүләк көтмәде:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Җырың булсын бүләк, ялгышма,&lt;br&gt;
Дусларыңа аны багышла! ‒&lt;br&gt;
Гаип булды кинәт күгәрчен&lt;br&gt;
Ай-йолдызлы зәңгәр балкышта.&lt;br&gt;

Бер йолдызлык сипте нурларын ‒&lt;br&gt;
Күрдем күктә пәйда булганын!&lt;br&gt;
Бар барлыгым биләп, сихри нур&lt;br&gt;
Чыңлаттырды күңелем кылларын.&lt;br&gt;

Күңел төпкелемне моң били ‒&lt;br&gt;
Чишмә суы кебек челтери.&lt;br&gt;
Ак күгәрчен кайтты кабаттан,&lt;br&gt;
Хикмәт илә гөр-гөр гөрелди:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Йөрәк сүзең көйгә салынды! ‒&lt;br&gt;
Тавышы назлы аның, ягымлы. ‒&lt;br&gt;
Әйдә минем белән күкләргә,&lt;br&gt;
Күр тереклек иткән ягымны!&lt;br&gt;

‒ Ак күгәрчен! Мең-мең рәхмәтем:&lt;br&gt;
Күңел гөлләремә җан өрдең!&lt;br&gt;
Табигатьтән өстен көчләрдән&lt;br&gt;
Рух көрлеген миңа җиткердең.&lt;br&gt;

...Олы юллар ‒ килер иркенә.&lt;br&gt;
Гөләпләрдән хуш ис бөркелә,&lt;br&gt;
Таҗларыннан күңелем түренә&lt;br&gt;
Илаһи нур балкып сирпелә.&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕЛЫЙ ГОЛУБЬ'''&lt;br&gt;
Извилиста судьбы моей стезя,&lt;br&gt;
Луна и Солнце дарят ей свой свет.&lt;br&gt;
…Вот белый голубь, на плечо склонясь,&lt;br&gt;
Вдруг клюнул на моих ушах бусет.&lt;br&gt;

‒ Понравилась серьга? Бери, дарю,&lt;br&gt;
Не дёргай только мочку уха, вот!&lt;br&gt;
‒ Так в шутку ж я!.. Ведь красоту храню&lt;br&gt;
В душе моей! ‒ Взлетел он, и с высот:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Пусть песня станет даром, и воспой&lt;br&gt;
Её ты, посвятив друзьям и мне! ‒&lt;br&gt;
Воскликнул голубь, скрывшись за Луной,&lt;br&gt;
Средь звёзд в сияющей голубизне.&lt;br&gt;

Вот в небесах зажглась созвездий новь ‒&lt;br&gt;
Любви и Вечности напев звучит.&lt;br&gt;
Волшебный свет проник мне в плоть и кровь,&lt;br&gt;
Звенят во мне и струны всей души.&lt;br&gt;

И в песне той ‒ суть, вся моя любовь,&lt;br&gt;
Родник из сердца глубины она.&lt;br&gt;
Вернулся белый голубь мой, и вновь ‒&lt;br&gt;
Елеем для души вся речь полна:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Твой сердца зов мелодию обрёл,&lt;br&gt;
И песней нежной я её спою!&lt;br&gt;
Взлети со мной ты в небо, как орёл,&lt;br&gt;
Узри обитель красоты мою!&lt;br&gt;

‒ О голубь мой! Как благодарна я:&lt;br&gt;
Цветы души моей ты оживил!&lt;br&gt;
От Высших сил природы всей в меня&lt;br&gt;
Живительную воду духа влил.&lt;br&gt;

…Во власти будущего ‒ все пути.&lt;br&gt;
Тюльпанов ароматом дышит лес,&lt;br&gt;
Из лепестков цветы льют в глубь души &lt;br&gt;
Божественные промени* Небес.&lt;br&gt;
* '''промени ‒ лучи'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ТОРМЫШ ЮЛЫ (Дорога жизни)''' ===
('''АкКойрык''')

Аллаһ каршына илтүче изгелек юлы бик тар.&lt;br&gt;
Иблис-мәлгуньне җиңүнең бер генә ысулы бар:&lt;br&gt;
Көчең җитсә, һич юл бирмә, аяк терәп каршы тор,&lt;br&gt;
Тарафдарларны, халкыңны аңа таба каршы бор.&lt;br&gt;
Иман нуры яктысында иблис дәрманы китәр,&lt;br&gt;
Авызлыклап тота белсәң, ул сиңа хезмәт итәр.&lt;br&gt;
Хәлдән тайса көрәштәшләр һәм  сирәгәйсә сафлар,&lt;br&gt;
Вәсвәсәләргә бирелеп, хыянәт итсә дуслар,&lt;br&gt;
Комачаулама аларга, намусыңны гел сакла,&lt;br&gt;
Булачак кискен көрәшкә яңа тарафлар тупла.&lt;br&gt;
Акылсызлык, башбаштаклык теләгәнен эшләсен,&lt;br&gt;
Чистартсын синең мохитне, мөртәтләрне чүпләсен.&lt;br&gt;
Фани булгач ошбу дөнья, Хак тәгалә юлында&lt;br&gt;
Була алмый һич мәңгелек хөррият тә, золым да.&lt;br&gt;
Яралгысында золымның бар һәлакәт орлыгы:&lt;br&gt;
Гайрәтлерәк була барса, якыная хурлыгы.&lt;br&gt;
Золым белән көрәшкәндә юк фетнәнең кирәге –&lt;br&gt;
Һәркемнең үз яссылыгы, һәркемнең үз мәсләге.&lt;br&gt;
Узалмассың явызлыкта явызлыкны син һич тә –&lt;br&gt;
Утын өстәп торсаң утка, өстәлә аңа көч тә.&lt;br&gt;
Шайтаннарның таянычы — күпчелек  белән тизлек,&lt;br&gt;
Эзлеклелек һәм затлылык — Тәңре яраткан үзлек.&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш һәрчак дәвам итәр, Җирдән иман китмәсә,&lt;br&gt;
Юк аның үлем ноктасы, Кыямәт көн җитмәсә.&lt;br&gt;
Изге-явыз комарында без ирешкән нәтиҗә –&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелеккә юл алганда  хаклы дәлил, тәҗрибә.&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья өчен дип тапканың бу дөньяда кала бит,&lt;br&gt;
Фидаиләр мәңгелектә үлемсезлек ала бит.&lt;br&gt;
Булмый тормыш тәгәрмәчен туктатып йә тизләтеп,&lt;br&gt;
Һичберкем Галәм Канунын яза алмый үзгәртеп!&lt;br&gt;
Һәм иблисне авызлыклап булмый һич канун белән –&lt;br&gt;
Туена икейөзле хаин-мәлгунь каны  белән.&lt;br&gt;
Иблиснең бөтен гәүдәсе тирәндә, җәһәннәмдә,&lt;br&gt;
Суыргыч-капшавычлары без гөнаһлы адәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Яшидер ул азык итеп безләр кылган шомлыкны;&lt;br&gt;
Чыгар тамчы-тамчы кысып җаныңдагы бушлыкны,&lt;br&gt;
Корыт тамырын иблиснең һәм киптер бозык канын –&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә хозурында ясарсың тугры адым.&lt;br&gt;
Кыл изге гамәл, дөньядан киткәнче уйлан, эзлән,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңү-җиңелү мәгънәсен дөрес аңларга өйрән.&lt;br&gt;
'''5-8 август, 1993 ел'''&lt;br&gt;

'''ДОРОГА ЖИЗНИ'''&lt;br&gt;
К Престолу Бога путь всегда тернист:&lt;br&gt;
К Нему отыщет узкую тропинку&lt;br&gt;
Лишь кто душой и помыслами чист,&lt;br&gt;
Кто бережёт в себе Творца искринку.&lt;br&gt;
Наскоки  сатаны прочь отвергай&lt;br&gt;
И в меру сил одолевай невзгоды,&lt;br&gt;
К души порывам ближних убеждай&lt;br&gt;
Во имя Бога, Истины, Свободы.&lt;br&gt;
Единство, лад, согласие в делах –&lt;br&gt;
Вот средства против сатанинской скверны,&lt;br&gt;
Покуда держишь крепко в удилах,&lt;br&gt;
И сатана — слуга, но лицемерный!&lt;br&gt;
Ничто не вечно: выбьются из сил –&lt;br&gt;
Соратников  шеренги поредеют,&lt;br&gt;
Изменят те, кто клятву приносил, –&lt;br&gt;
Соблазны жизни краткой одолеют.&lt;br&gt;
Невмочь сдержать зло — отступи, терпи,&lt;br&gt;
Но сбереги в самом себе ты Бога,&lt;br&gt;
К борьбе за Веру падших подними –&lt;br&gt;
Вновь предстоит нелёгкая дорога!&lt;br&gt;
Неверные средь мутных сгинут волн — &lt;br&gt;
Очистится Земля  от зыбкой скверны;&lt;br&gt;
Поток безумия и произвол&lt;br&gt;
Вреда не причинят нам, правоверным.&lt;br&gt;
Восстанем  мы — как скалы средь пучин,&lt;br&gt;
Как маяки под сенью небосвода,&lt;br&gt;
Нам с Богом для унынья нет причин:&lt;br&gt;
Ярмо не вечно — так же, как свобода.&lt;br&gt;
Никто Величья Бога не оспорит!&lt;br&gt;
И тёмной силе не объять всего –&lt;br&gt;
Зерно погибели в зародыше её:&lt;br&gt;
Лихая удаль только крах ускорит.&lt;br&gt;
Без помощи Творца успехи мнимы,&lt;br&gt;
В борьбе со злом нужды в интригах нет;&lt;br&gt;
Дорога Жизни широка, но след&lt;br&gt;
У каждого здесь свой, неповторимый.&lt;br&gt;
Навал и суета — удел лишь сатаны:&lt;br&gt;
Обета лживого торопит бренность;&lt;br&gt;
Идущим к вечности, как  факелы, даны&lt;br&gt;
Надёжность, качество и постепенность!&lt;br&gt;
Пока на Вере зиждется наш Дом,&lt;br&gt;
Любовь Творца укроет нас как прежде;&lt;br&gt;
Господь свершит наш путь Страшным Судом,&lt;br&gt;
Когда погаснет в душах луч Надежды.&lt;br&gt;
Истории и судеб колесо&lt;br&gt;
Ускорить иль замедлить невозможно,&lt;br&gt;
Закон Творца священен и весом –&lt;br&gt;
Не заменить его обетом  ложным!&lt;br&gt;
И Тьмы со Светом в той  борьбе вотще&lt;br&gt;
Победы миг — мираж, пусть кровью добыт!&lt;br&gt;
Земных страданий  оттиски в душе –&lt;br&gt;
Для вечной жизни  обретенный опыт.&lt;br&gt;
И всё, что в мире бренном раб достиг,&lt;br&gt;
Его наследникам лишь для услады;&lt;br&gt;
Ценою жизни — тот счастливый миг&lt;br&gt;
Преодоленья  вечности преграды.&lt;br&gt;
Лишь праведный богоугодный труд&lt;br&gt;
Вернет покой душе и счастье Дому,&lt;br&gt;
Скитания земного каждый круг –&lt;br&gt;
Дорогой Жизни верный шаг к Престолу.&lt;br&gt;
Твори добро и путь свой отыщи,&lt;br&gt;
В раздумьях о Творце найди отраду;&lt;br&gt;
Потерь и обретений труд души –&lt;br&gt;
Итог всей жизни и залог Награды.&lt;br&gt;
'''8-10 августа 1993 года'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ЯҢА ДУМА ТАКМАКЛАРЫ (Новая Дума)''' ===
('''АкКойрык''')&lt;br&gt;

Тәрәзәләргә ут капса,&lt;br&gt;
ачып җибәр ишекне;&lt;br&gt;
юньле Дума, гадел патша –&lt;br&gt;
хыял назлый мужикны.&lt;br&gt;

Сүз боткасы ашатырга&lt;br&gt;
булды Мәскәү Думалы;&lt;br&gt;
җиңел куып таратырга –&lt;br&gt;
вәкаләте чамалы.&lt;br&gt;

Бик күпләрең Себер китәр,&lt;br&gt;
“либерал”ны котыртсаң,&lt;br&gt;
алтын богаулар киярсең,&lt;br&gt;
муеныңа утыртсаң.&lt;br&gt;

Әнә килә Жириновский –&lt;br&gt;
бөек дәүләт батыры,&lt;br&gt;
тавышы яңа, җыры иске –&lt;br&gt;
хурлык булыр ахыры.&lt;br&gt;

Патша йөри урам буйлап,&lt;br&gt;
нигә ачык изүе?  –&lt;br&gt;
Йә тагын бер кат “җиңүе”,&lt;br&gt;
йә тәхеттән төшүе!...&lt;br&gt;

Арзан Дума – очсыз халык,&lt;br&gt;
хуҗасызлык дәүләте...&lt;br&gt;
Кайчан бетәр аңгыралык,&lt;br&gt;
мисезлек галәмәте?&lt;br&gt;
'''март, 1994 ел'''

'''НОВАЯ ДУМА'''&lt;br&gt;
('''частушки, вольный перевод с добавлениями''')&lt;br&gt;

В Думе-думушке престольной&lt;br&gt;
подают к обеду рис,&lt;br&gt;
трижды крикнут “Смирно!”, “Вольно!”,&lt;br&gt;
а потом и – “Разойдись!”&lt;br&gt;

Наша Дума мировая,&lt;br&gt;
на деревне как плетень:&lt;br&gt;
руки-ноги обдирая,&lt;br&gt;
лезут все, кому не лень.&lt;br&gt;

Двадцать пять – и депутат! –&lt;br&gt;
Вот дешёвенький мандат.&lt;br&gt;
Ни к чему нам крупный счёт,&lt;br&gt;
если с гулькин хер почёт...&lt;br&gt;

Что-то дымом потянуло,&lt;br&gt;
вдруг пожар, будь начеку!&lt;br&gt;
...Добрый царь с путёвой Думой&lt;br&gt;
всё же снятся мужику.&lt;br&gt;

Жириновский безоглядно&lt;br&gt;
обещания всем даёт,&lt;br&gt;
хриплым голосом надсадно&lt;br&gt;
и “по Геббельсу” поёт:&lt;br&gt;

“Наклони головку низко,&lt;br&gt;
чтоб златых цепей надеть,&lt;br&gt;
даль Чукотки станет близкой,&lt;br&gt;
коль посадишь на хребет”.&lt;br&gt;

Против мира в одиночку,&lt;br&gt;
ты куда, Володя, прёшь?&lt;br&gt;
Впрочем, ты и с дёгтем в бочке&lt;br&gt;
от стыда ведь не помрёшь...&lt;br&gt;

Лихо правит “демократ”:&lt;br&gt;
до базара и назад.&lt;br&gt;
Нету больше сил бежать,&lt;br&gt;
остается “побеждать”.&lt;br&gt;

Победили на равнине,&lt;br&gt;
победим мы и в горах,&lt;br&gt;
сохраним Чечню, всех прочих&lt;br&gt;
мы разгоним в пух и прах!&lt;br&gt;

Кто-то пользуется всласть&lt;br&gt;
благами всевластия;&lt;br&gt;
катастрофой может стать&lt;br&gt;
эта катавасия!&lt;br&gt;
'''март 1994 года'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ФАТИХАСЫЗ КЕШЕ ЮЛГА ЧЫКМАС''' ===
('''Гөлнәфидә шигыре, “Мәхәббәт гөлләре яралсын!” китабыннан''')&lt;br&gt;

Хак-дөреслек көтмәгәндә килеп,&lt;br&gt;
Җанны салып ялкынлы утка,&lt;br&gt;
Көлдәй коеп, җилдә ул тузгыта&lt;br&gt;
Йә булмаса күккә очырта.&lt;br&gt;

Сынарга дип тәкъдир-язмышыңны,&lt;br&gt;
Вәсвәсәләндермә җаныңны.&lt;br&gt;
Хәсрәтеңнән сөрлегеп егылсаң,&lt;br&gt;
Күрсәтмәскә тырыш яшеңне.&lt;br&gt;

Бәхет кошы таң аттырып сайрый,&lt;br&gt;
Җан иркендә курку булмаса.&lt;br&gt;
Газапланырсың тик, каурый каләм&lt;br&gt;
Әйтер сүзең аңлый алмаса.&lt;br&gt;

Фатихасыз кеше юлга чыкмас,&lt;br&gt;
Хөсетлегә Ходай юл салмас.&lt;br&gt;
Мөстәкыйльлек фикере булмаган&lt;br&gt;
Авыз ачып сүзен әйталмас!&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕЗ БЛАГОСЛОВЕНЬЯ НЕТ ДОРОГИ'''&lt;br&gt;
Истина, придя внезапно, мельком&lt;br&gt;
Бросив душу в огненный бедлам,&lt;br&gt;
Сеет пепел, развевая ветром,&lt;br&gt;
Или же возносит к небесам.&lt;br&gt;

Нет, не искушай ты душу сгорбив,&lt;br&gt;
Испытав судьбу во власти грёз.&lt;br&gt;
А споткнувшись, ниц упав от скорби,&lt;br&gt;
Попытайся не пролить и слёз.&lt;br&gt;

Птица счастья песней будит зори,&lt;br&gt;
Если страха нет в душе твоей.&lt;br&gt;
Избежишь ли мук, душевной хвори,&lt;br&gt;
Коль перо отвергнет смысл речей?&lt;br&gt;

Без Благословенья нет дороги,&lt;br&gt;
Бог завистливым не явит путь.&lt;br&gt;
Вольной мысли же презрев, двуногий&lt;br&gt;
Не откроет рта – вот жизни суть!&lt;br&gt;

== '''ХӘТЕРДӘН ҖУЕЛМАС МИЗГЕЛЛӘР''' ==
('''Бу язма 2024 елда аерым китап буларак басылып чыкты һәм бүләк итеп таратылды''')&lt;br&gt;

'''''Бармы шундый бәрәкәтле, тирән,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''затлы бүләк – Ходай шәфкатедәй –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''үз эченә язмышым сеңдергән'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''ике тар һәм көчсез уч төбедәй?'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''''Не знаю благодатней и бездонней''''',&lt;br&gt;
'''''дарованных как Божеская милость,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''двух узких и беспомощных ладоней,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''в которые судьба моя вместилась.'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Игорь Губерман)&lt;br&gt;

'''''Ни мәгънә эч сереңнән – аны кем дә белмәсә?'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Равил Фәйзуллин)&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Яши-яши һичкем булмадың,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''ник көлдердең?!» – диеп Алла сорар.'''''&lt;br&gt; 
'''''«Юаттым ич гаҗиз колларың...», –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''дип әйтермен Аңа. Һәм Ул... елар.'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''''И спросит Бог: никем не ставший,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''зачем ты жил? Что смех твой значит?'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''«Я утешал рабов уставших…», –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''отвечу я. И Бог… заплачет.'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Игорь Губерман)&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ГОМЕР УВЕРТЮРАСЫ'''&lt;br&gt; ===
==== '''Туган авылым...'''&lt;br&gt; ====
'''''...Зөя буйларында, шунда үтте минем балачак...'''''&lt;br&gt;

Адав-Толымбай авылы Татарстанда шартлы рәвештә «әдәби телле Тау ягы» дип аталырлык төбәкнең көньяктагы чигендә урнашкан, аннан ары көндезге кояшка карап китсәң, табигый «Мишәрстан» кочагына барып керәсең. Хәер, бу чик хәзерге заманда бөтенләй ашалып бетте, дисәң дә була. Хәзер инде минем ише, гомерен читтә үткәргән бер кире-беткән «нугай» (казакълар Казан телле татарларны шулай атыйлар) соңгы тапкыр туган-үскән җирләремне әйләнеп чыгыйм әле, дип кайтып төшсә, аның турында... «Бу бабай әле хәзер дә казанца сүләшә», дип әйтәчәкләр.&lt;br&gt; 

Моның сәбәбе гади: Толымбай кызлары, мәктәп сабагын тәмамлауга ук, тизрәк Буага, Казанга яки «ябага» (чит җирләргә) ашыга, шуңа күрә авылда калам дигән егеткә күрше Карлыдан яки Иске Суыксудан цыкылдап торган бер чибәрне ияртеп кайтудан башка чара калмый. Мишәрләр бит алар матдичел тормышлы, консерватив карашлы һәм җиргә ябышып яши торган кешеләр. Берсе дә берьялгызы гына, күктәге торналарга ияреп, туган төбәген бер сәбәпсез ташлап, теләсә кая китеп бармас аларның. Югары белемле булырга теләгәннәр һәм сәләтлеләр генә, туган-тумачасы төпләнгән шәһәрләр булса, шунда юл тотар. Шуңа Буа районының үзәк хакимияте хәзер тулысынча мишәрләр кулында. Һәм «Мишәрстан» халкының табигый үрчеме беркайчан да, бернинди кризис шартларында да аска тәгәрәми. 

Адав-Толымбай авылын өч яктан урман чолгап алган. Көнбатышта һәм төньякта – узган гасырның утызынчы елларында утыртылган нарат урманы, көнчыгышта, Зөя буенда – табигый катнаш урман. Зөя елгасын авыл халкы үзе генә белгән кичү аркылы чыксаң – Кырлаңгы таулары. Җәй уртасында тауның көнбатышка караган итәгендә кып-кызыл җиләкләр өлгерә, нәкъ Кырлайдагы кебек. 

Зөя буендагы урман аланында ел саен май аеның соңгы ике һәм июньнең беренче якшәмбесендә «Май уны» дип атала торган авыл бәйрәме үткәрәләр иде. Хәзер бу урман эченә үтеп кереп тә булмый инде, бөтен юлларга-сукмакларга – һәм минемчә, йөрәкләргә дә! – чытырман ябышкан...Анда яз көне... энцефалит талпаннары хуҗа. Ә без илленче-алтмышынчы елларда бу бөҗәкне бар дип тә белми идек. Мин ул «клещ» турында 1975 елда Ерак Көнчыгышта армия хезмәтен үткәндә генә ишетем. Ләкин, телефончы буларак шактый еш урман эченә керергә туры килсә дә, бер тапкыр да очратмадым һәм «эләктермәдем» дә. Шулай да талпаннан һәлак булган тимер юлчы солдат мәетләрен күрергә туры килде. 

'''ФОТО''': Адав-Толымбай авылы. Урта урам.

Туган авылыбызга багышланган бер «көйсез җыр» мәгълүм, аны Себер татарлары шагыйре Булат Сөләйманов язган. Әдип Толымбайдан Себергә ягага киткән бер кызга өйләнгән булган һәм Казанда белем алган елларда җәй көне тормыш юлдашы белән бергә ялга кайтып-китеп йөргән. Бу шигырьне мин узган елларда Буа районының «Байрак» газетасына юллаган идем, авылдашлар, басылып чыкты, диделәр. 

'''Толымбай җыры'''&lt;br&gt;
Күктән йолдыз тотмыйм, бу җырыма&lt;br&gt;
Мин тормышчан сүзләр сайладым,&lt;br&gt;
Толымчак күк газиз авылыма,&lt;br&gt;
Толымбаем, сиңа багладым.&lt;br&gt;
Ялгыз калсам күңелем буранында,&lt;br&gt; 
Уйларымны сүтәм, яңартам.&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья буйлап чабып хәлдән тайсам,&lt;br&gt; 
И Толымбай, сиңа мин кайтам.&lt;br&gt;

Толымыңда – урман-болыннарың,&lt;br&gt;
Зөя сөеклесе Толымбай,&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәгем дә кушып үрелгән бит,&lt;br&gt;
Ни хәл итим соң мин, йа Ходай!&lt;br&gt;
Кемнәр үрә бүген толымнарың?&lt;br&gt;
Сорасалар миннән, ни әйтим...&lt;br&gt;
Син булмасаң, улың илсез, җирсез,&lt;br&gt;
И Толымбай! синсез мин ятим.&lt;br&gt;

Толымсызлар тол хатын күк ялгыз,&lt;br&gt; 
Көзге таллар кебек шәп-шәрә.&lt;br&gt;
Син булмасаң илдә, Толымбаем,&lt;br&gt;
Булыр идем, шиксез, мәсхәрә.&lt;br&gt;
Чал чәчләрне җилләр йолкыганда&lt;br&gt;
Каеннарың толымын сагынам,&lt;br&gt;
Бер Аллага инанган ир-егет,&lt;br&gt;
И Толымбай! сиңа табынам.&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Авылым өлкәннәре'''&lt;br&gt; ====
'''ФОТО''': Авылда 2015 елда төзелеп беткән «Хәтер комплексы». Арткы планда урнашкан һәйкәл янындагы ятма такталарга 1941-1945 елларда Бөек Ватан сугышында катнашкан барлык толымбайлыларның исемнәре язылган. Мин ишетеп белгән һәм хәтерләгән өлкән туганнарымның һәм авылдашларымның берсен дә онытмаганнар! Комплекс капкасыннан уң якта – авыл мәдәният йорты, сул якта Буа драма театры директоры Раил Садриев төзеткән «Театраль кунакханә» һәм «Тамак» кафесы.&lt;br&gt;

Ә Толымбайның үзендә нинди танылган шәхесләр бар иде соң без яшәгән дәвердә? Бу сорауга җавап биргәндә, рәсми чыганаклар беренче бишлеккә Татарстанда күпләргә билгеле булган кешеләрне кертәләр. Ләкин аларның «күләгә»сендә калган лаеклы шәхесләр дә байтак.&lt;br&gt;

'''Гомәр Толымбай''' (Шаһиәхмәтев Габделхак Җәләлетдин улы, 1900-1938) – язучы. 

'''Александра Николаева''' (1924-2015) – Социалистик Хезмәт Каһарманы. 

'''Равил Рахмани''' (Кукушкин Равил Фәйзерахман улы, 1949) – язучы, шагыйрь, әдәбият белгече, әдәби тәнкыйтьче, филология фәннәре кандидаты. 

'''Раил Садриев''' (1966) – Буа татар драма театры директоры, Татарстанның халык артисты. 

'''Рафаэль Латыйпов''' (1956) – җырчы, Татарстанның атказанган артисты. 

Раил һәм Рафаэль икесе дә миннән шактый яшьрәк, алар турында һәркемгә мәгълүм булганны гына беләм. Алар белән шәхси аралашуларым кыска вакытлы гына, ләкин истә калырлык булды. 

Толымбайда туганнан туган өч кардәшем яши иде бу хатирәләр язылганда: Фәһимә апа Галимҗанова, Әнвәр абый Кукушкин һәм Рифкать абый Бакиров. Өчесе дә унынчы дистәсен ваклаган кешеләр. Узган гасыр хәтере булып кала алар безнең өчен. 2025 елның җәендә Рифкать абый бакый дөньяга күчте... 

'''ФОТО''': Гомәр Толымбай

Гомәр Толымбай авылыбызда туып-үскән иң күренекле татар әдибе генә түгел, Сталин исеме белән атала торган сәяси эзәрлекләү елларындагы какшамас рух һәм шәхси батырлык үрнәге дә ул. Казан «тәнкыйтьчеләре» аңа егерменче еллар азагында ук чокыр казый башлыйлар. Габделхакның иң зур «гаебе»: «Ул үз иҗатында җәмгыятебездә барган сыйнфый көрәшне тулысынча чагылдырмый». Язучы 1937 елның 8 июнендә кулга алына. Пләтән төрмәсендә, 11 ай буе көннең көнендә җәзалап, аңардан сорау алалар, акылдан язарлык хәлгә җиткерәләр. Ләкин атаклы толымбайлы бернинди «гаепләү кәгазьләре»нә дә кул куймый, күпме генә мәҗбүриләсәләр дә, каләмдәшләренең берсенә дә тел-теш тидерми. 1938 елның 8 маенда аны атып үтерәләр. Җәмәгатен дә, уйдырма статья чәпәп, сөргенгә озаталар. Хәнҗәр исемле сабыйлары балалар йортында кала... 

'''ФОТО''': Александра Иван кызы Николаева – Адав-Толымбай авылның илкүләм танылган Сания апасы. 

Александра Николаева – авыл исеменең «Адав» (ягъни Атау – чуашча Атав дип языла, Адав дип укыла) өлешен биргән чуаш башы» кызы. Сания апаның исеме илгә сугыштан соңгы беренче елларда мәгълүм була. 1946 елдагы корылыктан соң совет хөкүмәте илдә социалистик ярыш игълан итә: иген үстерү, урып-җыю һәм терлек үрчетүдә алдынгылыкка чыккан бригадирларга Социалистик Хезмәт Каһарманы дигән мактаулы исем вәгъдә ителә. Бригада кешеләренә – орденнар һәм медальләр. Чама чамадан артмый: район саен бер генә кеше Хезмәт Каһарманы булырга тиеш. Буа түрәләре алдан ук дөрес фаразлыйлар: җиңүчеләр Толымбайдан булачак. Күрше Кыят совхозында җирләр тагын да уңдырышлырак, ләкин анда толымбайлылар кебек тырыш халык юк. «Коминтерн» колхозында ике удар бригада оештырыла: комсомол яшендәгеләрнекен Александра Николаева җитәкли, ә җәмәгате-балалары булган яки сугыштан соң тол калганнарныкын – минем булачак әнием, 35 яшьлек Сәйделбанат әпти (авылда кечерәк яшьтәгеләр аны шулай атый иде). 

Ике бригаданың кырлары янәшәдә, ярыш шартлары бертигез. Якындагы күлдән көянтәләп-чиләкләп су ташыганнар һәм яңгырлар башланганчы үсемлекләргә су сибеп торганнар, дип тә шаярткан халык. Яз-җәй буе тырышып эшләүләре һәм хезмәт нәтиҗәләре – бердәй һәм үрнәк булырлык. Һәр гектардан уртача 23 центнер чамасы, диелә хәзерге заман чыганакларында. Ләкин... Мәскәү төшергән «каһарманлык квотасы» бер урынлы гына: икесен дә хезмәт батырына һәм орден-медальләргә тәкъдим итсәң, шунда ук сине «эшне оештыра белмәү»дә гаепләячәкләр. Нишләргә? Комиссия килеп йомгак ясар алдыннан, район хакимиятенең үз кешеләре, төнлә кырга чыгып, хатыннар басуындагы көлтәләрнең бер өлешен кызларныкына күчереп утырталар. Казан комиссиясе килә, барысын да үз күзе белән күрә һәм раслый. Яшьләр бүләкле булып китә, Мәскәүгә юлланган тәкъдим кәгазендә, гектарыннан 27 центнер уңыш алдылар, дип язалар. Өлкәннәр рәсми 20 центнер белән бармак суырып кала. Каршы сүз әйтеп булмый, шунда ук «загремишь под фанфары». Әнә 22 яшьлек Фәүзияне кырдан тавыкларга бер-ике уч бодай алып кайткан өчен дә бер елга төрмәгә утыртканнар бит... 

Бу әле «тарих»ның башы гына, аның дәвамы Толымбай авылындагы уңган, батыр һәм игелекле кешеләрнең шул замандагы асыл сыйфатларына һәйкәл сыман. Ике бригада кызлары-хатыннары да элеккеге дустанә мөнәсәбәтләрдә кала, алар арасында бернинди низаг тумый. Бу очракта шайтани хакимнәрнең «Разделяй и властвуй!» шигаре буш куык булып шартлый. 

Әлеге хәлләрне бөтен авыл халкы белеп тора, без бәләкәчләр өчен генә озак еллар буе сер булып калды алар. Әйтик, миңа бу хакта авыл кешеләре әнкәем 51 яшендә үлем түшәгендә ятканда гына сөйләделәр. Ә моңа кадәр берни белмәдем. Әнкәемнең һәм Сания апаның дуслыгы минем өчен табигый күренеш иде. Икесе дә уңганнар, киң күңеллеләр, ярдәмчелләр. Күл буе урамыннан үткәндә Сания апа һәм аның җәмәгате Сәгыйть абый (мәктәп укытучысы!) мине чакырып алалар иде. Ел саен Әлфия һәм Алсу исемле кызларының туган көннәрен дә бергә үткәрдек.

Сания апа озын гомерле булды. Колхоз һәм авыл, аның исеме артына ышыкланып, еллар буе һәрнәсәне бүлеп бирүгә күнеккән, әмма үтә саран хөкүмәттән үзе өчен күпмедер өлеш чыгарып килде. Әйтик, Адав-Толымбай авылының гомер бакый баткаклыктан интеккән урамнарындагы таш һәм асфальт юллар – Сания апа абруеның шул җөмләдәге казанышы. Аларның һәркайсын авыл халкы «Сания апа юлы» дип атый. 

'''ФОТО''': Әнием Сәйделбанат Җиһаншина (Бакирова). 1940 нчы еллар.

Әнием 1956 елда яңа өй өлгерткәч үк чирләп китте һәм колхоз эшенә йөрми башлады. Баштарак табиблар гастрит дип кенә диагноз куялар иде. Соңрак, Казанга барып-күренеп кайткач, моның ул заманда дәвалап та булмый торган үлем чире икәнлеге ачыкланды. Сәламәт вакытта, әлеге «каһарманлык эпопеясы»ннан соң, әнкәемне колхозда ашлык амбарлары мөдире итеп куйганнар. Нибары өч класс белемле генә, егерменче еллар башында кешедә белем алу түгел, яшәп калу кайгысы гына булган. Бернигә карамастан, Сәйделбанат өч төрле татар язуын (гарәп имласын, яңалифне һәм кирилл әлифбасын) үзлегеннән өйрәнгән, арифметиканың төп дүрт гамәлен башкара белә. Әлбәттә, тиңдәшсез тырышлыгы, берни дә урламавы һәм беркемнән дә урлатмавы аркасында, аның авыл хөрәсәннәре арасында дошманнары да байтак булгандыр.

'''ФОТО''': Миңа ике яшь ярым тирәсе. 1951 ел.

Әнкәем үзе миңа беркайчан да андый нәрсәләр турында сөйләмәде. Мин аны дөньяның бөтенләй караңгы якларын томалап, тоныграгын яктыртып торучы дип кенә хәтерлим. Аның вафатына кадәр алты ел буе без икәү, дөресен әйткәндә, ачлы-туклы яшәдек. Бигрәк тә бәрәңге базыбызны язгы ташу суы басып киткән булса. Байтак бәрәңгебез әрәм була иде шул елларда. Колхоз безгә ай саен бер пот бодай оны биреп торды (хәзерге заман кешеләренең кайберсе инде потның 16 килограмм икәнлеген дә оныткан икән). Ун көнгә бер мәртәбә фермага яки җәйләүгә барып, биш литр сөт алып кайта идем. Баштарак сарыклар-тавыклар да асрадык. Җәй җиткәч, бәрәңге бакчабыз артындагы Алмакай болыныннан урак белән урып, көн саен берәр капчык үлән алып кайта идем. Каенсар болыны һәм утызынчы елларда утыртылган нарат урманы аша «Гайшә юлы»ннан туп-туры Буага барып, шәһәр халкына бер дистәсен 70-80 тиеннән күкәй сатып, ипи-тоз-шикәр алам. Җәйге каникулда кырда каравыл торып, аз-маз хезмәт көне эшлим. Шуннан артыгына көче җитми көне буе ашыйсы килеп йөргән һәм чыра сыман ябык баланың.

'''ФОТО''': Минем апам Гөлфия Солтан кызы Зиннәтуллина (Жиһаншина) кызы Рузалия белән. 1960 еллар.

Ашарга яраганның барысы да ризык иде безнең өчен. Үзем эшләп тапкан беренче өч сум акчаны 1960 елның 1 гыйнварында алдым. Бер малай белән икәү авыл кибетенә кайткан тозны бушаттык. Яшерен девальвацияле акча реформасы тәмам булгач, 30 тиен булып калды ул. Кинога билет 5 тиен тора иде, ипи – 15-20 тиен. Аннары, Ватан сугышы алдыннан туган апам Гөлфия Солтан кызы 1958 елда Югары Лашчыга фельдшер булып киткәч, йомыркадан-иттән дә мәхрүм калдык. Әнкәемә бернинди ризык үтми башлады, ашказаны авыртуын бернинди дару да баса алмады аның. Ел саен апрель-май-июнь айларындагы кытлыкта һәм соңрак терлек-туарсыз гына түгел, кош-кортсыз да калгач, безне ачлыктан Сания апа һәм Йосыф абый коткара иде. Күрше Сания апа да тумыштан Александра исемле, «чуаш башы»ннан безнең очка кияүгә чыккан чуаш кызы. Бу изге җаннарны искә алганда әле хәзер дә күзләрем яшьләнеп китә... 

Ә авыл мәктәбе директоры, Ватан сугышы ветераны '''Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллин''' белән аның җәмәгате, рус теле укытучысы '''Антонина Георгиевна'''ны хәтер түреннән мин нинди рәвештә чакырырга тиешмен? Алар бит, һичшиксез, ахырзаман кануныдай бүгенге дөньяда да кешечә яшәү үрнәге булып калырлар иде! Икесе дә озын һәм тату гомер кичерделәр, туганнарының һәм авылдашларның кадер-хөрмәтен күреп, җиде ел элек әүлиялардай бер-бер артлы мәңгелеккә күчтеләр. 

Аларның үз балалары булмады. Айга бер-ике мәртәбә мине өйләренә алып кайталар, сыйлыйлар иде, әнкәйгә дә ул үзе ашый алырлык күчтәнәч ризык биреп җибәрәләр, әлбәттә. Гомумән, ул вакытта бөтен Татарстанда да үрнәк булырлык авыл мәктәбенең кайгыртучан укытучылары мине сигезенче сыйныфны тәмамлаганчы озата бардылар. Ике елга бер мәртәбә мәктәп миңа һәм ярдәмгә мохтаҗ булган тагын бер балага бүрек, пальто һәм кышкы аяк киеме кайтарта иде. Ничек кенә авыр тоелмасын гомер сөрү ул вакытта, безнең янда һәрвакыт хәерхаһлы һәм игелекле кешеләр гел булып торды. Шуңа без, бөтен дөньяга ачу саклап, хәшәрәт булып китмәдек тә! 

'''ФОТО''': Мәктәп директоры Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллин

==== '''Ивашев, Кукушкин, Рыбаков һәм «Мишәрстан»...''' ====

Юк, Адав-Толымбай авылы әле бүген генә, татар телендә белем бирү «Тыелган!» дип танылгач кына урыслаша башлады. Безнең үз теләгебез белән «тыелгач»! Югыйсә, моны, без «булдыручылар»дан гайре, кем булдыра алыр иде? Без кичергән инкыйразда алпавыт-декабрист һәм рәссам '''Василий Пётр улы Ивашев''' та, җитмеш һөнәр остасы '''Җәләлетдин Әхмәр улы Кукушкин''' да, минем хәтергә «бакчачы галим» булып кереп калган һәм урыс фамилиясен нәкъ Җәләлетдин бабабызныкына охшаш рәвештә юнәткән '''Йосыф абый Рыбаков''' та гаепле түгел. Алар XIX-XX гасырларда яшәгәннәр. Һәм Толымбай халкына, татарларга бернинди зыян китермәгәннәр. Гел файда гына! 

Әле бүген генә Толымбайда бала-чага «бөек тел»дә уйнарга һәм аралашырга тотынды. Моның алга таба ни бетеп тәмамланасын бүген туклыкта һәм муллыкта яшәгән авыл кешеләре... урамнар буйлап чабып йөрүче ташландык һәм ач этләрдән сорасын... 

Мин белгәндә, совет заманында, авыл әле милли-мәдәни кирмән сыман иде. Һәм шул ук вакытта чын халыклар дуслыгының тоткасы да. Авылдан көньяктарак бүген Җуашау дип аталган иске Ивашевка авылы бар. Хәзер анда башлыча авыл җирлеге үзәгеннән күчеп килгән татарлар яши, урыслар бөтенләй диярлек Буага һәм Казанга китеп беткән. Авылга Ивашев фамилияле бер алпавыт нигез салган. Төп йортын ул Зөя буендагы Кыят авылында тоткан, ә Җуашауга үзенең «беркетелгән» урысларын китерткән. Бүген зур урыс авылы булып калган Кыятта, киресенчә, башта утрак тормышка төпләнгән төрки күчмәннәр яшәгән. 

Унтугызынчы гасыр башында Ивашевлар нәселеннән хакимлек иткән бер алпавытның декабристларга якын булуы, аларның хәрәкәтен хуплавы һәм шуның өчен сөргенгә җибәрелүе билгеле. Һәм бу гасыр азагында толымбайлы мөселман Җәләлетдин шул «гыйсъянчы» алпавыт варисыннан һич көтмәгәндә... урыс фамилиясе юнәткән. Җәләлетдин бабай, үз элгәрләре кебек үк, ихлас күңелдән дин әһеле булган, ләкин дөнья малыннан ваз кичеп яшәүче суфи-дәрвиш түгел. Ягада акча эшләп йөргәндә ул үзенчәлекле һөнәрләр үзләштергән. Бу хакта белеп алгач, алпавыт бабайны Кыятка чакырткан һәм аңа ватык күкеле сәгатен төзәтергә кушкан. Җәләлетдин бабай исә, эшне башкарып чыккач... Кукушкин фамилиясен бүләк итеп алган. Ул заманнарда империячел фамилия эш рәтен белгән кешегә зур өстенлек биргән икән. Бабай, яңа мөмкинлекләрдән файдаланып, баеп та киткән. Үзе дә, балалары-оныклары да хак мөселман һәм уңган татар кешесе булып калган. Һәм зирәк алпавыт чукынуны таләп итеп куймаган да, ул үзенең декабрист бабасы кебек, заманына күрә алдынгы фикерле зат булган. 

Югарыда әйтелгәннәр хакында Кукушкиннар нәселенең бүгенге дәвамчысы булган шагыйрь, әдәбият белгече һәм тәнкыйтьчесе Равил Рахмани иҗатыннан да белә аласыз. Әйтик, аның «Мең чакрымга мең чакрым» исемле китабын укып чыккач. 

«Мишәрстан» чигендә дигәннән... Хәтеремдә ки, илленче елларда Буа районы Сабан туйларында Иске Суыксу авылыннан Сәет исемле бер көрәшче гел баш батыр булып кала иде. Бу хакта безнең авыл халкы: «Сәетне кыш көне үк ашата-симертә башлыйлар һәм беркайда да эшләтмиләр, Сабан туена әзерлиләр...» – дип сөйли иде. Шулай да, бер елны башка авыл кешесе Сәет-батырны финал көрәшендә еккан иде бит. Озак та үтми хәбәр таралды: «Иске Суыксу егетләре, җыйнау шул авылга барып, Сабан туе батырын кыйнап кайтканнар...» 

Әйе шул, Илсөя Бәдретдинева дөрес җырлый: «Үзебезнекен бирмибез, читнекенә кызыкмыйбыз, начарлыкны кичермибез, яхшылыкны онытмыйбыз...» Яхшылык белән начарлыкка билгеләмә тәгъбир иткәндә генә карашларыбыз азрак аерымланып китә. 

«КАМАЗ»да Автомобильләр заводын җитәкләгән һәм соңрак генераль директор урынбасары булып киткән Исламгәрәй Шиһапов шул Иске Суыксу авылында туып-үскән, укымышлы, белдекле һәм кешелекле кеше иде. Чаллыдагы Буа якташлыгының бер җыелышында ул безгә шундый вәгъдә бирде: «Иске Суыксудагы һәм тирә-яктагы артык һәм эшсез ятучы яшьләрне «КАМАЗ»га алып килеп эшкә урнаштырырга тырышырмын!» 
Ләкин Исламгәрәй Солтан улы хыялын тормышка ашырып өлгермәде, илле җиденче яшендә арабыздан китте... 

'''ФОТО''': Равил Рахмани белән уртак бабабызның бабасы – Әхмәр ибне Юныс әл-Толымбай хәзрәтләре. 1763-1819 елларда яшәгән. XIX гасыр башында авылның беренче җәмигъ мәчетен төзеткән. Бу портретны Толымбайга килгән һөнәри рәссамнарның берсе бабайның борынгы китаплары һәм кулъязмалары арасында сакланып калган рәсеме буенча ясаган. Толымбайда 2015 елда «Әхмәр хәзрәт укуларын» оештырган Раил Садриевнең тырышлыгы һәм иганәчелеге белән.

'''ФОТО''': Әхмәр бабайның иске зираттагы кабере.

==== '''Тәгәрәшеп үстекме?..''' ====

Үз яшьтәшләремнән һәм бер яшькә олырак яки кечерәк булганнардан хәтеремә җуелмаслык итеп кереп урнашкан кешеләрнең берничәсе: '''Гөлфирә Җаббарова''' (Гәрәева), '''Равил Кукушкин''' (әдәби дөнья аны '''Равил Рахмани''' дип белә), '''Фоат Хәйсаров''', '''Гөлҗиһан Шәмгунова''', '''Назыйм Әхмәтҗанов'''. 

Гөлфирәбез быел кыш көне, 74 яшен тутыргач, бакыйлыкка күчте. Без ерак туганнар идек. Гөлфирәнең ире Илсун белән бергә яшәгән йорты гомер буе авылга теләсә кайсы вакытта кайтып керерлек урыным булды. Былтыр, Толымбайны һәм аның кешеләрен инде соңгы тапкыр күрүемдер дигән сәяхәттә генә, мине Раил Садриев үзенең «театр кунакханәсе»нә урнаштырды. 

Фоат, Равил һәм мин фәкыйрь – күршеләр, Урта урамның Иркүлгә һәм Алмакай болынына караган ягында үстек. Авыл халкы, өчебезне бергә күргәндә яки үзара әңгәмәдә телгә алганда, гел ярым шаяртулы-ярым җитди сүзләр әйтә торган иде. Мин аларны бераз киңәйтебрәк, тиешле аңлатмалар биреп язам биредә. Авыл өлкәннәренә төшендереп торасы юк, барысын беләләр болай да: «Фоат – беренче сортлы, ул атбакат булачак. Равил – икенче сортлы, язучы булачак: аның әнисенең абыйсы – Гомәр Толымбай үзе. Бик сәләтле малай ул: мәктәп дәреслекләренә өземтә итеп кертелә торган шигырьләрне ун яшьтә үк яза башлады. Мәктәптә укый-укый, үз шигырьләрен яңадан ятлый. Ә Фәһим... өченче сорт: әтисен, үзе туганчы ук, кулак малае һәм «халык дошманы» дип, кабат, икенче тапкыр инде, авылдан куганнар; әнисе, бүген-иртәгә үләм дип, чирләп ята. Башка, сугышта хәбәрсез югалган атадан туган апасы, шәһәр тормышына кызыгып, җәһәннәм тишегендә яшәүче бер кешегә тормышка чыкты. Фәһим беркем дә була алмас, ахры...» 

'''ФОТО''': Фоат Хәйсаров

'''ФОТО''': Равил Кукушкин (Равил Рахмани)

Лыгырдый-лыгырдый, тәки чынбарлык китереп чыгардылар бит, ә... Фоат гомер буе күрше авылда колхоз рәисе булып эшләде, адвокат та, мин балачакта уйлаганча, «ат багучы» да булмады. Хәзер пенсия яшендә инде, иркен, бәхетле һәм тату тормышлы гаиләдә гомер сөрә: Буада үз йорты бар, авылдагы утарны да ташламый. Бөтен «критерий» буенча да беренче сортлы! 

Равилгә ясалган «күрәзә» тулысы белән рас килде. Танылган язучы, үз стиле, беркем кабатламаслык тирән фикере булган шагыйрь, дистә гасырлык әдәбиятны колачлый алган белгеч, туры сүзле әдәби тәнкыйтьче ул. Бәхетенә каршы, үсмер чакта ук аңа Хәсән Туфан үзе юл ачты. Гомәр Толымбай кебек үк, сәяси эзәрлекләү корбаны булган һәм илаһи кодрәт аша гына исән калган әдибебез, Толымбайда булып киткәндә үк, Равилдә үз дустының һәм көрәштәшенең дәвамчысын күреп алган. Ләкин... «Рәсәй тарихына иң кыска юл элмәк белән пуля аша үтә» – Равилнең дә, минем дә яраткан шагыйребез Игорь Губерман «гаригы»ннан алынган сүзләр бу. 

Гөлҗиһан, кем соң ул минем өчен? Юк, мәктәптәге гади сыйныфташым гына түгел... Толымбайдан китеп биш ел үткәч, 1968 елның июнендә беренче кат авылга җәйге ялга кайттым. Башта биш көн буе Мәскәү белән танышып йөргәннән соң. Гөлҗиһан Каенсар урамындагы туган өендә «ял итеп арыган» һәм эшләгән-яшәгән җиренә, Түбән Камага китәргә җыена. «Фәһим, мин синең әтиеңне беләм, теләсәң, аның янына алып барам!» – ди ул миңа. Язмыш диген инде: юри эзләп йөрмәгән бит Гөлҗиһан дөнья буйлап... Мөхәммәтһади Кукушкин дигән һәм мине тормышка китергән кешене. Ярый, икәү бергә, Тәтештә теплоходка утырып, киттек... тарихи-географик чынбарлыкта Түбән Агыйдел дип аталырга тиешле шәһәргә. Барып кердек Кояшлы урамдагы бер «хрущёвка»га.

Мин башта Гөлҗиһанның җирле дусты булып танышырга тиеш идем әтиемнең яңа гаиләсе белән. Ләкин... серле йомгак берничә секундтан соң ук таралып китте. Мине танып алдылар: зәңгәр күзле «бледнолицый» чәһрәм – әтиемнең копиясе икән. Бердәнбер аерма: әтием баһадир гәүдәле, Сабан туе батыры шикелле, ә минем тәндә... тире астында сөяк кенә. Бер атна кунак булдым. Әтиемнең хатыны бик зирәк һәм ягымлы кеше иде, аның сүзләре минем бәхетле мизгелләремне көчәйтте генә. Һәм мин әтием бәяны аша нәселебезнең соңгы гасырлардагы тарихын һәм аның башыннан үткәннәр турында да белдем. 1936 елда, булачак әтиемә 18 яшь тулгач, аны, Магниткага сөрелгән ата-анасыннан аерып алып һәм бер гаепсез килеш махсус «статья» чәпәп, 10 елга Магаданга озатканнар. Ул 1946 елга кадәр шунда советларга алтын юдырткан. Ниһаять, туган авылына кайтып, минем булачак әнкәемә йортка кергән. Ерак Көнчыгышка сөрген аны чыныктырган гына, ул инде бернинди авыр эштән дә курыкмаган. Буа белән Толымбай арасындагы Карлы елгасы аша салынган күпер төзүдә катнашкан. Ләкин авыл куштаннары моның белән килешмәгәннәр һәм аны, мин дөньяга килгәнче үк, яңадан авылдан кудыртканнар... 

Биш яшем тулган 1953 ел азагында, инде кыш башлангач, әтием яңадан авылга кайткан булган. Бүген бу кадәресе һәркемгә билгеле инде: Сталинның үлеменнән соң Мәскәү хакимиятендә төп рольне бөтен көч-куәт министрлыкларына хуҗа булып киткән Лаврентий Берия үз кулына алгач, ике миллионлап мәхбүсне төрмәләрдән чыгарганнар, сөргеннән кайтара һәм әкренләп реабилитацияли башлаганнар. Совет режимының «йомшаруы» әтиемдә кабат авылга кайтып төпләнү өметен уяткан булган. 

Мин шул елны ниндидер озын буйлы, таза гәүдәле һәм көчле бер ир-атның мине өебезнең түшәменә кадәр күтәрүен һәм аннары, урамга алып чыгып, каядыр алып баруын, безнең анда кичкә кадәр кунак булуыбызны гына хәтерлим. Миңа бу кешенең дөньяга китерүче әтием булуын беркем, хәтта әнием дә әйтмәде ул вакытта. Соңрак, берничә ел үткәч кенә авылдашлар аның кемлеген, авылга кайтырга теләге булуын һәм ни өчен бу юлы да авылда кала алмаганын белгерттеләр. Гаилә тормышын яңартырга әзер булган әтием һәм әнием каршында тагын бер кат, һич көтелмәгән, һичкем алдан фаразлый алмаган киртә үсеп чыккан... 

Үзем ул вакытта күрмәгән һәм аңламаган нәрсә турында бүген сүз йөртү гайбәт булыр иде. Аннары, хәзер моның бернинди әһәмияте юк бит инде. Язмыш барыбер үз юлын алган, кемнеңдер гөнаһлары безнең тарафтан гафу ителгән һәм, бәлки, бакый дөнья хөкеме өчен дә юылгандыр. Әниемнең бу фаҗигале хәлләрне миннән яшерүен дөрес гамәл булган дип саныйм. Югыйсә, мин Фәһим булып кала алмаган һәм бар дөньяга ачу саклап яшәгән булыр идем... 

Туганнан туган апамның улы Назыйм Әхмәтҗановның исеме дә хәтер түрендә саклана. Миннән ай ярымга гына соңрак, декабрь азагында туган малай иде ул. Биш яшьлек чакта безне туганнан туган Мансур абыйның туена алып бардылар. Мич артында урын әзерләп, аерым утырттылар безне, ашарга-эчәргә китерделәр. Кызыл аракы да салып бирделәр. Назыйм хәмерне эчте дә... берни булмаган кебек йокыга китте. Ә мин бөтен ашаганымны-эчкәнемне косып чыгардым. «Юк, бу «ә-әй»гә бүтән кагылмаячакмын!» – дип сүз бирдем үземә. Һәм эчмәдем дә, хәтта кырык елдан соң «КАМАЗ»ның җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр департаментында эшли башлагач та. Журналистларны җыеп, төрле чаралар үткәрә идек, соңыннан, әлбәттә, мәҗлес. Эчкән кеше эчә, ә мин сиздермичә генә бокалыма су өстәп торам. Белгән кеше дәшми, шыпырт кына көлеп утыра, белмәгәне гаҗәпләнә: «Карале, эчә-эчә дә гел исерми бу!» 

Бер сыйныфта укыдык без Назыйм белән. Күршедәге Рәшит Камалов исемле малай белән бергә мәктәпкә йөрер дип, аны җиде яше тулмаган килеш укуга озатканнар. Башлангыч сыйныфларда ул, үзе таза һәм көчле малай булса да, нигәдер үпкәләүчән һәм елак иде. Ләкин бик тырыш, яхшы укучы һәм, советча әйтсәк, «максатка омтылучан» булды. Без еш кына, аларның колхоз яшелчә бакчасы янындагы өенә кайтып, бергә дәрес әзерли идек. Беренче сыйныфта мин аның өйрәнчеге булдым, соңрак без тигезләндек. Әмма бишенче сыйныфта Назыймның характеры һәм үз-үзен тотышы нык үзгәрде. Укытучыларның һәм бигрәк тә мәктәбебезнең директоры Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллинның «махсус операциясе» булмады микән бу? Назыймны безнең сыйныфның старостасы иттеләр. Һәм яшүсмер малай 25 балалык төркемнең һәм рәсми, һәм чынбарлыктагы лидеры булып китте. Беркемне дә җәберләмәде, ләкин беркемгә дә тәртип бозуга, әшәкелеккә юл куймый башлады. Үрнәк булырлык сыйныфта укыдык. Хәлбуки, укуны тәмамлап зур тормышка чыккач та, Назыймның юлы гел өскә үрмәли торган булды. Буада зур гына бер оешманы җитәкләде. Ләкин... 27 яшендә арабыздан китте. Мин 1976 елның маенда армия хезмәтен тәмамлап кайтканда, Назыйм гүр иясе иде инде... 

Шулай да, минем чын мәгнәсендә «антиалкоголик» булып китүемә төп сәбәпче – балачакта биргән «вәгъдәм» һәм ниндидер «ихтыяр көчем» түгелдер. Әниемнең өлкән бертуганы, миңа әти һәм бабай тәрбиясен хәленнән килгән кадәр биргән Габделкәбир Бакиров үрнәге барысыннан да өстенрәк булды, минемчә. Яшь чакта абый (әнкәй дә, мин дә аны шулай атый идек) Ленинградка барып акча эшләп кайткан булган. Һәм аны шунда аракы эчәргә өйрәткәннәр, Коллективтан төшеп каласы килмәгәндер инде абыйның. Аның иң еш сөйли торган сүзе... «жмодяк» иде. Үгет-нәсихәт биргәндә нәкъ шушы алынма сүзне кыстырып җибәреп, ул мине саранланмаска, киресенчә – юмарт һәм киң күңелле булырга өндәде. Ленинградта аны шулай «гаепләгәннәр» һәм бергәләп аракы эчәргә күндергәннәр икән булачак шешәдәшләре. Авылга кайткач та, баштарак шул «импортлы» гадәтен дәвам иткән абыебыз. Һәм аңа... «Бутылка Кәбир» кушаматын биргәннәр. Бик гарьләнгән абыебыз моңа. Һәм – эчүен бер көндә ташлаган да. Тора-бара аның авылда үрнәк булырлык мөселман һәм гадел кеше абруе урын алган. Менә кемдә бар иде ул иман ныклыгы һәм ихтыяр көче дигән асыл сыйфатлар! 

Габделкәбир абый «медале»нең тагын бер ракурсы бар. Губерманча әйтсәк:&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кайчак адашкан, кимсенгән''''',&lt;br&gt;
'''''юньсез саналган инсаннар'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''була Хак тынын иңдергән'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''иң лаеклы изге җаннар.'''''&lt;br&gt;

==== '''«Тимәгез Фәһимгә!»''' ====
Дөресен әйткәндә, мин бу бүлектә аталган яшьтәшләремнең берсе белән дә «физик яктан» тәгәрәшмәдем. Урамда мине бөтенләй башка малайлар аунатты. «Сине тормыш менә шулай изәчәк!» – дия-дия: әти-әниләре сүзләрен кабатлаптыр инде, үзләре уйлап чыгара алмаслар иде мондый «күрәзә»не. Бу тәгәрәшүләрдән соң мин гадәттә пычранып кына кайта идем. Яклаучысы юк икән, түзә инде бала. Ләкин шундый әвәләүләрнең берсендә... гомерем өзелеп китү ихтималы да булды. Инде кабыргаларым сынып җан тәслим кылам дип уйлаган вакытта, минем аркама аслы-өсле менеп утырган малайлар өерен кемдер төртеп аударды. «Тимәгез Фәһимгә!» – Фоат булган икән 
ул! Аның үзенә кем тисен соң: абыйсы – колхоз рәисе. Әтисе Гаязетдин абый да исән-сау – сугыш ветераны. Өйгә кайткач, әнкәемә сиздермичә генә, беренче тапкыр үземнең үксезлегемә гарьләнеп еладым. «Тәгәрәтүче» малайларның исемнәрен хәтерләмим инде. Былтыр авылга кайткач, миңа: «Алар барысы да гүр иясе», – дип нокта куйдылар. «Өч төрле сорт» иясе булган яшьтәшләр – Фоат, Равил һәм мин торып калганбыз. 

Дөресен әйткәндә, мин моны бик тетрәндергеч вакыйга дип санамыйм да. Бер җирем дә имгәнмәде ич. Теге малайлар белән уйнамый башладым – шул гына. Авыл китапханәсеннән китаплар алып кайта, шуларны укып юана идем. Аннары, унбер яшем туларак, Равил белән икәү Буага, «Байрак» газетасындагы әдәби түгәрәккә йөри башладык. Равил ул вакытта зурлар кебек саллы-саллы шигырьләр яза иде инде. Хәтта бер шигырендә... киләчәктә туачак улы турында да «хәбәр биргән» иде. Минем язганнарым күбрәк гади рифмалаштыруга гына кайтып кала инде. Шулай да өйрәнергә тырышам, редакция кешеләренең сүзләрен «йотып барам». Бәлки кайчан да булса кирәге чыгар бу сабакның да дип. Газетага авыл хәлләре турында мәкаләләр яки үземнең рифмалаштырылган нәрсәләрне илтеп бирсәм, 
басылып чыккач, 60-70 тиен гонорар җибәрәләр. Анысы да өч кирпеч ипи инде безнең өчен. Татар, рус һәм чуаш телләрендә чыга торган «Байрак» редакциясенә барып керсәм, мине сәркатип туташ каршы ала иде. Чибәр һәм мөлаем бер чуаш кызы, татарчасы чамалы гына. Гадәттә сорый торган иде ул миннән: «Акься алдынмы?» 

Хәтеремдә гомерлек тирән эз калдырган күренеш бер елны җәй буе дәвам итте. Берзаман, Хәнҗәр авылга кайткан, дигән хәбәр таралды. 1938 елда атып үтерелгән Гомәр Толымбайның ятим калган баласы икәнен без балалар да белә идек: авылда мондый исем йөртүче башка бер кеше дә юк. Хәнҗәр абыйны Зөя буендагы умарталыкка эшкә җибәрделәр. Ул бөтенләй йомылган, беркем белән дә аралашмый. Эчүгә сабышкан, без аны айнык килеш күрмәдек тә. Аның ата-анадан соң бушап калган йорты «чуаш башы»нда иде. Умарталыкка барып-кайтып йөрер өчен, ат-арба биргәннәр. Иртә таңнан ук Хәнҗәр абый сузылып яткан килеш бара һәм кояш баер алдыннан исереп ауган хәлдә кайта иде. Аты элек үк өйрәтелгән булган икән: барасы-кайтасы юлны белә, ләкин кыскарак юлдан, безнең күрше Мөнир абый Борһанов өе янындагы тыкрыктан түгел, ә авыл очына чыгып, әллә кайлардан әйләнеп бара Зөя буендагы урманга. Һәм кичен шул ук юлдан кире кайта. Икенче елны Хәнҗәр абый югалды, тагын каядыр китеп барды, ахры... 

'''ФОТО:'''Безнең күршебез Мөнир абый Борһанов – университетлар тәмамлап түгел, үзлегеннән, үз иҗтиһады һәм тырышлыгы белән дәрәҗәле урыннарда эшләгән, күренекле язучы, дин әһеле һәм галиме, тарихчы булып киткән үрнәк шәхес. Мөнир абыйның пөхтәлеге һәм һәрнәрсәгә сакчыл карашы бар гамәлендә дә чагыла. Хәтта Буадан эштән кайтканда да ул, мотоциклы йөрткечен безнең өй каршында сүндерә дә, үз капка төбенә килеп җиткәнче, тормозга басмыйча, инерция буенча бара иде.

==== '''Стандартсыз калыплар «кыскычы»''' ====

Авыл мәктәбенә әнкәй мине 1956 елның 11 гыйнварында, кышкы каникул үткәч илтте. «Бар, нишләргә белмичә, зыян эшләп ятма!» – диде. Кружка белән тәрәзәнең аскы пыяласына суккалап, «ватылучанлык сынавы» үткәрә торган гадәтем бар иде. Инде җыеп-җыеп укырга һәм китаптагыча басма хәрефләр белән сүзләр язарга да өйрәнгән чагым. Каюм Насыйриның Әбүгалисина турындагы китабы һәм апамнан калган «Әлифба» беренче дәреслекләрем булган. Беренчесенең исемен төгәл белмим: мин аның тышлыгын, алдагы һәм соңгы битләрен аны-моны белештерми торган чакта ук ертып ташлаганмын. Биш яшьлек чакта, кайбер сүзләрне шуннан күчереп алып, карандаш белән кәгазьгә яза башладым. 1953 елның бер көне истә калган. Алтынчы март булгандыр ул, күрәсең. Радиодан Сталинның үлеме турында хәбәр ишеткәч, күрше хатыннар бергә җыелып, бездә елашып утырдылар. Мин дә нәрсә булганын бераз аңлаганмындыр. Әнкәем әйтүенчә, шул көнне кәгазьгә ЛИЛИН БАБАЙ һәм ЫСТАЛИН БАБАЙ дип язып куйганмын. 

Мәктәпкә йөри башлаганчы ук булган бер мәзәкле вакыйга – авылга килгән халык җырчыбыз Рәшит абый Ваһапов концертына билетсыз килеш керүем. Нишлим соң инде, кесәмдә бер тиен акчам булмагач? Озын буйлы бер апаны ялвара-ялвара күндердем дә, аның озын күлмәге астына яшеренеп, бергә атладым. Билет тикшерүчеләр, әлбәттә, мине күреп алдылар, ләкин куып чыгармадылар, көлештеләр генә. Ул вакытта микрофон һәм тавыш колонкалары дигән нәрсәләр юк иде. Рәшит абыйның тавышы бик матур һәм көчле булуы, тамаша залының арткы рәтләрендә дә яхшы ишетелеп торуы һәм мәшһүр җырчының ике кулын күкрәгенә куеп җырлавы истә калган. 

Авыл мәктәбендә укыганда, минем шактый сәер һәм «стандарт калыпларга сыешмаган» характерлы булып үсүем ачыкланды. Башлангыч сыйныфларда безне Оркыя апа укытты. Бик таләпчән, катгый, әмма һәр баланың тумыштан килгән үзенчәлеген һәм халәтен аңлап, аңа ныклы белем бирүче остаз иде ул. Өлкәнрәк сыйныфларда «утырып калып», безгә килеп кушылган балалар да (1946-1947 нче елгылар), Оркыя апа сабагын алганнан соң, һич югында «өчле»гә укый торган булып китә иде. Кайберәүләре хәтта, вакыты җитеп һәм «икенче сулышлары» ачылыптыр инде, соңрак укымышлы һәм дәрәҗәле кеше булдылар. 

'''ФОТО''': 1959 ел язы. Дүртенчене тәмамлыйбыз. Уртада башлангыч сыйныфлар укытучысы Оркыя апа. 

Оркыя апа мине, балаларны укуда куып җитәргә тырыш дип, үз өстәле каршындагы партага, уң якка утыртты. Соңрак бу «позиция» минем өчен гадәти булып китте. Кайда гына укысам да, укытучы каршындагы партаны сорап ала идем. Сигезенче сыйныфта гына мине кырыйдагы рәтнең алгы партасына, ике яшькә олырак һәм ике ел беррәттән «утырып калган» малай янына күчерделәр. Аны ничек булса да «тартып чыгарырга» кирәк булгангадыр инде. Хәлдән килгәнчә булыштым. Ләкин рус теленнән чыгарылыш имтиханын тотканда, үземнән күчереп язарга мөмкинлек бирмәдем: «Ничек булса да үзең ерып чык!» – дидем. Сыпырып утырмасын өчен, иншаның (изложениенең) караламасын... латин хәрефләре белән яздым. Һәм латин язуын танымаган Фәрит иншаны үзлегеннән язып, имтиханны «өчле»гә тапшырды бит! Сигезьеллык мәктәпне дә тәмамлады.

Әлбәттә, Антонина Георгиевна барысын да күреп торган һәм имтихан тәмамланыр алдыннан минем караламаны сиздермичә генә «хосусыйлаштырган». Соңрак, авылга кайткан саен, шул кәгазьне күрсәтеп көлдерәләр иде укытучылар. Антонина апага Толымбай мәктәбендә белем алганнар гомер буе рәхмәтле булганнардыр: аның хәзерге заманда да алдынгы дип саналырлык методикасы буенча урыс телен өйрәнгән укучылар Казан-Мәскәү институтларына имтиханны тоткарлыксыз биреп керә иде. 

'''ФОТО''': Адав-Толымбай сигезьеллык мәктәбендә чыгарылыш имтиханы. Сул яктагы беренче партада – Фәрит һәм Фәһим. Арткы планда укытучыбыз Антонина Георгиевна басып тора. Минем «гадәти урын»да, уртадагы рәтнең беренче партасында – төпле «хорошистлар» Мәүлет Сафиуллин белән Эльбрус Камәретдинев. Икенче партада – Рәшит Камалов белән Назыйм Әхмәтҗанов. Аннары булачак отличниклар – Роза Гайнанова һәм Җәвидә Әхмәтҗанова. Урта рәтнең иң арткы партасында Ленза Габделхәев һәм безнең белән бергә сигезьелык татар мәктәбен тәмамлаган... украин малае Лёня Добрыдень! 

Латин әлифбасын үзләштерүем үзе бер мавыктыргыч «сәерлек» булды. Ул заманда чит телләрне бишенче сыйныфта гына укыта башлыйлар иде. Ләкин, без бишенчегә күчкәч, алман теле укытучыбыз (әсирлектән кайткан сугыш ветераны) пенсиягә чыкты. Шулай итеп, без һәм бездән соңгы сыйныфлар чит тел дәресләреннән... күбесе «азат», берничәсе генә мәхрүм булды. Соңгыларына, институтларга укырга кергәч, чит телне «нульдән башлап» өйрәнергә туры килгәндер инде. «Азатлыкка ирешкәннәр»нең кайсыберсе алдан сатып алынган дәреслекләрен куана-куана мәктәп ишегалдына чыгарып ташлады. Мин дә бик шат булдым, чөнки... чүплектән тышлыгына DEUTSCH дип язылган дүрт китап күтәреп кайттым өйгә: «Үзем өйрәнәм!» Латин хәрефләрен таныган әнкәй дә хуплады моны: «И улым, «дәү тешле» булгансың ич!»

Бер елдан соң ук, алман телен үзлегемнән кимерүемнең «кирәге чыкты». Авыл сәхнәсендә мәктәп балалары куйган спектакльдә миңа кыска гына роль уйнарга насыйп булды. Ярослав Һашекның җитез солдат Швейк турындагы әсәренә ияреп һәм бик көлкеле итеп эшләнгән инсценировка иде ул. Алман офицеры булып чыктым да сәхнәгә... алман генералы пәйда булгач, үз йомышын үтәп утырган чех солдатларына (аларны, әлбәттә, урындыклар артына яшереп һәм томалап куйганнар, башлары гына күренеп тора иде) команда бирдем: «Auf! Stillgestanden! Links schaut!» (Торып басыгыз! Үрә катып! Сулга карагыз!) Солдатлар тиз генә ыштаннарын күтәрәләр дә сафка басалар. Залдагы тамашачылар шаркылдап көлеп җибәрәләр. 

Ун яшьлек чактагы бер «язмышлы вакыйга» истә калган. Кышкы каникул вакытында Буага балалар сәнгате бәйгесенә алып бардылар безне. Мин анда шигырь сөйләргә тиеш идем. Миннән алдарак бер мишәр кызы «Өч кыз бала» исемле шигырь укыды. Яңгыравыклы һәм бик матур тавыш белән, ләкин... «А», «Ө», «Җ», «Ч», «Къ» һәм «Гъ» авазларын мишәрчәләтеп һәм өч бармагын баш өстенә күтәреп сөйләде ул: «Эц кыз бала, эц кыз бала – әллә шатлык, әллә артык бер анага?..» Сәхнә артында күзәтеп торган килеш тыңлап, мин бу тамашадан соң идәндә тәгәри-тәгәри көлдем һәм «Казан телле» иптәшләремә үзем шунда ук чыгарган шигырьне дә сөйләп бирдем: «...СуыкЬсудан ТинЦәлегә кАдәр бЕтен-бЕтен дЕнья минеке!»

...Минем өченче кызым шул көннән соң егерме тугыз елга якын вакыт үткәч туды... 

Шуннан соң һәм авылдан киткәч тә озак вакыт алман теленең хаҗәте бөтенләй булмады. Ләкин мин барыбер шул «файдасыз эш» белән мавыктым: дәреслекләрне башыннан ахырына кадәр укып чыктым, тел грамматикасы нигезләрен үзләштердем, берничә йөз алман сүзен отып калдым. Гарәп имласы һәм Яңалиф турында әнкәйдән ишетеп кенә белгән хәлдә, татарча «шәхси рун язуын» да булдырган идем. Хәзер ул онытылган инде. Zamanälif-2012 гамәлдә, Мәскәү тарафыннан «тыелган» булса да. Апама ияреп шәһәргә күчеп киткәч, совет алманнары өчен нәшер ителә торган Neues Leben (Яңа тормыш) атналык газетасын укып бардым. Якшәмбе көннәрне балалар өчен Берлиннан алына торган тапшыру карый идем – Mach mit! Bleib fit! (Бергә эшлә! Уң бул!) Кайвакыт Eulenspiegel (Ябалак көзгесе) журналын да ала идем – алман юмор-сатира һәм идиоматикасын үзләштерү өчен. 

Бишенче сыйныфта '''Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллин''' йогынтысында тагын география белән дә мавыгып киттем. Гарифҗан абый бик яхшы психолог булгандыр дип уйлыйм: ярым ятим бала боегып китмәсен һәм үзен яшьтәшләре арасында тигез күрсен өчендер инде, ул миңа даими йомыш тапшырды. Атна буе һава торышын күзәтеп барырга һәм атна азагында классташлар алдында хисап тотарга тиеш булдым: һава температурасының көн саен төнлә-көндез билгеле бер сәгатьтә ничек үзгәргәне, күкнең кайчан аяз яки болытлы булганы, «җилләр гөлчәчәге» турында. 

Алтынчы сыйныфта тагын '''Җәүдәт абый Рәхмәтуллин''' укыткан математикага «гашыйк булдым». Җәүдәт абый һәр дәресне... биш минутлык мәзәк сөйләүдән башлый иде. Шуңа да карамастан, укучыларны сораштырып, тиешле билгеләрен куеп өлгерә, яңа дәресне дә аңлатып бирә. Алгебрасы миңа ничектер ялыктыргычрак тоелды, шуңа кайбер чирекләрдә «дүртле» дә эләктерә идем. Ә менә геометриядән һәр чиректә, дәрестә һәм контроль эшләрдә гел «бишле» чыгып барды.

Сигезенчене безнең сыйныфтан дүрт бала «отличник» дигән таныклык алып тәмамлады: Җәвидә, Роза, Мәдинә һәм мин. Дөресен әйткәндә, алдынгылар өчәү генә булырга тиеш иде. Физкультура һәм хезмәт дәресләрендә мин беркайчан да стандарт таләпләр»не үти алмадым: хәлсез-көчсез баланы ни йөгертеп, ни сикертеп, ни такта-агач ышкып эшкәртүгә тиешенчә җигеп булмый. Рәсем ясау үзе минем өчен бер бәла булды: «өчле» чыгарга тиеш иде бу нәрсәдән. Сызымнан – киресенчә, гел «бишле» генә. Чөнки сызым ясауның серләре – минем яраткан һәм төгәллек сөюче фәнем булган геометриядә. Ләкин Гарифҗан абый бу предметлардан да «бишле» куйдыртты таныклыкка: «Фәһимгә үз тормышына үзе юл ярасы, аз булса да ярдәмебез тисен». Шулай булып чыкты да: «алтын таныклыклы» малайны Саров (Сарыкылыч) шәһәренең һөнәри-техник көллиятендә дә, кичке укулы техникумында да, кичке урта мәктәбендә дә колач җәеп каршыладылар. Хушлашулары гына төрлечә булды аның...

=== '''ТАТЫП БАКСАҢ, МӨМКИНДЕР АҢЛАРГА...''' ===

==== '''Атом шәһәренә!'''&lt;br&gt; ====
Саров (Сарыкылыч) – Мордовия урманнары эчендә урнашкан, административ яктан Горький (Түбән Новгород) өлкәсенә беркетелгән, ләкин тулысынча Мәскәү тарафыннан тәэмин һәм идарә ителә торган шәһәр. Рәсми чыганакларда ул ЗАТО – «автономияле ябык территориаль оешма» дип атала. 

'''ФОТО''': Саров шәһәренең символы – «Очламлы йорт»ның фасады, ул безнең заманда гашыйк парларның гадәти очрашу урыны иде. Моңа охшаш торак йортлар башка «ябык шәһәрләр»дә дә бар.

Алтын Урда заманында биредә ханның ясак җыючылары яшәгән. Борынгы исеме Сарыкылыч XV гасырга кадәр сакланып калган. Урда таркалгач, Мәскәү явы килеп җиткән. XIX гасыр башында биредә Серафим Саровский – православларның изгесе яшәгән. Саров тирәсендәге урман эчендә аның «Ближняя пустынь» һәм «Дальняя пустынь» дип атала торган ике гыйбадәтханәсе булган. 

1903 елда патша Николай II җәмәгате белән бергә биредәге «изге чишмәләр» суын эчеп дәваланырга килгән. Шуннан соң 1904 елда аның бердәнбер ир баласы Алексей туган. Элек аның дүрт кызы гына булган икән. Утызынчы елларда Саровта ятим балалар (беспризорниклар) колониясе оештырганнар. Үсмер балалар тар колеялы тимер юл төзегәннәр. Соңрак биредә шул турыда «Путёвка в жизнь» исемле кинофильм да төшергәннәр. 1945 елдан башлап, анда Советлар Берлегенең атом һәм сукуар (водород) бомбалары эшләнгән. 

Апам мине анда, әнкәем 1963 елның 12 июлендә вафат булгач, алып китте. Ул үзе, Югары Лашчы авылында фельдшер булып эшләгәндә, армия хезмәтеннән соң Саровта төпләнеп калган бер кешегә тормышка чыгып, ягага киткән иде. Җитмеш биш чакрымлык тимер чыбык белән әйләндереп алынган «зона» чигенә 31 июль көнне иртә белән килеп җиттек. Документларны тикшерүче хәрбиләр мине, аңлашыла ки, 
поезддан төшереп калдырдылар. Апа мине шул КП янында урнашкан алачыкка илтеп, тимер юл хезмәткәре карамагына тапшырды: «Борчылма, мин бүген үк сине шәһәргә кертергә сорап гариза язам. Эшләр тиз генә барып чыкмаса, янәшәдәге авылга фатирга урнаштырырмын, кертергә рөхсәт алганчы шунда яшәрсең».

Гаризалар язып, документларны тапшыргач, дүрт ай көтәргә кирәк иде гадәттә. Бу хакта бик яхшы белсә дә, апам мине Толымбайда калдырырга теләмәде. Саровка китәргә әзерләнгән ике атна эчендә... Казанда мине уллыкка алырга теләүчеләр барлыкка килде. Каян белеп алганнар диң. Апам исә мине, ике дә уйлап тормыйча, ихтимал булган «тукайча ятимлек»тән азат итте: «Бирмим Фәһимне!» Бәлки шул сәбәпле шагыйрь дә, язучы да, фәлсәфәче дә була алмаганмындыр, гади графоман булып яшим хәзер дә... 

'''ФОТО''': Минем Гөлфия апам

Ә апам, «советкүләм рекорд» куеп, ябык шәһәргә кертү рөхсәтен өч көннән соң ук алды! Шәһәр башлыгы Музруковка язылып кергән, хәлне аңлатып биргән. Генерал каршы килмәгән! Өченче август кичен мин инде Саровта үткәрдем. Урамда мине аунатучы-тәгәрәтүче булмады. «Лыс башка, дай пирожка!» – дип кенә үртәде малайлар. 

==== '''Көндәшләрем! дип «чирли»''' ====
Тагын берничә көннән соң, пропискасын да ясаткач, җизнәм мине әле яңа гына ачыла торган һөнәри-техник көллияткә укырга кертте. Беренче сентябрьдә, көллият биргән ак майка, зәңгәр күлмәк, кара кәчтүм-чалбар киеп, слесарь-җыючылар әзерләүче төркем классына барып кердем. Укытучы өстәле каршындагы парта буш иде, анда соңрак та беркем утырмады, ике ел буе берүзем рәхәтләнеп сабак алдым. 

Төркемебезнең һөнәри остазы һәм теория буенча да мөгаллиме – '''Владимир Краснов'''. Теорияне яхшы үзләштерүемне, ләкин һөнәри осталыкта аксавымны күреп, ул миңа беренче курстан соң ук, көллияттә уку белән беррәттән, шул ук бинада урнашкан кичке техникумда да белем ала башларга тәкъдим итте. Иртән – көллияттә, кич техникумда укый башладым 1964 елның сентябрендә. 

Ул вакытта миңа уналты яшь тә тулмаган әле. Техникумдагы укучыларның күбесе инде өлгергән егетләр, хәтта гомер уртасына җиткәннәр да бар иде. Маңка малайның яхшы укуы бер пеләш башлы абзыйны аеруча борчыды: «Да чтоб этот молокос стал моим начальником! Не бывать этому!» Кеше үзе нинди булса, башкаларны да шундый итеп күрә инде. Ә мин кемнең дә булса башлыгы һәм залиме булырга җыена идемме соң? Һәм минем андый «сәләтләрем» бар идеме? Һич югында, конструктор булып китәр идем, техникум тәмамласам. Башка укучыларны, мөгаллимнәрне миңа каршы котырта башлады ул. Тора-бара абзыйның тарафдарлары да барлыкка килде.

Урыс теле дәресендә тактага чыккач, Пушкинның «Анчар» шигырендәге ике юлны, мәгънәсен дөрес аңламыйча, «И умер бедный раб Унок (Пушкинда – «у ног») непобедимого владыки» дип язган идем. Шуннан соң... «чурка» булып киттем. Укытучы марҗа дәрес саен искә төшереп торды минем... «өченче сортлы» һәм «чүчмәк» булуымны. Заводтан килеп сызым дәресләрен бирүче бер мөһәндиснең кыланмышлары минем техникумда укуыма чик куйды. Ул дөрес, тел-теш тидергесез итеп эшләнгән сызымнарыма билге куймый («өчле» булса да), кат-кат ясарга мәҗбүр итә башлады. Ә мин инде өлгерә алмыйм, заводка практикага йөрим, көллияттә чыгарылыш эшен язасым бар. «Бәхетле булыгыз!» дидем дә ташладым мине сөймәгән һәм, дөресе, үзем дә яратып бетермәгән техникумны. 

Һөнәр көллиятен 1965 елның июнендә тәмамлагач, мине «Авангард» заводының инструментлар цехына эшкә җибәрделәр. Слесарь-җыючылар кирәк түгел иде анда, шуңа күрә мине, инструментчы квалификациясенә күчү өчен, беренче һөнәри остазым '''Владимир Афонин'''га беркеттеләр. Владимир абый өч ай дәвамында унбишәр сум өстәмә хак алып торды сабак өчен. Остазлык вакыты үткәч тә ул мине ташламады, гел киңәш-табыш бирер иде. Ул вакытта бит завод остазлары яшьләрне һөнәргә генә түгел, гомумән, үзләренчә тормышка да әзерлиләр иде. Хәтта кайвакыт түләүсез дә! Бу очракта нәкъ шулай булды да. Владимир абый үзе эштән соң шашка уены, футбол һәм авыр атлетика белән дә шөгыльләнде. Мине, чыбыксыман ябык бер малайны, штанга күтәртеп интектермәде ул, шашкачы һәм футбол уенында капкачы итеп кенә күнектерде. Һәм ахыр чиктә ул миңа менә шундый төгәл «диагноз» куйды: «Син, Фәһим, көчле шашкачы да, уңышлы капкачы да була алмыйсың, чөнки уен барышында... үзеңнең көндәшләрең өчен «чирли» башлыйсың. Ләкин борчылма: тырышлыгың бар, акыллы да булсаң, югалып калмассың». 

==== '''Олы тормышка – тырай тибеп!''' ====
Техникумны ташлаганнан соң... белем алуга гайрәтем чикте. Вакытлыча. Башка, шәһәргә якынрак урнашкан заводка күчтем. 1968 елга кадәр, урта белем алырга дип, кичке мәктәпкә кермәдем. Эшкә генә йөрдем, кичләрен шәһәрдә үткәрелә торган бөтен спорт ярышларын карап бардым. Футбол, һоккей, волейбол, баскетбол, авыр һәм җиңел атлетика, көрәш төрләре, бокс, бура уены – берсен дә калдырмадым. Утыз елга якын вакыт үтеп, «КАМАЗ»да чыгарыла торган «Нур» һәм «Вести КАМАЗа» газеталарында хәбәрче булып эшли башлагач кына, әлеге «урам университеты»нда тырай тибеп алган «файдасыз тәҗрибә-белем-мәгълүмат»ның кирәге чыкты.

Җәй көннәрендә «зона»дан читтәрәк булган Линейка белән Митрәле авылларына барып йөрдем. Ул заманда «ябык шәһәр» яшьләрен армиягә 
алмыйлар иде, шуңа безнең өчен буш вакыттагы тормыш бик иркен, «гуляй-поле» сыман булды. Тәртипсезләрне һәм җинаятьчеләрне генә шәһәрдән сөрәләр иде.

'''Линейка''' – Түбән Новгород өлкәсенең Вознесенск районындагы авыл. Безне анда җирле малайлар белән футбол уйнарга дип алып барганнар иде. Чынбарлыкта – җирле кызлар белән таныштырыр өчен. Шәһәргә яңа эшче хатын-кыз куллары кирәк – талымсызлары һәм азып-тузып өлгермәгәннәре. Җитәкчелек кушканны үтәмичә булмый: шуннан соң мин анда бер кыз янына ял көннәрендә барып йөри башладым. Велосипедка утырам да шимбә көнне иртүк, юл буйлап кырык чакрым элдертәм генә. «Гыйшык»ны сылтау итеп кенә тотам: мине урыслашып киткән мокша авылы кешеләренең теле, табигате, тормышы, йолалары күбрәк кызыксындыра. Аннары, мин бит иртәме-соңмы Татарстанга әйләнеп кайтасы кеше. Ләкин... марҗа ияртеп түгел бит инде. 

Ә Мордовиянең Темников районындагы '''Митрәле авылы'''на мине заводтагы башка хезмәттәшем – мокша кешесе Пётр Яков улы Бисяев юнәлтте. Кичке мәктәпкә тугызынчы сыйныфка укырга керер алдыннан, мин цех җитәкчелегеннән бер сменалы эшкә күчерүне үтендем. Каршы килмәделәр. Пётр абый белән шунда таныштым. 1923 елда туган, сугыш ветераны, кешелеклелеге, ярдәмчеллеге һәм юмор хисе ташып тора торган, кояштай көләч йөзле бер абзый. Ул миңа икенче – тудыручы түгел, тормышка якыннан торып өйрәтүче! – әтием кебек булып китте. Мин аны еллар буе сагынып, күрәсем килеп яшәдем. Озын гомерле булган: 2016 елга кадәр куандырган аны язмыш. Саров сайтларында аның турында мәгълүмат бар. 

Митрәле – бик үзенчәлекле авыл, анда асыл затлы мишәрләр һәм ихласлы мөселманнар яши иде 1960 нчы елларда. Совет дәһриләре заманында да мәчетләрен җимерттермәгәннәр, карты-яше, атна саен җыелышып, җомга намазын укый. Мин беренче тапкыр авыл кырыена килеп җиткәндә, балалар туп тибеп уйный иде. Алим исемле бер бала белән сөйләшеп киттем. Ул миңа: «Әдә, абый, мин сине үгә апкатям, әтием-әнием янына!» – ди. Ә миңа шул гына кирәк тә! «Бу абый казанца сүләшә, Саровтан килгән!» – дип таныштырды ул мине гаиләсе белән. Иркенләп гәпләштек, авыл турында сораштырып белештем, үз хәлләремне дә сөйләп бирдем. Аннары Алим белән бергә бормаланып-сырмаланып агучы Мокша елгасы буена киттек. Тугайлары – нәкъ безнең Ык елгасыныкы кебек! Берсендә – сарык көтүе, икенчесендә – сыерлар. Түмгәк өстендә көтүчесе... үзе ясаган курайда уйнап утыра! Әкияти бер күренеш инде хәзерге заман өчен... 

Шулай бер елда Линейкага, икенчесендә Митрәлегә барып йөрдем ике җәй буе. Аннары... тормышта яңа үрләр яулар вакыт җитте. Кичке мәктәпнең тугызынчы сыйныфына йөри башладым. Июнь аенда классташым Гөлҗиһан белән бергә әтием Мөхәммәтһадины Түбән Камада эзләп табуымнан соң, белем алуны яңарту минем өчен котылгысыз булып китте. 

Гаҗәеп хәл: өч еллык ялдан соң уку бик җиңел булып күренде миңа. Урыс телен инде үзләштердем шикелле, техникумдагы кебек «чурка» түгелмен. Унынчы-унберенче сыйныфларда хәтта, математика һәм урыс теле укытучылары чирләп китсә, миңа класста алар урынына дәрес үткәрергә дә рөхсәт иттеләр. Башкаларны өйрәтү – үз белемеңне ныгыту да бит ул, аңардан баш тартырга ярамый. Биргәнең үзеңдә кала, яшергәнең югала – җан һәм рух хаким булган дөньяда.

==== '''Саровский дневник'''&lt;br&gt; ====
(29 октября, 2012 г.) 

'''Отгремело с той поры полвека…&lt;br&gt;
'''Но покуда жив я и здоров''',&lt;br&gt;
'''Возвращает память в тот далёкий'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Город юности моей – Саров.&lt;br&gt;'''

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; * *&lt;br&gt;
С поезда у самой «зоны» сброшен,&lt;br&gt;
Без бумаги я не человек.&lt;br&gt;
На КП смотритель ошарашен:&lt;br&gt;
«Здесь таких я не видал вовек…»&lt;br&gt;

И смотритель в хате деревянной&lt;br&gt;
Поневоле мне кормильцем стал:&lt;br&gt;
Супом потчевал и кашей манной&lt;br&gt;
И, как мог, мальчишку утешал.&lt;br&gt;

Да, какой бы ни было напасти,&lt;br&gt;
Не без добрых божий свет людей:&lt;br&gt;
И сестра пробивчива у власти,&lt;br&gt;
И начальник вовсе не злодей.&lt;br&gt;

Стал судьбой своей не опечален,&lt;br&gt;
Хоть в свои пятнадцать сирота:&lt;br&gt;
Уж на третий день я – саровчанин.&lt;br&gt;
Что за град, однако?! – Лепота!&lt;br&gt;

Серафим тут в пустыни укромной&lt;br&gt;
К благочестью призывал весь мир.&lt;br&gt;
Телебашня звонницы церковной,&lt;br&gt;
Дом со шпилем – нынче ориентир.&lt;br&gt;

Мастера сноровкою природной&lt;br&gt;
И науки всей советской знать,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб тушить пожар войны холодной,&lt;br&gt;
Породили Кузькину ту мать.&lt;br&gt;

Нестыковки в паспорте хоть броски,&lt;br&gt;
Их я без нытья перенесу:&lt;br&gt;
На лугах прописан нижгородских,&lt;br&gt;
Обитал я у мордвы в лесу.&lt;br&gt;

Юным светлым думам, может статься,&lt;br&gt;
Даст Саров и нынче свой приют.&lt;br&gt;
Профтехшкола с номером семнадцать&lt;br&gt;
Мне открыла двери жизни тут.&lt;br&gt;
* * *&lt;br&gt;
Потянулись дни мои, как лента,&lt;br&gt;
День-деньской трудился я, как вол:&lt;br&gt;
На заводе – чинка инструмента,&lt;br&gt;
На досуге – шашки и футбол.&lt;br&gt;
 
И Владимир сын Петра Афонин&lt;br&gt;
Жить учил меня, не забавлял,&lt;br&gt;
Мастер был мужик в слесарной доле&lt;br&gt;
И любитель в шашках. Наставлял:&lt;br&gt;
 
«В уголки, как трус, не забивайся,&lt;br&gt;
Середину верно занимай,&lt;br&gt;
Но и там не сильно зарывайся,&lt;br&gt;
И во всяком деле меру знай!&lt;br&gt;

Всё старайся делать ты исправно.&lt;br&gt;
Верь: всему приходит в жизни срок». –&lt;br&gt;
Вынес свой вердикт тогда наставник,&lt;br&gt;
В годы заглянувший, как пророк:&lt;br&gt;

«Прилежаньем на ноги ты встанешь&lt;br&gt;
И добьёшься нужных в жизни благ.&lt;br&gt;
Вратарём, Фагим, увы, не станешь,&lt;br&gt;
Да и в шашках вряд ли будешь маг».&lt;br&gt;

* * *&lt;br&gt;
…Вьётся пыльная «узкоколейка»,&lt;br&gt;
Велик оседлав, я мчусь опять:&lt;br&gt;
Сорок вёрст всего-то до Линейки,&lt;br&gt;
До Митрял – и вовсе тридцать пять!&lt;br&gt;
 
Бодро я несусь по жизни юной,&lt;br&gt;
Отмеряя всё, отсель досель:&lt;br&gt;
Там, в Линейке, ждёт красотка Дуня,&lt;br&gt;
Здесь, в Митрялах, – милая Гузель!&lt;br&gt;
 
Не всерьёз те юности забавы,&lt;br&gt;
В мыслях я витал в стезе иной,&lt;br&gt;
И в Сарове прелести Любавы&lt;br&gt;
Мне не заслонили путь домой.&lt;br&gt;
 
'''Я связал свой узел в Автограде&lt;br&gt;
'''До загробной вековой тиши,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Но в далёком том Наукограде'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Всё ж осталась часть моей души.&lt;br&gt;'''

==== '''«Алманлык чире» һәм Бүре билеты''' ====
Һәм мин әле балачакта, Толымбайда укыганда, үземнең «алман булырга тырышулар»ымны да искә төшердем. Кичке мәктәптә чит телне өйрәнү мәҗбүри түгел иде. Уку елы башлангач төзелгән инглиз һәм алман төркемнәре ике ай эчендә таралып бетте. Ташладылар, факультатив булгач, кирәге дә юк, дип. Берүзем утырып калдым башка фәннәрдән азат булган көннәрдәге өстәмә дәресләрдә! Бу хакта мәктәп директоры белән сөйләшкәндә, ачыктан-ачык әйттем: «Мин ни өчен чит телне өйрәнүдән баш тартырга тиешмен?!» Шуннан соң булган хәлләр мине әле бүген дә һәм торган саен ныграк гаҗәпләндерә. Өч ел дәвамында Галина Иван кызы Мхитарьян миңа – берьялгызыма! – алман теленнән сабак бирде. Гадәти балалар урта мәктәбендәге эштән азат вакытта килеп йөри иде ул безнең кичке мәктәпкә. Һәм аңа моның өчен ярты ставкалык хезмәт хакы түләп тордылар! Чәршәмбе һәм шимбә көннәрне үткәргән икешәр дәрес өчен. Хәзерге заманда моны күз алдына да китереп булмый: әйтик, һәр сыйныфта җидешәр балаң булмаса, авыл мәктәбен шапылдатып ябып куярга да мөмкиннәр! Йөрт әнә сабыеңны җиде чакрым ераклыктагы башка авылга зәмһәрир суыкларда да...&lt;br&gt;

Нәтиҗәдә мин, кичке мәктәпне тәмамлаганда, көмеш медаль алырга тиеш идем. Физика белән химияне, укытучыларга аңлатып һәм гафу үтенеп, «дүртле»гә төшерергә туры килде: «Вакытым җитми, һәм мин барыбер һуманитар белгечлек алачакмын!» – дип. Ләкин... җәмгыять белеме буенча май ае уртасында үткән соңгы дәресләрнең берсе минем планнарымны чәлпәрәмә китерде. Аңсызлыгым сәбәпле, органнар күзәтчесе дип саналган укытучы Александр Амосовка үзем шаяртулы дип уйлаган, ләкин чынбарлыкта «сәяси яктан дөрес булмаган» сораулар биргәнмен: «Ни өчен хәзерге эра «безнең» дигән сүз белән тамгалана? Христос туганчы вакыт безнеке булмаганмыни?» Мөгаллим Амосовның йөзе үтә җитди булып китте. Яшь комсомол булган килеш, кем соң белсен тарихның җитди көрәш мәйданы икәнлеген, бу көрәшнең һич кенә дә дөреслек-гаделлек өчен булмавын һәм, боларны исәпкә алганда, минем беркатлы соравымның «сәяси провокация» дип аңлатылу ихтималын? Вакыт беркемнеке дә түгел, ул бер Алладан иңдерелә, ләкин аны хосусыйлаштырырга теләүче бәндәләр беркайчан да бетеп тормый...&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО''': Галина Иван кызы Мхитарьян&lt;br&gt;

Шулай итеп, җәмгыять белеменнән дә «бишле» урынына «дүртле» чыкты. Өченче «дүртлесе» булган аттестат – совет чынбарлыгында өлгергәнлекне белгертүче документ түгел, ә тормышка бүре билеты, кешегә шиклелек тамгасы инде ул. Озакламый, дөньямның асты өскә килә башлагач, моны үзем дә аңладым...&lt;br&gt;

Саров турында истәлекләрне мин 2012 елда әлеге шәһәрнең шашка уены буенча җыелма такымы Чаллыга килер алдыннан рифмалаштырып та куйган идем. Бер ел элек без үзебез дә Саровка барып, иптәшләрчә матч уйнап кайттык. Югарыда урнаштырылган «шигырьсыман хатирәләр»емне ерактагы дусларыбызга тапшырдык. Эш шунда ки, безнең Чаллыдагы рәсми булмаган «шашка юлбашчыбыз», спорт остасы Язкәр абый Ганиев армия хезмәтен Саровта уздырган һәм, шәһәрдә төпләнеп калгач, саровлыларга шашка түгәрәге оештырып биргән. Бу секция бүген дә гөрләтеп эшләп килә. Апам һәм җизнәм яшәгән урамдагы «Яшьләр үзәге»нең зур өлеше чынбарлыкта шахмат-шашка клубына карый. Шашка уены дәресләре күп кенә мәктәпләрдә укыту программасына кертелгән. Шахмат дәресләре – юк!&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО''': Газдал улы Язкәр абый&lt;br&gt;

Язкәр абыйны шәһәр шашкачылары ел саен үзләре үткәргән турнирларга чакыралар иде. Ниһаять, 2011 елда Чаллы җыелма такымына да, Язкәр абыйга ияреп, Саровка барырга чират җитте. Безгә, әлбәттә, бу шәһәр турында ишетеп кенә белгән өч иптәшебезне (берсе яһүди, икесе православ) андагы истәлекле урыннар белән таныштыручы ролен дә үтәргә туры килде. Серафим атакай зур бер таш өстенә менеп гыйбадәт кыла торган булган, ул ташны зиярәт кылучылар, XX гасыр башында ватып, сувенир итеп алып бетергәннәр. Совет дәһрилеге беткәч, 1990 нчы елларда яңасын куйганнар. Шунда алып бардык иптәшләребезне, шул ташны һәм Серафим атакайның «якындагы» дип аталган шәхси гыйбадәтханәсен күрсәттек. «Ерактагысы» урман эчендә һәм «зона» чиге янында. Атом бомбасы музеена бармадык, ул төзекләндерүгә ябылган иде. Миңа төпле белем белән бергә тормышка «бүре билеты» да биргән мәктәпне «Укытучылар йорты» итеп үзгәрткәннәр, ә кичке мәктәпне башка районга, стадион янына күчергәннәр иде. «Сәлам бирү өчен» анда хәтле барып йөрергә вакыт булмады.&lt;br&gt;

Тормыш остазым Пётр абый Бисяевны бик күреп сөйләшәсем килгән иде, әлбәттә. Җирле шашкачыларга әйтеп караган идем дә бу хакта, алар арасында аның кайсы урамда һәм йортта яшәгәнен беркем дә белми иде. Яшьтәшем һәм яшьлек дустым Николай Майоров исән булса, бәлки, эзләп тә тапкан булыр иде ул Пётр абыйны. Чөнки ул, «Авангард» заводы такымының элеккеге хоккейчысы, футболчысы һәм баскетболчысы да, остазымның үзе белән бергә уйнаган энесен белә иде. Ләкин 61 яшьлек Николай 2010 елдагы җәйге корылыкта, Мордовия урманнары янган көннәрдә якты дөнья белән хушлашкан...&lt;br&gt;

 * * *&lt;br&gt;
Күрәчәгең тәкъдир тактасына язылган, диләр. Хак сүзләр. Кайчак язмышның бәндәләр тормышын никадәр аңлы рәвештә, ләкин үзенчә кырыс ярату аша, зирәк һәм төгәл уйнатуына шаккатасың.&lt;br&gt;

Язкәр Газдал улы Ганиев 2016 елда Чаллыда 81 яшенә җитеп мәңгелек хозурга ия булды. Ә бит без 1967 елның җәеннән үк таныш идек! Җәйге спорт сезоны ачылган көнне ул Саров шәһәре стадионында үз тиңдәше белән бергә шашка буенча күмәкләп уйнау сеансы үткәрде. Без уйнаган партия аеруча мавыктыргыч булды, осталык дәрәҗәләребез тиңләштерерлек булмаса да. Мин, заводтагы остазым Владимир абый Афонин өйрәткәнчә, уен тактасының үзәген басып алдым. Ә Язкәр абый мине, үзе яраткан «чолгап алу» ысулын кулланып һәм беррәттән берничә төгәл йөреш ясап, җиңде. Шуннан соң без икәү янәшәдәге шәһәр паркында да уйнадык, икебезгә дә тансык булып киткән татар телендә сөйләшеп утырдык. Кем уйлаган ул вакытта, тугыз елдан соң Чаллыда кабат очрашырбыз һәм тагын кырык ел бергә туганнардай яшәрбез дип!..&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Корсакмы, йөрәкме?..''' ====

Ә мин инде 1970 ел азагында ук, кичке мәктәпне тәмамлаганнан соң Мәскәү университеты карамагындагы Көнчыгыш телләр институтына (рәсемдә аның Моховая урамындагы төп 
бинасы) укырга керәм, дип шарт куйган идем үземә үзем. Әллә мин юкка гына еллар буе башта үзлегемнән, соңрак Галина апа белән бергә алман телен өйрәндемме? Мин бит туган илемә һәм газиз халкыма хезмәт итәргә телим. Һәм слесарь яки мөһәндис булып кына түгел, әзерлекле зур белгеч рәвешендә.

Ул заманда Мәскәүнең Карл Маркс проспектында (аның бер өлеше булган бүгенге Моховая урамында) урнашкан институт турында мин 1968 елның июнь аеннан бирле ишетеп һәм күреп беләм. Авылга һәм Түбән Камага әтием янына кайтып килер алдыннан, мин җәйге ялымны совет башкаласына биш көнлек сәяхәттән башлап җибәргән идем. Мәскәү кешеләрен сораштырганда билгеле булды: элек, Ломоносов заманында, биредә һәм янәшәдә урнашкан журналистлар факультетында Мәскәү университетының төп бинасы булган икән. Бүген МДУ үзәге Чыпчык (Ленин) тауларында.

Ә менә Сокольники паркында мин элек ишетеп тә белмәгән бер шагыйрь турында беренче мәгълүмат алдым. Бер төркем кеше паркта эскәмиядә ниндидер язманы көлешә-көлешә укып утыра. Шыпырт кына арттан килеп басып, мин дә укый башладым. Куып җибәрмәделәр һәм хәтта биргән сорауларыма да җавап кайтардылар. Әлеге язма... Игорь Губерман иҗатының «самиздаты» икән. Шуннан бер дүртьюллыкны («гарик»ны) отып калдым һәм өйгә кайткач тәрҗемә итеп тә куйдым: 

'''''«Изнасилована временем&lt;br&gt; 
'''''и помята как перина''''', –&lt;br&gt;
'''''власть немножечко беременна''''',&lt;br&gt;
'''''но по-прежнему невинна'''''».&lt;br&gt;

Тарих тарафыннан көчләнде,&lt;br&gt;
хәтерләтә талкыш түшәкне, –&lt;br&gt;
хакимият азрак көмәнле,&lt;br&gt;
әмма элеккечә гыйффәтле.&lt;br&gt;

Бүген татар теленә тәрҗемә ителгән «гариклар»ның саны күптән максат итеп куелган 1001гә җитеп килә инде. Аларны Викимедиянең «инкубаторы»на урнаштырып, яңа тәрҗемәләрне гел өстәп торам. Бу хәлне мин очраклы күренеш кенә булгандыр дип уйлыйм ул вакытта. Бу һәм аннан соң да еш булып торган «очраклы вакыйгалар»ны кемнең алдан ук әзерләгәнен, бәлки, теге дөньяда белә алырмын. Гомер буе миңа ярдәм кулы сузып, хәтта үзем кереп баткан сазлыклардан да тартып чыгарып торган бер дистә кешене дә кабат очратырга теләр идем, гүр иясе булгач. 

Ул вакытта чын совет патриоты идем мин. Мине әнкәем шулай тәрбияләде. Ә инде бу дәүләткә саф йөрәкле ватанпәрвәрләр түгел, корсак кыйммәтле җан-тән сәүдәгәрләре генә кирәклеген мин өч елдан соң Мәскәүгә укырга киткәч аңлый башладым. Миндә моның өчен тиешле «сәләтләр», «кыйммәтләр» һәм хәтта теләк тә юк иде. Шуңа беркем дә булып китмәдем, «булдыручылар» уйлаганча, «өченче сорт»та калдым.

'''ФОТО''': Азия-Африка институты бинасы.

Ярый, хуш, муеныннан ук тотып чәйник әле без ул елларның башын. Институтка укырга керәм дигәч, Саров (ул вакытта әле Арзамас-16 дип аталган шәһәр) комсомолы миңа яхшы характеристика язып бирде. «Коммунист» заводының инструментлар цехы турында сүз дә юк: кичке мәктәптән ярты елга бер тапкыр рәхмәт хаты җибәреп торалар иде җитәкчелеккә, яхшы укучы тәрбияләгән өчен. Мин инде «эшчеләр интеллигенты» дип саналган винт ырмаулаучы (винт сырларын шомартучы, урысчасы – резьбошлифовщик) һөнәрен үзләштердем һәм өлкәнрәк бер татар егете, кичке техникумны тәмамлап, мөһәндислеккә 
күчкәч, аның урынында эшләп калдым. Характеристикасын да матур итеп яздылар, хушлашканда коллектив исеменнән затлы бер свитер бүләк иттеләр. Мин ул свитерны еллар буе, тәмам тетелеп беткәнче кидем. Шулай итеп, җыйнаулашып Мәскәүгә озаттылар мине. Сине Төркиядә илче булып күрергә телибез, дип. Эш һәм намус кешесенең кадерен беләләр иде «Коммунист» заводында ул вакытта!&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Азия белән Африка арасында...''' ====
Әйе, институтка керергә дип язган гаризада мин чыннан да, төрек телен өйрәнергә телим, дигән идем шул. Имтиханнар алдыннан була торган хәлиткеч сораштыруда (аны уңышлы үтә алмасаң, имтихан биреп азаплануның кирәге дә калмый) төрек теле мөгаллиме миңа «В этой комнате много людей» дигән җөмләне татарча әйтеп бирергә кушкан иде. Нык дулкынланудандыр инде, мин, өстәл артында утырган галимнәрне күзәтеп-барлап чыктым да... җөмләне «Бу бүлмәдә күп кешеЛӘР бар» дип тәрҗемә иттем. Һәм... шунда ук, тупас ялгышымны аңлап алып, тәмам оялып һәм кызарынып киттем. Комиссия әгъзалары, минем балаларча самимилегемне күреп, көлештеләр генә. Ә үзем инде егерме өченче яшемне тутырып барам. Туган телемне оныта башлаганмын ич... 

Беренче имтихан – рус әдәбиятыннан инша. Темасы таныш 
иде, кичке мәктәптә чыгарылыш имтиханына әзерләнгәндә каралама рәвешендә язган идем мин аны. Бу юлы иншаны 
өземтәләр белән тагын да күбрәк баетып, үз фикерләремне дә 
өстәп яздым. «Бишле» куйдылар. 

Икенче көнне институт ишеге алдында җыйнаулашып имтихан нәтиҗәләрен көтеп тордык. «Икеле» алганнар төшеп кала һәм шунда ук документларын кереп алып китсә дә була, диделәр. Иң элек шуларның исемлеген чыгарып ябыштырдылар элмә тактага. Бәхетсезләр шактый күп җыелган икән. Шулвакыт берничә кеше безнең төркемне икегә аера башлады: «Юл бирегез! Юл бирегез!» – дип. Алар артыннан барган һәм бик ыспай киенгән кеше имтихан комиссиясе бүлмәсенә кереп китте. Гади генә эшче-хезмәткәр булмавы күренеп тора. Алдагылары тән сакчылары булгандыр инде. Мәскәүлеләр хәтта түрәнең фамилиясен дә әйткәннәр иде. Ләкин алар атаган кешенең 1971 елда институтта укырлык балалары да, оныклары да юк иде. Кемнең баласын «төртеп кертергә» теләгәндер ул, булдыра алганмы-юкмы – без, читтән килгәннәр, белми калдык. 

Дүрт төр имтиханда 20 мөмкинлектән 18 балл җыйдым. Уналтысы да җитеп тора иде аның ике еллык хезмәт стажы булган абитуриентларга. Кайберәүләр хәтта унбиш балл җыеп та үтте. Ләкин мине үзем теләгәнчә төрек төркеменә түгел, вьетнамныкына билгеләделәр. Төрек төркеменә инглиз теленнән имтиханны уңышлы биргәннәрне генә алдылар: шул телне икенче тел рәвешендә ныгытыбрак өйрәнүне дәвам иттеләр алар институтта укыганда да. Ә вьетнам төркемендә безгә француз телен «нульдән башлап» укыттылар. Мин бу «музыкаль тел»не дә беренче курс дәвамында бик яратып өйрәндем. Француз теле мөгаллимәсе бик ягымлы ханым һәм һичшиксез сәләтле остаз иде. Исеме генә онытылган аның.

Ә менә вьет теленнән икенче мөгаллимә булган Ирина Шмелёваны бүген дә хәтерлим. Миннән ике яшькә генә олырак, кияүгә чыкмаган иде ул вакытта. Аның төп белгечлеге кһмер теле иде, ләкин бу елларда институтта кһмер төркемнәрен тупламадылар. Гаҗәеп матур һәм бик тә үзенчәлекле бу телне без «вьетнамлылар» өченче курстан башлап икенче көнчыгыш теле буларак өйрәнергә тиеш идек. Вьет телен Ирина үзе дә өстәмә тел буларак өйрәнгән. Кампучиядә практика үткәннән соң, 1970 елда институтта мөгаллимә булып эшли башлаган. Ул минем «тәрҗемәи хәлләр»дән хәбәрдар, тулай торакта нинди авыр шартларда яшәвем турында белә иде. Ирина туташ мине институтны ташлап китмәскә, өченче курска кадәр ничек булса да түзәргә үгетләде. Өченче курстан соң беркемне дә кумыйлар инде һәм шәкертләрне Мәскәү университетының төп бинасына күчерәләр иде.

Ә Ломоносов проспектында мин 12 метрлык бүлмәдә бишенче кеше булып яшәдем, йокларга үз караватым да булмады. Бүлмә уртасында, раскладушка дип аталган һәм гадәти матрасы да булмаган нәрсәдә төн үткәрә идем. Башка бүлмәләрдә буш урыннар байтак, икешәр генә шәкерт яшәгән бүлмәләр дә бар иде. Ләкин күпме генә үтенеп сорасам да, мине анда урнаштырудан баш тартып килде тулай торак мөдире. Фарсы төркемендә укучы бер малайның, көн саен төп-төгәл төн уртасында йокыдан торып, помидор ашый торган гадәте бар иде. Баш өстемдә ут янып торганга күрә, мин дә уянам һәм малайның чамасыз аппетитын күзәтеп, селәгәй йотып ятам инде. Ике ай укыганнан соң «перспективасыз» дип танылгач һәм мин үзем Казанга күчеп китүдән баш тарткач, миңа шундый «йокысызлык сабагы» да насыйп булды. Башта минем дә, әлбәттә, үз урыным бар иде. 

Институтта иң уңышлылар һәм перспективалылар дип һинди яки япон телләре төркеменә эләккән «элита» санала иде. Гади кеше балалары түгел инде берсе дә. Ике гарәп төркеме исә «түбәнрәк сортлылар» өчен дә үтемле булды. Дөньяда ике дистәдән артык гарәп халкы яшәгән ил яки гарәп теле рәсми статуска ия булган дәүләт бар, димәк, институтны тәмамлагач, эшкә урнашу проблемасы булмаячак. Кытай теле кирәкле дә, перспективалы да. Ләкин өйрәнеп кара син бу телне һәм бигрәк тә – аның ун мең иероглифлы язуын. Иң җиңеле... һиндонезия-малайя теле икән, ләкин бу төркемгә эләгү карьерага ирешү ягыннан перспективалы дип саналмады ул вакытта. Сукарно Һиндонезиясе социализм төзи алмый интегә, Малайзия әле «икътисад юлбарысы» булып күтәрелмәгән, күп телле, берничә динле, чуар милләтле Сингапурда Ли Куан Ю реформалары да башланган гына иде. Африканың амхар, суаһили яки һауса төркемнәренә кергәннәр турында, болар «бәхетсезләр», диделәр. Хәзер генә ул Африка безнең төп сәяси партнёрыбыз һәм иктисадый таянычыбыз булып китте. Ләкин, аңа карап кына, имтиханнарны уңышлы биргән бер генә абитуриент та укудан баш тартмады. Элек тә шулай булган икән. Бу институтны тәмамлаган һәм исемнәре һәркемгә мәгълүм булган күренекле кешеләр һәм алар өйрәнгән төп телләр: сәясәтчеләр Евгений Примаков (кытай теле), Владимир Жириновский һәм Дмитрий Песков (икесе дә – төрек теле); язучы Борис Акунин (үз исем-фамилиясе Григорий Чхартишвили, япон теле), журналист Евгений Киселёв (фарсы теле). 

'''ФОТО''': Күренекле тел галиме һәм институт шәкертләренең яраткан остазы Владислав Василий улы Ремарчук (1942-2019). Мондый кешеләр турында хатирәләр – гомерлек...

Башта без вьетнам төркемендә унау идек, ләкин бер-ике атнадан соң дүрт кеше китте, алар органнардан килгән күзәтчеләр генә булган икән. Алтау язмышның чырай сытуыннан кайгыга батып утырдык: Вьетнамда сугыш бара иде әле. Безне шартлы рәвештә ике төркемчеккә бүлделәр: беришебез «тарихчы», башкалары «тел белгече» булырга тиеш икән. Ләкин мөгаллим һәм вьет телендә, вьетнамлылар әйтмешли, «гади авыл карты кебек сөйләшә» торган Владислав Ремарчук беренче дәрестә үк безне канатландырырга тырышты: «Кайгырмагыз, сез укып чыкканчы сугыш бетә, һәм сез әле куана-куана эшләячәксез, яңа мөмкинлекләр ачылгач!» Владислав Василий улы безгә ун пар дәрестә генә сабак бирде. Аның бурычы һәм вазифасы вьет теле фонетикасын һәм «музыкасын» безнең хәтергә һәм күңелләргә иңдерү булган икән. Калганын башка мөгаллимнәр эшләргә тиеш. Шушы ун көн эчендә мин бу искиткеч сәләтле мөгаллимгә, белдекле галимгә һәм үтә дә кешелекле кешегә... чын-чынлап гашыйк булдым. Ул бит әле филология фәннәре кандидаты да түгел иде. Диссертациясен 1975 елда гына яклаган икән. 

Сентябрь азагында алты шәкертнең бишесе латин имласындагы вьет язуын дөрес, ягъни авазларын, тоннарын, кыска җөмләләр интонациясен тиешенчә «артикуляцияләп» укый 
белә иде. Бары Виктор Хреков кына моның серләренә тиз генә төшенә алмады, сыер кебек мөгрәп утырды. Аның каравы, ул КПСС тарихын һәм «марксистик фәннәр»не бик яхшы белә, хәтта үзе белмәгән нәрсәләр турында да интуитив рәвештә дөрес аңлатма бирә иде. Һәм – яңадан язмыш шаяртуы! – нәкъ шул азәрбайҗан яһүде малае ахыр чиктә вьет төркемендә иң уңышлы шәкерт булып киткән! Монысы инде өченче курста, ягъни мин укуны ташлап китәргә мәҗбүр булгач кына, ачыкланган. Тырышкан табар, ташка кадак кагар. Ә Виктор чыннан да бик тырыш һәм үҗәтле иде. Көнчыгыш телләре институты (1972 елдан – Азия һәм Африка илләре институты) сайтындагы хәбәрләргә караганда, Виктор институтны гел «бишле»гә бетергән, Вьетнамда ТАСС хәбәрчесе дә булган, агентлыкның Һанойдагы вәкиллеген дә җитәкләгән, Франциядә дә эшләгән. Ә яңа гасырда РФ президенты аппаратының сүзчесе булып киткән ул. Соңгы вазифаны башкарганда, 61 яшендә вафат булган. Викторның улы Антон берзаман НТВ каналында эшләде. 

Ике ай буе мин дә рәхәтләнеп укыдым институтта. Хәтта вьет төркеменең старостасы да булып тордым. Шуннан соң проблемалар башланды. Досьелар, сораштыру-тикшерү кәгазьләре килеп җиткәндер, күрәсең, вәкаләтле органнарыбызга. Ә синең күңелеңә, җаныңа кем кереп баксын, ди, ул заманнарда да, хәзер дә. Миңа бит анда бер тонна компромат бар, гәрчә бөтен «гаеп» бабама, әтиемә һәм әниемә ягылган тупас яла булса да! Җентекләп, вагын вакка тураклап язып тормыйм. Кабахәт дәүләтнең үзе ошатмаган һәм үзенә рәсми кәгазьләр буенча шикле булып тоелган кешеләрне ничек кысрыклавын, изүен, җәберләвен һәм хәтта юкка чыгаруын хәзер инде һәркем белә. Мин дә боларның бер өлешен үз җилкәмдә татыдым. Иблис мәмләкәтендә башкача була да алмыйдыр ул... 

Тагын бер айдан соң турыдан-туры әйттеләр: «Синең монда бернинди перспективаң юк, әйдә, Казан университетына күч!» – Ә мин ачыктан-ачык аңлатып бирдем: «Йә монда укыйм, йә бүтән беркайда да, беркайчан да укымаячакмын! Аннары, минем кышка таба кайтып китәргә урыным да юк: Арзамас-16 га мине кертмиләр, мин аннан, бүтән кайтмыйм, дип язып һәм кул куеп киттем. Киләсе җәйгә кадәр кусагыз да китә алмыйм!»

Мине ачыктан-ачык кумадылар да. Хәтта стипендия дә түләп тордылар беренче курс азагына кадәр. Түләмәсәләр дә, барып ялынмас идем: алты ел заводларда эшли-эшли, кимендә бер елга җитәрлек мая тупладым. Өстәвенә, миңа деканатта сәркатип булып эшләгән бер татар хатыны да ярдәм итеп торды. Мин аның татарча исемен белми идем, сораштырмадым да, татар хатыны булуын гына хәтерлим. Хәзер ул сиксәннән узгандыр инде. Ул миңа ике мәртәбә – 1971 елның көзендә һәм 1972 елның язында – университет бинасындагы профилакторийга юллама юнәтте. Кыскасы, мин Мәскәүдә бернинди матди кытлык кичермәдем. Иң авыры Мәскәүнең бер генә җирендә дә үзгәрми-алмашынмый торган тынчу һавасы булды. Һәм туры, һәм күчмә мәгънәләрдә.&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Ни бар дуслар бүләгеннән кадерлерәк?''' ====
Беренче семестрны тиешенчә тәмамладым. Аннары, Яңа елдан соң, институтка барып та йөрмәдем. Үзем кирәк дип тапканны тулай торакта укып утырдым. Барыбер китәсемне аңлаганга күрә, деканаттан үземнең «тарихчы» статусымны Сергей Топорищев атлы малайга бирүне үтендем. Зур өстенлек иде ул карьера ясарга теләгән кеше өчен. Аннары Сергейны староста итеп тә куйдылар. Намуслы һәм тырыш егет булып тоелды ул миңа. Ул үзе дә «тарихчылык»ка күчәргә тели иде баштарак. Ләкин соңрак ул яңадан «лингвистлык»ка кире кайткан: әллә түрә яки шымчы булып китәсе килмәгән, әллә дөнья телләренә җан тартуы көчлерәк булган аның... 

Вьетнамнан килгән шәкертләр белән дуслашып киттем. Яз көне мин инде вьетча башка төркемдәшләремнән яхшырак та аңлаша идем. Вьетнамлыларның дусларча мөгамәләсе, алар биргән вьет теле сабаклары кирәгрәк тоелды миңа. Һәм гомумән: корсак түгел, күңел һәм йөрәк идарә итәргә тиеш бит кеше белән. Намуслы булып тугансың икән, намуслы булып яшә һәм үл дә. Намуссызларга исә бернинди үгетләү, киңәш һәм кагыйдә-канун да булышмаска мөмкин... 

1972 елның җәен дә миңа Мәскәүдә, институтның Ломоносов проспектында урнашкан тулай торагында үткәрергә туры килде. Кайтып китәсе кеше булгач, мине студентларның төзелеш отрядына алмадылар. Саровта калган апам миңа: «Мөмкин булса, тагын бераз сабыр ит, мин монда сине шәһәргә кертүләрен үтенеп гариза язармын», – дигән иде бер хатта. Август урталарында ападан җавап килде: «Юк, әлегә кертмәячәкләр. Арзамаска кайтып, эшкә урнаш. Синең бит әле хәрби хезмәтне дә үтәсең бар. Армиядән кайткач, күз күрер...» 

Курсташларым белән хушлаштым да юлга чыктым. Вьетнамлылар миңа 1961 елда нәшер ителгән калын гына бер сүзлек бүләк иттеләр. Кәгазьләре саргаеп, битләре таушалып беткән инде хәзер «62 яшьлек» ядкәрнең. Сүзлек байлыгы да үзгәреп беткән вьет теленең. Вьетнамлылар элеккеге кытай алынмаларын туган телләреннән гел куып кына торалар. Мөмкин булган очракта. Байтак кына сүз кытай, корея, вьет һәм япон телләре өчен уртак булып киткән, аларга кагылмыйлар. Ә мин әле һаман да шул сүзлекнең бер битенә вьетнамлы Ңуен Чын Һао ('''Nguyễn Trần Hào''' – ул укуын тәмамлап, туган иленә кайтып китәргә җыена иде) язып калдырган «васыять»кә турылыклы: '''«Đồng chí nào xem quyển này cần giữ cẩn thận cho»''' – Бу китапны ачкан иптәш аны игътибар белән карасын һәм саклап тотсын. Китапны аңа әтисе Лыоң (Bố Lưỡng) бүләк иткән булган. Аның улын алты ел элек Мәскәүгә озатканда язган сүзләре: '''«Con thân yêu không ngừng phấn khởi nỗ lực học tối... hành tối!..»''' – Кадерле балам, рухлана-рухлана, бар көчеңне куеп укудан һәм камилләшүдән туктама... Югары стильдә чын вьетча язылган нәсихәт бу, аны Google тәрҗемә итә алмый, миңа да мәгънәсен Һао үзе аңлатып биргән иде. Вьетнамлылар аерым сүзләрне гадәттә синонимнары яки аларның эчтәлеген тулыландыра торган башка сүзләр белән бергә парлап кулланалар, мондый кыска сүзтезмәләрнең мәгънәсе кайвакыт тирән булырга мөмкин. 

Шуның белән «Мәскәү чоры» тәмам булды. Һәм Азия-Африка илләре институты белән бәйле хәлләр дә әкренләп хәтернең аулак почмагына күчә башлады. Ләкин... 47 ел вакыт үткәч, һич көтмәгәндә «Мәскәү чорын» кабат искә төшерергә туры килде. 2020 елга керер алдыннан, интернетта шундый хәбәргә тап булдым: «25 декабря 2019 года после тяжёлой и продолжительной болезни скончался… декан ИСАА Владислав Васильевич Ремарчук…» Институтның сайтына кереп карасам... аның турында дистәләгән һәм берсеннән-берсе дулкынландыргыч истәлек... Мин дә хәтеремдә калганны язарга булдым. Минем пост әле хәзер дә... «воспоминания выпускника» (!) дигән сылтама астында ИСАА сайтында сакланып калган: «В начале 1970-х годов в стране ещё шла война. Вьетнамские студенты, обучавшиеся в СССР, отзывались о Владиславе Васильевиче Ремарчуке так: «Он разговаривает по-вьетнамски как простой крестьянин!» Сначала это вызвало у нас смех, но потом мы узнали, что лучше и образнее всех изъясняются по-вьетнамски именно деревенские старики». 

Төркемдәшем Александр Сурмава белән Мәскәүнең Казан вокзалында Бухаресттан Вьетнамга каникулга кайтып килүче шәкертләрне Комсомол проспектының аргы ягындагы күрше вокзалга күчерүебез турындагы язмам да бар иде. Аны соңрак сөртеп ташлаганнар, ахры, быел инде табалмадым. Ханкалага (Пекинга) поезд нәкъ Ярославль вокзалыннан китә иде бит, ә русча бер авыз сүз белмәгән «румын вьетнамлылары» ялгыш Казан вокзалына килгәннәр иде. Өстәвенә, берсе кунакханәдә паспортын да онытып калдырган, ә анда барыр-кайтыр юлны белми. Анысын да кунакханәгә алып барып, яңадан вокзалга кайтарып куярга туры килде. 

Беренче курс азагында ук без вьет телендә аз-маз аралаша ала идек инде. Бу телнең «музыкасы» бигрәк тә йөрәккә ятышлы. Хәзер мин бары тик вьетча укый һәм сүзлек кулланып тәрҗемә итә генә беләм инде. Шуңа да карамастан, берзаман Википедиягә «Вьет теле» дигән шактый күләмле һәм күңелле мәкалә язып элгән идем. Аны хәтта... «айның иң яхшы мәкаләсе» дип тә атадылар шул елда. Гомер буе вьет теле беренче «тел мәхәббәтем», ә вьет сүзлеге Мәскәүдән үз теләгем белән алып кайткан бердәнбер өстәмә мирас булып калды. Институтны тәмамламасам да, аның турында онытылмаслык хатирәләрем бар...

==== '''Төрмә күрми – гүргә керми...''' ====

Ачык Арзамаска барып урнашу алдыннан Саровтан ун-унбиш чакрымда гына урнашкан һәм район үзәге булган Дивеево авылына юл тоттым – апа белән җизнәмне күреп сөйләшү өчен. Хәзерге замандагы кебек кесә телефоннары юк инде ул вакытта, апалар белән хат язышып яисә күрешеп-сөйләшеп кенә хәбәрдә торып була. Дивеевода бер карчык йортында фатирга урнашырга туры килде. Матрёна әбинең хәтердән җуелмаслык табигате – ул татар җырларын тыңларга ярата иде! Җырладым инде, җырладым! Тавышым әле карлыкмаган килеш: «Су буйлап»ны да онытмыйм, алтмышынчы елларда гына иҗат ителгән «Туган ягым»ны да өйрәнгән идем инде. 

Туганнарым исә... мине кабат өметләндерделәр: «Сине шәһәргә алу мөмкинлеге бар әле. Ләкин сиңа моның өчен, яңадан Мәскәүгә барып, институттан һәм МДУ поликлиникасыннан белешмәләр алып кайтырга кирәк булачак», – диделәр. Киттем яңадан башкалага. Моның минем өчен нинди тозак булып китү ихтималы турында уйлап та карамаганбыз беребез дә. Ни әйтсәң дә, без бит дөньяның камил социализм төзүгә ирешкән иң гадел, кайгыртучан һәм алга киткән илендә һәм җәмгыятендә яшибез. Каян белик соң без аның шуңа өстәп бик астыртын да булуын... 

Институттан белешмә алу җиңел булды: «Укуны үз теләге белән тәмамлады», – дип яздылар. Ә менә Чыпчык тауларындагы поликлиникада мине сюрприз көтеп торган икән. Гомер уртасын инде күптән узган табибә ханымның сүзе бик кыска булды: «Хәзер булдырырбыз, ишек төбендә утырып көтеп тор!» – Бераз торгач, ике «ягымлы санитар» килеп җитеп, мине култыклап урамга алып чыктылар да, машинага утыртып, каядыр алып киттеләр. Барасы җиребез... Мәскәү психиатрия хастаханәләренең берсе икән. Теге табибә ханым үзе генә тиешле белешмәне бирә алмый, тәҗрибәле белгечләр генә башкара ала бу эшне, дип аңлаттылар миңа. Каршы килергә ярамавын, үземне мөмкин кадәр тынычрак һәм хәтта ваемсыз тотарга кирәклеген шунда ук чамаладым. 

Беренче төнне миңа «дуамаллар» арасында үткәрергә туры килде. Беркемгә бер сүз әйтмәдем, эндәшүчеләргә җавап бирмәдем, телсез-колаксыз булып китеп, одеялымны ябындым да, икенче якка борылып, йокыга китәргә тырыштым. Үзара сугышып та алдылар бугай «дуамаллар», миңа кагылучы булмады. Берсенең икенчесен «Дерсу Узала!» дип үртәве генә хәтердә калган. Иртә белән «тыныч палата»га күчерделәр. Шунда ук шәфкать туташыннан кәгазь-авторучка һәм конверт сорап алып, апага барысын да аңлатып хат яздым. Урыс телендә. Көндез мине чакыртып алдылар, язган кәгаземне һәм институттан алган белешмәне конверт эченә тыгып, ачык килеш табибка тапшырдым. Барысын да тыныч кына аңлатып бирдем аңа да. Табиб мине тегеләй-болай тикшергән итте, ләкин бернинди «дәва» билгеләмәде. Соңрак та мине артык борчымадылар.&lt;br&gt;

Ун-унике көнләп вакыт үткәндер, «җавап» та килеп иреште: мине... җизнәмнең Мәскәүдә яшәүче туганы очрашу бүлмәсенә чакыртып алды. Институтта укыганда мин аның Чертановода урнашкан фатирына сирәк булса да барып йөри идем. Саровтагы апам белән җизнәм кичекмәстән аңа хәбәр иткәннәр, һәм ул миңа ярдәмгә ашыккан. Табиблар белән дә сөйләшеп алган икән. Шуннан соң мин хастаханәдә... бөтенләй игътибарсыз калдым. Шәфкать туташлары гына килеп хәлемне белеп китәләр иде ара-тирә. Төп-төгәл кырык көн үткәч кенә табиб чакыртып алды: «Ну что, парень, здоровеешь день ото дня на казённых харчах?» – дип каршылады. – «С Вашего позволения, товарищ доктор. Спасибо Вам!» – дип җавап кайтардым мин аңа, хәлемнән килгән кадәр елмаерга тырышып. Миңа Арзамаска кадәр кайтырга тимер юл билеты тоттырдылар: «Больше так не 
болей!» – дип. Ике санитар мине Казан вокзалына кадәр озата барып, поездга утыртып җибәрде. Мин, әлбәттә, «ябык шәһәр»гә керергә дип белешмә-мазар сорап тормадым табиблардан. Иң мөһиме – мин, тумыштан ук һәм әнкәем тәрбиясе буенча совет патриоты, үземнең нинди кыргый золым дәүләтендә яшәвемне бу хакта һичкем белән бәхәсләшмәслек итеп аңладым. Игорь Губерманның ике гаригы моңа «пичәт сугып тора»: 

Киң колачлы төзелешләр түгел,&lt;br&gt;
минем илнең иң төп терәге –&lt;br&gt;
коткы җепселләрен җыеп тоткан&lt;br&gt;
шыксыз бер «контора» кисәге.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Страны моей главнейшая опора –&lt;br&gt;
'''''не стройки сумасшедшего размаха,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''а серая стандартная контора,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''владеющая ниточками страха.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Кырыс, әмма гадел хөкем –&lt;br&gt;
бер Алла эше;&lt;br&gt;
төрмә күрми, гүргә керми&lt;br&gt;
Рәсәйдә кеше.&lt;br&gt;
'''''«И я сказал себе: держись,&lt;br&gt;
'''''Господь суров, но прав;'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''нельзя прожить в России жизнь,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''тюрьмы не повидав».'''''&lt;br&gt;

Мәскәү «кайгыртучылар»ыннан исән-имин котылып кайтып киткәч, Арзамас заводларында һәм оешмаларында эшләдем. Ике тапкыр, 1973 елның яз һәм көз көннәрендә, мине армиягә алган булып, Дзержинскидагы туплау пунктына кадәр илттеләр дә... кире кайтардылар. Әйләнеп кайткан саен тагын ярты ел көтәргә туры килә. Әллә мине килеш-килбәтемә карап кызгандылар да, стройбатка җибәрәселәре килмәде хәрби түрәләрнең, әллә башка сәбәпләр булды. Фатирларда яшәдем, аена 10-12 сум түләп. Соңгы торагым бигрәк тә җайлы булды. Хлебодаровлар өенең подвалында – берүземә бер зур, аерым, җылы һәм бөтен уңайлыклары булган бүлмә. Аны миңа, 1973 елның ноябрендә тагын бер кат армиягә китми калгач, Арзамас ликёр-аракы заводында эшләүче хатыннар табып бирде. Мин шунда эшкә кергән идем. Заводта эшләүче фатир хуҗам белән бәхәсләшкән идем. Ул миңа: «Минем янга эшкә керсәң, мин сине аракы эчәргә өйрәтәм», – диде. Ә мин аңа: «Һе, өйрәтерсең менә!» Юк, эчәргә өйрәтә алмады ул мине. Һәрхәлдә, минем стакан тутырып чөмереп утырганымны күрүче булмады. Ләкин... мин бит намус кешесе, дөресен әйтергә тиешмен: шул заманда эшләп чыгарыла торган теләсә кайсы маркалы һәм сортлы хәмернең тәмен-татын белә идем, спиртлылык процентларын һ.б. күрсәткечләрен дә яшерен дегустация аша ярыйсы гына өйрәндем шул ярты елда. Әнкәем бит мине кызыксынучан итеп тудырган һәм тәрбияләгән иде шул.

=== '''ИЛ «УНИВЕРСИТЕТЛАРЫ»''' ===
==== '''БАМ, Тында, Беркакит...''' ====
'''''Тәкъдир дәфтәреңдә «маҗаралы» дип язылган булса, төрле көтелмәгән хәлләрдән һәм сынаулардан берничек тә котыла алмыйсың.'''''

Ниһаять, 1974 елны (25 яшем тулгач!) май урталарында мине армиягә, Сарытаудагы өйрәнү-өйрәтү частена алып киттеләр. Авиация өчен элемтәчеләр әзерлиләр иде андагы ярты еллык укуда һәм күнегүләрдә. Стройбат түгел инде. Сарытауда мин радиотелеграфчылар әзерләнә торган беренче взводка эләктем. Беренче көннән үк безгә телеграф әлифбасын (морзены) өйрәтергә тотындылар, озынлы-кыскалы пипылдауларны тыңлап, хәрефләр-саннар язып барырга күнектерделәр. Шунда ук үзебез дә әкренләп пипылдата башладык. Өлкән сержант Валерий Соловей исемле белорус егете безнең взвод командиры һәм бердәнбер остазыбыз булды. Беренче класслы радиотелеграфчы булыр өчен, минутына 20 «төркем» кабул итә һәм тапшыра алырга тиешсең. Бер «төркем» – телеграф әлифбасының биш тамгасы ул. Минем күрсәткечләр 14-15 «төркем»нән артмады. 

Ниһаять, июнь урталарында хәрби ант кабул итү көне дә килеп җитте. Башта без полигонга барып, өч тапкыр винтовкадан атарга тиеш идек, соңыннан присягасын кабул итәргә. Ләкин, иртә белән ашханәдә тукланып чыккач, чыдап та булмаслык итеп эчем авырта башлады. Мине шунда ук һоспитальгә озаттылар. Хәрби табиб тикшереп бакты да... елмаеп куйды: «Мин сиңа йоклаткыч дару бирәм, уянгач килерсең!» – Изрәп йоклаганмын, хәтта төшке ашка да соңга калдым. Йокыдан торсам... эчем бөтенләй авыртмый һәм бернәрсә дә борчымый. Тизрәк докторга чаптым: «Иптәш майор, мине кире озатыгыз, зинһар: хәрби ант кабул итәсем бар!» Ә доктор миңа: «Юк инде, монда 
эләктеңме, өч атна карантинда утырачаксың! Эчең пошмасын һәм бүтән авыртмасын өчен, без сине операция ясау бүлмәсенә санитар итеп куябыз. Бар, өйрәнә тор үз вазифаларыңны». Икенче көнне иртүк торып эшкә керештем. Җиһазларны сөртеп, идәннәрне юып чыгардым, операцияләр ясар өчен кирәк-яракны әзерләп куйдым. Һәм тагын егерме көн дә нәкъ шулай үтте. Операция ясаганда хирургка кирәк әйберләрне биреп торам, кичкырын приборларны, операция ясау коралларын, бүлмәне юып чыгарам. Аппендиксны кисеп ташлау – берни дә түгел хирурглар өчен: дүрт-биш көннән соң авыру тәпи йөреп китә. Ә менә геморрой дигәнеңне... Алла сакласын... 

Шулай итеп, мин ике еллык армия хезмәтемдә винтовканы яки автоматны тотып та карамадым, Советлар Берлегенә мәңге тугрылыклы булам дигән хәрби ант та кабул итмәдем. Әлбәттә, шушы өч атна эчендә радиотелеграфчы иптәшләремнән хәрби-һөнәри осталык буенча нык артта калдым. Һоспитальдән кайткач, мине телефончылар взводына күчерделәр. Бу взводның командиры булган сержант «Р» авазын әйтә белми иде: «Взвод гъавняйсь! Смигъно! Гъавнение напгъаво!» – дип команда бирә иде ул. Шунысы гына истә калган. Телеграф ачкычыннан мәхрүм булгач, ничек телефон кәтүген өстерәгәнмендер – хәтерләмим. Бөтенләй булмаган кебек тоела миңа бу «катлаулы күнегүләр»... 

Ноябрьнең 12 сендә мине, армиягә Брянск өлкәсеннән алынган Николай Козлов исемле бер малай белән бергә, Хабаровск каласына юлладылар. Җиде көн бардык, бер поезддан икенчесенә күчеп утырып. Сарытаудан чыгып киткәндә җып-җылы көз көне иде әле. Бишенче көнне иртән йокыдан торып вагон тәрәзәсе аша баксак... шаккаттык: Иркутск өлкәсендәге Зима станциясе, һәм бөтен дөньяны ап-ак кар күмгән. Байкал күлен көньяктан әйләнеп үткәндә ачылган мәһабәт панорама һич онытырлык түгел. Тагын Сквородино торак пункты янындагы шыр ялангач дала һәм үзәкләрне өзә торган көчле җил истә калган. Соңрак җирле халыктан ишетеп белдек: «Бог создал Крым и Сочи, а чёрт – Сквородино и Могочи». 

Ә менә Биробиджан безгә бик ошады: нарат-чыршы урманы аланында күркәм шәһәрчек төзеп куйганнар. Бернинди җил исми, саф һава һәм искитәрлек манзара. «Карале, нинди матур җиргә урнаштырганнар бит яһүдләрне!» Хабаровск исә безне океан ягыннан әкрен генә искән, ләкин җаныңны актарып 
ташлый торган салкын һәм дымлы җиле белән каршы алды. Без 
эзләп тапкан хәрби часть Байкал-Амур магистрале төзелешенә 
озату өчен әзерлек урыны икән. 1975 елның 31 гыйнварында поездга утырып кире якка, Чегдомын шәһәрчегенә киттек, 
1 февральдә килеп тә җиттек БАМ җирлегенә. Урамда – 40 градус салкын, ләкин көн аяз, һава тыныч, җил исми. Кыш көне дә 
кыздыра торган кояшка туп-туры карап җәһәт кенә атласаң яки 
гел хәрәкәтләнеп торсаң – туңмыйсың. 

Тимер юл гаскәрләре төзүчеләре анда безнең боралак отряды өчен өч казарма төзеп куйганнар, боралаклар урнаштыруга аэродром әзерләгәннәр. Безнең бәләкәй генә (200 
кешелек – бер рота солдат, калганнары очучы-офицерлар һәм аэродромда хезмәт итүче белгечләр) хәрби частебыз еллар буе БАМ төзелешенең көнчыгыш өлешен бөтен кирәк-ярак белән тәэмин итеп торырга, төзүчеләрне һәм гаскәриләрне бер урыннан икенчесенә күчереп йөртергә тиеш. Февральскидан алып Комсомольск-Амур шәһәренә кадәр. Барысы да алдан уйланылган, тиешенчә әзерләп куелган иде безнең өчен. Әлбәттә, халык авыз иҗаты Ерак Көнчыгыштагы кырыс табигатьле җирләрнең оҗмах булмавын дөрес чагылдырадыр. Хәтта шундый икеюллык та ишеттек: «БАМ, Тында, Беркакит – голубые дали, мы такие дали... кое-где видали...» 

==== '''Саф погоннар – саф намус''' ====
Чегдомынга килгәннең икенче көнендә үк мине, Анатолий Таболин исемле бер чын белорус малае белән бергә, хәрби частьне дөнья белән тоташтырырга тиешле телефон линияләрен сузарга җибәрделәр. Сарытауда беренче взводта өйрәнгән һәм минем белән бергә Хабаровскига озатылган Николай Козловны радиостанциягә билгеләделәр. Ачык җирләрдә электр баганаларына, урман эчендә агач ботакларына эләктереп һәм беркетеп куябыз тимерчыбыкны. Төннәрне коммутатор кырында үткәрәбез, алмаш-тилмәш дежур торып. Көндез анда офицер хатыннары утыра, ә без планда каралганны һәм командирлар боерганны башкарабыз. Кайвакыт Анатолий белән бергә боерык ирешкәнне көтеп тә тормыйбыз: берәр «нокта» белән элемтә өзелә икән, шунда ук – иртәме, кичме, төн уртасымы – часть дежурына хәбәр биреп, линия буйлап чабабыз, төзәтергә ашыгабыз. Командирлар еш кына белми кала. 

Телефончы хезмәттәшем тәмәке тартучы иде. Ләкин ике-өч көнгә бер кап тәмәке сатып алыр өчен иптәшемнең акчасы җитми. Бик интегә иде ул тартырга бернәрсәсе булмаганда. Урманда эшләгәндә агач төбенә утыра да чын белорусча: «Курыть хачу!» – дип өзгәләнә. Кайбер солдатларга исә әти-әнисе гел акча җибәреп тора. Менә алар инде сигаретларын бер-ике суыра да ташлый торган иде. Ә мин шыпырт кына шул төпчекләрнең «симезрәк»ләрен кесәгә салып барам. Һәм Анатолий тәмәке тартасы килеп сыкрана башлагач, чыгарып та бирәм аңа. 

Коммутаторда төнлә дежур торганда үткәрелгән бер «элемтә сеансы» истә калган. Күршедәге тимер юлчылар ротасыннан бер маҗар милләтле солдат килгән иде. Украинаның Ужгород каласыннан икән. «Әтием-әнием белән сөйләшеп аласы иде, – диде Иштван, – ләкин безнең телефончылар тоташтыра алмыйлар: аппаратуралары иске һәм бик начар. Бәлки син булдыра алырсың». Ә мине, үз тиңдәшемә ярдәм итү теләге генә түгел, маҗарча сөйләшкәнне тыңлау мөмкинлеге дә кызыксындыра. Элемтәне бик озын «чылбыр» буенча урнаштырасы: башта Чегдомыннан Хабаровскины сорыйсың, аннары край башкаласы аша Мәскәүгә чыгасың. Бу кадәресе зур проблемалар тудырмый, без бу юлны ким дигәндә атнага бер тапкыр үтә идек. Маҗаралар Киевка кергәч башлана: җавап тавышы... Кытайдагы кебек кенә ишетелә. Ә инде Украина башкаласыннан Ужгородка төшкәч, бөтенләй берни ишетми башлыйсың. Маҗарча Уңвар дип аталган телефон станциясендәге телефончы кызга егет үзенең өй телефоны номерын аңлатып бирә алды әле. Ә аннан соң... кемнеңдер нәрсәдер лыгырдаганын сиземлисең, ләкин мәгънәсенә һич төшенерлек түгел. Ә теге якта безне ишетәләр дә, аңлыйлар да, ә без... интегәбез. Маҗар егете адым саен бөтен штабта ишетерлек итеп кычкыра: «Hogy? Hogy?» (Нәрсә? Ничек?) Сөйләштеләр, азмы-күпме аңлаштылар. Ә мин сүзлексез дә төшенерлек беренче маҗар сүзен отып калдым.

Күп еллар үткәч, Маҗарстан дәүләт гимнының сигез куплеты да татар теленә шактый төгәл һәм җырланырлык шигырь рәвешендә тәрҗемә ителде. Бик гыйбрәтле монументаль гимн. Аңарда – маҗарларның, Көнбатыш Себердән чыгып китеп, мең ел буе «Ватан эзләп» кылган сәяхәтенең кыскача тарихы. Алар бабаларыбыз яшәгән җирләр аша үткәндә чын «телләр әңгәмәсе» булган, күрәсең: хәзерге заман маҗар телендә дә 800 дән артык төрки-кыпчак сүзе сакланып калган. Угыз кавеме төркиләреннән алынган сүзләр азрак та әле.  

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Элемтә взводын әле егерме бер яшен генә тутырган лейтенант Топалов җитәкли. Кырымда туып үскән, милләте буенча болгар. Ярты еллап вакыт үткәч, 1975 елның көзендә ул мине сержант итеп күтәрергә һәм казармаларыбыз янында гына урнашкан радиостанциягә өлкән итеп күчерергә теләде. Мин исә, ни булса шул булыр дип, офицерга турыдан-туры әйттем: «Иптәш лейтенант, миннән бернинди командир чыкмаячак, чөнки мин, кемнедер мәҗбүр итүгә караганда, барысын да үзем эшләп ташлауны артыграк күрәм. Аннары, мин радиостанцияләрне бөтенләй белмим. Мине телефончы һәм рядовой итеп калдырсагыз, хәерлерәк булыр иде, минемчә...» – дидем. Армиядә боерыкка буйсынмаган кешене катгый җәза көтә. Әмма, ни хикмәт, бу очракта алай булмады. Күк йөзе кебек ачык зәңгәр төстәге погоннарым да, хәрби намусым да саф килеш калды. 

Ә менә рота старшинасы... мин аның шул еллардагы йөзен һәм гәүдәсен бүген дә күз алдыма китерә алам әле. Яртылаш татар канлы (әнисе ягыннан) прапорщик Иван Бякин иде ул. Баһадир гәүдәле, казакларча кыйгачланып киткән мыек үстергән. Кырыс та, таләпчән дә була ала, ләкин искиткеч кешелекле һәм гадел командир. Үзең дә шундый була белсәң. Нәкъ менә прапорщик Бякинның көчле рухы һәм ихтыяры белән безнең ротада «бабайлык» дигән галәмәт булмады: «салагасы-карты» бергә эшләде, бертигез ашады, чиратлап каравылда яки дежур торды, нарядка йөрде. Ризасызларны шунда ук тимер юлчылар карамагына «хезмәт тәрбиясе»нә озаталар иде. Җир тәмугына – таулар-сопкалар астында тоннельләр ерырга. Һәм тора-бара Совет Армиясе өчен «яңалык» булган тәртипне солдатлар да хуплый башлады.

Берзаман ротага дүрт әрмән малаен китерделәр. Беришесе пахан булып китәргә ниятләгәндер, күрәсең. Беркөнне төнлә шуларның өчесе йоклаган солдатларны урыннарыннан торгызып җәберләргә тотынды. Дүртенчесе, кып-кызыл чәчлесе, Мужикян фамилиялесе, катнашмады: ул бик чандыр гәүдәле һәм көчсез малай иде. Шуннан бөтен рота күтәрелеп, теге җитешеп бетмәгән өч «пахан»ны эт итеп кыйнады. Командир аларның өчесен дә иртә белән БАМга тоннель казырга озатты. Мужикян исә безнең белән калды. 

Баштарак безнең БАМдагы тормышыбыз бик сикәлтәле сукмаклар буйлап дыңгырдады. Штабта һәм солдатлар казармасында тәртип урнашты, ә менә офицерлар казармасында... 
пычракта, көн саен аракы эчеп, исерешеп яталар. Боралакларда очучы һәм техникага хезмәт күрсәтүче офицерлар ризасызлык белдерә: аларның гаиләләре шәһәрдә фатирларда яши, ә үзләрен монда казармада тоталар, чөнки ашыгыч рәвештә – иртәме, кичме, төнләме – БАМга очып чыгып китү ихтыяҗы гел булып тора.

Мондый киеренкелек яхшыга илтә торган нәрсә түгел инде ул. «Маҗаралар»... солдатлар казармасында башланып китте. 18 февраль көнне кичкырын ротабызга үз теләге белән... «наташа» килде (шулай тукайча атыйк инде без бу персонажны, гәрчә безнең арада маташырга ашкынып торган Казан байлары булмаса да). Солдатлар кочегар бүлмәсен «уйнаш йорты» иткәннәр, һәм «наташа» үзенә 18 яшь тулган тәүлектә төн чыгып 18 солдатка «хезмәт күрсәткән». Мин коммутаторда утырдым бу төнне, барысын да ишетеп-белеп тордым, ләкин дежур офицерга хәбәр итмәдем. Һәм аннан соң да, 14 ай хезмәт итеп, кемне булса да әләкләгәнебез булмады. Мин дә, иптәшем Анатолий 
Таболин да.&lt;br&gt;
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Намуслы булып хезмәт иттек, «лычка» өчен анасын да сата торганнар булмадык! БАМдагы боралак отрядында хәрби хезмәт көне-төне эштә үтә, монда һәр кешенең намусы һәм аңлы җаваплылыгы алга чыга, «службаны аңлата торган» мәгънәсез армия уеннарына вакыт та, мөмкинлек тә калмый. Боралак бит ул – уенчык түгел, ә мондый кырыс климат һәм бөтен рельеф төрләре булган урын-җир шартларында бик тә хәвефле бер очкыч аппарат. Тора-бара командирлар нәкъ шундый психология һәм чынбарлык урнаштырдылар хәрби частьта. Башкача мөмкин идеме соң? Бездә дә булды бит шундый бер хәл соңрак: боралакларыбызның берсе, моторы эшләми башлап, төнлә 30 метр биеклектән мәтәлеп төшкән. Бәхетебез: төп пилот – хәрби 
частебыз командиры капитан Филимонов үзе! – чын һөнәри осталык иясе булган икән. Экипаждан бер генә кеше дә зыян күрмәгән. Боралакны ремонтка озаттылар.

'''ФОТО:''' МИ-8 боралагы

Кыска вакытлы, ләкин «чын тәртип урнаштыручы маҗаралар»ның дәвамы ике көннән соң, 20 февральдә, якшәмбе көнне булды. Офицерлар казармасы янып бетте. Казарма бүлмәләренең берсендә булган газ баллоннары шартлады. Ләкин ут безнең 20 метр ераклыкта торган казармабызга күчмәде, Ходай саклады безне бу бәладән. Шуннан соң офицерларны Чегдомынга гаиләләре янына күчерделәр, фатирларына кичекмәстән телефон үткәрделәр. Кирәк вакытта бик тиз генә чакыртып алып була иде теләсә кайсысын. Частьның подполковник дәрәҗәсендәге командирын алмаштырдылар, аның урынына алдарак телгә алынган капитан Филимоновны куйдылар. Атна-ун көн дигәндә частьта чын тәртип урнашты. Рәхәтләнеп хезмәт иттек без БАМдагы боралак отрядында! 

Һәм мине, телефончы рәвешендә частьтагы эчке тормыш турында шактый хәбәрдар булып торсам да, командирлар беркайчан да әләкчелеккә мәҗбүр итмәделәр. Боралак отрядында нәкъ киресенчә булды. Бер «стукач» (украин малае) бар иде безнең ротада, ләкин аны бик тиз акылга утырттылар. Чөнки – гаҗәеп хәл! – әләкчеләрне офицерлар да яратмый иде. 

==== '''Шәхси Буреябыз ташымады''' ==== 
Җәй көне, боралак отрядындагы хезмәтебез урнашып-җайланып беткәч, солдатлар өчен дә Чегдомынга чыгып йөрү мөмкинлеге ачылды. Халык белән аралаша, шахтачылар тормышы белән кызыксына башлады иптәшләребез. Кайберләре хәтта кызлар белән дә танышып китте, алар янына барып йөри башлады. Анатолий белән минем ирек чиклерәк булды, безнең эшебез бик тыгыз иде. Линияләрне төзәтеп йөргәндә генә очрашып сөйләшә алдык җирле кешеләр белән. Бервакыт без тайгада... ял итәргә чыккан татар гаиләсен очраттык. Кунакка да чакырганнар иде мине... тәки бер тапкыр да бара алмадым. Телефон аша гына сөйләшә идем кичләрен алар белән үзем коммутаторда дежур торганда...

Урманда телефон линияләрен караштырып-төзәтеп йөргәндә безне Төньяк Кореядан килгән һәм физик яктан бик куәтле урман кисүчеләр гаҗәпләндерде: метр ярымнан аз гына калкурак ике кореялы, киселгән һәм чистартылган бүрәнәләрне ыргаклы таяклар белән ике яктан эләктереп алып, трап буйлап йөк машинасының әрҗәсе өстенә эһ дигәндә менгезеп тә куя! Безнекеләр бу эшкә дүртәү җигелә... 

БАМдагы хезмәтнең беренче елында тагын ике вакыйга һәм берничә хезмәттәшем турында хатирәләр дә күңелдә җуелмаслык булып саклана. Үз хәрби хезмәтен бик оста, әмма 
гадәти булмаган ысул белән тәмамлаган бер Мәскәү малаеннан башларга кирәктер. Исем-фамилиясен хәтерләмим аның. Һәр абзарда бер буклы сарык була, диләр бит. Бусы 
нәкъ шул «токым»нан. Үтә дә ялкау һәм җавапсызлыкка һәвәс иде ул. Урысча әйтсәк, «пофигист» инде. Офицерлар аны боралакларга якын да җибәрми, егетне күбрәк каравылга һәм нарядларга йөрттеләр. Һәм иркә мәскәүлегә монысы да туйдыргандыр, күрәсең. «Офицерлар да гарык булып бетмәгән микән моңардан?» – дигән сорау урынсыз булмагандыр, әлбәттә. Берзаман бу малай... акылдан язган һәм аны Хабаровск психиатрлары карамагына озатканнар, дигән сүз чыкты. Край башкаласында аны төрлечә тикшереп караганнар: симулянт түгелме, янәсе. Һәм ахыр чиктә чыннан да... «ычкынган» дип таныганнар да Мәскәүгә кайтарып җибәргәннәр. Озак та үтми, малайдан хат килеп төште. Сүзләрен шул еллардагы популяр җырдан алып: «Вы служите, мы вас подождём!» – дип язган бу «псих» үз взводташларына. 

Безнең ротада миннән кала тагын бер татар малае бар иде. Фидаил исемле, Башкортстанның Бүздәк районыннан. Аның хезмәте бик җайлы иде: офицерлар ашханәсендә эшләде ул. Буш вакытта без икәү шахмат уйный һәм татарча сөйләшә идек. Рота старшинасы прапорщик Иван Бякин моны күреп-белеп торды, ул бездән бермә-бер яхшырак уйный иде. Үрнәк хезмәте өчен Фидаилгә ике атналык ял бирделәр, туган авылына барып кайтты ул. «Сөйгән кызым мине көтеп тормаган, кияүгә чыккан...» – ди, чак кына еламый үзе. Язмыш бу, аңардан узып булмый, дип юатырга тырыштым милләттәшемне. 

Истә калырлык вакыйгаларның беренчесе июнь башында Чегдомын аэропортында булды. Анатолий белән икәү анда... энцефалит талпаны тешләүдән тайгада һәлак булган тимер юлчы солдатларның үле гәүдәләрен күрдек. Табутлар таба алмаганнардыр инде ул вакытта, мәетләрне өске киемнәренә һәм шинельләренә төреп китергәннәр иде. Йөзләре ачык килеш... һәм сап-сары. Безнең отрядта талпаннан зыян күрүчеләр булмады. Командирлар безне бу хакта язга чыкканда ук кисәтеп-өйрәтеп куйганнар иде. 

Икенче вакыйга – август башында өч көн бертуктаусыз яуган яңгырдан соң Амур кушылдыгы булган Бурея елгасының ярларыннан ташып чыгуы. Җирле халык өчен гадәти, ел саен кабатлана торган күренеш. Су бит анда тирә яктагы бихисап сопкалардан бик тиз агып төшә, һәм шактый киң бассейнлы елга чын Идел кебек җәелеп китә. Чегдомын тирәсендә кеше яши торган торак пунктлар күп түгел. Иң зурысы – Урта Ургал дип атала. Су бу авылга кадәр үк менеп җитмәгән иде, ул, безнең казармалар һәм Чегдомынның өске өлеше кебек үк, калкулык өстендә урнашкан. Чегдомынны ике яктан уратып алган Бурея кушылдыклары шәһәрнең аскы өлешенә дә зыян китермәде, болынны гына су баскан иде. Елга агызып бара торган йорт хайваннары үләксәләре һәм хәтта агач корылмалар, бәләкәйрәк йортлар да югарыдан, төньяктан килгән булса кирәк. Бу «туфан» озакка бармады: ике-өч көннән соң кызу характерлы, бик тиз агымлы һәм елның елында кат-кат су астында кала торган мең тугайлы Бурея үзенең табигый ярларына кереп урнашты. 

Бу елдагы соңгы «маҗара»ның Ерак Көнчыгыштагы кырыс климатка һәм кыргый табигатькә бернинди кагылышы юк. Ул күбрәк... минем 26 яшьлек «шәхси Буреям»ның үзе күнеккән гадәти ярларыннан ташып чыкмавы турында сөйли. Яңа ел алды киче, 1975 елның 31 декабре. Армия хезмәтенең соңгы ярты елына керәбез, дип куана боралак отрядындагы солдатларның төгәл яртысы (безнең «хәрби чакырылыш» шундый зур күпчелектә иде). Минем өчен гадәти көннәрнең берсе: кичке ашны ашаганнан соң, көндез коммутаторда эшләгән офицер хатынын алмаштырырга дип штаб казармасына киттем. Унсигез яшьлек кенә, Л. исемле, теләсә кемне гашыйк итәрлек чибәр. Туташкаем инде ярым исерек, һәм аның нигәдер тиз генә өенә кайтып китәсе дә килми. Шулвакыт ул, юбкасын бераз күтәрә төште дә, болай ди: «Фәһим, кара әле, минем аякларым нинди төз һәм матур!» Сүз дә юк, төз дә, матур да, ләкин... «Юк, Л., мин моңа әзер түгел...», – дидем дә чыгып киттем. Әйләнеп килгәндә, Л. юкка чыккан иде инде. 

Ул хәрби частьтән читтәрәк урнашкан радиостанциягә киткән һәм төне буе зифа буйлы гәүдәсе белән анда дежур торган сержантның күңелен күргән икән. Һәм бу хакта часть командиры беренче булып белеп алган. Кем хәбәр иткәндер, белми калдык. Яңа 1976 елның беренче көнне иртүк өлкән командирыбыз әлеге сержантны якасыннан тотып алып... тимер юл гаскәрләренә озаткан. Туташның 30 яшьлек ире (боралак йөртүче) килеп җиткәнче үк. Сержант соңрак ротадагы дусларына хат та язып җибәргән иде: «Нигә мин шул фахишәгә кул суздым соң?..» – дип. Ерак Көнчыгыш кызларының һәм хатыннарының җенси активлыгы, дәртле табигате һәм «һөнәри осталыгы» турында без төннәрен Урта Ургалга самоволкага йөри торган солдатлардан ишетеп белә идек инде. Кемнең кая йөргәнен командирлар беләләр, ләкин солдат теләсә кайсы вакытта да үз вазифаларын төгәл һәм тырышлык күрсәтеп үти торган булса, моңа игътибар итмиләр иде. Ялкаулансаң – тоталар да «хезмәт тәрбиясе»нә – тоннельләр казырга озаталар. Боралак отряды армия төрмәсе түгел, тырыш хезмәт, аңлы тәртип һәм дисциплина мәктәбе булды безнең өчен. 

Дөресен әйткәндә, бу хәл минем шул җөмләдәге беренче «куркаклыгым» һәм «җебегәнлегем» булмады. Советлар Берлегендә ирекле секс юк, дигән рәсми караш яши иде. Ә мин – «законопослушный гражданин»! Әле Мәскәүдә укыганда да шундый бер «канәгатьләнү» мөмкинлегеннән баш тарткан идем. Бусы инде институтны ташлап, Арзамаска кайтып 
китәр алдыннан булды. Яңа абитуриентлар килгәч, безнең тулай торакта аларның беренче имтиханда ук «икеле» алганнары белән үткәрелгән «очрашу кичәсе»ндә миңа ап-ак кашлы, бик чибәр һәм күңелле бер блондинка белән бергә утырырга туры килде. Ләкин эшнең тагын бер урыс җырындагыча тәмамланачагын сиземләгәч («Все подружки по парам в тишине разбрелися...»), мин шыпырт кына ычкыну җаен таптым. Соңрак егетләр мине моның өчен нык орыштылар... 

Әтисез үскән ир кеше тормышның мондый четерекле вазгыятьләрендә йә дуамал, тотнаксыз һәм пырдымсыз булып китә, йә үтә дә сак һәм тыйнак буладыр ул. Моңа нигез сала торган табигатьне исә аның канына, алдарак әйткәнемчә, бала чакта ук үз яшьтәшләре сеңдерә... БАМдагы телефончы хезмәттәшем Анатолий да бу тарафтан миңа «теләктәш» иде. Гәрчә ул инде, үзе әйтмешли, «саф егет» булмаса да. Ул баштарак, төнлә коммутаторда дежур торганда Чегдомын кызлары килеп, бүлмә тәрәзәсенә бармак чиертәләр, үзләре янына чыгарга чакыралар, дип сөйли иде. Һәм мин аңа «файдалы киңәш» бирдем: «Ә син минем кебек, тәрәзәне менә шушы катыргы кәгазь белән томалап куй да, тегеләргә игътибар итмә!» Тора-бара Чегдомынның актив кызлары аны борчымый башладылар. Безнең «шәхси Буреябыз» тәртипле һәм инсафлы булды. 

==== '''«Сез анда, Русиядә, аңламыйсыз...»''' ====
Берзаман, инде дембель булып өйгә кайтып китәр алдыннан, Чегдомынның шахмат беренчелегендә уйнаганда, җирле шахтачылардан сораштыра башлаган идем: «Ничек мондый авыр хезмәткә, кырыс климатка, тормыш уңайсызлыкларына түзәсез?» – дип. «Сез анда, Русиядә (!), безнең нинди иркен тормышта рәхәтләнеп яшәвезне белмисез. Сез кол булып гомер сөрергә өйрәнеп беткәнсез, күнеккәнсез инде!..» – диделәр. Ерак Көнчыгышның рухи ирек эстәгән халкы ярты гасыр элек тә үзен нигездә русияле дип санамый иде инде. Шуңа күрә соңгы елларда Хабаровск крае губернаторы Сергей Фургал белән булган «катавасия» һич кенә дә очраклы хәл түгел, минемчә. Ерак Көнчыгыш халкы үзен күрсәтми калмас әле алга таба да, инде котылгысыз булып китә башлаган тетрәнүләрдә һәм үзгәрешләрдә... 

Чегдомынның шахмат беренчелегендә уйнавым – үзе бер хатирә. 1976 елның апрель ае азагында без «дембель аккорды» дип аталган эшкә керешергә тиеш идек. Элегрәк янган казарманы бездән алдарак өйләренә кайтып киткән солдатлар сүтеп бетергән һәм аның урынын тигезләп куйган иде. Безгә исә шунда, Бурея елгасы буендагы болыннан куптарып алып, чирәм утыртырга кирәк булды. Бурея болыннарын ел саен язын һәм август аенда, берничә көн барган көчле яңгырлардан соң, су баса. Һәм бер елдан соң анда яңадан чирәм үсеп чыга. Кырыс климат шартларында үсемлекләр дә, бөтен табигать тә әрсезләнеп китә икән. 

Ләкин «дембель аккорды» мине читләтеп үтте. Старшинабыз Бякин һич көтмәгәндә миңа болай диде: «Син инде үзеңә тиешлесен эшләдең монда. Әйдә, киттек шахмат уйнарга...» Унөч көн бергә Чегдомын беренчелегендә катнаштык. Минем элемтә взводындагы урыныма алмаш килеп җиткән иде инде: бер азәрбайҗан малае телефончы булып калды миннән соң. Старшинабыз, турнирда өченче урынны алып, бакыр медальле булды. Минем өчен алтынчы урын да зур казаныш һәм гомер буе онытылмаслык истәлек иде. Уникенче майда, армиядә тапкан яңа дусларым белән мәңгегә саубуллашып, командирларыма рәхмәт әйтеп... Ерак Көнчыгыштан Русиягә кайтып киттем. Хезмәттәшем Анатолийны, яңа телефончыларны эшкә өйрәтү өчен, тагын бер айдан артык тотканнар. Мин әле тагын ярты ел бездән соңрак килгән солдатлар белән ара-тирә хат язышып тордым. Әлбәттә, үзем дә бик теләп риза булган булыр идем яңа телефончыларны эшкә күнектерергә, командирлар кушкан булса. 

==== '''Саха егете Баһылай''' ====
Кемнәрдер үзенең армия хезмәтен, аның азагында «бабай» булып китеп, тырай типкәне, кәеф-сафа корганы өчен генә искә ала. Ә мин Ерак Көнчыгышны... иркенләп, ихлас күңелдән хезмәт итүем һәм башка бер җирдә дә очрата алмаслык нәрсәләрне күреп-ишетеп белүем өчен бүген дә онытмадым әле. Әйтик, Баһылай исемле (урысчасы – Василий) бер саха-якут малаеннан отып алган сүзләрне һәм җөмләләрне ничек хәтердән җуясың, ди?! Мәсәлән: «Эн миигиттэн тугу ылаары кинэҕийн? Хата харахха биэрэбиний!» (Син миннән нәрсә алырга ымсынасың? Күз төбеңә берне тондырырмын менә!). Яки: «Тыаҕа хааман, биир тииҥ көрөн баран куоттаран кэбистим» (Урманда йөргәндә, бер тиенне күреп алып, куып барып тота алмадым). Баһылай белән аралашу минем өчен, утыз еллап вакыт үткәч... саха әлифбасын һәм фонетикасын өйрәнүгә этәргеч булды. Чөнки саха җырчылары арасында яртылаш татар канлы, тиңдәшсез матур тавышлы Ангелина Фәйрушина булуы үзе бер искиткеч ачыш иде минем өчен. 2010 елдан соң мәрхүмәнең иҗатын аның ике кызы дәвам итте. Саха җире Татарстанныкыннан кырык дүрт тапкыр зуррак. Һәм анда нибары ярты миллион саха кешесе яши. Төбәк халкының яртысы гына. Татарлар саны – бер проценттан да түбәнрәк. 

Оймяконда (суыклык котыбында!) туып үскән, үзе орчык буйлы гына, ләкин курку белмәс саха-якут малае Баһылай, кызганычка каршы, бик аз хезмәт итте боралак jтрядында. Җиңелрәк климат шартларында аның туберкулёзы ачылды. Туган якларына кайтарып җибәрделәр егетне. Ә мин... саха телендә аз булса да сөйләшергә өйрәнә алмый калдым. Саха-Якутия Җөмһүриятенең мәһабәт һәм горур гимны текстын, ниһаять, 2026 ел башында тәрҗемә иттем:&lt;br&gt;

1. Сахам җире, шәрык нурларында&lt;br&gt;
иминлек һәм бәхет яулыйсың,&lt;br&gt;
җиңүләргә әйдәп баруыңда&lt;br&gt;
мәгъриб алмазы күк балкыйсың...&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымтасы:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Көч җый һәм үс, Сахам җире, ныгы,&lt;br&gt;
Изге Ватан, дан-шөһрәтләр тупла.&lt;br&gt;
Илебезнең күрке-горурлыгы,&lt;br&gt;
Синдәй иркен, юмарт Җирдә юк ла!&lt;br&gt;

2. Күп тармаклы Лена ярларында –&lt;br&gt;
Терек суы, бәрәкәт тулы:&lt;br&gt;
Гүя дуслык-куәт алкынында&lt;br&gt;
Халыкларга тынычлык юлы.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымтасы.'''''&lt;br&gt;

3. Саха җире, кодрәт иңгән нурың&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлардан безгә юл сала.&lt;br&gt;
Дәвам иттек ата-баба юлын,&lt;br&gt;
Тугры булып калыйк без аңа.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымтасы.'''''&lt;br&gt;

==== '''«Белдекле дә, гадел дә!»''' ====
«Ачык һәм ирекле» Арзамаска барып, хәрби комисариатта калган документларымны алгач, Хлебодаровларга кереп, аларда калган китапларымны чемоданга төяп, хуҗалар белән хушлашкач, Татарстанга ашыктым. Туп-туры авылга кайттым, «КАМАЗ»га түгел әле. Колхоз рәисе Фаяз абый Хәйсаров: «Әлегә авылда кал, ял ит, көзгә таба Чаллыга китәрсең, – диде. – Син инде авыл кешесе түгелсең, монда тамыр җәя алмассың...» – дип, бик дөрес акыл бирде миңа. Спорт оештыручысы итеп эшкә алып, аена 70 сум түләп тордылар, өстәвенә комсомол эшләрен дә җайга салырга тиеш идем. Соңгысын булдыра алмадым, «оештыру сәләтем» юк иде. Ә күрше авыллар белән спорт чараларын рәхәтләнеп үткәрдек.&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' '''''«Коминтерн» колхозын 26 ел буе җитәкләгән Фаяз абый Хәйсаров (уртада, түбәтәй кигән) 2019 елда 85 яшьлек юбилеен үткәрә; уң ягында – җәмәгате Равия апа.''''' 

Июнь аенда Буа районына концертлар куярга килгән Илһам абый Шакировның Толымбайга килүе хәтергә сеңеп кала торган бер вакыйга булды. Авыл җитәкчеләре һәм сәнгать һәвәскәрләре, аның белән очрашып сөйләшкәндә, мине дә, комсомол сәркатибе булганга, чакырдылар. Үзем сүз катмадым, тыңлап кына тордым, ул вакытта мин бик тыйнак идем әле. Концерт кичке сигездә башланырга тиеш иде. Бу хакта алдан ук хәбәр тараткан булсалар да, халык тиз генә җыелмады. Илһам абыйның моңа исе дә китмәде: «Гадәти күренеш бу, колхоз кырларында эшнең кызган чагы, – диде. – Тагын бер-ике сәгать көтәбез». 

Клубка җыелган малайларга-кызларга: «Барыгыз, авылны «уятып чыгыгыз!» – дип йомыш куштылар. Кичке сәгать унда тамаша залы шыгрым тулы иде инде. Илһам абый ике сәгать ярымнан артык җырлады. Инде гадәттә концертларны тәмамлый торган Батырҗан ариясе дә башкарылды, ә халык мәшһүр җырчы белән хушлашырга уйламый да: алкышлый-алкышлый өч мәртәбә җырлаттылар. Өченче тапкыр сәхнәгә чыккач, Илһам абый шаяртып: «Ярар, җәмәгать, чөгендер сирәкләтергә туп-туры моннан китәрсез, өйгә кайтып тормассыз инде», – диде.

Август башында Түбән Камага киттем, әтием һәм аның гаиләсе белән кабат күрешергә. Комсомол билетымны, Казанга хәтле поездга утырып барганда, вагон тәрәзәсе аша... Апас районы кырларына тондырдым. Дүрт айдан соң барыбер комсомол яшеннән чыгам ич. Һәм 1976 елның 6 августында «КАМАЗ»ның ремонт һәм инструментлар заводындагы дүртенче цехка беренче тапкыр эшкә чыктым. Сырлар шомартучы итеп алдылар, бер разрядымны киметеп: «Хезмәт практикаң күптән юк, тәҗрибәлерәкләр белән тиңләшә алмассың...» – дип. 

Беркем каршында ким-хур булмасам да, разрядымны ике елдан соң гына кире кайтардылар. Һичкемнән бернәрсә сорамадым, беркайчан да, бернидән дә, беркемнән дә зарланмадым. Алга таба җитәкчелек барысын да – бәлки кайчак соңарыбрактыр да, ләкин инде һичсүзсез «килеп терәлгәч» – үзе биреп торды. Бу язмада – алдагы бүлекләрдә дә, моннан соңгыларында да – кайбер вакыйгаларны санап кына үтәм, аларны оештырган «персонажлар»ны телгә алмыйм... 

Ел ярым вакыт үткәч, гаиләле булдым. Цехта кияүгә чыкмыйча да рәхәтләнеп һәм иркен яшәгән яки ирдән аерылган хатыннар байтак иде. Минем күз шуларның иң күрексез дип санала торганына төште: миннән бер яшькә кечерәк Асиягә. Ул 28 яшен тутырып килә. Намуслы һәм гыйффәтле булуы моңсу йөзендә үк чагылып тора. Шәһәрдә туып-үсеп, урыс мәктәбендә укыган булса да, татарча иркен сөйләшә һәм укый-яза белә. Ә миңа нәкъ шундый пар кирәк тә. 1979 елның августында мин аны Мәскәүгә алып барып, совет башкаласы һәм үземнең «истәлекле урыннарым» белән таныштырдым. Биш көн буе җизнәмнең Чертановода яшәүче һәм мине җиде ел элек «медицина» кочагыннан йолып алган туганында кунак булдык. Бер-бер артлы Зөһрә белән Гөлнарабыз туды. Башта бер, аннары ике бүлмәле «малосемейка» алдык. Хатынымның профкомда «үз кешесе» бар иде, Равил безгә һәрвакыт ярдәм итеп торды. 

Шуннан соң, озак та үтми... винт ырмаулаучы булып эшли алмаслык хәлгә килдем. Кулларымда терсәккә кадәр тире бозыла башлады. Станогымның суыткыч маена... селте өстәгән булганнар. Смена буенча алмашчымны, аның да кулларына зыян китермәс өчен, башка станокта эшләтеп торганнар. Соңрак станокның маен тулысынча түгеп алмаштырдылар «Махсус операция» үзе дә, аны оештыручыларның һәм «каплап торучылар»ның исемнәре дә сер булмады, бөтен хезмәттәшләр белеп торды. Мин «коры эш»кә күчәргә мәҗбүр булдым. Фатир алганчы түзәргә, заводтан китмәскә кирәк иде...&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' '''''КАМАЗның Ремонт-инструмент заводы, 1983 елга кадәр бергә эшләгән хезмәттәшләрем: кырдыручылар, фрезерчылар, шомартучылар һәм эш бүлеп бирүче кыз. Арттагы рәтнең сул кырыенда Фәһим – винт ырмаулаучылардан берьялгызы. Башка һөнәрдәшләр «түбән сортлы» кешеләр сафына басарга теләмәделәр...''''' 

Гомумән алганда, участок һәм цех эшчеләре белән мөнәсәбәтем яхшы иде. Бары тик тырышып, эш рәтен белеп эшләвем һәм математикага нигезләнгән барлык исәп-хисапларны, технологларга мөрәҗәгать итеп тормыйча, мөстәкыйль башкаруым аркасында «тәкәбберлек зыяны» күргән югарырак разрядлы һөнәрдәшләр генә мине өнәп бетермәде. Бигрәк тә тагын яшьләргә – үз теләгем белән, беркем кушмыйча – ярдәм итә башлагач. Өстәвенә мине Чаллы янындагы авылдан килгән бер татар малаена остаз итеп тә беркеттеләр бит әле. Өйрәттем аны да: Әхмәтнур икенче разрядлы сыр шомартучы булып китте. Бер сменада эшләдек, гадирәк операцияләрне үзе башкара башлады, катлаулыраклары булса, ярдәмгә килеп тордым. 

Хезмәттәшләрем мине профсоюз утырышларының берсендә шәһәр мәхкәмәсенә халык утырышчысы итеп җибәрергә тәкъдим иттеләр. Белдекле дә, гадел дә ул, диделәр. Цех җитәкчелеге алдан билгеләгән кеше һич көтмәгәндә бу өстәмә, әмма мактаулы эштән баш тартты. Ярты елга бер тапкыр, дүрт мәртәбә икешәр атна мәхкәмәдә утырдым. Елга ике мәртәбә айның иң яхшы винт ырмаулаучысы була идем: үзебезнең мастер ханым җәйге ялга киткәч һәм кыш көне чирдән дәвалануга чыккач. Моның өчен өстәмә премия бирәләр иде.

Һәм тагын бер кызыклы хәл истә калган. Берзаман мин, ни сәбәпледер чыгырымнан чыгып, бер кеше белән ызгышып киткән идем. Ләкин цехтагы хезмәттәшләр, сорашып һәм ике дә уйлап тормыйча, миннән «зыян күргән» кешене гаепләделәр: «Это как же надо дрочить Фагима, чтобы он с тобой поссорился?!» – дип. 

==== '''«Г» хәрефе сыман...''' ====
1983 елның 6 августында («КАМАЗ»да эшли башлавыма төп-төгәл җиде ел тулгач!) өч бүлмәле аерым фатирга күчтек. Ләкин моның өчен мин... эштән китәргә мәҗбүр булдым. Чөнки миңа ике бүлмәле «малосемейка»да ремонт ясап калдырыр өчен эшләгән өч отгулымны бирмәделәр, гәрчә ай башында әле бернинди кичектергесез эш-аврал яки башка сәбәп булмаса да. Балаларыбыз ике-өч яшьлек кенә, аларны калдырып торырга урын да юк. Ә хатыныма эшләгән отгулларын бирделәр, каршылык булмады. Нишләргә? Өч «прогул» ясарга туры килде миңа. Цех башлыгына хәлне аңлатып биргәч, мине җәзага тартмадылар, эштән киткәндә гаризада һәм хезмәт кенәгәсендә «үз теләге белән» дип яздырттылар. 

Озакламый, мин заводтан киткәч, элеккеге «үзтеләкле көн дәшләрем» Әхмәтнурны да кысрыклап чыгарганнар. Ничек соң инде түзеп торасың, ди, 1980 нче, шовинизмның шайтан таягы әле гөрләп чәчәк аткан елларда бу «татарва»га! Участокта татарлардан булган «эшче интеллигентлар» (винт ырмаулаучылар) калмады. Үткер һәм чая малай иде ул Әхмәтнур: фатир алырга чираты җиткән татар кызына өйләнеп өлгерде шушы ике ел эчендә. Заводтан киткәч, шәһәрдә шофёр булып эшләде ул мин белгән вакытта. Балалары да бар иде аның. 

Яңа урында хезмәт хакым шактый кимеде, ләкин бу кадәресе генә инде түзеп торырлык иде. Һо Ши Мин әйтмешли, «Азатлык һәм бәйсзлек барыннан да кадерлерәк». Ә 1994 елда, заводка журналист буларак мәкалә язарга килгәндә, элеккеге «кайгыртучыларым» дөньядан китеп беткән иде инде... 

Котлов фамилияле һәм әлеге «махсус операция»дә бернинди катнашы булмаган сыр шомартучы бүген дә исән-сау. Тумыштан Алабуга районы керәшене, бик күңелле, сүзгә оста һәм мәзәкчән кеше. Мин аны еш кына базарга чыкканда очратам. Ул үзе партия әгъзасы иде 1980 нче елларда. Ләкин туры сүзле, үз фикерен, беркемнән-бернидән дә курыкмыйча, шартлатып әйтеп бирә белә – җыелышларда да, үзара әңгәмәдә дә. Ул вакытта 20 апрель тирәләрендәге шимбә көнендә «Ленинский субботник» дигән өстәмә эш көне була торган иде. Гел Пасхага туры китерәләр иде бу «хезмәт бәйрәмен». Эшкә чыгасың, азмаз эшләгән булып кыланасың да кайтып китәсең. Һәм синең бер көнлек хезмәт хакыңны тотып калалар. Котлов исә бу партиячел калыптагы, ләкин халык өнәп бетермәгән «комбинация» 
турында бер такмак та сөйли иде:&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Спасибо партии родной&lt;br&gt;
'''''за доброту и ласку!&lt;br&gt;
'''''...Отобрали выходной'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''и обосрали Пасху...»'''''&lt;br&gt;

Мин селте каезлаган кулларымны тиз генә дәвалап бетерә алмадым. 1987 ел җәендә «КАМАЗ» заводларыннан киттем, чөнки инде аларның һавасы да аллергия китереп чыгара башлады минем типтагы организмда. Махсус белеме һәм эшмәкәрлек яки башка алдау-йолдау сәләте булмаган кешегә шәһәрдә берничә генә эш бар. Мин кибеттә йөк ташучы булып киттем – ике кызымны янәшәдә урнашкан татар гимназиясенә йөртер өчен. Җәмәгатем дә шунда җыештыручы булып эшкә керде. Иртәдән кичкә кадәр көн аралаш эшләдек: беребез алып бара балаларны татар мәктәбенә, икенчебез өйгә алып кайта. Өченче кызыбызның әле тәпи йөри башлаган чагы гына. Җиде елдан соң, 1994 елның 1 сентябреннән башлап, зурлары аны да көн саен шул ук татар гимназиясенә укырга ияртеп алып бара һәм алып кайта башладылар. Мин бу вакытта инде кибеттә эшләми идем: 1993 ел җәе башыннан, авыр эштән тәмам билсез калгач, «Г» хәрефе сыман йөреп киттем. Инде 45 яшемне тутырып килсәм дә, гәүдә төзелешем һаман балачактагы кебек 
калды бит: тал чыбыгы сыман. Мине өйдә утырган килеш остеохондроздан дәвалануга чыгардылар. Өч ай буе хаста хакы түләп тордылар. Поликлиникага процедураларга, массажларга йөрдем. Аннары, 1993 елның 1 сентябрендә, эштән үз теләгем белән китәргә туры килде. Бүтән барыбер хаста хакы түли алмыйбыз, һәм син инде йөк ташучы булып эшли дә алмаячаксың, диделәр. 

* * *&lt;br&gt;
Бу хатирәләрнең беренче ике өлешенә шушы урында нокта куярга кирәктер. Чөнки алга таба бөтенләй башка, вакыйгаларга элеккечә бай, ләкин һич көтелмәгән, берничек тә фаразланмаган тормыш башланды. Биредә ачыктан-ачык бәян ителгәннәр каләм тибрәтүчеләргә «иҗат чималы» булсын. «Самореклама» түгел бу! Башкача әйтеп булмаганны әйтергә теләү генә. Барысы да – малың да, серләрең дә – бу дөньяда кала, төяп-тыгып алып китәр өчен, гүрдә – арба, кәфендә кесә юк... Һәм гомумән, фани дөньяда гомер сөрүче кешенең дә төп максаты үз ихтыяҗларыңны һәм мәнфәгатьләреңне канәгатьләндерү белән чикләнү түгел, ә үзеңә Хак Тәгалә биргән сәләтләрне ачыклау һәм аларны тормышка ашыру. Куллану өчен генә яшәү – мәгънәсезлек һәм аңсыз рәвештә гөнаһка бату ул, ә илаһи һәм иҗади максатларга йөз тотып яшәү – чын бәхет.&lt;br&gt;

'''''Була яшәп, җанны батырмыйча'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''хайванлыкка, рух-намусны саклап,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''бер икмәккә генә табынмыйча –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''икмәк үстереп һәм аны хаклап.'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Игорь Губерманнан тәрҗемә)&lt;br&gt;

=== '''«БАР МИНЕМ ХӨР, БӘЙСЕЗ ҮЗ ГАЛӘМЕМ...»''' ===
Кайдадыр, ерак, серле һәм томанлы&lt;br&gt;
танып белү киңлегенең артында,&lt;br&gt;
соңрак «очраклы рәвештә» булганны&lt;br&gt;
алдан ук әзерли кемдер барын да...&lt;br&gt;

'''''Где-то там, за пределом познания,&lt;br&gt;
'''''где загадка, туманность и тайна,&lt;br&gt;
'''''некто скрытый готовит заранее'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''всё, что позже случится случайно.&lt;br&gt;'''''
(Игорь Губерман)&lt;br&gt;

Дистә еллар буе дәвам иткән гаҗәеп бер күренеш инде бу: тормышта ничәмә тапкыр һәм нинди генә авыр хәлләргә юлыксам да, ара-тирә очрый торган «сазлык»ларга муеннан кереп батсам да, минем янда элек күрмәгән-белмәгән бер кеше пәйда була да мине «якамнан тотып» тартып чыгара иде. Күп тапкыр кабатлана торган очраклылык «система» дип атала. Бу хакта урыс һәм яһүд халыкларының исеме эпиграфта аталган олы шагыйре болай ди: 

'''''Аллаһ фәрманыннан гайре юк бер эш,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''дим мин, карап дөнья матавыгына;'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''очраклы хәл чыгып тору ифрат еш –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''исбат моның тәкъдирсез булмавына.''''' &lt;br&gt;

«Хәтердән җуелмас мизгелләр»нең «яңа тормыш»ка караган бу өлешендә дә байтак булды «очраклы хәлләр» һәм алардан һич көтелмәгәнчә йолып алучылар! 

==== '''Графоманлык аша – сәламәтлеккә''' ====

Алдарак әйткәнемчә, мине 1993 елда коточкыч остеохондроз егып салгач, җәй буе «Г» хәрефе булып хәрәкәт иттем, массажлар ясатып, дарулар эчеп йөрдем. Ләкин нигәдер башны ташка бәрмәдем, җаным тыныч иде: «Әй, шахмат уенында атлар да бит гел «Г» хәрефе дип йөриләр!». Хатыным да бер каршы сүз әйтмәде. Ә бит ул үзе һич кенә дә артык сабыр түгел һәм матди тормышка нык бәйләнгән кеше! Нинди серле көч аны тынычландырып торды икән айлар дәвамында? Әллә ул көч изге күкләргә ашып фәрештәгә әверелгән газиз әнкәем булдымы... 

Шул җөмләдән, җиде ай буе хатыным берүзе эшләп тапканны ашап һәм... графоманлык белән шөгыльләнеп яттым. Яздым да яздым шунда ми тармасына кайдандыр нидер килеп кергәнне. Башка «файдасыз» мавыгуларым булса да, алар белән шөгыльләнергә физик мөмкинлегем юк иде. Мәкаләләр, рифмалаштырылган нәрсәләр сырлыйм, барысын да Казанга яки Чаллы басмаларына почта аша җибәрәм, соңрак, сентябрь аенда үзем инде савыгуга таба авышкач, җирле газеталарга илтеп бирә башладым. Бастыралар, каршы сүз ишетмәдем беркайда да. Тиенләп булса да гонорар җибәрәләр. Кем син, кайда эшлисең, дип сораштыручы да юк, ә минем исә зарлана торган гадәтем булмады әле ул вакытта. Хәзер генә ул сыкрана башлыйм, берәр борчулы нәрсә килеп чыкса... 

Бер генә язманы да чүп савытына ташламадылар, ахры. Советлар Берлеге таркалса да, илдә әле һаман да «демократия», ачыклык-хәбәрдарлык хөкем сөрә, Татарстанда милли күтәрелеш дәвам итә. Еллар ябык булса да, юллар ачык иде. Чаллыда Татар иҗтимагый үзәге дөрләп эшләп тора, аның дүшәмбе көнне була торган утырышлары минем өчен җомга намазы күк булып китте. Мөселман булып тууымны да онытмыйм, әлбәттә. Шушы ун ай эчендә гарәп язуын һәм грамматикасы нигезләрен өйрәнеп, Ислам дине хәрефләрен таный башладым. Кирәкле китапларны, сүзлекләрне, белешмәләрне һәм дәреслекләрне «элеккеге тормыш»та, физик яктан исән-имин чакта, җитмешенче-сиксәненче елларда туплаган идем. 

Хезмәт хакы алган саен китап кибетенә чаба торган гадәтем бар иде КАМАЗда эшли башлаган елларда ук. «Ногман тәфсирен» һәм гарәп сүзлеген кулланып, Коръәни Кәримне укып чыктым. Шуның нәтиҗәсендә берничә шигырь дә язылды, менә шуларның берсе: 

'''Ихлас догам'''&lt;br&gt;
Иксез-чиксез, камил Синең&lt;br&gt;
Рәхмәтең вә Мәрхәмәтең,&lt;br&gt;
Һәрдаим тәрбия иттең,&lt;br&gt;
Юктан бар итеп һәммәсен,&lt;br&gt;
Бөек исемең белән, Аллам, &lt;br&gt;
Башлый эшен бөтен Галәм, &lt;br&gt;
Сиңа гына мин сыенам, &lt;br&gt;
Газиз Тәңрем, Хак Тәгаләм!&lt;br&gt; 
Хәмед-сәна гыйбадәтем&lt;br&gt;
Галәмнәрнең Раббысына! &lt;br&gt;
Олы рәхмәтең-шәфкатең &lt;br&gt;
Колларыңның затлысына. &lt;br&gt;
Юк көндәшең вә охшашың, &lt;br&gt;
Бер ялгызың бар Галәмдә, &lt;br&gt;
Бәндәләрнең Син патшасы, &lt;br&gt;
Синең колың барча бәндә. &lt;br&gt;
Һичкем Сине тудырмады &lt;br&gt;
Һәм тумады Синнән кемсә, &lt;br&gt;
Синнән гайре бар булмады &lt;br&gt;
Галәмнәрдә һичбер нәрсә. &lt;br&gt;
Нә шәй булсын, нә бер мәхлук – &lt;br&gt;
Ихтыяҗың аңарда юк: &lt;br&gt;
Гафу итеп бар әҗәтне, &lt;br&gt;
Үтәүче Син һәр хаҗәтне. &lt;br&gt;
Һичкем Сине бар кылмады, &lt;br&gt;
Һичкем Сиңа тиң булмады, &lt;br&gt;
Һичкемгә Син буйсынмыйсың, &lt;br&gt;
Мәңге булдың һәм булырсың. &lt;br&gt;
Бар мәхлукка мәрхәмәтле – &lt;br&gt;
Иттең дөньяда нигъмәтле &lt;br&gt;
Мөэминен дә, кяферен дә: &lt;br&gt;
Хөкемең Кыямәт көнендә. &lt;br&gt;
Бер Син безнең тәрбияче, &lt;br&gt;
Бер Син хакыйкать иясе, &lt;br&gt;
Сиңа багышлана догам – &lt;br&gt;
Син хаклаган телдә кылам. &lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгаләм, Бөек Акыл! &lt;br&gt;
Гыйбадәтемне кабул кыл, &lt;br&gt;
Ә ялгышсам, мине кичер; &lt;br&gt;
Туры юлга Үзең күндер. &lt;br&gt;
Син саклаган намусыма &lt;br&gt;
Хөкем кылмас җирдә һичкем; &lt;br&gt;
Җаным Синең хозурыңда, &lt;br&gt;
Синдә генә гадел хөкем. &lt;br&gt;

Хасталык вакытындагы иң беренче зур графоманлык күнегүем шул 1993 елның августында булды. Аны үзенә күрә «алдагы тормыш программасы» дип кабул иттем. Шигырьне соңрак «Ватаным Татарстан» да бастырган иде. Төп нөсхәне беркадәр тулыландырып тора торган тәрҗемәсен беркая да юлламадым, беркемгә дә укытмадым. Мин бу программаларны тәки үтәп бетерә алмадым инде. «Мин генә түгел, бөтен халыклар һәм җәмгыять үзе үтәмәде, үтәргә теләмәде һәм бүген дә теләми!» дигән «сылтау» берничек тә аклый алмый: шигырьләрдә әйтелгәнчә, «һәркемнең үз яссылыгы, һәркемнең үз мәсләге». Һәркем үз урынында тырышып тырмашырга бурычлы, дип саныйм. Һәм «ашкынулы сабырсыздан гомердә көнләшмәгез!» 

'''Тормыш юлы'''&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ каршына илтүче изгелек юлы бик тар.&lt;br&gt;
Иблис-мәлгуньне җиңүнең бер генә ысулы бар:&lt;br&gt;
Көчең җитсә, һич юл бирмә, аяк терәп каршы тор,&lt;br&gt;
Тарафдарларны, халкыңны шул иблискә каршы бор.&lt;br&gt;
Иман нуры яктысында иблис дәрманы китәр,&lt;br&gt;
Буйсындырып тота белсәң, ул сиңа хезмәт итәр.&lt;br&gt;
Хәлдән тайса көрәштәшләр һәм сирәгәйсә сафлар,&lt;br&gt;
Вәсвәсәләргә бирелеп, хыянәт итсә дуслар,&lt;br&gt;
Комачаулама аларга, үз иманыңны сакла,&lt;br&gt;
Булачак кискен көрәшкә яңа тарафлар тупла.&lt;br&gt;
Акылсызлык, башбаштаклык теләгәнен эшләсен,&lt;br&gt;
Чистартсын синең мохитне, мөртәтләрне чүпләсен.&lt;br&gt;
Фани булгач ошбу дөнья, Хак Тәгалә юлында&lt;br&gt;
Була алмый һич мәңгелек хөррият тә, золым да.&lt;br&gt;
Яралгысында золымның бар һәлакәт орлыгы:&lt;br&gt;
Гайрәтлерәк була барса, якыная хурлыгы.&lt;br&gt;
Золым белән көрәшкәндә юк фетнәнең кирәге –&lt;br&gt;
Һәркемнең үз яссылыгы, һәркемнең үз мәсләге.&lt;br&gt;
Узалмассың явызлыкта явызлыкны син һич тә –&lt;br&gt;
Утын өстәп торсаң утка, өстәлә аңа көч тә.&lt;br&gt;
Шайтаннарның таянычы – күпчелек белән тизлек,&lt;br&gt;
Күңел нуры, изге иман – Тәңре яраткан үзлек.&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш һәрчак дәвам итәр, Җирдән иман китмәсә,&lt;br&gt;
Юк аның үлем ноктасы, Кыямәт көн җитмәсә.&lt;br&gt;
Изге-явыз комарында без ирешкән нәтиҗә –&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелеккә юл алганда хаклы дәлил, тәҗрибә.&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья өчен дип тапканың бу дөньяда кала бит,&lt;br&gt;
Фидаиләр мәңгелектә үлемсезлек ала бит.&lt;br&gt;
Булмый тормыш тәгәрмәчен туктатып йә тизләтеп,&lt;br&gt;
Иблисләр Галәм Канунын яза алмый үзгәртеп.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм иблисне авызлыклап булмый һич канун белән –&lt;br&gt;
Туклана икейөзле хаин-мәлгунь каны белән.&lt;br&gt;
Иблиснең бөтен гәүдәсе тирәндә, җәһәннәмдә,&lt;br&gt;
Суыргыч-капшавычлары без гөнаһлы адәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Куллана ул азык итеп безләр кылган шомлыкны;&lt;br&gt;
Чыгар тамчы-тамчы кысып җаныңдагы бушлыкны,&lt;br&gt;
Корыт тамырын иблиснең һәм киптер бозык канын –&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә хозурында ясарсың тугры адым.&lt;br&gt;
Кыл изге гамәл, дөньядан киткәнче уйлан, эзлән,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңү-җиңелү мәгънәсен дөрес аңларга өйрән.&lt;br&gt;
'''''5-8 август, 1993 ел.'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''Дорога жизни'''&lt;br&gt;
К Престолу Бога путь всегда тернист:&lt;br&gt;
К Нему отыщет узкую тропинку &lt;br&gt;
Лишь кто душой и помыслами чист,&lt;br&gt;
Кто бережёт в себе Творца искринку. &lt;br&gt;
Наскоки сатаны прочь отвергай &lt;br&gt;
И в меру сил одолевай невзгоды, &lt;br&gt;
К души порывам ближних убеждай &lt;br&gt;
Во имя Бога, Истины, Свободы. &lt;br&gt;
Единство, лад, согласие в делах – &lt;br&gt;
Вот средства против сатанинской скверны, &lt;br&gt;
Покуда держишь крепко в удилах, &lt;br&gt;
И сатана – слуга, но лицемерный! &lt;br&gt;
Ничто не вечно: выбьются из сил – &lt;br&gt;
Соратников шеренги поредеют, &lt;br&gt;
Изменят те, кто клятву приносил, – &lt;br&gt;
Соблазны жизни краткой одолеют. &lt;br&gt;
Невмочь сдержать зло – отступи, терпи,&lt;br&gt;
Но сбереги в самом себе ты Бога, &lt;br&gt;
К борьбе за Веру падших подними – &lt;br&gt;
Вновь предстоит нелёгкая дорога! &lt;br&gt;
Неверные средь мутных сгинут волн – &lt;br&gt;
Очистится Земля от зыбкой скверны; &lt;br&gt;
Поток безумия и произвол &lt;br&gt;
Вреда не причинят нам, правоверным. &lt;br&gt;
Восстанем мы – как скалы средь пучин, &lt;br&gt;
Как маяки под сенью небосвода, &lt;br&gt;
Нам с Богом для унынья нет причин: &lt;br&gt;
Ярмо не вечно – так же, как свобода. &lt;br&gt;
Никто Величья Бога не оспорит! &lt;br&gt;
И тёмной силе не объять всего – &lt;br&gt;
Зерно погибели в зародыше её: &lt;br&gt;
Лихая удаль только крах ускорит. &lt;br&gt;
Без помощи Творца успехи мнимы, &lt;br&gt;
В борьбе со злом нужды в интригах нет; &lt;br&gt;
Дорога Жизни широка, но след &lt;br&gt;
У каждого здесь свой, неповторимый. &lt;br&gt;
Навал и суета – удел лишь сатаны: &lt;br&gt;
Обета лживого торопит бренность; &lt;br&gt;
Идущим к Вечности, как факелы, даны &lt;br&gt;
Надёжность, качество и постепенность! &lt;br&gt;
Пока на Вере зиждется наш Дом, &lt;br&gt;
Любовь Творца укроет нас как прежде; &lt;br&gt;
Господь свершит наш путь Страшным Судом, &lt;br&gt;
Когда погаснет в душах луч Надежды. &lt;br&gt;
Истории и судеб колесо &lt;br&gt;
Ускорить иль замедлить невозможно, &lt;br&gt;
Закон Творца священен и весом – &lt;br&gt;
Не заменить его обетом ложным! &lt;br&gt;
И Тьмы со Светом в той борьбе вотще &lt;br&gt;
Победы миг – мираж, пусть кровью добыт! &lt;br&gt;
Земных страданий оттиски в душе – &lt;br&gt;
Для вечной жизни обретённый опыт. &lt;br&gt;
И всё, что в мире бренном раб достиг, &lt;br&gt;
Его наследникам лишь для услады; &lt;br&gt;
Ценою жизни – тот счастливый миг &lt;br&gt;
Преодоленья Вечности преграды. &lt;br&gt;
Лишь праведный богоугодный труд &lt;br&gt;
Вернёт покой душе и счастье Дому, &lt;br&gt;
Скитания земного каждый круг – &lt;br&gt;
Дорогой Жизни верный шаг к Престолу. &lt;br&gt;
Твори добро и путь свой отыщи, &lt;br&gt;
В раздумьях о Творце найди отраду; &lt;br&gt;
Потерь и обретений труд души – &lt;br&gt;
Итог всей жизни и залог Награды. &lt;br&gt;
'''''8-10 августа 1993 года.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Тагын бер зур графоманлык күнегүем 3-4 октябрь көннәрендә, Русиянең яңа «демократик» хакимияте Мәскәүдә иске «коммунистик оппозиция» терәге булган Югары Шураны (Ак йортны) аттырган чакта булды. Ике көн буе телевизордан күргәнне кәгазьгә төшереп утырдым. Бернинди «иҗат газаплары» кичермичә, үзеннән-үзе язылды бу шигырь. Кемдер шыпырт кына колагыма әйтеп-сөйләп торган кебек булды. Татар теленә тәрҗемә итмәдем. 

'''Страна'''&lt;br&gt;
Страна – как коридор:&lt;br&gt;
Жандармов жадный взор, &lt;br&gt;
Дубинок дробный строй &lt;br&gt;
И барабанный бой. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь, как нигде, свои – &lt;br&gt;
Без тягот и забот – &lt;br&gt;
Мерзавцы, палачи, &lt;br&gt;
Чужой здесь лишь народ. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь тот, кто создаёт, &lt;br&gt;
Убог, бесправен, слаб; &lt;br&gt;
Как избавленья ждёт &lt;br&gt;
Своей кончины раб. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь «сникерсы» жуёт &lt;br&gt;
Проныра-спекулянт, &lt;br&gt;
В почёте идиот, &lt;br&gt;
Нахлебник, симулянт.&lt;br&gt;
И наглухо, как встарь, &lt;br&gt;
Закрыл весь белый свет &lt;br&gt;
Политикан-звонарь, &lt;br&gt;
Мафиози-мироед. &lt;br&gt;
Обшарит КГБ &lt;br&gt;
Все уголки души &lt;br&gt;
И волчий даст билет: &lt;br&gt;
Живи, но не дыши! &lt;br&gt;
Во сто пудов кулак – &lt;br&gt;
Цензуры удила; &lt;br&gt;
Лубянка и ГУЛАГ &lt;br&gt;
Венчают все «дела». &lt;br&gt;
Всегда здесь клином – клин; &lt;br&gt;
И словно хамелеон – &lt;br&gt;
Продажный властелин, &lt;br&gt;
Услужливый шпион. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь страх рулит везде,&lt;br&gt;
Чинуша прав во всём: &lt;br&gt;
Закатит в лоб тебе &lt;br&gt;
И мент, и управдом. &lt;br&gt;
Народам здесь – тюрьма:&lt;br&gt;
«Держать и не пущать! &lt;br&gt;
Накажем чурбана, &lt;br&gt;
Раз так туда их мать!» &lt;br&gt;
Страна плохих дорог, &lt;br&gt;
Обилия дураков, &lt;br&gt;
Несёт её злой рок &lt;br&gt;
На свалку всех веков. &lt;br&gt;
И много дней-ночей &lt;br&gt;
Ещё у нас пройдёт, &lt;br&gt;
Но поворот в судьбе, &lt;br&gt;
В сердцах произойдёт! &lt;br&gt;
Сойдутся в ближний круг &lt;br&gt;
Адамов сын и внук: &lt;br&gt;
Какой ни есть челом, &lt;br&gt;
Искра Творца – и в нём! &lt;br&gt;
Но не надейся враз, &lt;br&gt;
Без внутренней борьбы &lt;br&gt;
Преодолеть соблазн &lt;br&gt;
Пороков сатаны. &lt;br&gt;
Избавься от оков,&lt;br&gt;
И ближнего любя, &lt;br&gt;
Ты уважай его &lt;br&gt;
Как самого себя. &lt;br&gt;
И в человеке том &lt;br&gt;
Ты брата разгляди, &lt;br&gt;
Согрей своим теплом, &lt;br&gt;
Тревоги раздели. &lt;br&gt;
'''Если всех людей'''&lt;br&gt;
'''мира хочешь вмиг''' &lt;br&gt;
'''обратить в друзей, –'''&lt;br&gt;
'''знай ты их язык!''' &lt;br&gt;
Страна – не коридор, &lt;br&gt;
Страна – цветущий сад, &lt;br&gt;
Когда в ней каждый взор&lt;br&gt;
Слит в общий дружбы взгляд. &lt;br&gt;
Страна людьми сильна, &lt;br&gt;
Свободой велика. &lt;br&gt;
Свободная страна &lt;br&gt;
Будет жить века!&lt;br&gt;
'''''3-4 октября, 1993 года.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Шул ук туксанынчы елларда язылган тагын берничә шигырь:&lt;br&gt;

'''Сүз турында сүз'''&lt;br&gt;
Иң элек Сүз яратылган, бу – шиксез.&lt;br&gt;
Фикер-фөкра туып торган өзлексез,&lt;br&gt;
Изге Рухтан канат иңеп бер мәлдә,&lt;br&gt;
Бөтен киңлеккә таралган Галәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Сүз яңарта һәм җимерә дөньяны,&lt;br&gt;
Сүз белән бәндә хөкем итә җанны:&lt;br&gt;
Йә фәрештә куенында сакланыр,&lt;br&gt;
Йә вәсвәсәгә бирелеп газапланыр.&lt;br&gt;
Сүз яраткан җимешләр – зәгыйфь, фани,&lt;br&gt;
Тарттырыр аларны чор тегермәне;&lt;br&gt;
Бәндә генә гомерлек дип әмәлләр&lt;br&gt;
Кайвакыт уй-фикерләр һәм гамәлләр.&lt;br&gt;
Аермачык сүзләр белән юл ярып,&lt;br&gt;
Төзик гүзәл фикер-фөкра сафларын;&lt;br&gt;
Сырлы сафсатаның юктыр кирәге –&lt;br&gt;
Гади вә гүзәл тормышның зияге.&lt;br&gt;
Галәм бакчасында һаман сабый без,&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш тәсбих төймәләрен саныйбыз;&lt;br&gt;
Безнең гомер – сандал-чүкеч арасы,&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелеккә шуннан үтеп барасы.&lt;br&gt;
Эзләмә урын Галәмнәр читеннән,&lt;br&gt;
Чүкелмәккә бәндә тәкъдир ителгән;&lt;br&gt;
Фикер-гамәл белән язмышың уйнат,&lt;br&gt;
Чыныксын җаның – күбрәк аны кыйнат!&lt;br&gt;

'''Заманча вәгазь'''&lt;br&gt;
Һәр гамәлнең Җир йөзендә нигезе бар,&lt;br&gt;
Бар гыйбрәте, куанычы, аянычы.&lt;br&gt;
Илаһиның фанилектә гел эзе бар,&lt;br&gt;
Бәндә гамәленең Күктә – таянычы.&lt;br&gt;
Изгелектән бәндә нигез әзерләсә,&lt;br&gt;
Күкләр аңа бирми калмас үз ярдәмен;&lt;br&gt;
Бу дөньяда кеше үзе ниләр чәчсә,&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелектә торыр татып шуның тәмен.&lt;br&gt;
Соңгы сүзне Аллаһ биргән изгелеккә,&lt;br&gt;
Сынауларның азагында бар хозурлык;&lt;br&gt;
Төсле гөлләр булып үсәр ахыр чиктә&lt;br&gt;
Бер күреге дә булмаган шыксыз орлык.&lt;br&gt;
Чүп ыргытсаң, үз башыңа явар уклар,&lt;br&gt;
Терәксез эш вә нигезсез гамәл калмас;&lt;br&gt;
Күкләрдә хәл ителгәнне корсакбашлар&lt;br&gt;
Фетнәләре белән генә үзгәрталмас!&lt;br&gt;
Изге гамәл, Аллаһ кушса, гел мөкәммәл,&lt;br&gt;
Әмер килсә, хәл итәрсең барысын үзең;&lt;br&gt;
Ниятләрең керсез булса, табылыр әмәл,&lt;br&gt;
Фәрештәләр дә иңдерер «амин» сүзен.&lt;br&gt;

'''Заманалар килә!'''&lt;br&gt;
Үз вакыты таш атуның,&lt;br&gt;
Үз вакыты таш җыюның;&lt;br&gt;
Кылганга җавап тотуның –&lt;br&gt;
Заманасы хәзер шуның.&lt;br&gt;
Вәхи ителмеш Китапта&lt;br&gt;
Ошбу күчеш галәмәте:&lt;br&gt;
Галәмнәрнең бугазыннан&lt;br&gt;
Үтеп бара Җир хәяте.&lt;br&gt;
Әйләнерләр таяк йоткан&lt;br&gt;
Тәкәбберләр тораташка,&lt;br&gt;
Кешелеккә ыргытылган&lt;br&gt;
Чуерташлар явар башка.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва булмас даһилеккә,&lt;br&gt;
Пәйгамбәрләр ризыгына,&lt;br&gt;
Күп гамәлләр китәр чүпкә,&lt;br&gt;
Хак булыр тик азы гына.&lt;br&gt;
Кайсыбыз бу йөккә чыдар?&lt;br&gt;
Булмас әйдәп баручылар,&lt;br&gt;
Булмас качып калучылар,&lt;br&gt;
Азлар атлар, күпләр елар.&lt;br&gt;
«Халкым!» дигән тавышлысы&lt;br&gt;
Алыр Бөек Галәм моңын,&lt;br&gt;
«Үзем!» дигән табышлысы –&lt;br&gt;
Комга күчкән алтын чыңын...&lt;br&gt;
Беркем алдан хәбәр бирмәс,&lt;br&gt;
Ни буласын Алла белә.&lt;br&gt;
Асыл-рәвешен һичкем белмәс&lt;br&gt;
Заманалар ләкин килә.&lt;br&gt;
Килә!&lt;br&gt;

'''Киләчәк буыннар авазы'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(төзелмәгән фирка манифесты)'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ашкынулы сабырсыздан&lt;br&gt;
Гомердә көнләшмәгез;&lt;br&gt;
Бердәм булыгыз, фиркаләп&lt;br&gt;
Әлегә берләшмәгез.&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһыбыз хозурында&lt;br&gt;
Бәндә ялгыз һәрвакыт;&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә бирер әмер,&lt;br&gt;
Килер ул – сезнең вакыт!&lt;br&gt;
Иҗтиһат кыл сабырлыкта,&lt;br&gt;
Кырыкка берне ярып;&lt;br&gt;
Без әле тумаганбыз бит –&lt;br&gt;
Эзләмә һич шәм алып.&lt;br&gt;
Иман нуры белән һәрчак&lt;br&gt;
Яктырт фани дөньяны;&lt;br&gt;
Бәлки син дә безнекедер –&lt;br&gt;
Кем дә булса бит тергезер&lt;br&gt;
Төзелмәгән фиркане!&lt;br&gt;

'''Жизнь – лишь суета...'''&lt;br&gt;
Фундамент мирозданья тем и крепок,&lt;br&gt;
Что качеством и простотой отмечен;&lt;br&gt;
Его тайник же строго засекречен,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб отыскать, в мозгу не хватит клеток.&lt;br&gt;
Не первый век убогий разум тщится&lt;br&gt;
Прогрызть гранит наук, стену учений,&lt;br&gt;
И тянется за ним борьбы, мучений,&lt;br&gt;
Потерь и катастроф всех вереница.&lt;br&gt;
И все просторы наших «достижений»,&lt;br&gt;
Наукой покорённые «высоты» –&lt;br&gt;
Лишь тупики, ловушки и пустоты&lt;br&gt;
Земного лабиринта приключений.&lt;br&gt;
Деяния подвижников «свершений»&lt;br&gt;
Наперекор гармонии небесной&lt;br&gt;
Потомкам нашим разве что уместны&lt;br&gt;
Как маяки трагедий и крушений.&lt;br&gt;
И перепробовав всего земного,&lt;br&gt;
Правнуки скажут на краю «прогресса»:&lt;br&gt;
«Количество и скорость любят беса,&lt;br&gt;
Умеренность и качество – суть Бога».&lt;br&gt;
Поймут они, сполна себя исхлёстав,&lt;br&gt;
У бренности на самой той границе:&lt;br&gt;
Толкли лишь воду мы в земной ступице,&lt;br&gt;
А ларчик открывался очень просто...&lt;br&gt;
* * *&lt;br&gt;
А ведь за тем же Бог людьми нас создал,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб мы, никчёмность суеты поняв,&lt;br&gt;
И мёртвый груз страстей, пороков роздав,&lt;br&gt;
К Нему вернулись, лик Его прияв!&lt;br&gt;

'''Приговор злодею'''&lt;br&gt;
Аршином измерив, умом не понять:&lt;br&gt;
Завязла в болоте державная мощь,&lt;br&gt;
«Спецов» и «радетелей» тёмная рать&lt;br&gt;
Тусуется в думах и тщится «помочь».&lt;br&gt;
Набит гениальностью как кошелёк,&lt;br&gt;
Горохом отскочат из уст словеса –&lt;br&gt;
Хоть в чувствах сыновьих к Отчизне убог,&lt;br&gt;
Страну норовит он поднять в небеса.&lt;br&gt;
И дух реформаторства в нём, словно бес,&lt;br&gt;
Потрогать, подвигать, порушить зовёт;&lt;br&gt;
Мерилом величья – крутой «Мерседес»&lt;br&gt;
И в цюрихах собственный банковский счёт.&lt;br&gt;
Имперский Иуда себе на уме,&lt;br&gt;
Попробуй продажным назвать – миль пардон!&lt;br&gt; 
Хозяин работой доволен вполне:&lt;br&gt;
Текут миллиарды к нему за кордон.&lt;br&gt;
«Россия безгласна, хоть выжми весь сок, –&lt;br&gt;
Прибавит «наставник» злодею ума, –&lt;br&gt;
По пузе и мозгу – за шоком шок,&lt;br&gt;
Не выйти «колоссу» сто лет из дерьма»!&lt;br&gt;
Кишит у престолов иудин помёт,&lt;br&gt;
Кровавую бойню готовит в стране,&lt;br&gt;
Химеру плечом подпереть он зовёт&lt;br&gt;
И в жертву народ принести сатане.&lt;br&gt;
Столетий уроки злодею не впрок.&lt;br&gt;
Небес приговор безгласен, но строг:&lt;br&gt; 
«Уж карма твоя полна – вышел срок,&lt;br&gt;
Пора преступить преисподней порог!»&lt;br&gt;  

Инде яңа гасырда оештырылган бер «рифма» туксанынчы еллардагы графоманлык күнегүләремә менә шундый йомгак ясады: 

'''Заметки графомана'''&lt;br&gt;
И всё и вся послушны звону злата,&lt;br&gt;
Когда судьбу не раскуёшь иначе:&lt;br&gt;
Писатель нынче – графоман удачи,&lt;br&gt;
А графоман – писатель, но без блата.&lt;br&gt;

Слыть графоманом суждено поэту,&lt;br&gt;
Коль не снискал официальных лавров:&lt;br&gt;
Пусть затыкал за пояс «динозавров»,&lt;br&gt;
Но не устроил их апологетов.&lt;br&gt;

А потому и ныне в обществе обмана,&lt;br&gt;
Склонив главу, когда венок вручают,&lt;br&gt;
Одним глазком поэты примечают...&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб не накинули хомутик графомана.&lt;br&gt; 

==== '''Такмак язып – журналистлыкка?''' ====
Ахыр чиктә бу «файдасыз эшләр» мине... КАМАЗ нәшер итә торган «Нур» газетасы редакциясенә эшкә алынуга илтеп җиткерде. Беркөнне, инде тураеп, ләкин саклык белән генә тәпи йөри башлагач, 1994 елның март аендагы сайлаулардан соң «Яңа Дума такмаларын» язып, элеккеге кебек, гадәттәгечә, ул вакытта газетада мөхәррир урынбасары булып эшләгән Зәки абый Хәнәфиевкә илтеп бирдем. Ул моны укып чыкты да... инде әзер газетаның соңгы битенә куелган бер материал урынына минем язманы кертеп урнаштырды: 

'''Яңа Дума такмаклары'''&lt;br&gt;
Тәрәзәләргә ут капса,&lt;br&gt;
ачып җибәр ишекне;&lt;br&gt;
юньле Дума, гадел патша –&lt;br&gt;
хыял назлый мужикны.&lt;br&gt;
Сүз боткасы ашатырга&lt;br&gt;
булды Мәскәү Думалы;&lt;br&gt;
җиңел куып таратырга –&lt;br&gt;
вәкаләте чамалы.&lt;br&gt;
Бик күпләрең Себер китәр,&lt;br&gt;
«либерал»ны котыртсаң,&lt;br&gt;
алтын богаулар киярсең,&lt;br&gt;
муеныңа утыртсаң.&lt;br&gt;
Әнә килә Жириновский –&lt;br&gt;
бөек дәүләт батыры,&lt;br&gt;
тавышы яңа, җыры иске –&lt;br&gt;
хурлык булыр ахыры.&lt;br&gt;
Патша йөри урам буйлап,&lt;br&gt;
нигә ачык изүе? –&lt;br&gt;
Йә тагын бер кат «җиңүе»,&lt;br&gt;
йә тәхеттән төшүе!..&lt;br&gt;
Арзан Дума – очсыз халык,&lt;br&gt;
хуҗасызлык дәүләте...&lt;br&gt;
Кайчан бетәр аңгыралык,&lt;br&gt;
мисезлек галәмәте?&lt;br&gt;

Бу такмакларның урысчасын да язган идем, ләкин мин аны «Вести КАМАЗа»га тәкъдим итмәдем. Биредә яңа «демократик» кануннарның ике сәер маддәсенә ишарә ясала: беренчесе – әгәр дә Дәүләт Думасы РФ президентының хөкүмәт башлыгын билгеләү буенча өч тәкъдимен кире кага икән, президент бу парламентны куып тарата ала (беренче куплет); икенчесе – сайлаучыларның 25 проценты катнашкан булса, сайлаулар үткән дип санала (өченче куплет). 

'''Новая Дума'''&lt;br&gt;
В Думе-думушке престольной&lt;br&gt;
подают к обеду рис,&lt;br&gt;
трижды крикнут&lt;br&gt;
«Смирно!», «Вольно!»,&lt;br&gt;
а потом и – «Разойдись!»&lt;br&gt;
Наша Дума мировая,&lt;br&gt;
на деревне как плетень:&lt;br&gt;
руки-ноги обдирая,&lt;br&gt;
лезут все, кому не лень.&lt;br&gt;
Двадцать пять – и депутат! –&lt;br&gt;
Вот дешёвенький мандат.&lt;br&gt;
Ни к чему нам крупный счёт,&lt;br&gt;
если с гулькин хер почёт...&lt;br&gt;
Что-то дымом потянуло,&lt;br&gt;
вдруг пожар, будь начеку!&lt;br&gt;
...Добрый царь с путёвой Думой&lt;br&gt;
всё же снятся мужику.&lt;br&gt;
Жириновский безоглядно&lt;br&gt;
обещания всем даёт,&lt;br&gt;
хриплым голосом надсадно&lt;br&gt;
и «по Геббельсу» поёт:&lt;br&gt;
«Наклони головку низко,&lt;br&gt;
чтоб златых цепей надеть,&lt;br&gt;
даль Чукотки станет близкой,&lt;br&gt;
коль посадишь на хребет».&lt;br&gt;
Против мира в одиночку,&lt;br&gt;
ты куда, Володя, прёшь?&lt;br&gt;
Впрочем, ты и с дёгтем в бочке&lt;br&gt;
от стыда ведь не помрёшь...&lt;br&gt;
Лихо правит «демократ»:&lt;br&gt;
до базара и назад.&lt;br&gt;
Нету больше сил бежать,&lt;br&gt;
остается «побеждать».&lt;br&gt;
Победили на равнине,&lt;br&gt;
победим мы и в горах,&lt;br&gt;
сохраним Чечню, всех прочих&lt;br&gt;
мы разгоним в пух и прах!&lt;br&gt;
...Кто-то пользуется всласть&lt;br&gt;
благами всевластия;&lt;br&gt;
катастрофой может стать&lt;br&gt;
эта катавасия!&lt;br&gt;

Һәм бу такмакларны укып чыккач, Зәки абый «Нур» газетасы белән шушы ярты еллык хезмәттәшлек чорымда миңа беренче тапкыр сорау бирде: «Фәһим, син кайда эшлисең?» Барысын да чәчми-түкми сөйләп бирдем: «Авыр эштә эшләп, тәмам имгәнеп беткән идем. Ярты ел өйдә дәваланып утырдым, хәзер терелеп җиттем шикелле». Ә Зәки абый: «Мин сине «Нур»га хәбәрче итеп алырга тәкъдим итеп карыйм әле», – дип шаккатырды. Махсус югары белемем һәм эш тәҗрибәм булмавы комачау түгел икән инде. Илдә капитализмга күчү кризисы бара, җитмәсә, КАМАЗның йөрткечләр заводын янгын харап итте. Бөтен җирдә кадрлар табышлырак һәм, һич югында, хезмәт хакы тотрыклы түләнә торган урын эзли. Кеше бөлгенлеккә төшеп баручы КАМАЗдан гел читкә китеп тора, бигрәк тә матбугат кебек бюджетка бәйле бүлемтекләрдә. Буш вакансияләр күп. 
Вакытын туры китереп, КАМАЗның Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәге (ҖЭҮ) директоры Наил Фатих улы Галиуллинга кердек икәү Зәки абый белән. Атна-ун көннән соң 
мин, тормышның төбенә төшеп баручы «урам малае», рәсми рәвештә интеллигент булып киттем. КАМАЗ заводларына кереп эшләү өчен пропуск юнәтү ни сәбәпледер шактый озакка сузылды: берничә ай буе «язар тәгам»ымны шәһәрдә генә эзләргә туры килде.

==== '''Гөлнәфидә юлыннан''' ====
Сиксәненче еллар азагында, нәкъ шәһәрдә йөк ташучы булып эшли башлаган вакытта, язмыш мине Гөлнәфидә исемле һәм гаилә җәмәгатемнең дусты булган бер ханым белән очраштырды. 1984 елда клиник үлем кичергән, димәк, «теге дөньядан кире кайткан» һәм шуннан соң билгеле бер дәрәҗәдә күрәзәлеккә дә ия булып алган кеше. Миннән җиде яшькә кечерәк, ләкин акылы, сабырлыгы, дөньяга, тормышка илаһи карашы һәм кешелеклелеге буенча мин берничек тә тиңләшерлек булмаган югарылыктагы кеше ул. Үзе минем кебек үк графоман. Ләкин аның иҗатында кешене рухландыра һәм халыкка юл яра торган шигырьләр дә байтак. Менә бусы, аны укыганнан һәм күчереп алганнан соң егерме еллап вакыт үткәч, минем tt.forvo.com халыкара әйтелешләр һәм аудиосүзлекләр сайтында эшли башлавыма этәргечләрнең берсе булды:&lt;br&gt;

'''Татар теле илләр гизәчәк!'''&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә,&lt;br&gt;
Үз телеңне яклап, иң башта,&lt;br&gt;
Теле барны көтә киләчәк –&lt;br&gt;
Бу көн безгә барыбер киләчәк:&lt;br&gt;
Татар теле илләр гизәчәк!&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә –&lt;br&gt;
Теле бардан курка палач та!&lt;br&gt;
Телсез, динсез була тик маңкорт,&lt;br&gt;
Кеше канын эчкән соры корт.&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә,&lt;br&gt;
Татар исеме белән җыр башла.&lt;br&gt;
Муса Җәлил, Гайнан Кормашлар&lt;br&gt;
Безне яклап, яклап сүз башлар.&lt;br&gt;
Сөембикә, Сафагәрәйләр –&lt;br&gt;
Изге күктән җиргә иңгәннәр.&lt;br&gt;
Безне көтә алда яктылык,&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья китсен өчен яктырып.&lt;br&gt;
Изгелек җирдә эзсез югалмас,&lt;br&gt;
Тынчыган күл генә юл алмас.&lt;br&gt;
Курыкма син денсез каргыштан –&lt;br&gt;
Безнең ризык бодай-арыштан;&lt;br&gt;
Шул башаклар булып, бер символ&lt;br&gt;
Безгә эндәшә: «Татар, горур бул!»&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә,&lt;br&gt;
Үз телеңне яклап, иң башта!&lt;br&gt;
Теле барны көтә киләчәк –&lt;br&gt;
Бу көн безгә барыбер киләчәк:&lt;br&gt;
Татар теле илләр гизәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Татар теле илләр гизәчәк!&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Зәки Хәнәфи улы Хәнәфиев.&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' 1998 ел. Терелеп һәм араңгыдан чыгып, «нурлы» булып киткән вакыт.&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Остазларымның остазы – Наил Фатих улы Галиуллин (1941-2020). Узган гасырның җитмешенче елларында «Советская Татария» газетасының КАМАЗдагы хәбәрчесе, соңрак КАМАЗ партия комитеты рәисе һәм КАМАЗ профсоюз комитеты рәисе. Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәген җитәкләгәнче, берничә ел КАМАЗның Маҗарстандагы вәкиле булган.&lt;br&gt; 

«Нур»да эшли башлагач, Гөлнәфидәнең сүзләренә колак салып, кеше белән аралашырга азмы-күпме өйрәндем, дип әйтә алам. «Кеше бармаган җиргә бар, кеше эшләмәгәнне, эшләүдән баш тартканны, бөтенләй файдалы һәм кирәкле дип тапмаганны эшлә! Һәм туры сүз әйтүдән курыкма!» – дигән «сәер» киңәшләр биргән иде ул миңа. Хәзер генә әле, күп еллар үткәч, мин үземә үзем шундый сорау-җавап куям: «Гомер буе «Гөлнәфидәчә тырай тибеп», кесәгә салырлык яки авызга кабарлык шәхси файда һәм, гомумән, дәрәҗә турында уйлап та карамыйча, дөнья кудым түгелме соң?» Шулай да, туксанынчы елларда «Гөлнәфидә сызган юл» иң турысы һәм дөресе булды бит! Башкача яра алыр идеме соң «өченче сортлы» кеше үз юлын?&lt;br&gt;
«Нур»дагы беренче зур күләмле язмам май аенда пәйда булды. Чаллы татар иҗтимагый үзәге Шәһри Болгарга сәяхәт оештырган иде, Нәсих абый Таҗиев мине шунда җибәрде. Бу тетрәндергеч сәфәрдән кайткач, менә шундый шигырь яздым:&lt;br&gt;

'''Шәһри Болгар'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Пока гром не грянет, мужик не перекрестится...'''''&lt;br&gt;

1. Бар аның чиркәве, бу изге урында&lt;br&gt;
Каберташ өстенә салынган,&lt;br&gt;
Атасы, бабасы, патшасы да шунда&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлар буена чукынган.&lt;br&gt;
Ул хәзер чукынмый, үзгә уй башында,&lt;br&gt;
Юк тәре тактасы түрендә.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә&lt;br&gt;
Борынгы бабалар җирендә...&lt;br&gt;

2. Оныткан Алланы, курыкмый һичкемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Ятса да нигездә сөякләр.&lt;br&gt;
Тик үзен төннәрен йоклаган җиреннән&lt;br&gt;
Өстерәп торгыза өрәкләр.&lt;br&gt;
Аңламас һичкайчан күргәнен төшендә,&lt;br&gt;
Эшләми сәрхушның башы да.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә,&lt;br&gt;
Тотмый шул каберләр ташы да!&lt;br&gt;

3. Айныгач, җимерә чиркәве нигезен,&lt;br&gt;
Тарихның җуймакчы хәтерен.&lt;br&gt;
Чукынса чукыныр бу бәндә, тик үзе&lt;br&gt;
Гел үтәр иблиснең әмерен.&lt;br&gt;
Мәскәүдә патшасы һаман үз эшендә,&lt;br&gt;
Чамалый безне кол итәргә.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә,&lt;br&gt;
Ашыкмый әҗәле җитәргә.&lt;br&gt;

4. Тапшырган ул илне, кул селтәп, бурларга&lt;br&gt;
Һәм йөри корытып Җир шарын,&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлар буена ябышкан Болгарга,&lt;br&gt;
Бүген дә нәҗесли диварын.&lt;br&gt;
Вәхшилек һәйкәле булып Җир түшендә&lt;br&gt;
Калырга нияте тарихта.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә,&lt;br&gt;
Шуңа бит чукынмый мужик та!&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Шәһри Болгар. Изге җирләребезгә тәүге сәяхәт. Идел буенда.&lt;br&gt;

Июнь аенда исә мине Мансур атлы һәм урыс телендә язучы бер хәбәрче белән бергә КАМАЗның үзәк җыю конвейерына эшкә җибәрделәр. Бер ай дәвамында икенче позициядә эшләдек, җыела торган машиналарга реактив штангалар куеп тордык. Шуннан соң гына миңа «вездеход пропускы» бирделәр. Иң беренче зур интервьюымны әзерләү өчен, элек эшләгән җиремә – Ремонт-инструмент заводына (РИЗ) юнәлдем. Әңгәмәдәшем – туган телендә иркен сөйләшүче татар кешесе, завод директорының икътисад буенча урынбасары Илдус Ильяс улы Баянов. Аны соңрак автомобильләр заводына директор итеп тә куйганнар иде. 

Башка заводлар белән мин өстән-өстән генә таныш идем, шуңа күрә башлангыч чорда, КАМАЗны һәм аның бөтен аулак җирләрен әйләнеп чыкканчы, мин күбрәк «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасы хәбәрчеләре белән бергә йөрдем. КАМАЗ тормышында һәм эшчәнлегендә өйрәнәсе-төшенәсе «маддәләр» хәттин ашкан иде әле. Урыс телендә язучылар Эльвира Мөхәммәтдинева, Эльмира Яковлева һәм Раил Галләмев (ул вакытта «Вести КАМАЗа» мөхәррире урынбасары) бер елдан артык минем заводлардагы һәм җитәкчелек оешмаларындагы остазларым булдылар. Үз язмаларымны алар белән килештерә идем, чөнки КАМАЗда татар телен яхшы белүче җитәкчеләр бик аз иде ул вакытта да. Ә редакциядә Зәки Хәнәфи улы үзе өйрәтте мине яңа һөнәр алымнарына һәм серләренә. Урыс телендә дә яза башлагач, мине «иң югарыдагы» кабинетларга Наил Фатих 
улы үзе ияртеп йөрде. Бу очракта мин урыс телендә язылган мәкаләне, Наил абый төзәткәннән соң, татар теленә дә тәрҗемә итеп бирә идем. 

Бары 1996 елда гына мин «тулы мөстәкыйльлек»кә чыктым. Наил Фатих улы гына – һәм «бик җаваплы очракларда», әйтик, иң югарыдагы җитәкчеләр белән әңгәмә үткәргәндә – 
мине элеккечә ияртеп йөрде. 2002 елга кадәр, ул үзе пенсиягә чыкканчы. «Вести КАМАЗа» хәбәрчеләре язган һәм автогигант тормышының мөһим күренешләрен яктырткан материаллар тәрҗемәсе дә өлешчә минем өстә булды. «Репертуар киңлегем» торган саен үсә барды. Ә шәһәрдә мин баштан ук гел үзем генә эшләдем. Спорт, милли хәрәкәт, мәдәният, мэриянең милли оешмалар бүлеге җитәкчесе Галимҗан Зарипов карамагындагы милләтара багланышлар, сәнгать чаралары – берсе дә читтә калмады.

Шәхси табышлы булмаганга күрә, «Нур» газетасының хәбәрчеләре бу «вак-төяк нәрсәләр»гә игътибар итмәделәр. Ул вакытта милли хәрәкәтнең акча туплана торган бер юнәлеше ныграк җәлеп итә иде аларны. Аны соңрак рәсми Казан Мәскәү басымы астында «экстремистик» дип игълан итте. Минзәлә аракы заводындагы хәлләрдән соң ТИҮнең бу тармагы бөтенләй тыелды дисәң дә була. «Корсак тәмугка илтә» дигән кисәтүне санга сукмады милләтчеләребез ул вакытта. КАМАЗ җитәкчелеге исә бу «ультра» төркемен әле гендиректор Николай Бех заманында ук өнәп бетерми иде. Иван Костин чорында да мөнәсәбәт үзгәрмәде. 

«Миңа бу эш өчен түлиләрме-юкмы, түләсәләр – күпме?» дигән сорау мине бөтенләй кызыксындырмады. Шушы коточкыч елларда да КАМАЗ өчен артык кеше булып китмәвем 
үзе бер галәмәт һәм юаныч иде. Яңалыкларның бер өлешен, үзем тәрҗемә итеп, «Вести КАМАЗа»га биреп бардым. Газета мөхәррире, озын-озак еллар дәвам иткән журналистлык тәҗрибәсенә ия булган кеше, ике ел Әл-Җәзаирдә эшләгән һәм француз телендә иркен сөйләшүче Валерий Леонид улы Аракчеевның ярдәме һәм сабагы да зур терәк булды минем өчен туксанынчы елларда. Аннары ул шәһәргә, «тагын да җаваплырак эш»кә күчте һәм хәтта күпмедер вакыт Русия күләмендә таратыла торган журналны да җитәкләде. Һәм мин КАМАЗның урыс телле газетасында баштан ук һәм ахыргача чит кеше булмадым. Валерий абый урынына калган Раил Шәфигулла улы 
Галләмев исә (хәзер гүр иясе инде, авыр туфрагы җиңел булсын аның) үзе дә татарча иркен сөйләшә һәм укый-яза торган кеше иде. Кызганычка каршы, аның һәм Зәки Хәнәфи улының, «Вести КАМАЗа» белән «Нур» газеталарын берләштерү, татар телле мөстәкыйль басманы КАМАЗга юнәлтү һәм, шул рәвешле, татар теленең үзен дә заводларда саклап калу хыяллары тормышка аша алмый иде. Татар телендә язучылар цехларга кереп эшләргә, димәк, ике телдә дә язарга һәм хезмәт коллективларында татар теленең урынын хакларга теләмәделәр. Һәм «Гөлнәфидә юлын» да татар журналистлары хупламады. «Нур» сүнде: 2003 елда «КАМАЗ хәбәрләре» исеме астында «Вести КАМАЗа»ның тулы тәрҗемәле дубляжы булып китте, ә 2008 ел башында юкка чыкты. КАМАЗ татар телен онытты инде...&lt;br&gt; 

'''Тирән кризистан – яшәүгә!'''&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Нурлылар 1990 нчы еллар уртасында. Арткы рәттә (сулдан уңга): фотохәбәрче Николай Брик, Өлфәт абый Гыйлаев, мин үзем, мөхәррир Зәки абый Хәнәфиев, «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасында мөхәррир булып калган Раил абый Галләмев. Алгы рәттә (сулдан уңга): рәссам Фаил Исламов, Резидә Гасимова (хәзерге вакытта «Мәйдан» журналының баш мөхәррире), уң якта – Резидә Йосыпова (бүген «Шәһри Чаллы»ның баш мөхәррире). 

'''ФОТО:''' Бер өйрәнчеккә – өч остаз! Арттагы рәттә, уңнан сулга: «Рабочий КАМАЗа» газетасына нигез салган Валерий Леонид улы Аракчеев, «Нур» һәм «КАМАЗ хәбәрләре» газеталарының баш мөхәррире Мөхәммәтзәки Хәнәфи улы Хәнәфиев, «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасының 1990 нчы кризис елларындагы мөхәррире Раил Шәфигулла улы Галләмев.

Узган гасыр азагы һәм хәзергесенең беренче еллары чыннан да иң авыр чор булды КАМАЗның 56 еллык гомерендә. Миллиардлаган бурычка һәм бөлгенлеккә төшкән олы ширкәт кем кулына эләгер? Чит ил «туристлары»ның тугыз ай буе эшсез утырган заводларга ара-тирә килеп-китеп йөрүе үзе бер сигнал булды. Минем үземә, әйтик, Япониядән һәм Швейцариядән килгән сәяхәтчеләрне бушап калган заводлар һәм шәһәр буйлап озатып йөрергә туры килде.

Безгә Альп таулары итәгеннән җибәрелгән ирле-хатынлы бер 
пар белән аралашу, танып белү җәһәтеннән караганда, бик гыйбрәтле булды минем өчен. Туган телләре алман теле иде аларның, башлыча шул телдә сөйләштеләр үзара. Бик күңелле һәм юмор хисле, холыкларында тәкәбберлекнең эзе дә булмаган кешеләр иде. Француз, итальян һәм инглиз телләрен дә беләләр, ләкин аларны кулланмадылар бу очракта. Урыс телен дә аңлыйлар һәм гадирәк итеп булса да гәпләшә алалар. Ә инде минем алман сөйләшен чамалавымны сиземләгәч, алар, миңа карап елмаеп алдылар да... бөтенләй таныш булмаган башка телгә күчтеләр. Мин дә сүз сорап күршегә керә торганнардан түгел, алардан шаяртып сорадым: «Бусы нинди торналар торкылдавы тагын?» – дип. «Бу безнең ретороман телләренең алман теленә нигезләнгәне!» – диделәр. Төрле кантоннарда берничәшәр мең кеше генә сөйләшә торган җирле телләрнең икенчесе француз теленнән үсеп чыккан. Икесе дә атаклы идиш теленең Швейцариядә «пешкән» һәм җитлеккән үзенчәлекле «игезәкләре». Икесе дә кайбер төбәкләрдә рәсми статуска ия икән. 

Швейцариялеләр белән аралашкач, минем «графоманлык тупланмасы», башка телләрне белүнең әһәмиятен хаклап, ассоциатив бәйләнешле ике шигырьчек белән тулыланды:&lt;br&gt;

'''Мономах малахае'''&lt;br&gt;
«Картайдың, Мономах туган:&lt;br&gt;
«Яшел елан» зиһенең буган,&lt;br&gt;
Фикерең таркау, сүзең тупас...&lt;br&gt;
Булмас, ахры, синнән булмас! –&lt;br&gt;
Диде Әхмәт. – Бир, агайне!» –&lt;br&gt;
Кабат киде малахайны.&lt;br&gt;

'''Шапка Мономаха'''&lt;br&gt;
Постарел Мономах: говорит невпопад,&lt;br&gt;
Вечно пьян и ленив, грубоват,&lt;br&gt;
Чувство меры ему изменяет;&lt;br&gt;
И былого величья уж нет...&lt;br&gt;
А в коротких штанишках Ахмет&lt;br&gt;
Его шапку тайком примеряет.&lt;br&gt;

Агымдагы сәясәт тә читтә калмады. Әйтик, «Бердәм Русия» фиркасен төзүнең башлангыч чоры минем графоманлыкта менә шундый чагылыш тапты: 

'''Хмельной коктейль'''&lt;br&gt;
«Отечеством» разбавили «Единство»,&lt;br&gt;
«Вся Россия» закусью пошла;&lt;br&gt;
От избытка чести всмесь со свинством&lt;br&gt;
Дурь в стране бурьяном проросла...&lt;br&gt;

Безнең Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәгендә дә «кыскартулар» булмый калмады. Күп кеше эштән үз теләге белән китте. Китми калган хезмәткәрләргә алны-ялны белмичә һәм хезмәт кенәгәсе буенча биләгән урыннарына карамыйча эшләргә туры килде. Төп юнәлешебез КАМАЗны... Мәскәү һәм аның җирле табак ялаучылары һөҗүмнәреннән саклау булды. 1998 елның гыйнварында Наил Фатих улы мине «Нур»дан алып үз карамагына күчерде. Яңа вазифамны хезмәт кенәгәсенә «әйдәп баручы белгеч» дип яздылар. КАМАЗ турында хәбәрләрне җыю һәм язу, бергә туплау, бер телдән икенчесенә тәрҗемә итеп, Чаллының, Татарстанның һәм бөтен илнең матбугат чараларына тапшыру, аларда эшләүче журналистларны мөһим вакыйгаларга, матбугат конференцияләренә чакыру, аларның КАМАЗга кагылышлы язмаларын һәм тапшыруларын күзәтеп бару – төп эшем шул булды.

Бервакыт «КАМАЗ» акционерлык җәмгыятен... тулысынча Татарстан кулына тапшырдылар. Казаннан «булдырабызлар» төркеме килеп утырды идарә кәнәфиләренә. Вакытлыча инде, чөнки бу «комбинация»нең асылын махсус аңлатып торасы юк иде: соңрак КАМАЗ йә тулысынча Мәскәү кулына, йә өлешчә чит ил компанияләре карамагына да төшәчәк. Һәм ул шулай булып чыкты да. «Всем сёстрам по серьгам» принцибына туры китереп башкарылды милек бүлешү. Моны алдан ук яхшы аңлаган хәлдә, «булдырабызлар» бик тартынып тормадылар. Бу хакта менә шундый шигырьчек язылды: 

Мы КАМАЗом управляли –&lt;br&gt;
Как хотели и без фальши:&lt;br&gt;
Влево-вправо руль крутили&lt;br&gt;
И карманы набивали;&lt;br&gt;
Кой-кому «звезды» вставляли,&lt;br&gt;
Кой-кого там задавили…&lt;br&gt;
Вот поели и попили&lt;br&gt;
И пошли по кругу дальше.&lt;br&gt;

Ләкин Татарстанның Түбән Кама районы авылында туып үскән һәм җаны да, тәне дә КАМАЗныкы булган генераль директор Иван Михаил улы Костин үз эш өстәленә куйган трафареттагы девиз үзгәрешсез калды – '''«Прорвёмся!»''' Чөнки ул барыбызның да уртак өндәмәсе иде. Юк, КАМАЗны болай тиз генә сатып эчеп бетереп булмый иде шул, моны читтән торып һәм ныгытып эстәүчеләр хәттин ашкан булса да. Тугыз ай буе баш конвейер эшләмәде, ә бер тиенне икенчесенә ялгап көн күрүче эшчеләр һәм хезмәткәрләр кыш буе эшләгән урыннарына җәяү барып (трамвайлар йөрми иде), цехларны һәм территорияне җыештырып, бөтен җиһазларны карап-тикшереп, ремонтлап тордылар. Бушлай, түләүсез! 

Шулай да КАМАЗда зур үзгәрешләр котылгысыз булып китә иде инде. Чөнки Иван Михаил улы Костин белән кулга кул тотынып эшләгән патриотлар һәм технократлар заводларны берүзләре генә сазлыктан тартып чыгара алмый иде. Җитәкчелек мөмкин булганның барысын да эшләде, КАМАЗны аякка бастыру өчен, сүз дә юк. Ләкин... ничә гасыр инде Русия белән икътисад һәм иҗтимагый зарурият түгел, ә кансыз-җансыз сәясәт һәм комсыз хосусый мәнфәгатьләр идарә итә бит! 

Кискен үзгәрешләрнең «беренче карлыгачы» безнең ҖЭҮгә 2001 елның декабрендә килеп кунды. КАМАЗның гаять уяу җитәкчелеге директорыбызны Казанга ул вакытта ТР икътисад министры һәм хөкүмәт рәисе урынбасары Сергей Анатолий улы Когогин белән әңгәмә үткәрергә юллады. Әлбәттә, бу гамәлнең инициативасы Татарстанның иң 
югары даирәләреннән булгандыр, дигән фикер калды. Чөнки КАМАЗның инде батмаячагы аермачык иде – камазлылар үзләре аны батырмаячаклар бит. Ләкин Татарстанның акционерлык җәмгыятендәге өлешен бөтенләй югалтмау мәсьәләсе өскә калкып чыкты. 

Интервьюны, аңлашыла ки, Наил Фатих улы үзе үткәрде, ә үз газеталарыбыз һәм тышкы матбугат чаралары өчен язмаларны мин әзерләдем. Министрның үз сүзләрен һәм сорауларга җавапларын түкми-чәчми кәгазьгә төшердек, фикерләрне тиешенчә тулыландырып һәм мөмкин булганча камилләштереп, язманы саллы интервью калыбына керттек. Ләкин мәкаләне Казан белән килештерүгә озатып төзәттергәннән соң, без аны... бөтенләй үзебезнеке дип танымадык та. Аңарда өстән-өстән генә сыпыручы «телевизион» сорауларга шундыйларның да асылына төшендерми торган җаваплар гына калган иде. Укыган кешедә «ә бу лыгырдашу кемгә һәм нәрсәгә кирәк булды икән?» дигән сорау туа. Без әзерләгән язманы министрның матбугат сәркатибе Ирина Быстрова «эшкәрткән» булып чыкты. Бу хәсрәт «интервью»ны үз газеталарыбызда урнаштырдык һәм тышкы матбугатка да бирдек инде, ни хәл итмәк. Ә үзебез әзерләгән тулы канлы язманы генераль дирекциягә тапшырдык.

Шулай да Сергей Анатолий улының КАМАЗ җитәкчелегенә киләчәген алдан чамалау безне куандырды гына. Ул бит сәясәт кешесе, «уен кагыйдәләрен» белә, Мәскәү коридорлары аша үтеп, кабинетлар ишеген төртеп кенә ача торган кеше. Апрельнең соңгы декадасында Сергей Анатолий улын КАМАЗ идарәчеләренә генераль директор дип тәкъдим иттеләр. Иван Михаил улы Костин Пермьгә китте, андагы хәрби заводны сазлыктан тартып чыгарырга, Чаллыда КАМАЗны исән калдырган шикелле коткарырга дип. Ләкин...&lt;br&gt;

==== '''«Совсем не важно, что делается?»''' ====
Ләкин без... сәяси белдексез һәм алдан күрә алмаучы беркатлы бәндәләр булганбыз. Без әле ул вакытта үзебезнең, Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәгенең, нинди мәгънәсез һәм акылга сыймаслык «реформалар»га дучар булачагын күз алдына да китерә алмый идек... 
Июнь аеның дүртенче көне. Мин гадәттәгечә эшкә бөтен хезмәттәшләремнән дә алданрак килеп җиттем. Көндәлек эшкә 
фикерләр туплау өчен. Казаннан шалтыраттылар: «Мы вас поздравляем: к вам едет...» – «Ревизор? Удивили! Ревизоры на нас 
тут каждую неделю наезжают!» – «Но вашего «ревизора» зовут... Ирина Быстрова! И она будет рулить вами». – «Да, это, пожалуй, меняет дело...» 

Наил Фатих улы бу хакта элек үк хәбәрдар булган икән, аны бу «яңалык» гаҗәпләндермәде. Ике атнадан соң, эшләрне Ирина туташка тапшыргач, олыгайган директорыбызны пенсиягә озаттылар. Беренче мөстәкыйль планёркада Быстрова сүзен болай башлады: «Не важно – что делается, важно – кто делает!» Һәм озакламый... КУБ үсә башлады. КУБ – «Клуб Уволенных Быстровой» инде ул. Хезмәттәшләребезнең беришесе шунда ук «үз теләге белән» читкә тайды, кайсыберсе «үгетләгәч» кенә. Икенче төркемгә хәтта минем турыдан-туры җитәкчем Алексей Николай улы Шилободин да эләкте. Дөньяга үзенчәлекле һәм фәлсәфи карашы, җитди нәрсәләр турында беркем кабатламый торган төпле һәм тирәнтен фикере булган язучы, үтә сәләтле шагыйрь, журналист, кешене бер сүздән аңлап ала торган һәм аңа ярдәм кулы суза белгән шәхес. Ул кризис елларында күпмедер вакыт «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасын да җитәкләде әле. Һәр елның беренче көннәрендә, бөтен КАМАЗ кышкы каникулларда булган вакытта, «КАМАЗ-Мастер» автоузышчылар такымының «Париж-Дакар» ярышларында трассадан хәбәрләр биреп торучысы да булды ул. 1999 елдан башлап 2007 елга кадәр мин үзем аның хәбәрләрен башта «галәм телефоны» аша, аннары электрон почтадан кабул итеп, бөтен илгә таратып тордым. Мәскәү ул вакытта илнең КАМАЗ карамагындагы җыелма такымын бар дип тә белми иде әле. 
Һәм әле бит эш рәтен белә торган кадрлар китүеннән генә безнең ҖЭҮдә штатлар кыскармады: бер куылган кеше урынына Казаннан ике танышын чакыртып алдылар. Дөрес, озакка чыдамадылар тегеләре, чөнки – гаҗәеп күренеш! – алар башлыча намусын җуймаган һәм белдекле телевидение журналистлары иде. Ничек соң, мәйтәм, Казанда рәхәтләнеп эшләп утырган урыннарын ташлап, Чаллыга килә алганнар? Барысы да китеп беттеләр озакламый, берсе (татар кызы, минемчә, килмешәкләр арасында иң сәләтлесе һәм булдыклысы) еллар буе Мәскәүдә НТВ каналының менә дигән алып баручысы булып эшләде. Хәзер аны «оппозиция»гә чыгардылар, «чит ил агенты» дип игълан иттеләр, һәм ул чыннан да чит илгә китеп котылырга мәҗбүр булды. 

Шулай итеп, бүген бөтен ил күләмендә «гадәти» булып киткән (һәм элек тә, хәзер дә бернинди төзек мәгънәсе булмаган!) «сәясәт» белән без КАМАЗда 2002-2003 елларда ук таныштык. 

КУБка керү чираты минем каршыма 2002 елның сентябрендә килеп басты. Турыдан-туры әйттем Ирина туташка: «Мине шәһәрдә эшсез калдырмаслар шәт. Ләкин үзем эшли белгән һәм яратып башкарган эштән үз теләгем белән китмәячәкмен!» Шуннан соң булган хәлләрнең миңа бер өлеше генә мәгълүм. Быстрова мине эштән куу турында кәгазьне кадрларга илтеп биргәч, тегеннән кемдер бу хакта Чаллы журналистларының рәсми булмаган лидеры Илисә Ганеевага шалтыраткан. Илисә мине яклап Когогин исеменә хат язган, һәм бер тәүлек дигәндә бу хат астына Чаллы журналистларының егермесеннән артыгы имза салган. Шулай итеп, мин ҖЭҮдә КУБка керүдән котылып калган беренче кеше булдым. 

==== '''Җитди сынау. Соңгысымы?''' ====
Әйе, маҗаралар моның белән генә тәмам булмады әле. 2003 елның 21-22 апрель көннәрендә (дүшәмбе һәм сишәмбе) мине КАМАЗның Баулыдагы сервис үзәгендә Фәнни-техник үзәк белгечләре белән бергә үткәрелгән чарада катнашырга җибәрделәр. Бу хактагы язманы, җомга көнне чыга торган газеталарда урнаштырыр өчен, бер көн эчендә язып бетереп, ФТҮ мөһәндисләре белән килештеререргә һәм, ихтыяҗ булса, төзәтергә кирәк иде. Шуңа күрә мин, Чаллыга әйләнеп кайткач, мәкаләне һәм аның татар теленә тәрҗемәсен кич һәм төне буе диярлек утырып әзерләдем. Шуннан соңгы черем итеп алуым озаккарак сузылган булып чыкты, һәм мин, иртәнге ашны ашап та тормыйча, тизрәк Фәнни-техник үзәккә ашыктым. Иртәнге сигезгә кадәр барып җитәргә кирәк, чөнки ФТҮ җитәкчеләренең һәм конструкторларының көндәлек планёркадан соң таралышып бетүе дә ихтимал. 

Заводка илтә торган автобуслар китеп беткән иде инде. Трамвай ярты шәһәрне әйләнеп үтеп бара. Хәсән Туфан проспекты буйлап туп-туры җәяүләп чапсаң, тизрәк барып җитәсең. Ул вакытта зур урамнарның уртасында хәзерге кебек киртәләр юк иде. Сөембикә проспекты аша турыдан чыгып җитәм дигәндә генә мине... зур тизлектә кире якка таба, юл хәрәкәтенә каршы баручы (!) «алтынчы Жигули» бәрдерде, һәм мин тротуарга, автобус тукталышына барып төштем. Юл аша чыкканда ул машина миңа бөтенләй юл читендә туктап торган кебек тоелган иде. Туп-туры өстемә килүче автомобильне соңгы мизгелдә генә күреп алдым һәм, инстинтив рәвештәдер инде, алга-өскә сикердем. Шул сәбәпле көпчәкләр астында калмаганмын, «Жигули»нең капотына һәм сул як тәрәзә пыяласына бәрелгәнмен. Югыйсә, ныграк та җәрәхәтләнгән булыр идем, дип уйлыйм. Аяк балтырым – бамперга, маңгаем алгы тәрәзәгә орынып кына киткән булган, тәрәзә пыяласы чатнамаган да. Баш мием селкенмәгән, аяк балтыры тырналган гына. Ә төп «контакт» иңбашыма туры килгән. Сул кулымның очы сынган, ләкин умрау сөягенә зыян килмәгән. Менә шундый сәер траектория буенча очып китеп, машина белән гәүдәмнең берьюлы өч җире «үбешкән» булып чыкты. Аңым бер мизгелгә генә томаланып китте. Тротуарга килеп төшкәч үк торып та бастым. 

Моның очраклы хәл булмавын шунда ук аңлап алдым. Беренчедән, әйткәнемчә, «Жигули» юл хәрәкәтенә каршы һәм юлның иң кырыеннан килгән иде. Каршы йөгерүче машиналар белән юл уртасында бәрелешмәс өчендер инде. Икенчедән, мин торып басканда, бәрдергән машина... 20 метр артка чигенеп, яңадан элеккеге урынына барып туктаган иде. Хәтта кире якка да борылмаган. Өченчедән, минем янга килеп хәлемне белгән кеше (Флүс исемле татар)... машинаның уң яктагы ишегеннән чыкты. Һәм ул миңа, күптәнге танышым кебек... татарча эндәште. Минем татар икәнлегем маңгаема язылмаган бит! Күзләрем зәңгәр, борыным яһүднеке кебек, югыйсә. Ә «Жигули» Флүснең үз машинасы икән. Сул якта, руль артында утырган кеше бөтенләй пәйда булмады. Бәлки ул, җен-пәригә әйләнеп, шунда ук күккә очып киткәндер? Машинаны йөрткән кешенең кем булуын белми калдым һәм беркемнән сорамадым да. Миңа «стандарт булмаган рәвештә», берни аңламаган булып кыланырга кирәк, дидем үземә үзем. Бер әҗәлдән котылып, икенче җир тәмугына барып керәсе түгел бит инде. «Һәм бу «очраклы хәл»не болай тупас итеп кем оештыра алды икән?» дигән сорау да ярым җавапсыз калды. Бөтенләй акылын җуйган, бар дөньяга ачуы чиктән ашкан, үзенең теләсә кайсы вазгыятьтә дә аклана алачагына һәм җәзасыз калачагына ышанган, кешелек сыйфатларын тәмам югалта башлаган бәндә генә моны эшләргә сәләтле, дип уйладым. Нигә бер сәбәпсез кылдылар соң бу җинаятьне? Кемнең юлын шулкадәр гафу итмәслек итеп кистем соң мин үз гомеремдә?! 

Күпмедер вакыт үткәч, мине Ашыгыч медицина ярдәме хастаханәсенә алып киттеләр. Соңрак юл автоинспекциясе сораштыра башлагач, мин гаепне үз өстемә алдым: «Үзем дә бик ашыктым шул. Флүскә каршы бернинди дәгъвам юк, ләкин операция ясаган өчен түләргә акчам җитми, булышса иде ул миңа», – дидем инспекторга. Югарыда бәян ителгән нәрсәләрне телгә дә алмадым. Инспектор үзе дә төшенгәндер инде моның планга кертелгән «бәхетсезлек» булуына һәм минем ни өчен күзгә бәрелеп торган фактларны яшерүемә. 

Сул кулымның очын ялгар өчен операцияне БСМПда... 8 май көнне генә, «очраклы бәхетсезлек»тән соң төп-төгәл ике атна үткәч ясадылар. Миннән соң килгән хасталарны гадәттә кичекмәстән савыктыра башлыйлар иде. Минем өчен нигәдер «искәрмә» ясалды. 

Хезмәттәшләрем һәм шәһәр журналистлары көн саен килеп, хәлемне белешеп тордылар. Бу хакта белеп алган Наил Фатих улы Галиуллин көн аралаш үз җәмәгатенең сөяк салып пешергән ашларын китерә иде. Минем андый тәмле ашларны гомердә ашаганым булмады! «Бу синең сөякләрең тизрәк үссен өчен», – дип аңлатты ул миңа. Ә мин: «Наил абый, миңа бит әле операция ясамадылар...» – дидем. 

Нәтиҗәдә 8 майга кадәр минем кулым, очы кыегаеп калган килеш, тоташып та өлгерде. Кулны өскә күтәрә алмый башладым. Хирургларга аны... яңадан сындырырга туры килде. Сөякне турайтып, металл энәләр белән беркетеп куйдылар. Июнь аенда, шул энәләрне алып ташлатыр өчен, тагын бер операция кичердем. Флүс бу ике операция өчен дүрт мең сум акча түләде. Кулбашымның ялганган кисәге йодрык кадәр булып үсеп китте. Егерме ел инде тырпаеп тора. «Ярый әле, расходка чыгармадылар, ни сәбәпледер кызгандылар», – дип губерманча куандым. Сәбәпләре, бәлки, чыннан да булгандыр аның. Бу хакта беркемнән дә сораштырмадым: вакыйганың үзем аңлаган «серләр»ен ачып салырга ярамый, дип уйладым. 

Җан биргәндә дә башыңны ташка бәрәсе булма! Хастаханәдә, күрше палатада бер гимнаст кыз операциядән соң дәваланып ята иде. Спорт залында күнегүләр ясаганда «бүрәнә»дән егылып төшеп, умыртка баганасын һәм оча сөяген сындырган булган. Мин сөяк ялганганны көтеп ятканда ул бөтенләй хәрәкәтсез булды, аны әнисе карады. Гимнаст кыз янына тренерлары һәм иптәшләре дә килеп йөри. Һич кенә дә төшенкелеккә бирелми: «Барыбер тереләчәкмен. Гимнастика белән генә шөгыльләнә алмам инде...» – дип юата иде үзен үзе. Ә минем бары тик кулым гына сынган. Һәм гомерлеккә инвалид булып та калмадым. Егерме ел инде сул кулымны баш түбәсеннән өскәрәк күтәрә алмыйм – шул гына!

Тышкы яралар төзәлеп беткәч, өйгә кайтарып җибәрделәр. Июль аенда яңадан эшкә чыктым. Шуннан соң мине иң гаҗәпләндергәне... Ирина туташ минем белән бер генә тупас сүз дә әйтмичә, берничек тә куркытырга тырышмыйча, бик ягымлы итеп сөйләшә башлады. Җитәкче белән эш башкаручы арасында гадәти дип саналган нормаль мөнәсәбәттә булдык моннан ары. «Баштан ук шундый булсаң, мин бит сине яратып та туя алмас идем!» – дидем үземә үзем шаяртып. «Әллә бу бәндәләр, КАМАЗ белән канга кан, үлемгә үлем сугышырга туры килер, дип төштеләрме Казаннан Чаллыга?» – дигән фаразым да бар иде. Мин Быстрованың бу могҗизалы үзгәрешенә әле хәзер дә ахыргача төшенеп бетә алмыйм. Без бит инде аны бөтенләй өметсез дип саный башлаган идек... 

Шулай да, үзе үк XX гасырның иң явыз залимнәреннән берсе булган совет юлбашчысының сүзләре бүген дә үз көчендә кала: '''«Хакимлек кешеләрне бозмый, киресенчә – иң бозык кешеләр үзләре хакимлеккә омтылучан».''' Үткән-беткән инде. Үтергеч булмаган һәрбер нәрсә безне куәтлеләндерә генә бит. Бу «очраклы вакыйга»дан соңгы иң зур югалтуым – шигырьләр язмый башладым. Тугыз ел элек сирпелгән иҗат нуры сүнде: хәзер бары тик башка телләрдән тәрҗемә белән генә шөгыльләнә алам...

==== '''Картайган ат буразнаны бозамы?''' ====
Көзгә таба, мин инде югарыда бәян ителгән бәхетсезлектән соң терелеп яңадан эшкә чыккач, мәскәүле Владимир Александр улы Самойлов безгә яңа җитәкче булып килде. Тагын берничә ай үткәч, Быстрованы читкәрәк тибәрделәр, безнең эшләргә тыкшына алмаслык итеп. Соңрак ул бөтенләй Мәскәүгә китеп тайды. Үз эченә кырыклап кешене бикләгән КУБ ябылды, бүтән беркемне дә эштән куарга тырышмадылар. Самойлов карамагында без үзебезне иркенрәк хис итә башладык. ҖЭҮ департамент итеп үзгәртелде (ДСО яки ҖЭД), хәзер ул «КАМАЗ матбугат хезмәте» рәвешендә эшен дәвам итә. Яңа һәм кешелекле мөнәсәбәтләрнең нәтиҗәсе шунда ук куандыра башлады: Ольга Ерашова-Жигульская, Татьяна Белоножкина, Татьяна Гыйматдинева кебек журналистлар элеккеге сәләтләрен дә уздырып эшли башладылар һәм чын мәгънәсендә КАМАЗ патриотлары булып киттеләр. 

'''ФОТОЛАР:''' 1. '''Ольга Авенир кызы Жигульская''' – җәмәгате белән бергә; мәрхүм Владимир Михаил улы «Республика Татарстан» газетасының Чаллыдагы үз хәбәрчесе иде. Хәзерге вакытта Ольга лаеклы ялда, ләкин КАМАЗ матбугат хезмәтенең бик мөһим эшләрен әле хәзер дә башкарып тора. Әйтик, ул «Рабочий КАМАЗа» («Вести КАМАЗа») газетасының 2023 ел сентябрь аенда билгеләп үтелгән 50 еллыгына багышланган китапның авторы булды. 

2. '''Татьяна Белоножкина''' – бүген дә «Вести КАМАЗа»ның әйдәп баручы журналисты һәм  безнең буынның «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасындагы «соңгы могиканы». 

Татьяна Гыйматдинова бүгенге ветераннар төркемендә иң яшь камазлы. Ул бүген шәһәр төзүчеләренең «матбугат һәм мәгълүмат алиһәсе» булып китте. Аның мәдәнияткә һәм сәнгатькә багышланган язмалары бигрәк тә күркәм, аларны укыган саен кабат укыйсы гына килеп тора. Бу күпкырлы сәләт иясенең бөтен җирдә дә, шул исәптән чит илләрдә дә, ким-хур булмаячагын аңлаган хәлдә, аның чит илгә китәргә теләгән бер кеше турындагы бик күңелле язмасы белән танышкач, гасыр башында Татьянага багышлап шундый дүртьюллык язган идем:

'''Таланты в землю не зарыты,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''И от культуры мы в экстазе.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Пути в Америку закрыты –'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Куём мы СШАстье на КАМАЗе!'''&lt;br&gt;

'''Талант җирдә аунап ятмас, диләр,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Җаннарыбыз – мәдәни экстазда.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Америкаларга, ди, кертмиләр –'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Бәхет АкКоШларыбыз КАМАЗда!'''&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:'''  '''Татьяна Әльянис кызы Гыйматдинова:''' тел һәм фикер байлыгы – әнисеннән, ягымлылыгы һәм татар җаны – әтисеннән. Иҗади табигате – үзенеке.

Уңай якка үзгәрешләр урынлашып беткәч, яңа вазгыять минем шаяртулы графоманлыгымда да үз эзен калдырды. Менә шундый рифма рәвешендә: 

'''Монолог старого коня'''&lt;br&gt;
('''закавыченные и «жирные» строки – из «гариков» Игоря Губермана''')&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Быть может, зря я так спокойно'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''своим призванием горжусь?»'''''&lt;br&gt;
Мне дал понять и сам Самойлов,&lt;br&gt;
Что я в герои не гожусь.&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Но окрылён надеждой снова,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''я сам к себе отнёсся строже».'''''&lt;br&gt;
И что же скажет нам Быстрова:&lt;br&gt;
Корыстный интерес – дороже!?&lt;br&gt;

Ведь не дарёный я лошак,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб мне заглядывали в рот;&lt;br&gt;
Не попадёт мустанг впросак:&lt;br&gt;
Федот – по-прежнему, всё тот!&lt;br&gt; 

'''''«Во мне смеркаться стал огонь;'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''сорвав постылую узду,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''теперь я снова старый конь,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''пославший к чёрту борозду».'''''&lt;br&gt;


Чынбарлыкта исә без – мин дә, хезмәттәшләрем дә – «буразна»дан тайпылмадык. Бер сәбәпсез аяк чалып торучылар булмагач, эшебез торган саен тыгызрак һәм күңеллерәк була барды. Бәлки әле нәтиҗәлерәктер дә. Быстровадан соңгы чорда сигез ел буе рәхәтләнеп эшләдем, дисәм дә, артык булмас. Рәсми хезмәт вазифаларымны үз теләгем белән, түләүсез башкарыла торган эшләр тулыландыра башлады. Әйтик, КАМАЗдагы мөһим вакыйлардан соң Чаллының татар телендә эшләүче «Күңел» радиосына барып, яңалыклар турында тәфсилләп сөйләп бирә идем.  

'''ФОТО:''' Гафиулла Газиз  

Турыдан-туры эфирга чыккан очраклар да булды. Татар телендә эшләүче «Азатлык» радиосының Кама аръягындагы үз хәбәрчесе Гафиулла Газиз (рәсемдә) белән даими аралашып тору да минем өчен мәҗбүри түгел, җан таләбе генә иде. Гафиулла бакый дөнья хозурында инде.

Гомумән, беркемне дә читкә тибәрмәдек, «безнекеләр» белән дә, чит-ят дип саналырлыкларга карата да мөгамәләбез бердәй булды. Җае чыккан саен КАМАЗга таш ыргытудан баш тартмый торган «Челны ЛТД» газетасын да без... аш белән сыйладык. Кемнәрдер үзләренең сәбәпсез-нисез гөнаһ кылырга теләген баса алмый икән, аларга... комачауламаска кирәк: эшләсеннәр, күрсеннәр үз гамәлләренең үзләре өчен файдасызлыгын һәм котылгысыз казасын. Мин эшләгәндә «Челны ЛТД» шәһәрнең иң популяр басмаларыннан берсе иде. Пенсиягә чыкканнан соң күпмедер вакыт үткәч, «җаваплылыгы чикле» булган газетаны ирексезләп банкротлыкка олактырдылар, дигән хәбәр ишеттем.&lt;br&gt;
 * * *&lt;br&gt;
Буразнам бозылганмы-юкмы – монысын «беркемгә дә кирәкмәгән язма»ны укучылар хәл итсен. Үзем «бозылмады» дигән фикердә калам. 2011 елның августына кадәр эшләдем КАМАЗның җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр департаментында һәм үз теләгем белән пенсиягә чыктым. Тагын ике елга, 65 яшем тулганчы да калдырырга риза иде җитәкчелек. КАМАЗда шундый традиция: гади халык – 65 яшькә кадәр, җитәкчеләр җитмешен тутырганчы «берьюлы ике сыер сөтен имә ала». Ләкин минем, ярты ел элек үк, интернетта түләүсез һәм күпкә мавыктыргычрак эшләрем башланган иде инде.  

'''Намуслы «намуссызлык»'''&lt;br&gt;
Бу елларда гадәттән тыш хәлләр булмады. Ләкин шулай да «гадәтиләр»нең берсе – башкалар өстендә калкып тора торган. Сүз инде онытыла да башлаган «Рухнамә» әсәре турында. Бу хакта Википедиядә болай диелә: «Төркмәнбашы Сапармурат Ниязов язган дип саналучы «Рухнамә» китабының татар теленә тәрҗемәсен һәм тәүге кат бастырылуын Татарстанның Төркмәнстан белән тыгыз икътисадый мөнәсәбәтләре булган «КАМАЗ» АҖ белгечләре башкарды». 

Әйе, нәкъ шулай булды ул. Ләкин тәфсилләбрәк аңлата башласаң, эш башкачарак килеп чыккан иде. 2006 елның апрелендә КАМАЗ Ашгабаттан шундый «ультиматум» алды: «2007 елга Төркмәнстаннан зур заказ аласыгыз килсә, «Рухнамә»не татар теленә тәрҗемә итеп бирегез». Казанда автогигант җитәкчелегенең бу хактагы үтенечен башта кискен кире какканнар: «Ул-бу булмагае, Мәскәү нәрсә әйтер, төркиләрнең бөтен тарихын урлаган булып, «Бу бары тик төркмәннеке генә!» дигән уйдырмага төрки халыкларның мөнәсәбәте нинди булыр?» 

Әйе, «отмазка» чыннан да беренче карашка хакыйкый дип кабул ителерлек. Ләкин... бу вакытта «Рухнамә» һәм урыс, һәм инглиз, һәм алман, һәм хәтта төрек телләренә дә тәрҗемә ителгән иде бит инде. Ашгабатның нәкъ шундый «ультиматумы» аркасында! Дөрес, азрак кыскартканнар да, үзгәрткәннәр дә. Татарның кайсы җире ким ялганга корылган бу дөньяда? 

Шулай да, яраткан шагыйребез Игорь Губерман Казан әһелләренең «намуслылыгын», бәлки, болай аклар иде: «Юынтык суга ташланган һәрнәрсә әйләнә юынтык суга». Ничек кенә бизәсәң дә, ялган – ялган, фальсификация фальсификация булып кала. Бәхәсле мәсьәлә, сүз дә юк. Тегеләй уйласаң да, болай да, үзеңне хаклы дип күрсәтә алмыйсың... «КАМАЗ хәбәрләре» тәрҗемәчеләре дә тәрҗемә эшенә алынмаганнар: эш болай да муеннан, дубляжны туктатып торып булмый бит. Соңгы өмет мин фәкыйрегезгә килеп терәлде. «Туктале, ә нигә соң Казан шулхәтле астына җибәреп тора бу очракта? Күпмегә чыдар ул «Рухнамә» тарихи перспективага күчереп исәпләгәндә? КАМАЗ өчен 2007 елга зур заказ алу әһәмиятлерәк түгелме соң?» – дип акладым да үземне, эшкә керешергә булдым. Вакытны әрәм итмәс өчен, өйдә утырып эшләдем. 

Интернеттан «Рухнамә»нең төркмән телендәге тулы текстын, урыс, инглиз, алман телләренә тәрҗемәләрен күчереп алдым. Тиешле сүзлекләрне һәм белешмәләрне элегрәк, «бернигә дә кирәкмәгән нәрсәләр белән шөгыльләнү» елларында сатып алган яки соңрак электрон нөсхәләрен интернеттан күчереп алып туплаган идем. Урыс телендәгесеннән тәрҗемә итү берни дә түгел, әлбәттә, ләкин... аны «цензура» нык каезлаган булып чыкты: бите-бите белән төшереп калдырганнар яки үзгәртеп бетергәннәр бу «изге китап»ны. Төркмән теленнән төгәл тәрҗемә итү өчен, интернетта урнаштырылган төркмән-урыс сүзлеге күләмле дә, камил дә, куллану өчен җайлы да түгел. Гарәп-фарсы алынмалары да татар телендәгедән бермә-бер күбрәк сакланып калган хәзерге заман төркмән телендә. Инглиз телендәгесен нигез итеп алыр идем дә, мин ул телне махсус өйрәнмәдем бит, интернет текстлары аша гына азрак чамалый башладым. Алман телен балачактан ук үзләштереп килдем, әдәби текстларны сүзлексез дә аңлый идем инде. Ләкин биредә мин белмәгән фәнни-тарихи сүзләр һәм атамалар байтак.

Менә шулай, дүрт телдәге текстларны чагыштыра-чагыштыра, иртә таңнан төн уртасына кадәр эшләп, өч атнада тәрҗемәне түгәрәкли алдым. 21 май көнне татарча «Рухнамә» каралама рәвешендә әзер иде инде. Аны Казанга алып барып тикшерттеләр. Төркмәнстан җитәкчелегенә бүләк итү өчен, татарча «Рухнамә» китабының ике варианты эшләнде – алтын йөгертелгән һәм гадәти тышлысы. Алар Казанда бастырылды. Икесе дә 2006 елның сентябрендә Ашгабатта тантаналы рәвештә Төркмәнстан җитәкчелегенә тапшырылды. Бу тамашаны видеога төшереп алганнар иде, безгә дә күрсәттеләр. 

Нәтиҗәдә КАМАЗ, тимерне кызу чакта сугып, Төркмәнстаннан 2007 елда 4 мең данә йөк автомобиле җитештереп тапшырырга заказ алды. Бу шул елдагы тулаем экспортның өчтән бер өлешеннән артыграк иде. Алдагы елларда Ашгабатта КАМАЗның сервис үзәген төзеделәр. Рәсми чыганаклар тарафыннан бу «махсус операция» турында бернинди мәгълүмат бирелмәде. Мин дә әлеге «сер»не 2013 елга кадәр сакладым. Тәрҗемә эше өчен миңа 20 мең сумлык премия бирделәр. Мин ул акчага үземә яңа компьютер, ә гаиләмә кер юу машинасы сатып алдым. Компьютер әле бүген дә «исән», ләкин мин аны текстлар җыю һәм музыка уйнату өчен генә кулланам. Истәлекле электрон җайланма миннән соң да оныкларыма бераз хезмәт итсә иде дип. 

Ләкин «тарих» моның белән генә бетмәде. Ниһаять, Татарстан хөкүмәте дә, бер ел да дүрт ай вакыт үткәч, үзенең сәяси куркаклыгын җиңә алды. 2008 елның гыйнварында Ашгабатта «Рухнамә»нең татар теленә тәрҗемәсе… кабат тапшырылды. «Татарстан мәдәнияте көннәре» дип аталган рәсми чара кысаларында. Бу эшне Казан белгечләре ике атна эчендә башкарып чыкты, диелә «Татар-информ» агентлыгының 2008 ел 14 гыйнварда таратылган хәбәрендә. «Булдырганнар икән, маладислар!» дип куандым, хәбәрне укыгач. Китапны 20 данәлек тираж белән бастырганнар. Әмма бу «гамәл»… янгын беткәч ут сүндерү генә иде инде. Чөнки Төркмәнстанның яңа президенты, Аркадаг атамалы Гурбангулы Бердымөхәммәдев «Рухнамә»не әкренләп архивка озату турындагы боерыгын 2007 ел башында ук биргән иде.

Сапармурат Ниязовның 2006 ел 21 декабрендәге һич уйланмаган вафатыннан соң төркмән тормышында «Рухнамә»не башка җитәкчеләрнең казанышларына дан җырлаучы хезмәтләр алмаштырды. 2013 елның 1 сентябреннән башлап элеккеге «изге китап» Төркмәнстан институтларында һәм мәктәпләрендә бөтенләй өйрәнелми башлады. Бүген Чаллыда яшәүче яшь төркмәннәрдән сораштырган идем дә бу хакта, алар «Рухнамә»нең нәрсә икәнен дә белмиләр. Өлкәнрәкләре генә аз-маз хәтерли әле. Ә безнең күмәк тәрҗемәләр, бәлки, бүген Ашгабат архивларында тузан җыеп ятадыр…

==== '''«Кадерлә сакланып калганны!»''' ====
'''''(Дуслар иҗаты)'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''Коллеге'''&lt;br&gt;
(авторы – Ольга Жигульская, 2023 елда язылган)&lt;br&gt;
«Удобней мне инкогнито писать –&lt;br&gt;
Привык за годы беспорочной службы.&lt;br&gt;
Хотя всегда мне есть о чём сказать&lt;br&gt;
На языках, своей известных дружбой.&lt;br&gt;
Судьба моя – мать-мачеха, не мать&lt;br&gt;
(Не красного словца, не ради смеха):&lt;br&gt;
Труд журналиста начал постигать&lt;br&gt;
С позиции рабочего из цеха.&lt;br&gt;
Пытался даже гимны сочинять –&lt;br&gt;
На конкурс посылал, но не был понят.&lt;br&gt;
И до сих пор, как слушаешь, опять&lt;br&gt;
Душа патриотическая стонет...&lt;br&gt;
Есть у меня мой суверенный мир –&lt;br&gt;
Гораздо суверенней Татарстана.&lt;br&gt;
Меня бы понял, верно, мой кумир...&lt;br&gt;
Ведь кое-что роднит нас с Губерманом.&lt;br&gt;
Могу хоть чем – хоть прозой, хоть стихом,&lt;br&gt;
Или крутой сценарий забабахать...&lt;br&gt;
Но сколько можно, будучи спецом,&lt;br&gt;
Пресс-служиваться, дусларыбыз, так ведь?!&lt;br&gt;
Оно такое, горе от ума-с:&lt;br&gt;
И Чацкому прислуживаться тошно...&lt;br&gt;
Когда ушёл я, сразу на КАМАЗ&lt;br&gt;
Троих начальство взяло – это точно.&lt;br&gt;
Да, я ушёл с КАМАЗа – в виртуал.&lt;br&gt;
И в интернете вы ищите имя,&lt;br&gt;
Где я уже немало напахал...&lt;br&gt;
Признайтесь: вы забыли о Фагиме?»&lt;br&gt;

'''Хезмәттәшемә'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(тәрҗемәсе)'''''&lt;br&gt;
«Имза куймый язсам – хәерлерәк,&lt;br&gt;
Тырышып эшли-эшли күнегелгән...&lt;br&gt;
Аңлатасым килә әмма төбәп&lt;br&gt;
Миңа таныш дуслык телләреннән.&lt;br&gt;
Язмышларым – гүя үги ана&lt;br&gt;
(Татып баксаң, мөмкиндер аңларга):&lt;br&gt;
Журналистлык насыйп булды миңа&lt;br&gt;
Чирек гасыр бил бөккәч цехларда.&lt;br&gt;
Гимннар тыңлап күңел канатлана,&lt;br&gt;
Үзем яздым – юк игътибар аңа.&lt;br&gt;
Бүген дә бит, калсам хыяллана,&lt;br&gt;
Ватанпәрвәр җаным гел сыкрана...&lt;br&gt;
Бар минем хөр, бәйсез үз галәмем –&lt;br&gt;
Татарстаннан күпкә мөстәкыйльрәк!&lt;br&gt;
Аңлар, бәлки... тиң түгел каләмем...&lt;br&gt;
Бер Губерман… аңа тартым йөрәк.&lt;br&gt;
Бар шигырьләп, рифмасыз язганым,&lt;br&gt;
Кереп кыргый урман-болын-кырга...&lt;br&gt;
Күпме мөмкин әмма, әй дусларым,&lt;br&gt;
Хезмәтчәнләп ялагайланырга?!&lt;br&gt;
Михнәт-хәсрәт – гел юлдаш акылга:&lt;br&gt;
Чацкий моны һич аңламый калмас...&lt;br&gt;
Мин калдырып киткән бер урынга&lt;br&gt;
Өч кешене алган икән КАМАЗ.&lt;br&gt;
КАМАЗлардан «виртуал»га киттем.&lt;br&gt;
Тарихларда исемем язарсызмы?&lt;br&gt;
Интернетта аз-маз хезмәт иттем...&lt;br&gt;
Фәһим булып калдым – аңларсызмы?»&lt;br&gt;

'''Ноябрь'''&lt;br&gt;
(авторы – Тамара Бравина, 2023 елда язылган)&lt;br&gt;
Улеглись страсти знойного лета,&lt;br&gt;
скинул краски осенний закат.&lt;br&gt;
Как предвестники новых сюжетов,&lt;br&gt;
за окошком снежинки летят.&lt;br&gt;
Правит бал госпожа Непогода,&lt;br&gt;
но лучом сквозь ненастную грусть&lt;br&gt;
серый цвет на мольберте природы&lt;br&gt;
оживляет рябиновый куст.&lt;br&gt;
У предзимья задача благая –&lt;br&gt;
без иллюзий, обмана, прикрас&lt;br&gt;
оценить то, что в жизни теряем,&lt;br&gt;
и сберечь, что осталось при нас.&lt;br&gt;

'''Ноябрь'''&lt;br&gt;
(тәрҗемәсе)&lt;br&gt;
Басылды эссе җәй хөрлеге,&lt;br&gt;
ямьләде җирне көз балкышы.&lt;br&gt;
Уйнаклый тәүге кар бөртеге –&lt;br&gt;
өр-яңа гүзәллек нәкыше.&lt;br&gt;
Үтсә дә һаваның чуагы,&lt;br&gt;
дикъкатьсез ямансу зарына –&lt;br&gt;
гамь өсти гел миләш куагы&lt;br&gt;
табигый буяулар кабына.&lt;br&gt;
Кыш алды игелек гөманы:&lt;br&gt;
күпертмә хыялый ялганны,&lt;br&gt;
хакла син тормышта узганны,&lt;br&gt;
кадерлә сакланып калганны.&lt;br&gt;

'''Посвящение к юбилею'''&lt;br&gt;
(авторы – Тамара Бравина, 2003)&lt;br&gt;
Обидели? Иди к Фагиму:&lt;br&gt;
Он яд прольёт на боль твоей души.&lt;br&gt;
Глядишь занозу из сердечка вынул,&lt;br&gt;
Проблему философски разложив.&lt;br&gt;
По-скорпионски ядовит и честен.&lt;br&gt;
Пройдёт сквозь многотемья бурелом.&lt;br&gt;
Слова и мысли – здесь всё на месте,&lt;br&gt;
И… тапочки под письменным столом.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ЭПИЛОГ''' ===
Йомгаклау сүзен минем «тәрҗемәи хәл»не үземнән дә яхшырак белүче фикер иясе булган Ольга Жигульскаяның югарыдагы сүзләреннән башлыйк: «...И в интернете вы ищите имя, где я уже немало напахал...» Чыннан да, китапның мөхәррире Илисә ханым хаклы: моңа кадәрге йөз битнең ни өчен язылганы турында аңлатма бирмичә булмый. Үзреклама өчен булмады бит инде бу хезмәт! Әйе, интернеттагы эшләрем 2011 елның августында, бөтенләй пенсиягә чыккач, чын-чынлап активлашып китте. Гәрчә аның төп өч юнәлеше күптән инде билгеләнгән булса да:

1) tt.forvo.com халыкара әйтелешләр һәм аудиосүзлекләр сайты аша татар телендәге гади һәм «канатлы» сүзләрнең, сүзтезмәләрнең, гыйбарәләрнең, халык авыз иҗаты үрнәкләренең, борынгы һәм хәзерге заман әдәби әсәрләре өземтәләренең аудиотупланмасын дөньякүләм дәрәҗәгә күтәрү.

2) Җир шарындагы милләт һәм дәүләт гимннарының мөмкин булганын татар теленә тәрҗемә кылу – газиз Ватаныбыз тулы бәйсезлеккә ирешеп, киләчәктә Рөстәм Яхинның галәм музыкасына бөтен татар аягүрә торып басып җырларлык чын гимн сүзләре иҗат ителсә иде дип.

3) урыс телендә язучы яһүд шагыйре Игорь Губерманның дөнья әдәбиятында тиңдәше булмаган шигърият жанры җәүһәрләрен («гарикларын»), аларның – әлбәттә, мөмкин булганын – татар теленә дә тәрҗемә итеп, милләттәшләребезгә туган телебез аша җиткерү; татарда Тукай мирасы булып калган һәм Гамил Афзал белән Әхмәт Исхак дәвам иткән тәнкыйди фикерләүне югалтмаска тырышу.

Тагын берничә халыкара тел белеме проектында да эшли башлаган идем гасыр башында ук (әйтик, tatoeba.org һәм rhinospike.com интернет сәхифәләрендә). Боларның беренчесендә киң кулланыла торган бер үк җөмләләр һәм өземтәләр дөньяның төрле телләрендә бирелә, икенчесендә теге яки бу халык әдәбиятыңдагы кыска, әмма популяр һәм җыйнак әсәрләрнең аудиоязмалары тәкъдим ителә. Ләкин бу сайтларда бер-ике кеше генә, күпме тырышса-тырмашса да, сизелерлек нәтиҗәгә ирешә алмый. Һәм өстәвенә татарларда үзебезне дәррәү кубып дөньякүләм биеклекләргә менгезергә дигән – юк, мөмкинлек түгел! – теләк тә булмавы бик тиз ачыкланды. Шуңа күрә бу проектлар хәзер «туңдырылган» хәлдә. Без хәтта аларның интерфейсын (эчке аңлатмалы язуларын) татар телендә булдыру зарурлыгына да администраторларны күндерә алмыйбыз. Ә wikipedia.org сайтлар тармагында исә эшләр татарның үз корткычлыгына кадәр үк барып җитте инде: Казаннан бер бәндә кисәге башкалар язганны бозып һәм махсус программалар ярдәмендә хәреф хаталары өстәп утыра!

Беренче ике юнәлеш турында гаять тәфсилле һәм кызыклы мәгълүматлар «Мәдәни җомга» газетасының 2022 елгы 16 һәм 30 сентябрь, 7 октябрь көннәрендә чыккан 36 нчы, 38 нче һәм 39 нчы саннарында (һәркайсының 14-15 битләрендә) бар. 2021-2022 елларда җыйнаграк язмалар шулай ук «Челнинские известия», «Ватаным Татарстан» һәм «Ирек мәйданы» газеталарында да басылды. Аларның авторлары – журналистлар Илисә Ганеева, Фәния Әхмәтҗанова, Зилә Нигъмәтҗанова.

Forvo.com сайты – санап үтелгән проектларның иң әһәмиятлесе һәм популяры. Иртәме-соңмы, бүгенге шайтанча ашкынып глобальләшү чорында үз телен саклап калырга һәм аны лаеклы урынга күтәрергә теләмәгән аз санлы халыкларны көчләп ассимиляцияләү дә башланырга мөмкин. Һәм инкыйразга илтүче ассимиляция телне югалту гына түгел ул. Югалган телне өлешчә кайтарып була әле. Ә менә чит-ятларның үзең өчен гел зарарлы булган гадәтләрен үзләштерү тагын да яманрак.

Җимергеч «сәясәт» күптән инде әзерләнеп килә, ә 2017 елдан башлап ул гасырлар буе дөньякүләм шайтани сынау полигоны булган Русиядә бар көченә тормышка ашырыла башлады. Соңрак бу «тәҗрибә»не бар дөньяга тарату өчен. Әйтик, урыс булмаган телләрдә белем бирү чынлыкта тыелды да инде. Шул сәбәпле империянең кайбер халыкларын бүген үк «сызып ташларга» да була. Үзебез иҗтиһат кылырга теләмәсәк, бу фаҗига без татарларны да читләтеп үтмәячәк. Һәм «булдырабызлар» кыл да кыймылдатмыйлар бүген, алга таба да берни эшләмәсләр, бөтен дөнья өчен әһәмияте булган татар телен саклап калыйк дип! «Спасение утопающих – дело рук самих утопающих!»

Forvo сайтының татар тупланмасында бүген миннән кала тагын бер генә кеше эшли. Казан пенсионеры Шамил Нәҗипев ул. Элегрәк Миләүшә исемле, һәрьяклы төпле белемле һәм дөньяның берничә телен белә торган татар җанлы яшь туташыбыз да булыша иде безгә. Төрек лицеенда урта белем алган ул гасыр башында (юкка гына бу мәктәпләрне шапылдатып ябып куймадылар бит инде Татарстанда!). Югары белгечлеге буенча юрист. Ләкин хәзер инде аңа – намусын югалтмыйча – бу һөнәр буенча лаеклы эш табу, бәлки, мөмкин дә түгелдер. Русиядә дә, Татарстанда да. Шуңа күрә ул «пандемия» оештырылган елда чит илгә күчеп китәргә мәҗбүр булды. Үзе кебек үк киң күңелле тормыш юлдашын табу да читен булгандыр аңа. Чит илдә 

ул инглиз, урыс, татар һәм төрек телләренә тәрҗемә итү белән таба үз ризыгын. Былтыр көз көне Казанга һәм Чаллыга кайтып, безнең белән күрешеп-сөйләшеп һәм... мәңгегә дип хушлашып киткән иде. Шуннан соң ул кияүгә чыкты. Иренең исеме-фамилиясе һәм кем икәне дә билгеле. Кайда яшәгәннәре дә сер түгел безнең өчен. Бәлки балалары да бардыр инде. Кайчан туган илебезгә әйләнеп кайтасыларын гына фаразлап булмый...

Сайтның төп офисы Испаниянең Басклар Илендә, Сан-Себастьян шәһәрендә урнашкан, дөньяның дистәләгән илендә аның үз серверлары эшли. Мәскәүдә һәм Петербургта да бар иде алар. Ләкин 2013-2014 елларда әлеге «башкалалар» һакерлары Forvo сайтына каршы көчле һөҗүмнәр оештырдылар. Кайвакыт сайтны атна буе төзәтеп утырдылар басклар һәм испаннар. Әйтик, корткычлар 2014 ел башында татар тупланмасының 100 меңләп сүзен – башлыча топонимиканы һәм тезмә-кушма фигыльләрне – сөртеп ташладылар. Югалган тел берәмлекләренең бер өлешен торгызырга... сайтның алман милләтеннән булган кулланучылары ярдәм итте безгә! Канаданың көнбатышында яшәүче алман кешесе Вольфганг Һофмайерга аеруча рәхмәтлемен. Ул хәзер сайт эшендә катнашмый инде. Исән-сау булса, хәзер аңа 82 яшь булырга тиеш. Гомумән, без күп кенә илләр кешеләре белән тыгыз элемтәдә тора идек ул вакытта. Алманнардан кала, вьетнамлылар, инглиз телле британиялеләр, японнар, кореялылар, Төркиядә яшәүче татарлар белән хат язышып тордык сайт почтасы аша. Әмма «пандемия» чит ил дусларыбызның күбесен төшенкелеккә батырды, күбесе эшне ташлады инде, аралар да өзелде...

Ә бу сайттагы беренче татар сүзләрен 2008 елда ук Чаллы педагогия институтының бер мөгаллиме яздыра башлаган, аның тәхәллүсе – pippin2k. Кем булуын чамалыйм, 1990 нчы елларда Татар иҗтимагый үзәгендә бик актив кеше иде ул. Ләкин, кызганычка каршы, исем-фамилиясен искә төшерә алмыйм инде – онытылган. Соңрак, 2011 ел башында, аңа Шамил Зарипов килеп кушылган. 2011 елның 23 апрелендә, мин Forvo’да эшли башлаган көнне, безнең тупланмада 800дән артыграк сүз бар иде. Май аенда ук админнар миңа сайт интерфейсын татар теленә дә күчерергә тәкъдим иттеләр. Бөтен эчке аңлатмаларны алман һәм инглиз телләреннән тәрҗемә итеп урнаштырдым.

Сайт җитәкчеләре белән хәзер дә бик уңай мөнәсәбәттә торабыз. Баштарак, 2011-2012 елларда, сайттагы «татар һөҗүме» бик күпләрне аптырашта калдырган иде. Ләкин без берничә кат язган «дипломатия хатлары»ннан һәм Швециянең Мальмё университеты журналында урнаштырылган интервьюыбыздан соң (авторы – алман журналисты Михаэль Шетцляйн) безгә карашлар тамырдан үзгәрде, дисәң дә була. 2014 елда Кырым яңадан Русия карамагына кергәч, европалылар бөтенләй шок халәтендә булдылар. Бу вакыйга сайттагы вазгыятьне дә нык үзгәртте. Админнар рейтинг лидерларына карата өстәмә хәвефсезлек чаралары булдырдылар. Бу яңалык, әлбәттә, безнең эшне бераз әкренәйтте.

Унөч елга якын эшли-эшли, бердәнбер «гонорар» алдым. 2015 елда без сайтта «күләм рейтингы» буенча беренче урынга чыктык. Шуннан соң Лондонда яшәүче бер ханым, өй адресымны сайт почтасы аша соратып алып, миңа FORVO дип язылган фирма майкасын бүләк итеп җибәрде. Хәзер дә киеп йөрим аны: төсе бераз уңган булса да, тетелеп бетмәгән әле.

Без сайт эшенә илнең башка халыклары кешеләрен дә җәлеп итәргә тырышып карадык: мәсәлән, башкортларны, чуашларны, удмуртларны, мариларны, тывалыларны. Башкортлардан шундый җавап килде: «Беҙ быны кәрәк тип тапмайбыҙ, кәрәк тип тапһаҡ, ике атнала ике йөҙ мең һүҙ кертеп ултыртабыҙ!» Унбер ел вакыт үтте, башкорт тупланмасына 200 яңа сүз дә өстәлмәде әле. Калган 15 мең башкорт сүзен мин фәкыйрегез («Буа башкорты»!) үзе яздырды. Чуашлардан һәм удмуртлардан бөтенләй җавап килмәде. Тывалы бер туташ белән тыва тупланмасында матур гына эшләп киткән идек тә, аңа бу гамәлне, кияүгә чыккач, ир җәмәгате тыйды. Тывада патриархат дигәнең бик куәтле икән. Ә менә «көнчыгыш мари» диалектында сөйләшүче Елена ханым белән без ике елдан артык гөрләтеп эшләдек. Мин мари сүзләрен һәм өземтәләрен өстәп торам, мәскәүле Елена аларның әйтелешен яздыра. Нәтиҗәдә хәзер мари тупланмасында 60 меңләп тел берәмлеге бар! Эшне дәвам итүче генә юк...

Ниһаять, 2023 елның 30 августында, Шамил белән икәү башкарган җәйге «аврал»дан соң, без сайтта БЕР МИЛЛИОНЫНЧЫ татар тел берәмлеген яздырдык. Муса Җәлилнең «Җырларым» шигыре юллары иде ул: «Сездә минем бөтен тойгыларым, сездә минем керсез яшьләрем». Кертемне азәрбайҗанлы Бәхтияр Ваһабзадәнең Муса Җәлилгә багышланган «Очыгыз, тулпарларым!» шигыреннән (тәрҗемәсе Ренат Харисныкы) ике өземтә белән «уратып алдык».

«Ни өчен татар теле татарның үзенә һәм бөтен дөньяга да кирәк соң?» – дигән сорау да туарга мөмкин. Җавап шундый: безнең телебез, беренчедән, төрки телләрнең кыл уртасында сакланып калган һәм шуңа күрә төрки дөньяда аралашу теле булып китәргә сәләтле. Аны бары тик XX гасырда «бөек телләр»дән алынган сүзләрдән өлешчә арындыру гына мәслихәттер. Икенчедән, борынгы гасырларда Ислам дине Идел-Урал төбәгендә һәм Себердә төрки телләрне саклаучы һәм үстерүче ролен дә үтәгән булса, бүген нәкъ киресенчә: бу телләр һәм бигрәк тә татар теле бетсә, бүгенге Русия мәмләкәтендә Ислам диненә дә зур куркыныч янаячак. Соңгы биш гасыр хәтере безгә шулай ди. Өченчедән, татар теле һәм татар иҗтиһады аша урталык җирләренең һәм бөтен Евразиянең дә чынбарлыктагы тарихын торгызу җиңелрәк. Әйтик, олы кыйтга топонимикасының яртысы әле бүген дә тугандаш төрки телләрдә бит. Һәм бүген рәсми дип саналган тарих «бөек телләр»дә иҗат ителгән чеп-чи ялган тозагында. Ә ялганга корылган «цивилизация»нең бернинди перспективасы юк. Һәм илебезнең лаеклы киләчәге дә татарның актив катнашыннан гайре барлыкка килә алмый. Чирек гасырдан соң ук инде бүгенге рәсми «сәясәт» нәтиҗәләренең кешелек тәнендә яман шеш булып китүе ихтимал...

«Ни өчен бу сүзләрне атказанган сәясәт, әдәбият һәм мәдәният әһелләре түгел, ә махсус югары белеме һәм университетта алынган катыргы кәгазе дә булмаган бер бәндә яза соң?» – дип сорарсызмы? Чөнки бөекләребезне җанның-тәннең бөтен күзәнәкләрен дә йомарлап тотучы коткы һәм төшенкелек баскан, алар бүген шайтани көчләр коллыгында! Бу уңайдан Игорь Губерманнан төпле «җавап»:

'''''У писателей ушки в мерлушке'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''и остатки еды на бровях,&lt;br&gt;'''''
'''''возле дуба им строят кормушки,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''чтоб не вздумали рыться в корнях.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Әдипләрнең колаклары илтер,&lt;br&gt;
кашларында – азык калдыгы,&lt;br&gt;
тамырларда казынмасын диптер,&lt;br&gt;
имән төпләрендә утлыгы.&lt;br&gt;

Көлке түгел бу хәл – без кичергән фаҗига ул! Ошыймы-юкмы – икенче мәсьәлә. Һәм тагын бер актуаль фикер: милли инкыйраз теге яки бу милли-иҗтимагый күренеш турында «Нәрсәгә кирәк соң бу?» дигән сораудан башлана. Ә бу сорау бүген инде ялкаулыктан интегүчеләребезне нык «борчый»...

«Гариклар» турында. Сиксән җиде яшьлек урыс-яһүд шагыйренә гашыйк булдым, дисәм, дөрес булмас иде. Миңа аның үз кавемендә утыз гасырлык «кыйммәтләр» һәм максатлар өчен гап-гади көрәшче генә булуы сер түгел. Шул исәптән, ачыктан-ачык ялган-фальсификация ярдәмендә дә. Әйтик, аның адым саен кабатлана торган «татаро-монгольское иго» сафсатасы тарихи наданлыктан килеп чыкмаган бит. Белә ашкеназ Игорь Мирон улы дөнья тарихын – энәсеннән җебенә кадәр! Ләкин шул ук вакытта аның «гариклары» кебек камил һәм замананың нәкъ өстенә баса торган дүртьюллыклар язучы шагыйрьләр әле дөньяга тумаган. Татарда да юк хәзер аның тиңдәшләре. Без бу объектив гаделлекне танырга тиешбез: булдыра алмыйсың икән – тырыша-тырыша өйрән. Шул җөмләдән меңьеллык рухият көндәшләреңнән дә. Фоат Уразай боларны «дөнья тотучылар» дип атый, ә Андрей Девятов (Пётр Кваськов) – «планлаштыручылар» дип. Ә без кем бүген?

Безнең бу дөньяда бик мөһим бер үзенчәлегебез һәм аермабыз бар: «шайтан сайлаган» милләт булып китәргә хакыбыз да, хәтта мөмкинлегебез дә юк. Теләгебез дә булмаса иде! Мәрхүм Рашат ага Сафин («Татар юлы», «Татар миссиясе», «Татар инануы» һәм башка китаплар авторы) һәм замандашыбыз Фоат Уразай бу хакыйкатьне дистәләрчә мәртәбә исбат иттеләр инде үз әсәрләрендә.&lt;br&gt;
*  *  *&lt;br&gt;
Тупасрак булган булсам, кичерегез, җәмәгать. Минем дә түземлегем чиксез түгел ич – газиз халкымның куркаклыгын, мәнсезлеген һәм матдичелек сазлыгына үз теләге белән кереп батканын күзәтеп торырга. Бүгенгегез имин, киләчәгегез бәхетле булсын! Һәм шуның өчен тормышның бөтен даирәләрендә дә җиң сызганып эшкә керешергә ниятегез, теләгегез, ихтыяр көчегез һәм тырышлыгыгыз барлыкка килсен. Язмышының гел үзенә генә йөкләнгән өлешен үз кулына алырга теләмәгән халык беркайчан да хөр, азат һәм бәйсез булып китмәячәк. Һәм фани дөньяда бары тик намазлыкта утырып кына бакыйлык өчен дә җәннәт әһеле булуга ирешә алмыйсың...&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:Wq/tt]]</text>
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      <text bytes="555270" sha1="ijn9tdmhhzqvnlrt98w0ni5vri0ifaa" xml:space="preserve">== '''ГИМННАР ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘРЕ''' ==
СЫЛТАМА:&lt;br&gt;
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гимннар_тәрҗемәләре

== '''ИГОРЬ ГУБЕРМАН “ГАРИКЛАРЫ”''' ==
СЫЛТАМА:&lt;br&gt;
https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wq/tt/Игорь_Губерман

== '''ГӨЛНӘФИДӘ''' ==
СЫЛТАМА:&lt;br&gt;
https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wq/tt/Гөлнәфидә_Лопанова

== '''КАРПАТ-ДУНАЙ МОҢНАРЫ – УРАЛ-ИДЕЛ ШАҢДАВЫ''' ==

'''''Бу сәхифәнең башлангыч өлешенә Маҗарстанның “Карпатия” исемле вокаль-инструменталь ансамбле репертуарыннан һәм башка маҗар чыганакларыннан алынган җыр-шигырь тәрҗемәләре керде. Башка телләрдән тәрҗемәләр һәм авторның үз язмалары – сәхифә азагында.''''' 

Маҗарлар – тарихи яктан татарларга тугандаш халык: аларның борынгы бабалары Көнбатыш Себердән Дунай елгасы буйларына таба бер мең елга  сузылган “Ватан эзләү сәяхәте” вакытында  бүгенге Татарстан һәм Башкортстан җирләре аша да үткәннәр. Маҗар эзләрен тарихчылар, әйтик, Минзәлә һәм Актаныш якларында тапканнар.

Соңрак маҗарлар төрки телле  башка халыклар белән дә аралашканнар. Галимнәр сүзе буенча, бүгенге маҗар телендә дә 800 ләп төрки-кыпчак алынмасы булуы менә шул борынгы тарихи мөнәсәбәтләр белән аңлатыла. Шул сәбәпле бу шигъри тупланманың  сәхифәдә беренче өлеш һәм аерым бер бүлек рәвешендә кертелүе дә урынсыз булмастыр: телләребез үзгә булса да – фонетик һәм грамматик аваздашлар, милли исем-атамаларыбыз да – рифмадаш. Борынгы һәм бүгенге Урал-Идел топонимнарының “җисми һәм тарихи игезәкләрен” Карпат-Дунай  буйларында да, димәк, биредәге тәрҗемәләрдә дә эзләп табып була.  Байракларыбызда да –  бер үк кызыл-ак-яшел төсләр.

Татарча текстлар маҗар телендәге шигырьләрнең үлчәмнәренә тәңгәл китереп тәрҗемә ителде.

=== '''ISTEN UJJA MEGÉRINTETT (Ходай кулы тиде безгә)''' ===
Volt valamikor egy régi világ&lt;br&gt;
Akkor élt apám, dédapám, nagyapám&lt;br&gt;
Tették a dolgukat, nem kérdeztek semmit&lt;br&gt;
Tudták az életet, jó volt magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;

Jött valamikor egy másik világ&lt;br&gt;
Jött a zöld szemű Rózsa, s jött a Kormorán.&lt;br&gt;
Lett egy nagy család, lesz mit elmesélni&lt;br&gt;
Volt valahol egy hely, hol jó volt magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;

Van nekünk egy zászlónk, mit nem téphetnek szét&lt;br&gt;
A színek maradnak, akármilyen a szél&lt;br&gt;
Álmaimban álmodtam, jó lenne szeretni&lt;br&gt;
Legyen olyan hely, hol jó magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;

Legyen végre egy ország, hol a szavakat kimondhatják!&lt;br&gt;
Legyen végre egy nép, mely elmondhatja kínját!&lt;br&gt;
Legyen végre sok ember, kik tudják, hol a mennyország!&lt;br&gt;
Az lesz az a hely, mit úgy hívnak Magyarország!&lt;br&gt;

A csillagok messze a Föld szívébe látnak&lt;br&gt;
Kik hosszú úton vándoroltak, itt hazát találtak&lt;br&gt;
Ha elvették, mi Tiéd volt, vissza kell azt venni!&lt;br&gt;
Isten ujja megérintett: jó lesz magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na, na-na-na-na-na…&lt;br&gt;

'''ХОДАЙ КУЛЫ ТИДЕ БЕЗГӘ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Ходай кулы тиде безгә...''' Насара Инҗилендә шундый бер җөмлә бар (Иов 19:21):
'''”Гафу итегез, гафу итегез мине, дусларым, Ходай кулы миңа кагылды”'''. Бу җырның исеме шуннан алынган.&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/kormoran-isten-ujja-megerintett-378ec3a2d9f62a97c26f38b468250cab

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/kormoran-isten-ujja-megerintett-2-0259becade0deb757f60be998f8cef51

Беләм элек шундый дөнья булган-барын:&lt;br&gt;
Аңарда яшәгән ата-бабаларым&lt;br&gt;
Эшләгән үз эшен, сорамый ялварып,&lt;br&gt;
Тормышны белгәннәр, күркәм дип маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;

Кайчандыр башка бер дөнья пәйда булган,&lt;br&gt;
Яшел күз гөлчәчәк*, очар кош Корморан**.&lt;br&gt;
Зур гаилә туган, сөйләп тә мактарлык,&lt;br&gt;
Булган күркәмлектә анда да маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;

Ту-байрагыбызны ертып-өзеп булмас,&lt;br&gt;
Нинди җил иссә дә, төсләре һич уңмас.&lt;br&gt;
Төштә күргән хыял – яратып уйларлык:&lt;br&gt;
Булса иде күркәм илемдә маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;

Киләчәктә булсын бер ил – сүзең әйтеп булган бер!&lt;br&gt;
Киләчәктә булсын халык – зарын сөйли алган бер!&lt;br&gt;
Киләчәк оҗмах дип илне телгә алсын!&lt;br&gt;
Булсын шундый урын – Маҗарстан аталсын!&lt;br&gt;

Йолдыз күрә ул ерактан, Җир күңеленә баккан.&lt;br&gt;
Озак сәфәр кылган бабам үз җирен-илен тапкан.&lt;br&gt;
Элек тартып алынганны куй син кире кайтарып!&lt;br&gt;
Ходай кулы тиде безгә: күркәм Җирдә маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на, на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

* Яшел күзле гөлчәчәк сорты Нидерландта барлыкка килгән. Бик нәзберекле гөл, карап-күзәтеп үстерергә кирәк, диләр.&lt;br&gt;

** Корморан – бакланнар гаиләсендәге бер кош. Бу җырны беренче булып башкарган маҗар ансамбленең исеме дә ул. Әлеге кош шулай ук Нидерландтагы бер автомобильләр җитештерүче фирманың рәсми символы булып тора.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''PIROS SZÍV, FEHÉR HÓ, ZÖLD LEVÉL (КЫЗЫЛ ҖАН, АК КАРЛАР, ЯШЕЛ УТ)''' ===
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;
Piros hajnal, fehér álom, zöld remény.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új remény, hogy visszatér még a fény.&lt;br&gt;
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél&lt;br&gt;

Nagyszőlős, Beregszász, Ilosva,&lt;br&gt;
Munkácsnak megcsúfolt várfoka...&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új határ, és a szép turulmadár&lt;br&gt;
Vissza száll, újra száll, haza száll.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új határ, és a szép turulmadár&lt;br&gt;
Vissza száll, újra száll, haza száll.&lt;br&gt;

Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;
Piros hajnal, fehér álom, zöld remény.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új remény, hogy visszatér még a fény&lt;br&gt;
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;

Esküvők, katonák, ünnepek,&lt;br&gt;
Ősi föld, sok vidám kisgyerek.&lt;br&gt;
Kárpátalján szól a dal, jaj lesz e még elég magyar,&lt;br&gt;
Száll a dal, zeng a dal, hív a dal.&lt;br&gt;
Kárpátalján szól a dal, jaj lesz e még elég magyar,&lt;br&gt;
Száll a dal, zeng a dal, hív a dal.&lt;br&gt;

Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;
Piros hajnal, fehér álom, zöld remény.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új remény, hogy visszatér még a fény.&lt;br&gt;
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;

Hogy ha kell, megesküszöm, ott leszek.&lt;br&gt;
Hogy ha kell, еsküszöm, elmegyek.&lt;br&gt;
Nyílik majd még sok virág, s az árnyas Ungvári fák&lt;br&gt;
Nе sárgulj, maradj zöld, fűzfaág!&lt;br&gt;
Nyílik majd még sok virág, s az árnyas Ungvári fák&lt;br&gt;
Ne sárgulj, maradj zöld, fűzfaág!&lt;br&gt;

https://rutube.ru/video/2dd960e0db64bb48ceea178c8b2c98f3/

https://get-tune.net/song/256810-k-rp-tia/195545703-piros-sz-v-feh-r-h-z-ld-lev-l/

'''КЫЗЫЛ ҖАН, АК КАРЛАР, ЯШЕЛ УТ'''&lt;br&gt;

Кызыл җан, ак карлар, яшел ут:&lt;br&gt;
Таң, хыял, өметтә – төс шул ук. &lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз һәм өмет безне алга дәшер:&lt;br&gt;
Җан – кызыл, карлар – ак, ут – яшел*.&lt;br&gt;

Надьсөлөш, Бәрәгсас, Илошва…&lt;br&gt;
Мункачның** кирмәне – хурлыкта...&lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз, яңа чик – әй, гүзәлем, кош Турул***,&lt;br&gt;
Кайт туган җиреңә, илдә бул.&lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз, яңа чик – әй, гүзәлем, кош Турул,&lt;br&gt;
Кайт туган җиреңә, илдә бул.&lt;br&gt;

Кызыл җан, ак карлар, яшел ут:&lt;br&gt;
Таң, хыял, өметтә – төс шул ук. &lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз һәм өмет безне алга дәшер:&lt;br&gt;
Җан – кызыл, карлар – ак, ут – яшел.&lt;br&gt;

Бәйрәмнәр, яучылар һәм туйлар,&lt;br&gt;
Тәүге җир, күңелле балалар.&lt;br&gt;
Җыр яңгырый Карпатта, өн сала ул маҗарга,&lt;br&gt;
Җыр оча, җыр өнди ул алга.&lt;br&gt;
Җыр яңгырый Карпатта, өн сала ул маҗарга,&lt;br&gt;
Җыр оча, җыр өнди ул алга.&lt;br&gt;

Кызыл җан, ак карлар, яшел ут:&lt;br&gt;
Таң, хыял, өметтә – төс шул ук. &lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз һәм өмет безне алга дәшер:&lt;br&gt;
Җан – кызыл, карлар – ак, ут – яшел.&lt;br&gt;

Ант итәм: мин анда булырмын.&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәм: кирәксә, барырмын.&lt;br&gt;
Саргаймый чәчәкләр, агач-тал – Уңварда****,&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл, ак, яшел төс – аларда!&lt;br&gt;
Саргаймый чәчәкләр, агач-тал – Уңварда,&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл, ак, яшел төс – аларда!&lt;br&gt;

* Кызыл, ак, яшел – Маҗарстан байрагы төсләре. Яшел ут – биредә “ яшел үлән” мәгънәсендә.

** Надьсөлөш, Бәрәгсас, Илошва, Мункач – Карпат арты өлкәсендәге шәһәрчекләрнең маҗарча исемнәре. 1944 елга кадәр алар Маҗарстан карамагында булганнар. Икенче бөтендөнья сугышыннан соң Карпат артын ашыга-ашыга украинлаштыру башланган. Бу урыннарның бүгенге славянча исемнәре – Виноградов, Берегово, Иршава, Мукачево.

*** Турул – маҗарларның милли-риваяти кошы.

**** Уңвар – Карпат арты өлкәсе үзәге Ужгород шәһәренең маҗарча исеме.

=== '''CIVITAS FORTISSIMA (Иң кыю шәһәр)''' ===
'''''Recitativ:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Tudjátok meg emberek, hogy jövőtök felől ti magatok, nem pedig mások döntenek.&lt;br&gt;
S hogy volt egy város, ki kezébe vette sorsát.&lt;br&gt;
Fegyverek ordító hangján szólt az igazság,&lt;br&gt;
Nem hajtott fejet a nagyhatalmak előtt,&lt;br&gt;
saját földjéért vitézül küzdött.&lt;br&gt;
Hogy mi lehetett volna, ha követőkre talál és minden város bátran sarkára áll.&lt;br&gt;
Hát csak szolgáljon példaként, hirdessük tettüket, hegyeket mozdít el a hazaszeretet.&lt;br&gt;
Letűnt idők, beszédes tanúja Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;

Volt egy szép ország, ahogy apáink álmodták,&lt;br&gt;
De most idegen csizmák súlyos léptei földünk tapossák,&lt;br&gt;
De most idegen csizmák súlyos léptei földünk tapossák.&lt;br&gt;

A halál amerre kaszál, fogy a nép szűkül a határ.&lt;br&gt;
És a reggeli napfény más országok karmai közt talál.&lt;br&gt;
És a reggeli napfény más országok karmai közt talál.&lt;br&gt;

Megtör vagy ellenáll, csak biztató jelre vár,&lt;br&gt;
S az Ipoly partján egy város népe bátran harcba száll,&lt;br&gt;
S az Ipoly partján egy város népe bátran harcba száll.&lt;br&gt;

Szemükben elszántság, céljuk a szabadság&lt;br&gt;
és a padlásokról előkerülnek az elrejtett puskák,&lt;br&gt;
és a padlásokról előkerülnek az elrejtett puskák.&lt;br&gt; 

Civil, vasutas, katona maroknyi lelkes hada.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;

'''ИҢ КЫЮ ШӘҺӘР'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-civitas-fortissima-b6f21071b8923e01b015edab86d35bc2

https://zvyki.com/song/174903949/Karpatia_-_Civitas_fortissima/

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Әй кешеләр, киләчәкне хәл итәсез үзегез,&lt;br&gt;
Читтән килеп булышмаслар, дуслар, шуны белегез.&lt;br&gt;
Шәһәр булган, үз язмышын алган ул үз кулына.&lt;br&gt;
Хакыйкать әйткән үз сүзен, кушылып туп тавышына.&lt;br&gt;
“Бөекләр” алдында халкы имәгән газиз башын,&lt;br&gt;
Тәвәккәл булып яклаган үз җирен, үз дөньясын.&lt;br&gt;
Ни булыр иде, ил буйлап тарафдарлар ул тапса,&lt;br&gt;
Бөтен шәһәрләр дә бергә шулай аякка басса?&lt;br&gt;
Ватанга мәхәббәт таулар күчерә – хак сүз сиңа:&lt;br&gt;
Узган заманнардан шаһит – Civitas Fortissima!&lt;br&gt;

1. Гүзәл иде бу ил элек, ата-баба хыялы,&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Ләкин хәзер, авыр атлап, чит-ятлар таптый аны. ''':||'''&lt;br&gt;

2. Үлем туе: халык кырыла һәм кискәләнә Ватан,&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Башка илләр тырнагында туа аңарда ал таң. ''':||'''

3. Каршы торма, ди хакимнәр, туган җиреңне ташла.&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Ипой ярында бер шәһәр халкы аякка баса. ''':||'''

4. Һәм күзләре яна уттай – азат тормыш хакына,&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Чардакта яткан мылтыгын ала һәркем кулына. ''':||'''

5. Тимер юлчы, эшче, солдат – бер бөртек гаскәр.&lt;br&gt;
'''||||:''' Канга манып язды куллар – “Иң кыю шәһәр”. ''':||||''' 

''Бу җыр Маҗарстанның '''Балашадьярмат''' шәһәре тарихына багышлап язылган. 1919 елда, Австрия-Венгрия империясен таркатып бетерү йөзеннән, Антанта гаскәрләре элек маҗарлар күчеп килеп яшәгән җирләрне яңадан төзелә яки торгызыла торган дәүләтләргә өләшә башлыйлар. “Бөекләр” әмере буенча Балашадьярмат шәһәре Чехословакия карамагына керергә тиеш була. Моның төп сәбәбе: Көнчыгышка, Украинага һәм Антантага каршы сугышкан Советлар Русиясенә таба тимер юл шул шәһәр аша үтә.''

''Ләкин әлеге елның 29 гыйнварында Ипой (Ипел) елгасы буенда урнашкан шәһәр кешеләре, Маҗарстанда бердәнбер булган килеш, баскыннарга каршы баш күтәрә. Маҗарстанның дәүләт гаскәрләреннән бу төбәктә туып үскән 95 солдат та килеп кушыла. Каршы як гаскәре тар-мар ителә. Антанта бүтән бу шәһәргә кул сузмый, ул бүген дә Маҗарстан дәүләте карамагында. Шушы батырлык өчен шәһәргә “Civitas Fortissima” дигән өстәмә атама бирелгән. Латин сүзләрен “Иң кыю өммәт” дип тә тәрҗемә итеп була.''

''Бүген 14 меңләп  кеше яшәгән Балашадьярматта бу тарихи вакыйгага багышланган һәйкәл бар.''   

=== '''IGAZÁN SZERETNI (Ихластан ярату)''' ===
'''''Recitativ:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Amit erő és hatalom elvesz, azt idő és kedvező szerencse ismét visszahozhatják. De miről a nemzet, félve a szenvedésektől, önmaga lemondott, annak visszaszerzése mindig nehéz, s mindig kétsége. 

Mert aki hazáját igazán szereti,&lt;br&gt;
Oltárán gyönyörű életét szenteli.&lt;br&gt;
Piros-fehér-zöld lesz áldott szemfedője,&lt;br&gt;
De Isten úgy segítsen, száz lép majd helyébe.&lt;br&gt;

Akinek fáj Erdély rabláncon tartása,&lt;br&gt;
S eljut a szívéig súlyos sóhajtása.&lt;br&gt;
Meghallja konduló harang hívó szavát,&lt;br&gt;
Nem hagyja magára szegény Kárpátalját.&lt;br&gt;

Kinyújtja segítő két kezét népének,&lt;br&gt;
Ezer sebből vérző Tátra-Felvidéknek.&lt;br&gt;
És ha harci sípját a nyugati szél fújja,&lt;br&gt;
Őr vidék keresztjét erős vállán hordja.&lt;br&gt;

Látja szolga sorba hajtott magyarságát,&lt;br&gt;
Eke szarván síró Bánságot és Bácskát.&lt;br&gt;
Ráncot szánt az idő ifjú homlokára,&lt;br&gt;
De szemében csillog a szabadságnak lángja.&lt;br&gt;

Mert aki hazáját igazán szereti,&lt;br&gt;
Oltárán gyönyörű életét szenteli.&lt;br&gt;
Piros-fehér-zöld lesz áldott szemfedője,&lt;br&gt;
De Isten úgy segítsen, én lépek helyébe. &lt;br&gt;

'''ИХЛАСТАН ЯРАТУ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-igazan-szeretni-747c20ace0ccfe57c0ca289df2cbcdba

&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/154544161/K_rp_tia_-_Igaz_n_szeretni/&lt;br&gt;

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Көч-куәт белән тартып алынганны заман һәм уңыш кайтарырга мөмкин. Әмма милләтнең, газаплардан шүрләп, үзе баш тарткан байлыгын кайтаруы һәрчак кыен һәм икеле. 

Яратса бер кеше ихластан Ватанын,&lt;br&gt;
Багышлар тормышын аның хозурында.&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл-ак-яшел төс кәфенендә аның,&lt;br&gt;
Йөз басар ур(ы)нына, ярдәм бирсен Хода.&lt;br&gt;

Җан сыкрана, күреп Әрдей богауларын,&lt;br&gt;
Тоеп илнең ыңгырашу-иңрәүләрен;&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә, иш(е)теп кыңгырау чаңнарын,&lt;br&gt;
Калдырмас бәладә Карпатия җирләрен.&lt;br&gt;

Сузар ярдәм кулын Ходай үз халкына,&lt;br&gt;
Канга баткан Татра һәм Тау өлкәсенә.&lt;br&gt;
Өрсә мәгъриб җиле яу сыбызгысына,&lt;br&gt;
Чик ташларын батыр салыр җилкәсенә.&lt;br&gt;

Газиз халкы дучар коллык сөргененә,&lt;br&gt;
Сабан тоткан Банат һәм Бачка сагышлы;&lt;br&gt;
Җыерчыклар салса да вакыт йөзенә,&lt;br&gt;
Азатлыкка сүнмәс күзләр омтылышлы.&lt;br&gt;

Яратса бер кеше ихластан Ватанын,&lt;br&gt;
Багышлар тормышын аның хозурында.&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл-ак-яшел төс кәфенендә аның,&lt;br&gt;
Мин басам ур(ы)нына, ярдәм бирсен Хода.&lt;br&gt;

'''''Кызыл-ак-яшел''''' ''– Маҗарстан байрагы төсләре.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Әрдей''''' ''(Erdély, Трансильвания) – 1920 елда Румыниягә кереп калган саф маҗар телле төбәк; биредә яшәүче сейкәй кавеменең ата-бабалары – көнчыгыштан Карпат таулары артына IX гасырда ук килеп урнашкан беренче маҗар токымы.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Карпатия''''' ''– Украинаның үзәге Уңвар (Ужгород) булган маҗар телле Карпат арты төбәге һәм Молдованың чаңгош маҗарлары яшәгән җирләр.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Татра''''' ''һәм '''Тау өлкәсе''' – бүгенге Словакиядә маҗарларның словаклар белән аралашып яшәгән җирләре.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Банат''''' ''һәм '''Бачка''' – Дунай һәм Тиса елгалары арасындагы, элек, Австрия-Венгрия мәмләкәте таркалганчы, Маҗар кыйраллыгы составына кергән маҗар телле төбәкләр. Бүген алар Сербия һәм Румыния карамагында.''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''MAGYAR ÉNEK (Маҗар җыры)''' ===
Mint egykor Erdély meghajszolt határán&lt;br&gt;
A fölriasztott utolsó bölény.&lt;br&gt;
Úgy állsz most népem, oly riadtan, árván,&lt;br&gt;
Búd vadonának reszkető ölén. &lt;br&gt;

És én, mint véred lüktető zenéje,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy most lázas ajkadon liheg.&lt;br&gt;
A hang vagyok, mely belesír az éjbe&lt;br&gt;
és sorsod gyászát így zendíti meg: &lt;br&gt;

A mindenségbe annyi jaj kiáltson,&lt;br&gt;
Ahány magyar rög innen elszakad.&lt;br&gt;
A tíz körmömmel kelljen bár kiásnom,&lt;br&gt;
Kikaparom a földből a holtakat. &lt;br&gt;

Meredjen égnek, körül a határon&lt;br&gt;
Irtó karjuknak végtelen sora.&lt;br&gt;
S az égboltján fönt lángbetűkkel álljon&lt;br&gt;
Egy égő, elszánt, zordon szó: soha &lt;br&gt;

Uram, tudd meg, hogy nem akarok élni&lt;br&gt;
Csak magyar földön és csak magyarul.&lt;br&gt;
Ha bűn, hogy lelket nem tudok cserélni,&lt;br&gt;
Jobb is, ha szárnyam mármost porba hull.&lt;br&gt;

De ezt a lelket itt hagyom örökbe,&lt;br&gt;
S ez ott vijjog majd Kárpát havasán.&lt;br&gt;
És belesírom minden ősi rögbe,&lt;br&gt;
El innen rablók, ez az én hazám.&lt;br&gt;

És leszek szégyen és legyek gyalázat,&lt;br&gt;
és ott égek majd minden homlokon.&lt;br&gt;
S mint bujdosó gyász az én szép hazámat&lt;br&gt;
A Jóistentől visszazokogom.&lt;br&gt;

És megfúvom majd hitem harsonáit,&lt;br&gt;
Bölcsővé lesz még minden ravatal.&lt;br&gt;
Havas Kárpáttól kéklő Adriáig&lt;br&gt;
Egy ország lesz itt, egyetlen, s magyar.&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАР ҖЫРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-magyar-enek-58e77008c056989798d2abc02e3b6e9f

&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/search/q/magyar+ének/

Әрдейләрдә эзәрлекләнгән берчак,&lt;br&gt;
Бүген, соңгы үгез күк калтырап,&lt;br&gt;
Өркетелгән халкым тора ялгызак,&lt;br&gt;
Буда карурманында аптырап.&lt;br&gt;

Иреннәреңдә кызышып саташкан&lt;br&gt;
Канның дөп-дөп типкән көе кебек,&lt;br&gt;
Язмышыңның фаҗигасен тараткан&lt;br&gt;
Сөрән салып дәшәм, сиңа килеп.&lt;br&gt;

Таудан купкан кантарлар өне белән&lt;br&gt;
Галәмгә ачы тавышым иңсен.&lt;br&gt;
Ун бармагым тырмашсын, кабат гүрдән&lt;br&gt;
Яугир шәһитләр, дип, илгә килсен.&lt;br&gt;

Тәмугка ашсын, канлы кулын уып,&lt;br&gt;
Чик буенда посышкан бар дошман.&lt;br&gt;
Күк йөзендә утлы хәрефләр булып&lt;br&gt;
Язылсын катгый бер сүз: “Һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Йа Ходай, кирәк түгел миңа яшәү&lt;br&gt;
Туган җиргә, телгә чит тарафта.&lt;br&gt;
Гөнаһ булса җан алмаштыра белмәү,&lt;br&gt;
Юкка чыксын бу хыял-канат та.&lt;br&gt;

Калдырырмын мин җанымны мираска,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгырасын Карпат-тау иңендә,&lt;br&gt;
Инәлүем язылыр һәрбер ташка:&lt;br&gt;
“Юкка чыксын талаучы Илемдә!”&lt;br&gt;

Оят булып йөзенә ягылырмын,&lt;br&gt;
Сатса берәр бәндә үз намусын.&lt;br&gt;
Бер Ходайдан мин ялварып алырмын&lt;br&gt;
Ватан дигән бу йөрәк сагышын.&lt;br&gt;

Сулыш өрәм инану торбасына:&lt;br&gt;
Бишек ясарбыз әле табуттан.&lt;br&gt;
Чал Карпаттан күк Әдрән дәрьясына&lt;br&gt;
Кабат җәелер ул – уртак Ватан.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''MAGYARNAK SZÜLETTEM! (Маҗар булып яшим!)''' ===
Nem hajlok semmi szélnek,&lt;br&gt;
Pusztító jégverésnek,&lt;br&gt;
Úgy állok rendületlen,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Hiába ütnek, rúgnak,&lt;br&gt;
Kemény fából faragtak.&lt;br&gt;
Az ég ítél felettem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Lágy eső arcom mossa,&lt;br&gt;
Vállamon népem sorsa.&lt;br&gt;
Teszem mit meg kell tennem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Vadászhat énrám bárki,&lt;br&gt;
Van erőm bosszút állni.&lt;br&gt;
Én soha nem felejtem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Ha egyszer megtagadnám,&lt;br&gt;
Édes jó szülőhazám.&lt;br&gt;
Sújtson le rám az Isten&lt;br&gt;!
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Rab madár, hogy ha voltam,&lt;br&gt;
Kitéptem minden tollam.&lt;br&gt;
Áruló sosem lettem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАР БУЛЫП ЯШИМ!'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-magyarnak-szulettem-44d1709ef7038e59fb0d3a40427e3a3e

https://zvyki.com/song/20207573/Karpatia_-_Magyarnak_szulettem/

Баш имим җил каршында,&lt;br&gt;
Үтәмен кар-бозын да,&lt;br&gt;
Нык торамын, бирешмим:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим!&lt;br&gt;

Кыйнасалар да качмам,&lt;br&gt;
Имән күк мин агачтан.&lt;br&gt;
Күкләр миңа тик хаким,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Ләйсән юа йөземне,&lt;br&gt;
Мин кадерлим илемне.&lt;br&gt;
Кирәк булганны эшлим,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Теләсә кем ауласын –&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһым ярлыкасын!&lt;br&gt;
Онытмыйм, бәхәсләшмим:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Әгәр дә мин ваз кичсәм&lt;br&gt;
Изге туган җиремнән,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһым кичермәс, дим.&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Читлектә кош булыйммы?! –&lt;br&gt;
Йолкыгыз каурыемны!&lt;br&gt;
Һәр сатлыкка көндәш мин,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''NEMZETI DAL (Милләт җыры)''' ===
Talpra magyar, hí a haza!&lt;br&gt;
Itt az idő, most vagy soha!&lt;br&gt;
Rabok legyünk vagy szabadok?&lt;br&gt;
Ez a kérdés, válasszatok!&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk! &lt;br&gt;

Rabok voltunk mostanáig,&lt;br&gt;
Kárhozottak ősapáink,&lt;br&gt;
Kik szabadon éltek-haltak,&lt;br&gt;
Szolgaföldben nem nyughatnak.&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk! &lt;br&gt;

Sehonnai bitang ember,&lt;br&gt;
Ki most, ha kell, halni nem mer,&lt;br&gt;
Kinek drágább rongy élete,&lt;br&gt;
Mint a haza becsülete.&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

Fényesebb a láncnál a kard,&lt;br&gt;
Jobban ékesíti a kart,&lt;br&gt;
És mi mégis láncot hordtunk!&lt;br&gt;
Ide veled, régi kardunk!&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

A magyar név megint szép lesz,&lt;br&gt;
Méltó régi nagy hiréhez;&lt;br&gt;
Mit rákentek a századok,&lt;br&gt;
Lemossuk a gyalázatot!&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

Hol sírjaink domborulnak,&lt;br&gt;
Unokáink leborulnak,&lt;br&gt;
És áldó imádság mellett&lt;br&gt;
Mondják el szent neveinket.&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

'''МИЛЛӘТ ҖЫРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(авторы – Шандор Пәтөфи, 1848 елда язылган)'''''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиолары:&lt;br&gt;
'''Kormorán''' ансамбле башкаруында&lt;br&gt;
https://muzjam.org/search/nemzeti%20dal

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/fonograf-nemzeti-dal-4c11dd22b9efe4ca75d7f368b58e2658

Кузгал, маҗар, чакыра Ватан!&lt;br&gt;
Йә бүген үк, йә һичкайчан!&lt;br&gt;
Коллар булып калыргамы,&lt;br&gt;
Әллә азат булыргамы?&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Коллар булдык... Ата-баба&lt;br&gt;
Каберләрдән сөрән сала:&lt;br&gt;
Азат яшәгәннәр җирдә&lt;br&gt;
Таба алмый тынлык гүрдә!&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Ләгънәтем – язмыш кушканда,&lt;br&gt;
Үлемнән куркып качканга,&lt;br&gt;
Учлап тотып кабих җанын,&lt;br&gt;
Сатып намусын, Ватанын.&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Кылыч – балкышлы чылбырдан,&lt;br&gt;
Төшмәсен ул безнең кулдан.&lt;br&gt;
Күпме йөрергә богауда?&lt;br&gt;
Тот коралың, ирек яула!&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Маҗар ис(е)ме горур, шанлы,&lt;br&gt;
Кайтарыйк борынгы данны;&lt;br&gt;
Кире как шайтан әгъвасын,&lt;br&gt;
Юып ташла йөз карасын!&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Гүр өстендә тау өярләр,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм оныклар баш иярләр,&lt;br&gt;
Дога кылып, әйтер һәркем&lt;br&gt;
Изгеләрнең исемнәрен.&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

=== '''EGY AZ ISTEN, EGY A NEMZET (Бер үк Алла, бер үк милләт)''' ===
Egy az Isten, egy a nemzet,&lt;br&gt;
Bármily gyenge, bármily sebzett.&lt;br&gt;
Ahol a fák égig nőnek,&lt;br&gt;
Állnak még a határkövek.&lt;br&gt;
||: Szent koronánk&lt;br&gt;
Óvd, vigyázd Hazánk,&lt;br&gt;
Hajnal csillag szép keresztünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ragyogj fel reánk. :||&lt;br&gt;

Zúgó erdők, kéklő sziklák&lt;br&gt;
Esőverte árva kopják&lt;br&gt;
Visszhangozzák, mennydörögnek&lt;br&gt;
Egy az Isten, egy a nemzet.&lt;br&gt;
||: Szent koronánk&lt;br&gt;
Óvd, vigyázd Hazánk,&lt;br&gt;
Hajnal csillag szép keresztünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ragyogj fel reánk. :||&lt;br&gt;

Elvérzett a nemzet nagy Magyarországért&lt;br&gt;
Most sír, zokog a lelkünk hegyekért, rónákért.&lt;br&gt;
Aki azt majd egyszer újra feltámasztja,&lt;br&gt;
Áldja meg az Isten és minden magyar ajka. &lt;br&gt;
Most hát okulásul figyelj a szavamra,&lt;br&gt;
Figyelj, s kezed merítsd a hűs patakba,&lt;br&gt;
Érzed a pataknak sebes rohanását,&lt;br&gt;
Az ország szívének minden dobbanását.&lt;br&gt; 
Hallgasd a köveket, hallgasd, amint mondják,&lt;br&gt;
Idegen hatalmak őket összezúzták.&lt;br&gt;
Kőnek és embernek ugyanaz volt sorsa,&lt;br&gt;
Mostoha gyermekét egy világ taposta.&lt;br&gt;

||: Szent koronánk&lt;br&gt;
Óvd, vigyázd Hazán&lt;br&gt;k,
Hajnal csillag szép keresztünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ragyogj fel reánk. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕР ҮК АЛЛА, БЕР ҮК МИЛЛӘТ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-egy-az-isten-egy-a-nemzet-828e0c8836a6210242e2c68e3cf01f7f

&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/23793729/K_rp_tia_-_Egy_az_isten_egy_a_nemzet/ 

Бер үк Алла, бер үк милләт,&lt;br&gt;
Бер шәфәгать, бер үк гыйльләт;&lt;br&gt;
Анда агач үсә күккә,&lt;br&gt;
Ә ташлар куелган чиккә.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (2):'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ил гамендә – изге таҗыбыз;&lt;br&gt;
Таң йолдызы һәм гүзәл хач,&lt;br&gt;
Бергә балкыгыз!&lt;br&gt; 

Зәңгәр кыя, кара урман –&lt;br&gt;
Бер яңгырдан сугарылган,&lt;br&gt;
Яшен яшьнәп һәм күк күкрәп:&lt;br&gt;
“Бер үк Алла, бер үк милләт”.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (2).'''''&lt;br&gt; 

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Кан койды халкыбыз Бөек Маҗарстан дип,&lt;br&gt;
Ә хәзер кайгырта елга-тау тотам дип.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм кемсә бу илгә кабат нигез салыр –&lt;br&gt;
Алланың, маҗарның рәхмәтен казаныр. &lt;br&gt;
Дикъкатьләп сүземне күңелгә алыгыз&lt;br&gt;
Һәм салкын елгага кулларны салыгыз;&lt;br&gt;
Сиз(е)ләме елганың ярсулы агышы –&lt;br&gt;
Илемнең ул йөрәк тибеше, сагышы.&lt;br&gt;
Тыңлагыз ташларны, аңлагыз сүзләрен,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-ятның куллары җимерде үзләрен.&lt;br&gt;
Ташлар да, халык та тәкъдиргә тап булган:&lt;br&gt;
Үксезлек улларын кимсетеп таптаган.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (4):'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ил гамендә – изге таҗыбыз;&lt;br&gt;
Таң йолдызы һәм гүзәл хач,&lt;br&gt;
Бергә балкыгыз!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HA LÁTOK CSILLAGOT (Күрәм якты йолдызымны)''' ===
Ha látok csillagot ragyogni az égen&lt;br&gt;
Látom, amit láttak őseink is régen&lt;br&gt;
Látom az Alföldről hajnalpirkadatkor&lt;br&gt;
Eltűnnni fényüket a látóhatárról&lt;br&gt;

Látom, ha felnézek fenyőrengetegből&lt;br&gt;
Göncölszekér rúdját, Erdély szegletéből&lt;br&gt;
Apró gyertyalángként mutatják az utat&lt;br&gt;
S hazáig vezetik kóborló fiukat&lt;br&gt;

Látom a Tiszának s Murának vizében&lt;br&gt;
Tükröződni fényük vajdasági éjben&lt;br&gt;
Halászok hálóján gyöngysorként csillognak&lt;br&gt;
Mint akik az égről búsan aláhulltak&lt;br&gt;

Látom nagy hegyekről, oly, de oly közelről&lt;br&gt;
Kéznyújtásra vannak palócok földjéről&lt;br&gt;
Mint ezernyi mécses pislákoló fénye&lt;br&gt;
Kigyúl, majd elalszik, estéről estére&lt;br&gt;

Látom tündöklésük Kárpátok aljáról&lt;br&gt;
Ott tekintenek le sötét égboltjáról&lt;br&gt;
Hol szabad tűz mellett vadászok regélne&lt;br&gt;k
S míg egymást hallgatják, ők is fel-felnéznek&lt;br&gt;

Látom sugarukat megtörni a Rábán&lt;br&gt;
Rég kiszolgált malmok korbácsolta fodrán&lt;br&gt;
Őrségi házaknak kicsiny ablakán át&lt;br&gt;
Figyelik a csillag örök vándorlását&lt;br&gt;

'''КҮРӘМ ЯКТЫ ЙОЛДЫЗЫМНЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Берничә илдә таралып яшәүче маҗарлар күңелендәге уртак күк җисеме турында “Карпатия” төркеменең җыры.&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-ha-latok-csillagot-53ae43449852defad9d65fb49d53577c

https://zvyki.com/song/154544120/K_rp_tia_-_Ha_l_tok_csillagot/
 
Күрәм, йолдыз балкып тора аяз күктән,&lt;br&gt;
Аны шулай бабаларым да күзәткән.&lt;br&gt;
Моңсуланам, Альфөлдләрдә таң атканда,&lt;br&gt;
Сүнгән йолдызымны күздән югалтканда.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм аны, йөрсәм Әрдей урманында,&lt;br&gt;
Зур Җидегән чүмеченең кыл янында:&lt;br&gt;
Елтыр уты шәмдәй миңа юл күрсәтә,&lt;br&gt;
Кайт илеңә, балам, диеп, ул юнәлтә.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм, чаг(ы)ла Тиса, Мура суларында,&lt;br&gt;
Яктыра ул төнлә Вайда асманында,&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчылар ятьмәсендә энҗе-мәрҗән&lt;br&gt;
Ялтыр-йолтыр – йолдыз нуры җиргә иңгән.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм якты йолдызымны мин якыннан –&lt;br&gt;
Кул сузып тот аны палоцлар тавыннан:&lt;br&gt;
Меңләгән ут җемелдәвендә күренә,&lt;br&gt;
Кичен балкый йолдыз, иртән ул сүрелә.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм балкыганын Карпат итәгендә&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызымның караңгы төн күкрәгендә,&lt;br&gt;
Аучы халкы учак янында җыйнаулап&lt;br&gt;
Имеш-мимешләрен сөйли, аңа карап.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм, балкышыннан Раба да нурлана,&lt;br&gt;
Тирмән чарыгыннан елга дулкынлана.&lt;br&gt;
Өршейг өйләренең тәрәзләре аша&lt;br&gt;
Хыял йолдыз сәяхәтенә тоташа.&lt;br&gt;

'''Альфөлд''' – Бөек маҗар тигезлегенең җирле исеме.

'''Мура''' – Австриядәге таулардан агып чыккан елга, Драваның сул кушылдыгы, бүгенге Маҗарстанның чик сызыгы шул елга буйлап аның тамагына кадәр.

'''Тиса''' – Дунайның сул яктагы һәм иң озын кушылдыгы, елганың урта өлеше Маҗарстан аша үтә.

'''Вайда''' – Сербиянең Воеводина мохтарияте, илнең 26 милләт вәкиле яшәүче иң зур төбәге, анда маҗарлар сан буенча, серблардан кала, икенче урында.

'''Палоцлар''' – Маҗарстанның төньягындагы милли төркем, бер өлеше Словакиядәге Татра тауларында яши. Русия тарихчылары палоцларны күптән маҗарлашкан кыпчаклар дип тә саный.

'''Раба''' – Дунай елгасының уң кушылдыгы.

'''Өршейг''' – Маҗарстанның көнбатышындагы милли парк, Раба елгасыннан көньяктарак урнашкан.

=== '''A HAZA MINDEN ELŐTT! (Барыннан өстен Ватан!)''' ===
“Kell, hogy történjenek olyan csodák, amiket tíz nemzedék megemlegessen. Példákat kell adni ennek a nemzetnek, amik a szíveket megerősíték. Hóhérpallost a futó rabszolgahadnak! Addig nem fog győzni a szabadság ügye, amíg a magyar nemzet saját áruló korcsivadékának hulláiból olyan hegyet nem rak,
Mint a Mátra, s a döghalom tetején az utolsó áruló apát a saját fia le nem nyakazza!”&lt;br&gt;
('''Jókai Mór''')

Háromszínű zászlóm kibontom,&lt;br&gt;
Vérem alatta bátran kiontom,&lt;br&gt;
Láncra vert rab hazám.&lt;br&gt;
Széttárom sebzett két karom,&lt;br&gt;
Életem egykönnyen nem adom,&lt;br&gt;
Törhetnek bárhonnan rám.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén:&lt;br&gt;
Ha elhagy is minden remény,&lt;br&gt;
Akkor sem változhat vízzé a vér.&lt;br&gt;
Legyek inkább üldözött,&lt;br&gt;
Mint áruló latrok között.&lt;br&gt;
A haza minden előtt!&lt;br&gt;

Vessen a sors bárhova,&lt;br&gt;
Nem koptat idő vasfoga,&lt;br&gt;
Dacolva megyek tovább.&lt;br&gt;
Szememben nincs félelem,&lt;br&gt;
Tudom, hogy kell leküzdenem,&lt;br&gt;
Hitem sziklaszilárd.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

Háromszínű zászlóm kibontom,&lt;br&gt;
Vérem alatta bátran kiontom,&lt;br&gt;
Láncra vert rab hazám.&lt;br&gt;
Széttárom sebzett két karom,&lt;br&gt;
Életem egykönnyen nem adom,&lt;br&gt;
Törhetnek bárhonnan rám.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;
A haza minden előtt!&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-a-haza-minden-elott-c37c28300f040a26bdaac42e6ae4d4fa

'''БАРЫННАН ӨСТЕН ВАТАН!'''&lt;br&gt;
“Ун буын искә алырлык могҗизалар булырга тиеш әле. Халкыбызга кеше йөрәкләрен ныгытырлык үрнәкләр бирергә кирәк. Качкын коллар гаскәренә баш чапкыч тумраннар бирергә! Азатлык эше җиңә алмаячак – маҗар халкы үз сатлыклары-мөртәтләре мәетләрен тау итеп өеп куйганчы һәм бу тау башында соңгы сатлык атаның башын аның улы чабып өзгәнче!”&lt;br&gt;
('''Йокаи Мор''')&lt;br&gt;

Җилфердә өч төс байрагым,&lt;br&gt;
Түг(е)лер сине яклап каным,&lt;br&gt;
Әй, богауланган Ватан.&lt;br&gt;
Җәеп яралы кулларны,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңел генә бирмәм җанны,&lt;br&gt;
Ниләр кылса да дошман.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта:&lt;br&gt;
Чыкса да бар өмет юкка,&lt;br&gt;
Әйләнмәс кызыл кан төссез суга.&lt;br&gt;
Бул эзәрләп куылган,&lt;br&gt;
Ләкин булма сатлык җан.&lt;br&gt;
Барыннан өстен Ватан!&lt;br&gt;

Язмыш кайларга юнәлтмәс,&lt;br&gt;
Вакыт гамәлне югалтмас,&lt;br&gt;
Алга мин ыргыламын.&lt;br&gt;
Курку кермәс һич күзләргә,&lt;br&gt;
Беләм тиешем үтәргә,&lt;br&gt;
Таш кыядай иманым.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта.&lt;br&gt;

Җилфердә өч төс байрагым,&lt;br&gt;
Түг(е)лер сине яклап каным,&lt;br&gt;
Әй, богауланган Ватан.&lt;br&gt;
Җәеп яралы кулларны,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңел генә бирмәм җанны,&lt;br&gt;
Ниләр кылса да дошман.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта.&lt;br&gt;
Барыннан өстен Ватан!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''A BÁNAT KOVÁCSA''' '''(Сагыш тимерчесе)''' ===
||: Ha a bánat arany lenne,&lt;br&gt;
Gazdag ember lennék,&lt;br&gt;
Pénzzé tenném valamennyit,&lt;br&gt;
Árán mosolyt vennék.&lt;br&gt;
Ingyen adnám a magyarnak,&lt;br&gt;
Legyen boldog újra,&lt;br&gt;
Csak ne hulljon több magyar könny,&lt;br&gt;
Veszendőn a porba!&lt;br&gt;

De a bánat acél penge,'''&lt;br&gt;'''
Sorsom a kovácsa,&lt;br&gt;
Keserűség vas üllőjén,&lt;br&gt;
Fröccsen a szikrája!&lt;br&gt;
Ha tüzet gyújt ez a szikra,&lt;br&gt;
Lángba borít mindent,&lt;br&gt;
Égbenyúló szent máglyája,&lt;br&gt;
Szabadságot hirdet.&lt;br&gt;
Szabadságot hirdet! :||'''&lt;br&gt;

'''САГЫШ ТИМЕРЧЕСЕ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-a-banat-kovacsa-cf6e7d36d99cb71a97d45278bc4cd9ea

||: Сагыш, алтын булып, баю&lt;br&gt;
Итсә әгәр насыйп,&lt;br&gt;
Бар акчага бер елмаю&lt;br&gt;
Алыр идем сатып.&lt;br&gt;
Тигенгә биреп, маҗарга&lt;br&gt;
Бүләк итәм бәхет:&lt;br&gt;
Язмасын бүтән еларга,&lt;br&gt;
Югал, милли ләхет!&lt;br&gt;

Сагыш – корыч кылыч, әмма&lt;br&gt;
Тимерче – язмышым:&lt;br&gt;
Әрнүемнән чүкеч-сандал&lt;br&gt;
Очкыннар очырсын!&lt;br&gt;
Чаткылардан ут кабызсак,&lt;br&gt;
Ялкын күккә җитәр,&lt;br&gt;
Балкып торган изге учак&lt;br&gt;
Ирек насыйп итәр.&lt;br&gt;
Ирек насыйп итәр! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BALLADA (Баллада)''' ===
Kettő madár száll az égen,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik nappal, másik éjjel,&lt;br&gt;
A lány fecske verőfényben,&lt;br&gt;
Fiú karvaly éjsötétben.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Elátkozott két madárka,&lt;br&gt;
Egymást csak egy percig látja,&lt;br&gt;
Amint Hold a Napot váltja,&lt;br&gt;
Átváltozik Ő, s a párja.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Fecske suhan szelek hátán,&lt;br&gt;
Aranygyűrű csillog lábán,&lt;br&gt;
Irigy varjak megtámadják,&lt;br&gt;
Szép gyűrűjét elragadják.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Zuhan, szárnya eget szántja,&lt;br&gt;
Szalad kedvese utána,&lt;br&gt;
Egy-egy tollát elhullajtva,&lt;br&gt;
Párjának utat mutatja.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

A legény nyomát követi,&lt;br&gt;
Rába vizében megleli,&lt;br&gt;
Reszkető testét kiveszi,&lt;br&gt;
Fehér ingébe tekeri.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Nap szárítja csapzott tollát,&lt;br&gt;
Nézi szíve választottját,&lt;br&gt;
Megesküszik földre-égre,&lt;br&gt;
Halálba is elmegy érte.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Borostyánok és vadrózsák,&lt;br&gt;
Lassan testük körbefonják,&lt;br&gt;
A szerelmük mégsem halott,&lt;br&gt;
Tiszta lelkük szárnyra kapott.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na &lt;br&gt;

Az eszéki harang hangja,&lt;br&gt;
Azóta is azt kongatja,&lt;br&gt;
Egymásé lett két madárka,&lt;br&gt;
Nem fog rajtuk senki átka.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

'''БАЛЛАДА'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-ballada-fd9e767bb2ac157a24ba25b4f94979fa

Ике гашыйк күккә менә,&lt;br&gt;
Берсе көндез, берсе төнлә:&lt;br&gt;
Кыз-карлыгач – ал таң атса,&lt;br&gt;
Егет-тилгән – шәфәкъ батса.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

Очрашалар ике кошчык&lt;br&gt;
Бер мизгелгә – гүя Сак-Сок&lt;br&gt;:
Ай Кояшны алмаштыргач,&lt;br&gt;
Күрми тилгәнне карлыгач.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

Сылу кош җил куенында,&lt;br&gt;
Алтын балдак аягында,&lt;br&gt;
Комсыз козгын һөҗүм итә&lt;br&gt;
Һәм алканы урлап китә.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

Гашыйк егет күрә ярын:&lt;br&gt;
Кыз, каерып канатларын,&lt;br&gt;
Оча, каурый җуя-җуя.&lt;br&gt;
Егет аңа иңен куя.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на&lt;br&gt;

Сөйгәнен ул озата бара&lt;br&gt;
Раба* суларына таба,&lt;br&gt;
Тетрәүләгән тәнен күрә,&lt;br&gt;
Ак күлмәккә аны төрә.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на&lt;br&gt;

Җил корыта каурыйларын.&lt;br&gt;
Егет, үбеп сөйгән ярын,&lt;br&gt;
Ант итә күккә һәм җиргә:&lt;br&gt;
“Ахирәттә дә без – бергә...”&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-наа…&lt;br&gt;

“Мәхәббәтебез – үлемсез;&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү нигә миңа – синсез?”&lt;br&gt;
Гәрәбә, гөләп һәм әрем&lt;br&gt;
Сырып ала җәсәдләрен...&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на…&lt;br&gt;

…Шул заманнан Уэска чаңы**&lt;br&gt;
Һаман кага – тыңла аны:&lt;br&gt;
“Уртак кошлар язмышлары,&lt;br&gt;
Төшмәс һичкем каргышлары”.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на…&lt;br&gt;

* '''Раба''' – Дунай елгасының уң кушылдыгы.&lt;br&gt;
** “'''Уэска чаңы'''” дип атала торган кыңгырау тәүге кат XII гасырга караган испан риваятендә телгә алына. Соңрак аны Европаның башка халыклары да үз иҗатында куллана башлаган.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ABBÓL A FÁBÓL (Шул агачтан кисеп ал)''' ===
Abból a fából vágjátok az én keresztem,&lt;br&gt;
Amit akkor ültettek, amikor születtem,&lt;br&gt;
Abból a fából legyen majd az én koporsóm,&lt;br&gt;
Amelynek árnyéka alatt írták meg a sorsom.&lt;br&gt;

Gallyaiból rakjatok egy olyan nagy tüzet,&lt;br&gt;
Ami még egyszer táplálja kihűlő szívemet.&lt;br&gt;
Földbe’ nyugvó gyökeréből faragjatok pipát,&lt;br&gt;
Szabad lelkem az égbe szálljon mint a füstkarikák.&lt;br&gt;

Sudár ágai jók lesznek vaskaszák nyelének,&lt;br&gt;
Mely arat, de fegyver is a Magyar kezének,&lt;br&gt;
Fának apró forgácsát vessétek a szélnek,&lt;br&gt;
Viszik messze majd hírünket ahol földet érnek.&lt;br&gt;

Egy árva szűz rügyéből új élet sarjadjon,&lt;br&gt;
Ne hagyjátok soha, soha, hogy nemzetetek kihaljon,&lt;br&gt;
Legszebbik részéből végül bölcsőt készítsetek,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy szebb jövőről álmodjon minden magyar gyermek!&lt;br&gt;

'''ШУЛ АГАЧТАН КИСЕП АЛ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://new.zvuch.com/artists/karpatia-44072

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-abbol-a-fabol-612a9bc3b95f709aeb06d61cbb71eb27

https://zvyki.com/song/166579777/Kárpátia_-_Abból_a_fából/

Шул агачтан каберемә кисеп сал таҗны* –&lt;br&gt;
Мин туганда утыртканнар бит ул агачны.&lt;br&gt;
Шул агачтан уеп яса табутымны син –&lt;br&gt;
Аның астында кичердем язмышымны мин.&lt;br&gt;

Агач ботакларын кисеп, ут сал учакка –&lt;br&gt;
Соңгы тапкыр иңсен җылы сүнгән йөрәккә.&lt;br&gt;
Тамырыннан уеп алып, көпшә хәстәрлә,&lt;br&gt;
Азат җаным төтен сыман ашыр күкләргә.&lt;br&gt;

Агач кулай чалгы белән кылыч сабына –&lt;br&gt;
Эш һәм яу коралы керсен маҗар кулына.&lt;br&gt;
Вак йомычка итеп тура, тапшыр җилләргә –&lt;br&gt;
Ирештерсен даныбызны ерак илләргә.&lt;br&gt;

Яңа тормышны үстерер сафлык бөресе,&lt;br&gt;
Һичкайчан җуелмас җирдә милләт өлгесе.&lt;br&gt;
Иң күркәм тармакларыннан – бишек үрергә,&lt;br&gt;
Һәр маҗар баласы лаек якты килергә!&lt;br&gt;

* '''''Кисеп сал таҗны –''' маҗар телендәге текстта '''“ кисеп куй хачны”''' дип язылган.''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''JÓ LENNE! (Сизәсе иде!)''' ===
Jó lenne megfogni apám erős kezét,&lt;br&gt;
mégegyszer látni csak szigorú szemét,&lt;br&gt;
jó lenne hallgatni bölcs szavait,&lt;br&gt;
megfogadni mindent amit tanít.&lt;br&gt;

Jó lenne anyámnak ölelő karjában,&lt;br&gt;
őszinte gyermekként hinni a világban,&lt;br&gt;
Jó lenne érezni tiszta illatát,&lt;br&gt;
aggódó arcának lágy mosolyát.&lt;br&gt;

'''СИЗӘСЕ ИДЕ!'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-jo-lenne-fb9467510f49f12b80f5924702282225

&lt;br&gt;https://zvyki.com/song/89106103/K_rp_tia_-_J_lenne/

||: Көчле әти кулын кысасы иде,&lt;br&gt;
Катгый карашын да тоясы иде,&lt;br&gt;
Акыллы сүзләрен тыңлыйсы иде,&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш сабакларын аңлыйсы иде.&lt;br&gt;

Әнием куенына керәсе иде,&lt;br&gt;
Гамьле йөзе нурын күрәсе иде,&lt;br&gt;
Хуш исле битен бер үбәсе иде.&lt;br&gt;
Дөньяны сабый күк сизәсе иде! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''KALANDRA FEL (Маҗара-өн)''' ===
Nagy terveket szövögettek odafönt az égben&lt;br&gt;
Megteremtik a magyart valamikor régen&lt;br&gt;
Telik múlik az idő, és szépen éldegélnek&lt;br&gt;
Vadászgatnak a mezőn, keveset beszélnek&lt;br&gt;

Történt egyszer, hogy valaki egy nagyot kiáltott&lt;br&gt;
Nézünk kicsit nyugatra, mit csinálnak mások&lt;br&gt;
Így történhetett meg aztán, hogy egy nyári este&lt;br&gt;
Kopogtatott a magyar Európa szerte&lt;br&gt;

Ez volt a jel, (indulni kell)&lt;br&gt;
A dicsőséget mindenki magának éri el&lt;br&gt;
Repít a szél, (gyerünk testvér)&lt;br&gt;
Sötét az éj, (nem baj, ne félj)&lt;br&gt;
Napkelettől napnyugatig nincsen ellenfél&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej!&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej!&lt;br&gt;

Portyáznak a hegyek között, portyáznak a völgyben&lt;br&gt;
Begyűjtenek mindent amit találnak útközben&lt;br&gt;
St. Gallen-től, Modenáig arra kérik Istent&lt;br&gt;
A Magyarok nyilaitól ments meg Uram minket&lt;br&gt;

|||: Ez volt a jel, (indulni kell)&lt;br&gt;
A dicsőséget mindenki magának éri el&lt;br&gt;
Repít a szél, (gyerünk testvér)&lt;br&gt;
Sötét az éj, (nem baj, ne félj)&lt;br&gt;

Napkelettől napnyugatig nincsen ellenfél&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej!&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej! :|||&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАРА-ӨН'''&lt;br&gt;
Сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-kalandra-fel-e439a050f2c35d1cab1710f5e34cb91d

Бөек ният корып, безне иңдергәннәр күктән:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар бар ителгәннәр бу дөньяда күптән.&lt;br&gt;
Вакыт уза барган, алар мул тормыш корганнар,&lt;br&gt;
Тын-гаугасыз кырда җәнлек, кош-корт аулаганнар.&lt;br&gt;

Берчак берәү таң калдырган, гавамга өн салып:&lt;br&gt;
“Карап карыйк, нишләп ята көнбаешта халык?!”&lt;br&gt;
Шулай кояш чыгышыннан бер өер яу кылган:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар бөтен Европаның ишеген шакыган.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗара-өн: “Иярлә, мен!&lt;br&gt;
Әйдә, юлга! Алга, алга!&lt;br&gt;
Һәркем үзе эзләп таба данын-шөһрәтен!”&lt;br&gt;
Җилләр өрә: “Бергә, бергә!”&lt;br&gt;
Караңгы төн: “Курыкма гел!&lt;br&gt;
Иртә таңнан кичкә кадәр булмас көндәшең!”&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй!&lt;br&gt;

Яу кыласы таулар кичеп, үзәннәрне үтеп,&lt;br&gt;
Күзең нәрсә күрсә шуны ганимәт мал итеп.&lt;br&gt;
Санкт-Галлен да, Модена да ял(ы)нып дога кылган:&lt;br&gt;
“Йа Ходаем, коткар безне маҗар укларыннан!”&lt;br&gt;

|||: Маҗара-өн: “Иярлә, мен!&lt;br&gt;
Әйдә, юлга! Алга, алга!&lt;br&gt;
Һәркем үзе эзләп таба данын-шөһрәтен!”&lt;br&gt;
Җилләр өрә: “Бергә, бергә!”&lt;br&gt;
Караңгы төн: “Курыкма гел!&lt;br&gt;
Иртә таңнан кичкә кадәр булмас көндәшең!”&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! :|||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HINTALÓ (Таган-ат)''' ===
Alattam billeg a hintaló,&lt;br&gt;
Zsebemben csúzli, üveggolyó,&lt;br&gt;
Várakat húzok homokból,&lt;br&gt;
Megvédem minden gonosztól!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén (2):&lt;br&gt;
Kezemben kard, kard,&lt;br&gt;
Szívemben tűz,&lt;br&gt;
Ember bízz, és küzdve küzdj!&lt;br&gt;
Sodorjon szél,&lt;br&gt;
Mit bánom én,&lt;br&gt;
Aki hitvány mit sem ér!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Lá-lá-lá-lá-lá :||||&lt;br&gt;

Rossz iskolába kerültem,&lt;br&gt;
Puskák lapultak a zsebemben,&lt;br&gt;
Hittem, hogy minden szép és jó,&lt;br&gt;
De az élet ennél durvább tanító!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

Dolgozom, a törvényt tisztelem,&lt;br&gt;
De zsebemben csúsztatva ott van bokszerem,&lt;br&gt;
Bár a dolgok jó oldalát kell nézni,&lt;br&gt;
Azért a rossz arcokra jobb felkészülni!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;
||||: Lá-lá-lá-lá-lá :||||&lt;br&gt;

Tisztességben megvénültem,&lt;br&gt;
De a csúzli és bokszer még mindig a zsebemben,&lt;br&gt;
Alattam, billeg a hintaszék,&lt;br&gt;
És ha újra kezdhetném, ugyanígy élnék!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén (2):&lt;br&gt;
Kezemben kard, kard,&lt;br&gt;
Szívemben tűz,&lt;br&gt;
Ember bízz, és küzdve küzdj!&lt;br&gt;
Sodorjon szél,&lt;br&gt;
Mit bánom én,&lt;br&gt;
Aki hitvány mit sem ér!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Lá-lá-lá-lá-lá :||||&lt;br&gt;

'''ТАГАН-АТ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hintalo-c43b4fbd3cf41f981028fcb2d6faab2b

Таган-атта уйныйм идәндә,&lt;br&gt;
Пыяла шар, аткыч – кесәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Кирмәннәрне комнан мин корам,&lt;br&gt;
Явызлардан сакта гел торам!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2):&lt;br&gt;
Кылыч – кулда,&lt;br&gt;
Ялкын – җанда.&lt;br&gt;
Кеше, көрәш һәм ышан!&lt;br&gt;
Җил ал(ы)п китсен,&lt;br&gt;
Бетсен, бетсен –&lt;br&gt;
Вак җан бит ул дошман!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Ла-ла-ла-ла-ла :||||&lt;br&gt;

Укыдым начар мәдрәсәдә,&lt;br&gt;
Шпаргалкам булды кесәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Бар да яхшы, дип йөрдем уйлап,&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш булды күпкә кырысрак!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2).&lt;br&gt;

Кануннарны хөрмәт итсәм дә,&lt;br&gt;
Аткыч белән кастет әле һаман кесәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Яхшылыкка багла өмет, тик бул сак,&lt;br&gt;
Явызларга әзер булып тор һәрчак!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2).&lt;br&gt;
||||: Ла-ла-ла-ла-ла :||||&lt;br&gt;

Инде лә картаеп бетсәм дә,&lt;br&gt;
Аткыч белән кастет әле гелән кесәмдә,&lt;br&gt;
Ә таган-ат һаман идәндә;&lt;br&gt;
Шулай яшәрмен, үлеп кабат терелсәм дә!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2):&lt;br&gt;
Кылыч – кулда,&lt;br&gt;
Ялкын – җанда.&lt;br&gt;
Кеше, көрәш һәм ышан!&lt;br&gt;
Җил ал(ы)п китсен,&lt;br&gt;
Бетсен, бетсен,&lt;br&gt;
Вак җан бит ул дошман!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Ла-ла-ла-ла-ла :||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''EGY SZÖKÖTT HADIFOGOLY ÉNEKE (Качып кайтучы әсир җыры)''' ===
Havas fenyvesek mellett lépkedek,&lt;br&gt;
Lábam elfagyott, mindenem remeg,&lt;br&gt;
Ruhám rongyai tetvek otthona,&lt;br&gt;
Szőrös arcomon háborúk nyoma.&lt;br&gt;
Előttem folyók, mögöttem hegyek,&lt;br&gt;
Nyomomban veszett kutyák lihegnek,&lt;br&gt;
Sár levét iszom, fák kérgét eszem,&lt;br&gt;
A hideg holdsugár terít meg nekem.&lt;br&gt;
||: A magasban elszáll egy madár,&lt;br&gt;
Ő talán tudja, merre jár,&lt;br&gt;
De én, akit üldöz a keleti szél,&lt;br&gt;
Csak lába viszi, míg haza nem ér. :||&lt;br&gt;

Láttam őrjöngő, csonttörő halált,&lt;br&gt;
Vitt magával nőt és katonát,&lt;br&gt;
Bomló testüket jégvirág lepi,&lt;br&gt;
Kezük görcsösen egymást öleli.&lt;br&gt;
A domb túloldalán géppisztoly kaszál,&lt;br&gt;
Hangja szaggatott, gyilkos táncot jár,&lt;br&gt;
Földhöz lapulok, lassan kúszom,&lt;br&gt;
Egy kőhajításnyira már csak az otthon.&lt;br&gt;
||: A magasban elszáll egy madár,&lt;br&gt;
Ő talán tudja, merre jár,&lt;br&gt;
De én, akit üldöz a keleti szél,&lt;br&gt;
Csak lába viszi, míg haza nem ér. :||

'''КАЧЫП КАЙТУЧЫ ӘСИР ҖЫРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-egy-szokott-hadifogoly-eneke-e872c4f4fabb0d3d19e9326b485f5497

Барам кар баскан чыршылар аша,&lt;br&gt;
Аяклар туңа, тәнем тырмаша.&lt;br&gt;
Сәләмә кием – бетләр оясы,&lt;br&gt;
Сакаллы яңак – сугыш тамгасы.&lt;br&gt;
Артымда таулар, алда елгалар,&lt;br&gt;
Этләр эземне иснәп чабалар.&lt;br&gt;
Ризык – пычрак су, агач кайрысы,&lt;br&gt;
Юлны күрсәтә айның яктысы.&lt;br&gt;
||: Канатлы кошлар гизә асманны,&lt;br&gt;
Белеп торалар кая очканны.&lt;br&gt;
Ә мин буйсынам көнчыгыш җилгә,&lt;br&gt;
Атлар аяклар, кайтканчы өйгә. :||&lt;br&gt;

Күрдем үлемне – сөяк сындыра,&lt;br&gt;
Солдатларны ул өтә дә кыра,&lt;br&gt;
Мәетләр череп каткан, бәс каплый,&lt;br&gt;
Бер-берсен алар үлеп кочаклый.&lt;br&gt;
Таудан пулемёт ата да тетә,&lt;br&gt;
Үтергәнче ул сине биетә.&lt;br&gt;
Сыешып җиргә, шуышам алга,&lt;br&gt;
Туп-туры туган өемә таба.&lt;br&gt;
||: Канатлы кошлар гизә асманны,&lt;br&gt;
Белеп торалар кая очканны.&lt;br&gt;
Ә мин буйсынам көнчыгыш җилгә,&lt;br&gt;
Атлар аяклар, кайтканчы өйгә. :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''MÁR NEM EMBER, MÉG NEM ÁLLAT (Хайван түгел, элек – кеше)''' ===
Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Ösztön hajtja, és a vágyak&lt;br&gt;
Nincsen múltja, nincs jövője&lt;br&gt;
Nem az Isten teremtménye&lt;br&gt;

Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Akárkinek nekitámad&lt;br&gt;
Harap jobbra, harap balra&lt;br&gt;
Saját magát is megmarja &lt;br&gt;

Nem ismer Istent, sem embert&lt;br&gt;
A soha meg nem keresztelt&lt;br&gt;
Üvölt ahogy kifér a torkán&lt;br&gt;
Szemében mindenki bárány &lt;br&gt;

Nem ismer Istent, sem embert&lt;br&gt;
A soha meg nem keresztelt&lt;br&gt;
Üvölt ahogy kifér a torkán&lt;br&gt;
Szemében mindenki bárány&lt;br&gt;

Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Nem épít magának házat&lt;br&gt;
Földön alszik, nincs barátja&lt;br&gt;
Sötét titkot őriz álma&lt;br&gt;

Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Elvesz mindent önmagának&lt;br&gt;
Tűz előtte, tűz mögötte&lt;br&gt;
Pusztul minden körülötte&lt;br&gt;

Nem ismer Istent, sem embert&lt;br&gt;
A soha meg nem keresztelt&lt;br&gt;
Üvölt ahogy kifér a torkán&lt;br&gt;
Szemében mindenki bárány.(4)&lt;br&gt;

'''ХАЙВАН ТҮГЕЛ, ЭЛЕК – КЕШЕ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-mar-nem-ember-meg-nem-allat-7985d011195bd4f202fa6373f06cfa6c 

Хайван түгел, элек – кеше:&lt;br&gt;
Юк әвәс-теләк, тартымы&lt;br&gt;
Һәм кичәге-иртәгесе –&lt;br&gt;
Бу Хак Тәгалә затымы?&lt;br&gt;

Хайван түгел, элек – кеше:&lt;br&gt;
Һәрбарчага һөҗүм итә,&lt;br&gt;
Һәрнәрсәне умыра теше,&lt;br&gt;
Үзен тешләсәң дә – тетә.&lt;br&gt;

Алла, адәм – тик чүп кенә:&lt;br&gt;
Чукынмас ул, хачлар алып,&lt;br&gt;
Бугаз ертып улый-үкерә,&lt;br&gt;
Аның өчен һәркем – сарык.&lt;br&gt;

Кешелектән – ерткычлыкка:&lt;br&gt;
Барысын бүксәсенә тыга.&lt;br&gt;
Алды-арты аның утта,&lt;br&gt;
Дөньясы да юкка чыга.&lt;br&gt;

Алла, адәм – тик чүп кенә:&lt;br&gt;
Чукынмас ул, хачлар алып,&lt;br&gt;
Бугаз ертып улый-үкерә,&lt;br&gt;
Аның өчен һәркем – сарык.&lt;br&gt;

Хайван түгел, элек – кеше:&lt;br&gt;
Юк каралтысы, йортлары,&lt;br&gt;
Караңгыда – күргән төше,&lt;br&gt;
Юк туганы, юк дуслары.&lt;br&gt;

Кешелектән – ерткычлыкка:&lt;br&gt;
Барысын бүксәсенә тыга.&lt;br&gt;
Алды-арты аның утта,&lt;br&gt;
Дөньясы да юкка чыга.&lt;br&gt;

Алла, адәм – тик чүп кенә:&lt;br&gt;
Чукынмас ул, хачлар алып,&lt;br&gt;
Бугаз ертып улый-үкерә,&lt;br&gt;
Аның өчен һәркем – сарык.(4)&lt;br&gt;

=== '''VAJÁKOS (ИМ-ТОМЧЫ)''' ===
Betegség, vagy kórság gyötör?&lt;br&gt;
Ezerféle nyavalya tör?&lt;br&gt;
Mindegy, kinek mi a kínja&lt;br&gt;
Javasasszony meggyógyítja!&lt;br&gt;

A vajákos Kati néni&lt;br&gt;
Öreg üstjét kevergeti&lt;br&gt;
Ég a tűz, a főzet rotyog&lt;br&gt;
Ez is, az is belepotyog&lt;br&gt;

Galagonya vérnyomásra&lt;br&gt;
Szegfűszeg a fogfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág a fekélyre&lt;br&gt;
Gyermekláncfű vesekőre&lt;br&gt;
Édeskömény kólikára&lt;br&gt;
Bodzabogyó szorulásra&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát így kúrálja&lt;br&gt;
Nem költ pénzt a patikára&lt;br&gt;

Ide tipeg, oda tipeg&lt;br&gt;
Ebből abból egy-két csipet&lt;br&gt;
Amit talál a kamrában&lt;br&gt;
Belekerül a mozsárba&lt;br&gt;

Vadgesztenye aranyérre&lt;br&gt;
Csalán levél kiütésre&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág zúzódásra&lt;br&gt;
Macskagyökér fejfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Kamilla a viszketésre&lt;br&gt;
Cickafark a gyulladt bőrrе&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát ezzel keni&lt;br&gt;
Mindеn baját elfelejti&lt;br&gt;

Kötényzsebében rejteget&lt;br&gt;
Százhúsz éves recepteket&lt;br&gt;
Innen a sok tudománya&lt;br&gt;
Minek mi a gyógyhatása&lt;br&gt;

Kígyó zsírja a köszvényre&lt;br&gt;
Kőrisbogár veszettségre&lt;br&gt;
Disznózsír a mellhártyára&lt;br&gt;
Kilenc tetű sárgaságra&lt;br&gt;
Pióca a szélütésre&lt;br&gt;
Feketeszén hasmenésre&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát így kezeli&lt;br&gt;
A halál is elkerüli&lt;br&gt;

(Na még egyszer)&lt;br&gt;
Galagonya vérnyomásra&lt;br&gt;
Szegfűszeg a fogfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág a fekélyre&lt;br&gt;
Gyermekláncfű vesekőre&lt;br&gt;
Édeskömény kólikára&lt;br&gt;
Bodzabogyó szorulásra&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát így kúrálja&lt;br&gt;
Nem költ pénzt a patikára&lt;br&gt;

(Van még, há-há)&lt;br&gt;
Vadgesztenye aranyérre&lt;br&gt;
Csalán levél kiütésre&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág zúzódásra&lt;br&gt;
Macskagyökér fejfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Kamilla a viszketésre&lt;br&gt;
Cickafark a gyulladt bőrre&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát ezzel keni&lt;br&gt;
Minden baját elfelejti.&lt;br&gt;

'''ИМ-ТОМЧЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-vajakos-889b41a081c236c15d67ab0c8ffbfcae&lt;br&gt;

Авыру-чир интектерәме?&lt;br&gt;
Мең төр сырхау йөдәтәме?&lt;br&gt;
Күпме авыру җәфаласын –&lt;br&gt;
Им-томчы табар дәвасын!&lt;br&gt;

Убыр Кати белә санын,&lt;br&gt;
Кайната иске казанын,&lt;br&gt;
Төнәтмәсен гел болгата,&lt;br&gt;
Анысын-монысын шуңа ата:&lt;br&gt;

Дүләнә – кан басымыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Канәфер – теш сызлавыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Тырнак гөл – ялкынсынудан,&lt;br&gt;
Тузганак – бөер ташыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Шөет – эчәк авыртудан,&lt;br&gt;
Аю балан – эч катудан.&lt;br&gt;
Нәкъ шулай дәваланганга,&lt;br&gt;
Дару хакы кала янга.&lt;br&gt;

Бер чеметем – һәрберсеннән&lt;br&gt;
(Куәте арта әфсеннән!):&lt;br&gt;
Нәрсә табылса чоланда,&lt;br&gt;
Ур(ы)нын таба шул казанда.&lt;br&gt;

Кычыткан – кутыр-тимгелдән,&lt;br&gt;
Календула – күгәректән;&lt;br&gt;
Кәстәнә – күтәнең чыкса,&lt;br&gt;
Акчәчәк – тән кымырҗыса,&lt;br&gt;
Песи үлән – баш сызласа,&lt;br&gt;
Акбаш – тире ялкынсынса.&lt;br&gt;
Адәм эчеп-сөртеп торыр,&lt;br&gt;
Бар бәлаләр онытылыр.&lt;br&gt;

Күкрәк кесәсендә саклый&lt;br&gt;
Йөз еллык гыйлем-сабакны;&lt;br&gt;
Им-томнары шуннан бар да,&lt;br&gt;
Нәрсә ничек дәваларга.&lt;br&gt;

Елан ите – тоз утырса,&lt;br&gt;
Коңгызныкы – котырынса,&lt;br&gt;
Дуңгыз маен сүрүгә сөрт,&lt;br&gt;
Сары авырудан – тугыз бет,&lt;br&gt;
Инсультка дәва – сөлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Эч китүгә – күмерлектә.&lt;br&gt;
Кем болардан һич тартынмас –&lt;br&gt;
Үлем аңарга кагылмас.&lt;br&gt;

(Йә, тагын бер кат)&lt;br&gt;
Дүләнә – кан басымыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Канәфер – теш сызлавыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Тырнак гөл – ялкынсынудан,&lt;br&gt;
Тузганак – бөер ташыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Шөет – эчәк авыртудан,&lt;br&gt;
Аю балан – эч катудан.&lt;br&gt;
Нәкъ шулай дәваланганга,&lt;br&gt;
Дару хакы кала янга.&lt;br&gt;

(Эһем-эһем, кабаттан)&lt;br&gt;
Кычыткан – кутыр-тимгелдән,&lt;br&gt;
Календула – күгәректән;&lt;br&gt;
Кәстәнә – күтәнең чыкса,&lt;br&gt;
Акчәчәк – тән кымырҗыса,&lt;br&gt;
Песи үлән – баш сызласа,&lt;br&gt;
Акбаш – тире ялкынсынса.&lt;br&gt;
Адәм эчеп-сөртеп торыр,&lt;br&gt;
Бар бәлаләр онытылыр.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HALLOTTAM NAGY HÍRÉT (Беләм бөек данын)''' ===
Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét pattogó tüzeknek&lt;br&gt;
Pusztákon száguldó vad harci méneknek&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét jurták tengerének&lt;br&gt;
Nyeregbe született szilaj gyermekének&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét pengő szablyáknak&lt;br&gt;
Lándzsát hajító jó acélos karjának&lt;br&gt;

Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét táltos doboknak&lt;br&gt;
Erőtől duzzadó, felajzott íjaknak&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét kalandozásoknak&lt;br&gt;
Bizáncnak, Rómának megsarcolásának&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét fényes győzelmének&lt;br&gt;
Pozsonynál elhulló rút ellenségének&lt;br&gt;

Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;
Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕЛӘМ БӨЕК ДАНЫН'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы: &lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hallottam-nagy-hiret-243f828bbdf2397dcc23f740611918ee

Яңадан тетрәнсә үзәне һәм тавы,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратса җирне яугир маҗар шавы,&lt;br&gt;
||: Булыр иде шәп,&lt;br&gt;
бик шәп бер үрнәк.&lt;br&gt;
Ә-ә-ә-ә-ә-әй! :||&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын янган учакларның,&lt;br&gt;
Дала буйлап яуга җилдерткән атларның;&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын күчмә тирмәләрнең,&lt;br&gt;
Иярләрдә туган кыргый бәбәйләрнең;&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын чыңлы кылычларның,&lt;br&gt;
Сөңге аткан көчле, корычтай кулларның.&lt;br&gt;

Яңадан тетрәнсә үзәне һәм тавы,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратса җирне яугир маҗар шавы,&lt;br&gt;
||: Булыр иде шәп,&lt;br&gt;
бик шәп бер үрнәк.&lt;br&gt;
Ә-ә-ә-ә-ә-әй! :||&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын шаман шөлдеренең,&lt;br&gt;
Атуга тартылган уклар керешенең;&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын яу чапкан бабаның,&lt;br&gt;
Византия-Румны ничек талаганын,&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын, җиңү яулаганын,&lt;br&gt;
Пожонь* кирмәнендә дошманны кырганын.&lt;br&gt;

Яңадан тетрәнсә үзәне һәм тавы,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратса җирне яугир маҗар шавы,&lt;br&gt;
||: Булыр иде шәп,&lt;br&gt;
бик шәп бер үрнәк.&lt;br&gt;
Ә-ә-ә-ә-ә-әй! :||&lt;br&gt;

* Пожонь – бүген Словакия башкаласы булган һәм Дунай елгасының сул ягында урнашкан Братислава шәһәренең маҗарча исеме. Маҗар тарихының зур өлеше шушы, элек Прессбург дип аталган күпмилләтле шәһәр белән бәйләнгән. Маҗарлар аны 907 елның 4 июлендә, Байар Иле (Бавария) кыйраллыгы гаскәрен тар-мар итеп, яулап алганнар. 1536-1784 елларда ул Маҗарстанның башкаласы булган, бу чорда маҗар кыйраллары нәкъ шунда таҗ киеп тәхеткә утыра торган булганнар. Маҗарлар Габсбург империясендә яу чукмарлары булып яшәгән чорда милләтара ызгыш-талашлар да еш булган. 1919 елда, Австрия-Маҗарстан мәмләкәте таркалгач, шәһәрне чех легионерлары басып алган. Шуннан соң Пожонь Чехословакия дәүләте карамагына эләккән, аның исемен Братислава дип үзгәрткәннәр.

=== '''TURUL (Турул)''' ===
Hordozzák a véres kardot,&lt;br&gt;
Apáink vére hullott,&lt;br&gt;
A múltunk újra megkísért!&lt;br&gt;
Ki most szívét máshol hordja,&lt;br&gt;
Árulók szekértolója,&lt;br&gt;
Rút testét a kutyáknak vessék!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Jöjj, jöjj, Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarország rossz úton jár!&lt;br&gt;
Édes Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Téged Hazád visszavár! :||&lt;br&gt;

Ősi földünk, hozzád szólunk,&lt;br&gt;
Gyönyörű Magyarországunk,&lt;br&gt;
Ébredj, pusztákon vágtató vad szél!&lt;br&gt;
Medrükből a folyók kilépnek,&lt;br&gt;
Utat tör újra az élet,&lt;br&gt;
Felnyög a Föld, s nyílik az Ég!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Jöjj, jöjj, Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarország rossz úton jár!&lt;br&gt;
Édes Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Téged Hazád visszavár! :||&lt;br&gt;

'''''Előadói beszéd:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Őrvény fonta arany haját,&lt;br&gt;
Hegyek ránca zord homlokát!&lt;br&gt;
Mohos kő az öregapja,&lt;br&gt;
Minden ősét elsiratja!&lt;br&gt;
Két tűz szeme lángolása,&lt;br&gt;
Vihart kavar szárnycsapása!&lt;br&gt;
Csillagos ég lepedője,&lt;br&gt;
Legszebb lány a szeretője!&lt;br&gt;
Égzengése komor hangja,&lt;br&gt;
Holdsarlója éles karma!&lt;br&gt;
Lába nyomán forrás fakad,&lt;br&gt;
Előle a szél is szalad!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Jöjj, jöjj, Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarország rossz úton jár!&lt;br&gt;
Édes Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Téged Hazád visszavár! :||&lt;br&gt;

'''ТУРУЛ'''&lt;br&gt;
Турул – маҗар мифологиясендә маҗарларга үз Ватанын табарга ярдәм иткән дип тасвирлана торган кош. 2004 елда бу халыкның борынгы Рум мәмләкәтендәге Паннония төбәгенә килеп урнашуына 1100 ел тулды. Бу җыр шул вакытта, риваяти кошка Маҗарстанның Татабанья шәһәрендә һәйкәл куелгач, иҗат ителгән иде. Һәйкәлнең биеклеге 15 метр, ул Европада милли җанварларга яки кошларга багышланган иң зур истәлек дип санала.&lt;br&gt;
Борынгы риваятьләрнең милли тормышта ныгыту һәм берләштерү коралы булуын онытырга ярамый.&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-turul-9c5b1a4be202019472d005e2755b3e0f

https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/karpatia

(Turul аудиосына керергә)

&lt;br&gt;https://zvyki.com/song/176298239/K_rp_tia_-_Turul/

Кылыч ник ал төскә канган? –&lt;br&gt;
Ата-баба каны тамган,&lt;br&gt;
Эзәрли хәзер дә шул үткән!&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәген күкрәктән куган –&lt;br&gt;
Сатлык йомышчысы булган:&lt;br&gt;
Җәсәден аның ташла эткә!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Талпын, оч, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарстан юлдан язмасын!&lt;br&gt;
Халкың, әй, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Кодрәтең онытмасын! :||&lt;br&gt;

Баба җире, Ватаныбыз –&lt;br&gt;
Бу гүзәл Маҗарстаныбыз!&lt;br&gt;
Сызгырып үт, җил, даладан,&lt;br&gt;
Елга, ашып ак ярлардан!&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш үзенә юл салыр,&lt;br&gt;
Күк ачылыр, Җир сыкраныр!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Талпын, оч, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарстан юлдан язмасын!&lt;br&gt;
Халкың, әй, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Кодрәтең онытмасын! :||&lt;br&gt;

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Өермә үргән алтын чәчен,&lt;br&gt;
Баш очында – тау түбәсе!&lt;br&gt;
Мүкле таш – аның бабасы,&lt;br&gt;
Борынгыны – сагынасы!&lt;br&gt;
Ике күзе очкын чәчә,&lt;br&gt;
Канат кагып, давыл дәшә!&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызлы күк – туган ягы,&lt;br&gt;
Иң гүзәл кыз – сөйгән яры!&lt;br&gt;
Күк күкрәү – тав(ы)шы шаңдавы,&lt;br&gt;
Ай-урак – очлы тырнагы!&lt;br&gt;
Басса – чишмә ургып чыга,&lt;br&gt;
Аласа – алдан җил чаба!&lt;br&gt;

'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Талпын, оч, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарстан юлдан язмасын!&lt;br&gt;
Халкың, әй, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Кодрәтең онытмасын! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''KÖLTÖZŐ MADÁR (Сәйяр кошым)''' ===
Az, aki megy, elköszön,&lt;br&gt;
Marad utána néhány könny.&lt;br&gt;
Ami ma fáj, holnapután,&lt;br&gt;
A múlt csupán.&lt;br&gt;
Mert jön, az az egy, aki helyett,&lt;br&gt;
Senki más már nem jöhet.&lt;br&gt;
S, csak az az egy, aki szeret,&lt;br&gt;
Marad veled.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ágrólszakadt költöző madár,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik fészekről másikra jár.&lt;br&gt;
Egy földre szállt angyal, ha rád talál,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve szép kalitkájába zár.&lt;br&gt;

Hol az a nyár, hol az a tél,&lt;br&gt;
Mennyit adtál az álmokért.&lt;br&gt;
De az a perc, hogy nem kellesz,&lt;br&gt;
Nem ereszt.&lt;br&gt;
Hát ilyen a sors, van, hogy kifoszt,&lt;br&gt;
Aztán megint új lapot oszt.&lt;br&gt;
És majd lesz, akihez,&lt;br&gt;
Te is jó lehetsz.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ágrólszakadt költöző madár,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik fészekről másikra jár.&lt;br&gt;
Egy földre szállt angyal, ha rád talál,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve szép kalitkájába zár.&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Solo)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Az, aki megy, elköszön,&lt;br&gt;
Marad utána néhány könny.&lt;br&gt;
Ami ma fáj, holnapután,&lt;br&gt;
A múlt csupán.&lt;br&gt;
Mert jön, az az egy, aki helyett,&lt;br&gt;
Senki más már nem jöhet.&lt;br&gt;
S, csak az az egy, aki szeret,&lt;br&gt;
Marad veled.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Ágrólszakadt költöző madár,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik fészekről másikra jár.&lt;br&gt;
Egy földre szállt angyal, ha rád talál,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve szép kalitkájába zár. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''СӘЙЯР КОШЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-koltozo-madar-e98faffe2e4738d0ee2ca0f465e4045f&lt;br&gt;

https://zvyki.com/song/154544111/K_rp_tia_-_K_lt_z_mad_r/

Мәңгегә дип хушлашканнан&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләре инде тамган.&lt;br&gt;
Булыр бүген авырттырган –&lt;br&gt;
Үткән заман.&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем алыштыра алмас&lt;br&gt;
Бердәнберең килми калмас,&lt;br&gt;
Булыр сөйгән шул бер генәң&lt;br&gt;
Синең белән.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Сәйяр кошым канатын кага,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китә башка ояга.&lt;br&gt;
Мәләк, иңеп күктән күң(е)леңә,&lt;br&gt;
Урын бирер йөрәк түрендә.&lt;br&gt;

Ничәмә җәй, ничәмә кыш&lt;br&gt;
Йөртте сине хыял-сагыш.&lt;br&gt;
Әйе, кирәк тапмасалар,&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәк сызлар…&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш сыный ул, телгәли,&lt;br&gt;
Яңа бәхет тә бирәм, ди.&lt;br&gt;
Килер кемдер, сине сөяр,&lt;br&gt;
Җаным! дияр.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Сәйяр кошым канатын кага,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китә башка ояга.&lt;br&gt;
Мәләк, иңеп күктән күң(е)леңә,&lt;br&gt;
Урын бирер йөрәк түрендә.&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Аккомп.)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Мәңгегә дип хушлашканнан&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләре инде тамган.&lt;br&gt;
Булыр бүген авырттырган –&lt;br&gt;
Үткән заман.&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем алыштыра алмас&lt;br&gt;
Бердәнберең килми калмас,&lt;br&gt;
Булыр сөйгән шул бер генәң&lt;br&gt;
Синең белән.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Сәйяр кошым канатын кага,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китә башка ояга.&lt;br&gt;
Мәләк, иңеп синең күңелеңә,&lt;br&gt;
Урын бирер йөрәк түрендә. :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''SOK A HORGÁSZ, KEVÉS A HAL (Балыкчы күп, балык бик аз)''' ===
Állok a stégen a szúnyogok csípnek,&lt;br&gt;
A halak meg lentről nagyokat néznek,&lt;br&gt;
Ki ez a pofa ilyen hosszú bottal,&lt;br&gt;
Meg egy krómozott nyelű sörnyitóval?&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;

Csónakba szállunk és űzöm a halat,&lt;br&gt;
Hátha valami a horgomra akad.&lt;br&gt;
A nap már az égen magasan jár,&lt;br&gt;
Látod semmi sem biztos, csak a halál.&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;

Izzad a tenyerem, száraz a torkom,&lt;br&gt;
Az utolsó megmaradt sörömet bontom.&lt;br&gt;
Tágas a nádas, szökik a hal,&lt;br&gt;
Itt van a vége, jön a vihar.&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;

'''БАЛЫКЧЫ КҮП, БАЛЫК БИК АЗ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы: &lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-sok-a-horgasz-keves-a-hal-75a71cce339fbef72ed4b8a1d2b7d3aa

Бастым мин басмага, черки тешли, талый,&lt;br&gt;
Балык судан миңа чекерәеп карый.&lt;br&gt;
Кем ул иңбашына озын кармак аскан,&lt;br&gt;
Сыра тулы шешә һәм ачкычын тоткан?&lt;br&gt;
||: Әй! Тотып булмас:&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчы күп,&lt;br&gt;
Балык бик аз! :||&lt;br&gt;

Салдым кармагымны, утырып каекка, &lt;br&gt;
Эләксәнә! дигән әфсенем – балыкка. &lt;br&gt;
Кояш күтәрелә күкләр гөмбәзенә, &lt;br&gt;
Өлгер бу дөньяда бары үлем генә... &lt;br&gt;
||: Әй! Тотып булмас:&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчы күп,&lt;br&gt;
Балык бик аз! :||&lt;br&gt;

Тирли уч, бармаклар, кибекте тамагым,&lt;br&gt;
Ә шешәдә сыра – нибары бер кабым.&lt;br&gt;
Яшенле болытлар асман йөзен басты,&lt;br&gt;
Балыклар камышның төбенә үк качты.&lt;br&gt;
||||||: Әй! Тотып булмас:&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчы күп,&lt;br&gt;
Балык бик аз! :||||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BÁNYÁSZ HIMNUSZ (Шахтёрлар гимны)''' ===

БЕЗНЕҢ БОРЫНГЫ “ШАХТА” КӨЕН БАШКА ХАЛЫКЛАР НИЧЕГРӘК ҖЫРЛЫЙ ИКӘН? 

Менә ничек:

Szerencse fel! Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;
Ilyen a bányász élete.&lt;br&gt;
Váratlan vész rohanja meg,&lt;br&gt;
Mint bérctetőt a fergeteg.&lt;br&gt;
Nem kincs után sóvárgok én,&lt;br&gt;
Bányász kislányt óhajtok én.&lt;br&gt;
Bányász kislányt óhajt szívem,&lt;br&gt;
Ki szívében bányász legyen.&lt;br&gt;
És hogyha majd a föld ölében végóránkat éljük,&lt;br&gt;
Isten kezében életünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ő megsegít reméljük!&lt;br&gt;
S te kisleány, ne bánkódjál,&lt;br&gt;
Bányásznak halni szép halál,&lt;br&gt;
Egekbe szállani fel, fel!&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;

Чынбарлыкта биредәге Bányász himnusz – “Бәхетле бул” исемле алман халык көе, алман шахтачылары җыры (сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://music.yandex.ru/artist/9369974 – Glück auf! Das Steigerlied).

Маҗарстан шахтачылары аны, текстын үзгәртеп-кыскартып һәм эчтәлеген “җиңеләйтеп”, үзләренчә җырлыйлар. Австрия чигендә урнашкан Чолнок шәһәренең катнаш маҗар-алман халык хоры җырны дәүләт телендә дә башкара:
https://music.yandex.ru/album/11012386/track/67160514

Бәхетле бул! Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;
Шахтёр язмышы шундый ул:&lt;br&gt;
Бәла көтмәгәндә килә,&lt;br&gt;
Гүя тауга давыл иңә.&lt;br&gt;
Көмеш-алтын кирәк түгел,&lt;br&gt;
Шахтёр кызда – минем күңел,&lt;br&gt;
Шул гүзәлкәй – җан ялкыным,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын ул шахтёр хатыным.&lt;br&gt;
Һәммәбез җир кочагында –&lt;br&gt;
Торабыз Күкләр алдында;&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә хөкем кылыр,&lt;br&gt;
Инанам, ярлыкау булыр!&lt;br&gt;
Шахтёр җаны ул – хөрмәтле,&lt;br&gt;
Күктә дә булыр нигъмәтле!&lt;br&gt;
Кайгырма, дус, өметле бул,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''CSENDES A DON (Тын Дон)''' ===
Álmos a táj, nem muzsikál&lt;br&gt;
Mint, amikor egy szív, ha megáll&lt;br&gt;
Búsul a vén őszi levél&lt;br&gt;
Vissza talán már sose tér&lt;br&gt;

De még mielőtt a földbe teszik&lt;br&gt;
Mesélj milyen volt, mondd el nekik&lt;br&gt;
Hogy csendes a Don egy halk sírhalom&lt;br&gt;
És fázik a jéghideg földben a csont&lt;br&gt;
De mind hazavágy, mint a madár&lt;br&gt;
Várja őket az otthoni táj&lt;br&gt;

Hallgat a tábor, nincs csatazaj&lt;br&gt;
Sírnak az ágak, néma a dal.&lt;br&gt;

'''ТЫН ДОН'''&lt;br&gt;
Дон елгасы исеменең бик борынгы заманнарда ук төрки-кыпчаклардан алынганлыгын, ә “Тын Дон” сүзләренең безнең телләрдә “майлы май” гына булуын аңлатып та торырга кирәкмидер. Ә нигә соң биредә бу сабыр холыклы елга турында бүгенге маҗарлар шулай сагышланып-моңаеп җырлый? Югыйсә, аларның бабалары, “Ватан эзли-эзли” көнбатышка таба барганда, бу җирләр аша бер мең ярым ел элек үк үткәннәр бит. Юк шул, әле 83 ел элек кенә маҗарлар, һитлерчыларга ияреп, 1943 елның үтә дә салкын кышында Сталинград янындагы канкойгыч сугышларда катнашканнар. Бик күбесе шунда һәм Идел буенда тар-мар ителгәннән соң Донга таба чигенгәндә йә башын салган, йә суыкта туңып үлгән. Җыр текстында бу хакта бер генә сүз дә юк. Ләкин барысы да... ветераннарга гына түгел, яшь замандашларга да аңлашыла.

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-csendes-a-don-5a8cf8bf3b30666fa4dbcb6e505e3ea6

||: Йоклый гына ул, моңланмый,&lt;br&gt;
Сүнгән йөрәк тавышланмый.&lt;br&gt;
Сары яфрак барысын белә:&lt;br&gt;
Кайтмас җан дустың иленә...&lt;br&gt;

Сөйлә, җиргә күмелгәнче,&lt;br&gt;
Кем соң булган ул үлгәнче...&lt;br&gt;
Донда тып-тын тик курганнар&lt;br&gt;
Һәм җирдә ятып калганнар.&lt;br&gt;
Кошлар кебек, җан талпына,&lt;br&gt;
Кайтам диеп Ватаныма. :||&lt;br&gt;

Бәр(е)леш беткән, табыр тынган,&lt;br&gt;
Елый агач, җыр он(ы)тылган...&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HÓPEHELY (Кар бөртеге)''' ===
Egyetlen hópehelyben is&lt;br&gt;
látom a fehér Hargitát,&lt;br&gt;
Egy hópehely elég ahhoz,&lt;br&gt;
hogy érezd száz év bánatát,&lt;br&gt;
Egyetlen hópehely,&lt;br&gt;
A széllel útra kel,&lt;br&gt;
S kezemben boldogan olvad el.&lt;br&gt;

Egyetlen esőcseppben is&lt;br&gt;
érzem a folyók illatát,&lt;br&gt;
Egy esőcseppben benne van,&lt;br&gt;
a viharvert Kárpát-hazánk,&lt;br&gt;
Egyetlen esőcsepp,&lt;br&gt;
Új életet teremt,&lt;br&gt;
S a föld beissza a könnyeket.&lt;br&gt;

Egyetlen homokszemben is,&lt;br&gt;
látom a hatalmas sziklát,&lt;br&gt;
Egy homokszem dúdolja el&lt;br&gt;
a legendás idők dalát,&lt;br&gt;
Egyetlen homokszem,&lt;br&gt;
Egész történelem,&lt;br&gt;
Hallgatom ahogy a múlt üzen.&lt;br&gt;

||: Szikrázó hópelyhek,&lt;br&gt;
Csillogó vízcseppek,&lt;br&gt;
Gördülő apró homokszemek. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''КАР БӨРТЕГЕ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hopehely-73364e9f128fb373916c4a77564a8e2b

Күрәм бер кар бөртегендә&lt;br&gt;
Һаргитаның* чал тауларын,&lt;br&gt;
Бер кар бөртеге туплаган&lt;br&gt;
узган гасыр сагышларын.&lt;br&gt;
Шул бер бөртек карны&lt;br&gt;
Җил озата юлга –&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы су тама кулга.&lt;br&gt;

Тоям бер кар бөртегендә&lt;br&gt;
хуш исләрен үз елгамның,&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы яңгырда – Карпат,&lt;br&gt;
давыл йөдәткән ватаным.&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы яңгырдан&lt;br&gt;
Яңа тормыш иңә,&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләре җиргә сеңә.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм бер кар бөртегендә&lt;br&gt;
күккә ашкан ил тауларын,&lt;br&gt;
Бер кар бөртеге дә көйли&lt;br&gt;
бөек чорларның җырларын.&lt;br&gt;
Бер кар бөртегеннән&lt;br&gt;
Аңгара аласың&lt;br&gt;
Үткән заман юлламасын.&lt;br&gt;

||: Су тамчысы тама,&lt;br&gt;
Ябалак кар ява,&lt;br&gt;
Бөртекләре кулны яга... :||&lt;br&gt;

* Һаргита – Румыйния карамагындагы маҗар телле Әрдей мохтариятенең бер өязе (румыйнча атамасы – жудец, маҗарчасы – һәдьә).&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÉDES KISFIAM (Нәни татлым)''' ===
Itt vagy velem, mint egy új remény&lt;br&gt;
Az éjszakát felváltja a fény&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy perce élsz, nézlek boldogan&lt;br&gt;
Úgy vártam rád, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt;

A régi vágy újra szárnyra kél&lt;br&gt;
Míg dalt susog kinn az esti szél&lt;br&gt;
Minden bánatom eltűnt nyomtalan&lt;br&gt;
Mosolyogj rám, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt;

Egy rózsakert hinti árnyait&lt;br&gt;
Nincs fontosabb, mint az álmaid&lt;br&gt;
Még egy szót se tudsz, mégis annyian&lt;br&gt;
Hisznek neked, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt; 

'''''Recitativ:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Tudom, mindenütt így van ez a nagyvilágon. Ha egy kisgyerek megszületik, mert a kisgyerek egyszer felnő s talán sikerül neki, hogy a könnyeket nevetéssé a gyűlöletet szeretetté, az ellenségeket barátokká változtassa.&lt;br&gt;

Ezt érzem én, ahogy nézek rád&lt;br&gt;
Más lesz a föld, más lesz a világ.&lt;br&gt;
Sírnod sose kell, élsz majd gondtalan&lt;br&gt;
Boldog leszel, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt;

'''НӘНИ ТАТЛЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(маҗар бишек җыры,  сылтамада -- берничә аудио бергә, Жужа Чәрһати һәм Дора Синәтар җырлавы матур)'''''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиолар сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/édes%20kisfiam 

Балам минем – яңа өметем,&lt;br&gt;
Син бәләкәй, ә мин бәхетле,&lt;br&gt;
Төнгә алмашка килгән нур-яктым,&lt;br&gt;
Көтеп алган, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

Кичке җилләр талгын искәндә,&lt;br&gt;
Изге теләкләрем – бәбкәмә.&lt;br&gt;
Эзсез югалсын бу сагышларым, –&lt;br&gt;
Елмай әле, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

Гөлбакчага төшкән күләгә,&lt;br&gt;
Хыялларым – сиңа күрәзә,&lt;br&gt;
Игелекле бул, минем акыллым,&lt;br&gt;
Ышанычым, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Беләм, бөтен дөньяда да шулай була ул, нәни бала тугач. Чөнки бала бер тапкыр гына үсә, һәм ул үсеп җитеп уңышка ирешкәч, күз яшьләрен – шатлыкка, нәфрәтне – мәхәббәткә, дошманнарны дуска әйләндерер. 

Текәлгәннәр сиңа күзләрем,&lt;br&gt;
Күрәм, дөнья әле үзгәрер.&lt;br&gt;
Күз яше кибәр, булмас һич кайгың,&lt;br&gt;
Сәгадәтлем, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÉGI KIRÁLY (Күк Патшасы)''' ===
Az idő már későre jár,&lt;br&gt;
a madár is fészkére száll,&lt;br&gt;
csak a Szent Szűz jár hiába,&lt;br&gt;
Betlehemnek városába.&lt;br&gt;
||: Legalább ti jó emberek&lt;br&gt;
fogadjátok a kisdedet.&lt;br&gt;
Házatokra boldogság száll,&lt;br&gt;
ha betér az Égi Király. :||&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;

Ne sírj tovább Szűz Mária,&lt;br&gt;
ne menjetek már sehova,&lt;br&gt;
szállásunkat mi megosztjuk,&lt;br&gt;
kis Jézuskát béfogadjuk.&lt;br&gt;
Legalább ti jó emberek&lt;br&gt;
fogadjátok a kisdedet.&lt;br&gt;
Házatokra boldogság száll,&lt;br&gt;
ha betér az Égi Király.&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;

|||: Legalább ti jó emberek&lt;br&gt;
fogadjátok a kisdedet.&lt;br&gt;
Házatokra boldogság száll,&lt;br&gt;
ha betér az Égi Király. :||| &lt;br&gt;

'''КҮК ПАТШАСЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Бу дини җыр Раштуа бәйрәме йолаларын үтәгәндә төрлечә җырлана. Биредә Маҗарстанның халык җырчысы '''Нори Ковач''' башкаруындагы җырдан тәрҗемә.&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамасы ('''Égi Király''' җыры -- №7):&lt;br&gt;
https://music.yandex.ru/album/25374216/track/112662916

1. Кояш иңде тау артына,&lt;br&gt;
Сайрар кошлар – оясында,&lt;br&gt;
Йөри Мәрьям Ана гына&lt;br&gt;
Бәйтәл-Ләхәм каласында.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (2):'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ихлас күңелле кешеләр&lt;br&gt;
Изгеләргә ярдәм кылса,&lt;br&gt;
Тормышка да бәхет иңәр,&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы ярлыкаса.&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...  &lt;br&gt;

2. Мәрьям Ана, син елама,&lt;br&gt;
Сыену эзләп, ятка барма.&lt;br&gt;
Урын бездә киң сиңа да,&lt;br&gt;
Бәләкәчең Гайсага да.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта.'''''&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (3).'''''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''SZERELEM, SZERELEM... (Мәхәббәт, мәхәббәт...)''' ===
Piros pántlikamát fújdogálja a szél,&lt;br&gt;
köszönöm galambom, hogy eddig szerettél.&lt;br&gt;
Arról sem tehetek, ha már megvetettél,&lt;br&gt;
nálamnál szebbeket, s jobbakat kerestél.&lt;br&gt;
||:Szerelem szerelem átkozott szerelem,&lt;br&gt;
Mér nem termettél meg minden falevelen.:|| &lt;br&gt;

A piros rózsának elhajlik az ága,&lt;br&gt;
én is elhajlottam egy hűtlen szavára.&lt;br&gt;
Mit ér a rózsafa piros bimbó nélkül?&lt;br&gt;
Mit ér a szerelem igaz hűség nélkül?&lt;br&gt;
||:Szerelem szerelem átkozott szerelem,&lt;br&gt;
Mér nem termettél meg minden falevelen.:|&lt;br&gt; 

'''МӘХӘББӘТ, МӘХӘББӘТ...'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Нори Ковач репертуарыннан, маҗар халык җыры; аудиода Норига кушылып аның бабасы Йожеф Ковач (1936-2023) җырлый)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://vk.com/audio-2001636777_59636777 

Минем кызыл тасмам җилферди җилләрдә,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхмәт, күгәрченем, моңарчы сөйгәнгә.&lt;br&gt;
Мине ташлап, аңлыйм, һич тә кимсетмисең,&lt;br&gt;
Миннән яхшыракны син бары эзлисең.&lt;br&gt;
||:''' Мәхәббәт, мәхәббәт... аяусыз хисләре,&lt;br&gt;
'''Һәр ботакта үсми сөю җимешләре.''' ''':||&lt;br&gt;

Гөлчәчәкнең кызыл ботагы иелә,&lt;br&gt;
Мин шулай баш идем ​​хыянәт сүзенә.&lt;br&gt;
Тугрылыксыз сөю... бармы соң мәгънәсе?&lt;br&gt;
Яфраксыз гөлчәчәк – ничек ул яшәсен?..&lt;br&gt;
||:''' Мәхәббәт, мәхәббәт... каһәрле хисләре,&lt;br&gt;
'''Һәр ботакта үсми сөю җимешләре.''' ''':||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÉN AZ ÉJJEL NEM ALUDTAM EGY ÓRÁT (Бүген төне буе йоклый алмадым)''' ===
Én az éjjel nem aludtam egy órát,&lt;br&gt;
Hallgattam a régi babám panaszát.&lt;br&gt;
Éjfél után sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
kezdtem elszenderedni,&lt;br&gt;
Jaj de bajos ki egymást nem szereti.&lt;br&gt;

Úgy meguntam ezt a legényt szeretni,&lt;br&gt;
De mégjobban a gyűrűjét viselni.&lt;br&gt;
Csütörtökön sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
megmondom az anyának:&lt;br&gt;
Köszönöm a jóságát a fiának.&lt;br&gt;

De szeretnék az erdőben fa lenni.&lt;br&gt;
Ha engem meg meggyújtana valaki,&lt;br&gt;
Elégetném sejehaj&lt;br&gt;
ezt a cudar világot,&lt;br&gt;
Ne szeresse senki az én babámat.&lt;br&gt;

Széles a víz, keskeny a híd felette.&lt;br&gt;
Rólad babám minden gondom levettem.&lt;br&gt;
Úgy levettem sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy még eszembe se juss,&lt;br&gt;
Jóságodér fizessen meg a﻿ Jézus.&lt;br&gt;
Úgy levettem sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy még eszembe se juss,&lt;br&gt;
Jóságodér fizessen meg a﻿ Jézus.&lt;br&gt; 

'''БҮГЕН ТӨНЕ БУЕ ЙОКЛЫЙ АЛМАДЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Маҗар эстрада җырчылары репертуарыннан)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамалары:

https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/én%20az%20éjjel%20nem%20aludtam%20egy%20órát

(Holdviola, Magonc Együttes яки Sebestyén Márta башкаруындагы файлларны ачарга)

&lt;br&gt;https://zvyki.com/song/73543067/Holdviola_-_n_Az_jjel_Nem_Aludtam_Egy_r_t/

Бүген төне буе йоклый алмадым,&lt;br&gt;
Карт баламның үпкә-зарын тыңладым.&lt;br&gt;
Төн уртасы, мин әле&lt;br&gt;
Китә алмыйм йокыга…&lt;br&gt;
Әй, яратып булмый ыгы-зыгыда…&lt;br&gt;

Яшь картлачның “сөю”еннән мин туйдым&lt;br&gt;
Һәм балдагын кию мәгънәсен җуйдым...&lt;br&gt;
Атна кич соң кат рәхмәт&lt;br&gt;
Әйтермен анасына,&lt;br&gt;
Гашыйк бит ул үзе карт баласына...&lt;br&gt;

Үсәр идем урманда агач булып...&lt;br&gt;
Ут төртсәләр һәм китсәм шунда янып,&lt;br&gt;
Дөрләтер идем ялган,&lt;br&gt;
Мәкер тулы дөньяны,&lt;br&gt;
Назламас өчен бу картлач баланы...&lt;br&gt;

Киң судагы тар басма аша үттем.&lt;br&gt;
Бу “сабый”ның “гыйшык” йомгагын сүттем...&lt;br&gt;
Һәм баш тарттым Гайсәне&lt;br&gt;
Аңлый алмаганнардан,&lt;br&gt;
Игелеген танымый торганнардан...&lt;br&gt;  

=== '''ÖRÖKSÉGEM (Мирасым)''' ===
Anyám ajkáról minden szó,&lt;br&gt;
Úgy száll, mint könnyű pillangó.&lt;br&gt;
Apám hangja menydörgő ég,&lt;br&gt;
Őszintén, keményen beszélt.&lt;br&gt;
Ha éjjel ébren álmodom,&lt;br&gt;
A csendben őket hallgatom.&lt;br&gt;
Hallom, hogy suttogják nekem,&lt;br&gt;
Légy büszke magyar, gyermekem.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Apám szíve zúgó harang,&lt;br&gt;
Anyám lelke fehér galamb,&lt;br&gt;
Amit kaptam, viszem tovább,&lt;br&gt;
Örökségem a szabadság. &lt;br&gt;

Anyám keze az irgalom,&lt;br&gt;
Tíz ujja tíz virágszirom.&lt;br&gt;
Apám ökle az igazság,&lt;br&gt;
Ütötte mások asztalát.&lt;br&gt;
Érintésük arcomon,&lt;br&gt;
A halálomig hordozom.&lt;br&gt;
Ha egyszer fegyvert markolok,&lt;br&gt;
Az ő kezükkel harcolok.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Anyám szeme kék tiszta tó,&lt;br&gt;
Tükrében minden látható.&lt;br&gt;
Apám komor tekintete,&lt;br&gt;
Mély ráncok sűrű erdeje.&lt;br&gt;
A sötét háztetők felett,&lt;br&gt;
Ezernyi csillag lépeget.&lt;br&gt;
Nézem az elfolyó időt,&lt;br&gt;
A múltat görgető jövőt.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén.'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''МИРАСЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-oroksegem-c20308b1c07c9a0bd1421357717b027c

Әнкәемнең һәрбер сүзе –&lt;br&gt;
Очар күбәләк ул үзе,&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй тавышының чаңы –&lt;br&gt;
Катгый күк күкрәү вөҗданы.&lt;br&gt;
Уяу хыялый һәр төнем&lt;br&gt;
Уза тыңлап күкләр өнен;&lt;br&gt;
Өндәп дәшә бакый җаннар:&lt;br&gt;
“Балакай, бул горур маҗар”.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй йөрәге – рухы шаны,&lt;br&gt;
Ак күгәрчен – әнкәй җаны.&lt;br&gt;
Изге, кадерләп йөртерлек&lt;br&gt;
Мирас алдым: ирек, хөрлек.&lt;br&gt;

Әткәй йодрыгы – ихласлап&lt;br&gt;
Торыр чит-ят әрдән саклап;&lt;br&gt;
Әнкәй куллары – аклыкта,&lt;br&gt;
Ун аерча – ун бармакта:&lt;br&gt;
Йөзем сыйпап салган эзләр&lt;br&gt;
Гомер буе мине бизәр.&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй коралын алырмын&lt;br&gt;
Һәм дүрт куллап яу кылырмын.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Әнкәй күзе – саф сулы күл:&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья чаг(ы)ла – кара һәм күр.&lt;br&gt;
Кырыс әткәй карашлары,&lt;br&gt;
Ерганаклы бит сырлары.&lt;br&gt;
...Өй өстендә, бик биектә –&lt;br&gt;
Мең-мең йолдыз йөзә күктә.&lt;br&gt;
Күзаллыйм узган гомерне:&lt;br&gt;
Үткән этәрә килерне.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта''''' (2).&lt;br&gt;  

=== '''EGY NAP AZ ÉLET (Тормыш ул – бер көн)''' ===
Csak egy nap az élet fiúk,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy nap és nincsen tovább!&lt;br&gt;
De azért a napért megszületni,&lt;br&gt;
Érdemes volt cimborák. &lt;br&gt;

Még csontunkon mozdul a hús,&lt;br&gt;
De vérünket issza már a föld,&lt;br&gt;
És látni a távoli fényt,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy elfedi lágyan a köd.&lt;br&gt;

Ha dob helyett harsona szól,&lt;br&gt;
És nyitják a menny kapuját,&lt;br&gt;
Ott menetel seregünk,&lt;br&gt;
A csillagösvényen tovább.&lt;br&gt;

Nem számít honnan jöttél,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az számít, hogy merre mész,&lt;br&gt;
És a zászlód, mit magasra tart,&lt;br&gt;
Egy ökölbe szorított kéz.&lt;br&gt;

Csak egy nap az élet fiúk,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy nap és nincsen tovább!&lt;br&gt;
De azért a napért megszületni,&lt;br&gt;
Érdemes volt cimborák.&lt;br&gt;

Ezer meg ezer év edzett apát és fiát,&lt;br&gt;
Elfogadni ha kell, a hősies halált.&lt;br&gt;
Ezer meg ezer év tanított anyát és leányt,&lt;br&gt;
Szívében viselni, fekete gyászruhát.&lt;br&gt;

'''ТОРМЫШ УЛ – БЕР КӨН'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-egy-nap-az-elet-f15319dabce5b5b7cc2a9aa3d708feba

Бер генә көн кебек тормыш,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм юк, дуслар, юллар артка.&lt;br&gt;
Кабул итик, бу бит язмыш –&lt;br&gt;
Бирелмәгән һич тә юкка!&lt;br&gt;

Бәдән әле – гел сөяктә,&lt;br&gt;
Туфрак инде суыра канны.&lt;br&gt;
Бер яктылык ачыла күктә,&lt;br&gt;
Төсмерләре тик томанлы.&lt;br&gt;

Тамтам тынып, сур яңгырар,&lt;br&gt;
Ачылып китәр күк капусы,&lt;br&gt;
Безнең гаскәр юлга чыгар –&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызлы юл булыр бусы!&lt;br&gt;

Игътибарсыз үз сукмагың,&lt;br&gt;
Мөһим бергә барган юлың,&lt;br&gt;
Югарыдагы байрагың –&lt;br&gt;
Йодрыклатып тоткан кулың.&lt;br&gt; 

Бер генә көн кебек тормыш,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм юк, дуслар, юллар артка.&lt;br&gt;
Кабул итик, бу бит язмыш –&lt;br&gt;
Бирелмәгән һич тә юкка!&lt;br&gt;

'''Мең еллар ата-улларны өйрәттеләр,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Кирәксә, керергә үлем элмәгенә.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Мең еллар ана-кызларны яшәттеләр,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Йөрәкләрен төреп матәм күлмәгенә…'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''VENDÉGSÉG (Кунакчыллык)''' ===
Üdvözöllek magyarhonban, messziről jött idegen,&lt;br&gt;
Hogyha jó szándék vezérel, pihenj annyit, amit kell,&lt;br&gt;
De ha földünkre fáj fogad, vagy csak asszonyt vinnél el,&lt;br&gt;
||: Fordulj sarkon, s gyorsan kotródj innen Isten hírével. :||&lt;br&gt;

Ne szomjazzon más nép fia a mi javaink után,&lt;br&gt;
Mi sem kérünk semmit abból, ami nem nekünk dukál,&lt;br&gt;
Nem keressük mi a bajt, de el sem futunk előle,&lt;br&gt;
||: Aki fogát feni ránk, az pórul jár egy-kettőre. :||&lt;br&gt;

Szívesen látunk mi bárkit, ha utána hazamegy,&lt;br&gt;
Nem időzik a kamrában, hogy a zsebét tömje meg.&lt;br&gt;
Mert a világ ezen felén csak az él meg száz évet,&lt;br&gt;
||: Aki tiszteletben tartja mifelénk az illemet. :||&lt;br&gt;

Üdvözöllek magyarhonban, messziről jött idegen,&lt;br&gt;
Hogyha jó szándék vezérel, pihenj annyit, amit kell,&lt;br&gt;
De ha földünkre fáj fogad, vagy csak asszonyt vinnél el,&lt;br&gt;
||: Fordulj sarkon, s gyorsan kotródj innen Isten hírével. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''КУНАКЧЫЛЛЫК'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/89106040/K_rp_tia_-_Vend_gs_g/

Хуш киләсең Маҗарстанга, ерактан якын юлчы,&lt;br&gt;
Ниятләрең изге булса, утыр, ял ит туйганчы.&lt;br&gt;
Ымсынсаң безнең җирләргә яисә берәр кызга,&lt;br&gt;
||: Борыл да тиз элдерт моннан, Ходай сиңа юл сызган. :||&lt;br&gt;

Күз атмасын чит-ят халык уллары безнең малга,&lt;br&gt;
Кызыкмыйбыз үзебез дә безнеке булмаганга.&lt;br&gt;
Күңелсезлек эзләмибез, курыкмыйбыз яманнан,&lt;br&gt;
||: Кемсә безгә теш кайраса, бик үкенер соңыннан. :||&lt;br&gt;

Кунак булгач, тиеш юлчы кабат өйгә кайтырга,&lt;br&gt;
Казынмасын сандыкларда – кесә калынайтырга.&lt;br&gt;
Дөньяның бу төбәгендә йөз еллап яшәр бары&lt;br&gt;
||: Хөрмәт иткән маҗарларга кадерле йолаларны. :||&lt;br&gt;

Хуш киләсең Маҗарстанга, ерактан якын юлчы,&lt;br&gt;
Ниятләрең изге булса, утыр, ял ит туйганчы.&lt;br&gt;
Ымсынсаң безнең җирләргә яисә берәр кызга,&lt;br&gt;
||: Борыл да тиз элдерт моннан, Ходай сиңа юл сызган. :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''AZ ÉN HITEM (Моны мин әйтәм)''' ===
Hogy sokasodjon szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
||: Magyar leány be az ágyba,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar legény a karjába.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem! :||&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Hogy okosodjon szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Magyar tanárt katedrára,&lt;br&gt;
A tudomány oltárára.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Hogy gyarapodjon szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Magyar szántson magyar földön,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar vízzel ő öntözzön.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Hogy boldog legyen szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Bölcsőnknél anyánk daloljon,&lt;br&gt;
Apánk víg nótája szóljon.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Ha meghalok majd, szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Temessetek magyar földön,&lt;br&gt;
Belőlem új élet nőjön.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Magyar vagyok, szabad vagyok,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar földön itthon vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

'''МОНЫ МИН ӘЙТӘМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-az-en-hitem-2b57f3427a766a9076bf731957d9db0d

Халкым саны артсын дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Маҗар туташы – ятакта,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар егете – кочакта.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Аң-белемле булыйк дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Галимнәрне – остазлыкка,&lt;br&gt;
Шәкертләрне – абызлыкка.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Мул тормышта яшик дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Маҗар җирен маҗар сөрсен,&lt;br&gt;
Сугарсын, иген үстерсен.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Сәгадәтле булыйк дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Ана бишекне тибрәтсен,&lt;br&gt;
Ата угланын өйрәтсен.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Гүзәл халкым, үлеп китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Җәсәд – үз җиремдә ятсын,&lt;br&gt;
Өстә – хәят чәчәк атсын.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

||: Маҗармын һәм иреклемен,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар җирендә үз өем!&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HUNOK UNOKÁJA (Һуннар оныклары)''' ===
Szabad Magyar vagyok, élek ahogy élek,&lt;br&gt;
Én csak az Úr Isten előtt hajtok térdet.&lt;br&gt;
Ő adta hazánkul ezt a darab földet&lt;br&gt;
Ránk bízva a fákkal suttogó hegyeket.&lt;br&gt;

Nemzedékek sora vérveríték árán&lt;br&gt;
Kardal és kaszával ott állt kint a vártán&lt;br&gt;
Ma sem törhetnek meg közülünk egyet sem&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse kísérjen, bátorság vezessen!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Bátorság vezessen! :||||&lt;br&gt;

Vad vihar torkában, zúgó jeges árban,&lt;br&gt;
Sziklaként állunk mi szép Magyarországban.&lt;br&gt;
S míg a csillagösvény ragyog fejünk fölött,&lt;br&gt;
Körmünk szakadtáig védünk minden rögöt.&lt;br&gt;

Üzenjük a világ mind a négy sarkába,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy a büszke magyar, hunok unokája!&lt;br&gt;
Üzenjük a világ ezer szegletébe,&lt;br&gt;
Voltunk, vagyunk, s leszünk! Él Attila népe!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Él Attila népe! :||||&lt;br&gt;

'''ҺУННАР ОНЫКЛАРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hunok-unokaja-341e6826a34d3cb22a59da562522387d 
+ “слушать” тамгасы

Мин азат маҗармын, беләм яшәү тәмен,&lt;br&gt;
Бер Алла каршында бары тез чүгәмен:&lt;br&gt;
Ул бу җир кисәген Ватан итеп биргән,&lt;br&gt;
Тауларны иңдереп, урманга җан өргән.&lt;br&gt;

Ватаным! дип, халкым кан койган, тир түккән,&lt;br&gt;
Чалгы, кылыч тотып, илне имин иткән.&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем югалтмаган җан һәм тән куәсен,&lt;br&gt;
Уңыш юлдаш булсын, батырлык әйдәсен!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Батырлык әйдәсен! :||||&lt;br&gt;

Гарасат ав(ы)зында үк(е)реп боз яуганда,&lt;br&gt;
Таш кыя күк бастык гүзәл Маҗарстанда.&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызлы юл балкып тора ил күгендә,&lt;br&gt;
Саклап тотыйк җирнең һәрбер кисәген дә.&lt;br&gt;

Белеп торсын фани дөнья тарафлары:&lt;br&gt;
Без горур маҗарлар – һуннар оныклары!&lt;br&gt;
Бар дөньяга хәбәр бирсен меңнәр өне:&lt;br&gt;
Булды, бар ул, булыр – Аттила кавеме!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Аттила кавеме! :||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''DICSŐSÉG ISTENNEK! (Аллага шөкер!)''' ===

||||||: Még áll a Kárpátok határa&lt;br&gt;
Él még a hazaszeretet&lt;br&gt;
Angyalok szárnyai&lt;br&gt;
Óvják e nemzetet&lt;br&gt;
Dicsőség Istennek! :||||||&lt;br&gt;

'''АЛЛАГА ШӨКЕР!'''

Сылтамалары:

https://yandex.ru/video/preview/203329528523511779

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-dicsoseg-istennek-481fa55a4622f60cf77b10d62b04d11e

||||||: Карпат-тау әле калкып тора –&lt;br&gt;
Ватанны сөюгә зикер.&lt;br&gt;
Фәрештә канаты&lt;br&gt;
Саклап тота аны,&lt;br&gt;
Аллага шөкер! :||||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''A VILÁGTÓL ELZÁRVA (Дөньядан еракта)''' ===
A világtól elzárva, égi tisztaságban&lt;br&gt;
Hegyektől ölelve, a remény sugára&lt;br&gt;
Született asszonytól, született embertől&lt;br&gt;
Lelke hófehére az egy igaz Istentől&lt;br&gt;

Míg künn a fenyveseket tépi a vad nemere&lt;br&gt;
Bent pattogó tűznek simogat melege&lt;br&gt;
Hol apáról fiúra száll a titkok titka&lt;br&gt;
Kárpátok őrzője imígyen tanítja&lt;br&gt;

Ha mész hegygerincen, ha mész patakvölgyben&lt;br&gt;
Lábad alatt az út könnyű sosem legyen&lt;br&gt;
Menj sűrű erdőkön, menj a hómezőkön&lt;br&gt;
Hagyd ott nyomod minden drága magyar rögön&lt;br&gt;

Hallasz majd beszédet, hangosat, csendeset&lt;br&gt;
Keserűt kárognak, az igazság édesebb&lt;br&gt;
Édesebb a nyelvnek az őszinte szó íze&lt;br&gt;
Varjú károgása ne zavarjon össze&lt;br&gt;

Kutass a végtelenben, a sorsod két kezedben&lt;br&gt;
Nyisd ki, olvasd bátran, ott rejlik benne minden&lt;br&gt;
Ott rejlik boldogságod, ott rejlik minden álmod&lt;br&gt;
Tövisek közt nyíló, szép mártírhalálod&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-a-vilagtol-elzarva-619038082f64edec2a374b1b866b87bf

'''Дөньядан еракта'''&lt;br&gt;
Дөньядан еракта, күкләр сафлыгында,&lt;br&gt;
Таулар кочагында, өмет нурларында –&lt;br&gt;
Анадан туган ул, атадан туган ул,&lt;br&gt;
Бер Ходайдан иңгән, кар кебек ак җан ул.&lt;br&gt;

Тышта – чыршыларны кыргый җил битәрли,&lt;br&gt;
Эчтә – янган учак җылысы иркәли.&lt;br&gt;
Карпат сакчысының сабагы-гозере:&lt;br&gt;
Атадан угылга күчә яшәү сере.&lt;br&gt;

Бар тау сырты буйлап, иңлә үзәннәрне –&lt;br&gt;
Аяк астыңда юл булыр сикәлтәле.&lt;br&gt;
Карурманнарыңда, карлы кырларыңда –&lt;br&gt;
Калдыр эзләреңне маҗар туфрагында.&lt;br&gt;

Сөйләрләр сүзләрен – мактап йә каһәрләп:&lt;br&gt;
Авырын – аһ-зарлап, рәхәтрәген – тәмләп.&lt;br&gt;
Сөйләш үз телеңдә, татып һәр хак сүзне,&lt;br&gt;
Карга каркылдавы борчымасын сине.&lt;br&gt;

Эзлән Мәңгелектә, язмыш үз кулыңда,&lt;br&gt;
Укы ачып аны, бөтен серләр шунда.&lt;br&gt;
Анда хыялларың, яшерен сәгадәтең,&lt;br&gt;
Гөлләр арасында – ахыргы сәгатең.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ISTEN VELED, SZÜLŐI HÁZ (Иминлектә бул, туган йорт)''' ===
Kicsi ház a szőke Tisza partján,&lt;br&gt;
Ott lakott az én édesanyám.&lt;br&gt;
S a nyitott ablakon kihallott&lt;br&gt;
Apám zongorája,&lt;br&gt;
Dalára a tücsök elhallgatott.&lt;br&gt;
Édesanyám, ha ebédhez terített,&lt;br&gt;
Sürgött-forgott az egész család.&lt;br&gt;
S ha ebéd után a kémény&lt;br&gt;
felett elszállott a gólya,&lt;br&gt;
a tornácról néztük az útját.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén:&lt;br&gt;
Isten veled szülői ház,&lt;br&gt;
Mától kezdve rád más vigyáz.&lt;br&gt;
Emlékszem a szépre, jóra,&lt;br&gt;
Húsvétra, karácsonyra,&lt;br&gt;
Emlék, mely örökre bennem él.&lt;br&gt;

Elrepültek hónapok és évek,&lt;br&gt;
hajlott hátú édes jó apám.&lt;br&gt;
Székén ülve, a szeme alatt&lt;br&gt;
Elmorzsolt egy könnyet:&lt;br&gt;
Milyen szép az én kis unokám!&lt;br&gt;
Szőke Tisza, mesélj nekem róluk,&lt;br&gt;
Milyen lehet egy igaz szerelem.&lt;br&gt;
Hogyan lehet egy életen át&lt;br&gt;
Egymást úgy szeretni,&lt;br&gt;
Tisztelni sok hosszú éven át.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

De jött az este, és sötét lett minden,&lt;br&gt;
Rózsa nőtte be az ablakot.&lt;br&gt;
Az ablak alatt, ha este megállok,&lt;br&gt;
Hallom a hangokat:&lt;br&gt;
A zongorán a régi dallamot.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

'''ИМИНЛЕКТӘ БУЛ, ТУГАН ЙОРТ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://vk.com/wall-78485741_1042

Якты Тиса буйларында өем.&lt;br&gt;
Әнкәй тәрәз аша җырлады,&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй фортепианосында&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратты көен –&lt;br&gt;
Шөрчекләр дә тынып тыңлады.&lt;br&gt;
Әнкәй табын җәйгәч, тәгам итте&lt;br&gt;
Ыгы-зыгы килеп гаилә.&lt;br&gt;
Өй өстеннән, канат җәеп,&lt;br&gt;
Ләкләк очып үтте,&lt;br&gt;
Карап калдык аңа, кул изәп.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Туган йорт, бул иминлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын хуҗаң изгелектә.&lt;br&gt;
Күңел баглыйм һуш кылганга –&lt;br&gt;
Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга*,&lt;br&gt;
Калды алар мәңгегә истә.&lt;br&gt;

Үтеп китте бик тиз айлар, еллар,&lt;br&gt;
Әткәем дә инде картайды.&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләрен сөртә-сөртә:&lt;br&gt;
“Нинди соң матурлар&lt;br&gt;
Оныкларым...” – диеп моңайды.&lt;br&gt;
Якты Тиса гүя сөйләп тора:&lt;br&gt;
“Менә шундый ул – саф мәхәббәт!&lt;br&gt;
Бер-береңне гомер буе&lt;br&gt;
Мөмкин яратырга,&lt;br&gt;
Кылып игелек һәм мәрхәмәт”.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Туган йорт, бул иминлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын хуҗаң изгелектә.&lt;br&gt;
Күңел баглыйм һуш кылганга –&lt;br&gt;
Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга,&lt;br&gt;
Калды алар мәңгегә истә. &lt;br&gt;

Кич тә җитте. Тәрәз канатларын&lt;br&gt;
Урап алган гүзәл гөлчәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй фортепианосы урамга&lt;br&gt;
Тарата моңнарын;&lt;br&gt;
Көе күңелләргә иңәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Туган йорт, бул иминлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын хуҗаң изгелектә.&lt;br&gt;
Күңел баглыйм һуш кылганга –&lt;br&gt;
Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга,&lt;br&gt;
Калды алар мәңгегә истә.&lt;br&gt;

 * '''''Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга: “Карпатия” текстында – “Олы Көнгә, Раштуага”.'''''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ERDÉLY HIMNUSZ (Әрдей гимны)''' ===
Ki tudja merre, merre visz a végzet:&lt;br&gt;
Göröngyös úton, sötét éjjelen.&lt;br&gt;
Vezesd még egyszer, győzelemre néped,&lt;br&gt;
Csaba királyfi, csillagösvényen!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrain''''':&lt;br&gt;
Maroknyi székely porlik, mint a szikla,&lt;br&gt;
Népek harcának zajló tengerén.&lt;br&gt;
Fejünk az ár jaj, százszor elborít&lt;br&gt;ja,
Ne hagyd elveszni Erdélyt, Istenünk!&lt;br&gt;

Ameddig élünk, magyar ajkú népek,&lt;br&gt;
Megtörni lelkünk nem lehet soha!&lt;br&gt;
Szülessünk bárhol, földünk bármely pontján,&lt;br&gt;
Lenne a sorsunk jó vagy mostoha.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrain''''':&lt;br&gt;
Maroknyi székely porlik, mint a szikla,&lt;br&gt;
Népek harcának zajló tengerén.&lt;br&gt;
Fejünk az ár jaj, százszor elborítja,&lt;br&gt;
Ne hagyd elveszni Erdélyt, Istenünk! &lt;br&gt;

'''ӘРДЕЙ ГИМНЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/himnusz-szйkely-himnusz-99ee478c566fdfd54708534b0da13e5f

https://zvyki.com/song/154544099/K_rp_tia_-_Sz_kely_Himnusz/

Язмышлар безне йөртми кайда гына&lt;br&gt;
Караңгы төндә, сикәлтә урда.&lt;br&gt;
Чаба шаһзадә, кайт кабат халкыңа,&lt;br&gt;
Алып чык аны йолдызлы юлга.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ялгыз кыя күк, сейкәй басып тора&lt;br&gt;
Халыклар явы барган диңгездә,&lt;br&gt;
Йөз кат калды ул дулкыннар астында;&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү насыйп ит, Ходай, Әрдейгә. &lt;br&gt;

Маҗар телле кавемнәр арасында&lt;br&gt;
Мәңге сынмас безнең көч-рухыбыз,&lt;br&gt;
Дөньяның кайсы җирендә тусак та,&lt;br&gt;
Нинди булса да юл-язмышыбыз.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ялгыз кыя күк, сейкәй басып тора&lt;br&gt;
Халыклар явы барган диңгездә,&lt;br&gt;
Кат-кат калды ул дулкыннар астында;&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү насыйп ит, Ходай, Әрдейгә.&lt;br&gt;

''Беренче бөтендөнья сугышыннан соң Трианон халыкара килешүе буенча (1920 елда) Румыниягә кереп калган Әрдей (Трансильвания) маҗарлары (үзатамалары – сейкәйләр) бу җырны шул елларда милли гимн буларак куллана башлаганнар. Аны сейкәйләрнең милли бәйрәмнәрендә һәм җыеннарында башкаралар. Гимн шулай ук Әрдей спорт такымнары Румыния беренчелегендә катнашканда да илнең үз дәүләт гимны белән бергә оркестр язмасында уйнатыла.''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BIZALMAM AZ ŐSI ERÉNYBEN (Изгелеккә мин ышанам)''' ===
Bizalmam az ősi erényben&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy vélünk az Isten&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy lesz feltámadás&lt;br&gt;

Az idő kezdete óta&lt;br&gt;
Regéket mesélnek róla&lt;br&gt;
Milyen szép is az én hazám&lt;br&gt;

Ha látsz útmenti keresztet&lt;br&gt;
Vándor, állj meg egy percet! &lt;br&gt;
Olvasd a hősök névsorát! &lt;br&gt;

Voltak kik előttünk jártak&lt;br&gt;
Erősek, ifjak s bátrak&lt;br&gt;
Hitték egy szebb kor hajnalát&lt;br&gt;

Bizalmam az ősi erényben&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy vélünk az Isten&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy lesz feltámadás&lt;br&gt;
Jegyezd szavam, históriás! &lt;br&gt;

Lesznek kik utánunk jönnek&lt;br&gt;
Szótlanul helyünkbe lépnek&lt;br&gt;
Vitézül harcolnak tovább&lt;br&gt;

S egyszer majd arról mesélnek&lt;br&gt;
Hogy valahol volt egy nemzet&lt;br&gt;
Ki visszaszerezte hazáját&lt;br&gt;

Bizalmam az ősi erényben&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy vélünk az Isten&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy lesz feltámadás&lt;br&gt;
Jegyezd szavam, históriás! &lt;br&gt;

'''ИЗГЕЛЕККӘ МИН ЫШАНАМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-bizalmam-az-os-erenyben-88cdac565f316aad49da3af60e61dbf5&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/94165942/Karpatia_-_Bizalmam_az_os_erenyben/

Изгелеккә мин ышанам,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ безнең белән һаман,&lt;br&gt;
Мәсих иңәчәк кабаттан.&lt;br&gt;

Языладыр Әлмисактан&lt;br&gt;
Риваятьләр аның хакта, –&lt;br&gt;
Нинди гүзәл безнең Ватан!&lt;br&gt;

Күрсәң һәйкәл, хәтер ташын,&lt;br&gt;
Туктап дога кыл, юлдашым!&lt;br&gt;
Укы батырларның атын!&lt;br&gt;

Ышанган безнең элгәрләр,&lt;br&gt;
Куәтлеләр, кыю, яшьләр:&lt;br&gt;
Изге чорлар таңы иңәр!&lt;br&gt;

Изгелеккә мин ышанам,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ безнең белән һаман,&lt;br&gt;
Мәсих кабаттан иңәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Елъязмачы, бу – киләчәк!

Бездән соң да килер буын,&lt;br&gt;
Әзерләек аңа урын,&lt;br&gt;
Дәвам итсен элгәр явын.&lt;br&gt;

Үрнәк итеп сөйләр дөньяң: &lt;br&gt;
Шундый бер халык, ди, булган –&lt;br&gt;
Үз илен кире кайтарган.&lt;br&gt;

|||: Изгелеккә мин ышанам,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ безнең белән һаман,&lt;br&gt;
Мәсих кабаттан иңәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Елъязмачы, бу – киләчәк! :|||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HAJDANÁN (Бик күптән)''' ===
Hajdanán egy székely kiment az erdőbe,&lt;br&gt;
Csalta egyre beljebb tündérek meséje,&lt;br&gt;
Arra sétált, hol madár se járt,&lt;br&gt;
Erdő mélyén hazára talált,&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy kun lány zöld mezőre tévedt,&lt;br&gt;
Szép hosszú hajából levágott egy tincset,&lt;br&gt;
Vitte szárnyán könnyű fuvallat,&lt;br&gt;
Mezők selyme hazája maradt,&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy csángó kiült a nagy hegyre,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve messze szállt, mint a költöző fecske,&lt;br&gt;
Hallgatta a fenyők zúgását,&lt;br&gt;
Fentről nézte kedves hazáját,&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy vén jász szikes pusztát járta,&lt;br&gt;
Lelkét melengette tücsökmuzsikája,&lt;br&gt;
Száraz kórót kergetett a szél,&lt;br&gt;
Napnyugtára ő is hazatér&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy palóc dombok alját rótta,&lt;br&gt;
Hűs patak vizével a szomját oltotta,&lt;br&gt;
Vándorbotját földbe leszúrta,&lt;br&gt;
Szép hazában rügy fakadt rajta&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

'''БИК КҮПТӘН'''&lt;br&gt;
Тарихи эчтәлекле җыр. Бер маҗарларның гына түгел, борынгы заманнарда Урал үрләреннән алып Карпат тауларына кадәрге Бөек Далада иңгә-иң яшәгән халыкларның уртак тарихы турында да.

Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hajdanan-0c33fea2ebd586f4f26f07d5aa08c4c8

Бик күптән бер сейкәй керде карурманга,&lt;br&gt;
Серле риваятьләр рухы чакырганга,&lt;br&gt;
Кош очмаган җиргә ул басты,&lt;br&gt;
Чытырманда ватанын тапты.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер кыпчак кыз яшел болында,&lt;br&gt;
Кисеп бер тотам чәч озын толымында,&lt;br&gt;
Бирде аны талгын җилләргә –&lt;br&gt;
Ефәк итеп кырга җәяргә.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер чаңго менде тау башына –&lt;br&gt;
Карлыгачтай, йөрәк күкләргә ашкына;&lt;br&gt;
Тыңлый-тыңлый наратлар шавын,&lt;br&gt;
Бу җир, диде, газиз ватаным.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер карт яс гизде тозлы чүлне,&lt;br&gt;
Чикерткәләр көе назлады күңелне.&lt;br&gt;
Калды сахра җилләр иркенә,&lt;br&gt;
Бабай кире кайтты өенә.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер палоц үз итте чал тауны,&lt;br&gt;
Инеш суын эчеп, басты ул сусауны.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм туфракка таягын төртте – &lt;br&gt;
Бөреләнеп ватаны үсте.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Җырда телгә алынган кавемнәрнең бер өлеше, маҗарларга ияреп, Дунай буйларына кадәр барган һәм мең бер йөз ел дәвамында маҗарлашып та киткән инде. Әйтик, Трансильвания (латинча – “урман арты иле”, маҗарча – Әрдей) җиренә беренче булып килеп урнашкан маҗарлар арасында төрки теллеләр да булган. Бүген Будапешттан көнчыгыштарак яшәүче яслар чыгышы белән Кавказдагы осетиннарга тугандаш, алар борынгы телләрен онытканнар инде. “Кыпчак кызы” маҗарча — kun lány (кун лань). Төрки чыгышлылар бүгенге Маҗарстанның Куншаг (Кун иле) төбәгендә яшиләр. Биредә һәм күршедәге Токай (!) төбәгендә илнең иң татлы йөземнәрен үстерәләр һәм кызыл шәрабларын ясыйлар. Җирле сөйләштә кыпчак сүзләре әдәби тел белән чагыштырганда күбрәк сакланып калган.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HIMNUSZ (Гимн)''' ===
1. Isten, áldd meg a magyart&lt;br&gt;
Jó kedvvel, bőséggel,&lt;br&gt;
Nyújts feléje védő kart,&lt;br&gt;
Ha küzd ellenséggel;&lt;br&gt;
Bal sors akit régen tép,&lt;br&gt;
Hozz rá víg esztendőt,&lt;br&gt;
Megbűnhődte már e nép&lt;br&gt;
A múltat s jövendőt!&lt;br&gt;

2. Őseinket felhozád&lt;br&gt;
Kárpát szent bércére,&lt;br&gt;
Általad nyert szép hazát&lt;br&gt;
Bendegúznak vére.&lt;br&gt;
S merre zúgnak habjai&lt;br&gt;
Tiszának, Dunának,'''&lt;br&gt;
Árpád hős magzatjai&lt;br&gt;
Felvirágozának.&lt;br&gt;

3. Értünk Kunság mezein&lt;br&gt;
Ért kalászt lengettél,&lt;br&gt;
Tokaj szőlővesszein&lt;br&gt;
Nektárt csepegtettél.&lt;br&gt;
Zászlónk gyakran plántálád&lt;br&gt;
Vad török sáncára,&lt;br&gt;
S nyögte Mátyás bús hadát&lt;br&gt;
Bécsnek büszke vára.&lt;br&gt;

4. Hajh, de bűneink miatt&lt;br&gt;
Gyúlt harag kebledben,&lt;br&gt;
S elsújtád villámidat&lt;br&gt;
Dörgő fellegedben,&lt;br&gt;
Most rabló mongol nyilát&lt;br&gt;
Zúgattad felettünk,&lt;br&gt;
Majd töröktől rabigát&lt;br&gt;
Vállainkra vettünk.&lt;br&gt;

5. Hányszor zengett ajkain&lt;br&gt;
Ozman vad népének&lt;br&gt;
Vert hadunk csonthalmain&lt;br&gt;
Győzedelmi ének!&lt;br&gt;
Hányszor támadt tenfiad&lt;br&gt;
Szép hazám, kebledre,&lt;br&gt;
S lettél magzatod miatt&lt;br&gt;
Magzatod hamvvedre!&lt;br&gt;

6. Bújt az üldözött, s felé&lt;br&gt;
Kard nyúlt barlangjában,&lt;br&gt;
Szerte nézett s nem lelé&lt;br&gt;
Honját e hazában,&lt;br&gt;
Bércre hág és völgybe száll,&lt;br&gt;
Bú s kétség mellette,&lt;br&gt;
Vérözön lábainál,&lt;br&gt;
S lángtenger fölette.&lt;br&gt;

7. Vár állott, most kőhalom,&lt;br&gt;
Kedv s öröm röpkedtek,&lt;br&gt;
Halálhörgés, siralom&lt;br&gt;
Zajlik már helyettek.&lt;br&gt;
S ah, szabadság nem virul&lt;br&gt;
A holtnak véréből,&lt;br&gt;
Kínzó rabság könnye hull&lt;br&gt;
Árvák hő szeméből!&lt;br&gt;

8. Szánd meg Isten a magyart&lt;br&gt;
Kit vészek hányának,&lt;br&gt;
Nyújts feléje védő kart&lt;br&gt;
Tengerén kínjának.&lt;br&gt;
Bal sors akit régen tép,&lt;br&gt;
Hozz rá víg esztendőt,&lt;br&gt;
Megbűnhődte már e nép&lt;br&gt;
A múltat s jövendőt!&lt;br&gt;

'''ГИМН'''&lt;br&gt;
''Тарихи әһәмияткә дә ия булган '''Маҗарстан дәүләт гимны''' тәрҗемәсе. XIX гасырның беренче яртысында шигъри текстын ''' Фәрәнц Көлчәй''' (Kölcsey Ferenc), көен '''Фәрәнц Әркәл''' (Erkel Ferenc) иҗат иткән.''&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/himnusz&lt;br&gt;

1. Йа Ходаем, маҗарны&lt;br&gt;
Саклагыл, ярлыкагыл,&lt;br&gt;
Суз ярдәмчел кулыңны,&lt;br&gt;
Дошманнарын гаҗиз кыл.&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш, өз золым көчен,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле ит барчасын,&lt;br&gt;
Үткән һәм алдагы өчен&lt;br&gt;
Күрде халык казасын. &lt;br&gt;

2. Юл сыздың Карпат аша&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар бабаларына,&lt;br&gt;
Бирдең Ватан-гөлбакча&lt;br&gt;
Бәндәгуз улларына.&lt;br&gt;
Тиса, Дунай сулары&lt;br&gt;
Үтә тауларны урап, –&lt;br&gt;
Батыр Арпад уллары&lt;br&gt;
Анда мул тормыш кора.&lt;br&gt;

3. Кун иле җирләрендә&lt;br&gt;
Чайкала тук башаклар,&lt;br&gt;
Токай тәлгәшләреннән&lt;br&gt;
Тама татлы шәраблар.&lt;br&gt;
Безнең ту еш балкыган&lt;br&gt;
Төрек кирмәннәрендә,&lt;br&gt;
Матьяш явы сыкраткан&lt;br&gt;
Вена түрәләрен дә.&lt;br&gt;

4. Гөнаһларыбыз үче&lt;br&gt;
Кысты Синең күкрәкне:&lt;br&gt;
Аттың болыттан яшен,&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәттең безнең күкне.&lt;br&gt;
Баскын монголлар угы&lt;br&gt;
Очты баш өстебездә,&lt;br&gt;
Аннан төрек коллыгы&lt;br&gt;
Йөк булды җилкәбездә.&lt;br&gt;

5. Күпме торды яңгырап&lt;br&gt;
Кыргый госман гаугасы,&lt;br&gt;
Яугир җәсәден таптап&lt;br&gt;
Җиңүләр тантанасы!&lt;br&gt;
Күпме сине улларың,&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл ил, күкрәгеңә&lt;br&gt;
Басып изде, кыйнады,&lt;br&gt;
Әйләндереп кабергә!&lt;br&gt;

6. Эзәрләүдән капланып&lt;br&gt;
Утырмасын кай өндә,&lt;br&gt;
Сыеныр җир тапмады&lt;br&gt;
Үз Ватанында бәндә.&lt;br&gt;
Менсә тау түбәсенә –&lt;br&gt;
Ут диңгезе өстендә,&lt;br&gt;
Һәркайда кайгы-хәсрәт,&lt;br&gt;
Кан үзәне бар җирдә.&lt;br&gt;

7. Кирмән иде – таш өеме,&lt;br&gt;
Хозур, бәхет югалган,&lt;br&gt;
Афәт, үлем сөреме&lt;br&gt;
Ватанны чолгап алган.&lt;br&gt;
Аһ, мәетләр каныннан&lt;br&gt;
Азатлык чәчәк атмый,&lt;br&gt;
Илсезләр елавыннан&lt;br&gt;
Шатлык күз яше акмый.&lt;br&gt;

8. Кызган, Ходай, маҗарны&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья михнәтләрендә,&lt;br&gt;
Суз ярдәмчел кулыңны&lt;br&gt;
Газаплар диңгезендә.&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш, өз золым көчен,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле ит барчасын,&lt;br&gt;
Үткән һәм алдагы өчен&lt;br&gt;
Күрде халык казасын.&lt;br&gt;

'''Аңлатмалар'''
 1. '''Бәндәгуз''' (Bendegúz) – ''IV-V гасырларда яшәгән кеше. Маҗарлар аны үзләренең нәсел башы дип саный. Риваятьләр буенча, ул һун патшасы Аттиланың атасы булган.''&lt;br&gt;
 2. '''Арпад''' (Árpád) – ''IX-X гасырлар чигендә бүгенге Ватаннарына килеп урнашкан маҗарларның юлбашчысы (икенче бөек кенәзе), беренчесе булган Альмошның улы. 895-907 елларда маҗар кабиләләрен җитәкләгән.''&lt;br&gt;
 3. '''Кун иле''' (Kunság) – ''бүгенге Маҗарстанның уртасында, Дунай, Тиса һәм Көрөш елгалары арасында урнашкан тарихи-географик өлкә. XIII гасыр башында, бу урынга көнчыгыштан килеп, кыпчаклар яши башлаганнар. Бүген алар маҗарлашып беткән инде, ләкин телләрендә берничә дистә кыпчак сүзе сакланып калган, алар маҗар әдәби теленә дә кереп киткән.''&lt;br&gt;
 4. '''Токай''' (Tokaj) – ''Маҗарстанның шәрабчылык сәнәгате төбәге.''&lt;br&gt;
 5. '''Матьяш I''' (I. Mátyás) – ''XV гасырның икенче яртысында Маҗарстан короле. Госманлылар мәмләкәте һәм Рум империясе белән Австрия җирендә сугышкан.'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''AZ IGAZÁN SZÉP IDŐ''' ('''Ихластан шәп заман''')===
Az volt, kérem szépen, az igazán szép idő,&lt;br&gt;
Mikor férfi volt a férfi és nő volt a nő.&lt;br&gt;
A pimasz rágalmakat másnap párbaj követte,&lt;br&gt;
És a sértést vérrel mosták le.&lt;br&gt;

Akkor, kérem szépen, rend volt még a rend,&lt;br&gt;
Az utcát csendőr járta, a tolvaj reszketett,&lt;br&gt;
A börtön nem hotel volt, és a bíró nem haver,&lt;br&gt;
Megfizetett minden gazember.&lt;br&gt;

Az újságíró, kérem, az igazságról írt,&lt;br&gt;
Nem kellett keresni a sorok közt a hírt,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar zenét sugárzott a magyar rádió.&lt;br&gt;
Harsogott az Erdély induló.&lt;br&gt;

Csak tessék, csak tessék!&lt;br&gt;
Itt látható a világ egyetlen országa,&lt;br&gt;
Ami hihetetlen módon határos önmagával.&lt;br&gt;
Itt lakik az a nép,&lt;br&gt;
Melyet ezer éve óta próbálnak betörni és idomítani,&lt;br&gt;
De mindhiába.&lt;br&gt;
Az ütlegeléstől megedződtek,&lt;br&gt;
És a nélkülözések közepette is feltalálták magukat.&lt;br&gt;
Vigyázat!&lt;br&gt;
Ha a láncaiktól és a szájkosártól megszabadítanánk őket,&lt;br&gt;
Beláthatatlan következmények elé nézne a világ!&lt;br&gt;

Az volt, kérem szépen, az igazán szép idő,&lt;br&gt;
Mikor férfi volt a férfi és nő volt a nő.&lt;br&gt;
A pimasz rágalmakat másnap párbaj követte,&lt;br&gt;
És a sértést vérrel mosták le.&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-az-igazan-szep-idok-7488e96241836170ed74ef35a7e3d1e6

'''ИХЛАСТАН ШӘП ЗАМАН'''&lt;br&gt;
Гафу, элек ихластан да шәп заман иде,&lt;br&gt;
Ирләр – ир-ат, хатын – хатын-кыз булган иде.&lt;br&gt;
Яла якканнар дуэльгә юлыга иде,&lt;br&gt;
Бар үпкәне кан юа иде.&lt;br&gt;

Ул заманда, гафу, тәртип даим сакланды,&lt;br&gt;
Жандарм йөрде урамнарда, бур калтыранды,&lt;br&gt;
Мәхкәмә – дус, төрмә кунакханә булмады, &lt;br&gt;
Һәр кабахәт җәзасын алды.&lt;br&gt;

Журналистлар яза иде гел дөреслекне,&lt;br&gt;
Катыштырмыйча яшерен мәгънә-этлекне,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар радиосы маҗар көен уйнатты,&lt;br&gt;
Әрдей җырларын ул яңг(ы)ратты.&lt;br&gt;

Речитатив:&lt;br&gt;
Карап багыгызчы!&lt;br&gt;
Гаҗәеп хәл: бу дөньяда бар бер әкәмәт –&lt;br&gt;
Үзе белән үзе чиктәш бердәнбер дәүләт. &lt;br&gt;
Маташалар мең ел буе халкын кырырга,&lt;br&gt;
Рух куәтен сындырырга, буйсындырырга.&lt;br&gt;
Әмма файдасыз:&lt;br&gt;
Чыныгабыз тик, кыйналган саен,&lt;br&gt;
Кыерсытылган мәхрүмнәр таба үз җаен.&lt;br&gt;
Сак булыйк!&lt;br&gt;
Намуссызның алып кына ташла йөгәнен –&lt;br&gt;
Күрерсең дөньяңның асты өскә килгәнен!&lt;br&gt;
 
Гафу, элек ихластан да шәп заман иде,&lt;br&gt;
Ирләр – ир-ат, хатын – хатын-кыз булган иде.&lt;br&gt;
Яла якканнар дуэльгә юлыга иде,&lt;br&gt;
Бар үпкәне кан юа иде.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BARÁTOM, MONDD MERRE VAGY? (Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?)''' ===

Карпатия вокаль-инструменталь төркеменең тагын бер түгәрәк даталы тарихи җыры: 70 ел элек (23 октябрь-11 ноябрь, 1956) Маҗарстан халкы сталинчыл-советчыл режимга каршы баш күтәргән һәм СССР гаскәрләр кертеп “Маҗар инкыйлабын” (ил тарихына шул исем белән кертелгән) бастырган вакытта булган хәлләр чагылыш тапкан аңарда.

https://vkvideo.ru/video-7449590_159562759

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-baratom-mondd-merre-vagy-58c7691f41e19fd45b4d5917658e558a

Könnygáz marja torkomat,&lt;br&gt;
Sállal fedem arcomat,&lt;br&gt;
Kardlap cserzi hátamat,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom, mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Az utcán testvérem lövik,&lt;br&gt;
Pesten Magyar vér folyik,&lt;br&gt;
Rendőr lovak taposnak,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Mint eldobott kő, száll a szó.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy igaz út járható.&lt;br&gt;

Meggyalázzák lányomat,&lt;br&gt;
Nemzetem, vallásomat,&lt;br&gt;
Börtön mélyén kínoznak,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom, mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Ronggyá ázott ruhámban,&lt;br&gt;
Fegyverek célpontjában,&lt;br&gt;
A fél szemem aszfaltra fagy,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom, mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Mint eldobott kő, száll a szó.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy igaz út járható.&lt;br&gt;

RECITATIVO:&lt;br&gt;
Isten előtt, ki-ki bűnei szerint,&lt;br&gt;
módon elszámoltatik,&lt;br&gt;
Nem marad semmi véka alatt,&lt;br&gt;
mi megtörtént a nap alatt,&lt;br&gt;
S tüzes paripák nyomán&lt;br&gt;
jön el, élet és halál,&lt;br&gt;
Bizony mondom néktek döntse&lt;br&gt;
el mindenki, hogy hol áll.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Mint eldobott kő, száll a szó.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy igaz út járható.&lt;br&gt;

'''ӘЙТЧЕ, ДУСТЫМ, СИН КАЙДА?'''&lt;br&gt;
Газ өтә тамак-күзне,&lt;br&gt;
Шарф белән каплыйм йөзне,&lt;br&gt;
Кылыч эзе аркамда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Аталар туганыма,&lt;br&gt;
Атлар баса санына,&lt;br&gt;
Кан түгелә урамда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Сүзем таш күк атылган.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Туры юлны эзләр җан.&lt;br&gt;

Җәберлиләр кызымны,&lt;br&gt;
Динемне һәм халкымны,&lt;br&gt;
Җәзалыйлар зинданда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Өс-башым юешләнгән,&lt;br&gt;
Мылтык миңа төбәлгән,&lt;br&gt;
Ауныйм җирдә, тузанда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Сүзләр таш күк атылган.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Туры юлны эзләр җан.&lt;br&gt;

РЕЧИТАТИВ:&lt;br&gt;
Кылган гамәлләрнең казасын&lt;br&gt;
Хак каршында күрми калмассың,&lt;br&gt;
Яшеренеп калмас берни дә&lt;br&gt;
Кояш нурлар сипкән һәр җирдә,&lt;br&gt;
Уттай янган атлар эзендә&lt;br&gt;
Пәйда булыр тормыш-үлем дә,&lt;br&gt;
Бәян кылам сиңа ихластан:&lt;br&gt;
Хәл ит, барырсың кай тарафтан.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Сүзләр таш күк атылган.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Туры юлны эзләр җан.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''IGAZSÁGOT MAGYARORSZÁGNAK! (Хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!)''' ===

Nem kell nekünk a más folyója,&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk a mások bérce,&lt;br&gt;
Csak magyar hegy és magyar róna,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy az Isten rég kimérte.&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk idegen égbolt,&lt;br&gt;
Egy porszeme sem a világnak,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az kell ami a miénk volt.&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;

Nem kell nekünk a más folyója,&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk a mások bérce,&lt;br&gt;
Csak magyar hegy és magyar róna,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy az Isten rég kimérte.&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk idegen égbolt,&lt;br&gt;
Egy porszeme sem a világnak,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az kell ami a miénk volt.&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;

Nem kell nekünk idegen égbolt,&lt;br&gt;
Egy porszeme sem a világnak,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az kell ami a miénk volt.&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;

https://yandex.ru/video/preview/18010745160999839490

'''ХАКЛЫК БУЛСЫН МАҖАРСТАНГА!'''

Кирәкми безгә чит елгалар,&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми безгә чит-ят таулар.&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар үзән-тауларын гына&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ биргән маҗар хакына.&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми чит дөнья күге дә,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-яттан – тузан бөртеге дә.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва бары элек булганга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;

Кирәкми безгә чит елгалар,&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми безгә чит-ят таулар.&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар үзән-тауларын гына&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ биргән маҗар хакына.&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми чит дөнья күге дә,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-яттан – тузан бөртеге дә.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва бары элек булганга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;

Кирәкми чит дөнья күге дә,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-яттан – тузан бөртеге дә.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва бары элек булганга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÁRPÁD APÁNK INDULÓ (Арпад ата маршы)''' ===

Árpád apánk, ne féltsd ősi nemzeted,&lt;br&gt;
Nem veszhet el, ha eddig el nem veszett.&lt;br&gt;
||: Sej-haj, ősi búnk és bánatunk,&lt;br&gt;
Sej-haj, újra élünk s vígadunk! :||&lt;br&gt;
Volt is nékem, lesz is nékem boldog, vidám életem,&lt;br&gt;
Árpád apánk gyermekeként ezt a hazát kedvelem.&lt;br&gt;
||: Nem mennék el más országba sehová a világon,&lt;br&gt;
Jó időben, rossz ínségben ezt a hazát szolgálom! :||&lt;br&gt;

Tud szeretni a magyar szív igazán,&lt;br&gt;
Kit szeressen, ha nem téged, szép hazám.&lt;br&gt;
||: Sej-haj, hű légy hozzá, barátom,&lt;br&gt;
Sej-haj, nincs más hazád a világon! :||&lt;br&gt;
Volt is nékem, lesz is nékem boldog, vidám életem,&lt;br&gt;
Árpád apánk gyermekeként ezt a hazát kedvelem.&lt;br&gt;
||: Nem mennék el más országba sehová a világon,&lt;br&gt;
Jó időben, rossz ínségben ezt a hazát szolgálom! :||&lt;br&gt;

Volt is nékem, lesz is nékem boldog, vidám életem,&lt;br&gt;
Árpád apánk gyermekeként ezt a hazát kedvelem.&lt;br&gt;
||: Nem mennék el más országba sehová a világon,&lt;br&gt;
Jó időben, rossz ínségben ezt a hazát szolgálom! :||&lt;br&gt;

https://vk.ru/wall-50581772_355

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-arpad-apank-indulo-9c5ee38859b47a38f825c08bfaa5bfbc

'''АРПАД АТА МАРШЫ'''

Арпад ата, инанып бак халкыңа:&lt;br&gt;
Ул исән-сау, яшәячәк тагын да.&lt;br&gt;
||: Әй-һәй, иске кайгы-гөнаһлар,&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, тормыш күңелле атлар! :||&lt;br&gt;
Булган иде, булыр әле хозур тулы тормышым,&lt;br&gt;
Арпад ата баласы мин, шушы илдә язмышым.&lt;br&gt;
||: Үз ур(ы)нымны таба алмам, чит-ят җирләргә китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхәтлектә, авыр чорда – бер аңа хезмәт итәм! :||&lt;br&gt;

Мәхәббәттә, маҗар, изге йөрәгең,&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл илдән гайре бармы сөйгәнең?&lt;br&gt;
||: Әй-һәй, юктыр үзгә Ватаның,&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, сиңа тугры булганың! :||&lt;br&gt;
Булган иде, булыр әле хозур тулы тормышым,&lt;br&gt;
Арпад ата баласы мин, шушы илдә язмышым.&lt;br&gt;
||: Үз ур(ы)нымны таба алмам, чит-ят җирләргә китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхәтлектә, авыр чорда – бер аңа хезмәт итәм! :||&lt;br&gt;

Булган иде, булыр әле хозур тулы тормышым,&lt;br&gt;
Арпад ата баласы мин, шушы илдә язмышым.&lt;br&gt;
||: Үз ур(ы)нымны таба алмам, чит-ят җирләргә китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхәтлектә, авыр чорда – бер аңа хезмәт итәм! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''AMÍG CSAK EGY MAGYAR ÉL (Маҗарлар исән чакта)''' ===

Az alkonyat pirosra festi a felleget,&lt;br&gt;
Aranyló fürtjei bíborrá válnak.&lt;br&gt;
Lángjától felizzik, s haraggá gerjed,&lt;br&gt;
Minden magyarban, az elfojtott bánat.&lt;br&gt;
Évszázadok kínja egyszerre fellobban,&lt;br&gt;
Parázsa nem hunyt ki, most újra él,&lt;br&gt;
Felperzselt mezőn is új élet sarjad,&lt;br&gt;
Szép tavasz illatát hordja a szél.&lt;br&gt;
Amíg csak egy magyar él!&lt;br&gt;

Míg az éjjeli szellő a felhőket hajtja,&lt;br&gt;
A hajnal már tomboló vihart lehel,&lt;br&gt;
S korbácsok ütötte sebeit, gyógyítva,&lt;br&gt;
Szívében lángorkán bosszút nevel.&lt;br&gt;
Gyötrelmes szenvedés színültig csordult,&lt;br&gt;
S ki eddig sarcolta, reszketve fél.&lt;br&gt;
Rablánc és koldusbot eltűnik, széthull,&lt;br&gt;
Piros-fehér-zöldben táncol a szél.&lt;br&gt;
Amíg csak egy magyar él!&lt;br&gt;

Nemzetünk százéves álmából riasztja,&lt;br&gt;
A felajzott, dühödten lüktető szív.&lt;br&gt;
Az egyik kezével gyermekét szorítja,&lt;br&gt;
Másikkal, lángoló szablyával vív.&lt;br&gt;
Idegen rablóhad nézd, ahogy megvirrad,&lt;br&gt;
Nekünk az ébredés, nektek a vég.&lt;br&gt;
Üvöltő harci zaj után csak csend marad,&lt;br&gt;
Ármányos pénz többé semmit sem ér.&lt;br&gt;
Amíg csak egy magyar él!&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАРЛАР ИСӘН ЧАКТА'''

https://zvyki.com/song/73346467/K_rp_tia_-_Am_g_Csak_Egy_Magyar_l/

Болытка шәфәкътән алтын төс ялгана,&lt;br&gt;
Куерып китә дә, толымнары яна.&lt;br&gt;
Ялкынлы учаклар ачулы, каргышлы,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар күңеле басынкы сагышлы.&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлар газабы бер мәл каб(ы)нып китә,&lt;br&gt;
Сүрелгән күмерләргә җан кертә.&lt;br&gt;
Янып көйгән кырлар янә чәчәк ата,&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл яз исләрен җил тарата –&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар исән чакта!&lt;br&gt;

Төнге җил болытларны куган бер мәлдә,&lt;br&gt;
Таң тыны чакыра яңадан дөрләргә,&lt;br&gt;
Камчылар ярасын дәвалап, тернәкләп.&lt;br&gt;
Үч алу гарасаты – йөрәктә:&lt;br&gt;
Газаплау касәләре тулып ташканнар,&lt;br&gt;
“Яклаучылар куркуга батканнар...&lt;br&gt;
Чылбырлар, култаяк тәмугка олаккан&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл-ак-яшел җилле һәр якта –&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар исән чакта!&lt;br&gt;

“Гасырлык йокыдан уянырга кирәк!” –&lt;br&gt;
Ярсый һәр маҗарда гайрәтле бер йөрәк.&lt;br&gt;
Баласы – сул кулда, коралы – уң кулда,&lt;br&gt;
Баскан ялкынлы, көрәшле юлга.&lt;br&gt;
Безгә бу – уяну, ә сезгә – бер шомлык,&lt;br&gt;
Котырган гөрелтедән соң – тынлык;&lt;br&gt;
Чит-ят баскын, кара: алсу таңнар ата,&lt;br&gt;
Мәкерле вәсвәсәң чыгачак юкка –&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар исән чакта!&lt;br&gt;

== '''АЛМАН ТЕЛЕННӘН ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘР''' ==
=== '''DAS MÄDCHEN AUS DER FREMDE (Чит җир сылуы)''' ===
In einem Tal bei armen Hirten&lt;br&gt;
Ersehien mit jedem jungen Jahr.&lt;br&gt;
Sobald die ersten Lerchen schwirrten,&lt;br&gt;
Ein Mädchen schön und wunderbar.&lt;br&gt;

Sie war nicht in dem Tal geboren,&lt;br&gt;
Man wusste nicht, woher sie kam,&lt;br&gt;
Und sehnell war ihre Spur verloren,&lt;br&gt;
Sobald das Mädchen Abschied nahm.&lt;br&gt;

Beseligend war ihre Nähe,&lt;br&gt;
Und alle Herzen wurden weit,&lt;br&gt;
Doch eine Würde, eine Höhe&lt;br&gt;
Entfernte die Vertraulichkeit.&lt;br&gt;

Sie brachte Blumen mit und Früchte&lt;br&gt;
Gereift auf einer andern Flur,&lt;br&gt;
In einem andern Sonnenlichte,&lt;br&gt;
In einer glüchlichern Natur.&lt;br&gt;

Und teilte jedem eine Gabe,&lt;br&gt;
Dem Früchte, jenem Blumen aus;&lt;br&gt;
Der Jungling und der Greis am Stabe,&lt;br&gt;
Ein jeder ging beschenkt nach Haus.&lt;br&gt;

Willkommen waren alle Gäste,&lt;br&gt;
Doch nahte sich ein liebend Paar,&lt;br&gt;
Dem reichte sie der Gaben beste,&lt;br&gt;
Der Blumen allerschönste dar.&lt;br&gt;

'''ЧИТ ҖИР СЫЛУЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
(шигыре Фридрих Шиллердан, көе Франц Шубертныкы)&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://www.schubertlied.de/die-lieder/das-maedchen-aus-der-fremde-d117-erste-bearbeitung

Пәйда була Сылу язлар килеп,&lt;br&gt;
Карлыгачлар канат какканда;&lt;br&gt;
Сокланалар, нурлы йөзен күреп,&lt;br&gt;
Ярлы көтүчеләр яланда.&lt;br&gt;

Чит төбәктә туган бу Сылуның&lt;br&gt;
Кайдан килгәнлеген кем белсен;&lt;br&gt;
Соң мизгеле саубуллашуының –&lt;br&gt;
Табалмассың шуннан соң эзен.&lt;br&gt;

Карашыннан гүя нур сибелә,&lt;br&gt;
Җан җылына, күңел ачыла;&lt;br&gt;
Затлылык, бөеклегеннән генә&lt;br&gt;
Гади бәндә азрак ятсына.&lt;br&gt;

Җиләк-җимеш, чәчәк кулларында –&lt;br&gt;
Үстергәннәр барысын читләрдә,&lt;br&gt;
Ягымлырак кояш нурларында,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетлерәк, мулрак җирләрдә.&lt;br&gt;

Һәркайсына таба ул бүләген –&lt;br&gt;
Җиләк-җимешме йә чәчәкме;&lt;br&gt;
Култаяклы карт, яшь җилкенчәген –&lt;br&gt;
Һәрбарчасын итә бүләкле.&lt;br&gt;

Ул кадерли үзенең һәр кунагын;&lt;br&gt;
Ә гашыйклар килсә аңарга,&lt;br&gt;
Чәчәк бәйләменең матуррагын&lt;br&gt;
Сайлап ала Сылу аларга.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ABENDLIED (Кичке җыр)''' ===
Von '''Franz Schubert''' und '''Matthias Claudius'''&lt;br&gt;

Der Mond ist aufgegangen,&lt;br&gt;
Die gold’nen Sternlein prangen&lt;br&gt;
Am Himmel hell und klar.&lt;br&gt;
Der Wald steht schwarz und schweiget,&lt;br&gt;
Und aus den Wiesen steiget&lt;br&gt;
Der weisse Nebel wunderbar.&lt;br&gt;

Wie ist die Welt so stille,&lt;br&gt;
Und in der Dämm’rung Hülle&lt;br&gt;
So traulich und so hold!&lt;br&gt;
Als eine stille Kammer,&lt;br&gt;
Wo ihr des Tages Jammer&lt;br&gt;
Verschlafen und vergessen sollt.&lt;br&gt;

Seht ihr den Mond dort stehen? –&lt;br&gt;
Er ist nur halb zu sehen,&lt;br&gt;
Und ist doch rund und schön!&lt;br&gt;
So sind wohl manche Sachen,&lt;br&gt;
Die wir getrost belachen,&lt;br&gt;
Weil uns’re Augen sie nicht seh’n.&lt;br&gt;

Wir stolze Menschenkinder&lt;br&gt;
Sind eitel arme Sünder,&lt;br&gt;
Und wissen gar nicht viel.&lt;br&gt;
Wir spinnen Luftgespinnste&lt;br&gt;
Und suchen viele Künste,&lt;br&gt;
Und kommen weiter von dem Ziel.&lt;br&gt;

Gott, lass uns dein Heil schauen,&lt;br&gt;
Auf nichts Vergänglich’s trauen,&lt;br&gt;
Nicht Eitelkeit uns freu’n!&lt;br&gt;
Lass uns einfältig werden,&lt;br&gt;
Und vor Dir hier auf Erden&lt;br&gt;
Wie Kinder fromm und fröhlich sein!&lt;br&gt;

So legt euch denn, ihr Brüder,&lt;br&gt;
In Gottes Namen nieder!&lt;br&gt;
Kalt ist der Abendhauch.&lt;br&gt;
Verschon’ uns Gott mit Strafen,&lt;br&gt;
Und lass uns ruhig schlafen,&lt;br&gt;
Und unser’n kranken Nachbar auch!&lt;br&gt; 

'''КИЧКЕ ҖЫР'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио-видео сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/mireille-mathieu-der-mond-ist-aufgegangen-209720acb3028056df0b777150e60f66

https://yandex.ru/video/preview/3841230331664325034

(икесе дә – Мирей Матйө башкаруында)&lt;br&gt;

https://www.schubertlied.de/en/die-lieder/abendlied-d499

Калыкты да Ай, йолдызлар,&lt;br&gt;
Яуды гүзәл алтын нурлар&lt;br&gt;
Аяз күк йөзенә.&lt;br&gt;
Дөм караңгылыкта урман,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм сихерле ап-ак томан&lt;br&gt;
Иңә болыннар түренә.&lt;br&gt;

Кичке тынлык тарафы да,&lt;br&gt;
Эңгер-меңгер япмасы да&lt;br&gt;
Күңелгә ятышлы!&lt;br&gt;
Булса дөнья имин-тымык,&lt;br&gt;
Ял иттерер, оныттырып &lt;br&gt;
Бөтен көндәлек сагышны.&lt;br&gt;

Тулган Ай йөзе – пар колач,&lt;br&gt;
Күрәбез бары яртылаш&lt;br&gt;
Йомры, гүзәл санын!&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья шундый: без белгәннең,&lt;br&gt;
Кечкентәй ул! дип көлгәннең&lt;br&gt;
Күрми күзләр арткы данын.&lt;br&gt;

4. Күр горур адәми затны –&lt;br&gt;
Нибары мескен, гөнаһлы,&lt;br&gt;
Аз белемле, кайчак надан.&lt;br&gt;
Күк кирмәннәре төзибез&lt;br&gt;
Һәм сәнгатьтә ни эзлибез,&lt;br&gt;
Тайпылып хак, туры юлдан?&lt;br&gt;

5. Ышанмыйк без фани малга,&lt;br&gt;
Тәкъва булыйк бер Ходайга,&lt;br&gt;
Масайтмыйк күңелне!&lt;br&gt;
Эчкерсез игелек кылып,&lt;br&gt;
Гомерләрне үтик, булып&lt;br&gt;
Балалар күк шат күңелле!&lt;br&gt;

Хак Тәгаләбез хакына,&lt;br&gt;
Тез чүк Аның тарафына!&lt;br&gt;
Кич салкын җил өне...&lt;br&gt;
Ярлыка безне, йа Аллам,&lt;br&gt;
Йолып ал бәла-казадан,&lt;br&gt;
Исән кыл хаста күршене!&lt;br&gt;

== '''РАБИНДРАНАТ ТАГОРДАН ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘР''' ==

=== '''ЯРСЫ, ДАВЫЛ, АЯМА!..''' ===
'''Һиндстанның мәшһүр язучысы, шагыйре һәм сәнгатькәре Рабиндранат Тагорның 1941 елда язган иң соңгы поэмасыннан бер өзек.'''&lt;br&gt;

Ярсы, давыл, коры ботак-чатаклыкны аяма,&lt;br&gt;
Куер, яңа болыт, яусын койма яңгырлар аңа.&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл төндә өермә су күз яшедәй коелсын,&lt;br&gt;
Узган чорның сулган төсе җәһәт кенә җуелсын.&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш “бакыйлыкка” дигән – китсен дөньядан, китсен!..&lt;br&gt;
Яңа чыпта җәйдем – өйне ямьле, күрекле итсен.
Салып ташладым өс-башны, күшеккәч юешләнеп.&lt;br&gt;
Күр, елга ташып, үзәнне су баскан үҗәтләнеп.&lt;br&gt;
Тавышым – ясмин аерчасы, очып китеп югалды,&lt;br&gt;
Гүя ахири җанымда яңа тормыш уянды.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''АТЛА ЯЛГЫЗ!''' ===
'''Рабиндранат Тагорның 1905 елда, Һиндстанда бәйсезлек өчен көрәш башланган вакытта язылган шигыре. Маһатма Ганди аны бик яратып укыган.'''&lt;br&gt;

Атла ялгыз, чакыруыңа “Юк!” дип җавап бирсәләр,&lt;br&gt;
Йә куркудан, дәшми-нитми, синнән йөз чөерсәләр, –&lt;br&gt;
Әй бичара, гакылыңны җик эшкә һәм әйт сүзең!&lt;br&gt;
Борылып китсә барчасы да, калсаң чүлдә берүзең,&lt;br&gt;
Күгән куакларын ерып, дәвам ит син юлыңны,&lt;br&gt;
Әй бичара, хак эздән бар, тамызып ал каныңны!&lt;br&gt;
Төнлә давыл котырганда, һичкем ут кабызмаса,&lt;br&gt;
Яшен сугып, авыртудан йөрәкләре сызласа,&lt;br&gt;
Каһарманнар алган юлын гел тотсын –&lt;br&gt;
Янган йөрәкләр дөньяны балкытсын!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''* * *''' ===
Килдем – якты өмет баглап, теләк итеп,&lt;br&gt;
Киттем – җиргә мәхәббәтем бүләк итеп.&lt;br&gt;
('''Рабиндранат Тагор''')&lt;br&gt;

=== '''* * *''' ===
Җилләр гөлне өзә&lt;br&gt;
юкка, моң-зар итеп:&lt;br&gt;
тузанда үлемгә&lt;br&gt;
аны дучар итеп.&lt;br&gt;
Ал син ул чәчәкне,&lt;br&gt;
кушып үр бәйләмгә,&lt;br&gt;
хәзинә-бизәкне&lt;br&gt;
җибәрмә әрәмгә.&lt;br&gt;
Мин җыр итәм бүләк –&lt;br&gt;
җырым аңлаганга,&lt;br&gt;
гөлләрне кадерләп&lt;br&gt;
тузаннан алганга.&lt;br&gt;
('''Рабиндранат Тагор''')&lt;br&gt;

== '''УРЫС ТЕЛЕННӘН ҺӘМ УРЫС ТЕЛЕНӘ ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘР''' ==
=== '''БОГ (Аллаһ)''' ===
'''(Авторы – Гавриил Державин, 1784 елда язылган)'''&lt;br&gt;

О Ты, пространством бесконечный,&lt;br&gt;
Живый в движеньи вещества,&lt;br&gt;
Теченьем времени предвечный,&lt;br&gt;
Без лиц, в Трёх Лицах Божества!&lt;br&gt;
Дух всюду Сущий и Единый,&lt;br&gt;
Кому нет места и причины,&lt;br&gt;
Кого никто постичь не мог,&lt;br&gt;
Кто всё Собою наполняет,&lt;br&gt;
Объемлет, зиждет, сохраняет,&lt;br&gt;
Кого мы нарицаем — Бог!&lt;br&gt;

Измерить океан глубокий,&lt;br&gt;
Сочесть пески, лучи планет&lt;br&gt;
Хотя и мог бы ум высокий, —&lt;br&gt;
Тебе числа и меры нет!&lt;br&gt;
Не могут духи просвещенны,&lt;br&gt;
От света Твоего рожденны,&lt;br&gt;
Исследовать судеб Твоих:&lt;br&gt;
Лишь мысль к Тебе взнестись дерзает,&lt;br&gt;
В Твоем величьи исчезает,&lt;br&gt;
Как в вечности прошедший миг.&lt;br&gt;

Хаоса бытность довременну&lt;br&gt;
Из бездн Ты вечности воззвал,&lt;br&gt;
А вечность, прежде век рожденну,&lt;br&gt;
В Себе Самом Ты основал:&lt;br&gt;
Себя Собою составляя,&lt;br&gt;
Собою из Себя сияя,&lt;br&gt;
Ты Свет, откуда свет истек.&lt;br&gt;
Создавый всё единым словом,&lt;br&gt;
В твореньи простираясь новом,&lt;br&gt;
Ты был, Ты есть, Ты будешь ввек!&lt;br&gt;

Ты цепь существ в Себе вмещаешь,&lt;br&gt;
Её содержишь и живишь;&lt;br&gt;
Конец с началом сопрягаешь&lt;br&gt;
И смертию живот даришь.&lt;br&gt;
Как искры сыплются, стремятся,&lt;br&gt;
Так солнцы от Тебя родятся;&lt;br&gt;
Как в мразный, ясный день зимой&lt;br&gt;
Пылинки инея сверкают,&lt;br&gt;
Вратятся, зыблются, сияют,&lt;br&gt;
Так звёзды в безднах под Тобой.&lt;br&gt;

Светил возженных миллионы&lt;br&gt;
В неизмеримости текут,&lt;br&gt;
Твои они творят законы,&lt;br&gt;
Лучи животворящи льют.&lt;br&gt;
Но огненны сии лампады,&lt;br&gt;
Иль рдяных кристалей громады,&lt;br&gt;
Иль волн златых кипящий сонм,&lt;br&gt;
Или горящие эфиры,&lt;br&gt;
Иль вкупе все светящи миры —&lt;br&gt;
Перед Тобой – как ночь пред днём.&lt;br&gt;

Как капля, в море опущенна,&lt;br&gt;
Вся твердь перед Тобой сия.&lt;br&gt;
Но что мной зримая вселенна?&lt;br&gt;
И что перед Тобою я?&lt;br&gt;
В воздушном океане оном,&lt;br&gt;
Миры умножа миллионом&lt;br&gt;
Стократ других миров, – и то,&lt;br&gt;
Когда дерзну сравнить с Тобою,&lt;br&gt;
Лишь будет точкою одною:&lt;br&gt;
А я перед Тобой – ничто.&lt;br&gt;

Ничто! – Но Ты во мне сияешь&lt;br&gt;
Величеством Твоих доброт;&lt;br&gt;
Во мне Себя изображаешь,&lt;br&gt;
Как солнце в малой капле вод.&lt;br&gt;
Ничто! – Но жизнь я ощущаю,&lt;br&gt;
Несытым некаким летаю&lt;br&gt;
Всегда пареньем в высоты;&lt;br&gt;
Тебя душа моя быть чает,&lt;br&gt;
Вникает, мыслит, рассуждает:&lt;br&gt;
Я есмь – конечно, есть и Ты!&lt;br&gt;

Ты есть! – природы чин вещает,&lt;br&gt;
Гласит моё мне сердце то,&lt;br&gt;
Меня мой разум уверяет,&lt;br&gt;
Ты есть – и я уж не ничто!&lt;br&gt;
Частица целой я Вселенной,&lt;br&gt;
Поставлен, мнится мне, в почтенной&lt;br&gt;
Средине естества я той,&lt;br&gt;
Где кончил тварей Ты телесных,&lt;br&gt;
Где начал Ты духов небесных&lt;br&gt;
И цепь существ связал всех мной.&lt;br&gt;

Я связь миров, повсюду сущих,&lt;br&gt;
Я крайня степень вещества;&lt;br&gt;
Я средоточие живущих,&lt;br&gt;
Черта начальна Божества;&lt;br&gt;
Я телом в прахе истлеваю,&lt;br&gt;
Умом громам повелеваю,&lt;br&gt;
Я царь – я раб – я червь – я бог!&lt;br&gt;
Но, будучи я столь чудесен,&lt;br&gt;
Отколе происшел? – безвестен;&lt;br&gt;
А сам собой я быть не мог.&lt;br&gt;

Твое созданье я, Создатель!&lt;br&gt;
Твоей премудрости я тварь,&lt;br&gt;
Источник жизни, благ Податель,&lt;br&gt;
Душа души моей и Царь!&lt;br&gt;
Твоей то правде нужно было,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб смертну бездну преходило&lt;br&gt;
Мое бессмертно бытие;&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб дух мой в смертность облачился&lt;br&gt;
И чтоб чрез смерть я возвратился,&lt;br&gt;
Отец! – в бессмертие Твое.&lt;br&gt;

Неизъяснимый, Непостижный!&lt;br&gt;
Я знаю, что души моей&lt;br&gt;
Воображении бессильны&lt;br&gt;
И тени начертать Твоей;&lt;br&gt;
Но если славословить должно,&lt;br&gt;
То слабым смертным невозможно&lt;br&gt;
Тебя ничем иным почтить,&lt;br&gt;
Как им к Тебе лишь возвышаться,&lt;br&gt;
В безмерной разности теряться&lt;br&gt;
И благодарны слёзы лить.&lt;br&gt;

'''АЛЛАҺ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''(Гавриил Державиннан)'''&lt;br&gt;

Иксез-чиксез иркенлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Тереклегең − хәрәкәттә,&lt;br&gt;
Яшәешең − мәңгелектә,&lt;br&gt;
Илаһи зат күп халәттә, −&lt;br&gt;
Һәр җирдә хәй һәм бердәмсең,&lt;br&gt;
Урын-сәбәпсез күркәмсең,&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем түгел Сиңа тиң-таман,&lt;br&gt;
Барысын да Үзең иңлисең,&lt;br&gt;
Урап, саклап, кадерлисең,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ – Синең бөек атамаң!&lt;br&gt;

Океаннар тирәнлеген,&lt;br&gt;
Комнар санын, нур күләмен&lt;br&gt;
Барлый ала акыл бүген, −&lt;br&gt;
Ә Синең юк бер үлчәмең!&lt;br&gt;
Синең нурыңнан туганнар,&lt;br&gt;
Рухыңнан гариф булганнар –&lt;br&gt;
Гамәлләрең кятибе түгел:&lt;br&gt;
Уй-хыяллар Сиңа аша,&lt;br&gt;
Бөеклегеңә яраша −&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелектә эри һәр мизгел.&lt;br&gt;

Хаосны, вакыт элгәрен,&lt;br&gt;
Бакый төпкеленнән алдың;&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелекне итеп җәлеп,&lt;br&gt;
Син үзеңдә нигез салдың.&lt;br&gt;
Үзең белән үзең кордың,&lt;br&gt;
Үз нурыңнан балкып тордың,&lt;br&gt;
Нур чишмәсе Син иң-иң элек.&lt;br&gt;
Бер сүз белән яралдырып,&lt;br&gt;
Бар яңаны иҗат кылып,&lt;br&gt;
Булдың, бар бүген, Син – мәңгелек!&lt;br&gt;

Тереклек чылбырын ипләп,&lt;br&gt;
Асрап тәрбия итәсең;&lt;br&gt;
Башын-очын тәгаенләп,&lt;br&gt;
Мәрттән яшәү җиткерәсең.&lt;br&gt;
Очкын очкыннарны куа −&lt;br&gt;
Һәм кояшлар Синнән туа.&lt;br&gt;
Аяз суык көндә боз һәм кар,&lt;br&gt;
Бәс тузаны сыман елгыр −&lt;br&gt;
Җемелдәшә ялтыр-йолтыр&lt;br&gt;
Синең хозурыңда йолдызлар.&lt;br&gt;

Үлчәмсезлектә бер агым:&lt;br&gt;
Миллион якты җисем бара,&lt;br&gt;
Кануннарың хаклылыгын&lt;br&gt;
Терек нурында сугара.&lt;br&gt;
Якты утлы лампадалар&lt;br&gt;
Гүя алсу кристалл таулар −&lt;br&gt;
Алтын дулкын чөйгән бер күбек.&lt;br&gt;
Ургып-дөрләп янган эфир,&lt;br&gt;
Нурга чумган Галәм һәм Җир −&lt;br&gt;
Көн каршында бары төн кебек.&lt;br&gt;

Диңгезгә тамган тамчы күк,&lt;br&gt;
Каты катлам алларыңда;&lt;br&gt;
Ни ул – мин күргән галәм-күк,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм мин үзем – Син барында?&lt;br&gt;
Яулап һава-океаннарны,&lt;br&gt;
Миллионлап дөньяларны,&lt;br&gt;
Иш итмәмен Сиңа барысын да:&lt;br&gt;
Тиң булмаслар Синең белән,&lt;br&gt;
Бөтенесе – нокта, беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә бер юк нәрсә каршыңда.&lt;br&gt;

Әмма миндә Синең агыла&lt;br&gt;
Игелегеңнең гыйззәте,&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы суда күк чагыла&lt;br&gt;
Кояшлы йөзең сурәте.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм дә мин тормышны тоям,&lt;br&gt;
Канат кагып туймый очам,&lt;br&gt;
Татып күк гөмбәзе тарлыгын.&lt;br&gt;
Минем җаным Сине сөя,&lt;br&gt;
Уйлана ул, фикер чөя:&lt;br&gt;
Мин – бар! Шиксез Синең барлыгың!&lt;br&gt;

“Син бар!” − диеп, хаклый хакың&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәк тибешемнән күңел,&lt;br&gt;
Раслый төпченүле акыл:&lt;br&gt;
“Син бар – мин юк нәрсә түгел!”&lt;br&gt;
Мин – Галәмнең бер өлеше,&lt;br&gt;
Синең сайлау миңа төште –&lt;br&gt;
Изге чиккә Син мине куйдың:&lt;br&gt;
Монда бетә җанварларың&lt;br&gt;
Һәм башлана рух-җаннарың,&lt;br&gt;
Миннән шунда Син ялгау койдың.&lt;br&gt;

Һәр төштә мин җир терәге,&lt;br&gt;
Матдәнең җитлеккән очы,&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш мәгънәсе үзәге,&lt;br&gt;
Илаһилык башлангычы.&lt;br&gt;
Тәнем чери, көлгә китә,&lt;br&gt;
Акыл яшеннәргә әйтә:&lt;br&gt;
“Мин патша – кол,&lt;br&gt;
Мин корт – алламын!”&lt;br&gt;
Булсам да шундый могҗиза,&lt;br&gt;
“Кайдан мин?” – дип, чигәм иза;&lt;br&gt;
Үзлегемнән ич булалмамын!&lt;br&gt;

Син бар иткән җимешеңмен,&lt;br&gt;
Акыл, кодрәт йөзек кашы,&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү көчем, Игелеклем,&lt;br&gt;
Җаным җаны һәм Патшасы!&lt;br&gt;
Хакың хаклауга ирешкән,&lt;br&gt;
Үлем төпсезлеген кичкән&lt;br&gt;
Үлемсез яшәү үзлегем дә;&lt;br&gt;
Фани киеме кисәмче,&lt;br&gt;
Үлем аша ирешсәмче,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһым! үлемсезлегеңә.&lt;br&gt;

Аңлатып-төшенеп булмас!&lt;br&gt;
Беләм җаным теләгәнне −&lt;br&gt;
Күз алдына китералмас&lt;br&gt;
Ул да Синең күләгәңне.&lt;br&gt;
Ләкин Сине данлар өчен,&lt;br&gt;
Фаниларның хакы, көче,&lt;br&gt;
Ирешү әмәле дә юк түгел:&lt;br&gt;
Синең катка юл аласы,&lt;br&gt;
Тарафыңда югаласы,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхмәтле күз яшьләре түгеп...&lt;br&gt;

'''Гавриил Роман улы Державин – урыс халкының бөек әдибе, хәзерге заман урыс теленә һәм әдәбиятына нигез салучыларның берсе, Александр Пушкинга олы иҗат фатихасы биргән, нәселендә татар каны да булган остаз. Аның “Бог” исемле мәдхиясен татар теленә Ренат Харис тәрҗемә иткән иде. Әлбәттә, тиңдәшсез төгәл итеп, тирәннән-тирән эчтәлеген һәм бөтен илаһи мәгънәләрен саклап калган монументаль әсәр рәвешендә. Моның өчен күренекле халык шагыйребез шигырь үлчәмен 12х12 итеп зурайтырга мәҗбүр булган.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Биредә бу шигырьнең сәхнәдән уку өчен бераз “җиңеләйтелгән”, Гавриил Державинның үз шигъри үлчәменә якынайтылган (8х8 һәм 8х9) һәм “дога кебек укыла торган” тәрҗемәсе.'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''СӨЙЛӘШИК МӘХӘББӘТ ХАКЫНДА''' ===
(Гөлнәфидә шигыре)&lt;br&gt;

Сөйләшик Мәхәббәт хакында&lt;br&gt;
Туачак ал таңнар хакына.&lt;br&gt;
Сүзләрдән мәрҗәннәр тезсәк тә,&lt;br&gt;
Калдырыйк моң итеп йөрәктә.&lt;br&gt;

Чәчәкләр патшасы гөленнән&lt;br&gt;
Таҗ үреп кигерттең башыма,&lt;br&gt;
Чәчләрне чәчләргә бәйләгән&lt;br&gt;
Саф кояш нурлары каршында.&lt;br&gt;

Бу төстә – яшәүнең, тормышның&lt;br&gt;
Иң бөек югары ноктасы.&lt;br&gt;
Моң булып сарылдың җаныма&lt;br&gt;
Җиткәндә гомернең уртасы.&lt;br&gt;

'''ГОВОРИТЬ О ЛЮБВИ ВПОРУ ВНОВЬ'''&lt;br&gt;
Говорить о любви впору вновь&lt;br&gt;
Ради будущей нашей зари.&lt;br&gt;
Так построим жемчужины слов,&lt;br&gt;
Для мелодий сердца отворив.&lt;br&gt;

Из царя ты цветов сплёл виток&lt;br&gt;
И на голову мне возложил,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб из солнца лучей тот венок&lt;br&gt;
Нам единую долю сложил.&lt;br&gt;

В той короне – клубок наших сил&lt;br&gt;
В середине земного бытья.&lt;br&gt;
Ты мелодией душу обвил,&lt;br&gt;
Озарив благозвучьем меня.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''БОГА НЕ ВИДНО, НО Я ЕГО ВИЖУ (Күз уңында булмаса да...)''' ===
'''(Дмитрий Кравченко)'''&lt;br&gt;

Бога не видно, но я его вижу:&lt;br&gt;
в зрелости яблок, в спелости вишен,&lt;br&gt;
в ливне и стуже и в красках заката.&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно – он где-то за кадром:&lt;br&gt;
в детской улыбке и в маминых фразах,&lt;br&gt;
и рассыпаясь любовью по вазам,&lt;br&gt;
Бог говорит с нашим миром цветами.&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно, и видно не станет.&lt;br&gt;
В дальних поездках и командировках,&lt;br&gt;
в легких касаниях, нежных и робких,&lt;br&gt;
в боли, в надежде и в маленьком шансе&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно? О, не соглашайтесь!&lt;br&gt;
Бог открывает для каждого двери.&lt;br&gt;
Те, кто не верил – однажды поверят.&lt;br&gt;
Даже сейчас, атеистам в отместку,&lt;br&gt;
ставленным голосом с этого места&lt;br&gt;
Бог говорит с вами мной через вирши.&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно, но я его вижу. &lt;br&gt;

'''КҮЗ УҢЫНДА БУЛМАСА ДА...'''&lt;br&gt;
'''(Дмитрий Кравченкодан)'''&lt;br&gt;

Күз уңында булмаса да, мин Аллаһым белән:&lt;br&gt;
Аның алма-чияләрне өлгерткәнен беләм;&lt;br&gt;
Ул – коеп яуган яңгырда, зәмһәрир суыкта,&lt;br&gt;
Ул, алсу төсләргә кереп, балкыйдыр офыкта.&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ күзгә һич күренми – чынбарлык эчендә:&lt;br&gt;
Ул бала елмаюында, әниең сүзендә,&lt;br&gt;
Сөю гөле күк утыра чүлмәк өсләрендә,&lt;br&gt;
Чәчәк итеп тарата Ул сөю хисләрен дә.&lt;br&gt;
Ул күренми, күз талдырып баксаң, пәйда булмас,&lt;br&gt;
Читтә йөрсәң әмма, үзен һич сиздерми калмас.&lt;br&gt;
Ул кыюсыз бер гашыйкның сөеп назлавында,&lt;br&gt;
Әрнү-сызланулар катыш өмет баглавында.&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ күренмиме? Юк-юк, һич ризалашмагыз! –&lt;br&gt;
Аның әмереннән ачык бар ишек-капкагыз.&lt;br&gt;
Элек ышанмаганнар да читтә калмас инде:&lt;br&gt;
Менә хәзер дә Аллаһым, әр итеп дәһрине,&lt;br&gt;
Үз тарафына чакыра шигырь аша мине.&lt;br&gt;
Барлыгына мин инанам, берлеген мин беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Күз уңында булмаса да, Аллаһымны күрәм!&lt;br&gt;

'''Дмитрий Кравченко – урыс телендә иҗат итүче, 2026 елда 35 яшен тутырган шагыйрь, язучы, драматург, театр һәм кино  актёры.'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''КҮПМЕ СУЛАР АККАН... (Веками дули ветры и струились воды…)''' ===
'''(Гөлнәфидә Лопанова-Миңнәхмәтева)'''&lt;br&gt;

Дәвер җиле исеп, күпме сулар аккан,&lt;br&gt;
Җирдә яшәп, күккә күпме җаннар ашкан...&lt;br&gt;
Килеп бер көн, без дә шунда юнәлербез,&lt;br&gt;
Киек Каз юлында күздән югалырбыз.&lt;br&gt;

Дәвер җиле исеп, күпме сулар аккан,&lt;br&gt;
Безгә кадәр дә бит гөлләр чәчәк аткан,&lt;br&gt;
Көзен киткән кошлар язын кабат кайткан,&lt;br&gt;
Соңгы кырау төшеп, җиргә ак кар яткан.&lt;br&gt;

Дәвер җиле исеп, күпме сулар аккан,&lt;br&gt;
Исәпләсәң, кеше күпме учак яккан.&lt;br&gt;
Бездән соң да тормыш җырын дәвам итәр&lt;br&gt;,
Мәңгелеккә йөрәк бәхилләшеп китәр.&lt;br&gt;

'''ВЕКАМИ ДУЛИ ВЕТРЫ И СТРУИЛИСЬ ВОДЫ…'''&lt;br&gt;

Веками дули ветры и струились воды,&lt;br&gt;
Пройдя свой путь, шли в вечность люди и народы…&lt;br&gt;
Настанет день и наш ‒ в лазурь небес взойти,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб скрыться в мириадах Млечного Пути.&lt;br&gt;

Веками дули ветры и струились воды,&lt;br&gt;
Цвели всегда тюльпаны, незабудки, розы,&lt;br&gt;
Извечен был возврат всех перелётных птиц,&lt;br&gt;
И после холодов снег первый падал вниз.&lt;br&gt;

Веками дули ветры и струились воды,&lt;br&gt;
Шли предки сквозь своей судьбы стремнины, броды.&lt;br&gt;
Пусть песня мира не прервётся после нас,&lt;br&gt;
И в вечности звучит Творца нетленный глас.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''КҮК ГӨМБӘЗЕН ЯҢГЫРАТТЫ ҖАН АВАЗЫҢ''' ===
'''(Под сводом неба прозвучал твой глас души)'''&gt;&lt;br&gt;
('''Гөлнәфидә Лопанова-Миңнәхмәтева''')&lt;br&gt;

– Күк гөмбәзен яңгыратты җан авазың,&lt;br&gt;
Сагыш уты җанны телә ямансулап.&lt;br&gt;
Соңга калып килгән булсам, кичерә күр:&lt;br&gt;
Юлым узды язмыш кырын кабат урап.&lt;br&gt;

¬Бар җиһанның мал-мөлкәтен бергә җыеп,&lt;br&gt;
Алтын таулар вәгъдә итеп, җанны кыеп...&lt;br&gt;
Каршы җилләр иссәләр дә, бер мизгелгә&lt;br&gt;
Мин барыбер сиңа киләм: “Саумы!” – диеп.&lt;br&gt;

Йөрәк нечкә-нәзек кылдан үрелгәндер,&lt;br&gt;
Күзләремнән энҗе яшьләр түгеләдер.&lt;br&gt;
Гасыр үтеп, килдем, иркәм, яннарыңа,&lt;br&gt;
Күңел кошың булып калыйм яннарыңда.&lt;br&gt;

'''ПОД СВОДОМ НЕБА ПРОЗВУЧАЛ ТВОЙ ГЛАС ДУШИ...'''&lt;br&gt;

– Под сводом неба прозвучал твой глас души…&lt;br&gt;
О, если с опозданием пришёл, прости….&lt;br&gt;
Огонь тоски терзает душу смурью мне&lt;br&gt;
В попытках тщетных обойти судьбу извне...&lt;br&gt;

Собрав всё скопом состояние вселенной,&lt;br&gt;
О золотых горах терзаясь скорбью бренной…&lt;br&gt;
В одно мгновенье, хоть дуют ветры встреч,&lt;br&gt;
Я всё равно приду к тебе – Любовь сберечь!&lt;br&gt;

Из струн тончайших наши сотканы сердца…&lt;br&gt;
Скатилась по щеке жемчужиной слеза…&lt;br&gt;
Прошёл весь век, я рядом, у судьбы своей, –&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб пташка райская жила в душе твоей.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''АК КҮГӘРЧЕН (Белый голубь)''' ===
('''Гөлнәфидә Лопанова-Миңнәхмәтева''')&lt;br&gt;

Йөргән юлым борма-сырмалы,&lt;br&gt;
Ай һәм Кояш яктырта аны.&lt;br&gt;
…Ак күгәрчен, кунып иңемә,&lt;br&gt;
Тартты колактагы алканы.&lt;br&gt;

‒ Ошый икән, бүләк итәрмен,&lt;br&gt;
Тик йолкыма колак итләрем!&lt;br&gt;
‒ Шаярттым ич!.. ‒ дип ул гөрләде,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китте, бүләк көтмәде:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Җырың булсын бүләк, ялгышма,&lt;br&gt;
Дусларыңа аны багышла! ‒&lt;br&gt;
Гаип булды кинәт күгәрчен&lt;br&gt;
Ай-йолдызлы зәңгәр балкышта.&lt;br&gt;

Бер йолдызлык сипте нурларын ‒&lt;br&gt;
Күрдем күктә пәйда булганын!&lt;br&gt;
Бар барлыгым биләп, сихри нур&lt;br&gt;
Чыңлаттырды күңелем кылларын.&lt;br&gt;

Күңел төпкелемне моң били ‒&lt;br&gt;
Чишмә суы кебек челтери.&lt;br&gt;
Ак күгәрчен кайтты кабаттан,&lt;br&gt;
Хикмәт илә гөр-гөр гөрелди:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Йөрәк сүзең көйгә салынды! ‒&lt;br&gt;
Тавышы назлы аның, ягымлы. ‒&lt;br&gt;
Әйдә минем белән күкләргә,&lt;br&gt;
Күр тереклек иткән ягымны!&lt;br&gt;

‒ Ак күгәрчен! Мең-мең рәхмәтем:&lt;br&gt;
Күңел гөлләремә җан өрдең!&lt;br&gt;
Табигатьтән өстен көчләрдән&lt;br&gt;
Рух көрлеген миңа җиткердең.&lt;br&gt;

...Олы юллар ‒ килер иркенә.&lt;br&gt;
Гөләпләрдән хуш ис бөркелә,&lt;br&gt;
Таҗларыннан күңелем түренә&lt;br&gt;
Илаһи нур балкып сирпелә.&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕЛЫЙ ГОЛУБЬ'''&lt;br&gt;
Извилиста судьбы моей стезя,&lt;br&gt;
Луна и Солнце дарят ей свой свет.&lt;br&gt;
…Вот белый голубь, на плечо склонясь,&lt;br&gt;
Вдруг клюнул на моих ушах бусет.&lt;br&gt;

‒ Понравилась серьга? Бери, дарю,&lt;br&gt;
Не дёргай только мочку уха, вот!&lt;br&gt;
‒ Так в шутку ж я!.. Ведь красоту храню&lt;br&gt;
В душе моей! ‒ Взлетел он, и с высот:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Пусть песня станет даром, и воспой&lt;br&gt;
Её ты, посвятив друзьям и мне! ‒&lt;br&gt;
Воскликнул голубь, скрывшись за Луной,&lt;br&gt;
Средь звёзд в сияющей голубизне.&lt;br&gt;

Вот в небесах зажглась созвездий новь ‒&lt;br&gt;
Любви и Вечности напев звучит.&lt;br&gt;
Волшебный свет проник мне в плоть и кровь,&lt;br&gt;
Звенят во мне и струны всей души.&lt;br&gt;

И в песне той ‒ суть, вся моя любовь,&lt;br&gt;
Родник из сердца глубины она.&lt;br&gt;
Вернулся белый голубь мой, и вновь ‒&lt;br&gt;
Елеем для души вся речь полна:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Твой сердца зов мелодию обрёл,&lt;br&gt;
И песней нежной я её спою!&lt;br&gt;
Взлети со мной ты в небо, как орёл,&lt;br&gt;
Узри обитель красоты мою!&lt;br&gt;

‒ О голубь мой! Как благодарна я:&lt;br&gt;
Цветы души моей ты оживил!&lt;br&gt;
От Высших сил природы всей в меня&lt;br&gt;
Живительную воду духа влил.&lt;br&gt;

…Во власти будущего ‒ все пути.&lt;br&gt;
Тюльпанов ароматом дышит лес,&lt;br&gt;
Из лепестков цветы льют в глубь души &lt;br&gt;
Божественные промени* Небес.&lt;br&gt;
* '''промени ‒ лучи'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ТОРМЫШ ЮЛЫ (Дорога жизни)''' ===
('''АкКойрык''')

Аллаһ каршына илтүче изгелек юлы бик тар.&lt;br&gt;
Иблис-мәлгуньне җиңүнең бер генә ысулы бар:&lt;br&gt;
Көчең җитсә, һич юл бирмә, аяк терәп каршы тор,&lt;br&gt;
Тарафдарларны, халкыңны аңа таба каршы бор.&lt;br&gt;
Иман нуры яктысында иблис дәрманы китәр,&lt;br&gt;
Авызлыклап тота белсәң, ул сиңа хезмәт итәр.&lt;br&gt;
Хәлдән тайса көрәштәшләр һәм  сирәгәйсә сафлар,&lt;br&gt;
Вәсвәсәләргә бирелеп, хыянәт итсә дуслар,&lt;br&gt;
Комачаулама аларга, намусыңны гел сакла,&lt;br&gt;
Булачак кискен көрәшкә яңа тарафлар тупла.&lt;br&gt;
Акылсызлык, башбаштаклык теләгәнен эшләсен,&lt;br&gt;
Чистартсын синең мохитне, мөртәтләрне чүпләсен.&lt;br&gt;
Фани булгач ошбу дөнья, Хак тәгалә юлында&lt;br&gt;
Була алмый һич мәңгелек хөррият тә, золым да.&lt;br&gt;
Яралгысында золымның бар һәлакәт орлыгы:&lt;br&gt;
Гайрәтлерәк була барса, якыная хурлыгы.&lt;br&gt;
Золым белән көрәшкәндә юк фетнәнең кирәге –&lt;br&gt;
Һәркемнең үз яссылыгы, һәркемнең үз мәсләге.&lt;br&gt;
Узалмассың явызлыкта явызлыкны син һич тә –&lt;br&gt;
Утын өстәп торсаң утка, өстәлә аңа көч тә.&lt;br&gt;
Шайтаннарның таянычы — күпчелек  белән тизлек,&lt;br&gt;
Эзлеклелек һәм затлылык — Тәңре яраткан үзлек.&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш һәрчак дәвам итәр, Җирдән иман китмәсә,&lt;br&gt;
Юк аның үлем ноктасы, Кыямәт көн җитмәсә.&lt;br&gt;
Изге-явыз комарында без ирешкән нәтиҗә –&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелеккә юл алганда  хаклы дәлил, тәҗрибә.&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья өчен дип тапканың бу дөньяда кала бит,&lt;br&gt;
Фидаиләр мәңгелектә үлемсезлек ала бит.&lt;br&gt;
Булмый тормыш тәгәрмәчен туктатып йә тизләтеп,&lt;br&gt;
Һичберкем Галәм Канунын яза алмый үзгәртеп!&lt;br&gt;
Һәм иблисне авызлыклап булмый һич канун белән –&lt;br&gt;
Туена икейөзле хаин-мәлгунь каны  белән.&lt;br&gt;
Иблиснең бөтен гәүдәсе тирәндә, җәһәннәмдә,&lt;br&gt;
Суыргыч-капшавычлары без гөнаһлы адәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Яшидер ул азык итеп безләр кылган шомлыкны;&lt;br&gt;
Чыгар тамчы-тамчы кысып җаныңдагы бушлыкны,&lt;br&gt;
Корыт тамырын иблиснең һәм киптер бозык канын –&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә хозурында ясарсың тугры адым.&lt;br&gt;
Кыл изге гамәл, дөньядан киткәнче уйлан, эзлән,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңү-җиңелү мәгънәсен дөрес аңларга өйрән.&lt;br&gt;
'''5-8 август, 1993 ел'''&lt;br&gt;

'''ДОРОГА ЖИЗНИ'''&lt;br&gt;
К Престолу Бога путь всегда тернист:&lt;br&gt;
К Нему отыщет узкую тропинку&lt;br&gt;
Лишь кто душой и помыслами чист,&lt;br&gt;
Кто бережёт в себе Творца искринку.&lt;br&gt;
Наскоки  сатаны прочь отвергай&lt;br&gt;
И в меру сил одолевай невзгоды,&lt;br&gt;
К души порывам ближних убеждай&lt;br&gt;
Во имя Бога, Истины, Свободы.&lt;br&gt;
Единство, лад, согласие в делах –&lt;br&gt;
Вот средства против сатанинской скверны,&lt;br&gt;
Покуда держишь крепко в удилах,&lt;br&gt;
И сатана — слуга, но лицемерный!&lt;br&gt;
Ничто не вечно: выбьются из сил –&lt;br&gt;
Соратников  шеренги поредеют,&lt;br&gt;
Изменят те, кто клятву приносил, –&lt;br&gt;
Соблазны жизни краткой одолеют.&lt;br&gt;
Невмочь сдержать зло — отступи, терпи,&lt;br&gt;
Но сбереги в самом себе ты Бога,&lt;br&gt;
К борьбе за Веру падших подними –&lt;br&gt;
Вновь предстоит нелёгкая дорога!&lt;br&gt;
Неверные средь мутных сгинут волн — &lt;br&gt;
Очистится Земля  от зыбкой скверны;&lt;br&gt;
Поток безумия и произвол&lt;br&gt;
Вреда не причинят нам, правоверным.&lt;br&gt;
Восстанем  мы — как скалы средь пучин,&lt;br&gt;
Как маяки под сенью небосвода,&lt;br&gt;
Нам с Богом для унынья нет причин:&lt;br&gt;
Ярмо не вечно — так же, как свобода.&lt;br&gt;
Никто Величья Бога не оспорит!&lt;br&gt;
И тёмной силе не объять всего –&lt;br&gt;
Зерно погибели в зародыше её:&lt;br&gt;
Лихая удаль только крах ускорит.&lt;br&gt;
Без помощи Творца успехи мнимы,&lt;br&gt;
В борьбе со злом нужды в интригах нет;&lt;br&gt;
Дорога Жизни широка, но след&lt;br&gt;
У каждого здесь свой, неповторимый.&lt;br&gt;
Навал и суета — удел лишь сатаны:&lt;br&gt;
Обета лживого торопит бренность;&lt;br&gt;
Идущим к вечности, как  факелы, даны&lt;br&gt;
Надёжность, качество и постепенность!&lt;br&gt;
Пока на Вере зиждется наш Дом,&lt;br&gt;
Любовь Творца укроет нас как прежде;&lt;br&gt;
Господь свершит наш путь Страшным Судом,&lt;br&gt;
Когда погаснет в душах луч Надежды.&lt;br&gt;
Истории и судеб колесо&lt;br&gt;
Ускорить иль замедлить невозможно,&lt;br&gt;
Закон Творца священен и весом –&lt;br&gt;
Не заменить его обетом  ложным!&lt;br&gt;
И Тьмы со Светом в той  борьбе вотще&lt;br&gt;
Победы миг — мираж, пусть кровью добыт!&lt;br&gt;
Земных страданий  оттиски в душе –&lt;br&gt;
Для вечной жизни  обретенный опыт.&lt;br&gt;
И всё, что в мире бренном раб достиг,&lt;br&gt;
Его наследникам лишь для услады;&lt;br&gt;
Ценою жизни — тот счастливый миг&lt;br&gt;
Преодоленья  вечности преграды.&lt;br&gt;
Лишь праведный богоугодный труд&lt;br&gt;
Вернет покой душе и счастье Дому,&lt;br&gt;
Скитания земного каждый круг –&lt;br&gt;
Дорогой Жизни верный шаг к Престолу.&lt;br&gt;
Твори добро и путь свой отыщи,&lt;br&gt;
В раздумьях о Творце найди отраду;&lt;br&gt;
Потерь и обретений труд души –&lt;br&gt;
Итог всей жизни и залог Награды.&lt;br&gt;
'''8-10 августа 1993 года'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ЯҢА ДУМА ТАКМАКЛАРЫ (Новая Дума)''' ===
('''АкКойрык''')&lt;br&gt;

Тәрәзәләргә ут капса,&lt;br&gt;
ачып җибәр ишекне;&lt;br&gt;
юньле Дума, гадел патша –&lt;br&gt;
хыял назлый мужикны.&lt;br&gt;

Сүз боткасы ашатырга&lt;br&gt;
булды Мәскәү Думалы;&lt;br&gt;
җиңел куып таратырга –&lt;br&gt;
вәкаләте чамалы.&lt;br&gt;

Бик күпләрең Себер китәр,&lt;br&gt;
“либерал”ны котыртсаң,&lt;br&gt;
алтын богаулар киярсең,&lt;br&gt;
муеныңа утыртсаң.&lt;br&gt;

Әнә килә Жириновский –&lt;br&gt;
бөек дәүләт батыры,&lt;br&gt;
тавышы яңа, җыры иске –&lt;br&gt;
хурлык булыр ахыры.&lt;br&gt;

Патша йөри урам буйлап,&lt;br&gt;
нигә ачык изүе?  –&lt;br&gt;
Йә тагын бер кат “җиңүе”,&lt;br&gt;
йә тәхеттән төшүе!...&lt;br&gt;

Арзан Дума – очсыз халык,&lt;br&gt;
хуҗасызлык дәүләте...&lt;br&gt;
Кайчан бетәр аңгыралык,&lt;br&gt;
мисезлек галәмәте?&lt;br&gt;
'''март, 1994 ел'''

'''НОВАЯ ДУМА'''&lt;br&gt;
('''частушки, вольный перевод с добавлениями''')&lt;br&gt;

В Думе-думушке престольной&lt;br&gt;
подают к обеду рис,&lt;br&gt;
трижды крикнут “Смирно!”, “Вольно!”,&lt;br&gt;
а потом и – “Разойдись!”&lt;br&gt;

Наша Дума мировая,&lt;br&gt;
на деревне как плетень:&lt;br&gt;
руки-ноги обдирая,&lt;br&gt;
лезут все, кому не лень.&lt;br&gt;

Двадцать пять – и депутат! –&lt;br&gt;
Вот дешёвенький мандат.&lt;br&gt;
Ни к чему нам крупный счёт,&lt;br&gt;
если с гулькин хер почёт...&lt;br&gt;

Что-то дымом потянуло,&lt;br&gt;
вдруг пожар, будь начеку!&lt;br&gt;
...Добрый царь с путёвой Думой&lt;br&gt;
всё же снятся мужику.&lt;br&gt;

Жириновский безоглядно&lt;br&gt;
обещания всем даёт,&lt;br&gt;
хриплым голосом надсадно&lt;br&gt;
и “по Геббельсу” поёт:&lt;br&gt;

“Наклони головку низко,&lt;br&gt;
чтоб златых цепей надеть,&lt;br&gt;
даль Чукотки станет близкой,&lt;br&gt;
коль посадишь на хребет”.&lt;br&gt;

Против мира в одиночку,&lt;br&gt;
ты куда, Володя, прёшь?&lt;br&gt;
Впрочем, ты и с дёгтем в бочке&lt;br&gt;
от стыда ведь не помрёшь...&lt;br&gt;

Лихо правит “демократ”:&lt;br&gt;
до базара и назад.&lt;br&gt;
Нету больше сил бежать,&lt;br&gt;
остается “побеждать”.&lt;br&gt;

Победили на равнине,&lt;br&gt;
победим мы и в горах,&lt;br&gt;
сохраним Чечню, всех прочих&lt;br&gt;
мы разгоним в пух и прах!&lt;br&gt;

Кто-то пользуется всласть&lt;br&gt;
благами всевластия;&lt;br&gt;
катастрофой может стать&lt;br&gt;
эта катавасия!&lt;br&gt;
'''март 1994 года'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ФАТИХАСЫЗ КЕШЕ ЮЛГА ЧЫКМАС''' ===
('''Гөлнәфидә шигыре, “Мәхәббәт гөлләре яралсын!” китабыннан''')&lt;br&gt;

Хак-дөреслек көтмәгәндә килеп,&lt;br&gt;
Җанны салып ялкынлы утка,&lt;br&gt;
Көлдәй коеп, җилдә ул тузгыта&lt;br&gt;
Йә булмаса күккә очырта.&lt;br&gt;

Сынарга дип тәкъдир-язмышыңны,&lt;br&gt;
Вәсвәсәләндермә җаныңны.&lt;br&gt;
Хәсрәтеңнән сөрлегеп егылсаң,&lt;br&gt;
Күрсәтмәскә тырыш яшеңне.&lt;br&gt;

Бәхет кошы таң аттырып сайрый,&lt;br&gt;
Җан иркендә курку булмаса.&lt;br&gt;
Газапланырсың тик, каурый каләм&lt;br&gt;
Әйтер сүзең аңлый алмаса.&lt;br&gt;

Фатихасыз кеше юлга чыкмас,&lt;br&gt;
Хөсетлегә Ходай юл салмас.&lt;br&gt;
Мөстәкыйльлек фикере булмаган&lt;br&gt;
Авыз ачып сүзен әйталмас!&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕЗ БЛАГОСЛОВЕНЬЯ НЕТ ДОРОГИ'''&lt;br&gt;
Истина, придя внезапно, мельком&lt;br&gt;
Бросив душу в огненный бедлам,&lt;br&gt;
Сеет пепел, развевая ветром,&lt;br&gt;
Или же возносит к небесам.&lt;br&gt;

Нет, не искушай ты душу сгорбив,&lt;br&gt;
Испытав судьбу во власти грёз.&lt;br&gt;
А споткнувшись, ниц упав от скорби,&lt;br&gt;
Попытайся не пролить и слёз.&lt;br&gt;

Птица счастья песней будит зори,&lt;br&gt;
Если страха нет в душе твоей.&lt;br&gt;
Избежишь ли мук, душевной хвори,&lt;br&gt;
Коль перо отвергнет смысл речей?&lt;br&gt;

Без Благословенья нет дороги,&lt;br&gt;
Бог завистливым не явит путь.&lt;br&gt;
Вольной мысли же презрев, двуногий&lt;br&gt;
Не откроет рта – вот жизни суть!&lt;br&gt;

== '''ХӘТЕРДӘН ҖУЕЛМАС МИЗГЕЛЛӘР''' ==
('''Бу язма 2024 елда аерым китап буларак басылып чыкты һәм бүләк итеп таратылды''')&lt;br&gt;

'''''Бармы шундый бәрәкәтле, тирән,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''затлы бүләк – Ходай шәфкатедәй –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''үз эченә язмышым сеңдергән'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''ике тар һәм көчсез уч төбедәй?'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''''Не знаю благодатней и бездонней''''',&lt;br&gt;
'''''дарованных как Божеская милость,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''двух узких и беспомощных ладоней,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''в которые судьба моя вместилась.'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Игорь Губерман)&lt;br&gt;

'''''Ни мәгънә эч сереңнән – аны кем дә белмәсә?'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Равил Фәйзуллин)&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Яши-яши һичкем булмадың,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''ник көлдердең?!» – диеп Алла сорар.'''''&lt;br&gt; 
'''''«Юаттым ич гаҗиз колларың...», –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''дип әйтермен Аңа. Һәм Ул... елар.'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''''И спросит Бог: никем не ставший,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''зачем ты жил? Что смех твой значит?'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''«Я утешал рабов уставших…», –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''отвечу я. И Бог… заплачет.'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Игорь Губерман)&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ГОМЕР УВЕРТЮРАСЫ'''&lt;br&gt; ===
==== '''Туган авылым...'''&lt;br&gt; ====
'''''...Зөя буйларында, шунда үтте минем балачак...'''''&lt;br&gt;

Адав-Толымбай авылы Татарстанда шартлы рәвештә «әдәби телле Тау ягы» дип аталырлык төбәкнең көньяктагы чигендә урнашкан, аннан ары көндезге кояшка карап китсәң, табигый «Мишәрстан» кочагына барып керәсең. Хәер, бу чик хәзерге заманда бөтенләй ашалып бетте, дисәң дә була. Хәзер инде минем ише, гомерен читтә үткәргән бер кире-беткән «нугай» (казакълар Казан телле татарларны шулай атыйлар) соңгы тапкыр туган-үскән җирләремне әйләнеп чыгыйм әле, дип кайтып төшсә, аның турында... «Бу бабай әле хәзер дә казанца сүләшә», дип әйтәчәкләр.&lt;br&gt; 

Моның сәбәбе гади: Толымбай кызлары, мәктәп сабагын тәмамлауга ук, тизрәк Буага, Казанга яки «ябага» (чит җирләргә) ашыга, шуңа күрә авылда калам дигән егеткә күрше Карлыдан яки Иске Суыксудан цыкылдап торган бер чибәрне ияртеп кайтудан башка чара калмый. Мишәрләр бит алар матдичел тормышлы, консерватив карашлы һәм җиргә ябышып яши торган кешеләр. Берсе дә берьялгызы гына, күктәге торналарга ияреп, туган төбәген бер сәбәпсез ташлап, теләсә кая китеп бармас аларның. Югары белемле булырга теләгәннәр һәм сәләтлеләр генә, туган-тумачасы төпләнгән шәһәрләр булса, шунда юл тотар. Шуңа Буа районының үзәк хакимияте хәзер тулысынча мишәрләр кулында. Һәм «Мишәрстан» халкының табигый үрчеме беркайчан да, бернинди кризис шартларында да аска тәгәрәми. 

Адав-Толымбай авылын өч яктан урман чолгап алган. Көнбатышта һәм төньякта – узган гасырның утызынчы елларында утыртылган нарат урманы, көнчыгышта, Зөя буенда – табигый катнаш урман. Зөя елгасын авыл халкы үзе генә белгән кичү аркылы чыксаң – Кырлаңгы таулары. Җәй уртасында тауның көнбатышка караган итәгендә кып-кызыл җиләкләр өлгерә, нәкъ Кырлайдагы кебек. 

Зөя буендагы урман аланында ел саен май аеның соңгы ике һәм июньнең беренче якшәмбесендә «Май уны» дип атала торган авыл бәйрәме үткәрәләр иде. Хәзер бу урман эченә үтеп кереп тә булмый инде, бөтен юлларга-сукмакларга – һәм минемчә, йөрәкләргә дә! – чытырман ябышкан...Анда яз көне... энцефалит талпаннары хуҗа. Ә без илленче-алтмышынчы елларда бу бөҗәкне бар дип тә белми идек. Мин ул «клещ» турында 1975 елда Ерак Көнчыгышта армия хезмәтен үткәндә генә ишетем. Ләкин, телефончы буларак шактый еш урман эченә керергә туры килсә дә, бер тапкыр да очратмадым һәм «эләктермәдем» дә. Шулай да талпаннан һәлак булган тимер юлчы солдат мәетләрен күрергә туры килде. 

'''ФОТО''': Адав-Толымбай авылы. Урта урам.

Туган авылыбызга багышланган бер «көйсез җыр» мәгълүм, аны Себер татарлары шагыйре Булат Сөләйманов язган. Әдип Толымбайдан Себергә ягага киткән бер кызга өйләнгән булган һәм Казанда белем алган елларда җәй көне тормыш юлдашы белән бергә ялга кайтып-китеп йөргән. Бу шигырьне мин узган елларда Буа районының «Байрак» газетасына юллаган идем, авылдашлар, басылып чыкты, диделәр. 

'''Толымбай җыры'''&lt;br&gt;
Күктән йолдыз тотмыйм, бу җырыма&lt;br&gt;
Мин тормышчан сүзләр сайладым,&lt;br&gt;
Толымчак күк газиз авылыма,&lt;br&gt;
Толымбаем, сиңа багладым.&lt;br&gt;
Ялгыз калсам күңелем буранында,&lt;br&gt; 
Уйларымны сүтәм, яңартам.&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья буйлап чабып хәлдән тайсам,&lt;br&gt; 
И Толымбай, сиңа мин кайтам.&lt;br&gt;

Толымыңда – урман-болыннарың,&lt;br&gt;
Зөя сөеклесе Толымбай,&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәгем дә кушып үрелгән бит,&lt;br&gt;
Ни хәл итим соң мин, йа Ходай!&lt;br&gt;
Кемнәр үрә бүген толымнарың?&lt;br&gt;
Сорасалар миннән, ни әйтим...&lt;br&gt;
Син булмасаң, улың илсез, җирсез,&lt;br&gt;
И Толымбай! синсез мин ятим.&lt;br&gt;

Толымсызлар тол хатын күк ялгыз,&lt;br&gt; 
Көзге таллар кебек шәп-шәрә.&lt;br&gt;
Син булмасаң илдә, Толымбаем,&lt;br&gt;
Булыр идем, шиксез, мәсхәрә.&lt;br&gt;
Чал чәчләрне җилләр йолкыганда&lt;br&gt;
Каеннарың толымын сагынам,&lt;br&gt;
Бер Аллага инанган ир-егет,&lt;br&gt;
И Толымбай! сиңа табынам.&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Авылым өлкәннәре'''&lt;br&gt; ====
'''ФОТО''': Авылда 2015 елда төзелеп беткән «Хәтер комплексы». Арткы планда урнашкан һәйкәл янындагы ятма такталарга 1941-1945 елларда Бөек Ватан сугышында катнашкан барлык толымбайлыларның исемнәре язылган. Мин ишетеп белгән һәм хәтерләгән өлкән туганнарымның һәм авылдашларымның берсен дә онытмаганнар! Комплекс капкасыннан уң якта – авыл мәдәният йорты, сул якта Буа драма театры директоры Раил Садриев төзеткән «Театраль кунакханә» һәм «Тамак» кафесы.&lt;br&gt;

Ә Толымбайның үзендә нинди танылган шәхесләр бар иде соң без яшәгән дәвердә? Бу сорауга җавап биргәндә, рәсми чыганаклар беренче бишлеккә Татарстанда күпләргә билгеле булган кешеләрне кертәләр. Ләкин аларның «күләгә»сендә калган лаеклы шәхесләр дә байтак.&lt;br&gt;

'''Гомәр Толымбай''' (Шаһиәхмәтев Габделхак Җәләлетдин улы, 1900-1938) – язучы. 

'''Александра Николаева''' (1924-2015) – Социалистик Хезмәт Каһарманы. 

'''Равил Рахмани''' (Кукушкин Равил Фәйзерахман улы, 1949) – язучы, шагыйрь, әдәбият белгече, әдәби тәнкыйтьче, филология фәннәре кандидаты. 

'''Раил Садриев''' (1966) – Буа татар драма театры директоры, Татарстанның халык артисты. 

'''Рафаэль Латыйпов''' (1956) – җырчы, Татарстанның атказанган артисты. 

Раил һәм Рафаэль икесе дә миннән шактый яшьрәк, алар турында һәркемгә мәгълүм булганны гына беләм. Алар белән шәхси аралашуларым кыска вакытлы гына, ләкин истә калырлык булды. 

Толымбайда туганнан туган өч кардәшем яши иде бу хатирәләр язылганда: Фәһимә апа Галимҗанова, Әнвәр абый Кукушкин һәм Рифкать абый Бакиров. Өчесе дә унынчы дистәсен ваклаган кешеләр. Узган гасыр хәтере булып кала алар безнең өчен. 2025 елның җәендә Рифкать абый бакый дөньяга күчте... 

'''ФОТО''': Гомәр Толымбай

Гомәр Толымбай авылыбызда туып-үскән иң күренекле татар әдибе генә түгел, Сталин исеме белән атала торган сәяси эзәрлекләү елларындагы какшамас рух һәм шәхси батырлык үрнәге дә ул. Казан «тәнкыйтьчеләре» аңа егерменче еллар азагында ук чокыр казый башлыйлар. Габделхакның иң зур «гаебе»: «Ул үз иҗатында җәмгыятебездә барган сыйнфый көрәшне тулысынча чагылдырмый». Язучы 1937 елның 8 июнендә кулга алына. Пләтән төрмәсендә, 11 ай буе көннең көнендә җәзалап, аңардан сорау алалар, акылдан язарлык хәлгә җиткерәләр. Ләкин атаклы толымбайлы бернинди «гаепләү кәгазьләре»нә дә кул куймый, күпме генә мәҗбүриләсәләр дә, каләмдәшләренең берсенә дә тел-теш тидерми. 1938 елның 8 маенда аны атып үтерәләр. Җәмәгатен дә, уйдырма статья чәпәп, сөргенгә озаталар. Хәнҗәр исемле сабыйлары балалар йортында кала... 

'''ФОТО''': Александра Иван кызы Николаева – Адав-Толымбай авылның илкүләм танылган Сания апасы. 

Александра Николаева – авыл исеменең «Адав» (ягъни Атау – чуашча Атав дип языла, Адав дип укыла) өлешен биргән чуаш башы» кызы. Сания апаның исеме илгә сугыштан соңгы беренче елларда мәгълүм була. 1946 елдагы корылыктан соң совет хөкүмәте илдә социалистик ярыш игълан итә: иген үстерү, урып-җыю һәм терлек үрчетүдә алдынгылыкка чыккан бригадирларга Социалистик Хезмәт Каһарманы дигән мактаулы исем вәгъдә ителә. Бригада кешеләренә – орденнар һәм медальләр. Чама чамадан артмый: район саен бер генә кеше Хезмәт Каһарманы булырга тиеш. Буа түрәләре алдан ук дөрес фаразлыйлар: җиңүчеләр Толымбайдан булачак. Күрше Кыят совхозында җирләр тагын да уңдырышлырак, ләкин анда толымбайлылар кебек тырыш халык юк. «Коминтерн» колхозында ике удар бригада оештырыла: комсомол яшендәгеләрнекен Александра Николаева җитәкли, ә җәмәгате-балалары булган яки сугыштан соң тол калганнарныкын – минем булачак әнием, 35 яшьлек Сәйделбанат әпти (авылда кечерәк яшьтәгеләр аны шулай атый иде). 

Ике бригаданың кырлары янәшәдә, ярыш шартлары бертигез. Якындагы күлдән көянтәләп-чиләкләп су ташыганнар һәм яңгырлар башланганчы үсемлекләргә су сибеп торганнар, дип тә шаярткан халык. Яз-җәй буе тырышып эшләүләре һәм хезмәт нәтиҗәләре – бердәй һәм үрнәк булырлык. Һәр гектардан уртача 23 центнер чамасы, диелә хәзерге заман чыганакларында. Ләкин... Мәскәү төшергән «каһарманлык квотасы» бер урынлы гына: икесен дә хезмәт батырына һәм орден-медальләргә тәкъдим итсәң, шунда ук сине «эшне оештыра белмәү»дә гаепләячәкләр. Нишләргә? Комиссия килеп йомгак ясар алдыннан, район хакимиятенең үз кешеләре, төнлә кырга чыгып, хатыннар басуындагы көлтәләрнең бер өлешен кызларныкына күчереп утырталар. Казан комиссиясе килә, барысын да үз күзе белән күрә һәм раслый. Яшьләр бүләкле булып китә, Мәскәүгә юлланган тәкъдим кәгазендә, гектарыннан 27 центнер уңыш алдылар, дип язалар. Өлкәннәр рәсми 20 центнер белән бармак суырып кала. Каршы сүз әйтеп булмый, шунда ук «загремишь под фанфары». Әнә 22 яшьлек Фәүзияне кырдан тавыкларга бер-ике уч бодай алып кайткан өчен дә бер елга төрмәгә утыртканнар бит... 

Бу әле «тарих»ның башы гына, аның дәвамы Толымбай авылындагы уңган, батыр һәм игелекле кешеләрнең шул замандагы асыл сыйфатларына һәйкәл сыман. Ике бригада кызлары-хатыннары да элеккеге дустанә мөнәсәбәтләрдә кала, алар арасында бернинди низаг тумый. Бу очракта шайтани хакимнәрнең «Разделяй и властвуй!» шигаре буш куык булып шартлый. 

Әлеге хәлләрне бөтен авыл халкы белеп тора, без бәләкәчләр өчен генә озак еллар буе сер булып калды алар. Әйтик, миңа бу хакта авыл кешеләре әнкәем 51 яшендә үлем түшәгендә ятканда гына сөйләделәр. Ә моңа кадәр берни белмәдем. Әнкәемнең һәм Сания апаның дуслыгы минем өчен табигый күренеш иде. Икесе дә уңганнар, киң күңеллеләр, ярдәмчелләр. Күл буе урамыннан үткәндә Сания апа һәм аның җәмәгате Сәгыйть абый (мәктәп укытучысы!) мине чакырып алалар иде. Ел саен Әлфия һәм Алсу исемле кызларының туган көннәрен дә бергә үткәрдек.

Сания апа озын гомерле булды. Колхоз һәм авыл, аның исеме артына ышыкланып, еллар буе һәрнәсәне бүлеп бирүгә күнеккән, әмма үтә саран хөкүмәттән үзе өчен күпмедер өлеш чыгарып килде. Әйтик, Адав-Толымбай авылының гомер бакый баткаклыктан интеккән урамнарындагы таш һәм асфальт юллар – Сания апа абруеның шул җөмләдәге казанышы. Аларның һәркайсын авыл халкы «Сания апа юлы» дип атый. 

'''ФОТО''': Әнием Сәйделбанат Җиһаншина (Бакирова). 1940 нчы еллар.

Әнием 1956 елда яңа өй өлгерткәч үк чирләп китте һәм колхоз эшенә йөрми башлады. Баштарак табиблар гастрит дип кенә диагноз куялар иде. Соңрак, Казанга барып-күренеп кайткач, моның ул заманда дәвалап та булмый торган үлем чире икәнлеге ачыкланды. Сәламәт вакытта, әлеге «каһарманлык эпопеясы»ннан соң, әнкәемне колхозда ашлык амбарлары мөдире итеп куйганнар. Нибары өч класс белемле генә, егерменче еллар башында кешедә белем алу түгел, яшәп калу кайгысы гына булган. Бернигә карамастан, Сәйделбанат өч төрле татар язуын (гарәп имласын, яңалифне һәм кирилл әлифбасын) үзлегеннән өйрәнгән, арифметиканың төп дүрт гамәлен башкара белә. Әлбәттә, тиңдәшсез тырышлыгы, берни дә урламавы һәм беркемнән дә урлатмавы аркасында, аның авыл хөрәсәннәре арасында дошманнары да байтак булгандыр.

'''ФОТО''': Миңа ике яшь ярым тирәсе. 1951 ел.

Әнкәем үзе миңа беркайчан да андый нәрсәләр турында сөйләмәде. Мин аны дөньяның бөтенләй караңгы якларын томалап, тоныграгын яктыртып торучы дип кенә хәтерлим. Аның вафатына кадәр алты ел буе без икәү, дөресен әйткәндә, ачлы-туклы яшәдек. Бигрәк тә бәрәңге базыбызны язгы ташу суы басып киткән булса. Байтак бәрәңгебез әрәм була иде шул елларда. Колхоз безгә ай саен бер пот бодай оны биреп торды (хәзерге заман кешеләренең кайберсе инде потның 16 килограмм икәнлеген дә оныткан икән). Ун көнгә бер мәртәбә фермага яки җәйләүгә барып, биш литр сөт алып кайта идем. Баштарак сарыклар-тавыклар да асрадык. Җәй җиткәч, бәрәңге бакчабыз артындагы Алмакай болыныннан урак белән урып, көн саен берәр капчык үлән алып кайта идем. Каенсар болыны һәм утызынчы елларда утыртылган нарат урманы аша «Гайшә юлы»ннан туп-туры Буага барып, шәһәр халкына бер дистәсен 70-80 тиеннән күкәй сатып, ипи-тоз-шикәр алам. Җәйге каникулда кырда каравыл торып, аз-маз хезмәт көне эшлим. Шуннан артыгына көче җитми көне буе ашыйсы килеп йөргән һәм чыра сыман ябык баланың.

'''ФОТО''': Минем апам Гөлфия Солтан кызы Зиннәтуллина (Жиһаншина) кызы Рузалия белән. 1960 еллар.

Ашарга яраганның барысы да ризык иде безнең өчен. Үзем эшләп тапкан беренче өч сум акчаны 1960 елның 1 гыйнварында алдым. Бер малай белән икәү авыл кибетенә кайткан тозны бушаттык. Яшерен девальвацияле акча реформасы тәмам булгач, 30 тиен булып калды ул. Кинога билет 5 тиен тора иде, ипи – 15-20 тиен. Аннары, Ватан сугышы алдыннан туган апам Гөлфия Солтан кызы 1958 елда Югары Лашчыга фельдшер булып киткәч, йомыркадан-иттән дә мәхрүм калдык. Әнкәемә бернинди ризык үтми башлады, ашказаны авыртуын бернинди дару да баса алмады аның. Ел саен апрель-май-июнь айларындагы кытлыкта һәм соңрак терлек-туарсыз гына түгел, кош-кортсыз да калгач, безне ачлыктан Сания апа һәм Йосыф абый коткара иде. Күрше Сания апа да тумыштан Александра исемле, «чуаш башы»ннан безнең очка кияүгә чыккан чуаш кызы. Бу изге җаннарны искә алганда әле хәзер дә күзләрем яшьләнеп китә... 

Ә авыл мәктәбе директоры, Ватан сугышы ветераны '''Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллин''' белән аның җәмәгате, рус теле укытучысы '''Антонина Георгиевна'''ны хәтер түреннән мин нинди рәвештә чакырырга тиешмен? Алар бит, һичшиксез, ахырзаман кануныдай бүгенге дөньяда да кешечә яшәү үрнәге булып калырлар иде! Икесе дә озын һәм тату гомер кичерделәр, туганнарының һәм авылдашларның кадер-хөрмәтен күреп, җиде ел элек әүлиялардай бер-бер артлы мәңгелеккә күчтеләр. 

Аларның үз балалары булмады. Айга бер-ике мәртәбә мине өйләренә алып кайталар, сыйлыйлар иде, әнкәйгә дә ул үзе ашый алырлык күчтәнәч ризык биреп җибәрәләр, әлбәттә. Гомумән, ул вакытта бөтен Татарстанда да үрнәк булырлык авыл мәктәбенең кайгыртучан укытучылары мине сигезенче сыйныфны тәмамлаганчы озата бардылар. Ике елга бер мәртәбә мәктәп миңа һәм ярдәмгә мохтаҗ булган тагын бер балага бүрек, пальто һәм кышкы аяк киеме кайтарта иде. Ничек кенә авыр тоелмасын гомер сөрү ул вакытта, безнең янда һәрвакыт хәерхаһлы һәм игелекле кешеләр гел булып торды. Шуңа без, бөтен дөньяга ачу саклап, хәшәрәт булып китмәдек тә! 

'''ФОТО''': Мәктәп директоры Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллин

==== '''Ивашев, Кукушкин, Рыбаков һәм «Мишәрстан»...''' ====

Юк, Адав-Толымбай авылы әле бүген генә, татар телендә белем бирү «Тыелган!» дип танылгач кына урыслаша башлады. Безнең үз теләгебез белән «тыелгач»! Югыйсә, моны, без «булдыручылар»дан гайре, кем булдыра алыр иде? Без кичергән инкыйразда алпавыт-декабрист һәм рәссам '''Василий Пётр улы Ивашев''' та, җитмеш һөнәр остасы '''Җәләлетдин Әхмәр улы Кукушкин''' да, минем хәтергә «бакчачы галим» булып кереп калган һәм урыс фамилиясен нәкъ Җәләлетдин бабабызныкына охшаш рәвештә юнәткән '''Йосыф абый Рыбаков''' та гаепле түгел. Алар XIX-XX гасырларда яшәгәннәр. Һәм Толымбай халкына, татарларга бернинди зыян китермәгәннәр. Гел файда гына! 

Әле бүген генә Толымбайда бала-чага «бөек тел»дә уйнарга һәм аралашырга тотынды. Моның алга таба ни бетеп тәмамланасын бүген туклыкта һәм муллыкта яшәгән авыл кешеләре... урамнар буйлап чабып йөрүче ташландык һәм ач этләрдән сорасын... 

Мин белгәндә, совет заманында, авыл әле милли-мәдәни кирмән сыман иде. Һәм шул ук вакытта чын халыклар дуслыгының тоткасы да. Авылдан көньяктарак бүген Җуашау дип аталган иске Ивашевка авылы бар. Хәзер анда башлыча авыл җирлеге үзәгеннән күчеп килгән татарлар яши, урыслар бөтенләй диярлек Буага һәм Казанга китеп беткән. Авылга Ивашев фамилияле бер алпавыт нигез салган. Төп йортын ул Зөя буендагы Кыят авылында тоткан, ә Җуашауга үзенең «беркетелгән» урысларын китерткән. Бүген зур урыс авылы булып калган Кыятта, киресенчә, башта утрак тормышка төпләнгән төрки күчмәннәр яшәгән. 

Унтугызынчы гасыр башында Ивашевлар нәселеннән хакимлек иткән бер алпавытның декабристларга якын булуы, аларның хәрәкәтен хуплавы һәм шуның өчен сөргенгә җибәрелүе билгеле. Һәм бу гасыр азагында толымбайлы мөселман Җәләлетдин шул «гыйсъянчы» алпавыт варисыннан һич көтмәгәндә... урыс фамилиясе юнәткән. Җәләлетдин бабай, үз элгәрләре кебек үк, ихлас күңелдән дин әһеле булган, ләкин дөнья малыннан ваз кичеп яшәүче суфи-дәрвиш түгел. Ягада акча эшләп йөргәндә ул үзенчәлекле һөнәрләр үзләштергән. Бу хакта белеп алгач, алпавыт бабайны Кыятка чакырткан һәм аңа ватык күкеле сәгатен төзәтергә кушкан. Җәләлетдин бабай исә, эшне башкарып чыккач... Кукушкин фамилиясен бүләк итеп алган. Ул заманнарда империячел фамилия эш рәтен белгән кешегә зур өстенлек биргән икән. Бабай, яңа мөмкинлекләрдән файдаланып, баеп та киткән. Үзе дә, балалары-оныклары да хак мөселман һәм уңган татар кешесе булып калган. Һәм зирәк алпавыт чукынуны таләп итеп куймаган да, ул үзенең декабрист бабасы кебек, заманына күрә алдынгы фикерле зат булган. 

Югарыда әйтелгәннәр хакында Кукушкиннар нәселенең бүгенге дәвамчысы булган шагыйрь, әдәбият белгече һәм тәнкыйтьчесе Равил Рахмани иҗатыннан да белә аласыз. Әйтик, аның «Мең чакрымга мең чакрым» исемле китабын укып чыккач. 

«Мишәрстан» чигендә дигәннән... Хәтеремдә ки, илленче елларда Буа районы Сабан туйларында Иске Суыксу авылыннан Сәет исемле бер көрәшче гел баш батыр булып кала иде. Бу хакта безнең авыл халкы: «Сәетне кыш көне үк ашата-симертә башлыйлар һәм беркайда да эшләтмиләр, Сабан туена әзерлиләр...» – дип сөйли иде. Шулай да, бер елны башка авыл кешесе Сәет-батырны финал көрәшендә еккан иде бит. Озак та үтми хәбәр таралды: «Иске Суыксу егетләре, җыйнау шул авылга барып, Сабан туе батырын кыйнап кайтканнар...» 

Әйе шул, Илсөя Бәдретдинева дөрес җырлый: «Үзебезнекен бирмибез, читнекенә кызыкмыйбыз, начарлыкны кичермибез, яхшылыкны онытмыйбыз...» Яхшылык белән начарлыкка билгеләмә тәгъбир иткәндә генә карашларыбыз азрак аерымланып китә. 

«КАМАЗ»да Автомобильләр заводын җитәкләгән һәм соңрак генераль директор урынбасары булып киткән Исламгәрәй Шиһапов шул Иске Суыксу авылында туып-үскән, укымышлы, белдекле һәм кешелекле кеше иде. Чаллыдагы Буа якташлыгының бер җыелышында ул безгә шундый вәгъдә бирде: «Иске Суыксудагы һәм тирә-яктагы артык һәм эшсез ятучы яшьләрне «КАМАЗ»га алып килеп эшкә урнаштырырга тырышырмын!» 
Ләкин Исламгәрәй Солтан улы хыялын тормышка ашырып өлгермәде, илле җиденче яшендә арабыздан китте... 

'''ФОТО''': Равил Рахмани белән уртак бабабызның бабасы – Әхмәр ибне Юныс әл-Толымбай хәзрәтләре. 1763-1819 елларда яшәгән. XIX гасыр башында авылның беренче җәмигъ мәчетен төзеткән. Бу портретны Толымбайга килгән һөнәри рәссамнарның берсе бабайның борынгы китаплары һәм кулъязмалары арасында сакланып калган рәсеме буенча ясаган. Толымбайда 2015 елда «Әхмәр хәзрәт укуларын» оештырган Раил Садриевнең тырышлыгы һәм иганәчелеге белән.

'''ФОТО''': Әхмәр бабайның иске зираттагы кабере.

==== '''Тәгәрәшеп үстекме?..''' ====

Үз яшьтәшләремнән һәм бер яшькә олырак яки кечерәк булганнардан хәтеремә җуелмаслык итеп кереп урнашкан кешеләрнең берничәсе: '''Гөлфирә Җаббарова''' (Гәрәева), '''Равил Кукушкин''' (әдәби дөнья аны '''Равил Рахмани''' дип белә), '''Фоат Хәйсаров''', '''Гөлҗиһан Шәмгунова''', '''Назыйм Әхмәтҗанов'''. 

Гөлфирәбез быел кыш көне, 74 яшен тутыргач, бакыйлыкка күчте. Без ерак туганнар идек. Гөлфирәнең ире Илсун белән бергә яшәгән йорты гомер буе авылга теләсә кайсы вакытта кайтып керерлек урыным булды. Былтыр, Толымбайны һәм аның кешеләрен инде соңгы тапкыр күрүемдер дигән сәяхәттә генә, мине Раил Садриев үзенең «театр кунакханәсе»нә урнаштырды. 

Фоат, Равил һәм мин фәкыйрь – күршеләр, Урта урамның Иркүлгә һәм Алмакай болынына караган ягында үстек. Авыл халкы, өчебезне бергә күргәндә яки үзара әңгәмәдә телгә алганда, гел ярым шаяртулы-ярым җитди сүзләр әйтә торган иде. Мин аларны бераз киңәйтебрәк, тиешле аңлатмалар биреп язам биредә. Авыл өлкәннәренә төшендереп торасы юк, барысын беләләр болай да: «Фоат – беренче сортлы, ул атбакат булачак. Равил – икенче сортлы, язучы булачак: аның әнисенең абыйсы – Гомәр Толымбай үзе. Бик сәләтле малай ул: мәктәп дәреслекләренә өземтә итеп кертелә торган шигырьләрне ун яшьтә үк яза башлады. Мәктәптә укый-укый, үз шигырьләрен яңадан ятлый. Ә Фәһим... өченче сорт: әтисен, үзе туганчы ук, кулак малае һәм «халык дошманы» дип, кабат, икенче тапкыр инде, авылдан куганнар; әнисе, бүген-иртәгә үләм дип, чирләп ята. Башка, сугышта хәбәрсез югалган атадан туган апасы, шәһәр тормышына кызыгып, җәһәннәм тишегендә яшәүче бер кешегә тормышка чыкты. Фәһим беркем дә була алмас, ахры...» 

'''ФОТО''': Фоат Хәйсаров

'''ФОТО''': Равил Кукушкин (Равил Рахмани)

Лыгырдый-лыгырдый, тәки чынбарлык китереп чыгардылар бит, ә... Фоат гомер буе күрше авылда колхоз рәисе булып эшләде, адвокат та, мин балачакта уйлаганча, «ат багучы» да булмады. Хәзер пенсия яшендә инде, иркен, бәхетле һәм тату тормышлы гаиләдә гомер сөрә: Буада үз йорты бар, авылдагы утарны да ташламый. Бөтен «критерий» буенча да беренче сортлы! 

Равилгә ясалган «күрәзә» тулысы белән рас килде. Танылган язучы, үз стиле, беркем кабатламаслык тирән фикере булган шагыйрь, дистә гасырлык әдәбиятны колачлый алган белгеч, туры сүзле әдәби тәнкыйтьче ул. Бәхетенә каршы, үсмер чакта ук аңа Хәсән Туфан үзе юл ачты. Гомәр Толымбай кебек үк, сәяси эзәрлекләү корбаны булган һәм илаһи кодрәт аша гына исән калган әдибебез, Толымбайда булып киткәндә үк, Равилдә үз дустының һәм көрәштәшенең дәвамчысын күреп алган. Ләкин... «Рәсәй тарихына иң кыска юл элмәк белән пуля аша үтә» – Равилнең дә, минем дә яраткан шагыйребез Игорь Губерман «гаригы»ннан алынган сүзләр бу. 

Гөлҗиһан, кем соң ул минем өчен? Юк, мәктәптәге гади сыйныфташым гына түгел... Толымбайдан китеп биш ел үткәч, 1968 елның июнендә беренче кат авылга җәйге ялга кайттым. Башта биш көн буе Мәскәү белән танышып йөргәннән соң. Гөлҗиһан Каенсар урамындагы туган өендә «ял итеп арыган» һәм эшләгән-яшәгән җиренә, Түбән Камага китәргә җыена. «Фәһим, мин синең әтиеңне беләм, теләсәң, аның янына алып барам!» – ди ул миңа. Язмыш диген инде: юри эзләп йөрмәгән бит Гөлҗиһан дөнья буйлап... Мөхәммәтһади Кукушкин дигән һәм мине тормышка китергән кешене. Ярый, икәү бергә, Тәтештә теплоходка утырып, киттек... тарихи-географик чынбарлыкта Түбән Агыйдел дип аталырга тиешле шәһәргә. Барып кердек Кояшлы урамдагы бер «хрущёвка»га.

Мин башта Гөлҗиһанның җирле дусты булып танышырга тиеш идем әтиемнең яңа гаиләсе белән. Ләкин... серле йомгак берничә секундтан соң ук таралып китте. Мине танып алдылар: зәңгәр күзле «бледнолицый» чәһрәм – әтиемнең копиясе икән. Бердәнбер аерма: әтием баһадир гәүдәле, Сабан туе батыры шикелле, ә минем тәндә... тире астында сөяк кенә. Бер атна кунак булдым. Әтиемнең хатыны бик зирәк һәм ягымлы кеше иде, аның сүзләре минем бәхетле мизгелләремне көчәйтте генә. Һәм мин әтием бәяны аша нәселебезнең соңгы гасырлардагы тарихын һәм аның башыннан үткәннәр турында да белдем. 1936 елда, булачак әтиемә 18 яшь тулгач, аны, Магниткага сөрелгән ата-анасыннан аерып алып һәм бер гаепсез килеш махсус «статья» чәпәп, 10 елга Магаданга озатканнар. Ул 1946 елга кадәр шунда советларга алтын юдырткан. Ниһаять, туган авылына кайтып, минем булачак әнкәемә йортка кергән. Ерак Көнчыгышка сөрген аны чыныктырган гына, ул инде бернинди авыр эштән дә курыкмаган. Буа белән Толымбай арасындагы Карлы елгасы аша салынган күпер төзүдә катнашкан. Ләкин авыл куштаннары моның белән килешмәгәннәр һәм аны, мин дөньяга килгәнче үк, яңадан авылдан кудыртканнар... 

Биш яшем тулган 1953 ел азагында, инде кыш башлангач, әтием яңадан авылга кайткан булган. Бүген бу кадәресе һәркемгә билгеле инде: Сталинның үлеменнән соң Мәскәү хакимиятендә төп рольне бөтен көч-куәт министрлыкларына хуҗа булып киткән Лаврентий Берия үз кулына алгач, ике миллионлап мәхбүсне төрмәләрдән чыгарганнар, сөргеннән кайтара һәм әкренләп реабилитацияли башлаганнар. Совет режимының «йомшаруы» әтиемдә кабат авылга кайтып төпләнү өметен уяткан булган. 

Мин шул елны ниндидер озын буйлы, таза гәүдәле һәм көчле бер ир-атның мине өебезнең түшәменә кадәр күтәрүен һәм аннары, урамга алып чыгып, каядыр алып баруын, безнең анда кичкә кадәр кунак булуыбызны гына хәтерлим. Миңа бу кешенең дөньяга китерүче әтием булуын беркем, хәтта әнием дә әйтмәде ул вакытта. Соңрак, берничә ел үткәч кенә авылдашлар аның кемлеген, авылга кайтырга теләге булуын һәм ни өчен бу юлы да авылда кала алмаганын белгерттеләр. Гаилә тормышын яңартырга әзер булган әтием һәм әнием каршында тагын бер кат, һич көтелмәгән, һичкем алдан фаразлый алмаган киртә үсеп чыккан... 

Үзем ул вакытта күрмәгән һәм аңламаган нәрсә турында бүген сүз йөртү гайбәт булыр иде. Аннары, хәзер моның бернинди әһәмияте юк бит инде. Язмыш барыбер үз юлын алган, кемнеңдер гөнаһлары безнең тарафтан гафу ителгән һәм, бәлки, бакый дөнья хөкеме өчен дә юылгандыр. Әниемнең бу фаҗигале хәлләрне миннән яшерүен дөрес гамәл булган дип саныйм. Югыйсә, мин Фәһим булып кала алмаган һәм бар дөньяга ачу саклап яшәгән булыр идем... 

Туганнан туган апамның улы Назыйм Әхмәтҗановның исеме дә хәтер түрендә саклана. Миннән ай ярымга гына соңрак, декабрь азагында туган малай иде ул. Биш яшьлек чакта безне туганнан туган Мансур абыйның туена алып бардылар. Мич артында урын әзерләп, аерым утырттылар безне, ашарга-эчәргә китерделәр. Кызыл аракы да салып бирделәр. Назыйм хәмерне эчте дә... берни булмаган кебек йокыга китте. Ә мин бөтен ашаганымны-эчкәнемне косып чыгардым. «Юк, бу «ә-әй»гә бүтән кагылмаячакмын!» – дип сүз бирдем үземә. Һәм эчмәдем дә, хәтта кырык елдан соң «КАМАЗ»ның җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр департаментында эшли башлагач та. Журналистларны җыеп, төрле чаралар үткәрә идек, соңыннан, әлбәттә, мәҗлес. Эчкән кеше эчә, ә мин сиздермичә генә бокалыма су өстәп торам. Белгән кеше дәшми, шыпырт кына көлеп утыра, белмәгәне гаҗәпләнә: «Карале, эчә-эчә дә гел исерми бу!» 

Бер сыйныфта укыдык без Назыйм белән. Күршедәге Рәшит Камалов исемле малай белән бергә мәктәпкә йөрер дип, аны җиде яше тулмаган килеш укуга озатканнар. Башлангыч сыйныфларда ул, үзе таза һәм көчле малай булса да, нигәдер үпкәләүчән һәм елак иде. Ләкин бик тырыш, яхшы укучы һәм, советча әйтсәк, «максатка омтылучан» булды. Без еш кына, аларның колхоз яшелчә бакчасы янындагы өенә кайтып, бергә дәрес әзерли идек. Беренче сыйныфта мин аның өйрәнчеге булдым, соңрак без тигезләндек. Әмма бишенче сыйныфта Назыймның характеры һәм үз-үзен тотышы нык үзгәрде. Укытучыларның һәм бигрәк тә мәктәбебезнең директоры Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллинның «махсус операциясе» булмады микән бу? Назыймны безнең сыйныфның старостасы иттеләр. Һәм яшүсмер малай 25 балалык төркемнең һәм рәсми, һәм чынбарлыктагы лидеры булып китте. Беркемне дә җәберләмәде, ләкин беркемгә дә тәртип бозуга, әшәкелеккә юл куймый башлады. Үрнәк булырлык сыйныфта укыдык. Хәлбуки, укуны тәмамлап зур тормышка чыккач та, Назыймның юлы гел өскә үрмәли торган булды. Буада зур гына бер оешманы җитәкләде. Ләкин... 27 яшендә арабыздан китте. Мин 1976 елның маенда армия хезмәтен тәмамлап кайтканда, Назыйм гүр иясе иде инде... 

Шулай да, минем чын мәгнәсендә «антиалкоголик» булып китүемә төп сәбәпче – балачакта биргән «вәгъдәм» һәм ниндидер «ихтыяр көчем» түгелдер. Әниемнең өлкән бертуганы, миңа әти һәм бабай тәрбиясен хәленнән килгән кадәр биргән Габделкәбир Бакиров үрнәге барысыннан да өстенрәк булды, минемчә. Яшь чакта абый (әнкәй дә, мин дә аны шулай атый идек) Ленинградка барып акча эшләп кайткан булган. Һәм аны шунда аракы эчәргә өйрәткәннәр, Коллективтан төшеп каласы килмәгәндер инде абыйның. Аның иң еш сөйли торган сүзе... «жмодяк» иде. Үгет-нәсихәт биргәндә нәкъ шушы алынма сүзне кыстырып җибәреп, ул мине саранланмаска, киресенчә – юмарт һәм киң күңелле булырга өндәде. Ленинградта аны шулай «гаепләгәннәр» һәм бергәләп аракы эчәргә күндергәннәр икән булачак шешәдәшләре. Авылга кайткач та, баштарак шул «импортлы» гадәтен дәвам иткән абыебыз. Һәм аңа... «Бутылка Кәбир» кушаматын биргәннәр. Бик гарьләнгән абыебыз моңа. Һәм – эчүен бер көндә ташлаган да. Тора-бара аның авылда үрнәк булырлык мөселман һәм гадел кеше абруе урын алган. Менә кемдә бар иде ул иман ныклыгы һәм ихтыяр көче дигән асыл сыйфатлар! 

Габделкәбир абый «медале»нең тагын бер ракурсы бар. Губерманча әйтсәк:&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кайчак адашкан, кимсенгән''''',&lt;br&gt;
'''''юньсез саналган инсаннар'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''була Хак тынын иңдергән'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''иң лаеклы изге җаннар.'''''&lt;br&gt;

==== '''«Тимәгез Фәһимгә!»''' ====
Дөресен әйткәндә, мин бу бүлектә аталган яшьтәшләремнең берсе белән дә «физик яктан» тәгәрәшмәдем. Урамда мине бөтенләй башка малайлар аунатты. «Сине тормыш менә шулай изәчәк!» – дия-дия: әти-әниләре сүзләрен кабатлаптыр инде, үзләре уйлап чыгара алмаслар иде мондый «күрәзә»не. Бу тәгәрәшүләрдән соң мин гадәттә пычранып кына кайта идем. Яклаучысы юк икән, түзә инде бала. Ләкин шундый әвәләүләрнең берсендә... гомерем өзелеп китү ихтималы да булды. Инде кабыргаларым сынып җан тәслим кылам дип уйлаган вакытта, минем аркама аслы-өсле менеп утырган малайлар өерен кемдер төртеп аударды. «Тимәгез Фәһимгә!» – Фоат булган икән 
ул! Аның үзенә кем тисен соң: абыйсы – колхоз рәисе. Әтисе Гаязетдин абый да исән-сау – сугыш ветераны. Өйгә кайткач, әнкәемә сиздермичә генә, беренче тапкыр үземнең үксезлегемә гарьләнеп еладым. «Тәгәрәтүче» малайларның исемнәрен хәтерләмим инде. Былтыр авылга кайткач, миңа: «Алар барысы да гүр иясе», – дип нокта куйдылар. «Өч төрле сорт» иясе булган яшьтәшләр – Фоат, Равил һәм мин торып калганбыз. 

Дөресен әйткәндә, мин моны бик тетрәндергеч вакыйга дип санамыйм да. Бер җирем дә имгәнмәде ич. Теге малайлар белән уйнамый башладым – шул гына. Авыл китапханәсеннән китаплар алып кайта, шуларны укып юана идем. Аннары, унбер яшем туларак, Равил белән икәү Буага, «Байрак» газетасындагы әдәби түгәрәккә йөри башладык. Равил ул вакытта зурлар кебек саллы-саллы шигырьләр яза иде инде. Хәтта бер шигырендә... киләчәктә туачак улы турында да «хәбәр биргән» иде. Минем язганнарым күбрәк гади рифмалаштыруга гына кайтып кала инде. Шулай да өйрәнергә тырышам, редакция кешеләренең сүзләрен «йотып барам». Бәлки кайчан да булса кирәге чыгар бу сабакның да дип. Газетага авыл хәлләре турында мәкаләләр яки үземнең рифмалаштырылган нәрсәләрне илтеп бирсәм, 
басылып чыккач, 60-70 тиен гонорар җибәрәләр. Анысы да өч кирпеч ипи инде безнең өчен. Татар, рус һәм чуаш телләрендә чыга торган «Байрак» редакциясенә барып керсәм, мине сәркатип туташ каршы ала иде. Чибәр һәм мөлаем бер чуаш кызы, татарчасы чамалы гына. Гадәттә сорый торган иде ул миннән: «Акься алдынмы?» 

Хәтеремдә гомерлек тирән эз калдырган күренеш бер елны җәй буе дәвам итте. Берзаман, Хәнҗәр авылга кайткан, дигән хәбәр таралды. 1938 елда атып үтерелгән Гомәр Толымбайның ятим калган баласы икәнен без балалар да белә идек: авылда мондый исем йөртүче башка бер кеше дә юк. Хәнҗәр абыйны Зөя буендагы умарталыкка эшкә җибәрделәр. Ул бөтенләй йомылган, беркем белән дә аралашмый. Эчүгә сабышкан, без аны айнык килеш күрмәдек тә. Аның ата-анадан соң бушап калган йорты «чуаш башы»нда иде. Умарталыкка барып-кайтып йөрер өчен, ат-арба биргәннәр. Иртә таңнан ук Хәнҗәр абый сузылып яткан килеш бара һәм кояш баер алдыннан исереп ауган хәлдә кайта иде. Аты элек үк өйрәтелгән булган икән: барасы-кайтасы юлны белә, ләкин кыскарак юлдан, безнең күрше Мөнир абый Борһанов өе янындагы тыкрыктан түгел, ә авыл очына чыгып, әллә кайлардан әйләнеп бара Зөя буендагы урманга. Һәм кичен шул ук юлдан кире кайта. Икенче елны Хәнҗәр абый югалды, тагын каядыр китеп барды, ахры... 

'''ФОТО:'''Безнең күршебез Мөнир абый Борһанов – университетлар тәмамлап түгел, үзлегеннән, үз иҗтиһады һәм тырышлыгы белән дәрәҗәле урыннарда эшләгән, күренекле язучы, дин әһеле һәм галиме, тарихчы булып киткән үрнәк шәхес. Мөнир абыйның пөхтәлеге һәм һәрнәрсәгә сакчыл карашы бар гамәлендә дә чагыла. Хәтта Буадан эштән кайтканда да ул, мотоциклы йөрткечен безнең өй каршында сүндерә дә, үз капка төбенә килеп җиткәнче, тормозга басмыйча, инерция буенча бара иде.

==== '''Стандартсыз калыплар «кыскычы»''' ====

Авыл мәктәбенә әнкәй мине 1956 елның 11 гыйнварында, кышкы каникул үткәч илтте. «Бар, нишләргә белмичә, зыян эшләп ятма!» – диде. Кружка белән тәрәзәнең аскы пыяласына суккалап, «ватылучанлык сынавы» үткәрә торган гадәтем бар иде. Инде җыеп-җыеп укырга һәм китаптагыча басма хәрефләр белән сүзләр язарга да өйрәнгән чагым. Каюм Насыйриның Әбүгалисина турындагы китабы һәм апамнан калган «Әлифба» беренче дәреслекләрем булган. Беренчесенең исемен төгәл белмим: мин аның тышлыгын, алдагы һәм соңгы битләрен аны-моны белештерми торган чакта ук ертып ташлаганмын. Биш яшьлек чакта, кайбер сүзләрне шуннан күчереп алып, карандаш белән кәгазьгә яза башладым. 1953 елның бер көне истә калган. Алтынчы март булгандыр ул, күрәсең. Радиодан Сталинның үлеме турында хәбәр ишеткәч, күрше хатыннар бергә җыелып, бездә елашып утырдылар. Мин дә нәрсә булганын бераз аңлаганмындыр. Әнкәем әйтүенчә, шул көнне кәгазьгә ЛИЛИН БАБАЙ һәм ЫСТАЛИН БАБАЙ дип язып куйганмын. 

Мәктәпкә йөри башлаганчы ук булган бер мәзәкле вакыйга – авылга килгән халык җырчыбыз Рәшит абый Ваһапов концертына билетсыз килеш керүем. Нишлим соң инде, кесәмдә бер тиен акчам булмагач? Озын буйлы бер апаны ялвара-ялвара күндердем дә, аның озын күлмәге астына яшеренеп, бергә атладым. Билет тикшерүчеләр, әлбәттә, мине күреп алдылар, ләкин куып чыгармадылар, көлештеләр генә. Ул вакытта микрофон һәм тавыш колонкалары дигән нәрсәләр юк иде. Рәшит абыйның тавышы бик матур һәм көчле булуы, тамаша залының арткы рәтләрендә дә яхшы ишетелеп торуы һәм мәшһүр җырчының ике кулын күкрәгенә куеп җырлавы истә калган. 

Авыл мәктәбендә укыганда, минем шактый сәер һәм «стандарт калыпларга сыешмаган» характерлы булып үсүем ачыкланды. Башлангыч сыйныфларда безне Оркыя апа укытты. Бик таләпчән, катгый, әмма һәр баланың тумыштан килгән үзенчәлеген һәм халәтен аңлап, аңа ныклы белем бирүче остаз иде ул. Өлкәнрәк сыйныфларда «утырып калып», безгә килеп кушылган балалар да (1946-1947 нче елгылар), Оркыя апа сабагын алганнан соң, һич югында «өчле»гә укый торган булып китә иде. Кайберәүләре хәтта, вакыты җитеп һәм «икенче сулышлары» ачылыптыр инде, соңрак укымышлы һәм дәрәҗәле кеше булдылар. 

'''ФОТО''': 1959 ел язы. Дүртенчене тәмамлыйбыз. Уртада башлангыч сыйныфлар укытучысы Оркыя апа. 

Оркыя апа мине, балаларны укуда куып җитәргә тырыш дип, үз өстәле каршындагы партага, уң якка утыртты. Соңрак бу «позиция» минем өчен гадәти булып китте. Кайда гына укысам да, укытучы каршындагы партаны сорап ала идем. Сигезенче сыйныфта гына мине кырыйдагы рәтнең алгы партасына, ике яшькә олырак һәм ике ел беррәттән «утырып калган» малай янына күчерделәр. Аны ничек булса да «тартып чыгарырга» кирәк булгангадыр инде. Хәлдән килгәнчә булыштым. Ләкин рус теленнән чыгарылыш имтиханын тотканда, үземнән күчереп язарга мөмкинлек бирмәдем: «Ничек булса да үзең ерып чык!» – дидем. Сыпырып утырмасын өчен, иншаның (изложениенең) караламасын... латин хәрефләре белән яздым. Һәм латин язуын танымаган Фәрит иншаны үзлегеннән язып, имтиханны «өчле»гә тапшырды бит! Сигезьеллык мәктәпне дә тәмамлады.

Әлбәттә, Антонина Георгиевна барысын да күреп торган һәм имтихан тәмамланыр алдыннан минем караламаны сиздермичә генә «хосусыйлаштырган». Соңрак, авылга кайткан саен, шул кәгазьне күрсәтеп көлдерәләр иде укытучылар. Антонина апага Толымбай мәктәбендә белем алганнар гомер буе рәхмәтле булганнардыр: аның хәзерге заманда да алдынгы дип саналырлык методикасы буенча урыс телен өйрәнгән укучылар Казан-Мәскәү институтларына имтиханны тоткарлыксыз биреп керә иде. 

'''ФОТО''': Адав-Толымбай сигезьеллык мәктәбендә чыгарылыш имтиханы. Сул яктагы беренче партада – Фәрит һәм Фәһим. Арткы планда укытучыбыз Антонина Георгиевна басып тора. Минем «гадәти урын»да, уртадагы рәтнең беренче партасында – төпле «хорошистлар» Мәүлет Сафиуллин белән Эльбрус Камәретдинев. Икенче партада – Рәшит Камалов белән Назыйм Әхмәтҗанов. Аннары булачак отличниклар – Роза Гайнанова һәм Җәвидә Әхмәтҗанова. Урта рәтнең иң арткы партасында Ленза Габделхәев һәм безнең белән бергә сигезьелык татар мәктәбен тәмамлаган... украин малае Лёня Добрыдень! 

Латин әлифбасын үзләштерүем үзе бер мавыктыргыч «сәерлек» булды. Ул заманда чит телләрне бишенче сыйныфта гына укыта башлыйлар иде. Ләкин, без бишенчегә күчкәч, алман теле укытучыбыз (әсирлектән кайткан сугыш ветераны) пенсиягә чыкты. Шулай итеп, без һәм бездән соңгы сыйныфлар чит тел дәресләреннән... күбесе «азат», берничәсе генә мәхрүм булды. Соңгыларына, институтларга укырга кергәч, чит телне «нульдән башлап» өйрәнергә туры килгәндер инде. «Азатлыкка ирешкәннәр»нең кайсыберсе алдан сатып алынган дәреслекләрен куана-куана мәктәп ишегалдына чыгарып ташлады. Мин дә бик шат булдым, чөнки... чүплектән тышлыгына DEUTSCH дип язылган дүрт китап күтәреп кайттым өйгә: «Үзем өйрәнәм!» Латин хәрефләрен таныган әнкәй дә хуплады моны: «И улым, «дәү тешле» булгансың ич!»

Бер елдан соң ук, алман телен үзлегемнән кимерүемнең «кирәге чыкты». Авыл сәхнәсендә мәктәп балалары куйган спектакльдә миңа кыска гына роль уйнарга насыйп булды. Ярослав Һашекның җитез солдат Швейк турындагы әсәренә ияреп һәм бик көлкеле итеп эшләнгән инсценировка иде ул. Алман офицеры булып чыктым да сәхнәгә... алман генералы пәйда булгач, үз йомышын үтәп утырган чех солдатларына (аларны, әлбәттә, урындыклар артына яшереп һәм томалап куйганнар, башлары гына күренеп тора иде) команда бирдем: «Auf! Stillgestanden! Links schaut!» (Торып басыгыз! Үрә катып! Сулга карагыз!) Солдатлар тиз генә ыштаннарын күтәрәләр дә сафка басалар. Залдагы тамашачылар шаркылдап көлеп җибәрәләр. 

Ун яшьлек чактагы бер «язмышлы вакыйга» истә калган. Кышкы каникул вакытында Буага балалар сәнгате бәйгесенә алып бардылар безне. Мин анда шигырь сөйләргә тиеш идем. Миннән алдарак бер мишәр кызы «Өч кыз бала» исемле шигырь укыды. Яңгыравыклы һәм бик матур тавыш белән, ләкин... «А», «Ө», «Җ», «Ч», «Къ» һәм «Гъ» авазларын мишәрчәләтеп һәм өч бармагын баш өстенә күтәреп сөйләде ул: «Эц кыз бала, эц кыз бала – әллә шатлык, әллә артык бер анага?..» Сәхнә артында күзәтеп торган килеш тыңлап, мин бу тамашадан соң идәндә тәгәри-тәгәри көлдем һәм «Казан телле» иптәшләремә үзем шунда ук чыгарган шигырьне дә сөйләп бирдем: «...СуыкЬсудан ТинЦәлегә кАдәр бЕтен-бЕтен дЕнья минеке!»

...Минем өченче кызым шул көннән соң егерме тугыз елга якын вакыт үткәч туды... 

Шуннан соң һәм авылдан киткәч тә озак вакыт алман теленең хаҗәте бөтенләй булмады. Ләкин мин барыбер шул «файдасыз эш» белән мавыктым: дәреслекләрне башыннан ахырына кадәр укып чыктым, тел грамматикасы нигезләрен үзләштердем, берничә йөз алман сүзен отып калдым. Гарәп имласы һәм Яңалиф турында әнкәйдән ишетеп кенә белгән хәлдә, татарча «шәхси рун язуын» да булдырган идем. Хәзер ул онытылган инде. Zamanälif-2012 гамәлдә, Мәскәү тарафыннан «тыелган» булса да. Апама ияреп шәһәргә күчеп киткәч, совет алманнары өчен нәшер ителә торган Neues Leben (Яңа тормыш) атналык газетасын укып бардым. Якшәмбе көннәрне балалар өчен Берлиннан алына торган тапшыру карый идем – Mach mit! Bleib fit! (Бергә эшлә! Уң бул!) Кайвакыт Eulenspiegel (Ябалак көзгесе) журналын да ала идем – алман юмор-сатира һәм идиоматикасын үзләштерү өчен. 

Бишенче сыйныфта '''Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллин''' йогынтысында тагын география белән дә мавыгып киттем. Гарифҗан абый бик яхшы психолог булгандыр дип уйлыйм: ярым ятим бала боегып китмәсен һәм үзен яшьтәшләре арасында тигез күрсен өчендер инде, ул миңа даими йомыш тапшырды. Атна буе һава торышын күзәтеп барырга һәм атна азагында классташлар алдында хисап тотарга тиеш булдым: һава температурасының көн саен төнлә-көндез билгеле бер сәгатьтә ничек үзгәргәне, күкнең кайчан аяз яки болытлы булганы, «җилләр гөлчәчәге» турында. 

Алтынчы сыйныфта тагын '''Җәүдәт абый Рәхмәтуллин''' укыткан математикага «гашыйк булдым». Җәүдәт абый һәр дәресне... биш минутлык мәзәк сөйләүдән башлый иде. Шуңа да карамастан, укучыларны сораштырып, тиешле билгеләрен куеп өлгерә, яңа дәресне дә аңлатып бирә. Алгебрасы миңа ничектер ялыктыргычрак тоелды, шуңа кайбер чирекләрдә «дүртле» дә эләктерә идем. Ә менә геометриядән һәр чиректә, дәрестә һәм контроль эшләрдә гел «бишле» чыгып барды.

Сигезенчене безнең сыйныфтан дүрт бала «отличник» дигән таныклык алып тәмамлады: Җәвидә, Роза, Мәдинә һәм мин. Дөресен әйткәндә, алдынгылар өчәү генә булырга тиеш иде. Физкультура һәм хезмәт дәресләрендә мин беркайчан да стандарт таләпләр»не үти алмадым: хәлсез-көчсез баланы ни йөгертеп, ни сикертеп, ни такта-агач ышкып эшкәртүгә тиешенчә җигеп булмый. Рәсем ясау үзе минем өчен бер бәла булды: «өчле» чыгарга тиеш иде бу нәрсәдән. Сызымнан – киресенчә, гел «бишле» генә. Чөнки сызым ясауның серләре – минем яраткан һәм төгәллек сөюче фәнем булган геометриядә. Ләкин Гарифҗан абый бу предметлардан да «бишле» куйдыртты таныклыкка: «Фәһимгә үз тормышына үзе юл ярасы, аз булса да ярдәмебез тисен». Шулай булып чыкты да: «алтын таныклыклы» малайны Саров (Сарыкылыч) шәһәренең һөнәри-техник көллиятендә дә, кичке укулы техникумында да, кичке урта мәктәбендә дә колач җәеп каршыладылар. Хушлашулары гына төрлечә булды аның...

=== '''ТАТЫП БАКСАҢ, МӨМКИНДЕР АҢЛАРГА...''' ===

==== '''Атом шәһәренә!'''&lt;br&gt; ====
Саров (Сарыкылыч) – Мордовия урманнары эчендә урнашкан, административ яктан Горький (Түбән Новгород) өлкәсенә беркетелгән, ләкин тулысынча Мәскәү тарафыннан тәэмин һәм идарә ителә торган шәһәр. Рәсми чыганакларда ул ЗАТО – «автономияле ябык территориаль оешма» дип атала. 

'''ФОТО''': Саров шәһәренең символы – «Очламлы йорт»ның фасады, ул безнең заманда гашыйк парларның гадәти очрашу урыны иде. Моңа охшаш торак йортлар башка «ябык шәһәрләр»дә дә бар.

Алтын Урда заманында биредә ханның ясак җыючылары яшәгән. Борынгы исеме Сарыкылыч XV гасырга кадәр сакланып калган. Урда таркалгач, Мәскәү явы килеп җиткән. XIX гасыр башында биредә Серафим Саровский – православларның изгесе яшәгән. Саров тирәсендәге урман эчендә аның «Ближняя пустынь» һәм «Дальняя пустынь» дип атала торган ике гыйбадәтханәсе булган. 

1903 елда патша Николай II җәмәгате белән бергә биредәге «изге чишмәләр» суын эчеп дәваланырга килгән. Шуннан соң 1904 елда аның бердәнбер ир баласы Алексей туган. Элек аның дүрт кызы гына булган икән. Утызынчы елларда Саровта ятим балалар (беспризорниклар) колониясе оештырганнар. Үсмер балалар тар колеялы тимер юл төзегәннәр. Соңрак биредә шул турыда «Путёвка в жизнь» исемле кинофильм да төшергәннәр. 1945 елдан башлап, анда Советлар Берлегенең атом һәм сукуар (водород) бомбалары эшләнгән. 

Апам мине анда, әнкәем 1963 елның 12 июлендә вафат булгач, алып китте. Ул үзе, Югары Лашчы авылында фельдшер булып эшләгәндә, армия хезмәтеннән соң Саровта төпләнеп калган бер кешегә тормышка чыгып, ягага киткән иде. Җитмеш биш чакрымлык тимер чыбык белән әйләндереп алынган «зона» чигенә 31 июль көнне иртә белән килеп җиттек. Документларны тикшерүче хәрбиләр мине, аңлашыла ки, 
поезддан төшереп калдырдылар. Апа мине шул КП янында урнашкан алачыкка илтеп, тимер юл хезмәткәре карамагына тапшырды: «Борчылма, мин бүген үк сине шәһәргә кертергә сорап гариза язам. Эшләр тиз генә барып чыкмаса, янәшәдәге авылга фатирга урнаштырырмын, кертергә рөхсәт алганчы шунда яшәрсең».

Гаризалар язып, документларны тапшыргач, дүрт ай көтәргә кирәк иде гадәттә. Бу хакта бик яхшы белсә дә, апам мине Толымбайда калдырырга теләмәде. Саровка китәргә әзерләнгән ике атна эчендә... Казанда мине уллыкка алырга теләүчеләр барлыкка килде. Каян белеп алганнар диң. Апам исә мине, ике дә уйлап тормыйча, ихтимал булган «тукайча ятимлек»тән азат итте: «Бирмим Фәһимне!» Бәлки шул сәбәпле шагыйрь дә, язучы да, фәлсәфәче дә була алмаганмындыр, гади графоман булып яшим хәзер дә... 

'''ФОТО''': Минем Гөлфия апам

Ә апам, «советкүләм рекорд» куеп, ябык шәһәргә кертү рөхсәтен өч көннән соң ук алды! Шәһәр башлыгы Музруковка язылып кергән, хәлне аңлатып биргән. Генерал каршы килмәгән! Өченче август кичен мин инде Саровта үткәрдем. Урамда мине аунатучы-тәгәрәтүче булмады. «Лыс башка, дай пирожка!» – дип кенә үртәде малайлар. 

==== '''Көндәшләрем! дип «чирли»''' ====
Тагын берничә көннән соң, пропискасын да ясаткач, җизнәм мине әле яңа гына ачыла торган һөнәри-техник көллияткә укырга кертте. Беренче сентябрьдә, көллият биргән ак майка, зәңгәр күлмәк, кара кәчтүм-чалбар киеп, слесарь-җыючылар әзерләүче төркем классына барып кердем. Укытучы өстәле каршындагы парта буш иде, анда соңрак та беркем утырмады, ике ел буе берүзем рәхәтләнеп сабак алдым. 

Төркемебезнең һөнәри остазы һәм теория буенча да мөгаллиме – '''Владимир Краснов'''. Теорияне яхшы үзләштерүемне, ләкин һөнәри осталыкта аксавымны күреп, ул миңа беренче курстан соң ук, көллияттә уку белән беррәттән, шул ук бинада урнашкан кичке техникумда да белем ала башларга тәкъдим итте. Иртән – көллияттә, кич техникумда укый башладым 1964 елның сентябрендә. 

Ул вакытта миңа уналты яшь тә тулмаган әле. Техникумдагы укучыларның күбесе инде өлгергән егетләр, хәтта гомер уртасына җиткәннәр да бар иде. Маңка малайның яхшы укуы бер пеләш башлы абзыйны аеруча борчыды: «Да чтоб этот молокос стал моим начальником! Не бывать этому!» Кеше үзе нинди булса, башкаларны да шундый итеп күрә инде. Ә мин кемнең дә булса башлыгы һәм залиме булырга җыена идемме соң? Һәм минем андый «сәләтләрем» бар идеме? Һич югында, конструктор булып китәр идем, техникум тәмамласам. Башка укучыларны, мөгаллимнәрне миңа каршы котырта башлады ул. Тора-бара абзыйның тарафдарлары да барлыкка килде.

Урыс теле дәресендә тактага чыккач, Пушкинның «Анчар» шигырендәге ике юлны, мәгънәсен дөрес аңламыйча, «И умер бедный раб Унок (Пушкинда – «у ног») непобедимого владыки» дип язган идем. Шуннан соң... «чурка» булып киттем. Укытучы марҗа дәрес саен искә төшереп торды минем... «өченче сортлы» һәм «чүчмәк» булуымны. Заводтан килеп сызым дәресләрен бирүче бер мөһәндиснең кыланмышлары минем техникумда укуыма чик куйды. Ул дөрес, тел-теш тидергесез итеп эшләнгән сызымнарыма билге куймый («өчле» булса да), кат-кат ясарга мәҗбүр итә башлады. Ә мин инде өлгерә алмыйм, заводка практикага йөрим, көллияттә чыгарылыш эшен язасым бар. «Бәхетле булыгыз!» дидем дә ташладым мине сөймәгән һәм, дөресе, үзем дә яратып бетермәгән техникумны. 

Һөнәр көллиятен 1965 елның июнендә тәмамлагач, мине «Авангард» заводының инструментлар цехына эшкә җибәрделәр. Слесарь-җыючылар кирәк түгел иде анда, шуңа күрә мине, инструментчы квалификациясенә күчү өчен, беренче һөнәри остазым '''Владимир Афонин'''га беркеттеләр. Владимир абый өч ай дәвамында унбишәр сум өстәмә хак алып торды сабак өчен. Остазлык вакыты үткәч тә ул мине ташламады, гел киңәш-табыш бирер иде. Ул вакытта бит завод остазлары яшьләрне һөнәргә генә түгел, гомумән, үзләренчә тормышка да әзерлиләр иде. Хәтта кайвакыт түләүсез дә! Бу очракта нәкъ шулай булды да. Владимир абый үзе эштән соң шашка уены, футбол һәм авыр атлетика белән дә шөгыльләнде. Мине, чыбыксыман ябык бер малайны, штанга күтәртеп интектермәде ул, шашкачы һәм футбол уенында капкачы итеп кенә күнектерде. Һәм ахыр чиктә ул миңа менә шундый төгәл «диагноз» куйды: «Син, Фәһим, көчле шашкачы да, уңышлы капкачы да була алмыйсың, чөнки уен барышында... үзеңнең көндәшләрең өчен «чирли» башлыйсың. Ләкин борчылма: тырышлыгың бар, акыллы да булсаң, югалып калмассың». 

==== '''Олы тормышка – тырай тибеп!''' ====
Техникумны ташлаганнан соң... белем алуга гайрәтем чикте. Вакытлыча. Башка, шәһәргә якынрак урнашкан заводка күчтем. 1968 елга кадәр, урта белем алырга дип, кичке мәктәпкә кермәдем. Эшкә генә йөрдем, кичләрен шәһәрдә үткәрелә торган бөтен спорт ярышларын карап бардым. Футбол, һоккей, волейбол, баскетбол, авыр һәм җиңел атлетика, көрәш төрләре, бокс, бура уены – берсен дә калдырмадым. Утыз елга якын вакыт үтеп, «КАМАЗ»да чыгарыла торган «Нур» һәм «Вести КАМАЗа» газеталарында хәбәрче булып эшли башлагач кына, әлеге «урам университеты»нда тырай тибеп алган «файдасыз тәҗрибә-белем-мәгълүмат»ның кирәге чыкты.

Җәй көннәрендә «зона»дан читтәрәк булган Линейка белән Митрәле авылларына барып йөрдем. Ул заманда «ябык шәһәр» яшьләрен армиягә 
алмыйлар иде, шуңа безнең өчен буш вакыттагы тормыш бик иркен, «гуляй-поле» сыман булды. Тәртипсезләрне һәм җинаятьчеләрне генә шәһәрдән сөрәләр иде.

'''Линейка''' – Түбән Новгород өлкәсенең Вознесенск районындагы авыл. Безне анда җирле малайлар белән футбол уйнарга дип алып барганнар иде. Чынбарлыкта – җирле кызлар белән таныштырыр өчен. Шәһәргә яңа эшче хатын-кыз куллары кирәк – талымсызлары һәм азып-тузып өлгермәгәннәре. Җитәкчелек кушканны үтәмичә булмый: шуннан соң мин анда бер кыз янына ял көннәрендә барып йөри башладым. Велосипедка утырам да шимбә көнне иртүк, юл буйлап кырык чакрым элдертәм генә. «Гыйшык»ны сылтау итеп кенә тотам: мине урыслашып киткән мокша авылы кешеләренең теле, табигате, тормышы, йолалары күбрәк кызыксындыра. Аннары, мин бит иртәме-соңмы Татарстанга әйләнеп кайтасы кеше. Ләкин... марҗа ияртеп түгел бит инде. 

Ә Мордовиянең Темников районындагы '''Митрәле авылы'''на мине заводтагы башка хезмәттәшем – мокша кешесе Пётр Яков улы Бисяев юнәлтте. Кичке мәктәпкә тугызынчы сыйныфка укырга керер алдыннан, мин цех җитәкчелегеннән бер сменалы эшкә күчерүне үтендем. Каршы килмәделәр. Пётр абый белән шунда таныштым. 1923 елда туган, сугыш ветераны, кешелеклелеге, ярдәмчеллеге һәм юмор хисе ташып тора торган, кояштай көләч йөзле бер абзый. Ул миңа икенче – тудыручы түгел, тормышка якыннан торып өйрәтүче! – әтием кебек булып китте. Мин аны еллар буе сагынып, күрәсем килеп яшәдем. Озын гомерле булган: 2016 елга кадәр куандырган аны язмыш. Саров сайтларында аның турында мәгълүмат бар. 

Митрәле – бик үзенчәлекле авыл, анда асыл затлы мишәрләр һәм ихласлы мөселманнар яши иде 1960 нчы елларда. Совет дәһриләре заманында да мәчетләрен җимерттермәгәннәр, карты-яше, атна саен җыелышып, җомга намазын укый. Мин беренче тапкыр авыл кырыена килеп җиткәндә, балалар туп тибеп уйный иде. Алим исемле бер бала белән сөйләшеп киттем. Ул миңа: «Әдә, абый, мин сине үгә апкатям, әтием-әнием янына!» – ди. Ә миңа шул гына кирәк тә! «Бу абый казанца сүләшә, Саровтан килгән!» – дип таныштырды ул мине гаиләсе белән. Иркенләп гәпләштек, авыл турында сораштырып белештем, үз хәлләремне дә сөйләп бирдем. Аннары Алим белән бергә бормаланып-сырмаланып агучы Мокша елгасы буена киттек. Тугайлары – нәкъ безнең Ык елгасыныкы кебек! Берсендә – сарык көтүе, икенчесендә – сыерлар. Түмгәк өстендә көтүчесе... үзе ясаган курайда уйнап утыра! Әкияти бер күренеш инде хәзерге заман өчен... 

Шулай бер елда Линейкага, икенчесендә Митрәлегә барып йөрдем ике җәй буе. Аннары... тормышта яңа үрләр яулар вакыт җитте. Кичке мәктәпнең тугызынчы сыйныфына йөри башладым. Июнь аенда классташым Гөлҗиһан белән бергә әтием Мөхәммәтһадины Түбән Камада эзләп табуымнан соң, белем алуны яңарту минем өчен котылгысыз булып китте. 

Гаҗәеп хәл: өч еллык ялдан соң уку бик җиңел булып күренде миңа. Урыс телен инде үзләштердем шикелле, техникумдагы кебек «чурка» түгелмен. Унынчы-унберенче сыйныфларда хәтта, математика һәм урыс теле укытучылары чирләп китсә, миңа класста алар урынына дәрес үткәрергә дә рөхсәт иттеләр. Башкаларны өйрәтү – үз белемеңне ныгыту да бит ул, аңардан баш тартырга ярамый. Биргәнең үзеңдә кала, яшергәнең югала – җан һәм рух хаким булган дөньяда.

==== '''Саровский дневник'''&lt;br&gt; ====
(29 октября, 2012 г.) 

'''Отгремело с той поры полвека…&lt;br&gt;
'''Но покуда жив я и здоров''',&lt;br&gt;
'''Возвращает память в тот далёкий'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Город юности моей – Саров.&lt;br&gt;'''

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; * *&lt;br&gt;
С поезда у самой «зоны» сброшен,&lt;br&gt;
Без бумаги я не человек.&lt;br&gt;
На КП смотритель ошарашен:&lt;br&gt;
«Здесь таких я не видал вовек…»&lt;br&gt;

И смотритель в хате деревянной&lt;br&gt;
Поневоле мне кормильцем стал:&lt;br&gt;
Супом потчевал и кашей манной&lt;br&gt;
И, как мог, мальчишку утешал.&lt;br&gt;

Да, какой бы ни было напасти,&lt;br&gt;
Не без добрых божий свет людей:&lt;br&gt;
И сестра пробивчива у власти,&lt;br&gt;
И начальник вовсе не злодей.&lt;br&gt;

Стал судьбой своей не опечален,&lt;br&gt;
Хоть в свои пятнадцать сирота:&lt;br&gt;
Уж на третий день я – саровчанин.&lt;br&gt;
Что за град, однако?! – Лепота!&lt;br&gt;

Серафим тут в пустыни укромной&lt;br&gt;
К благочестью призывал весь мир.&lt;br&gt;
Телебашня звонницы церковной,&lt;br&gt;
Дом со шпилем – нынче ориентир.&lt;br&gt;

Мастера сноровкою природной&lt;br&gt;
И науки всей советской знать,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб тушить пожар войны холодной,&lt;br&gt;
Породили Кузькину ту мать.&lt;br&gt;

Нестыковки в паспорте хоть броски,&lt;br&gt;
Их я без нытья перенесу:&lt;br&gt;
На лугах прописан нижгородских,&lt;br&gt;
Обитал я у мордвы в лесу.&lt;br&gt;

Юным светлым думам, может статься,&lt;br&gt;
Даст Саров и нынче свой приют.&lt;br&gt;
Профтехшкола с номером семнадцать&lt;br&gt;
Мне открыла двери жизни тут.&lt;br&gt;
* * *&lt;br&gt;
Потянулись дни мои, как лента,&lt;br&gt;
День-деньской трудился я, как вол:&lt;br&gt;
На заводе – чинка инструмента,&lt;br&gt;
На досуге – шашки и футбол.&lt;br&gt;
 
И Владимир сын Петра Афонин&lt;br&gt;
Жить учил меня, не забавлял,&lt;br&gt;
Мастер был мужик в слесарной доле&lt;br&gt;
И любитель в шашках. Наставлял:&lt;br&gt;
 
«В уголки, как трус, не забивайся,&lt;br&gt;
Середину верно занимай,&lt;br&gt;
Но и там не сильно зарывайся,&lt;br&gt;
И во всяком деле меру знай!&lt;br&gt;

Всё старайся делать ты исправно.&lt;br&gt;
Верь: всему приходит в жизни срок». –&lt;br&gt;
Вынес свой вердикт тогда наставник,&lt;br&gt;
В годы заглянувший, как пророк:&lt;br&gt;

«Прилежаньем на ноги ты встанешь&lt;br&gt;
И добьёшься нужных в жизни благ.&lt;br&gt;
Вратарём, Фагим, увы, не станешь,&lt;br&gt;
Да и в шашках вряд ли будешь маг».&lt;br&gt;

* * *&lt;br&gt;
…Вьётся пыльная «узкоколейка»,&lt;br&gt;
Велик оседлав, я мчусь опять:&lt;br&gt;
Сорок вёрст всего-то до Линейки,&lt;br&gt;
До Митрял – и вовсе тридцать пять!&lt;br&gt;
 
Бодро я несусь по жизни юной,&lt;br&gt;
Отмеряя всё, отсель досель:&lt;br&gt;
Там, в Линейке, ждёт красотка Дуня,&lt;br&gt;
Здесь, в Митрялах, – милая Гузель!&lt;br&gt;
 
Не всерьёз те юности забавы,&lt;br&gt;
В мыслях я витал в стезе иной,&lt;br&gt;
И в Сарове прелести Любавы&lt;br&gt;
Мне не заслонили путь домой.&lt;br&gt;
 
'''Я связал свой узел в Автограде&lt;br&gt;
'''До загробной вековой тиши,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Но в далёком том Наукограде'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Всё ж осталась часть моей души.&lt;br&gt;'''

==== '''«Алманлык чире» һәм Бүре билеты''' ====
Һәм мин әле балачакта, Толымбайда укыганда, үземнең «алман булырга тырышулар»ымны да искә төшердем. Кичке мәктәптә чит телне өйрәнү мәҗбүри түгел иде. Уку елы башлангач төзелгән инглиз һәм алман төркемнәре ике ай эчендә таралып бетте. Ташладылар, факультатив булгач, кирәге дә юк, дип. Берүзем утырып калдым башка фәннәрдән азат булган көннәрдәге өстәмә дәресләрдә! Бу хакта мәктәп директоры белән сөйләшкәндә, ачыктан-ачык әйттем: «Мин ни өчен чит телне өйрәнүдән баш тартырга тиешмен?!» Шуннан соң булган хәлләр мине әле бүген дә һәм торган саен ныграк гаҗәпләндерә. Өч ел дәвамында Галина Иван кызы Мхитарьян миңа – берьялгызыма! – алман теленнән сабак бирде. Гадәти балалар урта мәктәбендәге эштән азат вакытта килеп йөри иде ул безнең кичке мәктәпкә. Һәм аңа моның өчен ярты ставкалык хезмәт хакы түләп тордылар! Чәршәмбе һәм шимбә көннәрне үткәргән икешәр дәрес өчен. Хәзерге заманда моны күз алдына да китереп булмый: әйтик, һәр сыйныфта җидешәр балаң булмаса, авыл мәктәбен шапылдатып ябып куярга да мөмкиннәр! Йөрт әнә сабыеңны җиде чакрым ераклыктагы башка авылга зәмһәрир суыкларда да...&lt;br&gt;

Нәтиҗәдә мин, кичке мәктәпне тәмамлаганда, көмеш медаль алырга тиеш идем. Физика белән химияне, укытучыларга аңлатып һәм гафу үтенеп, «дүртле»гә төшерергә туры килде: «Вакытым җитми, һәм мин барыбер һуманитар белгечлек алачакмын!» – дип. Ләкин... җәмгыять белеме буенча май ае уртасында үткән соңгы дәресләрнең берсе минем планнарымны чәлпәрәмә китерде. Аңсызлыгым сәбәпле, органнар күзәтчесе дип саналган укытучы Александр Амосовка үзем шаяртулы дип уйлаган, ләкин чынбарлыкта «сәяси яктан дөрес булмаган» сораулар биргәнмен: «Ни өчен хәзерге эра «безнең» дигән сүз белән тамгалана? Христос туганчы вакыт безнеке булмаганмыни?» Мөгаллим Амосовның йөзе үтә җитди булып китте. Яшь комсомол булган килеш, кем соң белсен тарихның җитди көрәш мәйданы икәнлеген, бу көрәшнең һич кенә дә дөреслек-гаделлек өчен булмавын һәм, боларны исәпкә алганда, минем беркатлы соравымның «сәяси провокация» дип аңлатылу ихтималын? Вакыт беркемнеке дә түгел, ул бер Алладан иңдерелә, ләкин аны хосусыйлаштырырга теләүче бәндәләр беркайчан да бетеп тормый...&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО''': Галина Иван кызы Мхитарьян&lt;br&gt;

Шулай итеп, җәмгыять белеменнән дә «бишле» урынына «дүртле» чыкты. Өченче «дүртлесе» булган аттестат – совет чынбарлыгында өлгергәнлекне белгертүче документ түгел, ә тормышка бүре билеты, кешегә шиклелек тамгасы инде ул. Озакламый, дөньямның асты өскә килә башлагач, моны үзем дә аңладым...&lt;br&gt;

Саров турында истәлекләрне мин 2012 елда әлеге шәһәрнең шашка уены буенча җыелма такымы Чаллыга килер алдыннан рифмалаштырып та куйган идем. Бер ел элек без үзебез дә Саровка барып, иптәшләрчә матч уйнап кайттык. Югарыда урнаштырылган «шигырьсыман хатирәләр»емне ерактагы дусларыбызга тапшырдык. Эш шунда ки, безнең Чаллыдагы рәсми булмаган «шашка юлбашчыбыз», спорт остасы Язкәр абый Ганиев армия хезмәтен Саровта уздырган һәм, шәһәрдә төпләнеп калгач, саровлыларга шашка түгәрәге оештырып биргән. Бу секция бүген дә гөрләтеп эшләп килә. Апам һәм җизнәм яшәгән урамдагы «Яшьләр үзәге»нең зур өлеше чынбарлыкта шахмат-шашка клубына карый. Шашка уены дәресләре күп кенә мәктәпләрдә укыту программасына кертелгән. Шахмат дәресләре – юк!&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО''': Газдал улы Язкәр абый&lt;br&gt;

Язкәр абыйны шәһәр шашкачылары ел саен үзләре үткәргән турнирларга чакыралар иде. Ниһаять, 2011 елда Чаллы җыелма такымына да, Язкәр абыйга ияреп, Саровка барырга чират җитте. Безгә, әлбәттә, бу шәһәр турында ишетеп кенә белгән өч иптәшебезне (берсе яһүди, икесе православ) андагы истәлекле урыннар белән таныштыручы ролен дә үтәргә туры килде. Серафим атакай зур бер таш өстенә менеп гыйбадәт кыла торган булган, ул ташны зиярәт кылучылар, XX гасыр башында ватып, сувенир итеп алып бетергәннәр. Совет дәһрилеге беткәч, 1990 нчы елларда яңасын куйганнар. Шунда алып бардык иптәшләребезне, шул ташны һәм Серафим атакайның «якындагы» дип аталган шәхси гыйбадәтханәсен күрсәттек. «Ерактагысы» урман эчендә һәм «зона» чиге янында. Атом бомбасы музеена бармадык, ул төзекләндерүгә ябылган иде. Миңа төпле белем белән бергә тормышка «бүре билеты» да биргән мәктәпне «Укытучылар йорты» итеп үзгәрткәннәр, ә кичке мәктәпне башка районга, стадион янына күчергәннәр иде. «Сәлам бирү өчен» анда хәтле барып йөрергә вакыт булмады.&lt;br&gt;

Тормыш остазым Пётр абый Бисяевны бик күреп сөйләшәсем килгән иде, әлбәттә. Җирле шашкачыларга әйтеп караган идем дә бу хакта, алар арасында аның кайсы урамда һәм йортта яшәгәнен беркем дә белми иде. Яшьтәшем һәм яшьлек дустым Николай Майоров исән булса, бәлки, эзләп тә тапкан булыр иде ул Пётр абыйны. Чөнки ул, «Авангард» заводы такымының элеккеге хоккейчысы, футболчысы һәм баскетболчысы да, остазымның үзе белән бергә уйнаган энесен белә иде. Ләкин 61 яшьлек Николай 2010 елдагы җәйге корылыкта, Мордовия урманнары янган көннәрдә якты дөнья белән хушлашкан...&lt;br&gt;

 * * *&lt;br&gt;
Күрәчәгең тәкъдир тактасына язылган, диләр. Хак сүзләр. Кайчак язмышның бәндәләр тормышын никадәр аңлы рәвештә, ләкин үзенчә кырыс ярату аша, зирәк һәм төгәл уйнатуына шаккатасың.&lt;br&gt;

Язкәр Газдал улы Ганиев 2016 елда Чаллыда 81 яшенә җитеп мәңгелек хозурга ия булды. Ә бит без 1967 елның җәеннән үк таныш идек! Җәйге спорт сезоны ачылган көнне ул Саров шәһәре стадионында үз тиңдәше белән бергә шашка буенча күмәкләп уйнау сеансы үткәрде. Без уйнаган партия аеруча мавыктыргыч булды, осталык дәрәҗәләребез тиңләштерерлек булмаса да. Мин, заводтагы остазым Владимир абый Афонин өйрәткәнчә, уен тактасының үзәген басып алдым. Ә Язкәр абый мине, үзе яраткан «чолгап алу» ысулын кулланып һәм беррәттән берничә төгәл йөреш ясап, җиңде. Шуннан соң без икәү янәшәдәге шәһәр паркында да уйнадык, икебезгә дә тансык булып киткән татар телендә сөйләшеп утырдык. Кем уйлаган ул вакытта, тугыз елдан соң Чаллыда кабат очрашырбыз һәм тагын кырык ел бергә туганнардай яшәрбез дип!..&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Корсакмы, йөрәкме?..''' ====

Ә мин инде 1970 ел азагында ук, кичке мәктәпне тәмамлаганнан соң Мәскәү университеты карамагындагы Көнчыгыш телләр институтына (рәсемдә аның Моховая урамындагы төп 
бинасы) укырга керәм, дип шарт куйган идем үземә үзем. Әллә мин юкка гына еллар буе башта үзлегемнән, соңрак Галина апа белән бергә алман телен өйрәндемме? Мин бит туган илемә һәм газиз халкыма хезмәт итәргә телим. Һәм слесарь яки мөһәндис булып кына түгел, әзерлекле зур белгеч рәвешендә.

Ул заманда Мәскәүнең Карл Маркс проспектында (аның бер өлеше булган бүгенге Моховая урамында) урнашкан институт турында мин 1968 елның июнь аеннан бирле ишетеп һәм күреп беләм. Авылга һәм Түбән Камага әтием янына кайтып килер алдыннан, мин җәйге ялымны совет башкаласына биш көнлек сәяхәттән башлап җибәргән идем. Мәскәү кешеләрен сораштырганда билгеле булды: элек, Ломоносов заманында, биредә һәм янәшәдә урнашкан журналистлар факультетында Мәскәү университетының төп бинасы булган икән. Бүген МДУ үзәге Чыпчык (Ленин) тауларында.

Ә менә Сокольники паркында мин элек ишетеп тә белмәгән бер шагыйрь турында беренче мәгълүмат алдым. Бер төркем кеше паркта эскәмиядә ниндидер язманы көлешә-көлешә укып утыра. Шыпырт кына арттан килеп басып, мин дә укый башладым. Куып җибәрмәделәр һәм хәтта биргән сорауларыма да җавап кайтардылар. Әлеге язма... Игорь Губерман иҗатының «самиздаты» икән. Шуннан бер дүртьюллыкны («гарик»ны) отып калдым һәм өйгә кайткач тәрҗемә итеп тә куйдым: 

'''''«Изнасилована временем&lt;br&gt; 
'''''и помята как перина''''', –&lt;br&gt;
'''''власть немножечко беременна''''',&lt;br&gt;
'''''но по-прежнему невинна'''''».&lt;br&gt;

Тарих тарафыннан көчләнде,&lt;br&gt;
хәтерләтә талкыш түшәкне, –&lt;br&gt;
хакимият азрак көмәнле,&lt;br&gt;
әмма элеккечә гыйффәтле.&lt;br&gt;

Бүген татар теленә тәрҗемә ителгән «гариклар»ның саны күптән максат итеп куелган 1001гә җитеп килә инде. Аларны Викимедиянең «инкубаторы»на урнаштырып, яңа тәрҗемәләрне гел өстәп торам. Бу хәлне мин очраклы күренеш кенә булгандыр дип уйлыйм ул вакытта. Бу һәм аннан соң да еш булып торган «очраклы вакыйгалар»ны кемнең алдан ук әзерләгәнен, бәлки, теге дөньяда белә алырмын. Гомер буе миңа ярдәм кулы сузып, хәтта үзем кереп баткан сазлыклардан да тартып чыгарып торган бер дистә кешене дә кабат очратырга теләр идем, гүр иясе булгач. 

Ул вакытта чын совет патриоты идем мин. Мине әнкәем шулай тәрбияләде. Ә инде бу дәүләткә саф йөрәкле ватанпәрвәрләр түгел, корсак кыйммәтле җан-тән сәүдәгәрләре генә кирәклеген мин өч елдан соң Мәскәүгә укырга киткәч аңлый башладым. Миндә моның өчен тиешле «сәләтләр», «кыйммәтләр» һәм хәтта теләк тә юк иде. Шуңа беркем дә булып китмәдем, «булдыручылар» уйлаганча, «өченче сорт»та калдым.

'''ФОТО''': Азия-Африка институты бинасы.

Ярый, хуш, муеныннан ук тотып чәйник әле без ул елларның башын. Институтка укырга керәм дигәч, Саров (ул вакытта әле Арзамас-16 дип аталган шәһәр) комсомолы миңа яхшы характеристика язып бирде. «Коммунист» заводының инструментлар цехы турында сүз дә юк: кичке мәктәптән ярты елга бер тапкыр рәхмәт хаты җибәреп торалар иде җитәкчелеккә, яхшы укучы тәрбияләгән өчен. Мин инде «эшчеләр интеллигенты» дип саналган винт ырмаулаучы (винт сырларын шомартучы, урысчасы – резьбошлифовщик) һөнәрен үзләштердем һәм өлкәнрәк бер татар егете, кичке техникумны тәмамлап, мөһәндислеккә 
күчкәч, аның урынында эшләп калдым. Характеристикасын да матур итеп яздылар, хушлашканда коллектив исеменнән затлы бер свитер бүләк иттеләр. Мин ул свитерны еллар буе, тәмам тетелеп беткәнче кидем. Шулай итеп, җыйнаулашып Мәскәүгә озаттылар мине. Сине Төркиядә илче булып күрергә телибез, дип. Эш һәм намус кешесенең кадерен беләләр иде «Коммунист» заводында ул вакытта!&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Азия белән Африка арасында...''' ====
Әйе, институтка керергә дип язган гаризада мин чыннан да, төрек телен өйрәнергә телим, дигән идем шул. Имтиханнар алдыннан була торган хәлиткеч сораштыруда (аны уңышлы үтә алмасаң, имтихан биреп азаплануның кирәге дә калмый) төрек теле мөгаллиме миңа «В этой комнате много людей» дигән җөмләне татарча әйтеп бирергә кушкан иде. Нык дулкынланудандыр инде, мин, өстәл артында утырган галимнәрне күзәтеп-барлап чыктым да... җөмләне «Бу бүлмәдә күп кешеЛӘР бар» дип тәрҗемә иттем. Һәм... шунда ук, тупас ялгышымны аңлап алып, тәмам оялып һәм кызарынып киттем. Комиссия әгъзалары, минем балаларча самимилегемне күреп, көлештеләр генә. Ә үзем инде егерме өченче яшемне тутырып барам. Туган телемне оныта башлаганмын ич... 

Беренче имтихан – рус әдәбиятыннан инша. Темасы таныш 
иде, кичке мәктәптә чыгарылыш имтиханына әзерләнгәндә каралама рәвешендә язган идем мин аны. Бу юлы иншаны 
өземтәләр белән тагын да күбрәк баетып, үз фикерләремне дә 
өстәп яздым. «Бишле» куйдылар. 

Икенче көнне институт ишеге алдында җыйнаулашып имтихан нәтиҗәләрен көтеп тордык. «Икеле» алганнар төшеп кала һәм шунда ук документларын кереп алып китсә дә була, диделәр. Иң элек шуларның исемлеген чыгарып ябыштырдылар элмә тактага. Бәхетсезләр шактый күп җыелган икән. Шулвакыт берничә кеше безнең төркемне икегә аера башлады: «Юл бирегез! Юл бирегез!» – дип. Алар артыннан барган һәм бик ыспай киенгән кеше имтихан комиссиясе бүлмәсенә кереп китте. Гади генә эшче-хезмәткәр булмавы күренеп тора. Алдагылары тән сакчылары булгандыр инде. Мәскәүлеләр хәтта түрәнең фамилиясен дә әйткәннәр иде. Ләкин алар атаган кешенең 1971 елда институтта укырлык балалары да, оныклары да юк иде. Кемнең баласын «төртеп кертергә» теләгәндер ул, булдыра алганмы-юкмы – без, читтән килгәннәр, белми калдык. 

Дүрт төр имтиханда 20 мөмкинлектән 18 балл җыйдым. Уналтысы да җитеп тора иде аның ике еллык хезмәт стажы булган абитуриентларга. Кайберәүләр хәтта унбиш балл җыеп та үтте. Ләкин мине үзем теләгәнчә төрек төркеменә түгел, вьетнамныкына билгеләделәр. Төрек төркеменә инглиз теленнән имтиханны уңышлы биргәннәрне генә алдылар: шул телне икенче тел рәвешендә ныгытыбрак өйрәнүне дәвам иттеләр алар институтта укыганда да. Ә вьетнам төркемендә безгә француз телен «нульдән башлап» укыттылар. Мин бу «музыкаль тел»не дә беренче курс дәвамында бик яратып өйрәндем. Француз теле мөгаллимәсе бик ягымлы ханым һәм һичшиксез сәләтле остаз иде. Исеме генә онытылган аның.

Ә менә вьет теленнән икенче мөгаллимә булган Ирина Шмелёваны бүген дә хәтерлим. Миннән ике яшькә генә олырак, кияүгә чыкмаган иде ул вакытта. Аның төп белгечлеге кһмер теле иде, ләкин бу елларда институтта кһмер төркемнәрен тупламадылар. Гаҗәеп матур һәм бик тә үзенчәлекле бу телне без «вьетнамлылар» өченче курстан башлап икенче көнчыгыш теле буларак өйрәнергә тиеш идек. Вьет телен Ирина үзе дә өстәмә тел буларак өйрәнгән. Кампучиядә практика үткәннән соң, 1970 елда институтта мөгаллимә булып эшли башлаган. Ул минем «тәрҗемәи хәлләр»дән хәбәрдар, тулай торакта нинди авыр шартларда яшәвем турында белә иде. Ирина туташ мине институтны ташлап китмәскә, өченче курска кадәр ничек булса да түзәргә үгетләде. Өченче курстан соң беркемне дә кумыйлар инде һәм шәкертләрне Мәскәү университетының төп бинасына күчерәләр иде.

Ә Ломоносов проспектында мин 12 метрлык бүлмәдә бишенче кеше булып яшәдем, йокларга үз караватым да булмады. Бүлмә уртасында, раскладушка дип аталган һәм гадәти матрасы да булмаган нәрсәдә төн үткәрә идем. Башка бүлмәләрдә буш урыннар байтак, икешәр генә шәкерт яшәгән бүлмәләр дә бар иде. Ләкин күпме генә үтенеп сорасам да, мине анда урнаштырудан баш тартып килде тулай торак мөдире. Фарсы төркемендә укучы бер малайның, көн саен төп-төгәл төн уртасында йокыдан торып, помидор ашый торган гадәте бар иде. Баш өстемдә ут янып торганга күрә, мин дә уянам һәм малайның чамасыз аппетитын күзәтеп, селәгәй йотып ятам инде. Ике ай укыганнан соң «перспективасыз» дип танылгач һәм мин үзем Казанга күчеп китүдән баш тарткач, миңа шундый «йокысызлык сабагы» да насыйп булды. Башта минем дә, әлбәттә, үз урыным бар иде. 

Институтта иң уңышлылар һәм перспективалылар дип һинди яки япон телләре төркеменә эләккән «элита» санала иде. Гади кеше балалары түгел инде берсе дә. Ике гарәп төркеме исә «түбәнрәк сортлылар» өчен дә үтемле булды. Дөньяда ике дистәдән артык гарәп халкы яшәгән ил яки гарәп теле рәсми статуска ия булган дәүләт бар, димәк, институтны тәмамлагач, эшкә урнашу проблемасы булмаячак. Кытай теле кирәкле дә, перспективалы да. Ләкин өйрәнеп кара син бу телне һәм бигрәк тә – аның ун мең иероглифлы язуын. Иң җиңеле... һиндонезия-малайя теле икән, ләкин бу төркемгә эләгү карьерага ирешү ягыннан перспективалы дип саналмады ул вакытта. Сукарно Һиндонезиясе социализм төзи алмый интегә, Малайзия әле «икътисад юлбарысы» булып күтәрелмәгән, күп телле, берничә динле, чуар милләтле Сингапурда Ли Куан Ю реформалары да башланган гына иде. Африканың амхар, суаһили яки һауса төркемнәренә кергәннәр турында, болар «бәхетсезләр», диделәр. Хәзер генә ул Африка безнең төп сәяси партнёрыбыз һәм иктисадый таянычыбыз булып китте. Ләкин, аңа карап кына, имтиханнарны уңышлы биргән бер генә абитуриент та укудан баш тартмады. Элек тә шулай булган икән. Бу институтны тәмамлаган һәм исемнәре һәркемгә мәгълүм булган күренекле кешеләр һәм алар өйрәнгән төп телләр: сәясәтчеләр Евгений Примаков (кытай теле), Владимир Жириновский һәм Дмитрий Песков (икесе дә – төрек теле); язучы Борис Акунин (үз исем-фамилиясе Григорий Чхартишвили, япон теле), журналист Евгений Киселёв (фарсы теле). 

'''ФОТО''': Күренекле тел галиме һәм институт шәкертләренең яраткан остазы Владислав Василий улы Ремарчук (1942-2019). Мондый кешеләр турында хатирәләр – гомерлек...

Башта без вьетнам төркемендә унау идек, ләкин бер-ике атнадан соң дүрт кеше китте, алар органнардан килгән күзәтчеләр генә булган икән. Алтау язмышның чырай сытуыннан кайгыга батып утырдык: Вьетнамда сугыш бара иде әле. Безне шартлы рәвештә ике төркемчеккә бүлделәр: беришебез «тарихчы», башкалары «тел белгече» булырга тиеш икән. Ләкин мөгаллим һәм вьет телендә, вьетнамлылар әйтмешли, «гади авыл карты кебек сөйләшә» торган Владислав Ремарчук беренче дәрестә үк безне канатландырырга тырышты: «Кайгырмагыз, сез укып чыкканчы сугыш бетә, һәм сез әле куана-куана эшләячәксез, яңа мөмкинлекләр ачылгач!» Владислав Василий улы безгә ун пар дәрестә генә сабак бирде. Аның бурычы һәм вазифасы вьет теле фонетикасын һәм «музыкасын» безнең хәтергә һәм күңелләргә иңдерү булган икән. Калганын башка мөгаллимнәр эшләргә тиеш. Шушы ун көн эчендә мин бу искиткеч сәләтле мөгаллимгә, белдекле галимгә һәм үтә дә кешелекле кешегә... чын-чынлап гашыйк булдым. Ул бит әле филология фәннәре кандидаты да түгел иде. Диссертациясен 1975 елда гына яклаган икән. 

Сентябрь азагында алты шәкертнең бишесе латин имласындагы вьет язуын дөрес, ягъни авазларын, тоннарын, кыска җөмләләр интонациясен тиешенчә «артикуляцияләп» укый 
белә иде. Бары Виктор Хреков кына моның серләренә тиз генә төшенә алмады, сыер кебек мөгрәп утырды. Аның каравы, ул КПСС тарихын һәм «марксистик фәннәр»не бик яхшы белә, хәтта үзе белмәгән нәрсәләр турында да интуитив рәвештә дөрес аңлатма бирә иде. Һәм – яңадан язмыш шаяртуы! – нәкъ шул азәрбайҗан яһүде малае ахыр чиктә вьет төркемендә иң уңышлы шәкерт булып киткән! Монысы инде өченче курста, ягъни мин укуны ташлап китәргә мәҗбүр булгач кына, ачыкланган. Тырышкан табар, ташка кадак кагар. Ә Виктор чыннан да бик тырыш һәм үҗәтле иде. Көнчыгыш телләре институты (1972 елдан – Азия һәм Африка илләре институты) сайтындагы хәбәрләргә караганда, Виктор институтны гел «бишле»гә бетергән, Вьетнамда ТАСС хәбәрчесе дә булган, агентлыкның Һанойдагы вәкиллеген дә җитәкләгән, Франциядә дә эшләгән. Ә яңа гасырда РФ президенты аппаратының сүзчесе булып киткән ул. Соңгы вазифаны башкарганда, 61 яшендә вафат булган. Викторның улы Антон берзаман НТВ каналында эшләде. 

Ике ай буе мин дә рәхәтләнеп укыдым институтта. Хәтта вьет төркеменең старостасы да булып тордым. Шуннан соң проблемалар башланды. Досьелар, сораштыру-тикшерү кәгазьләре килеп җиткәндер, күрәсең, вәкаләтле органнарыбызга. Ә синең күңелеңә, җаныңа кем кереп баксын, ди, ул заманнарда да, хәзер дә. Миңа бит анда бер тонна компромат бар, гәрчә бөтен «гаеп» бабама, әтиемә һәм әниемә ягылган тупас яла булса да! Җентекләп, вагын вакка тураклап язып тормыйм. Кабахәт дәүләтнең үзе ошатмаган һәм үзенә рәсми кәгазьләр буенча шикле булып тоелган кешеләрне ничек кысрыклавын, изүен, җәберләвен һәм хәтта юкка чыгаруын хәзер инде һәркем белә. Мин дә боларның бер өлешен үз җилкәмдә татыдым. Иблис мәмләкәтендә башкача була да алмыйдыр ул... 

Тагын бер айдан соң турыдан-туры әйттеләр: «Синең монда бернинди перспективаң юк, әйдә, Казан университетына күч!» – Ә мин ачыктан-ачык аңлатып бирдем: «Йә монда укыйм, йә бүтән беркайда да, беркайчан да укымаячакмын! Аннары, минем кышка таба кайтып китәргә урыным да юк: Арзамас-16 га мине кертмиләр, мин аннан, бүтән кайтмыйм, дип язып һәм кул куеп киттем. Киләсе җәйгә кадәр кусагыз да китә алмыйм!»

Мине ачыктан-ачык кумадылар да. Хәтта стипендия дә түләп тордылар беренче курс азагына кадәр. Түләмәсәләр дә, барып ялынмас идем: алты ел заводларда эшли-эшли, кимендә бер елга җитәрлек мая тупладым. Өстәвенә, миңа деканатта сәркатип булып эшләгән бер татар хатыны да ярдәм итеп торды. Мин аның татарча исемен белми идем, сораштырмадым да, татар хатыны булуын гына хәтерлим. Хәзер ул сиксәннән узгандыр инде. Ул миңа ике мәртәбә – 1971 елның көзендә һәм 1972 елның язында – университет бинасындагы профилакторийга юллама юнәтте. Кыскасы, мин Мәскәүдә бернинди матди кытлык кичермәдем. Иң авыры Мәскәүнең бер генә җирендә дә үзгәрми-алмашынмый торган тынчу һавасы булды. Һәм туры, һәм күчмә мәгънәләрдә.&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Ни бар дуслар бүләгеннән кадерлерәк?''' ====
Беренче семестрны тиешенчә тәмамладым. Аннары, Яңа елдан соң, институтка барып та йөрмәдем. Үзем кирәк дип тапканны тулай торакта укып утырдым. Барыбер китәсемне аңлаганга күрә, деканаттан үземнең «тарихчы» статусымны Сергей Топорищев атлы малайга бирүне үтендем. Зур өстенлек иде ул карьера ясарга теләгән кеше өчен. Аннары Сергейны староста итеп тә куйдылар. Намуслы һәм тырыш егет булып тоелды ул миңа. Ул үзе дә «тарихчылык»ка күчәргә тели иде баштарак. Ләкин соңрак ул яңадан «лингвистлык»ка кире кайткан: әллә түрә яки шымчы булып китәсе килмәгән, әллә дөнья телләренә җан тартуы көчлерәк булган аның... 

Вьетнамнан килгән шәкертләр белән дуслашып киттем. Яз көне мин инде вьетча башка төркемдәшләремнән яхшырак та аңлаша идем. Вьетнамлыларның дусларча мөгамәләсе, алар биргән вьет теле сабаклары кирәгрәк тоелды миңа. Һәм гомумән: корсак түгел, күңел һәм йөрәк идарә итәргә тиеш бит кеше белән. Намуслы булып тугансың икән, намуслы булып яшә һәм үл дә. Намуссызларга исә бернинди үгетләү, киңәш һәм кагыйдә-канун да булышмаска мөмкин... 

1972 елның җәен дә миңа Мәскәүдә, институтның Ломоносов проспектында урнашкан тулай торагында үткәрергә туры килде. Кайтып китәсе кеше булгач, мине студентларның төзелеш отрядына алмадылар. Саровта калган апам миңа: «Мөмкин булса, тагын бераз сабыр ит, мин монда сине шәһәргә кертүләрен үтенеп гариза язармын», – дигән иде бер хатта. Август урталарында ападан җавап килде: «Юк, әлегә кертмәячәкләр. Арзамаска кайтып, эшкә урнаш. Синең бит әле хәрби хезмәтне дә үтәсең бар. Армиядән кайткач, күз күрер...» 

Курсташларым белән хушлаштым да юлга чыктым. Вьетнамлылар миңа 1961 елда нәшер ителгән калын гына бер сүзлек бүләк иттеләр. Кәгазьләре саргаеп, битләре таушалып беткән инде хәзер «62 яшьлек» ядкәрнең. Сүзлек байлыгы да үзгәреп беткән вьет теленең. Вьетнамлылар элеккеге кытай алынмаларын туган телләреннән гел куып кына торалар. Мөмкин булган очракта. Байтак кына сүз кытай, корея, вьет һәм япон телләре өчен уртак булып киткән, аларга кагылмыйлар. Ә мин әле һаман да шул сүзлекнең бер битенә вьетнамлы Ңуен Чын Һао ('''Nguyễn Trần Hào''' – ул укуын тәмамлап, туган иленә кайтып китәргә җыена иде) язып калдырган «васыять»кә турылыклы: '''«Đồng chí nào xem quyển này cần giữ cẩn thận cho»''' – Бу китапны ачкан иптәш аны игътибар белән карасын һәм саклап тотсын. Китапны аңа әтисе Лыоң (Bố Lưỡng) бүләк иткән булган. Аның улын алты ел элек Мәскәүгә озатканда язган сүзләре: '''«Con thân yêu không ngừng phấn khởi nỗ lực học tối... hành tối!..»''' – Кадерле балам, рухлана-рухлана, бар көчеңне куеп укудан һәм камилләшүдән туктама... Югары стильдә чын вьетча язылган нәсихәт бу, аны Google тәрҗемә итә алмый, миңа да мәгънәсен Һао үзе аңлатып биргән иде. Вьетнамлылар аерым сүзләрне гадәттә синонимнары яки аларның эчтәлеген тулыландыра торган башка сүзләр белән бергә парлап кулланалар, мондый кыска сүзтезмәләрнең мәгънәсе кайвакыт тирән булырга мөмкин. 

Шуның белән «Мәскәү чоры» тәмам булды. Һәм Азия-Африка илләре институты белән бәйле хәлләр дә әкренләп хәтернең аулак почмагына күчә башлады. Ләкин... 47 ел вакыт үткәч, һич көтмәгәндә «Мәскәү чорын» кабат искә төшерергә туры килде. 2020 елга керер алдыннан, интернетта шундый хәбәргә тап булдым: «25 декабря 2019 года после тяжёлой и продолжительной болезни скончался… декан ИСАА Владислав Васильевич Ремарчук…» Институтның сайтына кереп карасам... аның турында дистәләгән һәм берсеннән-берсе дулкынландыргыч истәлек... Мин дә хәтеремдә калганны язарга булдым. Минем пост әле хәзер дә... «воспоминания выпускника» (!) дигән сылтама астында ИСАА сайтында сакланып калган: «В начале 1970-х годов в стране ещё шла война. Вьетнамские студенты, обучавшиеся в СССР, отзывались о Владиславе Васильевиче Ремарчуке так: «Он разговаривает по-вьетнамски как простой крестьянин!» Сначала это вызвало у нас смех, но потом мы узнали, что лучше и образнее всех изъясняются по-вьетнамски именно деревенские старики». 

Төркемдәшем Александр Сурмава белән Мәскәүнең Казан вокзалында Бухаресттан Вьетнамга каникулга кайтып килүче шәкертләрне Комсомол проспектының аргы ягындагы күрше вокзалга күчерүебез турындагы язмам да бар иде. Аны соңрак сөртеп ташлаганнар, ахры, быел инде табалмадым. Ханкалага (Пекинга) поезд нәкъ Ярославль вокзалыннан китә иде бит, ә русча бер авыз сүз белмәгән «румын вьетнамлылары» ялгыш Казан вокзалына килгәннәр иде. Өстәвенә, берсе кунакханәдә паспортын да онытып калдырган, ә анда барыр-кайтыр юлны белми. Анысын да кунакханәгә алып барып, яңадан вокзалга кайтарып куярга туры килде. 

Беренче курс азагында ук без вьет телендә аз-маз аралаша ала идек инде. Бу телнең «музыкасы» бигрәк тә йөрәккә ятышлы. Хәзер мин бары тик вьетча укый һәм сүзлек кулланып тәрҗемә итә генә беләм инде. Шуңа да карамастан, берзаман Википедиягә «Вьет теле» дигән шактый күләмле һәм күңелле мәкалә язып элгән идем. Аны хәтта... «айның иң яхшы мәкаләсе» дип тә атадылар шул елда. Гомер буе вьет теле беренче «тел мәхәббәтем», ә вьет сүзлеге Мәскәүдән үз теләгем белән алып кайткан бердәнбер өстәмә мирас булып калды. Институтны тәмамламасам да, аның турында онытылмаслык хатирәләрем бар...

==== '''Төрмә күрми – гүргә керми...''' ====

Ачык Арзамаска барып урнашу алдыннан Саровтан ун-унбиш чакрымда гына урнашкан һәм район үзәге булган Дивеево авылына юл тоттым – апа белән җизнәмне күреп сөйләшү өчен. Хәзерге замандагы кебек кесә телефоннары юк инде ул вакытта, апалар белән хат язышып яисә күрешеп-сөйләшеп кенә хәбәрдә торып була. Дивеевода бер карчык йортында фатирга урнашырга туры килде. Матрёна әбинең хәтердән җуелмаслык табигате – ул татар җырларын тыңларга ярата иде! Җырладым инде, җырладым! Тавышым әле карлыкмаган килеш: «Су буйлап»ны да онытмыйм, алтмышынчы елларда гына иҗат ителгән «Туган ягым»ны да өйрәнгән идем инде. 

Туганнарым исә... мине кабат өметләндерделәр: «Сине шәһәргә алу мөмкинлеге бар әле. Ләкин сиңа моның өчен, яңадан Мәскәүгә барып, институттан һәм МДУ поликлиникасыннан белешмәләр алып кайтырга кирәк булачак», – диделәр. Киттем яңадан башкалага. Моның минем өчен нинди тозак булып китү ихтималы турында уйлап та карамаганбыз беребез дә. Ни әйтсәң дә, без бит дөньяның камил социализм төзүгә ирешкән иң гадел, кайгыртучан һәм алга киткән илендә һәм җәмгыятендә яшибез. Каян белик соң без аның шуңа өстәп бик астыртын да булуын... 

Институттан белешмә алу җиңел булды: «Укуны үз теләге белән тәмамлады», – дип яздылар. Ә менә Чыпчык тауларындагы поликлиникада мине сюрприз көтеп торган икән. Гомер уртасын инде күптән узган табибә ханымның сүзе бик кыска булды: «Хәзер булдырырбыз, ишек төбендә утырып көтеп тор!» – Бераз торгач, ике «ягымлы санитар» килеп җитеп, мине култыклап урамга алып чыктылар да, машинага утыртып, каядыр алып киттеләр. Барасы җиребез... Мәскәү психиатрия хастаханәләренең берсе икән. Теге табибә ханым үзе генә тиешле белешмәне бирә алмый, тәҗрибәле белгечләр генә башкара ала бу эшне, дип аңлаттылар миңа. Каршы килергә ярамавын, үземне мөмкин кадәр тынычрак һәм хәтта ваемсыз тотарга кирәклеген шунда ук чамаладым. 

Беренче төнне миңа «дуамаллар» арасында үткәрергә туры килде. Беркемгә бер сүз әйтмәдем, эндәшүчеләргә җавап бирмәдем, телсез-колаксыз булып китеп, одеялымны ябындым да, икенче якка борылып, йокыга китәргә тырыштым. Үзара сугышып та алдылар бугай «дуамаллар», миңа кагылучы булмады. Берсенең икенчесен «Дерсу Узала!» дип үртәве генә хәтердә калган. Иртә белән «тыныч палата»га күчерделәр. Шунда ук шәфкать туташыннан кәгазь-авторучка һәм конверт сорап алып, апага барысын да аңлатып хат яздым. Урыс телендә. Көндез мине чакыртып алдылар, язган кәгаземне һәм институттан алган белешмәне конверт эченә тыгып, ачык килеш табибка тапшырдым. Барысын да тыныч кына аңлатып бирдем аңа да. Табиб мине тегеләй-болай тикшергән итте, ләкин бернинди «дәва» билгеләмәде. Соңрак та мине артык борчымадылар.&lt;br&gt;

Ун-унике көнләп вакыт үткәндер, «җавап» та килеп иреште: мине... җизнәмнең Мәскәүдә яшәүче туганы очрашу бүлмәсенә чакыртып алды. Институтта укыганда мин аның Чертановода урнашкан фатирына сирәк булса да барып йөри идем. Саровтагы апам белән җизнәм кичекмәстән аңа хәбәр иткәннәр, һәм ул миңа ярдәмгә ашыккан. Табиблар белән дә сөйләшеп алган икән. Шуннан соң мин хастаханәдә... бөтенләй игътибарсыз калдым. Шәфкать туташлары гына килеп хәлемне белеп китәләр иде ара-тирә. Төп-төгәл кырык көн үткәч кенә табиб чакыртып алды: «Ну что, парень, здоровеешь день ото дня на казённых харчах?» – дип каршылады. – «С Вашего позволения, товарищ доктор. Спасибо Вам!» – дип җавап кайтардым мин аңа, хәлемнән килгән кадәр елмаерга тырышып. Миңа Арзамаска кадәр кайтырга тимер юл билеты тоттырдылар: «Больше так не 
болей!» – дип. Ике санитар мине Казан вокзалына кадәр озата барып, поездга утыртып җибәрде. Мин, әлбәттә, «ябык шәһәр»гә керергә дип белешмә-мазар сорап тормадым табиблардан. Иң мөһиме – мин, тумыштан ук һәм әнкәем тәрбиясе буенча совет патриоты, үземнең нинди кыргый золым дәүләтендә яшәвемне бу хакта һичкем белән бәхәсләшмәслек итеп аңладым. Игорь Губерманның ике гаригы моңа «пичәт сугып тора»: 

Киң колачлы төзелешләр түгел,&lt;br&gt;
минем илнең иң төп терәге –&lt;br&gt;
коткы җепселләрен җыеп тоткан&lt;br&gt;
шыксыз бер «контора» кисәге.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Страны моей главнейшая опора –&lt;br&gt;
'''''не стройки сумасшедшего размаха,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''а серая стандартная контора,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''владеющая ниточками страха.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Кырыс, әмма гадел хөкем –&lt;br&gt;
бер Алла эше;&lt;br&gt;
төрмә күрми, гүргә керми&lt;br&gt;
Рәсәйдә кеше.&lt;br&gt;
'''''«И я сказал себе: держись,&lt;br&gt;
'''''Господь суров, но прав;'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''нельзя прожить в России жизнь,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''тюрьмы не повидав».'''''&lt;br&gt;

Мәскәү «кайгыртучылар»ыннан исән-имин котылып кайтып киткәч, Арзамас заводларында һәм оешмаларында эшләдем. Ике тапкыр, 1973 елның яз һәм көз көннәрендә, мине армиягә алган булып, Дзержинскидагы туплау пунктына кадәр илттеләр дә... кире кайтардылар. Әйләнеп кайткан саен тагын ярты ел көтәргә туры килә. Әллә мине килеш-килбәтемә карап кызгандылар да, стройбатка җибәрәселәре килмәде хәрби түрәләрнең, әллә башка сәбәпләр булды. Фатирларда яшәдем, аена 10-12 сум түләп. Соңгы торагым бигрәк тә җайлы булды. Хлебодаровлар өенең подвалында – берүземә бер зур, аерым, җылы һәм бөтен уңайлыклары булган бүлмә. Аны миңа, 1973 елның ноябрендә тагын бер кат армиягә китми калгач, Арзамас ликёр-аракы заводында эшләүче хатыннар табып бирде. Мин шунда эшкә кергән идем. Заводта эшләүче фатир хуҗам белән бәхәсләшкән идем. Ул миңа: «Минем янга эшкә керсәң, мин сине аракы эчәргә өйрәтәм», – диде. Ә мин аңа: «Һе, өйрәтерсең менә!» Юк, эчәргә өйрәтә алмады ул мине. Һәрхәлдә, минем стакан тутырып чөмереп утырганымны күрүче булмады. Ләкин... мин бит намус кешесе, дөресен әйтергә тиешмен: шул заманда эшләп чыгарыла торган теләсә кайсы маркалы һәм сортлы хәмернең тәмен-татын белә идем, спиртлылык процентларын һ.б. күрсәткечләрен дә яшерен дегустация аша ярыйсы гына өйрәндем шул ярты елда. Әнкәем бит мине кызыксынучан итеп тудырган һәм тәрбияләгән иде шул.

=== '''ИЛ «УНИВЕРСИТЕТЛАРЫ»''' ===
==== '''БАМ, Тында, Беркакит...''' ====
'''''Тәкъдир дәфтәреңдә «маҗаралы» дип язылган булса, төрле көтелмәгән хәлләрдән һәм сынаулардан берничек тә котыла алмыйсың.'''''

Ниһаять, 1974 елны (25 яшем тулгач!) май урталарында мине армиягә, Сарытаудагы өйрәнү-өйрәтү частена алып киттеләр. Авиация өчен элемтәчеләр әзерлиләр иде андагы ярты еллык укуда һәм күнегүләрдә. Стройбат түгел инде. Сарытауда мин радиотелеграфчылар әзерләнә торган беренче взводка эләктем. Беренче көннән үк безгә телеграф әлифбасын (морзены) өйрәтергә тотындылар, озынлы-кыскалы пипылдауларны тыңлап, хәрефләр-саннар язып барырга күнектерделәр. Шунда ук үзебез дә әкренләп пипылдата башладык. Өлкән сержант Валерий Соловей исемле белорус егете безнең взвод командиры һәм бердәнбер остазыбыз булды. Беренче класслы радиотелеграфчы булыр өчен, минутына 20 «төркем» кабул итә һәм тапшыра алырга тиешсең. Бер «төркем» – телеграф әлифбасының биш тамгасы ул. Минем күрсәткечләр 14-15 «төркем»нән артмады. 

Ниһаять, июнь урталарында хәрби ант кабул итү көне дә килеп җитте. Башта без полигонга барып, өч тапкыр винтовкадан атарга тиеш идек, соңыннан присягасын кабул итәргә. Ләкин, иртә белән ашханәдә тукланып чыккач, чыдап та булмаслык итеп эчем авырта башлады. Мине шунда ук һоспитальгә озаттылар. Хәрби табиб тикшереп бакты да... елмаеп куйды: «Мин сиңа йоклаткыч дару бирәм, уянгач килерсең!» – Изрәп йоклаганмын, хәтта төшке ашка да соңга калдым. Йокыдан торсам... эчем бөтенләй авыртмый һәм бернәрсә дә борчымый. Тизрәк докторга чаптым: «Иптәш майор, мине кире озатыгыз, зинһар: хәрби ант кабул итәсем бар!» Ә доктор миңа: «Юк инде, монда 
эләктеңме, өч атна карантинда утырачаксың! Эчең пошмасын һәм бүтән авыртмасын өчен, без сине операция ясау бүлмәсенә санитар итеп куябыз. Бар, өйрәнә тор үз вазифаларыңны». Икенче көнне иртүк торып эшкә керештем. Җиһазларны сөртеп, идәннәрне юып чыгардым, операцияләр ясар өчен кирәк-яракны әзерләп куйдым. Һәм тагын егерме көн дә нәкъ шулай үтте. Операция ясаганда хирургка кирәк әйберләрне биреп торам, кичкырын приборларны, операция ясау коралларын, бүлмәне юып чыгарам. Аппендиксны кисеп ташлау – берни дә түгел хирурглар өчен: дүрт-биш көннән соң авыру тәпи йөреп китә. Ә менә геморрой дигәнеңне... Алла сакласын... 

Шулай итеп, мин ике еллык армия хезмәтемдә винтовканы яки автоматны тотып та карамадым, Советлар Берлегенә мәңге тугрылыклы булам дигән хәрби ант та кабул итмәдем. Әлбәттә, шушы өч атна эчендә радиотелеграфчы иптәшләремнән хәрби-һөнәри осталык буенча нык артта калдым. Һоспитальдән кайткач, мине телефончылар взводына күчерделәр. Бу взводның командиры булган сержант «Р» авазын әйтә белми иде: «Взвод гъавняйсь! Смигъно! Гъавнение напгъаво!» – дип команда бирә иде ул. Шунысы гына истә калган. Телеграф ачкычыннан мәхрүм булгач, ничек телефон кәтүген өстерәгәнмендер – хәтерләмим. Бөтенләй булмаган кебек тоела миңа бу «катлаулы күнегүләр»... 

Ноябрьнең 12 сендә мине, армиягә Брянск өлкәсеннән алынган Николай Козлов исемле бер малай белән бергә, Хабаровск каласына юлладылар. Җиде көн бардык, бер поезддан икенчесенә күчеп утырып. Сарытаудан чыгып киткәндә җып-җылы көз көне иде әле. Бишенче көнне иртән йокыдан торып вагон тәрәзәсе аша баксак... шаккаттык: Иркутск өлкәсендәге Зима станциясе, һәм бөтен дөньяны ап-ак кар күмгән. Байкал күлен көньяктан әйләнеп үткәндә ачылган мәһабәт панорама һич онытырлык түгел. Тагын Сквородино торак пункты янындагы шыр ялангач дала һәм үзәкләрне өзә торган көчле җил истә калган. Соңрак җирле халыктан ишетеп белдек: «Бог создал Крым и Сочи, а чёрт – Сквородино и Могочи». 

Ә менә Биробиджан безгә бик ошады: нарат-чыршы урманы аланында күркәм шәһәрчек төзеп куйганнар. Бернинди җил исми, саф һава һәм искитәрлек манзара. «Карале, нинди матур җиргә урнаштырганнар бит яһүдләрне!» Хабаровск исә безне океан ягыннан әкрен генә искән, ләкин җаныңны актарып 
ташлый торган салкын һәм дымлы җиле белән каршы алды. Без 
эзләп тапкан хәрби часть Байкал-Амур магистрале төзелешенә 
озату өчен әзерлек урыны икән. 1975 елның 31 гыйнварында поездга утырып кире якка, Чегдомын шәһәрчегенә киттек, 
1 февральдә килеп тә җиттек БАМ җирлегенә. Урамда – 40 градус салкын, ләкин көн аяз, һава тыныч, җил исми. Кыш көне дә 
кыздыра торган кояшка туп-туры карап җәһәт кенә атласаң яки 
гел хәрәкәтләнеп торсаң – туңмыйсың. 

Тимер юл гаскәрләре төзүчеләре анда безнең боралак отряды өчен өч казарма төзеп куйганнар, боралаклар урнаштыруга аэродром әзерләгәннәр. Безнең бәләкәй генә (200 
кешелек – бер рота солдат, калганнары очучы-офицерлар һәм аэродромда хезмәт итүче белгечләр) хәрби частебыз еллар буе БАМ төзелешенең көнчыгыш өлешен бөтен кирәк-ярак белән тәэмин итеп торырга, төзүчеләрне һәм гаскәриләрне бер урыннан икенчесенә күчереп йөртергә тиеш. Февральскидан алып Комсомольск-Амур шәһәренә кадәр. Барысы да алдан уйланылган, тиешенчә әзерләп куелган иде безнең өчен. Әлбәттә, халык авыз иҗаты Ерак Көнчыгыштагы кырыс табигатьле җирләрнең оҗмах булмавын дөрес чагылдырадыр. Хәтта шундый икеюллык та ишеттек: «БАМ, Тында, Беркакит – голубые дали, мы такие дали... кое-где видали...» 

==== '''Саф погоннар – саф намус''' ====
Чегдомынга килгәннең икенче көнендә үк мине, Анатолий Таболин исемле бер чын белорус малае белән бергә, хәрби частьне дөнья белән тоташтырырга тиешле телефон линияләрен сузарга җибәрделәр. Сарытауда беренче взводта өйрәнгән һәм минем белән бергә Хабаровскига озатылган Николай Козловны радиостанциягә билгеләделәр. Ачык җирләрдә электр баганаларына, урман эчендә агач ботакларына эләктереп һәм беркетеп куябыз тимерчыбыкны. Төннәрне коммутатор кырында үткәрәбез, алмаш-тилмәш дежур торып. Көндез анда офицер хатыннары утыра, ә без планда каралганны һәм командирлар боерганны башкарабыз. Кайвакыт Анатолий белән бергә боерык ирешкәнне көтеп тә тормыйбыз: берәр «нокта» белән элемтә өзелә икән, шунда ук – иртәме, кичме, төн уртасымы – часть дежурына хәбәр биреп, линия буйлап чабабыз, төзәтергә ашыгабыз. Командирлар еш кына белми кала. 

Телефончы хезмәттәшем тәмәке тартучы иде. Ләкин ике-өч көнгә бер кап тәмәке сатып алыр өчен иптәшемнең акчасы җитми. Бик интегә иде ул тартырга бернәрсәсе булмаганда. Урманда эшләгәндә агач төбенә утыра да чын белорусча: «Курыть хачу!» – дип өзгәләнә. Кайбер солдатларга исә әти-әнисе гел акча җибәреп тора. Менә алар инде сигаретларын бер-ике суыра да ташлый торган иде. Ә мин шыпырт кына шул төпчекләрнең «симезрәк»ләрен кесәгә салып барам. Һәм Анатолий тәмәке тартасы килеп сыкрана башлагач, чыгарып та бирәм аңа. 

Коммутаторда төнлә дежур торганда үткәрелгән бер «элемтә сеансы» истә калган. Күршедәге тимер юлчылар ротасыннан бер маҗар милләтле солдат килгән иде. Украинаның Ужгород каласыннан икән. «Әтием-әнием белән сөйләшеп аласы иде, – диде Иштван, – ләкин безнең телефончылар тоташтыра алмыйлар: аппаратуралары иске һәм бик начар. Бәлки син булдыра алырсың». Ә мине, үз тиңдәшемә ярдәм итү теләге генә түгел, маҗарча сөйләшкәнне тыңлау мөмкинлеге дә кызыксындыра. Элемтәне бик озын «чылбыр» буенча урнаштырасы: башта Чегдомыннан Хабаровскины сорыйсың, аннары край башкаласы аша Мәскәүгә чыгасың. Бу кадәресе зур проблемалар тудырмый, без бу юлны ким дигәндә атнага бер тапкыр үтә идек. Маҗаралар Киевка кергәч башлана: җавап тавышы... Кытайдагы кебек кенә ишетелә. Ә инде Украина башкаласыннан Ужгородка төшкәч, бөтенләй берни ишетми башлыйсың. Маҗарча Уңвар дип аталган телефон станциясендәге телефончы кызга егет үзенең өй телефоны номерын аңлатып бирә алды әле. Ә аннан соң... кемнеңдер нәрсәдер лыгырдаганын сиземлисең, ләкин мәгънәсенә һич төшенерлек түгел. Ә теге якта безне ишетәләр дә, аңлыйлар да, ә без... интегәбез. Маҗар егете адым саен бөтен штабта ишетерлек итеп кычкыра: «Hogy? Hogy?» (Нәрсә? Ничек?) Сөйләштеләр, азмы-күпме аңлаштылар. Ә мин сүзлексез дә төшенерлек беренче маҗар сүзен отып калдым.

Күп еллар үткәч, Маҗарстан дәүләт гимнының сигез куплеты да татар теленә шактый төгәл һәм җырланырлык шигырь рәвешендә тәрҗемә ителде. Бик гыйбрәтле монументаль гимн. Аңарда – маҗарларның, Көнбатыш Себердән чыгып китеп, мең ел буе «Ватан эзләп» кылган сәяхәтенең кыскача тарихы. Алар бабаларыбыз яшәгән җирләр аша үткәндә чын «телләр әңгәмәсе» булган, күрәсең: хәзерге заман маҗар телендә дә 800 дән артык төрки-кыпчак сүзе сакланып калган. Угыз кавеме төркиләреннән алынган сүзләр азрак та әле.  

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Элемтә взводын әле егерме бер яшен генә тутырган лейтенант Топалов җитәкли. Кырымда туып үскән, милләте буенча болгар. Ярты еллап вакыт үткәч, 1975 елның көзендә ул мине сержант итеп күтәрергә һәм казармаларыбыз янында гына урнашкан радиостанциягә өлкән итеп күчерергә теләде. Мин исә, ни булса шул булыр дип, офицерга турыдан-туры әйттем: «Иптәш лейтенант, миннән бернинди командир чыкмаячак, чөнки мин, кемнедер мәҗбүр итүгә караганда, барысын да үзем эшләп ташлауны артыграк күрәм. Аннары, мин радиостанцияләрне бөтенләй белмим. Мине телефончы һәм рядовой итеп калдырсагыз, хәерлерәк булыр иде, минемчә...» – дидем. Армиядә боерыкка буйсынмаган кешене катгый җәза көтә. Әмма, ни хикмәт, бу очракта алай булмады. Күк йөзе кебек ачык зәңгәр төстәге погоннарым да, хәрби намусым да саф килеш калды. 

Ә менә рота старшинасы... мин аның шул еллардагы йөзен һәм гәүдәсен бүген дә күз алдыма китерә алам әле. Яртылаш татар канлы (әнисе ягыннан) прапорщик Иван Бякин иде ул. Баһадир гәүдәле, казакларча кыйгачланып киткән мыек үстергән. Кырыс та, таләпчән дә була ала, ләкин искиткеч кешелекле һәм гадел командир. Үзең дә шундый була белсәң. Нәкъ менә прапорщик Бякинның көчле рухы һәм ихтыяры белән безнең ротада «бабайлык» дигән галәмәт булмады: «салагасы-карты» бергә эшләде, бертигез ашады, чиратлап каравылда яки дежур торды, нарядка йөрде. Ризасызларны шунда ук тимер юлчылар карамагына «хезмәт тәрбиясе»нә озаталар иде. Җир тәмугына – таулар-сопкалар астында тоннельләр ерырга. Һәм тора-бара Совет Армиясе өчен «яңалык» булган тәртипне солдатлар да хуплый башлады.

Берзаман ротага дүрт әрмән малаен китерделәр. Беришесе пахан булып китәргә ниятләгәндер, күрәсең. Беркөнне төнлә шуларның өчесе йоклаган солдатларны урыннарыннан торгызып җәберләргә тотынды. Дүртенчесе, кып-кызыл чәчлесе, Мужикян фамилиялесе, катнашмады: ул бик чандыр гәүдәле һәм көчсез малай иде. Шуннан бөтен рота күтәрелеп, теге җитешеп бетмәгән өч «пахан»ны эт итеп кыйнады. Командир аларның өчесен дә иртә белән БАМга тоннель казырга озатты. Мужикян исә безнең белән калды. 

Баштарак безнең БАМдагы тормышыбыз бик сикәлтәле сукмаклар буйлап дыңгырдады. Штабта һәм солдатлар казармасында тәртип урнашты, ә менә офицерлар казармасында... 
пычракта, көн саен аракы эчеп, исерешеп яталар. Боралакларда очучы һәм техникага хезмәт күрсәтүче офицерлар ризасызлык белдерә: аларның гаиләләре шәһәрдә фатирларда яши, ә үзләрен монда казармада тоталар, чөнки ашыгыч рәвештә – иртәме, кичме, төнләме – БАМга очып чыгып китү ихтыяҗы гел булып тора.

Мондый киеренкелек яхшыга илтә торган нәрсә түгел инде ул. «Маҗаралар»... солдатлар казармасында башланып китте. 18 февраль көнне кичкырын ротабызга үз теләге белән... «наташа» килде (шулай тукайча атыйк инде без бу персонажны, гәрчә безнең арада маташырга ашкынып торган Казан байлары булмаса да). Солдатлар кочегар бүлмәсен «уйнаш йорты» иткәннәр, һәм «наташа» үзенә 18 яшь тулган тәүлектә төн чыгып 18 солдатка «хезмәт күрсәткән». Мин коммутаторда утырдым бу төнне, барысын да ишетеп-белеп тордым, ләкин дежур офицерга хәбәр итмәдем. Һәм аннан соң да, 14 ай хезмәт итеп, кемне булса да әләкләгәнебез булмады. Мин дә, иптәшем Анатолий 
Таболин да.&lt;br&gt;
* * *&lt;br&gt; 
Намуслы булып хезмәт иттек, «лычка» өчен анасын да сата торганнар булмадык! БАМдагы боралак отрядында хәрби хезмәт көне-төне эштә үтә, монда һәр кешенең намусы һәм аңлы җаваплылыгы алга чыга, «службаны аңлата торган» мәгънәсез армия уеннарына вакыт та, мөмкинлек тә калмый. Боралак бит ул – уенчык түгел, ә мондый кырыс климат һәм бөтен рельеф төрләре булган урын-җир шартларында бик тә хәвефле бер очкыч аппарат. Тора-бара командирлар нәкъ шундый психология һәм чынбарлык урнаштырдылар хәрби частьта. Башкача мөмкин идеме соң? Бездә дә булды бит шундый бер хәл соңрак: боралакларыбызның берсе, моторы эшләми башлап, төнлә 30 метр биеклектән мәтәлеп төшкән. Бәхетебез: төп пилот – хәрби 
частебыз командиры капитан Филимонов үзе! – чын һөнәри осталык иясе булган икән. Экипаждан бер генә кеше дә зыян күрмәгән. Боралакны ремонтка озаттылар.

'''ФОТО:''' МИ-8 боралагы

Кыска вакытлы, ләкин «чын тәртип урнаштыручы маҗаралар»ның дәвамы ике көннән соң, 20 февральдә, якшәмбе көнне булды. Офицерлар казармасы янып бетте. Казарма бүлмәләренең берсендә булган газ баллоннары шартлады. Ләкин ут безнең 20 метр ераклыкта торган казармабызга күчмәде, Ходай саклады безне бу бәладән. Шуннан соң офицерларны Чегдомынга гаиләләре янына күчерделәр, фатирларына кичекмәстән телефон үткәрделәр. Кирәк вакытта бик тиз генә чакыртып алып була иде теләсә кайсысын. Частьның подполковник дәрәҗәсендәге командирын алмаштырдылар, аның урынына алдарак телгә алынган капитан Филимоновны куйдылар. Атна-ун көн дигәндә частьта чын тәртип урнашты. Рәхәтләнеп хезмәт иттек без БАМдагы боралак отрядында! 

Һәм мине, телефончы рәвешендә частьтагы эчке тормыш турында шактый хәбәрдар булып торсам да, командирлар беркайчан да әләкчелеккә мәҗбүр итмәделәр. Боралак отрядында нәкъ киресенчә булды. Бер «стукач» (украин малае) бар иде безнең ротада, ләкин аны бик тиз акылга утырттылар. Чөнки – гаҗәеп хәл! – әләкчеләрне офицерлар да яратмый иде. 

==== '''Шәхси Буреябыз ташымады''' ==== 
Җәй көне, боралак отрядындагы хезмәтебез урнашып-җайланып беткәч, солдатлар өчен дә Чегдомынга чыгып йөрү мөмкинлеге ачылды. Халык белән аралаша, шахтачылар тормышы белән кызыксына башлады иптәшләребез. Кайберләре хәтта кызлар белән дә танышып китте, алар янына барып йөри башлады. Анатолий белән минем ирек чиклерәк булды, безнең эшебез бик тыгыз иде. Линияләрне төзәтеп йөргәндә генә очрашып сөйләшә алдык җирле кешеләр белән. Бервакыт без тайгада... ял итәргә чыккан татар гаиләсен очраттык. Кунакка да чакырганнар иде мине... тәки бер тапкыр да бара алмадым. Телефон аша гына сөйләшә идем кичләрен алар белән үзем коммутаторда дежур торганда...

Урманда телефон линияләрен караштырып-төзәтеп йөргәндә безне Төньяк Кореядан килгән һәм физик яктан бик куәтле урман кисүчеләр гаҗәпләндерде: метр ярымнан аз гына калкурак ике кореялы, киселгән һәм чистартылган бүрәнәләрне ыргаклы таяклар белән ике яктан эләктереп алып, трап буйлап йөк машинасының әрҗәсе өстенә эһ дигәндә менгезеп тә куя! Безнекеләр бу эшкә дүртәү җигелә... 

БАМдагы хезмәтнең беренче елында тагын ике вакыйга һәм берничә хезмәттәшем турында хатирәләр дә күңелдә җуелмаслык булып саклана. Үз хәрби хезмәтен бик оста, әмма 
гадәти булмаган ысул белән тәмамлаган бер Мәскәү малаеннан башларга кирәктер. Исем-фамилиясен хәтерләмим аның. Һәр абзарда бер буклы сарык була, диләр бит. Бусы 
нәкъ шул «токым»нан. Үтә дә ялкау һәм җавапсызлыкка һәвәс иде ул. Урысча әйтсәк, «пофигист» инде. Офицерлар аны боралакларга якын да җибәрми, егетне күбрәк каравылга һәм нарядларга йөрттеләр. Һәм иркә мәскәүлегә монысы да туйдыргандыр, күрәсең. «Офицерлар да гарык булып бетмәгән микән моңардан?» – дигән сорау урынсыз булмагандыр, әлбәттә. Берзаман бу малай... акылдан язган һәм аны Хабаровск психиатрлары карамагына озатканнар, дигән сүз чыкты. Край башкаласында аны төрлечә тикшереп караганнар: симулянт түгелме, янәсе. Һәм ахыр чиктә чыннан да... «ычкынган» дип таныганнар да Мәскәүгә кайтарып җибәргәннәр. Озак та үтми, малайдан хат килеп төште. Сүзләрен шул еллардагы популяр җырдан алып: «Вы служите, мы вас подождём!» – дип язган бу «псих» үз взводташларына. 

Безнең ротада миннән кала тагын бер татар малае бар иде. Фидаил исемле, Башкортстанның Бүздәк районыннан. Аның хезмәте бик җайлы иде: офицерлар ашханәсендә эшләде ул. Буш вакытта без икәү шахмат уйный һәм татарча сөйләшә идек. Рота старшинасы прапорщик Иван Бякин моны күреп-белеп торды, ул бездән бермә-бер яхшырак уйный иде. Үрнәк хезмәте өчен Фидаилгә ике атналык ял бирделәр, туган авылына барып кайтты ул. «Сөйгән кызым мине көтеп тормаган, кияүгә чыккан...» – ди, чак кына еламый үзе. Язмыш бу, аңардан узып булмый, дип юатырга тырыштым милләттәшемне. 

Истә калырлык вакыйгаларның беренчесе июнь башында Чегдомын аэропортында булды. Анатолий белән икәү анда... энцефалит талпаны тешләүдән тайгада һәлак булган тимер юлчы солдатларның үле гәүдәләрен күрдек. Табутлар таба алмаганнардыр инде ул вакытта, мәетләрне өске киемнәренә һәм шинельләренә төреп китергәннәр иде. Йөзләре ачык килеш... һәм сап-сары. Безнең отрядта талпаннан зыян күрүчеләр булмады. Командирлар безне бу хакта язга чыкканда ук кисәтеп-өйрәтеп куйганнар иде. 

Икенче вакыйга – август башында өч көн бертуктаусыз яуган яңгырдан соң Амур кушылдыгы булган Бурея елгасының ярларыннан ташып чыгуы. Җирле халык өчен гадәти, ел саен кабатлана торган күренеш. Су бит анда тирә яктагы бихисап сопкалардан бик тиз агып төшә, һәм шактый киң бассейнлы елга чын Идел кебек җәелеп китә. Чегдомын тирәсендә кеше яши торган торак пунктлар күп түгел. Иң зурысы – Урта Ургал дип атала. Су бу авылга кадәр үк менеп җитмәгән иде, ул, безнең казармалар һәм Чегдомынның өске өлеше кебек үк, калкулык өстендә урнашкан. Чегдомынны ике яктан уратып алган Бурея кушылдыклары шәһәрнең аскы өлешенә дә зыян китермәде, болынны гына су баскан иде. Елга агызып бара торган йорт хайваннары үләксәләре һәм хәтта агач корылмалар, бәләкәйрәк йортлар да югарыдан, төньяктан килгән булса кирәк. Бу «туфан» озакка бармады: ике-өч көннән соң кызу характерлы, бик тиз агымлы һәм елның елында кат-кат су астында кала торган мең тугайлы Бурея үзенең табигый ярларына кереп урнашты. 

Бу елдагы соңгы «маҗара»ның Ерак Көнчыгыштагы кырыс климатка һәм кыргый табигатькә бернинди кагылышы юк. Ул күбрәк... минем 26 яшьлек «шәхси Буреям»ның үзе күнеккән гадәти ярларыннан ташып чыкмавы турында сөйли. Яңа ел алды киче, 1975 елның 31 декабре. Армия хезмәтенең соңгы ярты елына керәбез, дип куана боралак отрядындагы солдатларның төгәл яртысы (безнең «хәрби чакырылыш» шундый зур күпчелектә иде). Минем өчен гадәти көннәрнең берсе: кичке ашны ашаганнан соң, көндез коммутаторда эшләгән офицер хатынын алмаштырырга дип штаб казармасына киттем. Унсигез яшьлек кенә, Л. исемле, теләсә кемне гашыйк итәрлек чибәр. Туташкаем инде ярым исерек, һәм аның нигәдер тиз генә өенә кайтып китәсе дә килми. Шулвакыт ул, юбкасын бераз күтәрә төште дә, болай ди: «Фәһим, кара әле, минем аякларым нинди төз һәм матур!» Сүз дә юк, төз дә, матур да, ләкин... «Юк, Л., мин моңа әзер түгел...», – дидем дә чыгып киттем. Әйләнеп килгәндә, Л. юкка чыккан иде инде. 

Ул хәрби частьтән читтәрәк урнашкан радиостанциягә киткән һәм төне буе зифа буйлы гәүдәсе белән анда дежур торган сержантның күңелен күргән икән. Һәм бу хакта часть командиры беренче булып белеп алган. Кем хәбәр иткәндер, белми калдык. Яңа 1976 елның беренче көнне иртүк өлкән командирыбыз әлеге сержантны якасыннан тотып алып... тимер юл гаскәрләренә озаткан. Туташның 30 яшьлек ире (боралак йөртүче) килеп җиткәнче үк. Сержант соңрак ротадагы дусларына хат та язып җибәргән иде: «Нигә мин шул фахишәгә кул суздым соң?..» – дип. Ерак Көнчыгыш кызларының һәм хатыннарының җенси активлыгы, дәртле табигате һәм «һөнәри осталыгы» турында без төннәрен Урта Ургалга самоволкага йөри торган солдатлардан ишетеп белә идек инде. Кемнең кая йөргәнен командирлар беләләр, ләкин солдат теләсә кайсы вакытта да үз вазифаларын төгәл һәм тырышлык күрсәтеп үти торган булса, моңа игътибар итмиләр иде. Ялкаулансаң – тоталар да «хезмәт тәрбиясе»нә – тоннельләр казырга озаталар. Боралак отряды армия төрмәсе түгел, тырыш хезмәт, аңлы тәртип һәм дисциплина мәктәбе булды безнең өчен. 

Дөресен әйткәндә, бу хәл минем шул җөмләдәге беренче «куркаклыгым» һәм «җебегәнлегем» булмады. Советлар Берлегендә ирекле секс юк, дигән рәсми караш яши иде. Ә мин – «законопослушный гражданин»! Әле Мәскәүдә укыганда да шундый бер «канәгатьләнү» мөмкинлегеннән баш тарткан идем. Бусы инде институтны ташлап, Арзамаска кайтып 
китәр алдыннан булды. Яңа абитуриентлар килгәч, безнең тулай торакта аларның беренче имтиханда ук «икеле» алганнары белән үткәрелгән «очрашу кичәсе»ндә миңа ап-ак кашлы, бик чибәр һәм күңелле бер блондинка белән бергә утырырга туры килде. Ләкин эшнең тагын бер урыс җырындагыча тәмамланачагын сиземләгәч («Все подружки по парам в тишине разбрелися...»), мин шыпырт кына ычкыну җаен таптым. Соңрак егетләр мине моның өчен нык орыштылар... 

Әтисез үскән ир кеше тормышның мондый четерекле вазгыятьләрендә йә дуамал, тотнаксыз һәм пырдымсыз булып китә, йә үтә дә сак һәм тыйнак буладыр ул. Моңа нигез сала торган табигатьне исә аның канына, алдарак әйткәнемчә, бала чакта ук үз яшьтәшләре сеңдерә... БАМдагы телефончы хезмәттәшем Анатолий да бу тарафтан миңа «теләктәш» иде. Гәрчә ул инде, үзе әйтмешли, «саф егет» булмаса да. Ул баштарак, төнлә коммутаторда дежур торганда Чегдомын кызлары килеп, бүлмә тәрәзәсенә бармак чиертәләр, үзләре янына чыгарга чакыралар, дип сөйли иде. Һәм мин аңа «файдалы киңәш» бирдем: «Ә син минем кебек, тәрәзәне менә шушы катыргы кәгазь белән томалап куй да, тегеләргә игътибар итмә!» Тора-бара Чегдомынның актив кызлары аны борчымый башладылар. Безнең «шәхси Буреябыз» тәртипле һәм инсафлы булды. 

==== '''«Сез анда, Русиядә, аңламыйсыз...»''' ====
Берзаман, инде дембель булып өйгә кайтып китәр алдыннан, Чегдомынның шахмат беренчелегендә уйнаганда, җирле шахтачылардан сораштыра башлаган идем: «Ничек мондый авыр хезмәткә, кырыс климатка, тормыш уңайсызлыкларына түзәсез?» – дип. «Сез анда, Русиядә (!), безнең нинди иркен тормышта рәхәтләнеп яшәвезне белмисез. Сез кол булып гомер сөрергә өйрәнеп беткәнсез, күнеккәнсез инде!..» – диделәр. Ерак Көнчыгышның рухи ирек эстәгән халкы ярты гасыр элек тә үзен нигездә русияле дип санамый иде инде. Шуңа күрә соңгы елларда Хабаровск крае губернаторы Сергей Фургал белән булган «катавасия» һич кенә дә очраклы хәл түгел, минемчә. Ерак Көнчыгыш халкы үзен күрсәтми калмас әле алга таба да, инде котылгысыз булып китә башлаган тетрәнүләрдә һәм үзгәрешләрдә... 

Чегдомынның шахмат беренчелегендә уйнавым – үзе бер хатирә. 1976 елның апрель ае азагында без «дембель аккорды» дип аталган эшкә керешергә тиеш идек. Элегрәк янган казарманы бездән алдарак өйләренә кайтып киткән солдатлар сүтеп бетергән һәм аның урынын тигезләп куйган иде. Безгә исә шунда, Бурея елгасы буендагы болыннан куптарып алып, чирәм утыртырга кирәк булды. Бурея болыннарын ел саен язын һәм август аенда, берничә көн барган көчле яңгырлардан соң, су баса. Һәм бер елдан соң анда яңадан чирәм үсеп чыга. Кырыс климат шартларында үсемлекләр дә, бөтен табигать тә әрсезләнеп китә икән. 

Ләкин «дембель аккорды» мине читләтеп үтте. Старшинабыз Бякин һич көтмәгәндә миңа болай диде: «Син инде үзеңә тиешлесен эшләдең монда. Әйдә, киттек шахмат уйнарга...» Унөч көн бергә Чегдомын беренчелегендә катнаштык. Минем элемтә взводындагы урыныма алмаш килеп җиткән иде инде: бер азәрбайҗан малае телефончы булып калды миннән соң. Старшинабыз, турнирда өченче урынны алып, бакыр медальле булды. Минем өчен алтынчы урын да зур казаныш һәм гомер буе онытылмаслык истәлек иде. Уникенче майда, армиядә тапкан яңа дусларым белән мәңгегә саубуллашып, командирларыма рәхмәт әйтеп... Ерак Көнчыгыштан Русиягә кайтып киттем. Хезмәттәшем Анатолийны, яңа телефончыларны эшкә өйрәтү өчен, тагын бер айдан артык тотканнар. Мин әле тагын ярты ел бездән соңрак килгән солдатлар белән ара-тирә хат язышып тордым. Әлбәттә, үзем дә бик теләп риза булган булыр идем яңа телефончыларны эшкә күнектерергә, командирлар кушкан булса. 

==== '''Саха егете Баһылай''' ====
Кемнәрдер үзенең армия хезмәтен, аның азагында «бабай» булып китеп, тырай типкәне, кәеф-сафа корганы өчен генә искә ала. Ә мин Ерак Көнчыгышны... иркенләп, ихлас күңелдән хезмәт итүем һәм башка бер җирдә дә очрата алмаслык нәрсәләрне күреп-ишетеп белүем өчен бүген дә онытмадым әле. Әйтик, Баһылай исемле (урысчасы – Василий) бер саха-якут малаеннан отып алган сүзләрне һәм җөмләләрне ничек хәтердән җуясың, ди?! Мәсәлән: «Эн миигиттэн тугу ылаары кинэҕийн? Хата харахха биэрэбиний!» (Син миннән нәрсә алырга ымсынасың? Күз төбеңә берне тондырырмын менә!). Яки: «Тыаҕа хааман, биир тииҥ көрөн баран куоттаран кэбистим» (Урманда йөргәндә, бер тиенне күреп алып, куып барып тота алмадым). Баһылай белән аралашу минем өчен, утыз еллап вакыт үткәч... саха әлифбасын һәм фонетикасын өйрәнүгә этәргеч булды. Чөнки саха җырчылары арасында яртылаш татар канлы, тиңдәшсез матур тавышлы Ангелина Фәйрушина булуы үзе бер искиткеч ачыш иде минем өчен. 2010 елдан соң мәрхүмәнең иҗатын аның ике кызы дәвам итте. Саха җире Татарстанныкыннан кырык дүрт тапкыр зуррак. Һәм анда нибары ярты миллион саха кешесе яши. Төбәк халкының яртысы гына. Татарлар саны – бер проценттан да түбәнрәк. 

Оймяконда (суыклык котыбында!) туып үскән, үзе орчык буйлы гына, ләкин курку белмәс саха-якут малае Баһылай, кызганычка каршы, бик аз хезмәт итте боралак jтрядында. Җиңелрәк климат шартларында аның туберкулёзы ачылды. Туган якларына кайтарып җибәрделәр егетне. Ә мин... саха телендә аз булса да сөйләшергә өйрәнә алмый калдым. Саха-Якутия Җөмһүриятенең мәһабәт һәм горур гимны текстын, ниһаять, 2026 ел башында тәрҗемә иттем:&lt;br&gt;

1. Сахам җире, шәрык нурларында&lt;br&gt;
иминлек һәм бәхет яулыйсың,&lt;br&gt;
җиңүләргә әйдәп баруыңда&lt;br&gt;
мәгъриб алмазы күк балкыйсың...&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымтасы:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Көч җый һәм үс, Сахам җире, ныгы,&lt;br&gt;
Изге Ватан, дан-шөһрәтләр тупла.&lt;br&gt;
Илебезнең күрке-горурлыгы,&lt;br&gt;
Синдәй иркен, юмарт Җирдә юк ла!&lt;br&gt;

2. Күп тармаклы Лена ярларында –&lt;br&gt;
Терек суы, бәрәкәт тулы:&lt;br&gt;
Гүя дуслык-куәт алкынында&lt;br&gt;
Халыкларга тынычлык юлы.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымтасы.'''''&lt;br&gt;

3. Саха җире, кодрәт иңгән нурың&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлардан безгә юл сала.&lt;br&gt;
Дәвам иттек ата-баба юлын,&lt;br&gt;
Тугры булып калыйк без аңа.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымтасы.'''''&lt;br&gt;

==== '''«Белдекле дә, гадел дә!»''' ====
«Ачык һәм ирекле» Арзамаска барып, хәрби комисариатта калган документларымны алгач, Хлебодаровларга кереп, аларда калган китапларымны чемоданга төяп, хуҗалар белән хушлашкач, Татарстанга ашыктым. Туп-туры авылга кайттым, «КАМАЗ»га түгел әле. Колхоз рәисе Фаяз абый Хәйсаров: «Әлегә авылда кал, ял ит, көзгә таба Чаллыга китәрсең, – диде. – Син инде авыл кешесе түгелсең, монда тамыр җәя алмассың...» – дип, бик дөрес акыл бирде миңа. Спорт оештыручысы итеп эшкә алып, аена 70 сум түләп тордылар, өстәвенә комсомол эшләрен дә җайга салырга тиеш идем. Соңгысын булдыра алмадым, «оештыру сәләтем» юк иде. Ә күрше авыллар белән спорт чараларын рәхәтләнеп үткәрдек.&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' '''''«Коминтерн» колхозын 26 ел буе җитәкләгән Фаяз абый Хәйсаров (уртада, түбәтәй кигән) 2019 елда 85 яшьлек юбилеен үткәрә; уң ягында – җәмәгате Равия апа.''''' 

Июнь аенда Буа районына концертлар куярга килгән Илһам абый Шакировның Толымбайга килүе хәтергә сеңеп кала торган бер вакыйга булды. Авыл җитәкчеләре һәм сәнгать һәвәскәрләре, аның белән очрашып сөйләшкәндә, мине дә, комсомол сәркатибе булганга, чакырдылар. Үзем сүз катмадым, тыңлап кына тордым, ул вакытта мин бик тыйнак идем әле. Концерт кичке сигездә башланырга тиеш иде. Бу хакта алдан ук хәбәр тараткан булсалар да, халык тиз генә җыелмады. Илһам абыйның моңа исе дә китмәде: «Гадәти күренеш бу, колхоз кырларында эшнең кызган чагы, – диде. – Тагын бер-ике сәгать көтәбез». 

Клубка җыелган малайларга-кызларга: «Барыгыз, авылны «уятып чыгыгыз!» – дип йомыш куштылар. Кичке сәгать унда тамаша залы шыгрым тулы иде инде. Илһам абый ике сәгать ярымнан артык җырлады. Инде гадәттә концертларны тәмамлый торган Батырҗан ариясе дә башкарылды, ә халык мәшһүр җырчы белән хушлашырга уйламый да: алкышлый-алкышлый өч мәртәбә җырлаттылар. Өченче тапкыр сәхнәгә чыккач, Илһам абый шаяртып: «Ярар, җәмәгать, чөгендер сирәкләтергә туп-туры моннан китәрсез, өйгә кайтып тормассыз инде», – диде.

Август башында Түбән Камага киттем, әтием һәм аның гаиләсе белән кабат күрешергә. Комсомол билетымны, Казанга хәтле поездга утырып барганда, вагон тәрәзәсе аша... Апас районы кырларына тондырдым. Дүрт айдан соң барыбер комсомол яшеннән чыгам ич. Һәм 1976 елның 6 августында «КАМАЗ»ның ремонт һәм инструментлар заводындагы дүртенче цехка беренче тапкыр эшкә чыктым. Сырлар шомартучы итеп алдылар, бер разрядымны киметеп: «Хезмәт практикаң күптән юк, тәҗрибәлерәкләр белән тиңләшә алмассың...» – дип. 

Беркем каршында ким-хур булмасам да, разрядымны ике елдан соң гына кире кайтардылар. Һичкемнән бернәрсә сорамадым, беркайчан да, бернидән дә, беркемнән дә зарланмадым. Алга таба җитәкчелек барысын да – бәлки кайчак соңарыбрактыр да, ләкин инде һичсүзсез «килеп терәлгәч» – үзе биреп торды. Бу язмада – алдагы бүлекләрдә дә, моннан соңгыларында да – кайбер вакыйгаларны санап кына үтәм, аларны оештырган «персонажлар»ны телгә алмыйм... 

Ел ярым вакыт үткәч, гаиләле булдым. Цехта кияүгә чыкмыйча да рәхәтләнеп һәм иркен яшәгән яки ирдән аерылган хатыннар байтак иде. Минем күз шуларның иң күрексез дип санала торганына төште: миннән бер яшькә кечерәк Асиягә. Ул 28 яшен тутырып килә. Намуслы һәм гыйффәтле булуы моңсу йөзендә үк чагылып тора. Шәһәрдә туып-үсеп, урыс мәктәбендә укыган булса да, татарча иркен сөйләшә һәм укый-яза белә. Ә миңа нәкъ шундый пар кирәк тә. 1979 елның августында мин аны Мәскәүгә алып барып, совет башкаласы һәм үземнең «истәлекле урыннарым» белән таныштырдым. Биш көн буе җизнәмнең Чертановода яшәүче һәм мине җиде ел элек «медицина» кочагыннан йолып алган туганында кунак булдык. Бер-бер артлы Зөһрә белән Гөлнарабыз туды. Башта бер, аннары ике бүлмәле «малосемейка» алдык. Хатынымның профкомда «үз кешесе» бар иде, Равил безгә һәрвакыт ярдәм итеп торды. 

Шуннан соң, озак та үтми... винт ырмаулаучы булып эшли алмаслык хәлгә килдем. Кулларымда терсәккә кадәр тире бозыла башлады. Станогымның суыткыч маена... селте өстәгән булганнар. Смена буенча алмашчымны, аның да кулларына зыян китермәс өчен, башка станокта эшләтеп торганнар. Соңрак станокның маен тулысынча түгеп алмаштырдылар «Махсус операция» үзе дә, аны оештыручыларның һәм «каплап торучылар»ның исемнәре дә сер булмады, бөтен хезмәттәшләр белеп торды. Мин «коры эш»кә күчәргә мәҗбүр булдым. Фатир алганчы түзәргә, заводтан китмәскә кирәк иде...&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' '''''КАМАЗның Ремонт-инструмент заводы, 1983 елга кадәр бергә эшләгән хезмәттәшләрем: кырдыручылар, фрезерчылар, шомартучылар һәм эш бүлеп бирүче кыз. Арттагы рәтнең сул кырыенда Фәһим – винт ырмаулаучылардан берьялгызы. Башка һөнәрдәшләр «түбән сортлы» кешеләр сафына басарга теләмәделәр...''''' 

Гомумән алганда, участок һәм цех эшчеләре белән мөнәсәбәтем яхшы иде. Бары тик тырышып, эш рәтен белеп эшләвем һәм математикага нигезләнгән барлык исәп-хисапларны, технологларга мөрәҗәгать итеп тормыйча, мөстәкыйль башкаруым аркасында «тәкәбберлек зыяны» күргән югарырак разрядлы һөнәрдәшләр генә мине өнәп бетермәде. Бигрәк тә тагын яшьләргә – үз теләгем белән, беркем кушмыйча – ярдәм итә башлагач. Өстәвенә мине Чаллы янындагы авылдан килгән бер татар малаена остаз итеп тә беркеттеләр бит әле. Өйрәттем аны да: Әхмәтнур икенче разрядлы сыр шомартучы булып китте. Бер сменада эшләдек, гадирәк операцияләрне үзе башкара башлады, катлаулыраклары булса, ярдәмгә килеп тордым. 

Хезмәттәшләрем мине профсоюз утырышларының берсендә шәһәр мәхкәмәсенә халык утырышчысы итеп җибәрергә тәкъдим иттеләр. Белдекле дә, гадел дә ул, диделәр. Цех җитәкчелеге алдан билгеләгән кеше һич көтмәгәндә бу өстәмә, әмма мактаулы эштән баш тартты. Ярты елга бер тапкыр, дүрт мәртәбә икешәр атна мәхкәмәдә утырдым. Елга ике мәртәбә айның иң яхшы винт ырмаулаучысы була идем: үзебезнең мастер ханым җәйге ялга киткәч һәм кыш көне чирдән дәвалануга чыккач. Моның өчен өстәмә премия бирәләр иде.

Һәм тагын бер кызыклы хәл истә калган. Берзаман мин, ни сәбәпледер чыгырымнан чыгып, бер кеше белән ызгышып киткән идем. Ләкин цехтагы хезмәттәшләр, сорашып һәм ике дә уйлап тормыйча, миннән «зыян күргән» кешене гаепләделәр: «Это как же надо дрочить Фагима, чтобы он с тобой поссорился?!» – дип. 

==== '''«Г» хәрефе сыман...''' ====
1983 елның 6 августында («КАМАЗ»да эшли башлавыма төп-төгәл җиде ел тулгач!) өч бүлмәле аерым фатирга күчтек. Ләкин моның өчен мин... эштән китәргә мәҗбүр булдым. Чөнки миңа ике бүлмәле «малосемейка»да ремонт ясап калдырыр өчен эшләгән өч отгулымны бирмәделәр, гәрчә ай башында әле бернинди кичектергесез эш-аврал яки башка сәбәп булмаса да. Балаларыбыз ике-өч яшьлек кенә, аларны калдырып торырга урын да юк. Ә хатыныма эшләгән отгулларын бирделәр, каршылык булмады. Нишләргә? Өч «прогул» ясарга туры килде миңа. Цех башлыгына хәлне аңлатып биргәч, мине җәзага тартмадылар, эштән киткәндә гаризада һәм хезмәт кенәгәсендә «үз теләге белән» дип яздырттылар. 

Озакламый, мин заводтан киткәч, элеккеге «үзтеләкле көн дәшләрем» Әхмәтнурны да кысрыклап чыгарганнар. Ничек соң инде түзеп торасың, ди, 1980 нче, шовинизмның шайтан таягы әле гөрләп чәчәк аткан елларда бу «татарва»га! Участокта татарлардан булган «эшче интеллигентлар» (винт ырмаулаучылар) калмады. Үткер һәм чая малай иде ул Әхмәтнур: фатир алырга чираты җиткән татар кызына өйләнеп өлгерде шушы ике ел эчендә. Заводтан киткәч, шәһәрдә шофёр булып эшләде ул мин белгән вакытта. Балалары да бар иде аның. 

Яңа урында хезмәт хакым шактый кимеде, ләкин бу кадәресе генә инде түзеп торырлык иде. Һо Ши Мин әйтмешли, «Азатлык һәм бәйсзлек барыннан да кадерлерәк». Ә 1994 елда, заводка журналист буларак мәкалә язарга килгәндә, элеккеге «кайгыртучыларым» дөньядан китеп беткән иде инде... 

Котлов фамилияле һәм әлеге «махсус операция»дә бернинди катнашы булмаган сыр шомартучы бүген дә исән-сау. Тумыштан Алабуга районы керәшене, бик күңелле, сүзгә оста һәм мәзәкчән кеше. Мин аны еш кына базарга чыкканда очратам. Ул үзе партия әгъзасы иде 1980 нче елларда. Ләкин туры сүзле, үз фикерен, беркемнән-бернидән дә курыкмыйча, шартлатып әйтеп бирә белә – җыелышларда да, үзара әңгәмәдә дә. Ул вакытта 20 апрель тирәләрендәге шимбә көнендә «Ленинский субботник» дигән өстәмә эш көне була торган иде. Гел Пасхага туры китерәләр иде бу «хезмәт бәйрәмен». Эшкә чыгасың, азмаз эшләгән булып кыланасың да кайтып китәсең. Һәм синең бер көнлек хезмәт хакыңны тотып калалар. Котлов исә бу партиячел калыптагы, ләкин халык өнәп бетермәгән «комбинация» 
турында бер такмак та сөйли иде:&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Спасибо партии родной&lt;br&gt;
'''''за доброту и ласку!&lt;br&gt;
'''''...Отобрали выходной'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''и обосрали Пасху...»'''''&lt;br&gt;

Мин селте каезлаган кулларымны тиз генә дәвалап бетерә алмадым. 1987 ел җәендә «КАМАЗ» заводларыннан киттем, чөнки инде аларның һавасы да аллергия китереп чыгара башлады минем типтагы организмда. Махсус белеме һәм эшмәкәрлек яки башка алдау-йолдау сәләте булмаган кешегә шәһәрдә берничә генә эш бар. Мин кибеттә йөк ташучы булып киттем – ике кызымны янәшәдә урнашкан татар гимназиясенә йөртер өчен. Җәмәгатем дә шунда җыештыручы булып эшкә керде. Иртәдән кичкә кадәр көн аралаш эшләдек: беребез алып бара балаларны татар мәктәбенә, икенчебез өйгә алып кайта. Өченче кызыбызның әле тәпи йөри башлаган чагы гына. Җиде елдан соң, 1994 елның 1 сентябреннән башлап, зурлары аны да көн саен шул ук татар гимназиясенә укырга ияртеп алып бара һәм алып кайта башладылар. Мин бу вакытта инде кибеттә эшләми идем: 1993 ел җәе башыннан, авыр эштән тәмам билсез калгач, «Г» хәрефе сыман йөреп киттем. Инде 45 яшемне тутырып килсәм дә, гәүдә төзелешем һаман балачактагы кебек 
калды бит: тал чыбыгы сыман. Мине өйдә утырган килеш остеохондроздан дәвалануга чыгардылар. Өч ай буе хаста хакы түләп тордылар. Поликлиникага процедураларга, массажларга йөрдем. Аннары, 1993 елның 1 сентябрендә, эштән үз теләгем белән китәргә туры килде. Бүтән барыбер хаста хакы түли алмыйбыз, һәм син инде йөк ташучы булып эшли дә алмаячаксың, диделәр. 

* * *&lt;br&gt;
Бу хатирәләрнең беренче ике өлешенә шушы урында нокта куярга кирәктер. Чөнки алга таба бөтенләй башка, вакыйгаларга элеккечә бай, ләкин һич көтелмәгән, берничек тә фаразланмаган тормыш башланды. Биредә ачыктан-ачык бәян ителгәннәр каләм тибрәтүчеләргә «иҗат чималы» булсын. «Самореклама» түгел бу! Башкача әйтеп булмаганны әйтергә теләү генә. Барысы да – малың да, серләрең дә – бу дөньяда кала, төяп-тыгып алып китәр өчен, гүрдә – арба, кәфендә кесә юк... Һәм гомумән, фани дөньяда гомер сөрүче кешенең дә төп максаты үз ихтыяҗларыңны һәм мәнфәгатьләреңне канәгатьләндерү белән чикләнү түгел, ә үзеңә Хак Тәгалә биргән сәләтләрне ачыклау һәм аларны тормышка ашыру. Куллану өчен генә яшәү – мәгънәсезлек һәм аңсыз рәвештә гөнаһка бату ул, ә илаһи һәм иҗади максатларга йөз тотып яшәү – чын бәхет.&lt;br&gt;

'''''Була яшәп, җанны батырмыйча'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''хайванлыкка, рух-намусны саклап,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''бер икмәккә генә табынмыйча –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''икмәк үстереп һәм аны хаклап.'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Игорь Губерманнан тәрҗемә)&lt;br&gt;

=== '''«БАР МИНЕМ ХӨР, БӘЙСЕЗ ҮЗ ГАЛӘМЕМ...»''' ===
Кайдадыр, ерак, серле һәм томанлы&lt;br&gt;
танып белү киңлегенең артында,&lt;br&gt;
соңрак «очраклы рәвештә» булганны&lt;br&gt;
алдан ук әзерли кемдер барын да...&lt;br&gt;

'''''Где-то там, за пределом познания,&lt;br&gt;
'''''где загадка, туманность и тайна,&lt;br&gt;
'''''некто скрытый готовит заранее'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''всё, что позже случится случайно.&lt;br&gt;'''''
(Игорь Губерман)&lt;br&gt;

Дистә еллар буе дәвам иткән гаҗәеп бер күренеш инде бу: тормышта ничәмә тапкыр һәм нинди генә авыр хәлләргә юлыксам да, ара-тирә очрый торган «сазлык»ларга муеннан кереп батсам да, минем янда элек күрмәгән-белмәгән бер кеше пәйда була да мине «якамнан тотып» тартып чыгара иде. Күп тапкыр кабатлана торган очраклылык «система» дип атала. Бу хакта урыс һәм яһүд халыкларының исеме эпиграфта аталган олы шагыйре болай ди: 

'''''Аллаһ фәрманыннан гайре юк бер эш,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''дим мин, карап дөнья матавыгына;'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''очраклы хәл чыгып тору ифрат еш –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''исбат моның тәкъдирсез булмавына.''''' &lt;br&gt;

«Хәтердән җуелмас мизгелләр»нең «яңа тормыш»ка караган бу өлешендә дә байтак булды «очраклы хәлләр» һәм алардан һич көтелмәгәнчә йолып алучылар! 

==== '''Графоманлык аша – сәламәтлеккә''' ====

Алдарак әйткәнемчә, мине 1993 елда коточкыч остеохондроз егып салгач, җәй буе «Г» хәрефе булып хәрәкәт иттем, массажлар ясатып, дарулар эчеп йөрдем. Ләкин нигәдер башны ташка бәрмәдем, җаным тыныч иде: «Әй, шахмат уенында атлар да бит гел «Г» хәрефе дип йөриләр!». Хатыным да бер каршы сүз әйтмәде. Ә бит ул үзе һич кенә дә артык сабыр түгел һәм матди тормышка нык бәйләнгән кеше! Нинди серле көч аны тынычландырып торды икән айлар дәвамында? Әллә ул көч изге күкләргә ашып фәрештәгә әверелгән газиз әнкәем булдымы... 

Шул җөмләдән, җиде ай буе хатыным берүзе эшләп тапканны ашап һәм... графоманлык белән шөгыльләнеп яттым. Яздым да яздым шунда ми тармасына кайдандыр нидер килеп кергәнне. Башка «файдасыз» мавыгуларым булса да, алар белән шөгыльләнергә физик мөмкинлегем юк иде. Мәкаләләр, рифмалаштырылган нәрсәләр сырлыйм, барысын да Казанга яки Чаллы басмаларына почта аша җибәрәм, соңрак, сентябрь аенда үзем инде савыгуга таба авышкач, җирле газеталарга илтеп бирә башладым. Бастыралар, каршы сүз ишетмәдем беркайда да. Тиенләп булса да гонорар җибәрәләр. Кем син, кайда эшлисең, дип сораштыручы да юк, ә минем исә зарлана торган гадәтем булмады әле ул вакытта. Хәзер генә ул сыкрана башлыйм, берәр борчулы нәрсә килеп чыкса... 

Бер генә язманы да чүп савытына ташламадылар, ахры. Советлар Берлеге таркалса да, илдә әле һаман да «демократия», ачыклык-хәбәрдарлык хөкем сөрә, Татарстанда милли күтәрелеш дәвам итә. Еллар ябык булса да, юллар ачык иде. Чаллыда Татар иҗтимагый үзәге дөрләп эшләп тора, аның дүшәмбе көнне була торган утырышлары минем өчен җомга намазы күк булып китте. Мөселман булып тууымны да онытмыйм, әлбәттә. Шушы ун ай эчендә гарәп язуын һәм грамматикасы нигезләрен өйрәнеп, Ислам дине хәрефләрен таный башладым. Кирәкле китапларны, сүзлекләрне, белешмәләрне һәм дәреслекләрне «элеккеге тормыш»та, физик яктан исән-имин чакта, җитмешенче-сиксәненче елларда туплаган идем. 

Хезмәт хакы алган саен китап кибетенә чаба торган гадәтем бар иде КАМАЗда эшли башлаган елларда ук. «Ногман тәфсирен» һәм гарәп сүзлеген кулланып, Коръәни Кәримне укып чыктым. Шуның нәтиҗәсендә берничә шигырь дә язылды, менә шуларның берсе: 

'''Ихлас догам'''&lt;br&gt;
Иксез-чиксез, камил Синең&lt;br&gt;
Рәхмәтең вә Мәрхәмәтең,&lt;br&gt;
Һәрдаим тәрбия иттең,&lt;br&gt;
Юктан бар итеп һәммәсен,&lt;br&gt;
Бөек исемең белән, Аллам, &lt;br&gt;
Башлый эшен бөтен Галәм, &lt;br&gt;
Сиңа гына мин сыенам, &lt;br&gt;
Газиз Тәңрем, Хак Тәгаләм!&lt;br&gt; 
Хәмед-сәна гыйбадәтем&lt;br&gt;
Галәмнәрнең Раббысына! &lt;br&gt;
Олы рәхмәтең-шәфкатең &lt;br&gt;
Колларыңның затлысына. &lt;br&gt;
Юк көндәшең вә охшашың, &lt;br&gt;
Бер ялгызың бар Галәмдә, &lt;br&gt;
Бәндәләрнең Син патшасы, &lt;br&gt;
Синең колың барча бәндә. &lt;br&gt;
Һичкем Сине тудырмады &lt;br&gt;
Һәм тумады Синнән кемсә, &lt;br&gt;
Синнән гайре бар булмады &lt;br&gt;
Галәмнәрдә һичбер нәрсә. &lt;br&gt;
Нә шәй булсын, нә бер мәхлук – &lt;br&gt;
Ихтыяҗың аңарда юк: &lt;br&gt;
Гафу итеп бар әҗәтне, &lt;br&gt;
Үтәүче Син һәр хаҗәтне. &lt;br&gt;
Һичкем Сине бар кылмады, &lt;br&gt;
Һичкем Сиңа тиң булмады, &lt;br&gt;
Һичкемгә Син буйсынмыйсың, &lt;br&gt;
Мәңге булдың һәм булырсың. &lt;br&gt;
Бар мәхлукка мәрхәмәтле – &lt;br&gt;
Иттең дөньяда нигъмәтле &lt;br&gt;
Мөэминен дә, кяферен дә: &lt;br&gt;
Хөкемең Кыямәт көнендә. &lt;br&gt;
Бер Син безнең тәрбияче, &lt;br&gt;
Бер Син хакыйкать иясе, &lt;br&gt;
Сиңа багышлана догам – &lt;br&gt;
Син хаклаган телдә кылам. &lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгаләм, Бөек Акыл! &lt;br&gt;
Гыйбадәтемне кабул кыл, &lt;br&gt;
Ә ялгышсам, мине кичер; &lt;br&gt;
Туры юлга Үзең күндер. &lt;br&gt;
Син саклаган намусыма &lt;br&gt;
Хөкем кылмас җирдә һичкем; &lt;br&gt;
Җаным Синең хозурыңда, &lt;br&gt;
Синдә генә гадел хөкем. &lt;br&gt;

Хасталык вакытындагы иң беренче зур графоманлык күнегүем шул 1993 елның августында булды. Аны үзенә күрә «алдагы тормыш программасы» дип кабул иттем. Шигырьне соңрак «Ватаным Татарстан» да бастырган иде. Төп нөсхәне беркадәр тулыландырып тора торган тәрҗемәсен беркая да юлламадым, беркемгә дә укытмадым. Мин бу программаларны тәки үтәп бетерә алмадым инде. «Мин генә түгел, бөтен халыклар һәм җәмгыять үзе үтәмәде, үтәргә теләмәде һәм бүген дә теләми!» дигән «сылтау» берничек тә аклый алмый: шигырьләрдә әйтелгәнчә, «һәркемнең үз яссылыгы, һәркемнең үз мәсләге». Һәркем үз урынында тырышып тырмашырга бурычлы, дип саныйм. Һәм «ашкынулы сабырсыздан гомердә көнләшмәгез!» 

'''Тормыш юлы'''&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ каршына илтүче изгелек юлы бик тар.&lt;br&gt;
Иблис-мәлгуньне җиңүнең бер генә ысулы бар:&lt;br&gt;
Көчең җитсә, һич юл бирмә, аяк терәп каршы тор,&lt;br&gt;
Тарафдарларны, халкыңны шул иблискә каршы бор.&lt;br&gt;
Иман нуры яктысында иблис дәрманы китәр,&lt;br&gt;
Буйсындырып тота белсәң, ул сиңа хезмәт итәр.&lt;br&gt;
Хәлдән тайса көрәштәшләр һәм сирәгәйсә сафлар,&lt;br&gt;
Вәсвәсәләргә бирелеп, хыянәт итсә дуслар,&lt;br&gt;
Комачаулама аларга, үз иманыңны сакла,&lt;br&gt;
Булачак кискен көрәшкә яңа тарафлар тупла.&lt;br&gt;
Акылсызлык, башбаштаклык теләгәнен эшләсен,&lt;br&gt;
Чистартсын синең мохитне, мөртәтләрне чүпләсен.&lt;br&gt;
Фани булгач ошбу дөнья, Хак Тәгалә юлында&lt;br&gt;
Була алмый һич мәңгелек хөррият тә, золым да.&lt;br&gt;
Яралгысында золымның бар һәлакәт орлыгы:&lt;br&gt;
Гайрәтлерәк була барса, якыная хурлыгы.&lt;br&gt;
Золым белән көрәшкәндә юк фетнәнең кирәге –&lt;br&gt;
Һәркемнең үз яссылыгы, һәркемнең үз мәсләге.&lt;br&gt;
Узалмассың явызлыкта явызлыкны син һич тә –&lt;br&gt;
Утын өстәп торсаң утка, өстәлә аңа көч тә.&lt;br&gt;
Шайтаннарның таянычы – күпчелек белән тизлек,&lt;br&gt;
Күңел нуры, изге иман – Тәңре яраткан үзлек.&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш һәрчак дәвам итәр, Җирдән иман китмәсә,&lt;br&gt;
Юк аның үлем ноктасы, Кыямәт көн җитмәсә.&lt;br&gt;
Изге-явыз комарында без ирешкән нәтиҗә –&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелеккә юл алганда хаклы дәлил, тәҗрибә.&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья өчен дип тапканың бу дөньяда кала бит,&lt;br&gt;
Фидаиләр мәңгелектә үлемсезлек ала бит.&lt;br&gt;
Булмый тормыш тәгәрмәчен туктатып йә тизләтеп,&lt;br&gt;
Иблисләр Галәм Канунын яза алмый үзгәртеп.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм иблисне авызлыклап булмый һич канун белән –&lt;br&gt;
Туклана икейөзле хаин-мәлгунь каны белән.&lt;br&gt;
Иблиснең бөтен гәүдәсе тирәндә, җәһәннәмдә,&lt;br&gt;
Суыргыч-капшавычлары без гөнаһлы адәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Куллана ул азык итеп безләр кылган шомлыкны;&lt;br&gt;
Чыгар тамчы-тамчы кысып җаныңдагы бушлыкны,&lt;br&gt;
Корыт тамырын иблиснең һәм киптер бозык канын –&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә хозурында ясарсың тугры адым.&lt;br&gt;
Кыл изге гамәл, дөньядан киткәнче уйлан, эзлән,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңү-җиңелү мәгънәсен дөрес аңларга өйрән.&lt;br&gt;
'''''5-8 август, 1993 ел.'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''Дорога жизни'''&lt;br&gt;
К Престолу Бога путь всегда тернист:&lt;br&gt;
К Нему отыщет узкую тропинку &lt;br&gt;
Лишь кто душой и помыслами чист,&lt;br&gt;
Кто бережёт в себе Творца искринку. &lt;br&gt;
Наскоки сатаны прочь отвергай &lt;br&gt;
И в меру сил одолевай невзгоды, &lt;br&gt;
К души порывам ближних убеждай &lt;br&gt;
Во имя Бога, Истины, Свободы. &lt;br&gt;
Единство, лад, согласие в делах – &lt;br&gt;
Вот средства против сатанинской скверны, &lt;br&gt;
Покуда держишь крепко в удилах, &lt;br&gt;
И сатана – слуга, но лицемерный! &lt;br&gt;
Ничто не вечно: выбьются из сил – &lt;br&gt;
Соратников шеренги поредеют, &lt;br&gt;
Изменят те, кто клятву приносил, – &lt;br&gt;
Соблазны жизни краткой одолеют. &lt;br&gt;
Невмочь сдержать зло – отступи, терпи,&lt;br&gt;
Но сбереги в самом себе ты Бога, &lt;br&gt;
К борьбе за Веру падших подними – &lt;br&gt;
Вновь предстоит нелёгкая дорога! &lt;br&gt;
Неверные средь мутных сгинут волн – &lt;br&gt;
Очистится Земля от зыбкой скверны; &lt;br&gt;
Поток безумия и произвол &lt;br&gt;
Вреда не причинят нам, правоверным. &lt;br&gt;
Восстанем мы – как скалы средь пучин, &lt;br&gt;
Как маяки под сенью небосвода, &lt;br&gt;
Нам с Богом для унынья нет причин: &lt;br&gt;
Ярмо не вечно – так же, как свобода. &lt;br&gt;
Никто Величья Бога не оспорит! &lt;br&gt;
И тёмной силе не объять всего – &lt;br&gt;
Зерно погибели в зародыше её: &lt;br&gt;
Лихая удаль только крах ускорит. &lt;br&gt;
Без помощи Творца успехи мнимы, &lt;br&gt;
В борьбе со злом нужды в интригах нет; &lt;br&gt;
Дорога Жизни широка, но след &lt;br&gt;
У каждого здесь свой, неповторимый. &lt;br&gt;
Навал и суета – удел лишь сатаны: &lt;br&gt;
Обета лживого торопит бренность; &lt;br&gt;
Идущим к Вечности, как факелы, даны &lt;br&gt;
Надёжность, качество и постепенность! &lt;br&gt;
Пока на Вере зиждется наш Дом, &lt;br&gt;
Любовь Творца укроет нас как прежде; &lt;br&gt;
Господь свершит наш путь Страшным Судом, &lt;br&gt;
Когда погаснет в душах луч Надежды. &lt;br&gt;
Истории и судеб колесо &lt;br&gt;
Ускорить иль замедлить невозможно, &lt;br&gt;
Закон Творца священен и весом – &lt;br&gt;
Не заменить его обетом ложным! &lt;br&gt;
И Тьмы со Светом в той борьбе вотще &lt;br&gt;
Победы миг – мираж, пусть кровью добыт! &lt;br&gt;
Земных страданий оттиски в душе – &lt;br&gt;
Для вечной жизни обретённый опыт. &lt;br&gt;
И всё, что в мире бренном раб достиг, &lt;br&gt;
Его наследникам лишь для услады; &lt;br&gt;
Ценою жизни – тот счастливый миг &lt;br&gt;
Преодоленья Вечности преграды. &lt;br&gt;
Лишь праведный богоугодный труд &lt;br&gt;
Вернёт покой душе и счастье Дому, &lt;br&gt;
Скитания земного каждый круг – &lt;br&gt;
Дорогой Жизни верный шаг к Престолу. &lt;br&gt;
Твори добро и путь свой отыщи, &lt;br&gt;
В раздумьях о Творце найди отраду; &lt;br&gt;
Потерь и обретений труд души – &lt;br&gt;
Итог всей жизни и залог Награды. &lt;br&gt;
'''''8-10 августа 1993 года.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Тагын бер зур графоманлык күнегүем 3-4 октябрь көннәрендә, Русиянең яңа «демократик» хакимияте Мәскәүдә иске «коммунистик оппозиция» терәге булган Югары Шураны (Ак йортны) аттырган чакта булды. Ике көн буе телевизордан күргәнне кәгазьгә төшереп утырдым. Бернинди «иҗат газаплары» кичермичә, үзеннән-үзе язылды бу шигырь. Кемдер шыпырт кына колагыма әйтеп-сөйләп торган кебек булды. Татар теленә тәрҗемә итмәдем. 

'''Страна'''&lt;br&gt;
Страна – как коридор:&lt;br&gt;
Жандармов жадный взор, &lt;br&gt;
Дубинок дробный строй &lt;br&gt;
И барабанный бой. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь, как нигде, свои – &lt;br&gt;
Без тягот и забот – &lt;br&gt;
Мерзавцы, палачи, &lt;br&gt;
Чужой здесь лишь народ. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь тот, кто создаёт, &lt;br&gt;
Убог, бесправен, слаб; &lt;br&gt;
Как избавленья ждёт &lt;br&gt;
Своей кончины раб. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь «сникерсы» жуёт &lt;br&gt;
Проныра-спекулянт, &lt;br&gt;
В почёте идиот, &lt;br&gt;
Нахлебник, симулянт.&lt;br&gt;
И наглухо, как встарь, &lt;br&gt;
Закрыл весь белый свет &lt;br&gt;
Политикан-звонарь, &lt;br&gt;
Мафиози-мироед. &lt;br&gt;
Обшарит КГБ &lt;br&gt;
Все уголки души &lt;br&gt;
И волчий даст билет: &lt;br&gt;
Живи, но не дыши! &lt;br&gt;
Во сто пудов кулак – &lt;br&gt;
Цензуры удила; &lt;br&gt;
Лубянка и ГУЛАГ &lt;br&gt;
Венчают все «дела». &lt;br&gt;
Всегда здесь клином – клин; &lt;br&gt;
И словно хамелеон – &lt;br&gt;
Продажный властелин, &lt;br&gt;
Услужливый шпион. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь страх рулит везде,&lt;br&gt;
Чинуша прав во всём: &lt;br&gt;
Закатит в лоб тебе &lt;br&gt;
И мент, и управдом. &lt;br&gt;
Народам здесь – тюрьма:&lt;br&gt;
«Держать и не пущать! &lt;br&gt;
Накажем чурбана, &lt;br&gt;
Раз так туда их мать!» &lt;br&gt;
Страна плохих дорог, &lt;br&gt;
Обилия дураков, &lt;br&gt;
Несёт её злой рок &lt;br&gt;
На свалку всех веков. &lt;br&gt;
И много дней-ночей &lt;br&gt;
Ещё у нас пройдёт, &lt;br&gt;
Но поворот в судьбе, &lt;br&gt;
В сердцах произойдёт! &lt;br&gt;
Сойдутся в ближний круг &lt;br&gt;
Адамов сын и внук: &lt;br&gt;
Какой ни есть челом, &lt;br&gt;
Искра Творца – и в нём! &lt;br&gt;
Но не надейся враз, &lt;br&gt;
Без внутренней борьбы &lt;br&gt;
Преодолеть соблазн &lt;br&gt;
Пороков сатаны. &lt;br&gt;
Избавься от оков,&lt;br&gt;
И ближнего любя, &lt;br&gt;
Ты уважай его &lt;br&gt;
Как самого себя. &lt;br&gt;
И в человеке том &lt;br&gt;
Ты брата разгляди, &lt;br&gt;
Согрей своим теплом, &lt;br&gt;
Тревоги раздели. &lt;br&gt;
'''Если всех людей'''&lt;br&gt;
'''мира хочешь вмиг''' &lt;br&gt;
'''обратить в друзей, –'''&lt;br&gt;
'''знай ты их язык!''' &lt;br&gt;
Страна – не коридор, &lt;br&gt;
Страна – цветущий сад, &lt;br&gt;
Когда в ней каждый взор&lt;br&gt;
Слит в общий дружбы взгляд. &lt;br&gt;
Страна людьми сильна, &lt;br&gt;
Свободой велика. &lt;br&gt;
Свободная страна &lt;br&gt;
Будет жить века!&lt;br&gt;
'''''3-4 октября, 1993 года.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Шул ук туксанынчы елларда язылган тагын берничә шигырь:&lt;br&gt;

'''Сүз турында сүз'''&lt;br&gt;
Иң элек Сүз яратылган, бу – шиксез.&lt;br&gt;
Фикер-фөкра туып торган өзлексез,&lt;br&gt;
Изге Рухтан канат иңеп бер мәлдә,&lt;br&gt;
Бөтен киңлеккә таралган Галәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Сүз яңарта һәм җимерә дөньяны,&lt;br&gt;
Сүз белән бәндә хөкем итә җанны:&lt;br&gt;
Йә фәрештә куенында сакланыр,&lt;br&gt;
Йә вәсвәсәгә бирелеп газапланыр.&lt;br&gt;
Сүз яраткан җимешләр – зәгыйфь, фани,&lt;br&gt;
Тарттырыр аларны чор тегермәне;&lt;br&gt;
Бәндә генә гомерлек дип әмәлләр&lt;br&gt;
Кайвакыт уй-фикерләр һәм гамәлләр.&lt;br&gt;
Аермачык сүзләр белән юл ярып,&lt;br&gt;
Төзик гүзәл фикер-фөкра сафларын;&lt;br&gt;
Сырлы сафсатаның юктыр кирәге –&lt;br&gt;
Гади вә гүзәл тормышның зияге.&lt;br&gt;
Галәм бакчасында һаман сабый без,&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш тәсбих төймәләрен саныйбыз;&lt;br&gt;
Безнең гомер – сандал-чүкеч арасы,&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелеккә шуннан үтеп барасы.&lt;br&gt;
Эзләмә урын Галәмнәр читеннән,&lt;br&gt;
Чүкелмәккә бәндә тәкъдир ителгән;&lt;br&gt;
Фикер-гамәл белән язмышың уйнат,&lt;br&gt;
Чыныксын җаның – күбрәк аны кыйнат!&lt;br&gt;

'''Заманча вәгазь'''&lt;br&gt;
Һәр гамәлнең Җир йөзендә нигезе бар,&lt;br&gt;
Бар гыйбрәте, куанычы, аянычы.&lt;br&gt;
Илаһиның фанилектә гел эзе бар,&lt;br&gt;
Бәндә гамәленең Күктә – таянычы.&lt;br&gt;
Изгелектән бәндә нигез әзерләсә,&lt;br&gt;
Күкләр аңа бирми калмас үз ярдәмен;&lt;br&gt;
Бу дөньяда кеше үзе ниләр чәчсә,&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелектә торыр татып шуның тәмен.&lt;br&gt;
Соңгы сүзне Аллаһ биргән изгелеккә,&lt;br&gt;
Сынауларның азагында бар хозурлык;&lt;br&gt;
Төсле гөлләр булып үсәр ахыр чиктә&lt;br&gt;
Бер күреге дә булмаган шыксыз орлык.&lt;br&gt;
Чүп ыргытсаң, үз башыңа явар уклар,&lt;br&gt;
Терәксез эш вә нигезсез гамәл калмас;&lt;br&gt;
Күкләрдә хәл ителгәнне корсакбашлар&lt;br&gt;
Фетнәләре белән генә үзгәрталмас!&lt;br&gt;
Изге гамәл, Аллаһ кушса, гел мөкәммәл,&lt;br&gt;
Әмер килсә, хәл итәрсең барысын үзең;&lt;br&gt;
Ниятләрең керсез булса, табылыр әмәл,&lt;br&gt;
Фәрештәләр дә иңдерер «амин» сүзен.&lt;br&gt;

'''Заманалар килә!'''&lt;br&gt;
Үз вакыты таш атуның,&lt;br&gt;
Үз вакыты таш җыюның;&lt;br&gt;
Кылганга җавап тотуның –&lt;br&gt;
Заманасы хәзер шуның.&lt;br&gt;
Вәхи ителмеш Китапта&lt;br&gt;
Ошбу күчеш галәмәте:&lt;br&gt;
Галәмнәрнең бугазыннан&lt;br&gt;
Үтеп бара Җир хәяте.&lt;br&gt;
Әйләнерләр таяк йоткан&lt;br&gt;
Тәкәбберләр тораташка,&lt;br&gt;
Кешелеккә ыргытылган&lt;br&gt;
Чуерташлар явар башка.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва булмас даһилеккә,&lt;br&gt;
Пәйгамбәрләр ризыгына,&lt;br&gt;
Күп гамәлләр китәр чүпкә,&lt;br&gt;
Хак булыр тик азы гына.&lt;br&gt;
Кайсыбыз бу йөккә чыдар?&lt;br&gt;
Булмас әйдәп баручылар,&lt;br&gt;
Булмас качып калучылар,&lt;br&gt;
Азлар атлар, күпләр елар.&lt;br&gt;
«Халкым!» дигән тавышлысы&lt;br&gt;
Алыр Бөек Галәм моңын,&lt;br&gt;
«Үзем!» дигән табышлысы –&lt;br&gt;
Комга күчкән алтын чыңын...&lt;br&gt;
Беркем алдан хәбәр бирмәс,&lt;br&gt;
Ни буласын Алла белә.&lt;br&gt;
Асыл-рәвешен һичкем белмәс&lt;br&gt;
Заманалар ләкин килә.&lt;br&gt;
Килә!&lt;br&gt;

'''Киләчәк буыннар авазы'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(төзелмәгән фирка манифесты)'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ашкынулы сабырсыздан&lt;br&gt;
Гомердә көнләшмәгез;&lt;br&gt;
Бердәм булыгыз, фиркаләп&lt;br&gt;
Әлегә берләшмәгез.&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһыбыз хозурында&lt;br&gt;
Бәндә ялгыз һәрвакыт;&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә бирер әмер,&lt;br&gt;
Килер ул – сезнең вакыт!&lt;br&gt;
Иҗтиһат кыл сабырлыкта,&lt;br&gt;
Кырыкка берне ярып;&lt;br&gt;
Без әле тумаганбыз бит –&lt;br&gt;
Эзләмә һич шәм алып.&lt;br&gt;
Иман нуры белән һәрчак&lt;br&gt;
Яктырт фани дөньяны;&lt;br&gt;
Бәлки син дә безнекедер –&lt;br&gt;
Кем дә булса бит тергезер&lt;br&gt;
Төзелмәгән фиркане!&lt;br&gt;

'''Жизнь – лишь суета...'''&lt;br&gt;
Фундамент мирозданья тем и крепок,&lt;br&gt;
Что качеством и простотой отмечен;&lt;br&gt;
Его тайник же строго засекречен,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб отыскать, в мозгу не хватит клеток.&lt;br&gt;
Не первый век убогий разум тщится&lt;br&gt;
Прогрызть гранит наук, стену учений,&lt;br&gt;
И тянется за ним борьбы, мучений,&lt;br&gt;
Потерь и катастроф всех вереница.&lt;br&gt;
И все просторы наших «достижений»,&lt;br&gt;
Наукой покорённые «высоты» –&lt;br&gt;
Лишь тупики, ловушки и пустоты&lt;br&gt;
Земного лабиринта приключений.&lt;br&gt;
Деяния подвижников «свершений»&lt;br&gt;
Наперекор гармонии небесной&lt;br&gt;
Потомкам нашим разве что уместны&lt;br&gt;
Как маяки трагедий и крушений.&lt;br&gt;
И перепробовав всего земного,&lt;br&gt;
Правнуки скажут на краю «прогресса»:&lt;br&gt;
«Количество и скорость любят беса,&lt;br&gt;
Умеренность и качество – суть Бога».&lt;br&gt;
Поймут они, сполна себя исхлёстав,&lt;br&gt;
У бренности на самой той границе:&lt;br&gt;
Толкли лишь воду мы в земной ступице,&lt;br&gt;
А ларчик открывался очень просто...&lt;br&gt;
* * *&lt;br&gt;
А ведь за тем же Бог людьми нас создал,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб мы, никчёмность суеты поняв,&lt;br&gt;
И мёртвый груз страстей, пороков роздав,&lt;br&gt;
К Нему вернулись, лик Его прияв!&lt;br&gt;

'''Приговор злодею'''&lt;br&gt;
Аршином измерив, умом не понять:&lt;br&gt;
Завязла в болоте державная мощь,&lt;br&gt;
«Спецов» и «радетелей» тёмная рать&lt;br&gt;
Тусуется в думах и тщится «помочь».&lt;br&gt;
Набит гениальностью как кошелёк,&lt;br&gt;
Горохом отскочат из уст словеса –&lt;br&gt;
Хоть в чувствах сыновьих к Отчизне убог,&lt;br&gt;
Страну норовит он поднять в небеса.&lt;br&gt;
И дух реформаторства в нём, словно бес,&lt;br&gt;
Потрогать, подвигать, порушить зовёт;&lt;br&gt;
Мерилом величья – крутой «Мерседес»&lt;br&gt;
И в цюрихах собственный банковский счёт.&lt;br&gt;
Имперский Иуда себе на уме,&lt;br&gt;
Попробуй продажным назвать – миль пардон!&lt;br&gt; 
Хозяин работой доволен вполне:&lt;br&gt;
Текут миллиарды к нему за кордон.&lt;br&gt;
«Россия безгласна, хоть выжми весь сок, –&lt;br&gt;
Прибавит «наставник» злодею ума, –&lt;br&gt;
По пузе и мозгу – за шоком шок,&lt;br&gt;
Не выйти «колоссу» сто лет из дерьма»!&lt;br&gt;
Кишит у престолов иудин помёт,&lt;br&gt;
Кровавую бойню готовит в стране,&lt;br&gt;
Химеру плечом подпереть он зовёт&lt;br&gt;
И в жертву народ принести сатане.&lt;br&gt;
Столетий уроки злодею не впрок.&lt;br&gt;
Небес приговор безгласен, но строг:&lt;br&gt; 
«Уж карма твоя полна – вышел срок,&lt;br&gt;
Пора преступить преисподней порог!»&lt;br&gt;  

Инде яңа гасырда оештырылган бер «рифма» туксанынчы еллардагы графоманлык күнегүләремә менә шундый йомгак ясады: 

'''Заметки графомана'''&lt;br&gt;
И всё и вся послушны звону злата,&lt;br&gt;
Когда судьбу не раскуёшь иначе:&lt;br&gt;
Писатель нынче – графоман удачи,&lt;br&gt;
А графоман – писатель, но без блата.&lt;br&gt;

Слыть графоманом суждено поэту,&lt;br&gt;
Коль не снискал официальных лавров:&lt;br&gt;
Пусть затыкал за пояс «динозавров»,&lt;br&gt;
Но не устроил их апологетов.&lt;br&gt;

А потому и ныне в обществе обмана,&lt;br&gt;
Склонив главу, когда венок вручают,&lt;br&gt;
Одним глазком поэты примечают...&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб не накинули хомутик графомана.&lt;br&gt; 

==== '''Такмак язып – журналистлыкка?''' ====
Ахыр чиктә бу «файдасыз эшләр» мине... КАМАЗ нәшер итә торган «Нур» газетасы редакциясенә эшкә алынуга илтеп җиткерде. Беркөнне, инде тураеп, ләкин саклык белән генә тәпи йөри башлагач, 1994 елның март аендагы сайлаулардан соң «Яңа Дума такмаларын» язып, элеккеге кебек, гадәттәгечә, ул вакытта газетада мөхәррир урынбасары булып эшләгән Зәки абый Хәнәфиевкә илтеп бирдем. Ул моны укып чыкты да... инде әзер газетаның соңгы битенә куелган бер материал урынына минем язманы кертеп урнаштырды: 

'''Яңа Дума такмаклары'''&lt;br&gt;
Тәрәзәләргә ут капса,&lt;br&gt;
ачып җибәр ишекне;&lt;br&gt;
юньле Дума, гадел патша –&lt;br&gt;
хыял назлый мужикны.&lt;br&gt;
Сүз боткасы ашатырга&lt;br&gt;
булды Мәскәү Думалы;&lt;br&gt;
җиңел куып таратырга –&lt;br&gt;
вәкаләте чамалы.&lt;br&gt;
Бик күпләрең Себер китәр,&lt;br&gt;
«либерал»ны котыртсаң,&lt;br&gt;
алтын богаулар киярсең,&lt;br&gt;
муеныңа утыртсаң.&lt;br&gt;
Әнә килә Жириновский –&lt;br&gt;
бөек дәүләт батыры,&lt;br&gt;
тавышы яңа, җыры иске –&lt;br&gt;
хурлык булыр ахыры.&lt;br&gt;
Патша йөри урам буйлап,&lt;br&gt;
нигә ачык изүе? –&lt;br&gt;
Йә тагын бер кат «җиңүе»,&lt;br&gt;
йә тәхеттән төшүе!..&lt;br&gt;
Арзан Дума – очсыз халык,&lt;br&gt;
хуҗасызлык дәүләте...&lt;br&gt;
Кайчан бетәр аңгыралык,&lt;br&gt;
мисезлек галәмәте?&lt;br&gt;

Бу такмакларның урысчасын да язган идем, ләкин мин аны «Вести КАМАЗа»га тәкъдим итмәдем. Биредә яңа «демократик» кануннарның ике сәер маддәсенә ишарә ясала: беренчесе – әгәр дә Дәүләт Думасы РФ президентының хөкүмәт башлыгын билгеләү буенча өч тәкъдимен кире кага икән, президент бу парламентны куып тарата ала (беренче куплет); икенчесе – сайлаучыларның 25 проценты катнашкан булса, сайлаулар үткән дип санала (өченче куплет). 

'''Новая Дума'''&lt;br&gt;
В Думе-думушке престольной&lt;br&gt;
подают к обеду рис,&lt;br&gt;
трижды крикнут&lt;br&gt;
«Смирно!», «Вольно!»,&lt;br&gt;
а потом и – «Разойдись!»&lt;br&gt;
Наша Дума мировая,&lt;br&gt;
на деревне как плетень:&lt;br&gt;
руки-ноги обдирая,&lt;br&gt;
лезут все, кому не лень.&lt;br&gt;
Двадцать пять – и депутат! –&lt;br&gt;
Вот дешёвенький мандат.&lt;br&gt;
Ни к чему нам крупный счёт,&lt;br&gt;
если с гулькин хер почёт...&lt;br&gt;
Что-то дымом потянуло,&lt;br&gt;
вдруг пожар, будь начеку!&lt;br&gt;
...Добрый царь с путёвой Думой&lt;br&gt;
всё же снятся мужику.&lt;br&gt;
Жириновский безоглядно&lt;br&gt;
обещания всем даёт,&lt;br&gt;
хриплым голосом надсадно&lt;br&gt;
и «по Геббельсу» поёт:&lt;br&gt;
«Наклони головку низко,&lt;br&gt;
чтоб златых цепей надеть,&lt;br&gt;
даль Чукотки станет близкой,&lt;br&gt;
коль посадишь на хребет».&lt;br&gt;
Против мира в одиночку,&lt;br&gt;
ты куда, Володя, прёшь?&lt;br&gt;
Впрочем, ты и с дёгтем в бочке&lt;br&gt;
от стыда ведь не помрёшь...&lt;br&gt;
Лихо правит «демократ»:&lt;br&gt;
до базара и назад.&lt;br&gt;
Нету больше сил бежать,&lt;br&gt;
остается «побеждать».&lt;br&gt;
Победили на равнине,&lt;br&gt;
победим мы и в горах,&lt;br&gt;
сохраним Чечню, всех прочих&lt;br&gt;
мы разгоним в пух и прах!&lt;br&gt;
...Кто-то пользуется всласть&lt;br&gt;
благами всевластия;&lt;br&gt;
катастрофой может стать&lt;br&gt;
эта катавасия!&lt;br&gt;

Һәм бу такмакларны укып чыккач, Зәки абый «Нур» газетасы белән шушы ярты еллык хезмәттәшлек чорымда миңа беренче тапкыр сорау бирде: «Фәһим, син кайда эшлисең?» Барысын да чәчми-түкми сөйләп бирдем: «Авыр эштә эшләп, тәмам имгәнеп беткән идем. Ярты ел өйдә дәваланып утырдым, хәзер терелеп җиттем шикелле». Ә Зәки абый: «Мин сине «Нур»га хәбәрче итеп алырга тәкъдим итеп карыйм әле», – дип шаккатырды. Махсус югары белемем һәм эш тәҗрибәм булмавы комачау түгел икән инде. Илдә капитализмга күчү кризисы бара, җитмәсә, КАМАЗның йөрткечләр заводын янгын харап итте. Бөтен җирдә кадрлар табышлырак һәм, һич югында, хезмәт хакы тотрыклы түләнә торган урын эзли. Кеше бөлгенлеккә төшеп баручы КАМАЗдан гел читкә китеп тора, бигрәк тә матбугат кебек бюджетка бәйле бүлемтекләрдә. Буш вакансияләр күп. 
Вакытын туры китереп, КАМАЗның Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәге (ҖЭҮ) директоры Наил Фатих улы Галиуллинга кердек икәү Зәки абый белән. Атна-ун көннән соң 
мин, тормышның төбенә төшеп баручы «урам малае», рәсми рәвештә интеллигент булып киттем. КАМАЗ заводларына кереп эшләү өчен пропуск юнәтү ни сәбәпледер шактый озакка сузылды: берничә ай буе «язар тәгам»ымны шәһәрдә генә эзләргә туры килде.

==== '''Гөлнәфидә юлыннан''' ====
Сиксәненче еллар азагында, нәкъ шәһәрдә йөк ташучы булып эшли башлаган вакытта, язмыш мине Гөлнәфидә исемле һәм гаилә җәмәгатемнең дусты булган бер ханым белән очраштырды. 1984 елда клиник үлем кичергән, димәк, «теге дөньядан кире кайткан» һәм шуннан соң билгеле бер дәрәҗәдә күрәзәлеккә дә ия булып алган кеше. Миннән җиде яшькә кечерәк, ләкин акылы, сабырлыгы, дөньяга, тормышка илаһи карашы һәм кешелеклелеге буенча мин берничек тә тиңләшерлек булмаган югарылыктагы кеше ул. Үзе минем кебек үк графоман. Ләкин аның иҗатында кешене рухландыра һәм халыкка юл яра торган шигырьләр дә байтак. Менә бусы, аны укыганнан һәм күчереп алганнан соң егерме еллап вакыт үткәч, минем tt.forvo.com халыкара әйтелешләр һәм аудиосүзлекләр сайтында эшли башлавыма этәргечләрнең берсе булды:&lt;br&gt;

'''Татар теле илләр гизәчәк!'''&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә,&lt;br&gt;
Үз телеңне яклап, иң башта,&lt;br&gt;
Теле барны көтә киләчәк –&lt;br&gt;
Бу көн безгә барыбер киләчәк:&lt;br&gt;
Татар теле илләр гизәчәк!&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә –&lt;br&gt;
Теле бардан курка палач та!&lt;br&gt;
Телсез, динсез була тик маңкорт,&lt;br&gt;
Кеше канын эчкән соры корт.&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә,&lt;br&gt;
Татар исеме белән җыр башла.&lt;br&gt;
Муса Җәлил, Гайнан Кормашлар&lt;br&gt;
Безне яклап, яклап сүз башлар.&lt;br&gt;
Сөембикә, Сафагәрәйләр –&lt;br&gt;
Изге күктән җиргә иңгәннәр.&lt;br&gt;
Безне көтә алда яктылык,&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья китсен өчен яктырып.&lt;br&gt;
Изгелек җирдә эзсез югалмас,&lt;br&gt;
Тынчыган күл генә юл алмас.&lt;br&gt;
Курыкма син денсез каргыштан –&lt;br&gt;
Безнең ризык бодай-арыштан;&lt;br&gt;
Шул башаклар булып, бер символ&lt;br&gt;
Безгә эндәшә: «Татар, горур бул!»&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә,&lt;br&gt;
Үз телеңне яклап, иң башта!&lt;br&gt;
Теле барны көтә киләчәк –&lt;br&gt;
Бу көн безгә барыбер киләчәк:&lt;br&gt;
Татар теле илләр гизәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Татар теле илләр гизәчәк!&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Зәки Хәнәфи улы Хәнәфиев.&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' 1998 ел. Терелеп һәм араңгыдан чыгып, «нурлы» булып киткән вакыт.&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Остазларымның остазы – Наил Фатих улы Галиуллин (1941-2020). Узган гасырның җитмешенче елларында «Советская Татария» газетасының КАМАЗдагы хәбәрчесе, соңрак КАМАЗ партия комитеты рәисе һәм КАМАЗ профсоюз комитеты рәисе. Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәген җитәкләгәнче, берничә ел КАМАЗның Маҗарстандагы вәкиле булган.&lt;br&gt; 

«Нур»да эшли башлагач, Гөлнәфидәнең сүзләренә колак салып, кеше белән аралашырга азмы-күпме өйрәндем, дип әйтә алам. «Кеше бармаган җиргә бар, кеше эшләмәгәнне, эшләүдән баш тартканны, бөтенләй файдалы һәм кирәкле дип тапмаганны эшлә! Һәм туры сүз әйтүдән курыкма!» – дигән «сәер» киңәшләр биргән иде ул миңа. Хәзер генә әле, күп еллар үткәч, мин үземә үзем шундый сорау-җавап куям: «Гомер буе «Гөлнәфидәчә тырай тибеп», кесәгә салырлык яки авызга кабарлык шәхси файда һәм, гомумән, дәрәҗә турында уйлап та карамыйча, дөнья кудым түгелме соң?» Шулай да, туксанынчы елларда «Гөлнәфидә сызган юл» иң турысы һәм дөресе булды бит! Башкача яра алыр идеме соң «өченче сортлы» кеше үз юлын?&lt;br&gt;
«Нур»дагы беренче зур күләмле язмам май аенда пәйда булды. Чаллы татар иҗтимагый үзәге Шәһри Болгарга сәяхәт оештырган иде, Нәсих абый Таҗиев мине шунда җибәрде. Бу тетрәндергеч сәфәрдән кайткач, менә шундый шигырь яздым:&lt;br&gt;

'''Шәһри Болгар'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Пока гром не грянет, мужик не перекрестится...'''''&lt;br&gt;

1. Бар аның чиркәве, бу изге урында&lt;br&gt;
Каберташ өстенә салынган,&lt;br&gt;
Атасы, бабасы, патшасы да шунда&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлар буена чукынган.&lt;br&gt;
Ул хәзер чукынмый, үзгә уй башында,&lt;br&gt;
Юк тәре тактасы түрендә.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә&lt;br&gt;
Борынгы бабалар җирендә...&lt;br&gt;

2. Оныткан Алланы, курыкмый һичкемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Ятса да нигездә сөякләр.&lt;br&gt;
Тик үзен төннәрен йоклаган җиреннән&lt;br&gt;
Өстерәп торгыза өрәкләр.&lt;br&gt;
Аңламас һичкайчан күргәнен төшендә,&lt;br&gt;
Эшләми сәрхушның башы да.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә,&lt;br&gt;
Тотмый шул каберләр ташы да!&lt;br&gt;

3. Айныгач, җимерә чиркәве нигезен,&lt;br&gt;
Тарихның җуймакчы хәтерен.&lt;br&gt;
Чукынса чукыныр бу бәндә, тик үзе&lt;br&gt;
Гел үтәр иблиснең әмерен.&lt;br&gt;
Мәскәүдә патшасы һаман үз эшендә,&lt;br&gt;
Чамалый безне кол итәргә.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә,&lt;br&gt;
Ашыкмый әҗәле җитәргә.&lt;br&gt;

4. Тапшырган ул илне, кул селтәп, бурларга&lt;br&gt;
Һәм йөри корытып Җир шарын,&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлар буена ябышкан Болгарга,&lt;br&gt;
Бүген дә нәҗесли диварын.&lt;br&gt;
Вәхшилек һәйкәле булып Җир түшендә&lt;br&gt;
Калырга нияте тарихта.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә,&lt;br&gt;
Шуңа бит чукынмый мужик та!&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Шәһри Болгар. Изге җирләребезгә тәүге сәяхәт. Идел буенда.&lt;br&gt;

Июнь аенда исә мине Мансур атлы һәм урыс телендә язучы бер хәбәрче белән бергә КАМАЗның үзәк җыю конвейерына эшкә җибәрделәр. Бер ай дәвамында икенче позициядә эшләдек, җыела торган машиналарга реактив штангалар куеп тордык. Шуннан соң гына миңа «вездеход пропускы» бирделәр. Иң беренче зур интервьюымны әзерләү өчен, элек эшләгән җиремә – Ремонт-инструмент заводына (РИЗ) юнәлдем. Әңгәмәдәшем – туган телендә иркен сөйләшүче татар кешесе, завод директорының икътисад буенча урынбасары Илдус Ильяс улы Баянов. Аны соңрак автомобильләр заводына директор итеп тә куйганнар иде. 

Башка заводлар белән мин өстән-өстән генә таныш идем, шуңа күрә башлангыч чорда, КАМАЗны һәм аның бөтен аулак җирләрен әйләнеп чыкканчы, мин күбрәк «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасы хәбәрчеләре белән бергә йөрдем. КАМАЗ тормышында һәм эшчәнлегендә өйрәнәсе-төшенәсе «маддәләр» хәттин ашкан иде әле. Урыс телендә язучылар Эльвира Мөхәммәтдинева, Эльмира Яковлева һәм Раил Галләмев (ул вакытта «Вести КАМАЗа» мөхәррире урынбасары) бер елдан артык минем заводлардагы һәм җитәкчелек оешмаларындагы остазларым булдылар. Үз язмаларымны алар белән килештерә идем, чөнки КАМАЗда татар телен яхшы белүче җитәкчеләр бик аз иде ул вакытта да. Ә редакциядә Зәки Хәнәфи улы үзе өйрәтте мине яңа һөнәр алымнарына һәм серләренә. Урыс телендә дә яза башлагач, мине «иң югарыдагы» кабинетларга Наил Фатих 
улы үзе ияртеп йөрде. Бу очракта мин урыс телендә язылган мәкаләне, Наил абый төзәткәннән соң, татар теленә дә тәрҗемә итеп бирә идем. 

Бары 1996 елда гына мин «тулы мөстәкыйльлек»кә чыктым. Наил Фатих улы гына – һәм «бик җаваплы очракларда», әйтик, иң югарыдагы җитәкчеләр белән әңгәмә үткәргәндә – 
мине элеккечә ияртеп йөрде. 2002 елга кадәр, ул үзе пенсиягә чыкканчы. «Вести КАМАЗа» хәбәрчеләре язган һәм автогигант тормышының мөһим күренешләрен яктырткан материаллар тәрҗемәсе дә өлешчә минем өстә булды. «Репертуар киңлегем» торган саен үсә барды. Ә шәһәрдә мин баштан ук гел үзем генә эшләдем. Спорт, милли хәрәкәт, мәдәният, мэриянең милли оешмалар бүлеге җитәкчесе Галимҗан Зарипов карамагындагы милләтара багланышлар, сәнгать чаралары – берсе дә читтә калмады.

Шәхси табышлы булмаганга күрә, «Нур» газетасының хәбәрчеләре бу «вак-төяк нәрсәләр»гә игътибар итмәделәр. Ул вакытта милли хәрәкәтнең акча туплана торган бер юнәлеше ныграк җәлеп итә иде аларны. Аны соңрак рәсми Казан Мәскәү басымы астында «экстремистик» дип игълан итте. Минзәлә аракы заводындагы хәлләрдән соң ТИҮнең бу тармагы бөтенләй тыелды дисәң дә була. «Корсак тәмугка илтә» дигән кисәтүне санга сукмады милләтчеләребез ул вакытта. КАМАЗ җитәкчелеге исә бу «ультра» төркемен әле гендиректор Николай Бех заманында ук өнәп бетерми иде. Иван Костин чорында да мөнәсәбәт үзгәрмәде. 

«Миңа бу эш өчен түлиләрме-юкмы, түләсәләр – күпме?» дигән сорау мине бөтенләй кызыксындырмады. Шушы коточкыч елларда да КАМАЗ өчен артык кеше булып китмәвем 
үзе бер галәмәт һәм юаныч иде. Яңалыкларның бер өлешен, үзем тәрҗемә итеп, «Вести КАМАЗа»га биреп бардым. Газета мөхәррире, озын-озак еллар дәвам иткән журналистлык тәҗрибәсенә ия булган кеше, ике ел Әл-Җәзаирдә эшләгән һәм француз телендә иркен сөйләшүче Валерий Леонид улы Аракчеевның ярдәме һәм сабагы да зур терәк булды минем өчен туксанынчы елларда. Аннары ул шәһәргә, «тагын да җаваплырак эш»кә күчте һәм хәтта күпмедер вакыт Русия күләмендә таратыла торган журналны да җитәкләде. Һәм мин КАМАЗның урыс телле газетасында баштан ук һәм ахыргача чит кеше булмадым. Валерий абый урынына калган Раил Шәфигулла улы 
Галләмев исә (хәзер гүр иясе инде, авыр туфрагы җиңел булсын аның) үзе дә татарча иркен сөйләшә һәм укый-яза торган кеше иде. Кызганычка каршы, аның һәм Зәки Хәнәфи улының, «Вести КАМАЗа» белән «Нур» газеталарын берләштерү, татар телле мөстәкыйль басманы КАМАЗга юнәлтү һәм, шул рәвешле, татар теленең үзен дә заводларда саклап калу хыяллары тормышка аша алмый иде. Татар телендә язучылар цехларга кереп эшләргә, димәк, ике телдә дә язарга һәм хезмәт коллективларында татар теленең урынын хакларга теләмәделәр. Һәм «Гөлнәфидә юлын» да татар журналистлары хупламады. «Нур» сүнде: 2003 елда «КАМАЗ хәбәрләре» исеме астында «Вести КАМАЗа»ның тулы тәрҗемәле дубляжы булып китте, ә 2008 ел башында юкка чыкты. КАМАЗ татар телен онытты инде...&lt;br&gt; 

'''Тирән кризистан – яшәүгә!'''&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Нурлылар 1990 нчы еллар уртасында. Арткы рәттә (сулдан уңга): фотохәбәрче Николай Брик, Өлфәт абый Гыйлаев, мин үзем, мөхәррир Зәки абый Хәнәфиев, «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасында мөхәррир булып калган Раил абый Галләмев. Алгы рәттә (сулдан уңга): рәссам Фаил Исламов, Резидә Гасимова (хәзерге вакытта «Мәйдан» журналының баш мөхәррире), уң якта – Резидә Йосыпова (бүген «Шәһри Чаллы»ның баш мөхәррире). 

'''ФОТО:''' Бер өйрәнчеккә – өч остаз! Арттагы рәттә, уңнан сулга: «Рабочий КАМАЗа» газетасына нигез салган Валерий Леонид улы Аракчеев, «Нур» һәм «КАМАЗ хәбәрләре» газеталарының баш мөхәррире Мөхәммәтзәки Хәнәфи улы Хәнәфиев, «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасының 1990 нчы кризис елларындагы мөхәррире Раил Шәфигулла улы Галләмев.

Узган гасыр азагы һәм хәзергесенең беренче еллары чыннан да иң авыр чор булды КАМАЗның 56 еллык гомерендә. Миллиардлаган бурычка һәм бөлгенлеккә төшкән олы ширкәт кем кулына эләгер? Чит ил «туристлары»ның тугыз ай буе эшсез утырган заводларга ара-тирә килеп-китеп йөрүе үзе бер сигнал булды. Минем үземә, әйтик, Япониядән һәм Швейцариядән килгән сәяхәтчеләрне бушап калган заводлар һәм шәһәр буйлап озатып йөрергә туры килде.

Безгә Альп таулары итәгеннән җибәрелгән ирле-хатынлы бер 
пар белән аралашу, танып белү җәһәтеннән караганда, бик гыйбрәтле булды минем өчен. Туган телләре алман теле иде аларның, башлыча шул телдә сөйләштеләр үзара. Бик күңелле һәм юмор хисле, холыкларында тәкәбберлекнең эзе дә булмаган кешеләр иде. Француз, итальян һәм инглиз телләрен дә беләләр, ләкин аларны кулланмадылар бу очракта. Урыс телен дә аңлыйлар һәм гадирәк итеп булса да гәпләшә алалар. Ә инде минем алман сөйләшен чамалавымны сиземләгәч, алар, миңа карап елмаеп алдылар да... бөтенләй таныш булмаган башка телгә күчтеләр. Мин дә сүз сорап күршегә керә торганнардан түгел, алардан шаяртып сорадым: «Бусы нинди торналар торкылдавы тагын?» – дип. «Бу безнең ретороман телләренең алман теленә нигезләнгәне!» – диделәр. Төрле кантоннарда берничәшәр мең кеше генә сөйләшә торган җирле телләрнең икенчесе француз теленнән үсеп чыккан. Икесе дә атаклы идиш теленең Швейцариядә «пешкән» һәм җитлеккән үзенчәлекле «игезәкләре». Икесе дә кайбер төбәкләрдә рәсми статуска ия икән. 

Швейцариялеләр белән аралашкач, минем «графоманлык тупланмасы», башка телләрне белүнең әһәмиятен хаклап, ассоциатив бәйләнешле ике шигырьчек белән тулыланды:&lt;br&gt;

'''Мономах малахае'''&lt;br&gt;
«Картайдың, Мономах туган:&lt;br&gt;
«Яшел елан» зиһенең буган,&lt;br&gt;
Фикерең таркау, сүзең тупас...&lt;br&gt;
Булмас, ахры, синнән булмас! –&lt;br&gt;
Диде Әхмәт. – Бир, агайне!» –&lt;br&gt;
Кабат киде малахайны.&lt;br&gt;

'''Шапка Мономаха'''&lt;br&gt;
Постарел Мономах: говорит невпопад,&lt;br&gt;
Вечно пьян и ленив, грубоват,&lt;br&gt;
Чувство меры ему изменяет;&lt;br&gt;
И былого величья уж нет...&lt;br&gt;
А в коротких штанишках Ахмет&lt;br&gt;
Его шапку тайком примеряет.&lt;br&gt;

Агымдагы сәясәт тә читтә калмады. Әйтик, «Бердәм Русия» фиркасен төзүнең башлангыч чоры минем графоманлыкта менә шундый чагылыш тапты: 

'''Хмельной коктейль'''&lt;br&gt;
«Отечеством» разбавили «Единство»,&lt;br&gt;
«Вся Россия» закусью пошла;&lt;br&gt;
От избытка чести всмесь со свинством&lt;br&gt;
Дурь в стране бурьяном проросла...&lt;br&gt;

Безнең Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәгендә дә «кыскартулар» булмый калмады. Күп кеше эштән үз теләге белән китте. Китми калган хезмәткәрләргә алны-ялны белмичә һәм хезмәт кенәгәсе буенча биләгән урыннарына карамыйча эшләргә туры килде. Төп юнәлешебез КАМАЗны... Мәскәү һәм аның җирле табак ялаучылары һөҗүмнәреннән саклау булды. 1998 елның гыйнварында Наил Фатих улы мине «Нур»дан алып үз карамагына күчерде. Яңа вазифамны хезмәт кенәгәсенә «әйдәп баручы белгеч» дип яздылар. КАМАЗ турында хәбәрләрне җыю һәм язу, бергә туплау, бер телдән икенчесенә тәрҗемә итеп, Чаллының, Татарстанның һәм бөтен илнең матбугат чараларына тапшыру, аларда эшләүче журналистларны мөһим вакыйгаларга, матбугат конференцияләренә чакыру, аларның КАМАЗга кагылышлы язмаларын һәм тапшыруларын күзәтеп бару – төп эшем шул булды.

Бервакыт «КАМАЗ» акционерлык җәмгыятен... тулысынча Татарстан кулына тапшырдылар. Казаннан «булдырабызлар» төркеме килеп утырды идарә кәнәфиләренә. Вакытлыча инде, чөнки бу «комбинация»нең асылын махсус аңлатып торасы юк иде: соңрак КАМАЗ йә тулысынча Мәскәү кулына, йә өлешчә чит ил компанияләре карамагына да төшәчәк. Һәм ул шулай булып чыкты да. «Всем сёстрам по серьгам» принцибына туры китереп башкарылды милек бүлешү. Моны алдан ук яхшы аңлаган хәлдә, «булдырабызлар» бик тартынып тормадылар. Бу хакта менә шундый шигырьчек язылды: 

Мы КАМАЗом управляли –&lt;br&gt;
Как хотели и без фальши:&lt;br&gt;
Влево-вправо руль крутили&lt;br&gt;
И карманы набивали;&lt;br&gt;
Кой-кому «звезды» вставляли,&lt;br&gt;
Кой-кого там задавили…&lt;br&gt;
Вот поели и попили&lt;br&gt;
И пошли по кругу дальше.&lt;br&gt;

Ләкин Татарстанның Түбән Кама районы авылында туып үскән һәм җаны да, тәне дә КАМАЗныкы булган генераль директор Иван Михаил улы Костин үз эш өстәленә куйган трафареттагы девиз үзгәрешсез калды – '''«Прорвёмся!»''' Чөнки ул барыбызның да уртак өндәмәсе иде. Юк, КАМАЗны болай тиз генә сатып эчеп бетереп булмый иде шул, моны читтән торып һәм ныгытып эстәүчеләр хәттин ашкан булса да. Тугыз ай буе баш конвейер эшләмәде, ә бер тиенне икенчесенә ялгап көн күрүче эшчеләр һәм хезмәткәрләр кыш буе эшләгән урыннарына җәяү барып (трамвайлар йөрми иде), цехларны һәм территорияне җыештырып, бөтен җиһазларны карап-тикшереп, ремонтлап тордылар. Бушлай, түләүсез! 

Шулай да КАМАЗда зур үзгәрешләр котылгысыз булып китә иде инде. Чөнки Иван Михаил улы Костин белән кулга кул тотынып эшләгән патриотлар һәм технократлар заводларны берүзләре генә сазлыктан тартып чыгара алмый иде. Җитәкчелек мөмкин булганның барысын да эшләде, КАМАЗны аякка бастыру өчен, сүз дә юк. Ләкин... ничә гасыр инде Русия белән икътисад һәм иҗтимагый зарурият түгел, ә кансыз-җансыз сәясәт һәм комсыз хосусый мәнфәгатьләр идарә итә бит! 

Кискен үзгәрешләрнең «беренче карлыгачы» безнең ҖЭҮгә 2001 елның декабрендә килеп кунды. КАМАЗның гаять уяу җитәкчелеге директорыбызны Казанга ул вакытта ТР икътисад министры һәм хөкүмәт рәисе урынбасары Сергей Анатолий улы Когогин белән әңгәмә үткәрергә юллады. Әлбәттә, бу гамәлнең инициативасы Татарстанның иң 
югары даирәләреннән булгандыр, дигән фикер калды. Чөнки КАМАЗның инде батмаячагы аермачык иде – камазлылар үзләре аны батырмаячаклар бит. Ләкин Татарстанның акционерлык җәмгыятендәге өлешен бөтенләй югалтмау мәсьәләсе өскә калкып чыкты. 

Интервьюны, аңлашыла ки, Наил Фатих улы үзе үткәрде, ә үз газеталарыбыз һәм тышкы матбугат чаралары өчен язмаларны мин әзерләдем. Министрның үз сүзләрен һәм сорауларга җавапларын түкми-чәчми кәгазьгә төшердек, фикерләрне тиешенчә тулыландырып һәм мөмкин булганча камилләштереп, язманы саллы интервью калыбына керттек. Ләкин мәкаләне Казан белән килештерүгә озатып төзәттергәннән соң, без аны... бөтенләй үзебезнеке дип танымадык та. Аңарда өстән-өстән генә сыпыручы «телевизион» сорауларга шундыйларның да асылына төшендерми торган җаваплар гына калган иде. Укыган кешедә «ә бу лыгырдашу кемгә һәм нәрсәгә кирәк булды икән?» дигән сорау туа. Без әзерләгән язманы министрның матбугат сәркатибе Ирина Быстрова «эшкәрткән» булып чыкты. Бу хәсрәт «интервью»ны үз газеталарыбызда урнаштырдык һәм тышкы матбугатка да бирдек инде, ни хәл итмәк. Ә үзебез әзерләгән тулы канлы язманы генераль дирекциягә тапшырдык.

Шулай да Сергей Анатолий улының КАМАЗ җитәкчелегенә киләчәген алдан чамалау безне куандырды гына. Ул бит сәясәт кешесе, «уен кагыйдәләрен» белә, Мәскәү коридорлары аша үтеп, кабинетлар ишеген төртеп кенә ача торган кеше. Апрельнең соңгы декадасында Сергей Анатолий улын КАМАЗ идарәчеләренә генераль директор дип тәкъдим иттеләр. Иван Михаил улы Костин Пермьгә китте, андагы хәрби заводны сазлыктан тартып чыгарырга, Чаллыда КАМАЗны исән калдырган шикелле коткарырга дип. Ләкин...&lt;br&gt;

==== '''«Совсем не важно, что делается?»''' ====
Ләкин без... сәяси белдексез һәм алдан күрә алмаучы беркатлы бәндәләр булганбыз. Без әле ул вакытта үзебезнең, Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәгенең, нинди мәгънәсез һәм акылга сыймаслык «реформалар»га дучар булачагын күз алдына да китерә алмый идек... 
Июнь аеның дүртенче көне. Мин гадәттәгечә эшкә бөтен хезмәттәшләремнән дә алданрак килеп җиттем. Көндәлек эшкә 
фикерләр туплау өчен. Казаннан шалтыраттылар: «Мы вас поздравляем: к вам едет...» – «Ревизор? Удивили! Ревизоры на нас 
тут каждую неделю наезжают!» – «Но вашего «ревизора» зовут... Ирина Быстрова! И она будет рулить вами». – «Да, это, пожалуй, меняет дело...» 

Наил Фатих улы бу хакта элек үк хәбәрдар булган икән, аны бу «яңалык» гаҗәпләндермәде. Ике атнадан соң, эшләрне Ирина туташка тапшыргач, олыгайган директорыбызны пенсиягә озаттылар. Беренче мөстәкыйль планёркада Быстрова сүзен болай башлады: «Не важно – что делается, важно – кто делает!» Һәм озакламый... КУБ үсә башлады. КУБ – «Клуб Уволенных Быстровой» инде ул. Хезмәттәшләребезнең беришесе шунда ук «үз теләге белән» читкә тайды, кайсыберсе «үгетләгәч» кенә. Икенче төркемгә хәтта минем турыдан-туры җитәкчем Алексей Николай улы Шилободин да эләкте. Дөньяга үзенчәлекле һәм фәлсәфи карашы, җитди нәрсәләр турында беркем кабатламый торган төпле һәм тирәнтен фикере булган язучы, үтә сәләтле шагыйрь, журналист, кешене бер сүздән аңлап ала торган һәм аңа ярдәм кулы суза белгән шәхес. Ул кризис елларында күпмедер вакыт «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасын да җитәкләде әле. Һәр елның беренче көннәрендә, бөтен КАМАЗ кышкы каникулларда булган вакытта, «КАМАЗ-Мастер» автоузышчылар такымының «Париж-Дакар» ярышларында трассадан хәбәрләр биреп торучысы да булды ул. 1999 елдан башлап 2007 елга кадәр мин үзем аның хәбәрләрен башта «галәм телефоны» аша, аннары электрон почтадан кабул итеп, бөтен илгә таратып тордым. Мәскәү ул вакытта илнең КАМАЗ карамагындагы җыелма такымын бар дип тә белми иде әле. 
Һәм әле бит эш рәтен белә торган кадрлар китүеннән генә безнең ҖЭҮдә штатлар кыскармады: бер куылган кеше урынына Казаннан ике танышын чакыртып алдылар. Дөрес, озакка чыдамадылар тегеләре, чөнки – гаҗәеп күренеш! – алар башлыча намусын җуймаган һәм белдекле телевидение журналистлары иде. Ничек соң, мәйтәм, Казанда рәхәтләнеп эшләп утырган урыннарын ташлап, Чаллыга килә алганнар? Барысы да китеп беттеләр озакламый, берсе (татар кызы, минемчә, килмешәкләр арасында иң сәләтлесе һәм булдыклысы) еллар буе Мәскәүдә НТВ каналының менә дигән алып баручысы булып эшләде. Хәзер аны «оппозиция»гә чыгардылар, «чит ил агенты» дип игълан иттеләр, һәм ул чыннан да чит илгә китеп котылырга мәҗбүр булды. 

Шулай итеп, бүген бөтен ил күләмендә «гадәти» булып киткән (һәм элек тә, хәзер дә бернинди төзек мәгънәсе булмаган!) «сәясәт» белән без КАМАЗда 2002-2003 елларда ук таныштык. 

КУБка керү чираты минем каршыма 2002 елның сентябрендә килеп басты. Турыдан-туры әйттем Ирина туташка: «Мине шәһәрдә эшсез калдырмаслар шәт. Ләкин үзем эшли белгән һәм яратып башкарган эштән үз теләгем белән китмәячәкмен!» Шуннан соң булган хәлләрнең миңа бер өлеше генә мәгълүм. Быстрова мине эштән куу турында кәгазьне кадрларга илтеп биргәч, тегеннән кемдер бу хакта Чаллы журналистларының рәсми булмаган лидеры Илисә Ганеевага шалтыраткан. Илисә мине яклап Когогин исеменә хат язган, һәм бер тәүлек дигәндә бу хат астына Чаллы журналистларының егермесеннән артыгы имза салган. Шулай итеп, мин ҖЭҮдә КУБка керүдән котылып калган беренче кеше булдым. 

==== '''Җитди сынау. Соңгысымы?''' ====
Әйе, маҗаралар моның белән генә тәмам булмады әле. 2003 елның 21-22 апрель көннәрендә (дүшәмбе һәм сишәмбе) мине КАМАЗның Баулыдагы сервис үзәгендә Фәнни-техник үзәк белгечләре белән бергә үткәрелгән чарада катнашырга җибәрделәр. Бу хактагы язманы, җомга көнне чыга торган газеталарда урнаштырыр өчен, бер көн эчендә язып бетереп, ФТҮ мөһәндисләре белән килештеререргә һәм, ихтыяҗ булса, төзәтергә кирәк иде. Шуңа күрә мин, Чаллыга әйләнеп кайткач, мәкаләне һәм аның татар теленә тәрҗемәсен кич һәм төне буе диярлек утырып әзерләдем. Шуннан соңгы черем итеп алуым озаккарак сузылган булып чыкты, һәм мин, иртәнге ашны ашап та тормыйча, тизрәк Фәнни-техник үзәккә ашыктым. Иртәнге сигезгә кадәр барып җитәргә кирәк, чөнки ФТҮ җитәкчеләренең һәм конструкторларының көндәлек планёркадан соң таралышып бетүе дә ихтимал. 

Заводка илтә торган автобуслар китеп беткән иде инде. Трамвай ярты шәһәрне әйләнеп үтеп бара. Хәсән Туфан проспекты буйлап туп-туры җәяүләп чапсаң, тизрәк барып җитәсең. Ул вакытта зур урамнарның уртасында хәзерге кебек киртәләр юк иде. Сөембикә проспекты аша турыдан чыгып җитәм дигәндә генә мине... зур тизлектә кире якка таба, юл хәрәкәтенә каршы баручы (!) «алтынчы Жигули» бәрдерде, һәм мин тротуарга, автобус тукталышына барып төштем. Юл аша чыкканда ул машина миңа бөтенләй юл читендә туктап торган кебек тоелган иде. Туп-туры өстемә килүче автомобильне соңгы мизгелдә генә күреп алдым һәм, инстинтив рәвештәдер инде, алга-өскә сикердем. Шул сәбәпле көпчәкләр астында калмаганмын, «Жигули»нең капотына һәм сул як тәрәзә пыяласына бәрелгәнмен. Югыйсә, ныграк та җәрәхәтләнгән булыр идем, дип уйлыйм. Аяк балтырым – бамперга, маңгаем алгы тәрәзәгә орынып кына киткән булган, тәрәзә пыяласы чатнамаган да. Баш мием селкенмәгән, аяк балтыры тырналган гына. Ә төп «контакт» иңбашыма туры килгән. Сул кулымның очы сынган, ләкин умрау сөягенә зыян килмәгән. Менә шундый сәер траектория буенча очып китеп, машина белән гәүдәмнең берьюлы өч җире «үбешкән» булып чыкты. Аңым бер мизгелгә генә томаланып китте. Тротуарга килеп төшкәч үк торып та бастым. 

Моның очраклы хәл булмавын шунда ук аңлап алдым. Беренчедән, әйткәнемчә, «Жигули» юл хәрәкәтенә каршы һәм юлның иң кырыеннан килгән иде. Каршы йөгерүче машиналар белән юл уртасында бәрелешмәс өчендер инде. Икенчедән, мин торып басканда, бәрдергән машина... 20 метр артка чигенеп, яңадан элеккеге урынына барып туктаган иде. Хәтта кире якка да борылмаган. Өченчедән, минем янга килеп хәлемне белгән кеше (Флүс исемле татар)... машинаның уң яктагы ишегеннән чыкты. Һәм ул миңа, күптәнге танышым кебек... татарча эндәште. Минем татар икәнлегем маңгаема язылмаган бит! Күзләрем зәңгәр, борыным яһүднеке кебек, югыйсә. Ә «Жигули» Флүснең үз машинасы икән. Сул якта, руль артында утырган кеше бөтенләй пәйда булмады. Бәлки ул, җен-пәригә әйләнеп, шунда ук күккә очып киткәндер? Машинаны йөрткән кешенең кем булуын белми калдым һәм беркемнән сорамадым да. Миңа «стандарт булмаган рәвештә», берни аңламаган булып кыланырга кирәк, дидем үземә үзем. Бер әҗәлдән котылып, икенче җир тәмугына барып керәсе түгел бит инде. «Һәм бу «очраклы хәл»не болай тупас итеп кем оештыра алды икән?» дигән сорау да ярым җавапсыз калды. Бөтенләй акылын җуйган, бар дөньяга ачуы чиктән ашкан, үзенең теләсә кайсы вазгыятьтә дә аклана алачагына һәм җәзасыз калачагына ышанган, кешелек сыйфатларын тәмам югалта башлаган бәндә генә моны эшләргә сәләтле, дип уйладым. Нигә бер сәбәпсез кылдылар соң бу җинаятьне? Кемнең юлын шулкадәр гафу итмәслек итеп кистем соң мин үз гомеремдә?! 

Күпмедер вакыт үткәч, мине Ашыгыч медицина ярдәме хастаханәсенә алып киттеләр. Соңрак юл автоинспекциясе сораштыра башлагач, мин гаепне үз өстемә алдым: «Үзем дә бик ашыктым шул. Флүскә каршы бернинди дәгъвам юк, ләкин операция ясаган өчен түләргә акчам җитми, булышса иде ул миңа», – дидем инспекторга. Югарыда бәян ителгән нәрсәләрне телгә дә алмадым. Инспектор үзе дә төшенгәндер инде моның планга кертелгән «бәхетсезлек» булуына һәм минем ни өчен күзгә бәрелеп торган фактларны яшерүемә. 

Сул кулымның очын ялгар өчен операцияне БСМПда... 8 май көнне генә, «очраклы бәхетсезлек»тән соң төп-төгәл ике атна үткәч ясадылар. Миннән соң килгән хасталарны гадәттә кичекмәстән савыктыра башлыйлар иде. Минем өчен нигәдер «искәрмә» ясалды. 

Хезмәттәшләрем һәм шәһәр журналистлары көн саен килеп, хәлемне белешеп тордылар. Бу хакта белеп алган Наил Фатих улы Галиуллин көн аралаш үз җәмәгатенең сөяк салып пешергән ашларын китерә иде. Минем андый тәмле ашларны гомердә ашаганым булмады! «Бу синең сөякләрең тизрәк үссен өчен», – дип аңлатты ул миңа. Ә мин: «Наил абый, миңа бит әле операция ясамадылар...» – дидем. 

Нәтиҗәдә 8 майга кадәр минем кулым, очы кыегаеп калган килеш, тоташып та өлгерде. Кулны өскә күтәрә алмый башладым. Хирургларга аны... яңадан сындырырга туры килде. Сөякне турайтып, металл энәләр белән беркетеп куйдылар. Июнь аенда, шул энәләрне алып ташлатыр өчен, тагын бер операция кичердем. Флүс бу ике операция өчен дүрт мең сум акча түләде. Кулбашымның ялганган кисәге йодрык кадәр булып үсеп китте. Егерме ел инде тырпаеп тора. «Ярый әле, расходка чыгармадылар, ни сәбәпледер кызгандылар», – дип губерманча куандым. Сәбәпләре, бәлки, чыннан да булгандыр аның. Бу хакта беркемнән дә сораштырмадым: вакыйганың үзем аңлаган «серләр»ен ачып салырга ярамый, дип уйладым. 

Җан биргәндә дә башыңны ташка бәрәсе булма! Хастаханәдә, күрше палатада бер гимнаст кыз операциядән соң дәваланып ята иде. Спорт залында күнегүләр ясаганда «бүрәнә»дән егылып төшеп, умыртка баганасын һәм оча сөяген сындырган булган. Мин сөяк ялганганны көтеп ятканда ул бөтенләй хәрәкәтсез булды, аны әнисе карады. Гимнаст кыз янына тренерлары һәм иптәшләре дә килеп йөри. Һич кенә дә төшенкелеккә бирелми: «Барыбер тереләчәкмен. Гимнастика белән генә шөгыльләнә алмам инде...» – дип юата иде үзен үзе. Ә минем бары тик кулым гына сынган. Һәм гомерлеккә инвалид булып та калмадым. Егерме ел инде сул кулымны баш түбәсеннән өскәрәк күтәрә алмыйм – шул гына!

Тышкы яралар төзәлеп беткәч, өйгә кайтарып җибәрделәр. Июль аенда яңадан эшкә чыктым. Шуннан соң мине иң гаҗәпләндергәне... Ирина туташ минем белән бер генә тупас сүз дә әйтмичә, берничек тә куркытырга тырышмыйча, бик ягымлы итеп сөйләшә башлады. Җитәкче белән эш башкаручы арасында гадәти дип саналган нормаль мөнәсәбәттә булдык моннан ары. «Баштан ук шундый булсаң, мин бит сине яратып та туя алмас идем!» – дидем үземә үзем шаяртып. «Әллә бу бәндәләр, КАМАЗ белән канга кан, үлемгә үлем сугышырга туры килер, дип төштеләрме Казаннан Чаллыга?» – дигән фаразым да бар иде. Мин Быстрованың бу могҗизалы үзгәрешенә әле хәзер дә ахыргача төшенеп бетә алмыйм. Без бит инде аны бөтенләй өметсез дип саный башлаган идек... 

Шулай да, үзе үк XX гасырның иң явыз залимнәреннән берсе булган совет юлбашчысының сүзләре бүген дә үз көчендә кала: '''«Хакимлек кешеләрне бозмый, киресенчә – иң бозык кешеләр үзләре хакимлеккә омтылучан».''' Үткән-беткән инде. Үтергеч булмаган һәрбер нәрсә безне куәтлеләндерә генә бит. Бу «очраклы вакыйга»дан соңгы иң зур югалтуым – шигырьләр язмый башладым. Тугыз ел элек сирпелгән иҗат нуры сүнде: хәзер бары тик башка телләрдән тәрҗемә белән генә шөгыльләнә алам...

==== '''Картайган ат буразнаны бозамы?''' ====
Көзгә таба, мин инде югарыда бәян ителгән бәхетсезлектән соң терелеп яңадан эшкә чыккач, мәскәүле Владимир Александр улы Самойлов безгә яңа җитәкче булып килде. Тагын берничә ай үткәч, Быстрованы читкәрәк тибәрделәр, безнең эшләргә тыкшына алмаслык итеп. Соңрак ул бөтенләй Мәскәүгә китеп тайды. Үз эченә кырыклап кешене бикләгән КУБ ябылды, бүтән беркемне дә эштән куарга тырышмадылар. Самойлов карамагында без үзебезне иркенрәк хис итә башладык. ҖЭҮ департамент итеп үзгәртелде (ДСО яки ҖЭД), хәзер ул «КАМАЗ матбугат хезмәте» рәвешендә эшен дәвам итә. Яңа һәм кешелекле мөнәсәбәтләрнең нәтиҗәсе шунда ук куандыра башлады: Ольга Ерашова-Жигульская, Татьяна Белоножкина, Татьяна Гыйматдинева кебек журналистлар элеккеге сәләтләрен дә уздырып эшли башладылар һәм чын мәгънәсендә КАМАЗ патриотлары булып киттеләр. 

'''ФОТОЛАР:''' 1. '''Ольга Авенир кызы Жигульская''' – җәмәгате белән бергә; мәрхүм Владимир Михаил улы «Республика Татарстан» газетасының Чаллыдагы үз хәбәрчесе иде. Хәзерге вакытта Ольга лаеклы ялда, ләкин КАМАЗ матбугат хезмәтенең бик мөһим эшләрен әле хәзер дә башкарып тора. Әйтик, ул «Рабочий КАМАЗа» («Вести КАМАЗа») газетасының 2023 ел сентябрь аенда билгеләп үтелгән 50 еллыгына багышланган китапның авторы булды. 

2. '''Татьяна Белоножкина''' – бүген дә «Вести КАМАЗа»ның әйдәп баручы журналисты һәм  безнең буынның «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасындагы «соңгы могиканы». 

Татьяна Гыйматдинова бүгенге ветераннар төркемендә иң яшь камазлы. Ул бүген шәһәр төзүчеләренең «матбугат һәм мәгълүмат алиһәсе» булып китте. Аның мәдәнияткә һәм сәнгатькә багышланган язмалары бигрәк тә күркәм, аларны укыган саен кабат укыйсы гына килеп тора. Бу күпкырлы сәләт иясенең бөтен җирдә дә, шул исәптән чит илләрдә дә, ким-хур булмаячагын аңлаган хәлдә, аның чит илгә китәргә теләгән бер кеше турындагы бик күңелле язмасы белән танышкач, гасыр башында Татьянага багышлап шундый дүртьюллык язган идем:

'''Таланты в землю не зарыты,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''И от культуры мы в экстазе.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Пути в Америку закрыты –'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Куём мы СШАстье на КАМАЗе!'''&lt;br&gt;

'''Талант җирдә аунап ятмас, диләр,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Җаннарыбыз – мәдәни экстазда.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Америкаларга, ди, кертмиләр –'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Бәхет АкКоШларыбыз КАМАЗда!'''&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:'''  '''Татьяна Әльянис кызы Гыйматдинова:''' тел һәм фикер байлыгы – әнисеннән, ягымлылыгы һәм татар җаны – әтисеннән. Иҗади табигате – үзенеке.

Уңай якка үзгәрешләр урынлашып беткәч, яңа вазгыять минем шаяртулы графоманлыгымда да үз эзен калдырды. Менә шундый рифма рәвешендә: 

'''Монолог старого коня'''&lt;br&gt;
('''закавыченные и «жирные» строки – из «гариков» Игоря Губермана''')&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Быть может, зря я так спокойно'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''своим призванием горжусь?»'''''&lt;br&gt;
Мне дал понять и сам Самойлов,&lt;br&gt;
Что я в герои не гожусь.&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Но окрылён надеждой снова,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''я сам к себе отнёсся строже».'''''&lt;br&gt;
И что же скажет нам Быстрова:&lt;br&gt;
Корыстный интерес – дороже!?&lt;br&gt;

Ведь не дарёный я лошак,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб мне заглядывали в рот;&lt;br&gt;
Не попадёт мустанг впросак:&lt;br&gt;
Федот – по-прежнему, всё тот!&lt;br&gt; 

'''''«Во мне смеркаться стал огонь;'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''сорвав постылую узду,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''теперь я снова старый конь,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''пославший к чёрту борозду».'''''&lt;br&gt;


Чынбарлыкта исә без – мин дә, хезмәттәшләрем дә – «буразна»дан тайпылмадык. Бер сәбәпсез аяк чалып торучылар булмагач, эшебез торган саен тыгызрак һәм күңеллерәк була барды. Бәлки әле нәтиҗәлерәктер дә. Быстровадан соңгы чорда сигез ел буе рәхәтләнеп эшләдем, дисәм дә, артык булмас. Рәсми хезмәт вазифаларымны үз теләгем белән, түләүсез башкарыла торган эшләр тулыландыра башлады. Әйтик, КАМАЗдагы мөһим вакыйлардан соң Чаллының татар телендә эшләүче «Күңел» радиосына барып, яңалыклар турында тәфсилләп сөйләп бирә идем.  

'''ФОТО:''' Гафиулла Газиз  

Турыдан-туры эфирга чыккан очраклар да булды. Татар телендә эшләүче «Азатлык» радиосының Кама аръягындагы үз хәбәрчесе Гафиулла Газиз (рәсемдә) белән даими аралашып тору да минем өчен мәҗбүри түгел, җан таләбе генә иде. Гафиулла бакый дөнья хозурында инде.

Гомумән, беркемне дә читкә тибәрмәдек, «безнекеләр» белән дә, чит-ят дип саналырлыкларга карата да мөгамәләбез бердәй булды. Җае чыккан саен КАМАЗга таш ыргытудан баш тартмый торган «Челны ЛТД» газетасын да без... аш белән сыйладык. Кемнәрдер үзләренең сәбәпсез-нисез гөнаһ кылырга теләген баса алмый икән, аларга... комачауламаска кирәк: эшләсеннәр, күрсеннәр үз гамәлләренең үзләре өчен файдасызлыгын һәм котылгысыз казасын. Мин эшләгәндә «Челны ЛТД» шәһәрнең иң популяр басмаларыннан берсе иде. Пенсиягә чыкканнан соң күпмедер вакыт үткәч, «җаваплылыгы чикле» булган газетаны ирексезләп банкротлыкка олактырдылар, дигән хәбәр ишеттем.&lt;br&gt;
 * * *&lt;br&gt;
Буразнам бозылганмы-юкмы – монысын «беркемгә дә кирәкмәгән язма»ны укучылар хәл итсен. Үзем «бозылмады» дигән фикердә калам. 2011 елның августына кадәр эшләдем КАМАЗның җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр департаментында һәм үз теләгем белән пенсиягә чыктым. Тагын ике елга, 65 яшем тулганчы да калдырырга риза иде җитәкчелек. КАМАЗда шундый традиция: гади халык – 65 яшькә кадәр, җитәкчеләр җитмешен тутырганчы «берьюлы ике сыер сөтен имә ала». Ләкин минем, ярты ел элек үк, интернетта түләүсез һәм күпкә мавыктыргычрак эшләрем башланган иде инде.  

'''Намуслы «намуссызлык»'''&lt;br&gt;
Бу елларда гадәттән тыш хәлләр булмады. Ләкин шулай да «гадәтиләр»нең берсе – башкалар өстендә калкып тора торган. Сүз инде онытыла да башлаган «Рухнамә» әсәре турында. Бу хакта Википедиядә болай диелә: «Төркмәнбашы Сапармурат Ниязов язган дип саналучы «Рухнамә» китабының татар теленә тәрҗемәсен һәм тәүге кат бастырылуын Татарстанның Төркмәнстан белән тыгыз икътисадый мөнәсәбәтләре булган «КАМАЗ» АҖ белгечләре башкарды». 

Әйе, нәкъ шулай булды ул. Ләкин тәфсилләбрәк аңлата башласаң, эш башкачарак килеп чыккан иде. 2006 елның апрелендә КАМАЗ Ашгабаттан шундый «ультиматум» алды: «2007 елга Төркмәнстаннан зур заказ аласыгыз килсә, «Рухнамә»не татар теленә тәрҗемә итеп бирегез». Казанда автогигант җитәкчелегенең бу хактагы үтенечен башта кискен кире какканнар: «Ул-бу булмагае, Мәскәү нәрсә әйтер, төркиләрнең бөтен тарихын урлаган булып, «Бу бары тик төркмәннеке генә!» дигән уйдырмага төрки халыкларның мөнәсәбәте нинди булыр?» 

Әйе, «отмазка» чыннан да беренче карашка хакыйкый дип кабул ителерлек. Ләкин... бу вакытта «Рухнамә» һәм урыс, һәм инглиз, һәм алман, һәм хәтта төрек телләренә дә тәрҗемә ителгән иде бит инде. Ашгабатның нәкъ шундый «ультиматумы» аркасында! Дөрес, азрак кыскартканнар да, үзгәрткәннәр дә. Татарның кайсы җире ким ялганга корылган бу дөньяда? 

Шулай да, яраткан шагыйребез Игорь Губерман Казан әһелләренең «намуслылыгын», бәлки, болай аклар иде: «Юынтык суга ташланган һәрнәрсә әйләнә юынтык суга». Ничек кенә бизәсәң дә, ялган – ялган, фальсификация фальсификация булып кала. Бәхәсле мәсьәлә, сүз дә юк. Тегеләй уйласаң да, болай да, үзеңне хаклы дип күрсәтә алмыйсың... «КАМАЗ хәбәрләре» тәрҗемәчеләре дә тәрҗемә эшенә алынмаганнар: эш болай да муеннан, дубляжны туктатып торып булмый бит. Соңгы өмет мин фәкыйрегезгә килеп терәлде. «Туктале, ә нигә соң Казан шулхәтле астына җибәреп тора бу очракта? Күпмегә чыдар ул «Рухнамә» тарихи перспективага күчереп исәпләгәндә? КАМАЗ өчен 2007 елга зур заказ алу әһәмиятлерәк түгелме соң?» – дип акладым да үземне, эшкә керешергә булдым. Вакытны әрәм итмәс өчен, өйдә утырып эшләдем. 

Интернеттан «Рухнамә»нең төркмән телендәге тулы текстын, урыс, инглиз, алман телләренә тәрҗемәләрен күчереп алдым. Тиешле сүзлекләрне һәм белешмәләрне элегрәк, «бернигә дә кирәкмәгән нәрсәләр белән шөгыльләнү» елларында сатып алган яки соңрак электрон нөсхәләрен интернеттан күчереп алып туплаган идем. Урыс телендәгесеннән тәрҗемә итү берни дә түгел, әлбәттә, ләкин... аны «цензура» нык каезлаган булып чыкты: бите-бите белән төшереп калдырганнар яки үзгәртеп бетергәннәр бу «изге китап»ны. Төркмән теленнән төгәл тәрҗемә итү өчен, интернетта урнаштырылган төркмән-урыс сүзлеге күләмле дә, камил дә, куллану өчен җайлы да түгел. Гарәп-фарсы алынмалары да татар телендәгедән бермә-бер күбрәк сакланып калган хәзерге заман төркмән телендә. Инглиз телендәгесен нигез итеп алыр идем дә, мин ул телне махсус өйрәнмәдем бит, интернет текстлары аша гына азрак чамалый башладым. Алман телен балачактан ук үзләштереп килдем, әдәби текстларны сүзлексез дә аңлый идем инде. Ләкин биредә мин белмәгән фәнни-тарихи сүзләр һәм атамалар байтак.

Менә шулай, дүрт телдәге текстларны чагыштыра-чагыштыра, иртә таңнан төн уртасына кадәр эшләп, өч атнада тәрҗемәне түгәрәкли алдым. 21 май көнне татарча «Рухнамә» каралама рәвешендә әзер иде инде. Аны Казанга алып барып тикшерттеләр. Төркмәнстан җитәкчелегенә бүләк итү өчен, татарча «Рухнамә» китабының ике варианты эшләнде – алтын йөгертелгән һәм гадәти тышлысы. Алар Казанда бастырылды. Икесе дә 2006 елның сентябрендә Ашгабатта тантаналы рәвештә Төркмәнстан җитәкчелегенә тапшырылды. Бу тамашаны видеога төшереп алганнар иде, безгә дә күрсәттеләр. 

Нәтиҗәдә КАМАЗ, тимерне кызу чакта сугып, Төркмәнстаннан 2007 елда 4 мең данә йөк автомобиле җитештереп тапшырырга заказ алды. Бу шул елдагы тулаем экспортның өчтән бер өлешеннән артыграк иде. Алдагы елларда Ашгабатта КАМАЗның сервис үзәген төзеделәр. Рәсми чыганаклар тарафыннан бу «махсус операция» турында бернинди мәгълүмат бирелмәде. Мин дә әлеге «сер»не 2013 елга кадәр сакладым. Тәрҗемә эше өчен миңа 20 мең сумлык премия бирделәр. Мин ул акчага үземә яңа компьютер, ә гаиләмә кер юу машинасы сатып алдым. Компьютер әле бүген дә «исән», ләкин мин аны текстлар җыю һәм музыка уйнату өчен генә кулланам. Истәлекле электрон җайланма миннән соң да оныкларыма бераз хезмәт итсә иде дип. 

Ләкин «тарих» моның белән генә бетмәде. Ниһаять, Татарстан хөкүмәте дә, бер ел да дүрт ай вакыт үткәч, үзенең сәяси куркаклыгын җиңә алды. 2008 елның гыйнварында Ашгабатта «Рухнамә»нең татар теленә тәрҗемәсе… кабат тапшырылды. «Татарстан мәдәнияте көннәре» дип аталган рәсми чара кысаларында. Бу эшне Казан белгечләре ике атна эчендә башкарып чыкты, диелә «Татар-информ» агентлыгының 2008 ел 14 гыйнварда таратылган хәбәрендә. «Булдырганнар икән, маладислар!» дип куандым, хәбәрне укыгач. Китапны 20 данәлек тираж белән бастырганнар. Әмма бу «гамәл»… янгын беткәч ут сүндерү генә иде инде. Чөнки Төркмәнстанның яңа президенты, Аркадаг атамалы Гурбангулы Бердымөхәммәдев «Рухнамә»не әкренләп архивка озату турындагы боерыгын 2007 ел башында ук биргән иде.

Сапармурат Ниязовның 2006 ел 21 декабрендәге һич уйланмаган вафатыннан соң төркмән тормышында «Рухнамә»не башка җитәкчеләрнең казанышларына дан җырлаучы хезмәтләр алмаштырды. 2013 елның 1 сентябреннән башлап элеккеге «изге китап» Төркмәнстан институтларында һәм мәктәпләрендә бөтенләй өйрәнелми башлады. Бүген Чаллыда яшәүче яшь төркмәннәрдән сораштырган идем дә бу хакта, алар «Рухнамә»нең нәрсә икәнен дә белмиләр. Өлкәнрәкләре генә аз-маз хәтерли әле. Ә безнең күмәк тәрҗемәләр, бәлки, бүген Ашгабат архивларында тузан җыеп ятадыр…

==== '''«Кадерлә сакланып калганны!»''' ====
'''''(Дуслар иҗаты)'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''Коллеге'''&lt;br&gt;
(авторы – Ольга Жигульская, 2023 елда язылган)&lt;br&gt;
«Удобней мне инкогнито писать –&lt;br&gt;
Привык за годы беспорочной службы.&lt;br&gt;
Хотя всегда мне есть о чём сказать&lt;br&gt;
На языках, своей известных дружбой.&lt;br&gt;
Судьба моя – мать-мачеха, не мать&lt;br&gt;
(Не красного словца, не ради смеха):&lt;br&gt;
Труд журналиста начал постигать&lt;br&gt;
С позиции рабочего из цеха.&lt;br&gt;
Пытался даже гимны сочинять –&lt;br&gt;
На конкурс посылал, но не был понят.&lt;br&gt;
И до сих пор, как слушаешь, опять&lt;br&gt;
Душа патриотическая стонет...&lt;br&gt;
Есть у меня мой суверенный мир –&lt;br&gt;
Гораздо суверенней Татарстана.&lt;br&gt;
Меня бы понял, верно, мой кумир...&lt;br&gt;
Ведь кое-что роднит нас с Губерманом.&lt;br&gt;
Могу хоть чем – хоть прозой, хоть стихом,&lt;br&gt;
Или крутой сценарий забабахать...&lt;br&gt;
Но сколько можно, будучи спецом,&lt;br&gt;
Пресс-служиваться, дусларыбыз, так ведь?!&lt;br&gt;
Оно такое, горе от ума-с:&lt;br&gt;
И Чацкому прислуживаться тошно...&lt;br&gt;
Когда ушёл я, сразу на КАМАЗ&lt;br&gt;
Троих начальство взяло – это точно.&lt;br&gt;
Да, я ушёл с КАМАЗа – в виртуал.&lt;br&gt;
И в интернете вы ищите имя,&lt;br&gt;
Где я уже немало напахал...&lt;br&gt;
Признайтесь: вы забыли о Фагиме?»&lt;br&gt;

'''Хезмәттәшемә'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(тәрҗемәсе)'''''&lt;br&gt;
«Имза куймый язсам – хәерлерәк,&lt;br&gt;
Тырышып эшли-эшли күнегелгән...&lt;br&gt;
Аңлатасым килә әмма төбәп&lt;br&gt;
Миңа таныш дуслык телләреннән.&lt;br&gt;
Язмышларым – гүя үги ана&lt;br&gt;
(Татып баксаң, мөмкиндер аңларга):&lt;br&gt;
Журналистлык насыйп булды миңа&lt;br&gt;
Чирек гасыр бил бөккәч цехларда.&lt;br&gt;
Гимннар тыңлап күңел канатлана,&lt;br&gt;
Үзем яздым – юк игътибар аңа.&lt;br&gt;
Бүген дә бит, калсам хыяллана,&lt;br&gt;
Ватанпәрвәр җаным гел сыкрана...&lt;br&gt;
Бар минем хөр, бәйсез үз галәмем –&lt;br&gt;
Татарстаннан күпкә мөстәкыйльрәк!&lt;br&gt;
Аңлар, бәлки... тиң түгел каләмем...&lt;br&gt;
Бер Губерман… аңа тартым йөрәк.&lt;br&gt;
Бар шигырьләп, рифмасыз язганым,&lt;br&gt;
Кереп кыргый урман-болын-кырга...&lt;br&gt;
Күпме мөмкин әмма, әй дусларым,&lt;br&gt;
Хезмәтчәнләп ялагайланырга?!&lt;br&gt;
Михнәт-хәсрәт – гел юлдаш акылга:&lt;br&gt;
Чацкий моны һич аңламый калмас...&lt;br&gt;
Мин калдырып киткән бер урынга&lt;br&gt;
Өч кешене алган икән КАМАЗ.&lt;br&gt;
КАМАЗлардан «виртуал»га киттем.&lt;br&gt;
Тарихларда исемем язарсызмы?&lt;br&gt;
Интернетта аз-маз хезмәт иттем...&lt;br&gt;
Фәһим булып калдым – аңларсызмы?»&lt;br&gt;

'''Ноябрь'''&lt;br&gt;
(авторы – Тамара Бравина, 2023 елда язылган)&lt;br&gt;
Улеглись страсти знойного лета,&lt;br&gt;
скинул краски осенний закат.&lt;br&gt;
Как предвестники новых сюжетов,&lt;br&gt;
за окошком снежинки летят.&lt;br&gt;
Правит бал госпожа Непогода,&lt;br&gt;
но лучом сквозь ненастную грусть&lt;br&gt;
серый цвет на мольберте природы&lt;br&gt;
оживляет рябиновый куст.&lt;br&gt;
У предзимья задача благая –&lt;br&gt;
без иллюзий, обмана, прикрас&lt;br&gt;
оценить то, что в жизни теряем,&lt;br&gt;
и сберечь, что осталось при нас.&lt;br&gt;

'''Ноябрь'''&lt;br&gt;
(тәрҗемәсе)&lt;br&gt;
Басылды эссе җәй хөрлеге,&lt;br&gt;
ямьләде җирне көз балкышы.&lt;br&gt;
Уйнаклый тәүге кар бөртеге –&lt;br&gt;
өр-яңа гүзәллек нәкыше.&lt;br&gt;
Үтсә дә һаваның чуагы,&lt;br&gt;
дикъкатьсез ямансу зарына –&lt;br&gt;
гамь өсти гел миләш куагы&lt;br&gt;
табигый буяулар кабына.&lt;br&gt;
Кыш алды игелек гөманы:&lt;br&gt;
күпертмә хыялый ялганны,&lt;br&gt;
хакла син тормышта узганны,&lt;br&gt;
кадерлә сакланып калганны.&lt;br&gt;

'''Посвящение к юбилею'''&lt;br&gt;
(авторы – Тамара Бравина, 2003)&lt;br&gt;
Обидели? Иди к Фагиму:&lt;br&gt;
Он яд прольёт на боль твоей души.&lt;br&gt;
Глядишь занозу из сердечка вынул,&lt;br&gt;
Проблему философски разложив.&lt;br&gt;
По-скорпионски ядовит и честен.&lt;br&gt;
Пройдёт сквозь многотемья бурелом.&lt;br&gt;
Слова и мысли – здесь всё на месте,&lt;br&gt;
И… тапочки под письменным столом.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ЭПИЛОГ''' ===
Йомгаклау сүзен минем «тәрҗемәи хәл»не үземнән дә яхшырак белүче фикер иясе булган Ольга Жигульскаяның югарыдагы сүзләреннән башлыйк: «...И в интернете вы ищите имя, где я уже немало напахал...» Чыннан да, китапның мөхәррире Илисә ханым хаклы: моңа кадәрге йөз битнең ни өчен язылганы турында аңлатма бирмичә булмый. Үзреклама өчен булмады бит инде бу хезмәт! Әйе, интернеттагы эшләрем 2011 елның августында, бөтенләй пенсиягә чыккач, чын-чынлап активлашып китте. Гәрчә аның төп өч юнәлеше күптән инде билгеләнгән булса да:

1) tt.forvo.com халыкара әйтелешләр һәм аудиосүзлекләр сайты аша татар телендәге гади һәм «канатлы» сүзләрнең, сүзтезмәләрнең, гыйбарәләрнең, халык авыз иҗаты үрнәкләренең, борынгы һәм хәзерге заман әдәби әсәрләре өземтәләренең аудиотупланмасын дөньякүләм дәрәҗәгә күтәрү.

2) Җир шарындагы милләт һәм дәүләт гимннарының мөмкин булганын татар теленә тәрҗемә кылу – газиз Ватаныбыз тулы бәйсезлеккә ирешеп, киләчәктә Рөстәм Яхинның галәм музыкасына бөтен татар аягүрә торып басып җырларлык чын гимн сүзләре иҗат ителсә иде дип.

3) урыс телендә язучы яһүд шагыйре Игорь Губерманның дөнья әдәбиятында тиңдәше булмаган шигърият жанры җәүһәрләрен («гарикларын»), аларның – әлбәттә, мөмкин булганын – татар теленә дә тәрҗемә итеп, милләттәшләребезгә туган телебез аша җиткерү; татарда Тукай мирасы булып калган һәм Гамил Афзал белән Әхмәт Исхак дәвам иткән тәнкыйди фикерләүне югалтмаска тырышу.

Тагын берничә халыкара тел белеме проектында да эшли башлаган идем гасыр башында ук (әйтик, tatoeba.org һәм rhinospike.com интернет сәхифәләрендә). Боларның беренчесендә киң кулланыла торган бер үк җөмләләр һәм өземтәләр дөньяның төрле телләрендә бирелә, икенчесендә теге яки бу халык әдәбиятыңдагы кыска, әмма популяр һәм җыйнак әсәрләрнең аудиоязмалары тәкъдим ителә. Ләкин бу сайтларда бер-ике кеше генә, күпме тырышса-тырмашса да, сизелерлек нәтиҗәгә ирешә алмый. Һәм өстәвенә татарларда үзебезне дәррәү кубып дөньякүләм биеклекләргә менгезергә дигән – юк, мөмкинлек түгел! – теләк тә булмавы бик тиз ачыкланды. Шуңа күрә бу проектлар хәзер «туңдырылган» хәлдә. Без хәтта аларның интерфейсын (эчке аңлатмалы язуларын) татар телендә булдыру зарурлыгына да администраторларны күндерә алмыйбыз. Ә wikipedia.org сайтлар тармагында исә эшләр татарның үз корткычлыгына кадәр үк барып җитте инде: Казаннан бер бәндә кисәге башкалар язганны бозып һәм махсус программалар ярдәмендә хәреф хаталары өстәп утыра!

Беренче ике юнәлеш турында гаять тәфсилле һәм кызыклы мәгълүматлар «Мәдәни җомга» газетасының 2022 елгы 16 һәм 30 сентябрь, 7 октябрь көннәрендә чыккан 36 нчы, 38 нче һәм 39 нчы саннарында (һәркайсының 14-15 битләрендә) бар. 2021-2022 елларда җыйнаграк язмалар шулай ук «Челнинские известия», «Ватаным Татарстан» һәм «Ирек мәйданы» газеталарында да басылды. Аларның авторлары – журналистлар Илисә Ганеева, Фәния Әхмәтҗанова, Зилә Нигъмәтҗанова.

Forvo.com сайты – санап үтелгән проектларның иң әһәмиятлесе һәм популяры. Иртәме-соңмы, бүгенге шайтанча ашкынып глобальләшү чорында үз телен саклап калырга һәм аны лаеклы урынга күтәрергә теләмәгән аз санлы халыкларны көчләп ассимиляцияләү дә башланырга мөмкин. Һәм инкыйразга илтүче ассимиляция телне югалту гына түгел ул. Югалган телне өлешчә кайтарып була әле. Ә менә чит-ятларның үзең өчен гел зарарлы булган гадәтләрен үзләштерү тагын да яманрак.

Җимергеч «сәясәт» күптән инде әзерләнеп килә, ә 2017 елдан башлап ул гасырлар буе дөньякүләм шайтани сынау полигоны булган Русиядә бар көченә тормышка ашырыла башлады. Соңрак бу «тәҗрибә»не бар дөньяга тарату өчен. Әйтик, урыс булмаган телләрдә белем бирү чынлыкта тыелды да инде. Шул сәбәпле империянең кайбер халыкларын бүген үк «сызып ташларга» да була. Үзебез иҗтиһат кылырга теләмәсәк, бу фаҗига без татарларны да читләтеп үтмәячәк. Һәм «булдырабызлар» кыл да кыймылдатмыйлар бүген, алга таба да берни эшләмәсләр, бөтен дөнья өчен әһәмияте булган татар телен саклап калыйк дип! «Спасение утопающих – дело рук самих утопающих!»

Forvo сайтының татар тупланмасында бүген миннән кала тагын бер генә кеше эшли. Казан пенсионеры Шамил Нәҗипев ул. Элегрәк Миләүшә исемле, һәрьяклы төпле белемле һәм дөньяның берничә телен белә торган татар җанлы яшь туташыбыз да булыша иде безгә. Төрек лицеенда урта белем алган ул гасыр башында (юкка гына бу мәктәпләрне шапылдатып ябып куймадылар бит инде Татарстанда!). Югары белгечлеге буенча юрист. Ләкин хәзер инде аңа – намусын югалтмыйча – бу һөнәр буенча лаеклы эш табу, бәлки, мөмкин дә түгелдер. Русиядә дә, Татарстанда да. Шуңа күрә ул «пандемия» оештырылган елда чит илгә күчеп китәргә мәҗбүр булды. Үзе кебек үк киң күңелле тормыш юлдашын табу да читен булгандыр аңа. Чит илдә 

ул инглиз, урыс, татар һәм төрек телләренә тәрҗемә итү белән таба үз ризыгын. Былтыр көз көне Казанга һәм Чаллыга кайтып, безнең белән күрешеп-сөйләшеп һәм... мәңгегә дип хушлашып киткән иде. Шуннан соң ул кияүгә чыкты. Иренең исеме-фамилиясе һәм кем икәне дә билгеле. Кайда яшәгәннәре дә сер түгел безнең өчен. Бәлки балалары да бардыр инде. Кайчан туган илебезгә әйләнеп кайтасыларын гына фаразлап булмый...

Сайтның төп офисы Испаниянең Басклар Илендә, Сан-Себастьян шәһәрендә урнашкан, дөньяның дистәләгән илендә аның үз серверлары эшли. Мәскәүдә һәм Петербургта да бар иде алар. Ләкин 2013-2014 елларда әлеге «башкалалар» һакерлары Forvo сайтына каршы көчле һөҗүмнәр оештырдылар. Кайвакыт сайтны атна буе төзәтеп утырдылар басклар һәм испаннар. Әйтик, корткычлар 2014 ел башында татар тупланмасының 100 меңләп сүзен – башлыча топонимиканы һәм тезмә-кушма фигыльләрне – сөртеп ташладылар. Югалган тел берәмлекләренең бер өлешен торгызырга... сайтның алман милләтеннән булган кулланучылары ярдәм итте безгә! Канаданың көнбатышында яшәүче алман кешесе Вольфганг Һофмайерга аеруча рәхмәтлемен. Ул хәзер сайт эшендә катнашмый инде. Исән-сау булса, хәзер аңа 82 яшь булырга тиеш. Гомумән, без күп кенә илләр кешеләре белән тыгыз элемтәдә тора идек ул вакытта. Алманнардан кала, вьетнамлылар, инглиз телле британиялеләр, японнар, кореялылар, Төркиядә яшәүче татарлар белән хат язышып тордык сайт почтасы аша. Әмма «пандемия» чит ил дусларыбызның күбесен төшенкелеккә батырды, күбесе эшне ташлады инде, аралар да өзелде...

Ә бу сайттагы беренче татар сүзләрен 2008 елда ук Чаллы педагогия институтының бер мөгаллиме яздыра башлаган, аның тәхәллүсе – pippin2k. Кем булуын чамалыйм, 1990 нчы елларда Татар иҗтимагый үзәгендә бик актив кеше иде ул. Ләкин, кызганычка каршы, исем-фамилиясен искә төшерә алмыйм инде – онытылган. Соңрак, 2011 ел башында, аңа Шамил Зарипов килеп кушылган. 2011 елның 23 апрелендә, мин Forvo’да эшли башлаган көнне, безнең тупланмада 800дән артыграк сүз бар иде. Май аенда ук админнар миңа сайт интерфейсын татар теленә дә күчерергә тәкъдим иттеләр. Бөтен эчке аңлатмаларны алман һәм инглиз телләреннән тәрҗемә итеп урнаштырдым.

Сайт җитәкчеләре белән хәзер дә бик уңай мөнәсәбәттә торабыз. Баштарак, 2011-2012 елларда, сайттагы «татар һөҗүме» бик күпләрне аптырашта калдырган иде. Ләкин без берничә кат язган «дипломатия хатлары»ннан һәм Швециянең Мальмё университеты журналында урнаштырылган интервьюыбыздан соң (авторы – алман журналисты Михаэль Шетцляйн) безгә карашлар тамырдан үзгәрде, дисәң дә була. 2014 елда Кырым яңадан Русия карамагына кергәч, европалылар бөтенләй шок халәтендә булдылар. Бу вакыйга сайттагы вазгыятьне дә нык үзгәртте. Админнар рейтинг лидерларына карата өстәмә хәвефсезлек чаралары булдырдылар. Бу яңалык, әлбәттә, безнең эшне бераз әкренәйтте.

Унөч елга якын эшли-эшли, бердәнбер «гонорар» алдым. 2015 елда без сайтта «күләм рейтингы» буенча беренче урынга чыктык. Шуннан соң Лондонда яшәүче бер ханым, өй адресымны сайт почтасы аша соратып алып, миңа FORVO дип язылган фирма майкасын бүләк итеп җибәрде. Хәзер дә киеп йөрим аны: төсе бераз уңган булса да, тетелеп бетмәгән әле.

Без сайт эшенә илнең башка халыклары кешеләрен дә җәлеп итәргә тырышып карадык: мәсәлән, башкортларны, чуашларны, удмуртларны, мариларны, тывалыларны. Башкортлардан шундый җавап килде: «Беҙ быны кәрәк тип тапмайбыҙ, кәрәк тип тапһаҡ, ике атнала ике йөҙ мең һүҙ кертеп ултыртабыҙ!» Унбер ел вакыт үтте, башкорт тупланмасына 200 яңа сүз дә өстәлмәде әле. Калган 15 мең башкорт сүзен мин фәкыйрегез («Буа башкорты»!) үзе яздырды. Чуашлардан һәм удмуртлардан бөтенләй җавап килмәде. Тывалы бер туташ белән тыва тупланмасында матур гына эшләп киткән идек тә, аңа бу гамәлне, кияүгә чыккач, ир җәмәгате тыйды. Тывада патриархат дигәнең бик куәтле икән. Ә менә «көнчыгыш мари» диалектында сөйләшүче Елена ханым белән без ике елдан артык гөрләтеп эшләдек. Мин мари сүзләрен һәм өземтәләрен өстәп торам, мәскәүле Елена аларның әйтелешен яздыра. Нәтиҗәдә хәзер мари тупланмасында 60 меңләп тел берәмлеге бар! Эшне дәвам итүче генә юк...

Ниһаять, 2023 елның 30 августында, Шамил белән икәү башкарган җәйге «аврал»дан соң, без сайтта БЕР МИЛЛИОНЫНЧЫ татар тел берәмлеген яздырдык. Муса Җәлилнең «Җырларым» шигыре юллары иде ул: «Сездә минем бөтен тойгыларым, сездә минем керсез яшьләрем». Кертемне азәрбайҗанлы Бәхтияр Ваһабзадәнең Муса Җәлилгә багышланган «Очыгыз, тулпарларым!» шигыреннән (тәрҗемәсе Ренат Харисныкы) ике өземтә белән «уратып алдык».

«Ни өчен татар теле татарның үзенә һәм бөтен дөньяга да кирәк соң?» – дигән сорау да туарга мөмкин. Җавап шундый: безнең телебез, беренчедән, төрки телләрнең кыл уртасында сакланып калган һәм шуңа күрә төрки дөньяда аралашу теле булып китәргә сәләтле. Аны бары тик XX гасырда «бөек телләр»дән алынган сүзләрдән өлешчә арындыру гына мәслихәттер. Икенчедән, борынгы гасырларда Ислам дине Идел-Урал төбәгендә һәм Себердә төрки телләрне саклаучы һәм үстерүче ролен дә үтәгән булса, бүген нәкъ киресенчә: бу телләр һәм бигрәк тә татар теле бетсә, бүгенге Русия мәмләкәтендә Ислам диненә дә зур куркыныч янаячак. Соңгы биш гасыр хәтере безгә шулай ди. Өченчедән, татар теле һәм татар иҗтиһады аша урталык җирләренең һәм бөтен Евразиянең дә чынбарлыктагы тарихын торгызу җиңелрәк. Әйтик, олы кыйтга топонимикасының яртысы әле бүген дә тугандаш төрки телләрдә бит. Һәм бүген рәсми дип саналган тарих «бөек телләр»дә иҗат ителгән чеп-чи ялган тозагында. Ә ялганга корылган «цивилизация»нең бернинди перспективасы юк. Һәм илебезнең лаеклы киләчәге дә татарның актив катнашыннан гайре барлыкка килә алмый. Чирек гасырдан соң ук инде бүгенге рәсми «сәясәт» нәтиҗәләренең кешелек тәнендә яман шеш булып китүе ихтимал...

«Ни өчен бу сүзләрне атказанган сәясәт, әдәбият һәм мәдәният әһелләре түгел, ә махсус югары белеме һәм университетта алынган катыргы кәгазе дә булмаган бер бәндә яза соң?» – дип сорарсызмы? Чөнки бөекләребезне җанның-тәннең бөтен күзәнәкләрен дә йомарлап тотучы коткы һәм төшенкелек баскан, алар бүген шайтани көчләр коллыгында! Бу уңайдан Игорь Губерманнан төпле «җавап»:

'''''У писателей ушки в мерлушке'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''и остатки еды на бровях,&lt;br&gt;'''''
'''''возле дуба им строят кормушки,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''чтоб не вздумали рыться в корнях.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Әдипләрнең колаклары илтер,&lt;br&gt;
кашларында – азык калдыгы,&lt;br&gt;
тамырларда казынмасын диптер,&lt;br&gt;
имән төпләрендә утлыгы.&lt;br&gt;

Көлке түгел бу хәл – без кичергән фаҗига ул! Ошыймы-юкмы – икенче мәсьәлә. Һәм тагын бер актуаль фикер: милли инкыйраз теге яки бу милли-иҗтимагый күренеш турында «Нәрсәгә кирәк соң бу?» дигән сораудан башлана. Ә бу сорау бүген инде ялкаулыктан интегүчеләребезне нык «борчый»...

«Гариклар» турында. Сиксән җиде яшьлек урыс-яһүд шагыйренә гашыйк булдым, дисәм, дөрес булмас иде. Миңа аның үз кавемендә утыз гасырлык «кыйммәтләр» һәм максатлар өчен гап-гади көрәшче генә булуы сер түгел. Шул исәптән, ачыктан-ачык ялган-фальсификация ярдәмендә дә. Әйтик, аның адым саен кабатлана торган «татаро-монгольское иго» сафсатасы тарихи наданлыктан килеп чыкмаган бит. Белә ашкеназ Игорь Мирон улы дөнья тарихын – энәсеннән җебенә кадәр! Ләкин шул ук вакытта аның «гариклары» кебек камил һәм замананың нәкъ өстенә баса торган дүртьюллыклар язучы шагыйрьләр әле дөньяга тумаган. Татарда да юк хәзер аның тиңдәшләре. Без бу объектив гаделлекне танырга тиешбез: булдыра алмыйсың икән – тырыша-тырыша өйрән. Шул җөмләдән меңьеллык рухият көндәшләреңнән дә. Фоат Уразай боларны «дөнья тотучылар» дип атый, ә Андрей Девятов (Пётр Кваськов) – «планлаштыручылар» дип. Ә без кем бүген?

Безнең бу дөньяда бик мөһим бер үзенчәлегебез һәм аермабыз бар: «шайтан сайлаган» милләт булып китәргә хакыбыз да, хәтта мөмкинлегебез дә юк. Теләгебез дә булмаса иде! Мәрхүм Рашат ага Сафин («Татар юлы», «Татар миссиясе», «Татар инануы» һәм башка китаплар авторы) һәм замандашыбыз Фоат Уразай бу хакыйкатьне дистәләрчә мәртәбә исбат иттеләр инде үз әсәрләрендә.&lt;br&gt;
*  *  *&lt;br&gt;
Тупасрак булган булсам, кичерегез, җәмәгать. Минем дә түземлегем чиксез түгел ич – газиз халкымның куркаклыгын, мәнсезлеген һәм матдичелек сазлыгына үз теләге белән кереп батканын күзәтеп торырга. Бүгенгегез имин, киләчәгегез бәхетле булсын! Һәм шуның өчен тормышның бөтен даирәләрендә дә җиң сызганып эшкә керешергә ниятегез, теләгегез, ихтыяр көчегез һәм тырышлыгыгыз барлыкка килсен. Язмышының гел үзенә генә йөкләнгән өлешен үз кулына алырга теләмәгән халык беркайчан да хөр, азат һәм бәйсез булып китмәячәк. Һәм фани дөньяда бары тик намазлыкта утырып кына бакыйлык өчен дә җәннәт әһеле булуга ирешә алмыйсың...&lt;br&gt;

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      <comment>/* AMÍG CSAK EGY MAGYAR ÉL (Маҗарлар исән чакта) */</comment>
      <origin>7304377</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="555273" sha1="6ma3ghrwbav202kcaqmetqt2sl75w53" xml:space="preserve">== '''ГИМННАР ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘРЕ''' ==
СЫЛТАМА:&lt;br&gt;
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гимннар_тәрҗемәләре

== '''ИГОРЬ ГУБЕРМАН “ГАРИКЛАРЫ”''' ==
СЫЛТАМА:&lt;br&gt;
https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wq/tt/Игорь_Губерман

== '''ГӨЛНӘФИДӘ''' ==
СЫЛТАМА:&lt;br&gt;
https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wq/tt/Гөлнәфидә_Лопанова

== '''КАРПАТ-ДУНАЙ МОҢНАРЫ – УРАЛ-ИДЕЛ ШАҢДАВЫ''' ==

'''''Бу сәхифәнең башлангыч өлешенә Маҗарстанның “Карпатия” исемле вокаль-инструменталь ансамбле репертуарыннан һәм башка маҗар чыганакларыннан алынган җыр-шигырь тәрҗемәләре керде. Башка телләрдән тәрҗемәләр һәм авторның үз язмалары – сәхифә азагында.''''' 

Маҗарлар – тарихи яктан татарларга тугандаш халык: аларның борынгы бабалары Көнбатыш Себердән Дунай елгасы буйларына таба бер мең елга  сузылган “Ватан эзләү сәяхәте” вакытында  бүгенге Татарстан һәм Башкортстан җирләре аша да үткәннәр. Маҗар эзләрен тарихчылар, әйтик, Минзәлә һәм Актаныш якларында тапканнар.

Соңрак маҗарлар төрки телле  башка халыклар белән дә аралашканнар. Галимнәр сүзе буенча, бүгенге маҗар телендә дә 800 ләп төрки-кыпчак алынмасы булуы менә шул борынгы тарихи мөнәсәбәтләр белән аңлатыла. Шул сәбәпле бу шигъри тупланманың  сәхифәдә беренче өлеш һәм аерым бер бүлек рәвешендә кертелүе дә урынсыз булмастыр: телләребез үзгә булса да – фонетик һәм грамматик аваздашлар, милли исем-атамаларыбыз да – рифмадаш. Борынгы һәм бүгенге Урал-Идел топонимнарының “җисми һәм тарихи игезәкләрен” Карпат-Дунай  буйларында да, димәк, биредәге тәрҗемәләрдә дә эзләп табып була.  Байракларыбызда да –  бер үк кызыл-ак-яшел төсләр.

Татарча текстлар маҗар телендәге шигырьләрнең үлчәмнәренә тәңгәл китереп тәрҗемә ителде.

=== '''ISTEN UJJA MEGÉRINTETT (Ходай кулы тиде безгә)''' ===
Volt valamikor egy régi világ&lt;br&gt;
Akkor élt apám, dédapám, nagyapám&lt;br&gt;
Tették a dolgukat, nem kérdeztek semmit&lt;br&gt;
Tudták az életet, jó volt magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;

Jött valamikor egy másik világ&lt;br&gt;
Jött a zöld szemű Rózsa, s jött a Kormorán.&lt;br&gt;
Lett egy nagy család, lesz mit elmesélni&lt;br&gt;
Volt valahol egy hely, hol jó volt magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;

Van nekünk egy zászlónk, mit nem téphetnek szét&lt;br&gt;
A színek maradnak, akármilyen a szél&lt;br&gt;
Álmaimban álmodtam, jó lenne szeretni&lt;br&gt;
Legyen olyan hely, hol jó magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;

Legyen végre egy ország, hol a szavakat kimondhatják!&lt;br&gt;
Legyen végre egy nép, mely elmondhatja kínját!&lt;br&gt;
Legyen végre sok ember, kik tudják, hol a mennyország!&lt;br&gt;
Az lesz az a hely, mit úgy hívnak Magyarország!&lt;br&gt;

A csillagok messze a Föld szívébe látnak&lt;br&gt;
Kik hosszú úton vándoroltak, itt hazát találtak&lt;br&gt;
Ha elvették, mi Tiéd volt, vissza kell azt venni!&lt;br&gt;
Isten ujja megérintett: jó lesz magyarnak lenni!&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na, na-na-na-na-na…&lt;br&gt;

'''ХОДАЙ КУЛЫ ТИДЕ БЕЗГӘ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Ходай кулы тиде безгә...''' Насара Инҗилендә шундый бер җөмлә бар (Иов 19:21):
'''”Гафу итегез, гафу итегез мине, дусларым, Ходай кулы миңа кагылды”'''. Бу җырның исеме шуннан алынган.&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/kormoran-isten-ujja-megerintett-378ec3a2d9f62a97c26f38b468250cab

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/kormoran-isten-ujja-megerintett-2-0259becade0deb757f60be998f8cef51

Беләм элек шундый дөнья булган-барын:&lt;br&gt;
Аңарда яшәгән ата-бабаларым&lt;br&gt;
Эшләгән үз эшен, сорамый ялварып,&lt;br&gt;
Тормышны белгәннәр, күркәм дип маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;

Кайчандыр башка бер дөнья пәйда булган,&lt;br&gt;
Яшел күз гөлчәчәк*, очар кош Корморан**.&lt;br&gt;
Зур гаилә туган, сөйләп тә мактарлык,&lt;br&gt;
Булган күркәмлектә анда да маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;

Ту-байрагыбызны ертып-өзеп булмас,&lt;br&gt;
Нинди җил иссә дә, төсләре һич уңмас.&lt;br&gt;
Төштә күргән хыял – яратып уйларлык:&lt;br&gt;
Булса иде күркәм илемдә маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;

Киләчәктә булсын бер ил – сүзең әйтеп булган бер!&lt;br&gt;
Киләчәктә булсын халык – зарын сөйли алган бер!&lt;br&gt;
Киләчәк оҗмах дип илне телгә алсын!&lt;br&gt;
Булсын шундый урын – Маҗарстан аталсын!&lt;br&gt;

Йолдыз күрә ул ерактан, Җир күңеленә баккан.&lt;br&gt;
Озак сәфәр кылган бабам үз җирен-илен тапкан.&lt;br&gt;
Элек тартып алынганны куй син кире кайтарып!&lt;br&gt;
Ходай кулы тиде безгә: күркәм Җирдә маҗарлык!&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на, на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

* Яшел күзле гөлчәчәк сорты Нидерландта барлыкка килгән. Бик нәзберекле гөл, карап-күзәтеп үстерергә кирәк, диләр.&lt;br&gt;

** Корморан – бакланнар гаиләсендәге бер кош. Бу җырны беренче булып башкарган маҗар ансамбленең исеме дә ул. Әлеге кош шулай ук Нидерландтагы бер автомобильләр җитештерүче фирманың рәсми символы булып тора.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''PIROS SZÍV, FEHÉR HÓ, ZÖLD LEVÉL (КЫЗЫЛ ҖАН, АК КАРЛАР, ЯШЕЛ УТ)''' ===
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;
Piros hajnal, fehér álom, zöld remény.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új remény, hogy visszatér még a fény.&lt;br&gt;
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél&lt;br&gt;

Nagyszőlős, Beregszász, Ilosva,&lt;br&gt;
Munkácsnak megcsúfolt várfoka...&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új határ, és a szép turulmadár&lt;br&gt;
Vissza száll, újra száll, haza száll.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új határ, és a szép turulmadár&lt;br&gt;
Vissza száll, újra száll, haza száll.&lt;br&gt;

Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;
Piros hajnal, fehér álom, zöld remény.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új remény, hogy visszatér még a fény&lt;br&gt;
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;

Esküvők, katonák, ünnepek,&lt;br&gt;
Ősi föld, sok vidám kisgyerek.&lt;br&gt;
Kárpátalján szól a dal, jaj lesz e még elég magyar,&lt;br&gt;
Száll a dal, zeng a dal, hív a dal.&lt;br&gt;
Kárpátalján szól a dal, jaj lesz e még elég magyar,&lt;br&gt;
Száll a dal, zeng a dal, hív a dal.&lt;br&gt;

Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;
Piros hajnal, fehér álom, zöld remény.&lt;br&gt;
Új tavasz jön, s új remény, hogy visszatér még a fény.&lt;br&gt;
Piros szív, fehér hó, zöld levél.&lt;br&gt;

Hogy ha kell, megesküszöm, ott leszek.&lt;br&gt;
Hogy ha kell, еsküszöm, elmegyek.&lt;br&gt;
Nyílik majd még sok virág, s az árnyas Ungvári fák&lt;br&gt;
Nе sárgulj, maradj zöld, fűzfaág!&lt;br&gt;
Nyílik majd még sok virág, s az árnyas Ungvári fák&lt;br&gt;
Ne sárgulj, maradj zöld, fűzfaág!&lt;br&gt;

https://rutube.ru/video/2dd960e0db64bb48ceea178c8b2c98f3/

https://get-tune.net/song/256810-k-rp-tia/195545703-piros-sz-v-feh-r-h-z-ld-lev-l/

'''КЫЗЫЛ ҖАН, АК КАРЛАР, ЯШЕЛ УТ'''&lt;br&gt;

Кызыл җан, ак карлар, яшел ут:&lt;br&gt;
Таң, хыял, өметтә – төс шул ук. &lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз һәм өмет безне алга дәшер:&lt;br&gt;
Җан – кызыл, карлар – ак, ут – яшел*.&lt;br&gt;

Надьсөлөш, Бәрәгсас, Илошва…&lt;br&gt;
Мункачның** кирмәне – хурлыкта...&lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз, яңа чик – әй, гүзәлем, кош Турул***,&lt;br&gt;
Кайт туган җиреңә, илдә бул.&lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз, яңа чик – әй, гүзәлем, кош Турул,&lt;br&gt;
Кайт туган җиреңә, илдә бул.&lt;br&gt;

Кызыл җан, ак карлар, яшел ут:&lt;br&gt;
Таң, хыял, өметтә – төс шул ук. &lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз һәм өмет безне алга дәшер:&lt;br&gt;
Җан – кызыл, карлар – ак, ут – яшел.&lt;br&gt;

Бәйрәмнәр, яучылар һәм туйлар,&lt;br&gt;
Тәүге җир, күңелле балалар.&lt;br&gt;
Җыр яңгырый Карпатта, өн сала ул маҗарга,&lt;br&gt;
Җыр оча, җыр өнди ул алга.&lt;br&gt;
Җыр яңгырый Карпатта, өн сала ул маҗарга,&lt;br&gt;
Җыр оча, җыр өнди ул алга.&lt;br&gt;

Кызыл җан, ак карлар, яшел ут:&lt;br&gt;
Таң, хыял, өметтә – төс шул ук. &lt;br&gt;
Яңа яз һәм өмет безне алга дәшер:&lt;br&gt;
Җан – кызыл, карлар – ак, ут – яшел.&lt;br&gt;

Ант итәм: мин анда булырмын.&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәм: кирәксә, барырмын.&lt;br&gt;
Саргаймый чәчәкләр, агач-тал – Уңварда****,&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл, ак, яшел төс – аларда!&lt;br&gt;
Саргаймый чәчәкләр, агач-тал – Уңварда,&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл, ак, яшел төс – аларда!&lt;br&gt;

* Кызыл, ак, яшел – Маҗарстан байрагы төсләре. Яшел ут – биредә “ яшел үлән” мәгънәсендә.

** Надьсөлөш, Бәрәгсас, Илошва, Мункач – Карпат арты өлкәсендәге шәһәрчекләрнең маҗарча исемнәре. 1944 елга кадәр алар Маҗарстан карамагында булганнар. Икенче бөтендөнья сугышыннан соң Карпат артын ашыга-ашыга украинлаштыру башланган. Бу урыннарның бүгенге славянча исемнәре – Виноградов, Берегово, Иршава, Мукачево.

*** Турул – маҗарларның милли-риваяти кошы.

**** Уңвар – Карпат арты өлкәсе үзәге Ужгород шәһәренең маҗарча исеме.

=== '''CIVITAS FORTISSIMA (Иң кыю шәһәр)''' ===
'''''Recitativ:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Tudjátok meg emberek, hogy jövőtök felől ti magatok, nem pedig mások döntenek.&lt;br&gt;
S hogy volt egy város, ki kezébe vette sorsát.&lt;br&gt;
Fegyverek ordító hangján szólt az igazság,&lt;br&gt;
Nem hajtott fejet a nagyhatalmak előtt,&lt;br&gt;
saját földjéért vitézül küzdött.&lt;br&gt;
Hogy mi lehetett volna, ha követőkre talál és minden város bátran sarkára áll.&lt;br&gt;
Hát csak szolgáljon példaként, hirdessük tettüket, hegyeket mozdít el a hazaszeretet.&lt;br&gt;
Letűnt idők, beszédes tanúja Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;

Volt egy szép ország, ahogy apáink álmodták,&lt;br&gt;
De most idegen csizmák súlyos léptei földünk tapossák,&lt;br&gt;
De most idegen csizmák súlyos léptei földünk tapossák.&lt;br&gt;

A halál amerre kaszál, fogy a nép szűkül a határ.&lt;br&gt;
És a reggeli napfény más országok karmai közt talál.&lt;br&gt;
És a reggeli napfény más országok karmai közt talál.&lt;br&gt;

Megtör vagy ellenáll, csak biztató jelre vár,&lt;br&gt;
S az Ipoly partján egy város népe bátran harcba száll,&lt;br&gt;
S az Ipoly partján egy város népe bátran harcba száll.&lt;br&gt;

Szemükben elszántság, céljuk a szabadság&lt;br&gt;
és a padlásokról előkerülnek az elrejtett puskák,&lt;br&gt;
és a padlásokról előkerülnek az elrejtett puskák.&lt;br&gt; 

Civil, vasutas, katona maroknyi lelkes hada.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;
Bátran küzdött, s vérrel írta Civitas Fortissima.&lt;br&gt;

'''ИҢ КЫЮ ШӘҺӘР'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-civitas-fortissima-b6f21071b8923e01b015edab86d35bc2

https://zvyki.com/song/174903949/Karpatia_-_Civitas_fortissima/

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Әй кешеләр, киләчәкне хәл итәсез үзегез,&lt;br&gt;
Читтән килеп булышмаслар, дуслар, шуны белегез.&lt;br&gt;
Шәһәр булган, үз язмышын алган ул үз кулына.&lt;br&gt;
Хакыйкать әйткән үз сүзен, кушылып туп тавышына.&lt;br&gt;
“Бөекләр” алдында халкы имәгән газиз башын,&lt;br&gt;
Тәвәккәл булып яклаган үз җирен, үз дөньясын.&lt;br&gt;
Ни булыр иде, ил буйлап тарафдарлар ул тапса,&lt;br&gt;
Бөтен шәһәрләр дә бергә шулай аякка басса?&lt;br&gt;
Ватанга мәхәббәт таулар күчерә – хак сүз сиңа:&lt;br&gt;
Узган заманнардан шаһит – Civitas Fortissima!&lt;br&gt;

1. Гүзәл иде бу ил элек, ата-баба хыялы,&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Ләкин хәзер, авыр атлап, чит-ятлар таптый аны. ''':||'''&lt;br&gt;

2. Үлем туе: халык кырыла һәм кискәләнә Ватан,&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Башка илләр тырнагында туа аңарда ал таң. ''':||'''

3. Каршы торма, ди хакимнәр, туган җиреңне ташла.&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Ипой ярында бер шәһәр халкы аякка баса. ''':||'''

4. Һәм күзләре яна уттай – азат тормыш хакына,&lt;br&gt;
'''||:''' Чардакта яткан мылтыгын ала һәркем кулына. ''':||'''

5. Тимер юлчы, эшче, солдат – бер бөртек гаскәр.&lt;br&gt;
'''||||:''' Канга манып язды куллар – “Иң кыю шәһәр”. ''':||||''' 

''Бу җыр Маҗарстанның '''Балашадьярмат''' шәһәре тарихына багышлап язылган. 1919 елда, Австрия-Венгрия империясен таркатып бетерү йөзеннән, Антанта гаскәрләре элек маҗарлар күчеп килеп яшәгән җирләрне яңадан төзелә яки торгызыла торган дәүләтләргә өләшә башлыйлар. “Бөекләр” әмере буенча Балашадьярмат шәһәре Чехословакия карамагына керергә тиеш була. Моның төп сәбәбе: Көнчыгышка, Украинага һәм Антантага каршы сугышкан Советлар Русиясенә таба тимер юл шул шәһәр аша үтә.''

''Ләкин әлеге елның 29 гыйнварында Ипой (Ипел) елгасы буенда урнашкан шәһәр кешеләре, Маҗарстанда бердәнбер булган килеш, баскыннарга каршы баш күтәрә. Маҗарстанның дәүләт гаскәрләреннән бу төбәктә туып үскән 95 солдат та килеп кушыла. Каршы як гаскәре тар-мар ителә. Антанта бүтән бу шәһәргә кул сузмый, ул бүген дә Маҗарстан дәүләте карамагында. Шушы батырлык өчен шәһәргә “Civitas Fortissima” дигән өстәмә атама бирелгән. Латин сүзләрен “Иң кыю өммәт” дип тә тәрҗемә итеп була.''

''Бүген 14 меңләп  кеше яшәгән Балашадьярматта бу тарихи вакыйгага багышланган һәйкәл бар.''   

=== '''IGAZÁN SZERETNI (Ихластан ярату)''' ===
'''''Recitativ:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Amit erő és hatalom elvesz, azt idő és kedvező szerencse ismét visszahozhatják. De miről a nemzet, félve a szenvedésektől, önmaga lemondott, annak visszaszerzése mindig nehéz, s mindig kétsége. 

Mert aki hazáját igazán szereti,&lt;br&gt;
Oltárán gyönyörű életét szenteli.&lt;br&gt;
Piros-fehér-zöld lesz áldott szemfedője,&lt;br&gt;
De Isten úgy segítsen, száz lép majd helyébe.&lt;br&gt;

Akinek fáj Erdély rabláncon tartása,&lt;br&gt;
S eljut a szívéig súlyos sóhajtása.&lt;br&gt;
Meghallja konduló harang hívó szavát,&lt;br&gt;
Nem hagyja magára szegény Kárpátalját.&lt;br&gt;

Kinyújtja segítő két kezét népének,&lt;br&gt;
Ezer sebből vérző Tátra-Felvidéknek.&lt;br&gt;
És ha harci sípját a nyugati szél fújja,&lt;br&gt;
Őr vidék keresztjét erős vállán hordja.&lt;br&gt;

Látja szolga sorba hajtott magyarságát,&lt;br&gt;
Eke szarván síró Bánságot és Bácskát.&lt;br&gt;
Ráncot szánt az idő ifjú homlokára,&lt;br&gt;
De szemében csillog a szabadságnak lángja.&lt;br&gt;

Mert aki hazáját igazán szereti,&lt;br&gt;
Oltárán gyönyörű életét szenteli.&lt;br&gt;
Piros-fehér-zöld lesz áldott szemfedője,&lt;br&gt;
De Isten úgy segítsen, én lépek helyébe. &lt;br&gt;

'''ИХЛАСТАН ЯРАТУ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-igazan-szeretni-747c20ace0ccfe57c0ca289df2cbcdba

&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/154544161/K_rp_tia_-_Igaz_n_szeretni/&lt;br&gt;

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Көч-куәт белән тартып алынганны заман һәм уңыш кайтарырга мөмкин. Әмма милләтнең, газаплардан шүрләп, үзе баш тарткан байлыгын кайтаруы һәрчак кыен һәм икеле. 

Яратса бер кеше ихластан Ватанын,&lt;br&gt;
Багышлар тормышын аның хозурында.&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл-ак-яшел төс кәфенендә аның,&lt;br&gt;
Йөз басар ур(ы)нына, ярдәм бирсен Хода.&lt;br&gt;

Җан сыкрана, күреп Әрдей богауларын,&lt;br&gt;
Тоеп илнең ыңгырашу-иңрәүләрен;&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә, иш(е)теп кыңгырау чаңнарын,&lt;br&gt;
Калдырмас бәладә Карпатия җирләрен.&lt;br&gt;

Сузар ярдәм кулын Ходай үз халкына,&lt;br&gt;
Канга баткан Татра һәм Тау өлкәсенә.&lt;br&gt;
Өрсә мәгъриб җиле яу сыбызгысына,&lt;br&gt;
Чик ташларын батыр салыр җилкәсенә.&lt;br&gt;

Газиз халкы дучар коллык сөргененә,&lt;br&gt;
Сабан тоткан Банат һәм Бачка сагышлы;&lt;br&gt;
Җыерчыклар салса да вакыт йөзенә,&lt;br&gt;
Азатлыкка сүнмәс күзләр омтылышлы.&lt;br&gt;

Яратса бер кеше ихластан Ватанын,&lt;br&gt;
Багышлар тормышын аның хозурында.&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл-ак-яшел төс кәфенендә аның,&lt;br&gt;
Мин басам ур(ы)нына, ярдәм бирсен Хода.&lt;br&gt;

'''''Кызыл-ак-яшел''''' ''– Маҗарстан байрагы төсләре.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Әрдей''''' ''(Erdély, Трансильвания) – 1920 елда Румыниягә кереп калган саф маҗар телле төбәк; биредә яшәүче сейкәй кавеменең ата-бабалары – көнчыгыштан Карпат таулары артына IX гасырда ук килеп урнашкан беренче маҗар токымы.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Карпатия''''' ''– Украинаның үзәге Уңвар (Ужгород) булган маҗар телле Карпат арты төбәге һәм Молдованың чаңгош маҗарлары яшәгән җирләр.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Татра''''' ''һәм '''Тау өлкәсе''' – бүгенге Словакиядә маҗарларның словаклар белән аралашып яшәгән җирләре.''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Банат''''' ''һәм '''Бачка''' – Дунай һәм Тиса елгалары арасындагы, элек, Австрия-Венгрия мәмләкәте таркалганчы, Маҗар кыйраллыгы составына кергән маҗар телле төбәкләр. Бүген алар Сербия һәм Румыния карамагында.''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''MAGYAR ÉNEK (Маҗар җыры)''' ===
Mint egykor Erdély meghajszolt határán&lt;br&gt;
A fölriasztott utolsó bölény.&lt;br&gt;
Úgy állsz most népem, oly riadtan, árván,&lt;br&gt;
Búd vadonának reszkető ölén. &lt;br&gt;

És én, mint véred lüktető zenéje,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy most lázas ajkadon liheg.&lt;br&gt;
A hang vagyok, mely belesír az éjbe&lt;br&gt;
és sorsod gyászát így zendíti meg: &lt;br&gt;

A mindenségbe annyi jaj kiáltson,&lt;br&gt;
Ahány magyar rög innen elszakad.&lt;br&gt;
A tíz körmömmel kelljen bár kiásnom,&lt;br&gt;
Kikaparom a földből a holtakat. &lt;br&gt;

Meredjen égnek, körül a határon&lt;br&gt;
Irtó karjuknak végtelen sora.&lt;br&gt;
S az égboltján fönt lángbetűkkel álljon&lt;br&gt;
Egy égő, elszánt, zordon szó: soha &lt;br&gt;

Uram, tudd meg, hogy nem akarok élni&lt;br&gt;
Csak magyar földön és csak magyarul.&lt;br&gt;
Ha bűn, hogy lelket nem tudok cserélni,&lt;br&gt;
Jobb is, ha szárnyam mármost porba hull.&lt;br&gt;

De ezt a lelket itt hagyom örökbe,&lt;br&gt;
S ez ott vijjog majd Kárpát havasán.&lt;br&gt;
És belesírom minden ősi rögbe,&lt;br&gt;
El innen rablók, ez az én hazám.&lt;br&gt;

És leszek szégyen és legyek gyalázat,&lt;br&gt;
és ott égek majd minden homlokon.&lt;br&gt;
S mint bujdosó gyász az én szép hazámat&lt;br&gt;
A Jóistentől visszazokogom.&lt;br&gt;

És megfúvom majd hitem harsonáit,&lt;br&gt;
Bölcsővé lesz még minden ravatal.&lt;br&gt;
Havas Kárpáttól kéklő Adriáig&lt;br&gt;
Egy ország lesz itt, egyetlen, s magyar.&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАР ҖЫРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-magyar-enek-58e77008c056989798d2abc02e3b6e9f

&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/search/q/magyar+ének/

Әрдейләрдә эзәрлекләнгән берчак,&lt;br&gt;
Бүген, соңгы үгез күк калтырап,&lt;br&gt;
Өркетелгән халкым тора ялгызак,&lt;br&gt;
Буда карурманында аптырап.&lt;br&gt;

Иреннәреңдә кызышып саташкан&lt;br&gt;
Канның дөп-дөп типкән көе кебек,&lt;br&gt;
Язмышыңның фаҗигасен тараткан&lt;br&gt;
Сөрән салып дәшәм, сиңа килеп.&lt;br&gt;

Таудан купкан кантарлар өне белән&lt;br&gt;
Галәмгә ачы тавышым иңсен.&lt;br&gt;
Ун бармагым тырмашсын, кабат гүрдән&lt;br&gt;
Яугир шәһитләр, дип, илгә килсен.&lt;br&gt;

Тәмугка ашсын, канлы кулын уып,&lt;br&gt;
Чик буенда посышкан бар дошман.&lt;br&gt;
Күк йөзендә утлы хәрефләр булып&lt;br&gt;
Язылсын катгый бер сүз: “Һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Йа Ходай, кирәк түгел миңа яшәү&lt;br&gt;
Туган җиргә, телгә чит тарафта.&lt;br&gt;
Гөнаһ булса җан алмаштыра белмәү,&lt;br&gt;
Юкка чыксын бу хыял-канат та.&lt;br&gt;

Калдырырмын мин җанымны мираска,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгырасын Карпат-тау иңендә,&lt;br&gt;
Инәлүем язылыр һәрбер ташка:&lt;br&gt;
“Юкка чыксын талаучы Илемдә!”&lt;br&gt;

Оят булып йөзенә ягылырмын,&lt;br&gt;
Сатса берәр бәндә үз намусын.&lt;br&gt;
Бер Ходайдан мин ялварып алырмын&lt;br&gt;
Ватан дигән бу йөрәк сагышын.&lt;br&gt;

Сулыш өрәм инану торбасына:&lt;br&gt;
Бишек ясарбыз әле табуттан.&lt;br&gt;
Чал Карпаттан күк Әдрән дәрьясына&lt;br&gt;
Кабат җәелер ул – уртак Ватан.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''MAGYARNAK SZÜLETTEM! (Маҗар булып яшим!)''' ===
Nem hajlok semmi szélnek,&lt;br&gt;
Pusztító jégverésnek,&lt;br&gt;
Úgy állok rendületlen,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Hiába ütnek, rúgnak,&lt;br&gt;
Kemény fából faragtak.&lt;br&gt;
Az ég ítél felettem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Lágy eső arcom mossa,&lt;br&gt;
Vállamon népem sorsa.&lt;br&gt;
Teszem mit meg kell tennem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Vadászhat énrám bárki,&lt;br&gt;
Van erőm bosszút állni.&lt;br&gt;
Én soha nem felejtem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Ha egyszer megtagadnám,&lt;br&gt;
Édes jó szülőhazám.&lt;br&gt;
Sújtson le rám az Isten&lt;br&gt;!
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

Rab madár, hogy ha voltam,&lt;br&gt;
Kitéptem minden tollam.&lt;br&gt;
Áruló sosem lettem,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarnak születtem!&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАР БУЛЫП ЯШИМ!'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-magyarnak-szulettem-44d1709ef7038e59fb0d3a40427e3a3e

https://zvyki.com/song/20207573/Karpatia_-_Magyarnak_szulettem/

Баш имим җил каршында,&lt;br&gt;
Үтәмен кар-бозын да,&lt;br&gt;
Нык торамын, бирешмим:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим!&lt;br&gt;

Кыйнасалар да качмам,&lt;br&gt;
Имән күк мин агачтан.&lt;br&gt;
Күкләр миңа тик хаким,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Ләйсән юа йөземне,&lt;br&gt;
Мин кадерлим илемне.&lt;br&gt;
Кирәк булганны эшлим,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Теләсә кем ауласын –&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһым ярлыкасын!&lt;br&gt;
Онытмыйм, бәхәсләшмим:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Әгәр дә мин ваз кичсәм&lt;br&gt;
Изге туган җиремнән,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһым кичермәс, дим.&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим! &lt;br&gt;

Читлектә кош булыйммы?! –&lt;br&gt;
Йолкыгыз каурыемны!&lt;br&gt;
Һәр сатлыкка көндәш мин,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар булып гел яшим!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''NEMZETI DAL (Милләт җыры)''' ===
Talpra magyar, hí a haza!&lt;br&gt;
Itt az idő, most vagy soha!&lt;br&gt;
Rabok legyünk vagy szabadok?&lt;br&gt;
Ez a kérdés, válasszatok!&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk! &lt;br&gt;

Rabok voltunk mostanáig,&lt;br&gt;
Kárhozottak ősapáink,&lt;br&gt;
Kik szabadon éltek-haltak,&lt;br&gt;
Szolgaföldben nem nyughatnak.&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk! &lt;br&gt;

Sehonnai bitang ember,&lt;br&gt;
Ki most, ha kell, halni nem mer,&lt;br&gt;
Kinek drágább rongy élete,&lt;br&gt;
Mint a haza becsülete.&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

Fényesebb a láncnál a kard,&lt;br&gt;
Jobban ékesíti a kart,&lt;br&gt;
És mi mégis láncot hordtunk!&lt;br&gt;
Ide veled, régi kardunk!&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

A magyar név megint szép lesz,&lt;br&gt;
Méltó régi nagy hiréhez;&lt;br&gt;
Mit rákentek a századok,&lt;br&gt;
Lemossuk a gyalázatot!&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

Hol sírjaink domborulnak,&lt;br&gt;
Unokáink leborulnak,&lt;br&gt;
És áldó imádság mellett&lt;br&gt;
Mondják el szent neveinket.&lt;br&gt;
A magyarok Istenére esküszünk,&lt;br&gt;
Esküszünk, hogy rabok tovább&lt;br&gt;
Nem leszünk!&lt;br&gt;

'''МИЛЛӘТ ҖЫРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(авторы – Шандор Пәтөфи, 1848 елда язылган)'''''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиолары:&lt;br&gt;
'''Kormorán''' ансамбле башкаруында&lt;br&gt;
https://muzjam.org/search/nemzeti%20dal

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/fonograf-nemzeti-dal-4c11dd22b9efe4ca75d7f368b58e2658

Кузгал, маҗар, чакыра Ватан!&lt;br&gt;
Йә бүген үк, йә һичкайчан!&lt;br&gt;
Коллар булып калыргамы,&lt;br&gt;
Әллә азат булыргамы?&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Коллар булдык... Ата-баба&lt;br&gt;
Каберләрдән сөрән сала:&lt;br&gt;
Азат яшәгәннәр җирдә&lt;br&gt;
Таба алмый тынлык гүрдә!&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Ләгънәтем – язмыш кушканда,&lt;br&gt;
Үлемнән куркып качканга,&lt;br&gt;
Учлап тотып кабих җанын,&lt;br&gt;
Сатып намусын, Ватанын.&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Кылыч – балкышлы чылбырдан,&lt;br&gt;
Төшмәсен ул безнең кулдан.&lt;br&gt;
Күпме йөрергә богауда?&lt;br&gt;
Тот коралың, ирек яула!&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Маҗар ис(е)ме горур, шанлы,&lt;br&gt;
Кайтарыйк борынгы данны;&lt;br&gt;
Кире как шайтан әгъвасын,&lt;br&gt;
Юып ташла йөз карасын!&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

Гүр өстендә тау өярләр,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм оныклар баш иярләр,&lt;br&gt;
Дога кылып, әйтер һәркем&lt;br&gt;
Изгеләрнең исемнәрен.&lt;br&gt;
Әй маҗарлар, Хак каршында ихластан&lt;br&gt;
Ант итәбез: “Кол булмабыз һичкайчан!”&lt;br&gt;

=== '''EGY AZ ISTEN, EGY A NEMZET (Бер үк Алла, бер үк милләт)''' ===
Egy az Isten, egy a nemzet,&lt;br&gt;
Bármily gyenge, bármily sebzett.&lt;br&gt;
Ahol a fák égig nőnek,&lt;br&gt;
Állnak még a határkövek.&lt;br&gt;
||: Szent koronánk&lt;br&gt;
Óvd, vigyázd Hazánk,&lt;br&gt;
Hajnal csillag szép keresztünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ragyogj fel reánk. :||&lt;br&gt;

Zúgó erdők, kéklő sziklák&lt;br&gt;
Esőverte árva kopják&lt;br&gt;
Visszhangozzák, mennydörögnek&lt;br&gt;
Egy az Isten, egy a nemzet.&lt;br&gt;
||: Szent koronánk&lt;br&gt;
Óvd, vigyázd Hazánk,&lt;br&gt;
Hajnal csillag szép keresztünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ragyogj fel reánk. :||&lt;br&gt;

Elvérzett a nemzet nagy Magyarországért&lt;br&gt;
Most sír, zokog a lelkünk hegyekért, rónákért.&lt;br&gt;
Aki azt majd egyszer újra feltámasztja,&lt;br&gt;
Áldja meg az Isten és minden magyar ajka. &lt;br&gt;
Most hát okulásul figyelj a szavamra,&lt;br&gt;
Figyelj, s kezed merítsd a hűs patakba,&lt;br&gt;
Érzed a pataknak sebes rohanását,&lt;br&gt;
Az ország szívének minden dobbanását.&lt;br&gt; 
Hallgasd a köveket, hallgasd, amint mondják,&lt;br&gt;
Idegen hatalmak őket összezúzták.&lt;br&gt;
Kőnek és embernek ugyanaz volt sorsa,&lt;br&gt;
Mostoha gyermekét egy világ taposta.&lt;br&gt;

||: Szent koronánk&lt;br&gt;
Óvd, vigyázd Hazán&lt;br&gt;k,
Hajnal csillag szép keresztünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ragyogj fel reánk. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕР ҮК АЛЛА, БЕР ҮК МИЛЛӘТ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-egy-az-isten-egy-a-nemzet-828e0c8836a6210242e2c68e3cf01f7f

&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/23793729/K_rp_tia_-_Egy_az_isten_egy_a_nemzet/ 

Бер үк Алла, бер үк милләт,&lt;br&gt;
Бер шәфәгать, бер үк гыйльләт;&lt;br&gt;
Анда агач үсә күккә,&lt;br&gt;
Ә ташлар куелган чиккә.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (2):'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ил гамендә – изге таҗыбыз;&lt;br&gt;
Таң йолдызы һәм гүзәл хач,&lt;br&gt;
Бергә балкыгыз!&lt;br&gt; 

Зәңгәр кыя, кара урман –&lt;br&gt;
Бер яңгырдан сугарылган,&lt;br&gt;
Яшен яшьнәп һәм күк күкрәп:&lt;br&gt;
“Бер үк Алла, бер үк милләт”.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (2).'''''&lt;br&gt; 

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Кан койды халкыбыз Бөек Маҗарстан дип,&lt;br&gt;
Ә хәзер кайгырта елга-тау тотам дип.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм кемсә бу илгә кабат нигез салыр –&lt;br&gt;
Алланың, маҗарның рәхмәтен казаныр. &lt;br&gt;
Дикъкатьләп сүземне күңелгә алыгыз&lt;br&gt;
Һәм салкын елгага кулларны салыгыз;&lt;br&gt;
Сиз(е)ләме елганың ярсулы агышы –&lt;br&gt;
Илемнең ул йөрәк тибеше, сагышы.&lt;br&gt;
Тыңлагыз ташларны, аңлагыз сүзләрен,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-ятның куллары җимерде үзләрен.&lt;br&gt;
Ташлар да, халык та тәкъдиргә тап булган:&lt;br&gt;
Үксезлек улларын кимсетеп таптаган.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (4):'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ил гамендә – изге таҗыбыз;&lt;br&gt;
Таң йолдызы һәм гүзәл хач,&lt;br&gt;
Бергә балкыгыз!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HA LÁTOK CSILLAGOT (Күрәм якты йолдызымны)''' ===
Ha látok csillagot ragyogni az égen&lt;br&gt;
Látom, amit láttak őseink is régen&lt;br&gt;
Látom az Alföldről hajnalpirkadatkor&lt;br&gt;
Eltűnnni fényüket a látóhatárról&lt;br&gt;

Látom, ha felnézek fenyőrengetegből&lt;br&gt;
Göncölszekér rúdját, Erdély szegletéből&lt;br&gt;
Apró gyertyalángként mutatják az utat&lt;br&gt;
S hazáig vezetik kóborló fiukat&lt;br&gt;

Látom a Tiszának s Murának vizében&lt;br&gt;
Tükröződni fényük vajdasági éjben&lt;br&gt;
Halászok hálóján gyöngysorként csillognak&lt;br&gt;
Mint akik az égről búsan aláhulltak&lt;br&gt;

Látom nagy hegyekről, oly, de oly közelről&lt;br&gt;
Kéznyújtásra vannak palócok földjéről&lt;br&gt;
Mint ezernyi mécses pislákoló fénye&lt;br&gt;
Kigyúl, majd elalszik, estéről estére&lt;br&gt;

Látom tündöklésük Kárpátok aljáról&lt;br&gt;
Ott tekintenek le sötét égboltjáról&lt;br&gt;
Hol szabad tűz mellett vadászok regélne&lt;br&gt;k
S míg egymást hallgatják, ők is fel-felnéznek&lt;br&gt;

Látom sugarukat megtörni a Rábán&lt;br&gt;
Rég kiszolgált malmok korbácsolta fodrán&lt;br&gt;
Őrségi házaknak kicsiny ablakán át&lt;br&gt;
Figyelik a csillag örök vándorlását&lt;br&gt;

'''КҮРӘМ ЯКТЫ ЙОЛДЫЗЫМНЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Берничә илдә таралып яшәүче маҗарлар күңелендәге уртак күк җисеме турында “Карпатия” төркеменең җыры.&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-ha-latok-csillagot-53ae43449852defad9d65fb49d53577c

https://zvyki.com/song/154544120/K_rp_tia_-_Ha_l_tok_csillagot/
 
Күрәм, йолдыз балкып тора аяз күктән,&lt;br&gt;
Аны шулай бабаларым да күзәткән.&lt;br&gt;
Моңсуланам, Альфөлдләрдә таң атканда,&lt;br&gt;
Сүнгән йолдызымны күздән югалтканда.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм аны, йөрсәм Әрдей урманында,&lt;br&gt;
Зур Җидегән чүмеченең кыл янында:&lt;br&gt;
Елтыр уты шәмдәй миңа юл күрсәтә,&lt;br&gt;
Кайт илеңә, балам, диеп, ул юнәлтә.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм, чаг(ы)ла Тиса, Мура суларында,&lt;br&gt;
Яктыра ул төнлә Вайда асманында,&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчылар ятьмәсендә энҗе-мәрҗән&lt;br&gt;
Ялтыр-йолтыр – йолдыз нуры җиргә иңгән.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм якты йолдызымны мин якыннан –&lt;br&gt;
Кул сузып тот аны палоцлар тавыннан:&lt;br&gt;
Меңләгән ут җемелдәвендә күренә,&lt;br&gt;
Кичен балкый йолдыз, иртән ул сүрелә.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм балкыганын Карпат итәгендә&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызымның караңгы төн күкрәгендә,&lt;br&gt;
Аучы халкы учак янында җыйнаулап&lt;br&gt;
Имеш-мимешләрен сөйли, аңа карап.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм, балкышыннан Раба да нурлана,&lt;br&gt;
Тирмән чарыгыннан елга дулкынлана.&lt;br&gt;
Өршейг өйләренең тәрәзләре аша&lt;br&gt;
Хыял йолдыз сәяхәтенә тоташа.&lt;br&gt;

'''Альфөлд''' – Бөек маҗар тигезлегенең җирле исеме.

'''Мура''' – Австриядәге таулардан агып чыккан елга, Драваның сул кушылдыгы, бүгенге Маҗарстанның чик сызыгы шул елга буйлап аның тамагына кадәр.

'''Тиса''' – Дунайның сул яктагы һәм иң озын кушылдыгы, елганың урта өлеше Маҗарстан аша үтә.

'''Вайда''' – Сербиянең Воеводина мохтарияте, илнең 26 милләт вәкиле яшәүче иң зур төбәге, анда маҗарлар сан буенча, серблардан кала, икенче урында.

'''Палоцлар''' – Маҗарстанның төньягындагы милли төркем, бер өлеше Словакиядәге Татра тауларында яши. Русия тарихчылары палоцларны күптән маҗарлашкан кыпчаклар дип тә саный.

'''Раба''' – Дунай елгасының уң кушылдыгы.

'''Өршейг''' – Маҗарстанның көнбатышындагы милли парк, Раба елгасыннан көньяктарак урнашкан.

=== '''A HAZA MINDEN ELŐTT! (Барыннан өстен Ватан!)''' ===
“Kell, hogy történjenek olyan csodák, amiket tíz nemzedék megemlegessen. Példákat kell adni ennek a nemzetnek, amik a szíveket megerősíték. Hóhérpallost a futó rabszolgahadnak! Addig nem fog győzni a szabadság ügye, amíg a magyar nemzet saját áruló korcsivadékának hulláiból olyan hegyet nem rak,
Mint a Mátra, s a döghalom tetején az utolsó áruló apát a saját fia le nem nyakazza!”&lt;br&gt;
('''Jókai Mór''')

Háromszínű zászlóm kibontom,&lt;br&gt;
Vérem alatta bátran kiontom,&lt;br&gt;
Láncra vert rab hazám.&lt;br&gt;
Széttárom sebzett két karom,&lt;br&gt;
Életem egykönnyen nem adom,&lt;br&gt;
Törhetnek bárhonnan rám.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén:&lt;br&gt;
Ha elhagy is minden remény,&lt;br&gt;
Akkor sem változhat vízzé a vér.&lt;br&gt;
Legyek inkább üldözött,&lt;br&gt;
Mint áruló latrok között.&lt;br&gt;
A haza minden előtt!&lt;br&gt;

Vessen a sors bárhova,&lt;br&gt;
Nem koptat idő vasfoga,&lt;br&gt;
Dacolva megyek tovább.&lt;br&gt;
Szememben nincs félelem,&lt;br&gt;
Tudom, hogy kell leküzdenem,&lt;br&gt;
Hitem sziklaszilárd.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

Háromszínű zászlóm kibontom,&lt;br&gt;
Vérem alatta bátran kiontom,&lt;br&gt;
Láncra vert rab hazám.&lt;br&gt;
Széttárom sebzett két karom,&lt;br&gt;
Életem egykönnyen nem adom,&lt;br&gt;
Törhetnek bárhonnan rám.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;
A haza minden előtt!&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-a-haza-minden-elott-c37c28300f040a26bdaac42e6ae4d4fa

'''БАРЫННАН ӨСТЕН ВАТАН!'''&lt;br&gt;
“Ун буын искә алырлык могҗизалар булырга тиеш әле. Халкыбызга кеше йөрәкләрен ныгытырлык үрнәкләр бирергә кирәк. Качкын коллар гаскәренә баш чапкыч тумраннар бирергә! Азатлык эше җиңә алмаячак – маҗар халкы үз сатлыклары-мөртәтләре мәетләрен тау итеп өеп куйганчы һәм бу тау башында соңгы сатлык атаның башын аның улы чабып өзгәнче!”&lt;br&gt;
('''Йокаи Мор''')&lt;br&gt;

Җилфердә өч төс байрагым,&lt;br&gt;
Түг(е)лер сине яклап каным,&lt;br&gt;
Әй, богауланган Ватан.&lt;br&gt;
Җәеп яралы кулларны,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңел генә бирмәм җанны,&lt;br&gt;
Ниләр кылса да дошман.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта:&lt;br&gt;
Чыкса да бар өмет юкка,&lt;br&gt;
Әйләнмәс кызыл кан төссез суга.&lt;br&gt;
Бул эзәрләп куылган,&lt;br&gt;
Ләкин булма сатлык җан.&lt;br&gt;
Барыннан өстен Ватан!&lt;br&gt;

Язмыш кайларга юнәлтмәс,&lt;br&gt;
Вакыт гамәлне югалтмас,&lt;br&gt;
Алга мин ыргыламын.&lt;br&gt;
Курку кермәс һич күзләргә,&lt;br&gt;
Беләм тиешем үтәргә,&lt;br&gt;
Таш кыядай иманым.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта.&lt;br&gt;

Җилфердә өч төс байрагым,&lt;br&gt;
Түг(е)лер сине яклап каным,&lt;br&gt;
Әй, богауланган Ватан.&lt;br&gt;
Җәеп яралы кулларны,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңел генә бирмәм җанны,&lt;br&gt;
Ниләр кылса да дошман.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта.&lt;br&gt;
Барыннан өстен Ватан!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''A BÁNAT KOVÁCSA''' '''(Сагыш тимерчесе)''' ===
||: Ha a bánat arany lenne,&lt;br&gt;
Gazdag ember lennék,&lt;br&gt;
Pénzzé tenném valamennyit,&lt;br&gt;
Árán mosolyt vennék.&lt;br&gt;
Ingyen adnám a magyarnak,&lt;br&gt;
Legyen boldog újra,&lt;br&gt;
Csak ne hulljon több magyar könny,&lt;br&gt;
Veszendőn a porba!&lt;br&gt;

De a bánat acél penge,'''&lt;br&gt;'''
Sorsom a kovácsa,&lt;br&gt;
Keserűség vas üllőjén,&lt;br&gt;
Fröccsen a szikrája!&lt;br&gt;
Ha tüzet gyújt ez a szikra,&lt;br&gt;
Lángba borít mindent,&lt;br&gt;
Égbenyúló szent máglyája,&lt;br&gt;
Szabadságot hirdet.&lt;br&gt;
Szabadságot hirdet! :||'''&lt;br&gt;

'''САГЫШ ТИМЕРЧЕСЕ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-a-banat-kovacsa-cf6e7d36d99cb71a97d45278bc4cd9ea

||: Сагыш, алтын булып, баю&lt;br&gt;
Итсә әгәр насыйп,&lt;br&gt;
Бар акчага бер елмаю&lt;br&gt;
Алыр идем сатып.&lt;br&gt;
Тигенгә биреп, маҗарга&lt;br&gt;
Бүләк итәм бәхет:&lt;br&gt;
Язмасын бүтән еларга,&lt;br&gt;
Югал, милли ләхет!&lt;br&gt;

Сагыш – корыч кылыч, әмма&lt;br&gt;
Тимерче – язмышым:&lt;br&gt;
Әрнүемнән чүкеч-сандал&lt;br&gt;
Очкыннар очырсын!&lt;br&gt;
Чаткылардан ут кабызсак,&lt;br&gt;
Ялкын күккә җитәр,&lt;br&gt;
Балкып торган изге учак&lt;br&gt;
Ирек насыйп итәр.&lt;br&gt;
Ирек насыйп итәр! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BALLADA (Баллада)''' ===
Kettő madár száll az égen,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik nappal, másik éjjel,&lt;br&gt;
A lány fecske verőfényben,&lt;br&gt;
Fiú karvaly éjsötétben.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Elátkozott két madárka,&lt;br&gt;
Egymást csak egy percig látja,&lt;br&gt;
Amint Hold a Napot váltja,&lt;br&gt;
Átváltozik Ő, s a párja.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Fecske suhan szelek hátán,&lt;br&gt;
Aranygyűrű csillog lábán,&lt;br&gt;
Irigy varjak megtámadják,&lt;br&gt;
Szép gyűrűjét elragadják.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Zuhan, szárnya eget szántja,&lt;br&gt;
Szalad kedvese utána,&lt;br&gt;
Egy-egy tollát elhullajtva,&lt;br&gt;
Párjának utat mutatja.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

A legény nyomát követi,&lt;br&gt;
Rába vizében megleli,&lt;br&gt;
Reszkető testét kiveszi,&lt;br&gt;
Fehér ingébe tekeri.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Nap szárítja csapzott tollát,&lt;br&gt;
Nézi szíve választottját,&lt;br&gt;
Megesküszik földre-égre,&lt;br&gt;
Halálba is elmegy érte.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

Borostyánok és vadrózsák,&lt;br&gt;
Lassan testük körbefonják,&lt;br&gt;
A szerelmük mégsem halott,&lt;br&gt;
Tiszta lelkük szárnyra kapott.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na &lt;br&gt;

Az eszéki harang hangja,&lt;br&gt;
Azóta is azt kongatja,&lt;br&gt;
Egymásé lett két madárka,&lt;br&gt;
Nem fog rajtuk senki átka.&lt;br&gt;
Na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na&lt;br&gt;

'''БАЛЛАДА'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-ballada-fd9e767bb2ac157a24ba25b4f94979fa

Ике гашыйк күккә менә,&lt;br&gt;
Берсе көндез, берсе төнлә:&lt;br&gt;
Кыз-карлыгач – ал таң атса,&lt;br&gt;
Егет-тилгән – шәфәкъ батса.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

Очрашалар ике кошчык&lt;br&gt;
Бер мизгелгә – гүя Сак-Сок&lt;br&gt;:
Ай Кояшны алмаштыргач,&lt;br&gt;
Күрми тилгәнне карлыгач.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

Сылу кош җил куенында,&lt;br&gt;
Алтын балдак аягында,&lt;br&gt;
Комсыз козгын һөҗүм итә&lt;br&gt;
Һәм алканы урлап китә.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на...&lt;br&gt;

Гашыйк егет күрә ярын:&lt;br&gt;
Кыз, каерып канатларын,&lt;br&gt;
Оча, каурый җуя-җуя.&lt;br&gt;
Егет аңа иңен куя.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на&lt;br&gt;

Сөйгәнен ул озата бара&lt;br&gt;
Раба* суларына таба,&lt;br&gt;
Тетрәүләгән тәнен күрә,&lt;br&gt;
Ак күлмәккә аны төрә.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на&lt;br&gt;

Җил корыта каурыйларын.&lt;br&gt;
Егет, үбеп сөйгән ярын,&lt;br&gt;
Ант итә күккә һәм җиргә:&lt;br&gt;
“Ахирәттә дә без – бергә...”&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-наа…&lt;br&gt;

“Мәхәббәтебез – үлемсез;&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү нигә миңа – синсез?”&lt;br&gt;
Гәрәбә, гөләп һәм әрем&lt;br&gt;
Сырып ала җәсәдләрен...&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на…&lt;br&gt;

…Шул заманнан Уэска чаңы**&lt;br&gt;
Һаман кага – тыңла аны:&lt;br&gt;
“Уртак кошлар язмышлары,&lt;br&gt;
Төшмәс һичкем каргышлары”.&lt;br&gt;
На-на-на-на-на-на-на-на…&lt;br&gt;

* '''Раба''' – Дунай елгасының уң кушылдыгы.&lt;br&gt;
** “'''Уэска чаңы'''” дип атала торган кыңгырау тәүге кат XII гасырга караган испан риваятендә телгә алына. Соңрак аны Европаның башка халыклары да үз иҗатында куллана башлаган.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ABBÓL A FÁBÓL (Шул агачтан кисеп ал)''' ===
Abból a fából vágjátok az én keresztem,&lt;br&gt;
Amit akkor ültettek, amikor születtem,&lt;br&gt;
Abból a fából legyen majd az én koporsóm,&lt;br&gt;
Amelynek árnyéka alatt írták meg a sorsom.&lt;br&gt;

Gallyaiból rakjatok egy olyan nagy tüzet,&lt;br&gt;
Ami még egyszer táplálja kihűlő szívemet.&lt;br&gt;
Földbe’ nyugvó gyökeréből faragjatok pipát,&lt;br&gt;
Szabad lelkem az égbe szálljon mint a füstkarikák.&lt;br&gt;

Sudár ágai jók lesznek vaskaszák nyelének,&lt;br&gt;
Mely arat, de fegyver is a Magyar kezének,&lt;br&gt;
Fának apró forgácsát vessétek a szélnek,&lt;br&gt;
Viszik messze majd hírünket ahol földet érnek.&lt;br&gt;

Egy árva szűz rügyéből új élet sarjadjon,&lt;br&gt;
Ne hagyjátok soha, soha, hogy nemzetetek kihaljon,&lt;br&gt;
Legszebbik részéből végül bölcsőt készítsetek,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy szebb jövőről álmodjon minden magyar gyermek!&lt;br&gt;

'''ШУЛ АГАЧТАН КИСЕП АЛ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://new.zvuch.com/artists/karpatia-44072

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-abbol-a-fabol-612a9bc3b95f709aeb06d61cbb71eb27

https://zvyki.com/song/166579777/Kárpátia_-_Abból_a_fából/

Шул агачтан каберемә кисеп сал таҗны* –&lt;br&gt;
Мин туганда утыртканнар бит ул агачны.&lt;br&gt;
Шул агачтан уеп яса табутымны син –&lt;br&gt;
Аның астында кичердем язмышымны мин.&lt;br&gt;

Агач ботакларын кисеп, ут сал учакка –&lt;br&gt;
Соңгы тапкыр иңсен җылы сүнгән йөрәккә.&lt;br&gt;
Тамырыннан уеп алып, көпшә хәстәрлә,&lt;br&gt;
Азат җаным төтен сыман ашыр күкләргә.&lt;br&gt;

Агач кулай чалгы белән кылыч сабына –&lt;br&gt;
Эш һәм яу коралы керсен маҗар кулына.&lt;br&gt;
Вак йомычка итеп тура, тапшыр җилләргә –&lt;br&gt;
Ирештерсен даныбызны ерак илләргә.&lt;br&gt;

Яңа тормышны үстерер сафлык бөресе,&lt;br&gt;
Һичкайчан җуелмас җирдә милләт өлгесе.&lt;br&gt;
Иң күркәм тармакларыннан – бишек үрергә,&lt;br&gt;
Һәр маҗар баласы лаек якты килергә!&lt;br&gt;

* '''''Кисеп сал таҗны –''' маҗар телендәге текстта '''“ кисеп куй хачны”''' дип язылган.''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''JÓ LENNE! (Сизәсе иде!)''' ===
Jó lenne megfogni apám erős kezét,&lt;br&gt;
mégegyszer látni csak szigorú szemét,&lt;br&gt;
jó lenne hallgatni bölcs szavait,&lt;br&gt;
megfogadni mindent amit tanít.&lt;br&gt;

Jó lenne anyámnak ölelő karjában,&lt;br&gt;
őszinte gyermekként hinni a világban,&lt;br&gt;
Jó lenne érezni tiszta illatát,&lt;br&gt;
aggódó arcának lágy mosolyát.&lt;br&gt;

'''СИЗӘСЕ ИДЕ!'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-jo-lenne-fb9467510f49f12b80f5924702282225

&lt;br&gt;https://zvyki.com/song/89106103/K_rp_tia_-_J_lenne/

||: Көчле әти кулын кысасы иде,&lt;br&gt;
Катгый карашын да тоясы иде,&lt;br&gt;
Акыллы сүзләрен тыңлыйсы иде,&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш сабакларын аңлыйсы иде.&lt;br&gt;

Әнием куенына керәсе иде,&lt;br&gt;
Гамьле йөзе нурын күрәсе иде,&lt;br&gt;
Хуш исле битен бер үбәсе иде.&lt;br&gt;
Дөньяны сабый күк сизәсе иде! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''KALANDRA FEL (Маҗара-өн)''' ===
Nagy terveket szövögettek odafönt az égben&lt;br&gt;
Megteremtik a magyart valamikor régen&lt;br&gt;
Telik múlik az idő, és szépen éldegélnek&lt;br&gt;
Vadászgatnak a mezőn, keveset beszélnek&lt;br&gt;

Történt egyszer, hogy valaki egy nagyot kiáltott&lt;br&gt;
Nézünk kicsit nyugatra, mit csinálnak mások&lt;br&gt;
Így történhetett meg aztán, hogy egy nyári este&lt;br&gt;
Kopogtatott a magyar Európa szerte&lt;br&gt;

Ez volt a jel, (indulni kell)&lt;br&gt;
A dicsőséget mindenki magának éri el&lt;br&gt;
Repít a szél, (gyerünk testvér)&lt;br&gt;
Sötét az éj, (nem baj, ne félj)&lt;br&gt;
Napkelettől napnyugatig nincsen ellenfél&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej!&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej!&lt;br&gt;

Portyáznak a hegyek között, portyáznak a völgyben&lt;br&gt;
Begyűjtenek mindent amit találnak útközben&lt;br&gt;
St. Gallen-től, Modenáig arra kérik Istent&lt;br&gt;
A Magyarok nyilaitól ments meg Uram minket&lt;br&gt;

|||: Ez volt a jel, (indulni kell)&lt;br&gt;
A dicsőséget mindenki magának éri el&lt;br&gt;
Repít a szél, (gyerünk testvér)&lt;br&gt;
Sötét az éj, (nem baj, ne félj)&lt;br&gt;

Napkelettől napnyugatig nincsen ellenfél&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej!&lt;br&gt;
Hej! Hej! Hej! Hej! :|||&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАРА-ӨН'''&lt;br&gt;
Сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-kalandra-fel-e439a050f2c35d1cab1710f5e34cb91d

Бөек ният корып, безне иңдергәннәр күктән:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар бар ителгәннәр бу дөньяда күптән.&lt;br&gt;
Вакыт уза барган, алар мул тормыш корганнар,&lt;br&gt;
Тын-гаугасыз кырда җәнлек, кош-корт аулаганнар.&lt;br&gt;

Берчак берәү таң калдырган, гавамга өн салып:&lt;br&gt;
“Карап карыйк, нишләп ята көнбаешта халык?!”&lt;br&gt;
Шулай кояш чыгышыннан бер өер яу кылган:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар бөтен Европаның ишеген шакыган.&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта:&lt;br&gt;
Маҗара-өн: “Иярлә, мен!&lt;br&gt;
Әйдә, юлга! Алга, алга!&lt;br&gt;
Һәркем үзе эзләп таба данын-шөһрәтен!”&lt;br&gt;
Җилләр өрә: “Бергә, бергә!”&lt;br&gt;
Караңгы төн: “Курыкма гел!&lt;br&gt;
Иртә таңнан кичкә кадәр булмас көндәшең!”&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй!&lt;br&gt;

Яу кыласы таулар кичеп, үзәннәрне үтеп,&lt;br&gt;
Күзең нәрсә күрсә шуны ганимәт мал итеп.&lt;br&gt;
Санкт-Галлен да, Модена да ял(ы)нып дога кылган:&lt;br&gt;
“Йа Ходаем, коткар безне маҗар укларыннан!”&lt;br&gt;

|||: Маҗара-өн: “Иярлә, мен!&lt;br&gt;
Әйдә, юлга! Алга, алга!&lt;br&gt;
Һәркем үзе эзләп таба данын-шөһрәтен!”&lt;br&gt;
Җилләр өрә: “Бергә, бергә!”&lt;br&gt;
Караңгы төн: “Курыкма гел!&lt;br&gt;
Иртә таңнан кичкә кадәр булмас көндәшең!”&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! Һәй! :|||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HINTALÓ (Таган-ат)''' ===
Alattam billeg a hintaló,&lt;br&gt;
Zsebemben csúzli, üveggolyó,&lt;br&gt;
Várakat húzok homokból,&lt;br&gt;
Megvédem minden gonosztól!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén (2):&lt;br&gt;
Kezemben kard, kard,&lt;br&gt;
Szívemben tűz,&lt;br&gt;
Ember bízz, és küzdve küzdj!&lt;br&gt;
Sodorjon szél,&lt;br&gt;
Mit bánom én,&lt;br&gt;
Aki hitvány mit sem ér!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Lá-lá-lá-lá-lá :||||&lt;br&gt;

Rossz iskolába kerültem,&lt;br&gt;
Puskák lapultak a zsebemben,&lt;br&gt;
Hittem, hogy minden szép és jó,&lt;br&gt;
De az élet ennél durvább tanító!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

Dolgozom, a törvényt tisztelem,&lt;br&gt;
De zsebemben csúsztatva ott van bokszerem,&lt;br&gt;
Bár a dolgok jó oldalát kell nézni,&lt;br&gt;
Azért a rossz arcokra jobb felkészülni!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;
||||: Lá-lá-lá-lá-lá :||||&lt;br&gt;

Tisztességben megvénültem,&lt;br&gt;
De a csúzli és bokszer még mindig a zsebemben,&lt;br&gt;
Alattam, billeg a hintaszék,&lt;br&gt;
És ha újra kezdhetném, ugyanígy élnék!&lt;br&gt;
Refrén (2):&lt;br&gt;
Kezemben kard, kard,&lt;br&gt;
Szívemben tűz,&lt;br&gt;
Ember bízz, és küzdve küzdj!&lt;br&gt;
Sodorjon szél,&lt;br&gt;
Mit bánom én,&lt;br&gt;
Aki hitvány mit sem ér!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Lá-lá-lá-lá-lá :||||&lt;br&gt;

'''ТАГАН-АТ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hintalo-c43b4fbd3cf41f981028fcb2d6faab2b

Таган-атта уйныйм идәндә,&lt;br&gt;
Пыяла шар, аткыч – кесәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Кирмәннәрне комнан мин корам,&lt;br&gt;
Явызлардан сакта гел торам!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2):&lt;br&gt;
Кылыч – кулда,&lt;br&gt;
Ялкын – җанда.&lt;br&gt;
Кеше, көрәш һәм ышан!&lt;br&gt;
Җил ал(ы)п китсен,&lt;br&gt;
Бетсен, бетсен –&lt;br&gt;
Вак җан бит ул дошман!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Ла-ла-ла-ла-ла :||||&lt;br&gt;

Укыдым начар мәдрәсәдә,&lt;br&gt;
Шпаргалкам булды кесәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Бар да яхшы, дип йөрдем уйлап,&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш булды күпкә кырысрак!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2).&lt;br&gt;

Кануннарны хөрмәт итсәм дә,&lt;br&gt;
Аткыч белән кастет әле һаман кесәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Яхшылыкка багла өмет, тик бул сак,&lt;br&gt;
Явызларга әзер булып тор һәрчак!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2).&lt;br&gt;
||||: Ла-ла-ла-ла-ла :||||&lt;br&gt;

Инде лә картаеп бетсәм дә,&lt;br&gt;
Аткыч белән кастет әле гелән кесәмдә,&lt;br&gt;
Ә таган-ат һаман идәндә;&lt;br&gt;
Шулай яшәрмен, үлеп кабат терелсәм дә!&lt;br&gt;
Кушымта (2):&lt;br&gt;
Кылыч – кулда,&lt;br&gt;
Ялкын – җанда.&lt;br&gt;
Кеше, көрәш һәм ышан!&lt;br&gt;
Җил ал(ы)п китсен,&lt;br&gt;
Бетсен, бетсен,&lt;br&gt;
Вак җан бит ул дошман!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Ла-ла-ла-ла-ла :||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''EGY SZÖKÖTT HADIFOGOLY ÉNEKE (Качып кайтучы әсир җыры)''' ===
Havas fenyvesek mellett lépkedek,&lt;br&gt;
Lábam elfagyott, mindenem remeg,&lt;br&gt;
Ruhám rongyai tetvek otthona,&lt;br&gt;
Szőrös arcomon háborúk nyoma.&lt;br&gt;
Előttem folyók, mögöttem hegyek,&lt;br&gt;
Nyomomban veszett kutyák lihegnek,&lt;br&gt;
Sár levét iszom, fák kérgét eszem,&lt;br&gt;
A hideg holdsugár terít meg nekem.&lt;br&gt;
||: A magasban elszáll egy madár,&lt;br&gt;
Ő talán tudja, merre jár,&lt;br&gt;
De én, akit üldöz a keleti szél,&lt;br&gt;
Csak lába viszi, míg haza nem ér. :||&lt;br&gt;

Láttam őrjöngő, csonttörő halált,&lt;br&gt;
Vitt magával nőt és katonát,&lt;br&gt;
Bomló testüket jégvirág lepi,&lt;br&gt;
Kezük görcsösen egymást öleli.&lt;br&gt;
A domb túloldalán géppisztoly kaszál,&lt;br&gt;
Hangja szaggatott, gyilkos táncot jár,&lt;br&gt;
Földhöz lapulok, lassan kúszom,&lt;br&gt;
Egy kőhajításnyira már csak az otthon.&lt;br&gt;
||: A magasban elszáll egy madár,&lt;br&gt;
Ő talán tudja, merre jár,&lt;br&gt;
De én, akit üldöz a keleti szél,&lt;br&gt;
Csak lába viszi, míg haza nem ér. :||

'''КАЧЫП КАЙТУЧЫ ӘСИР ҖЫРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-egy-szokott-hadifogoly-eneke-e872c4f4fabb0d3d19e9326b485f5497

Барам кар баскан чыршылар аша,&lt;br&gt;
Аяклар туңа, тәнем тырмаша.&lt;br&gt;
Сәләмә кием – бетләр оясы,&lt;br&gt;
Сакаллы яңак – сугыш тамгасы.&lt;br&gt;
Артымда таулар, алда елгалар,&lt;br&gt;
Этләр эземне иснәп чабалар.&lt;br&gt;
Ризык – пычрак су, агач кайрысы,&lt;br&gt;
Юлны күрсәтә айның яктысы.&lt;br&gt;
||: Канатлы кошлар гизә асманны,&lt;br&gt;
Белеп торалар кая очканны.&lt;br&gt;
Ә мин буйсынам көнчыгыш җилгә,&lt;br&gt;
Атлар аяклар, кайтканчы өйгә. :||&lt;br&gt;

Күрдем үлемне – сөяк сындыра,&lt;br&gt;
Солдатларны ул өтә дә кыра,&lt;br&gt;
Мәетләр череп каткан, бәс каплый,&lt;br&gt;
Бер-берсен алар үлеп кочаклый.&lt;br&gt;
Таудан пулемёт ата да тетә,&lt;br&gt;
Үтергәнче ул сине биетә.&lt;br&gt;
Сыешып җиргә, шуышам алга,&lt;br&gt;
Туп-туры туган өемә таба.&lt;br&gt;
||: Канатлы кошлар гизә асманны,&lt;br&gt;
Белеп торалар кая очканны.&lt;br&gt;
Ә мин буйсынам көнчыгыш җилгә,&lt;br&gt;
Атлар аяклар, кайтканчы өйгә. :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''MÁR NEM EMBER, MÉG NEM ÁLLAT (Хайван түгел, элек – кеше)''' ===
Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Ösztön hajtja, és a vágyak&lt;br&gt;
Nincsen múltja, nincs jövője&lt;br&gt;
Nem az Isten teremtménye&lt;br&gt;

Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Akárkinek nekitámad&lt;br&gt;
Harap jobbra, harap balra&lt;br&gt;
Saját magát is megmarja &lt;br&gt;

Nem ismer Istent, sem embert&lt;br&gt;
A soha meg nem keresztelt&lt;br&gt;
Üvölt ahogy kifér a torkán&lt;br&gt;
Szemében mindenki bárány &lt;br&gt;

Nem ismer Istent, sem embert&lt;br&gt;
A soha meg nem keresztelt&lt;br&gt;
Üvölt ahogy kifér a torkán&lt;br&gt;
Szemében mindenki bárány&lt;br&gt;

Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Nem épít magának házat&lt;br&gt;
Földön alszik, nincs barátja&lt;br&gt;
Sötét titkot őriz álma&lt;br&gt;

Már nem ember, még nem állat&lt;br&gt;
Elvesz mindent önmagának&lt;br&gt;
Tűz előtte, tűz mögötte&lt;br&gt;
Pusztul minden körülötte&lt;br&gt;

Nem ismer Istent, sem embert&lt;br&gt;
A soha meg nem keresztelt&lt;br&gt;
Üvölt ahogy kifér a torkán&lt;br&gt;
Szemében mindenki bárány.(4)&lt;br&gt;

'''ХАЙВАН ТҮГЕЛ, ЭЛЕК – КЕШЕ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-mar-nem-ember-meg-nem-allat-7985d011195bd4f202fa6373f06cfa6c 

Хайван түгел, элек – кеше:&lt;br&gt;
Юк әвәс-теләк, тартымы&lt;br&gt;
Һәм кичәге-иртәгесе –&lt;br&gt;
Бу Хак Тәгалә затымы?&lt;br&gt;

Хайван түгел, элек – кеше:&lt;br&gt;
Һәрбарчага һөҗүм итә,&lt;br&gt;
Һәрнәрсәне умыра теше,&lt;br&gt;
Үзен тешләсәң дә – тетә.&lt;br&gt;

Алла, адәм – тик чүп кенә:&lt;br&gt;
Чукынмас ул, хачлар алып,&lt;br&gt;
Бугаз ертып улый-үкерә,&lt;br&gt;
Аның өчен һәркем – сарык.&lt;br&gt;

Кешелектән – ерткычлыкка:&lt;br&gt;
Барысын бүксәсенә тыга.&lt;br&gt;
Алды-арты аның утта,&lt;br&gt;
Дөньясы да юкка чыга.&lt;br&gt;

Алла, адәм – тик чүп кенә:&lt;br&gt;
Чукынмас ул, хачлар алып,&lt;br&gt;
Бугаз ертып улый-үкерә,&lt;br&gt;
Аның өчен һәркем – сарык.&lt;br&gt;

Хайван түгел, элек – кеше:&lt;br&gt;
Юк каралтысы, йортлары,&lt;br&gt;
Караңгыда – күргән төше,&lt;br&gt;
Юк туганы, юк дуслары.&lt;br&gt;

Кешелектән – ерткычлыкка:&lt;br&gt;
Барысын бүксәсенә тыга.&lt;br&gt;
Алды-арты аның утта,&lt;br&gt;
Дөньясы да юкка чыга.&lt;br&gt;

Алла, адәм – тик чүп кенә:&lt;br&gt;
Чукынмас ул, хачлар алып,&lt;br&gt;
Бугаз ертып улый-үкерә,&lt;br&gt;
Аның өчен һәркем – сарык.(4)&lt;br&gt;

=== '''VAJÁKOS (ИМ-ТОМЧЫ)''' ===
Betegség, vagy kórság gyötör?&lt;br&gt;
Ezerféle nyavalya tör?&lt;br&gt;
Mindegy, kinek mi a kínja&lt;br&gt;
Javasasszony meggyógyítja!&lt;br&gt;

A vajákos Kati néni&lt;br&gt;
Öreg üstjét kevergeti&lt;br&gt;
Ég a tűz, a főzet rotyog&lt;br&gt;
Ez is, az is belepotyog&lt;br&gt;

Galagonya vérnyomásra&lt;br&gt;
Szegfűszeg a fogfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág a fekélyre&lt;br&gt;
Gyermekláncfű vesekőre&lt;br&gt;
Édeskömény kólikára&lt;br&gt;
Bodzabogyó szorulásra&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát így kúrálja&lt;br&gt;
Nem költ pénzt a patikára&lt;br&gt;

Ide tipeg, oda tipeg&lt;br&gt;
Ebből abból egy-két csipet&lt;br&gt;
Amit talál a kamrában&lt;br&gt;
Belekerül a mozsárba&lt;br&gt;

Vadgesztenye aranyérre&lt;br&gt;
Csalán levél kiütésre&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág zúzódásra&lt;br&gt;
Macskagyökér fejfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Kamilla a viszketésre&lt;br&gt;
Cickafark a gyulladt bőrrе&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát ezzel keni&lt;br&gt;
Mindеn baját elfelejti&lt;br&gt;

Kötényzsebében rejteget&lt;br&gt;
Százhúsz éves recepteket&lt;br&gt;
Innen a sok tudománya&lt;br&gt;
Minek mi a gyógyhatása&lt;br&gt;

Kígyó zsírja a köszvényre&lt;br&gt;
Kőrisbogár veszettségre&lt;br&gt;
Disznózsír a mellhártyára&lt;br&gt;
Kilenc tetű sárgaságra&lt;br&gt;
Pióca a szélütésre&lt;br&gt;
Feketeszén hasmenésre&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát így kezeli&lt;br&gt;
A halál is elkerüli&lt;br&gt;

(Na még egyszer)&lt;br&gt;
Galagonya vérnyomásra&lt;br&gt;
Szegfűszeg a fogfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág a fekélyre&lt;br&gt;
Gyermekláncfű vesekőre&lt;br&gt;
Édeskömény kólikára&lt;br&gt;
Bodzabogyó szorulásra&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát így kúrálja&lt;br&gt;
Nem költ pénzt a patikára&lt;br&gt;

(Van még, há-há)&lt;br&gt;
Vadgesztenye aranyérre&lt;br&gt;
Csalán levél kiütésre&lt;br&gt;
Körömvirág zúzódásra&lt;br&gt;
Macskagyökér fejfájásra&lt;br&gt;
Kamilla a viszketésre&lt;br&gt;
Cickafark a gyulladt bőrre&lt;br&gt;
Aki magát ezzel keni&lt;br&gt;
Minden baját elfelejti.&lt;br&gt;

'''ИМ-ТОМЧЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-vajakos-889b41a081c236c15d67ab0c8ffbfcae&lt;br&gt;

Авыру-чир интектерәме?&lt;br&gt;
Мең төр сырхау йөдәтәме?&lt;br&gt;
Күпме авыру җәфаласын –&lt;br&gt;
Им-томчы табар дәвасын!&lt;br&gt;

Убыр Кати белә санын,&lt;br&gt;
Кайната иске казанын,&lt;br&gt;
Төнәтмәсен гел болгата,&lt;br&gt;
Анысын-монысын шуңа ата:&lt;br&gt;

Дүләнә – кан басымыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Канәфер – теш сызлавыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Тырнак гөл – ялкынсынудан,&lt;br&gt;
Тузганак – бөер ташыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Шөет – эчәк авыртудан,&lt;br&gt;
Аю балан – эч катудан.&lt;br&gt;
Нәкъ шулай дәваланганга,&lt;br&gt;
Дару хакы кала янга.&lt;br&gt;

Бер чеметем – һәрберсеннән&lt;br&gt;
(Куәте арта әфсеннән!):&lt;br&gt;
Нәрсә табылса чоланда,&lt;br&gt;
Ур(ы)нын таба шул казанда.&lt;br&gt;

Кычыткан – кутыр-тимгелдән,&lt;br&gt;
Календула – күгәректән;&lt;br&gt;
Кәстәнә – күтәнең чыкса,&lt;br&gt;
Акчәчәк – тән кымырҗыса,&lt;br&gt;
Песи үлән – баш сызласа,&lt;br&gt;
Акбаш – тире ялкынсынса.&lt;br&gt;
Адәм эчеп-сөртеп торыр,&lt;br&gt;
Бар бәлаләр онытылыр.&lt;br&gt;

Күкрәк кесәсендә саклый&lt;br&gt;
Йөз еллык гыйлем-сабакны;&lt;br&gt;
Им-томнары шуннан бар да,&lt;br&gt;
Нәрсә ничек дәваларга.&lt;br&gt;

Елан ите – тоз утырса,&lt;br&gt;
Коңгызныкы – котырынса,&lt;br&gt;
Дуңгыз маен сүрүгә сөрт,&lt;br&gt;
Сары авырудан – тугыз бет,&lt;br&gt;
Инсультка дәва – сөлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Эч китүгә – күмерлектә.&lt;br&gt;
Кем болардан һич тартынмас –&lt;br&gt;
Үлем аңарга кагылмас.&lt;br&gt;

(Йә, тагын бер кат)&lt;br&gt;
Дүләнә – кан басымыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Канәфер – теш сызлавыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Тырнак гөл – ялкынсынудан,&lt;br&gt;
Тузганак – бөер ташыннан,&lt;br&gt;
Шөет – эчәк авыртудан,&lt;br&gt;
Аю балан – эч катудан.&lt;br&gt;
Нәкъ шулай дәваланганга,&lt;br&gt;
Дару хакы кала янга.&lt;br&gt;

(Эһем-эһем, кабаттан)&lt;br&gt;
Кычыткан – кутыр-тимгелдән,&lt;br&gt;
Календула – күгәректән;&lt;br&gt;
Кәстәнә – күтәнең чыкса,&lt;br&gt;
Акчәчәк – тән кымырҗыса,&lt;br&gt;
Песи үлән – баш сызласа,&lt;br&gt;
Акбаш – тире ялкынсынса.&lt;br&gt;
Адәм эчеп-сөртеп торыр,&lt;br&gt;
Бар бәлаләр онытылыр.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HALLOTTAM NAGY HÍRÉT (Беләм бөек данын)''' ===
Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét pattogó tüzeknek&lt;br&gt;
Pusztákon száguldó vad harci méneknek&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét jurták tengerének&lt;br&gt;
Nyeregbe született szilaj gyermekének&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét pengő szablyáknak&lt;br&gt;
Lándzsát hajító jó acélos karjának&lt;br&gt;

Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét táltos doboknak&lt;br&gt;
Erőtől duzzadó, felajzott íjaknak&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét kalandozásoknak&lt;br&gt;
Bizáncnak, Rómának megsarcolásának&lt;br&gt;
Hallottam nagy hírét fényes győzelmének&lt;br&gt;
Pozsonynál elhulló rút ellenségének&lt;br&gt;

Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;
Mikoron a hegyek újra megremeknek,&lt;br&gt;
morajló hangjától a magyar seregnek&lt;br&gt;
||: Akkor lesz majd szép, akkor lesz majd jó,&lt;br&gt;
Ó-ó-ó-ó-ó-ó :||&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕЛӘМ БӨЕК ДАНЫН'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы: &lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hallottam-nagy-hiret-243f828bbdf2397dcc23f740611918ee

Яңадан тетрәнсә үзәне һәм тавы,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратса җирне яугир маҗар шавы,&lt;br&gt;
||: Булыр иде шәп,&lt;br&gt;
бик шәп бер үрнәк.&lt;br&gt;
Ә-ә-ә-ә-ә-әй! :||&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын янган учакларның,&lt;br&gt;
Дала буйлап яуга җилдерткән атларның;&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын күчмә тирмәләрнең,&lt;br&gt;
Иярләрдә туган кыргый бәбәйләрнең;&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын чыңлы кылычларның,&lt;br&gt;
Сөңге аткан көчле, корычтай кулларның.&lt;br&gt;

Яңадан тетрәнсә үзәне һәм тавы,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратса җирне яугир маҗар шавы,&lt;br&gt;
||: Булыр иде шәп,&lt;br&gt;
бик шәп бер үрнәк.&lt;br&gt;
Ә-ә-ә-ә-ә-әй! :||&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын шаман шөлдеренең,&lt;br&gt;
Атуга тартылган уклар керешенең;&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын яу чапкан бабаның,&lt;br&gt;
Византия-Румны ничек талаганын,&lt;br&gt;
Беләм бөек данын, җиңү яулаганын,&lt;br&gt;
Пожонь* кирмәнендә дошманны кырганын.&lt;br&gt;

Яңадан тетрәнсә үзәне һәм тавы,&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратса җирне яугир маҗар шавы,&lt;br&gt;
||: Булыр иде шәп,&lt;br&gt;
бик шәп бер үрнәк.&lt;br&gt;
Ә-ә-ә-ә-ә-әй! :||&lt;br&gt;

* Пожонь – бүген Словакия башкаласы булган һәм Дунай елгасының сул ягында урнашкан Братислава шәһәренең маҗарча исеме. Маҗар тарихының зур өлеше шушы, элек Прессбург дип аталган күпмилләтле шәһәр белән бәйләнгән. Маҗарлар аны 907 елның 4 июлендә, Байар Иле (Бавария) кыйраллыгы гаскәрен тар-мар итеп, яулап алганнар. 1536-1784 елларда ул Маҗарстанның башкаласы булган, бу чорда маҗар кыйраллары нәкъ шунда таҗ киеп тәхеткә утыра торган булганнар. Маҗарлар Габсбург империясендә яу чукмарлары булып яшәгән чорда милләтара ызгыш-талашлар да еш булган. 1919 елда, Австрия-Маҗарстан мәмләкәте таркалгач, шәһәрне чех легионерлары басып алган. Шуннан соң Пожонь Чехословакия дәүләте карамагына эләккән, аның исемен Братислава дип үзгәрткәннәр.

=== '''TURUL (Турул)''' ===
Hordozzák a véres kardot,&lt;br&gt;
Apáink vére hullott,&lt;br&gt;
A múltunk újra megkísért!&lt;br&gt;
Ki most szívét máshol hordja,&lt;br&gt;
Árulók szekértolója,&lt;br&gt;
Rút testét a kutyáknak vessék!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Jöjj, jöjj, Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarország rossz úton jár!&lt;br&gt;
Édes Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Téged Hazád visszavár! :||&lt;br&gt;

Ősi földünk, hozzád szólunk,&lt;br&gt;
Gyönyörű Magyarországunk,&lt;br&gt;
Ébredj, pusztákon vágtató vad szél!&lt;br&gt;
Medrükből a folyók kilépnek,&lt;br&gt;
Utat tör újra az élet,&lt;br&gt;
Felnyög a Föld, s nyílik az Ég!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Jöjj, jöjj, Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarország rossz úton jár!&lt;br&gt;
Édes Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Téged Hazád visszavár! :||&lt;br&gt;

'''''Előadói beszéd:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Őrvény fonta arany haját,&lt;br&gt;
Hegyek ránca zord homlokát!&lt;br&gt;
Mohos kő az öregapja,&lt;br&gt;
Minden ősét elsiratja!&lt;br&gt;
Két tűz szeme lángolása,&lt;br&gt;
Vihart kavar szárnycsapása!&lt;br&gt;
Csillagos ég lepedője,&lt;br&gt;
Legszebb lány a szeretője!&lt;br&gt;
Égzengése komor hangja,&lt;br&gt;
Holdsarlója éles karma!&lt;br&gt;
Lába nyomán forrás fakad,&lt;br&gt;
Előle a szél is szalad!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Jöjj, jöjj, Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Magyarország rossz úton jár!&lt;br&gt;
Édes Turulmadár,&lt;br&gt;
Téged Hazád visszavár! :||&lt;br&gt;

'''ТУРУЛ'''&lt;br&gt;
Турул – маҗар мифологиясендә маҗарларга үз Ватанын табарга ярдәм иткән дип тасвирлана торган кош. 2004 елда бу халыкның борынгы Рум мәмләкәтендәге Паннония төбәгенә килеп урнашуына 1100 ел тулды. Бу җыр шул вакытта, риваяти кошка Маҗарстанның Татабанья шәһәрендә һәйкәл куелгач, иҗат ителгән иде. Һәйкәлнең биеклеге 15 метр, ул Европада милли җанварларга яки кошларга багышланган иң зур истәлек дип санала.&lt;br&gt;
Борынгы риваятьләрнең милли тормышта ныгыту һәм берләштерү коралы булуын онытырга ярамый.&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-turul-9c5b1a4be202019472d005e2755b3e0f

https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/karpatia

(Turul аудиосына керергә)

&lt;br&gt;https://zvyki.com/song/176298239/K_rp_tia_-_Turul/

Кылыч ник ал төскә канган? –&lt;br&gt;
Ата-баба каны тамган,&lt;br&gt;
Эзәрли хәзер дә шул үткән!&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәген күкрәктән куган –&lt;br&gt;
Сатлык йомышчысы булган:&lt;br&gt;
Җәсәден аның ташла эткә!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Талпын, оч, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарстан юлдан язмасын!&lt;br&gt;
Халкың, әй, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Кодрәтең онытмасын! :||&lt;br&gt;

Баба җире, Ватаныбыз –&lt;br&gt;
Бу гүзәл Маҗарстаныбыз!&lt;br&gt;
Сызгырып үт, җил, даладан,&lt;br&gt;
Елга, ашып ак ярлардан!&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш үзенә юл салыр,&lt;br&gt;
Күк ачылыр, Җир сыкраныр!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Талпын, оч, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарстан юлдан язмасын!&lt;br&gt;
Халкың, әй, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Кодрәтең онытмасын! :||&lt;br&gt;

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Өермә үргән алтын чәчен,&lt;br&gt;
Баш очында – тау түбәсе!&lt;br&gt;
Мүкле таш – аның бабасы,&lt;br&gt;
Борынгыны – сагынасы!&lt;br&gt;
Ике күзе очкын чәчә,&lt;br&gt;
Канат кагып, давыл дәшә!&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызлы күк – туган ягы,&lt;br&gt;
Иң гүзәл кыз – сөйгән яры!&lt;br&gt;
Күк күкрәү – тав(ы)шы шаңдавы,&lt;br&gt;
Ай-урак – очлы тырнагы!&lt;br&gt;
Басса – чишмә ургып чыга,&lt;br&gt;
Аласа – алдан җил чаба!&lt;br&gt;

'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Талпын, оч, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарстан юлдан язмасын!&lt;br&gt;
Халкың, әй, Турул кош,&lt;br&gt;
Кодрәтең онытмасын! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''KÖLTÖZŐ MADÁR (Сәйяр кошым)''' ===
Az, aki megy, elköszön,&lt;br&gt;
Marad utána néhány könny.&lt;br&gt;
Ami ma fáj, holnapután,&lt;br&gt;
A múlt csupán.&lt;br&gt;
Mert jön, az az egy, aki helyett,&lt;br&gt;
Senki más már nem jöhet.&lt;br&gt;
S, csak az az egy, aki szeret,&lt;br&gt;
Marad veled.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ágrólszakadt költöző madár,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik fészekről másikra jár.&lt;br&gt;
Egy földre szállt angyal, ha rád talál,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve szép kalitkájába zár.&lt;br&gt;

Hol az a nyár, hol az a tél,&lt;br&gt;
Mennyit adtál az álmokért.&lt;br&gt;
De az a perc, hogy nem kellesz,&lt;br&gt;
Nem ereszt.&lt;br&gt;
Hát ilyen a sors, van, hogy kifoszt,&lt;br&gt;
Aztán megint új lapot oszt.&lt;br&gt;
És majd lesz, akihez,&lt;br&gt;
Te is jó lehetsz.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ágrólszakadt költöző madár,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik fészekről másikra jár.&lt;br&gt;
Egy földre szállt angyal, ha rád talál,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve szép kalitkájába zár.&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Solo)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Az, aki megy, elköszön,&lt;br&gt;
Marad utána néhány könny.&lt;br&gt;
Ami ma fáj, holnapután,&lt;br&gt;
A múlt csupán.&lt;br&gt;
Mert jön, az az egy, aki helyett,&lt;br&gt;
Senki más már nem jöhet.&lt;br&gt;
S, csak az az egy, aki szeret,&lt;br&gt;
Marad veled.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Ágrólszakadt költöző madár,&lt;br&gt;
Egyik fészekről másikra jár.&lt;br&gt;
Egy földre szállt angyal, ha rád talál,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve szép kalitkájába zár. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''СӘЙЯР КОШЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-koltozo-madar-e98faffe2e4738d0ee2ca0f465e4045f&lt;br&gt;

https://zvyki.com/song/154544111/K_rp_tia_-_K_lt_z_mad_r/

Мәңгегә дип хушлашканнан&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләре инде тамган.&lt;br&gt;
Булыр бүген авырттырган –&lt;br&gt;
Үткән заман.&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем алыштыра алмас&lt;br&gt;
Бердәнберең килми калмас,&lt;br&gt;
Булыр сөйгән шул бер генәң&lt;br&gt;
Синең белән.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Сәйяр кошым канатын кага,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китә башка ояга.&lt;br&gt;
Мәләк, иңеп күктән күң(е)леңә,&lt;br&gt;
Урын бирер йөрәк түрендә.&lt;br&gt;

Ничәмә җәй, ничәмә кыш&lt;br&gt;
Йөртте сине хыял-сагыш.&lt;br&gt;
Әйе, кирәк тапмасалар,&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәк сызлар…&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш сыный ул, телгәли,&lt;br&gt;
Яңа бәхет тә бирәм, ди.&lt;br&gt;
Килер кемдер, сине сөяр,&lt;br&gt;
Җаным! дияр.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Сәйяр кошым канатын кага,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китә башка ояга.&lt;br&gt;
Мәләк, иңеп күктән күң(е)леңә,&lt;br&gt;
Урын бирер йөрәк түрендә.&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Аккомп.)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Мәңгегә дип хушлашканнан&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләре инде тамган.&lt;br&gt;
Булыр бүген авырттырган –&lt;br&gt;
Үткән заман.&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем алыштыра алмас&lt;br&gt;
Бердәнберең килми калмас,&lt;br&gt;
Булыр сөйгән шул бер генәң&lt;br&gt;
Синең белән.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
||: Сәйяр кошым канатын кага,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китә башка ояга.&lt;br&gt;
Мәләк, иңеп синең күңелеңә,&lt;br&gt;
Урын бирер йөрәк түрендә. :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''SOK A HORGÁSZ, KEVÉS A HAL (Балыкчы күп, балык бик аз)''' ===
Állok a stégen a szúnyogok csípnek,&lt;br&gt;
A halak meg lentről nagyokat néznek,&lt;br&gt;
Ki ez a pofa ilyen hosszú bottal,&lt;br&gt;
Meg egy krómozott nyelű sörnyitóval?&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;

Csónakba szállunk és űzöm a halat,&lt;br&gt;
Hátha valami a horgomra akad.&lt;br&gt;
A nap már az égen magasan jár,&lt;br&gt;
Látod semmi sem biztos, csak a halál.&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;

Izzad a tenyerem, száraz a torkom,&lt;br&gt;
Az utolsó megmaradt sörömet bontom.&lt;br&gt;
Tágas a nádas, szökik a hal,&lt;br&gt;
Itt van a vége, jön a vihar.&lt;br&gt;
Héé! Csak az a baj, sok a horgász kevés a hal!&lt;br&gt;

'''БАЛЫКЧЫ КҮП, БАЛЫК БИК АЗ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы: &lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-sok-a-horgasz-keves-a-hal-75a71cce339fbef72ed4b8a1d2b7d3aa

Бастым мин басмага, черки тешли, талый,&lt;br&gt;
Балык судан миңа чекерәеп карый.&lt;br&gt;
Кем ул иңбашына озын кармак аскан,&lt;br&gt;
Сыра тулы шешә һәм ачкычын тоткан?&lt;br&gt;
||: Әй! Тотып булмас:&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчы күп,&lt;br&gt;
Балык бик аз! :||&lt;br&gt;

Салдым кармагымны, утырып каекка, &lt;br&gt;
Эләксәнә! дигән әфсенем – балыкка. &lt;br&gt;
Кояш күтәрелә күкләр гөмбәзенә, &lt;br&gt;
Өлгер бу дөньяда бары үлем генә... &lt;br&gt;
||: Әй! Тотып булмас:&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчы күп,&lt;br&gt;
Балык бик аз! :||&lt;br&gt;

Тирли уч, бармаклар, кибекте тамагым,&lt;br&gt;
Ә шешәдә сыра – нибары бер кабым.&lt;br&gt;
Яшенле болытлар асман йөзен басты,&lt;br&gt;
Балыклар камышның төбенә үк качты.&lt;br&gt;
||||||: Әй! Тотып булмас:&lt;br&gt;
Балыкчы күп,&lt;br&gt;
Балык бик аз! :||||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BÁNYÁSZ HIMNUSZ (Шахтёрлар гимны)''' ===

БЕЗНЕҢ БОРЫНГЫ “ШАХТА” КӨЕН БАШКА ХАЛЫКЛАР НИЧЕГРӘК ҖЫРЛЫЙ ИКӘН? 

Менә ничек:

Szerencse fel! Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;
Ilyen a bányász élete.&lt;br&gt;
Váratlan vész rohanja meg,&lt;br&gt;
Mint bérctetőt a fergeteg.&lt;br&gt;
Nem kincs után sóvárgok én,&lt;br&gt;
Bányász kislányt óhajtok én.&lt;br&gt;
Bányász kislányt óhajt szívem,&lt;br&gt;
Ki szívében bányász legyen.&lt;br&gt;
És hogyha majd a föld ölében végóránkat éljük,&lt;br&gt;
Isten kezében életünk,&lt;br&gt;
Ő megsegít reméljük!&lt;br&gt;
S te kisleány, ne bánkódjál,&lt;br&gt;
Bányásznak halni szép halál,&lt;br&gt;
Egekbe szállani fel, fel!&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse fel!&lt;br&gt;

Чынбарлыкта биредәге Bányász himnusz – “Бәхетле бул” исемле алман халык көе, алман шахтачылары җыры (сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://music.yandex.ru/artist/9369974 – Glück auf! Das Steigerlied).

Маҗарстан шахтачылары аны, текстын үзгәртеп-кыскартып һәм эчтәлеген “җиңеләйтеп”, үзләренчә җырлыйлар. Австрия чигендә урнашкан Чолнок шәһәренең катнаш маҗар-алман халык хоры җырны дәүләт телендә дә башкара:
https://music.yandex.ru/album/11012386/track/67160514

Бәхетле бул! Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;
Шахтёр язмышы шундый ул:&lt;br&gt;
Бәла көтмәгәндә килә,&lt;br&gt;
Гүя тауга давыл иңә.&lt;br&gt;
Көмеш-алтын кирәк түгел,&lt;br&gt;
Шахтёр кызда – минем күңел,&lt;br&gt;
Шул гүзәлкәй – җан ялкыным,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын ул шахтёр хатыным.&lt;br&gt;
Һәммәбез җир кочагында –&lt;br&gt;
Торабыз Күкләр алдында;&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә хөкем кылыр,&lt;br&gt;
Инанам, ярлыкау булыр!&lt;br&gt;
Шахтёр җаны ул – хөрмәтле,&lt;br&gt;
Күктә дә булыр нигъмәтле!&lt;br&gt;
Кайгырма, дус, өметле бул,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле бул!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''CSENDES A DON (Тын Дон)''' ===
Álmos a táj, nem muzsikál&lt;br&gt;
Mint, amikor egy szív, ha megáll&lt;br&gt;
Búsul a vén őszi levél&lt;br&gt;
Vissza talán már sose tér&lt;br&gt;

De még mielőtt a földbe teszik&lt;br&gt;
Mesélj milyen volt, mondd el nekik&lt;br&gt;
Hogy csendes a Don egy halk sírhalom&lt;br&gt;
És fázik a jéghideg földben a csont&lt;br&gt;
De mind hazavágy, mint a madár&lt;br&gt;
Várja őket az otthoni táj&lt;br&gt;

Hallgat a tábor, nincs csatazaj&lt;br&gt;
Sírnak az ágak, néma a dal.&lt;br&gt;

'''ТЫН ДОН'''&lt;br&gt;
Дон елгасы исеменең бик борынгы заманнарда ук төрки-кыпчаклардан алынганлыгын, ә “Тын Дон” сүзләренең безнең телләрдә “майлы май” гына булуын аңлатып та торырга кирәкмидер. Ә нигә соң биредә бу сабыр холыклы елга турында бүгенге маҗарлар шулай сагышланып-моңаеп җырлый? Югыйсә, аларның бабалары, “Ватан эзли-эзли” көнбатышка таба барганда, бу җирләр аша бер мең ярым ел элек үк үткәннәр бит. Юк шул, әле 83 ел элек кенә маҗарлар, һитлерчыларга ияреп, 1943 елның үтә дә салкын кышында Сталинград янындагы канкойгыч сугышларда катнашканнар. Бик күбесе шунда һәм Идел буенда тар-мар ителгәннән соң Донга таба чигенгәндә йә башын салган, йә суыкта туңып үлгән. Җыр текстында бу хакта бер генә сүз дә юк. Ләкин барысы да... ветераннарга гына түгел, яшь замандашларга да аңлашыла.

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-csendes-a-don-5a8cf8bf3b30666fa4dbcb6e505e3ea6

||: Йоклый гына ул, моңланмый,&lt;br&gt;
Сүнгән йөрәк тавышланмый.&lt;br&gt;
Сары яфрак барысын белә:&lt;br&gt;
Кайтмас җан дустың иленә...&lt;br&gt;

Сөйлә, җиргә күмелгәнче,&lt;br&gt;
Кем соң булган ул үлгәнче...&lt;br&gt;
Донда тып-тын тик курганнар&lt;br&gt;
Һәм җирдә ятып калганнар.&lt;br&gt;
Кошлар кебек, җан талпына,&lt;br&gt;
Кайтам диеп Ватаныма. :||&lt;br&gt;

Бәр(е)леш беткән, табыр тынган,&lt;br&gt;
Елый агач, җыр он(ы)тылган...&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HÓPEHELY (Кар бөртеге)''' ===
Egyetlen hópehelyben is&lt;br&gt;
látom a fehér Hargitát,&lt;br&gt;
Egy hópehely elég ahhoz,&lt;br&gt;
hogy érezd száz év bánatát,&lt;br&gt;
Egyetlen hópehely,&lt;br&gt;
A széllel útra kel,&lt;br&gt;
S kezemben boldogan olvad el.&lt;br&gt;

Egyetlen esőcseppben is&lt;br&gt;
érzem a folyók illatát,&lt;br&gt;
Egy esőcseppben benne van,&lt;br&gt;
a viharvert Kárpát-hazánk,&lt;br&gt;
Egyetlen esőcsepp,&lt;br&gt;
Új életet teremt,&lt;br&gt;
S a föld beissza a könnyeket.&lt;br&gt;

Egyetlen homokszemben is,&lt;br&gt;
látom a hatalmas sziklát,&lt;br&gt;
Egy homokszem dúdolja el&lt;br&gt;
a legendás idők dalát,&lt;br&gt;
Egyetlen homokszem,&lt;br&gt;
Egész történelem,&lt;br&gt;
Hallgatom ahogy a múlt üzen.&lt;br&gt;

||: Szikrázó hópelyhek,&lt;br&gt;
Csillogó vízcseppek,&lt;br&gt;
Gördülő apró homokszemek. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''КАР БӨРТЕГЕ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hopehely-73364e9f128fb373916c4a77564a8e2b

Күрәм бер кар бөртегендә&lt;br&gt;
Һаргитаның* чал тауларын,&lt;br&gt;
Бер кар бөртеге туплаган&lt;br&gt;
узган гасыр сагышларын.&lt;br&gt;
Шул бер бөртек карны&lt;br&gt;
Җил озата юлга –&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы су тама кулга.&lt;br&gt;

Тоям бер кар бөртегендә&lt;br&gt;
хуш исләрен үз елгамның,&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы яңгырда – Карпат,&lt;br&gt;
давыл йөдәткән ватаным.&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы яңгырдан&lt;br&gt;
Яңа тормыш иңә,&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләре җиргә сеңә.&lt;br&gt;

Күрәм бер кар бөртегендә&lt;br&gt;
күккә ашкан ил тауларын,&lt;br&gt;
Бер кар бөртеге дә көйли&lt;br&gt;
бөек чорларның җырларын.&lt;br&gt;
Бер кар бөртегеннән&lt;br&gt;
Аңгара аласың&lt;br&gt;
Үткән заман юлламасын.&lt;br&gt;

||: Су тамчысы тама,&lt;br&gt;
Ябалак кар ява,&lt;br&gt;
Бөртекләре кулны яга... :||&lt;br&gt;

* Һаргита – Румыйния карамагындагы маҗар телле Әрдей мохтариятенең бер өязе (румыйнча атамасы – жудец, маҗарчасы – һәдьә).&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÉDES KISFIAM (Нәни татлым)''' ===
Itt vagy velem, mint egy új remény&lt;br&gt;
Az éjszakát felváltja a fény&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy perce élsz, nézlek boldogan&lt;br&gt;
Úgy vártam rád, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt;

A régi vágy újra szárnyra kél&lt;br&gt;
Míg dalt susog kinn az esti szél&lt;br&gt;
Minden bánatom eltűnt nyomtalan&lt;br&gt;
Mosolyogj rám, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt;

Egy rózsakert hinti árnyait&lt;br&gt;
Nincs fontosabb, mint az álmaid&lt;br&gt;
Még egy szót se tudsz, mégis annyian&lt;br&gt;
Hisznek neked, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt; 

'''''Recitativ:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Tudom, mindenütt így van ez a nagyvilágon. Ha egy kisgyerek megszületik, mert a kisgyerek egyszer felnő s talán sikerül neki, hogy a könnyeket nevetéssé a gyűlöletet szeretetté, az ellenségeket barátokká változtassa.&lt;br&gt;

Ezt érzem én, ahogy nézek rád&lt;br&gt;
Más lesz a föld, más lesz a világ.&lt;br&gt;
Sírnod sose kell, élsz majd gondtalan&lt;br&gt;
Boldog leszel, édes kisfiam.&lt;br&gt;

'''НӘНИ ТАТЛЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(маҗар бишек җыры,  сылтамада -- берничә аудио бергә, Жужа Чәрһати һәм Дора Синәтар җырлавы матур)'''''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиолар сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/édes%20kisfiam 

Балам минем – яңа өметем,&lt;br&gt;
Син бәләкәй, ә мин бәхетле,&lt;br&gt;
Төнгә алмашка килгән нур-яктым,&lt;br&gt;
Көтеп алган, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

Кичке җилләр талгын искәндә,&lt;br&gt;
Изге теләкләрем – бәбкәмә.&lt;br&gt;
Эзсез югалсын бу сагышларым, –&lt;br&gt;
Елмай әле, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

Гөлбакчага төшкән күләгә,&lt;br&gt;
Хыялларым – сиңа күрәзә,&lt;br&gt;
Игелекле бул, минем акыллым,&lt;br&gt;
Ышанычым, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

'''''Речитатив:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Беләм, бөтен дөньяда да шулай була ул, нәни бала тугач. Чөнки бала бер тапкыр гына үсә, һәм ул үсеп җитеп уңышка ирешкәч, күз яшьләрен – шатлыкка, нәфрәтне – мәхәббәткә, дошманнарны дуска әйләндерер. 

Текәлгәннәр сиңа күзләрем,&lt;br&gt;
Күрәм, дөнья әле үзгәрер.&lt;br&gt;
Күз яше кибәр, булмас һич кайгың,&lt;br&gt;
Сәгадәтлем, әй, нәни татлым.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÉGI KIRÁLY (Күк Патшасы)''' ===
Az idő már későre jár,&lt;br&gt;
a madár is fészkére száll,&lt;br&gt;
csak a Szent Szűz jár hiába,&lt;br&gt;
Betlehemnek városába.&lt;br&gt;
||: Legalább ti jó emberek&lt;br&gt;
fogadjátok a kisdedet.&lt;br&gt;
Házatokra boldogság száll,&lt;br&gt;
ha betér az Égi Király. :||&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;

Ne sírj tovább Szűz Mária,&lt;br&gt;
ne menjetek már sehova,&lt;br&gt;
szállásunkat mi megosztjuk,&lt;br&gt;
kis Jézuskát béfogadjuk.&lt;br&gt;
Legalább ti jó emberek&lt;br&gt;
fogadjátok a kisdedet.&lt;br&gt;
Házatokra boldogság száll,&lt;br&gt;
ha betér az Égi Király.&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;
Égi Király…&lt;br&gt;

|||: Legalább ti jó emberek&lt;br&gt;
fogadjátok a kisdedet.&lt;br&gt;
Házatokra boldogság száll,&lt;br&gt;
ha betér az Égi Király. :||| &lt;br&gt;

'''КҮК ПАТШАСЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Бу дини җыр Раштуа бәйрәме йолаларын үтәгәндә төрлечә җырлана. Биредә Маҗарстанның халык җырчысы '''Нори Ковач''' башкаруындагы җырдан тәрҗемә.&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамасы ('''Égi Király''' җыры -- №7):&lt;br&gt;
https://music.yandex.ru/album/25374216/track/112662916

1. Кояш иңде тау артына,&lt;br&gt;
Сайрар кошлар – оясында,&lt;br&gt;
Йөри Мәрьям Ана гына&lt;br&gt;
Бәйтәл-Ләхәм каласында.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (2):'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ихлас күңелле кешеләр&lt;br&gt;
Изгеләргә ярдәм кылса,&lt;br&gt;
Тормышка да бәхет иңәр,&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы ярлыкаса.&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...  &lt;br&gt;

2. Мәрьям Ана, син елама,&lt;br&gt;
Сыену эзләп, ятка барма.&lt;br&gt;
Урын бездә киң сиңа да,&lt;br&gt;
Бәләкәчең Гайсага да.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта.'''''&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...&lt;br&gt;
Күк Патшасы...&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта (3).'''''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''SZERELEM, SZERELEM... (Мәхәббәт, мәхәббәт...)''' ===
Piros pántlikamát fújdogálja a szél,&lt;br&gt;
köszönöm galambom, hogy eddig szerettél.&lt;br&gt;
Arról sem tehetek, ha már megvetettél,&lt;br&gt;
nálamnál szebbeket, s jobbakat kerestél.&lt;br&gt;
||:Szerelem szerelem átkozott szerelem,&lt;br&gt;
Mér nem termettél meg minden falevelen.:|| &lt;br&gt;

A piros rózsának elhajlik az ága,&lt;br&gt;
én is elhajlottam egy hűtlen szavára.&lt;br&gt;
Mit ér a rózsafa piros bimbó nélkül?&lt;br&gt;
Mit ér a szerelem igaz hűség nélkül?&lt;br&gt;
||:Szerelem szerelem átkozott szerelem,&lt;br&gt;
Mér nem termettél meg minden falevelen.:|&lt;br&gt; 

'''МӘХӘББӘТ, МӘХӘББӘТ...'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Нори Ковач репертуарыннан, маҗар халык җыры; аудиода Норига кушылып аның бабасы Йожеф Ковач (1936-2023) җырлый)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://vk.com/audio-2001636777_59636777 

Минем кызыл тасмам җилферди җилләрдә,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхмәт, күгәрченем, моңарчы сөйгәнгә.&lt;br&gt;
Мине ташлап, аңлыйм, һич тә кимсетмисең,&lt;br&gt;
Миннән яхшыракны син бары эзлисең.&lt;br&gt;
||:''' Мәхәббәт, мәхәббәт... аяусыз хисләре,&lt;br&gt;
'''Һәр ботакта үсми сөю җимешләре.''' ''':||&lt;br&gt;

Гөлчәчәкнең кызыл ботагы иелә,&lt;br&gt;
Мин шулай баш идем ​​хыянәт сүзенә.&lt;br&gt;
Тугрылыксыз сөю... бармы соң мәгънәсе?&lt;br&gt;
Яфраксыз гөлчәчәк – ничек ул яшәсен?..&lt;br&gt;
||:''' Мәхәббәт, мәхәббәт... каһәрле хисләре,&lt;br&gt;
'''Һәр ботакта үсми сөю җимешләре.''' ''':||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÉN AZ ÉJJEL NEM ALUDTAM EGY ÓRÁT (Бүген төне буе йоклый алмадым)''' ===
Én az éjjel nem aludtam egy órát,&lt;br&gt;
Hallgattam a régi babám panaszát.&lt;br&gt;
Éjfél után sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
kezdtem elszenderedni,&lt;br&gt;
Jaj de bajos ki egymást nem szereti.&lt;br&gt;

Úgy meguntam ezt a legényt szeretni,&lt;br&gt;
De mégjobban a gyűrűjét viselni.&lt;br&gt;
Csütörtökön sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
megmondom az anyának:&lt;br&gt;
Köszönöm a jóságát a fiának.&lt;br&gt;

De szeretnék az erdőben fa lenni.&lt;br&gt;
Ha engem meg meggyújtana valaki,&lt;br&gt;
Elégetném sejehaj&lt;br&gt;
ezt a cudar világot,&lt;br&gt;
Ne szeresse senki az én babámat.&lt;br&gt;

Széles a víz, keskeny a híd felette.&lt;br&gt;
Rólad babám minden gondom levettem.&lt;br&gt;
Úgy levettem sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy még eszembe se juss,&lt;br&gt;
Jóságodér fizessen meg a﻿ Jézus.&lt;br&gt;
Úgy levettem sejehaj,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy még eszembe se juss,&lt;br&gt;
Jóságodér fizessen meg a﻿ Jézus.&lt;br&gt; 

'''БҮГЕН ТӨНЕ БУЕ ЙОКЛЫЙ АЛМАДЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(Маҗар эстрада җырчылары репертуарыннан)'''''&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамалары:

https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/én%20az%20éjjel%20nem%20aludtam%20egy%20órát

(Holdviola, Magonc Együttes яки Sebestyén Márta башкаруындагы файлларны ачарга)

&lt;br&gt;https://zvyki.com/song/73543067/Holdviola_-_n_Az_jjel_Nem_Aludtam_Egy_r_t/

Бүген төне буе йоклый алмадым,&lt;br&gt;
Карт баламның үпкә-зарын тыңладым.&lt;br&gt;
Төн уртасы, мин әле&lt;br&gt;
Китә алмыйм йокыга…&lt;br&gt;
Әй, яратып булмый ыгы-зыгыда…&lt;br&gt;

Яшь картлачның “сөю”еннән мин туйдым&lt;br&gt;
Һәм балдагын кию мәгънәсен җуйдым...&lt;br&gt;
Атна кич соң кат рәхмәт&lt;br&gt;
Әйтермен анасына,&lt;br&gt;
Гашыйк бит ул үзе карт баласына...&lt;br&gt;

Үсәр идем урманда агач булып...&lt;br&gt;
Ут төртсәләр һәм китсәм шунда янып,&lt;br&gt;
Дөрләтер идем ялган,&lt;br&gt;
Мәкер тулы дөньяны,&lt;br&gt;
Назламас өчен бу картлач баланы...&lt;br&gt;

Киң судагы тар басма аша үттем.&lt;br&gt;
Бу “сабый”ның “гыйшык” йомгагын сүттем...&lt;br&gt;
Һәм баш тарттым Гайсәне&lt;br&gt;
Аңлый алмаганнардан,&lt;br&gt;
Игелеген танымый торганнардан...&lt;br&gt;  

=== '''ÖRÖKSÉGEM (Мирасым)''' ===
Anyám ajkáról minden szó,&lt;br&gt;
Úgy száll, mint könnyű pillangó.&lt;br&gt;
Apám hangja menydörgő ég,&lt;br&gt;
Őszintén, keményen beszélt.&lt;br&gt;
Ha éjjel ébren álmodom,&lt;br&gt;
A csendben őket hallgatom.&lt;br&gt;
Hallom, hogy suttogják nekem,&lt;br&gt;
Légy büszke magyar, gyermekem.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Apám szíve zúgó harang,&lt;br&gt;
Anyám lelke fehér galamb,&lt;br&gt;
Amit kaptam, viszem tovább,&lt;br&gt;
Örökségem a szabadság. &lt;br&gt;

Anyám keze az irgalom,&lt;br&gt;
Tíz ujja tíz virágszirom.&lt;br&gt;
Apám ökle az igazság,&lt;br&gt;
Ütötte mások asztalát.&lt;br&gt;
Érintésük arcomon,&lt;br&gt;
A halálomig hordozom.&lt;br&gt;
Ha egyszer fegyvert markolok,&lt;br&gt;
Az ő kezükkel harcolok.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Anyám szeme kék tiszta tó,&lt;br&gt;
Tükrében minden látható.&lt;br&gt;
Apám komor tekintete,&lt;br&gt;
Mély ráncok sűrű erdeje.&lt;br&gt;
A sötét háztetők felett,&lt;br&gt;
Ezernyi csillag lépeget.&lt;br&gt;
Nézem az elfolyó időt,&lt;br&gt;
A múltat görgető jövőt.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrén.'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''МИРАСЫМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-oroksegem-c20308b1c07c9a0bd1421357717b027c

Әнкәемнең һәрбер сүзе –&lt;br&gt;
Очар күбәләк ул үзе,&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй тавышының чаңы –&lt;br&gt;
Катгый күк күкрәү вөҗданы.&lt;br&gt;
Уяу хыялый һәр төнем&lt;br&gt;
Уза тыңлап күкләр өнен;&lt;br&gt;
Өндәп дәшә бакый җаннар:&lt;br&gt;
“Балакай, бул горур маҗар”.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй йөрәге – рухы шаны,&lt;br&gt;
Ак күгәрчен – әнкәй җаны.&lt;br&gt;
Изге, кадерләп йөртерлек&lt;br&gt;
Мирас алдым: ирек, хөрлек.&lt;br&gt;

Әткәй йодрыгы – ихласлап&lt;br&gt;
Торыр чит-ят әрдән саклап;&lt;br&gt;
Әнкәй куллары – аклыкта,&lt;br&gt;
Ун аерча – ун бармакта:&lt;br&gt;
Йөзем сыйпап салган эзләр&lt;br&gt;
Гомер буе мине бизәр.&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй коралын алырмын&lt;br&gt;
Һәм дүрт куллап яу кылырмын.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Әнкәй күзе – саф сулы күл:&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья чаг(ы)ла – кара һәм күр.&lt;br&gt;
Кырыс әткәй карашлары,&lt;br&gt;
Ерганаклы бит сырлары.&lt;br&gt;
...Өй өстендә, бик биектә –&lt;br&gt;
Мең-мең йолдыз йөзә күктә.&lt;br&gt;
Күзаллыйм узган гомерне:&lt;br&gt;
Үткән этәрә килерне.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта''''' (2).&lt;br&gt;  

=== '''EGY NAP AZ ÉLET (Тормыш ул – бер көн)''' ===
Csak egy nap az élet fiúk,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy nap és nincsen tovább!&lt;br&gt;
De azért a napért megszületni,&lt;br&gt;
Érdemes volt cimborák. &lt;br&gt;

Még csontunkon mozdul a hús,&lt;br&gt;
De vérünket issza már a föld,&lt;br&gt;
És látni a távoli fényt,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy elfedi lágyan a köd.&lt;br&gt;

Ha dob helyett harsona szól,&lt;br&gt;
És nyitják a menny kapuját,&lt;br&gt;
Ott menetel seregünk,&lt;br&gt;
A csillagösvényen tovább.&lt;br&gt;

Nem számít honnan jöttél,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az számít, hogy merre mész,&lt;br&gt;
És a zászlód, mit magasra tart,&lt;br&gt;
Egy ökölbe szorított kéz.&lt;br&gt;

Csak egy nap az élet fiúk,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy nap és nincsen tovább!&lt;br&gt;
De azért a napért megszületni,&lt;br&gt;
Érdemes volt cimborák.&lt;br&gt;

Ezer meg ezer év edzett apát és fiát,&lt;br&gt;
Elfogadni ha kell, a hősies halált.&lt;br&gt;
Ezer meg ezer év tanított anyát és leányt,&lt;br&gt;
Szívében viselni, fekete gyászruhát.&lt;br&gt;

'''ТОРМЫШ УЛ – БЕР КӨН'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-egy-nap-az-elet-f15319dabce5b5b7cc2a9aa3d708feba

Бер генә көн кебек тормыш,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм юк, дуслар, юллар артка.&lt;br&gt;
Кабул итик, бу бит язмыш –&lt;br&gt;
Бирелмәгән һич тә юкка!&lt;br&gt;

Бәдән әле – гел сөяктә,&lt;br&gt;
Туфрак инде суыра канны.&lt;br&gt;
Бер яктылык ачыла күктә,&lt;br&gt;
Төсмерләре тик томанлы.&lt;br&gt;

Тамтам тынып, сур яңгырар,&lt;br&gt;
Ачылып китәр күк капусы,&lt;br&gt;
Безнең гаскәр юлга чыгар –&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызлы юл булыр бусы!&lt;br&gt;

Игътибарсыз үз сукмагың,&lt;br&gt;
Мөһим бергә барган юлың,&lt;br&gt;
Югарыдагы байрагың –&lt;br&gt;
Йодрыклатып тоткан кулың.&lt;br&gt; 

Бер генә көн кебек тормыш,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм юк, дуслар, юллар артка.&lt;br&gt;
Кабул итик, бу бит язмыш –&lt;br&gt;
Бирелмәгән һич тә юкка!&lt;br&gt;

'''Мең еллар ата-улларны өйрәттеләр,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Кирәксә, керергә үлем элмәгенә.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Мең еллар ана-кызларны яшәттеләр,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Йөрәкләрен төреп матәм күлмәгенә…'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''VENDÉGSÉG (Кунакчыллык)''' ===
Üdvözöllek magyarhonban, messziről jött idegen,&lt;br&gt;
Hogyha jó szándék vezérel, pihenj annyit, amit kell,&lt;br&gt;
De ha földünkre fáj fogad, vagy csak asszonyt vinnél el,&lt;br&gt;
||: Fordulj sarkon, s gyorsan kotródj innen Isten hírével. :||&lt;br&gt;

Ne szomjazzon más nép fia a mi javaink után,&lt;br&gt;
Mi sem kérünk semmit abból, ami nem nekünk dukál,&lt;br&gt;
Nem keressük mi a bajt, de el sem futunk előle,&lt;br&gt;
||: Aki fogát feni ránk, az pórul jár egy-kettőre. :||&lt;br&gt;

Szívesen látunk mi bárkit, ha utána hazamegy,&lt;br&gt;
Nem időzik a kamrában, hogy a zsebét tömje meg.&lt;br&gt;
Mert a világ ezen felén csak az él meg száz évet,&lt;br&gt;
||: Aki tiszteletben tartja mifelénk az illemet. :||&lt;br&gt;

Üdvözöllek magyarhonban, messziről jött idegen,&lt;br&gt;
Hogyha jó szándék vezérel, pihenj annyit, amit kell,&lt;br&gt;
De ha földünkre fáj fogad, vagy csak asszonyt vinnél el,&lt;br&gt;
||: Fordulj sarkon, s gyorsan kotródj innen Isten hírével. :||&lt;br&gt;

'''КУНАКЧЫЛЛЫК'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/89106040/K_rp_tia_-_Vend_gs_g/

Хуш киләсең Маҗарстанга, ерактан якын юлчы,&lt;br&gt;
Ниятләрең изге булса, утыр, ял ит туйганчы.&lt;br&gt;
Ымсынсаң безнең җирләргә яисә берәр кызга,&lt;br&gt;
||: Борыл да тиз элдерт моннан, Ходай сиңа юл сызган. :||&lt;br&gt;

Күз атмасын чит-ят халык уллары безнең малга,&lt;br&gt;
Кызыкмыйбыз үзебез дә безнеке булмаганга.&lt;br&gt;
Күңелсезлек эзләмибез, курыкмыйбыз яманнан,&lt;br&gt;
||: Кемсә безгә теш кайраса, бик үкенер соңыннан. :||&lt;br&gt;

Кунак булгач, тиеш юлчы кабат өйгә кайтырга,&lt;br&gt;
Казынмасын сандыкларда – кесә калынайтырга.&lt;br&gt;
Дөньяның бу төбәгендә йөз еллап яшәр бары&lt;br&gt;
||: Хөрмәт иткән маҗарларга кадерле йолаларны. :||&lt;br&gt;

Хуш киләсең Маҗарстанга, ерактан якын юлчы,&lt;br&gt;
Ниятләрең изге булса, утыр, ял ит туйганчы.&lt;br&gt;
Ымсынсаң безнең җирләргә яисә берәр кызга,&lt;br&gt;
||: Борыл да тиз элдерт моннан, Ходай сиңа юл сызган. :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''AZ ÉN HITEM (Моны мин әйтәм)''' ===
Hogy sokasodjon szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
||: Magyar leány be az ágyba,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar legény a karjába.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem! :||&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Hogy okosodjon szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Magyar tanárt katedrára,&lt;br&gt;
A tudomány oltárára.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Hogy gyarapodjon szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Magyar szántson magyar földön,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar vízzel ő öntözzön.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Hogy boldog legyen szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Bölcsőnknél anyánk daloljon,&lt;br&gt;
Apánk víg nótája szóljon.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Ha meghalok majd, szép nemzetem,&lt;br&gt;
Elmondom, hogy mit tegyen.&lt;br&gt;
Az Úr segít, hogy így legyen! Így legyen!&lt;br&gt;
Temessetek magyar földön,&lt;br&gt;
Belőlem új élet nőjön.&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

Magyar vagyok, szabad vagyok,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar földön itthon vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;
Ez az én hitem!&lt;br&gt;

'''МОНЫ МИН ӘЙТӘМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-az-en-hitem-2b57f3427a766a9076bf731957d9db0d

Халкым саны артсын дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Маҗар туташы – ятакта,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар егете – кочакта.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Аң-белемле булыйк дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Галимнәрне – остазлыкка,&lt;br&gt;
Шәкертләрне – абызлыкка.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Мул тормышта яшик дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Маҗар җирен маҗар сөрсен,&lt;br&gt;
Сугарсын, иген үстерсен.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Сәгадәтле булыйк дисәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Ана бишекне тибрәтсен,&lt;br&gt;
Ата угланын өйрәтсен.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

Гүзәл халкым, үлеп китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Нишләргә кирәкне беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Тәңрем, Үзең “Булсын!” диеп, хуп күрсәң!&lt;br&gt;
||: Җәсәд – үз җиремдә ятсын,&lt;br&gt;
Өстә – хәят чәчәк атсын.&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

||: Маҗармын һәм иреклемен,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар җирендә үз өем!&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм! :||&lt;br&gt;
Моны мин әйтәм!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HUNOK UNOKÁJA (Һуннар оныклары)''' ===
Szabad Magyar vagyok, élek ahogy élek,&lt;br&gt;
Én csak az Úr Isten előtt hajtok térdet.&lt;br&gt;
Ő adta hazánkul ezt a darab földet&lt;br&gt;
Ránk bízva a fákkal suttogó hegyeket.&lt;br&gt;

Nemzedékek sora vérveríték árán&lt;br&gt;
Kardal és kaszával ott állt kint a vártán&lt;br&gt;
Ma sem törhetnek meg közülünk egyet sem&lt;br&gt;
Szerencse kísérjen, bátorság vezessen!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Bátorság vezessen! :||||&lt;br&gt;

Vad vihar torkában, zúgó jeges árban,&lt;br&gt;
Sziklaként állunk mi szép Magyarországban.&lt;br&gt;
S míg a csillagösvény ragyog fejünk fölött,&lt;br&gt;
Körmünk szakadtáig védünk minden rögöt.&lt;br&gt;

Üzenjük a világ mind a négy sarkába,&lt;br&gt;
Hogy a büszke magyar, hunok unokája!&lt;br&gt;
Üzenjük a világ ezer szegletébe,&lt;br&gt;
Voltunk, vagyunk, s leszünk! Él Attila népe!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Él Attila népe! :||||&lt;br&gt;

'''ҺУННАР ОНЫКЛАРЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hunok-unokaja-341e6826a34d3cb22a59da562522387d 
+ “слушать” тамгасы

Мин азат маҗармын, беләм яшәү тәмен,&lt;br&gt;
Бер Алла каршында бары тез чүгәмен:&lt;br&gt;
Ул бу җир кисәген Ватан итеп биргән,&lt;br&gt;
Тауларны иңдереп, урманга җан өргән.&lt;br&gt;

Ватаным! дип, халкым кан койган, тир түккән,&lt;br&gt;
Чалгы, кылыч тотып, илне имин иткән.&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем югалтмаган җан һәм тән куәсен,&lt;br&gt;
Уңыш юлдаш булсын, батырлык әйдәсен!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Батырлык әйдәсен! :||||&lt;br&gt;

Гарасат ав(ы)зында үк(е)реп боз яуганда,&lt;br&gt;
Таш кыя күк бастык гүзәл Маҗарстанда.&lt;br&gt;
Йолдызлы юл балкып тора ил күгендә,&lt;br&gt;
Саклап тотыйк җирнең һәрбер кисәген дә.&lt;br&gt;

Белеп торсын фани дөнья тарафлары:&lt;br&gt;
Без горур маҗарлар – һуннар оныклары!&lt;br&gt;
Бар дөньяга хәбәр бирсен меңнәр өне:&lt;br&gt;
Булды, бар ул, булыр – Аттила кавеме!&lt;br&gt;
||||: Аттила кавеме! :||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''DICSŐSÉG ISTENNEK! (Аллага шөкер!)''' ===

||||||: Még áll a Kárpátok határa&lt;br&gt;
Él még a hazaszeretet&lt;br&gt;
Angyalok szárnyai&lt;br&gt;
Óvják e nemzetet&lt;br&gt;
Dicsőség Istennek! :||||||&lt;br&gt;

'''АЛЛАГА ШӨКЕР!'''

Сылтамалары:

https://yandex.ru/video/preview/203329528523511779

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-dicsoseg-istennek-481fa55a4622f60cf77b10d62b04d11e

||||||: Карпат-тау әле калкып тора –&lt;br&gt;
Ватанны сөюгә зикер.&lt;br&gt;
Фәрештә канаты&lt;br&gt;
Саклап тота аны,&lt;br&gt;
Аллага шөкер! :||||||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''A VILÁGTÓL ELZÁRVA (Дөньядан еракта)''' ===
A világtól elzárva, égi tisztaságban&lt;br&gt;
Hegyektől ölelve, a remény sugára&lt;br&gt;
Született asszonytól, született embertől&lt;br&gt;
Lelke hófehére az egy igaz Istentől&lt;br&gt;

Míg künn a fenyveseket tépi a vad nemere&lt;br&gt;
Bent pattogó tűznek simogat melege&lt;br&gt;
Hol apáról fiúra száll a titkok titka&lt;br&gt;
Kárpátok őrzője imígyen tanítja&lt;br&gt;

Ha mész hegygerincen, ha mész patakvölgyben&lt;br&gt;
Lábad alatt az út könnyű sosem legyen&lt;br&gt;
Menj sűrű erdőkön, menj a hómezőkön&lt;br&gt;
Hagyd ott nyomod minden drága magyar rögön&lt;br&gt;

Hallasz majd beszédet, hangosat, csendeset&lt;br&gt;
Keserűt kárognak, az igazság édesebb&lt;br&gt;
Édesebb a nyelvnek az őszinte szó íze&lt;br&gt;
Varjú károgása ne zavarjon össze&lt;br&gt;

Kutass a végtelenben, a sorsod két kezedben&lt;br&gt;
Nyisd ki, olvasd bátran, ott rejlik benne minden&lt;br&gt;
Ott rejlik boldogságod, ott rejlik minden álmod&lt;br&gt;
Tövisek közt nyíló, szép mártírhalálod&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-a-vilagtol-elzarva-619038082f64edec2a374b1b866b87bf

'''Дөньядан еракта'''&lt;br&gt;
Дөньядан еракта, күкләр сафлыгында,&lt;br&gt;
Таулар кочагында, өмет нурларында –&lt;br&gt;
Анадан туган ул, атадан туган ул,&lt;br&gt;
Бер Ходайдан иңгән, кар кебек ак җан ул.&lt;br&gt;

Тышта – чыршыларны кыргый җил битәрли,&lt;br&gt;
Эчтә – янган учак җылысы иркәли.&lt;br&gt;
Карпат сакчысының сабагы-гозере:&lt;br&gt;
Атадан угылга күчә яшәү сере.&lt;br&gt;

Бар тау сырты буйлап, иңлә үзәннәрне –&lt;br&gt;
Аяк астыңда юл булыр сикәлтәле.&lt;br&gt;
Карурманнарыңда, карлы кырларыңда –&lt;br&gt;
Калдыр эзләреңне маҗар туфрагында.&lt;br&gt;

Сөйләрләр сүзләрен – мактап йә каһәрләп:&lt;br&gt;
Авырын – аһ-зарлап, рәхәтрәген – тәмләп.&lt;br&gt;
Сөйләш үз телеңдә, татып һәр хак сүзне,&lt;br&gt;
Карга каркылдавы борчымасын сине.&lt;br&gt;

Эзлән Мәңгелектә, язмыш үз кулыңда,&lt;br&gt;
Укы ачып аны, бөтен серләр шунда.&lt;br&gt;
Анда хыялларың, яшерен сәгадәтең,&lt;br&gt;
Гөлләр арасында – ахыргы сәгатең.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ISTEN VELED, SZÜLŐI HÁZ (Иминлектә бул, туган йорт)''' ===
Kicsi ház a szőke Tisza partján,&lt;br&gt;
Ott lakott az én édesanyám.&lt;br&gt;
S a nyitott ablakon kihallott&lt;br&gt;
Apám zongorája,&lt;br&gt;
Dalára a tücsök elhallgatott.&lt;br&gt;
Édesanyám, ha ebédhez terített,&lt;br&gt;
Sürgött-forgott az egész család.&lt;br&gt;
S ha ebéd után a kémény&lt;br&gt;
felett elszállott a gólya,&lt;br&gt;
a tornácról néztük az útját.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén:&lt;br&gt;
Isten veled szülői ház,&lt;br&gt;
Mától kezdve rád más vigyáz.&lt;br&gt;
Emlékszem a szépre, jóra,&lt;br&gt;
Húsvétra, karácsonyra,&lt;br&gt;
Emlék, mely örökre bennem él.&lt;br&gt;

Elrepültek hónapok és évek,&lt;br&gt;
hajlott hátú édes jó apám.&lt;br&gt;
Székén ülve, a szeme alatt&lt;br&gt;
Elmorzsolt egy könnyet:&lt;br&gt;
Milyen szép az én kis unokám!&lt;br&gt;
Szőke Tisza, mesélj nekem róluk,&lt;br&gt;
Milyen lehet egy igaz szerelem.&lt;br&gt;
Hogyan lehet egy életen át&lt;br&gt;
Egymást úgy szeretni,&lt;br&gt;
Tisztelni sok hosszú éven át.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

De jött az este, és sötét lett minden,&lt;br&gt;
Rózsa nőtte be az ablakot.&lt;br&gt;
Az ablak alatt, ha este megállok,&lt;br&gt;
Hallom a hangokat:&lt;br&gt;
A zongorán a régi dallamot.&lt;br&gt;
Refrén.&lt;br&gt;

'''ИМИНЛЕКТӘ БУЛ, ТУГАН ЙОРТ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;
https://vk.com/wall-78485741_1042

Якты Тиса буйларында өем.&lt;br&gt;
Әнкәй тәрәз аша җырлады,&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй фортепианосында&lt;br&gt;
Яңгыратты көен –&lt;br&gt;
Шөрчекләр дә тынып тыңлады.&lt;br&gt;
Әнкәй табын җәйгәч, тәгам итте&lt;br&gt;
Ыгы-зыгы килеп гаилә.&lt;br&gt;
Өй өстеннән, канат җәеп,&lt;br&gt;
Ләкләк очып үтте,&lt;br&gt;
Карап калдык аңа, кул изәп.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Туган йорт, бул иминлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын хуҗаң изгелектә.&lt;br&gt;
Күңел баглыйм һуш кылганга –&lt;br&gt;
Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга*,&lt;br&gt;
Калды алар мәңгегә истә.&lt;br&gt;

Үтеп китте бик тиз айлар, еллар,&lt;br&gt;
Әткәем дә инде картайды.&lt;br&gt;
Күз яшьләрен сөртә-сөртә:&lt;br&gt;
“Нинди соң матурлар&lt;br&gt;
Оныкларым...” – диеп моңайды.&lt;br&gt;
Якты Тиса гүя сөйләп тора:&lt;br&gt;
“Менә шундый ул – саф мәхәббәт!&lt;br&gt;
Бер-береңне гомер буе&lt;br&gt;
Мөмкин яратырга,&lt;br&gt;
Кылып игелек һәм мәрхәмәт”.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Туган йорт, бул иминлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын хуҗаң изгелектә.&lt;br&gt;
Күңел баглыйм һуш кылганга –&lt;br&gt;
Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга,&lt;br&gt;
Калды алар мәңгегә истә. &lt;br&gt;

Кич тә җитте. Тәрәз канатларын&lt;br&gt;
Урап алган гүзәл гөлчәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Әткәй фортепианосы урамга&lt;br&gt;
Тарата моңнарын;&lt;br&gt;
Көе күңелләргә иңәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Туган йорт, бул иминлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Булсын хуҗаң изгелектә.&lt;br&gt;
Күңел баглыйм һуш кылганга –&lt;br&gt;
Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга,&lt;br&gt;
Калды алар мәңгегә истә.&lt;br&gt;

 * '''''Гайдел-Әдхә, Рамазанга: “Карпатия” текстында – “Олы Көнгә, Раштуага”.'''''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ERDÉLY HIMNUSZ (Әрдей гимны)''' ===
Ki tudja merre, merre visz a végzet:&lt;br&gt;
Göröngyös úton, sötét éjjelen.&lt;br&gt;
Vezesd még egyszer, győzelemre néped,&lt;br&gt;
Csaba királyfi, csillagösvényen!&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrain''''':&lt;br&gt;
Maroknyi székely porlik, mint a szikla,&lt;br&gt;
Népek harcának zajló tengerén.&lt;br&gt;
Fejünk az ár jaj, százszor elborít&lt;br&gt;ja,
Ne hagyd elveszni Erdélyt, Istenünk!&lt;br&gt;

Ameddig élünk, magyar ajkú népek,&lt;br&gt;
Megtörni lelkünk nem lehet soha!&lt;br&gt;
Szülessünk bárhol, földünk bármely pontján,&lt;br&gt;
Lenne a sorsunk jó vagy mostoha.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Refrain''''':&lt;br&gt;
Maroknyi székely porlik, mint a szikla,&lt;br&gt;
Népek harcának zajló tengerén.&lt;br&gt;
Fejünk az ár jaj, százszor elborítja,&lt;br&gt;
Ne hagyd elveszni Erdélyt, Istenünk! &lt;br&gt;

'''ӘРДЕЙ ГИМНЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;
https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/himnusz-szйkely-himnusz-99ee478c566fdfd54708534b0da13e5f

https://zvyki.com/song/154544099/K_rp_tia_-_Sz_kely_Himnusz/

Язмышлар безне йөртми кайда гына&lt;br&gt;
Караңгы төндә, сикәлтә урда.&lt;br&gt;
Чаба шаһзадә, кайт кабат халкыңа,&lt;br&gt;
Алып чык аны йолдызлы юлга.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ялгыз кыя күк, сейкәй басып тора&lt;br&gt;
Халыклар явы барган диңгездә,&lt;br&gt;
Йөз кат калды ул дулкыннар астында;&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү насыйп ит, Ходай, Әрдейгә. &lt;br&gt;

Маҗар телле кавемнәр арасында&lt;br&gt;
Мәңге сынмас безнең көч-рухыбыз,&lt;br&gt;
Дөньяның кайсы җирендә тусак та,&lt;br&gt;
Нинди булса да юл-язмышыбыз.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымта:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ялгыз кыя күк, сейкәй басып тора&lt;br&gt;
Халыклар явы барган диңгездә,&lt;br&gt;
Кат-кат калды ул дулкыннар астында;&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү насыйп ит, Ходай, Әрдейгә.&lt;br&gt;

''Беренче бөтендөнья сугышыннан соң Трианон халыкара килешүе буенча (1920 елда) Румыниягә кереп калган Әрдей (Трансильвания) маҗарлары (үзатамалары – сейкәйләр) бу җырны шул елларда милли гимн буларак куллана башлаганнар. Аны сейкәйләрнең милли бәйрәмнәрендә һәм җыеннарында башкаралар. Гимн шулай ук Әрдей спорт такымнары Румыния беренчелегендә катнашканда да илнең үз дәүләт гимны белән бергә оркестр язмасында уйнатыла.''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BIZALMAM AZ ŐSI ERÉNYBEN (Изгелеккә мин ышанам)''' ===
Bizalmam az ősi erényben&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy vélünk az Isten&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy lesz feltámadás&lt;br&gt;

Az idő kezdete óta&lt;br&gt;
Regéket mesélnek róla&lt;br&gt;
Milyen szép is az én hazám&lt;br&gt;

Ha látsz útmenti keresztet&lt;br&gt;
Vándor, állj meg egy percet! &lt;br&gt;
Olvasd a hősök névsorát! &lt;br&gt;

Voltak kik előttünk jártak&lt;br&gt;
Erősek, ifjak s bátrak&lt;br&gt;
Hitték egy szebb kor hajnalát&lt;br&gt;

Bizalmam az ősi erényben&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy vélünk az Isten&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy lesz feltámadás&lt;br&gt;
Jegyezd szavam, históriás! &lt;br&gt;

Lesznek kik utánunk jönnek&lt;br&gt;
Szótlanul helyünkbe lépnek&lt;br&gt;
Vitézül harcolnak tovább&lt;br&gt;

S egyszer majd arról mesélnek&lt;br&gt;
Hogy valahol volt egy nemzet&lt;br&gt;
Ki visszaszerezte hazáját&lt;br&gt;

Bizalmam az ősi erényben&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy vélünk az Isten&lt;br&gt;
Hiszem, hogy lesz feltámadás&lt;br&gt;
Jegyezd szavam, históriás! &lt;br&gt;

'''ИЗГЕЛЕККӘ МИН ЫШАНАМ'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-bizalmam-az-os-erenyben-88cdac565f316aad49da3af60e61dbf5&lt;br&gt;
https://zvyki.com/song/94165942/Karpatia_-_Bizalmam_az_os_erenyben/

Изгелеккә мин ышанам,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ безнең белән һаман,&lt;br&gt;
Мәсих иңәчәк кабаттан.&lt;br&gt;

Языладыр Әлмисактан&lt;br&gt;
Риваятьләр аның хакта, –&lt;br&gt;
Нинди гүзәл безнең Ватан!&lt;br&gt;

Күрсәң һәйкәл, хәтер ташын,&lt;br&gt;
Туктап дога кыл, юлдашым!&lt;br&gt;
Укы батырларның атын!&lt;br&gt;

Ышанган безнең элгәрләр,&lt;br&gt;
Куәтлеләр, кыю, яшьләр:&lt;br&gt;
Изге чорлар таңы иңәр!&lt;br&gt;

Изгелеккә мин ышанам,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ безнең белән һаман,&lt;br&gt;
Мәсих кабаттан иңәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Елъязмачы, бу – киләчәк!

Бездән соң да килер буын,&lt;br&gt;
Әзерләек аңа урын,&lt;br&gt;
Дәвам итсен элгәр явын.&lt;br&gt;

Үрнәк итеп сөйләр дөньяң: &lt;br&gt;
Шундый бер халык, ди, булган –&lt;br&gt;
Үз илен кире кайтарган.&lt;br&gt;

|||: Изгелеккә мин ышанам,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ безнең белән һаман,&lt;br&gt;
Мәсих кабаттан иңәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Елъязмачы, бу – киләчәк! :|||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HAJDANÁN (Бик күптән)''' ===
Hajdanán egy székely kiment az erdőbe,&lt;br&gt;
Csalta egyre beljebb tündérek meséje,&lt;br&gt;
Arra sétált, hol madár se járt,&lt;br&gt;
Erdő mélyén hazára talált,&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy kun lány zöld mezőre tévedt,&lt;br&gt;
Szép hosszú hajából levágott egy tincset,&lt;br&gt;
Vitte szárnyán könnyű fuvallat,&lt;br&gt;
Mezők selyme hazája maradt,&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy csángó kiült a nagy hegyre,&lt;br&gt;
Szíve messze szállt, mint a költöző fecske,&lt;br&gt;
Hallgatta a fenyők zúgását,&lt;br&gt;
Fentről nézte kedves hazáját,&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy vén jász szikes pusztát járta,&lt;br&gt;
Lelkét melengette tücsökmuzsikája,&lt;br&gt;
Száraz kórót kergetett a szél,&lt;br&gt;
Napnyugtára ő is hazatér&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

Hajdanán egy palóc dombok alját rótta,&lt;br&gt;
Hűs patak vizével a szomját oltotta,&lt;br&gt;
Vándorbotját földbe leszúrta,&lt;br&gt;
Szép hazában rügy fakadt rajta&lt;br&gt;
S így szólt:&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből&lt;br&gt;
Véletek egy vagyok!&lt;br&gt;
Halljátok magyarok,&lt;br&gt;
Szkíták, hunok, avarok,&lt;br&gt;
Egy húsból, egy vérből,&lt;br&gt;
Egy törzsből fakadok!&lt;br&gt;

'''БИК КҮПТӘН'''&lt;br&gt;
Тарихи эчтәлекле җыр. Бер маҗарларның гына түгел, борынгы заманнарда Урал үрләреннән алып Карпат тауларына кадәрге Бөек Далада иңгә-иң яшәгән халыкларның уртак тарихы турында да.

Аудиосы:&lt;br&gt;https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-hajdanan-0c33fea2ebd586f4f26f07d5aa08c4c8

Бик күптән бер сейкәй керде карурманга,&lt;br&gt;
Серле риваятьләр рухы чакырганга,&lt;br&gt;
Кош очмаган җиргә ул басты,&lt;br&gt;
Чытырманда ватанын тапты.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер кыпчак кыз яшел болында,&lt;br&gt;
Кисеп бер тотам чәч озын толымында,&lt;br&gt;
Бирде аны талгын җилләргә –&lt;br&gt;
Ефәк итеп кырга җәяргә.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер чаңго менде тау башына –&lt;br&gt;
Карлыгачтай, йөрәк күкләргә ашкына;&lt;br&gt;
Тыңлый-тыңлый наратлар шавын,&lt;br&gt;
Бу җир, диде, газиз ватаным.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер карт яс гизде тозлы чүлне,&lt;br&gt;
Чикерткәләр көе назлады күңелне.&lt;br&gt;
Калды сахра җилләр иркенә,&lt;br&gt;
Бабай кире кайтты өенә.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Бик күптән бер палоц үз итте чал тауны,&lt;br&gt;
Инеш суын эчеп, басты ул сусауны.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм туфракка таягын төртте – &lt;br&gt;
Бөреләнеп ватаны үсте.&lt;br&gt;
Әйтте:&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә шул кавемнән!&lt;br&gt;
Иш(е)тәсезме, маҗарлар,&lt;br&gt;
Скифлар, һуннар, аварлар –&lt;br&gt;
Бер каннан, бер җисемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә сезнең белән!&lt;br&gt;

Җырда телгә алынган кавемнәрнең бер өлеше, маҗарларга ияреп, Дунай буйларына кадәр барган һәм мең бер йөз ел дәвамында маҗарлашып та киткән инде. Әйтик, Трансильвания (латинча – “урман арты иле”, маҗарча – Әрдей) җиренә беренче булып килеп урнашкан маҗарлар арасында төрки теллеләр да булган. Бүген Будапешттан көнчыгыштарак яшәүче яслар чыгышы белән Кавказдагы осетиннарга тугандаш, алар борынгы телләрен онытканнар инде. “Кыпчак кызы” маҗарча — kun lány (кун лань). Төрки чыгышлылар бүгенге Маҗарстанның Куншаг (Кун иле) төбәгендә яшиләр. Биредә һәм күршедәге Токай (!) төбәгендә илнең иң татлы йөземнәрен үстерәләр һәм кызыл шәрабларын ясыйлар. Җирле сөйләштә кыпчак сүзләре әдәби тел белән чагыштырганда күбрәк сакланып калган.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''HIMNUSZ (Гимн)''' ===
1. Isten, áldd meg a magyart&lt;br&gt;
Jó kedvvel, bőséggel,&lt;br&gt;
Nyújts feléje védő kart,&lt;br&gt;
Ha küzd ellenséggel;&lt;br&gt;
Bal sors akit régen tép,&lt;br&gt;
Hozz rá víg esztendőt,&lt;br&gt;
Megbűnhődte már e nép&lt;br&gt;
A múltat s jövendőt!&lt;br&gt;

2. Őseinket felhozád&lt;br&gt;
Kárpát szent bércére,&lt;br&gt;
Általad nyert szép hazát&lt;br&gt;
Bendegúznak vére.&lt;br&gt;
S merre zúgnak habjai&lt;br&gt;
Tiszának, Dunának,'''&lt;br&gt;
Árpád hős magzatjai&lt;br&gt;
Felvirágozának.&lt;br&gt;

3. Értünk Kunság mezein&lt;br&gt;
Ért kalászt lengettél,&lt;br&gt;
Tokaj szőlővesszein&lt;br&gt;
Nektárt csepegtettél.&lt;br&gt;
Zászlónk gyakran plántálád&lt;br&gt;
Vad török sáncára,&lt;br&gt;
S nyögte Mátyás bús hadát&lt;br&gt;
Bécsnek büszke vára.&lt;br&gt;

4. Hajh, de bűneink miatt&lt;br&gt;
Gyúlt harag kebledben,&lt;br&gt;
S elsújtád villámidat&lt;br&gt;
Dörgő fellegedben,&lt;br&gt;
Most rabló mongol nyilát&lt;br&gt;
Zúgattad felettünk,&lt;br&gt;
Majd töröktől rabigát&lt;br&gt;
Vállainkra vettünk.&lt;br&gt;

5. Hányszor zengett ajkain&lt;br&gt;
Ozman vad népének&lt;br&gt;
Vert hadunk csonthalmain&lt;br&gt;
Győzedelmi ének!&lt;br&gt;
Hányszor támadt tenfiad&lt;br&gt;
Szép hazám, kebledre,&lt;br&gt;
S lettél magzatod miatt&lt;br&gt;
Magzatod hamvvedre!&lt;br&gt;

6. Bújt az üldözött, s felé&lt;br&gt;
Kard nyúlt barlangjában,&lt;br&gt;
Szerte nézett s nem lelé&lt;br&gt;
Honját e hazában,&lt;br&gt;
Bércre hág és völgybe száll,&lt;br&gt;
Bú s kétség mellette,&lt;br&gt;
Vérözön lábainál,&lt;br&gt;
S lángtenger fölette.&lt;br&gt;

7. Vár állott, most kőhalom,&lt;br&gt;
Kedv s öröm röpkedtek,&lt;br&gt;
Halálhörgés, siralom&lt;br&gt;
Zajlik már helyettek.&lt;br&gt;
S ah, szabadság nem virul&lt;br&gt;
A holtnak véréből,&lt;br&gt;
Kínzó rabság könnye hull&lt;br&gt;
Árvák hő szeméből!&lt;br&gt;

8. Szánd meg Isten a magyart&lt;br&gt;
Kit vészek hányának,&lt;br&gt;
Nyújts feléje védő kart&lt;br&gt;
Tengerén kínjának.&lt;br&gt;
Bal sors akit régen tép,&lt;br&gt;
Hozz rá víg esztendőt,&lt;br&gt;
Megbűnhődte már e nép&lt;br&gt;
A múltat s jövendőt!&lt;br&gt;

'''ГИМН'''&lt;br&gt;
''Тарихи әһәмияткә дә ия булган '''Маҗарстан дәүләт гимны''' тәрҗемәсе. XIX гасырның беренче яртысында шигъри текстын ''' Фәрәнц Көлчәй''' (Kölcsey Ferenc), көен '''Фәрәнц Әркәл''' (Erkel Ferenc) иҗат иткән.''&lt;br&gt;

Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://web.ligaudio.ru/mp3/himnusz&lt;br&gt;

1. Йа Ходаем, маҗарны&lt;br&gt;
Саклагыл, ярлыкагыл,&lt;br&gt;
Суз ярдәмчел кулыңны,&lt;br&gt;
Дошманнарын гаҗиз кыл.&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш, өз золым көчен,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле ит барчасын,&lt;br&gt;
Үткән һәм алдагы өчен&lt;br&gt;
Күрде халык казасын. &lt;br&gt;

2. Юл сыздың Карпат аша&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар бабаларына,&lt;br&gt;
Бирдең Ватан-гөлбакча&lt;br&gt;
Бәндәгуз улларына.&lt;br&gt;
Тиса, Дунай сулары&lt;br&gt;
Үтә тауларны урап, –&lt;br&gt;
Батыр Арпад уллары&lt;br&gt;
Анда мул тормыш кора.&lt;br&gt;

3. Кун иле җирләрендә&lt;br&gt;
Чайкала тук башаклар,&lt;br&gt;
Токай тәлгәшләреннән&lt;br&gt;
Тама татлы шәраблар.&lt;br&gt;
Безнең ту еш балкыган&lt;br&gt;
Төрек кирмәннәрендә,&lt;br&gt;
Матьяш явы сыкраткан&lt;br&gt;
Вена түрәләрен дә.&lt;br&gt;

4. Гөнаһларыбыз үче&lt;br&gt;
Кысты Синең күкрәкне:&lt;br&gt;
Аттың болыттан яшен,&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәттең безнең күкне.&lt;br&gt;
Баскын монголлар угы&lt;br&gt;
Очты баш өстебездә,&lt;br&gt;
Аннан төрек коллыгы&lt;br&gt;
Йөк булды җилкәбездә.&lt;br&gt;

5. Күпме торды яңгырап&lt;br&gt;
Кыргый госман гаугасы,&lt;br&gt;
Яугир җәсәден таптап&lt;br&gt;
Җиңүләр тантанасы!&lt;br&gt;
Күпме сине улларың,&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл ил, күкрәгеңә&lt;br&gt;
Басып изде, кыйнады,&lt;br&gt;
Әйләндереп кабергә!&lt;br&gt;

6. Эзәрләүдән капланып&lt;br&gt;
Утырмасын кай өндә,&lt;br&gt;
Сыеныр җир тапмады&lt;br&gt;
Үз Ватанында бәндә.&lt;br&gt;
Менсә тау түбәсенә –&lt;br&gt;
Ут диңгезе өстендә,&lt;br&gt;
Һәркайда кайгы-хәсрәт,&lt;br&gt;
Кан үзәне бар җирдә.&lt;br&gt;

7. Кирмән иде – таш өеме,&lt;br&gt;
Хозур, бәхет югалган,&lt;br&gt;
Афәт, үлем сөреме&lt;br&gt;
Ватанны чолгап алган.&lt;br&gt;
Аһ, мәетләр каныннан&lt;br&gt;
Азатлык чәчәк атмый,&lt;br&gt;
Илсезләр елавыннан&lt;br&gt;
Шатлык күз яше акмый.&lt;br&gt;

8. Кызган, Ходай, маҗарны&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья михнәтләрендә,&lt;br&gt;
Суз ярдәмчел кулыңны&lt;br&gt;
Газаплар диңгезендә.&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш, өз золым көчен,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетле ит барчасын,&lt;br&gt;
Үткән һәм алдагы өчен&lt;br&gt;
Күрде халык казасын.&lt;br&gt;

'''Аңлатмалар'''
 1. '''Бәндәгуз''' (Bendegúz) – ''IV-V гасырларда яшәгән кеше. Маҗарлар аны үзләренең нәсел башы дип саный. Риваятьләр буенча, ул һун патшасы Аттиланың атасы булган.''&lt;br&gt;
 2. '''Арпад''' (Árpád) – ''IX-X гасырлар чигендә бүгенге Ватаннарына килеп урнашкан маҗарларның юлбашчысы (икенче бөек кенәзе), беренчесе булган Альмошның улы. 895-907 елларда маҗар кабиләләрен җитәкләгән.''&lt;br&gt;
 3. '''Кун иле''' (Kunság) – ''бүгенге Маҗарстанның уртасында, Дунай, Тиса һәм Көрөш елгалары арасында урнашкан тарихи-географик өлкә. XIII гасыр башында, бу урынга көнчыгыштан килеп, кыпчаклар яши башлаганнар. Бүген алар маҗарлашып беткән инде, ләкин телләрендә берничә дистә кыпчак сүзе сакланып калган, алар маҗар әдәби теленә дә кереп киткән.''&lt;br&gt;
 4. '''Токай''' (Tokaj) – ''Маҗарстанның шәрабчылык сәнәгате төбәге.''&lt;br&gt;
 5. '''Матьяш I''' (I. Mátyás) – ''XV гасырның икенче яртысында Маҗарстан короле. Госманлылар мәмләкәте һәм Рум империясе белән Австрия җирендә сугышкан.'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''AZ IGAZÁN SZÉP IDŐ''' ('''Ихластан шәп заман''')===
Az volt, kérem szépen, az igazán szép idő,&lt;br&gt;
Mikor férfi volt a férfi és nő volt a nő.&lt;br&gt;
A pimasz rágalmakat másnap párbaj követte,&lt;br&gt;
És a sértést vérrel mosták le.&lt;br&gt;

Akkor, kérem szépen, rend volt még a rend,&lt;br&gt;
Az utcát csendőr járta, a tolvaj reszketett,&lt;br&gt;
A börtön nem hotel volt, és a bíró nem haver,&lt;br&gt;
Megfizetett minden gazember.&lt;br&gt;

Az újságíró, kérem, az igazságról írt,&lt;br&gt;
Nem kellett keresni a sorok közt a hírt,&lt;br&gt;
Magyar zenét sugárzott a magyar rádió.&lt;br&gt;
Harsogott az Erdély induló.&lt;br&gt;

Csak tessék, csak tessék!&lt;br&gt;
Itt látható a világ egyetlen országa,&lt;br&gt;
Ami hihetetlen módon határos önmagával.&lt;br&gt;
Itt lakik az a nép,&lt;br&gt;
Melyet ezer éve óta próbálnak betörni és idomítani,&lt;br&gt;
De mindhiába.&lt;br&gt;
Az ütlegeléstől megedződtek,&lt;br&gt;
És a nélkülözések közepette is feltalálták magukat.&lt;br&gt;
Vigyázat!&lt;br&gt;
Ha a láncaiktól és a szájkosártól megszabadítanánk őket,&lt;br&gt;
Beláthatatlan következmények elé nézne a világ!&lt;br&gt;

Az volt, kérem szépen, az igazán szép idő,&lt;br&gt;
Mikor férfi volt a férfi és nő volt a nő.&lt;br&gt;
A pimasz rágalmakat másnap párbaj követte,&lt;br&gt;
És a sértést vérrel mosták le.&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-az-igazan-szep-idok-7488e96241836170ed74ef35a7e3d1e6

'''ИХЛАСТАН ШӘП ЗАМАН'''&lt;br&gt;
Гафу, элек ихластан да шәп заман иде,&lt;br&gt;
Ирләр – ир-ат, хатын – хатын-кыз булган иде.&lt;br&gt;
Яла якканнар дуэльгә юлыга иде,&lt;br&gt;
Бар үпкәне кан юа иде.&lt;br&gt;

Ул заманда, гафу, тәртип даим сакланды,&lt;br&gt;
Жандарм йөрде урамнарда, бур калтыранды,&lt;br&gt;
Мәхкәмә – дус, төрмә кунакханә булмады, &lt;br&gt;
Һәр кабахәт җәзасын алды.&lt;br&gt;

Журналистлар яза иде гел дөреслекне,&lt;br&gt;
Катыштырмыйча яшерен мәгънә-этлекне,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар радиосы маҗар көен уйнатты,&lt;br&gt;
Әрдей җырларын ул яңг(ы)ратты.&lt;br&gt;

Речитатив:&lt;br&gt;
Карап багыгызчы!&lt;br&gt;
Гаҗәеп хәл: бу дөньяда бар бер әкәмәт –&lt;br&gt;
Үзе белән үзе чиктәш бердәнбер дәүләт. &lt;br&gt;
Маташалар мең ел буе халкын кырырга,&lt;br&gt;
Рух куәтен сындырырга, буйсындырырга.&lt;br&gt;
Әмма файдасыз:&lt;br&gt;
Чыныгабыз тик, кыйналган саен,&lt;br&gt;
Кыерсытылган мәхрүмнәр таба үз җаен.&lt;br&gt;
Сак булыйк!&lt;br&gt;
Намуссызның алып кына ташла йөгәнен –&lt;br&gt;
Күрерсең дөньяңның асты өскә килгәнен!&lt;br&gt;
 
Гафу, элек ихластан да шәп заман иде,&lt;br&gt;
Ирләр – ир-ат, хатын – хатын-кыз булган иде.&lt;br&gt;
Яла якканнар дуэльгә юлыга иде,&lt;br&gt;
Бар үпкәне кан юа иде.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''BARÁTOM, MONDD MERRE VAGY? (Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?)''' ===

Карпатия вокаль-инструменталь төркеменең тагын бер түгәрәк даталы тарихи җыры: 70 ел элек (23 октябрь-11 ноябрь, 1956) Маҗарстан халкы сталинчыл-советчыл режимга каршы баш күтәргән һәм СССР гаскәрләр кертеп “Маҗар инкыйлабын” (ил тарихына шул исем белән кертелгән) бастырган вакытта булган хәлләр чагылыш тапкан аңарда.

https://vkvideo.ru/video-7449590_159562759

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-baratom-mondd-merre-vagy-58c7691f41e19fd45b4d5917658e558a

Könnygáz marja torkomat,&lt;br&gt;
Sállal fedem arcomat,&lt;br&gt;
Kardlap cserzi hátamat,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom, mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Az utcán testvérem lövik,&lt;br&gt;
Pesten Magyar vér folyik,&lt;br&gt;
Rendőr lovak taposnak,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Mint eldobott kő, száll a szó.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy igaz út járható.&lt;br&gt;

Meggyalázzák lányomat,&lt;br&gt;
Nemzetem, vallásomat,&lt;br&gt;
Börtön mélyén kínoznak,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom, mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Ronggyá ázott ruhámban,&lt;br&gt;
Fegyverek célpontjában,&lt;br&gt;
A fél szemem aszfaltra fagy,&lt;br&gt;
Barátom, mondd merre vagy?&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Mint eldobott kő, száll a szó.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy igaz út járható.&lt;br&gt;

RECITATIVO:&lt;br&gt;
Isten előtt, ki-ki bűnei szerint,&lt;br&gt;
módon elszámoltatik,&lt;br&gt;
Nem marad semmi véka alatt,&lt;br&gt;
mi megtörtént a nap alatt,&lt;br&gt;
S tüzes paripák nyomán&lt;br&gt;
jön el, élet és halál,&lt;br&gt;
Bizony mondom néktek döntse&lt;br&gt;
el mindenki, hogy hol áll.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Mint eldobott kő, száll a szó.&lt;br&gt;
Oh-ho-ooo,&lt;br&gt;
Csak egy igaz út járható.&lt;br&gt;

'''ӘЙТЧЕ, ДУСТЫМ, СИН КАЙДА?'''&lt;br&gt;
Газ өтә тамак-күзне,&lt;br&gt;
Шарф белән каплыйм йөзне,&lt;br&gt;
Кылыч эзе аркамда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Аталар туганыма,&lt;br&gt;
Атлар баса санына,&lt;br&gt;
Кан түгелә урамда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Сүзем таш күк атылган.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Туры юлны эзләр җан.&lt;br&gt;

Җәберлиләр кызымны,&lt;br&gt;
Динемне һәм халкымны,&lt;br&gt;
Җәзалыйлар зинданда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Өс-башым юешләнгән,&lt;br&gt;
Мылтык миңа төбәлгән,&lt;br&gt;
Ауныйм җирдә, тузанда,&lt;br&gt;
Әйтче, дустым, син кайда?&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Сүзләр таш күк атылган.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Туры юлны эзләр җан.&lt;br&gt;

РЕЧИТАТИВ:&lt;br&gt;
Кылган гамәлләрнең казасын&lt;br&gt;
Хак каршында күрми калмассың,&lt;br&gt;
Яшеренеп калмас берни дә&lt;br&gt;
Кояш нурлар сипкән һәр җирдә,&lt;br&gt;
Уттай янган атлар эзендә&lt;br&gt;
Пәйда булыр тормыш-үлем дә,&lt;br&gt;
Бәян кылам сиңа ихластан:&lt;br&gt;
Хәл ит, барырсың кай тарафтан.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Сүзләр таш күк атылган.&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, һәй-һәй!&lt;br&gt;
Туры юлны эзләр җан.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''IGAZSÁGOT MAGYARORSZÁGNAK! (Хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!)''' ===

Nem kell nekünk a más folyója,&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk a mások bérce,&lt;br&gt;
Csak magyar hegy és magyar róna,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy az Isten rég kimérte.&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk idegen égbolt,&lt;br&gt;
Egy porszeme sem a világnak,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az kell ami a miénk volt.&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;

Nem kell nekünk a más folyója,&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk a mások bérce,&lt;br&gt;
Csak magyar hegy és magyar róna,&lt;br&gt;
Ahogy az Isten rég kimérte.&lt;br&gt;
Nem kell nekünk idegen égbolt,&lt;br&gt;
Egy porszeme sem a világnak,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az kell ami a miénk volt.&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;

Nem kell nekünk idegen égbolt,&lt;br&gt;
Egy porszeme sem a világnak,&lt;br&gt;
Csak az kell ami a miénk volt.&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;
Igazságot, igazságot, igazságot Magyarországnak!&lt;br&gt;

https://yandex.ru/video/preview/18010745160999839490

'''ХАКЛЫК БУЛСЫН МАҖАРСТАНГА!'''

Кирәкми безгә чит елгалар,&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми безгә чит-ят таулар.&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар үзән-тауларын гына&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ биргән маҗар хакына.&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми чит дөнья күге дә,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-яттан – тузан бөртеге дә.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва бары элек булганга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;

Кирәкми безгә чит елгалар,&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми безгә чит-ят таулар.&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар үзән-тауларын гына&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ биргән маҗар хакына.&lt;br&gt;
Кирәкми чит дөнья күге дә,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-яттан – тузан бөртеге дә.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва бары элек булганга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;

Кирәкми чит дөнья күге дә,&lt;br&gt;
Чит-яттан – тузан бөртеге дә.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва бары элек булганга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;
Хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын, хаклык булсын Маҗарстанга!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ÁRPÁD APÁNK INDULÓ (Арпад ата маршы)''' ===

Árpád apánk, ne féltsd ősi nemzeted,&lt;br&gt;
Nem veszhet el, ha eddig el nem veszett.&lt;br&gt;
||: Sej-haj, ősi búnk és bánatunk,&lt;br&gt;
Sej-haj, újra élünk s vígadunk! :||&lt;br&gt;
Volt is nékem, lesz is nékem boldog, vidám életem,&lt;br&gt;
Árpád apánk gyermekeként ezt a hazát kedvelem.&lt;br&gt;
||: Nem mennék el más országba sehová a világon,&lt;br&gt;
Jó időben, rossz ínségben ezt a hazát szolgálom! :||&lt;br&gt;

Tud szeretni a magyar szív igazán,&lt;br&gt;
Kit szeressen, ha nem téged, szép hazám.&lt;br&gt;
||: Sej-haj, hű légy hozzá, barátom,&lt;br&gt;
Sej-haj, nincs más hazád a világon! :||&lt;br&gt;
Volt is nékem, lesz is nékem boldog, vidám életem,&lt;br&gt;
Árpád apánk gyermekeként ezt a hazát kedvelem.&lt;br&gt;
||: Nem mennék el más országba sehová a világon,&lt;br&gt;
Jó időben, rossz ínségben ezt a hazát szolgálom! :||&lt;br&gt;

Volt is nékem, lesz is nékem boldog, vidám életem,&lt;br&gt;
Árpád apánk gyermekeként ezt a hazát kedvelem.&lt;br&gt;
||: Nem mennék el más országba sehová a világon,&lt;br&gt;
Jó időben, rossz ínségben ezt a hazát szolgálom! :||&lt;br&gt;

https://vk.ru/wall-50581772_355

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/karpatia-arpad-apank-indulo-9c5ee38859b47a38f825c08bfaa5bfbc

'''АРПАД АТА МАРШЫ'''

Арпад ата, инанып бак халкыңа:&lt;br&gt;
Ул исән-сау, яшәячәк тагын да.&lt;br&gt;
||: Әй-һәй, иске кайгы-гөнаһлар,&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, тормыш күңелле атлар! :||&lt;br&gt;
Булган иде, булыр әле хозур тулы тормышым,&lt;br&gt;
Арпад ата баласы мин, шушы илдә язмышым.&lt;br&gt;
||: Үз ур(ы)нымны таба алмам, чит-ят җирләргә китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхәтлектә, авыр чорда – бер аңа хезмәт итәм! :||&lt;br&gt;

Мәхәббәттә, маҗар, изге йөрәгең,&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл илдән гайре бармы сөйгәнең?&lt;br&gt;
||: Әй-һәй, юктыр үзгә Ватаның,&lt;br&gt;
Әй-һәй, сиңа тугры булганың! :||&lt;br&gt;
Булган иде, булыр әле хозур тулы тормышым,&lt;br&gt;
Арпад ата баласы мин, шушы илдә язмышым.&lt;br&gt;
||: Үз ур(ы)нымны таба алмам, чит-ят җирләргә китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхәтлектә, авыр чорда – бер аңа хезмәт итәм! :||&lt;br&gt;

Булган иде, булыр әле хозур тулы тормышым,&lt;br&gt;
Арпад ата баласы мин, шушы илдә язмышым.&lt;br&gt;
||: Үз ур(ы)нымны таба алмам, чит-ят җирләргә китсәм,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхәтлектә, авыр чорда – бер аңа хезмәт итәм! :||&lt;br&gt;

=== '''AMÍG CSAK EGY MAGYAR ÉL (Маҗарлар исән чакта)''' ===

Az alkonyat pirosra festi a felleget,&lt;br&gt;
Aranyló fürtjei bíborrá válnak.&lt;br&gt;
Lángjától felizzik, s haraggá gerjed,&lt;br&gt;
Minden magyarban, az elfojtott bánat.&lt;br&gt;
Évszázadok kínja egyszerre fellobban,&lt;br&gt;
Parázsa nem hunyt ki, most újra él,&lt;br&gt;
Felperzselt mezőn is új élet sarjad,&lt;br&gt;
Szép tavasz illatát hordja a szél.&lt;br&gt;
Amíg csak egy magyar él!&lt;br&gt;

Míg az éjjeli szellő a felhőket hajtja,&lt;br&gt;
A hajnal már tomboló vihart lehel,&lt;br&gt;
S korbácsok ütötte sebeit, gyógyítva,&lt;br&gt;
Szívében lángorkán bosszút nevel.&lt;br&gt;
Gyötrelmes szenvedés színültig csordult,&lt;br&gt;
S ki eddig sarcolta, reszketve fél.&lt;br&gt;
Rablánc és koldusbot eltűnik, széthull,&lt;br&gt;
Piros-fehér-zöldben táncol a szél.&lt;br&gt;
Amíg csak egy magyar él!&lt;br&gt;

Nemzetünk százéves álmából riasztja,&lt;br&gt;
A felajzott, dühödten lüktető szív.&lt;br&gt;
Az egyik kezével gyermekét szorítja,&lt;br&gt;
Másikkal, lángoló szablyával vív.&lt;br&gt;
Idegen rablóhad nézd, ahogy megvirrad,&lt;br&gt;
Nekünk az ébredés, nektek a vég.&lt;br&gt;
Üvöltő harci zaj után csak csend marad,&lt;br&gt;
Ármányos pénz többé semmit sem ér.&lt;br&gt;
Amíg csak egy magyar él!&lt;br&gt;

'''МАҖАРЛАР ИСӘН ЧАКТА'''

https://zvyki.com/song/73346467/K_rp_tia_-_Am_g_Csak_Egy_Magyar_l/

Болытка шәфәкътән алтын төс ялгана,&lt;br&gt;
Куерып китә дә, толымнары яна.&lt;br&gt;
Ялкынлы учаклар ачулы, каргышлы,&lt;br&gt;
Маҗар күңеле басынкы сагышлы.&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлар газабы бер мәл каб(ы)нып китә,&lt;br&gt;
Сүрелгән күмерләргә җан кертә.&lt;br&gt;
Янып көйгән кырлар янә чәчәк ата,&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл яз исләрен җил тарата –&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар исән чакта!&lt;br&gt;

Төнге җил болытларны куган бер мәлдә,&lt;br&gt;
Таң тыны чакыра яңадан дөрләргә,&lt;br&gt;
Камчылар ярасын дәвалап, тернәкләп.&lt;br&gt;
Үч алу гарасаты – йөрәктә:&lt;br&gt;
Газаплау касәләре тулып ташканнар,&lt;br&gt;
“Яклаучылар” куркуга батканнар...&lt;br&gt;
Чылбырлар, култаяк тәмугка олаккан&lt;br&gt;
Кызыл-ак-яшел җилле һәр якта –&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар исән чакта!&lt;br&gt;

“Гасырлык йокыдан уянырга кирәк!” –&lt;br&gt;
Ярсый һәр маҗарда гайрәтле бер йөрәк.&lt;br&gt;
Баласы – сул кулда, коралы – уң кулда,&lt;br&gt;
Баскан ялкынлы, көрәшле юлга.&lt;br&gt;
Безгә бу – уяну, ә сезгә – бер шомлык,&lt;br&gt;
Котырган гөрелтедән соң – тынлык;&lt;br&gt;
Чит-ят баскын, кара: алсу таңнар ата,&lt;br&gt;
Мәкерле вәсвәсәң чыгачак юкка –&lt;br&gt;
Маҗарлар исән чакта!&lt;br&gt;

== '''АЛМАН ТЕЛЕННӘН ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘР''' ==
=== '''DAS MÄDCHEN AUS DER FREMDE (Чит җир сылуы)''' ===
In einem Tal bei armen Hirten&lt;br&gt;
Ersehien mit jedem jungen Jahr.&lt;br&gt;
Sobald die ersten Lerchen schwirrten,&lt;br&gt;
Ein Mädchen schön und wunderbar.&lt;br&gt;

Sie war nicht in dem Tal geboren,&lt;br&gt;
Man wusste nicht, woher sie kam,&lt;br&gt;
Und sehnell war ihre Spur verloren,&lt;br&gt;
Sobald das Mädchen Abschied nahm.&lt;br&gt;

Beseligend war ihre Nähe,&lt;br&gt;
Und alle Herzen wurden weit,&lt;br&gt;
Doch eine Würde, eine Höhe&lt;br&gt;
Entfernte die Vertraulichkeit.&lt;br&gt;

Sie brachte Blumen mit und Früchte&lt;br&gt;
Gereift auf einer andern Flur,&lt;br&gt;
In einem andern Sonnenlichte,&lt;br&gt;
In einer glüchlichern Natur.&lt;br&gt;

Und teilte jedem eine Gabe,&lt;br&gt;
Dem Früchte, jenem Blumen aus;&lt;br&gt;
Der Jungling und der Greis am Stabe,&lt;br&gt;
Ein jeder ging beschenkt nach Haus.&lt;br&gt;

Willkommen waren alle Gäste,&lt;br&gt;
Doch nahte sich ein liebend Paar,&lt;br&gt;
Dem reichte sie der Gaben beste,&lt;br&gt;
Der Blumen allerschönste dar.&lt;br&gt;

'''ЧИТ ҖИР СЫЛУЫ'''&lt;br&gt;
(шигыре Фридрих Шиллердан, көе Франц Шубертныкы)&lt;br&gt;
Аудио сылтамасы:&lt;br&gt;
https://www.schubertlied.de/die-lieder/das-maedchen-aus-der-fremde-d117-erste-bearbeitung

Пәйда була Сылу язлар килеп,&lt;br&gt;
Карлыгачлар канат какканда;&lt;br&gt;
Сокланалар, нурлы йөзен күреп,&lt;br&gt;
Ярлы көтүчеләр яланда.&lt;br&gt;

Чит төбәктә туган бу Сылуның&lt;br&gt;
Кайдан килгәнлеген кем белсен;&lt;br&gt;
Соң мизгеле саубуллашуының –&lt;br&gt;
Табалмассың шуннан соң эзен.&lt;br&gt;

Карашыннан гүя нур сибелә,&lt;br&gt;
Җан җылына, күңел ачыла;&lt;br&gt;
Затлылык, бөеклегеннән генә&lt;br&gt;
Гади бәндә азрак ятсына.&lt;br&gt;

Җиләк-җимеш, чәчәк кулларында –&lt;br&gt;
Үстергәннәр барысын читләрдә,&lt;br&gt;
Ягымлырак кояш нурларында,&lt;br&gt;
Бәхетлерәк, мулрак җирләрдә.&lt;br&gt;

Һәркайсына таба ул бүләген –&lt;br&gt;
Җиләк-җимешме йә чәчәкме;&lt;br&gt;
Култаяклы карт, яшь җилкенчәген –&lt;br&gt;
Һәрбарчасын итә бүләкле.&lt;br&gt;

Ул кадерли үзенең һәр кунагын;&lt;br&gt;
Ә гашыйклар килсә аңарга,&lt;br&gt;
Чәчәк бәйләменең матуррагын&lt;br&gt;
Сайлап ала Сылу аларга.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ABENDLIED (Кичке җыр)''' ===
Von '''Franz Schubert''' und '''Matthias Claudius'''&lt;br&gt;

Der Mond ist aufgegangen,&lt;br&gt;
Die gold’nen Sternlein prangen&lt;br&gt;
Am Himmel hell und klar.&lt;br&gt;
Der Wald steht schwarz und schweiget,&lt;br&gt;
Und aus den Wiesen steiget&lt;br&gt;
Der weisse Nebel wunderbar.&lt;br&gt;

Wie ist die Welt so stille,&lt;br&gt;
Und in der Dämm’rung Hülle&lt;br&gt;
So traulich und so hold!&lt;br&gt;
Als eine stille Kammer,&lt;br&gt;
Wo ihr des Tages Jammer&lt;br&gt;
Verschlafen und vergessen sollt.&lt;br&gt;

Seht ihr den Mond dort stehen? –&lt;br&gt;
Er ist nur halb zu sehen,&lt;br&gt;
Und ist doch rund und schön!&lt;br&gt;
So sind wohl manche Sachen,&lt;br&gt;
Die wir getrost belachen,&lt;br&gt;
Weil uns’re Augen sie nicht seh’n.&lt;br&gt;

Wir stolze Menschenkinder&lt;br&gt;
Sind eitel arme Sünder,&lt;br&gt;
Und wissen gar nicht viel.&lt;br&gt;
Wir spinnen Luftgespinnste&lt;br&gt;
Und suchen viele Künste,&lt;br&gt;
Und kommen weiter von dem Ziel.&lt;br&gt;

Gott, lass uns dein Heil schauen,&lt;br&gt;
Auf nichts Vergänglich’s trauen,&lt;br&gt;
Nicht Eitelkeit uns freu’n!&lt;br&gt;
Lass uns einfältig werden,&lt;br&gt;
Und vor Dir hier auf Erden&lt;br&gt;
Wie Kinder fromm und fröhlich sein!&lt;br&gt;

So legt euch denn, ihr Brüder,&lt;br&gt;
In Gottes Namen nieder!&lt;br&gt;
Kalt ist der Abendhauch.&lt;br&gt;
Verschon’ uns Gott mit Strafen,&lt;br&gt;
Und lass uns ruhig schlafen,&lt;br&gt;
Und unser’n kranken Nachbar auch!&lt;br&gt; 

'''КИЧКЕ ҖЫР'''&lt;br&gt;
Аудио-видео сылтамалары:&lt;br&gt;

https://my.mail.ru/music/songs/mireille-mathieu-der-mond-ist-aufgegangen-209720acb3028056df0b777150e60f66

https://yandex.ru/video/preview/3841230331664325034

(икесе дә – Мирей Матйө башкаруында)&lt;br&gt;

https://www.schubertlied.de/en/die-lieder/abendlied-d499

Калыкты да Ай, йолдызлар,&lt;br&gt;
Яуды гүзәл алтын нурлар&lt;br&gt;
Аяз күк йөзенә.&lt;br&gt;
Дөм караңгылыкта урман,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм сихерле ап-ак томан&lt;br&gt;
Иңә болыннар түренә.&lt;br&gt;

Кичке тынлык тарафы да,&lt;br&gt;
Эңгер-меңгер япмасы да&lt;br&gt;
Күңелгә ятышлы!&lt;br&gt;
Булса дөнья имин-тымык,&lt;br&gt;
Ял иттерер, оныттырып &lt;br&gt;
Бөтен көндәлек сагышны.&lt;br&gt;

Тулган Ай йөзе – пар колач,&lt;br&gt;
Күрәбез бары яртылаш&lt;br&gt;
Йомры, гүзәл санын!&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья шундый: без белгәннең,&lt;br&gt;
Кечкентәй ул! дип көлгәннең&lt;br&gt;
Күрми күзләр арткы данын.&lt;br&gt;

4. Күр горур адәми затны –&lt;br&gt;
Нибары мескен, гөнаһлы,&lt;br&gt;
Аз белемле, кайчак надан.&lt;br&gt;
Күк кирмәннәре төзибез&lt;br&gt;
Һәм сәнгатьтә ни эзлибез,&lt;br&gt;
Тайпылып хак, туры юлдан?&lt;br&gt;

5. Ышанмыйк без фани малга,&lt;br&gt;
Тәкъва булыйк бер Ходайга,&lt;br&gt;
Масайтмыйк күңелне!&lt;br&gt;
Эчкерсез игелек кылып,&lt;br&gt;
Гомерләрне үтик, булып&lt;br&gt;
Балалар күк шат күңелле!&lt;br&gt;

Хак Тәгаләбез хакына,&lt;br&gt;
Тез чүк Аның тарафына!&lt;br&gt;
Кич салкын җил өне...&lt;br&gt;
Ярлыка безне, йа Аллам,&lt;br&gt;
Йолып ал бәла-казадан,&lt;br&gt;
Исән кыл хаста күршене!&lt;br&gt;

== '''РАБИНДРАНАТ ТАГОРДАН ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘР''' ==

=== '''ЯРСЫ, ДАВЫЛ, АЯМА!..''' ===
'''Һиндстанның мәшһүр язучысы, шагыйре һәм сәнгатькәре Рабиндранат Тагорның 1941 елда язган иң соңгы поэмасыннан бер өзек.'''&lt;br&gt;

Ярсы, давыл, коры ботак-чатаклыкны аяма,&lt;br&gt;
Куер, яңа болыт, яусын койма яңгырлар аңа.&lt;br&gt;
Гүзәл төндә өермә су күз яшедәй коелсын,&lt;br&gt;
Узган чорның сулган төсе җәһәт кенә җуелсын.&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш “бакыйлыкка” дигән – китсен дөньядан, китсен!..&lt;br&gt;
Яңа чыпта җәйдем – өйне ямьле, күрекле итсен.
Салып ташладым өс-башны, күшеккәч юешләнеп.&lt;br&gt;
Күр, елга ташып, үзәнне су баскан үҗәтләнеп.&lt;br&gt;
Тавышым – ясмин аерчасы, очып китеп югалды,&lt;br&gt;
Гүя ахири җанымда яңа тормыш уянды.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''АТЛА ЯЛГЫЗ!''' ===
'''Рабиндранат Тагорның 1905 елда, Һиндстанда бәйсезлек өчен көрәш башланган вакытта язылган шигыре. Маһатма Ганди аны бик яратып укыган.'''&lt;br&gt;

Атла ялгыз, чакыруыңа “Юк!” дип җавап бирсәләр,&lt;br&gt;
Йә куркудан, дәшми-нитми, синнән йөз чөерсәләр, –&lt;br&gt;
Әй бичара, гакылыңны җик эшкә һәм әйт сүзең!&lt;br&gt;
Борылып китсә барчасы да, калсаң чүлдә берүзең,&lt;br&gt;
Күгән куакларын ерып, дәвам ит син юлыңны,&lt;br&gt;
Әй бичара, хак эздән бар, тамызып ал каныңны!&lt;br&gt;
Төнлә давыл котырганда, һичкем ут кабызмаса,&lt;br&gt;
Яшен сугып, авыртудан йөрәкләре сызласа,&lt;br&gt;
Каһарманнар алган юлын гел тотсын –&lt;br&gt;
Янган йөрәкләр дөньяны балкытсын!&lt;br&gt;

=== '''* * *''' ===
Килдем – якты өмет баглап, теләк итеп,&lt;br&gt;
Киттем – җиргә мәхәббәтем бүләк итеп.&lt;br&gt;
('''Рабиндранат Тагор''')&lt;br&gt;

=== '''* * *''' ===
Җилләр гөлне өзә&lt;br&gt;
юкка, моң-зар итеп:&lt;br&gt;
тузанда үлемгә&lt;br&gt;
аны дучар итеп.&lt;br&gt;
Ал син ул чәчәкне,&lt;br&gt;
кушып үр бәйләмгә,&lt;br&gt;
хәзинә-бизәкне&lt;br&gt;
җибәрмә әрәмгә.&lt;br&gt;
Мин җыр итәм бүләк –&lt;br&gt;
җырым аңлаганга,&lt;br&gt;
гөлләрне кадерләп&lt;br&gt;
тузаннан алганга.&lt;br&gt;
('''Рабиндранат Тагор''')&lt;br&gt;

== '''УРЫС ТЕЛЕННӘН ҺӘМ УРЫС ТЕЛЕНӘ ТӘРҖЕМӘЛӘР''' ==
=== '''БОГ (Аллаһ)''' ===
'''(Авторы – Гавриил Державин, 1784 елда язылган)'''&lt;br&gt;

О Ты, пространством бесконечный,&lt;br&gt;
Живый в движеньи вещества,&lt;br&gt;
Теченьем времени предвечный,&lt;br&gt;
Без лиц, в Трёх Лицах Божества!&lt;br&gt;
Дух всюду Сущий и Единый,&lt;br&gt;
Кому нет места и причины,&lt;br&gt;
Кого никто постичь не мог,&lt;br&gt;
Кто всё Собою наполняет,&lt;br&gt;
Объемлет, зиждет, сохраняет,&lt;br&gt;
Кого мы нарицаем — Бог!&lt;br&gt;

Измерить океан глубокий,&lt;br&gt;
Сочесть пески, лучи планет&lt;br&gt;
Хотя и мог бы ум высокий, —&lt;br&gt;
Тебе числа и меры нет!&lt;br&gt;
Не могут духи просвещенны,&lt;br&gt;
От света Твоего рожденны,&lt;br&gt;
Исследовать судеб Твоих:&lt;br&gt;
Лишь мысль к Тебе взнестись дерзает,&lt;br&gt;
В Твоем величьи исчезает,&lt;br&gt;
Как в вечности прошедший миг.&lt;br&gt;

Хаоса бытность довременну&lt;br&gt;
Из бездн Ты вечности воззвал,&lt;br&gt;
А вечность, прежде век рожденну,&lt;br&gt;
В Себе Самом Ты основал:&lt;br&gt;
Себя Собою составляя,&lt;br&gt;
Собою из Себя сияя,&lt;br&gt;
Ты Свет, откуда свет истек.&lt;br&gt;
Создавый всё единым словом,&lt;br&gt;
В твореньи простираясь новом,&lt;br&gt;
Ты был, Ты есть, Ты будешь ввек!&lt;br&gt;

Ты цепь существ в Себе вмещаешь,&lt;br&gt;
Её содержишь и живишь;&lt;br&gt;
Конец с началом сопрягаешь&lt;br&gt;
И смертию живот даришь.&lt;br&gt;
Как искры сыплются, стремятся,&lt;br&gt;
Так солнцы от Тебя родятся;&lt;br&gt;
Как в мразный, ясный день зимой&lt;br&gt;
Пылинки инея сверкают,&lt;br&gt;
Вратятся, зыблются, сияют,&lt;br&gt;
Так звёзды в безднах под Тобой.&lt;br&gt;

Светил возженных миллионы&lt;br&gt;
В неизмеримости текут,&lt;br&gt;
Твои они творят законы,&lt;br&gt;
Лучи животворящи льют.&lt;br&gt;
Но огненны сии лампады,&lt;br&gt;
Иль рдяных кристалей громады,&lt;br&gt;
Иль волн златых кипящий сонм,&lt;br&gt;
Или горящие эфиры,&lt;br&gt;
Иль вкупе все светящи миры —&lt;br&gt;
Перед Тобой – как ночь пред днём.&lt;br&gt;

Как капля, в море опущенна,&lt;br&gt;
Вся твердь перед Тобой сия.&lt;br&gt;
Но что мной зримая вселенна?&lt;br&gt;
И что перед Тобою я?&lt;br&gt;
В воздушном океане оном,&lt;br&gt;
Миры умножа миллионом&lt;br&gt;
Стократ других миров, – и то,&lt;br&gt;
Когда дерзну сравнить с Тобою,&lt;br&gt;
Лишь будет точкою одною:&lt;br&gt;
А я перед Тобой – ничто.&lt;br&gt;

Ничто! – Но Ты во мне сияешь&lt;br&gt;
Величеством Твоих доброт;&lt;br&gt;
Во мне Себя изображаешь,&lt;br&gt;
Как солнце в малой капле вод.&lt;br&gt;
Ничто! – Но жизнь я ощущаю,&lt;br&gt;
Несытым некаким летаю&lt;br&gt;
Всегда пареньем в высоты;&lt;br&gt;
Тебя душа моя быть чает,&lt;br&gt;
Вникает, мыслит, рассуждает:&lt;br&gt;
Я есмь – конечно, есть и Ты!&lt;br&gt;

Ты есть! – природы чин вещает,&lt;br&gt;
Гласит моё мне сердце то,&lt;br&gt;
Меня мой разум уверяет,&lt;br&gt;
Ты есть – и я уж не ничто!&lt;br&gt;
Частица целой я Вселенной,&lt;br&gt;
Поставлен, мнится мне, в почтенной&lt;br&gt;
Средине естества я той,&lt;br&gt;
Где кончил тварей Ты телесных,&lt;br&gt;
Где начал Ты духов небесных&lt;br&gt;
И цепь существ связал всех мной.&lt;br&gt;

Я связь миров, повсюду сущих,&lt;br&gt;
Я крайня степень вещества;&lt;br&gt;
Я средоточие живущих,&lt;br&gt;
Черта начальна Божества;&lt;br&gt;
Я телом в прахе истлеваю,&lt;br&gt;
Умом громам повелеваю,&lt;br&gt;
Я царь – я раб – я червь – я бог!&lt;br&gt;
Но, будучи я столь чудесен,&lt;br&gt;
Отколе происшел? – безвестен;&lt;br&gt;
А сам собой я быть не мог.&lt;br&gt;

Твое созданье я, Создатель!&lt;br&gt;
Твоей премудрости я тварь,&lt;br&gt;
Источник жизни, благ Податель,&lt;br&gt;
Душа души моей и Царь!&lt;br&gt;
Твоей то правде нужно было,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб смертну бездну преходило&lt;br&gt;
Мое бессмертно бытие;&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб дух мой в смертность облачился&lt;br&gt;
И чтоб чрез смерть я возвратился,&lt;br&gt;
Отец! – в бессмертие Твое.&lt;br&gt;

Неизъяснимый, Непостижный!&lt;br&gt;
Я знаю, что души моей&lt;br&gt;
Воображении бессильны&lt;br&gt;
И тени начертать Твоей;&lt;br&gt;
Но если славословить должно,&lt;br&gt;
То слабым смертным невозможно&lt;br&gt;
Тебя ничем иным почтить,&lt;br&gt;
Как им к Тебе лишь возвышаться,&lt;br&gt;
В безмерной разности теряться&lt;br&gt;
И благодарны слёзы лить.&lt;br&gt;

'''АЛЛАҺ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''(Гавриил Державиннан)'''&lt;br&gt;

Иксез-чиксез иркенлектә,&lt;br&gt;
Тереклегең − хәрәкәттә,&lt;br&gt;
Яшәешең − мәңгелектә,&lt;br&gt;
Илаһи зат күп халәттә, −&lt;br&gt;
Һәр җирдә хәй һәм бердәмсең,&lt;br&gt;
Урын-сәбәпсез күркәмсең,&lt;br&gt;
Һичкем түгел Сиңа тиң-таман,&lt;br&gt;
Барысын да Үзең иңлисең,&lt;br&gt;
Урап, саклап, кадерлисең,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ – Синең бөек атамаң!&lt;br&gt;

Океаннар тирәнлеген,&lt;br&gt;
Комнар санын, нур күләмен&lt;br&gt;
Барлый ала акыл бүген, −&lt;br&gt;
Ә Синең юк бер үлчәмең!&lt;br&gt;
Синең нурыңнан туганнар,&lt;br&gt;
Рухыңнан гариф булганнар –&lt;br&gt;
Гамәлләрең кятибе түгел:&lt;br&gt;
Уй-хыяллар Сиңа аша,&lt;br&gt;
Бөеклегеңә яраша −&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелектә эри һәр мизгел.&lt;br&gt;

Хаосны, вакыт элгәрен,&lt;br&gt;
Бакый төпкеленнән алдың;&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелекне итеп җәлеп,&lt;br&gt;
Син үзеңдә нигез салдың.&lt;br&gt;
Үзең белән үзең кордың,&lt;br&gt;
Үз нурыңнан балкып тордың,&lt;br&gt;
Нур чишмәсе Син иң-иң элек.&lt;br&gt;
Бер сүз белән яралдырып,&lt;br&gt;
Бар яңаны иҗат кылып,&lt;br&gt;
Булдың, бар бүген, Син – мәңгелек!&lt;br&gt;

Тереклек чылбырын ипләп,&lt;br&gt;
Асрап тәрбия итәсең;&lt;br&gt;
Башын-очын тәгаенләп,&lt;br&gt;
Мәрттән яшәү җиткерәсең.&lt;br&gt;
Очкын очкыннарны куа −&lt;br&gt;
Һәм кояшлар Синнән туа.&lt;br&gt;
Аяз суык көндә боз һәм кар,&lt;br&gt;
Бәс тузаны сыман елгыр −&lt;br&gt;
Җемелдәшә ялтыр-йолтыр&lt;br&gt;
Синең хозурыңда йолдызлар.&lt;br&gt;

Үлчәмсезлектә бер агым:&lt;br&gt;
Миллион якты җисем бара,&lt;br&gt;
Кануннарың хаклылыгын&lt;br&gt;
Терек нурында сугара.&lt;br&gt;
Якты утлы лампадалар&lt;br&gt;
Гүя алсу кристалл таулар −&lt;br&gt;
Алтын дулкын чөйгән бер күбек.&lt;br&gt;
Ургып-дөрләп янган эфир,&lt;br&gt;
Нурга чумган Галәм һәм Җир −&lt;br&gt;
Көн каршында бары төн кебек.&lt;br&gt;

Диңгезгә тамган тамчы күк,&lt;br&gt;
Каты катлам алларыңда;&lt;br&gt;
Ни ул – мин күргән галәм-күк,&lt;br&gt;
Һәм мин үзем – Син барында?&lt;br&gt;
Яулап һава-океаннарны,&lt;br&gt;
Миллионлап дөньяларны,&lt;br&gt;
Иш итмәмен Сиңа барысын да:&lt;br&gt;
Тиң булмаслар Синең белән,&lt;br&gt;
Бөтенесе – нокта, беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Мин дә бер юк нәрсә каршыңда.&lt;br&gt;

Әмма миндә Синең агыла&lt;br&gt;
Игелегеңнең гыйззәте,&lt;br&gt;
Бер тамчы суда күк чагыла&lt;br&gt;
Кояшлы йөзең сурәте.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм дә мин тормышны тоям,&lt;br&gt;
Канат кагып туймый очам,&lt;br&gt;
Татып күк гөмбәзе тарлыгын.&lt;br&gt;
Минем җаным Сине сөя,&lt;br&gt;
Уйлана ул, фикер чөя:&lt;br&gt;
Мин – бар! Шиксез Синең барлыгың!&lt;br&gt;

“Син бар!” − диеп, хаклый хакың&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәк тибешемнән күңел,&lt;br&gt;
Раслый төпченүле акыл:&lt;br&gt;
“Син бар – мин юк нәрсә түгел!”&lt;br&gt;
Мин – Галәмнең бер өлеше,&lt;br&gt;
Синең сайлау миңа төште –&lt;br&gt;
Изге чиккә Син мине куйдың:&lt;br&gt;
Монда бетә җанварларың&lt;br&gt;
Һәм башлана рух-җаннарың,&lt;br&gt;
Миннән шунда Син ялгау койдың.&lt;br&gt;

Һәр төштә мин җир терәге,&lt;br&gt;
Матдәнең җитлеккән очы,&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш мәгънәсе үзәге,&lt;br&gt;
Илаһилык башлангычы.&lt;br&gt;
Тәнем чери, көлгә китә,&lt;br&gt;
Акыл яшеннәргә әйтә:&lt;br&gt;
“Мин патша – кол,&lt;br&gt;
Мин корт – алламын!”&lt;br&gt;
Булсам да шундый могҗиза,&lt;br&gt;
“Кайдан мин?” – дип, чигәм иза;&lt;br&gt;
Үзлегемнән ич булалмамын!&lt;br&gt;

Син бар иткән җимешеңмен,&lt;br&gt;
Акыл, кодрәт йөзек кашы,&lt;br&gt;
Яшәү көчем, Игелеклем,&lt;br&gt;
Җаным җаны һәм Патшасы!&lt;br&gt;
Хакың хаклауга ирешкән,&lt;br&gt;
Үлем төпсезлеген кичкән&lt;br&gt;
Үлемсез яшәү үзлегем дә;&lt;br&gt;
Фани киеме кисәмче,&lt;br&gt;
Үлем аша ирешсәмче,&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһым! үлемсезлегеңә.&lt;br&gt;

Аңлатып-төшенеп булмас!&lt;br&gt;
Беләм җаным теләгәнне −&lt;br&gt;
Күз алдына китералмас&lt;br&gt;
Ул да Синең күләгәңне.&lt;br&gt;
Ләкин Сине данлар өчен,&lt;br&gt;
Фаниларның хакы, көче,&lt;br&gt;
Ирешү әмәле дә юк түгел:&lt;br&gt;
Синең катка юл аласы,&lt;br&gt;
Тарафыңда югаласы,&lt;br&gt;
Рәхмәтле күз яшьләре түгеп...&lt;br&gt;

'''Гавриил Роман улы Державин – урыс халкының бөек әдибе, хәзерге заман урыс теленә һәм әдәбиятына нигез салучыларның берсе, Александр Пушкинга олы иҗат фатихасы биргән, нәселендә татар каны да булган остаз. Аның “Бог” исемле мәдхиясен татар теленә Ренат Харис тәрҗемә иткән иде. Әлбәттә, тиңдәшсез төгәл итеп, тирәннән-тирән эчтәлеген һәм бөтен илаһи мәгънәләрен саклап калган монументаль әсәр рәвешендә. Моның өчен күренекле халык шагыйребез шигырь үлчәмен 12х12 итеп зурайтырга мәҗбүр булган.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Биредә бу шигырьнең сәхнәдән уку өчен бераз “җиңеләйтелгән”, Гавриил Державинның үз шигъри үлчәменә якынайтылган (8х8 һәм 8х9) һәм “дога кебек укыла торган” тәрҗемәсе.'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''СӨЙЛӘШИК МӘХӘББӘТ ХАКЫНДА''' ===
(Гөлнәфидә шигыре)&lt;br&gt;

Сөйләшик Мәхәббәт хакында&lt;br&gt;
Туачак ал таңнар хакына.&lt;br&gt;
Сүзләрдән мәрҗәннәр тезсәк тә,&lt;br&gt;
Калдырыйк моң итеп йөрәктә.&lt;br&gt;

Чәчәкләр патшасы гөленнән&lt;br&gt;
Таҗ үреп кигерттең башыма,&lt;br&gt;
Чәчләрне чәчләргә бәйләгән&lt;br&gt;
Саф кояш нурлары каршында.&lt;br&gt;

Бу төстә – яшәүнең, тормышның&lt;br&gt;
Иң бөек югары ноктасы.&lt;br&gt;
Моң булып сарылдың җаныма&lt;br&gt;
Җиткәндә гомернең уртасы.&lt;br&gt;

'''ГОВОРИТЬ О ЛЮБВИ ВПОРУ ВНОВЬ'''&lt;br&gt;
Говорить о любви впору вновь&lt;br&gt;
Ради будущей нашей зари.&lt;br&gt;
Так построим жемчужины слов,&lt;br&gt;
Для мелодий сердца отворив.&lt;br&gt;

Из царя ты цветов сплёл виток&lt;br&gt;
И на голову мне возложил,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб из солнца лучей тот венок&lt;br&gt;
Нам единую долю сложил.&lt;br&gt;

В той короне – клубок наших сил&lt;br&gt;
В середине земного бытья.&lt;br&gt;
Ты мелодией душу обвил,&lt;br&gt;
Озарив благозвучьем меня.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''БОГА НЕ ВИДНО, НО Я ЕГО ВИЖУ (Күз уңында булмаса да...)''' ===
'''(Дмитрий Кравченко)'''&lt;br&gt;

Бога не видно, но я его вижу:&lt;br&gt;
в зрелости яблок, в спелости вишен,&lt;br&gt;
в ливне и стуже и в красках заката.&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно – он где-то за кадром:&lt;br&gt;
в детской улыбке и в маминых фразах,&lt;br&gt;
и рассыпаясь любовью по вазам,&lt;br&gt;
Бог говорит с нашим миром цветами.&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно, и видно не станет.&lt;br&gt;
В дальних поездках и командировках,&lt;br&gt;
в легких касаниях, нежных и робких,&lt;br&gt;
в боли, в надежде и в маленьком шансе&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно? О, не соглашайтесь!&lt;br&gt;
Бог открывает для каждого двери.&lt;br&gt;
Те, кто не верил – однажды поверят.&lt;br&gt;
Даже сейчас, атеистам в отместку,&lt;br&gt;
ставленным голосом с этого места&lt;br&gt;
Бог говорит с вами мной через вирши.&lt;br&gt;
Бога не видно, но я его вижу. &lt;br&gt;

'''КҮЗ УҢЫНДА БУЛМАСА ДА...'''&lt;br&gt;
'''(Дмитрий Кравченкодан)'''&lt;br&gt;

Күз уңында булмаса да, мин Аллаһым белән:&lt;br&gt;
Аның алма-чияләрне өлгерткәнен беләм;&lt;br&gt;
Ул – коеп яуган яңгырда, зәмһәрир суыкта,&lt;br&gt;
Ул, алсу төсләргә кереп, балкыйдыр офыкта.&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ күзгә һич күренми – чынбарлык эчендә:&lt;br&gt;
Ул бала елмаюында, әниең сүзендә,&lt;br&gt;
Сөю гөле күк утыра чүлмәк өсләрендә,&lt;br&gt;
Чәчәк итеп тарата Ул сөю хисләрен дә.&lt;br&gt;
Ул күренми, күз талдырып баксаң, пәйда булмас,&lt;br&gt;
Читтә йөрсәң әмма, үзен һич сиздерми калмас.&lt;br&gt;
Ул кыюсыз бер гашыйкның сөеп назлавында,&lt;br&gt;
Әрнү-сызланулар катыш өмет баглавында.&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ күренмиме? Юк-юк, һич ризалашмагыз! –&lt;br&gt;
Аның әмереннән ачык бар ишек-капкагыз.&lt;br&gt;
Элек ышанмаганнар да читтә калмас инде:&lt;br&gt;
Менә хәзер дә Аллаһым, әр итеп дәһрине,&lt;br&gt;
Үз тарафына чакыра шигырь аша мине.&lt;br&gt;
Барлыгына мин инанам, берлеген мин беләм,&lt;br&gt;
Күз уңында булмаса да, Аллаһымны күрәм!&lt;br&gt;

'''Дмитрий Кравченко – урыс телендә иҗат итүче, 2026 елда 35 яшен тутырган шагыйрь, язучы, драматург, театр һәм кино  актёры.'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''КҮПМЕ СУЛАР АККАН... (Веками дули ветры и струились воды…)''' ===
'''(Гөлнәфидә Лопанова-Миңнәхмәтева)'''&lt;br&gt;

Дәвер җиле исеп, күпме сулар аккан,&lt;br&gt;
Җирдә яшәп, күккә күпме җаннар ашкан...&lt;br&gt;
Килеп бер көн, без дә шунда юнәлербез,&lt;br&gt;
Киек Каз юлында күздән югалырбыз.&lt;br&gt;

Дәвер җиле исеп, күпме сулар аккан,&lt;br&gt;
Безгә кадәр дә бит гөлләр чәчәк аткан,&lt;br&gt;
Көзен киткән кошлар язын кабат кайткан,&lt;br&gt;
Соңгы кырау төшеп, җиргә ак кар яткан.&lt;br&gt;

Дәвер җиле исеп, күпме сулар аккан,&lt;br&gt;
Исәпләсәң, кеше күпме учак яккан.&lt;br&gt;
Бездән соң да тормыш җырын дәвам итәр&lt;br&gt;,
Мәңгелеккә йөрәк бәхилләшеп китәр.&lt;br&gt;

'''ВЕКАМИ ДУЛИ ВЕТРЫ И СТРУИЛИСЬ ВОДЫ…'''&lt;br&gt;

Веками дули ветры и струились воды,&lt;br&gt;
Пройдя свой путь, шли в вечность люди и народы…&lt;br&gt;
Настанет день и наш ‒ в лазурь небес взойти,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб скрыться в мириадах Млечного Пути.&lt;br&gt;

Веками дули ветры и струились воды,&lt;br&gt;
Цвели всегда тюльпаны, незабудки, розы,&lt;br&gt;
Извечен был возврат всех перелётных птиц,&lt;br&gt;
И после холодов снег первый падал вниз.&lt;br&gt;

Веками дули ветры и струились воды,&lt;br&gt;
Шли предки сквозь своей судьбы стремнины, броды.&lt;br&gt;
Пусть песня мира не прервётся после нас,&lt;br&gt;
И в вечности звучит Творца нетленный глас.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''КҮК ГӨМБӘЗЕН ЯҢГЫРАТТЫ ҖАН АВАЗЫҢ''' ===
'''(Под сводом неба прозвучал твой глас души)'''&gt;&lt;br&gt;
('''Гөлнәфидә Лопанова-Миңнәхмәтева''')&lt;br&gt;

– Күк гөмбәзен яңгыратты җан авазың,&lt;br&gt;
Сагыш уты җанны телә ямансулап.&lt;br&gt;
Соңга калып килгән булсам, кичерә күр:&lt;br&gt;
Юлым узды язмыш кырын кабат урап.&lt;br&gt;

¬Бар җиһанның мал-мөлкәтен бергә җыеп,&lt;br&gt;
Алтын таулар вәгъдә итеп, җанны кыеп...&lt;br&gt;
Каршы җилләр иссәләр дә, бер мизгелгә&lt;br&gt;
Мин барыбер сиңа киләм: “Саумы!” – диеп.&lt;br&gt;

Йөрәк нечкә-нәзек кылдан үрелгәндер,&lt;br&gt;
Күзләремнән энҗе яшьләр түгеләдер.&lt;br&gt;
Гасыр үтеп, килдем, иркәм, яннарыңа,&lt;br&gt;
Күңел кошың булып калыйм яннарыңда.&lt;br&gt;

'''ПОД СВОДОМ НЕБА ПРОЗВУЧАЛ ТВОЙ ГЛАС ДУШИ...'''&lt;br&gt;

– Под сводом неба прозвучал твой глас души…&lt;br&gt;
О, если с опозданием пришёл, прости….&lt;br&gt;
Огонь тоски терзает душу смурью мне&lt;br&gt;
В попытках тщетных обойти судьбу извне...&lt;br&gt;

Собрав всё скопом состояние вселенной,&lt;br&gt;
О золотых горах терзаясь скорбью бренной…&lt;br&gt;
В одно мгновенье, хоть дуют ветры встреч,&lt;br&gt;
Я всё равно приду к тебе – Любовь сберечь!&lt;br&gt;

Из струн тончайших наши сотканы сердца…&lt;br&gt;
Скатилась по щеке жемчужиной слеза…&lt;br&gt;
Прошёл весь век, я рядом, у судьбы своей, –&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб пташка райская жила в душе твоей.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''АК КҮГӘРЧЕН (Белый голубь)''' ===
('''Гөлнәфидә Лопанова-Миңнәхмәтева''')&lt;br&gt;

Йөргән юлым борма-сырмалы,&lt;br&gt;
Ай һәм Кояш яктырта аны.&lt;br&gt;
…Ак күгәрчен, кунып иңемә,&lt;br&gt;
Тартты колактагы алканы.&lt;br&gt;

‒ Ошый икән, бүләк итәрмен,&lt;br&gt;
Тик йолкыма колак итләрем!&lt;br&gt;
‒ Шаярттым ич!.. ‒ дип ул гөрләде,&lt;br&gt;
Очып китте, бүләк көтмәде:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Җырың булсын бүләк, ялгышма,&lt;br&gt;
Дусларыңа аны багышла! ‒&lt;br&gt;
Гаип булды кинәт күгәрчен&lt;br&gt;
Ай-йолдызлы зәңгәр балкышта.&lt;br&gt;

Бер йолдызлык сипте нурларын ‒&lt;br&gt;
Күрдем күктә пәйда булганын!&lt;br&gt;
Бар барлыгым биләп, сихри нур&lt;br&gt;
Чыңлаттырды күңелем кылларын.&lt;br&gt;

Күңел төпкелемне моң били ‒&lt;br&gt;
Чишмә суы кебек челтери.&lt;br&gt;
Ак күгәрчен кайтты кабаттан,&lt;br&gt;
Хикмәт илә гөр-гөр гөрелди:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Йөрәк сүзең көйгә салынды! ‒&lt;br&gt;
Тавышы назлы аның, ягымлы. ‒&lt;br&gt;
Әйдә минем белән күкләргә,&lt;br&gt;
Күр тереклек иткән ягымны!&lt;br&gt;

‒ Ак күгәрчен! Мең-мең рәхмәтем:&lt;br&gt;
Күңел гөлләремә җан өрдең!&lt;br&gt;
Табигатьтән өстен көчләрдән&lt;br&gt;
Рух көрлеген миңа җиткердең.&lt;br&gt;

...Олы юллар ‒ килер иркенә.&lt;br&gt;
Гөләпләрдән хуш ис бөркелә,&lt;br&gt;
Таҗларыннан күңелем түренә&lt;br&gt;
Илаһи нур балкып сирпелә.&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕЛЫЙ ГОЛУБЬ'''&lt;br&gt;
Извилиста судьбы моей стезя,&lt;br&gt;
Луна и Солнце дарят ей свой свет.&lt;br&gt;
…Вот белый голубь, на плечо склонясь,&lt;br&gt;
Вдруг клюнул на моих ушах бусет.&lt;br&gt;

‒ Понравилась серьга? Бери, дарю,&lt;br&gt;
Не дёргай только мочку уха, вот!&lt;br&gt;
‒ Так в шутку ж я!.. Ведь красоту храню&lt;br&gt;
В душе моей! ‒ Взлетел он, и с высот:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Пусть песня станет даром, и воспой&lt;br&gt;
Её ты, посвятив друзьям и мне! ‒&lt;br&gt;
Воскликнул голубь, скрывшись за Луной,&lt;br&gt;
Средь звёзд в сияющей голубизне.&lt;br&gt;

Вот в небесах зажглась созвездий новь ‒&lt;br&gt;
Любви и Вечности напев звучит.&lt;br&gt;
Волшебный свет проник мне в плоть и кровь,&lt;br&gt;
Звенят во мне и струны всей души.&lt;br&gt;

И в песне той ‒ суть, вся моя любовь,&lt;br&gt;
Родник из сердца глубины она.&lt;br&gt;
Вернулся белый голубь мой, и вновь ‒&lt;br&gt;
Елеем для души вся речь полна:&lt;br&gt;

‒ Твой сердца зов мелодию обрёл,&lt;br&gt;
И песней нежной я её спою!&lt;br&gt;
Взлети со мной ты в небо, как орёл,&lt;br&gt;
Узри обитель красоты мою!&lt;br&gt;

‒ О голубь мой! Как благодарна я:&lt;br&gt;
Цветы души моей ты оживил!&lt;br&gt;
От Высших сил природы всей в меня&lt;br&gt;
Живительную воду духа влил.&lt;br&gt;

…Во власти будущего ‒ все пути.&lt;br&gt;
Тюльпанов ароматом дышит лес,&lt;br&gt;
Из лепестков цветы льют в глубь души &lt;br&gt;
Божественные промени* Небес.&lt;br&gt;
* '''промени ‒ лучи'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ТОРМЫШ ЮЛЫ (Дорога жизни)''' ===
('''АкКойрык''')

Аллаһ каршына илтүче изгелек юлы бик тар.&lt;br&gt;
Иблис-мәлгуньне җиңүнең бер генә ысулы бар:&lt;br&gt;
Көчең җитсә, һич юл бирмә, аяк терәп каршы тор,&lt;br&gt;
Тарафдарларны, халкыңны аңа таба каршы бор.&lt;br&gt;
Иман нуры яктысында иблис дәрманы китәр,&lt;br&gt;
Авызлыклап тота белсәң, ул сиңа хезмәт итәр.&lt;br&gt;
Хәлдән тайса көрәштәшләр һәм  сирәгәйсә сафлар,&lt;br&gt;
Вәсвәсәләргә бирелеп, хыянәт итсә дуслар,&lt;br&gt;
Комачаулама аларга, намусыңны гел сакла,&lt;br&gt;
Булачак кискен көрәшкә яңа тарафлар тупла.&lt;br&gt;
Акылсызлык, башбаштаклык теләгәнен эшләсен,&lt;br&gt;
Чистартсын синең мохитне, мөртәтләрне чүпләсен.&lt;br&gt;
Фани булгач ошбу дөнья, Хак тәгалә юлында&lt;br&gt;
Була алмый һич мәңгелек хөррият тә, золым да.&lt;br&gt;
Яралгысында золымның бар һәлакәт орлыгы:&lt;br&gt;
Гайрәтлерәк була барса, якыная хурлыгы.&lt;br&gt;
Золым белән көрәшкәндә юк фетнәнең кирәге –&lt;br&gt;
Һәркемнең үз яссылыгы, һәркемнең үз мәсләге.&lt;br&gt;
Узалмассың явызлыкта явызлыкны син һич тә –&lt;br&gt;
Утын өстәп торсаң утка, өстәлә аңа көч тә.&lt;br&gt;
Шайтаннарның таянычы — күпчелек  белән тизлек,&lt;br&gt;
Эзлеклелек һәм затлылык — Тәңре яраткан үзлек.&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш һәрчак дәвам итәр, Җирдән иман китмәсә,&lt;br&gt;
Юк аның үлем ноктасы, Кыямәт көн җитмәсә.&lt;br&gt;
Изге-явыз комарында без ирешкән нәтиҗә –&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелеккә юл алганда  хаклы дәлил, тәҗрибә.&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья өчен дип тапканың бу дөньяда кала бит,&lt;br&gt;
Фидаиләр мәңгелектә үлемсезлек ала бит.&lt;br&gt;
Булмый тормыш тәгәрмәчен туктатып йә тизләтеп,&lt;br&gt;
Һичберкем Галәм Канунын яза алмый үзгәртеп!&lt;br&gt;
Һәм иблисне авызлыклап булмый һич канун белән –&lt;br&gt;
Туена икейөзле хаин-мәлгунь каны  белән.&lt;br&gt;
Иблиснең бөтен гәүдәсе тирәндә, җәһәннәмдә,&lt;br&gt;
Суыргыч-капшавычлары без гөнаһлы адәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Яшидер ул азык итеп безләр кылган шомлыкны;&lt;br&gt;
Чыгар тамчы-тамчы кысып җаныңдагы бушлыкны,&lt;br&gt;
Корыт тамырын иблиснең һәм киптер бозык канын –&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә хозурында ясарсың тугры адым.&lt;br&gt;
Кыл изге гамәл, дөньядан киткәнче уйлан, эзлән,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңү-җиңелү мәгънәсен дөрес аңларга өйрән.&lt;br&gt;
'''5-8 август, 1993 ел'''&lt;br&gt;

'''ДОРОГА ЖИЗНИ'''&lt;br&gt;
К Престолу Бога путь всегда тернист:&lt;br&gt;
К Нему отыщет узкую тропинку&lt;br&gt;
Лишь кто душой и помыслами чист,&lt;br&gt;
Кто бережёт в себе Творца искринку.&lt;br&gt;
Наскоки  сатаны прочь отвергай&lt;br&gt;
И в меру сил одолевай невзгоды,&lt;br&gt;
К души порывам ближних убеждай&lt;br&gt;
Во имя Бога, Истины, Свободы.&lt;br&gt;
Единство, лад, согласие в делах –&lt;br&gt;
Вот средства против сатанинской скверны,&lt;br&gt;
Покуда держишь крепко в удилах,&lt;br&gt;
И сатана — слуга, но лицемерный!&lt;br&gt;
Ничто не вечно: выбьются из сил –&lt;br&gt;
Соратников  шеренги поредеют,&lt;br&gt;
Изменят те, кто клятву приносил, –&lt;br&gt;
Соблазны жизни краткой одолеют.&lt;br&gt;
Невмочь сдержать зло — отступи, терпи,&lt;br&gt;
Но сбереги в самом себе ты Бога,&lt;br&gt;
К борьбе за Веру падших подними –&lt;br&gt;
Вновь предстоит нелёгкая дорога!&lt;br&gt;
Неверные средь мутных сгинут волн — &lt;br&gt;
Очистится Земля  от зыбкой скверны;&lt;br&gt;
Поток безумия и произвол&lt;br&gt;
Вреда не причинят нам, правоверным.&lt;br&gt;
Восстанем  мы — как скалы средь пучин,&lt;br&gt;
Как маяки под сенью небосвода,&lt;br&gt;
Нам с Богом для унынья нет причин:&lt;br&gt;
Ярмо не вечно — так же, как свобода.&lt;br&gt;
Никто Величья Бога не оспорит!&lt;br&gt;
И тёмной силе не объять всего –&lt;br&gt;
Зерно погибели в зародыше её:&lt;br&gt;
Лихая удаль только крах ускорит.&lt;br&gt;
Без помощи Творца успехи мнимы,&lt;br&gt;
В борьбе со злом нужды в интригах нет;&lt;br&gt;
Дорога Жизни широка, но след&lt;br&gt;
У каждого здесь свой, неповторимый.&lt;br&gt;
Навал и суета — удел лишь сатаны:&lt;br&gt;
Обета лживого торопит бренность;&lt;br&gt;
Идущим к вечности, как  факелы, даны&lt;br&gt;
Надёжность, качество и постепенность!&lt;br&gt;
Пока на Вере зиждется наш Дом,&lt;br&gt;
Любовь Творца укроет нас как прежде;&lt;br&gt;
Господь свершит наш путь Страшным Судом,&lt;br&gt;
Когда погаснет в душах луч Надежды.&lt;br&gt;
Истории и судеб колесо&lt;br&gt;
Ускорить иль замедлить невозможно,&lt;br&gt;
Закон Творца священен и весом –&lt;br&gt;
Не заменить его обетом  ложным!&lt;br&gt;
И Тьмы со Светом в той  борьбе вотще&lt;br&gt;
Победы миг — мираж, пусть кровью добыт!&lt;br&gt;
Земных страданий  оттиски в душе –&lt;br&gt;
Для вечной жизни  обретенный опыт.&lt;br&gt;
И всё, что в мире бренном раб достиг,&lt;br&gt;
Его наследникам лишь для услады;&lt;br&gt;
Ценою жизни — тот счастливый миг&lt;br&gt;
Преодоленья  вечности преграды.&lt;br&gt;
Лишь праведный богоугодный труд&lt;br&gt;
Вернет покой душе и счастье Дому,&lt;br&gt;
Скитания земного каждый круг –&lt;br&gt;
Дорогой Жизни верный шаг к Престолу.&lt;br&gt;
Твори добро и путь свой отыщи,&lt;br&gt;
В раздумьях о Творце найди отраду;&lt;br&gt;
Потерь и обретений труд души –&lt;br&gt;
Итог всей жизни и залог Награды.&lt;br&gt;
'''8-10 августа 1993 года'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ЯҢА ДУМА ТАКМАКЛАРЫ (Новая Дума)''' ===
('''АкКойрык''')&lt;br&gt;

Тәрәзәләргә ут капса,&lt;br&gt;
ачып җибәр ишекне;&lt;br&gt;
юньле Дума, гадел патша –&lt;br&gt;
хыял назлый мужикны.&lt;br&gt;

Сүз боткасы ашатырга&lt;br&gt;
булды Мәскәү Думалы;&lt;br&gt;
җиңел куып таратырга –&lt;br&gt;
вәкаләте чамалы.&lt;br&gt;

Бик күпләрең Себер китәр,&lt;br&gt;
“либерал”ны котыртсаң,&lt;br&gt;
алтын богаулар киярсең,&lt;br&gt;
муеныңа утыртсаң.&lt;br&gt;

Әнә килә Жириновский –&lt;br&gt;
бөек дәүләт батыры,&lt;br&gt;
тавышы яңа, җыры иске –&lt;br&gt;
хурлык булыр ахыры.&lt;br&gt;

Патша йөри урам буйлап,&lt;br&gt;
нигә ачык изүе?  –&lt;br&gt;
Йә тагын бер кат “җиңүе”,&lt;br&gt;
йә тәхеттән төшүе!...&lt;br&gt;

Арзан Дума – очсыз халык,&lt;br&gt;
хуҗасызлык дәүләте...&lt;br&gt;
Кайчан бетәр аңгыралык,&lt;br&gt;
мисезлек галәмәте?&lt;br&gt;
'''март, 1994 ел'''

'''НОВАЯ ДУМА'''&lt;br&gt;
('''частушки, вольный перевод с добавлениями''')&lt;br&gt;

В Думе-думушке престольной&lt;br&gt;
подают к обеду рис,&lt;br&gt;
трижды крикнут “Смирно!”, “Вольно!”,&lt;br&gt;
а потом и – “Разойдись!”&lt;br&gt;

Наша Дума мировая,&lt;br&gt;
на деревне как плетень:&lt;br&gt;
руки-ноги обдирая,&lt;br&gt;
лезут все, кому не лень.&lt;br&gt;

Двадцать пять – и депутат! –&lt;br&gt;
Вот дешёвенький мандат.&lt;br&gt;
Ни к чему нам крупный счёт,&lt;br&gt;
если с гулькин хер почёт...&lt;br&gt;

Что-то дымом потянуло,&lt;br&gt;
вдруг пожар, будь начеку!&lt;br&gt;
...Добрый царь с путёвой Думой&lt;br&gt;
всё же снятся мужику.&lt;br&gt;

Жириновский безоглядно&lt;br&gt;
обещания всем даёт,&lt;br&gt;
хриплым голосом надсадно&lt;br&gt;
и “по Геббельсу” поёт:&lt;br&gt;

“Наклони головку низко,&lt;br&gt;
чтоб златых цепей надеть,&lt;br&gt;
даль Чукотки станет близкой,&lt;br&gt;
коль посадишь на хребет”.&lt;br&gt;

Против мира в одиночку,&lt;br&gt;
ты куда, Володя, прёшь?&lt;br&gt;
Впрочем, ты и с дёгтем в бочке&lt;br&gt;
от стыда ведь не помрёшь...&lt;br&gt;

Лихо правит “демократ”:&lt;br&gt;
до базара и назад.&lt;br&gt;
Нету больше сил бежать,&lt;br&gt;
остается “побеждать”.&lt;br&gt;

Победили на равнине,&lt;br&gt;
победим мы и в горах,&lt;br&gt;
сохраним Чечню, всех прочих&lt;br&gt;
мы разгоним в пух и прах!&lt;br&gt;

Кто-то пользуется всласть&lt;br&gt;
благами всевластия;&lt;br&gt;
катастрофой может стать&lt;br&gt;
эта катавасия!&lt;br&gt;
'''март 1994 года'''&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ФАТИХАСЫЗ КЕШЕ ЮЛГА ЧЫКМАС''' ===
('''Гөлнәфидә шигыре, “Мәхәббәт гөлләре яралсын!” китабыннан''')&lt;br&gt;

Хак-дөреслек көтмәгәндә килеп,&lt;br&gt;
Җанны салып ялкынлы утка,&lt;br&gt;
Көлдәй коеп, җилдә ул тузгыта&lt;br&gt;
Йә булмаса күккә очырта.&lt;br&gt;

Сынарга дип тәкъдир-язмышыңны,&lt;br&gt;
Вәсвәсәләндермә җаныңны.&lt;br&gt;
Хәсрәтеңнән сөрлегеп егылсаң,&lt;br&gt;
Күрсәтмәскә тырыш яшеңне.&lt;br&gt;

Бәхет кошы таң аттырып сайрый,&lt;br&gt;
Җан иркендә курку булмаса.&lt;br&gt;
Газапланырсың тик, каурый каләм&lt;br&gt;
Әйтер сүзең аңлый алмаса.&lt;br&gt;

Фатихасыз кеше юлга чыкмас,&lt;br&gt;
Хөсетлегә Ходай юл салмас.&lt;br&gt;
Мөстәкыйльлек фикере булмаган&lt;br&gt;
Авыз ачып сүзен әйталмас!&lt;br&gt;

'''БЕЗ БЛАГОСЛОВЕНЬЯ НЕТ ДОРОГИ'''&lt;br&gt;
Истина, придя внезапно, мельком&lt;br&gt;
Бросив душу в огненный бедлам,&lt;br&gt;
Сеет пепел, развевая ветром,&lt;br&gt;
Или же возносит к небесам.&lt;br&gt;

Нет, не искушай ты душу сгорбив,&lt;br&gt;
Испытав судьбу во власти грёз.&lt;br&gt;
А споткнувшись, ниц упав от скорби,&lt;br&gt;
Попытайся не пролить и слёз.&lt;br&gt;

Птица счастья песней будит зори,&lt;br&gt;
Если страха нет в душе твоей.&lt;br&gt;
Избежишь ли мук, душевной хвори,&lt;br&gt;
Коль перо отвергнет смысл речей?&lt;br&gt;

Без Благословенья нет дороги,&lt;br&gt;
Бог завистливым не явит путь.&lt;br&gt;
Вольной мысли же презрев, двуногий&lt;br&gt;
Не откроет рта – вот жизни суть!&lt;br&gt;

== '''ХӘТЕРДӘН ҖУЕЛМАС МИЗГЕЛЛӘР''' ==
('''Бу язма 2024 елда аерым китап буларак басылып чыкты һәм бүләк итеп таратылды''')&lt;br&gt;

'''''Бармы шундый бәрәкәтле, тирән,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''затлы бүләк – Ходай шәфкатедәй –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''үз эченә язмышым сеңдергән'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''ике тар һәм көчсез уч төбедәй?'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''''Не знаю благодатней и бездонней''''',&lt;br&gt;
'''''дарованных как Божеская милость,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''двух узких и беспомощных ладоней,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''в которые судьба моя вместилась.'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Игорь Губерман)&lt;br&gt;

'''''Ни мәгънә эч сереңнән – аны кем дә белмәсә?'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Равил Фәйзуллин)&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Яши-яши һичкем булмадың,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''ник көлдердең?!» – диеп Алла сорар.'''''&lt;br&gt; 
'''''«Юаттым ич гаҗиз колларың...», –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''дип әйтермен Аңа. Һәм Ул... елар.'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''''И спросит Бог: никем не ставший,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''зачем ты жил? Что смех твой значит?'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''«Я утешал рабов уставших…», –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''отвечу я. И Бог… заплачет.'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Игорь Губерман)&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ГОМЕР УВЕРТЮРАСЫ'''&lt;br&gt; ===
==== '''Туган авылым...'''&lt;br&gt; ====
'''''...Зөя буйларында, шунда үтте минем балачак...'''''&lt;br&gt;

Адав-Толымбай авылы Татарстанда шартлы рәвештә «әдәби телле Тау ягы» дип аталырлык төбәкнең көньяктагы чигендә урнашкан, аннан ары көндезге кояшка карап китсәң, табигый «Мишәрстан» кочагына барып керәсең. Хәер, бу чик хәзерге заманда бөтенләй ашалып бетте, дисәң дә була. Хәзер инде минем ише, гомерен читтә үткәргән бер кире-беткән «нугай» (казакълар Казан телле татарларны шулай атыйлар) соңгы тапкыр туган-үскән җирләремне әйләнеп чыгыйм әле, дип кайтып төшсә, аның турында... «Бу бабай әле хәзер дә казанца сүләшә», дип әйтәчәкләр.&lt;br&gt; 

Моның сәбәбе гади: Толымбай кызлары, мәктәп сабагын тәмамлауга ук, тизрәк Буага, Казанга яки «ябага» (чит җирләргә) ашыга, шуңа күрә авылда калам дигән егеткә күрше Карлыдан яки Иске Суыксудан цыкылдап торган бер чибәрне ияртеп кайтудан башка чара калмый. Мишәрләр бит алар матдичел тормышлы, консерватив карашлы һәм җиргә ябышып яши торган кешеләр. Берсе дә берьялгызы гына, күктәге торналарга ияреп, туган төбәген бер сәбәпсез ташлап, теләсә кая китеп бармас аларның. Югары белемле булырга теләгәннәр һәм сәләтлеләр генә, туган-тумачасы төпләнгән шәһәрләр булса, шунда юл тотар. Шуңа Буа районының үзәк хакимияте хәзер тулысынча мишәрләр кулында. Һәм «Мишәрстан» халкының табигый үрчеме беркайчан да, бернинди кризис шартларында да аска тәгәрәми. 

Адав-Толымбай авылын өч яктан урман чолгап алган. Көнбатышта һәм төньякта – узган гасырның утызынчы елларында утыртылган нарат урманы, көнчыгышта, Зөя буенда – табигый катнаш урман. Зөя елгасын авыл халкы үзе генә белгән кичү аркылы чыксаң – Кырлаңгы таулары. Җәй уртасында тауның көнбатышка караган итәгендә кып-кызыл җиләкләр өлгерә, нәкъ Кырлайдагы кебек. 

Зөя буендагы урман аланында ел саен май аеның соңгы ике һәм июньнең беренче якшәмбесендә «Май уны» дип атала торган авыл бәйрәме үткәрәләр иде. Хәзер бу урман эченә үтеп кереп тә булмый инде, бөтен юлларга-сукмакларга – һәм минемчә, йөрәкләргә дә! – чытырман ябышкан...Анда яз көне... энцефалит талпаннары хуҗа. Ә без илленче-алтмышынчы елларда бу бөҗәкне бар дип тә белми идек. Мин ул «клещ» турында 1975 елда Ерак Көнчыгышта армия хезмәтен үткәндә генә ишетем. Ләкин, телефончы буларак шактый еш урман эченә керергә туры килсә дә, бер тапкыр да очратмадым һәм «эләктермәдем» дә. Шулай да талпаннан һәлак булган тимер юлчы солдат мәетләрен күрергә туры килде. 

'''ФОТО''': Адав-Толымбай авылы. Урта урам.

Туган авылыбызга багышланган бер «көйсез җыр» мәгълүм, аны Себер татарлары шагыйре Булат Сөләйманов язган. Әдип Толымбайдан Себергә ягага киткән бер кызга өйләнгән булган һәм Казанда белем алган елларда җәй көне тормыш юлдашы белән бергә ялга кайтып-китеп йөргән. Бу шигырьне мин узган елларда Буа районының «Байрак» газетасына юллаган идем, авылдашлар, басылып чыкты, диделәр. 

'''Толымбай җыры'''&lt;br&gt;
Күктән йолдыз тотмыйм, бу җырыма&lt;br&gt;
Мин тормышчан сүзләр сайладым,&lt;br&gt;
Толымчак күк газиз авылыма,&lt;br&gt;
Толымбаем, сиңа багладым.&lt;br&gt;
Ялгыз калсам күңелем буранында,&lt;br&gt; 
Уйларымны сүтәм, яңартам.&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья буйлап чабып хәлдән тайсам,&lt;br&gt; 
И Толымбай, сиңа мин кайтам.&lt;br&gt;

Толымыңда – урман-болыннарың,&lt;br&gt;
Зөя сөеклесе Толымбай,&lt;br&gt;
Йөрәгем дә кушып үрелгән бит,&lt;br&gt;
Ни хәл итим соң мин, йа Ходай!&lt;br&gt;
Кемнәр үрә бүген толымнарың?&lt;br&gt;
Сорасалар миннән, ни әйтим...&lt;br&gt;
Син булмасаң, улың илсез, җирсез,&lt;br&gt;
И Толымбай! синсез мин ятим.&lt;br&gt;

Толымсызлар тол хатын күк ялгыз,&lt;br&gt; 
Көзге таллар кебек шәп-шәрә.&lt;br&gt;
Син булмасаң илдә, Толымбаем,&lt;br&gt;
Булыр идем, шиксез, мәсхәрә.&lt;br&gt;
Чал чәчләрне җилләр йолкыганда&lt;br&gt;
Каеннарың толымын сагынам,&lt;br&gt;
Бер Аллага инанган ир-егет,&lt;br&gt;
И Толымбай! сиңа табынам.&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Авылым өлкәннәре'''&lt;br&gt; ====
'''ФОТО''': Авылда 2015 елда төзелеп беткән «Хәтер комплексы». Арткы планда урнашкан һәйкәл янындагы ятма такталарга 1941-1945 елларда Бөек Ватан сугышында катнашкан барлык толымбайлыларның исемнәре язылган. Мин ишетеп белгән һәм хәтерләгән өлкән туганнарымның һәм авылдашларымның берсен дә онытмаганнар! Комплекс капкасыннан уң якта – авыл мәдәният йорты, сул якта Буа драма театры директоры Раил Садриев төзеткән «Театраль кунакханә» һәм «Тамак» кафесы.&lt;br&gt;

Ә Толымбайның үзендә нинди танылган шәхесләр бар иде соң без яшәгән дәвердә? Бу сорауга җавап биргәндә, рәсми чыганаклар беренче бишлеккә Татарстанда күпләргә билгеле булган кешеләрне кертәләр. Ләкин аларның «күләгә»сендә калган лаеклы шәхесләр дә байтак.&lt;br&gt;

'''Гомәр Толымбай''' (Шаһиәхмәтев Габделхак Җәләлетдин улы, 1900-1938) – язучы. 

'''Александра Николаева''' (1924-2015) – Социалистик Хезмәт Каһарманы. 

'''Равил Рахмани''' (Кукушкин Равил Фәйзерахман улы, 1949) – язучы, шагыйрь, әдәбият белгече, әдәби тәнкыйтьче, филология фәннәре кандидаты. 

'''Раил Садриев''' (1966) – Буа татар драма театры директоры, Татарстанның халык артисты. 

'''Рафаэль Латыйпов''' (1956) – җырчы, Татарстанның атказанган артисты. 

Раил һәм Рафаэль икесе дә миннән шактый яшьрәк, алар турында һәркемгә мәгълүм булганны гына беләм. Алар белән шәхси аралашуларым кыска вакытлы гына, ләкин истә калырлык булды. 

Толымбайда туганнан туган өч кардәшем яши иде бу хатирәләр язылганда: Фәһимә апа Галимҗанова, Әнвәр абый Кукушкин һәм Рифкать абый Бакиров. Өчесе дә унынчы дистәсен ваклаган кешеләр. Узган гасыр хәтере булып кала алар безнең өчен. 2025 елның җәендә Рифкать абый бакый дөньяга күчте... 

'''ФОТО''': Гомәр Толымбай

Гомәр Толымбай авылыбызда туып-үскән иң күренекле татар әдибе генә түгел, Сталин исеме белән атала торган сәяси эзәрлекләү елларындагы какшамас рух һәм шәхси батырлык үрнәге дә ул. Казан «тәнкыйтьчеләре» аңа егерменче еллар азагында ук чокыр казый башлыйлар. Габделхакның иң зур «гаебе»: «Ул үз иҗатында җәмгыятебездә барган сыйнфый көрәшне тулысынча чагылдырмый». Язучы 1937 елның 8 июнендә кулга алына. Пләтән төрмәсендә, 11 ай буе көннең көнендә җәзалап, аңардан сорау алалар, акылдан язарлык хәлгә җиткерәләр. Ләкин атаклы толымбайлы бернинди «гаепләү кәгазьләре»нә дә кул куймый, күпме генә мәҗбүриләсәләр дә, каләмдәшләренең берсенә дә тел-теш тидерми. 1938 елның 8 маенда аны атып үтерәләр. Җәмәгатен дә, уйдырма статья чәпәп, сөргенгә озаталар. Хәнҗәр исемле сабыйлары балалар йортында кала... 

'''ФОТО''': Александра Иван кызы Николаева – Адав-Толымбай авылның илкүләм танылган Сания апасы. 

Александра Николаева – авыл исеменең «Адав» (ягъни Атау – чуашча Атав дип языла, Адав дип укыла) өлешен биргән чуаш башы» кызы. Сания апаның исеме илгә сугыштан соңгы беренче елларда мәгълүм була. 1946 елдагы корылыктан соң совет хөкүмәте илдә социалистик ярыш игълан итә: иген үстерү, урып-җыю һәм терлек үрчетүдә алдынгылыкка чыккан бригадирларга Социалистик Хезмәт Каһарманы дигән мактаулы исем вәгъдә ителә. Бригада кешеләренә – орденнар һәм медальләр. Чама чамадан артмый: район саен бер генә кеше Хезмәт Каһарманы булырга тиеш. Буа түрәләре алдан ук дөрес фаразлыйлар: җиңүчеләр Толымбайдан булачак. Күрше Кыят совхозында җирләр тагын да уңдырышлырак, ләкин анда толымбайлылар кебек тырыш халык юк. «Коминтерн» колхозында ике удар бригада оештырыла: комсомол яшендәгеләрнекен Александра Николаева җитәкли, ә җәмәгате-балалары булган яки сугыштан соң тол калганнарныкын – минем булачак әнием, 35 яшьлек Сәйделбанат әпти (авылда кечерәк яшьтәгеләр аны шулай атый иде). 

Ике бригаданың кырлары янәшәдә, ярыш шартлары бертигез. Якындагы күлдән көянтәләп-чиләкләп су ташыганнар һәм яңгырлар башланганчы үсемлекләргә су сибеп торганнар, дип тә шаярткан халык. Яз-җәй буе тырышып эшләүләре һәм хезмәт нәтиҗәләре – бердәй һәм үрнәк булырлык. Һәр гектардан уртача 23 центнер чамасы, диелә хәзерге заман чыганакларында. Ләкин... Мәскәү төшергән «каһарманлык квотасы» бер урынлы гына: икесен дә хезмәт батырына һәм орден-медальләргә тәкъдим итсәң, шунда ук сине «эшне оештыра белмәү»дә гаепләячәкләр. Нишләргә? Комиссия килеп йомгак ясар алдыннан, район хакимиятенең үз кешеләре, төнлә кырга чыгып, хатыннар басуындагы көлтәләрнең бер өлешен кызларныкына күчереп утырталар. Казан комиссиясе килә, барысын да үз күзе белән күрә һәм раслый. Яшьләр бүләкле булып китә, Мәскәүгә юлланган тәкъдим кәгазендә, гектарыннан 27 центнер уңыш алдылар, дип язалар. Өлкәннәр рәсми 20 центнер белән бармак суырып кала. Каршы сүз әйтеп булмый, шунда ук «загремишь под фанфары». Әнә 22 яшьлек Фәүзияне кырдан тавыкларга бер-ике уч бодай алып кайткан өчен дә бер елга төрмәгә утыртканнар бит... 

Бу әле «тарих»ның башы гына, аның дәвамы Толымбай авылындагы уңган, батыр һәм игелекле кешеләрнең шул замандагы асыл сыйфатларына һәйкәл сыман. Ике бригада кызлары-хатыннары да элеккеге дустанә мөнәсәбәтләрдә кала, алар арасында бернинди низаг тумый. Бу очракта шайтани хакимнәрнең «Разделяй и властвуй!» шигаре буш куык булып шартлый. 

Әлеге хәлләрне бөтен авыл халкы белеп тора, без бәләкәчләр өчен генә озак еллар буе сер булып калды алар. Әйтик, миңа бу хакта авыл кешеләре әнкәем 51 яшендә үлем түшәгендә ятканда гына сөйләделәр. Ә моңа кадәр берни белмәдем. Әнкәемнең һәм Сания апаның дуслыгы минем өчен табигый күренеш иде. Икесе дә уңганнар, киң күңеллеләр, ярдәмчелләр. Күл буе урамыннан үткәндә Сания апа һәм аның җәмәгате Сәгыйть абый (мәктәп укытучысы!) мине чакырып алалар иде. Ел саен Әлфия һәм Алсу исемле кызларының туган көннәрен дә бергә үткәрдек.

Сания апа озын гомерле булды. Колхоз һәм авыл, аның исеме артына ышыкланып, еллар буе һәрнәсәне бүлеп бирүгә күнеккән, әмма үтә саран хөкүмәттән үзе өчен күпмедер өлеш чыгарып килде. Әйтик, Адав-Толымбай авылының гомер бакый баткаклыктан интеккән урамнарындагы таш һәм асфальт юллар – Сания апа абруеның шул җөмләдәге казанышы. Аларның һәркайсын авыл халкы «Сания апа юлы» дип атый. 

'''ФОТО''': Әнием Сәйделбанат Җиһаншина (Бакирова). 1940 нчы еллар.

Әнием 1956 елда яңа өй өлгерткәч үк чирләп китте һәм колхоз эшенә йөрми башлады. Баштарак табиблар гастрит дип кенә диагноз куялар иде. Соңрак, Казанга барып-күренеп кайткач, моның ул заманда дәвалап та булмый торган үлем чире икәнлеге ачыкланды. Сәламәт вакытта, әлеге «каһарманлык эпопеясы»ннан соң, әнкәемне колхозда ашлык амбарлары мөдире итеп куйганнар. Нибары өч класс белемле генә, егерменче еллар башында кешедә белем алу түгел, яшәп калу кайгысы гына булган. Бернигә карамастан, Сәйделбанат өч төрле татар язуын (гарәп имласын, яңалифне һәм кирилл әлифбасын) үзлегеннән өйрәнгән, арифметиканың төп дүрт гамәлен башкара белә. Әлбәттә, тиңдәшсез тырышлыгы, берни дә урламавы һәм беркемнән дә урлатмавы аркасында, аның авыл хөрәсәннәре арасында дошманнары да байтак булгандыр.

'''ФОТО''': Миңа ике яшь ярым тирәсе. 1951 ел.

Әнкәем үзе миңа беркайчан да андый нәрсәләр турында сөйләмәде. Мин аны дөньяның бөтенләй караңгы якларын томалап, тоныграгын яктыртып торучы дип кенә хәтерлим. Аның вафатына кадәр алты ел буе без икәү, дөресен әйткәндә, ачлы-туклы яшәдек. Бигрәк тә бәрәңге базыбызны язгы ташу суы басып киткән булса. Байтак бәрәңгебез әрәм була иде шул елларда. Колхоз безгә ай саен бер пот бодай оны биреп торды (хәзерге заман кешеләренең кайберсе инде потның 16 килограмм икәнлеген дә оныткан икән). Ун көнгә бер мәртәбә фермага яки җәйләүгә барып, биш литр сөт алып кайта идем. Баштарак сарыклар-тавыклар да асрадык. Җәй җиткәч, бәрәңге бакчабыз артындагы Алмакай болыныннан урак белән урып, көн саен берәр капчык үлән алып кайта идем. Каенсар болыны һәм утызынчы елларда утыртылган нарат урманы аша «Гайшә юлы»ннан туп-туры Буага барып, шәһәр халкына бер дистәсен 70-80 тиеннән күкәй сатып, ипи-тоз-шикәр алам. Җәйге каникулда кырда каравыл торып, аз-маз хезмәт көне эшлим. Шуннан артыгына көче җитми көне буе ашыйсы килеп йөргән һәм чыра сыман ябык баланың.

'''ФОТО''': Минем апам Гөлфия Солтан кызы Зиннәтуллина (Жиһаншина) кызы Рузалия белән. 1960 еллар.

Ашарга яраганның барысы да ризык иде безнең өчен. Үзем эшләп тапкан беренче өч сум акчаны 1960 елның 1 гыйнварында алдым. Бер малай белән икәү авыл кибетенә кайткан тозны бушаттык. Яшерен девальвацияле акча реформасы тәмам булгач, 30 тиен булып калды ул. Кинога билет 5 тиен тора иде, ипи – 15-20 тиен. Аннары, Ватан сугышы алдыннан туган апам Гөлфия Солтан кызы 1958 елда Югары Лашчыга фельдшер булып киткәч, йомыркадан-иттән дә мәхрүм калдык. Әнкәемә бернинди ризык үтми башлады, ашказаны авыртуын бернинди дару да баса алмады аның. Ел саен апрель-май-июнь айларындагы кытлыкта һәм соңрак терлек-туарсыз гына түгел, кош-кортсыз да калгач, безне ачлыктан Сания апа һәм Йосыф абый коткара иде. Күрше Сания апа да тумыштан Александра исемле, «чуаш башы»ннан безнең очка кияүгә чыккан чуаш кызы. Бу изге җаннарны искә алганда әле хәзер дә күзләрем яшьләнеп китә... 

Ә авыл мәктәбе директоры, Ватан сугышы ветераны '''Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллин''' белән аның җәмәгате, рус теле укытучысы '''Антонина Георгиевна'''ны хәтер түреннән мин нинди рәвештә чакырырга тиешмен? Алар бит, һичшиксез, ахырзаман кануныдай бүгенге дөньяда да кешечә яшәү үрнәге булып калырлар иде! Икесе дә озын һәм тату гомер кичерделәр, туганнарының һәм авылдашларның кадер-хөрмәтен күреп, җиде ел элек әүлиялардай бер-бер артлы мәңгелеккә күчтеләр. 

Аларның үз балалары булмады. Айга бер-ике мәртәбә мине өйләренә алып кайталар, сыйлыйлар иде, әнкәйгә дә ул үзе ашый алырлык күчтәнәч ризык биреп җибәрәләр, әлбәттә. Гомумән, ул вакытта бөтен Татарстанда да үрнәк булырлык авыл мәктәбенең кайгыртучан укытучылары мине сигезенче сыйныфны тәмамлаганчы озата бардылар. Ике елга бер мәртәбә мәктәп миңа һәм ярдәмгә мохтаҗ булган тагын бер балага бүрек, пальто һәм кышкы аяк киеме кайтарта иде. Ничек кенә авыр тоелмасын гомер сөрү ул вакытта, безнең янда һәрвакыт хәерхаһлы һәм игелекле кешеләр гел булып торды. Шуңа без, бөтен дөньяга ачу саклап, хәшәрәт булып китмәдек тә! 

'''ФОТО''': Мәктәп директоры Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллин

==== '''Ивашев, Кукушкин, Рыбаков һәм «Мишәрстан»...''' ====

Юк, Адав-Толымбай авылы әле бүген генә, татар телендә белем бирү «Тыелган!» дип танылгач кына урыслаша башлады. Безнең үз теләгебез белән «тыелгач»! Югыйсә, моны, без «булдыручылар»дан гайре, кем булдыра алыр иде? Без кичергән инкыйразда алпавыт-декабрист һәм рәссам '''Василий Пётр улы Ивашев''' та, җитмеш һөнәр остасы '''Җәләлетдин Әхмәр улы Кукушкин''' да, минем хәтергә «бакчачы галим» булып кереп калган һәм урыс фамилиясен нәкъ Җәләлетдин бабабызныкына охшаш рәвештә юнәткән '''Йосыф абый Рыбаков''' та гаепле түгел. Алар XIX-XX гасырларда яшәгәннәр. Һәм Толымбай халкына, татарларга бернинди зыян китермәгәннәр. Гел файда гына! 

Әле бүген генә Толымбайда бала-чага «бөек тел»дә уйнарга һәм аралашырга тотынды. Моның алга таба ни бетеп тәмамланасын бүген туклыкта һәм муллыкта яшәгән авыл кешеләре... урамнар буйлап чабып йөрүче ташландык һәм ач этләрдән сорасын... 

Мин белгәндә, совет заманында, авыл әле милли-мәдәни кирмән сыман иде. Һәм шул ук вакытта чын халыклар дуслыгының тоткасы да. Авылдан көньяктарак бүген Җуашау дип аталган иске Ивашевка авылы бар. Хәзер анда башлыча авыл җирлеге үзәгеннән күчеп килгән татарлар яши, урыслар бөтенләй диярлек Буага һәм Казанга китеп беткән. Авылга Ивашев фамилияле бер алпавыт нигез салган. Төп йортын ул Зөя буендагы Кыят авылында тоткан, ә Җуашауга үзенең «беркетелгән» урысларын китерткән. Бүген зур урыс авылы булып калган Кыятта, киресенчә, башта утрак тормышка төпләнгән төрки күчмәннәр яшәгән. 

Унтугызынчы гасыр башында Ивашевлар нәселеннән хакимлек иткән бер алпавытның декабристларга якын булуы, аларның хәрәкәтен хуплавы һәм шуның өчен сөргенгә җибәрелүе билгеле. Һәм бу гасыр азагында толымбайлы мөселман Җәләлетдин шул «гыйсъянчы» алпавыт варисыннан һич көтмәгәндә... урыс фамилиясе юнәткән. Җәләлетдин бабай, үз элгәрләре кебек үк, ихлас күңелдән дин әһеле булган, ләкин дөнья малыннан ваз кичеп яшәүче суфи-дәрвиш түгел. Ягада акча эшләп йөргәндә ул үзенчәлекле һөнәрләр үзләштергән. Бу хакта белеп алгач, алпавыт бабайны Кыятка чакырткан һәм аңа ватык күкеле сәгатен төзәтергә кушкан. Җәләлетдин бабай исә, эшне башкарып чыккач... Кукушкин фамилиясен бүләк итеп алган. Ул заманнарда империячел фамилия эш рәтен белгән кешегә зур өстенлек биргән икән. Бабай, яңа мөмкинлекләрдән файдаланып, баеп та киткән. Үзе дә, балалары-оныклары да хак мөселман һәм уңган татар кешесе булып калган. Һәм зирәк алпавыт чукынуны таләп итеп куймаган да, ул үзенең декабрист бабасы кебек, заманына күрә алдынгы фикерле зат булган. 

Югарыда әйтелгәннәр хакында Кукушкиннар нәселенең бүгенге дәвамчысы булган шагыйрь, әдәбият белгече һәм тәнкыйтьчесе Равил Рахмани иҗатыннан да белә аласыз. Әйтик, аның «Мең чакрымга мең чакрым» исемле китабын укып чыккач. 

«Мишәрстан» чигендә дигәннән... Хәтеремдә ки, илленче елларда Буа районы Сабан туйларында Иске Суыксу авылыннан Сәет исемле бер көрәшче гел баш батыр булып кала иде. Бу хакта безнең авыл халкы: «Сәетне кыш көне үк ашата-симертә башлыйлар һәм беркайда да эшләтмиләр, Сабан туена әзерлиләр...» – дип сөйли иде. Шулай да, бер елны башка авыл кешесе Сәет-батырны финал көрәшендә еккан иде бит. Озак та үтми хәбәр таралды: «Иске Суыксу егетләре, җыйнау шул авылга барып, Сабан туе батырын кыйнап кайтканнар...» 

Әйе шул, Илсөя Бәдретдинева дөрес җырлый: «Үзебезнекен бирмибез, читнекенә кызыкмыйбыз, начарлыкны кичермибез, яхшылыкны онытмыйбыз...» Яхшылык белән начарлыкка билгеләмә тәгъбир иткәндә генә карашларыбыз азрак аерымланып китә. 

«КАМАЗ»да Автомобильләр заводын җитәкләгән һәм соңрак генераль директор урынбасары булып киткән Исламгәрәй Шиһапов шул Иске Суыксу авылында туып-үскән, укымышлы, белдекле һәм кешелекле кеше иде. Чаллыдагы Буа якташлыгының бер җыелышында ул безгә шундый вәгъдә бирде: «Иске Суыксудагы һәм тирә-яктагы артык һәм эшсез ятучы яшьләрне «КАМАЗ»га алып килеп эшкә урнаштырырга тырышырмын!» 
Ләкин Исламгәрәй Солтан улы хыялын тормышка ашырып өлгермәде, илле җиденче яшендә арабыздан китте... 

'''ФОТО''': Равил Рахмани белән уртак бабабызның бабасы – Әхмәр ибне Юныс әл-Толымбай хәзрәтләре. 1763-1819 елларда яшәгән. XIX гасыр башында авылның беренче җәмигъ мәчетен төзеткән. Бу портретны Толымбайга килгән һөнәри рәссамнарның берсе бабайның борынгы китаплары һәм кулъязмалары арасында сакланып калган рәсеме буенча ясаган. Толымбайда 2015 елда «Әхмәр хәзрәт укуларын» оештырган Раил Садриевнең тырышлыгы һәм иганәчелеге белән.

'''ФОТО''': Әхмәр бабайның иске зираттагы кабере.

==== '''Тәгәрәшеп үстекме?..''' ====

Үз яшьтәшләремнән һәм бер яшькә олырак яки кечерәк булганнардан хәтеремә җуелмаслык итеп кереп урнашкан кешеләрнең берничәсе: '''Гөлфирә Җаббарова''' (Гәрәева), '''Равил Кукушкин''' (әдәби дөнья аны '''Равил Рахмани''' дип белә), '''Фоат Хәйсаров''', '''Гөлҗиһан Шәмгунова''', '''Назыйм Әхмәтҗанов'''. 

Гөлфирәбез быел кыш көне, 74 яшен тутыргач, бакыйлыкка күчте. Без ерак туганнар идек. Гөлфирәнең ире Илсун белән бергә яшәгән йорты гомер буе авылга теләсә кайсы вакытта кайтып керерлек урыным булды. Былтыр, Толымбайны һәм аның кешеләрен инде соңгы тапкыр күрүемдер дигән сәяхәттә генә, мине Раил Садриев үзенең «театр кунакханәсе»нә урнаштырды. 

Фоат, Равил һәм мин фәкыйрь – күршеләр, Урта урамның Иркүлгә һәм Алмакай болынына караган ягында үстек. Авыл халкы, өчебезне бергә күргәндә яки үзара әңгәмәдә телгә алганда, гел ярым шаяртулы-ярым җитди сүзләр әйтә торган иде. Мин аларны бераз киңәйтебрәк, тиешле аңлатмалар биреп язам биредә. Авыл өлкәннәренә төшендереп торасы юк, барысын беләләр болай да: «Фоат – беренче сортлы, ул атбакат булачак. Равил – икенче сортлы, язучы булачак: аның әнисенең абыйсы – Гомәр Толымбай үзе. Бик сәләтле малай ул: мәктәп дәреслекләренә өземтә итеп кертелә торган шигырьләрне ун яшьтә үк яза башлады. Мәктәптә укый-укый, үз шигырьләрен яңадан ятлый. Ә Фәһим... өченче сорт: әтисен, үзе туганчы ук, кулак малае һәм «халык дошманы» дип, кабат, икенче тапкыр инде, авылдан куганнар; әнисе, бүген-иртәгә үләм дип, чирләп ята. Башка, сугышта хәбәрсез югалган атадан туган апасы, шәһәр тормышына кызыгып, җәһәннәм тишегендә яшәүче бер кешегә тормышка чыкты. Фәһим беркем дә була алмас, ахры...» 

'''ФОТО''': Фоат Хәйсаров

'''ФОТО''': Равил Кукушкин (Равил Рахмани)

Лыгырдый-лыгырдый, тәки чынбарлык китереп чыгардылар бит, ә... Фоат гомер буе күрше авылда колхоз рәисе булып эшләде, адвокат та, мин балачакта уйлаганча, «ат багучы» да булмады. Хәзер пенсия яшендә инде, иркен, бәхетле һәм тату тормышлы гаиләдә гомер сөрә: Буада үз йорты бар, авылдагы утарны да ташламый. Бөтен «критерий» буенча да беренче сортлы! 

Равилгә ясалган «күрәзә» тулысы белән рас килде. Танылган язучы, үз стиле, беркем кабатламаслык тирән фикере булган шагыйрь, дистә гасырлык әдәбиятны колачлый алган белгеч, туры сүзле әдәби тәнкыйтьче ул. Бәхетенә каршы, үсмер чакта ук аңа Хәсән Туфан үзе юл ачты. Гомәр Толымбай кебек үк, сәяси эзәрлекләү корбаны булган һәм илаһи кодрәт аша гына исән калган әдибебез, Толымбайда булып киткәндә үк, Равилдә үз дустының һәм көрәштәшенең дәвамчысын күреп алган. Ләкин... «Рәсәй тарихына иң кыска юл элмәк белән пуля аша үтә» – Равилнең дә, минем дә яраткан шагыйребез Игорь Губерман «гаригы»ннан алынган сүзләр бу. 

Гөлҗиһан, кем соң ул минем өчен? Юк, мәктәптәге гади сыйныфташым гына түгел... Толымбайдан китеп биш ел үткәч, 1968 елның июнендә беренче кат авылга җәйге ялга кайттым. Башта биш көн буе Мәскәү белән танышып йөргәннән соң. Гөлҗиһан Каенсар урамындагы туган өендә «ял итеп арыган» һәм эшләгән-яшәгән җиренә, Түбән Камага китәргә җыена. «Фәһим, мин синең әтиеңне беләм, теләсәң, аның янына алып барам!» – ди ул миңа. Язмыш диген инде: юри эзләп йөрмәгән бит Гөлҗиһан дөнья буйлап... Мөхәммәтһади Кукушкин дигән һәм мине тормышка китергән кешене. Ярый, икәү бергә, Тәтештә теплоходка утырып, киттек... тарихи-географик чынбарлыкта Түбән Агыйдел дип аталырга тиешле шәһәргә. Барып кердек Кояшлы урамдагы бер «хрущёвка»га.

Мин башта Гөлҗиһанның җирле дусты булып танышырга тиеш идем әтиемнең яңа гаиләсе белән. Ләкин... серле йомгак берничә секундтан соң ук таралып китте. Мине танып алдылар: зәңгәр күзле «бледнолицый» чәһрәм – әтиемнең копиясе икән. Бердәнбер аерма: әтием баһадир гәүдәле, Сабан туе батыры шикелле, ә минем тәндә... тире астында сөяк кенә. Бер атна кунак булдым. Әтиемнең хатыны бик зирәк һәм ягымлы кеше иде, аның сүзләре минем бәхетле мизгелләремне көчәйтте генә. Һәм мин әтием бәяны аша нәселебезнең соңгы гасырлардагы тарихын һәм аның башыннан үткәннәр турында да белдем. 1936 елда, булачак әтиемә 18 яшь тулгач, аны, Магниткага сөрелгән ата-анасыннан аерып алып һәм бер гаепсез килеш махсус «статья» чәпәп, 10 елга Магаданга озатканнар. Ул 1946 елга кадәр шунда советларга алтын юдырткан. Ниһаять, туган авылына кайтып, минем булачак әнкәемә йортка кергән. Ерак Көнчыгышка сөрген аны чыныктырган гына, ул инде бернинди авыр эштән дә курыкмаган. Буа белән Толымбай арасындагы Карлы елгасы аша салынган күпер төзүдә катнашкан. Ләкин авыл куштаннары моның белән килешмәгәннәр һәм аны, мин дөньяга килгәнче үк, яңадан авылдан кудыртканнар... 

Биш яшем тулган 1953 ел азагында, инде кыш башлангач, әтием яңадан авылга кайткан булган. Бүген бу кадәресе һәркемгә билгеле инде: Сталинның үлеменнән соң Мәскәү хакимиятендә төп рольне бөтен көч-куәт министрлыкларына хуҗа булып киткән Лаврентий Берия үз кулына алгач, ике миллионлап мәхбүсне төрмәләрдән чыгарганнар, сөргеннән кайтара һәм әкренләп реабилитацияли башлаганнар. Совет режимының «йомшаруы» әтиемдә кабат авылга кайтып төпләнү өметен уяткан булган. 

Мин шул елны ниндидер озын буйлы, таза гәүдәле һәм көчле бер ир-атның мине өебезнең түшәменә кадәр күтәрүен һәм аннары, урамга алып чыгып, каядыр алып баруын, безнең анда кичкә кадәр кунак булуыбызны гына хәтерлим. Миңа бу кешенең дөньяга китерүче әтием булуын беркем, хәтта әнием дә әйтмәде ул вакытта. Соңрак, берничә ел үткәч кенә авылдашлар аның кемлеген, авылга кайтырга теләге булуын һәм ни өчен бу юлы да авылда кала алмаганын белгерттеләр. Гаилә тормышын яңартырга әзер булган әтием һәм әнием каршында тагын бер кат, һич көтелмәгән, һичкем алдан фаразлый алмаган киртә үсеп чыккан... 

Үзем ул вакытта күрмәгән һәм аңламаган нәрсә турында бүген сүз йөртү гайбәт булыр иде. Аннары, хәзер моның бернинди әһәмияте юк бит инде. Язмыш барыбер үз юлын алган, кемнеңдер гөнаһлары безнең тарафтан гафу ителгән һәм, бәлки, бакый дөнья хөкеме өчен дә юылгандыр. Әниемнең бу фаҗигале хәлләрне миннән яшерүен дөрес гамәл булган дип саныйм. Югыйсә, мин Фәһим булып кала алмаган һәм бар дөньяга ачу саклап яшәгән булыр идем... 

Туганнан туган апамның улы Назыйм Әхмәтҗановның исеме дә хәтер түрендә саклана. Миннән ай ярымга гына соңрак, декабрь азагында туган малай иде ул. Биш яшьлек чакта безне туганнан туган Мансур абыйның туена алып бардылар. Мич артында урын әзерләп, аерым утырттылар безне, ашарга-эчәргә китерделәр. Кызыл аракы да салып бирделәр. Назыйм хәмерне эчте дә... берни булмаган кебек йокыга китте. Ә мин бөтен ашаганымны-эчкәнемне косып чыгардым. «Юк, бу «ә-әй»гә бүтән кагылмаячакмын!» – дип сүз бирдем үземә. Һәм эчмәдем дә, хәтта кырык елдан соң «КАМАЗ»ның җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр департаментында эшли башлагач та. Журналистларны җыеп, төрле чаралар үткәрә идек, соңыннан, әлбәттә, мәҗлес. Эчкән кеше эчә, ә мин сиздермичә генә бокалыма су өстәп торам. Белгән кеше дәшми, шыпырт кына көлеп утыра, белмәгәне гаҗәпләнә: «Карале, эчә-эчә дә гел исерми бу!» 

Бер сыйныфта укыдык без Назыйм белән. Күршедәге Рәшит Камалов исемле малай белән бергә мәктәпкә йөрер дип, аны җиде яше тулмаган килеш укуга озатканнар. Башлангыч сыйныфларда ул, үзе таза һәм көчле малай булса да, нигәдер үпкәләүчән һәм елак иде. Ләкин бик тырыш, яхшы укучы һәм, советча әйтсәк, «максатка омтылучан» булды. Без еш кына, аларның колхоз яшелчә бакчасы янындагы өенә кайтып, бергә дәрес әзерли идек. Беренче сыйныфта мин аның өйрәнчеге булдым, соңрак без тигезләндек. Әмма бишенче сыйныфта Назыймның характеры һәм үз-үзен тотышы нык үзгәрде. Укытучыларның һәм бигрәк тә мәктәбебезнең директоры Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллинның «махсус операциясе» булмады микән бу? Назыймны безнең сыйныфның старостасы иттеләр. Һәм яшүсмер малай 25 балалык төркемнең һәм рәсми, һәм чынбарлыктагы лидеры булып китте. Беркемне дә җәберләмәде, ләкин беркемгә дә тәртип бозуга, әшәкелеккә юл куймый башлады. Үрнәк булырлык сыйныфта укыдык. Хәлбуки, укуны тәмамлап зур тормышка чыккач та, Назыймның юлы гел өскә үрмәли торган булды. Буада зур гына бер оешманы җитәкләде. Ләкин... 27 яшендә арабыздан китте. Мин 1976 елның маенда армия хезмәтен тәмамлап кайтканда, Назыйм гүр иясе иде инде... 

Шулай да, минем чын мәгнәсендә «антиалкоголик» булып китүемә төп сәбәпче – балачакта биргән «вәгъдәм» һәм ниндидер «ихтыяр көчем» түгелдер. Әниемнең өлкән бертуганы, миңа әти һәм бабай тәрбиясен хәленнән килгән кадәр биргән Габделкәбир Бакиров үрнәге барысыннан да өстенрәк булды, минемчә. Яшь чакта абый (әнкәй дә, мин дә аны шулай атый идек) Ленинградка барып акча эшләп кайткан булган. Һәм аны шунда аракы эчәргә өйрәткәннәр, Коллективтан төшеп каласы килмәгәндер инде абыйның. Аның иң еш сөйли торган сүзе... «жмодяк» иде. Үгет-нәсихәт биргәндә нәкъ шушы алынма сүзне кыстырып җибәреп, ул мине саранланмаска, киресенчә – юмарт һәм киң күңелле булырга өндәде. Ленинградта аны шулай «гаепләгәннәр» һәм бергәләп аракы эчәргә күндергәннәр икән булачак шешәдәшләре. Авылга кайткач та, баштарак шул «импортлы» гадәтен дәвам иткән абыебыз. Һәм аңа... «Бутылка Кәбир» кушаматын биргәннәр. Бик гарьләнгән абыебыз моңа. Һәм – эчүен бер көндә ташлаган да. Тора-бара аның авылда үрнәк булырлык мөселман һәм гадел кеше абруе урын алган. Менә кемдә бар иде ул иман ныклыгы һәм ихтыяр көче дигән асыл сыйфатлар! 

Габделкәбир абый «медале»нең тагын бер ракурсы бар. Губерманча әйтсәк:&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кайчак адашкан, кимсенгән''''',&lt;br&gt;
'''''юньсез саналган инсаннар'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''була Хак тынын иңдергән'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''иң лаеклы изге җаннар.'''''&lt;br&gt;

==== '''«Тимәгез Фәһимгә!»''' ====
Дөресен әйткәндә, мин бу бүлектә аталган яшьтәшләремнең берсе белән дә «физик яктан» тәгәрәшмәдем. Урамда мине бөтенләй башка малайлар аунатты. «Сине тормыш менә шулай изәчәк!» – дия-дия: әти-әниләре сүзләрен кабатлаптыр инде, үзләре уйлап чыгара алмаслар иде мондый «күрәзә»не. Бу тәгәрәшүләрдән соң мин гадәттә пычранып кына кайта идем. Яклаучысы юк икән, түзә инде бала. Ләкин шундый әвәләүләрнең берсендә... гомерем өзелеп китү ихтималы да булды. Инде кабыргаларым сынып җан тәслим кылам дип уйлаган вакытта, минем аркама аслы-өсле менеп утырган малайлар өерен кемдер төртеп аударды. «Тимәгез Фәһимгә!» – Фоат булган икән 
ул! Аның үзенә кем тисен соң: абыйсы – колхоз рәисе. Әтисе Гаязетдин абый да исән-сау – сугыш ветераны. Өйгә кайткач, әнкәемә сиздермичә генә, беренче тапкыр үземнең үксезлегемә гарьләнеп еладым. «Тәгәрәтүче» малайларның исемнәрен хәтерләмим инде. Былтыр авылга кайткач, миңа: «Алар барысы да гүр иясе», – дип нокта куйдылар. «Өч төрле сорт» иясе булган яшьтәшләр – Фоат, Равил һәм мин торып калганбыз. 

Дөресен әйткәндә, мин моны бик тетрәндергеч вакыйга дип санамыйм да. Бер җирем дә имгәнмәде ич. Теге малайлар белән уйнамый башладым – шул гына. Авыл китапханәсеннән китаплар алып кайта, шуларны укып юана идем. Аннары, унбер яшем туларак, Равил белән икәү Буага, «Байрак» газетасындагы әдәби түгәрәккә йөри башладык. Равил ул вакытта зурлар кебек саллы-саллы шигырьләр яза иде инде. Хәтта бер шигырендә... киләчәктә туачак улы турында да «хәбәр биргән» иде. Минем язганнарым күбрәк гади рифмалаштыруга гына кайтып кала инде. Шулай да өйрәнергә тырышам, редакция кешеләренең сүзләрен «йотып барам». Бәлки кайчан да булса кирәге чыгар бу сабакның да дип. Газетага авыл хәлләре турында мәкаләләр яки үземнең рифмалаштырылган нәрсәләрне илтеп бирсәм, 
басылып чыккач, 60-70 тиен гонорар җибәрәләр. Анысы да өч кирпеч ипи инде безнең өчен. Татар, рус һәм чуаш телләрендә чыга торган «Байрак» редакциясенә барып керсәм, мине сәркатип туташ каршы ала иде. Чибәр һәм мөлаем бер чуаш кызы, татарчасы чамалы гына. Гадәттә сорый торган иде ул миннән: «Акься алдынмы?» 

Хәтеремдә гомерлек тирән эз калдырган күренеш бер елны җәй буе дәвам итте. Берзаман, Хәнҗәр авылга кайткан, дигән хәбәр таралды. 1938 елда атып үтерелгән Гомәр Толымбайның ятим калган баласы икәнен без балалар да белә идек: авылда мондый исем йөртүче башка бер кеше дә юк. Хәнҗәр абыйны Зөя буендагы умарталыкка эшкә җибәрделәр. Ул бөтенләй йомылган, беркем белән дә аралашмый. Эчүгә сабышкан, без аны айнык килеш күрмәдек тә. Аның ата-анадан соң бушап калган йорты «чуаш башы»нда иде. Умарталыкка барып-кайтып йөрер өчен, ат-арба биргәннәр. Иртә таңнан ук Хәнҗәр абый сузылып яткан килеш бара һәм кояш баер алдыннан исереп ауган хәлдә кайта иде. Аты элек үк өйрәтелгән булган икән: барасы-кайтасы юлны белә, ләкин кыскарак юлдан, безнең күрше Мөнир абый Борһанов өе янындагы тыкрыктан түгел, ә авыл очына чыгып, әллә кайлардан әйләнеп бара Зөя буендагы урманга. Һәм кичен шул ук юлдан кире кайта. Икенче елны Хәнҗәр абый югалды, тагын каядыр китеп барды, ахры... 

'''ФОТО:'''Безнең күршебез Мөнир абый Борһанов – университетлар тәмамлап түгел, үзлегеннән, үз иҗтиһады һәм тырышлыгы белән дәрәҗәле урыннарда эшләгән, күренекле язучы, дин әһеле һәм галиме, тарихчы булып киткән үрнәк шәхес. Мөнир абыйның пөхтәлеге һәм һәрнәрсәгә сакчыл карашы бар гамәлендә дә чагыла. Хәтта Буадан эштән кайтканда да ул, мотоциклы йөрткечен безнең өй каршында сүндерә дә, үз капка төбенә килеп җиткәнче, тормозга басмыйча, инерция буенча бара иде.

==== '''Стандартсыз калыплар «кыскычы»''' ====

Авыл мәктәбенә әнкәй мине 1956 елның 11 гыйнварында, кышкы каникул үткәч илтте. «Бар, нишләргә белмичә, зыян эшләп ятма!» – диде. Кружка белән тәрәзәнең аскы пыяласына суккалап, «ватылучанлык сынавы» үткәрә торган гадәтем бар иде. Инде җыеп-җыеп укырга һәм китаптагыча басма хәрефләр белән сүзләр язарга да өйрәнгән чагым. Каюм Насыйриның Әбүгалисина турындагы китабы һәм апамнан калган «Әлифба» беренче дәреслекләрем булган. Беренчесенең исемен төгәл белмим: мин аның тышлыгын, алдагы һәм соңгы битләрен аны-моны белештерми торган чакта ук ертып ташлаганмын. Биш яшьлек чакта, кайбер сүзләрне шуннан күчереп алып, карандаш белән кәгазьгә яза башладым. 1953 елның бер көне истә калган. Алтынчы март булгандыр ул, күрәсең. Радиодан Сталинның үлеме турында хәбәр ишеткәч, күрше хатыннар бергә җыелып, бездә елашып утырдылар. Мин дә нәрсә булганын бераз аңлаганмындыр. Әнкәем әйтүенчә, шул көнне кәгазьгә ЛИЛИН БАБАЙ һәм ЫСТАЛИН БАБАЙ дип язып куйганмын. 

Мәктәпкә йөри башлаганчы ук булган бер мәзәкле вакыйга – авылга килгән халык җырчыбыз Рәшит абый Ваһапов концертына билетсыз килеш керүем. Нишлим соң инде, кесәмдә бер тиен акчам булмагач? Озын буйлы бер апаны ялвара-ялвара күндердем дә, аның озын күлмәге астына яшеренеп, бергә атладым. Билет тикшерүчеләр, әлбәттә, мине күреп алдылар, ләкин куып чыгармадылар, көлештеләр генә. Ул вакытта микрофон һәм тавыш колонкалары дигән нәрсәләр юк иде. Рәшит абыйның тавышы бик матур һәм көчле булуы, тамаша залының арткы рәтләрендә дә яхшы ишетелеп торуы һәм мәшһүр җырчының ике кулын күкрәгенә куеп җырлавы истә калган. 

Авыл мәктәбендә укыганда, минем шактый сәер һәм «стандарт калыпларга сыешмаган» характерлы булып үсүем ачыкланды. Башлангыч сыйныфларда безне Оркыя апа укытты. Бик таләпчән, катгый, әмма һәр баланың тумыштан килгән үзенчәлеген һәм халәтен аңлап, аңа ныклы белем бирүче остаз иде ул. Өлкәнрәк сыйныфларда «утырып калып», безгә килеп кушылган балалар да (1946-1947 нче елгылар), Оркыя апа сабагын алганнан соң, һич югында «өчле»гә укый торган булып китә иде. Кайберәүләре хәтта, вакыты җитеп һәм «икенче сулышлары» ачылыптыр инде, соңрак укымышлы һәм дәрәҗәле кеше булдылар. 

'''ФОТО''': 1959 ел язы. Дүртенчене тәмамлыйбыз. Уртада башлангыч сыйныфлар укытучысы Оркыя апа. 

Оркыя апа мине, балаларны укуда куып җитәргә тырыш дип, үз өстәле каршындагы партага, уң якка утыртты. Соңрак бу «позиция» минем өчен гадәти булып китте. Кайда гына укысам да, укытучы каршындагы партаны сорап ала идем. Сигезенче сыйныфта гына мине кырыйдагы рәтнең алгы партасына, ике яшькә олырак һәм ике ел беррәттән «утырып калган» малай янына күчерделәр. Аны ничек булса да «тартып чыгарырга» кирәк булгангадыр инде. Хәлдән килгәнчә булыштым. Ләкин рус теленнән чыгарылыш имтиханын тотканда, үземнән күчереп язарга мөмкинлек бирмәдем: «Ничек булса да үзең ерып чык!» – дидем. Сыпырып утырмасын өчен, иншаның (изложениенең) караламасын... латин хәрефләре белән яздым. Һәм латин язуын танымаган Фәрит иншаны үзлегеннән язып, имтиханны «өчле»гә тапшырды бит! Сигезьеллык мәктәпне дә тәмамлады.

Әлбәттә, Антонина Георгиевна барысын да күреп торган һәм имтихан тәмамланыр алдыннан минем караламаны сиздермичә генә «хосусыйлаштырган». Соңрак, авылга кайткан саен, шул кәгазьне күрсәтеп көлдерәләр иде укытучылар. Антонина апага Толымбай мәктәбендә белем алганнар гомер буе рәхмәтле булганнардыр: аның хәзерге заманда да алдынгы дип саналырлык методикасы буенча урыс телен өйрәнгән укучылар Казан-Мәскәү институтларына имтиханны тоткарлыксыз биреп керә иде. 

'''ФОТО''': Адав-Толымбай сигезьеллык мәктәбендә чыгарылыш имтиханы. Сул яктагы беренче партада – Фәрит һәм Фәһим. Арткы планда укытучыбыз Антонина Георгиевна басып тора. Минем «гадәти урын»да, уртадагы рәтнең беренче партасында – төпле «хорошистлар» Мәүлет Сафиуллин белән Эльбрус Камәретдинев. Икенче партада – Рәшит Камалов белән Назыйм Әхмәтҗанов. Аннары булачак отличниклар – Роза Гайнанова һәм Җәвидә Әхмәтҗанова. Урта рәтнең иң арткы партасында Ленза Габделхәев һәм безнең белән бергә сигезьелык татар мәктәбен тәмамлаган... украин малае Лёня Добрыдень! 

Латин әлифбасын үзләштерүем үзе бер мавыктыргыч «сәерлек» булды. Ул заманда чит телләрне бишенче сыйныфта гына укыта башлыйлар иде. Ләкин, без бишенчегә күчкәч, алман теле укытучыбыз (әсирлектән кайткан сугыш ветераны) пенсиягә чыкты. Шулай итеп, без һәм бездән соңгы сыйныфлар чит тел дәресләреннән... күбесе «азат», берничәсе генә мәхрүм булды. Соңгыларына, институтларга укырга кергәч, чит телне «нульдән башлап» өйрәнергә туры килгәндер инде. «Азатлыкка ирешкәннәр»нең кайсыберсе алдан сатып алынган дәреслекләрен куана-куана мәктәп ишегалдына чыгарып ташлады. Мин дә бик шат булдым, чөнки... чүплектән тышлыгына DEUTSCH дип язылган дүрт китап күтәреп кайттым өйгә: «Үзем өйрәнәм!» Латин хәрефләрен таныган әнкәй дә хуплады моны: «И улым, «дәү тешле» булгансың ич!»

Бер елдан соң ук, алман телен үзлегемнән кимерүемнең «кирәге чыкты». Авыл сәхнәсендә мәктәп балалары куйган спектакльдә миңа кыска гына роль уйнарга насыйп булды. Ярослав Һашекның җитез солдат Швейк турындагы әсәренә ияреп һәм бик көлкеле итеп эшләнгән инсценировка иде ул. Алман офицеры булып чыктым да сәхнәгә... алман генералы пәйда булгач, үз йомышын үтәп утырган чех солдатларына (аларны, әлбәттә, урындыклар артына яшереп һәм томалап куйганнар, башлары гына күренеп тора иде) команда бирдем: «Auf! Stillgestanden! Links schaut!» (Торып басыгыз! Үрә катып! Сулга карагыз!) Солдатлар тиз генә ыштаннарын күтәрәләр дә сафка басалар. Залдагы тамашачылар шаркылдап көлеп җибәрәләр. 

Ун яшьлек чактагы бер «язмышлы вакыйга» истә калган. Кышкы каникул вакытында Буага балалар сәнгате бәйгесенә алып бардылар безне. Мин анда шигырь сөйләргә тиеш идем. Миннән алдарак бер мишәр кызы «Өч кыз бала» исемле шигырь укыды. Яңгыравыклы һәм бик матур тавыш белән, ләкин... «А», «Ө», «Җ», «Ч», «Къ» һәм «Гъ» авазларын мишәрчәләтеп һәм өч бармагын баш өстенә күтәреп сөйләде ул: «Эц кыз бала, эц кыз бала – әллә шатлык, әллә артык бер анага?..» Сәхнә артында күзәтеп торган килеш тыңлап, мин бу тамашадан соң идәндә тәгәри-тәгәри көлдем һәм «Казан телле» иптәшләремә үзем шунда ук чыгарган шигырьне дә сөйләп бирдем: «...СуыкЬсудан ТинЦәлегә кАдәр бЕтен-бЕтен дЕнья минеке!»

...Минем өченче кызым шул көннән соң егерме тугыз елга якын вакыт үткәч туды... 

Шуннан соң һәм авылдан киткәч тә озак вакыт алман теленең хаҗәте бөтенләй булмады. Ләкин мин барыбер шул «файдасыз эш» белән мавыктым: дәреслекләрне башыннан ахырына кадәр укып чыктым, тел грамматикасы нигезләрен үзләштердем, берничә йөз алман сүзен отып калдым. Гарәп имласы һәм Яңалиф турында әнкәйдән ишетеп кенә белгән хәлдә, татарча «шәхси рун язуын» да булдырган идем. Хәзер ул онытылган инде. Zamanälif-2012 гамәлдә, Мәскәү тарафыннан «тыелган» булса да. Апама ияреп шәһәргә күчеп киткәч, совет алманнары өчен нәшер ителә торган Neues Leben (Яңа тормыш) атналык газетасын укып бардым. Якшәмбе көннәрне балалар өчен Берлиннан алына торган тапшыру карый идем – Mach mit! Bleib fit! (Бергә эшлә! Уң бул!) Кайвакыт Eulenspiegel (Ябалак көзгесе) журналын да ала идем – алман юмор-сатира һәм идиоматикасын үзләштерү өчен. 

Бишенче сыйныфта '''Гарифҗан абый Хәйруллин''' йогынтысында тагын география белән дә мавыгып киттем. Гарифҗан абый бик яхшы психолог булгандыр дип уйлыйм: ярым ятим бала боегып китмәсен һәм үзен яшьтәшләре арасында тигез күрсен өчендер инде, ул миңа даими йомыш тапшырды. Атна буе һава торышын күзәтеп барырга һәм атна азагында классташлар алдында хисап тотарга тиеш булдым: һава температурасының көн саен төнлә-көндез билгеле бер сәгатьтә ничек үзгәргәне, күкнең кайчан аяз яки болытлы булганы, «җилләр гөлчәчәге» турында. 

Алтынчы сыйныфта тагын '''Җәүдәт абый Рәхмәтуллин''' укыткан математикага «гашыйк булдым». Җәүдәт абый һәр дәресне... биш минутлык мәзәк сөйләүдән башлый иде. Шуңа да карамастан, укучыларны сораштырып, тиешле билгеләрен куеп өлгерә, яңа дәресне дә аңлатып бирә. Алгебрасы миңа ничектер ялыктыргычрак тоелды, шуңа кайбер чирекләрдә «дүртле» дә эләктерә идем. Ә менә геометриядән һәр чиректә, дәрестә һәм контроль эшләрдә гел «бишле» чыгып барды.

Сигезенчене безнең сыйныфтан дүрт бала «отличник» дигән таныклык алып тәмамлады: Җәвидә, Роза, Мәдинә һәм мин. Дөресен әйткәндә, алдынгылар өчәү генә булырга тиеш иде. Физкультура һәм хезмәт дәресләрендә мин беркайчан да стандарт таләпләр»не үти алмадым: хәлсез-көчсез баланы ни йөгертеп, ни сикертеп, ни такта-агач ышкып эшкәртүгә тиешенчә җигеп булмый. Рәсем ясау үзе минем өчен бер бәла булды: «өчле» чыгарга тиеш иде бу нәрсәдән. Сызымнан – киресенчә, гел «бишле» генә. Чөнки сызым ясауның серләре – минем яраткан һәм төгәллек сөюче фәнем булган геометриядә. Ләкин Гарифҗан абый бу предметлардан да «бишле» куйдыртты таныклыкка: «Фәһимгә үз тормышына үзе юл ярасы, аз булса да ярдәмебез тисен». Шулай булып чыкты да: «алтын таныклыклы» малайны Саров (Сарыкылыч) шәһәренең һөнәри-техник көллиятендә дә, кичке укулы техникумында да, кичке урта мәктәбендә дә колач җәеп каршыладылар. Хушлашулары гына төрлечә булды аның...

=== '''ТАТЫП БАКСАҢ, МӨМКИНДЕР АҢЛАРГА...''' ===

==== '''Атом шәһәренә!'''&lt;br&gt; ====
Саров (Сарыкылыч) – Мордовия урманнары эчендә урнашкан, административ яктан Горький (Түбән Новгород) өлкәсенә беркетелгән, ләкин тулысынча Мәскәү тарафыннан тәэмин һәм идарә ителә торган шәһәр. Рәсми чыганакларда ул ЗАТО – «автономияле ябык территориаль оешма» дип атала. 

'''ФОТО''': Саров шәһәренең символы – «Очламлы йорт»ның фасады, ул безнең заманда гашыйк парларның гадәти очрашу урыны иде. Моңа охшаш торак йортлар башка «ябык шәһәрләр»дә дә бар.

Алтын Урда заманында биредә ханның ясак җыючылары яшәгән. Борынгы исеме Сарыкылыч XV гасырга кадәр сакланып калган. Урда таркалгач, Мәскәү явы килеп җиткән. XIX гасыр башында биредә Серафим Саровский – православларның изгесе яшәгән. Саров тирәсендәге урман эчендә аның «Ближняя пустынь» һәм «Дальняя пустынь» дип атала торган ике гыйбадәтханәсе булган. 

1903 елда патша Николай II җәмәгате белән бергә биредәге «изге чишмәләр» суын эчеп дәваланырга килгән. Шуннан соң 1904 елда аның бердәнбер ир баласы Алексей туган. Элек аның дүрт кызы гына булган икән. Утызынчы елларда Саровта ятим балалар (беспризорниклар) колониясе оештырганнар. Үсмер балалар тар колеялы тимер юл төзегәннәр. Соңрак биредә шул турыда «Путёвка в жизнь» исемле кинофильм да төшергәннәр. 1945 елдан башлап, анда Советлар Берлегенең атом һәм сукуар (водород) бомбалары эшләнгән. 

Апам мине анда, әнкәем 1963 елның 12 июлендә вафат булгач, алып китте. Ул үзе, Югары Лашчы авылында фельдшер булып эшләгәндә, армия хезмәтеннән соң Саровта төпләнеп калган бер кешегә тормышка чыгып, ягага киткән иде. Җитмеш биш чакрымлык тимер чыбык белән әйләндереп алынган «зона» чигенә 31 июль көнне иртә белән килеп җиттек. Документларны тикшерүче хәрбиләр мине, аңлашыла ки, 
поезддан төшереп калдырдылар. Апа мине шул КП янында урнашкан алачыкка илтеп, тимер юл хезмәткәре карамагына тапшырды: «Борчылма, мин бүген үк сине шәһәргә кертергә сорап гариза язам. Эшләр тиз генә барып чыкмаса, янәшәдәге авылга фатирга урнаштырырмын, кертергә рөхсәт алганчы шунда яшәрсең».

Гаризалар язып, документларны тапшыргач, дүрт ай көтәргә кирәк иде гадәттә. Бу хакта бик яхшы белсә дә, апам мине Толымбайда калдырырга теләмәде. Саровка китәргә әзерләнгән ике атна эчендә... Казанда мине уллыкка алырга теләүчеләр барлыкка килде. Каян белеп алганнар диң. Апам исә мине, ике дә уйлап тормыйча, ихтимал булган «тукайча ятимлек»тән азат итте: «Бирмим Фәһимне!» Бәлки шул сәбәпле шагыйрь дә, язучы да, фәлсәфәче дә була алмаганмындыр, гади графоман булып яшим хәзер дә... 

'''ФОТО''': Минем Гөлфия апам

Ә апам, «советкүләм рекорд» куеп, ябык шәһәргә кертү рөхсәтен өч көннән соң ук алды! Шәһәр башлыгы Музруковка язылып кергән, хәлне аңлатып биргән. Генерал каршы килмәгән! Өченче август кичен мин инде Саровта үткәрдем. Урамда мине аунатучы-тәгәрәтүче булмады. «Лыс башка, дай пирожка!» – дип кенә үртәде малайлар. 

==== '''Көндәшләрем! дип «чирли»''' ====
Тагын берничә көннән соң, пропискасын да ясаткач, җизнәм мине әле яңа гына ачыла торган һөнәри-техник көллияткә укырга кертте. Беренче сентябрьдә, көллият биргән ак майка, зәңгәр күлмәк, кара кәчтүм-чалбар киеп, слесарь-җыючылар әзерләүче төркем классына барып кердем. Укытучы өстәле каршындагы парта буш иде, анда соңрак та беркем утырмады, ике ел буе берүзем рәхәтләнеп сабак алдым. 

Төркемебезнең һөнәри остазы һәм теория буенча да мөгаллиме – '''Владимир Краснов'''. Теорияне яхшы үзләштерүемне, ләкин һөнәри осталыкта аксавымны күреп, ул миңа беренче курстан соң ук, көллияттә уку белән беррәттән, шул ук бинада урнашкан кичке техникумда да белем ала башларга тәкъдим итте. Иртән – көллияттә, кич техникумда укый башладым 1964 елның сентябрендә. 

Ул вакытта миңа уналты яшь тә тулмаган әле. Техникумдагы укучыларның күбесе инде өлгергән егетләр, хәтта гомер уртасына җиткәннәр да бар иде. Маңка малайның яхшы укуы бер пеләш башлы абзыйны аеруча борчыды: «Да чтоб этот молокос стал моим начальником! Не бывать этому!» Кеше үзе нинди булса, башкаларны да шундый итеп күрә инде. Ә мин кемнең дә булса башлыгы һәм залиме булырга җыена идемме соң? Һәм минем андый «сәләтләрем» бар идеме? Һич югында, конструктор булып китәр идем, техникум тәмамласам. Башка укучыларны, мөгаллимнәрне миңа каршы котырта башлады ул. Тора-бара абзыйның тарафдарлары да барлыкка килде.

Урыс теле дәресендә тактага чыккач, Пушкинның «Анчар» шигырендәге ике юлны, мәгънәсен дөрес аңламыйча, «И умер бедный раб Унок (Пушкинда – «у ног») непобедимого владыки» дип язган идем. Шуннан соң... «чурка» булып киттем. Укытучы марҗа дәрес саен искә төшереп торды минем... «өченче сортлы» һәм «чүчмәк» булуымны. Заводтан килеп сызым дәресләрен бирүче бер мөһәндиснең кыланмышлары минем техникумда укуыма чик куйды. Ул дөрес, тел-теш тидергесез итеп эшләнгән сызымнарыма билге куймый («өчле» булса да), кат-кат ясарга мәҗбүр итә башлады. Ә мин инде өлгерә алмыйм, заводка практикага йөрим, көллияттә чыгарылыш эшен язасым бар. «Бәхетле булыгыз!» дидем дә ташладым мине сөймәгән һәм, дөресе, үзем дә яратып бетермәгән техникумны. 

Һөнәр көллиятен 1965 елның июнендә тәмамлагач, мине «Авангард» заводының инструментлар цехына эшкә җибәрделәр. Слесарь-җыючылар кирәк түгел иде анда, шуңа күрә мине, инструментчы квалификациясенә күчү өчен, беренче һөнәри остазым '''Владимир Афонин'''га беркеттеләр. Владимир абый өч ай дәвамында унбишәр сум өстәмә хак алып торды сабак өчен. Остазлык вакыты үткәч тә ул мине ташламады, гел киңәш-табыш бирер иде. Ул вакытта бит завод остазлары яшьләрне һөнәргә генә түгел, гомумән, үзләренчә тормышка да әзерлиләр иде. Хәтта кайвакыт түләүсез дә! Бу очракта нәкъ шулай булды да. Владимир абый үзе эштән соң шашка уены, футбол һәм авыр атлетика белән дә шөгыльләнде. Мине, чыбыксыман ябык бер малайны, штанга күтәртеп интектермәде ул, шашкачы һәм футбол уенында капкачы итеп кенә күнектерде. Һәм ахыр чиктә ул миңа менә шундый төгәл «диагноз» куйды: «Син, Фәһим, көчле шашкачы да, уңышлы капкачы да була алмыйсың, чөнки уен барышында... үзеңнең көндәшләрең өчен «чирли» башлыйсың. Ләкин борчылма: тырышлыгың бар, акыллы да булсаң, югалып калмассың». 

==== '''Олы тормышка – тырай тибеп!''' ====
Техникумны ташлаганнан соң... белем алуга гайрәтем чикте. Вакытлыча. Башка, шәһәргә якынрак урнашкан заводка күчтем. 1968 елга кадәр, урта белем алырга дип, кичке мәктәпкә кермәдем. Эшкә генә йөрдем, кичләрен шәһәрдә үткәрелә торган бөтен спорт ярышларын карап бардым. Футбол, һоккей, волейбол, баскетбол, авыр һәм җиңел атлетика, көрәш төрләре, бокс, бура уены – берсен дә калдырмадым. Утыз елга якын вакыт үтеп, «КАМАЗ»да чыгарыла торган «Нур» һәм «Вести КАМАЗа» газеталарында хәбәрче булып эшли башлагач кына, әлеге «урам университеты»нда тырай тибеп алган «файдасыз тәҗрибә-белем-мәгълүмат»ның кирәге чыкты.

Җәй көннәрендә «зона»дан читтәрәк булган Линейка белән Митрәле авылларына барып йөрдем. Ул заманда «ябык шәһәр» яшьләрен армиягә 
алмыйлар иде, шуңа безнең өчен буш вакыттагы тормыш бик иркен, «гуляй-поле» сыман булды. Тәртипсезләрне һәм җинаятьчеләрне генә шәһәрдән сөрәләр иде.

'''Линейка''' – Түбән Новгород өлкәсенең Вознесенск районындагы авыл. Безне анда җирле малайлар белән футбол уйнарга дип алып барганнар иде. Чынбарлыкта – җирле кызлар белән таныштырыр өчен. Шәһәргә яңа эшче хатын-кыз куллары кирәк – талымсызлары һәм азып-тузып өлгермәгәннәре. Җитәкчелек кушканны үтәмичә булмый: шуннан соң мин анда бер кыз янына ял көннәрендә барып йөри башладым. Велосипедка утырам да шимбә көнне иртүк, юл буйлап кырык чакрым элдертәм генә. «Гыйшык»ны сылтау итеп кенә тотам: мине урыслашып киткән мокша авылы кешеләренең теле, табигате, тормышы, йолалары күбрәк кызыксындыра. Аннары, мин бит иртәме-соңмы Татарстанга әйләнеп кайтасы кеше. Ләкин... марҗа ияртеп түгел бит инде. 

Ә Мордовиянең Темников районындагы '''Митрәле авылы'''на мине заводтагы башка хезмәттәшем – мокша кешесе Пётр Яков улы Бисяев юнәлтте. Кичке мәктәпкә тугызынчы сыйныфка укырга керер алдыннан, мин цех җитәкчелегеннән бер сменалы эшкә күчерүне үтендем. Каршы килмәделәр. Пётр абый белән шунда таныштым. 1923 елда туган, сугыш ветераны, кешелеклелеге, ярдәмчеллеге һәм юмор хисе ташып тора торган, кояштай көләч йөзле бер абзый. Ул миңа икенче – тудыручы түгел, тормышка якыннан торып өйрәтүче! – әтием кебек булып китте. Мин аны еллар буе сагынып, күрәсем килеп яшәдем. Озын гомерле булган: 2016 елга кадәр куандырган аны язмыш. Саров сайтларында аның турында мәгълүмат бар. 

Митрәле – бик үзенчәлекле авыл, анда асыл затлы мишәрләр һәм ихласлы мөселманнар яши иде 1960 нчы елларда. Совет дәһриләре заманында да мәчетләрен җимерттермәгәннәр, карты-яше, атна саен җыелышып, җомга намазын укый. Мин беренче тапкыр авыл кырыена килеп җиткәндә, балалар туп тибеп уйный иде. Алим исемле бер бала белән сөйләшеп киттем. Ул миңа: «Әдә, абый, мин сине үгә апкатям, әтием-әнием янына!» – ди. Ә миңа шул гына кирәк тә! «Бу абый казанца сүләшә, Саровтан килгән!» – дип таныштырды ул мине гаиләсе белән. Иркенләп гәпләштек, авыл турында сораштырып белештем, үз хәлләремне дә сөйләп бирдем. Аннары Алим белән бергә бормаланып-сырмаланып агучы Мокша елгасы буена киттек. Тугайлары – нәкъ безнең Ык елгасыныкы кебек! Берсендә – сарык көтүе, икенчесендә – сыерлар. Түмгәк өстендә көтүчесе... үзе ясаган курайда уйнап утыра! Әкияти бер күренеш инде хәзерге заман өчен... 

Шулай бер елда Линейкага, икенчесендә Митрәлегә барып йөрдем ике җәй буе. Аннары... тормышта яңа үрләр яулар вакыт җитте. Кичке мәктәпнең тугызынчы сыйныфына йөри башладым. Июнь аенда классташым Гөлҗиһан белән бергә әтием Мөхәммәтһадины Түбән Камада эзләп табуымнан соң, белем алуны яңарту минем өчен котылгысыз булып китте. 

Гаҗәеп хәл: өч еллык ялдан соң уку бик җиңел булып күренде миңа. Урыс телен инде үзләштердем шикелле, техникумдагы кебек «чурка» түгелмен. Унынчы-унберенче сыйныфларда хәтта, математика һәм урыс теле укытучылары чирләп китсә, миңа класста алар урынына дәрес үткәрергә дә рөхсәт иттеләр. Башкаларны өйрәтү – үз белемеңне ныгыту да бит ул, аңардан баш тартырга ярамый. Биргәнең үзеңдә кала, яшергәнең югала – җан һәм рух хаким булган дөньяда.

==== '''Саровский дневник'''&lt;br&gt; ====
(29 октября, 2012 г.) 

'''Отгремело с той поры полвека…&lt;br&gt;
'''Но покуда жив я и здоров''',&lt;br&gt;
'''Возвращает память в тот далёкий'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Город юности моей – Саров.&lt;br&gt;'''

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; * *&lt;br&gt;
С поезда у самой «зоны» сброшен,&lt;br&gt;
Без бумаги я не человек.&lt;br&gt;
На КП смотритель ошарашен:&lt;br&gt;
«Здесь таких я не видал вовек…»&lt;br&gt;

И смотритель в хате деревянной&lt;br&gt;
Поневоле мне кормильцем стал:&lt;br&gt;
Супом потчевал и кашей манной&lt;br&gt;
И, как мог, мальчишку утешал.&lt;br&gt;

Да, какой бы ни было напасти,&lt;br&gt;
Не без добрых божий свет людей:&lt;br&gt;
И сестра пробивчива у власти,&lt;br&gt;
И начальник вовсе не злодей.&lt;br&gt;

Стал судьбой своей не опечален,&lt;br&gt;
Хоть в свои пятнадцать сирота:&lt;br&gt;
Уж на третий день я – саровчанин.&lt;br&gt;
Что за град, однако?! – Лепота!&lt;br&gt;

Серафим тут в пустыни укромной&lt;br&gt;
К благочестью призывал весь мир.&lt;br&gt;
Телебашня звонницы церковной,&lt;br&gt;
Дом со шпилем – нынче ориентир.&lt;br&gt;

Мастера сноровкою природной&lt;br&gt;
И науки всей советской знать,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб тушить пожар войны холодной,&lt;br&gt;
Породили Кузькину ту мать.&lt;br&gt;

Нестыковки в паспорте хоть броски,&lt;br&gt;
Их я без нытья перенесу:&lt;br&gt;
На лугах прописан нижгородских,&lt;br&gt;
Обитал я у мордвы в лесу.&lt;br&gt;

Юным светлым думам, может статься,&lt;br&gt;
Даст Саров и нынче свой приют.&lt;br&gt;
Профтехшкола с номером семнадцать&lt;br&gt;
Мне открыла двери жизни тут.&lt;br&gt;
* * *&lt;br&gt;
Потянулись дни мои, как лента,&lt;br&gt;
День-деньской трудился я, как вол:&lt;br&gt;
На заводе – чинка инструмента,&lt;br&gt;
На досуге – шашки и футбол.&lt;br&gt;
 
И Владимир сын Петра Афонин&lt;br&gt;
Жить учил меня, не забавлял,&lt;br&gt;
Мастер был мужик в слесарной доле&lt;br&gt;
И любитель в шашках. Наставлял:&lt;br&gt;
 
«В уголки, как трус, не забивайся,&lt;br&gt;
Середину верно занимай,&lt;br&gt;
Но и там не сильно зарывайся,&lt;br&gt;
И во всяком деле меру знай!&lt;br&gt;

Всё старайся делать ты исправно.&lt;br&gt;
Верь: всему приходит в жизни срок». –&lt;br&gt;
Вынес свой вердикт тогда наставник,&lt;br&gt;
В годы заглянувший, как пророк:&lt;br&gt;

«Прилежаньем на ноги ты встанешь&lt;br&gt;
И добьёшься нужных в жизни благ.&lt;br&gt;
Вратарём, Фагим, увы, не станешь,&lt;br&gt;
Да и в шашках вряд ли будешь маг».&lt;br&gt;

* * *&lt;br&gt;
…Вьётся пыльная «узкоколейка»,&lt;br&gt;
Велик оседлав, я мчусь опять:&lt;br&gt;
Сорок вёрст всего-то до Линейки,&lt;br&gt;
До Митрял – и вовсе тридцать пять!&lt;br&gt;
 
Бодро я несусь по жизни юной,&lt;br&gt;
Отмеряя всё, отсель досель:&lt;br&gt;
Там, в Линейке, ждёт красотка Дуня,&lt;br&gt;
Здесь, в Митрялах, – милая Гузель!&lt;br&gt;
 
Не всерьёз те юности забавы,&lt;br&gt;
В мыслях я витал в стезе иной,&lt;br&gt;
И в Сарове прелести Любавы&lt;br&gt;
Мне не заслонили путь домой.&lt;br&gt;
 
'''Я связал свой узел в Автограде&lt;br&gt;
'''До загробной вековой тиши,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Но в далёком том Наукограде'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Всё ж осталась часть моей души.&lt;br&gt;'''

==== '''«Алманлык чире» һәм Бүре билеты''' ====
Һәм мин әле балачакта, Толымбайда укыганда, үземнең «алман булырга тырышулар»ымны да искә төшердем. Кичке мәктәптә чит телне өйрәнү мәҗбүри түгел иде. Уку елы башлангач төзелгән инглиз һәм алман төркемнәре ике ай эчендә таралып бетте. Ташладылар, факультатив булгач, кирәге дә юк, дип. Берүзем утырып калдым башка фәннәрдән азат булган көннәрдәге өстәмә дәресләрдә! Бу хакта мәктәп директоры белән сөйләшкәндә, ачыктан-ачык әйттем: «Мин ни өчен чит телне өйрәнүдән баш тартырга тиешмен?!» Шуннан соң булган хәлләр мине әле бүген дә һәм торган саен ныграк гаҗәпләндерә. Өч ел дәвамында Галина Иван кызы Мхитарьян миңа – берьялгызыма! – алман теленнән сабак бирде. Гадәти балалар урта мәктәбендәге эштән азат вакытта килеп йөри иде ул безнең кичке мәктәпкә. Һәм аңа моның өчен ярты ставкалык хезмәт хакы түләп тордылар! Чәршәмбе һәм шимбә көннәрне үткәргән икешәр дәрес өчен. Хәзерге заманда моны күз алдына да китереп булмый: әйтик, һәр сыйныфта җидешәр балаң булмаса, авыл мәктәбен шапылдатып ябып куярга да мөмкиннәр! Йөрт әнә сабыеңны җиде чакрым ераклыктагы башка авылга зәмһәрир суыкларда да...&lt;br&gt;

Нәтиҗәдә мин, кичке мәктәпне тәмамлаганда, көмеш медаль алырга тиеш идем. Физика белән химияне, укытучыларга аңлатып һәм гафу үтенеп, «дүртле»гә төшерергә туры килде: «Вакытым җитми, һәм мин барыбер һуманитар белгечлек алачакмын!» – дип. Ләкин... җәмгыять белеме буенча май ае уртасында үткән соңгы дәресләрнең берсе минем планнарымны чәлпәрәмә китерде. Аңсызлыгым сәбәпле, органнар күзәтчесе дип саналган укытучы Александр Амосовка үзем шаяртулы дип уйлаган, ләкин чынбарлыкта «сәяси яктан дөрес булмаган» сораулар биргәнмен: «Ни өчен хәзерге эра «безнең» дигән сүз белән тамгалана? Христос туганчы вакыт безнеке булмаганмыни?» Мөгаллим Амосовның йөзе үтә җитди булып китте. Яшь комсомол булган килеш, кем соң белсен тарихның җитди көрәш мәйданы икәнлеген, бу көрәшнең һич кенә дә дөреслек-гаделлек өчен булмавын һәм, боларны исәпкә алганда, минем беркатлы соравымның «сәяси провокация» дип аңлатылу ихтималын? Вакыт беркемнеке дә түгел, ул бер Алладан иңдерелә, ләкин аны хосусыйлаштырырга теләүче бәндәләр беркайчан да бетеп тормый...&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО''': Галина Иван кызы Мхитарьян&lt;br&gt;

Шулай итеп, җәмгыять белеменнән дә «бишле» урынына «дүртле» чыкты. Өченче «дүртлесе» булган аттестат – совет чынбарлыгында өлгергәнлекне белгертүче документ түгел, ә тормышка бүре билеты, кешегә шиклелек тамгасы инде ул. Озакламый, дөньямның асты өскә килә башлагач, моны үзем дә аңладым...&lt;br&gt;

Саров турында истәлекләрне мин 2012 елда әлеге шәһәрнең шашка уены буенча җыелма такымы Чаллыга килер алдыннан рифмалаштырып та куйган идем. Бер ел элек без үзебез дә Саровка барып, иптәшләрчә матч уйнап кайттык. Югарыда урнаштырылган «шигырьсыман хатирәләр»емне ерактагы дусларыбызга тапшырдык. Эш шунда ки, безнең Чаллыдагы рәсми булмаган «шашка юлбашчыбыз», спорт остасы Язкәр абый Ганиев армия хезмәтен Саровта уздырган һәм, шәһәрдә төпләнеп калгач, саровлыларга шашка түгәрәге оештырып биргән. Бу секция бүген дә гөрләтеп эшләп килә. Апам һәм җизнәм яшәгән урамдагы «Яшьләр үзәге»нең зур өлеше чынбарлыкта шахмат-шашка клубына карый. Шашка уены дәресләре күп кенә мәктәпләрдә укыту программасына кертелгән. Шахмат дәресләре – юк!&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО''': Газдал улы Язкәр абый&lt;br&gt;

Язкәр абыйны шәһәр шашкачылары ел саен үзләре үткәргән турнирларга чакыралар иде. Ниһаять, 2011 елда Чаллы җыелма такымына да, Язкәр абыйга ияреп, Саровка барырга чират җитте. Безгә, әлбәттә, бу шәһәр турында ишетеп кенә белгән өч иптәшебезне (берсе яһүди, икесе православ) андагы истәлекле урыннар белән таныштыручы ролен дә үтәргә туры килде. Серафим атакай зур бер таш өстенә менеп гыйбадәт кыла торган булган, ул ташны зиярәт кылучылар, XX гасыр башында ватып, сувенир итеп алып бетергәннәр. Совет дәһрилеге беткәч, 1990 нчы елларда яңасын куйганнар. Шунда алып бардык иптәшләребезне, шул ташны һәм Серафим атакайның «якындагы» дип аталган шәхси гыйбадәтханәсен күрсәттек. «Ерактагысы» урман эчендә һәм «зона» чиге янында. Атом бомбасы музеена бармадык, ул төзекләндерүгә ябылган иде. Миңа төпле белем белән бергә тормышка «бүре билеты» да биргән мәктәпне «Укытучылар йорты» итеп үзгәрткәннәр, ә кичке мәктәпне башка районга, стадион янына күчергәннәр иде. «Сәлам бирү өчен» анда хәтле барып йөрергә вакыт булмады.&lt;br&gt;

Тормыш остазым Пётр абый Бисяевны бик күреп сөйләшәсем килгән иде, әлбәттә. Җирле шашкачыларга әйтеп караган идем дә бу хакта, алар арасында аның кайсы урамда һәм йортта яшәгәнен беркем дә белми иде. Яшьтәшем һәм яшьлек дустым Николай Майоров исән булса, бәлки, эзләп тә тапкан булыр иде ул Пётр абыйны. Чөнки ул, «Авангард» заводы такымының элеккеге хоккейчысы, футболчысы һәм баскетболчысы да, остазымның үзе белән бергә уйнаган энесен белә иде. Ләкин 61 яшьлек Николай 2010 елдагы җәйге корылыкта, Мордовия урманнары янган көннәрдә якты дөнья белән хушлашкан...&lt;br&gt;

 * * *&lt;br&gt;
Күрәчәгең тәкъдир тактасына язылган, диләр. Хак сүзләр. Кайчак язмышның бәндәләр тормышын никадәр аңлы рәвештә, ләкин үзенчә кырыс ярату аша, зирәк һәм төгәл уйнатуына шаккатасың.&lt;br&gt;

Язкәр Газдал улы Ганиев 2016 елда Чаллыда 81 яшенә җитеп мәңгелек хозурга ия булды. Ә бит без 1967 елның җәеннән үк таныш идек! Җәйге спорт сезоны ачылган көнне ул Саров шәһәре стадионында үз тиңдәше белән бергә шашка буенча күмәкләп уйнау сеансы үткәрде. Без уйнаган партия аеруча мавыктыргыч булды, осталык дәрәҗәләребез тиңләштерерлек булмаса да. Мин, заводтагы остазым Владимир абый Афонин өйрәткәнчә, уен тактасының үзәген басып алдым. Ә Язкәр абый мине, үзе яраткан «чолгап алу» ысулын кулланып һәм беррәттән берничә төгәл йөреш ясап, җиңде. Шуннан соң без икәү янәшәдәге шәһәр паркында да уйнадык, икебезгә дә тансык булып киткән татар телендә сөйләшеп утырдык. Кем уйлаган ул вакытта, тугыз елдан соң Чаллыда кабат очрашырбыз һәм тагын кырык ел бергә туганнардай яшәрбез дип!..&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Корсакмы, йөрәкме?..''' ====

Ә мин инде 1970 ел азагында ук, кичке мәктәпне тәмамлаганнан соң Мәскәү университеты карамагындагы Көнчыгыш телләр институтына (рәсемдә аның Моховая урамындагы төп 
бинасы) укырга керәм, дип шарт куйган идем үземә үзем. Әллә мин юкка гына еллар буе башта үзлегемнән, соңрак Галина апа белән бергә алман телен өйрәндемме? Мин бит туган илемә һәм газиз халкыма хезмәт итәргә телим. Һәм слесарь яки мөһәндис булып кына түгел, әзерлекле зур белгеч рәвешендә.

Ул заманда Мәскәүнең Карл Маркс проспектында (аның бер өлеше булган бүгенге Моховая урамында) урнашкан институт турында мин 1968 елның июнь аеннан бирле ишетеп һәм күреп беләм. Авылга һәм Түбән Камага әтием янына кайтып килер алдыннан, мин җәйге ялымны совет башкаласына биш көнлек сәяхәттән башлап җибәргән идем. Мәскәү кешеләрен сораштырганда билгеле булды: элек, Ломоносов заманында, биредә һәм янәшәдә урнашкан журналистлар факультетында Мәскәү университетының төп бинасы булган икән. Бүген МДУ үзәге Чыпчык (Ленин) тауларында.

Ә менә Сокольники паркында мин элек ишетеп тә белмәгән бер шагыйрь турында беренче мәгълүмат алдым. Бер төркем кеше паркта эскәмиядә ниндидер язманы көлешә-көлешә укып утыра. Шыпырт кына арттан килеп басып, мин дә укый башладым. Куып җибәрмәделәр һәм хәтта биргән сорауларыма да җавап кайтардылар. Әлеге язма... Игорь Губерман иҗатының «самиздаты» икән. Шуннан бер дүртьюллыкны («гарик»ны) отып калдым һәм өйгә кайткач тәрҗемә итеп тә куйдым: 

'''''«Изнасилована временем&lt;br&gt; 
'''''и помята как перина''''', –&lt;br&gt;
'''''власть немножечко беременна''''',&lt;br&gt;
'''''но по-прежнему невинна'''''».&lt;br&gt;

Тарих тарафыннан көчләнде,&lt;br&gt;
хәтерләтә талкыш түшәкне, –&lt;br&gt;
хакимият азрак көмәнле,&lt;br&gt;
әмма элеккечә гыйффәтле.&lt;br&gt;

Бүген татар теленә тәрҗемә ителгән «гариклар»ның саны күптән максат итеп куелган 1001гә җитеп килә инде. Аларны Викимедиянең «инкубаторы»на урнаштырып, яңа тәрҗемәләрне гел өстәп торам. Бу хәлне мин очраклы күренеш кенә булгандыр дип уйлыйм ул вакытта. Бу һәм аннан соң да еш булып торган «очраклы вакыйгалар»ны кемнең алдан ук әзерләгәнен, бәлки, теге дөньяда белә алырмын. Гомер буе миңа ярдәм кулы сузып, хәтта үзем кереп баткан сазлыклардан да тартып чыгарып торган бер дистә кешене дә кабат очратырга теләр идем, гүр иясе булгач. 

Ул вакытта чын совет патриоты идем мин. Мине әнкәем шулай тәрбияләде. Ә инде бу дәүләткә саф йөрәкле ватанпәрвәрләр түгел, корсак кыйммәтле җан-тән сәүдәгәрләре генә кирәклеген мин өч елдан соң Мәскәүгә укырга киткәч аңлый башладым. Миндә моның өчен тиешле «сәләтләр», «кыйммәтләр» һәм хәтта теләк тә юк иде. Шуңа беркем дә булып китмәдем, «булдыручылар» уйлаганча, «өченче сорт»та калдым.

'''ФОТО''': Азия-Африка институты бинасы.

Ярый, хуш, муеныннан ук тотып чәйник әле без ул елларның башын. Институтка укырга керәм дигәч, Саров (ул вакытта әле Арзамас-16 дип аталган шәһәр) комсомолы миңа яхшы характеристика язып бирде. «Коммунист» заводының инструментлар цехы турында сүз дә юк: кичке мәктәптән ярты елга бер тапкыр рәхмәт хаты җибәреп торалар иде җитәкчелеккә, яхшы укучы тәрбияләгән өчен. Мин инде «эшчеләр интеллигенты» дип саналган винт ырмаулаучы (винт сырларын шомартучы, урысчасы – резьбошлифовщик) һөнәрен үзләштердем һәм өлкәнрәк бер татар егете, кичке техникумны тәмамлап, мөһәндислеккә 
күчкәч, аның урынында эшләп калдым. Характеристикасын да матур итеп яздылар, хушлашканда коллектив исеменнән затлы бер свитер бүләк иттеләр. Мин ул свитерны еллар буе, тәмам тетелеп беткәнче кидем. Шулай итеп, җыйнаулашып Мәскәүгә озаттылар мине. Сине Төркиядә илче булып күрергә телибез, дип. Эш һәм намус кешесенең кадерен беләләр иде «Коммунист» заводында ул вакытта!&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Азия белән Африка арасында...''' ====
Әйе, институтка керергә дип язган гаризада мин чыннан да, төрек телен өйрәнергә телим, дигән идем шул. Имтиханнар алдыннан була торган хәлиткеч сораштыруда (аны уңышлы үтә алмасаң, имтихан биреп азаплануның кирәге дә калмый) төрек теле мөгаллиме миңа «В этой комнате много людей» дигән җөмләне татарча әйтеп бирергә кушкан иде. Нык дулкынланудандыр инде, мин, өстәл артында утырган галимнәрне күзәтеп-барлап чыктым да... җөмләне «Бу бүлмәдә күп кешеЛӘР бар» дип тәрҗемә иттем. Һәм... шунда ук, тупас ялгышымны аңлап алып, тәмам оялып һәм кызарынып киттем. Комиссия әгъзалары, минем балаларча самимилегемне күреп, көлештеләр генә. Ә үзем инде егерме өченче яшемне тутырып барам. Туган телемне оныта башлаганмын ич... 

Беренче имтихан – рус әдәбиятыннан инша. Темасы таныш 
иде, кичке мәктәптә чыгарылыш имтиханына әзерләнгәндә каралама рәвешендә язган идем мин аны. Бу юлы иншаны 
өземтәләр белән тагын да күбрәк баетып, үз фикерләремне дә 
өстәп яздым. «Бишле» куйдылар. 

Икенче көнне институт ишеге алдында җыйнаулашып имтихан нәтиҗәләрен көтеп тордык. «Икеле» алганнар төшеп кала һәм шунда ук документларын кереп алып китсә дә була, диделәр. Иң элек шуларның исемлеген чыгарып ябыштырдылар элмә тактага. Бәхетсезләр шактый күп җыелган икән. Шулвакыт берничә кеше безнең төркемне икегә аера башлады: «Юл бирегез! Юл бирегез!» – дип. Алар артыннан барган һәм бик ыспай киенгән кеше имтихан комиссиясе бүлмәсенә кереп китте. Гади генә эшче-хезмәткәр булмавы күренеп тора. Алдагылары тән сакчылары булгандыр инде. Мәскәүлеләр хәтта түрәнең фамилиясен дә әйткәннәр иде. Ләкин алар атаган кешенең 1971 елда институтта укырлык балалары да, оныклары да юк иде. Кемнең баласын «төртеп кертергә» теләгәндер ул, булдыра алганмы-юкмы – без, читтән килгәннәр, белми калдык. 

Дүрт төр имтиханда 20 мөмкинлектән 18 балл җыйдым. Уналтысы да җитеп тора иде аның ике еллык хезмәт стажы булган абитуриентларга. Кайберәүләр хәтта унбиш балл җыеп та үтте. Ләкин мине үзем теләгәнчә төрек төркеменә түгел, вьетнамныкына билгеләделәр. Төрек төркеменә инглиз теленнән имтиханны уңышлы биргәннәрне генә алдылар: шул телне икенче тел рәвешендә ныгытыбрак өйрәнүне дәвам иттеләр алар институтта укыганда да. Ә вьетнам төркемендә безгә француз телен «нульдән башлап» укыттылар. Мин бу «музыкаль тел»не дә беренче курс дәвамында бик яратып өйрәндем. Француз теле мөгаллимәсе бик ягымлы ханым һәм һичшиксез сәләтле остаз иде. Исеме генә онытылган аның.

Ә менә вьет теленнән икенче мөгаллимә булган Ирина Шмелёваны бүген дә хәтерлим. Миннән ике яшькә генә олырак, кияүгә чыкмаган иде ул вакытта. Аның төп белгечлеге кһмер теле иде, ләкин бу елларда институтта кһмер төркемнәрен тупламадылар. Гаҗәеп матур һәм бик тә үзенчәлекле бу телне без «вьетнамлылар» өченче курстан башлап икенче көнчыгыш теле буларак өйрәнергә тиеш идек. Вьет телен Ирина үзе дә өстәмә тел буларак өйрәнгән. Кампучиядә практика үткәннән соң, 1970 елда институтта мөгаллимә булып эшли башлаган. Ул минем «тәрҗемәи хәлләр»дән хәбәрдар, тулай торакта нинди авыр шартларда яшәвем турында белә иде. Ирина туташ мине институтны ташлап китмәскә, өченче курска кадәр ничек булса да түзәргә үгетләде. Өченче курстан соң беркемне дә кумыйлар инде һәм шәкертләрне Мәскәү университетының төп бинасына күчерәләр иде.

Ә Ломоносов проспектында мин 12 метрлык бүлмәдә бишенче кеше булып яшәдем, йокларга үз караватым да булмады. Бүлмә уртасында, раскладушка дип аталган һәм гадәти матрасы да булмаган нәрсәдә төн үткәрә идем. Башка бүлмәләрдә буш урыннар байтак, икешәр генә шәкерт яшәгән бүлмәләр дә бар иде. Ләкин күпме генә үтенеп сорасам да, мине анда урнаштырудан баш тартып килде тулай торак мөдире. Фарсы төркемендә укучы бер малайның, көн саен төп-төгәл төн уртасында йокыдан торып, помидор ашый торган гадәте бар иде. Баш өстемдә ут янып торганга күрә, мин дә уянам һәм малайның чамасыз аппетитын күзәтеп, селәгәй йотып ятам инде. Ике ай укыганнан соң «перспективасыз» дип танылгач һәм мин үзем Казанга күчеп китүдән баш тарткач, миңа шундый «йокысызлык сабагы» да насыйп булды. Башта минем дә, әлбәттә, үз урыным бар иде. 

Институтта иң уңышлылар һәм перспективалылар дип һинди яки япон телләре төркеменә эләккән «элита» санала иде. Гади кеше балалары түгел инде берсе дә. Ике гарәп төркеме исә «түбәнрәк сортлылар» өчен дә үтемле булды. Дөньяда ике дистәдән артык гарәп халкы яшәгән ил яки гарәп теле рәсми статуска ия булган дәүләт бар, димәк, институтны тәмамлагач, эшкә урнашу проблемасы булмаячак. Кытай теле кирәкле дә, перспективалы да. Ләкин өйрәнеп кара син бу телне һәм бигрәк тә – аның ун мең иероглифлы язуын. Иң җиңеле... һиндонезия-малайя теле икән, ләкин бу төркемгә эләгү карьерага ирешү ягыннан перспективалы дип саналмады ул вакытта. Сукарно Һиндонезиясе социализм төзи алмый интегә, Малайзия әле «икътисад юлбарысы» булып күтәрелмәгән, күп телле, берничә динле, чуар милләтле Сингапурда Ли Куан Ю реформалары да башланган гына иде. Африканың амхар, суаһили яки һауса төркемнәренә кергәннәр турында, болар «бәхетсезләр», диделәр. Хәзер генә ул Африка безнең төп сәяси партнёрыбыз һәм иктисадый таянычыбыз булып китте. Ләкин, аңа карап кына, имтиханнарны уңышлы биргән бер генә абитуриент та укудан баш тартмады. Элек тә шулай булган икән. Бу институтны тәмамлаган һәм исемнәре һәркемгә мәгълүм булган күренекле кешеләр һәм алар өйрәнгән төп телләр: сәясәтчеләр Евгений Примаков (кытай теле), Владимир Жириновский һәм Дмитрий Песков (икесе дә – төрек теле); язучы Борис Акунин (үз исем-фамилиясе Григорий Чхартишвили, япон теле), журналист Евгений Киселёв (фарсы теле). 

'''ФОТО''': Күренекле тел галиме һәм институт шәкертләренең яраткан остазы Владислав Василий улы Ремарчук (1942-2019). Мондый кешеләр турында хатирәләр – гомерлек...

Башта без вьетнам төркемендә унау идек, ләкин бер-ике атнадан соң дүрт кеше китте, алар органнардан килгән күзәтчеләр генә булган икән. Алтау язмышның чырай сытуыннан кайгыга батып утырдык: Вьетнамда сугыш бара иде әле. Безне шартлы рәвештә ике төркемчеккә бүлделәр: беришебез «тарихчы», башкалары «тел белгече» булырга тиеш икән. Ләкин мөгаллим һәм вьет телендә, вьетнамлылар әйтмешли, «гади авыл карты кебек сөйләшә» торган Владислав Ремарчук беренче дәрестә үк безне канатландырырга тырышты: «Кайгырмагыз, сез укып чыкканчы сугыш бетә, һәм сез әле куана-куана эшләячәксез, яңа мөмкинлекләр ачылгач!» Владислав Василий улы безгә ун пар дәрестә генә сабак бирде. Аның бурычы һәм вазифасы вьет теле фонетикасын һәм «музыкасын» безнең хәтергә һәм күңелләргә иңдерү булган икән. Калганын башка мөгаллимнәр эшләргә тиеш. Шушы ун көн эчендә мин бу искиткеч сәләтле мөгаллимгә, белдекле галимгә һәм үтә дә кешелекле кешегә... чын-чынлап гашыйк булдым. Ул бит әле филология фәннәре кандидаты да түгел иде. Диссертациясен 1975 елда гына яклаган икән. 

Сентябрь азагында алты шәкертнең бишесе латин имласындагы вьет язуын дөрес, ягъни авазларын, тоннарын, кыска җөмләләр интонациясен тиешенчә «артикуляцияләп» укый 
белә иде. Бары Виктор Хреков кына моның серләренә тиз генә төшенә алмады, сыер кебек мөгрәп утырды. Аның каравы, ул КПСС тарихын һәм «марксистик фәннәр»не бик яхшы белә, хәтта үзе белмәгән нәрсәләр турында да интуитив рәвештә дөрес аңлатма бирә иде. Һәм – яңадан язмыш шаяртуы! – нәкъ шул азәрбайҗан яһүде малае ахыр чиктә вьет төркемендә иң уңышлы шәкерт булып киткән! Монысы инде өченче курста, ягъни мин укуны ташлап китәргә мәҗбүр булгач кына, ачыкланган. Тырышкан табар, ташка кадак кагар. Ә Виктор чыннан да бик тырыш һәм үҗәтле иде. Көнчыгыш телләре институты (1972 елдан – Азия һәм Африка илләре институты) сайтындагы хәбәрләргә караганда, Виктор институтны гел «бишле»гә бетергән, Вьетнамда ТАСС хәбәрчесе дә булган, агентлыкның Һанойдагы вәкиллеген дә җитәкләгән, Франциядә дә эшләгән. Ә яңа гасырда РФ президенты аппаратының сүзчесе булып киткән ул. Соңгы вазифаны башкарганда, 61 яшендә вафат булган. Викторның улы Антон берзаман НТВ каналында эшләде. 

Ике ай буе мин дә рәхәтләнеп укыдым институтта. Хәтта вьет төркеменең старостасы да булып тордым. Шуннан соң проблемалар башланды. Досьелар, сораштыру-тикшерү кәгазьләре килеп җиткәндер, күрәсең, вәкаләтле органнарыбызга. Ә синең күңелеңә, җаныңа кем кереп баксын, ди, ул заманнарда да, хәзер дә. Миңа бит анда бер тонна компромат бар, гәрчә бөтен «гаеп» бабама, әтиемә һәм әниемә ягылган тупас яла булса да! Җентекләп, вагын вакка тураклап язып тормыйм. Кабахәт дәүләтнең үзе ошатмаган һәм үзенә рәсми кәгазьләр буенча шикле булып тоелган кешеләрне ничек кысрыклавын, изүен, җәберләвен һәм хәтта юкка чыгаруын хәзер инде һәркем белә. Мин дә боларның бер өлешен үз җилкәмдә татыдым. Иблис мәмләкәтендә башкача була да алмыйдыр ул... 

Тагын бер айдан соң турыдан-туры әйттеләр: «Синең монда бернинди перспективаң юк, әйдә, Казан университетына күч!» – Ә мин ачыктан-ачык аңлатып бирдем: «Йә монда укыйм, йә бүтән беркайда да, беркайчан да укымаячакмын! Аннары, минем кышка таба кайтып китәргә урыным да юк: Арзамас-16 га мине кертмиләр, мин аннан, бүтән кайтмыйм, дип язып һәм кул куеп киттем. Киләсе җәйгә кадәр кусагыз да китә алмыйм!»

Мине ачыктан-ачык кумадылар да. Хәтта стипендия дә түләп тордылар беренче курс азагына кадәр. Түләмәсәләр дә, барып ялынмас идем: алты ел заводларда эшли-эшли, кимендә бер елга җитәрлек мая тупладым. Өстәвенә, миңа деканатта сәркатип булып эшләгән бер татар хатыны да ярдәм итеп торды. Мин аның татарча исемен белми идем, сораштырмадым да, татар хатыны булуын гына хәтерлим. Хәзер ул сиксәннән узгандыр инде. Ул миңа ике мәртәбә – 1971 елның көзендә һәм 1972 елның язында – университет бинасындагы профилакторийга юллама юнәтте. Кыскасы, мин Мәскәүдә бернинди матди кытлык кичермәдем. Иң авыры Мәскәүнең бер генә җирендә дә үзгәрми-алмашынмый торган тынчу һавасы булды. Һәм туры, һәм күчмә мәгънәләрдә.&lt;br&gt;

==== '''Ни бар дуслар бүләгеннән кадерлерәк?''' ====
Беренче семестрны тиешенчә тәмамладым. Аннары, Яңа елдан соң, институтка барып та йөрмәдем. Үзем кирәк дип тапканны тулай торакта укып утырдым. Барыбер китәсемне аңлаганга күрә, деканаттан үземнең «тарихчы» статусымны Сергей Топорищев атлы малайга бирүне үтендем. Зур өстенлек иде ул карьера ясарга теләгән кеше өчен. Аннары Сергейны староста итеп тә куйдылар. Намуслы һәм тырыш егет булып тоелды ул миңа. Ул үзе дә «тарихчылык»ка күчәргә тели иде баштарак. Ләкин соңрак ул яңадан «лингвистлык»ка кире кайткан: әллә түрә яки шымчы булып китәсе килмәгән, әллә дөнья телләренә җан тартуы көчлерәк булган аның... 

Вьетнамнан килгән шәкертләр белән дуслашып киттем. Яз көне мин инде вьетча башка төркемдәшләремнән яхшырак та аңлаша идем. Вьетнамлыларның дусларча мөгамәләсе, алар биргән вьет теле сабаклары кирәгрәк тоелды миңа. Һәм гомумән: корсак түгел, күңел һәм йөрәк идарә итәргә тиеш бит кеше белән. Намуслы булып тугансың икән, намуслы булып яшә һәм үл дә. Намуссызларга исә бернинди үгетләү, киңәш һәм кагыйдә-канун да булышмаска мөмкин... 

1972 елның җәен дә миңа Мәскәүдә, институтның Ломоносов проспектында урнашкан тулай торагында үткәрергә туры килде. Кайтып китәсе кеше булгач, мине студентларның төзелеш отрядына алмадылар. Саровта калган апам миңа: «Мөмкин булса, тагын бераз сабыр ит, мин монда сине шәһәргә кертүләрен үтенеп гариза язармын», – дигән иде бер хатта. Август урталарында ападан җавап килде: «Юк, әлегә кертмәячәкләр. Арзамаска кайтып, эшкә урнаш. Синең бит әле хәрби хезмәтне дә үтәсең бар. Армиядән кайткач, күз күрер...» 

Курсташларым белән хушлаштым да юлга чыктым. Вьетнамлылар миңа 1961 елда нәшер ителгән калын гына бер сүзлек бүләк иттеләр. Кәгазьләре саргаеп, битләре таушалып беткән инде хәзер «62 яшьлек» ядкәрнең. Сүзлек байлыгы да үзгәреп беткән вьет теленең. Вьетнамлылар элеккеге кытай алынмаларын туган телләреннән гел куып кына торалар. Мөмкин булган очракта. Байтак кына сүз кытай, корея, вьет һәм япон телләре өчен уртак булып киткән, аларга кагылмыйлар. Ә мин әле һаман да шул сүзлекнең бер битенә вьетнамлы Ңуен Чын Һао ('''Nguyễn Trần Hào''' – ул укуын тәмамлап, туган иленә кайтып китәргә җыена иде) язып калдырган «васыять»кә турылыклы: '''«Đồng chí nào xem quyển này cần giữ cẩn thận cho»''' – Бу китапны ачкан иптәш аны игътибар белән карасын һәм саклап тотсын. Китапны аңа әтисе Лыоң (Bố Lưỡng) бүләк иткән булган. Аның улын алты ел элек Мәскәүгә озатканда язган сүзләре: '''«Con thân yêu không ngừng phấn khởi nỗ lực học tối... hành tối!..»''' – Кадерле балам, рухлана-рухлана, бар көчеңне куеп укудан һәм камилләшүдән туктама... Югары стильдә чын вьетча язылган нәсихәт бу, аны Google тәрҗемә итә алмый, миңа да мәгънәсен Һао үзе аңлатып биргән иде. Вьетнамлылар аерым сүзләрне гадәттә синонимнары яки аларның эчтәлеген тулыландыра торган башка сүзләр белән бергә парлап кулланалар, мондый кыска сүзтезмәләрнең мәгънәсе кайвакыт тирән булырга мөмкин. 

Шуның белән «Мәскәү чоры» тәмам булды. Һәм Азия-Африка илләре институты белән бәйле хәлләр дә әкренләп хәтернең аулак почмагына күчә башлады. Ләкин... 47 ел вакыт үткәч, һич көтмәгәндә «Мәскәү чорын» кабат искә төшерергә туры килде. 2020 елга керер алдыннан, интернетта шундый хәбәргә тап булдым: «25 декабря 2019 года после тяжёлой и продолжительной болезни скончался… декан ИСАА Владислав Васильевич Ремарчук…» Институтның сайтына кереп карасам... аның турында дистәләгән һәм берсеннән-берсе дулкынландыргыч истәлек... Мин дә хәтеремдә калганны язарга булдым. Минем пост әле хәзер дә... «воспоминания выпускника» (!) дигән сылтама астында ИСАА сайтында сакланып калган: «В начале 1970-х годов в стране ещё шла война. Вьетнамские студенты, обучавшиеся в СССР, отзывались о Владиславе Васильевиче Ремарчуке так: «Он разговаривает по-вьетнамски как простой крестьянин!» Сначала это вызвало у нас смех, но потом мы узнали, что лучше и образнее всех изъясняются по-вьетнамски именно деревенские старики». 

Төркемдәшем Александр Сурмава белән Мәскәүнең Казан вокзалында Бухаресттан Вьетнамга каникулга кайтып килүче шәкертләрне Комсомол проспектының аргы ягындагы күрше вокзалга күчерүебез турындагы язмам да бар иде. Аны соңрак сөртеп ташлаганнар, ахры, быел инде табалмадым. Ханкалага (Пекинга) поезд нәкъ Ярославль вокзалыннан китә иде бит, ә русча бер авыз сүз белмәгән «румын вьетнамлылары» ялгыш Казан вокзалына килгәннәр иде. Өстәвенә, берсе кунакханәдә паспортын да онытып калдырган, ә анда барыр-кайтыр юлны белми. Анысын да кунакханәгә алып барып, яңадан вокзалга кайтарып куярга туры килде. 

Беренче курс азагында ук без вьет телендә аз-маз аралаша ала идек инде. Бу телнең «музыкасы» бигрәк тә йөрәккә ятышлы. Хәзер мин бары тик вьетча укый һәм сүзлек кулланып тәрҗемә итә генә беләм инде. Шуңа да карамастан, берзаман Википедиягә «Вьет теле» дигән шактый күләмле һәм күңелле мәкалә язып элгән идем. Аны хәтта... «айның иң яхшы мәкаләсе» дип тә атадылар шул елда. Гомер буе вьет теле беренче «тел мәхәббәтем», ә вьет сүзлеге Мәскәүдән үз теләгем белән алып кайткан бердәнбер өстәмә мирас булып калды. Институтны тәмамламасам да, аның турында онытылмаслык хатирәләрем бар...

==== '''Төрмә күрми – гүргә керми...''' ====

Ачык Арзамаска барып урнашу алдыннан Саровтан ун-унбиш чакрымда гына урнашкан һәм район үзәге булган Дивеево авылына юл тоттым – апа белән җизнәмне күреп сөйләшү өчен. Хәзерге замандагы кебек кесә телефоннары юк инде ул вакытта, апалар белән хат язышып яисә күрешеп-сөйләшеп кенә хәбәрдә торып була. Дивеевода бер карчык йортында фатирга урнашырга туры килде. Матрёна әбинең хәтердән җуелмаслык табигате – ул татар җырларын тыңларга ярата иде! Җырладым инде, җырладым! Тавышым әле карлыкмаган килеш: «Су буйлап»ны да онытмыйм, алтмышынчы елларда гына иҗат ителгән «Туган ягым»ны да өйрәнгән идем инде. 

Туганнарым исә... мине кабат өметләндерделәр: «Сине шәһәргә алу мөмкинлеге бар әле. Ләкин сиңа моның өчен, яңадан Мәскәүгә барып, институттан һәм МДУ поликлиникасыннан белешмәләр алып кайтырга кирәк булачак», – диделәр. Киттем яңадан башкалага. Моның минем өчен нинди тозак булып китү ихтималы турында уйлап та карамаганбыз беребез дә. Ни әйтсәң дә, без бит дөньяның камил социализм төзүгә ирешкән иң гадел, кайгыртучан һәм алга киткән илендә һәм җәмгыятендә яшибез. Каян белик соң без аның шуңа өстәп бик астыртын да булуын... 

Институттан белешмә алу җиңел булды: «Укуны үз теләге белән тәмамлады», – дип яздылар. Ә менә Чыпчык тауларындагы поликлиникада мине сюрприз көтеп торган икән. Гомер уртасын инде күптән узган табибә ханымның сүзе бик кыска булды: «Хәзер булдырырбыз, ишек төбендә утырып көтеп тор!» – Бераз торгач, ике «ягымлы санитар» килеп җитеп, мине култыклап урамга алып чыктылар да, машинага утыртып, каядыр алып киттеләр. Барасы җиребез... Мәскәү психиатрия хастаханәләренең берсе икән. Теге табибә ханым үзе генә тиешле белешмәне бирә алмый, тәҗрибәле белгечләр генә башкара ала бу эшне, дип аңлаттылар миңа. Каршы килергә ярамавын, үземне мөмкин кадәр тынычрак һәм хәтта ваемсыз тотарга кирәклеген шунда ук чамаладым. 

Беренче төнне миңа «дуамаллар» арасында үткәрергә туры килде. Беркемгә бер сүз әйтмәдем, эндәшүчеләргә җавап бирмәдем, телсез-колаксыз булып китеп, одеялымны ябындым да, икенче якка борылып, йокыга китәргә тырыштым. Үзара сугышып та алдылар бугай «дуамаллар», миңа кагылучы булмады. Берсенең икенчесен «Дерсу Узала!» дип үртәве генә хәтердә калган. Иртә белән «тыныч палата»га күчерделәр. Шунда ук шәфкать туташыннан кәгазь-авторучка һәм конверт сорап алып, апага барысын да аңлатып хат яздым. Урыс телендә. Көндез мине чакыртып алдылар, язган кәгаземне һәм институттан алган белешмәне конверт эченә тыгып, ачык килеш табибка тапшырдым. Барысын да тыныч кына аңлатып бирдем аңа да. Табиб мине тегеләй-болай тикшергән итте, ләкин бернинди «дәва» билгеләмәде. Соңрак та мине артык борчымадылар.&lt;br&gt;

Ун-унике көнләп вакыт үткәндер, «җавап» та килеп иреште: мине... җизнәмнең Мәскәүдә яшәүче туганы очрашу бүлмәсенә чакыртып алды. Институтта укыганда мин аның Чертановода урнашкан фатирына сирәк булса да барып йөри идем. Саровтагы апам белән җизнәм кичекмәстән аңа хәбәр иткәннәр, һәм ул миңа ярдәмгә ашыккан. Табиблар белән дә сөйләшеп алган икән. Шуннан соң мин хастаханәдә... бөтенләй игътибарсыз калдым. Шәфкать туташлары гына килеп хәлемне белеп китәләр иде ара-тирә. Төп-төгәл кырык көн үткәч кенә табиб чакыртып алды: «Ну что, парень, здоровеешь день ото дня на казённых харчах?» – дип каршылады. – «С Вашего позволения, товарищ доктор. Спасибо Вам!» – дип җавап кайтардым мин аңа, хәлемнән килгән кадәр елмаерга тырышып. Миңа Арзамаска кадәр кайтырга тимер юл билеты тоттырдылар: «Больше так не 
болей!» – дип. Ике санитар мине Казан вокзалына кадәр озата барып, поездга утыртып җибәрде. Мин, әлбәттә, «ябык шәһәр»гә керергә дип белешмә-мазар сорап тормадым табиблардан. Иң мөһиме – мин, тумыштан ук һәм әнкәем тәрбиясе буенча совет патриоты, үземнең нинди кыргый золым дәүләтендә яшәвемне бу хакта һичкем белән бәхәсләшмәслек итеп аңладым. Игорь Губерманның ике гаригы моңа «пичәт сугып тора»: 

Киң колачлы төзелешләр түгел,&lt;br&gt;
минем илнең иң төп терәге –&lt;br&gt;
коткы җепселләрен җыеп тоткан&lt;br&gt;
шыксыз бер «контора» кисәге.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Страны моей главнейшая опора –&lt;br&gt;
'''''не стройки сумасшедшего размаха,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''а серая стандартная контора,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''владеющая ниточками страха.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Кырыс, әмма гадел хөкем –&lt;br&gt;
бер Алла эше;&lt;br&gt;
төрмә күрми, гүргә керми&lt;br&gt;
Рәсәйдә кеше.&lt;br&gt;
'''''«И я сказал себе: держись,&lt;br&gt;
'''''Господь суров, но прав;'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''нельзя прожить в России жизнь,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''тюрьмы не повидав».'''''&lt;br&gt;

Мәскәү «кайгыртучылар»ыннан исән-имин котылып кайтып киткәч, Арзамас заводларында һәм оешмаларында эшләдем. Ике тапкыр, 1973 елның яз һәм көз көннәрендә, мине армиягә алган булып, Дзержинскидагы туплау пунктына кадәр илттеләр дә... кире кайтардылар. Әйләнеп кайткан саен тагын ярты ел көтәргә туры килә. Әллә мине килеш-килбәтемә карап кызгандылар да, стройбатка җибәрәселәре килмәде хәрби түрәләрнең, әллә башка сәбәпләр булды. Фатирларда яшәдем, аена 10-12 сум түләп. Соңгы торагым бигрәк тә җайлы булды. Хлебодаровлар өенең подвалында – берүземә бер зур, аерым, җылы һәм бөтен уңайлыклары булган бүлмә. Аны миңа, 1973 елның ноябрендә тагын бер кат армиягә китми калгач, Арзамас ликёр-аракы заводында эшләүче хатыннар табып бирде. Мин шунда эшкә кергән идем. Заводта эшләүче фатир хуҗам белән бәхәсләшкән идем. Ул миңа: «Минем янга эшкә керсәң, мин сине аракы эчәргә өйрәтәм», – диде. Ә мин аңа: «Һе, өйрәтерсең менә!» Юк, эчәргә өйрәтә алмады ул мине. Һәрхәлдә, минем стакан тутырып чөмереп утырганымны күрүче булмады. Ләкин... мин бит намус кешесе, дөресен әйтергә тиешмен: шул заманда эшләп чыгарыла торган теләсә кайсы маркалы һәм сортлы хәмернең тәмен-татын белә идем, спиртлылык процентларын һ.б. күрсәткечләрен дә яшерен дегустация аша ярыйсы гына өйрәндем шул ярты елда. Әнкәем бит мине кызыксынучан итеп тудырган һәм тәрбияләгән иде шул.

=== '''ИЛ «УНИВЕРСИТЕТЛАРЫ»''' ===
==== '''БАМ, Тында, Беркакит...''' ====
'''''Тәкъдир дәфтәреңдә «маҗаралы» дип язылган булса, төрле көтелмәгән хәлләрдән һәм сынаулардан берничек тә котыла алмыйсың.'''''

Ниһаять, 1974 елны (25 яшем тулгач!) май урталарында мине армиягә, Сарытаудагы өйрәнү-өйрәтү частена алып киттеләр. Авиация өчен элемтәчеләр әзерлиләр иде андагы ярты еллык укуда һәм күнегүләрдә. Стройбат түгел инде. Сарытауда мин радиотелеграфчылар әзерләнә торган беренче взводка эләктем. Беренче көннән үк безгә телеграф әлифбасын (морзены) өйрәтергә тотындылар, озынлы-кыскалы пипылдауларны тыңлап, хәрефләр-саннар язып барырга күнектерделәр. Шунда ук үзебез дә әкренләп пипылдата башладык. Өлкән сержант Валерий Соловей исемле белорус егете безнең взвод командиры һәм бердәнбер остазыбыз булды. Беренче класслы радиотелеграфчы булыр өчен, минутына 20 «төркем» кабул итә һәм тапшыра алырга тиешсең. Бер «төркем» – телеграф әлифбасының биш тамгасы ул. Минем күрсәткечләр 14-15 «төркем»нән артмады. 

Ниһаять, июнь урталарында хәрби ант кабул итү көне дә килеп җитте. Башта без полигонга барып, өч тапкыр винтовкадан атарга тиеш идек, соңыннан присягасын кабул итәргә. Ләкин, иртә белән ашханәдә тукланып чыккач, чыдап та булмаслык итеп эчем авырта башлады. Мине шунда ук һоспитальгә озаттылар. Хәрби табиб тикшереп бакты да... елмаеп куйды: «Мин сиңа йоклаткыч дару бирәм, уянгач килерсең!» – Изрәп йоклаганмын, хәтта төшке ашка да соңга калдым. Йокыдан торсам... эчем бөтенләй авыртмый һәм бернәрсә дә борчымый. Тизрәк докторга чаптым: «Иптәш майор, мине кире озатыгыз, зинһар: хәрби ант кабул итәсем бар!» Ә доктор миңа: «Юк инде, монда 
эләктеңме, өч атна карантинда утырачаксың! Эчең пошмасын һәм бүтән авыртмасын өчен, без сине операция ясау бүлмәсенә санитар итеп куябыз. Бар, өйрәнә тор үз вазифаларыңны». Икенче көнне иртүк торып эшкә керештем. Җиһазларны сөртеп, идәннәрне юып чыгардым, операцияләр ясар өчен кирәк-яракны әзерләп куйдым. Һәм тагын егерме көн дә нәкъ шулай үтте. Операция ясаганда хирургка кирәк әйберләрне биреп торам, кичкырын приборларны, операция ясау коралларын, бүлмәне юып чыгарам. Аппендиксны кисеп ташлау – берни дә түгел хирурглар өчен: дүрт-биш көннән соң авыру тәпи йөреп китә. Ә менә геморрой дигәнеңне... Алла сакласын... 

Шулай итеп, мин ике еллык армия хезмәтемдә винтовканы яки автоматны тотып та карамадым, Советлар Берлегенә мәңге тугрылыклы булам дигән хәрби ант та кабул итмәдем. Әлбәттә, шушы өч атна эчендә радиотелеграфчы иптәшләремнән хәрби-һөнәри осталык буенча нык артта калдым. Һоспитальдән кайткач, мине телефончылар взводына күчерделәр. Бу взводның командиры булган сержант «Р» авазын әйтә белми иде: «Взвод гъавняйсь! Смигъно! Гъавнение напгъаво!» – дип команда бирә иде ул. Шунысы гына истә калган. Телеграф ачкычыннан мәхрүм булгач, ничек телефон кәтүген өстерәгәнмендер – хәтерләмим. Бөтенләй булмаган кебек тоела миңа бу «катлаулы күнегүләр»... 

Ноябрьнең 12 сендә мине, армиягә Брянск өлкәсеннән алынган Николай Козлов исемле бер малай белән бергә, Хабаровск каласына юлладылар. Җиде көн бардык, бер поезддан икенчесенә күчеп утырып. Сарытаудан чыгып киткәндә җып-җылы көз көне иде әле. Бишенче көнне иртән йокыдан торып вагон тәрәзәсе аша баксак... шаккаттык: Иркутск өлкәсендәге Зима станциясе, һәм бөтен дөньяны ап-ак кар күмгән. Байкал күлен көньяктан әйләнеп үткәндә ачылган мәһабәт панорама һич онытырлык түгел. Тагын Сквородино торак пункты янындагы шыр ялангач дала һәм үзәкләрне өзә торган көчле җил истә калган. Соңрак җирле халыктан ишетеп белдек: «Бог создал Крым и Сочи, а чёрт – Сквородино и Могочи». 

Ә менә Биробиджан безгә бик ошады: нарат-чыршы урманы аланында күркәм шәһәрчек төзеп куйганнар. Бернинди җил исми, саф һава һәм искитәрлек манзара. «Карале, нинди матур җиргә урнаштырганнар бит яһүдләрне!» Хабаровск исә безне океан ягыннан әкрен генә искән, ләкин җаныңны актарып 
ташлый торган салкын һәм дымлы җиле белән каршы алды. Без 
эзләп тапкан хәрби часть Байкал-Амур магистрале төзелешенә 
озату өчен әзерлек урыны икән. 1975 елның 31 гыйнварында поездга утырып кире якка, Чегдомын шәһәрчегенә киттек, 
1 февральдә килеп тә җиттек БАМ җирлегенә. Урамда – 40 градус салкын, ләкин көн аяз, һава тыныч, җил исми. Кыш көне дә 
кыздыра торган кояшка туп-туры карап җәһәт кенә атласаң яки 
гел хәрәкәтләнеп торсаң – туңмыйсың. 

Тимер юл гаскәрләре төзүчеләре анда безнең боралак отряды өчен өч казарма төзеп куйганнар, боралаклар урнаштыруга аэродром әзерләгәннәр. Безнең бәләкәй генә (200 
кешелек – бер рота солдат, калганнары очучы-офицерлар һәм аэродромда хезмәт итүче белгечләр) хәрби частебыз еллар буе БАМ төзелешенең көнчыгыш өлешен бөтен кирәк-ярак белән тәэмин итеп торырга, төзүчеләрне һәм гаскәриләрне бер урыннан икенчесенә күчереп йөртергә тиеш. Февральскидан алып Комсомольск-Амур шәһәренә кадәр. Барысы да алдан уйланылган, тиешенчә әзерләп куелган иде безнең өчен. Әлбәттә, халык авыз иҗаты Ерак Көнчыгыштагы кырыс табигатьле җирләрнең оҗмах булмавын дөрес чагылдырадыр. Хәтта шундый икеюллык та ишеттек: «БАМ, Тында, Беркакит – голубые дали, мы такие дали... кое-где видали...» 

==== '''Саф погоннар – саф намус''' ====
Чегдомынга килгәннең икенче көнендә үк мине, Анатолий Таболин исемле бер чын белорус малае белән бергә, хәрби частьне дөнья белән тоташтырырга тиешле телефон линияләрен сузарга җибәрделәр. Сарытауда беренче взводта өйрәнгән һәм минем белән бергә Хабаровскига озатылган Николай Козловны радиостанциягә билгеләделәр. Ачык җирләрдә электр баганаларына, урман эчендә агач ботакларына эләктереп һәм беркетеп куябыз тимерчыбыкны. Төннәрне коммутатор кырында үткәрәбез, алмаш-тилмәш дежур торып. Көндез анда офицер хатыннары утыра, ә без планда каралганны һәм командирлар боерганны башкарабыз. Кайвакыт Анатолий белән бергә боерык ирешкәнне көтеп тә тормыйбыз: берәр «нокта» белән элемтә өзелә икән, шунда ук – иртәме, кичме, төн уртасымы – часть дежурына хәбәр биреп, линия буйлап чабабыз, төзәтергә ашыгабыз. Командирлар еш кына белми кала. 

Телефончы хезмәттәшем тәмәке тартучы иде. Ләкин ике-өч көнгә бер кап тәмәке сатып алыр өчен иптәшемнең акчасы җитми. Бик интегә иде ул тартырга бернәрсәсе булмаганда. Урманда эшләгәндә агач төбенә утыра да чын белорусча: «Курыть хачу!» – дип өзгәләнә. Кайбер солдатларга исә әти-әнисе гел акча җибәреп тора. Менә алар инде сигаретларын бер-ике суыра да ташлый торган иде. Ә мин шыпырт кына шул төпчекләрнең «симезрәк»ләрен кесәгә салып барам. Һәм Анатолий тәмәке тартасы килеп сыкрана башлагач, чыгарып та бирәм аңа. 

Коммутаторда төнлә дежур торганда үткәрелгән бер «элемтә сеансы» истә калган. Күршедәге тимер юлчылар ротасыннан бер маҗар милләтле солдат килгән иде. Украинаның Ужгород каласыннан икән. «Әтием-әнием белән сөйләшеп аласы иде, – диде Иштван, – ләкин безнең телефончылар тоташтыра алмыйлар: аппаратуралары иске һәм бик начар. Бәлки син булдыра алырсың». Ә мине, үз тиңдәшемә ярдәм итү теләге генә түгел, маҗарча сөйләшкәнне тыңлау мөмкинлеге дә кызыксындыра. Элемтәне бик озын «чылбыр» буенча урнаштырасы: башта Чегдомыннан Хабаровскины сорыйсың, аннары край башкаласы аша Мәскәүгә чыгасың. Бу кадәресе зур проблемалар тудырмый, без бу юлны ким дигәндә атнага бер тапкыр үтә идек. Маҗаралар Киевка кергәч башлана: җавап тавышы... Кытайдагы кебек кенә ишетелә. Ә инде Украина башкаласыннан Ужгородка төшкәч, бөтенләй берни ишетми башлыйсың. Маҗарча Уңвар дип аталган телефон станциясендәге телефончы кызга егет үзенең өй телефоны номерын аңлатып бирә алды әле. Ә аннан соң... кемнеңдер нәрсәдер лыгырдаганын сиземлисең, ләкин мәгънәсенә һич төшенерлек түгел. Ә теге якта безне ишетәләр дә, аңлыйлар да, ә без... интегәбез. Маҗар егете адым саен бөтен штабта ишетерлек итеп кычкыра: «Hogy? Hogy?» (Нәрсә? Ничек?) Сөйләштеләр, азмы-күпме аңлаштылар. Ә мин сүзлексез дә төшенерлек беренче маҗар сүзен отып калдым.

Күп еллар үткәч, Маҗарстан дәүләт гимнының сигез куплеты да татар теленә шактый төгәл һәм җырланырлык шигырь рәвешендә тәрҗемә ителде. Бик гыйбрәтле монументаль гимн. Аңарда – маҗарларның, Көнбатыш Себердән чыгып китеп, мең ел буе «Ватан эзләп» кылган сәяхәтенең кыскача тарихы. Алар бабаларыбыз яшәгән җирләр аша үткәндә чын «телләр әңгәмәсе» булган, күрәсең: хәзерге заман маҗар телендә дә 800 дән артык төрки-кыпчак сүзе сакланып калган. Угыз кавеме төркиләреннән алынган сүзләр азрак та әле.  

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Элемтә взводын әле егерме бер яшен генә тутырган лейтенант Топалов җитәкли. Кырымда туып үскән, милләте буенча болгар. Ярты еллап вакыт үткәч, 1975 елның көзендә ул мине сержант итеп күтәрергә һәм казармаларыбыз янында гына урнашкан радиостанциягә өлкән итеп күчерергә теләде. Мин исә, ни булса шул булыр дип, офицерга турыдан-туры әйттем: «Иптәш лейтенант, миннән бернинди командир чыкмаячак, чөнки мин, кемнедер мәҗбүр итүгә караганда, барысын да үзем эшләп ташлауны артыграк күрәм. Аннары, мин радиостанцияләрне бөтенләй белмим. Мине телефончы һәм рядовой итеп калдырсагыз, хәерлерәк булыр иде, минемчә...» – дидем. Армиядә боерыкка буйсынмаган кешене катгый җәза көтә. Әмма, ни хикмәт, бу очракта алай булмады. Күк йөзе кебек ачык зәңгәр төстәге погоннарым да, хәрби намусым да саф килеш калды. 

Ә менә рота старшинасы... мин аның шул еллардагы йөзен һәм гәүдәсен бүген дә күз алдыма китерә алам әле. Яртылаш татар канлы (әнисе ягыннан) прапорщик Иван Бякин иде ул. Баһадир гәүдәле, казакларча кыйгачланып киткән мыек үстергән. Кырыс та, таләпчән дә була ала, ләкин искиткеч кешелекле һәм гадел командир. Үзең дә шундый була белсәң. Нәкъ менә прапорщик Бякинның көчле рухы һәм ихтыяры белән безнең ротада «бабайлык» дигән галәмәт булмады: «салагасы-карты» бергә эшләде, бертигез ашады, чиратлап каравылда яки дежур торды, нарядка йөрде. Ризасызларны шунда ук тимер юлчылар карамагына «хезмәт тәрбиясе»нә озаталар иде. Җир тәмугына – таулар-сопкалар астында тоннельләр ерырга. Һәм тора-бара Совет Армиясе өчен «яңалык» булган тәртипне солдатлар да хуплый башлады.

Берзаман ротага дүрт әрмән малаен китерделәр. Беришесе пахан булып китәргә ниятләгәндер, күрәсең. Беркөнне төнлә шуларның өчесе йоклаган солдатларны урыннарыннан торгызып җәберләргә тотынды. Дүртенчесе, кып-кызыл чәчлесе, Мужикян фамилиялесе, катнашмады: ул бик чандыр гәүдәле һәм көчсез малай иде. Шуннан бөтен рота күтәрелеп, теге җитешеп бетмәгән өч «пахан»ны эт итеп кыйнады. Командир аларның өчесен дә иртә белән БАМга тоннель казырга озатты. Мужикян исә безнең белән калды. 

Баштарак безнең БАМдагы тормышыбыз бик сикәлтәле сукмаклар буйлап дыңгырдады. Штабта һәм солдатлар казармасында тәртип урнашты, ә менә офицерлар казармасында... 
пычракта, көн саен аракы эчеп, исерешеп яталар. Боралакларда очучы һәм техникага хезмәт күрсәтүче офицерлар ризасызлык белдерә: аларның гаиләләре шәһәрдә фатирларда яши, ә үзләрен монда казармада тоталар, чөнки ашыгыч рәвештә – иртәме, кичме, төнләме – БАМга очып чыгып китү ихтыяҗы гел булып тора.

Мондый киеренкелек яхшыга илтә торган нәрсә түгел инде ул. «Маҗаралар»... солдатлар казармасында башланып китте. 18 февраль көнне кичкырын ротабызга үз теләге белән... «наташа» килде (шулай тукайча атыйк инде без бу персонажны, гәрчә безнең арада маташырга ашкынып торган Казан байлары булмаса да). Солдатлар кочегар бүлмәсен «уйнаш йорты» иткәннәр, һәм «наташа» үзенә 18 яшь тулган тәүлектә төн чыгып 18 солдатка «хезмәт күрсәткән». Мин коммутаторда утырдым бу төнне, барысын да ишетеп-белеп тордым, ләкин дежур офицерга хәбәр итмәдем. Һәм аннан соң да, 14 ай хезмәт итеп, кемне булса да әләкләгәнебез булмады. Мин дә, иптәшем Анатолий 
Таболин да.&lt;br&gt;
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Намуслы булып хезмәт иттек, «лычка» өчен анасын да сата торганнар булмадык! БАМдагы боралак отрядында хәрби хезмәт көне-төне эштә үтә, монда һәр кешенең намусы һәм аңлы җаваплылыгы алга чыга, «службаны аңлата торган» мәгънәсез армия уеннарына вакыт та, мөмкинлек тә калмый. Боралак бит ул – уенчык түгел, ә мондый кырыс климат һәм бөтен рельеф төрләре булган урын-җир шартларында бик тә хәвефле бер очкыч аппарат. Тора-бара командирлар нәкъ шундый психология һәм чынбарлык урнаштырдылар хәрби частьта. Башкача мөмкин идеме соң? Бездә дә булды бит шундый бер хәл соңрак: боралакларыбызның берсе, моторы эшләми башлап, төнлә 30 метр биеклектән мәтәлеп төшкән. Бәхетебез: төп пилот – хәрби 
частебыз командиры капитан Филимонов үзе! – чын һөнәри осталык иясе булган икән. Экипаждан бер генә кеше дә зыян күрмәгән. Боралакны ремонтка озаттылар.

'''ФОТО:''' МИ-8 боралагы

Кыска вакытлы, ләкин «чын тәртип урнаштыручы маҗаралар»ның дәвамы ике көннән соң, 20 февральдә, якшәмбе көнне булды. Офицерлар казармасы янып бетте. Казарма бүлмәләренең берсендә булган газ баллоннары шартлады. Ләкин ут безнең 20 метр ераклыкта торган казармабызга күчмәде, Ходай саклады безне бу бәладән. Шуннан соң офицерларны Чегдомынга гаиләләре янына күчерделәр, фатирларына кичекмәстән телефон үткәрделәр. Кирәк вакытта бик тиз генә чакыртып алып була иде теләсә кайсысын. Частьның подполковник дәрәҗәсендәге командирын алмаштырдылар, аның урынына алдарак телгә алынган капитан Филимоновны куйдылар. Атна-ун көн дигәндә частьта чын тәртип урнашты. Рәхәтләнеп хезмәт иттек без БАМдагы боралак отрядында! 

Һәм мине, телефончы рәвешендә частьтагы эчке тормыш турында шактый хәбәрдар булып торсам да, командирлар беркайчан да әләкчелеккә мәҗбүр итмәделәр. Боралак отрядында нәкъ киресенчә булды. Бер «стукач» (украин малае) бар иде безнең ротада, ләкин аны бик тиз акылга утырттылар. Чөнки – гаҗәеп хәл! – әләкчеләрне офицерлар да яратмый иде. 

==== '''Шәхси Буреябыз ташымады''' ==== 
Җәй көне, боралак отрядындагы хезмәтебез урнашып-җайланып беткәч, солдатлар өчен дә Чегдомынга чыгып йөрү мөмкинлеге ачылды. Халык белән аралаша, шахтачылар тормышы белән кызыксына башлады иптәшләребез. Кайберләре хәтта кызлар белән дә танышып китте, алар янына барып йөри башлады. Анатолий белән минем ирек чиклерәк булды, безнең эшебез бик тыгыз иде. Линияләрне төзәтеп йөргәндә генә очрашып сөйләшә алдык җирле кешеләр белән. Бервакыт без тайгада... ял итәргә чыккан татар гаиләсен очраттык. Кунакка да чакырганнар иде мине... тәки бер тапкыр да бара алмадым. Телефон аша гына сөйләшә идем кичләрен алар белән үзем коммутаторда дежур торганда...

Урманда телефон линияләрен караштырып-төзәтеп йөргәндә безне Төньяк Кореядан килгән һәм физик яктан бик куәтле урман кисүчеләр гаҗәпләндерде: метр ярымнан аз гына калкурак ике кореялы, киселгән һәм чистартылган бүрәнәләрне ыргаклы таяклар белән ике яктан эләктереп алып, трап буйлап йөк машинасының әрҗәсе өстенә эһ дигәндә менгезеп тә куя! Безнекеләр бу эшкә дүртәү җигелә... 

БАМдагы хезмәтнең беренче елында тагын ике вакыйга һәм берничә хезмәттәшем турында хатирәләр дә күңелдә җуелмаслык булып саклана. Үз хәрби хезмәтен бик оста, әмма 
гадәти булмаган ысул белән тәмамлаган бер Мәскәү малаеннан башларга кирәктер. Исем-фамилиясен хәтерләмим аның. Һәр абзарда бер буклы сарык була, диләр бит. Бусы 
нәкъ шул «токым»нан. Үтә дә ялкау һәм җавапсызлыкка һәвәс иде ул. Урысча әйтсәк, «пофигист» инде. Офицерлар аны боралакларга якын да җибәрми, егетне күбрәк каравылга һәм нарядларга йөрттеләр. Һәм иркә мәскәүлегә монысы да туйдыргандыр, күрәсең. «Офицерлар да гарык булып бетмәгән микән моңардан?» – дигән сорау урынсыз булмагандыр, әлбәттә. Берзаман бу малай... акылдан язган һәм аны Хабаровск психиатрлары карамагына озатканнар, дигән сүз чыкты. Край башкаласында аны төрлечә тикшереп караганнар: симулянт түгелме, янәсе. Һәм ахыр чиктә чыннан да... «ычкынган» дип таныганнар да Мәскәүгә кайтарып җибәргәннәр. Озак та үтми, малайдан хат килеп төште. Сүзләрен шул еллардагы популяр җырдан алып: «Вы служите, мы вас подождём!» – дип язган бу «псих» үз взводташларына. 

Безнең ротада миннән кала тагын бер татар малае бар иде. Фидаил исемле, Башкортстанның Бүздәк районыннан. Аның хезмәте бик җайлы иде: офицерлар ашханәсендә эшләде ул. Буш вакытта без икәү шахмат уйный һәм татарча сөйләшә идек. Рота старшинасы прапорщик Иван Бякин моны күреп-белеп торды, ул бездән бермә-бер яхшырак уйный иде. Үрнәк хезмәте өчен Фидаилгә ике атналык ял бирделәр, туган авылына барып кайтты ул. «Сөйгән кызым мине көтеп тормаган, кияүгә чыккан...» – ди, чак кына еламый үзе. Язмыш бу, аңардан узып булмый, дип юатырга тырыштым милләттәшемне. 

Истә калырлык вакыйгаларның беренчесе июнь башында Чегдомын аэропортында булды. Анатолий белән икәү анда... энцефалит талпаны тешләүдән тайгада һәлак булган тимер юлчы солдатларның үле гәүдәләрен күрдек. Табутлар таба алмаганнардыр инде ул вакытта, мәетләрне өске киемнәренә һәм шинельләренә төреп китергәннәр иде. Йөзләре ачык килеш... һәм сап-сары. Безнең отрядта талпаннан зыян күрүчеләр булмады. Командирлар безне бу хакта язга чыкканда ук кисәтеп-өйрәтеп куйганнар иде. 

Икенче вакыйга – август башында өч көн бертуктаусыз яуган яңгырдан соң Амур кушылдыгы булган Бурея елгасының ярларыннан ташып чыгуы. Җирле халык өчен гадәти, ел саен кабатлана торган күренеш. Су бит анда тирә яктагы бихисап сопкалардан бик тиз агып төшә, һәм шактый киң бассейнлы елга чын Идел кебек җәелеп китә. Чегдомын тирәсендә кеше яши торган торак пунктлар күп түгел. Иң зурысы – Урта Ургал дип атала. Су бу авылга кадәр үк менеп җитмәгән иде, ул, безнең казармалар һәм Чегдомынның өске өлеше кебек үк, калкулык өстендә урнашкан. Чегдомынны ике яктан уратып алган Бурея кушылдыклары шәһәрнең аскы өлешенә дә зыян китермәде, болынны гына су баскан иде. Елга агызып бара торган йорт хайваннары үләксәләре һәм хәтта агач корылмалар, бәләкәйрәк йортлар да югарыдан, төньяктан килгән булса кирәк. Бу «туфан» озакка бармады: ике-өч көннән соң кызу характерлы, бик тиз агымлы һәм елның елында кат-кат су астында кала торган мең тугайлы Бурея үзенең табигый ярларына кереп урнашты. 

Бу елдагы соңгы «маҗара»ның Ерак Көнчыгыштагы кырыс климатка һәм кыргый табигатькә бернинди кагылышы юк. Ул күбрәк... минем 26 яшьлек «шәхси Буреям»ның үзе күнеккән гадәти ярларыннан ташып чыкмавы турында сөйли. Яңа ел алды киче, 1975 елның 31 декабре. Армия хезмәтенең соңгы ярты елына керәбез, дип куана боралак отрядындагы солдатларның төгәл яртысы (безнең «хәрби чакырылыш» шундый зур күпчелектә иде). Минем өчен гадәти көннәрнең берсе: кичке ашны ашаганнан соң, көндез коммутаторда эшләгән офицер хатынын алмаштырырга дип штаб казармасына киттем. Унсигез яшьлек кенә, Л. исемле, теләсә кемне гашыйк итәрлек чибәр. Туташкаем инде ярым исерек, һәм аның нигәдер тиз генә өенә кайтып китәсе дә килми. Шулвакыт ул, юбкасын бераз күтәрә төште дә, болай ди: «Фәһим, кара әле, минем аякларым нинди төз һәм матур!» Сүз дә юк, төз дә, матур да, ләкин... «Юк, Л., мин моңа әзер түгел...», – дидем дә чыгып киттем. Әйләнеп килгәндә, Л. юкка чыккан иде инде. 

Ул хәрби частьтән читтәрәк урнашкан радиостанциягә киткән һәм төне буе зифа буйлы гәүдәсе белән анда дежур торган сержантның күңелен күргән икән. Һәм бу хакта часть командиры беренче булып белеп алган. Кем хәбәр иткәндер, белми калдык. Яңа 1976 елның беренче көнне иртүк өлкән командирыбыз әлеге сержантны якасыннан тотып алып... тимер юл гаскәрләренә озаткан. Туташның 30 яшьлек ире (боралак йөртүче) килеп җиткәнче үк. Сержант соңрак ротадагы дусларына хат та язып җибәргән иде: «Нигә мин шул фахишәгә кул суздым соң?..» – дип. Ерак Көнчыгыш кызларының һәм хатыннарының җенси активлыгы, дәртле табигате һәм «һөнәри осталыгы» турында без төннәрен Урта Ургалга самоволкага йөри торган солдатлардан ишетеп белә идек инде. Кемнең кая йөргәнен командирлар беләләр, ләкин солдат теләсә кайсы вакытта да үз вазифаларын төгәл һәм тырышлык күрсәтеп үти торган булса, моңа игътибар итмиләр иде. Ялкаулансаң – тоталар да «хезмәт тәрбиясе»нә – тоннельләр казырга озаталар. Боралак отряды армия төрмәсе түгел, тырыш хезмәт, аңлы тәртип һәм дисциплина мәктәбе булды безнең өчен. 

Дөресен әйткәндә, бу хәл минем шул җөмләдәге беренче «куркаклыгым» һәм «җебегәнлегем» булмады. Советлар Берлегендә ирекле секс юк, дигән рәсми караш яши иде. Ә мин – «законопослушный гражданин»! Әле Мәскәүдә укыганда да шундый бер «канәгатьләнү» мөмкинлегеннән баш тарткан идем. Бусы инде институтны ташлап, Арзамаска кайтып 
китәр алдыннан булды. Яңа абитуриентлар килгәч, безнең тулай торакта аларның беренче имтиханда ук «икеле» алганнары белән үткәрелгән «очрашу кичәсе»ндә миңа ап-ак кашлы, бик чибәр һәм күңелле бер блондинка белән бергә утырырга туры килде. Ләкин эшнең тагын бер урыс җырындагыча тәмамланачагын сиземләгәч («Все подружки по парам в тишине разбрелися...»), мин шыпырт кына ычкыну җаен таптым. Соңрак егетләр мине моның өчен нык орыштылар... 

Әтисез үскән ир кеше тормышның мондый четерекле вазгыятьләрендә йә дуамал, тотнаксыз һәм пырдымсыз булып китә, йә үтә дә сак һәм тыйнак буладыр ул. Моңа нигез сала торган табигатьне исә аның канына, алдарак әйткәнемчә, бала чакта ук үз яшьтәшләре сеңдерә... БАМдагы телефончы хезмәттәшем Анатолий да бу тарафтан миңа «теләктәш» иде. Гәрчә ул инде, үзе әйтмешли, «саф егет» булмаса да. Ул баштарак, төнлә коммутаторда дежур торганда Чегдомын кызлары килеп, бүлмә тәрәзәсенә бармак чиертәләр, үзләре янына чыгарга чакыралар, дип сөйли иде. Һәм мин аңа «файдалы киңәш» бирдем: «Ә син минем кебек, тәрәзәне менә шушы катыргы кәгазь белән томалап куй да, тегеләргә игътибар итмә!» Тора-бара Чегдомынның актив кызлары аны борчымый башладылар. Безнең «шәхси Буреябыз» тәртипле һәм инсафлы булды. 

==== '''«Сез анда, Русиядә, аңламыйсыз...»''' ====
Берзаман, инде дембель булып өйгә кайтып китәр алдыннан, Чегдомынның шахмат беренчелегендә уйнаганда, җирле шахтачылардан сораштыра башлаган идем: «Ничек мондый авыр хезмәткә, кырыс климатка, тормыш уңайсызлыкларына түзәсез?» – дип. «Сез анда, Русиядә (!), безнең нинди иркен тормышта рәхәтләнеп яшәвезне белмисез. Сез кол булып гомер сөрергә өйрәнеп беткәнсез, күнеккәнсез инде!..» – диделәр. Ерак Көнчыгышның рухи ирек эстәгән халкы ярты гасыр элек тә үзен нигездә русияле дип санамый иде инде. Шуңа күрә соңгы елларда Хабаровск крае губернаторы Сергей Фургал белән булган «катавасия» һич кенә дә очраклы хәл түгел, минемчә. Ерак Көнчыгыш халкы үзен күрсәтми калмас әле алга таба да, инде котылгысыз булып китә башлаган тетрәнүләрдә һәм үзгәрешләрдә... 

Чегдомынның шахмат беренчелегендә уйнавым – үзе бер хатирә. 1976 елның апрель ае азагында без «дембель аккорды» дип аталган эшкә керешергә тиеш идек. Элегрәк янган казарманы бездән алдарак өйләренә кайтып киткән солдатлар сүтеп бетергән һәм аның урынын тигезләп куйган иде. Безгә исә шунда, Бурея елгасы буендагы болыннан куптарып алып, чирәм утыртырга кирәк булды. Бурея болыннарын ел саен язын һәм август аенда, берничә көн барган көчле яңгырлардан соң, су баса. Һәм бер елдан соң анда яңадан чирәм үсеп чыга. Кырыс климат шартларында үсемлекләр дә, бөтен табигать тә әрсезләнеп китә икән. 

Ләкин «дембель аккорды» мине читләтеп үтте. Старшинабыз Бякин һич көтмәгәндә миңа болай диде: «Син инде үзеңә тиешлесен эшләдең монда. Әйдә, киттек шахмат уйнарга...» Унөч көн бергә Чегдомын беренчелегендә катнаштык. Минем элемтә взводындагы урыныма алмаш килеп җиткән иде инде: бер азәрбайҗан малае телефончы булып калды миннән соң. Старшинабыз, турнирда өченче урынны алып, бакыр медальле булды. Минем өчен алтынчы урын да зур казаныш һәм гомер буе онытылмаслык истәлек иде. Уникенче майда, армиядә тапкан яңа дусларым белән мәңгегә саубуллашып, командирларыма рәхмәт әйтеп... Ерак Көнчыгыштан Русиягә кайтып киттем. Хезмәттәшем Анатолийны, яңа телефончыларны эшкә өйрәтү өчен, тагын бер айдан артык тотканнар. Мин әле тагын ярты ел бездән соңрак килгән солдатлар белән ара-тирә хат язышып тордым. Әлбәттә, үзем дә бик теләп риза булган булыр идем яңа телефончыларны эшкә күнектерергә, командирлар кушкан булса. 

==== '''Саха егете Баһылай''' ====
Кемнәрдер үзенең армия хезмәтен, аның азагында «бабай» булып китеп, тырай типкәне, кәеф-сафа корганы өчен генә искә ала. Ә мин Ерак Көнчыгышны... иркенләп, ихлас күңелдән хезмәт итүем һәм башка бер җирдә дә очрата алмаслык нәрсәләрне күреп-ишетеп белүем өчен бүген дә онытмадым әле. Әйтик, Баһылай исемле (урысчасы – Василий) бер саха-якут малаеннан отып алган сүзләрне һәм җөмләләрне ничек хәтердән җуясың, ди?! Мәсәлән: «Эн миигиттэн тугу ылаары кинэҕийн? Хата харахха биэрэбиний!» (Син миннән нәрсә алырга ымсынасың? Күз төбеңә берне тондырырмын менә!). Яки: «Тыаҕа хааман, биир тииҥ көрөн баран куоттаран кэбистим» (Урманда йөргәндә, бер тиенне күреп алып, куып барып тота алмадым). Баһылай белән аралашу минем өчен, утыз еллап вакыт үткәч... саха әлифбасын һәм фонетикасын өйрәнүгә этәргеч булды. Чөнки саха җырчылары арасында яртылаш татар канлы, тиңдәшсез матур тавышлы Ангелина Фәйрушина булуы үзе бер искиткеч ачыш иде минем өчен. 2010 елдан соң мәрхүмәнең иҗатын аның ике кызы дәвам итте. Саха җире Татарстанныкыннан кырык дүрт тапкыр зуррак. Һәм анда нибары ярты миллион саха кешесе яши. Төбәк халкының яртысы гына. Татарлар саны – бер проценттан да түбәнрәк. 

Оймяконда (суыклык котыбында!) туып үскән, үзе орчык буйлы гына, ләкин курку белмәс саха-якут малае Баһылай, кызганычка каршы, бик аз хезмәт итте боралак jтрядында. Җиңелрәк климат шартларында аның туберкулёзы ачылды. Туган якларына кайтарып җибәрделәр егетне. Ә мин... саха телендә аз булса да сөйләшергә өйрәнә алмый калдым. Саха-Якутия Җөмһүриятенең мәһабәт һәм горур гимны текстын, ниһаять, 2026 ел башында тәрҗемә иттем:&lt;br&gt;

1. Сахам җире, шәрык нурларында&lt;br&gt;
иминлек һәм бәхет яулыйсың,&lt;br&gt;
җиңүләргә әйдәп баруыңда&lt;br&gt;
мәгъриб алмазы күк балкыйсың...&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымтасы:'''''&lt;br&gt;
Көч җый һәм үс, Сахам җире, ныгы,&lt;br&gt;
Изге Ватан, дан-шөһрәтләр тупла.&lt;br&gt;
Илебезнең күрке-горурлыгы,&lt;br&gt;
Синдәй иркен, юмарт Җирдә юк ла!&lt;br&gt;

2. Күп тармаклы Лена ярларында –&lt;br&gt;
Терек суы, бәрәкәт тулы:&lt;br&gt;
Гүя дуслык-куәт алкынында&lt;br&gt;
Халыкларга тынычлык юлы.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымтасы.'''''&lt;br&gt;

3. Саха җире, кодрәт иңгән нурың&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлардан безгә юл сала.&lt;br&gt;
Дәвам иттек ата-баба юлын,&lt;br&gt;
Тугры булып калыйк без аңа.&lt;br&gt;
'''''Кушымтасы.'''''&lt;br&gt;

==== '''«Белдекле дә, гадел дә!»''' ====
«Ачык һәм ирекле» Арзамаска барып, хәрби комисариатта калган документларымны алгач, Хлебодаровларга кереп, аларда калган китапларымны чемоданга төяп, хуҗалар белән хушлашкач, Татарстанга ашыктым. Туп-туры авылга кайттым, «КАМАЗ»га түгел әле. Колхоз рәисе Фаяз абый Хәйсаров: «Әлегә авылда кал, ял ит, көзгә таба Чаллыга китәрсең, – диде. – Син инде авыл кешесе түгелсең, монда тамыр җәя алмассың...» – дип, бик дөрес акыл бирде миңа. Спорт оештыручысы итеп эшкә алып, аена 70 сум түләп тордылар, өстәвенә комсомол эшләрен дә җайга салырга тиеш идем. Соңгысын булдыра алмадым, «оештыру сәләтем» юк иде. Ә күрше авыллар белән спорт чараларын рәхәтләнеп үткәрдек.&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' '''''«Коминтерн» колхозын 26 ел буе җитәкләгән Фаяз абый Хәйсаров (уртада, түбәтәй кигән) 2019 елда 85 яшьлек юбилеен үткәрә; уң ягында – җәмәгате Равия апа.''''' 

Июнь аенда Буа районына концертлар куярга килгән Илһам абый Шакировның Толымбайга килүе хәтергә сеңеп кала торган бер вакыйга булды. Авыл җитәкчеләре һәм сәнгать һәвәскәрләре, аның белән очрашып сөйләшкәндә, мине дә, комсомол сәркатибе булганга, чакырдылар. Үзем сүз катмадым, тыңлап кына тордым, ул вакытта мин бик тыйнак идем әле. Концерт кичке сигездә башланырга тиеш иде. Бу хакта алдан ук хәбәр тараткан булсалар да, халык тиз генә җыелмады. Илһам абыйның моңа исе дә китмәде: «Гадәти күренеш бу, колхоз кырларында эшнең кызган чагы, – диде. – Тагын бер-ике сәгать көтәбез». 

Клубка җыелган малайларга-кызларга: «Барыгыз, авылны «уятып чыгыгыз!» – дип йомыш куштылар. Кичке сәгать унда тамаша залы шыгрым тулы иде инде. Илһам абый ике сәгать ярымнан артык җырлады. Инде гадәттә концертларны тәмамлый торган Батырҗан ариясе дә башкарылды, ә халык мәшһүр җырчы белән хушлашырга уйламый да: алкышлый-алкышлый өч мәртәбә җырлаттылар. Өченче тапкыр сәхнәгә чыккач, Илһам абый шаяртып: «Ярар, җәмәгать, чөгендер сирәкләтергә туп-туры моннан китәрсез, өйгә кайтып тормассыз инде», – диде.

Август башында Түбән Камага киттем, әтием һәм аның гаиләсе белән кабат күрешергә. Комсомол билетымны, Казанга хәтле поездга утырып барганда, вагон тәрәзәсе аша... Апас районы кырларына тондырдым. Дүрт айдан соң барыбер комсомол яшеннән чыгам ич. Һәм 1976 елның 6 августында «КАМАЗ»ның ремонт һәм инструментлар заводындагы дүртенче цехка беренче тапкыр эшкә чыктым. Сырлар шомартучы итеп алдылар, бер разрядымны киметеп: «Хезмәт практикаң күптән юк, тәҗрибәлерәкләр белән тиңләшә алмассың...» – дип. 

Беркем каршында ким-хур булмасам да, разрядымны ике елдан соң гына кире кайтардылар. Һичкемнән бернәрсә сорамадым, беркайчан да, бернидән дә, беркемнән дә зарланмадым. Алга таба җитәкчелек барысын да – бәлки кайчак соңарыбрактыр да, ләкин инде һичсүзсез «килеп терәлгәч» – үзе биреп торды. Бу язмада – алдагы бүлекләрдә дә, моннан соңгыларында да – кайбер вакыйгаларны санап кына үтәм, аларны оештырган «персонажлар»ны телгә алмыйм... 

Ел ярым вакыт үткәч, гаиләле булдым. Цехта кияүгә чыкмыйча да рәхәтләнеп һәм иркен яшәгән яки ирдән аерылган хатыннар байтак иде. Минем күз шуларның иң күрексез дип санала торганына төште: миннән бер яшькә кечерәк Асиягә. Ул 28 яшен тутырып килә. Намуслы һәм гыйффәтле булуы моңсу йөзендә үк чагылып тора. Шәһәрдә туып-үсеп, урыс мәктәбендә укыган булса да, татарча иркен сөйләшә һәм укый-яза белә. Ә миңа нәкъ шундый пар кирәк тә. 1979 елның августында мин аны Мәскәүгә алып барып, совет башкаласы һәм үземнең «истәлекле урыннарым» белән таныштырдым. Биш көн буе җизнәмнең Чертановода яшәүче һәм мине җиде ел элек «медицина» кочагыннан йолып алган туганында кунак булдык. Бер-бер артлы Зөһрә белән Гөлнарабыз туды. Башта бер, аннары ике бүлмәле «малосемейка» алдык. Хатынымның профкомда «үз кешесе» бар иде, Равил безгә һәрвакыт ярдәм итеп торды. 

Шуннан соң, озак та үтми... винт ырмаулаучы булып эшли алмаслык хәлгә килдем. Кулларымда терсәккә кадәр тире бозыла башлады. Станогымның суыткыч маена... селте өстәгән булганнар. Смена буенча алмашчымны, аның да кулларына зыян китермәс өчен, башка станокта эшләтеп торганнар. Соңрак станокның маен тулысынча түгеп алмаштырдылар «Махсус операция» үзе дә, аны оештыручыларның һәм «каплап торучылар»ның исемнәре дә сер булмады, бөтен хезмәттәшләр белеп торды. Мин «коры эш»кә күчәргә мәҗбүр булдым. Фатир алганчы түзәргә, заводтан китмәскә кирәк иде...&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' '''''КАМАЗның Ремонт-инструмент заводы, 1983 елга кадәр бергә эшләгән хезмәттәшләрем: кырдыручылар, фрезерчылар, шомартучылар һәм эш бүлеп бирүче кыз. Арттагы рәтнең сул кырыенда Фәһим – винт ырмаулаучылардан берьялгызы. Башка һөнәрдәшләр «түбән сортлы» кешеләр сафына басарга теләмәделәр...''''' 

Гомумән алганда, участок һәм цех эшчеләре белән мөнәсәбәтем яхшы иде. Бары тик тырышып, эш рәтен белеп эшләвем һәм математикага нигезләнгән барлык исәп-хисапларны, технологларга мөрәҗәгать итеп тормыйча, мөстәкыйль башкаруым аркасында «тәкәбберлек зыяны» күргән югарырак разрядлы һөнәрдәшләр генә мине өнәп бетермәде. Бигрәк тә тагын яшьләргә – үз теләгем белән, беркем кушмыйча – ярдәм итә башлагач. Өстәвенә мине Чаллы янындагы авылдан килгән бер татар малаена остаз итеп тә беркеттеләр бит әле. Өйрәттем аны да: Әхмәтнур икенче разрядлы сыр шомартучы булып китте. Бер сменада эшләдек, гадирәк операцияләрне үзе башкара башлады, катлаулыраклары булса, ярдәмгә килеп тордым. 

Хезмәттәшләрем мине профсоюз утырышларының берсендә шәһәр мәхкәмәсенә халык утырышчысы итеп җибәрергә тәкъдим иттеләр. Белдекле дә, гадел дә ул, диделәр. Цех җитәкчелеге алдан билгеләгән кеше һич көтмәгәндә бу өстәмә, әмма мактаулы эштән баш тартты. Ярты елга бер тапкыр, дүрт мәртәбә икешәр атна мәхкәмәдә утырдым. Елга ике мәртәбә айның иң яхшы винт ырмаулаучысы була идем: үзебезнең мастер ханым җәйге ялга киткәч һәм кыш көне чирдән дәвалануга чыккач. Моның өчен өстәмә премия бирәләр иде.

Һәм тагын бер кызыклы хәл истә калган. Берзаман мин, ни сәбәпледер чыгырымнан чыгып, бер кеше белән ызгышып киткән идем. Ләкин цехтагы хезмәттәшләр, сорашып һәм ике дә уйлап тормыйча, миннән «зыян күргән» кешене гаепләделәр: «Это как же надо дрочить Фагима, чтобы он с тобой поссорился?!» – дип. 

==== '''«Г» хәрефе сыман...''' ====
1983 елның 6 августында («КАМАЗ»да эшли башлавыма төп-төгәл җиде ел тулгач!) өч бүлмәле аерым фатирга күчтек. Ләкин моның өчен мин... эштән китәргә мәҗбүр булдым. Чөнки миңа ике бүлмәле «малосемейка»да ремонт ясап калдырыр өчен эшләгән өч отгулымны бирмәделәр, гәрчә ай башында әле бернинди кичектергесез эш-аврал яки башка сәбәп булмаса да. Балаларыбыз ике-өч яшьлек кенә, аларны калдырып торырга урын да юк. Ә хатыныма эшләгән отгулларын бирделәр, каршылык булмады. Нишләргә? Өч «прогул» ясарга туры килде миңа. Цех башлыгына хәлне аңлатып биргәч, мине җәзага тартмадылар, эштән киткәндә гаризада һәм хезмәт кенәгәсендә «үз теләге белән» дип яздырттылар. 

Озакламый, мин заводтан киткәч, элеккеге «үзтеләкле көн дәшләрем» Әхмәтнурны да кысрыклап чыгарганнар. Ничек соң инде түзеп торасың, ди, 1980 нче, шовинизмның шайтан таягы әле гөрләп чәчәк аткан елларда бу «татарва»га! Участокта татарлардан булган «эшче интеллигентлар» (винт ырмаулаучылар) калмады. Үткер һәм чая малай иде ул Әхмәтнур: фатир алырга чираты җиткән татар кызына өйләнеп өлгерде шушы ике ел эчендә. Заводтан киткәч, шәһәрдә шофёр булып эшләде ул мин белгән вакытта. Балалары да бар иде аның. 

Яңа урында хезмәт хакым шактый кимеде, ләкин бу кадәресе генә инде түзеп торырлык иде. Һо Ши Мин әйтмешли, «Азатлык һәм бәйсзлек барыннан да кадерлерәк». Ә 1994 елда, заводка журналист буларак мәкалә язарга килгәндә, элеккеге «кайгыртучыларым» дөньядан китеп беткән иде инде... 

Котлов фамилияле һәм әлеге «махсус операция»дә бернинди катнашы булмаган сыр шомартучы бүген дә исән-сау. Тумыштан Алабуга районы керәшене, бик күңелле, сүзгә оста һәм мәзәкчән кеше. Мин аны еш кына базарга чыкканда очратам. Ул үзе партия әгъзасы иде 1980 нче елларда. Ләкин туры сүзле, үз фикерен, беркемнән-бернидән дә курыкмыйча, шартлатып әйтеп бирә белә – җыелышларда да, үзара әңгәмәдә дә. Ул вакытта 20 апрель тирәләрендәге шимбә көнендә «Ленинский субботник» дигән өстәмә эш көне була торган иде. Гел Пасхага туры китерәләр иде бу «хезмәт бәйрәмен». Эшкә чыгасың, азмаз эшләгән булып кыланасың да кайтып китәсең. Һәм синең бер көнлек хезмәт хакыңны тотып калалар. Котлов исә бу партиячел калыптагы, ләкин халык өнәп бетермәгән «комбинация» 
турында бер такмак та сөйли иде:&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Спасибо партии родной&lt;br&gt;
'''''за доброту и ласку!&lt;br&gt;
'''''...Отобрали выходной'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''и обосрали Пасху...»'''''&lt;br&gt;

Мин селте каезлаган кулларымны тиз генә дәвалап бетерә алмадым. 1987 ел җәендә «КАМАЗ» заводларыннан киттем, чөнки инде аларның һавасы да аллергия китереп чыгара башлады минем типтагы организмда. Махсус белеме һәм эшмәкәрлек яки башка алдау-йолдау сәләте булмаган кешегә шәһәрдә берничә генә эш бар. Мин кибеттә йөк ташучы булып киттем – ике кызымны янәшәдә урнашкан татар гимназиясенә йөртер өчен. Җәмәгатем дә шунда җыештыручы булып эшкә керде. Иртәдән кичкә кадәр көн аралаш эшләдек: беребез алып бара балаларны татар мәктәбенә, икенчебез өйгә алып кайта. Өченче кызыбызның әле тәпи йөри башлаган чагы гына. Җиде елдан соң, 1994 елның 1 сентябреннән башлап, зурлары аны да көн саен шул ук татар гимназиясенә укырга ияртеп алып бара һәм алып кайта башладылар. Мин бу вакытта инде кибеттә эшләми идем: 1993 ел җәе башыннан, авыр эштән тәмам билсез калгач, «Г» хәрефе сыман йөреп киттем. Инде 45 яшемне тутырып килсәм дә, гәүдә төзелешем һаман балачактагы кебек 
калды бит: тал чыбыгы сыман. Мине өйдә утырган килеш остеохондроздан дәвалануга чыгардылар. Өч ай буе хаста хакы түләп тордылар. Поликлиникага процедураларга, массажларга йөрдем. Аннары, 1993 елның 1 сентябрендә, эштән үз теләгем белән китәргә туры килде. Бүтән барыбер хаста хакы түли алмыйбыз, һәм син инде йөк ташучы булып эшли дә алмаячаксың, диделәр. 

* * *&lt;br&gt;
Бу хатирәләрнең беренче ике өлешенә шушы урында нокта куярга кирәктер. Чөнки алга таба бөтенләй башка, вакыйгаларга элеккечә бай, ләкин һич көтелмәгән, берничек тә фаразланмаган тормыш башланды. Биредә ачыктан-ачык бәян ителгәннәр каләм тибрәтүчеләргә «иҗат чималы» булсын. «Самореклама» түгел бу! Башкача әйтеп булмаганны әйтергә теләү генә. Барысы да – малың да, серләрең дә – бу дөньяда кала, төяп-тыгып алып китәр өчен, гүрдә – арба, кәфендә кесә юк... Һәм гомумән, фани дөньяда гомер сөрүче кешенең дә төп максаты үз ихтыяҗларыңны һәм мәнфәгатьләреңне канәгатьләндерү белән чикләнү түгел, ә үзеңә Хак Тәгалә биргән сәләтләрне ачыклау һәм аларны тормышка ашыру. Куллану өчен генә яшәү – мәгънәсезлек һәм аңсыз рәвештә гөнаһка бату ул, ә илаһи һәм иҗади максатларга йөз тотып яшәү – чын бәхет.&lt;br&gt;

'''''Була яшәп, җанны батырмыйча'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''хайванлыкка, рух-намусны саклап,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''бер икмәккә генә табынмыйча –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''икмәк үстереп һәм аны хаклап.'''''&lt;br&gt;
(Игорь Губерманнан тәрҗемә)&lt;br&gt;

=== '''«БАР МИНЕМ ХӨР, БӘЙСЕЗ ҮЗ ГАЛӘМЕМ...»''' ===
Кайдадыр, ерак, серле һәм томанлы&lt;br&gt;
танып белү киңлегенең артында,&lt;br&gt;
соңрак «очраклы рәвештә» булганны&lt;br&gt;
алдан ук әзерли кемдер барын да...&lt;br&gt;

'''''Где-то там, за пределом познания,&lt;br&gt;
'''''где загадка, туманность и тайна,&lt;br&gt;
'''''некто скрытый готовит заранее'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''всё, что позже случится случайно.&lt;br&gt;'''''
(Игорь Губерман)&lt;br&gt;

Дистә еллар буе дәвам иткән гаҗәеп бер күренеш инде бу: тормышта ничәмә тапкыр һәм нинди генә авыр хәлләргә юлыксам да, ара-тирә очрый торган «сазлык»ларга муеннан кереп батсам да, минем янда элек күрмәгән-белмәгән бер кеше пәйда була да мине «якамнан тотып» тартып чыгара иде. Күп тапкыр кабатлана торган очраклылык «система» дип атала. Бу хакта урыс һәм яһүд халыкларының исеме эпиграфта аталган олы шагыйре болай ди: 

'''''Аллаһ фәрманыннан гайре юк бер эш,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''дим мин, карап дөнья матавыгына;'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''очраклы хәл чыгып тору ифрат еш –'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''исбат моның тәкъдирсез булмавына.''''' &lt;br&gt;

«Хәтердән җуелмас мизгелләр»нең «яңа тормыш»ка караган бу өлешендә дә байтак булды «очраклы хәлләр» һәм алардан һич көтелмәгәнчә йолып алучылар! 

==== '''Графоманлык аша – сәламәтлеккә''' ====

Алдарак әйткәнемчә, мине 1993 елда коточкыч остеохондроз егып салгач, җәй буе «Г» хәрефе булып хәрәкәт иттем, массажлар ясатып, дарулар эчеп йөрдем. Ләкин нигәдер башны ташка бәрмәдем, җаным тыныч иде: «Әй, шахмат уенында атлар да бит гел «Г» хәрефе дип йөриләр!». Хатыным да бер каршы сүз әйтмәде. Ә бит ул үзе һич кенә дә артык сабыр түгел һәм матди тормышка нык бәйләнгән кеше! Нинди серле көч аны тынычландырып торды икән айлар дәвамында? Әллә ул көч изге күкләргә ашып фәрештәгә әверелгән газиз әнкәем булдымы... 

Шул җөмләдән, җиде ай буе хатыным берүзе эшләп тапканны ашап һәм... графоманлык белән шөгыльләнеп яттым. Яздым да яздым шунда ми тармасына кайдандыр нидер килеп кергәнне. Башка «файдасыз» мавыгуларым булса да, алар белән шөгыльләнергә физик мөмкинлегем юк иде. Мәкаләләр, рифмалаштырылган нәрсәләр сырлыйм, барысын да Казанга яки Чаллы басмаларына почта аша җибәрәм, соңрак, сентябрь аенда үзем инде савыгуга таба авышкач, җирле газеталарга илтеп бирә башладым. Бастыралар, каршы сүз ишетмәдем беркайда да. Тиенләп булса да гонорар җибәрәләр. Кем син, кайда эшлисең, дип сораштыручы да юк, ә минем исә зарлана торган гадәтем булмады әле ул вакытта. Хәзер генә ул сыкрана башлыйм, берәр борчулы нәрсә килеп чыкса... 

Бер генә язманы да чүп савытына ташламадылар, ахры. Советлар Берлеге таркалса да, илдә әле һаман да «демократия», ачыклык-хәбәрдарлык хөкем сөрә, Татарстанда милли күтәрелеш дәвам итә. Еллар ябык булса да, юллар ачык иде. Чаллыда Татар иҗтимагый үзәге дөрләп эшләп тора, аның дүшәмбе көнне була торган утырышлары минем өчен җомга намазы күк булып китте. Мөселман булып тууымны да онытмыйм, әлбәттә. Шушы ун ай эчендә гарәп язуын һәм грамматикасы нигезләрен өйрәнеп, Ислам дине хәрефләрен таный башладым. Кирәкле китапларны, сүзлекләрне, белешмәләрне һәм дәреслекләрне «элеккеге тормыш»та, физик яктан исән-имин чакта, җитмешенче-сиксәненче елларда туплаган идем. 

Хезмәт хакы алган саен китап кибетенә чаба торган гадәтем бар иде КАМАЗда эшли башлаган елларда ук. «Ногман тәфсирен» һәм гарәп сүзлеген кулланып, Коръәни Кәримне укып чыктым. Шуның нәтиҗәсендә берничә шигырь дә язылды, менә шуларның берсе: 

'''Ихлас догам'''&lt;br&gt;
Иксез-чиксез, камил Синең&lt;br&gt;
Рәхмәтең вә Мәрхәмәтең,&lt;br&gt;
Һәрдаим тәрбия иттең,&lt;br&gt;
Юктан бар итеп һәммәсен,&lt;br&gt;
Бөек исемең белән, Аллам, &lt;br&gt;
Башлый эшен бөтен Галәм, &lt;br&gt;
Сиңа гына мин сыенам, &lt;br&gt;
Газиз Тәңрем, Хак Тәгаләм!&lt;br&gt; 
Хәмед-сәна гыйбадәтем&lt;br&gt;
Галәмнәрнең Раббысына! &lt;br&gt;
Олы рәхмәтең-шәфкатең &lt;br&gt;
Колларыңның затлысына. &lt;br&gt;
Юк көндәшең вә охшашың, &lt;br&gt;
Бер ялгызың бар Галәмдә, &lt;br&gt;
Бәндәләрнең Син патшасы, &lt;br&gt;
Синең колың барча бәндә. &lt;br&gt;
Һичкем Сине тудырмады &lt;br&gt;
Һәм тумады Синнән кемсә, &lt;br&gt;
Синнән гайре бар булмады &lt;br&gt;
Галәмнәрдә һичбер нәрсә. &lt;br&gt;
Нә шәй булсын, нә бер мәхлук – &lt;br&gt;
Ихтыяҗың аңарда юк: &lt;br&gt;
Гафу итеп бар әҗәтне, &lt;br&gt;
Үтәүче Син һәр хаҗәтне. &lt;br&gt;
Һичкем Сине бар кылмады, &lt;br&gt;
Һичкем Сиңа тиң булмады, &lt;br&gt;
Һичкемгә Син буйсынмыйсың, &lt;br&gt;
Мәңге булдың һәм булырсың. &lt;br&gt;
Бар мәхлукка мәрхәмәтле – &lt;br&gt;
Иттең дөньяда нигъмәтле &lt;br&gt;
Мөэминен дә, кяферен дә: &lt;br&gt;
Хөкемең Кыямәт көнендә. &lt;br&gt;
Бер Син безнең тәрбияче, &lt;br&gt;
Бер Син хакыйкать иясе, &lt;br&gt;
Сиңа багышлана догам – &lt;br&gt;
Син хаклаган телдә кылам. &lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгаләм, Бөек Акыл! &lt;br&gt;
Гыйбадәтемне кабул кыл, &lt;br&gt;
Ә ялгышсам, мине кичер; &lt;br&gt;
Туры юлга Үзең күндер. &lt;br&gt;
Син саклаган намусыма &lt;br&gt;
Хөкем кылмас җирдә һичкем; &lt;br&gt;
Җаным Синең хозурыңда, &lt;br&gt;
Синдә генә гадел хөкем. &lt;br&gt;

Хасталык вакытындагы иң беренче зур графоманлык күнегүем шул 1993 елның августында булды. Аны үзенә күрә «алдагы тормыш программасы» дип кабул иттем. Шигырьне соңрак «Ватаным Татарстан» да бастырган иде. Төп нөсхәне беркадәр тулыландырып тора торган тәрҗемәсен беркая да юлламадым, беркемгә дә укытмадым. Мин бу программаларны тәки үтәп бетерә алмадым инде. «Мин генә түгел, бөтен халыклар һәм җәмгыять үзе үтәмәде, үтәргә теләмәде һәм бүген дә теләми!» дигән «сылтау» берничек тә аклый алмый: шигырьләрдә әйтелгәнчә, «һәркемнең үз яссылыгы, һәркемнең үз мәсләге». Һәркем үз урынында тырышып тырмашырга бурычлы, дип саныйм. Һәм «ашкынулы сабырсыздан гомердә көнләшмәгез!» 

'''Тормыш юлы'''&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһ каршына илтүче изгелек юлы бик тар.&lt;br&gt;
Иблис-мәлгуньне җиңүнең бер генә ысулы бар:&lt;br&gt;
Көчең җитсә, һич юл бирмә, аяк терәп каршы тор,&lt;br&gt;
Тарафдарларны, халкыңны шул иблискә каршы бор.&lt;br&gt;
Иман нуры яктысында иблис дәрманы китәр,&lt;br&gt;
Буйсындырып тота белсәң, ул сиңа хезмәт итәр.&lt;br&gt;
Хәлдән тайса көрәштәшләр һәм сирәгәйсә сафлар,&lt;br&gt;
Вәсвәсәләргә бирелеп, хыянәт итсә дуслар,&lt;br&gt;
Комачаулама аларга, үз иманыңны сакла,&lt;br&gt;
Булачак кискен көрәшкә яңа тарафлар тупла.&lt;br&gt;
Акылсызлык, башбаштаклык теләгәнен эшләсен,&lt;br&gt;
Чистартсын синең мохитне, мөртәтләрне чүпләсен.&lt;br&gt;
Фани булгач ошбу дөнья, Хак Тәгалә юлында&lt;br&gt;
Була алмый һич мәңгелек хөррият тә, золым да.&lt;br&gt;
Яралгысында золымның бар һәлакәт орлыгы:&lt;br&gt;
Гайрәтлерәк була барса, якыная хурлыгы.&lt;br&gt;
Золым белән көрәшкәндә юк фетнәнең кирәге –&lt;br&gt;
Һәркемнең үз яссылыгы, һәркемнең үз мәсләге.&lt;br&gt;
Узалмассың явызлыкта явызлыкны син һич тә –&lt;br&gt;
Утын өстәп торсаң утка, өстәлә аңа көч тә.&lt;br&gt;
Шайтаннарның таянычы – күпчелек белән тизлек,&lt;br&gt;
Күңел нуры, изге иман – Тәңре яраткан үзлек.&lt;br&gt;
Тормыш һәрчак дәвам итәр, Җирдән иман китмәсә,&lt;br&gt;
Юк аның үлем ноктасы, Кыямәт көн җитмәсә.&lt;br&gt;
Изге-явыз комарында без ирешкән нәтиҗә –&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелеккә юл алганда хаклы дәлил, тәҗрибә.&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья өчен дип тапканың бу дөньяда кала бит,&lt;br&gt;
Фидаиләр мәңгелектә үлемсезлек ала бит.&lt;br&gt;
Булмый тормыш тәгәрмәчен туктатып йә тизләтеп,&lt;br&gt;
Иблисләр Галәм Канунын яза алмый үзгәртеп.&lt;br&gt;
Һәм иблисне авызлыклап булмый һич канун белән –&lt;br&gt;
Туклана икейөзле хаин-мәлгунь каны белән.&lt;br&gt;
Иблиснең бөтен гәүдәсе тирәндә, җәһәннәмдә,&lt;br&gt;
Суыргыч-капшавычлары без гөнаһлы адәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Куллана ул азык итеп безләр кылган шомлыкны;&lt;br&gt;
Чыгар тамчы-тамчы кысып җаныңдагы бушлыкны,&lt;br&gt;
Корыт тамырын иблиснең һәм киптер бозык канын –&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә хозурында ясарсың тугры адым.&lt;br&gt;
Кыл изге гамәл, дөньядан киткәнче уйлан, эзлән,&lt;br&gt;
Җиңү-җиңелү мәгънәсен дөрес аңларга өйрән.&lt;br&gt;
'''''5-8 август, 1993 ел.'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''Дорога жизни'''&lt;br&gt;
К Престолу Бога путь всегда тернист:&lt;br&gt;
К Нему отыщет узкую тропинку &lt;br&gt;
Лишь кто душой и помыслами чист,&lt;br&gt;
Кто бережёт в себе Творца искринку. &lt;br&gt;
Наскоки сатаны прочь отвергай &lt;br&gt;
И в меру сил одолевай невзгоды, &lt;br&gt;
К души порывам ближних убеждай &lt;br&gt;
Во имя Бога, Истины, Свободы. &lt;br&gt;
Единство, лад, согласие в делах – &lt;br&gt;
Вот средства против сатанинской скверны, &lt;br&gt;
Покуда держишь крепко в удилах, &lt;br&gt;
И сатана – слуга, но лицемерный! &lt;br&gt;
Ничто не вечно: выбьются из сил – &lt;br&gt;
Соратников шеренги поредеют, &lt;br&gt;
Изменят те, кто клятву приносил, – &lt;br&gt;
Соблазны жизни краткой одолеют. &lt;br&gt;
Невмочь сдержать зло – отступи, терпи,&lt;br&gt;
Но сбереги в самом себе ты Бога, &lt;br&gt;
К борьбе за Веру падших подними – &lt;br&gt;
Вновь предстоит нелёгкая дорога! &lt;br&gt;
Неверные средь мутных сгинут волн – &lt;br&gt;
Очистится Земля от зыбкой скверны; &lt;br&gt;
Поток безумия и произвол &lt;br&gt;
Вреда не причинят нам, правоверным. &lt;br&gt;
Восстанем мы – как скалы средь пучин, &lt;br&gt;
Как маяки под сенью небосвода, &lt;br&gt;
Нам с Богом для унынья нет причин: &lt;br&gt;
Ярмо не вечно – так же, как свобода. &lt;br&gt;
Никто Величья Бога не оспорит! &lt;br&gt;
И тёмной силе не объять всего – &lt;br&gt;
Зерно погибели в зародыше её: &lt;br&gt;
Лихая удаль только крах ускорит. &lt;br&gt;
Без помощи Творца успехи мнимы, &lt;br&gt;
В борьбе со злом нужды в интригах нет; &lt;br&gt;
Дорога Жизни широка, но след &lt;br&gt;
У каждого здесь свой, неповторимый. &lt;br&gt;
Навал и суета – удел лишь сатаны: &lt;br&gt;
Обета лживого торопит бренность; &lt;br&gt;
Идущим к Вечности, как факелы, даны &lt;br&gt;
Надёжность, качество и постепенность! &lt;br&gt;
Пока на Вере зиждется наш Дом, &lt;br&gt;
Любовь Творца укроет нас как прежде; &lt;br&gt;
Господь свершит наш путь Страшным Судом, &lt;br&gt;
Когда погаснет в душах луч Надежды. &lt;br&gt;
Истории и судеб колесо &lt;br&gt;
Ускорить иль замедлить невозможно, &lt;br&gt;
Закон Творца священен и весом – &lt;br&gt;
Не заменить его обетом ложным! &lt;br&gt;
И Тьмы со Светом в той борьбе вотще &lt;br&gt;
Победы миг – мираж, пусть кровью добыт! &lt;br&gt;
Земных страданий оттиски в душе – &lt;br&gt;
Для вечной жизни обретённый опыт. &lt;br&gt;
И всё, что в мире бренном раб достиг, &lt;br&gt;
Его наследникам лишь для услады; &lt;br&gt;
Ценою жизни – тот счастливый миг &lt;br&gt;
Преодоленья Вечности преграды. &lt;br&gt;
Лишь праведный богоугодный труд &lt;br&gt;
Вернёт покой душе и счастье Дому, &lt;br&gt;
Скитания земного каждый круг – &lt;br&gt;
Дорогой Жизни верный шаг к Престолу. &lt;br&gt;
Твори добро и путь свой отыщи, &lt;br&gt;
В раздумьях о Творце найди отраду; &lt;br&gt;
Потерь и обретений труд души – &lt;br&gt;
Итог всей жизни и залог Награды. &lt;br&gt;
'''''8-10 августа 1993 года.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Тагын бер зур графоманлык күнегүем 3-4 октябрь көннәрендә, Русиянең яңа «демократик» хакимияте Мәскәүдә иске «коммунистик оппозиция» терәге булган Югары Шураны (Ак йортны) аттырган чакта булды. Ике көн буе телевизордан күргәнне кәгазьгә төшереп утырдым. Бернинди «иҗат газаплары» кичермичә, үзеннән-үзе язылды бу шигырь. Кемдер шыпырт кына колагыма әйтеп-сөйләп торган кебек булды. Татар теленә тәрҗемә итмәдем. 

'''Страна'''&lt;br&gt;
Страна – как коридор:&lt;br&gt;
Жандармов жадный взор, &lt;br&gt;
Дубинок дробный строй &lt;br&gt;
И барабанный бой. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь, как нигде, свои – &lt;br&gt;
Без тягот и забот – &lt;br&gt;
Мерзавцы, палачи, &lt;br&gt;
Чужой здесь лишь народ. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь тот, кто создаёт, &lt;br&gt;
Убог, бесправен, слаб; &lt;br&gt;
Как избавленья ждёт &lt;br&gt;
Своей кончины раб. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь «сникерсы» жуёт &lt;br&gt;
Проныра-спекулянт, &lt;br&gt;
В почёте идиот, &lt;br&gt;
Нахлебник, симулянт.&lt;br&gt;
И наглухо, как встарь, &lt;br&gt;
Закрыл весь белый свет &lt;br&gt;
Политикан-звонарь, &lt;br&gt;
Мафиози-мироед. &lt;br&gt;
Обшарит КГБ &lt;br&gt;
Все уголки души &lt;br&gt;
И волчий даст билет: &lt;br&gt;
Живи, но не дыши! &lt;br&gt;
Во сто пудов кулак – &lt;br&gt;
Цензуры удила; &lt;br&gt;
Лубянка и ГУЛАГ &lt;br&gt;
Венчают все «дела». &lt;br&gt;
Всегда здесь клином – клин; &lt;br&gt;
И словно хамелеон – &lt;br&gt;
Продажный властелин, &lt;br&gt;
Услужливый шпион. &lt;br&gt;
Здесь страх рулит везде,&lt;br&gt;
Чинуша прав во всём: &lt;br&gt;
Закатит в лоб тебе &lt;br&gt;
И мент, и управдом. &lt;br&gt;
Народам здесь – тюрьма:&lt;br&gt;
«Держать и не пущать! &lt;br&gt;
Накажем чурбана, &lt;br&gt;
Раз так туда их мать!» &lt;br&gt;
Страна плохих дорог, &lt;br&gt;
Обилия дураков, &lt;br&gt;
Несёт её злой рок &lt;br&gt;
На свалку всех веков. &lt;br&gt;
И много дней-ночей &lt;br&gt;
Ещё у нас пройдёт, &lt;br&gt;
Но поворот в судьбе, &lt;br&gt;
В сердцах произойдёт! &lt;br&gt;
Сойдутся в ближний круг &lt;br&gt;
Адамов сын и внук: &lt;br&gt;
Какой ни есть челом, &lt;br&gt;
Искра Творца – и в нём! &lt;br&gt;
Но не надейся враз, &lt;br&gt;
Без внутренней борьбы &lt;br&gt;
Преодолеть соблазн &lt;br&gt;
Пороков сатаны. &lt;br&gt;
Избавься от оков,&lt;br&gt;
И ближнего любя, &lt;br&gt;
Ты уважай его &lt;br&gt;
Как самого себя. &lt;br&gt;
И в человеке том &lt;br&gt;
Ты брата разгляди, &lt;br&gt;
Согрей своим теплом, &lt;br&gt;
Тревоги раздели. &lt;br&gt;
'''Если всех людей'''&lt;br&gt;
'''мира хочешь вмиг''' &lt;br&gt;
'''обратить в друзей, –'''&lt;br&gt;
'''знай ты их язык!''' &lt;br&gt;
Страна – не коридор, &lt;br&gt;
Страна – цветущий сад, &lt;br&gt;
Когда в ней каждый взор&lt;br&gt;
Слит в общий дружбы взгляд. &lt;br&gt;
Страна людьми сильна, &lt;br&gt;
Свободой велика. &lt;br&gt;
Свободная страна &lt;br&gt;
Будет жить века!&lt;br&gt;
'''''3-4 октября, 1993 года.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Шул ук туксанынчы елларда язылган тагын берничә шигырь:&lt;br&gt;

'''Сүз турында сүз'''&lt;br&gt;
Иң элек Сүз яратылган, бу – шиксез.&lt;br&gt;
Фикер-фөкра туып торган өзлексез,&lt;br&gt;
Изге Рухтан канат иңеп бер мәлдә,&lt;br&gt;
Бөтен киңлеккә таралган Галәмдә.&lt;br&gt;
Сүз яңарта һәм җимерә дөньяны,&lt;br&gt;
Сүз белән бәндә хөкем итә җанны:&lt;br&gt;
Йә фәрештә куенында сакланыр,&lt;br&gt;
Йә вәсвәсәгә бирелеп газапланыр.&lt;br&gt;
Сүз яраткан җимешләр – зәгыйфь, фани,&lt;br&gt;
Тарттырыр аларны чор тегермәне;&lt;br&gt;
Бәндә генә гомерлек дип әмәлләр&lt;br&gt;
Кайвакыт уй-фикерләр һәм гамәлләр.&lt;br&gt;
Аермачык сүзләр белән юл ярып,&lt;br&gt;
Төзик гүзәл фикер-фөкра сафларын;&lt;br&gt;
Сырлы сафсатаның юктыр кирәге –&lt;br&gt;
Гади вә гүзәл тормышның зияге.&lt;br&gt;
Галәм бакчасында һаман сабый без,&lt;br&gt;
Язмыш тәсбих төймәләрен саныйбыз;&lt;br&gt;
Безнең гомер – сандал-чүкеч арасы,&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелеккә шуннан үтеп барасы.&lt;br&gt;
Эзләмә урын Галәмнәр читеннән,&lt;br&gt;
Чүкелмәккә бәндә тәкъдир ителгән;&lt;br&gt;
Фикер-гамәл белән язмышың уйнат,&lt;br&gt;
Чыныксын җаның – күбрәк аны кыйнат!&lt;br&gt;

'''Заманча вәгазь'''&lt;br&gt;
Һәр гамәлнең Җир йөзендә нигезе бар,&lt;br&gt;
Бар гыйбрәте, куанычы, аянычы.&lt;br&gt;
Илаһиның фанилектә гел эзе бар,&lt;br&gt;
Бәндә гамәленең Күктә – таянычы.&lt;br&gt;
Изгелектән бәндә нигез әзерләсә,&lt;br&gt;
Күкләр аңа бирми калмас үз ярдәмен;&lt;br&gt;
Бу дөньяда кеше үзе ниләр чәчсә,&lt;br&gt;
Мәңгелектә торыр татып шуның тәмен.&lt;br&gt;
Соңгы сүзне Аллаһ биргән изгелеккә,&lt;br&gt;
Сынауларның азагында бар хозурлык;&lt;br&gt;
Төсле гөлләр булып үсәр ахыр чиктә&lt;br&gt;
Бер күреге дә булмаган шыксыз орлык.&lt;br&gt;
Чүп ыргытсаң, үз башыңа явар уклар,&lt;br&gt;
Терәксез эш вә нигезсез гамәл калмас;&lt;br&gt;
Күкләрдә хәл ителгәнне корсакбашлар&lt;br&gt;
Фетнәләре белән генә үзгәрталмас!&lt;br&gt;
Изге гамәл, Аллаһ кушса, гел мөкәммәл,&lt;br&gt;
Әмер килсә, хәл итәрсең барысын үзең;&lt;br&gt;
Ниятләрең керсез булса, табылыр әмәл,&lt;br&gt;
Фәрештәләр дә иңдерер «амин» сүзен.&lt;br&gt;

'''Заманалар килә!'''&lt;br&gt;
Үз вакыты таш атуның,&lt;br&gt;
Үз вакыты таш җыюның;&lt;br&gt;
Кылганга җавап тотуның –&lt;br&gt;
Заманасы хәзер шуның.&lt;br&gt;
Вәхи ителмеш Китапта&lt;br&gt;
Ошбу күчеш галәмәте:&lt;br&gt;
Галәмнәрнең бугазыннан&lt;br&gt;
Үтеп бара Җир хәяте.&lt;br&gt;
Әйләнерләр таяк йоткан&lt;br&gt;
Тәкәбберләр тораташка,&lt;br&gt;
Кешелеккә ыргытылган&lt;br&gt;
Чуерташлар явар башка.&lt;br&gt;
Дәгъва булмас даһилеккә,&lt;br&gt;
Пәйгамбәрләр ризыгына,&lt;br&gt;
Күп гамәлләр китәр чүпкә,&lt;br&gt;
Хак булыр тик азы гына.&lt;br&gt;
Кайсыбыз бу йөккә чыдар?&lt;br&gt;
Булмас әйдәп баручылар,&lt;br&gt;
Булмас качып калучылар,&lt;br&gt;
Азлар атлар, күпләр елар.&lt;br&gt;
«Халкым!» дигән тавышлысы&lt;br&gt;
Алыр Бөек Галәм моңын,&lt;br&gt;
«Үзем!» дигән табышлысы –&lt;br&gt;
Комга күчкән алтын чыңын...&lt;br&gt;
Беркем алдан хәбәр бирмәс,&lt;br&gt;
Ни буласын Алла белә.&lt;br&gt;
Асыл-рәвешен һичкем белмәс&lt;br&gt;
Заманалар ләкин килә.&lt;br&gt;
Килә!&lt;br&gt;

'''Киләчәк буыннар авазы'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(төзелмәгән фирка манифесты)'''''&lt;br&gt;
Ашкынулы сабырсыздан&lt;br&gt;
Гомердә көнләшмәгез;&lt;br&gt;
Бердәм булыгыз, фиркаләп&lt;br&gt;
Әлегә берләшмәгез.&lt;br&gt;
Аллаһыбыз хозурында&lt;br&gt;
Бәндә ялгыз һәрвакыт;&lt;br&gt;
Хак Тәгалә бирер әмер,&lt;br&gt;
Килер ул – сезнең вакыт!&lt;br&gt;
Иҗтиһат кыл сабырлыкта,&lt;br&gt;
Кырыкка берне ярып;&lt;br&gt;
Без әле тумаганбыз бит –&lt;br&gt;
Эзләмә һич шәм алып.&lt;br&gt;
Иман нуры белән һәрчак&lt;br&gt;
Яктырт фани дөньяны;&lt;br&gt;
Бәлки син дә безнекедер –&lt;br&gt;
Кем дә булса бит тергезер&lt;br&gt;
Төзелмәгән фиркане!&lt;br&gt;

'''Жизнь – лишь суета...'''&lt;br&gt;
Фундамент мирозданья тем и крепок,&lt;br&gt;
Что качеством и простотой отмечен;&lt;br&gt;
Его тайник же строго засекречен,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб отыскать, в мозгу не хватит клеток.&lt;br&gt;
Не первый век убогий разум тщится&lt;br&gt;
Прогрызть гранит наук, стену учений,&lt;br&gt;
И тянется за ним борьбы, мучений,&lt;br&gt;
Потерь и катастроф всех вереница.&lt;br&gt;
И все просторы наших «достижений»,&lt;br&gt;
Наукой покорённые «высоты» –&lt;br&gt;
Лишь тупики, ловушки и пустоты&lt;br&gt;
Земного лабиринта приключений.&lt;br&gt;
Деяния подвижников «свершений»&lt;br&gt;
Наперекор гармонии небесной&lt;br&gt;
Потомкам нашим разве что уместны&lt;br&gt;
Как маяки трагедий и крушений.&lt;br&gt;
И перепробовав всего земного,&lt;br&gt;
Правнуки скажут на краю «прогресса»:&lt;br&gt;
«Количество и скорость любят беса,&lt;br&gt;
Умеренность и качество – суть Бога».&lt;br&gt;
Поймут они, сполна себя исхлёстав,&lt;br&gt;
У бренности на самой той границе:&lt;br&gt;
Толкли лишь воду мы в земной ступице,&lt;br&gt;
А ларчик открывался очень просто...&lt;br&gt;
* * *&lt;br&gt;
А ведь за тем же Бог людьми нас создал,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб мы, никчёмность суеты поняв,&lt;br&gt;
И мёртвый груз страстей, пороков роздав,&lt;br&gt;
К Нему вернулись, лик Его прияв!&lt;br&gt;

'''Приговор злодею'''&lt;br&gt;
Аршином измерив, умом не понять:&lt;br&gt;
Завязла в болоте державная мощь,&lt;br&gt;
«Спецов» и «радетелей» тёмная рать&lt;br&gt;
Тусуется в думах и тщится «помочь».&lt;br&gt;
Набит гениальностью как кошелёк,&lt;br&gt;
Горохом отскочат из уст словеса –&lt;br&gt;
Хоть в чувствах сыновьих к Отчизне убог,&lt;br&gt;
Страну норовит он поднять в небеса.&lt;br&gt;
И дух реформаторства в нём, словно бес,&lt;br&gt;
Потрогать, подвигать, порушить зовёт;&lt;br&gt;
Мерилом величья – крутой «Мерседес»&lt;br&gt;
И в цюрихах собственный банковский счёт.&lt;br&gt;
Имперский Иуда себе на уме,&lt;br&gt;
Попробуй продажным назвать – миль пардон!&lt;br&gt; 
Хозяин работой доволен вполне:&lt;br&gt;
Текут миллиарды к нему за кордон.&lt;br&gt;
«Россия безгласна, хоть выжми весь сок, –&lt;br&gt;
Прибавит «наставник» злодею ума, –&lt;br&gt;
По пузе и мозгу – за шоком шок,&lt;br&gt;
Не выйти «колоссу» сто лет из дерьма»!&lt;br&gt;
Кишит у престолов иудин помёт,&lt;br&gt;
Кровавую бойню готовит в стране,&lt;br&gt;
Химеру плечом подпереть он зовёт&lt;br&gt;
И в жертву народ принести сатане.&lt;br&gt;
Столетий уроки злодею не впрок.&lt;br&gt;
Небес приговор безгласен, но строг:&lt;br&gt; 
«Уж карма твоя полна – вышел срок,&lt;br&gt;
Пора преступить преисподней порог!»&lt;br&gt;  

Инде яңа гасырда оештырылган бер «рифма» туксанынчы еллардагы графоманлык күнегүләремә менә шундый йомгак ясады: 

'''Заметки графомана'''&lt;br&gt;
И всё и вся послушны звону злата,&lt;br&gt;
Когда судьбу не раскуёшь иначе:&lt;br&gt;
Писатель нынче – графоман удачи,&lt;br&gt;
А графоман – писатель, но без блата.&lt;br&gt;

Слыть графоманом суждено поэту,&lt;br&gt;
Коль не снискал официальных лавров:&lt;br&gt;
Пусть затыкал за пояс «динозавров»,&lt;br&gt;
Но не устроил их апологетов.&lt;br&gt;

А потому и ныне в обществе обмана,&lt;br&gt;
Склонив главу, когда венок вручают,&lt;br&gt;
Одним глазком поэты примечают...&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб не накинули хомутик графомана.&lt;br&gt; 

==== '''Такмак язып – журналистлыкка?''' ====
Ахыр чиктә бу «файдасыз эшләр» мине... КАМАЗ нәшер итә торган «Нур» газетасы редакциясенә эшкә алынуга илтеп җиткерде. Беркөнне, инде тураеп, ләкин саклык белән генә тәпи йөри башлагач, 1994 елның март аендагы сайлаулардан соң «Яңа Дума такмаларын» язып, элеккеге кебек, гадәттәгечә, ул вакытта газетада мөхәррир урынбасары булып эшләгән Зәки абый Хәнәфиевкә илтеп бирдем. Ул моны укып чыкты да... инде әзер газетаның соңгы битенә куелган бер материал урынына минем язманы кертеп урнаштырды: 

'''Яңа Дума такмаклары'''&lt;br&gt;
Тәрәзәләргә ут капса,&lt;br&gt;
ачып җибәр ишекне;&lt;br&gt;
юньле Дума, гадел патша –&lt;br&gt;
хыял назлый мужикны.&lt;br&gt;
Сүз боткасы ашатырга&lt;br&gt;
булды Мәскәү Думалы;&lt;br&gt;
җиңел куып таратырга –&lt;br&gt;
вәкаләте чамалы.&lt;br&gt;
Бик күпләрең Себер китәр,&lt;br&gt;
«либерал»ны котыртсаң,&lt;br&gt;
алтын богаулар киярсең,&lt;br&gt;
муеныңа утыртсаң.&lt;br&gt;
Әнә килә Жириновский –&lt;br&gt;
бөек дәүләт батыры,&lt;br&gt;
тавышы яңа, җыры иске –&lt;br&gt;
хурлык булыр ахыры.&lt;br&gt;
Патша йөри урам буйлап,&lt;br&gt;
нигә ачык изүе? –&lt;br&gt;
Йә тагын бер кат «җиңүе»,&lt;br&gt;
йә тәхеттән төшүе!..&lt;br&gt;
Арзан Дума – очсыз халык,&lt;br&gt;
хуҗасызлык дәүләте...&lt;br&gt;
Кайчан бетәр аңгыралык,&lt;br&gt;
мисезлек галәмәте?&lt;br&gt;

Бу такмакларның урысчасын да язган идем, ләкин мин аны «Вести КАМАЗа»га тәкъдим итмәдем. Биредә яңа «демократик» кануннарның ике сәер маддәсенә ишарә ясала: беренчесе – әгәр дә Дәүләт Думасы РФ президентының хөкүмәт башлыгын билгеләү буенча өч тәкъдимен кире кага икән, президент бу парламентны куып тарата ала (беренче куплет); икенчесе – сайлаучыларның 25 проценты катнашкан булса, сайлаулар үткән дип санала (өченче куплет). 

'''Новая Дума'''&lt;br&gt;
В Думе-думушке престольной&lt;br&gt;
подают к обеду рис,&lt;br&gt;
трижды крикнут&lt;br&gt;
«Смирно!», «Вольно!»,&lt;br&gt;
а потом и – «Разойдись!»&lt;br&gt;
Наша Дума мировая,&lt;br&gt;
на деревне как плетень:&lt;br&gt;
руки-ноги обдирая,&lt;br&gt;
лезут все, кому не лень.&lt;br&gt;
Двадцать пять – и депутат! –&lt;br&gt;
Вот дешёвенький мандат.&lt;br&gt;
Ни к чему нам крупный счёт,&lt;br&gt;
если с гулькин хер почёт...&lt;br&gt;
Что-то дымом потянуло,&lt;br&gt;
вдруг пожар, будь начеку!&lt;br&gt;
...Добрый царь с путёвой Думой&lt;br&gt;
всё же снятся мужику.&lt;br&gt;
Жириновский безоглядно&lt;br&gt;
обещания всем даёт,&lt;br&gt;
хриплым голосом надсадно&lt;br&gt;
и «по Геббельсу» поёт:&lt;br&gt;
«Наклони головку низко,&lt;br&gt;
чтоб златых цепей надеть,&lt;br&gt;
даль Чукотки станет близкой,&lt;br&gt;
коль посадишь на хребет».&lt;br&gt;
Против мира в одиночку,&lt;br&gt;
ты куда, Володя, прёшь?&lt;br&gt;
Впрочем, ты и с дёгтем в бочке&lt;br&gt;
от стыда ведь не помрёшь...&lt;br&gt;
Лихо правит «демократ»:&lt;br&gt;
до базара и назад.&lt;br&gt;
Нету больше сил бежать,&lt;br&gt;
остается «побеждать».&lt;br&gt;
Победили на равнине,&lt;br&gt;
победим мы и в горах,&lt;br&gt;
сохраним Чечню, всех прочих&lt;br&gt;
мы разгоним в пух и прах!&lt;br&gt;
...Кто-то пользуется всласть&lt;br&gt;
благами всевластия;&lt;br&gt;
катастрофой может стать&lt;br&gt;
эта катавасия!&lt;br&gt;

Һәм бу такмакларны укып чыккач, Зәки абый «Нур» газетасы белән шушы ярты еллык хезмәттәшлек чорымда миңа беренче тапкыр сорау бирде: «Фәһим, син кайда эшлисең?» Барысын да чәчми-түкми сөйләп бирдем: «Авыр эштә эшләп, тәмам имгәнеп беткән идем. Ярты ел өйдә дәваланып утырдым, хәзер терелеп җиттем шикелле». Ә Зәки абый: «Мин сине «Нур»га хәбәрче итеп алырга тәкъдим итеп карыйм әле», – дип шаккатырды. Махсус югары белемем һәм эш тәҗрибәм булмавы комачау түгел икән инде. Илдә капитализмга күчү кризисы бара, җитмәсә, КАМАЗның йөрткечләр заводын янгын харап итте. Бөтен җирдә кадрлар табышлырак һәм, һич югында, хезмәт хакы тотрыклы түләнә торган урын эзли. Кеше бөлгенлеккә төшеп баручы КАМАЗдан гел читкә китеп тора, бигрәк тә матбугат кебек бюджетка бәйле бүлемтекләрдә. Буш вакансияләр күп. 
Вакытын туры китереп, КАМАЗның Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәге (ҖЭҮ) директоры Наил Фатих улы Галиуллинга кердек икәү Зәки абый белән. Атна-ун көннән соң 
мин, тормышның төбенә төшеп баручы «урам малае», рәсми рәвештә интеллигент булып киттем. КАМАЗ заводларына кереп эшләү өчен пропуск юнәтү ни сәбәпледер шактый озакка сузылды: берничә ай буе «язар тәгам»ымны шәһәрдә генә эзләргә туры килде.

==== '''Гөлнәфидә юлыннан''' ====
Сиксәненче еллар азагында, нәкъ шәһәрдә йөк ташучы булып эшли башлаган вакытта, язмыш мине Гөлнәфидә исемле һәм гаилә җәмәгатемнең дусты булган бер ханым белән очраштырды. 1984 елда клиник үлем кичергән, димәк, «теге дөньядан кире кайткан» һәм шуннан соң билгеле бер дәрәҗәдә күрәзәлеккә дә ия булып алган кеше. Миннән җиде яшькә кечерәк, ләкин акылы, сабырлыгы, дөньяга, тормышка илаһи карашы һәм кешелеклелеге буенча мин берничек тә тиңләшерлек булмаган югарылыктагы кеше ул. Үзе минем кебек үк графоман. Ләкин аның иҗатында кешене рухландыра һәм халыкка юл яра торган шигырьләр дә байтак. Менә бусы, аны укыганнан һәм күчереп алганнан соң егерме еллап вакыт үткәч, минем tt.forvo.com халыкара әйтелешләр һәм аудиосүзлекләр сайтында эшли башлавыма этәргечләрнең берсе булды:&lt;br&gt;

'''Татар теле илләр гизәчәк!'''&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә,&lt;br&gt;
Үз телеңне яклап, иң башта,&lt;br&gt;
Теле барны көтә киләчәк –&lt;br&gt;
Бу көн безгә барыбер киләчәк:&lt;br&gt;
Татар теле илләр гизәчәк!&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә –&lt;br&gt;
Теле бардан курка палач та!&lt;br&gt;
Телсез, динсез була тик маңкорт,&lt;br&gt;
Кеше канын эчкән соры корт.&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә,&lt;br&gt;
Татар исеме белән җыр башла.&lt;br&gt;
Муса Җәлил, Гайнан Кормашлар&lt;br&gt;
Безне яклап, яклап сүз башлар.&lt;br&gt;
Сөембикә, Сафагәрәйләр –&lt;br&gt;
Изге күктән җиргә иңгәннәр.&lt;br&gt;
Безне көтә алда яктылык,&lt;br&gt;
Дөнья китсен өчен яктырып.&lt;br&gt;
Изгелек җирдә эзсез югалмас,&lt;br&gt;
Тынчыган күл генә юл алмас.&lt;br&gt;
Курыкма син денсез каргыштан –&lt;br&gt;
Безнең ризык бодай-арыштан;&lt;br&gt;
Шул башаклар булып, бер символ&lt;br&gt;
Безгә эндәшә: «Татар, горур бул!»&lt;br&gt;
Күтәрел син, халкым, көрәшкә,&lt;br&gt;
Үз телеңне яклап, иң башта!&lt;br&gt;
Теле барны көтә киләчәк –&lt;br&gt;
Бу көн безгә барыбер киләчәк:&lt;br&gt;
Татар теле илләр гизәчәк.&lt;br&gt;
Татар теле илләр гизәчәк!&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Зәки Хәнәфи улы Хәнәфиев.&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' 1998 ел. Терелеп һәм араңгыдан чыгып, «нурлы» булып киткән вакыт.&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Остазларымның остазы – Наил Фатих улы Галиуллин (1941-2020). Узган гасырның җитмешенче елларында «Советская Татария» газетасының КАМАЗдагы хәбәрчесе, соңрак КАМАЗ партия комитеты рәисе һәм КАМАЗ профсоюз комитеты рәисе. Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәген җитәкләгәнче, берничә ел КАМАЗның Маҗарстандагы вәкиле булган.&lt;br&gt; 

«Нур»да эшли башлагач, Гөлнәфидәнең сүзләренә колак салып, кеше белән аралашырга азмы-күпме өйрәндем, дип әйтә алам. «Кеше бармаган җиргә бар, кеше эшләмәгәнне, эшләүдән баш тартканны, бөтенләй файдалы һәм кирәкле дип тапмаганны эшлә! Һәм туры сүз әйтүдән курыкма!» – дигән «сәер» киңәшләр биргән иде ул миңа. Хәзер генә әле, күп еллар үткәч, мин үземә үзем шундый сорау-җавап куям: «Гомер буе «Гөлнәфидәчә тырай тибеп», кесәгә салырлык яки авызга кабарлык шәхси файда һәм, гомумән, дәрәҗә турында уйлап та карамыйча, дөнья кудым түгелме соң?» Шулай да, туксанынчы елларда «Гөлнәфидә сызган юл» иң турысы һәм дөресе булды бит! Башкача яра алыр идеме соң «өченче сортлы» кеше үз юлын?&lt;br&gt;
«Нур»дагы беренче зур күләмле язмам май аенда пәйда булды. Чаллы татар иҗтимагый үзәге Шәһри Болгарга сәяхәт оештырган иде, Нәсих абый Таҗиев мине шунда җибәрде. Бу тетрәндергеч сәфәрдән кайткач, менә шундый шигырь яздым:&lt;br&gt;

'''Шәһри Болгар'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''Пока гром не грянет, мужик не перекрестится...'''''&lt;br&gt;

1. Бар аның чиркәве, бу изге урында&lt;br&gt;
Каберташ өстенә салынган,&lt;br&gt;
Атасы, бабасы, патшасы да шунда&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлар буена чукынган.&lt;br&gt;
Ул хәзер чукынмый, үзгә уй башында,&lt;br&gt;
Юк тәре тактасы түрендә.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә&lt;br&gt;
Борынгы бабалар җирендә...&lt;br&gt;

2. Оныткан Алланы, курыкмый һичкемнән,&lt;br&gt;
Ятса да нигездә сөякләр.&lt;br&gt;
Тик үзен төннәрен йоклаган җиреннән&lt;br&gt;
Өстерәп торгыза өрәкләр.&lt;br&gt;
Аңламас һичкайчан күргәнен төшендә,&lt;br&gt;
Эшләми сәрхушның башы да.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә,&lt;br&gt;
Тотмый шул каберләр ташы да!&lt;br&gt;

3. Айныгач, җимерә чиркәве нигезен,&lt;br&gt;
Тарихның җуймакчы хәтерен.&lt;br&gt;
Чукынса чукыныр бу бәндә, тик үзе&lt;br&gt;
Гел үтәр иблиснең әмерен.&lt;br&gt;
Мәскәүдә патшасы һаман үз эшендә,&lt;br&gt;
Чамалый безне кол итәргә.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә,&lt;br&gt;
Ашыкмый әҗәле җитәргә.&lt;br&gt;

4. Тапшырган ул илне, кул селтәп, бурларга&lt;br&gt;
Һәм йөри корытып Җир шарын,&lt;br&gt;
Гасырлар буена ябышкан Болгарга,&lt;br&gt;
Бүген дә нәҗесли диварын.&lt;br&gt;
Вәхшилек һәйкәле булып Җир түшендә&lt;br&gt;
Калырга нияте тарихта.&lt;br&gt;
Күкрәми күкләр дә, яшьнәми яшен дә,&lt;br&gt;
Шуңа бит чукынмый мужик та!&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Шәһри Болгар. Изге җирләребезгә тәүге сәяхәт. Идел буенда.&lt;br&gt;

Июнь аенда исә мине Мансур атлы һәм урыс телендә язучы бер хәбәрче белән бергә КАМАЗның үзәк җыю конвейерына эшкә җибәрделәр. Бер ай дәвамында икенче позициядә эшләдек, җыела торган машиналарга реактив штангалар куеп тордык. Шуннан соң гына миңа «вездеход пропускы» бирделәр. Иң беренче зур интервьюымны әзерләү өчен, элек эшләгән җиремә – Ремонт-инструмент заводына (РИЗ) юнәлдем. Әңгәмәдәшем – туган телендә иркен сөйләшүче татар кешесе, завод директорының икътисад буенча урынбасары Илдус Ильяс улы Баянов. Аны соңрак автомобильләр заводына директор итеп тә куйганнар иде. 

Башка заводлар белән мин өстән-өстән генә таныш идем, шуңа күрә башлангыч чорда, КАМАЗны һәм аның бөтен аулак җирләрен әйләнеп чыкканчы, мин күбрәк «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасы хәбәрчеләре белән бергә йөрдем. КАМАЗ тормышында һәм эшчәнлегендә өйрәнәсе-төшенәсе «маддәләр» хәттин ашкан иде әле. Урыс телендә язучылар Эльвира Мөхәммәтдинева, Эльмира Яковлева һәм Раил Галләмев (ул вакытта «Вести КАМАЗа» мөхәррире урынбасары) бер елдан артык минем заводлардагы һәм җитәкчелек оешмаларындагы остазларым булдылар. Үз язмаларымны алар белән килештерә идем, чөнки КАМАЗда татар телен яхшы белүче җитәкчеләр бик аз иде ул вакытта да. Ә редакциядә Зәки Хәнәфи улы үзе өйрәтте мине яңа һөнәр алымнарына һәм серләренә. Урыс телендә дә яза башлагач, мине «иң югарыдагы» кабинетларга Наил Фатих 
улы үзе ияртеп йөрде. Бу очракта мин урыс телендә язылган мәкаләне, Наил абый төзәткәннән соң, татар теленә дә тәрҗемә итеп бирә идем. 

Бары 1996 елда гына мин «тулы мөстәкыйльлек»кә чыктым. Наил Фатих улы гына – һәм «бик җаваплы очракларда», әйтик, иң югарыдагы җитәкчеләр белән әңгәмә үткәргәндә – 
мине элеккечә ияртеп йөрде. 2002 елга кадәр, ул үзе пенсиягә чыкканчы. «Вести КАМАЗа» хәбәрчеләре язган һәм автогигант тормышының мөһим күренешләрен яктырткан материаллар тәрҗемәсе дә өлешчә минем өстә булды. «Репертуар киңлегем» торган саен үсә барды. Ә шәһәрдә мин баштан ук гел үзем генә эшләдем. Спорт, милли хәрәкәт, мәдәният, мэриянең милли оешмалар бүлеге җитәкчесе Галимҗан Зарипов карамагындагы милләтара багланышлар, сәнгать чаралары – берсе дә читтә калмады.

Шәхси табышлы булмаганга күрә, «Нур» газетасының хәбәрчеләре бу «вак-төяк нәрсәләр»гә игътибар итмәделәр. Ул вакытта милли хәрәкәтнең акча туплана торган бер юнәлеше ныграк җәлеп итә иде аларны. Аны соңрак рәсми Казан Мәскәү басымы астында «экстремистик» дип игълан итте. Минзәлә аракы заводындагы хәлләрдән соң ТИҮнең бу тармагы бөтенләй тыелды дисәң дә була. «Корсак тәмугка илтә» дигән кисәтүне санга сукмады милләтчеләребез ул вакытта. КАМАЗ җитәкчелеге исә бу «ультра» төркемен әле гендиректор Николай Бех заманында ук өнәп бетерми иде. Иван Костин чорында да мөнәсәбәт үзгәрмәде. 

«Миңа бу эш өчен түлиләрме-юкмы, түләсәләр – күпме?» дигән сорау мине бөтенләй кызыксындырмады. Шушы коточкыч елларда да КАМАЗ өчен артык кеше булып китмәвем 
үзе бер галәмәт һәм юаныч иде. Яңалыкларның бер өлешен, үзем тәрҗемә итеп, «Вести КАМАЗа»га биреп бардым. Газета мөхәррире, озын-озак еллар дәвам иткән журналистлык тәҗрибәсенә ия булган кеше, ике ел Әл-Җәзаирдә эшләгән һәм француз телендә иркен сөйләшүче Валерий Леонид улы Аракчеевның ярдәме һәм сабагы да зур терәк булды минем өчен туксанынчы елларда. Аннары ул шәһәргә, «тагын да җаваплырак эш»кә күчте һәм хәтта күпмедер вакыт Русия күләмендә таратыла торган журналны да җитәкләде. Һәм мин КАМАЗның урыс телле газетасында баштан ук һәм ахыргача чит кеше булмадым. Валерий абый урынына калган Раил Шәфигулла улы 
Галләмев исә (хәзер гүр иясе инде, авыр туфрагы җиңел булсын аның) үзе дә татарча иркен сөйләшә һәм укый-яза торган кеше иде. Кызганычка каршы, аның һәм Зәки Хәнәфи улының, «Вести КАМАЗа» белән «Нур» газеталарын берләштерү, татар телле мөстәкыйль басманы КАМАЗга юнәлтү һәм, шул рәвешле, татар теленең үзен дә заводларда саклап калу хыяллары тормышка аша алмый иде. Татар телендә язучылар цехларга кереп эшләргә, димәк, ике телдә дә язарга һәм хезмәт коллективларында татар теленең урынын хакларга теләмәделәр. Һәм «Гөлнәфидә юлын» да татар журналистлары хупламады. «Нур» сүнде: 2003 елда «КАМАЗ хәбәрләре» исеме астында «Вести КАМАЗа»ның тулы тәрҗемәле дубляжы булып китте, ә 2008 ел башында юкка чыкты. КАМАЗ татар телен онытты инде...&lt;br&gt; 

'''Тирән кризистан – яшәүгә!'''&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:''' Нурлылар 1990 нчы еллар уртасында. Арткы рәттә (сулдан уңга): фотохәбәрче Николай Брик, Өлфәт абый Гыйлаев, мин үзем, мөхәррир Зәки абый Хәнәфиев, «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасында мөхәррир булып калган Раил абый Галләмев. Алгы рәттә (сулдан уңга): рәссам Фаил Исламов, Резидә Гасимова (хәзерге вакытта «Мәйдан» журналының баш мөхәррире), уң якта – Резидә Йосыпова (бүген «Шәһри Чаллы»ның баш мөхәррире). 

'''ФОТО:''' Бер өйрәнчеккә – өч остаз! Арттагы рәттә, уңнан сулга: «Рабочий КАМАЗа» газетасына нигез салган Валерий Леонид улы Аракчеев, «Нур» һәм «КАМАЗ хәбәрләре» газеталарының баш мөхәррире Мөхәммәтзәки Хәнәфи улы Хәнәфиев, «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасының 1990 нчы кризис елларындагы мөхәррире Раил Шәфигулла улы Галләмев.

Узган гасыр азагы һәм хәзергесенең беренче еллары чыннан да иң авыр чор булды КАМАЗның 56 еллык гомерендә. Миллиардлаган бурычка һәм бөлгенлеккә төшкән олы ширкәт кем кулына эләгер? Чит ил «туристлары»ның тугыз ай буе эшсез утырган заводларга ара-тирә килеп-китеп йөрүе үзе бер сигнал булды. Минем үземә, әйтик, Япониядән һәм Швейцариядән килгән сәяхәтчеләрне бушап калган заводлар һәм шәһәр буйлап озатып йөрергә туры килде.

Безгә Альп таулары итәгеннән җибәрелгән ирле-хатынлы бер 
пар белән аралашу, танып белү җәһәтеннән караганда, бик гыйбрәтле булды минем өчен. Туган телләре алман теле иде аларның, башлыча шул телдә сөйләштеләр үзара. Бик күңелле һәм юмор хисле, холыкларында тәкәбберлекнең эзе дә булмаган кешеләр иде. Француз, итальян һәм инглиз телләрен дә беләләр, ләкин аларны кулланмадылар бу очракта. Урыс телен дә аңлыйлар һәм гадирәк итеп булса да гәпләшә алалар. Ә инде минем алман сөйләшен чамалавымны сиземләгәч, алар, миңа карап елмаеп алдылар да... бөтенләй таныш булмаган башка телгә күчтеләр. Мин дә сүз сорап күршегә керә торганнардан түгел, алардан шаяртып сорадым: «Бусы нинди торналар торкылдавы тагын?» – дип. «Бу безнең ретороман телләренең алман теленә нигезләнгәне!» – диделәр. Төрле кантоннарда берничәшәр мең кеше генә сөйләшә торган җирле телләрнең икенчесе француз теленнән үсеп чыккан. Икесе дә атаклы идиш теленең Швейцариядә «пешкән» һәм җитлеккән үзенчәлекле «игезәкләре». Икесе дә кайбер төбәкләрдә рәсми статуска ия икән. 

Швейцариялеләр белән аралашкач, минем «графоманлык тупланмасы», башка телләрне белүнең әһәмиятен хаклап, ассоциатив бәйләнешле ике шигырьчек белән тулыланды:&lt;br&gt;

'''Мономах малахае'''&lt;br&gt;
«Картайдың, Мономах туган:&lt;br&gt;
«Яшел елан» зиһенең буган,&lt;br&gt;
Фикерең таркау, сүзең тупас...&lt;br&gt;
Булмас, ахры, синнән булмас! –&lt;br&gt;
Диде Әхмәт. – Бир, агайне!» –&lt;br&gt;
Кабат киде малахайны.&lt;br&gt;

'''Шапка Мономаха'''&lt;br&gt;
Постарел Мономах: говорит невпопад,&lt;br&gt;
Вечно пьян и ленив, грубоват,&lt;br&gt;
Чувство меры ему изменяет;&lt;br&gt;
И былого величья уж нет...&lt;br&gt;
А в коротких штанишках Ахмет&lt;br&gt;
Его шапку тайком примеряет.&lt;br&gt;

Агымдагы сәясәт тә читтә калмады. Әйтик, «Бердәм Русия» фиркасен төзүнең башлангыч чоры минем графоманлыкта менә шундый чагылыш тапты: 

'''Хмельной коктейль'''&lt;br&gt;
«Отечеством» разбавили «Единство»,&lt;br&gt;
«Вся Россия» закусью пошла;&lt;br&gt;
От избытка чести всмесь со свинством&lt;br&gt;
Дурь в стране бурьяном проросла...&lt;br&gt;

Безнең Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәгендә дә «кыскартулар» булмый калмады. Күп кеше эштән үз теләге белән китте. Китми калган хезмәткәрләргә алны-ялны белмичә һәм хезмәт кенәгәсе буенча биләгән урыннарына карамыйча эшләргә туры килде. Төп юнәлешебез КАМАЗны... Мәскәү һәм аның җирле табак ялаучылары һөҗүмнәреннән саклау булды. 1998 елның гыйнварында Наил Фатих улы мине «Нур»дан алып үз карамагына күчерде. Яңа вазифамны хезмәт кенәгәсенә «әйдәп баручы белгеч» дип яздылар. КАМАЗ турында хәбәрләрне җыю һәм язу, бергә туплау, бер телдән икенчесенә тәрҗемә итеп, Чаллының, Татарстанның һәм бөтен илнең матбугат чараларына тапшыру, аларда эшләүче журналистларны мөһим вакыйгаларга, матбугат конференцияләренә чакыру, аларның КАМАЗга кагылышлы язмаларын һәм тапшыруларын күзәтеп бару – төп эшем шул булды.

Бервакыт «КАМАЗ» акционерлык җәмгыятен... тулысынча Татарстан кулына тапшырдылар. Казаннан «булдырабызлар» төркеме килеп утырды идарә кәнәфиләренә. Вакытлыча инде, чөнки бу «комбинация»нең асылын махсус аңлатып торасы юк иде: соңрак КАМАЗ йә тулысынча Мәскәү кулына, йә өлешчә чит ил компанияләре карамагына да төшәчәк. Һәм ул шулай булып чыкты да. «Всем сёстрам по серьгам» принцибына туры китереп башкарылды милек бүлешү. Моны алдан ук яхшы аңлаган хәлдә, «булдырабызлар» бик тартынып тормадылар. Бу хакта менә шундый шигырьчек язылды: 

Мы КАМАЗом управляли –&lt;br&gt;
Как хотели и без фальши:&lt;br&gt;
Влево-вправо руль крутили&lt;br&gt;
И карманы набивали;&lt;br&gt;
Кой-кому «звезды» вставляли,&lt;br&gt;
Кой-кого там задавили…&lt;br&gt;
Вот поели и попили&lt;br&gt;
И пошли по кругу дальше.&lt;br&gt;

Ләкин Татарстанның Түбән Кама районы авылында туып үскән һәм җаны да, тәне дә КАМАЗныкы булган генераль директор Иван Михаил улы Костин үз эш өстәленә куйган трафареттагы девиз үзгәрешсез калды – '''«Прорвёмся!»''' Чөнки ул барыбызның да уртак өндәмәсе иде. Юк, КАМАЗны болай тиз генә сатып эчеп бетереп булмый иде шул, моны читтән торып һәм ныгытып эстәүчеләр хәттин ашкан булса да. Тугыз ай буе баш конвейер эшләмәде, ә бер тиенне икенчесенә ялгап көн күрүче эшчеләр һәм хезмәткәрләр кыш буе эшләгән урыннарына җәяү барып (трамвайлар йөрми иде), цехларны һәм территорияне җыештырып, бөтен җиһазларны карап-тикшереп, ремонтлап тордылар. Бушлай, түләүсез! 

Шулай да КАМАЗда зур үзгәрешләр котылгысыз булып китә иде инде. Чөнки Иван Михаил улы Костин белән кулга кул тотынып эшләгән патриотлар һәм технократлар заводларны берүзләре генә сазлыктан тартып чыгара алмый иде. Җитәкчелек мөмкин булганның барысын да эшләде, КАМАЗны аякка бастыру өчен, сүз дә юк. Ләкин... ничә гасыр инде Русия белән икътисад һәм иҗтимагый зарурият түгел, ә кансыз-җансыз сәясәт һәм комсыз хосусый мәнфәгатьләр идарә итә бит! 

Кискен үзгәрешләрнең «беренче карлыгачы» безнең ҖЭҮгә 2001 елның декабрендә килеп кунды. КАМАЗның гаять уяу җитәкчелеге директорыбызны Казанга ул вакытта ТР икътисад министры һәм хөкүмәт рәисе урынбасары Сергей Анатолий улы Когогин белән әңгәмә үткәрергә юллады. Әлбәттә, бу гамәлнең инициативасы Татарстанның иң 
югары даирәләреннән булгандыр, дигән фикер калды. Чөнки КАМАЗның инде батмаячагы аермачык иде – камазлылар үзләре аны батырмаячаклар бит. Ләкин Татарстанның акционерлык җәмгыятендәге өлешен бөтенләй югалтмау мәсьәләсе өскә калкып чыкты. 

Интервьюны, аңлашыла ки, Наил Фатих улы үзе үткәрде, ә үз газеталарыбыз һәм тышкы матбугат чаралары өчен язмаларны мин әзерләдем. Министрның үз сүзләрен һәм сорауларга җавапларын түкми-чәчми кәгазьгә төшердек, фикерләрне тиешенчә тулыландырып һәм мөмкин булганча камилләштереп, язманы саллы интервью калыбына керттек. Ләкин мәкаләне Казан белән килештерүгә озатып төзәттергәннән соң, без аны... бөтенләй үзебезнеке дип танымадык та. Аңарда өстән-өстән генә сыпыручы «телевизион» сорауларга шундыйларның да асылына төшендерми торган җаваплар гына калган иде. Укыган кешедә «ә бу лыгырдашу кемгә һәм нәрсәгә кирәк булды икән?» дигән сорау туа. Без әзерләгән язманы министрның матбугат сәркатибе Ирина Быстрова «эшкәрткән» булып чыкты. Бу хәсрәт «интервью»ны үз газеталарыбызда урнаштырдык һәм тышкы матбугатка да бирдек инде, ни хәл итмәк. Ә үзебез әзерләгән тулы канлы язманы генераль дирекциягә тапшырдык.

Шулай да Сергей Анатолий улының КАМАЗ җитәкчелегенә киләчәген алдан чамалау безне куандырды гына. Ул бит сәясәт кешесе, «уен кагыйдәләрен» белә, Мәскәү коридорлары аша үтеп, кабинетлар ишеген төртеп кенә ача торган кеше. Апрельнең соңгы декадасында Сергей Анатолий улын КАМАЗ идарәчеләренә генераль директор дип тәкъдим иттеләр. Иван Михаил улы Костин Пермьгә китте, андагы хәрби заводны сазлыктан тартып чыгарырга, Чаллыда КАМАЗны исән калдырган шикелле коткарырга дип. Ләкин...&lt;br&gt;

==== '''«Совсем не важно, что делается?»''' ====
Ләкин без... сәяси белдексез һәм алдан күрә алмаучы беркатлы бәндәләр булганбыз. Без әле ул вакытта үзебезнең, Җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр үзәгенең, нинди мәгънәсез һәм акылга сыймаслык «реформалар»га дучар булачагын күз алдына да китерә алмый идек... 
Июнь аеның дүртенче көне. Мин гадәттәгечә эшкә бөтен хезмәттәшләремнән дә алданрак килеп җиттем. Көндәлек эшкә 
фикерләр туплау өчен. Казаннан шалтыраттылар: «Мы вас поздравляем: к вам едет...» – «Ревизор? Удивили! Ревизоры на нас 
тут каждую неделю наезжают!» – «Но вашего «ревизора» зовут... Ирина Быстрова! И она будет рулить вами». – «Да, это, пожалуй, меняет дело...» 

Наил Фатих улы бу хакта элек үк хәбәрдар булган икән, аны бу «яңалык» гаҗәпләндермәде. Ике атнадан соң, эшләрне Ирина туташка тапшыргач, олыгайган директорыбызны пенсиягә озаттылар. Беренче мөстәкыйль планёркада Быстрова сүзен болай башлады: «Не важно – что делается, важно – кто делает!» Һәм озакламый... КУБ үсә башлады. КУБ – «Клуб Уволенных Быстровой» инде ул. Хезмәттәшләребезнең беришесе шунда ук «үз теләге белән» читкә тайды, кайсыберсе «үгетләгәч» кенә. Икенче төркемгә хәтта минем турыдан-туры җитәкчем Алексей Николай улы Шилободин да эләкте. Дөньяга үзенчәлекле һәм фәлсәфи карашы, җитди нәрсәләр турында беркем кабатламый торган төпле һәм тирәнтен фикере булган язучы, үтә сәләтле шагыйрь, журналист, кешене бер сүздән аңлап ала торган һәм аңа ярдәм кулы суза белгән шәхес. Ул кризис елларында күпмедер вакыт «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасын да җитәкләде әле. Һәр елның беренче көннәрендә, бөтен КАМАЗ кышкы каникулларда булган вакытта, «КАМАЗ-Мастер» автоузышчылар такымының «Париж-Дакар» ярышларында трассадан хәбәрләр биреп торучысы да булды ул. 1999 елдан башлап 2007 елга кадәр мин үзем аның хәбәрләрен башта «галәм телефоны» аша, аннары электрон почтадан кабул итеп, бөтен илгә таратып тордым. Мәскәү ул вакытта илнең КАМАЗ карамагындагы җыелма такымын бар дип тә белми иде әле. 
Һәм әле бит эш рәтен белә торган кадрлар китүеннән генә безнең ҖЭҮдә штатлар кыскармады: бер куылган кеше урынына Казаннан ике танышын чакыртып алдылар. Дөрес, озакка чыдамадылар тегеләре, чөнки – гаҗәеп күренеш! – алар башлыча намусын җуймаган һәм белдекле телевидение журналистлары иде. Ничек соң, мәйтәм, Казанда рәхәтләнеп эшләп утырган урыннарын ташлап, Чаллыга килә алганнар? Барысы да китеп беттеләр озакламый, берсе (татар кызы, минемчә, килмешәкләр арасында иң сәләтлесе һәм булдыклысы) еллар буе Мәскәүдә НТВ каналының менә дигән алып баручысы булып эшләде. Хәзер аны «оппозиция»гә чыгардылар, «чит ил агенты» дип игълан иттеләр, һәм ул чыннан да чит илгә китеп котылырга мәҗбүр булды. 

Шулай итеп, бүген бөтен ил күләмендә «гадәти» булып киткән (һәм элек тә, хәзер дә бернинди төзек мәгънәсе булмаган!) «сәясәт» белән без КАМАЗда 2002-2003 елларда ук таныштык. 

КУБка керү чираты минем каршыма 2002 елның сентябрендә килеп басты. Турыдан-туры әйттем Ирина туташка: «Мине шәһәрдә эшсез калдырмаслар шәт. Ләкин үзем эшли белгән һәм яратып башкарган эштән үз теләгем белән китмәячәкмен!» Шуннан соң булган хәлләрнең миңа бер өлеше генә мәгълүм. Быстрова мине эштән куу турында кәгазьне кадрларга илтеп биргәч, тегеннән кемдер бу хакта Чаллы журналистларының рәсми булмаган лидеры Илисә Ганеевага шалтыраткан. Илисә мине яклап Когогин исеменә хат язган, һәм бер тәүлек дигәндә бу хат астына Чаллы журналистларының егермесеннән артыгы имза салган. Шулай итеп, мин ҖЭҮдә КУБка керүдән котылып калган беренче кеше булдым. 

==== '''Җитди сынау. Соңгысымы?''' ====
Әйе, маҗаралар моның белән генә тәмам булмады әле. 2003 елның 21-22 апрель көннәрендә (дүшәмбе һәм сишәмбе) мине КАМАЗның Баулыдагы сервис үзәгендә Фәнни-техник үзәк белгечләре белән бергә үткәрелгән чарада катнашырга җибәрделәр. Бу хактагы язманы, җомга көнне чыга торган газеталарда урнаштырыр өчен, бер көн эчендә язып бетереп, ФТҮ мөһәндисләре белән килештеререргә һәм, ихтыяҗ булса, төзәтергә кирәк иде. Шуңа күрә мин, Чаллыга әйләнеп кайткач, мәкаләне һәм аның татар теленә тәрҗемәсен кич һәм төне буе диярлек утырып әзерләдем. Шуннан соңгы черем итеп алуым озаккарак сузылган булып чыкты, һәм мин, иртәнге ашны ашап та тормыйча, тизрәк Фәнни-техник үзәккә ашыктым. Иртәнге сигезгә кадәр барып җитәргә кирәк, чөнки ФТҮ җитәкчеләренең һәм конструкторларының көндәлек планёркадан соң таралышып бетүе дә ихтимал. 

Заводка илтә торган автобуслар китеп беткән иде инде. Трамвай ярты шәһәрне әйләнеп үтеп бара. Хәсән Туфан проспекты буйлап туп-туры җәяүләп чапсаң, тизрәк барып җитәсең. Ул вакытта зур урамнарның уртасында хәзерге кебек киртәләр юк иде. Сөембикә проспекты аша турыдан чыгып җитәм дигәндә генә мине... зур тизлектә кире якка таба, юл хәрәкәтенә каршы баручы (!) «алтынчы Жигули» бәрдерде, һәм мин тротуарга, автобус тукталышына барып төштем. Юл аша чыкканда ул машина миңа бөтенләй юл читендә туктап торган кебек тоелган иде. Туп-туры өстемә килүче автомобильне соңгы мизгелдә генә күреп алдым һәм, инстинтив рәвештәдер инде, алга-өскә сикердем. Шул сәбәпле көпчәкләр астында калмаганмын, «Жигули»нең капотына һәм сул як тәрәзә пыяласына бәрелгәнмен. Югыйсә, ныграк та җәрәхәтләнгән булыр идем, дип уйлыйм. Аяк балтырым – бамперга, маңгаем алгы тәрәзәгә орынып кына киткән булган, тәрәзә пыяласы чатнамаган да. Баш мием селкенмәгән, аяк балтыры тырналган гына. Ә төп «контакт» иңбашыма туры килгән. Сул кулымның очы сынган, ләкин умрау сөягенә зыян килмәгән. Менә шундый сәер траектория буенча очып китеп, машина белән гәүдәмнең берьюлы өч җире «үбешкән» булып чыкты. Аңым бер мизгелгә генә томаланып китте. Тротуарга килеп төшкәч үк торып та бастым. 

Моның очраклы хәл булмавын шунда ук аңлап алдым. Беренчедән, әйткәнемчә, «Жигули» юл хәрәкәтенә каршы һәм юлның иң кырыеннан килгән иде. Каршы йөгерүче машиналар белән юл уртасында бәрелешмәс өчендер инде. Икенчедән, мин торып басканда, бәрдергән машина... 20 метр артка чигенеп, яңадан элеккеге урынына барып туктаган иде. Хәтта кире якка да борылмаган. Өченчедән, минем янга килеп хәлемне белгән кеше (Флүс исемле татар)... машинаның уң яктагы ишегеннән чыкты. Һәм ул миңа, күптәнге танышым кебек... татарча эндәште. Минем татар икәнлегем маңгаема язылмаган бит! Күзләрем зәңгәр, борыным яһүднеке кебек, югыйсә. Ә «Жигули» Флүснең үз машинасы икән. Сул якта, руль артында утырган кеше бөтенләй пәйда булмады. Бәлки ул, җен-пәригә әйләнеп, шунда ук күккә очып киткәндер? Машинаны йөрткән кешенең кем булуын белми калдым һәм беркемнән сорамадым да. Миңа «стандарт булмаган рәвештә», берни аңламаган булып кыланырга кирәк, дидем үземә үзем. Бер әҗәлдән котылып, икенче җир тәмугына барып керәсе түгел бит инде. «Һәм бу «очраклы хәл»не болай тупас итеп кем оештыра алды икән?» дигән сорау да ярым җавапсыз калды. Бөтенләй акылын җуйган, бар дөньяга ачуы чиктән ашкан, үзенең теләсә кайсы вазгыятьтә дә аклана алачагына һәм җәзасыз калачагына ышанган, кешелек сыйфатларын тәмам югалта башлаган бәндә генә моны эшләргә сәләтле, дип уйладым. Нигә бер сәбәпсез кылдылар соң бу җинаятьне? Кемнең юлын шулкадәр гафу итмәслек итеп кистем соң мин үз гомеремдә?! 

Күпмедер вакыт үткәч, мине Ашыгыч медицина ярдәме хастаханәсенә алып киттеләр. Соңрак юл автоинспекциясе сораштыра башлагач, мин гаепне үз өстемә алдым: «Үзем дә бик ашыктым шул. Флүскә каршы бернинди дәгъвам юк, ләкин операция ясаган өчен түләргә акчам җитми, булышса иде ул миңа», – дидем инспекторга. Югарыда бәян ителгән нәрсәләрне телгә дә алмадым. Инспектор үзе дә төшенгәндер инде моның планга кертелгән «бәхетсезлек» булуына һәм минем ни өчен күзгә бәрелеп торган фактларны яшерүемә. 

Сул кулымның очын ялгар өчен операцияне БСМПда... 8 май көнне генә, «очраклы бәхетсезлек»тән соң төп-төгәл ике атна үткәч ясадылар. Миннән соң килгән хасталарны гадәттә кичекмәстән савыктыра башлыйлар иде. Минем өчен нигәдер «искәрмә» ясалды. 

Хезмәттәшләрем һәм шәһәр журналистлары көн саен килеп, хәлемне белешеп тордылар. Бу хакта белеп алган Наил Фатих улы Галиуллин көн аралаш үз җәмәгатенең сөяк салып пешергән ашларын китерә иде. Минем андый тәмле ашларны гомердә ашаганым булмады! «Бу синең сөякләрең тизрәк үссен өчен», – дип аңлатты ул миңа. Ә мин: «Наил абый, миңа бит әле операция ясамадылар...» – дидем. 

Нәтиҗәдә 8 майга кадәр минем кулым, очы кыегаеп калган килеш, тоташып та өлгерде. Кулны өскә күтәрә алмый башладым. Хирургларга аны... яңадан сындырырга туры килде. Сөякне турайтып, металл энәләр белән беркетеп куйдылар. Июнь аенда, шул энәләрне алып ташлатыр өчен, тагын бер операция кичердем. Флүс бу ике операция өчен дүрт мең сум акча түләде. Кулбашымның ялганган кисәге йодрык кадәр булып үсеп китте. Егерме ел инде тырпаеп тора. «Ярый әле, расходка чыгармадылар, ни сәбәпледер кызгандылар», – дип губерманча куандым. Сәбәпләре, бәлки, чыннан да булгандыр аның. Бу хакта беркемнән дә сораштырмадым: вакыйганың үзем аңлаган «серләр»ен ачып салырга ярамый, дип уйладым. 

Җан биргәндә дә башыңны ташка бәрәсе булма! Хастаханәдә, күрше палатада бер гимнаст кыз операциядән соң дәваланып ята иде. Спорт залында күнегүләр ясаганда «бүрәнә»дән егылып төшеп, умыртка баганасын һәм оча сөяген сындырган булган. Мин сөяк ялганганны көтеп ятканда ул бөтенләй хәрәкәтсез булды, аны әнисе карады. Гимнаст кыз янына тренерлары һәм иптәшләре дә килеп йөри. Һич кенә дә төшенкелеккә бирелми: «Барыбер тереләчәкмен. Гимнастика белән генә шөгыльләнә алмам инде...» – дип юата иде үзен үзе. Ә минем бары тик кулым гына сынган. Һәм гомерлеккә инвалид булып та калмадым. Егерме ел инде сул кулымны баш түбәсеннән өскәрәк күтәрә алмыйм – шул гына!

Тышкы яралар төзәлеп беткәч, өйгә кайтарып җибәрделәр. Июль аенда яңадан эшкә чыктым. Шуннан соң мине иң гаҗәпләндергәне... Ирина туташ минем белән бер генә тупас сүз дә әйтмичә, берничек тә куркытырга тырышмыйча, бик ягымлы итеп сөйләшә башлады. Җитәкче белән эш башкаручы арасында гадәти дип саналган нормаль мөнәсәбәттә булдык моннан ары. «Баштан ук шундый булсаң, мин бит сине яратып та туя алмас идем!» – дидем үземә үзем шаяртып. «Әллә бу бәндәләр, КАМАЗ белән канга кан, үлемгә үлем сугышырга туры килер, дип төштеләрме Казаннан Чаллыга?» – дигән фаразым да бар иде. Мин Быстрованың бу могҗизалы үзгәрешенә әле хәзер дә ахыргача төшенеп бетә алмыйм. Без бит инде аны бөтенләй өметсез дип саный башлаган идек... 

Шулай да, үзе үк XX гасырның иң явыз залимнәреннән берсе булган совет юлбашчысының сүзләре бүген дә үз көчендә кала: '''«Хакимлек кешеләрне бозмый, киресенчә – иң бозык кешеләр үзләре хакимлеккә омтылучан».''' Үткән-беткән инде. Үтергеч булмаган һәрбер нәрсә безне куәтлеләндерә генә бит. Бу «очраклы вакыйга»дан соңгы иң зур югалтуым – шигырьләр язмый башладым. Тугыз ел элек сирпелгән иҗат нуры сүнде: хәзер бары тик башка телләрдән тәрҗемә белән генә шөгыльләнә алам...

==== '''Картайган ат буразнаны бозамы?''' ====
Көзгә таба, мин инде югарыда бәян ителгән бәхетсезлектән соң терелеп яңадан эшкә чыккач, мәскәүле Владимир Александр улы Самойлов безгә яңа җитәкче булып килде. Тагын берничә ай үткәч, Быстрованы читкәрәк тибәрделәр, безнең эшләргә тыкшына алмаслык итеп. Соңрак ул бөтенләй Мәскәүгә китеп тайды. Үз эченә кырыклап кешене бикләгән КУБ ябылды, бүтән беркемне дә эштән куарга тырышмадылар. Самойлов карамагында без үзебезне иркенрәк хис итә башладык. ҖЭҮ департамент итеп үзгәртелде (ДСО яки ҖЭД), хәзер ул «КАМАЗ матбугат хезмәте» рәвешендә эшен дәвам итә. Яңа һәм кешелекле мөнәсәбәтләрнең нәтиҗәсе шунда ук куандыра башлады: Ольга Ерашова-Жигульская, Татьяна Белоножкина, Татьяна Гыйматдинева кебек журналистлар элеккеге сәләтләрен дә уздырып эшли башладылар һәм чын мәгънәсендә КАМАЗ патриотлары булып киттеләр. 

'''ФОТОЛАР:''' 1. '''Ольга Авенир кызы Жигульская''' – җәмәгате белән бергә; мәрхүм Владимир Михаил улы «Республика Татарстан» газетасының Чаллыдагы үз хәбәрчесе иде. Хәзерге вакытта Ольга лаеклы ялда, ләкин КАМАЗ матбугат хезмәтенең бик мөһим эшләрен әле хәзер дә башкарып тора. Әйтик, ул «Рабочий КАМАЗа» («Вести КАМАЗа») газетасының 2023 ел сентябрь аенда билгеләп үтелгән 50 еллыгына багышланган китапның авторы булды. 

2. '''Татьяна Белоножкина''' – бүген дә «Вести КАМАЗа»ның әйдәп баручы журналисты һәм  безнең буынның «Вести КАМАЗа» газетасындагы «соңгы могиканы». 

Татьяна Гыйматдинова бүгенге ветераннар төркемендә иң яшь камазлы. Ул бүген шәһәр төзүчеләренең «матбугат һәм мәгълүмат алиһәсе» булып китте. Аның мәдәнияткә һәм сәнгатькә багышланган язмалары бигрәк тә күркәм, аларны укыган саен кабат укыйсы гына килеп тора. Бу күпкырлы сәләт иясенең бөтен җирдә дә, шул исәптән чит илләрдә дә, ким-хур булмаячагын аңлаган хәлдә, аның чит илгә китәргә теләгән бер кеше турындагы бик күңелле язмасы белән танышкач, гасыр башында Татьянага багышлап шундый дүртьюллык язган идем:

'''Таланты в землю не зарыты,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''И от культуры мы в экстазе.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Пути в Америку закрыты –'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Куём мы СШАстье на КАМАЗе!'''&lt;br&gt;

'''Талант җирдә аунап ятмас, диләр,'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Җаннарыбыз – мәдәни экстазда.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Америкаларга, ди, кертмиләр –'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Бәхет АкКоШларыбыз КАМАЗда!'''&lt;br&gt;

'''ФОТО:'''  '''Татьяна Әльянис кызы Гыйматдинова:''' тел һәм фикер байлыгы – әнисеннән, ягымлылыгы һәм татар җаны – әтисеннән. Иҗади табигате – үзенеке.

Уңай якка үзгәрешләр урынлашып беткәч, яңа вазгыять минем шаяртулы графоманлыгымда да үз эзен калдырды. Менә шундый рифма рәвешендә: 

'''Монолог старого коня'''&lt;br&gt;
('''закавыченные и «жирные» строки – из «гариков» Игоря Губермана''')&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Быть может, зря я так спокойно'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''своим призванием горжусь?»'''''&lt;br&gt;
Мне дал понять и сам Самойлов,&lt;br&gt;
Что я в герои не гожусь.&lt;br&gt;

'''''«Но окрылён надеждой снова,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''я сам к себе отнёсся строже».'''''&lt;br&gt;
И что же скажет нам Быстрова:&lt;br&gt;
Корыстный интерес – дороже!?&lt;br&gt;

Ведь не дарёный я лошак,&lt;br&gt;
Чтоб мне заглядывали в рот;&lt;br&gt;
Не попадёт мустанг впросак:&lt;br&gt;
Федот – по-прежнему, всё тот!&lt;br&gt; 

'''''«Во мне смеркаться стал огонь;'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''сорвав постылую узду,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''теперь я снова старый конь,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''пославший к чёрту борозду».'''''&lt;br&gt;


Чынбарлыкта исә без – мин дә, хезмәттәшләрем дә – «буразна»дан тайпылмадык. Бер сәбәпсез аяк чалып торучылар булмагач, эшебез торган саен тыгызрак һәм күңеллерәк була барды. Бәлки әле нәтиҗәлерәктер дә. Быстровадан соңгы чорда сигез ел буе рәхәтләнеп эшләдем, дисәм дә, артык булмас. Рәсми хезмәт вазифаларымны үз теләгем белән, түләүсез башкарыла торган эшләр тулыландыра башлады. Әйтик, КАМАЗдагы мөһим вакыйлардан соң Чаллының татар телендә эшләүче «Күңел» радиосына барып, яңалыклар турында тәфсилләп сөйләп бирә идем.  

'''ФОТО:''' Гафиулла Газиз  

Турыдан-туры эфирга чыккан очраклар да булды. Татар телендә эшләүче «Азатлык» радиосының Кама аръягындагы үз хәбәрчесе Гафиулла Газиз (рәсемдә) белән даими аралашып тору да минем өчен мәҗбүри түгел, җан таләбе генә иде. Гафиулла бакый дөнья хозурында инде.

Гомумән, беркемне дә читкә тибәрмәдек, «безнекеләр» белән дә, чит-ят дип саналырлыкларга карата да мөгамәләбез бердәй булды. Җае чыккан саен КАМАЗга таш ыргытудан баш тартмый торган «Челны ЛТД» газетасын да без... аш белән сыйладык. Кемнәрдер үзләренең сәбәпсез-нисез гөнаһ кылырга теләген баса алмый икән, аларга... комачауламаска кирәк: эшләсеннәр, күрсеннәр үз гамәлләренең үзләре өчен файдасызлыгын һәм котылгысыз казасын. Мин эшләгәндә «Челны ЛТД» шәһәрнең иң популяр басмаларыннан берсе иде. Пенсиягә чыкканнан соң күпмедер вакыт үткәч, «җаваплылыгы чикле» булган газетаны ирексезләп банкротлыкка олактырдылар, дигән хәбәр ишеттем.&lt;br&gt;
 * * *&lt;br&gt;
Буразнам бозылганмы-юкмы – монысын «беркемгә дә кирәкмәгән язма»ны укучылар хәл итсен. Үзем «бозылмады» дигән фикердә калам. 2011 елның августына кадәр эшләдем КАМАЗның җәмәгатьчелек белән элемтәләр департаментында һәм үз теләгем белән пенсиягә чыктым. Тагын ике елга, 65 яшем тулганчы да калдырырга риза иде җитәкчелек. КАМАЗда шундый традиция: гади халык – 65 яшькә кадәр, җитәкчеләр җитмешен тутырганчы «берьюлы ике сыер сөтен имә ала». Ләкин минем, ярты ел элек үк, интернетта түләүсез һәм күпкә мавыктыргычрак эшләрем башланган иде инде.  

'''Намуслы «намуссызлык»'''&lt;br&gt;
Бу елларда гадәттән тыш хәлләр булмады. Ләкин шулай да «гадәтиләр»нең берсе – башкалар өстендә калкып тора торган. Сүз инде онытыла да башлаган «Рухнамә» әсәре турында. Бу хакта Википедиядә болай диелә: «Төркмәнбашы Сапармурат Ниязов язган дип саналучы «Рухнамә» китабының татар теленә тәрҗемәсен һәм тәүге кат бастырылуын Татарстанның Төркмәнстан белән тыгыз икътисадый мөнәсәбәтләре булган «КАМАЗ» АҖ белгечләре башкарды». 

Әйе, нәкъ шулай булды ул. Ләкин тәфсилләбрәк аңлата башласаң, эш башкачарак килеп чыккан иде. 2006 елның апрелендә КАМАЗ Ашгабаттан шундый «ультиматум» алды: «2007 елга Төркмәнстаннан зур заказ аласыгыз килсә, «Рухнамә»не татар теленә тәрҗемә итеп бирегез». Казанда автогигант җитәкчелегенең бу хактагы үтенечен башта кискен кире какканнар: «Ул-бу булмагае, Мәскәү нәрсә әйтер, төркиләрнең бөтен тарихын урлаган булып, «Бу бары тик төркмәннеке генә!» дигән уйдырмага төрки халыкларның мөнәсәбәте нинди булыр?» 

Әйе, «отмазка» чыннан да беренче карашка хакыйкый дип кабул ителерлек. Ләкин... бу вакытта «Рухнамә» һәм урыс, һәм инглиз, һәм алман, һәм хәтта төрек телләренә дә тәрҗемә ителгән иде бит инде. Ашгабатның нәкъ шундый «ультиматумы» аркасында! Дөрес, азрак кыскартканнар да, үзгәрткәннәр дә. Татарның кайсы җире ким ялганга корылган бу дөньяда? 

Шулай да, яраткан шагыйребез Игорь Губерман Казан әһелләренең «намуслылыгын», бәлки, болай аклар иде: «Юынтык суга ташланган һәрнәрсә әйләнә юынтык суга». Ничек кенә бизәсәң дә, ялган – ялган, фальсификация фальсификация булып кала. Бәхәсле мәсьәлә, сүз дә юк. Тегеләй уйласаң да, болай да, үзеңне хаклы дип күрсәтә алмыйсың... «КАМАЗ хәбәрләре» тәрҗемәчеләре дә тәрҗемә эшенә алынмаганнар: эш болай да муеннан, дубляжны туктатып торып булмый бит. Соңгы өмет мин фәкыйрегезгә килеп терәлде. «Туктале, ә нигә соң Казан шулхәтле астына җибәреп тора бу очракта? Күпмегә чыдар ул «Рухнамә» тарихи перспективага күчереп исәпләгәндә? КАМАЗ өчен 2007 елга зур заказ алу әһәмиятлерәк түгелме соң?» – дип акладым да үземне, эшкә керешергә булдым. Вакытны әрәм итмәс өчен, өйдә утырып эшләдем. 

Интернеттан «Рухнамә»нең төркмән телендәге тулы текстын, урыс, инглиз, алман телләренә тәрҗемәләрен күчереп алдым. Тиешле сүзлекләрне һәм белешмәләрне элегрәк, «бернигә дә кирәкмәгән нәрсәләр белән шөгыльләнү» елларында сатып алган яки соңрак электрон нөсхәләрен интернеттан күчереп алып туплаган идем. Урыс телендәгесеннән тәрҗемә итү берни дә түгел, әлбәттә, ләкин... аны «цензура» нык каезлаган булып чыкты: бите-бите белән төшереп калдырганнар яки үзгәртеп бетергәннәр бу «изге китап»ны. Төркмән теленнән төгәл тәрҗемә итү өчен, интернетта урнаштырылган төркмән-урыс сүзлеге күләмле дә, камил дә, куллану өчен җайлы да түгел. Гарәп-фарсы алынмалары да татар телендәгедән бермә-бер күбрәк сакланып калган хәзерге заман төркмән телендә. Инглиз телендәгесен нигез итеп алыр идем дә, мин ул телне махсус өйрәнмәдем бит, интернет текстлары аша гына азрак чамалый башладым. Алман телен балачактан ук үзләштереп килдем, әдәби текстларны сүзлексез дә аңлый идем инде. Ләкин биредә мин белмәгән фәнни-тарихи сүзләр һәм атамалар байтак.

Менә шулай, дүрт телдәге текстларны чагыштыра-чагыштыра, иртә таңнан төн уртасына кадәр эшләп, өч атнада тәрҗемәне түгәрәкли алдым. 21 май көнне татарча «Рухнамә» каралама рәвешендә әзер иде инде. Аны Казанга алып барып тикшерттеләр. Төркмәнстан җитәкчелегенә бүләк итү өчен, татарча «Рухнамә» китабының ике варианты эшләнде – алтын йөгертелгән һәм гадәти тышлысы. Алар Казанда бастырылды. Икесе дә 2006 елның сентябрендә Ашгабатта тантаналы рәвештә Төркмәнстан җитәкчелегенә тапшырылды. Бу тамашаны видеога төшереп алганнар иде, безгә дә күрсәттеләр. 

Нәтиҗәдә КАМАЗ, тимерне кызу чакта сугып, Төркмәнстаннан 2007 елда 4 мең данә йөк автомобиле җитештереп тапшырырга заказ алды. Бу шул елдагы тулаем экспортның өчтән бер өлешеннән артыграк иде. Алдагы елларда Ашгабатта КАМАЗның сервис үзәген төзеделәр. Рәсми чыганаклар тарафыннан бу «махсус операция» турында бернинди мәгълүмат бирелмәде. Мин дә әлеге «сер»не 2013 елга кадәр сакладым. Тәрҗемә эше өчен миңа 20 мең сумлык премия бирделәр. Мин ул акчага үземә яңа компьютер, ә гаиләмә кер юу машинасы сатып алдым. Компьютер әле бүген дә «исән», ләкин мин аны текстлар җыю һәм музыка уйнату өчен генә кулланам. Истәлекле электрон җайланма миннән соң да оныкларыма бераз хезмәт итсә иде дип. 

Ләкин «тарих» моның белән генә бетмәде. Ниһаять, Татарстан хөкүмәте дә, бер ел да дүрт ай вакыт үткәч, үзенең сәяси куркаклыгын җиңә алды. 2008 елның гыйнварында Ашгабатта «Рухнамә»нең татар теленә тәрҗемәсе… кабат тапшырылды. «Татарстан мәдәнияте көннәре» дип аталган рәсми чара кысаларында. Бу эшне Казан белгечләре ике атна эчендә башкарып чыкты, диелә «Татар-информ» агентлыгының 2008 ел 14 гыйнварда таратылган хәбәрендә. «Булдырганнар икән, маладислар!» дип куандым, хәбәрне укыгач. Китапны 20 данәлек тираж белән бастырганнар. Әмма бу «гамәл»… янгын беткәч ут сүндерү генә иде инде. Чөнки Төркмәнстанның яңа президенты, Аркадаг атамалы Гурбангулы Бердымөхәммәдев «Рухнамә»не әкренләп архивка озату турындагы боерыгын 2007 ел башында ук биргән иде.

Сапармурат Ниязовның 2006 ел 21 декабрендәге һич уйланмаган вафатыннан соң төркмән тормышында «Рухнамә»не башка җитәкчеләрнең казанышларына дан җырлаучы хезмәтләр алмаштырды. 2013 елның 1 сентябреннән башлап элеккеге «изге китап» Төркмәнстан институтларында һәм мәктәпләрендә бөтенләй өйрәнелми башлады. Бүген Чаллыда яшәүче яшь төркмәннәрдән сораштырган идем дә бу хакта, алар «Рухнамә»нең нәрсә икәнен дә белмиләр. Өлкәнрәкләре генә аз-маз хәтерли әле. Ә безнең күмәк тәрҗемәләр, бәлки, бүген Ашгабат архивларында тузан җыеп ятадыр…

==== '''«Кадерлә сакланып калганны!»''' ====
'''''(Дуслар иҗаты)'''''&lt;br&gt;

'''Коллеге'''&lt;br&gt;
(авторы – Ольга Жигульская, 2023 елда язылган)&lt;br&gt;
«Удобней мне инкогнито писать –&lt;br&gt;
Привык за годы беспорочной службы.&lt;br&gt;
Хотя всегда мне есть о чём сказать&lt;br&gt;
На языках, своей известных дружбой.&lt;br&gt;
Судьба моя – мать-мачеха, не мать&lt;br&gt;
(Не красного словца, не ради смеха):&lt;br&gt;
Труд журналиста начал постигать&lt;br&gt;
С позиции рабочего из цеха.&lt;br&gt;
Пытался даже гимны сочинять –&lt;br&gt;
На конкурс посылал, но не был понят.&lt;br&gt;
И до сих пор, как слушаешь, опять&lt;br&gt;
Душа патриотическая стонет...&lt;br&gt;
Есть у меня мой суверенный мир –&lt;br&gt;
Гораздо суверенней Татарстана.&lt;br&gt;
Меня бы понял, верно, мой кумир...&lt;br&gt;
Ведь кое-что роднит нас с Губерманом.&lt;br&gt;
Могу хоть чем – хоть прозой, хоть стихом,&lt;br&gt;
Или крутой сценарий забабахать...&lt;br&gt;
Но сколько можно, будучи спецом,&lt;br&gt;
Пресс-служиваться, дусларыбыз, так ведь?!&lt;br&gt;
Оно такое, горе от ума-с:&lt;br&gt;
И Чацкому прислуживаться тошно...&lt;br&gt;
Когда ушёл я, сразу на КАМАЗ&lt;br&gt;
Троих начальство взяло – это точно.&lt;br&gt;
Да, я ушёл с КАМАЗа – в виртуал.&lt;br&gt;
И в интернете вы ищите имя,&lt;br&gt;
Где я уже немало напахал...&lt;br&gt;
Признайтесь: вы забыли о Фагиме?»&lt;br&gt;

'''Хезмәттәшемә'''&lt;br&gt;
'''''(тәрҗемәсе)'''''&lt;br&gt;
«Имза куймый язсам – хәерлерәк,&lt;br&gt;
Тырышып эшли-эшли күнегелгән...&lt;br&gt;
Аңлатасым килә әмма төбәп&lt;br&gt;
Миңа таныш дуслык телләреннән.&lt;br&gt;
Язмышларым – гүя үги ана&lt;br&gt;
(Татып баксаң, мөмкиндер аңларга):&lt;br&gt;
Журналистлык насыйп булды миңа&lt;br&gt;
Чирек гасыр бил бөккәч цехларда.&lt;br&gt;
Гимннар тыңлап күңел канатлана,&lt;br&gt;
Үзем яздым – юк игътибар аңа.&lt;br&gt;
Бүген дә бит, калсам хыяллана,&lt;br&gt;
Ватанпәрвәр җаным гел сыкрана...&lt;br&gt;
Бар минем хөр, бәйсез үз галәмем –&lt;br&gt;
Татарстаннан күпкә мөстәкыйльрәк!&lt;br&gt;
Аңлар, бәлки... тиң түгел каләмем...&lt;br&gt;
Бер Губерман… аңа тартым йөрәк.&lt;br&gt;
Бар шигырьләп, рифмасыз язганым,&lt;br&gt;
Кереп кыргый урман-болын-кырга...&lt;br&gt;
Күпме мөмкин әмма, әй дусларым,&lt;br&gt;
Хезмәтчәнләп ялагайланырга?!&lt;br&gt;
Михнәт-хәсрәт – гел юлдаш акылга:&lt;br&gt;
Чацкий моны һич аңламый калмас...&lt;br&gt;
Мин калдырып киткән бер урынга&lt;br&gt;
Өч кешене алган икән КАМАЗ.&lt;br&gt;
КАМАЗлардан «виртуал»га киттем.&lt;br&gt;
Тарихларда исемем язарсызмы?&lt;br&gt;
Интернетта аз-маз хезмәт иттем...&lt;br&gt;
Фәһим булып калдым – аңларсызмы?»&lt;br&gt;

'''Ноябрь'''&lt;br&gt;
(авторы – Тамара Бравина, 2023 елда язылган)&lt;br&gt;
Улеглись страсти знойного лета,&lt;br&gt;
скинул краски осенний закат.&lt;br&gt;
Как предвестники новых сюжетов,&lt;br&gt;
за окошком снежинки летят.&lt;br&gt;
Правит бал госпожа Непогода,&lt;br&gt;
но лучом сквозь ненастную грусть&lt;br&gt;
серый цвет на мольберте природы&lt;br&gt;
оживляет рябиновый куст.&lt;br&gt;
У предзимья задача благая –&lt;br&gt;
без иллюзий, обмана, прикрас&lt;br&gt;
оценить то, что в жизни теряем,&lt;br&gt;
и сберечь, что осталось при нас.&lt;br&gt;

'''Ноябрь'''&lt;br&gt;
(тәрҗемәсе)&lt;br&gt;
Басылды эссе җәй хөрлеге,&lt;br&gt;
ямьләде җирне көз балкышы.&lt;br&gt;
Уйнаклый тәүге кар бөртеге –&lt;br&gt;
өр-яңа гүзәллек нәкыше.&lt;br&gt;
Үтсә дә һаваның чуагы,&lt;br&gt;
дикъкатьсез ямансу зарына –&lt;br&gt;
гамь өсти гел миләш куагы&lt;br&gt;
табигый буяулар кабына.&lt;br&gt;
Кыш алды игелек гөманы:&lt;br&gt;
күпертмә хыялый ялганны,&lt;br&gt;
хакла син тормышта узганны,&lt;br&gt;
кадерлә сакланып калганны.&lt;br&gt;

'''Посвящение к юбилею'''&lt;br&gt;
(авторы – Тамара Бравина, 2003)&lt;br&gt;
Обидели? Иди к Фагиму:&lt;br&gt;
Он яд прольёт на боль твоей души.&lt;br&gt;
Глядишь занозу из сердечка вынул,&lt;br&gt;
Проблему философски разложив.&lt;br&gt;
По-скорпионски ядовит и честен.&lt;br&gt;
Пройдёт сквозь многотемья бурелом.&lt;br&gt;
Слова и мысли – здесь всё на месте,&lt;br&gt;
И… тапочки под письменным столом.&lt;br&gt;

=== '''ЭПИЛОГ''' ===
Йомгаклау сүзен минем «тәрҗемәи хәл»не үземнән дә яхшырак белүче фикер иясе булган Ольга Жигульскаяның югарыдагы сүзләреннән башлыйк: «...И в интернете вы ищите имя, где я уже немало напахал...» Чыннан да, китапның мөхәррире Илисә ханым хаклы: моңа кадәрге йөз битнең ни өчен язылганы турында аңлатма бирмичә булмый. Үзреклама өчен булмады бит инде бу хезмәт! Әйе, интернеттагы эшләрем 2011 елның августында, бөтенләй пенсиягә чыккач, чын-чынлап активлашып китте. Гәрчә аның төп өч юнәлеше күптән инде билгеләнгән булса да:

1) tt.forvo.com халыкара әйтелешләр һәм аудиосүзлекләр сайты аша татар телендәге гади һәм «канатлы» сүзләрнең, сүзтезмәләрнең, гыйбарәләрнең, халык авыз иҗаты үрнәкләренең, борынгы һәм хәзерге заман әдәби әсәрләре өземтәләренең аудиотупланмасын дөньякүләм дәрәҗәгә күтәрү.

2) Җир шарындагы милләт һәм дәүләт гимннарының мөмкин булганын татар теленә тәрҗемә кылу – газиз Ватаныбыз тулы бәйсезлеккә ирешеп, киләчәктә Рөстәм Яхинның галәм музыкасына бөтен татар аягүрә торып басып җырларлык чын гимн сүзләре иҗат ителсә иде дип.

3) урыс телендә язучы яһүд шагыйре Игорь Губерманның дөнья әдәбиятында тиңдәше булмаган шигърият жанры җәүһәрләрен («гарикларын»), аларның – әлбәттә, мөмкин булганын – татар теленә дә тәрҗемә итеп, милләттәшләребезгә туган телебез аша җиткерү; татарда Тукай мирасы булып калган һәм Гамил Афзал белән Әхмәт Исхак дәвам иткән тәнкыйди фикерләүне югалтмаска тырышу.

Тагын берничә халыкара тел белеме проектында да эшли башлаган идем гасыр башында ук (әйтик, tatoeba.org һәм rhinospike.com интернет сәхифәләрендә). Боларның беренчесендә киң кулланыла торган бер үк җөмләләр һәм өземтәләр дөньяның төрле телләрендә бирелә, икенчесендә теге яки бу халык әдәбиятыңдагы кыска, әмма популяр һәм җыйнак әсәрләрнең аудиоязмалары тәкъдим ителә. Ләкин бу сайтларда бер-ике кеше генә, күпме тырышса-тырмашса да, сизелерлек нәтиҗәгә ирешә алмый. Һәм өстәвенә татарларда үзебезне дәррәү кубып дөньякүләм биеклекләргә менгезергә дигән – юк, мөмкинлек түгел! – теләк тә булмавы бик тиз ачыкланды. Шуңа күрә бу проектлар хәзер «туңдырылган» хәлдә. Без хәтта аларның интерфейсын (эчке аңлатмалы язуларын) татар телендә булдыру зарурлыгына да администраторларны күндерә алмыйбыз. Ә wikipedia.org сайтлар тармагында исә эшләр татарның үз корткычлыгына кадәр үк барып җитте инде: Казаннан бер бәндә кисәге башкалар язганны бозып һәм махсус программалар ярдәмендә хәреф хаталары өстәп утыра!

Беренче ике юнәлеш турында гаять тәфсилле һәм кызыклы мәгълүматлар «Мәдәни җомга» газетасының 2022 елгы 16 һәм 30 сентябрь, 7 октябрь көннәрендә чыккан 36 нчы, 38 нче һәм 39 нчы саннарында (һәркайсының 14-15 битләрендә) бар. 2021-2022 елларда җыйнаграк язмалар шулай ук «Челнинские известия», «Ватаным Татарстан» һәм «Ирек мәйданы» газеталарында да басылды. Аларның авторлары – журналистлар Илисә Ганеева, Фәния Әхмәтҗанова, Зилә Нигъмәтҗанова.

Forvo.com сайты – санап үтелгән проектларның иң әһәмиятлесе һәм популяры. Иртәме-соңмы, бүгенге шайтанча ашкынып глобальләшү чорында үз телен саклап калырга һәм аны лаеклы урынга күтәрергә теләмәгән аз санлы халыкларны көчләп ассимиляцияләү дә башланырга мөмкин. Һәм инкыйразга илтүче ассимиляция телне югалту гына түгел ул. Югалган телне өлешчә кайтарып була әле. Ә менә чит-ятларның үзең өчен гел зарарлы булган гадәтләрен үзләштерү тагын да яманрак.

Җимергеч «сәясәт» күптән инде әзерләнеп килә, ә 2017 елдан башлап ул гасырлар буе дөньякүләм шайтани сынау полигоны булган Русиядә бар көченә тормышка ашырыла башлады. Соңрак бу «тәҗрибә»не бар дөньяга тарату өчен. Әйтик, урыс булмаган телләрдә белем бирү чынлыкта тыелды да инде. Шул сәбәпле империянең кайбер халыкларын бүген үк «сызып ташларга» да була. Үзебез иҗтиһат кылырга теләмәсәк, бу фаҗига без татарларны да читләтеп үтмәячәк. Һәм «булдырабызлар» кыл да кыймылдатмыйлар бүген, алга таба да берни эшләмәсләр, бөтен дөнья өчен әһәмияте булган татар телен саклап калыйк дип! «Спасение утопающих – дело рук самих утопающих!»

Forvo сайтының татар тупланмасында бүген миннән кала тагын бер генә кеше эшли. Казан пенсионеры Шамил Нәҗипев ул. Элегрәк Миләүшә исемле, һәрьяклы төпле белемле һәм дөньяның берничә телен белә торган татар җанлы яшь туташыбыз да булыша иде безгә. Төрек лицеенда урта белем алган ул гасыр башында (юкка гына бу мәктәпләрне шапылдатып ябып куймадылар бит инде Татарстанда!). Югары белгечлеге буенча юрист. Ләкин хәзер инде аңа – намусын югалтмыйча – бу һөнәр буенча лаеклы эш табу, бәлки, мөмкин дә түгелдер. Русиядә дә, Татарстанда да. Шуңа күрә ул «пандемия» оештырылган елда чит илгә күчеп китәргә мәҗбүр булды. Үзе кебек үк киң күңелле тормыш юлдашын табу да читен булгандыр аңа. Чит илдә 

ул инглиз, урыс, татар һәм төрек телләренә тәрҗемә итү белән таба үз ризыгын. Былтыр көз көне Казанга һәм Чаллыга кайтып, безнең белән күрешеп-сөйләшеп һәм... мәңгегә дип хушлашып киткән иде. Шуннан соң ул кияүгә чыкты. Иренең исеме-фамилиясе һәм кем икәне дә билгеле. Кайда яшәгәннәре дә сер түгел безнең өчен. Бәлки балалары да бардыр инде. Кайчан туган илебезгә әйләнеп кайтасыларын гына фаразлап булмый...

Сайтның төп офисы Испаниянең Басклар Илендә, Сан-Себастьян шәһәрендә урнашкан, дөньяның дистәләгән илендә аның үз серверлары эшли. Мәскәүдә һәм Петербургта да бар иде алар. Ләкин 2013-2014 елларда әлеге «башкалалар» һакерлары Forvo сайтына каршы көчле һөҗүмнәр оештырдылар. Кайвакыт сайтны атна буе төзәтеп утырдылар басклар һәм испаннар. Әйтик, корткычлар 2014 ел башында татар тупланмасының 100 меңләп сүзен – башлыча топонимиканы һәм тезмә-кушма фигыльләрне – сөртеп ташладылар. Югалган тел берәмлекләренең бер өлешен торгызырга... сайтның алман милләтеннән булган кулланучылары ярдәм итте безгә! Канаданың көнбатышында яшәүче алман кешесе Вольфганг Һофмайерга аеруча рәхмәтлемен. Ул хәзер сайт эшендә катнашмый инде. Исән-сау булса, хәзер аңа 82 яшь булырга тиеш. Гомумән, без күп кенә илләр кешеләре белән тыгыз элемтәдә тора идек ул вакытта. Алманнардан кала, вьетнамлылар, инглиз телле британиялеләр, японнар, кореялылар, Төркиядә яшәүче татарлар белән хат язышып тордык сайт почтасы аша. Әмма «пандемия» чит ил дусларыбызның күбесен төшенкелеккә батырды, күбесе эшне ташлады инде, аралар да өзелде...

Ә бу сайттагы беренче татар сүзләрен 2008 елда ук Чаллы педагогия институтының бер мөгаллиме яздыра башлаган, аның тәхәллүсе – pippin2k. Кем булуын чамалыйм, 1990 нчы елларда Татар иҗтимагый үзәгендә бик актив кеше иде ул. Ләкин, кызганычка каршы, исем-фамилиясен искә төшерә алмыйм инде – онытылган. Соңрак, 2011 ел башында, аңа Шамил Зарипов килеп кушылган. 2011 елның 23 апрелендә, мин Forvo’да эшли башлаган көнне, безнең тупланмада 800дән артыграк сүз бар иде. Май аенда ук админнар миңа сайт интерфейсын татар теленә дә күчерергә тәкъдим иттеләр. Бөтен эчке аңлатмаларны алман һәм инглиз телләреннән тәрҗемә итеп урнаштырдым.

Сайт җитәкчеләре белән хәзер дә бик уңай мөнәсәбәттә торабыз. Баштарак, 2011-2012 елларда, сайттагы «татар һөҗүме» бик күпләрне аптырашта калдырган иде. Ләкин без берничә кат язган «дипломатия хатлары»ннан һәм Швециянең Мальмё университеты журналында урнаштырылган интервьюыбыздан соң (авторы – алман журналисты Михаэль Шетцляйн) безгә карашлар тамырдан үзгәрде, дисәң дә була. 2014 елда Кырым яңадан Русия карамагына кергәч, европалылар бөтенләй шок халәтендә булдылар. Бу вакыйга сайттагы вазгыятьне дә нык үзгәртте. Админнар рейтинг лидерларына карата өстәмә хәвефсезлек чаралары булдырдылар. Бу яңалык, әлбәттә, безнең эшне бераз әкренәйтте.

Унөч елга якын эшли-эшли, бердәнбер «гонорар» алдым. 2015 елда без сайтта «күләм рейтингы» буенча беренче урынга чыктык. Шуннан соң Лондонда яшәүче бер ханым, өй адресымны сайт почтасы аша соратып алып, миңа FORVO дип язылган фирма майкасын бүләк итеп җибәрде. Хәзер дә киеп йөрим аны: төсе бераз уңган булса да, тетелеп бетмәгән әле.

Без сайт эшенә илнең башка халыклары кешеләрен дә җәлеп итәргә тырышып карадык: мәсәлән, башкортларны, чуашларны, удмуртларны, мариларны, тывалыларны. Башкортлардан шундый җавап килде: «Беҙ быны кәрәк тип тапмайбыҙ, кәрәк тип тапһаҡ, ике атнала ике йөҙ мең һүҙ кертеп ултыртабыҙ!» Унбер ел вакыт үтте, башкорт тупланмасына 200 яңа сүз дә өстәлмәде әле. Калган 15 мең башкорт сүзен мин фәкыйрегез («Буа башкорты»!) үзе яздырды. Чуашлардан һәм удмуртлардан бөтенләй җавап килмәде. Тывалы бер туташ белән тыва тупланмасында матур гына эшләп киткән идек тә, аңа бу гамәлне, кияүгә чыккач, ир җәмәгате тыйды. Тывада патриархат дигәнең бик куәтле икән. Ә менә «көнчыгыш мари» диалектында сөйләшүче Елена ханым белән без ике елдан артык гөрләтеп эшләдек. Мин мари сүзләрен һәм өземтәләрен өстәп торам, мәскәүле Елена аларның әйтелешен яздыра. Нәтиҗәдә хәзер мари тупланмасында 60 меңләп тел берәмлеге бар! Эшне дәвам итүче генә юк...

Ниһаять, 2023 елның 30 августында, Шамил белән икәү башкарган җәйге «аврал»дан соң, без сайтта БЕР МИЛЛИОНЫНЧЫ татар тел берәмлеген яздырдык. Муса Җәлилнең «Җырларым» шигыре юллары иде ул: «Сездә минем бөтен тойгыларым, сездә минем керсез яшьләрем». Кертемне азәрбайҗанлы Бәхтияр Ваһабзадәнең Муса Җәлилгә багышланган «Очыгыз, тулпарларым!» шигыреннән (тәрҗемәсе Ренат Харисныкы) ике өземтә белән «уратып алдык».

«Ни өчен татар теле татарның үзенә һәм бөтен дөньяга да кирәк соң?» – дигән сорау да туарга мөмкин. Җавап шундый: безнең телебез, беренчедән, төрки телләрнең кыл уртасында сакланып калган һәм шуңа күрә төрки дөньяда аралашу теле булып китәргә сәләтле. Аны бары тик XX гасырда «бөек телләр»дән алынган сүзләрдән өлешчә арындыру гына мәслихәттер. Икенчедән, борынгы гасырларда Ислам дине Идел-Урал төбәгендә һәм Себердә төрки телләрне саклаучы һәм үстерүче ролен дә үтәгән булса, бүген нәкъ киресенчә: бу телләр һәм бигрәк тә татар теле бетсә, бүгенге Русия мәмләкәтендә Ислам диненә дә зур куркыныч янаячак. Соңгы биш гасыр хәтере безгә шулай ди. Өченчедән, татар теле һәм татар иҗтиһады аша урталык җирләренең һәм бөтен Евразиянең дә чынбарлыктагы тарихын торгызу җиңелрәк. Әйтик, олы кыйтга топонимикасының яртысы әле бүген дә тугандаш төрки телләрдә бит. Һәм бүген рәсми дип саналган тарих «бөек телләр»дә иҗат ителгән чеп-чи ялган тозагында. Ә ялганга корылган «цивилизация»нең бернинди перспективасы юк. Һәм илебезнең лаеклы киләчәге дә татарның актив катнашыннан гайре барлыкка килә алмый. Чирек гасырдан соң ук инде бүгенге рәсми «сәясәт» нәтиҗәләренең кешелек тәнендә яман шеш булып китүе ихтимал...

«Ни өчен бу сүзләрне атказанган сәясәт, әдәбият һәм мәдәният әһелләре түгел, ә махсус югары белеме һәм университетта алынган катыргы кәгазе дә булмаган бер бәндә яза соң?» – дип сорарсызмы? Чөнки бөекләребезне җанның-тәннең бөтен күзәнәкләрен дә йомарлап тотучы коткы һәм төшенкелек баскан, алар бүген шайтани көчләр коллыгында! Бу уңайдан Игорь Губерманнан төпле «җавап»:

'''''У писателей ушки в мерлушке'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''и остатки еды на бровях,&lt;br&gt;'''''
'''''возле дуба им строят кормушки,'''''&lt;br&gt;
'''''чтоб не вздумали рыться в корнях.'''''&lt;br&gt;

Әдипләрнең колаклары илтер,&lt;br&gt;
кашларында – азык калдыгы,&lt;br&gt;
тамырларда казынмасын диптер,&lt;br&gt;
имән төпләрендә утлыгы.&lt;br&gt;

Көлке түгел бу хәл – без кичергән фаҗига ул! Ошыймы-юкмы – икенче мәсьәлә. Һәм тагын бер актуаль фикер: милли инкыйраз теге яки бу милли-иҗтимагый күренеш турында «Нәрсәгә кирәк соң бу?» дигән сораудан башлана. Ә бу сорау бүген инде ялкаулыктан интегүчеләребезне нык «борчый»...

«Гариклар» турында. Сиксән җиде яшьлек урыс-яһүд шагыйренә гашыйк булдым, дисәм, дөрес булмас иде. Миңа аның үз кавемендә утыз гасырлык «кыйммәтләр» һәм максатлар өчен гап-гади көрәшче генә булуы сер түгел. Шул исәптән, ачыктан-ачык ялган-фальсификация ярдәмендә дә. Әйтик, аның адым саен кабатлана торган «татаро-монгольское иго» сафсатасы тарихи наданлыктан килеп чыкмаган бит. Белә ашкеназ Игорь Мирон улы дөнья тарихын – энәсеннән җебенә кадәр! Ләкин шул ук вакытта аның «гариклары» кебек камил һәм замананың нәкъ өстенә баса торган дүртьюллыклар язучы шагыйрьләр әле дөньяга тумаган. Татарда да юк хәзер аның тиңдәшләре. Без бу объектив гаделлекне танырга тиешбез: булдыра алмыйсың икән – тырыша-тырыша өйрән. Шул җөмләдән меңьеллык рухият көндәшләреңнән дә. Фоат Уразай боларны «дөнья тотучылар» дип атый, ә Андрей Девятов (Пётр Кваськов) – «планлаштыручылар» дип. Ә без кем бүген?

Безнең бу дөньяда бик мөһим бер үзенчәлегебез һәм аермабыз бар: «шайтан сайлаган» милләт булып китәргә хакыбыз да, хәтта мөмкинлегебез дә юк. Теләгебез дә булмаса иде! Мәрхүм Рашат ага Сафин («Татар юлы», «Татар миссиясе», «Татар инануы» һәм башка китаплар авторы) һәм замандашыбыз Фоат Уразай бу хакыйкатьне дистәләрчә мәртәбә исбат иттеләр инде үз әсәрләрендә.&lt;br&gt;
*  *  *&lt;br&gt;
Тупасрак булган булсам, кичерегез, җәмәгать. Минем дә түземлегем чиксез түгел ич – газиз халкымның куркаклыгын, мәнсезлеген һәм матдичелек сазлыгына үз теләге белән кереп батканын күзәтеп торырга. Бүгенгегез имин, киләчәгегез бәхетле булсын! Һәм шуның өчен тормышның бөтен даирәләрендә дә җиң сызганып эшкә керешергә ниятегез, теләгегез, ихтыяр көчегез һәм тырышлыгыгыз барлыкка килсен. Язмышының гел үзенә генә йөкләнгән өлешен үз кулына алырга теләмәгән халык беркайчан да хөр, азат һәм бәйсез булып китмәячәк. Һәм фани дөньяда бары тик намазлыкта утырып кына бакыйлык өчен дә җәннәт әһеле булуга ирешә алмыйсың...&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:Wq/tt]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:33:08Z</timestamp>
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ကခုံးမှီကခုံးမွှား

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/kkʰóʊɴm̥íkkʰóʊɴmW̯á/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
၁။ အိပ်ပြီးကေ မပျော်တပျော် ဟိရေ အခိုက်။ ၂။ စကေ အိပ်ပျော် နေခိုက်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
drowsiness

=== ဗမာ ===
၁။ အိပ်၍ မပျော်တပျော် ရှိသည့် အခိုက်။ ၂။ အတန်ငယ် အိပ်ပျော် နေခိုက်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
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    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3693972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303940</id>
      <parentid>6991009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:34:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
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      <text bytes="608" sha1="6mr7nvl65wtrmeqayd9lhgbbz0rxex4" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ကချော်ကရော်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/kɕɔ̀kɹɔ̀/}}

=== ကြိယာ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ပျက်ရယ်မှု ပြုရေ။ သရော် ပြောင်လှောင်ရေ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
deride

=== ဗမာ ===
ပျက်ရယ်မှု ပြုသည်။ သရော် ပြောင်လှောင် သည်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
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    <title>Wt/rki/ကချိုးကချဉ်သီး</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3693988</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>6991053</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:36:54Z</timestamp>
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        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
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      <text bytes="609" sha1="rk2rkadd5x7nif7qgvmibncj1r50ixf" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ကချိုးကချဉ်သီး

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/kɕókɕɪ̀ɴθï/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ချို ချဉ်အရသာ ဟိရေ ယှောက်ချိုသီး တမျိုး။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
lemon

=== ဗမာ ===
ချိုချဉ် အရသာ ရှိသော ရှောက်သီး တစ်မျိုး။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>rk2rkadd5x7nif7qgvmibncj1r50ixf</sha1>
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    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3693993</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>6991070</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:39:09Z</timestamp>
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        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
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      <text bytes="553" sha1="449stxuk3isuwxwr2suaiv0lzbgq1s5" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ကခြီသည်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/kkʰɹìθɛ̀/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
အက ပညာနန့် အသက်မွီး သူ။ ကချေသည်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
professional dancer

=== ဗမာ ===
အက ပညာဖြင့် အသက်မွေး သူ။ ကချေသည်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
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    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3694314</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:45:13Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2629904</id>
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      <text bytes="1052" sha1="ab6yguc2iuqyuk3gs6ltrdw5lki00mr" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ကစိကစိုင်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ksìksàɪɴ/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ရောက်တတ် ရာရာ။ တောင်တောင် မြောက်မြောက်။ ရည်ရွယ်ချက် မဟိဘဲ။ ဆားမရရီမရ လားလာဗျာယ်။ တရွာပြီး တရွာ လားလာဗျာယ်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
in disorder - helter-skelter - without purpose

=== ဗမာ ===
ရောက်တတ် ရာရာ။ တောင်တောင် မြောက်မြောက်။ ရည်ရွယ်ချက် မရှိပဲ။ ပေါက်ကရ သွားလာလျက်။ တစ်ရွာပြီး တစ်ရွာ သွားလာလျက်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="682" sha1="n947fw7k1ubh5t0ir9ausybhi7mdugm" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ကစပ်တမ်း

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ksaʔtáɴ/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
(ကစပ်ရေ) အမူအရာ။ ဟန်ပန်အနိန်အထား။ (ကျွဲအရုပ်လုပ် ကစပ်တမ်း။ လူအရုပ်လုပ် ကစပ်တမ်းအစဟိရေ) 

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
game  how a game is played - style

=== ဗမာ ===
အမူအရာ။ ဟန်အနေအထား။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>n947fw7k1ubh5t0ir9ausybhi7mdugm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/rose kabagyenyi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3698312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304224</id>
      <parentid>7094057</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:04:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304224</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2114" sha1="swm602ng5gbng38olcw59yso1bs1fhx" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose Kabagyenyi''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina  Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena;) obumwe na obumwe Rose Kabagyeni) n'omukazi omunyabyabutegyeki kandi owaabaire ari omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omwishengyero. Akaba ari  omunyishengyero  omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa Disiturikiti ya Kisoro, omwanya ogu yaabaire aine kuruga ekumi ebiri namukaaga kuhisya enkumi ibiri abiri nagumwe.[1] Kuhika enkumi ibiri abiri nebiri , akaba ari omuhabuzi wa purezidenti omukuru aha by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri Yuganda.[2]

N'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ekiri omu butegyeki ekya rwangisiriza
== '''Obuto bwe n'obwegyese''' ==
Kabagyenyi akazaarwa ebiro bina Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena. Akamara emishomo ye y'okubanza aha ishomero rya Gikoro Primary School omuri rukumi rwenda kinaana na mushanju. Omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda, akamara siniya yaakana (UCE) aha Seseme Girls Secondary School omuri Kisoro. Akatunga satifiketi ye y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda netano hamwe na dipuroma omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu itendekyero rya Bukalasa Agricultural College omuri enkumi ibiri.

Omunkumi ibiri abiri neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga Makerere University omuri Kampala. Akagumizamu n'emishomo ye yaatunga dipuroma ya kabiri omunkumi ibiri ikumi nagumwe hamwe na satifikeeti ya kabiri omu kureebuuza n'okushwijuma kuruga Uganda Management Institute omuri enkumi ibiri ikumi nishatu.

Omunkumi nibiri ikumi neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri ya kabiri omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu yunivasite ya Makerere
== '''Emirimo''' ==
Kuruga rukumi rwenda kyenda namushanju kuhisya enkumi ibiri, Kabagyenyi akakora nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu gavumenti y'ebyanga eya Kisoro kandi nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu Disiturikiti ya Kisoro kuruga enkumi ibiri namushanju  kuhisya enkumi ibiri ikumi.

Kabagyenyi akakora nk'omuhabuzi w'ekitongore kya National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS)

Nk'omukazi omukiiki omwishengyero rya Disiturikiti ya Kisoro akahindurwa na Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi.

== '''Reeba Neebi''' ==</text>
      <sha1>swm602ng5gbng38olcw59yso1bs1fhx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304225</id>
      <parentid>7304224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:05:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Obuto bwe n'obwegyese */ grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304225</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2115" sha1="hj3pz2ila3puceasf2o9we22g29ba6v" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose Kabagyenyi''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina  Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena;) obumwe na obumwe Rose Kabagyeni) n'omukazi omunyabyabutegyeki kandi owaabaire ari omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omwishengyero. Akaba ari  omunyishengyero  omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa Disiturikiti ya Kisoro, omwanya ogu yaabaire aine kuruga ekumi ebiri namukaaga kuhisya enkumi ibiri abiri nagumwe.[1] Kuhika enkumi ibiri abiri nebiri , akaba ari omuhabuzi wa purezidenti omukuru aha by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri Yuganda.[2]

N'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ekiri omu butegyeki ekya rwangisiriza
== '''Obuto bwe n'obwegyese''' ==
Kabagyenyi akazaarwa ebiro bina Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena. Akamara emishomo ye y'okubanza aha ishomero rya Gikoro Primary School omuri rukumi rwenda kinaana na mushanju. Omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda, akamara siniya yaakana (UCE) aha Seseme Girls Secondary School omuri Kisoro. Akatunga satifiketi ye y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda netano hamwe na dipuroma omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu itendekyero rya Bukalasa Agricultural College omuri enkumi ibiri.

Omu nkumi ibiri abiri neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga Makerere University omuri Kampala. Akagumizamu n'emishomo ye yaatunga dipuroma ya kabiri omunkumi ibiri ikumi nagumwe hamwe na satifikeeti ya kabiri omu kureebuuza n'okushwijuma kuruga Uganda Management Institute omuri enkumi ibiri ikumi nishatu.

Omunkumi nibiri ikumi neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri ya kabiri omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu yunivasite ya Makerere
== '''Emirimo''' ==
Kuruga rukumi rwenda kyenda namushanju kuhisya enkumi ibiri, Kabagyenyi akakora nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu gavumenti y'ebyanga eya Kisoro kandi nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu Disiturikiti ya Kisoro kuruga enkumi ibiri namushanju  kuhisya enkumi ibiri ikumi.

Kabagyenyi akakora nk'omuhabuzi w'ekitongore kya National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS)

Nk'omukazi omukiiki omwishengyero rya Disiturikiti ya Kisoro akahindurwa na Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi.

== '''Reeba Neebi''' ==</text>
      <sha1>hj3pz2ila3puceasf2o9we22g29ba6v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304226</id>
      <parentid>7304225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304226</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2116" sha1="nmxson62bhwqoooa6dd43abogeuzkfi" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose Kabagyenyi''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina  Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena;) obumwe na obumwe Rose Kabagyeni) n'omukazi omunyabyabutegyeki kandi owaabaire ari omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omwishengyero. Akaba ari  omunyishengyero  omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa Disiturikiti ya Kisoro, omwanya ogu yaabaire aine kuruga ekumi ebiri namukaaga kuhisya enkumi ibiri abiri nagumwe.[1] Kuhika enkumi ibiri abiri nebiri , akaba ari omuhabuzi wa purezidenti omukuru aha by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri Yuganda.[2]

N'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ekiri omu butegyeki ekya rwangisiriza
== '''Obuto bwe n'obwegyese''' ==
Kabagyenyi akazaarwa ebiro bina Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena. Akamara emishomo ye y'okubanza aha ishomero rya Gikoro Primary School omuri rukumi rwenda kinaana na mushanju. Omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda, akamara siniya yaakana (UCE) aha Seseme Girls Secondary School omuri Kisoro. Akatunga satifiketi ye y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda netano hamwe na dipuroma omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu itendekyero rya Bukalasa Agricultural College omuri enkumi ibiri.

Omu nkumi ibiri abiri neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga Makerere University omuri Kampala. Akagumizamu n'emishomo ye yaatunga dipuroma ya kabiri omunkumi ibiri ikumi nagumwe hamwe na satifikeeti ya kabiri omu kureebuuza n'okushwijuma kuruga Uganda Management Institute omuri enkumi ibiri ikumi nishatu.

Omu nkumi nibiri ikumi neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri ya kabiri omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu yunivasite ya Makerere
== '''Emirimo''' ==
Kuruga rukumi rwenda kyenda namushanju kuhisya enkumi ibiri, Kabagyenyi akakora nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu gavumenti y'ebyanga eya Kisoro kandi nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu Disiturikiti ya Kisoro kuruga enkumi ibiri namushanju  kuhisya enkumi ibiri ikumi.

Kabagyenyi akakora nk'omuhabuzi w'ekitongore kya National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS)

Nk'omukazi omukiiki omwishengyero rya Disiturikiti ya Kisoro akahindurwa na Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi.

== '''Reeba Neebi''' ==</text>
      <sha1>nmxson62bhwqoooa6dd43abogeuzkfi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304228</id>
      <parentid>7304226</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:06:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2117" sha1="qmcorw4ojfd4xpzrh5pavzi30rov41h" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose Kabagyenyi''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina  Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena;) obumwe na obumwe Rose Kabagyeni) n'omukazi omunyabyabutegyeki kandi owaabaire ari omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omwishengyero. Akaba ari  omunyishengyero  omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa Disiturikiti ya Kisoro, omwanya ogu yaabaire aine kuruga ekumi ebiri namukaaga kuhisya enkumi ibiri abiri nagumwe.[1] Kuhika enkumi ibiri abiri nebiri , akaba ari omuhabuzi wa purezidenti omukuru aha by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri Yuganda.[2]

N'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ekiri omu butegyeki ekya rwangisiriza
== '''Obuto bwe n'obwegyese''' ==
Kabagyenyi akazaarwa ebiro bina Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena. Akamara emishomo ye y'okubanza aha ishomero rya Gikoro Primary School omuri rukumi rwenda kinaana na mushanju. Omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda, akamara siniya yaakana (UCE) aha Seseme Girls Secondary School omuri Kisoro. Akatunga satifiketi ye y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda netano hamwe na dipuroma omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu itendekyero rya Bukalasa Agricultural College omuri enkumi ibiri.

Omu nkumi ibiri abiri neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga Makerere University omuri Kampala. Akagumizamu n'emishomo ye yaatunga dipuroma ya kabiri omu nkumi ibiri ikumi nagumwe hamwe na satifikeeti ya kabiri omu kureebuuza n'okushwijuma kuruga Uganda Management Institute omuri enkumi ibiri ikumi nishatu.

Omu nkumi nibiri ikumi neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri ya kabiri omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu yunivasite ya Makerere
== '''Emirimo''' ==
Kuruga rukumi rwenda kyenda namushanju kuhisya enkumi ibiri, Kabagyenyi akakora nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu gavumenti y'ebyanga eya Kisoro kandi nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu Disiturikiti ya Kisoro kuruga enkumi ibiri namushanju  kuhisya enkumi ibiri ikumi.

Kabagyenyi akakora nk'omuhabuzi w'ekitongore kya National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS)

Nk'omukazi omukiiki omwishengyero rya Disiturikiti ya Kisoro akahindurwa na Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi.

== '''Reeba Neebi''' ==</text>
      <sha1>qmcorw4ojfd4xpzrh5pavzi30rov41h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304229</id>
      <parentid>7304228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:07:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304229</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2119" sha1="985jcw2wguzimhb0xj5wur84m71y48q" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose Kabagyenyi''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina  Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena;) obumwe na obumwe Rose Kabagyeni) n'omukazi omunyabyabutegyeki kandi owaabaire ari omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omwishengyero. Akaba ari  omunyishengyero  omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa Disiturikiti ya Kisoro, omwanya ogu yaabaire aine kuruga ekumi ebiri namukaaga kuhisya enkumi ibiri abiri nagumwe.[1] Kuhika enkumi ibiri abiri nebiri , akaba ari omuhabuzi wa purezidenti omukuru aha by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri Yuganda.[2]

N'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ekiri omu butegyeki ekya rwangisiriza
== '''Obuto bwe n'obwegyese''' ==
Kabagyenyi akazaarwa ebiro bina Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena. Akamara emishomo ye y'okubanza aha ishomero rya Gikoro Primary School omuri rukumi rwenda kinaana na mushanju. Omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda, akamara siniya yaakana (UCE) aha Seseme Girls Secondary School omuri Kisoro. Akatunga satifiketi ye y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda neetaano hamwe na dipuroma omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu itendekyero rya Bukalasa Agricultural College omuri enkumi ibiri.

Omu nkumi ibiri abiri neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga Makerere University omuri Kampala. Akagumizamu n'emishomo ye yaatunga dipuroma ya kabiri omu nkumi ibiri ikumi nagumwe hamwe na satifikeeti ya kabiri omu kureebuuza n'okushwijuma kuruga Uganda Management Institute omuri enkumi ibiri ikumi nishatu.

Omu nkumi nibiri ikumi neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri ya kabiri omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu yunivasite ya Makerere
== '''Emirimo''' ==
Kuruga rukumi rwenda kyenda namushanju kuhisya enkumi ibiri, Kabagyenyi akakora nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu gavumenti y'ebyanga eya Kisoro kandi nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu Disiturikiti ya Kisoro kuruga enkumi ibiri namushanju  kuhisya enkumi ibiri ikumi.

Kabagyenyi akakora nk'omuhabuzi w'ekitongore kya National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS)

Nk'omukazi omukiiki omwishengyero rya Disiturikiti ya Kisoro akahindurwa na Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi.

== '''Reeba Neebi''' ==</text>
      <sha1>985jcw2wguzimhb0xj5wur84m71y48q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304230</id>
      <parentid>7304229</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:08:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304230</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2120" sha1="sdmmh6zvn6u3rw90bqjqdmfsqqfr8xj" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose Kabagyenyi''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina  Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena;) obumwe na obumwe Rose Kabagyeni) n'omukazi omunyabyabutegyeki kandi owaabaire ari omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omwishengyero. Akaba ari  omunyishengyero  omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa Disiturikiti ya Kisoro, omwanya ogu yaabaire aine kuruga ekumi ebiri namukaaga kuhisya enkumi ibiri abiri nagumwe.[1] Kuhika enkumi ibiri abiri nebiri , akaba ari omuhabuzi wa purezidenti omukuru aha by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri Yuganda.[2]

N'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ekiri omu butegyeki ekya rwangisiriza
== '''Obuto bwe n'obwegyese''' ==
Kabagyenyi akazaarwa ebiro bina Okwa munaana rukumi rwenda nshanju neena. Akamara emishomo ye y'okubanza aha ishomero rya Gikoro Primary School omuri rukumi rwenda kinaana na mushanju. Omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda, akamara siniya yaakana (UCE) aha Seseme Girls Secondary School omuri Kisoro. Akatunga satifiketi ye y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa omuri rukumi rwenda kyenda neetaano hamwe na dipuroma omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu itendekyero rya Bukalasa Agricultural College omuri enkumi ibiri.

Omu nkumi ibiri abiri neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri y'okubanza omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga Makerere University omuri Kampala. Akagumizamu n'emishomo ye yaatunga dipuroma ya kabiri omu nkumi ibiri ikumi nagumwe hamwe na satifikeeti ya kabiri omu kureebuuza n'okushwijuma kuruga Uganda Management Institute omuri enkumi ibiri ikumi nishatu.

Omu nkumi nibiri ikumi neena, Kabagyenyi akatunga diguri ya kabiri omu by'obuhingi n'oburiisa kuruga omu yunivasite ya Makerere
== '''Emirimo''' ==
Kuruga rukumi rwenda kyenda na mushanju kuhisya enkumi ibiri, Kabagyenyi akakora nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu gavumenti y'ebyanga eya Kisoro kandi nka ofiisa w'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa omu Disiturikiti ya Kisoro kuruga enkumi ibiri namushanju  kuhisya enkumi ibiri ikumi.

Kabagyenyi akakora nk'omuhabuzi w'ekitongore kya National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS)

Nk'omukazi omukiiki omwishengyero rya Disiturikiti ya Kisoro akahindurwa na Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi.

== '''Reeba Neebi''' ==</text>
      <sha1>sdmmh6zvn6u3rw90bqjqdmfsqqfr8xj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ဃရောင်းကားပါး</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3700201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303962</id>
      <parentid>7008516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:54:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="695" sha1="4y7e3lbik74ey4hoasjaow8lw526qsq" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ဃရောင်းကားပါး

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ɡʱɹáʊɴkápà:/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ကစဉ့်ကရဲ။ အကွဲကွဲ အပြားပြား။ ကရားကထား ဖြစ်ဗျာယ်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
different

=== ဗမာ ===
ကစဉ့်ကရဲ။ အကွဲကွဲ အပြားပြား။ ဖရိုဖရဲ ဖြစ်လျက်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>4y7e3lbik74ey4hoasjaow8lw526qsq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ဃဟာကြီး</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3700204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303963</id>
      <parentid>7008520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:55:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="540" sha1="o1yo74205fizwd5iaycz5w43foyeogk" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ဃဟာကြီး

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ɡʱhàkɹï/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ဃ အက္ခရာ ကိုခေါ်သော နာမည်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
pronunciation of fourth of Arakanese consonant

=== ဗမာ ===
ဃ အက္ခရာ ကိုခေါ်သော အမည်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>o1yo74205fizwd5iaycz5w43foyeogk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ကညုကည</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3701179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303967</id>
      <parentid>7011010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:59:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="687" sha1="o7vxis0qyqysel3s7bqffu1x3owqvdd" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ကညုကည

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/kɲoʊkɲ/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ကြင်ကြင်နာနာ။ ကယုကယင်။ ချစ်ခင် ကြင်နာစွာ။ ဂရုတစိုက်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
tenderly

=== ဗမာ ===
ကြင်ကြင်နာနာ။ ယုယုယယ။ ချစ်ခင် ကြင်နာစွာ။ ဂရုတစိုက်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>o7vxis0qyqysel3s7bqffu1x3owqvdd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ကညင်သိန်ပင်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3701182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303969</id>
      <parentid>7011019</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:03:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="478" sha1="56gykxjkxk6mnij6tqqsn4cjs8kg66s" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ကညင်သိန်ပင်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/kɲɪ̀ɴθèɪɴpɪ̀ɴ/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ဆီးပင်တမျိုး။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
a medicinal plant

=== ဗမာ ===
ဆေးပင်တစ်မျိုး။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>56gykxjkxk6mnij6tqqsn4cjs8kg66s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ကတိ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3701187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303971</id>
      <parentid>7011035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:04:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="792" sha1="6zf2rgd0nft1tok7uijt60q5cbenc7l" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ကတိ

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ktì/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
သဖောချင်း တိုက်ဆိုင် ညီညွတ်ချက်၊ လိုက်နာ ဆောင်ရွက် ပြုလုပ်ပါဖို့လို့ အာမခံချက်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
promise  agreement

=== ဗမာ ===
သဘောချင်း တိုက်ဆိုင် ညီညွတ်ချက်၊ လိုက်နာ ဆောင်ရွက် ပြုလုပ်ပါမည်ဟု အာမခံချက်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>6zf2rgd0nft1tok7uijt60q5cbenc7l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ပတောက်ပရစ်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3705992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303875</id>
      <parentid>7024563</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:19:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} */</comment>
      <origin>7303875</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="977" sha1="ook8188izkeeqnd0ry1p8xfdibdowmk" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ပတောက်ပရစ်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ptɔ́ɛʔpɹɪʔ/}}

=== ကြိယာ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
လူများဧ့ အပြစ်ကို ဖော်ပြလို့ ရေရွတ် ပြောဆိုရေ။ မကြိုက်ဖွယ် စကား ရှည်လျားစွာ ရေရွတ် ပြောဆိုရေ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
chide

=== ဗမာ ===
သူတစ်ပါး၏ အပြစ်ကို ဖော်ပြ၍ ရေရွတ် ပြောဆိုသည်။ မနှစ်သက်ဖွယ် စကား ရှည်လျားစွာ ရေရွတ် ပြောဆိုသည်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>ook8188izkeeqnd0ry1p8xfdibdowmk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303876</id>
      <parentid>7303875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:20:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="903" sha1="1eq03c5vvconh4pmfp841kdyk9llill" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ပတောက်ပရစ်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ptɔ́ɛʔpɹɪʔ/}}

=== ကြိယာ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
လူများဧ့ အပြစ်ကို ဖော်ပြလို့ ရေရွတ် ပြောဆိုရေ။ မကြိုက်ဖွယ် စကား ရှည်လျားစွာ ရေရွတ် ပြောဆိုရေ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
chide

=== ဗမာ ===
သူတစ်ပါး၏ အပြစ်ကို ဖော်ပြ၍ ရေရွတ် ပြောဆိုသည်။ မနှစ်သက်ဖွယ် စကား ရှည်လျားစွာ ရေရွတ် ပြောဆိုသည်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>1eq03c5vvconh4pmfp841kdyk9llill</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ယခါ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3706043</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303974</id>
      <parentid>7024809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="960" sha1="fu2j8y2uki6pwredoxleyehe0br6w73" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ယခါ

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/jkʰà/}}

=== သမ္ဗန္တ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|သမ္ဗန္တ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ယပြီးနောက်၊ ယင်းကနိန်နောက်မာ။ ‘အကျွန်မောင်ဖြူပါ ရို့လားခိပါရေ၊ ယခါ မိုးထခါ လာလတ်လို့ ပြောလိုက်ပါရေ’ (အရပ်)။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
then - after that

=== ဗမာ ===
ထို့နောက်၊ ထိုမှနောက်၌။ ‘အကျွန်မောင်ဖြူပါ တို့လားခိပါရေ၊ ယခါ နက်ဖြန်ခါ လာလတ်လို့ ပြောလိုက်ပါရေ’ (အရပ်)။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>fu2j8y2uki6pwredoxleyehe0br6w73</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/တကြာ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3706047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303877</id>
      <parentid>7024813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:21:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="772" sha1="tdzogd3zvqha1elubsv5mzxfq11swjw" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တကြာ

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/tt͡ɕà/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ရှည်လျားစွာသော ကာလထိအောင်။ ကာလ အပိုင်းအရာ ကန့်သတ်ထားခြင်း မဟိဘဲ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
any time

=== ဗမာ ===
ရှည်လျားစွာသော ကာလတိုင်အောင်။ ကာလ အပိုင်းအခြား ကန့်သတ်ထားခြင်း မရှိပဲ။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>tdzogd3zvqha1elubsv5mzxfq11swjw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ယခင်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3706049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303976</id>
      <parentid>7024819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:08:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303976</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="720" sha1="sauwgz4ky9hm542xqfxx4uq9twg9oun" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ယခင်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/jkʰɪ̀ɴ/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
အဂုပြောဆို ဖော်ပြရေ့ ကာလမရောက်ခင် လွန်ခရေ အတိတ်ကာလက။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
before - in the past - formerly

=== ဗမာ ===
ယခုပြောဆို ဖော်ပြသည့် ကာလမတိုင်မီ လွန်ခဲ့သော အတိတ်ကာလက။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>sauwgz4ky9hm542xqfxx4uq9twg9oun</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/တကျာကျာတအာအာ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3706065</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303889</id>
      <parentid>7024864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:36:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303889</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1659" sha1="g9lttbw7gxairgwy3infq8jt1h91b2c" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တကျာကျာတအာအာ

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/tt͡ɕàt͡ɕàtʔʔ/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
၁၊ အသံ အဆက် မပြတ် မြည်ဗျာယ်။ ၂၊ နားပူနားဆာ။ ဆူညံသော အသံနန့်။ ရင်သွီးနှစ်ဖြာ၊ တကျာကျာနန့်၊ ဖြေဖျော်ထိန်းလည်း၊ မငြိမ်းနှိုင်လို့၊ တကျာကျာကေ၊ ခါခါငိုလို့ (ကော်)။ တကျာကျာလေ၊ အာအာလည်းငို၊ သားမင်းပျိုမာ၊ ဆိုငိုမြည်တမ်း။ (ပန်း)

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
badger - noise

=== ဗမာ ===
၁၊ အသံ အဆက် မပြတ် မြည်လျက်။ ၂၊ နားပူနားဆာ။ ဆူညံသော အသံဖြင့်။ ရင်သွီးနှစ်ဖြာ၊ တကျာကျာနှင့်၊ ဖြေဖျော်ထိန်းလည်း၊ မငြိမ်းနိုင်လို့၊ တကျာကျာကေ၊ ခါခါငိုလို့ (ကော်)။ တကျာကျာလေ၊ အာအာလည်းငို၊ သားမင်းပျိုမှာ၊ ဆိုငိုမြည်တမ်း။ (ပန်း)

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>g9lttbw7gxairgwy3infq8jt1h91b2c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ပယွိန့်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3706342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303879</id>
      <parentid>7026248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:23:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="730" sha1="lgdnsb3kr70dmf0fz7y4wzavp6bcg1w" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ပယွိန့်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/pjwèɪɴ့/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ဝါး၊ ကြိမ် အစဟိစွာနန့် ရက်လုပ် ထားရေ ငါးယှာရာမာ အသုံးပြုရေ ထည့်စရာ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
bucket

=== ဗမာ ===
ဝါး၊ ကြိမ် စသည်နှင့် ရက်လုပ် ထားသော ငါးရှာရာ၌ အသုံးပြုသော ထည့်စရာ။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>lgdnsb3kr70dmf0fz7y4wzavp6bcg1w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ကတီးကမျော</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3706455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303880</id>
      <parentid>7026791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:24:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="597" sha1="3sbi2spvcuhmbyyz315ujivr0afgnsn" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ကတီးကမျော

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ktïkmrɔ́/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
သရူးမရူး။ ကမန်းကတန်း။ ကမန်းကတန်း။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
hurried

=== ဗမာ ===
အလောတကြီး။ အလျင်စလို။ ကမန်းကတန်း။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>3sbi2spvcuhmbyyz315ujivr0afgnsn</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ကတီးတိုက်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3706456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303881</id>
      <parentid>7026796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:26:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="777" sha1="r7ihjpqur4vzt81bnle2nqymjpde7il" xml:space="preserve">=== {{Wt/rki/rki}} ===
ကတီးတိုက်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ktïtaɪʔ/}}

=== ကြိယာ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
လူကို ရယ်ချင်ရောင် လက်ကတီး၊ ခါးကြား အစဟိစွာရို့ကို ထိုးဆွပီးရေ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
tickle ( a person ) - grave bitter laugh  gives probe

=== ဗမာ ===
လူကို ရယ်မောအောင် ချိုင်းကြား၊ ခါးကြား စသည်တို့ကို ထိုးဆွပေးသည်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>r7ihjpqur4vzt81bnle2nqymjpde7il</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303882</id>
      <parentid>7303881</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303882</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="777" sha1="eus64u9pp1346pe2fdmzljs7fbbpvnq" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ကတီးတိုက်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ktïtaɪʔ/}}

=== ကြိယာ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
လူကို ရယ်ချင်ရောင် လက်ကတီး၊ ခါးကြား အစဟိစွာရို့ကို ထိုးဆွပီးရေ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
tickle ( a person ) - grave bitter laugh  gives probe

=== ဗမာ ===
လူကို ရယ်မောအောင် ချိုင်းကြား၊ ခါးကြား စသည်တို့ကို ထိုးဆွပေးသည်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>eus64u9pp1346pe2fdmzljs7fbbpvnq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ပလင်တတ်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3706875</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303886</id>
      <parentid>7027981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:29:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1659" sha1="qk2kjoheuholpkixmqg4882huvpeht0" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ပလင်တတ်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/plɪ̀ɴtaʔ/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
သား၊ ငါး စစွာကို သတ်ဖြတ် ရောင်းချ စားသောက် ခြင်းနန့် အသက်မွီးသူ။ မုဆိုး။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
hunter

=== ဗမာ ===
သား၊ ငါး စသည်ကို သတ်ဖြတ် ရောင်းချ စားသောက် ခြင်းဖြင့် အသက်မွေးသူ။ မုဆိုး။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]
== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ပလင်တတ်၂

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/plɪ̀ɴtaʔ၂/}}

=== နာမဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
လက်တည့်သော။ လက်ဖြောင့်သော။ ရွှီသာ ပလင်တတ်ရာပလား၊ ယင်းတိုင်သျှင် ကကောင်း လက်တည့်ရေယေ၊ (အရပ်)

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
sniper

=== ဗမာ ===
လက်တည့်သော။ လက်ဖြောင့်သော။ ရွှေသာ ပလင်တတ်ရာပလား၊ ယင်းသူ ကောင်းကောင်း လက်တည့်ရေယေ၊ (အရပ်)

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>qk2kjoheuholpkixmqg4882huvpeht0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ပသီး</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3707119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303887</id>
      <parentid>7028936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:31:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1792" sha1="l4jxn8ibxs0a31k44tkgkctturynhm4" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ပသီး

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/pθï/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ငါးအစဟိရေ ရေ သတ္တဝါ ရို့ဧ့ ခေါင်းပိုင်း ‌ဘေး တဖက် တချက်မာ ဟိရေ လီရှူသွင်းရာ ရီနန့်လီ ခွဲခြား ထုတ်ရာ အပေါက်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
gill

=== ဗမာ ===
ငါးစသော ရေ သတ္တဝါ တို့၏ ခေါင်းပိုင်း ဘေး တစ်ဘက် တစ်ချက်တွင် ရှိသော လေရှူသွင်းရာ ရေနှင့်လေ ခွဲခြား ထုတ်ရာ အပေါက်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]
== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ပသီး၂

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/pθï၂/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ကျမ်းမာပါစီ၊ ချမ်းသာပါစီ၊ ၉၆ ဖြာဝေဒနာရို့ ကင်းယှင်းပါစီ အစဟိစွာအနိန်နန့် မြွက်ဆိုရေ စကား။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
give blessings

=== ဗမာ ===
ကျန်းမာပါစေ၊ ချမ်းသာပါစေ၊ ၉၆ ဖြာဝေဒနာတို့ ကင်းရှင်းပါစေ စသည်ဖြင့် မြွက်ဆိုသော စကား။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>l4jxn8ibxs0a31k44tkgkctturynhm4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Alan Rogers (football manager)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3707223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304311</id>
      <parentid>7303791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T06:47:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3792" sha1="csa8xz0a7gzasngb0na1vbn7g22c9f9" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q4707660}}
'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA. Bwanyima, akaza omuri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923. Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport. Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.

== Ebi otungire ==
Omusinguzi: Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.

Omusinguzi: Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Omusinguzi: Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>csa8xz0a7gzasngb0na1vbn7g22c9f9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304312</id>
      <parentid>7304311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T06:47:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
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      <text bytes="3809" sha1="c6xrxlfcc2u38tad6u9cyzc7cyqlmej" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q4707660}}
'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Bwanyima, akaza omuri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923. Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport. Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.

== Ebi otungire ==
Omusinguzi: Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.

Omusinguzi: Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Omusinguzi: Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304313</id>
      <parentid>7304312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T06:48:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
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'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Bwanyima, akaza omuri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/districts.pl?r=150721195:1640&amp;d=bmd_1721815511 Albert G I M M Rogers]&quot;. ''FreeBMD''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;. Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport. Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.

== Ebi otungire ==
Omusinguzi: Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.

Omusinguzi: Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Omusinguzi: Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Bwanyima, akaza omuri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/districts.pl?r=150721195:1640&amp;d=bmd_1721815511 Albert G I M M Rogers]&quot;. ''FreeBMD''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;. Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180827012446/http://www.thesportsbookshelf.com/2016/11/Mister-Rory-Smith-book-review.html Giving the game away - how England's coaching missionaries taught the world how to beat us at football]&quot;. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;. Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.

== Ebi otungire ==
Omusinguzi: Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.

Omusinguzi: Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Omusinguzi: Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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        <id>2608660</id>
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'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Bwanyima, akaza o&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/rogers/5067157 Albert (Alan) Rogers]&quot;. Funeral Notices. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;muri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/districts.pl?r=150721195:1640&amp;d=bmd_1721815511 Albert G I M M Rogers]&quot;. ''FreeBMD''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;. Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180827012446/http://www.thesportsbookshelf.com/2016/11/Mister-Rory-Smith-book-review.html Giving the game away - how England's coaching missionaries taught the world how to beat us at football]&quot;. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;. Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.

== Ebi otungire ==
Omusinguzi: Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.

Omusinguzi: Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Omusinguzi: Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bwanyima, akaza omuri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/districts.pl?r=150721195:1640&amp;d=bmd_1721815511 Albert G I M M Rogers]&quot;. ''FreeBMD''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180827012446/http://www.thesportsbookshelf.com/2016/11/Mister-Rory-Smith-book-review.html Giving the game away - how England's coaching missionaries taught the world how to beat us at football]&quot;. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/rogers/5067157 Albert (Alan) Rogers]&quot;. Funeral Notices. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebi otungire ==
Omusinguzi: Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.

Omusinguzi: Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Omusinguzi: Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bwanyima, akaza omuri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/districts.pl?r=150721195:1640&amp;d=bmd_1721815511 Albert G I M M Rogers]&quot;. ''FreeBMD''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180827012446/http://www.thesportsbookshelf.com/2016/11/Mister-Rory-Smith-book-review.html Giving the game away - how England's coaching missionaries taught the world how to beat us at football]&quot;. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/rogers/5067157 Albert (Alan) Rogers]&quot;. Funeral Notices. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content/certificates/indexes_search.asp#Results Albert Garnet I M Rogers b. 1923]&quot;. ''GRO Index''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebi otungire ==
Omusinguzi: Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.

Omusinguzi: Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Omusinguzi: Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

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'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bwanyima, akaza omuri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/districts.pl?r=150721195:1640&amp;d=bmd_1721815511 Albert G I M M Rogers]&quot;. ''FreeBMD''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180827012446/http://www.thesportsbookshelf.com/2016/11/Mister-Rory-Smith-book-review.html Giving the game away - how England's coaching missionaries taught the world how to beat us at football]&quot;. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/rogers/5067157 Albert (Alan) Rogers]&quot;. Funeral Notices. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content/certificates/indexes_search.asp#Results Albert Garnet I M Rogers b. 1923]&quot;. ''GRO Index''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebi yaatungire ==

* '''Omusinguzi''': Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.

* '''Omusinguzi''': Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.

* '''Omusinguzi''': Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bwanyima, akaza omuri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/districts.pl?r=150721195:1640&amp;d=bmd_1721815511 Albert G I M M Rogers]&quot;. ''FreeBMD''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180827012446/http://www.thesportsbookshelf.com/2016/11/Mister-Rory-Smith-book-review.html Giving the game away - how England's coaching missionaries taught the world how to beat us at football]&quot;. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/rogers/5067157 Albert (Alan) Rogers]&quot;. Funeral Notices. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content/certificates/indexes_search.asp#Results Albert Garnet I M Rogers b. 1923]&quot;. ''GRO Index''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebi yaatungire ==

* '''Omusinguzi''': Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.

* '''Omusinguzi''': Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.

* '''Omusinguzi''': Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

== Ebihandiiko Ebirikugambwaho ==
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'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bwanyima, akaza omuri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/districts.pl?r=150721195:1640&amp;d=bmd_1721815511 Albert G I M M Rogers]&quot;. ''FreeBMD''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180827012446/http://www.thesportsbookshelf.com/2016/11/Mister-Rory-Smith-book-review.html Giving the game away - how England's coaching missionaries taught the world how to beat us at football]&quot;. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/rogers/5067157 Albert (Alan) Rogers]&quot;. Funeral Notices. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content/certificates/indexes_search.asp#Results Albert Garnet I M Rogers b. 1923]&quot;. ''GRO Index''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebi yaatungire ==

* '''Omusinguzi''': Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;زندگینامه علی پروین (1)&quot;. [http://www.tebyan.net/Sports/SpecialReports/SpecialReports/2004/7/31/7695.html 24 September 2014]. Retrieved 24 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Omusinguzi''': Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.

* '''Omusinguzi''': Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

== Ebihandiiko Ebirikugambwaho ==
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      <id>7304325</id>
      <parentid>7304323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T06:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
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      <text bytes="5017" sha1="23ygb7bg1fn0zk0zy7f3weu4lb7g0ne" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q4707660}}
'''Albert Garnet I. M. M. Roger''' orikumanywa nka Alan Rogers, akaba ari omutendeki w'omupiira omuri Bungyereza owaabaire ari omutendeki mukuru wa Persepolis F.C. ahagati y'omwaka gwa 1971 hamwe no'gwa 1974.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216131139/http://www.persianleague.com/news/Morenews.cfm?News=2575 Iran gives ex-football boss a hero's welcome]&quot;. persianleague.com. Archived from [http://www.persianleague.com/news/morenews.cfm?news=2575 the original] on 16 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers akaba aine emyanya y'okutendeka omu Philippines, South Africa, Iran, America Qatar, Zambia, Libya, Uganda na Iceland.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/roving-adventures-original-indiana-jones-3537367 Sport – Tranmere Rovers – News – The roving adventures of the original Indiana Jones]&quot;. Liverpool Echo. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.southportvisiter.co.uk/news/southport-news/medal-honour-arctic-war-hero-6599899 Medal honour for Arctic war hero Alan who waited 70 years]&quot;. southportvisiter.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rogers na Frank O'Farrell bakahika omu Tehran ebiro 17 (ikumi na mushanju) Okwa kana  omu mwaka gwa 2006 aha nyima y'okwetwa kwa Persepolis F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804102517/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm Iran Varzeshi - فوتبال ايران ۶ - 1384/10/28]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-varzeshi/1384/841028/html/footbal6.htm the original] on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eby'emirimo ye ==
Bwanyima y'okuheereza nka gunner aha Arctic convoys omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Rogers akatandika omurimo gw'okukurira omupiira gw'ebigyere ogwabaire gurimu amahanga ikumi na mukaaga(16). Aha kubanza kwe nk'omutendeki w'ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere omuri Philippine omu mwaka gwa 1962 kuhisa 63, akaza omu mashuuma ga Africa ahu yaakozire na FIFA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Bwanyima, akaza omuri United States ahu yaahwereire kutandikaho ekibiina kya Chicago Spurs ekya National Premier Soccer League omu sizoni yaabo yonka omu mwaka gwa 1967. Akagaruka yaatendeka ekibiina nikyo kimwe omu mwaka gwa 1970, ekyabaire kihindwirwemu kandi kikahindurwa amaziina kyaheebwa Kansas City Spurs aha nyima y'okuza omuri North American Soccer League omu mwaka gwa 1968.Akaza omuri Iran omu mwaka gwa 1969 omurundi gw'okubanza yaatendeka ekibiina kya Paykan F.C. ekyabaire kiri ekibiina ky'amaani obwire obwo kandi kikaba kiine ebyombeko birungi omuri Iran. Rogers akahinduka bakyampiyoni na Paykan, ahanyima y'ekyo akamara obwire bukye omu America. Bwanyima y'okugaruka omuri Iran akatendeka ekibiina kya Persepolis F.C. omu mwaka gwa 1971 kandi yaahinduka bakyampiyoni n'ekibiina ekyo emirundi ebiri.

== Amagara ge hamwe n'okufa ==
Rogers akazaarirwa omuri West Derby (obwo obu kikaba kiri ekicweka kya Lancashire) ebiro 20 Okwaikumi omu omwaka gwa 1923.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/districts.pl?r=150721195:1640&amp;d=bmd_1721815511 Albert G I M M Rogers]&quot;. ''FreeBMD''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Akaba ari ishento wa Lorraine Rogers, owaabaire ari mukuru w'entebe ya Tranmere Rovers.

Omu myaka ye y'obukuru,  akatuura omu kaju omuri Southport.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180827012446/http://www.thesportsbookshelf.com/2016/11/Mister-Rory-Smith-book-review.html Giving the game away - how England's coaching missionaries taught the world how to beat us at football]&quot;. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Akafa omuri Sefton ebiro 25 Okwa munaana omwaka gwa 2022, aha myaaka 98.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/rogers/5067157 Albert (Alan) Rogers]&quot;. Funeral Notices. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content/certificates/indexes_search.asp#Results Albert Garnet I M Rogers b. 1923]&quot;. ''GRO Index''. Retrieved 5 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebi yaatungire ==

* '''Omusinguzi''': Iran Friendship Cup, Okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 1970 na Paykan F.C.

Empaka ezi zikaba ziri omu muringo gwa riigi ahu Paykan yaasingire emizaano ebiri (2) yaasingwa gumwe( 1). Ebyarugiremu bikaba biri ebi: Paykan ekasingura Adana Demirspor goora 2 ahari 1 hamwe na FC Universitatea Craiova goora 1 ahari 0, yaasingwa CSKA Moscow goora 3 ahari 2.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;زندگینامه علی پروین (1)&quot;. [http://www.tebyan.net/Sports/SpecialReports/SpecialReports/2004/7/31/7695.html 24 September 2014]. Retrieved 24 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Omusinguzi''': Tehran Football Championship omu mwaka gwa 1969 kuhisya 1970 na Paykan F.C.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.jamejamonline.ir/newstext.aspx?newsnum=100956828589 همه خارجي‌هاي شاغل در فوتبال ايران]&quot;. Jamejamonline.ir. Retrieved 25 August 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Omusinguzi''': Takht Jamshid League na Persepolis F.C.

== Ebihandiiko Ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Andrew Felix Kaweesi</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AMANYA SANDRAH</username>
        <id>2623123</id>
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      <comment>Grammatical correction</comment>
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'''Andrew Felix Kaweesi''' akaba ari omuhwezi wa mukuru wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Police Force|poriisi]] (AIGP) omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|yuganda]], kandi omuporiisi. Akaba ari omugambirizi wa pooriisi ya Uganda kuruga omu kwezi kwa munaana omu mwaka gwa 2016 kuhisya omu gwa 2017 obu yaitwa. 

Akafa ari aha rurengo rwa Meja Genero (ekirikushushana n'ekya NATO OF-7).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1448840/pictures-andrew-felix-kaweesis-life-times_ &quot;In Pictures: Andrew Felix Kaweesi's life and times&quot;]. No. 17 March 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Kaweesi akaza omu pooriisi omu mwaka gwa 2001 kandi niwe yaabandize kufa omu bantu abo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kaweesi-first-to-die-among-2001-police-intake/688334-3853472-td9vd0z/index.html &quot;Kaweesi first to die among 2001 police intake&quot;]. Retrieved 12 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu mwaka gwa 2016, Kaweesi akatooranwa mukuru wa pooriisi ([[Wp/nyn/Kale Kayihura|Kale Kaihura]]) kuba mukuru w'ekitongore kya pooriisi ekirikukwatanisa n'abantu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201608230561.html &quot;Uganda: Andrew Felix Kaweesi Appointed New Police Spokesperson&quot;]. Retrieved 12 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo ==
Kaweesi akazaarirwa omuri Kyazanga, omu disiturikiti ya Lwengo. Abazaire be (Esther na Alfonse Mutabazi) bakafa obu yaabaire akiri muto, ekyamurekire we na barumuna be omu mikono y'abanyabuzaare. Abazaire ba Kaweesi bakabasigira eitaka rya hiika 640 omu kyaro kya Kitwekyagonja omuri disiturikiti ya Lwengo. Bwanyima, Kaweesi akarundaana barumuna be yaayombeka ekyombeko aha itaka eryo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/The-Andrew-Felix-Kaweesi-I-knew/688334-3855936-14muxio/index.html &quot;The Andrew Felix Kaweesi I knew&quot;]. Retrieved 12 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Bwanyima y'ekyo, akashwera Annet Kaweesi ou yaazairemu abaana bataano. Omwana waabo owa kataano akazaarwa eizooba eryakuratiire okuziika kwa Kaweesi. Omwana ogu akeetwa eiziina rya ishe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1459314/kaweesis-born-child-kaweesi-jr-baptized &quot;Kaweesi's last-born child Kaweesi Jr baptized&quot;]. Retrieved 12 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obwegyese oburikwetengwa ==
Kaweesi akashomera purayimare aha St. Jude primary school kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1982 kuhisya omu gwa 1989. Akaza omuri St. Benard college school, Kiswera aha rurengo rwa O'level kandi akamara A'level aha Kitante High school kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1994–1996. Kaweesi akashoma diguri y'obushomesa bwa arts  aha [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Yunivasite ya Makerere]] kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1996 kuhisya omu gwa 1999. Bwanyima akaza aha [[:en:Nkumba_University|Yunivasite ya Nkumba]] na Yunivasite ya Nairobi ahu yaashomire diguri ya kabiri omu by'okutebeekanisa n'okw'ebembera eby'obwegyese hamwe na diguri ya kabiri omu by'ensi yoona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.bugandanews.com/national/andrew-felix-kaweesi/ &quot;BIOGRAPHY: WHO WAS ANDREW FELIX KAWEESI?&quot;]. Retrieved 12 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuheereza bwa gavumenti ==

* 2015 kuhisya omu gwa 2017: Mukuru w'abakozi/omugambirizi wa pooriisi ya Yuganda
* Okwa mwenda omu mwaka gwa 2014: Mukuru w'ebikorwa omu pooriisi ya Yuganda.
* 2007–2010: Mukuru w'ishomero ry'okutendeka pooriisi erya Kabalye.
* 2009: Mukuru w'ishomero ry'okutendeka pooriisi erya Kabalye.
* 2006–2009: Omuhwezi wa mukuru wa pooriisi.
* 2005: Omuhwezi wa mukuru w'ishomero ry'okutendeka pooriisi erya Amor Police Academy Somalia.
* 2004–2005: Omuhwezi w'omuduumizi w'eishomero rya pooriisi erya Masindi.
* Okwakabiri–Okwa kataano omu mwaka gwa 2004: Pooriisi ekakora nk'omuhabuzi wa Sudan y'amashuuma omu kitongore kya Department for International Development (DFID) Fund.

* 2002–2003: Ofiisa orikukurira pooriisi omuri disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Ntungamo|Ntungamo]].
* 2001: Omwebembezi w'abeegi omu ishomero rya pooriisi erya Kibuli.
* 2000: Omuhwezi w'omwebembezi wa Gavumenti y'ebyanga omuri disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Masaka|Masaka]].
* 1999: Mukuru w'eishomero kandi omwegyesa ahari St. Benard's College eishomero rya Kiswera.
* 1997–1999: Mukuru w'entebe aha kibiina kya Makerere Private Students Association (MUPSA)

== Emishomo y'obwebembezi  ei yaashomire ==

* Okureeberera ebyokwerinda by'eihanga omu mwaka gwa 2015: Galilee International Management Institute.
* Omushomo gw'okukurira eby'okwerinda omu mwaka gwa 2012: International Law Enforcement Academy.
* Omushomo gw'eby'okwerinda omu mwaka gwa 2010–2011: National Defense College Nairobi.
* Omushomo gw'okukurira eby'okwerinda  omu mwaka gwa 2009: Interpo&lt;nowiki/&gt;l Lyon France.
* Omushomo gw'okukurira okwegyesa omu mwaka gwa 2008: Person Peacekeeping Centre- Cairo [[Wp/nyn/Egypt|Egypt.]]
* Omushomo gw'okukurira okwegyesa omu mwaka gwa 2004: Makerere University Business School.
* Omushomo gw'okwegyesa omu mwaka gwa 2003: Police training school Masindi.
* Omushomo gw'okukurira okwegyesa omu mwaka gwa 2003: [[Wp/nyn/South Africa|South Africa.]]
* Omushomo gw'okwegyesa omu mwaka gwa 2001: Police training school Kibuli&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Okwitwa ==
Kaweesi akaitwa omu kasheeshe k'orwakashatu ebiro17 okwa kashatu omu mwaka gwa 2017 obuyaabaire naaruga omuka arikuza kukora. Akaba naagyenda n'omwe aha bakuumi be, Kenneth Erau, hamwe na dereeva, Geoffrey Wambewo, boona bakaitwa mita 100 kuruga aha geeti ya Kaweesi. Okukyebera omurambwe aha irwariro rya Mulago National Referral Hospital kikashangwa ngu Kaweesi akateerwa amasasi 27, omukuumi we, Kenneth Erau, 33 kandi dereeva we, Geoffrey Wambewo, 11. Emotoka ya pooriisi ei abashatu baabaire barimu ekashangwa eine ebituga by'amasasi 77. 

Kurugirira aha bareebi, abaataahiririire babiri abaabaire bari aha pikipiki bakaruga enyima, baahika ahu baabaire bari, baagaruka, kandi barikwemerera omu maisho g'emotoka ya pooriisi etarimu by'okurwanisa, bakateera amasasi. Omuvugi wa Kaweesi akagyezaho kwongyera aha sipiidi kwonka pikipiki zikamusingura. Yuganda etwire neetunga obutemu oburikushushana n'obwo kuruga Okwaikumi na kumwe omu mwaka gwa 2016. Eky'okureeberaho n'omuserukare Major Sulaiman Kiggundu owaisirwe omu motoka ye abashaija b'embundu abaabaire bari aha pikipiki. Ebiro bibiri atakafiire, Kaweesi akagambira omusesorodooti ebirikukwata aha butumwa obu yaatungire aha simu oburikutiinisa amagara gye. Obutumwa bukaba burimu enamba etarikuhandiikwa.Abantu abiri na babiri bakwasirwe nk'abarikuteekateekwaho kandi bakiriyo nibajunanwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africanews.com/2017/03/17/uganda-police-spokesperson-two-others-shot-dead-in-moving-vehicle// &quot;Uganda police spokesperson, two others shot dead in moving vehicle&quot;]. Retrieved 12 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Okuziika ==
Kaweesi akaziikwa omu maka ga baishenkuru omuri Kyazanga, omuri disiturikiti ya Lwengo aha rw'okubanza, ebiro 21 okwa kashatu. Ekyo kitakabaireho, omurambwe gwa Kaweesi gukatwarwa aha kanisa ya St. Andrew's Church, Kulambiro, Ntinda, Kampala aha sande, 19 okwa kashatu, kushabirwa aha shaaha 3:00 ez'ekiro. Kandi okurinda omurambwe kukabaho omu maka ge, Kulambiro. Kandi saaviisi aha kanisa ya Rubaga Cathedral ekabaho aha rw'okubanza, 20 okwa kashatu ahabwa Kaweesi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1448910/kaweesi-police-release-burial-arrangements &quot;Kaweesi: Police release burial arrangements&quot;]. Retrieved 12 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Reeba n'ebi ==

* Uganda National Police
* List of military schools in Uganda
* Notable alumni, [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

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        <id>1236611</id>
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      <comment>Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User talk:Diggybuckets]] to [[User talk:Richard carrington]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/တတိ,တိ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3707931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303888</id>
      <parentid>7031114</parentid>
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        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
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      <text bytes="643" sha1="ji9gh7ob0cxsiymrgts1jim2x8vk1qa" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တတိ တိ

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/ttì / tì/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
မပြတ်မလပ်။ ဆက်ကာ ဆက်ကာ။ အမြဲမပြတ် ဖြစ်ဗျာယ်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
continuous

=== ဗမာ ===
မပြတ်မလပ်။ ဆက်ကာ ဆက်ကာ။ အဆက်မပြတ် ဖြစ်လျက်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/တွန်းချ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303890</id>
      <parentid>7031243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:38:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
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      <text bytes="1957" sha1="1o1ddeuui67eew171u9kw5juk6030pc" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တွန်းချ

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/tʊ́ɴɕ/}}

=== ကြိယာ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
အမြင့်မှ အနိမ့်သို့၊ တောင်ထက်မှ တောင်အောက်ကို ရွီ့လျော ရွင့်ပါး လားယောင် တွန်းကျောက်ရေ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
ejection

=== ဗမာ ===
အမြင့်မှ အနိမ့်သို့၊ တောင်ထက်မှ တောင်အောက်သို့ ရွေ့လျော လွင့်ပါး သွားအောင် တွန်းကန်သည်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]
== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တွန်းချ၂

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/tʊ́ɴɕ၂/}}

=== ကြိယာ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
(ဥပစာ) လူတဖက်သား ဒုက္ခ ရောက်ယောင် ကြံဆောင် ပြောဆိုရေ။ ဒုက္ခ ရောက်ယောင် လုပ်ရေ။ မောင်လှရို့ အမှုကို အကျွန်ရို့ကိုရာ တိုးချပါရေကာ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
afflicter

=== ဗမာ ===
(ဥပစာ) လူတစ်ဖက်သား ဒုက္ခ ရောက်အောင် ကြံဆောင် ပြောဆိုသည်။ ဒုက္ခ ရောက်အောင် လုပ်သည်။ မောင်လှရို့ အမှုမှာ အကျွန်ရို့ကိုရာ တွန်းချပါရေကာ။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
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        <id>2604072</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="504" sha1="ax024yy1ej0mmrj4h8go1pe99tk2uok" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တန်းဆီးပေါက်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/táɴsʰïpaʊʔ/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ထွီးထားရေ သွန်းဆီးစက်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
spittle

=== ဗမာ ===
ထွေးထားသော တံတွေးစက်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>ax024yy1ej0mmrj4h8go1pe99tk2uok</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/တွတ်တီးတွတ်တွတ်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3708023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303892</id>
      <parentid>7031262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:43:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1748" sha1="mjg022dt2p6u1gtd4g98vcxaulquk4m" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တွတ်တီးတွတ်တွတ်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/twaʔtïtwaʔtwaʔ/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
မပီကလာ ပီကလာနန့် ခရာတာတာ သနားဖွယ်ရာ၊ ချစ်ခင်ဖွယ်ရာ ချွဲလို့ ပြောဆို ပြုမှုရေ။ မပြီတခွန်း၊ ပြီတခွန်းနန့် ချိုသာမွန်မြတ်၊ တွီတွီတွတ်တွတ်၊ ပြောဆိုလတ်လို့ (ကော်)။ မပြီကလာ၊ ပြီကလာ တွက်တီး တွတ်တွတ်နန့် စကားပြောနီရေ၊ ချစ်စရာကောင်းရေပင်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
wheedling

=== ဗမာ ===
မပီကလာ ပီကလာနှင့် ခရာတာတာ သနားဖွယ်ရာ၊ ချစ်ခင်ဖွယ်ရာ ချွဲ၍ ပြောဆို ပြုမှုသည်။ မပြီးတစ်ခွန်း၊ ပြီးတစ်ခွန်းနှင့် ချိုသာမွန်မြတ်၊ တွီတွီတွတ်တွတ်၊ ပြောဆိုလတ်၍ (ကော်)။ မပြီကလာ၊ ပြီကလာ တွက်တီး တွတ်တွတ်နှင့် စကားပြောနေသည်၊ ချစ်ဖို့ကောင်းလိုက်တာ။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>mjg022dt2p6u1gtd4g98vcxaulquk4m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/တွင်းကျန်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3708036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303893</id>
      <parentid>7031281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:44:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="744" sha1="tehuwwtc8p0wg54aofiewb1nn6fdjyc" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တွင်းကျန်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/twɪ́ɴt͡ɕàɴ/}}

=== ကြိယာ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ရက်ကန်း ယိုင်သွား တပေါက်မာ ခြည်ပင် လုံးဝ မသွင်းပဲ ကျန်ရေ။ လပ်ရေ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
remain

=== ဗမာ ===
ယက်ကန်း ယဉ်သွား တစ်ပေါက်တွင် ချည်ပင် လုံးဝ မသွင်းပဲ ကျန်သည်။ လပ်သည်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>tehuwwtc8p0wg54aofiewb1nn6fdjyc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/တွဲလောင်း</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3708076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303894</id>
      <parentid>7031363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:52:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="760" sha1="6fpxma10ilxr00i9vxx95ehldmqq1pj" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တွဲလောင်း

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/twɛláʊɴ/}}

=== ကြိယာဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
တစ်ကျိုင့် တစ်ခုတွင် ချိတ်ဆွဲ ထားအနိန်နန့် တန်းလန်း တွဲလျား ကျလျက်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
impend

=== ဗမာ ===
တစ်စုံ တစ်ခုတွင် ချိတ်ဆွဲ ထားသဖြင့် တန်းလန်း တွဲလျား ကျလျက်

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>6fpxma10ilxr00i9vxx95ehldmqq1pj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/တွက်ကပ်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3708081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303895</id>
      <parentid>7031373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:54:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="476" sha1="jdd896i6hx83v0w50qwrjyd7mf429hz" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တွက်ကပ်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/twɛʔkaʔ/}}

=== ကြိယာ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ကြိယာ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
ခက်ခဲရေ။ ခဲယဉ်းရေ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
difficult

=== ဗမာ ===
ခက်ခဲသည်။ ခဲယဉ်းသည်။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>jdd896i6hx83v0w50qwrjyd7mf429hz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/တွက်တာ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3708090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303896</id>
      <parentid>7031391</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:56:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1510" sha1="3jfwd62kmrqtffnqj5d4v83o214evb2" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
တွက်တာ

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/twɛʔtà/}}

=== ဝိသေသန ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|ဝိသေသန}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
အကြောင်းကို ညွန့်ပြသော စကားလုံး။ ချစ်ငယ်လင်ကို၊ မြှားဝင်လီထ၊ ငါ့တွက်စွာလေ၊ ခန္ဓာတုံးပျား၊ ဆုံးလီစွဟု (ဆဒ္ဒန်)။ စက်ပျော်ရာမာ၊ ပျော်ပါခလို့၊ မရေဖွီယှာ၊ ယင့်အတွက်ကြောင့်၊ ဆရာအသျှင်၊ တွက်ဆင်ခြင်းလို့ (မျောက်)။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===


=== ဗမာ ===
အကြောင်းကို ညွန့်ပြသော စကားလုံး။ ချစ်ငယ်လင်ကို၊ မြှားဝင်လေထ၊ ငါ့တွက်တာလေ၊ ခန္ဓာတုံးပျား၊ ဆုံးလေစွဟု (ဆဒ္ဒန်)။ စက်ပျော်ရာတွင်၊ ပျော်ပါခ၍၊ မရေဖွေရှာ၊ သို့အတွက်တာကြောင့်၊ ဆရာအရှင်၊ တွက်ဆင်ခြင်းလို့ (မျောက်)။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>3jfwd62kmrqtffnqj5d4v83o214evb2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ဓမ္မိယလဒ္ဓ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3708094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303897</id>
      <parentid>7031405</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:58:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="585" sha1="ke3pkzplhc5x3h0b3y4k8e6phn95mf6" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ဓမ္မိယလဒ္ဓ

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/dʱm̪a̰m̪a̰ìjld̪a̰d̪ʰa̰/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
တရား သဖြင့် ရှာဖွီလို့ ရအပ်ရေ ဝန်။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
property

=== ဗမာ ===
တရား သဖြင့် ရှာဖွေ၍ ရအပ်သော ပစ္စည်း။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>ke3pkzplhc5x3h0b3y4k8e6phn95mf6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ဓမ္မာသောက</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3708095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303899</id>
      <parentid>7031406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:59:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="811" sha1="oe3m8v9o88ztip6ep00yrmaztqw9o22" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ဓမ္မာသောက

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/dʱm̪a̰m̪a̰àθɔ́k/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
မသင့်မတင့်။ ဆန့်ကျင်ဖက် ဖြစ်ခြင်း။ ဓမ္မသောက၊ အင်းဝရာဇာ၊ အိမ်ထောင်ဘက် မပြုရာ။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
opposite

=== ဗမာ ===
မသင့်မတင့်။ ဆန့်ကျင်ဖက် ဖြစ်ခြင်း။ ဓမ္မသောက၊ အင်းဝရာဇာ၊ အိမ်ထောင်ဘက် မပြုရာ။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>oe3m8v9o88ztip6ep00yrmaztqw9o22</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rki/ဓမ္မသတ်</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3708098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303900</id>
      <parentid>7031410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T14:00:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tejoebārsa</username>
        <id>2604072</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1377" sha1="kd63671fh27f948w0j1z081ta0ut7b3" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
ဓမ္မသတ်

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/dʱm̪a̰m̪a̰θaʔ/}}

=== နာမ် ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|နာမ်}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
၁၊ တရား ဥပဒေအရ အမှု စီရင် ဆုံးဖြတ်ချက် ရို့ကို ပြသော ကျမ်း။ ၂၊ ဓမ္မ သတ္တံ့ ဆိုရေ မာဂဓ ဘာသာ စကားသည် ရခိုင်ဘာသာအနိန်နန့် ကောင်းရေ စကား။ တရားနန့် ညီညွတ်သော စကားဟု အဓိပ္ပါယ် ရရေ။ (ဒိဌါ)၊(ပါ)

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
sutra

=== ဗမာ ===
၁၊ တရား ဥပဒေအရ အမှု စီရင် ဆုံးဖြတ်ချက် တို့ကို ပြသော ကျမ်း။ ၂၊ ဓမ္မ သတ္တံ့ ဟူသော မာဂဓ ဘာသာ စကားသည် ရခိုင်ဘာသာ အားဖြင့် ကောင်းသော စကား။ တရားနှင့် ညီညွတ်သော စကားဟု အဓိပ္ပါယ် ရသည်။ (ဒိဌါ)၊(ပါ)

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>kd63671fh27f948w0j1z081ta0ut7b3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Henry Katumba Tamale</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3723306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304234</id>
      <parentid>7096117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:17:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2677" sha1="25zmidtrinjjfzohjnj76hd00axfilx" xml:space="preserve">'''Henry Katumba Tamale''' akazaarwa ebiro 28 okwa kashatu  omuri ''1960'' n'omureeberezi w'Abakurisitaayo omu [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].

Omu myaka ya ''1980'',  akatandika kwejumbira kimwe omu kanisa ya Uganda, ekyamureeteire kuba omwahure omugwa ''1985''. Akashwera Rev. Elizabeth Julia Katumba Tamale ebiro 12 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omugwa '''1987''', aha Lutikko ya Namirembe, Uganda Kandi baine abaana bataano.

Henry niwe Bishopu wa mukaaga owa West Buganda omu kanisa ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Akatongozibwa kandi yaatwara ofiisi ebiro 28 Okwa  omugwa '''2016'''.&lt;ref&gt;Ssekweyama, Martins; Ssenkabirwa, Al-Mahdi (28 August 2016). &quot;T[http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/Tasks-that-await-West-Buganda-Bishop-as-he-takes-office-today/689844-3360032-1fbjau/index.html asks that await West Buganda Bishop as he takes office today]&quot;. ''[[Wp/nyn/Daily Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;/ref&gt; Akaba ari omwahure kandi omuhwezi wa Bishopu wa Namirembe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://livingchurch.org/2016/06/01/w-buganda-elects-6th-bishop/ &quot;W. Buganda Elects 6th Bishop]&quot;. ''The Living Church''. June 1, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Omuri '''2017''', Bishopu Tamale akagira ngu enguuto mbi omuri [[Wp/nyn/Buganda|Buganda]] zikaba ziremesa engyenda.&lt;ref&gt;Bindhe, Edward (28 Aug 2017). &quot;[https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/poor-roads-land-amendment-dominate-bishop-tamales-anniversary-event Poor Roads, Land Amendment Dominate Bishop Tamale's Anniversary Event&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. &lt;q&gt;Bishop Henry Tamale Katumba of West Buganda Diocese on Sunday said the poor state of roads in the area has made difficult for him to do his work.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Akahuumura okwezi kwa kashatu ebiro 29 omugwa  '''2025'''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zone256.com/news/bishop-katumba-tamale-retires-stays-in-west-buganda/ &quot;Bishop Katumba Tamale Retires, Stays in West Buganda] - ZONE 256&quot;. 2025-03-29. Retrieved 2025-04-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zone256.com/news/bishops-grand-retirement-party-at-shalom-villa/ &quot;Bishop's Grand Retirement Party at Shalom Villa -] ZONE 256&quot;. 2025-03-29. Retrieved 2025-04-03.&lt;/ref&gt; kandi akasikirwa Rev. Gaster Nsereko nka Bishopu wa 7 owa West Buganda Diocese&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zone256.com/news/bishop-gaster-nsereko-enthroned-7th-bishop-of-west-buganda-diocese/ &quot;Bishop Gaster Nsereko enthroned 7th Bishop of West Buganda Diocese - ZONE 256]&quot;. 2025-03-30. Retrieved 2025-04-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;kefa, BySenoga (2025-04-01). &quot;New West Buganda Diocese Bishop Installed - Uganda Christian University&quot;. Retrieved 2025-04-03.&lt;/ref&gt; owaahikiriziibwe kandi yaatwarwa okwezi kwa kashatu ebiro 30 omugwa '''2025'''.

== '''Eby'okureeberaho''' ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Joy Kwesiga</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304412</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:41:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enli256</username>
        <id>2703206</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grammatical error</comment>
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      <text bytes="4351" sha1="ljfrei59ndpcbd2km838zai4cf7b47r" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q18001471}}
Joy Constance Kwesiga (akazaarwa ebiro 3 Okwa kataano omu mwaka gwa '''1943''') n'omunyayuganda omukugu omu by'obwegyese, omwebembezi w'eby'obwegyese, omukugu omu by'ekikura ky'abantu, kandi omurwanirizi w'obugabe bw'abantu. Niwe ari omuhwezi wa yunivasite ya Kabale, eitendekyero ry'eby'obwegyese eryahaiguru omuri Yuganda kandi eririkwikirizibwa ekitongore kya Yuganda ekya National Council for Higher Education omu mwaka gwa '''2005'''.

== '''Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obwegyese''' ==
Akazarirwa omuri Disiturikiti ya Rukiga, omu kicweka kya burengyerwa-izooba bwa Uganda omuri '''1943'''. Ni muhara wa Andrew Mafigiri, memba w'ekanisa ya Anglican Church, hamwe na Esteri Mafigiri, omukazi w'omuka. Akashomera omu ishomero rya Kabale Girls' Junior Boarding School aha rurengo rw'okubanza. Bwanyima akaza omu ishomero rya Gayaza High School aha rurengo rwa O-Level na A-Level. Omuri '''1964''', akaza omu Yunivasite ya East Africa ahari Makerere, yaamara diguri ye eya kabiri omuri '''1968''' omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Omuri '''1979''', akamara dipuroma y'okubanza omu by'obwebembezi bw'abantu aha Uganda Institute of Public Administration (obwahati ni Uganda Management Institute). Diguri ye eya kabiri omu by'obwegyese obwaheiguru hamwe na diguri ye eya kashatu omu by'obwegyese hamwe n'enshonga z'ekikura ky'abantu, akabiiha omu Yunivasite ya London omuri '''1987''' na '''1993''', ekyo kyonka.

== '''Omurimo''' ==
Obwahati ayejumbire omu purogyekiti ya ERASMUS-JMO-'''2021'''-MODULE. Purogyekiti egi neekwata aha kujanjaaza obushoboorozi bw'abakazi hamwe n'okutunguura emicwe y'obutuuze bw'omugasho kugira ngu eby'okurwanisa okushoroora abantu kurugirira aha kikura kyabo n'obutabanguko omu nsi yoona bibe eby'omugasho (&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.dss.uniroma1.it/it/didattica/SPEAKUP-JM-Module&lt;/nowiki&gt;). Bwanyima y'okujwara diguri ye kuruga omu yunivasite ya East Africa omuri '''1967''', akagumaho, arikukora nk'omuhandiiki omukuru omu bwebembezi bwa yunivasite. Akatunguuka yaaba omuhwezi w'omuhandiiki w'abeegi abarikwenda kweyongyera kwega omuri '''1994'''. Ahaagati ya '''1995''' na '''1998''', akakora nka mukuru w'ekitongore ky'abakazi n'okushwijuma emicwe y'abantu aha yunivasite ya Makerere. Kuruga '''1998''' kuhisya '''2001''', akaba ari mukuru w'ekitongore ky'eby'obuhangwa aha yunivasite ya Makerere. Omuri '''2001''', akatooranwa kuba omuhwezi wa yunivasite ya Kabale.

== '''Okurwanirira obugabe bw'abakazi''' ==
Akaba ari omwe aha batandikireho ekibiina kya Action for Development – ekyabaire nikirwanirira obugabe bw'abakazi omu ihanga ryona ekyahindwire ekibiina ky'abakazi omu Uganda omu myaka ya 1980 na 1990. Akatandikaho ekibiina ky'abakazi ekirikurwanirira obugabe bw'abakazi (Action for Development) kandi akakora munonga omu kureetaho oburinganiza omu by'obwegyese kurabira omu bitongore nka Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) ahu arikujwekyera Uganda aha kakiiko ka FAWE Africa Board, Uganda Association of University Women, hamwe na African Women in Research and Development (AAWORD). Akaba ari omwe aha batandikireho ekibiina kya KOMAZA (2006) – ekitongore ky'obuntu buntu ekirikwetengwa omuri Kabale, ekirikugyenderera okuhwera abantu, okukira munonga abaishiki n'abakazi, hamwe n'abandi abatarikwebaasa.

== '''Ebitabo''' ==

* Okutunga Obwegyese Obwahaiguru omu Africa. Ebyarabireho omu Uganda (Fountain Series in Gender Studies).
* Ebigombe by'abakazi omuri Africa : Okuhindura embeera z'eby'obutegyeki.
* Ebigombe by'abakazi omuri Uganda : Ebyafaayo, Oburemeezi, n'Amatsiko

== '''Ebyahandiikirwe hamwe n'empapura''' ==

* Okutwara abantu boona omu maisho omu by'obwegyese omu yunivasite: Ebirungi n'oburemeezi aha yunivasite ya Makerere, Uganda.
* Aha kuhika kw'abeegi n'oburinganiza omu yunivasite erikuhinduka: Makerere omu myaka ya 1990 n'okukiraho.
* Okucondooza okurikukorwa abantu abarikushashurwa nk'ekizibu ky'okwongyera amaani omu kucondooza kw'eby'obuntu omuri Uganda.
* Okuringaniza abakazi n'abashaija omu by'obwegyese bwa Yunivasite omu mahanga ga Commonwealth: Ebigambo ebirikuruga omuri Nigeria, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania na Uganda.
* Ekibiina ky'abakazi omu Uganda kigarukiremu kushwijumwa: Ekyasha kya 21 nikiija kureetaho entunguuka y'omutaano?
* Enyigi zirekirweho: Abakazi omu by'obwegyese bwa Yunivasite omu Africa obwahati

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Allan Okello</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304406</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:39:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
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      <text bytes="4716" sha1="7c5j1dbupsesyi0o2js81hhbg0tg9x1" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q56222379}}
'''Allan Okello''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina okwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2000)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ &quot;Allan Okello&quot;]. ''KCCA FC''. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; n'omuzaani w'omupiira omu tiimu y'eihanga rya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kandi nabwe naazanira tiimu ya [[:en:Young_Africans_S.C.|Young Africans]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://cecafaonline.com/ugandas-star-player-okello-joins-tanzanian-giants-young-africans-sc/ &quot;Uganda's star player Okello joins Tanzanian giants Young Africans SC&quot;]. 13 January 2026. Retrieved 13 January 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/okello-vipers-young-africans-deal/ &quot;Okello enters Vipers history books after Young Africans deal&quot;.] panafricafootball.com.&lt;/ref&gt; eya [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ &quot;Allan Okello&quot;]. ''KCCA FC''. Archived from [http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ the original] on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/75055/Allan_Okello.html Allan Okello] at National-Football-teams.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Emirimo ya kiraabu ==
'''KCCA'''

Okello akatongozibwa aha kishayi kya [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]], Lugogo, ebiro abiri na bina Okwa kabiri omu mwaka rwa 2017. Okello akateeba hat trick(egoora ishatu omu mupiira gumwe) kandi yaahwera omu kuteeba goora emwe aha mupiira gwe gw'okubanza aha tiimu enkuru obu [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]] yaasiingire [[:en:Onduparaka_FC|Onduparaka]] FC goora  mushanju ahari  ziro

aha kishaaha kya Philliabiri ebiro abiri Okwa kabiri omu mwaka gwa 2017&lt;ref&gt;Kaweru, Franklin (28 February 2017). &quot;KCCA F.C youngster Okello grateful to coach after memorable [https://KCCA&amp;#x20;F.C&amp;#x20;youngster&amp;#x20;Okello&amp;#x20;grateful&amp;#x20;to&amp;#x20;coach&amp;#x20;after&amp;#x20;memorable&amp;#x20;debu KCCA F.C youngster Okello grateful to coach after memorable debut]&quot;. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;, ekyamuhindwire omuzaani w'okubanza kuteeba [[:en:Hat-trick|hat trick]] omuri sizoni&lt;ref&gt;Muyita, Joel (26 February 2017). &quot;Okello Delighted With Scintillating Debut Performance&quot;[https://Okello&amp;#x20;Delighted&amp;#x20;With&amp;#x20;Scintillating&amp;#x20;Debut&amp;#x20;Performance&amp;#x22; &quot;Okello Delighted With Scintillating Debut Performance&quot;]. ChimpReports. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Premier League|Uganda Premier League]] omu mwaka gwa 2016 kuhisya 2017.

Omu kwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2017 obu yaabaire ari omu siniya ya mukaaga ah'eishomero rya Kibuli Secondary School ahu yaabaire amazire emyaka mukaaga kuruga omu mwaka gwa 2012, kiraabu nyingi z'abakugu omunsi yoona nka Mamelodi Sundowns, Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax hamwe na kiraabu ya Egypt Al Ahly Sporting Club zikaba nizooreka ngu nizenda Okello. Kwonka, omukozi we Isaac Mwesigwa akahamya ngu &quot;tarikwija kuruga omu ihanga kuhisya obu araaheze emishomo ye ya A-level&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Isabirye, David (14 July 2017). &quot;[https://Offers&amp;#x20;for&amp;#x20;Allan&amp;#x20;Okello&amp;#x20;will&amp;#x20;be&amp;#x20;accepted&amp;#x20;after&amp;#x20;A-Level&amp;#x20;studies,&amp;#x20;says&amp;#x20;agent Offers for Allan Okello will be accepted after A-Level studies, says agent]&quot;. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omu mwaka gwa 2018 kuhisya ikumi na mwenda sizoni ==
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.KCCA&amp;#x20;FC&amp;#x20;vs&amp;#x20;Tooro&amp;#x20;United&amp;#x20;FC.com KCCA FC vs Tooro United FC]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Okello akazaana omuzaano gwe gw'okubanza ommakumi abiri namunaana izoni ebiro maku Okwa mwenda, arikuzaana na Soana FC aha kishaayi kya Phillip Omondi StarTimes Stadium, [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (ekasinga gooro ibiri ahari emwe).[ikumi nemwe]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kawowo.com/event/kcca-fc-vs-tooro-united-fc/][https://KCCA&amp;#x20;FC&amp;#x20;vs&amp;#x20;Tooro&amp;#x20;United&amp;#x20;FC.com KCCA FC vs Tooro United FC]&lt;/ref&gt; Akateeba goora ye y'okubanza omu sizoni arikuzaana na Onduparaka ebiro ikumi na mwenda Okwa 10 aha kishaayi kya Green Light Stadium, Arua.[ikumi nibiri] are Okello akazaana omuzaano gwe gw'ahamuheru omu sizoni arikuzaana na Maroons FC ebiro bina Okwakataano omu mwaka gwa 2019, aha kishaayi kya Phillip Omondi StarTimes Stadium.[ikumi nishatu] Akazaana emizaano erikurenga abiri n'eina omu sizoni. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]] ekahinduka ba kyampiyoni ba riigi. Okello akamara sizoni ya enywaka 2018 kuhisya 2019 ya Uganda Premier League aine goora mukaaga. 

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304407</id>
      <parentid>7304406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:40:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
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      <origin>7304407</origin>
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      <text bytes="4688" sha1="65tz0ictpsovw8czgv6ogsybq7n86by" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q56222379}}
'''Allan Okello''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina okwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2000)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ &quot;Allan Okello&quot;]. ''KCCA FC''. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; n'omuzaani w'omupiira omu tiimu y'eihanga rya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kandi nabwe naazanira tiimu ya Young Africans&lt;ref&gt;[https://cecafaonline.com/ugandas-star-player-okello-joins-tanzanian-giants-young-africans-sc/ &quot;Uganda's star player Okello joins Tanzanian giants Young Africans SC&quot;]. 13 January 2026. Retrieved 13 January 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/okello-vipers-young-africans-deal/ &quot;Okello enters Vipers history books after Young Africans deal&quot;.] panafricafootball.com.&lt;/ref&gt; eya [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ &quot;Allan Okello&quot;]. ''KCCA FC''. Archived from [http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ the original] on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/75055/Allan_Okello.html Allan Okello] at National-Football-teams.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Emirimo ya kiraabu ==
'''KCCA'''

Okello akatongozibwa aha kishayi kya [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]], Lugogo, ebiro abiri na bina Okwa kabiri omu mwaka rwa 2017. Okello akateeba hat trick(egoora ishatu omu mupiira gumwe) kandi yaahwera omu kuteeba goora emwe aha mupiira gwe gw'okubanza aha tiimu enkuru obu [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]] yaasiingire [[:en:Onduparaka_FC|Onduparaka]] FC goora  mushanju ahari  ziro

aha kishaaha kya Philliabiri ebiro abiri Okwa kabiri omu mwaka gwa 2017&lt;ref&gt;Kaweru, Franklin (28 February 2017). &quot;KCCA F.C youngster Okello grateful to coach after memorable [https://KCCA&amp;#x20;F.C&amp;#x20;youngster&amp;#x20;Okello&amp;#x20;grateful&amp;#x20;to&amp;#x20;coach&amp;#x20;after&amp;#x20;memorable&amp;#x20;debu KCCA F.C youngster Okello grateful to coach after memorable debut]&quot;. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;, ekyamuhindwire omuzaani w'okubanza kuteeba [[:en:Hat-trick|hat trick]] omuri sizoni&lt;ref&gt;Muyita, Joel (26 February 2017). &quot;Okello Delighted With Scintillating Debut Performance&quot;[https://Okello&amp;#x20;Delighted&amp;#x20;With&amp;#x20;Scintillating&amp;#x20;Debut&amp;#x20;Performance&amp;#x22; &quot;Okello Delighted With Scintillating Debut Performance&quot;]. ChimpReports. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Premier League|Uganda Premier League]] omu mwaka gwa 2016 kuhisya 2017.

Omu kwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2017 obu yaabaire ari omu siniya ya mukaaga ah'eishomero rya Kibuli Secondary School ahu yaabaire amazire emyaka mukaaga kuruga omu mwaka gwa 2012, kiraabu nyingi z'abakugu omunsi yoona nka Mamelodi Sundowns, Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax hamwe na kiraabu ya Egypt Al Ahly Sporting Club zikaba nizooreka ngu nizenda Okello. Kwonka, omukozi we Isaac Mwesigwa akahamya ngu &quot;tarikwija kuruga omu ihanga kuhisya obu araaheze emishomo ye ya A-level&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Isabirye, David (14 July 2017). &quot;[https://Offers&amp;#x20;for&amp;#x20;Allan&amp;#x20;Okello&amp;#x20;will&amp;#x20;be&amp;#x20;accepted&amp;#x20;after&amp;#x20;A-Level&amp;#x20;studies,&amp;#x20;says&amp;#x20;agent Offers for Allan Okello will be accepted after A-Level studies, says agent]&quot;. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omu mwaka gwa 2018 kuhisya ikumi na mwenda sizoni ==
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.KCCA&amp;#x20;FC&amp;#x20;vs&amp;#x20;Tooro&amp;#x20;United&amp;#x20;FC.com KCCA FC vs Tooro United FC]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Okello akazaana omuzaano gwe gw'okubanza ommakumi abiri namunaana izoni ebiro maku Okwa mwenda, arikuzaana na Soana FC aha kishaayi kya Phillip Omondi StarTimes Stadium, [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (ekasinga gooro ibiri ahari emwe).[ikumi nemwe]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kawowo.com/event/kcca-fc-vs-tooro-united-fc/][https://KCCA&amp;#x20;FC&amp;#x20;vs&amp;#x20;Tooro&amp;#x20;United&amp;#x20;FC.com KCCA FC vs Tooro United FC]&lt;/ref&gt; Akateeba goora ye y'okubanza omu sizoni arikuzaana na Onduparaka ebiro ikumi na mwenda Okwa 10 aha kishaayi kya Green Light Stadium, Arua.[ikumi nibiri] are Okello akazaana omuzaano gwe gw'ahamuheru omu sizoni arikuzaana na Maroons FC ebiro bina Okwakataano omu mwaka gwa 2019, aha kishaayi kya Phillip Omondi StarTimes Stadium.[ikumi nishatu] Akazaana emizaano erikurenga abiri n'eina omu sizoni. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]] ekahinduka ba kyampiyoni ba riigi. Okello akamara sizoni ya enywaka 2018 kuhisya 2019 ya Uganda Premier League aine goora mukaaga. 

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304408</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4666" sha1="iawodgxan3mh4l9b4gf9yr8wgrtj1us" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q56222379}}
'''Allan Okello''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina okwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2000)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ &quot;Allan Okello&quot;]. ''KCCA FC''. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; n'omuzaani w'omupiira omu tiimu y'eihanga rya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kandi nabwe naazanira tiimu ya Young Africans&lt;ref&gt;[https://cecafaonline.com/ugandas-star-player-okello-joins-tanzanian-giants-young-africans-sc/ &quot;Uganda's star player Okello joins Tanzanian giants Young Africans SC&quot;]. 13 January 2026. Retrieved 13 January 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/okello-vipers-young-africans-deal/ &quot;Okello enters Vipers history books after Young Africans deal&quot;.] panafricafootball.com.&lt;/ref&gt; eya [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ &quot;Allan Okello&quot;]. ''KCCA FC''. Archived from [http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ the original] on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/75055/Allan_Okello.html Allan Okello] at National-Football-teams.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Emirimo ya kiraabu ==
'''KCCA'''

Okello akatongozibwa aha kishayi kya [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]], Lugogo, ebiro abiri na bina Okwa kabiri omu mwaka rwa 2017. Okello akateeba hat trick(egoora ishatu omu mupiira gumwe) kandi yaahwera omu kuteeba goora emwe aha mupiira gwe gw'okubanza aha tiimu enkuru obu [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]] yaasiingire Onduparaka FC goora  mushanju ahari  ziro

aha kishaaha kya Philliabiri ebiro abiri Okwa kabiri omu mwaka gwa 2017&lt;ref&gt;Kaweru, Franklin (28 February 2017). &quot;KCCA F.C youngster Okello grateful to coach after memorable [https://KCCA&amp;#x20;F.C&amp;#x20;youngster&amp;#x20;Okello&amp;#x20;grateful&amp;#x20;to&amp;#x20;coach&amp;#x20;after&amp;#x20;memorable&amp;#x20;debu KCCA F.C youngster Okello grateful to coach after memorable debut]&quot;. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;, ekyamuhindwire omuzaani w'okubanza kuteeba [[:en:Hat-trick|hat trick]] omuri sizoni&lt;ref&gt;Muyita, Joel (26 February 2017). &quot;Okello Delighted With Scintillating Debut Performance&quot;[https://Okello&amp;#x20;Delighted&amp;#x20;With&amp;#x20;Scintillating&amp;#x20;Debut&amp;#x20;Performance&amp;#x22; &quot;Okello Delighted With Scintillating Debut Performance&quot;]. ChimpReports. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Premier League|Uganda Premier League]] omu mwaka gwa 2016 kuhisya 2017.

Omu kwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2017 obu yaabaire ari omu siniya ya mukaaga ah'eishomero rya Kibuli Secondary School ahu yaabaire amazire emyaka mukaaga kuruga omu mwaka gwa 2012, kiraabu nyingi z'abakugu omunsi yoona nka Mamelodi Sundowns, Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax hamwe na kiraabu ya Egypt Al Ahly Sporting Club zikaba nizooreka ngu nizenda Okello. Kwonka, omukozi we Isaac Mwesigwa akahamya ngu &quot;tarikwija kuruga omu ihanga kuhisya obu araaheze emishomo ye ya A-level&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Isabirye, David (14 July 2017). &quot;[https://Offers&amp;#x20;for&amp;#x20;Allan&amp;#x20;Okello&amp;#x20;will&amp;#x20;be&amp;#x20;accepted&amp;#x20;after&amp;#x20;A-Level&amp;#x20;studies,&amp;#x20;says&amp;#x20;agent Offers for Allan Okello will be accepted after A-Level studies, says agent]&quot;. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omu mwaka gwa 2018 kuhisya ikumi na mwenda sizoni ==
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.KCCA&amp;#x20;FC&amp;#x20;vs&amp;#x20;Tooro&amp;#x20;United&amp;#x20;FC.com KCCA FC vs Tooro United FC]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Okello akazaana omuzaano gwe gw'okubanza ommakumi abiri namunaana izoni ebiro maku Okwa mwenda, arikuzaana na Soana FC aha kishaayi kya Phillip Omondi StarTimes Stadium, [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (ekasinga gooro ibiri ahari emwe).[ikumi nemwe]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kawowo.com/event/kcca-fc-vs-tooro-united-fc/][https://KCCA&amp;#x20;FC&amp;#x20;vs&amp;#x20;Tooro&amp;#x20;United&amp;#x20;FC.com KCCA FC vs Tooro United FC]&lt;/ref&gt; Akateeba goora ye y'okubanza omu sizoni arikuzaana na Onduparaka ebiro ikumi na mwenda Okwa 10 aha kishaayi kya Green Light Stadium, Arua.[ikumi nibiri] are Okello akazaana omuzaano gwe gw'ahamuheru omu sizoni arikuzaana na Maroons FC ebiro bina Okwakataano omu mwaka gwa 2019, aha kishaayi kya Phillip Omondi StarTimes Stadium.[ikumi nishatu] Akazaana emizaano erikurenga abiri n'eina omu sizoni. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]] ekahinduka ba kyampiyoni ba riigi. Okello akamara sizoni ya enywaka 2018 kuhisya 2019 ya Uganda Premier League aine goora mukaaga. 

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>iawodgxan3mh4l9b4gf9yr8wgrtj1us</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304409</id>
      <parentid>7304408</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:40:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304409</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4648" sha1="eg0sp8fg5isz07td9ki0u1ztm3bjvq1" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q56222379}}
'''Allan Okello''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina okwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2000)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ &quot;Allan Okello&quot;]. ''KCCA FC''. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; n'omuzaani w'omupiira omu tiimu y'eihanga rya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kandi nabwe naazanira tiimu ya Young Africans&lt;ref&gt;[https://cecafaonline.com/ugandas-star-player-okello-joins-tanzanian-giants-young-africans-sc/ &quot;Uganda's star player Okello joins Tanzanian giants Young Africans SC&quot;]. 13 January 2026. Retrieved 13 January 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/okello-vipers-young-africans-deal/ &quot;Okello enters Vipers history books after Young Africans deal&quot;.] panafricafootball.com.&lt;/ref&gt; eya [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ &quot;Allan Okello&quot;]. ''KCCA FC''. Archived from [http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ the original] on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/75055/Allan_Okello.html Allan Okello] at National-Football-teams.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Emirimo ya kiraabu ==
'''KCCA'''

Okello akatongozibwa aha kishayi kya [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]], Lugogo, ebiro abiri na bina Okwa kabiri omu mwaka rwa 2017. Okello akateeba hat trick(egoora ishatu omu mupiira gumwe) kandi yaahwera omu kuteeba goora emwe aha mupiira gwe gw'okubanza aha tiimu enkuru obu [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]] yaasiingire Onduparaka FC goora  mushanju ahari  ziro

aha kishaaha kya Philliabiri ebiro abiri Okwa kabiri omu mwaka gwa 2017&lt;ref&gt;Kaweru, Franklin (28 February 2017). &quot;KCCA F.C youngster Okello grateful to coach after memorable [https://KCCA&amp;#x20;F.C&amp;#x20;youngster&amp;#x20;Okello&amp;#x20;grateful&amp;#x20;to&amp;#x20;coach&amp;#x20;after&amp;#x20;memorable&amp;#x20;debu KCCA F.C youngster Okello grateful to coach after memorable debut]&quot;. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;, ekyamuhindwire omuzaani w'okubanza kuteeba hat trick omuri sizoni&lt;ref&gt;Muyita, Joel (26 February 2017). &quot;Okello Delighted With Scintillating Debut Performance&quot;[https://Okello&amp;#x20;Delighted&amp;#x20;With&amp;#x20;Scintillating&amp;#x20;Debut&amp;#x20;Performance&amp;#x22; &quot;Okello Delighted With Scintillating Debut Performance&quot;]. ChimpReports. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Premier League|Uganda Premier League]] omu mwaka gwa 2016 kuhisya 2017.

Omu kwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2017 obu yaabaire ari omu siniya ya mukaaga ah'eishomero rya Kibuli Secondary School ahu yaabaire amazire emyaka mukaaga kuruga omu mwaka gwa 2012, kiraabu nyingi z'abakugu omunsi yoona nka Mamelodi Sundowns, Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax hamwe na kiraabu ya Egypt Al Ahly Sporting Club zikaba nizooreka ngu nizenda Okello. Kwonka, omukozi we Isaac Mwesigwa akahamya ngu &quot;tarikwija kuruga omu ihanga kuhisya obu araaheze emishomo ye ya A-level&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Isabirye, David (14 July 2017). &quot;[https://Offers&amp;#x20;for&amp;#x20;Allan&amp;#x20;Okello&amp;#x20;will&amp;#x20;be&amp;#x20;accepted&amp;#x20;after&amp;#x20;A-Level&amp;#x20;studies,&amp;#x20;says&amp;#x20;agent Offers for Allan Okello will be accepted after A-Level studies, says agent]&quot;. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omu mwaka gwa 2018 kuhisya ikumi na mwenda sizoni ==
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.KCCA&amp;#x20;FC&amp;#x20;vs&amp;#x20;Tooro&amp;#x20;United&amp;#x20;FC.com KCCA FC vs Tooro United FC]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Okello akazaana omuzaano gwe gw'okubanza ommakumi abiri namunaana izoni ebiro maku Okwa mwenda, arikuzaana na Soana FC aha kishaayi kya Phillip Omondi StarTimes Stadium, [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (ekasinga gooro ibiri ahari emwe).[ikumi nemwe]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kawowo.com/event/kcca-fc-vs-tooro-united-fc/][https://KCCA&amp;#x20;FC&amp;#x20;vs&amp;#x20;Tooro&amp;#x20;United&amp;#x20;FC.com KCCA FC vs Tooro United FC]&lt;/ref&gt; Akateeba goora ye y'okubanza omu sizoni arikuzaana na Onduparaka ebiro ikumi na mwenda Okwa 10 aha kishaayi kya Green Light Stadium, Arua.[ikumi nibiri] are Okello akazaana omuzaano gwe gw'ahamuheru omu sizoni arikuzaana na Maroons FC ebiro bina Okwakataano omu mwaka gwa 2019, aha kishaayi kya Phillip Omondi StarTimes Stadium.[ikumi nishatu] Akazaana emizaano erikurenga abiri n'eina omu sizoni. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]] ekahinduka ba kyampiyoni ba riigi. Okello akamara sizoni ya enywaka 2018 kuhisya 2019 ya Uganda Premier League aine goora mukaaga. 

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>eg0sp8fg5isz07td9ki0u1ztm3bjvq1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304421</id>
      <parentid>7304409</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:48:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304421</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4649" sha1="a5wdnmz52bk9ac3u8l3j16lutu33b2q" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q56222379}}
'''Allan Okello''' (akazaarwa ebiro bina okwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2000)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ &quot;Allan Okello&quot;]. ''KCCA FC''. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; n'omuzaani w'omupiira omu tiimu y'eihanga rya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kandi nabwe naazanira tiimu ya Young Africans&lt;ref&gt;[https://cecafaonline.com/ugandas-star-player-okello-joins-tanzanian-giants-young-africans-sc/ &quot;Uganda's star player Okello joins Tanzanian giants Young Africans SC&quot;]. 13 January 2026. Retrieved 13 January 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/okello-vipers-young-africans-deal/ &quot;Okello enters Vipers history books after Young Africans deal&quot;.] panafricafootball.com.&lt;/ref&gt; eya [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ &quot;Allan Okello&quot;]. ''KCCA FC''. Archived from [http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/ the original] on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/75055/Allan_Okello.html Allan Okello] at National-Football-teams.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Emirimo ya kiraabu ==
'''KCCA'''

Okello akatongozibwa aha kishayi kya [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]], Lugogo, ebiro abiri na bina Okwa kabiri omu mwaka rwa 2017. Okello akateeba hat trick(egoora ishatu omu mupiira gumwe) kandi yaahwera omu kuteeba goora emwe aha mupiira gwe gw'okubanza aha tiimu enkuru obu [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]] yaasiingire Onduparaka FC goora  mushanju ahari  ziro

aha kishaaha kya Philliabiri ebiro abiri Okwa kabiri omu mwaka gwa 2017&lt;ref&gt;Kaweru, Franklin (28 February 2017). &quot;KCCA F.C youngster Okello grateful to coach after memorable [https://KCCA&amp;#x20;F.C&amp;#x20;youngster&amp;#x20;Okello&amp;#x20;grateful&amp;#x20;to&amp;#x20;coach&amp;#x20;after&amp;#x20;memorable&amp;#x20;debu KCCA F.C youngster Okello grateful to coach after memorable debut]&quot;. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;, ekyamuhindwire omuzaani w'okubanza kuteeba hat trick omuri sizoni&lt;ref&gt;Muyita, Joel (26 February 2017). &quot;Okello Delighted With Scintillating Debut Performance&quot;[https://Okello&amp;#x20;Delighted&amp;#x20;With&amp;#x20;Scintillating&amp;#x20;Debut&amp;#x20;Performance&amp;#x22; &quot;Okello Delighted With Scintillating Debut Performance&quot;]. ChimpReports. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Premier League|Uganda Premier League]] omu mwaka gwa 2016 kuhisya 2017.

Omu kwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2017 obu yaabaire ari omu siniya ya mukaaga ah'eishomero rya Kibuli Secondary School ahu yaabaire amazire emyaka mukaaga kuruga omu mwaka gwa 2012, kiraabu nyingi z'abakugu omunsi yoona nka Mamelodi Sundowns, Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax hamwe na kiraabu ya Egypt Al Ahly Sporting Club zikaba nizooreka ngu nizenda Okello. Kwonka, omukozi we Isaac Mwesigwa akahamya ngu &quot;tarikwija kuruga omu ihanga kuhisya obu araaheze emishomo ye ya A-level&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Isabirye, David (14 July 2017). &quot;[https://Offers&amp;#x20;for&amp;#x20;Allan&amp;#x20;Okello&amp;#x20;will&amp;#x20;be&amp;#x20;accepted&amp;#x20;after&amp;#x20;A-Level&amp;#x20;studies,&amp;#x20;says&amp;#x20;agent Offers for Allan Okello will be accepted after A-Level studies, says agent]&quot;. Retrieved 19 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omu mwaka gwa 2018 kuhisya ikumi na mwenda sizoni ==
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.KCCA&amp;#x20;FC&amp;#x20;vs&amp;#x20;Tooro&amp;#x20;United&amp;#x20;FC.com KCCA FC vs Tooro United FC]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Okello akazaana omuzaano gwe gw'okubanza ommakumi abiri namunaana izoni ebiro maku Okwa mwenda, arikuzaana na Soana FC aha kishaayi kya Phillip Omondi StarTimes Stadium, [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (ekasinga gooro ibiri ahari emwe).[ikumi nemwe]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kawowo.com/event/kcca-fc-vs-tooro-united-fc/][https://KCCA&amp;#x20;FC&amp;#x20;vs&amp;#x20;Tooro&amp;#x20;United&amp;#x20;FC.com KCCA FC vs Tooro United FC]&lt;/ref&gt; Akateeba goora ye y'okubanza omu sizoni arikuzaana na Onduparaka ebiro ikumi na mwenda Okwa 10 aha kishaayi kya Green Light Stadium, Arua.[ikumi n'ibiri] are Okello akazaana omuzaano gwe gw'ahamuheru omu sizoni arikuzaana na Maroons FC ebiro bina Okwakataano omu mwaka gwa 2019, aha kishaayi kya Phillip Omondi StarTimes Stadium.[ikumi nishatu] Akazaana emizaano erikurenga abiri n'eina omu sizoni. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority FC|Kampala Capital City Authority]] ekahinduka ba kyampiyoni ba riigi. Okello akamara sizoni ya enywaka 2018 kuhisya 2019 ya Uganda Premier League aine goora mukaaga. 

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>a5wdnmz52bk9ac3u8l3j16lutu33b2q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Ronald Musagala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3735044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304217</id>
      <parentid>7090758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:57:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304217</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="501" sha1="n5avfssqv5an0drd0i5lu6u5w6yuow9" xml:space="preserve">Ronald Musagala (akazaarwa ebiro 16 okwa 1992 omuri Iganga) n'omwiruki w'omunda hamwe n'orugyendo ruraingwa.Omu mpaka z'ensi yoona eza 2013 omuri Moscow, akaruga omu mpaka z'okwiruka mita 800 omu semi fayinolo. Akamara omu mwanya gwa munaana omu kwiruka mita 800 omu mizaano ya 2014 eya Commonwealth. Akazaana omu mita 1500 omu mpaka z'ensi yoona eza 2015 omuri Beijing kwonka atararabiremu kuruga omu rurengo. rw'okubanza.Akaza omu mpaka za orimpiki eza 2Musagala aine rikodi y'eihanga omu mita 1500.</text>
      <sha1>n5avfssqv5an0drd0i5lu6u5w6yuow9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304218</id>
      <parentid>7304217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:58:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="507" sha1="8b4r5ifnd7jsj0mci3tan2tjkjgq5x2" xml:space="preserve">Ronald Musagala (akazaarwa ebiro 16 okwa ikumi 1992 omuri Iganga) n'omwiruki w'omunda hamwe n'orugyendo ruraingwa.Omu mpaka z'ensi yoona eza 2013 omuri Moscow, akaruga omu mpaka z'okwiruka mita 800 omu semi fayinolo. Akamara omu mwanya gwa munaana omu kwiruka mita 800 omu mizaano ya 2014 eya Commonwealth. Akazaana omu mita 1500 omu mpaka z'ensi yoona eza 2015 omuri Beijing kwonka atararabiremu kuruga omu rurengo. rw'okubanza.Akaza omu mpaka za orimpiki eza 2Musagala aine rikodi y'eihanga omu mita 1500.</text>
      <sha1>8b4r5ifnd7jsj0mci3tan2tjkjgq5x2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304219</id>
      <parentid>7304218</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:58:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304219</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="521" sha1="ee1dhphu9ysl8hupnc2gwix6gywgd5d" xml:space="preserve">Ronald Musagala (akazaarwa ebiro 16 okwa ikumi n'ebiri omuri 1992 omuri Iganga) n'omwiruki w'omunda hamwe n'orugyendo ruraingwa.Omu mpaka z'ensi yoona eza 2013 omuri Moscow, akaruga omu mpaka z'okwiruka mita 800 omu semi fayinolo. Akamara omu mwanya gwa munaana omu kwiruka mita 800 omu mizaano ya 2014 eya Commonwealth. Akazaana omu mita 1500 omu mpaka z'ensi yoona eza 2015 omuri Beijing kwonka atararabiremu kuruga omu rurengo. rw'okubanza.Akaza omu mpaka za orimpiki eza 2Musagala aine rikodi y'eihanga omu mita 1500.</text>
      <sha1>ee1dhphu9ysl8hupnc2gwix6gywgd5d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Andrew Mwenda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3735834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304235</id>
      <parentid>7197354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:17:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AMANYA SANDRAH</username>
        <id>2623123</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Missing words</comment>
      <origin>7304235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="15085" sha1="8ahltu4uldhyf65okzq7i3bv6qxect8" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q4591759}}
'''Andrew Mwenda''' akazaarwa omuri 1972) n'omunya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] omunyamakuru w'amahurire g'okuteera, radiyo na tiivi, kandi niwe yaatandikireho kandi mukama wa The Independent, akatabo k'amahurire agarikukwata aha nshonga z'obutegyeki. Akaba ari omushwijumi w'eby'obutegyeki omu [[Wp/nyn/Daily Monitor|Daily Monitor]], orupapura rw'amahurire orwa Uganda, kandi akaba ari omushomi wa Andrew Mwenda Live aha reediyo ya KFM omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], orurembo rwa Uganda orukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;TED Conferences LLC (2019). [https://www.ted.com/speakers/andrew_mwenda &quot;Andrew Mwenda: Journalist &amp; TED Speaker&quot;]. New York City: TED Conferences. Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obwegyese bwe ==
Mwenda akazaarwa omuri 1972 omuri [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]], omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kabarole District|Disiturikiti ya Kabarole]], omu kicweka kya burengyerwa-izooba bwa Uganda. Ishe ni Mzee Phillip Muhanga owa Fort Portal. Mwenda ni muto wa Lutenanti Genero Kayanja Muhanga, omuduumizi w'amahe g'omu itaka hamwe na minisita w'eby'amagara Margaret Muhanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Kato, Josha (15 August 2005). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1119084/andrew-mwenda &quot;Who Is Andrew Mwenda?&quot;]. ''New Vision''. Kampala. Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230121123745/https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/national-news-news/lt-gen-kayanja-muhanga-speaks-out-on-new-appointment.html &quot;Lt Gen Kayanja Muhanga speaks out on new appointment&quot;]. ''93.3 KFM''. 7 October 2022. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bwanyima y'okushoma purayimare omu Uganda, Mwenda akaza omu ishomero rya Nyakasura ahu yamazire emishomo ye ya O-Level. Akaza omu ishomero rya Mbarara High School ahu yashomera A-Level ahu yabeire omwe aha beesharingiire omukuru w'eishomero omwami Bagatagira. Akagarukamu emishomo ye ya A-Level obu yaheebwa omwanya omuri Busoga College Mwiri omu kicweka ky'oburugwa-izooba bwa Uganda.Akatunga dipuroma ya siniya kuruga Mwiri. Akatwarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|yunivasite ya Makerere]], yunivasite ya gavumenti erikukirayo obukuru kandi erikukirayo obuhango omuri Uganda, ahu yamazire emishomo ye ya diguri y'okubanza omu by'amahurire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bwanyima, akatunga obuhwezi bwa Chevening Scholarship kandi yaheebwa omwanya omu ishomero rya School of Oriental and African Studies aha Yunivasite ya London, ahu yaaherize diguri ya kabiri omu by'entunguuka. Akaba ari omwe aha bantu abarikukyaza aha Yunivasite ya Yale, omuri 2010. Akashomera aha Yunivasite ya Saïd Business School aha Yunivasite ya Oxford omuri 2009.Mwenda akaba ari omwe aha bantu abarikukyaza aha Yunivasite ya Stanford ahagati ya 2006 na 2007. Akaba ari omwe aha bantu abarikukyaza aha Yunivasite ya Florida, Gainesville, omuri 2005, kandi ari omwe aha bantu abarikukyaza aha Africa Study Centre aha Yunivasite ya Leiden, omuri Budaaki omuri 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Anne Perkins (7 August 2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/katine/2008/aug/07/news.africaaid &quot;Profile: Andrew Mwenda&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. London. Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2008, orukiiko rw'eby'entatsya y'ensi yoona rukatoorana Mwenda nk'omwebembezi w'ensi yoona omuto (&lt;nowiki&gt;https://blog.ted.com/mwenda_shikwati/&lt;/nowiki&gt;) kandi omuri 2010, Orupapura rw'amahanga goona orw'ebiteekateeko rukamweta omwe aha bantu 100 abarikukirayo kuteekateeka omu nsi yoona.&lt;ref&gt;ahughey (27 November 2023). [https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/11/23/the-fp-top-100-global-thinkers-5/ &quot;The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers&quot;]. ''Foreign Policy''. Retrieved 1 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Omuri 2011, Purezidenti Paul Kagame owa [[Wp/nyn/Rwanda|Rwanda]] akamutoorana kuheereza aha kakiiko ke akarikumuhabura.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020114140/https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/09/23/kagame-drops-mwenda-as-advisor/ &quot;Kagame drops Mwenda as advisor - Nile Post&quot;]. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Omuri 2012 na 2013, Mwenda akatooranwa orupapura rw'amahanga goona nk'omwe aha bantu 100 abarikukirayo kugira amaani aha mukutu gwa Twitter.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141209104136/http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/08/13/the-fp-twitterati-100/ &quot;The FP Twitterati 100 |&quot;]. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Omuri 2013, akatandikaho ekitongore ky'obuhangwa ekya Tugende, na Michael Wilkerson hamwe na Matt Brown, ekitongore ekyabaire kigyendereire kuhwera eminyeeto kugira ebintu ebi barikukoresa omu magara gaabo. Tugende kuruga obwo ekaba emwe aha kampuni ezirikukirayo kukura kandi hati eine abaguzi abarikurenga 25,000 abaine ebintu ebi barikukoresa kandi abandi 30,000 bariyo nibatunga obuhwezi kurabira omu kweguza sente.&lt;ref&gt;[https://digestafrica.com/andrew-mwenada-tugende-opic &quot;Andrew Mwenda backed Tugende secures $5 Million in financing&quot;]. ''Digest Africa''. Retrieved 1 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2011, Mwenda akahwera omu kuteesa aha ndagaano y'obusingye ahagati ya purezidenti Yoweri Museveni owa Uganda na Kagame owa Rwanda, ekyareeteire abebembezi babiri hamwe kandi kihwereire kumaraho entaro zabo hamwe n'amahanga gaabo abiri. Ahagati ya 2011 na 2018, akakora nk'omujwekyerwa wa buri purezidenti ahari mugyenzi we kandi yahwereire kugumizamu n'omukago murungi ahagati yaabo nka abantu hamwe n'ahagati y'amahanga abiri. Enteekateeka egi ekahendera yaafeera omuri 2018, ekyaretsireho obutabanguko obundi obwaretsireho okukinga ensharo ya Uganda na Rwanda kumara emyaka eshatu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/richard-dowden/reconciliation-for-kagame_b_943271.html &quot;Reconciliation for Kagame and Museveni | HuffPost UK Politics&quot;]. ''www.huffingtonpost.co.uk''. Retrieved 27 February 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2005, akaba ari omwe aha banyamahurire ikumi na mukaaga abarikwetwa gavumenti ya Bungyereza kuhanuura na ssaabaminisita Tony Blair aha ripoota erikwija ey'akakiiko k'amahanga ga Afirika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Andrew M. Mwenda (8 March 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/08/opinion/africa-foreign-aid-sabotages-reform.html &quot;Africa: Foreign aid sabotages reform&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. New York City. Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo by'omurimo ==
Mwenda niwe arikukurira ekitongore kya Independent Publications Limited, ekirikushohoza orupapura rw'amahurire orwa The Independent, orurikugamba aha nshonga eziriho obwahati. Arikukunda Socrates, Karl Popper, na Frederick Von Hayek, n'omurwanirizi w'obugabe bw'abantu, omunyamahurire, omuhandiiki w'amahurire, omuhandiiki w'ebitabo, omushuubuzi, kandi omuhangu omu by'obuhangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Mwenda n'omuntu orikumanywa munonga omu Africa omu kuhanuura aha kuremwa kw'obuhwezi kuruga aheeru ya Africa hamwe n'ekyetengo ky'okutamu sente hamwe n'obushubuzi nk'ebirikureeta entunguuka.Ogwe ari omugambi wa TED, kandi naagamba munonga aha nteerane z'ensi yoona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mwenda akakora nk'omuhandiiki w'eby'obutegyeki omu Daily Monitor kandi akakora nk'omukuru w'ekitongore kyayo ekya Fm Radio, KFM, atakatandikireho The Independent omuri 2007. Akakora nk'omuhabuzi wa banka y'ensi yoona, ekitongore ky'ensi yoona ekya World Resources Institute, hamwe na Transparency International. Akahandiika n'omu mahurire g'ensi yoona nka Der Spiegel, International Herald Tribune, The New York Times, hamwe na Foreign Policy. Kandi akakora n'ebihandiiko aha tiivi ya BBC hamwe na reediyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mwenda nawe ahandiikire kandi ahandiikire hamwe n'abandi ebicweka omu mpapura z'amahanga goona nka Africa Affairs, Journal of Modern African Studies, Review of African Political Economy, Journal of Commonwealth Studies, Journal for Contemporary African Studies, hamwe na Journal of Democracy hamwe n'okushohoza eshuura omu bitabo bingi.

Omu kwezi kwa munaana omuri 2005, akajunanwa omushango gw'okureetaho okwetomboita ahabw'okushohoza okuhanuura aha kufa kw'omuhwezi wa purezidenti wa Sudan John Garang. Garang akaitwa obu enyonyi ya purezidenti ya Uganda yaagwa omu kihuumura omu mwanya ogutaine by'okwerinda, arikugaruka kuruga omu nteerane omuri Uganda.Omu puroguraamu ye aha reediyo, omunyamahurire akajunaana gavumenti ya Uganda ahabw'obutabaasa kandi yaagira ngu ekaba etaire Garang aha &quot;enyonyi etarimu bintu byona nyekiro, omu bwire bw'obwire bubi omu mwanya ogutaine by'okwerinda&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irinnews.org/report/55855/uganda-journalist-charged-sedition-over-programme-garang-death &quot;Journalist charged with sedition over programme on Garang death&quot;]. Geneva: [[:en:Integrated_Regional_Information_Networks|Integrated Regional Information Networks]] (IRIN). IRIN. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Omu kwakana omuri 2008, akakwatwa kandi yaarekurwa aha kwemerererwa gavumenti ya Uganda ahabw'okugira ngu akaba aine ebihandiiko by'okurwanisa gavumenti hamwe n'okushohoza ebihandiiko by'okurwanisa gavumenti.&lt;ref&gt;Press Release (30 April 2008). [http://allafrica.com/stories/200804301016.html &quot;Uganda: Two Other Journalists Arrested for 'Possessing Seditious Materials' And 'Publishing Inflammatory Materials'&quot;]. New York City: [[:en:Committee_to_Protect_Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]] via AllAfrica.com. Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Observer Media Limited (23 September 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130322/https://observer.ug/news/headlines/5180-mwenda-charged-with-sedition-sp-1034617658 &quot;Mwenda charged with sedition&quot;]. ''The Observer''. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Okurwanirira obugabe bw'abantu ==
Omu kwezi kwa mushanju omuri 2006, Mwenda akareebeka omu kakiiko k'eishengyero rya Bungyereza akarikukora aha bworo bw'ensi yoona kugamba aha kuhakanisa obuhwezi bwa Afirika.Ahandiikire bingi aha bikwatiraine n'obuhwezi oburikuremesa entunguuka omuri Afirika kandi yaashohozibwa omu mpapura z'amakuru ez'amaani nka International Herald Tribune na Der Spiegel hamwe n'okukora eby'okureeberaho aha reediyo na tiivi za Bungyereza aha nshonga egi. Mwenda nawe akagambwaho munonga omu mahurire g'ensi yoona, otwariiremu BBC, CNN, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Times, The Economist, hamwe n'empapura z'amakuru ezindi, reediyo na tiivi ezindi omuri Buraaya na America.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Andrew M. Mwenda (17 April 2013). [https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/16/opinion/madonna-charity-africa-mwenda/index.html &quot;Madonna and Africa's 'celebrity saviors'&quot;]. Atlanta: Cable News Network (CNN). Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Akahakanisa ebitongore by'obuyambi n'ebirikuhwera abantu ahabw'ebi arikugira ngu tibirikukora gye hamwe n'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi. Naateekateeka ngu obuhwezi kuruga omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba tiburikuhwera munonga omu ntunguuka ya Afirika, ahabw'okuba nibureetaho okwetenga, kugumizamu entaro, hamwe n'okureetaho obushomankuzi.&lt;ref&gt;Alison Stewart (29 June 2012). [https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=155919467 &quot;Is Foreign Aid Harming Africa? (Interview With Andrew Mwenda)&quot;]. Washington, DC: National Public Radio (NPR). Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Naagira ngu obuhwezi nibugyenda omu mahanga agatarikwetenga, agaremirwe kuhikiiriza abantu baago, okukira agahindukire. Omu kwezi kwa mukaaga omuri 2007, akaha orubazo aha nshonga ezi aha ruteerane rwa Ted omuri Arusha, Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  

Omuri 2014, Mwenda akaba ari omwe aha bantu abahababire okushazamu ekiragiro kya Uganda ekirikurwanisa ebisiyaga ekya 2014.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190228074456/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28605400.html &quot;Uganda court annuls anti-homosexuality law&quot;]. London: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 1 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ebiro 3 Okwa kabiri omuri 2019, Mwenda akatongoza ekibiina kya Uganda National Peoples' Democratic Revolutionary Front (UNPDRF) omu kishaka kya Kanyandahi omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Uganda n'abashaija mukaaga hamwe n'emigyere etaano. Akeerangirira nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina kya UNPDRF kandi Charles Onyango Obbo yaamurangirira nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina. Aha mikutu ya boona, akarangirira ngu ekigyendererwa kya UNPDRF kikaba kiri &quot;okurwanisa obutegyeki bwa Museveni obw'obushomankuzi, Besigye okurwanirira obugabe bw'abantu n'obutegyeki bwa Bobi Wine obutaine mugasho.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://newz.ug/tag/uganda-national-peoples-democratic-revolutionary-front/ &quot;Uganda National People's Democratic Revolutionary Front | Newz Post&quot;]. Retrieved 1 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;   

Ekibiina kya UNPDRF kiine eiziina eririkushushana n'ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki ekya Ethiopia ekya Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) ekirikwebemberwa enganzi y'eihanga rya Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed, kwonka tikirikureebeka ngu ekibiina kya UNPDRF nikishagikwa nari ngu kiine akakwate n'ekibiina kya EPRDF.   

== Ebirabo ==
Mwenda akasingura ekirabo kya CPJ International Press Freedom Awards omuri 2008 ekyashagikirwe Committee to Protect Journalists, &quot;omu kusiima okwehayo kwe ahabw'abanyamakuru abaine obugabe omuri Uganda hamwe n'ensi yoona&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;CPJ (25 November 2008). [https://cpj.org/awards/2008/mwenda.php &quot;CPJ to honor brave international journalists: Andrew Mwenda, Founder and Managing Editor, The Independent&quot;]. New York City: [[:en:Committee_to_Protect_Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ). Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;CPJ (25 November 2008). [https://cpj.org/awards/2008/andrew-mwenda-ipfa-2008-video.php &quot;International Press Freedom Awards: Andrew Mwenda, IPFA 2008 Video]&quot; (Video). New York City: [[:en:Committee_to_Protect_Journalists|Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ). Retrieved 27 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okuhandiika omu bitabo ==

* 2007: Investieren Geht uber Schmieren, Entwicklungspolitik, December 2007, Nr. 12 62 Jahr.
* 2007: Personalizing power in Uganda, Journal for Democracy, July 2007, Volume 18, Number 3
* 2006: &quot;Sustaining Growth and Achieving Deep Reductions in Poverty: How Uganda Recovered from Conflict&quot;; in Attacking Africa's Poverty: Experience from the Ground Edited by Louise Fox and Bob Liebenthal, World Bank, Washington DC.
* 2006: Foreign aid the Weakening of Democratic Accountability in Uganda (a policy briefing paper for the Cato Institute, a think tank in Washington DC.
* 2006: With Roger Tangri: 'Politics, Donors, and the Ineffectiveness of Anti-Corruption Institutions in Uganda', Journal of Modern African Studies, 44, 1 (2006)
* 2005: With Roger Tangri: 'Patronage Politics, Donor Reforms, and Regime Consolidation in Uganda', African Affairs, 104, 416 (2005), 449–67.
* 2003: With Roger Tangri: &quot;Military Corruption and Ugandan Politics since the late 1990s.&quot; in the Review of African Political Economy No. 98, 2003.
* 2001: With Prof. Roger Tangri, Corruption and Cronyism in Uganda's Privatisation in the 1990s, Africa Affairs 100–398 (2001) 87–103

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ebirikuruga aheeru ==
Andrew M Mwenda: aid creates the wrong incentives for progress</text>
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    <title>Wp/nyn/Central African Republic</title>
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Eihanga rya '''Central African Republic''' n'einga '''Afirika eya rwagati'''  n'eihanga eritaine nyanja erishangwa omuri Afirika eya rwagati. 

Riri aha nsharo na Chad omu matemba, [[Wp/nyn/Sudan|Sudan]] omu burugwa izooba bwa Sudan, [[Wp/nyn/South Sudan|South Sudan]] omu burugwa izooba, [[Wp/nyn/Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] omu mashuuma, [[Wp/nyn/Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]] omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa izooba, na [[Wp/nyn/Cameroon|Cameroon]] omu burengyerwa izooba. 

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ririmu eitaka rya square kiromita 620,000 (240,000 sq mi). Okuhisya omu mwaka gwa 2024, riine abantu 5,357,744, barimu enganda nka 80.Ahabw'okugira ngu ekaba eri eihanga rya Bufaransa eririkwetwa Ubangi-Shari,[b] Orufaransa nirwo rurimi rw'ekihandiiko, kandi Sango, orurimi rw'enganda z'Abangbandi, nirwo rurimi rw'ekihandiiko orw'ihanga kandi orw'ekihandiiko orwa kabiri.

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ririmu ebibira, ebisharara hamwe n'obusheeshe. Ebicweka bibiri bya kashatu by'eihanga biri omu kicweka ky'omugyera Ubangi (ogurikuhika omu mugyera Congo), kandi ebicweka bishatu bya kashatu biri omu kicweka ky'omugyera Chari, ogurikuhika omu nyanja Chad.

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikaba ritwiremu abantu kuruga omu mwaka gwa 8000 BCE.Ensharo z'eihanga zikatebwaho Bufaransa, eyatandikire kutwara ebicweka bya Congo ya Bufaransa aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19 kandi omu mwaka gwa 1903 ekatandikaho ekicweka kya Ubangi-Shari, ekicweka kya Bufaransa eya Equatorial Africa.Bwanyima y'okutunga okwetegyeka kuruga omuri Bufaransa omu mwaka gwa 1960, Afirika eya rwagati ekaba neetegyekwa abebembezi b'obutegyeki, otwariiremu Jean-Bedel Bokassa owaahindwire eiziina ry'eihanga kuhinduka Afirika eya rwagati ey'obugabe kandi yaategyeka nk'omugabe kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1976 kuhisya omu mwaka gwa 1979.Orutaro rwa Afirika eya rwagati rukatandika omu mwaka gwa 2004 kandi, oihireho endagaano y'obusingye omu mwaka gwa 2007 hamwe n'endagaano endiijo omu mwaka gwa 2011, orutaro rw'omunda rukagaruka omu mwaka gwa 2012 Orutaro rw'omunda rukagumizamu n'okutwaza kubi kw'abantu omu ihanga, okwabaire kurimu okubonabonesibwa kw'abantu baingi okweyongyeire kuruga omu bibiina by'amahe ebyabaire biine akakwate.

Oihireho eby'obugaiga bingi eby'obuhangwa, nka uranium reserves, crude oil, gold, diamonds, cobalt, lumber, hamwe na hydropower,hamwe n'eitaka rihango eririkubaasa kuhingwa, Afirika eya rwagati ni emwe aha mahanga ikumi agarikukirayo obworo omunsi yoona, eri ahansi y'entatsya y'omuntu omwe omu nsi yoona omu mwaka gwa 2017. Omu mwaka gwa 2023, kurugirira aha Human Development Index (HDI), eihanga rikaba riri erya kashatu omu by'entunguuka y'abantu, rikaba riri omu mwanya gwa 191 ahari 193. Eihanga rikaba riri erya kabiri omu by'entunguuka y'abantu erikwihwaho obutakwatanisa (IHDI), rikaba riri omu mwanya gwa 164 ahari 165.

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati niriteekwateekwaho kuba eritaine magara marungi, hamwe n'ekyanga kibi munonga aha minyeeto.Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati n'omwe aha bari omu kibiina ky'amahanga ageteriine, ekya African Union, ekya Economic Community of Central African States, ekya Organisation internationale de la Francophonie hamwe n'ekya Non-Aligned Movement.

== '''Okuruga''' ==
Eiziina rya Afirika eya rwagati riruga omu mwanya gwayo omuri Afirika hamwe n'obutegyeki bwayo obwa repubulika. Kuruga 1976 kuhisya 1979, eihanga rikaba nirimanywa nka Afirika eya rwagati.

Omu bwire bw'obutegyeki bw'amatware, eiziina ry'eihanga rikaba riri Ubangi-Shari (Oubangui-Chari), eiziina eryarugire omu migyera ebiri emikuru hamwe n'emyanya y'amaizi eya Afirika eya rwagati – Ubangi hamwe na Chari.

Barthélemy Boganda, enganzi y'eihanga ey'okubanza, akakunda eiziina &quot;Central African Republic&quot; kukira Ubangi-Shari, nikigambwa ngu ahabw'okugira ngu akaba naareeba ekibiina kihango ky'amahanga omuri Afirika eya rwagati.

== '''Ebyafaayo''' ==

====== Ekicweka ekikuru: Ebyafaayo bya Afirika eya rwagati ======

====== Ebyafaayo bya ira ======
Emyaka nka 10,000 ehingwire, okuhinduka kw'ebibira kikagyema abahiigi n'abashohi kugyenda omu mashuuma omu bicweka bya Sahel omu matemba ga Afirika eya rwagati, ahu guruupu ezimwe zaatungire obutaaho.Empindahinduka y'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa, hamwe n'empindahinduka y'eby'obushohi, obu okushoha kwatandika kubaho hamwe n'okukoresa amaato, kikabaasisa okutambuza ebintu. Ebintu bikaba bitambuzibwa omu bibya by'eibumba.

Ebigyere bya Bouar Megaliths omu kicweka ky'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'eihanga nibyoreka okutuura okw'omutaano okwabaireho omu bwire bw'aha muheru gwa Neolithic (c. 3500–2700 BCE).[25][26] Okukora ebyoma kukatandika omu kicweka ekyo omu mwaka gwa 1000 BCE.

Abantu ba Ubangi bakatuura aha mugyera Ubangi omuri Afirika eya rwagati hamwe n'ey'oburugwa izooba kandi abantu abamwe abarikuruga omu mashuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Cameroon.

== '''Ekyasha kya 16 kuhisya 19''' ==
Omu kyasha kya 16 na 17, abashubuzi b'abahuuku bakatandika kutaahirira ekicweka ekyo nk'ekicweka ky'okushanjuura emihanda y'abahuuku eya Sahara hamwe n'omugyera Nile. Abahambirwe bakaba bahuurwa kandi bakatwarwa aha rubaju rw'enyanja Mediterranean, Buraaya, Arabia, omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba hamwe n'omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Africa, nainga omu myanya y'okushuburiramu abahuuku hamwe n'amakorero aha rubaju rw'oburengyerwa-izooba na Burengyerwa-izooba bwa Africa nainga omu mashuuma g'omugyera Ubangui na Congo.Omu kyasha kya 18, Aba Bandia-Nzakara Azande bakatandikaho obugabe bwa Bangassou aha mugyera Ubangi. Ahagati y'ekyasha kya 19, Aba Bobangi bakaba abashubuzi b'abahuuku abakuru kandi bakaguza abahuuku baabo omuri America barikukoresa omugyera Ubangi kuhika aha rubaju rw'enyanja.Omuri 1875, sultani wa Sudan Rabih az-Zubayr akatwara obutegyeki bwa Upper-Oubangui, oburimu obwahati Afirika eya rwagati.

== '''Obutegyeki bw'Abafaransa''' ==
Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Ubangi-Shari, French Equatorial Africa, hamwe n'obutegyeki bw'amatware omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Okutahirira kwa Buraaya omu kicweka kya Afirika eya rwagati kukatandika aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19 omu bwire bw'okurwanira Afirika. Abajungu, okukira munonga Abafaransa, Abagirimaani, hamwe n'Ababiligi, bakahika omu kicweka ekyo omuri 1885. Bufaransa ekatwara kandi yaakora ekikorwa ky'okutegyeka ekicweka kya Ubangi-Shari omuri 1894.Omuri 1911 aha ndagaano ya Fez, Bufaransa ekarekura ekicweka kya kiromita 300,000 omu kicweka kya Sangha na Lobaye omu mikono y'obutegyeki bwa Bugirimaani obwahaireyo ekicweka kikye (omuri Chad obwa hati) omu mikono ya Bufaransa. Bwanyima y'orutaro rw'ensi yoona orw'okubanza, Bufaransa ekagaruka yaatwara ekyanga ekyo. Ekyanga ekyo kikaba kiri nk'ekya King Leopold's Congo Free State, obuhwezi bukaba nibuheebwa kampuni z'abantu buntu ezaabaire nizikora n'amaani kwiha ebintu by'ekyanga ekyo omu bwire bukye kandi omu muringo gw'obwangu nk'oku kirikubaasika batakashohwize ebicweka by'amagoba gaabo omu ibiikiro rya Bufaransa.Kampuni z'okuguza abantu ebintu zikagyema abantu b'omubyaro kusharuura amabaare, omwani hamwe n'ebindi bintu batabashashwire kandi zikakwata abantu baabo kuhitsya obu baahikize ebi baabaire bashemereire kukora.

Omuri 1920, French Equatorial Africa ekatandikwaho kandi Ubangi-Shari ekatwarwa kuruga Brazzaville.Omu myaka ya 1920 na 1930 Abafaransa bakatandikaho enkora y'okuhinga pamba, enguuto zikombekwa, okurwanisa omushwija gw'omubyenda, hamwe n'ebitongore by'ediini y'abaporotesitanti kutandikaho obukristaayo.Emiringo misya y'okukozesa abantu n'amaani ekatandikwaho kandi abantu baingi bakatwarwa kukora aha ruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika orurikuruga Congo kuza Ocean. Omu bwire bw'okwombeka kuhisya omuri 1934 hakaba hariho okufeerwa kw'amaani omu magara g'abantu, kandi omuhendo gw'abakozi abafiire aha ruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika rurikurenga 17,000, barikufa ahabw'obuhuta n'endwara nka omushwija gw'ensiri.Omuri 1928, okwekarakaasa kw'amaani, okwesharingo kwa Kongo-Wara nainga 'orutaro rw'omukwato gw'enkumbi', kukabarukaho omu burengyerwa-izooba bwa Ubangi-Shari kandi kukagumaho kumara emyaka mingi. Obuhango bw'okwekarakaasa oku, okwabaire nikubaasa kuba nikwo kwesharingo kw'amaani okwabaire kurwanisa obutegyeki bw'amatware omuri Afirika omu myaka y'orutaro, kukasherekwa kurungi abafaransa ahabw'okuba kukaba nikworeka okuhakanisa kw'amaani okwabaire kurwanisa obutegyeki bw'amatware g'Abafaransa hamwe n'okukozesa abantu emirimo y'amaani. Okutegyeka kwa Bufaransa omuri Oubangui-Chari nikureebwa nk'okwabaire kuri okw'obwinazi okukirayo omu butegyeki bw'amatware g'Abafaransa.

Omu Kwa mwenda omuri 1940, omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, abaserukare ba Bufaransa abaabaire nibashagika Gaullist bakatwara obutegyeki bwa Ubangi-Shari kandi Genero Leclerc yaataho ekitebe kikuru ky'amahe ga Bufaransa ag'obusingye omuri Bangui. Omuri 1946 Barthélemy Boganda akatooranwa n'oburuuru 9,000 omu ishengyero rya Bufaransa, yaaba omujwekyerwa w'okubanza owa Afirika eya rwagati omu gavumenti ya Bufaransa. Boganda akaguma aine enteekateeka y'eby'obutegyeki erikuhakanisa okushoroora omu nganda hamwe n'obutegyeki bw'amatware kwonka mporampora akahwa amaani n'enteekateeka y'eby'obutegyeki eya Bufaransa yaagaruka omuri Afirika eya rwagati kutandikaho ekibiina kya Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique noire (Mouvement pour l'é[[assistant)

== '''Kuruga obu eihanga ryatunga okwetegyeka (1960–obwahati)''' ==
Omu karuuru k'akakiiko k'ebyanga aka Ubangi-Shari omuri 1957, MESAN ekatunga oburuuru 347,000 ahari 356,000 obwateirwe kandi yaasinga buri ntebe y'eishengyero, ekyareteire Boganda kutooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'akakiiko k'amahanga ga Bufaransa agarikushushana n'omuhwezi w'omwebembezi w'eishengyero rya Ubangi-Shari.Omu mwaka gumwe, akarangirira okutandikaho kwa Afirika eya rwagati kandi yaheereza nka enganzi y'eihanga eryo. MESAN ekagumizamu kubaho, kwonka omurimo gwayo gukaba gutarikumara.Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikaheebwa obugabe omu kibiina kya Bufaransa eky'obugabe ekiro 1 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1958, ekyabaire nikimanyisa ngu rikaba rikiri omu butegyeki bwa Bufaransa omuri Afirika.

Bwanyima ya Boganda kufa omu butandu y'enyonyi ebiro 29 okwa kashatu omuri 1959, muzaara we, David Dacko, akatwara obutegyeki bwa MESAN. Dacko akaba omwebembezi w'eihanga ow'okubanza obu eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ryatunga okwetegyeka kuruga omuri Bufaransa aha shaaha mukaaga z'ekiro ebiro 13 okwa munaana omuri 1960, eizooba eririkujaguzibwa nk'ekihuumuro ky'okwetegyeka kw'eihanga.

Dacko akabinga ab'eby'obutegyeki abaabaire bamuhakanisa, otwariiremu na Abel Goumba, owaabaire ari enganzi y'eihanga kandi omwebembezi w'ekibiina kya Mouvement d'évolution démocratique de l'Afrique centrale (MEDAC), ou yaagyemesereize kuhungira omuri Bufaransa.

== '''Bokassa hamwe n'obutegyeki bwa Afirika eya rwagati (1965–1979)''' ==
Ebirikukiraho: Obutegyeki bwa Afirika eya rwagati

Ebiro 31 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1965, Dacko akaihwaho omu kuteera kwa Saint-Sylvestre kuruga owa Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa, owabiire arugire aha ngyenderwaho y'eihanga kandi akasharaho eishengyero ry'eihanga. Omwebembezi w'eihanga Bokassa akeerangirira nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga ow'obutwire omuri 1972 kandi yeyeeta Omugabe Bokassa I w'obugabe bwa Afirika eya rwagati (nk'oku eihanga ryabaire ryahindwirwe eiziina) ebiro 4 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1976. Bwanyima y'omwaka, Omugabe Bokassa akeetwara omu mukoro gw'okwehimbisa ogwabaire guri ogw'omuhendo gw'ahaiguru.

Omu kwa kana omuri 1979,abeegi bato bakesharinga ahabw'ekiragiro kya Bokassa ngu abeegi boona b'eishomero bakaba nibetengwa kugura yunifoomu kuruga omu kampuni eyabaire eri ey'omwe aha bakazi be. Gavumenti ekakozesa amaani maingi omu kucwekyereza okwesharinga, yaita abaana 100 hamwe n'eminyeeto. Bokassa naabaasa kuba yaabaire ayejumbire omu kwita abantu.

Omu Kwa mwenda omuri 1979, Bufaransa ekaihaho Bokassa yaagaruraho Dacko omu bwebembezi (ekyarugiremu okugaruraho eiziina ry'eihanga hamwe na gavumenti eyabandize omuri Afirika eya rwagati). Dacko nawe akagarurwaho omu bwebembezi omu kihindahinduro kya gavumenti ekyakozirwe Genero André Kolingba ekiro 1 Okwa mwenda omuri 1981.

== '''Afirika eya rwagati ahansi ya Kolingba''' ==
Kolingba akabinga engyenderwaho y'eihanga kandi yaategyeka n'obutegyeki bw'amahe kuhisya omuri 1985. Akareeta engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya omuri 1986 eyaikiriziibwe akaruuru k'ekihanga kyona. Okuba memba w'ekibiina kye ekisya, ekya Rassemblement Démocratique Centrafricain (RDC), kikaba kiri eky'okwehayo. Omuri 1987 na 1988, akaruuru k'okuronda abakiiki omu ishengyero kakahibwa, kwonka Kolingba ababiri abu yaabaire ayesimbireho, Abel Goumba na Ange-Félix Patassé, tibarabaasize kwejumbamu.

Omuri 1990, ahabw'okugwa kw'ekisiika kya Berlin, ekibiina ky'okurwanirira obugabe bw'abantu kikatandikaho. Okugyemeserezibwa kuruga omuri United States, France, hamwe n'ekibinja ky'amahanga agarikujwekyerwa omuri GIBAFOR (France, the US, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the United Nations) kikareetera Kolingba kwikiriza, omu muringo, okuteera akaruuru k'obusingye omu Kwa ikumi omuri 1992 n'obuhwezi kuruga omu ofiisi y'ekibiina ky'amahanga goona ey'eby'oburuuru. Bwanyima y'okukoresa ekyesharingo ky'okugira ngu akaruuru kakaba karimu obutahikiirira nk'eshonga y'okugumizamu omu bwebembezi, Purezidenti Kolingba akagyemeserezibwa munonga kuruga omuri GIBAFOR kutaho &quot;[[Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République&quot; (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) hamwe n'okutaho &quot;akakiiko k'eby'oburuuru akarimu abantu kuruga omu bibiina by'obutegyeki byona.

Oburuuru bw'omurundi gwa kabiri ku bwaherize kubaho omuri 1993, nabwo n'obuhwezi bw'amahanga goona obwateirweho GIBAFOR, Ange-Félix Patassé akasingura omurundi gwa kabiri n'oburuuru 53% kandi Goumba akasingura 45.6%. Ekibiina kya Patassé ekya Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) ekirikumanywa nka Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, kikatunga oburuuru bwingi (obwingi obw'omutaano) kwonka kitatunga oburuuru oburikumara omu ishengyero, ekyaretsire ekibiina kya Patassé kyetenga abanywani.

== '''Gavumenti ya Patassé (1993–2003)''' ==
Patassé akabinga abantu baingi abarikushagika Kolingba omu gavumenti kandi abashagiki ba Kolingba bakajunaana gavumenti ya Patassé okuba ebaire nehiiga abantu ba Yakoma. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ekahamibwa ebiro 28 Okwa ikumi nibiri omuri 1994 kwonka ekaba etarikukora kihango aha by'obutegyeki bw'eihanga. Omuri 1996–1997, ahabw'abantu kweyongyera kuba batarikwesiga Gavumenti ahabw'emitwarize yaayo etarikwetegyerezibwa, abantu bakaguma nibajagaraza gavumenti ya Patassé, ekyaretsireho okushiisha ebintu bingi n'okwongyera aha butaikirizana bw'enganda.Patassé akabinga abantu baingi abarikushagika Kolingba omu gavumenti kandi abashagiki ba Kolingba bakajunaana gavumenti ya Patassé okuba ebaire nehiiga abantu ba Yakoma. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ekahamibwa ebiro 28 Okwa ikumi nibiri omuri 1994 kwonka ekaba etarikukora kihango aha by'obutegyeki bw'eihanga. Omuri 1996–1997, ahabw'abantu kweyongyera kuba batarikwesiga Gavumenti ahabw'emitwarize yaayo etarikwetegyerezibwa, abantu bakaguma nibajagaraza gavumenti ya Patassé, ekyaretsireho okushiisha ebintu bingi n'okwongyera aha butaikirizana bw'enganda.

Omurimo gw'amahe g'okurwanisa obutabanguko gukagarurwaho ekibiina ky'amahanga ageteraine.Kuruga omuri 1997, eihanga rikakiira enteekateeka z'okurinda obusingye ezirikuhika ikumi na ibiri, ekyarireeteire ekitiinisa ky'okuba &quot;omuhanguzi w'ensi yoona omu kurinda obusingye&quot;.

Omuri 1998, akaruuru k'eishengyero karetsireho RDC wa Kolingba kusingura entebe 20 ahari 109. Kwonka omwaka ogwakuratsireho, oihireho ekiniga ky'abantu omu ndembo ahabw'obushomankuzi bwe, Patassé akasingura ekisanja kya kabiri omu karuuru k'omwebembezi w'eihanga.

Ebiro 28 Okwa kataano omuri 2001, abahekyera bakatahirira ebyombeko by'omugasho omuri Bangui omu kugyezaho okutegyeka, mukuru w'amahe, Abel Abrou, hamwe na Genero François N'Djadder Bedaya bakaitwa, kwonka Patassé akagaruka yaatunga obushoborozi obwo arikureeta abaserukare 300 b'omwebembezi w'abahekyera omuri Congo Jean-Pierre Bemba hamwe n'abaserukare ba Libya.

Omu kubonabona okwakuratiire okurwanisa obutegyeki, abaheekyera abarikwesiga Patassé bakasherura okuhoorera aha barwani omu myanya mingi omuri Bangui kandi bakareetaho obutabanguko otwariiremu n'okwita ab'eby'obutegyeki abarikumuhakanisa. Ahamuheru, Patassé akatandika kuteekateeka ngu Genero François Bozizé akaba ayejumbire omu kugyezaho okundi okw'okurwanisa obutegyeki bwe, ekyareteire Bozizé kuhunga aine abaserukare abeesigwa omuri Chad. Omu kwezi kwa kashatu omuri 2003, Bozizé akataho okutahirira okw'omutaano ahari Patassé, owaabaire atari omu ihanga. Amahe ga Libya hamwe n'abaserukare 1,000 kuruga omu kibiina kya Bemba eky'abahekyera omuri Congo bakaremwa kuzibira abahekyera kandi amahe ga Bozizé gakasingura Patassé.

== '''Entaro z'omunda''' ==
Reeba na: Orutaro rw'omu kishaka omuri Afirika eya rwagati hamwe n'orutaro rw'omunda omuri Afirika eya rwagati

François Bozizé akemereza engyenderwaho y'eihanga kandi yaataho akakiiko k'abaminisita akasya, akarimu ebibiina by'obutegyeki ebirikuhakanisa gavumenti. Abel Goumba akatooranwa nk'omuhwezi wa purezidenti. Bozizé akatandikaho akakiiko k'eihanga akarikukora aha nshonga z'obutegyeki kugira ngu kateho engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya, kandi yaarangirira ngu akaba naija kurekura obwebembezi kandi ayesimbireho engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya ku eraabe yaikiriziibwe.

Omu 2004, orutaro rwa Afirika eya rwagati rukatandika obu amahe agabaire nigahakanisa Bozizé gatandika kurwanisa gavumenti ye. Omu kwakataano 2005, Bozizé akasingura akaruuru k'obwebembezi bw'eihanga, akaabaire kataine Patassé, kandi omu 2006 okurwana kukagumizamu ahagati ya gavumenti n'abahekyera.Omu kwaikumi na kumwe 2006, gavumenti ya Bozizé ekashaba obuhwezi bw'amahe ga Bufaransa kubahwera kubinga abahekyera abaabaire batwaire obutegyeki bw'endembo omu bicweka by'amatemba g'eihanga.N'obu ebirikukwata aha ndagaano egyo byabaire biri eby'okukoresa ebintu hamwe n'okumanya ebirikukwata aha ntaro, omu kwaikumi na kubiri obuhwezi bwa Bufaransa bukaba burimu okuteera amahe.

Endagaano ya Syrte omu kwezi kwa kabiri hamwe n'endagaano y'obusingye eya Birao omu kwezi kwa kana 2007 zikaba nizishaba okurekyeraho okurwana, okutwara abarwani ba FDPC omu maka gaabo n'okubagaita na FACA, okurekura abasibe b'eby'obutegyeki, okugaita aba FDPC omu gavumenti, okusaasira aba UFDR, okubamanya nka ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki, hamwe n'okugaita abarwani baakyo omu mahe g'eihanga. Guruupu nyingi zikagumizamu nizirwana kwonka ezindi zikata omukono aha ndagaano nari endagaano ezirikushushana na gavumenti (e.g., UFR on 15 December 2008). Guruupu emwe yonka etarataireho omukono aha ndagaano obwire obwo ekaba eri CPJP, eyagumizemu n'emirimo yaayo kandi yaata omukono aha ndagano

Omu 2011, Bozizé akagaruka yatorwa omu karuuru akaabaire nikareebeka nk'ak'oburyarya.

Omu Kwaikumi na kumwe 2012, Séléka, ekibiina ky'abahekyera, kikatwara ebibuga omu matemba n'omu masekati g'eihanga. Ebi bibiina byahika aha ndagaano y'obusingye na Gavumenti ya Bozizé omu Kwaikumi na kumwe 2013, erimu okugabana obutegyeki. Endagaano egi ekahendera yashenyuka, kandi abahekyera bakatwara ekibuga ekikuru omu Kwaikashatu 2013 kandi Bozizé yairuka omu ihanga.

Michel Djotodia akatwara obwebembezi bw'eihanga. Enganzi Nicolas Tiangaye akashaba ekigombe ky'okurinda obusingye kuruga omu kakiiko k'eby'okwerinda k'ekibiina ky'amahanga ageteriine kandi ebiro 31 Okwakataano owabaire ari omwebembezi w'eihanga Bozizé akajunanwa orubanja rw'okuhenda ebiragiro by'abantu hamwe n'okureetaho okwita abantu.Aha muheru gw'omwaka, hakaba hariho okurabura kw'ensi yoona okw'okwita abantu omu nganda kandi okurwana kukaba kuri okw'okwihorera aha bantu ba buriijo okwakozirwe abarwani ba Seleka abarikukira obwingi abasiraamu hamwe n'abaheekyera abakristaayo abarikwetwa &quot;anti-balaka&quot;. Okwamunaana 2013, hakaba hariho ripoota ezirikworeka ngu hakaba hariho abantu abarikurenga 200,000 ababingirwe omu maka gaabo (IDPs).

Aha muheru gw'omwaka, hakaba hariho okurabura kw'ensi yoona okw'okwita abantu omu nganda kandi okurwana kukaba kuri okw'okwihorera aha bantu ba buriijo okwakozirwe abarwani ba Seleka abarikukira obwingi abasiraamu hamwe n'abaheekyera abakristaayo abarikwetwa &quot;anti-balaka&quot;.  Okwamunaana 2Kikagambwa ngu okuta amaani omu kubinga abantu omu by'okurwanisa omu kubanza kikareetera abarikurwanisa Abalaka kugira amaani, ekyareteire abasiraamu abantu ba buriijo kufuruka omuri Bangui hamwe n'omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Afirika eya rwagati.

Ebiro 11 Okwakana 2014, Michael Djotodia na Nicolas Tiengaye bakarekura emirimo yaabo nk'ekicweka ky'endagaano eyabaire eriho aha rukiiko rw'ekyanga omuri Chad. Catherine Samba-Panza akatooranwa akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki ak'eky'obuhangwa, yaaba omukazi w'okubanza kuba omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati. Ebiro 23 Okwamushanju 2014, ahanyima y'okuteeranira hamwe n'abanyamahanga, abajwekyerwa ba Séléka hamwe n'ab'orubaju orurikurwanisa abarikwetwa Balaka bakata omukono aha ndagaano y'okurekyeraho okurwana.Aha muheru gwa 2014, eihanga rikaba ritarikushushana ahabw'okugira ngu aba Anti-Balaka bakaba bari omu mashuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba kandi aba ex-Seleka bakaba bari omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba.Omu kwezi kwa kashatu 2015, Samantha Power, omujwekyerwa wa Amerika omu kibiina ky'amahanga ageteriine, akagira ngu emizigiti 417 ahari 436 ekaba esiisirwe, kandi abakazi abasiraamu bakaba batiinire kugyenda omu bantu, bakaba nibazaarira omu maka gaabo omu mwanya gw'okuza omu irwariro.

== '''Gavumenti ya Touadéra (2016–obwahati)''' ==
Oburuuru bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga bukabaho omu kwezi kwaikumi na kubiri 2015. Ahabw'okugira ngu tihaine owaatungire oburuuru oburikuhingura ebicweka ataano ahari igana, akaruuru k'omurundi gwa kabiri kakabaho ebiro 14 okwa kabiri 2016 hamwe n'okugarukamu ebiro 31 okwa kashatu 2016.Omu karuuru k'akabiri, owabaireho enganzi y'eihanga Faustin-Archange Touadéra akarangirirwa nk'omusinguzi n'obucweka 63 ahari igana bw'oburuuru, arikusinga owaabaire ayesimbire aha kibiina kya Union for Central African Renewal Anicet-Georges Dologuélé, owaabaire ari enganzi y'eihanga.Nobu okuteera akaruuru kwarabiremu oburemeezi bwingi ahabw'abateezi b'akaruuru kuba batarabaireho ahabw'okuba bakaba bari omu mahanga agandi, okutiina obwimukiriro kukaba kutaine musingye, kandi ekibiina kya African Union kikareeba okuteera akaruuru nk'okwabaire kurungi.

Touadéra akarahizibwa ebiro 30 okwa kashatu 2016. Tihaine abajwekyerwa b'ekigombe ky'abahekyera ekya Seleka nainga ab'ekigombe kya &quot;anti-balaka&quot; abaateirwe omu gavumenti eyabaire etandikirweho.

Oburuuru bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga bukabaho ebiro 27 Okwaikumi na kumwe 2020.Owaabaireho omwebembezi w'eihanga François Bozizé akarangirira okwesimba kwe kwonka kooti y'eihanga ekaruga omu by'okwesimbaho kwe, erikugira ngu Bozizé tarahikiriize ebirikwetengwa ahabw'okugira ngu akaba aine ekihandiiko ky'okumukwata hamwe n'ebiragiro by'ekibiina ky'amahanga ageteriine ahabw'okwita abantu, okubonabonesa hamwe n'ebindi bibi.

Obu ebicweka bingi by'eihanga byabaire biri omu mikono y'ebibiina by'abanyambundu, akaruuru kakaba katarikubaasa kuteerwa omu bicweka bingi by'eihanga.Ebyanga 800 omu ihanga, nari ebicweka 14 ahari igana, bikakingwa ahabw'obutabanguko.Abakuumi b'obusingye ba Burundi bashatu bakaitwa kandi abandi babiri bahutazibwa omu bwire bw'okweteekateekyera akaruuru.Purezidenti Faustin-Archange Touadéra akagaruka yatoranwa .Abaserukare ba Russia kuruga omu kibinja kya Wagner bateire omukono aha mukuru w'eihanga Touadéra omu kurwanisa abahekyera. Ekibinja kya Russia ekya Wagner kijunainwe okubonabonesa n'okutiinisa abantu ba buriijo.Omu Kwaikumi na kubiri 2022, Roger Cohen akahandiika omu The New York Times ngu &quot;amahe ga Wagner gakakora nk'abakuumi ba Mwami. Touadéra, nawe arikurindwa amahe ga Rwanda, arikugarurirwa orusa rw'okukoresa n'okuguza eby'obugaiga bya Afirika eya rwagati&quot; kandi &quot;omujwekyerwa omwe ow'amahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba akagamba ahari Afirika eya rwagati...nk'eihanga eririkutegyekwa Kremlin.&quot;

Nobu engyenderwaho y'eihanga rya Congo erikubanza yaabaire neehindura omwebembezi w'eihanga kugira ebisanja bibiri, Touadéra akashazamu ebisanja by'engyenderwaho y'eihanga kurabira omu karuuru k'okuteera akaruuru omuri 2023. Akagaruka yatoranwa omurundi gwa kashatu omu kwaikumi na kubiri 2025.

== '''Eby'obuhangwa''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'obuhangwa bw'ihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati

Afirika eya rwagati neetwariramu amahanga 10, kandi neetuura omu kicweka kya Afirika eya rwagati.

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati n'eihanga eritaine enyanja omu ihanga rya Afirika. Riri aha nsharo na Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Sudan y'amashuuma, Democratic Republic of Congo, hamwe na Republic of Congo. Eihanga riri ahagati y'oburengye 2 na 11 obwa nyamukiriro, hamwe n'oburengye 14 na 28 obwa burugwa izooba.

Eihanga eringi ririmu ebisharara ebiri ahaiguru ya mita 500 ahaiguru y'enyanja.Okwongyera ahari Fertit Hills omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Afirika eya rwagati, hariho enshozi nkye omu bicweka by'amashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba.Omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba hariho Yade Massif, eitaka rya granite eririmu oburaingwa bwa mita 348 (fuuti 1,143).Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ririmu ebibira mukaaga: ebibira bya Congo ebiri omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba, ebibira bya Congo ebiri omu burengyerwa-izooba bw'amatemba, ebibira bya Congo ebiri omu burengyerwa-izooba bw'amashuuma, ebibira bya Congo ebiri omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, ebibira bya Congo ebiri omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, hamwe n'ebibira bya Sahel.

Aha square kilometer 622,984 (240,535 sq mi), Afirika eya rwagati niyo eihanga ririkukirayo obuhango omunsi yoona.

Ensharo y'amashuuma erikukira obwingi erakorwa ebicweka by'omugyera Congo; omugyera Mbomou omu burugwa izooba nigwegaita aha mugyera Uele kukora omugyera Ubangi, ogurimu ebicweka by'ensharo y'amashuuma.Omugyera Sangha niguraba omu bicweka bimwe by'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'eihanga, kandi ensharo y'oburugwa-izooba eri aha rubaju rw'omugyera Nile.

Ebicweka 36% by'eihanga biri omu bibira, kandi ebibira ebirikukirayo kuba eby'amaani biri omu bicweka by'amashuuma. Ebibira birimu ebintu bingi kandi birimu ebika by'ebimera ebirikukoresibwa omu by'obushuubuzi nka Ayous, Sapelli, na Sipo.Okutema emiti kuri aha bicweka 0.4 ahari igana buri mwaka, kandi okwiba embaaho kuri buri hamwe.Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikaba riine omuhendo gwa 9.28/10 omuri 2018, ekirikumanyisa ngu rikaba riri eryamushanju omunsi yoona kuruga omu mahanga 172.

Omu 2008, Afirika eya rwagati niyo yaabaire eri eihanga eritarikukwatwa munonga omwirima omunsi yoona.

Ekicweeka kya Bangui magnetic Anomaly, kimwe aha bicweeka bya magnetic anomalies ebirikukirayo obuhango omu nsi, kiri omu kibuga ekikuru ky'eihanga.

== '''Embeera y'obwire''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Embeera y'obwire omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Embeera y'obwire omuri Afirika eya rwagati neeba eri ey'obutagasi, n'obwire bw'obutagasi oburikumara kuruga okwamukaaga kuhisya okwamwenda omu bicweka by'amatemba g'eihanga, kandi kuruga okwakataano kuhisya okwezi kwa ikumi omu mashuma. Maximum annual precipitation is approximately 1,800 millimetres (71 in) in the upper Ubangi region.Enjura erikukirayo obwingi omu mwaka n'obucweka bwa mita 1,800 (71 in) omu kicweka kya Ubangi ekyaheiguru.

Ebyanga by'amatemba biriyo birikwotsya kandi birimu omwika gw'amaizi kuruga okwezi kwa kabiri kuhisya okwakataano, kwonka nibibaasa kuba birimu omuyaga gw'omushana, ogw'ekyanda, kandi ogurimu omucuucu ogurikumanywa nka Harmattan.Ebyanga by'amashuuma biine embeera y'obwire erikushushana n'ey'obutagasi, kwonka nibihikwaho okuhinduka kw'ebibira, kandi ebicweka by'oburugwa izooba bw'oburugwa izooba bw'eihanga birimu orufunjo.

== '''Ebyobuhangwa''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Enyamaishwa za Afirika eya rwagati

Omu mashuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, eirindiro ry'enyamaishwa erya Dzanga-Sangha nirishangwa omu kibira ky'enjura. Eihanga nirimanywa ahabw'omuhendo gw'enjovu z'omu kibira hamwe n'empunu z'omu kibira.Omu matemba, eirindiro ry'enyamaishwa erya Manovo-Gounda St Floris riijwire enyamaishwa, otwariiremu engo, entare, enjoka hamwe n'empunu, kandi erya Bamingui-Bangoran nirishangwa omu matemba g'oburugwa izooba bwa Afirika eya rwagati.Ebirindiro by'enyamaishwa bitaaniisibwe munonga emirimo y'abahigi b'enyamaishwa, okukira munonga abo abarikuruga Sudan, omu myaka makumi abiri ehwaire.

Omu ihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati, ebibira nibikora ebicweka 36 ahari igana by'eitaka, ekirikumanyisa hekita 22,303,000 z'ebibira omuri 2020, kuruga aha hekita 23,203,000 omuri 1990.Omu 2020, ebibira ebyabaire nibyeyongyera byabaire biri hekita 22,301,000 kandi ebibira ebyabaire byahingwirwe bikaba biri hekita 2,000.Eby'obuhangwa ebirikugaruka kubaho, ebicweka 9 ahari igana bikaba biri ebibira by'obuhangwa (ebirimu emiti y'enzaarwa etarikworeka ngu hariho ekikozirwe abantu). Omwaka 2015, ebicweka 91 ahari igana by'ebibira bikaba biri ebya gavumenti kandi ebicweka 9 ahari igana bikaba biri eby'abantu buntu.Government and politics

== '''Gavumenti n'eby'obutegyeki''' ==
Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Eby'obutegyeki bwa Afirika eya rwagati, Oburuuru bwa Afirika eya rwagati, Orukiiko rw'abaminisita ba Afirika eya rwagati, n'orukarara rw'ebibiina by'obutegyeki omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Eby'obutegyeki omuri Afirika eya rwagati nibibaho omu muringo gw'obwebembezi bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga. Omu muringo ogu, omwebembezi w'eihanga niwe mukuru w'eihanga, aine enganzi y'eihanga nk'omukuru w'eby'obutegyeki. Obushoborozi bw'okwebembera nibukorwa gavumenti. Obushoborozi bw'okukora ebiragiro nibuheebwa gavumenti hamwe n'eishengyero.

Empindahinduka omu gavumenti zibaireho omu myaka egi omu miringo eshatu: obwimukiriro, enteeseganya, hamwe n'oburuuru. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya ekarabwamu abateezi b'akaruuru omu karuuru k'okusharamu akabaho ebiro 5 Okwaikumi na ibiri 2004. Gavumenti ekaba eri 'ey'obusingye' kuruga 1991 kuhisya 2001 hamwe na kuruga 2004 kuhisya 2013.V-Dem Democracy Indices ekashoborora Afirika eya rwagati nk'erikwenda kugaruka omu butegyeki bw'omuntu omwe omuri 2024.

Purezidenti naatooranwa abantu kumara emyaka mukaaga, kandi enganzi y'eihanga erondebwa purezidenti.Omwebembezi w'eihanga naatoorana kandi arikukurira akakiiko k'abaminisita, akarikutandikaho ebiragiro kandi akarikureeberera emirimo ya gavumenti. Kwonka, kuruga 2018 gavumenti ey'obutongore terikwebembera ebicweka bingi by'eihanga, ebirikutegyekwa ebibiina by'abahekyera.Orikukora nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga kuruga Okwakana 2016 ni Faustin-Archange Touadéra owakuratiire gavumenti y'obutongore eyabaire erikwebemberwa Catherine Samba-Panza, enganzi y'obutongore André Nzapayeké.

Eishengyero ry'eihanga (Assemblée Nationale) riine abantu 140, abaronzirwe kumara emyaka etaano barikukoresa enkora y'okugarukamu emirundi ebiri.

Nk'oku kiri omu mahanga agandi agaabaire gari amatware ga Bufaransa, enkora y'ebiragiro omuri Afirika eya rwagati neegyendera aha biragiro bya Bufaransa.Kooti enkuru, nainga Kooti eyahaiguru, erimu abaramuzi abarondwa omwebembezi w'eihanga. Hariho na kooti y'eihanga, kandi abaramuzi baayo nabo barondwa omwebembezi w'eihanga.

Nk'oku kiri omu mahanga agandi agaabaire gari amatware ga Bufaransa, enkora y'ebiragiro omuri Afirika eya rwagati neegyendera aha biragiro bya Bufaransa.Kooti enkuru, nainga Kooti eyahaiguru, erimu abaramuzi abarondwa omwebembezi w'eihanga. Hariho na kooti y'eihanga, kandi abaramuzi baayo nabo barondwa omwebembezi w'eihanga.

Obugabe bw'okugamba burikugambwaho omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga, kwonka habiireho okutiinatiinisa gavumenti aha banyamakuru.Ekihandiiko ekyakozirwe ekitongore ky'amahanga goona ekya International Research &amp; Exchanges Board's Media Sustainability Index kikagira ngu &quot;eihanga rikahikiiriza ekigyendererwa, kandi ebicweka bimwe by'ebiragiro hamwe na gavumenti bikahakanisa enkora y'amahurire ey'obusingye&quot;.

== '''Eby'obutegyeki''' ==
Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Prefectures of the Central African Republic and Sub-prefectures of the Central African Republic

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ririmu ebicweka 20 (préfectures), bibiri ahari byo biri eby'entatsya (préfectures economiques); ebicweka ebi birimu ebicweka ebikye 84 (sous-préfectures).

Ebyanga ni Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kémo, Lobaye, Lim-Pendé, Mambéré, Mambéré-Kadéï, Mbomou, Nana-Mambéré, Ombella-M'Poko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Fafa, Ouham-Pendé, na Vakaga. Ebyanga by'eby'entatsya ni Nana-Grébizi na Sangha-Mbaéré.

== '''Enkoragana y'aheeru''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Enkoragana y'aheeru ya Afirika eya rwagati

Reeba na: Amahe ga Afirika eya rwagati

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati niryesigama munonga aha buyambi kuruga aheeru, kandi ebitongore bingi eby'obwannakyewa nibiheereza obuheereza obu gavumenti etarikubaasa.Omu 2019, obukaikuru bwa doora za Amerika 100 omu buhwezi bw'aheeru zikashohozibwa omu ihanga, okukira munonga aha buhwezi bw'abantu.

Omu 2006, ahabw'obutabanguko obwabaire nibugyenda omu maisho, abantu abarikurenga 50,000 omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'eihanga bakaba bari omu kabi k'enjara, kwonka eki kikazibirwa ahabw'obuhwezi kuruga omu kitongore ky'amahanga geeteeraine.Ebiro 8 Okwakana 2008, omuhandiiki mukuru w'ekibiina ky'amahanga ageteriine Ban Ki-Moon akarangirira ngu eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikaba niribaasa kutunga obuhwezi kuruga omu kitongore ky'okwombeka obusingye.Eby'okukora bishatu bikareebwa: eky'okubanza, okuhindura eby'okwerinda; ekyakabiri, okutunguura obwebembezi burungi n'ebiragiro; hamwe n'ekyakashatu, okugarura busya ebyanga ebirikuteganisibwa entaro.Ebiro 12 Okwamukaaga 2008, eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikashaba obuhwezi kuruga omu kakiiko k'amahanga geeteeraine akarikukora ahaby'obusingye, akatandikirweho omuri 2005 kuhwera amahanga agarikuruga omu ntaro okwetantara okugaruka omu ntaro nari akaimukiriro.

Ahabw'okwerarikirira okwabaire kuriho ngu hakaba nihaza kubaho okwita abantu omu ihanga, amahe g'okurinda obusingye, ekya International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA) kikaikirizibwa omu kwezi kwaikumi na kubiri 2013.Ahabw'okwerarikirira okwabaire kuriho ngu hakaba nihaza kubaho okwita abantu omu ihanga, amahe g'okurinda obusingye, ekya International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA) kikaikirizibwa omu kwezi kwaikumi na kubiri 2013.

Omu 2017, Afirika eya rwagati ekata omukono aha ndagaano ya UN aha kuzibira ebyokurwanisa bya nukiriya.

Omu kwezi kwa munaana 2025, Russia ekashaba ngu Afirika eya rwagati eshashure Africa Corps yaayo ahabw'okurinda n'ebikwato omu mwanya gw'okukozesa abaheekyera ba Wagner Group.

== '''obugabe bw'abantu''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Obugabe bw'abantu omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Ebindi ebirikukiraho: obugabe bwa LGBTI omuri Afirika eya rwagati hamwe n'okushwera abakazi baingi omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Ekihandiiko kya 2009 ekirikukwata aha bugabe bw'abantu ekyakozirwe ekitongore kya Amerika ekirikujunanizibwa aha nshonga z'amahanga kikagira ngu obugabe bw'abantu omuri Afirika eya rwagati bukaba buri bubi kandi kikagira ngu kikaba nikyerarikirira ahabw'okutuntuzibwa kwingi okwabaire nikukorwa gavumenti.

Ekitongore kya Amerika ekirikujunanizibwa aha nshonga z'amahanga kikagira ngu okutuntuza abantu, okubaita abantu omu muringo ogutari gw'oburingaaniza, okubonabonesa abantu. Kandi kikagira ngu hakaba hariho embeera mbi kandi erikuteeza amagara g'abantu omu kabi omu bihome n'omu myanya y'okukomera, okukwatwa omu muringo ogutahikire, okukomwa kumara obwire buraingwa batakatonganisiibwe, okuremesa abantu kuhurira orubanja rwabo, okuremesa abantu kutambura, obushomankuzi omu bakozi ba gavumenti, hamwe n'okuremesa abakozi kugira obugabe bwabo.

Ekihandiiko kya Minisiture y'eihanga nakyo nikyoreka obwimukiriro obweyongyeire, okushara abakazi ebicweka by'ekyama, okushoroora abakazi hamwe n'abakazi b'abairaguju, okubuzaho abantu, okukozesa abantu n'abaana emirimo y'amaani.Obugabe bw'okutambura bukyeire omu kicweka ky'amatemba g'eihanga &quot;ahabw'ebikorwa by'ab'eby'okwerinda, abashuma b'embundu, hamwe n'ebindi bitongore ebitari bya gavumenti ebiine embundu&quot;, hamwe n'okurwanagana ahagati ya gavumenti n'ebiine embundu ebirikurwanisa gavumenti, abantu baingi batwirwe omu myanya ei barikutuuramu.

Okunyangaraza abaana n'abakazi ahabw'okubeeherera ngu n'abafumu nakyo kigambirweho nk'ekizibu ky'amaani omu ihanga.Oburogo n'ekihagaro omu biragiro by'ebibonerezo.

Abakazi 68% nibashwerwa batakahikize emyaka 18, kandi ekibiina ky'amahanga agetereine ekirikureeberera entunguuka y'abantu kikata eihanga omu mwanya gwa 188 kuruga omu mahanga 188 agaakozirweho okucondooza.Ekitongore ky'ensi yoona ekirikujunanizibwa aha mirimo kyagambaho omu katabo kaakyo ak'ebintu ebirikukorwa abaana abakiri bato nari abarikugyemeserezibwa kukora.Ekitongore ky'ensi yoona ekirikujunanizibwa aha mirimo kyagambaho omu katabo kaakyo ak'ebintu ebirikukorwa abaana abakiri bato nari abarikugyemeserezibwa kukora.

== '''Ebyentatsya''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Ebyentatsya ya Afirika eya rwagati

Entaasya y'omuntu omuri Repubulika neekira kugambwaho nk'eri haihi doora 400 buri mwaka, emwe aha nkye munonga omu nsi yoona, kwonka omuhendo ogu nigwegamira aha kuguza ebintu ebirikuruga aheeru kandi nigwehuzya okuguza eby'okurya, amaarwa, dayimanda, amahembe g'enyamaishwa, enyamaishwa, hamwe n'emibazi y'enzaarwa.

Sente za Afirika eya rwagati ni za CFA franc, ezirikwikirizibwa omu mahanga agabaire gari omu mahanga ga Bufaransa omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Afirika kandi ezirikuguzibwa aha muhendo ogurikwetengwa kuhika aha euro.Diamond niyo erikukirayo kuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, erikukora ebicweka 40-55% by'ebintu ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, kwonka nikiteeberezibwa ngu ahagati y'ebicweka 30 na 50 ahari ebyo ebirikukorwa buri mwaka nibiruga omu ihanga omu kihama.Diamond niyo erikukirayo kuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, erikukora ebicweka 40-55% by'ebintu ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, kwonka nikiteeberezibwa ngu ahagati y'ebicweka 30 na 50 ahari ebyo ebirikukorwa buri mwaka nibiruga omu ihanga omu kihama.Abany'eishengyero bakahamya ekiragiro ekyahindwire Bitcoin kuba esente z'okukozesa hamwe na CFA franc kandi zikahindura okukozesa kwa Cryptocurrencies. Omwebembezi w'eihanga Faustin-Archange Touadéra akata omukono aha kiragiro ekyo, mukuru w'abakozi be Obed Namsio nikwo yaagizire. Bwanyima y'orukiiko rw'omutaano orwabaireho ebiro 6 Okwakataano 2022, COBAC ekashohoza Encwamu D-071-2022 ahu yaabaire eragiira okukoresa kwa Cryptocurrencies. Bwanyima y'ekyo, ekashazamu embeera yaayo nk'eshente z'okukozesa.

Eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa nibyebemberwa okuhinga n'okuguza ebyokurya nka muhogo, entangawuuzi, ebicoori, ebihimba, ebihimba by'ebihimba, ebihimba by'ebihimba, n'ebihimba by'ebihimba.Okweyongyera kwa GDP okwaburi mwaka kuri ahaiguru ya 3%. Omugasho gw'ebihingwa by'ebyokurya okukira ebihingwa by'esente ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga nikyorekwa ahabw'okugira ngu okukora omuhogo, ebyokurya by'abantu baingi omuri Afirika eya rwagati, nikuruga ahagati ya taani 200,000 na 300,000 buri mwaka, kandi okukora pamba, ekirikukirayo kuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, nikuruga ahagati ya taani 25,000 na 45,000 buri mwaka.Ebirikurya tibirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga omu bwingi, kwonka nibyo birikukirayo kureeta esente omu ihanga ahabw'okuba Abafirika b'omuri rwagati nibatunga esente nyingi kuruga omu kuguza eby'okurya ebirikugyenda nibyeyongyera kukira okuguza ebintu ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga nka pamba nainga omwani.

Eihanga eririkukirayo kugura ebintu kuruga aheeru n'erya Bufaransa (ebicweka 17.1 ahari igana). Ebindi ebirikuruga aheeru nibiruga United States (ebicweka 12.3 ahari igana), India (ebicweka 11.5 ahari igana), hamwe na China (ebicweka 8.2 ahari igana). Eihanga eririkukirayo kuguza ebintu aheeru n'erya Bufaransa (ebicweka 31.2 ahari igana), rikakuratirwa Burundi (ebicweka 16.2 ahari igana), China (ebicweka 12.5 ahari igana), Cameroon (ebicweka 9.6 ahari igana), hamwe na Austria (ebicweka 7.8 ahari igana).

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati n'omwe aha bari omu kibiina ekirikukwatanisa omu by'obushubuzi ekya Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Omu ripoota ya Banka y'ensi yoona eya 2009, ekaba eri omu mwanya gwa 183 ahari 183 aha bikwatiraine n'obwangu bw'okukorera bizinesi, omuhendo ogurikworeka ebiragiro ebirikwongyera aha mirimo ya bizinesi hamwe n'ebirikugiremesa.

== Ebyentunguka ==

=== Eby'engyenda ===
Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'engyenda omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Emihanda ebiri erikuraba omuri Afirika erikuraba omuri Afirika eya rwagati, niyo orugyendo orurikuruga omuri Tripoli kuza omuri Cape Town hamwe n'orugyendo orurikuruga omuri Lagos kuza Mombasa.Omu 1999, enguuto munaana zikaba nizihika aha ndembo ezindi omu ihanga, Cameroon, Chad, na Sudan y'amashuuma; aha nguuto ezi, enguuto z'okushashurira nizo zonka ezirikuba ziteirweho kolaasi. Omu bwire bw'enjura kuruga omu kwezi kwa mushanju kuhisya omu kwa ikumi, enguuto ezimwe tizirikubaasa kurabwamu.

Ebyombo by'aha maizi nibiruga aha mwaro gw'aha maizi omuri Bangui kuza Brazzaville na Zongo. Omugyera nigubaasa kugyenderwamu omwaka gwona ahagati ya Bangui na Brazzaville. Kuruga Brazzaville, eby'obushubuzi nibitwarwa aha ruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika kuza Pointe-Noire, omwanya oguri aha rubaju rw'enyanja ya Atlantic.Omwaro gw'aha mugyera nigukora aha by'obushubuzi by'ensi yoona kandi nigubaasa kutwara emigugu erikwingana taani 350,000; gurimu oburaingwa bwa mita 350 (fuuti 1,150) kandi gurimu emyanya ya fuuti 260,000 ey'okutamu emigugu.

Ekishaayi ky'enyonyi ekya Bangui M'Poko nikyo kishaayi ky'enyonyi kyonka ekiri omuri Afirika eya rwagati. Okwezi kwa mukaaga 2014, kikaba kiine enyonyi ezirikuguruka butunu kuza Brazzaville, Casablanca, Cotonou, Douala, Kinshasa, Lomé, Luanda, Malabo, N'Djamena, Paris, Pointe-Noire, na Yaoundé.

Kuruga omu 2002, habiireho enteekateeka y'okugaita oruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika orwa Bangui aha ruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika orwa Transcameroon.

=== Ebyobugaiga bwomwitaka ===
Reeba na: Orukarara rw'amashanyarazi omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati nirikozesa amashanyarazi agarikuruga omu maizi, ahabw'okuba hariho ebindi bikye ebirikubaasa kukoresibwa kureeta amashanyarazi.Okuhikwaho amashanyarazi kuri kukye munonga, ebicweka 15.6 ahari igana by'abantu boona baine amashanyarazi, ebicweka 34.6 ahari igana omu ndembo hamwe n'ebicweka 1.5 ahari igana omu byaro.

=== Empurizagana ===
Ekicweka ekikuru: Empurizagana omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Obwahati, Afirika eya rwagati eine obuheereza bwa terevijoni, reediyo, intaneeti hamwe n'empurizagana y'esimu; kandi, kampuni ya Sosiyete y'empurizagana niyo erikukirayo kuhisya obuheereza bwa intaneeti hamwe n'empurizagana y'esimu omu ihanga ryona. Ekitongore kya Gavumenti ekirikukurira eby'empurizagana n'ekya Minisiture y'eby'empurizagana hamwe n'ebya tekinorogye.Okwongyera ahari ekyo, eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati niritunga obuhwezi kuruga omu kitongore ky’ensi yoona ekya ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) omu kitongore ky’ensi yoona ekya International Telecommunication Union okutunguura eby’empurizagana.

=== Eby'abantu ===
Ekicweka ekikuru: Abantu b'omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Omubaro gw'abantu omuri Afirika eya rwagati gweyongyeire kuruga obu eihanga ryatunga okwetegyeka. Omuri 1960, omubaro gukaba guri 1,232,000; nk'oku kirikuteeberezibwa omu 2021, guri nka 5,457,154.

Ekibiina ky’amahanga ageteraine nikitebereza ngu abantu 4% abari ahagati y’emyaka 15 na 49 baine akakooko ka siriimu.Obucweka 3 ahari igana bw'abantu omu ihanga eryo nibo barikubaasa kutunga obujanjabi bw'akakooko ka siriimu, waabugyeragyeranisa n'obucweka 17 ahari igana omu mahanga agatuherereire nka Chad na Congo.

Eihanga ririmu enganda ezirikurenga 80, buri nganda eine orurimi rwayo. Enganda ezirikukirayo obuhango n'Abaganda, Abaharabu, Abaka, Abanda, Abayaka, Abafula, Abagaya, Abakresh, Abamba, Abamanda, Abangbandi, Abasara, Abavidiri, Abawodaabe, Abayakoma, Abayulu, hamwe n'Abazande, hamwe n'ezindi otwariiremu n'Abajungu abarikukira obwingi abarikuruga omuri Bufaransa.Enganda ezirikukira kubaho ni Gbaya (Baya) (28.8%) hamwe na Banda (22.9%), ezirikukora kimwe kya kabiri ky'abantu b'omu ihanga omuri 2003.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |Endembo ezirikusingayo obuhango omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Okurugiirira aha kubara abantu okwakozirwe omuri 2003
|-
!okuhakahakana
!Eizina
!Ekyanga
!Omubare
!okuhakahakana
!Eiziina
!Ekyanga
!Omubare
|-
|1
|Bangui
|Bangui
|622,771
|11
|Kaga-Bandoro
|Nana-Grébizi
|24,661
|-
|2
|Bimbo
|Bangui
|124,176
|12
|Sibut
|Kémo
|22,419
|-
|3
|Berbérati
|Mambéré-Kadéï
|76,918
|13
|Mbaïki
|Lobaye
|22,166
|-
|4
|Carnot
|Mambéré-Kadéï
|45,421
|14
|Bozoum
|Ouham-Pendé
|20,665
|-
|5
|Bambari
|Ouaka
|41,356
|15
|Paoua
|Ouham-Pendé
|17,370
|-
|6
|Bouar
|Nana-Mambéré
|40,353
|16
|Batangafo
|Ouham
|16,420
|-
|7
|Bossangoa
|Ouham
|36,478
|17
|Kabo
|Ouham
|16,279
|-
|8
|Bria
|Haute-Kotto
|35,204
|18
|Bocaranga
|Ouham-Pendé
|15,744
|-
|9
|Bangassou
|Mbomou
|31,553
|19
|Ippy
|Ouaka
|15,196
|-
|10
|Nola
|Sangha-Mbaéré
|29,181
|20
|Alindao
|Basse-Kotto
|14,401
|}

== Endimi ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Endimi za Afirika eya rwagati

Endimi ibiri z'orurimi rw'ihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ni Orufaransa hamwe na Sangho, orurimi orurikukoresibwa omu byanga bingi orurikuruga omu rurimi rw'enzaarwa orurikwetwa Ngbandi.Nka Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Tanzania, Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, South Africa hamwe n'amahanga ga Afirika y'amatemba n'agandi, Afirika eya rwagati ni emwe aha mahanga ga Afirika agaheire orurimi rwa Afirika ekitiinisa.

== Eddiini ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'ediini omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Okurugiirira aha kubara abantu okwakozirwe omu 2003, abantu 80.3% bakaba bari abakurisitaayo (51.4% abaporotesitanti na 28.9% abakaturiki), 10% bakaba bari abasiraamu, kandi 4.5 ahari igana bakaba bari ab'ediini ezindi, kandi 5.5 ahari igana bakaba bataine diini.Okucondooza okwakozirwe ekitongore kya Pew Research Center okwakozirwe omu 2010, kukashoboorora ngu abakurisitaayo bakaba bari ebicweka 89.8 ahari igana by'abantu (ebicweka 60.7 ahari igana bakaba bari abaporotesitanti kandi ebicweka 28.5 ahari igana bakaba bari abakaturiki) kandi abasiraamu bakaba bari ebicweka 8.9 ahari igana.Ekereziya y'abakaturiki neegira ngu eine abagoberezi abarikurenga omu kakadde kamwe n'ekicweka, ekirikumanyisa ngu n'omuhendo gw'abantu abarikuhika kimwe kya kashatu.Eby'obuhangwa (okwikiriza ebihangirwe) nabwo nibukorwa, kandi enyikiriza nyingi z'obuhangwa zitairwe omu kikorwa ky'obukristaayo hamwe n'obusiraamu.Omukuru w'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine akashoboorora obutaikirizana bw'abasiraamu n'abakristaayo nk'obw'ahaiguru.Hariho guruupu nyingi z'abamiisani ezirikukorera omu ihanga, otwariiremu Abaluturani, Ababaptisita, Abakaturiki, Abagurasi, hamwe n'Abajurahamu.N'obu abamiisani aba barikukira kuruga United States, France, Italy, na Spain, baingi nabo baruga Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, hamwe n'amahanga ga Afirika agandi.

Abamiisani baingi bakaruga omu ihanga obu okurwana kwatandika ahagati y'abahekyera n'amahe ga gavumenti omuri 2002–3, kwonka baingi aharibo bagarukireyo kugumizamu n'omurimo gwabo.

Okurugirira aha kucondooza kwa Overseas Development Institute, omu bwire bw'obutabanguko obwabaireho kuruga 2012, abeebembezi b'amadiini bakaba bari ab'okutabaganisa abantu n'ebibiina by'abanyambundu; kandi bakaba bari ab'okutuura n'abantu abarikwenda obuhungiro.

== Obwegyese ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'obwegyese omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Obwegyese bwa boona omuri Afirika eya rwagati n'obwa busha kandi n'obw'obujunaanizibwa kuruga aha myaka 6 kuhisya ahari 14.Kwonka, kimwe kya kabiri kyabantu abakuru omu ihanga tibarikumanya kushoma na kuhandiika.Amatendekyero abiri agahaiguru omuri Afirika eya rwagati ni Yunivasite ya Bangui, eya gavumenti eri omuri Bangui, erimu n'eishomero ry'eby'amarwariro; hamwe na Yunivasite ya Euclid, ey'ensi yoona.

== Amagara ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'amagara omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Amarwariro amahango omu ihanga gari omu disiturikiti ya Bangui.Nk'omwe aha bari omu kitongore ky'eby'amagara eky'ensi yoona, Afirika eya rwagati neetunga obuhwezi bw'okugyema, nk'obw'omuri 2014 obw'okuzibira okubarukaho kw'endwara ya obusheru.Omu 2007, amagara g'abakazi aha kuzaarwa gakaba gari emyaka 48.2, kandi amagara g'abashaija aha kuzaarwa gakaba gari emyaka 45.1.

Eby'amagara g'abakazi omuri Afirika eya rwagati tibiri gye. Omuri 2010, eihanga rikaba riine omuhendo gw'abakazi abarikufa barikuzaara oguri omu mwanya gwa kana omu nsi yoona.Omu 2014, omuhendo gw'abaana abarikuzaarwa buri mukazi gukaba niguteeberezibwa kuba 4.46.Abakazi abarikuhika ebicweka makumi abiri na bitaano bakaba bashazirwe.Abaana baingi omu ihanga barikuzaarwa abazaarisa b'enzaarwa, abarikukira kuba bataine bukugu nainga tibaine.

Omushwija gw'ensiri nigukira kureebeka omuri Afirika eya rwagati kandi nigwo gurikukirayo kureeta okufa.Okurugirira aha kuteebereza kwa 2009, okujanjaara kwa akakooko ka siriimu kuri ebicweka 4.7 ahari igana by'abantu bakuru (abari ahagati y'emyaka 15 na 49).Eki nikihikaana n'okuteebereza kwa United Nations okwa 2016 okurikworeka ebicweka 4%.Enshohoza ya Gavumenti aha by'amagara ekaba eri doora za Amerika 20 (PPP) buri muntu omuri 2006 kandi ebicweka 10.9% by'enshohoza ya Gavumenti yoona omuri 2006.[164]Omu 2009 hakaba hariho abashaho 1 ahari buri bantu 20,000.

Ahabw'okugira ngu omuri 2024 omuhendo gw'okurwanisa enjara omu nsi yoona gukaba guri 31.5,eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikaba riri erya 119 omu mahanga 127 agu baabaire baine ebirikumara kubara omuhendo gwa 2024 GHI.

== Eby'obuhangwa ==
Reeba na: Orukarara rw'abahandiiki ba Afirika kurugirira aha mahanga gaabo § Afirika eya rwagati, hamwe n'ebyeshongoro bya Afirika eya rwagati

Eihanga ririmu enganda ezirikuhingura 80, buri nganda eine orurimi rwayo. Enganda ezirikukirayo obuhango ni Abagara Abaharabu, Abaka, Abanda, Abayaka, Abafula, Abagaya, Abakara, Abakresh, Abamba, Abamanda, Abangbandi, Abasara, Abavidiri, Abawodaabe, Abayakoma, Abayulu, hamwe na Abazande, hamwe n'ezindi otwariiremu Abajungu abarikukira obwingi abarikuruga omuri Bufaransa

== Eby'emizaano ==
Reeba na: Afirika eya rwagati omu orimpiki

Omupiira gw'ebigyere nigwo muzaano ogurikukirayo kukundwa omu ihanga. Tiimu y'omupiira gw'ebigyere ey'ihanga neyebemberwa ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere ekya Central African Football Federation kandi neezaana emizaano aha kishaayi kya Barthélemy Boganda Stadium.

Omupiira gw'enseru nagwo nigukundwa munonga kandi tiimu yaayo y'eihanga ekasingura empaka za Afirika emirundi ebiri kandi niyo tiimu y'okubanza kuruga omu mahanga ga Afirika agari ahansi y'orurengo rwa Sahara kuhika aha mpaka z'ensi yoona eza Basketball World Cup, omuri 1974.

== Reeba nabwo ==

* Ekihandiiko ky'ihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati
* Orukarara rw'ebirikukwata ahari Afirika eya rwagati

== Ebyokureeberaho ==

#
# French: ''Oubangui-Chari''

== Ebyokureberaho ==
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Eihanga rya '''Central African Republic''' n'einga '''Afirika eya rwagati'''  n'eihanga eritaine nyanja erishangwa omuri Afirika eya rwagati. 

Riri aha nsharo na Chad omu matemba, [[Wp/nyn/Sudan|Sudan]] omu burugwa izooba bwa Sudan, [[Wp/nyn/South Sudan|South Sudan]] omu burugwa izooba, [[Wp/nyn/Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] omu mashuuma, [[Wp/nyn/Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]] omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa izooba, na [[Wp/nyn/Cameroon|Cameroon]] omu burengyerwa izooba. 

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ririmu eitaka rya square kiromita 620,000 (240,000 sq mi). Okuhisya omu mwaka gwa 2024, riine abantu 5,357,744, barimu enganda nka 80.Ahabw'okugira ngu ekaba eri eihanga rya Bufaransa eririkwetwa Ubangi-Shari,[b] Orufaransa nirwo rurimi rw'ekihandiiko, kandi Sango, nirwe rurimi rw'enganda z'Abangbandi, nirwo rurimi rw'ekihandiiko orw'ihanga kandi orw'ekihandiiko orwa kabiri.

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ririmu ebibira, ebisharara hamwe n'obusheeshe. Ebicweka bibiri bya kashatu by'eihanga biri omu kicweka ky'omugyera Ubangi (ogurikuhika omu mugyera Congo), kandi ebicweka bishatu bya kashatu biri omu kicweka ky'omugyera Chari, ogurikuhika omu nyanja Chad.

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikaba ritwiremu abantu kuruga omu mwaka gwa 8000 BCE.Ensharo z'eihanga zikatebwaho Bufaransa, eyatandikire kutwara ebicweka bya Congo ya Bufaransa aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19 kandi omu mwaka gwa 1903 ekatandikaho ekicweka kya Ubangi-Shari, ekicweka kya Bufaransa eya Equatorial Africa.Bwanyima y'okutunga okwetegyeka kuruga omuri Bufaransa omu mwaka gwa 1960, Afirika eya rwagati ekaba neetegyekwa abebembezi b'obutegyeki, otwariiremu Jean-Bedel Bokassa owaahindwire eiziina ry'eihanga kuhinduka Afirika eya rwagati ey'obugabe kandi yaategyeka nk'omugabe kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1976 kuhisya omu mwaka gwa 1979.Orutaro rwa Afirika eya rwagati rukatandika omu mwaka gwa 2004 kandi, oihireho endagaano y'obusingye omu mwaka gwa 2007 hamwe n'endagaano endiijo omu mwaka gwa 2011, orutaro rw'omunda rukagaruka omu mwaka gwa 2012 Orutaro rw'omunda rukagumizamu n'okutwaza kubi kw'abantu omu ihanga, okwabaire kurimu okubonabonesibwa kw'abantu baingi okweyongyeire kuruga omu bibiina by'amahe ebyabaire biine akakwate.

Oihireho eby'obugaiga bingi eby'obuhangwa, nka uranium reserves, crude oil, gold, diamonds, cobalt, lumber, hamwe na hydropower,hamwe n'eitaka rihango eririkubaasa kuhingwa, Afirika eya rwagati ni emwe aha mahanga ikumi agarikukirayo obworo omunsi yoona, eri ahansi y'entatsya y'omuntu omwe omu nsi yoona omu mwaka gwa 2017. Omu mwaka gwa 2023, kurugirira aha Human Development Index (HDI), eihanga rikaba riri erya kashatu omu by'entunguuka y'abantu, rikaba riri omu mwanya gwa 191 ahari 193. Eihanga rikaba riri erya kabiri omu by'entunguuka y'abantu erikwihwaho obutakwatanisa (IHDI), rikaba riri omu mwanya gwa 164 ahari 165.

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati niriteekwateekwaho kuba eritaine magara marungi, hamwe n'ekyanga kibi munonga aha minyeeto.Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati n'omwe aha bari omu kibiina ky'amahanga ageteriine, ekya African Union, ekya Economic Community of Central African States, ekya Organisation internationale de la Francophonie hamwe n'ekya Non-Aligned Movement.

== '''Okuruga''' ==
Eiziina rya Afirika eya rwagati riruga omu mwanya gwayo omuri Afirika hamwe n'obutegyeki bwayo obwa repubulika. Kuruga 1976 kuhisya 1979, eihanga rikaba nirimanywa nka Afirika eya rwagati.

Omu bwire bw'obutegyeki bw'amatware, eiziina ry'eihanga rikaba riri Ubangi-Shari (Oubangui-Chari), eiziina eryarugire omu migyera ebiri emikuru hamwe n'emyanya y'amaizi eya Afirika eya rwagati – Ubangi hamwe na Chari.

Barthélemy Boganda, enganzi y'eihanga ey'okubanza, akakunda eiziina &quot;Central African Republic&quot; kukira Ubangi-Shari, nikigambwa ngu ahabw'okugira ngu akaba naareeba ekibiina kihango ky'amahanga omuri Afirika eya rwagati.

== '''Ebyafaayo''' ==

====== Ekicweka ekikuru: Ebyafaayo bya Afirika eya rwagati ======

====== Ebyafaayo bya ira ======
Emyaka nka 10,000 ehingwire, okuhinduka kw'ebibira kikagyema abahiigi n'abashohi kugyenda omu mashuuma omu bicweka bya Sahel omu matemba ga Afirika eya rwagati, ahu guruupu ezimwe zaatungire obutaaho.Empindahinduka y'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa, hamwe n'empindahinduka y'eby'obushohi, obu okushoha kwatandika kubaho hamwe n'okukoresa amaato, kikabaasisa okutambuza ebintu. Ebintu bikaba bitambuzibwa omu bibya by'eibumba.

Ebigyere bya Bouar Megaliths omu kicweka ky'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'eihanga nibyoreka okutuura okw'omutaano okwabaireho omu bwire bw'aha muheru gwa Neolithic (c. 3500–2700 BCE).[25][26] Okukora ebyoma kukatandika omu kicweka ekyo omu mwaka gwa 1000 BCE.

Abantu ba Ubangi bakatuura aha mugyera Ubangi omuri Afirika eya rwagati hamwe n'ey'oburugwa izooba kandi abantu abamwe abarikuruga omu mashuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Cameroon.

== '''Ekyasha kya 16 kuhisya 19''' ==
Omu kyasha kya 16 na 17, abashubuzi b'abahuuku bakatandika kutaahirira ekicweka ekyo nk'ekicweka ky'okushanjuura emihanda y'abahuuku eya Sahara hamwe n'omugyera Nile. Abahambirwe bakaba bahuurwa kandi bakatwarwa aha rubaju rw'enyanja Mediterranean, Buraaya, Arabia, omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba hamwe n'omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Africa, nainga omu myanya y'okushuburiramu abahuuku hamwe n'amakorero aha rubaju rw'oburengyerwa-izooba na Burengyerwa-izooba bwa Africa nainga omu mashuuma g'omugyera Ubangui na Congo.Omu kyasha kya 18, Aba Bandia-Nzakara Azande bakatandikaho obugabe bwa Bangassou aha mugyera Ubangi. Ahagati y'ekyasha kya 19, Aba Bobangi bakaba abashubuzi b'abahuuku abakuru kandi bakaguza abahuuku baabo omuri America barikukoresa omugyera Ubangi kuhika aha rubaju rw'enyanja.Omuri 1875, sultani wa Sudan Rabih az-Zubayr akatwara obutegyeki bwa Upper-Oubangui, oburimu obwahati Afirika eya rwagati.

== '''Obutegyeki bw'Abafaransa''' ==
Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Ubangi-Shari, French Equatorial Africa, hamwe n'obutegyeki bw'amatware omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Okutahirira kwa Buraaya omu kicweka kya Afirika eya rwagati kukatandika aha muheru gw'ekyasha kya 19 omu bwire bw'okurwanira Afirika. Abajungu, okukira munonga Abafaransa, Abagirimaani, hamwe n'Ababiligi, bakahika omu kicweka ekyo omuri 1885. Bufaransa ekatwara kandi yaakora ekikorwa ky'okutegyeka ekicweka kya Ubangi-Shari omuri 1894.Omuri 1911 aha ndagaano ya Fez, Bufaransa ekarekura ekicweka kya kiromita 300,000 omu kicweka kya Sangha na Lobaye omu mikono y'obutegyeki bwa Bugirimaani obwahaireyo ekicweka kikye (omuri Chad obwa hati) omu mikono ya Bufaransa. Bwanyima y'orutaro rw'ensi yoona orw'okubanza, Bufaransa ekagaruka yaatwara ekyanga ekyo. Ekyanga ekyo kikaba kiri nk'ekya King Leopold's Congo Free State, obuhwezi bukaba nibuheebwa kampuni z'abantu buntu ezaabaire nizikora n'amaani kwiha ebintu by'ekyanga ekyo omu bwire bukye kandi omu muringo gw'obwangu nk'oku kirikubaasika batakashohwize ebicweka by'amagoba gaabo omu ibiikiro rya Bufaransa.Kampuni z'okuguza abantu ebintu zikagyema abantu b'omubyaro kusharuura amabaare, omwani hamwe n'ebindi bintu batabashashwire kandi zikakwata abantu baabo kuhitsya obu baahikize ebi baabaire bashemereire kukora.

Omuri 1920, French Equatorial Africa ekatandikwaho kandi Ubangi-Shari ekatwarwa kuruga Brazzaville.Omu myaka ya 1920 na 1930 Abafaransa bakatandikaho enkora y'okuhinga pamba, enguuto zikombekwa, okurwanisa omushwija gw'omubyenda, hamwe n'ebitongore by'ediini y'abaporotesitanti kutandikaho obukristaayo.Emiringo misya y'okukozesa abantu n'amaani ekatandikwaho kandi abantu baingi bakatwarwa kukora aha ruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika orurikuruga Congo kuza Ocean. Omu bwire bw'okwombeka kuhisya omuri 1934 hakaba hariho okufeerwa kw'amaani omu magara g'abantu, kandi omuhendo gw'abakozi abafiire aha ruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika rurikurenga 17,000, barikufa ahabw'obuhuta n'endwara nka omushwija gw'ensiri.Omuri 1928, okwekarakaasa kw'amaani, okwesharingo kwa Kongo-Wara nainga 'orutaro rw'omukwato gw'enkumbi', kukabarukaho omu burengyerwa-izooba bwa Ubangi-Shari kandi kukagumaho kumara emyaka mingi. Obuhango bw'okwekarakaasa oku, okwabaire nikubaasa kuba nikwo kwesharingo kw'amaani okwabaire kurwanisa obutegyeki bw'amatware omuri Afirika omu myaka y'orutaro, kukasherekwa kurungi abafaransa ahabw'okuba kukaba nikworeka okuhakanisa kw'amaani okwabaire kurwanisa obutegyeki bw'amatware g'Abafaransa hamwe n'okukozesa abantu emirimo y'amaani. Okutegyeka kwa Bufaransa omuri Oubangui-Chari nikureebwa nk'okwabaire kuri okw'obwinazi okukirayo omu butegyeki bw'amatware g'Abafaransa.

Omu Kwa mwenda omuri 1940, omu rutaro rw'ensi yoona orwa kabiri, abaserukare ba Bufaransa abaabaire nibashagika Gaullist bakatwara obutegyeki bwa Ubangi-Shari kandi Genero Leclerc yaataho ekitebe kikuru ky'amahe ga Bufaransa ag'obusingye omuri Bangui. Omuri 1946 Barthélemy Boganda akatooranwa n'oburuuru 9,000 omu ishengyero rya Bufaransa, yaaba omujwekyerwa w'okubanza owa Afirika eya rwagati omu gavumenti ya Bufaransa. Boganda akaguma aine enteekateeka y'eby'obutegyeki erikuhakanisa okushoroora omu nganda hamwe n'obutegyeki bw'amatware kwonka mporampora akahwa amaani n'enteekateeka y'eby'obutegyeki eya Bufaransa yaagaruka omuri Afirika eya rwagati kutandikaho ekibiina kya Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique noire (Mouvement pour l'é[[assistant)

== '''Kuruga obu eihanga ryatunga okwetegyeka (1960–obwahati)''' ==
Omu karuuru k'akakiiko k'ebyanga aka Ubangi-Shari omuri 1957, MESAN ekatunga oburuuru 347,000 ahari 356,000 obwateirwe kandi yaasinga buri ntebe y'eishengyero, ekyareteire Boganda kutooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'akakiiko k'amahanga ga Bufaransa agarikushushana n'omuhwezi w'omwebembezi w'eishengyero rya Ubangi-Shari.Omu mwaka gumwe, akarangirira okutandikaho kwa Afirika eya rwagati kandi yaheereza nka enganzi y'eihanga eryo. MESAN ekagumizamu kubaho, kwonka omurimo gwayo gukaba gutarikumara.Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikaheebwa obugabe omu kibiina kya Bufaransa eky'obugabe ekiro 1 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1958, ekyabaire nikimanyisa ngu rikaba rikiri omu butegyeki bwa Bufaransa omuri Afirika.

Bwanyima ya Boganda kufa omu butandu y'enyonyi ebiro 29 okwa kashatu omuri 1959, muzaara we, David Dacko, akatwara obutegyeki bwa MESAN. Dacko akaba omwebembezi w'eihanga ow'okubanza obu eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ryatunga okwetegyeka kuruga omuri Bufaransa aha shaaha mukaaga z'ekiro ebiro 13 okwa munaana omuri 1960, eizooba eririkujaguzibwa nk'ekihuumuro ky'okwetegyeka kw'eihanga.

Dacko akabinga ab'eby'obutegyeki abaabaire bamuhakanisa, otwariiremu na Abel Goumba, owaabaire ari enganzi y'eihanga kandi omwebembezi w'ekibiina kya Mouvement d'évolution démocratique de l'Afrique centrale (MEDAC), ou yaagyemesereize kuhungira omuri Bufaransa.

== '''Bokassa hamwe n'obutegyeki bwa Afirika eya rwagati (1965–1979)''' ==
Ebirikukiraho: Obutegyeki bwa Afirika eya rwagati

Ebiro 31 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1965, Dacko akaihwaho omu kuteera kwa Saint-Sylvestre kuruga owa Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa, owabiire arugire aha ngyenderwaho y'eihanga kandi akasharaho eishengyero ry'eihanga. Omwebembezi w'eihanga Bokassa akeerangirira nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga ow'obutwire omuri 1972 kandi yeyeeta Omugabe Bokassa I w'obugabe bwa Afirika eya rwagati (nk'oku eihanga ryabaire ryahindwirwe eiziina) ebiro 4 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1976. Bwanyima y'omwaka, Omugabe Bokassa akeetwara omu mukoro gw'okwehimbisa ogwabaire guri ogw'omuhendo gw'ahaiguru.

Omu kwa kana omuri 1979,abeegi bato bakesharinga ahabw'ekiragiro kya Bokassa ngu abeegi boona b'eishomero bakaba nibetengwa kugura yunifoomu kuruga omu kampuni eyabaire eri ey'omwe aha bakazi be. Gavumenti ekakozesa amaani maingi omu kucwekyereza okwesharinga, yaita abaana 100 hamwe n'eminyeeto. Bokassa naabaasa kuba yaabaire ayejumbire omu kwita abantu.

Omu Kwa mwenda omuri 1979, Bufaransa ekaihaho Bokassa yaagaruraho Dacko omu bwebembezi (ekyarugiremu okugaruraho eiziina ry'eihanga hamwe na gavumenti eyabandize omuri Afirika eya rwagati). Dacko nawe akagarurwaho omu bwebembezi omu kihindahinduro kya gavumenti ekyakozirwe Genero André Kolingba ekiro 1 Okwa mwenda omuri 1981.

== '''Afirika eya rwagati ahansi ya Kolingba''' ==
Kolingba akabinga engyenderwaho y'eihanga kandi yaategyeka n'obutegyeki bw'amahe kuhisya omuri 1985. Akareeta engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya omuri 1986 eyaikiriziibwe akaruuru k'ekihanga kyona. Okuba memba w'ekibiina kye ekisya, ekya Rassemblement Démocratique Centrafricain (RDC), kikaba kiri eky'okwehayo. Omuri 1987 na 1988, akaruuru k'okuronda abakiiki omu ishengyero kakahibwa, kwonka Kolingba ababiri abu yaabaire ayesimbireho, Abel Goumba na Ange-Félix Patassé, tibarabaasize kwejumbamu.

Omuri 1990, ahabw'okugwa kw'ekisiika kya Berlin, ekibiina ky'okurwanirira obugabe bw'abantu kikatandikaho. Okugyemeserezibwa kuruga omuri United States, France, hamwe n'ekibinja ky'amahanga agarikujwekyerwa omuri GIBAFOR (France, the US, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the United Nations) kikareetera Kolingba kwikiriza, omu muringo, okuteera akaruuru k'obusingye omu Kwa ikumi omuri 1992 n'obuhwezi kuruga omu ofiisi y'ekibiina ky'amahanga goona ey'eby'oburuuru. Bwanyima y'okukoresa ekyesharingo ky'okugira ngu akaruuru kakaba karimu obutahikiirira nk'eshonga y'okugumizamu omu bwebembezi, Purezidenti Kolingba akagyemeserezibwa munonga kuruga omuri GIBAFOR kutaho &quot;[[Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République&quot; (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) hamwe n'okutaho &quot;akakiiko k'eby'oburuuru akarimu abantu kuruga omu bibiina by'obutegyeki byona.

Oburuuru bw'omurundi gwa kabiri ku bwaherize kubaho omuri 1993, nabwo n'obuhwezi bw'amahanga goona obwateirweho GIBAFOR, Ange-Félix Patassé akasingura omurundi gwa kabiri n'oburuuru 53% kandi Goumba akasingura 45.6%. Ekibiina kya Patassé ekya Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) ekirikumanywa nka Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, kikatunga oburuuru bwingi (obwingi obw'omutaano) kwonka kitatunga oburuuru oburikumara omu ishengyero, ekyaretsire ekibiina kya Patassé kyetenga abanywani.

== '''Gavumenti ya Patassé (1993–2003)''' ==
Patassé akabinga abantu baingi abarikushagika Kolingba omu gavumenti kandi abashagiki ba Kolingba bakajunaana gavumenti ya Patassé okuba ebaire nehiiga abantu ba Yakoma. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ekahamibwa ebiro 28 Okwa ikumi nibiri omuri 1994 kwonka ekaba etarikukora kihango aha by'obutegyeki bw'eihanga. Omuri 1996–1997, ahabw'abantu kweyongyera kuba batarikwesiga Gavumenti ahabw'emitwarize yaayo etarikwetegyerezibwa, abantu bakaguma nibajagaraza gavumenti ya Patassé, ekyaretsireho okushiisha ebintu bingi n'okwongyera aha butaikirizana bw'enganda.Patassé akabinga abantu baingi abarikushagika Kolingba omu gavumenti kandi abashagiki ba Kolingba bakajunaana gavumenti ya Patassé okuba ebaire nehiiga abantu ba Yakoma. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ekahamibwa ebiro 28 Okwa ikumi nibiri omuri 1994 kwonka ekaba etarikukora kihango aha by'obutegyeki bw'eihanga. Omuri 1996–1997, ahabw'abantu kweyongyera kuba batarikwesiga Gavumenti ahabw'emitwarize yaayo etarikwetegyerezibwa, abantu bakaguma nibajagaraza gavumenti ya Patassé, ekyaretsireho okushiisha ebintu bingi n'okwongyera aha butaikirizana bw'enganda.

Omurimo gw'amahe g'okurwanisa obutabanguko gukagarurwaho ekibiina ky'amahanga ageteraine.Kuruga omuri 1997, eihanga rikakiira enteekateeka z'okurinda obusingye ezirikuhika ikumi na ibiri, ekyarireeteire ekitiinisa ky'okuba &quot;omuhanguzi w'ensi yoona omu kurinda obusingye&quot;.

Omuri 1998, akaruuru k'eishengyero karetsireho RDC wa Kolingba kusingura entebe 20 ahari 109. Kwonka omwaka ogwakuratsireho, oihireho ekiniga ky'abantu omu ndembo ahabw'obushomankuzi bwe, Patassé akasingura ekisanja kya kabiri omu karuuru k'omwebembezi w'eihanga.

Ebiro 28 Okwa kataano omuri 2001, abahekyera bakatahirira ebyombeko by'omugasho omuri Bangui omu kugyezaho okutegyeka, mukuru w'amahe, Abel Abrou, hamwe na Genero François N'Djadder Bedaya bakaitwa, kwonka Patassé akagaruka yaatunga obushoborozi obwo arikureeta abaserukare 300 b'omwebembezi w'abahekyera omuri Congo Jean-Pierre Bemba hamwe n'abaserukare ba Libya.

Omu kubonabona okwakuratiire okurwanisa obutegyeki, abaheekyera abarikwesiga Patassé bakasherura okuhoorera aha barwani omu myanya mingi omuri Bangui kandi bakareetaho obutabanguko otwariiremu n'okwita ab'eby'obutegyeki abarikumuhakanisa. Ahamuheru, Patassé akatandika kuteekateeka ngu Genero François Bozizé akaba ayejumbire omu kugyezaho okundi okw'okurwanisa obutegyeki bwe, ekyareteire Bozizé kuhunga aine abaserukare abeesigwa omuri Chad. Omu kwezi kwa kashatu omuri 2003, Bozizé akataho okutahirira okw'omutaano ahari Patassé, owaabaire atari omu ihanga. Amahe ga Libya hamwe n'abaserukare 1,000 kuruga omu kibiina kya Bemba eky'abahekyera omuri Congo bakaremwa kuzibira abahekyera kandi amahe ga Bozizé gakasingura Patassé.

== '''Entaro z'omunda''' ==
Reeba na: Orutaro rw'omu kishaka omuri Afirika eya rwagati hamwe n'orutaro rw'omunda omuri Afirika eya rwagati

François Bozizé akemereza engyenderwaho y'eihanga kandi yaataho akakiiko k'abaminisita akasya, akarimu ebibiina by'obutegyeki ebirikuhakanisa gavumenti. Abel Goumba akatooranwa nk'omuhwezi wa purezidenti. Bozizé akatandikaho akakiiko k'eihanga akarikukora aha nshonga z'obutegyeki kugira ngu kateho engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya, kandi yaarangirira ngu akaba naija kurekura obwebembezi kandi ayesimbireho engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya ku eraabe yaikiriziibwe.

Omu 2004, orutaro rwa Afirika eya rwagati rukatandika obu amahe agabaire nigahakanisa Bozizé gatandika kurwanisa gavumenti ye. Omu kwakataano 2005, Bozizé akasingura akaruuru k'obwebembezi bw'eihanga, akaabaire kataine Patassé, kandi omu 2006 okurwana kukagumizamu ahagati ya gavumenti n'abahekyera.Omu kwaikumi na kumwe 2006, gavumenti ya Bozizé ekashaba obuhwezi bw'amahe ga Bufaransa kubahwera kubinga abahekyera abaabaire batwaire obutegyeki bw'endembo omu bicweka by'amatemba g'eihanga.N'obu ebirikukwata aha ndagaano egyo byabaire biri eby'okukoresa ebintu hamwe n'okumanya ebirikukwata aha ntaro, omu kwaikumi na kubiri obuhwezi bwa Bufaransa bukaba burimu okuteera amahe.

Endagaano ya Syrte omu kwezi kwa kabiri hamwe n'endagaano y'obusingye eya Birao omu kwezi kwa kana 2007 zikaba nizishaba okurekyeraho okurwana, okutwara abarwani ba FDPC omu maka gaabo n'okubagaita na FACA, okurekura abasibe b'eby'obutegyeki, okugaita aba FDPC omu gavumenti, okusaasira aba UFDR, okubamanya nka ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki, hamwe n'okugaita abarwani baakyo omu mahe g'eihanga. Guruupu nyingi zikagumizamu nizirwana kwonka ezindi zikata omukono aha ndagaano nari endagaano ezirikushushana na gavumenti (e.g., UFR on 15 December 2008). Guruupu emwe yonka etarataireho omukono aha ndagaano obwire obwo ekaba eri CPJP, eyagumizemu n'emirimo yaayo kandi yaata omukono aha ndagano

Omu 2011, Bozizé akagaruka yatorwa omu karuuru akaabaire nikareebeka nk'ak'oburyarya.

Omu Kwaikumi na kumwe 2012, Séléka, ekibiina ky'abahekyera, kikatwara ebibuga omu matemba n'omu masekati g'eihanga. Ebi bibiina byahika aha ndagaano y'obusingye na Gavumenti ya Bozizé omu Kwaikumi na kumwe 2013, erimu okugabana obutegyeki. Endagaano egi ekahendera yashenyuka, kandi abahekyera bakatwara ekibuga ekikuru omu Kwaikashatu 2013 kandi Bozizé yairuka omu ihanga.

Michel Djotodia akatwara obwebembezi bw'eihanga. Enganzi Nicolas Tiangaye akashaba ekigombe ky'okurinda obusingye kuruga omu kakiiko k'eby'okwerinda k'ekibiina ky'amahanga ageteriine kandi ebiro 31 Okwakataano owabaire ari omwebembezi w'eihanga Bozizé akajunanwa orubanja rw'okuhenda ebiragiro by'abantu hamwe n'okureetaho okwita abantu.Aha muheru gw'omwaka, hakaba hariho okurabura kw'ensi yoona okw'okwita abantu omu nganda kandi okurwana kukaba kuri okw'okwihorera aha bantu ba buriijo okwakozirwe abarwani ba Seleka abarikukira obwingi abasiraamu hamwe n'abaheekyera abakristaayo abarikwetwa &quot;anti-balaka&quot;. Okwamunaana 2013, hakaba hariho ripoota ezirikworeka ngu hakaba hariho abantu abarikurenga 200,000 ababingirwe omu maka gaabo (IDPs).

Aha muheru gw'omwaka, hakaba hariho okurabura kw'ensi yoona okw'okwita abantu omu nganda kandi okurwana kukaba kuri okw'okwihorera aha bantu ba buriijo okwakozirwe abarwani ba Seleka abarikukira obwingi abasiraamu hamwe n'abaheekyera abakristaayo abarikwetwa &quot;anti-balaka&quot;.  Okwamunaana 2Kikagambwa ngu okuta amaani omu kubinga abantu omu by'okurwanisa omu kubanza kikareetera abarikurwanisa Abalaka kugira amaani, ekyareteire abasiraamu abantu ba buriijo kufuruka omuri Bangui hamwe n'omu burengye bw'eizooba bwa Afirika eya rwagati.

Ebiro 11 Okwakana 2014, Michael Djotodia na Nicolas Tiengaye bakarekura emirimo yaabo nk'ekicweka ky'endagaano eyabaire eriho aha rukiiko rw'ekyanga omuri Chad. Catherine Samba-Panza akatooranwa akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki ak'eky'obuhangwa, yaaba omukazi w'okubanza kuba omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati. Ebiro 23 Okwamushanju 2014, ahanyima y'okuteeranira hamwe n'abanyamahanga, abajwekyerwa ba Séléka hamwe n'ab'orubaju orurikurwanisa abarikwetwa Balaka bakata omukono aha ndagaano y'okurekyeraho okurwana.Aha muheru gwa 2014, eihanga rikaba ritarikushushana ahabw'okugira ngu aba Anti-Balaka bakaba bari omu mashuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba kandi aba ex-Seleka bakaba bari omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba.Omu kwezi kwa kashatu 2015, Samantha Power, omujwekyerwa wa Amerika omu kibiina ky'amahanga ageteriine, akagira ngu emizigiti 417 ahari 436 ekaba esiisirwe, kandi abakazi abasiraamu bakaba batiinire kugyenda omu bantu, bakaba nibazaarira omu maka gaabo omu mwanya gw'okuza omu irwariro.

== '''Gavumenti ya Touadéra (2016–obwahati)''' ==
Oburuuru bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga bukabaho omu kwezi kwaikumi na kubiri 2015. Ahabw'okugira ngu tihaine owaatungire oburuuru oburikuhingura ebicweka ataano ahari igana, akaruuru k'omurundi gwa kabiri kakabaho ebiro 14 okwa kabiri 2016 hamwe n'okugarukamu ebiro 31 okwa kashatu 2016.Omu karuuru k'akabiri, owabaireho enganzi y'eihanga Faustin-Archange Touadéra akarangirirwa nk'omusinguzi n'obucweka 63 ahari igana bw'oburuuru, arikusinga owaabaire ayesimbire aha kibiina kya Union for Central African Renewal Anicet-Georges Dologuélé, owaabaire ari enganzi y'eihanga.Nobu okuteera akaruuru kwarabiremu oburemeezi bwingi ahabw'abateezi b'akaruuru kuba batarabaireho ahabw'okuba bakaba bari omu mahanga agandi, okutiina obwimukiriro kukaba kutaine musingye, kandi ekibiina kya African Union kikareeba okuteera akaruuru nk'okwabaire kurungi.

Touadéra akarahizibwa ebiro 30 okwa kashatu 2016. Tihaine abajwekyerwa b'ekigombe ky'abahekyera ekya Seleka nainga ab'ekigombe kya &quot;anti-balaka&quot; abaateirwe omu gavumenti eyabaire etandikirweho.

Oburuuru bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga bukabaho ebiro 27 Okwaikumi na kumwe 2020.Owaabaireho omwebembezi w'eihanga François Bozizé akarangirira okwesimba kwe kwonka kooti y'eihanga ekaruga omu by'okwesimbaho kwe, erikugira ngu Bozizé tarahikiriize ebirikwetengwa ahabw'okugira ngu akaba aine ekihandiiko ky'okumukwata hamwe n'ebiragiro by'ekibiina ky'amahanga ageteriine ahabw'okwita abantu, okubonabonesa hamwe n'ebindi bibi.

Obu ebicweka bingi by'eihanga byabaire biri omu mikono y'ebibiina by'abanyambundu, akaruuru kakaba katarikubaasa kuteerwa omu bicweka bingi by'eihanga.Ebyanga 800 omu ihanga, nari ebicweka 14 ahari igana, bikakingwa ahabw'obutabanguko.Abakuumi b'obusingye ba Burundi bashatu bakaitwa kandi abandi babiri bahutazibwa omu bwire bw'okweteekateekyera akaruuru.Purezidenti Faustin-Archange Touadéra akagaruka yatoranwa .Abaserukare ba Russia kuruga omu kibinja kya Wagner bateire omukono aha mukuru w'eihanga Touadéra omu kurwanisa abahekyera. Ekibinja kya Russia ekya Wagner kijunainwe okubonabonesa n'okutiinisa abantu ba buriijo.Omu Kwaikumi na kubiri 2022, Roger Cohen akahandiika omu The New York Times ngu &quot;amahe ga Wagner gakakora nk'abakuumi ba Mwami. Touadéra, nawe arikurindwa amahe ga Rwanda, arikugarurirwa orusa rw'okukoresa n'okuguza eby'obugaiga bya Afirika eya rwagati&quot; kandi &quot;omujwekyerwa omwe ow'amahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba akagamba ahari Afirika eya rwagati...nk'eihanga eririkutegyekwa Kremlin.&quot;

Nobu engyenderwaho y'eihanga rya Congo erikubanza yaabaire neehindura omwebembezi w'eihanga kugira ebisanja bibiri, Touadéra akashazamu ebisanja by'engyenderwaho y'eihanga kurabira omu karuuru k'okuteera akaruuru omuri 2023. Akagaruka yatoranwa omurundi gwa kashatu omu kwaikumi na kubiri 2025.

== '''Eby'obuhangwa''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'obuhangwa bw'ihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati

Afirika eya rwagati neetwariramu amahanga 10, kandi neetuura omu kicweka kya Afirika eya rwagati.

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati n'eihanga eritaine enyanja omu ihanga rya Afirika. Riri aha nsharo na Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Sudan y'amashuuma, Democratic Republic of Congo, hamwe na Republic of Congo. Eihanga riri ahagati y'oburengye 2 na 11 obwa nyamukiriro, hamwe n'oburengye 14 na 28 obwa burugwa izooba.

Eihanga eringi ririmu ebisharara ebiri ahaiguru ya mita 500 ahaiguru y'enyanja.Okwongyera ahari Fertit Hills omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Afirika eya rwagati, hariho enshozi nkye omu bicweka by'amashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba.Omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba hariho Yade Massif, eitaka rya granite eririmu oburaingwa bwa mita 348 (fuuti 1,143).Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ririmu ebibira mukaaga: ebibira bya Congo ebiri omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba, ebibira bya Congo ebiri omu burengyerwa-izooba bw'amatemba, ebibira bya Congo ebiri omu burengyerwa-izooba bw'amashuuma, ebibira bya Congo ebiri omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, ebibira bya Congo ebiri omu mashuuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, hamwe n'ebibira bya Sahel.

Aha square kilometer 622,984 (240,535 sq mi), Afirika eya rwagati niyo eihanga ririkukirayo obuhango omunsi yoona.

Ensharo y'amashuuma erikukira obwingi erakorwa ebicweka by'omugyera Congo; omugyera Mbomou omu burugwa izooba nigwegaita aha mugyera Uele kukora omugyera Ubangi, ogurimu ebicweka by'ensharo y'amashuuma.Omugyera Sangha niguraba omu bicweka bimwe by'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'eihanga, kandi ensharo y'oburugwa-izooba eri aha rubaju rw'omugyera Nile.

Ebicweka 36% by'eihanga biri omu bibira, kandi ebibira ebirikukirayo kuba eby'amaani biri omu bicweka by'amashuuma. Ebibira birimu ebintu bingi kandi birimu ebika by'ebimera ebirikukoresibwa omu by'obushuubuzi nka Ayous, Sapelli, na Sipo.Okutema emiti kuri aha bicweka 0.4 ahari igana buri mwaka, kandi okwiba embaaho kuri buri hamwe.Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikaba riine omuhendo gwa 9.28/10 omuri 2018, ekirikumanyisa ngu rikaba riri eryamushanju omunsi yoona kuruga omu mahanga 172.

Omu 2008, Afirika eya rwagati niyo yaabaire eri eihanga eritarikukwatwa munonga omwirima omunsi yoona.

Ekicweeka kya Bangui magnetic Anomaly, kimwe aha bicweeka bya magnetic anomalies ebirikukirayo obuhango omu nsi, kiri omu kibuga ekikuru ky'eihanga.

== '''Embeera y'obwire''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Embeera y'obwire omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Embeera y'obwire omuri Afirika eya rwagati neeba eri ey'obutagasi, n'obwire bw'obutagasi oburikumara kuruga okwamukaaga kuhisya okwamwenda omu bicweka by'amatemba g'eihanga, kandi kuruga okwakataano kuhisya okwezi kwa ikumi omu mashuma. Maximum annual precipitation is approximately 1,800 millimetres (71 in) in the upper Ubangi region.Enjura erikukirayo obwingi omu mwaka n'obucweka bwa mita 1,800 (71 in) omu kicweka kya Ubangi ekyaheiguru.

Ebyanga by'amatemba biriyo birikwotsya kandi birimu omwika gw'amaizi kuruga okwezi kwa kabiri kuhisya okwakataano, kwonka nibibaasa kuba birimu omuyaga gw'omushana, ogw'ekyanda, kandi ogurimu omucuucu ogurikumanywa nka Harmattan.Ebyanga by'amashuuma biine embeera y'obwire erikushushana n'ey'obutagasi, kwonka nibihikwaho okuhinduka kw'ebibira, kandi ebicweka by'oburugwa izooba bw'oburugwa izooba bw'eihanga birimu orufunjo.

== '''Ebyobuhangwa''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Enyamaishwa za Afirika eya rwagati

Omu mashuma g'oburengyerwa-izooba, eirindiro ry'enyamaishwa erya Dzanga-Sangha nirishangwa omu kibira ky'enjura. Eihanga nirimanywa ahabw'omuhendo gw'enjovu z'omu kibira hamwe n'empunu z'omu kibira.Omu matemba, eirindiro ry'enyamaishwa erya Manovo-Gounda St Floris riijwire enyamaishwa, otwariiremu engo, entare, enjoka hamwe n'empunu, kandi erya Bamingui-Bangoran nirishangwa omu matemba g'oburugwa izooba bwa Afirika eya rwagati.Ebirindiro by'enyamaishwa bitaaniisibwe munonga emirimo y'abahigi b'enyamaishwa, okukira munonga abo abarikuruga Sudan, omu myaka makumi abiri ehwaire.

Omu ihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati, ebibira nibikora ebicweka 36 ahari igana by'eitaka, ekirikumanyisa hekita 22,303,000 z'ebibira omuri 2020, kuruga aha hekita 23,203,000 omuri 1990.Omu 2020, ebibira ebyabaire nibyeyongyera byabaire biri hekita 22,301,000 kandi ebibira ebyabaire byahingwirwe bikaba biri hekita 2,000.Eby'obuhangwa ebirikugaruka kubaho, ebicweka 9 ahari igana bikaba biri ebibira by'obuhangwa (ebirimu emiti y'enzaarwa etarikworeka ngu hariho ekikozirwe abantu). Omwaka 2015, ebicweka 91 ahari igana by'ebibira bikaba biri ebya gavumenti kandi ebicweka 9 ahari igana bikaba biri eby'abantu buntu.Government and politics

== '''Gavumenti n'eby'obutegyeki''' ==
Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Eby'obutegyeki bwa Afirika eya rwagati, Oburuuru bwa Afirika eya rwagati, Orukiiko rw'abaminisita ba Afirika eya rwagati, n'orukarara rw'ebibiina by'obutegyeki omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Eby'obutegyeki omuri Afirika eya rwagati nibibaho omu muringo gw'obwebembezi bw'omwebembezi w'eihanga. Omu muringo ogu, omwebembezi w'eihanga niwe mukuru w'eihanga, aine enganzi y'eihanga nk'omukuru w'eby'obutegyeki. Obushoborozi bw'okwebembera nibukorwa gavumenti. Obushoborozi bw'okukora ebiragiro nibuheebwa gavumenti hamwe n'eishengyero.

Empindahinduka omu gavumenti zibaireho omu myaka egi omu miringo eshatu: obwimukiriro, enteeseganya, hamwe n'oburuuru. Engyenderwaho y'eihanga ensya ekarabwamu abateezi b'akaruuru omu karuuru k'okusharamu akabaho ebiro 5 Okwaikumi na ibiri 2004. Gavumenti ekaba eri 'ey'obusingye' kuruga 1991 kuhisya 2001 hamwe na kuruga 2004 kuhisya 2013.V-Dem Democracy Indices ekashoborora Afirika eya rwagati nk'erikwenda kugaruka omu butegyeki bw'omuntu omwe omuri 2024.

Purezidenti naatooranwa abantu kumara emyaka mukaaga, kandi enganzi y'eihanga erondebwa purezidenti.Omwebembezi w'eihanga naatoorana kandi arikukurira akakiiko k'abaminisita, akarikutandikaho ebiragiro kandi akarikureeberera emirimo ya gavumenti. Kwonka, kuruga 2018 gavumenti ey'obutongore terikwebembera ebicweka bingi by'eihanga, ebirikutegyekwa ebibiina by'abahekyera.Orikukora nk'omwebembezi w'eihanga kuruga Okwakana 2016 ni Faustin-Archange Touadéra owakuratiire gavumenti y'obutongore eyabaire erikwebemberwa Catherine Samba-Panza, enganzi y'obutongore André Nzapayeké.

Eishengyero ry'eihanga (Assemblée Nationale) riine abantu 140, abaronzirwe kumara emyaka etaano barikukoresa enkora y'okugarukamu emirundi ebiri.

Nk'oku kiri omu mahanga agandi agaabaire gari amatware ga Bufaransa, enkora y'ebiragiro omuri Afirika eya rwagati neegyendera aha biragiro bya Bufaransa.Kooti enkuru, nainga Kooti eyahaiguru, erimu abaramuzi abarondwa omwebembezi w'eihanga. Hariho na kooti y'eihanga, kandi abaramuzi baayo nabo barondwa omwebembezi w'eihanga.

Nk'oku kiri omu mahanga agandi agaabaire gari amatware ga Bufaransa, enkora y'ebiragiro omuri Afirika eya rwagati neegyendera aha biragiro bya Bufaransa.Kooti enkuru, nainga Kooti eyahaiguru, erimu abaramuzi abarondwa omwebembezi w'eihanga. Hariho na kooti y'eihanga, kandi abaramuzi baayo nabo barondwa omwebembezi w'eihanga.

Obugabe bw'okugamba burikugambwaho omu ngyenderwaho y'eihanga, kwonka habiireho okutiinatiinisa gavumenti aha banyamakuru.Ekihandiiko ekyakozirwe ekitongore ky'amahanga goona ekya International Research &amp; Exchanges Board's Media Sustainability Index kikagira ngu &quot;eihanga rikahikiiriza ekigyendererwa, kandi ebicweka bimwe by'ebiragiro hamwe na gavumenti bikahakanisa enkora y'amahurire ey'obusingye&quot;.

== '''Eby'obutegyeki''' ==
Ebihandiiko ebikuru: Prefectures of the Central African Republic and Sub-prefectures of the Central African Republic

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ririmu ebicweka 20 (préfectures), bibiri ahari byo biri eby'entatsya (préfectures economiques); ebicweka ebi birimu ebicweka ebikye 84 (sous-préfectures).

Ebyanga ni Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kémo, Lobaye, Lim-Pendé, Mambéré, Mambéré-Kadéï, Mbomou, Nana-Mambéré, Ombella-M'Poko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Fafa, Ouham-Pendé, na Vakaga. Ebyanga by'eby'entatsya ni Nana-Grébizi na Sangha-Mbaéré.

== '''Enkoragana y'aheeru''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Enkoragana y'aheeru ya Afirika eya rwagati

Reeba na: Amahe ga Afirika eya rwagati

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati niryesigama munonga aha buyambi kuruga aheeru, kandi ebitongore bingi eby'obwannakyewa nibiheereza obuheereza obu gavumenti etarikubaasa.Omu 2019, obukaikuru bwa doora za Amerika 100 omu buhwezi bw'aheeru zikashohozibwa omu ihanga, okukira munonga aha buhwezi bw'abantu.

Omu 2006, ahabw'obutabanguko obwabaire nibugyenda omu maisho, abantu abarikurenga 50,000 omu matemba g'oburengyerwa-izooba bw'eihanga bakaba bari omu kabi k'enjara, kwonka eki kikazibirwa ahabw'obuhwezi kuruga omu kitongore ky'amahanga geeteeraine.Ebiro 8 Okwakana 2008, omuhandiiki mukuru w'ekibiina ky'amahanga ageteriine Ban Ki-Moon akarangirira ngu eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikaba niribaasa kutunga obuhwezi kuruga omu kitongore ky'okwombeka obusingye.Eby'okukora bishatu bikareebwa: eky'okubanza, okuhindura eby'okwerinda; ekyakabiri, okutunguura obwebembezi burungi n'ebiragiro; hamwe n'ekyakashatu, okugarura busya ebyanga ebirikuteganisibwa entaro.Ebiro 12 Okwamukaaga 2008, eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikashaba obuhwezi kuruga omu kakiiko k'amahanga geeteeraine akarikukora ahaby'obusingye, akatandikirweho omuri 2005 kuhwera amahanga agarikuruga omu ntaro okwetantara okugaruka omu ntaro nari akaimukiriro.

Ahabw'okwerarikirira okwabaire kuriho ngu hakaba nihaza kubaho okwita abantu omu ihanga, amahe g'okurinda obusingye, ekya International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA) kikaikirizibwa omu kwezi kwaikumi na kubiri 2013.Ahabw'okwerarikirira okwabaire kuriho ngu hakaba nihaza kubaho okwita abantu omu ihanga, amahe g'okurinda obusingye, ekya International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA) kikaikirizibwa omu kwezi kwaikumi na kubiri 2013.

Omu 2017, Afirika eya rwagati ekata omukono aha ndagaano ya UN aha kuzibira ebyokurwanisa bya nukiriya.

Omu kwezi kwa munaana 2025, Russia ekashaba ngu Afirika eya rwagati eshashure Africa Corps yaayo ahabw'okurinda n'ebikwato omu mwanya gw'okukozesa abaheekyera ba Wagner Group.

== '''obugabe bw'abantu''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Obugabe bw'abantu omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Ebindi ebirikukiraho: obugabe bwa LGBTI omuri Afirika eya rwagati hamwe n'okushwera abakazi baingi omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Ekihandiiko kya 2009 ekirikukwata aha bugabe bw'abantu ekyakozirwe ekitongore kya Amerika ekirikujunanizibwa aha nshonga z'amahanga kikagira ngu obugabe bw'abantu omuri Afirika eya rwagati bukaba buri bubi kandi kikagira ngu kikaba nikyerarikirira ahabw'okutuntuzibwa kwingi okwabaire nikukorwa gavumenti.

Ekitongore kya Amerika ekirikujunanizibwa aha nshonga z'amahanga kikagira ngu okutuntuza abantu, okubaita abantu omu muringo ogutari gw'oburingaaniza, okubonabonesa abantu. Kandi kikagira ngu hakaba hariho embeera mbi kandi erikuteeza amagara g'abantu omu kabi omu bihome n'omu myanya y'okukomera, okukwatwa omu muringo ogutahikire, okukomwa kumara obwire buraingwa batakatonganisiibwe, okuremesa abantu kuhurira orubanja rwabo, okuremesa abantu kutambura, obushomankuzi omu bakozi ba gavumenti, hamwe n'okuremesa abakozi kugira obugabe bwabo.

Ekihandiiko kya Minisiture y'eihanga nakyo nikyoreka obwimukiriro obweyongyeire, okushara abakazi ebicweka by'ekyama, okushoroora abakazi hamwe n'abakazi b'abairaguju, okubuzaho abantu, okukozesa abantu n'abaana emirimo y'amaani.Obugabe bw'okutambura bukyeire omu kicweka ky'amatemba g'eihanga &quot;ahabw'ebikorwa by'ab'eby'okwerinda, abashuma b'embundu, hamwe n'ebindi bitongore ebitari bya gavumenti ebiine embundu&quot;, hamwe n'okurwanagana ahagati ya gavumenti n'ebiine embundu ebirikurwanisa gavumenti, abantu baingi batwirwe omu myanya ei barikutuuramu.

Okunyangaraza abaana n'abakazi ahabw'okubeeherera ngu n'abafumu nakyo kigambirweho nk'ekizibu ky'amaani omu ihanga.Oburogo n'ekihagaro omu biragiro by'ebibonerezo.

Abakazi 68% nibashwerwa batakahikize emyaka 18, kandi ekibiina ky'amahanga agetereine ekirikureeberera entunguuka y'abantu kikata eihanga omu mwanya gwa 188 kuruga omu mahanga 188 agaakozirweho okucondooza.Ekitongore ky'ensi yoona ekirikujunanizibwa aha mirimo kyagambaho omu katabo kaakyo ak'ebintu ebirikukorwa abaana abakiri bato nari abarikugyemeserezibwa kukora.Ekitongore ky'ensi yoona ekirikujunanizibwa aha mirimo kyagambaho omu katabo kaakyo ak'ebintu ebirikukorwa abaana abakiri bato nari abarikugyemeserezibwa kukora.

== '''Ebyentatsya''' ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Ebyentatsya ya Afirika eya rwagati

Entaasya y'omuntu omuri Repubulika neekira kugambwaho nk'eri haihi doora 400 buri mwaka, emwe aha nkye munonga omu nsi yoona, kwonka omuhendo ogu nigwegamira aha kuguza ebintu ebirikuruga aheeru kandi nigwehuzya okuguza eby'okurya, amaarwa, dayimanda, amahembe g'enyamaishwa, enyamaishwa, hamwe n'emibazi y'enzaarwa.

Sente za Afirika eya rwagati ni za CFA franc, ezirikwikirizibwa omu mahanga agabaire gari omu mahanga ga Bufaransa omu mahanga g'oburengyerwa-izooba bwa Afirika kandi ezirikuguzibwa aha muhendo ogurikwetengwa kuhika aha euro.Diamond niyo erikukirayo kuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, erikukora ebicweka 40-55% by'ebintu ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, kwonka nikiteeberezibwa ngu ahagati y'ebicweka 30 na 50 ahari ebyo ebirikukorwa buri mwaka nibiruga omu ihanga omu kihama.Diamond niyo erikukirayo kuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, erikukora ebicweka 40-55% by'ebintu ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, kwonka nikiteeberezibwa ngu ahagati y'ebicweka 30 na 50 ahari ebyo ebirikukorwa buri mwaka nibiruga omu ihanga omu kihama.Abany'eishengyero bakahamya ekiragiro ekyahindwire Bitcoin kuba esente z'okukozesa hamwe na CFA franc kandi zikahindura okukozesa kwa Cryptocurrencies. Omwebembezi w'eihanga Faustin-Archange Touadéra akata omukono aha kiragiro ekyo, mukuru w'abakozi be Obed Namsio nikwo yaagizire. Bwanyima y'orukiiko rw'omutaano orwabaireho ebiro 6 Okwakataano 2022, COBAC ekashohoza Encwamu D-071-2022 ahu yaabaire eragiira okukoresa kwa Cryptocurrencies. Bwanyima y'ekyo, ekashazamu embeera yaayo nk'eshente z'okukozesa.

Eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa nibyebemberwa okuhinga n'okuguza ebyokurya nka muhogo, entangawuuzi, ebicoori, ebihimba, ebihimba by'ebihimba, ebihimba by'ebihimba, n'ebihimba by'ebihimba.Okweyongyera kwa GDP okwaburi mwaka kuri ahaiguru ya 3%. Omugasho gw'ebihingwa by'ebyokurya okukira ebihingwa by'esente ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga nikyorekwa ahabw'okugira ngu okukora omuhogo, ebyokurya by'abantu baingi omuri Afirika eya rwagati, nikuruga ahagati ya taani 200,000 na 300,000 buri mwaka, kandi okukora pamba, ekirikukirayo kuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga, nikuruga ahagati ya taani 25,000 na 45,000 buri mwaka.Ebirikurya tibirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga omu bwingi, kwonka nibyo birikukirayo kureeta esente omu ihanga ahabw'okuba Abafirika b'omuri rwagati nibatunga esente nyingi kuruga omu kuguza eby'okurya ebirikugyenda nibyeyongyera kukira okuguza ebintu ebirikuguzibwa aheeru y'eihanga nka pamba nainga omwani.

Eihanga eririkukirayo kugura ebintu kuruga aheeru n'erya Bufaransa (ebicweka 17.1 ahari igana). Ebindi ebirikuruga aheeru nibiruga United States (ebicweka 12.3 ahari igana), India (ebicweka 11.5 ahari igana), hamwe na China (ebicweka 8.2 ahari igana). Eihanga eririkukirayo kuguza ebintu aheeru n'erya Bufaransa (ebicweka 31.2 ahari igana), rikakuratirwa Burundi (ebicweka 16.2 ahari igana), China (ebicweka 12.5 ahari igana), Cameroon (ebicweka 9.6 ahari igana), hamwe na Austria (ebicweka 7.8 ahari igana).

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati n'omwe aha bari omu kibiina ekirikukwatanisa omu by'obushubuzi ekya Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Omu ripoota ya Banka y'ensi yoona eya 2009, ekaba eri omu mwanya gwa 183 ahari 183 aha bikwatiraine n'obwangu bw'okukorera bizinesi, omuhendo ogurikworeka ebiragiro ebirikwongyera aha mirimo ya bizinesi hamwe n'ebirikugiremesa.

== Ebyentunguka ==

=== Eby'engyenda ===
Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'engyenda omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Emihanda ebiri erikuraba omuri Afirika erikuraba omuri Afirika eya rwagati, niyo orugyendo orurikuruga omuri Tripoli kuza omuri Cape Town hamwe n'orugyendo orurikuruga omuri Lagos kuza Mombasa.Omu 1999, enguuto munaana zikaba nizihika aha ndembo ezindi omu ihanga, Cameroon, Chad, na Sudan y'amashuuma; aha nguuto ezi, enguuto z'okushashurira nizo zonka ezirikuba ziteirweho kolaasi. Omu bwire bw'enjura kuruga omu kwezi kwa mushanju kuhisya omu kwa ikumi, enguuto ezimwe tizirikubaasa kurabwamu.

Ebyombo by'aha maizi nibiruga aha mwaro gw'aha maizi omuri Bangui kuza Brazzaville na Zongo. Omugyera nigubaasa kugyenderwamu omwaka gwona ahagati ya Bangui na Brazzaville. Kuruga Brazzaville, eby'obushubuzi nibitwarwa aha ruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika kuza Pointe-Noire, omwanya oguri aha rubaju rw'enyanja ya Atlantic.Omwaro gw'aha mugyera nigukora aha by'obushubuzi by'ensi yoona kandi nigubaasa kutwara emigugu erikwingana taani 350,000; gurimu oburaingwa bwa mita 350 (fuuti 1,150) kandi gurimu emyanya ya fuuti 260,000 ey'okutamu emigugu.

Ekishaayi ky'enyonyi ekya Bangui M'Poko nikyo kishaayi ky'enyonyi kyonka ekiri omuri Afirika eya rwagati. Okwezi kwa mukaaga 2014, kikaba kiine enyonyi ezirikuguruka butunu kuza Brazzaville, Casablanca, Cotonou, Douala, Kinshasa, Lomé, Luanda, Malabo, N'Djamena, Paris, Pointe-Noire, na Yaoundé.

Kuruga omu 2002, habiireho enteekateeka y'okugaita oruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika orwa Bangui aha ruguuto rw'egaari y'omwika orwa Transcameroon.

=== Ebyobugaiga bwomwitaka ===
Reeba na: Orukarara rw'amashanyarazi omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati nirikozesa amashanyarazi agarikuruga omu maizi, ahabw'okuba hariho ebindi bikye ebirikubaasa kukoresibwa kureeta amashanyarazi.Okuhikwaho amashanyarazi kuri kukye munonga, ebicweka 15.6 ahari igana by'abantu boona baine amashanyarazi, ebicweka 34.6 ahari igana omu ndembo hamwe n'ebicweka 1.5 ahari igana omu byaro.

=== Empurizagana ===
Ekicweka ekikuru: Empurizagana omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Obwahati, Afirika eya rwagati eine obuheereza bwa terevijoni, reediyo, intaneeti hamwe n'empurizagana y'esimu; kandi, kampuni ya Sosiyete y'empurizagana niyo erikukirayo kuhisya obuheereza bwa intaneeti hamwe n'empurizagana y'esimu omu ihanga ryona. Ekitongore kya Gavumenti ekirikukurira eby'empurizagana n'ekya Minisiture y'eby'empurizagana hamwe n'ebya tekinorogye.Okwongyera ahari ekyo, eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati niritunga obuhwezi kuruga omu kitongore ky’ensi yoona ekya ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) omu kitongore ky’ensi yoona ekya International Telecommunication Union okutunguura eby’empurizagana.

=== Eby'abantu ===
Ekicweka ekikuru: Abantu b'omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Omubaro gw'abantu omuri Afirika eya rwagati gweyongyeire kuruga obu eihanga ryatunga okwetegyeka. Omuri 1960, omubaro gukaba guri 1,232,000; nk'oku kirikuteeberezibwa omu 2021, guri nka 5,457,154.

Ekibiina ky’amahanga ageteraine nikitebereza ngu abantu 4% abari ahagati y’emyaka 15 na 49 baine akakooko ka siriimu.Obucweka 3 ahari igana bw'abantu omu ihanga eryo nibo barikubaasa kutunga obujanjabi bw'akakooko ka siriimu, waabugyeragyeranisa n'obucweka 17 ahari igana omu mahanga agatuherereire nka Chad na Congo.

Eihanga ririmu enganda ezirikurenga 80, buri nganda eine orurimi rwayo. Enganda ezirikukirayo obuhango n'Abaganda, Abaharabu, Abaka, Abanda, Abayaka, Abafula, Abagaya, Abakresh, Abamba, Abamanda, Abangbandi, Abasara, Abavidiri, Abawodaabe, Abayakoma, Abayulu, hamwe n'Abazande, hamwe n'ezindi otwariiremu n'Abajungu abarikukira obwingi abarikuruga omuri Bufaransa.Enganda ezirikukira kubaho ni Gbaya (Baya) (28.8%) hamwe na Banda (22.9%), ezirikukora kimwe kya kabiri ky'abantu b'omu ihanga omuri 2003.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |Endembo ezirikusingayo obuhango omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Okurugiirira aha kubara abantu okwakozirwe omuri 2003
|-
!okuhakahakana
!Eizina
!Ekyanga
!Omubare
!okuhakahakana
!Eiziina
!Ekyanga
!Omubare
|-
|1
|Bangui
|Bangui
|622,771
|11
|Kaga-Bandoro
|Nana-Grébizi
|24,661
|-
|2
|Bimbo
|Bangui
|124,176
|12
|Sibut
|Kémo
|22,419
|-
|3
|Berbérati
|Mambéré-Kadéï
|76,918
|13
|Mbaïki
|Lobaye
|22,166
|-
|4
|Carnot
|Mambéré-Kadéï
|45,421
|14
|Bozoum
|Ouham-Pendé
|20,665
|-
|5
|Bambari
|Ouaka
|41,356
|15
|Paoua
|Ouham-Pendé
|17,370
|-
|6
|Bouar
|Nana-Mambéré
|40,353
|16
|Batangafo
|Ouham
|16,420
|-
|7
|Bossangoa
|Ouham
|36,478
|17
|Kabo
|Ouham
|16,279
|-
|8
|Bria
|Haute-Kotto
|35,204
|18
|Bocaranga
|Ouham-Pendé
|15,744
|-
|9
|Bangassou
|Mbomou
|31,553
|19
|Ippy
|Ouaka
|15,196
|-
|10
|Nola
|Sangha-Mbaéré
|29,181
|20
|Alindao
|Basse-Kotto
|14,401
|}

== Endimi ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Endimi za Afirika eya rwagati

Endimi ibiri z'orurimi rw'ihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati ni Orufaransa hamwe na Sangho, orurimi orurikukoresibwa omu byanga bingi orurikuruga omu rurimi rw'enzaarwa orurikwetwa Ngbandi.Nka Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Tanzania, Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, South Africa hamwe n'amahanga ga Afirika y'amatemba n'agandi, Afirika eya rwagati ni emwe aha mahanga ga Afirika agaheire orurimi rwa Afirika ekitiinisa.

== Eddiini ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'ediini omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Okurugiirira aha kubara abantu okwakozirwe omu 2003, abantu 80.3% bakaba bari abakurisitaayo (51.4% abaporotesitanti na 28.9% abakaturiki), 10% bakaba bari abasiraamu, kandi 4.5 ahari igana bakaba bari ab'ediini ezindi, kandi 5.5 ahari igana bakaba bataine diini.Okucondooza okwakozirwe ekitongore kya Pew Research Center okwakozirwe omu 2010, kukashoboorora ngu abakurisitaayo bakaba bari ebicweka 89.8 ahari igana by'abantu (ebicweka 60.7 ahari igana bakaba bari abaporotesitanti kandi ebicweka 28.5 ahari igana bakaba bari abakaturiki) kandi abasiraamu bakaba bari ebicweka 8.9 ahari igana.Ekereziya y'abakaturiki neegira ngu eine abagoberezi abarikurenga omu kakadde kamwe n'ekicweka, ekirikumanyisa ngu n'omuhendo gw'abantu abarikuhika kimwe kya kashatu.Eby'obuhangwa (okwikiriza ebihangirwe) nabwo nibukorwa, kandi enyikiriza nyingi z'obuhangwa zitairwe omu kikorwa ky'obukristaayo hamwe n'obusiraamu.Omukuru w'ekibiina ky'amahanga geeteeraine akashoboorora obutaikirizana bw'abasiraamu n'abakristaayo nk'obw'ahaiguru.Hariho guruupu nyingi z'abamiisani ezirikukorera omu ihanga, otwariiremu Abaluturani, Ababaptisita, Abakaturiki, Abagurasi, hamwe n'Abajurahamu.N'obu abamiisani aba barikukira kuruga United States, France, Italy, na Spain, baingi nabo baruga Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, hamwe n'amahanga ga Afirika agandi.

Abamiisani baingi bakaruga omu ihanga obu okurwana kwatandika ahagati y'abahekyera n'amahe ga gavumenti omuri 2002–3, kwonka baingi aharibo bagarukireyo kugumizamu n'omurimo gwabo.

Okurugirira aha kucondooza kwa Overseas Development Institute, omu bwire bw'obutabanguko obwabaireho kuruga 2012, abeebembezi b'amadiini bakaba bari ab'okutabaganisa abantu n'ebibiina by'abanyambundu; kandi bakaba bari ab'okutuura n'abantu abarikwenda obuhungiro.

== Obwegyese ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'obwegyese omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Obwegyese bwa boona omuri Afirika eya rwagati n'obwa busha kandi n'obw'obujunaanizibwa kuruga aha myaka 6 kuhisya ahari 14.Kwonka, kimwe kya kabiri kyabantu abakuru omu ihanga tibarikumanya kushoma na kuhandiika.Amatendekyero abiri agahaiguru omuri Afirika eya rwagati ni Yunivasite ya Bangui, eya gavumenti eri omuri Bangui, erimu n'eishomero ry'eby'amarwariro; hamwe na Yunivasite ya Euclid, ey'ensi yoona.

== Amagara ==
Ekicweka ekikuru: Eby'amagara omuri Afirika eya rwagati

Amarwariro amahango omu ihanga gari omu disiturikiti ya Bangui.Nk'omwe aha bari omu kitongore ky'eby'amagara eky'ensi yoona, Afirika eya rwagati neetunga obuhwezi bw'okugyema, nk'obw'omuri 2014 obw'okuzibira okubarukaho kw'endwara ya obusheru.Omu 2007, amagara g'abakazi aha kuzaarwa gakaba gari emyaka 48.2, kandi amagara g'abashaija aha kuzaarwa gakaba gari emyaka 45.1.

Eby'amagara g'abakazi omuri Afirika eya rwagati tibiri gye. Omuri 2010, eihanga rikaba riine omuhendo gw'abakazi abarikufa barikuzaara oguri omu mwanya gwa kana omu nsi yoona.Omu 2014, omuhendo gw'abaana abarikuzaarwa buri mukazi gukaba niguteeberezibwa kuba 4.46.Abakazi abarikuhika ebicweka makumi abiri na bitaano bakaba bashazirwe.Abaana baingi omu ihanga barikuzaarwa abazaarisa b'enzaarwa, abarikukira kuba bataine bukugu nainga tibaine.

Omushwija gw'ensiri nigukira kureebeka omuri Afirika eya rwagati kandi nigwo gurikukirayo kureeta okufa.Okurugirira aha kuteebereza kwa 2009, okujanjaara kwa akakooko ka siriimu kuri ebicweka 4.7 ahari igana by'abantu bakuru (abari ahagati y'emyaka 15 na 49).Eki nikihikaana n'okuteebereza kwa United Nations okwa 2016 okurikworeka ebicweka 4%.Enshohoza ya Gavumenti aha by'amagara ekaba eri doora za Amerika 20 (PPP) buri muntu omuri 2006 kandi ebicweka 10.9% by'enshohoza ya Gavumenti yoona omuri 2006.[164]Omu 2009 hakaba hariho abashaho 1 ahari buri bantu 20,000.

Ahabw'okugira ngu omuri 2024 omuhendo gw'okurwanisa enjara omu nsi yoona gukaba guri 31.5,eihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati rikaba riri erya 119 omu mahanga 127 agu baabaire baine ebirikumara kubara omuhendo gwa 2024 GHI.

== Eby'obuhangwa ==
Reeba na: Orukarara rw'abahandiiki ba Afirika kurugirira aha mahanga gaabo § Afirika eya rwagati, hamwe n'ebyeshongoro bya Afirika eya rwagati

Eihanga ririmu enganda ezirikuhingura 80, buri nganda eine orurimi rwayo. Enganda ezirikukirayo obuhango ni Abagara Abaharabu, Abaka, Abanda, Abayaka, Abafula, Abagaya, Abakara, Abakresh, Abamba, Abamanda, Abangbandi, Abasara, Abavidiri, Abawodaabe, Abayakoma, Abayulu, hamwe na Abazande, hamwe n'ezindi otwariiremu Abajungu abarikukira obwingi abarikuruga omuri Bufaransa

== Eby'emizaano ==
Reeba na: Afirika eya rwagati omu orimpiki

Omupiira gw'ebigyere nigwo muzaano ogurikukirayo kukundwa omu ihanga. Tiimu y'omupiira gw'ebigyere ey'ihanga neyebemberwa ekibiina ky'omupiira gw'ebigyere ekya Central African Football Federation kandi neezaana emizaano aha kishaayi kya Barthélemy Boganda Stadium.

Omupiira gw'enseru nagwo nigukundwa munonga kandi tiimu yaayo y'eihanga ekasingura empaka za Afirika emirundi ebiri kandi niyo tiimu y'okubanza kuruga omu mahanga ga Afirika agari ahansi y'orurengo rwa Sahara kuhika aha mpaka z'ensi yoona eza Basketball World Cup, omuri 1974.

== Reeba nabwo ==

* Ekihandiiko ky'ihanga rya Afirika eya rwagati
* Orukarara rw'ebirikukwata ahari Afirika eya rwagati

== Ebyokureeberaho ==

#
# French: ''Oubangui-Chari''

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Aaron Mushengyezi</title>
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        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
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      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
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'''Aaron Mushengyezi'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;', ( akazaarwa ebiro  24 Okwa mushanju omu gwa 1969) n'omwegyesa kandi omw'ebembezi w'eby'obwegyese omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], orikuheereza nk'omuhwezi wa mukuru w'eitendekyero rya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]](UCU), okuruga omu kwezi kwa munaana omu gwa 2020.

Atakatungire omwanya ogu aine hati, akaba ari mukuru w'eishomero ry'endimi, eby'obutegyeki hamwe n'empurizigana aha itendekyero rya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] erikukirayo obukuru kandi erikukirayo obuhango omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Conrad Ahabwe (9 February 2020). &quot;[https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/02/makerere-don-appointed-ucu-vice-chancellor.html Makerere Don appointed UCU Vice Chancellor]&quot;. Kampala: PML Daily. Retrieved 19 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Independent (10 February 2020). &quot;[https://www.independent.co.ug/dr-mushengyezi-new-ucu-vice-chancellor/ Dr. Mushengyezi new UCU Vice Chancellor]&quot;. ''[[:en:The_Independent_(Uganda)|The Independent (Uganda)]]''. Kampala. Retrieved 19 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;a

== Ebyafaayo n'okushoma kwe ==
Mushengyezi akazaarirwa omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ebiro 24 Okwa mushanju omu gwa 1969. Akashomera omu mashomero ga buriijo aga purayimare na siniya. Aine diporoma omu by'obwegyese, eyatungirwe kuruga omu itendekyero ry'abegyesa erya ira, kandi eriizooba n'ekicweka kya eitendekyero rya [[Wp/nyn/Kyambogo Univasite|Kyambogo]]. Akagumizamu yaatunga diguuri y'okubanza omu by'obuhangwa kuruga Makerere Yunivaasite Diguuri ya kabiri nayo akagitungira  Makerere Yunivaasite Diguuri ye ya filosofe, erikukira kwetwa PhD omu bugufu, ekamuheebwa eitendekyero rya Connecticut, omu [[Wp/nyn/Amerika|Amerika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Uganda Christian University (August 2020). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190704060411/http://ucu.ac.ug/about/facts/vice-chancellor-s-profile Profile of the Vice Chancellor, Dr. Aaron Mushengyezi]&quot;. Mukono, Uganda: [[:en:Uganda_Christian_University|Uganda Christian University]]. Archived from [https://ucu.ac.ug/about/facts/vice-chancellor-s-profile the original] on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Emirimo ==
Omu  mwaka gwa 1992, Mushengyezi akegaita ahari yunivaasite ya Makerere, kushoma diguuri y'ebikwatiraine n'eby'ahandiikirwe, yaajwara diguuri asingire ekibiina kye. Yunivaasite ekamuha omurimo kandi yaamugumyamu nk'omuhwezi w'omwegyesa, obwe arikushoma diguuri ye eya kabiri kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1997 kuhisya omu mwaka gwa 2000. Makerere ekamushagika omu kwega diguuri ye ya PhD ahari Yunivaasite ya Connecticut, omuri [[Wp/nyn/United States|United States]]. Akaguma nakureeba, kandi omu mwaka gwa 2012, yaatoranwa kuba mukuru w'eishomero  ry'eby'empurizingana omu Makerere.&lt;ref&gt;Angela Ndagano and Charity Ahimbisibwe (4 January 2012). &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1298738/afraid-challenges-dr-mushengyezi I am not afraid of challenges - Dr. Mushengyezi]&quot;. ''[[:en:New_Vision|New Vision]]''. Kampala. Retrieved 19 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu kwezi kwa munaana omu mwaka gwa 2020, omuhangu Aaron Mushengyezi akatwarwa nk'omuhwezi wa mukuru wa yunivaasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]]. Akaza omu bigyere bya Dr. Cannon John Senyonyi, ou obwire bwe bw'emyaka ikumi y'obw'ebembezi  bwabaire buhwaireho.&lt;ref&gt;Henry Nsubuga (30 August 2020). &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1525878/mushengyezi-installed-vice-chancellor-ucu Mushengyezi installed as new vice-chancellor of UCU]&quot;. ''[[:en:New_Vision|New Vision]]''. Kampala.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jessica Sabano (31 August 2020). &quot;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/kaziimba-asks-varsity-staff-to-support-new-vc-1929532 Kaziimba asks varsity staff to support new VC]&quot;. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala. Retrieved 19 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eka ==
Mushengyezi hamwe nómukazi we &quot;Patience&quot; Rubabinda baine abaana bana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Okuhandiika eby'obwegyese ==
Omu myaka eyenyima, akozire kihango omu kwongyera aha kumanya kutsya, kandi ebihandiiko bye bishohoziibwe omu butabo bw'eby'obwegyese bingi. Ebimwe aha byahandiikirwe n'ebi;

* Okugaruka kuteekateeka aha by'amahurire eby'enzaarwa: Emikoro y'obuhangwa, engoma z’okugamba hamwe n’okugamba nk’emiringo y’empurizingana omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], ekicweka ekyashohoziibwe omu katabo k’okushwijuma eby’obuhangwa bwa Africa ahu arikugira ngu emiringo y’empurizingana erikukoresibwa kuhitsya amakuru aha bantu b’omu byaro tehikire kandi n’ahabw’ekyo teshoboororeire bantu baingi.&lt;ref&gt;Mushengyezi, Aaron (1 June 2003). &quot;[[doi:10.1080/1369681032000169302|Rethinking indigenous media: rituals, 'talking' drums and orality as forms of public communication in Uganda]]&quot;. ''Journal of African Cultural Studies''. '''16''' (1): 107–117. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1369681032000169302|10.1080/1369681032000169302]]. ISSN 1369-6815. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145085458 145085458].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ebyafaayo by'okugamba eby'abaana: okugaruka kuteekateeka aha kugamba, okushoma, okukora hamwe n'okuhandiika. Eki n'ekitabo ekyashohoziibwe Rodopi BV Amsterdam kandi kirimu ebikwato by'okugamba nka ebikwato, enfumu hamwe n'ebigambo by'abaana kuruga Buganda, Ankole na Kigezi.&lt;ref&gt;Mushengyezi, Aaron (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tTwjAAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Aaron+Mushengyezi&amp;pg=PR4 Oral Literature for Children: Rethinking Orality, Literacy, Performance, and Documentation Practices]. Rodopi. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0888-8|ISBN 978-94-012-0888-8.]]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Okugaruka kuteekateeka aha kikura ky'abantu n'obuhangwa bwa Afirika? Ousmane Sembène's Xala agarukiremu. Eki n'ekihandiiko ekyashohoziibwe omuri Africa eriizooba kandi kirikuhakanisa entaaniso nyingi ezi Sembene arikureebeka kureetaho omuri Xala ahagati y'okujunda kw'omurembe n'obwecumi bw'obuhangwa bwa Afirika hamwe n'abakazi abarikureebeka nk'ab'amaani n'abashaija abarikureebeka nk'ababi.&lt;ref&gt;Mushengyezi, Aaron (2004). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187628 &quot;Reimaging Gender and African Tradition? Ousmane Sembène's Xala Revisited&quot;]. Africa Today. 51 (1): 47–62. [[doi:10.1353/at.2004.0070]]. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9887 ISSN 0001-9887]. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187628 JSTOR 4187628]. [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144701974 S2CID 144701974.]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Okuruga aha kugamba kuhika aha kushoma: Okuvunuura eby'okugamba ebya Uganda omu bihandiiko by'abaana. Eki nikyo kihandiiko kya dokitaari ekirikworeka emiringo eshatu y'ebihandiiko by'okugamba ebyarundainwe kuruga omu by'obuhangwa bw'abaana ba Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;Mushengyezi, Aaron (1 January 2007). [https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/AAI3265787 &quot;From orality to literacy: Translating traditional Ugandan oral forms into texts for children&quot;.] Doctoral Dissertations: 1–480.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Ka nkugambire ekitebyo, ka nkugambire ekitebyo!”: Eki n'ekitabo ekirikushoboorora aha miteekateekyere y'ebihandiiko by'omunwa ebirikuhwera omu kugarukamu ebi orikuba waayegire&lt;ref&gt;Mushengyezi, Aaron (1 January 2013). [https://brill.com/display/book/9789401208888/B9789401208888-s003.xml &quot;Let Me Tell You a Story, Let Me Tell You a Story!&quot;: On Text Structure and Narrative Strategies.] Brill. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0888-8|ISBN 978-94-012-0888-8]].&lt;/ref&gt;
*Okuvunuura eby'okugambaho by'abaana omu Uganda: abantu, omuringo, hamwe n'omugasho gwabyo. Ekicweka eki nikishwijuma emiringo eshatu y'ebigambo by'abaana - ebibuuzo, ebitebyo by'enzaarwa, hamwe n'ebigambo by'okweshongora - kandi kishoboorora emiringo erikukoresibwa kuvunuura ebigambo ebyo omu Rungyereza.&lt;ref&gt;Mushengyezi, Aaron (25 May 2017). &quot;Translating Ugandan Oral Literature for Children: Audience, Form, and Social Relevance&quot;. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2973869 SSRN 2973869.]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Okuteganisa enteekateeka y'obuhangwa: Okushwijuma kurungi Atef Hetata's The Closed Doors na Phil Mullaly's The Martyrs of Uganda. Ekihandiiko nikishwijuma oku abarikukora firimu barikworeka oburemeezi n'akabi akarikureetwaho enyikiriza y'ediini erikuhakanisa entunguuka omu by'entaasya hamwe n'eby'obutegyeki.&lt;ref&gt;Mushengyezi, Aaron (1 December 2009). [https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jac.1.2.173/1 &quot;Problematizing a fundamentalist ideology: A close analysis of Atef Hetata's The Closed Doors and Phil Mullaly's The Martyrs of Uganda&quot;.] Journal of African Cinemas. 1 (2): 173–188. [[doi:10.1386/jac.1.2.173/1|doi:10.1386/jac.1.2.173/1.]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-9221 ISSN 1754-9221.]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Ebindi ebi yaakozire harimu &quot;Okuruga aha kuteera akatambi kuhika aha rupapura,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mushengyezi, Aaron (1 January 2013). [https://brill.com/display/book/9789401208888/B9789401208888-s004.xml &quot;From Tape to the Page&quot;.] Oral Literature for Children. Brill. pp. 79–94. [[doi:10.1163/9789401208888_004]]. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0888-8|ISBN 978-94-012-0888-8.]]&lt;/ref&gt;Eby'okugambwa aha baana: oku abantu bari kukwatwaho, omuringo, hamwe n'omugasho gwabyo omu bantu&lt;ref&gt;Mushengyezi, Aaron (1 January 2013). [https://brill.com/display/book/9789401208888/B9789401208888-s002.xml Oral Texts for Children: Audience Dynamics, Form, and Social Value]. Brill. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0888-8|ISBN 978-94-012-0888-8.]]&lt;/ref&gt; hamwe n'Abagambi b'ebigambirwe hamwe n'ebibuuzo.&lt;ref&gt;Mushengyezi, Aaron (1 January 2013). [https://brill.com/display/book/9789401208888/B9789401208888-s008.xml Informants for Oral Narrative and Interviews.] Brill. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0888-8|ISBN 978-94-012-0888-8.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ebirikuruga aheeru ==

* [https://edge.ug/2020/08/30/ucu-installs-vc-prof-aaron-mushengyezi/ UCU installs VC Prof Aaron Mushengyezi] As of 30 August 2020.
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* [[isni:0000000140387869|ISNI]]
* [[viaf:174095437|VIAF]]
* [https://d-nb.info/gnd/1032413891 GND]
|-
!Eby'eihanga
|
* [[lofc:no2011131596|United States]]
* [https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16906030x France]
* [https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16906030x BnF data]
* [https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jo2013792635&amp;CON_LNG=ENG Czech Republic]
* [http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p267778333 Netherlands]
* [https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007350313305171 Israel]
|-
!Ebindi
|
* [https://www.idref.fr/178626333 IdRef]
* [https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/fadc582e-8125-4f22-aea2-1eeba0b6961f Yale LUX]
|}
*

{{INTERWIKI|Q104300518}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Allan Toniks</title>
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        <username>Rooth N</username>
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'''Allan Toniks''' arimanywa nka Allan Ampaire, n'omweshongozi,  omuhandiiki kw'ebyeshongoro, omuteezi wa gita hamwe n'omukozi wa rikodi.

Akakora kandi yaabagana siteegi n'abeeshongozi b'omu ihanga hamwe n'ab'aheeru otwariiremu Goodlyfe Crew, P Square, General Ozzy (Zambia), Proff (Kenya), Petersen Zagaze (Zambia), Urban Boyz, Gal Level (Namibia), Beenie Man, Genista, (Jamaica) Sean Kingston, Jidenna, Sean Paul, Roberto (Zambia), Stella Mwangi hamwe na Flavour N'abania owa Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-vmbgmusik-2&lt;/ref&gt; Atoreinwe kandi yaasinga ebirabo bingi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandi n'omujwekyerwa w'eby'obuhangwa omu kitongore kya Reach hand Uganda ekirikukwata aha minyeeto, ekirikureetaho entunguuka omu by'emikono, okwegyesa abantu ebikwatiriine n'okuteerana, okuzaara, hamwe n'okurwanisa akakooko ka siriimu.&lt;endagiiriro&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.orge/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-4&lt;/ref

Obuto bwe hamwe n'obwegyese 
Toniks akazaarirwa omuri Mbarara kandi akatandiika kweshongora ari aha ishomero ahu yaayegiire okuzaana gita. Akaza omu ishomero rya Mbarara Preparatory School aha bwa puraimare, bwanyima yaaza omu (King’s College Budo) ahabwa O Level kandi yaaza omu ishomero rya Ntare ahabwa 
ALevel&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;ref&gt;&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-mutaani-5&lt;/ref&gt;

Kandi n'omujwekyerwa w'eby'obuhangwa/omujwekyerwa wa Reach a hand Uganda ekirikukwata aha puroguraamu y'ekitongore erikukwata aha minyeeto erikureetaho entunguuka omu myoga, eby'okuteerana n'okuzaara, obugabe hamwe n'okumanyisa abantu ebirikukwata ahari siriimu n'okubuzibira.[4]

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese ==
Toniks akazaarirwa omuri Mbarara kandi akatandika kweshongora aha ishomero ahu yaayegire n'okukora gitaara. Akaza omu ishomero rya Mbarara Preparatory School aha puraimare, bwanyima yaaza omu King's College Budo aha O Level na Ntare School aha A Level[5], atakagiire aha (Makerere University Business School) ahu yaahenderiire diguri ye y'okubanza omu by'obushuubuzi omu mwaka rwa 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-sqoop-3&lt;/ref

 Ebyeshongoro 
Toniks akateekateeka aha mirimo y'okweshongora obu yaabaire ari aha Yunivasite.&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ahu yaakwatsiire akataambi ke ak'okubanza &quot;Beera nange&quot;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-hipipo-6&lt;/ref&gt;Kandi n'omuteezi wa Gita&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-ourmusiq-7&lt;/ref&gt;obumwe arikukora ebyeshongoro bye ahabwe&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;ahansi y'ekitongore kye ekya Vibrations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;Toniks naareeba omuringo gw'e gw'okweshongora nka Afro beat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;Toniks akeetaba omu, kandi yaasingura empaka za Airtel Trace Music Star Competition, omurundi gw'e 2015, omurundi gw'abarikumanywa.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-chano8-8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-iconmagazine-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo by'okweshongora ==
* Beera Nange
* Mu'ngatto
* That Girl
* Kampala Galz
* Yenze
* Nzewuwo
* Swag meter
* Itaano
* Ningyenda Yoona
* Tukyekole
* Nsubiza
* Regular
* Private Party
* Who You Are
* Sikyetaaga
* Baby Language
* Mulamwa
* Falling
* Romance
* Sunday
* Sikuleka
* Wonder Woman
* Ensonga
* Turn Around

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

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'''Allan Toniks''' arimanywa nka Allan Ampaire, n'omweshongozi,  omuhandiiki kw'ebyeshongoro, omuteezi wa gita hamwe n'omukozi wa rikodi.

Akakora kandi yaabagana siteegi n'abeeshongozi b'omu ihanga hamwe n'ab'aheeru otwariiremu Goodlyfe Crew, P Square, General Ozzy (Zambia), Proff (Kenya), Petersen Zagaze (Zambia), Urban Boyz, Gal Level (Namibia), Beenie Man, Genista, (Jamaica) Sean Kingston, Jidenna, Sean Paul, Roberto (Zambia), Stella Mwangi hamwe na Flavour N'abania owa Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-vmbgmusik-2&lt;/ref&gt; Atoreinwe kandi yaasinga ebirabo bingi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandi n'omujwekyerwa w'eby'obuhangwa omu kitongore kya Reach hand Uganda ekirikukwata aha minyeeto, ekirikureetaho entunguuka omu by'emikono, okwegyesa abantu ebikwatiriine n'okuteerana, okuzaara, hamwe n'okurwanisa akakooko ka siriimu.&lt;endagiiriro&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.orge/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-4&lt;/ref

Obuto bwe hamwe n'obwegyese 
Toniks akazaarirwa omuri Mbarara kandi akatandiika kweshongora ari aha ishomero ahu yaayegiire okuzaana gita. Akaza omu ishomero rya Mbarara Preparatory School aha bwa puraimare, bwanyima yaaza omu (King’s College Budo) ahabwa O Level kandi yaaza omu ishomero rya Ntare ahabwa 
ALevel&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;ref&gt;&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-mutaani-5&lt;/ref&gt;

Kandi n'omujwekyerwa w'eby'obuhangwa/omujwekyerwa wa Reach a hand Uganda ekirikukwata aha puroguraamu y'ekitongore erikukwata aha minyeeto erikureetaho entunguuka omu myoga, eby'okuteerana n'okuzaara, obugabe hamwe n'okumanyisa abantu ebirikukwata ahari siriimu n'okubuzibira.[4]

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese ==
Toniks akazaarirwa omuri Mbarara kandi akatandika kweshongora aha ishomero ahu yaayegire n'okukora gitaara. Akaza omu ishomero rya Mbarara Preparatory School aha puraimare, bwanyima yaaza omu [[Wp/nyn/King’s College Budo|King's College Budo]] aha O Level na Ntare School aha A Level[5], atakagiire aha (Makerere University Business School) ahu yaahenderiire diguri ye y'okubanza omu by'obushuubuzi omu mwaka rwa 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-sqoop-3&lt;/ref

 Ebyeshongoro 
Toniks akateekateeka aha mirimo y'okweshongora obu yaabaire ari aha Yunivasite.&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ahu yaakwatsiire akataambi ke ak'okubanza &quot;Beera nange&quot;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-hipipo-6&lt;/ref&gt;Kandi n'omuteezi wa Gita&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-ourmusiq-7&lt;/ref&gt;obumwe arikukora ebyeshongoro bye ahabwe&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;ahansi y'ekitongore kye ekya Vibrations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;Toniks naareeba omuringo gw'e gw'okweshongora nka Afro beat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;Toniks akeetaba omu, kandi yaasingura empaka za Airtel Trace Music Star Competition, omurundi gw'e 2015, omurundi gw'abarikumanywa.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-chano8-8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-iconmagazine-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo by'okweshongora ==
* Beera Nange
* Mu'ngatto
* That Girl
* Kampala Galz
* Yenze
* Nzewuwo
* Swag meter
* Itaano
* Ningyenda Yoona
* Tukyekole
* Nsubiza
* Regular
* Private Party
* Who You Are
* Sikyetaaga
* Baby Language
* Mulamwa
* Falling
* Romance
* Sunday
* Sikuleka
* Wonder Woman
* Ensonga
* Turn Around

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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'''Allan Toniks''' arimanywa nka Allan Ampaire, n'omweshongozi,  omuhandiiki kw'ebyeshongoro, omuteezi wa gita hamwe n'omukozi wa rikodi.

Akakora kandi yaabagana siteegi n'abeeshongozi b'omu ihanga hamwe n'ab'aheeru otwariiremu Goodlyfe Crew, P Square, General Ozzy (Zambia), Proff (Kenya), Petersen Zagaze (Zambia), Urban Boyz, Gal Level (Namibia), Beenie Man, Genista, (Jamaica) Sean Kingston, Jidenna, Sean Paul, Roberto (Zambia), Stella Mwangi hamwe na Flavour N'abania owa [[Wp/nyn/Nigeria|Nigeria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-vmbgmusik-2&lt;/ref&gt; Atoreinwe kandi yaasinga ebirabo bingi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kandi n'omujwekyerwa w'eby'obuhangwa omu kitongore kya Reach hand Uganda ekirikukwata aha minyeeto, ekirikureetaho entunguuka omu by'emikono, okwegyesa abantu ebikwatiriine n'okuteerana, okuzaara, hamwe n'okurwanisa akakooko ka siriimu.&lt;endagiiriro&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.orge/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-4&lt;/ref

Obuto bwe hamwe n'obwegyese 
Toniks akazaarirwa omuri Mbarara kandi akatandiika kweshongora ari aha ishomero ahu yaayegiire okuzaana gita. Akaza omu ishomero rya Mbarara Preparatory School aha bwa puraimare, bwanyima yaaza omu (King’s College Budo) ahabwa O Level kandi yaaza omu ishomero rya Ntare ahabwa 
ALevel&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;ref&gt;&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-mutaani-5&lt;/ref&gt;

Kandi n'omujwekyerwa w'eby'obuhangwa/omujwekyerwa wa Reach a hand Uganda ekirikukwata aha puroguraamu y'ekitongore erikukwata aha minyeeto erikureetaho entunguuka omu myoga, eby'okuteerana n'okuzaara, obugabe hamwe n'okumanyisa abantu ebirikukwata ahari siriimu n'okubuzibira.[4]

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese ==
Toniks akazaarirwa omuri [[Wp/nyn/Mbarara|Mbarara]] kandi akatandika kweshongora aha ishomero ahu yaayegire n'okukora gitaara. Akaza omu ishomero rya Mbarara Preparatory School aha puraimare, bwanyima yaaza omu [[Wp/nyn/King’s College Budo|King's College Budo]] aha O Level na Ntare School aha A Level[5], atakagiire aha (Makerere University Business School) ahu yaahenderiire diguri ye y'okubanza omu by'obushuubuzi omu mwaka rwa 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-sqoop-3&lt;/ref

 Ebyeshongoro 
Toniks akateekateeka aha mirimo y'okweshongora obu yaabaire ari aha Yunivasite.&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ahu yaakwatsiire akataambi ke ak'okubanza &quot;Beera nange&quot;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-hipipo-6&lt;/ref&gt;Kandi n'omuteezi wa Gita&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-ourmusiq-7&lt;/ref&gt;obumwe arikukora ebyeshongoro bye ahabwe&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;ahansi y'ekitongore kye ekya Vibrations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;Toniks naareeba omuringo gw'e gw'okweshongora nka Afro beat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;Toniks akeetaba omu, kandi yaasingura empaka za Airtel Trace Music Star Competition, omurundi gw'e 2015, omurundi gw'abarikumanywa.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-chano8-8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Toniks#cite_note-iconmagazine-9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo by'okweshongora ==
* Beera Nange
* Mu'ngatto
* That Girl
* Kampala Galz
* Yenze
* Nzewuwo
* Swag meter
* Itaano
* Ningyenda Yoona
* Tukyekole
* Nsubiza
* Regular
* Private Party
* Who You Are
* Sikyetaaga
* Baby Language
* Mulamwa
* Falling
* Romance
* Sunday
* Sikuleka
* Wonder Woman
* Ensonga
* Turn Around

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Adison Kakuru</title>
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        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
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'''Adison Kakuru''' n'omutegyeki, omushuubuuzi, omuhingi, kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi.Akaba ari omukiiki omu ishengyero arikujwekyera eihanga rya Rukiga omu Disiturikiti ya Kabale obwahati  [[Wp/nyn/Rukiga District|Rukiga]] omu [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|ishengyero rya]] munaana erya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Akaba ari omukiiki omu ishengyero arikujwekyera Kabale Disiturikiti nka mukuru w'entebe ya LC 5, omugambirizi, kandi omukiiki omu ishengyero rya Disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Kabale District|Kabale]] orikujwekyera  Rwamucucu. N'omukiiki omu kibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.independent.co.ug/election-watch/2644-rukiga-race-independentcandidate-gives-nrm-trouble &quot;Rukiga race: Independent candidate gives NRM trouble]&quot; {{Wp/nyn/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706224502/http://www.independent.co.ug/election-watch/2644-rukiga-race-independentcandidate-gives-nrm-trouble|date=6 July 2015}}. ''The Independent'', 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Adison Kakuru Hands Over Kabale Office to Vice-Chairman&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ebyafaayo ==
Kakuru akazaarwa ebiro 14 Okwa kana omu mwaka gwa 1962&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php?option=com_wrapper&amp;Itemid=37 Adison Kakuru Was Born in 14 April 1962]&lt;/ref&gt; Omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kabale Disiturikiti|Disiturikiti ya Kabale]]. Akashomera omuri Kigezi College Butobere aha rurengo rwa O na A'Level. Akatunga diguri ya sayansa omu by'amahamba kuruga [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omu mwaka gwa 1990. Akatuunga diguri ya kabiri omu by'obuhangwa n'okureeberera eby'obuhangwa kuruga [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]].Akaza omu ishomero ry'ensi yoona ery'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa, Wageningen, omuri Budaaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbcglobal.org/cbc_pages/Peoples.aspx?PId=294 Profile At Commonwealth Business Council] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317162411/http://www.cbcglobal.org/cbc_pages/Peoples.aspx?PId=294|date=17 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo ==
Kakuru aheereize nka ofiisa omu kitongore ky'okucondooza omu kitongore ky'eby'amahamba nk'omukozi w'ekitongore kya Gavumenti ya Uganda ekya Agro-forestry Research Network for Africa (AFRENA). 

Aha kitongore ky'eby'obuhingi ekya Uganda National Agricultural Research Organization, akakora nka ofiisa w'okucondooza/omw'ebembezi w'ekitongore kya Forestry Research Institute&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=7769:rukiga-by-elecetion-kakuru-pledges-to-unite-develop-rukiga RUKIGA BY-ELECTION: Kakuru pledges to unite, develop Rukiga]&quot;. ''The Observer''.&lt;/ref&gt; kandi akakora n'aha purogyekiti ezindi. Akaba ari mukuru w'ekitongore kya Kabale AFRENA. Akaba ari mukuru w'ekicweka ky'eby'obuhangwa ekya Africare ahansi ya Africare&lt;ref&gt;Mugisha Odrek Rwabwogo (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vQkOAQAAMAAJ Uganda Districts Information Handbook]''. Fountain Publishers. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789970024292|9789970024292]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;/USAID, purogyekiti eya Title II Food for Peace eyaashashuriirwe Uganda Food Security Initiative.

Nk'omurwaniirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi, Kakuru akakora aha kitongore kya Regional[1] Centre for Services in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, omuri Nairobi, Kenya; ekya International Centre for Research in Agro-forestry omuri Nairobi; ekya International Atomic Energy Agency hamwe n'ekya Food and Agriculture Organization omuri Vienna, Austria; ekya National Agricultural Research Organisation omuri Kampala, Uganda; hamwe n'ekya World Mountain Peoples' Association omuri Paris, France.

== Eby'obutegyeki ==
Omu Kwa kana omu mwaka  gwa 1992, Kakuru akatooranwa kuba memba w'akakiiko ka disiturikiti ya Kabale, arikujwekyera egomborora ya Rwamucucu. Akaguma omu ofiisi egi kuhisya omwaka rwa 2002, ari mukuru w'akakiiko k'eby'obwegyese hamwe n'akakiiko k'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa hamwe n'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Omu kwa kana omu mwaka  rwa 1998, akatooranwa kuba sipiika wa disiturikiti ya Kabale, omwanya ogu yaagumiremu  okuhisya omu kwezi kwa kashatu omu mwaka rwa 2002, kandi ari mukuru w'akakiiko k'eby'obushubuuzi omu disiturikiti.

Kakuru akahinduka mukuru w'entebe omu Disiturikiti ya Kabale omu Kwakana  omu mwaka gwa 2002&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150211051754/http://business.highbeam.com/3548/article-1G1-112996396/kakuru-compromise-candidate-rugunda Kakuru 'Compromise' Candidate – Rugunda].&quot;, ''Africa News Service'', 6 February 2004. via Highbeam&lt;/ref&gt;, arikusiinga Francis Runumi. Akagaruka yaatooranwa aha ntebe niyo emwe omu mwaka rwa 2006.Omu kwezi Kwa kashatu omwaka rwa 2010, akarekura entebe kwejumba omu karuuru k'okugaruka kutoorana omujwekyera w'eihanga rya Rukiga omuri Disiturikiti ya Kabale&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/2558-mbale-fdc-win-maintains-nrm-urban-jinx Mbale FDC win maintains NRM urban jinx]&quot; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211043516/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/2558-mbale-fdc-win-maintains-nrm-urban-jinx|date=11 February 2015}}. ''The Independent''. 2 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Omu kwezi kwa kashatu omwaka rwa 2010, Kakuru akatooranwa kuba omukiiki omu ishengyero rya yuganda erya munaana, arikujwekyera ekicweka kya Rukiga omuri Disiturikiti ya Kabale&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/719848 Kabale landslide kills university student]&quot; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211043854/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/719848|date=11 February 2015}}, ''New Vision'', 17 May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; bwanyima y'okusinga [[Wp/nyn/Jack Sabiiti|Jack Sabiiti]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=7769&amp;Itemid= Rukiga by-election: Kakuru pledges to unite, develop Rukiga]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/730642 District winners]&quot; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211042312/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/730642|date=11 February 2015}}. ''New Vision''. 2 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; owa [[Wp/nyn/Forum for Democratic Change|Forum for Democratic Change]]. Obu yaabaire ari omu ishengyero, akakora aha kakiiko k'ebyombeko hamwe n'akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki.

Omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2011, akasingwa Jack Sabiiti.&lt;ref&gt;joomlasupport. &quot;[https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=12352:was-the-election-rigged Was the election rigged?]&quot;. ''The Observer - Uganda''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reeba n'ebindi ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Jack Sabiiti|Jack Sabiiti]]
* Parliament of Uganda

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
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'''Adison Kakuru''' n'omutegyeki, omushuubuuzi, omuhingi, kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi.Akaba ari omukiiki omu ishengyero arikujwekyera eihanga rya Rukiga omu Disiturikiti ya Kabale obwahati  [[Wp/nyn/Rukiga District|Rukiga]] omu [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|ishengyero rya]] munaana erya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Akaba ari omukiiki omu ishengyero arikujwekyera Kabale Disiturikiti nka mukuru w'entebe ya LC 5, omugambirizi, kandi omukiiki omu ishengyero rya Disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Kabale District|Kabale]] orikujwekyera  Rwamucucu. N'omukiiki omu kibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.independent.co.ug/election-watch/2644-rukiga-race-independentcandidate-gives-nrm-trouble &quot;Rukiga race: Independent candidate gives NRM trouble]&quot; {{Wp/nyn/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706224502/http://www.independent.co.ug/election-watch/2644-rukiga-race-independentcandidate-gives-nrm-trouble|date=6 July 2015}}. ''The Independent'', 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Adison Kakuru Hands Over Kabale Office to Vice-Chairman&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ebyafaayo ==
Kakuru akazaarwa ebiro 14 Okwa kana omu mwaka gwa 1962&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php?option=com_wrapper&amp;Itemid=37 Adison Kakuru Was Born in 14 April 1962]&lt;/ref&gt; Omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kabale Disiturikiti|Disiturikiti ya Kabale]]. Akashomera omuri Kigezi College Butobere aha rurengo rwa O na A'Level. Akatunga diguri ya sayansa omu by'amahamba kuruga [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omu mwaka gwa 1990. Akatuunga diguri ya kabiri omu by'obuhangwa n'okureeberera eby'obuhangwa kuruga [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]].Akaza omu ishomero ry'ensi yoona ery'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa, Wageningen, omuri Budaaki.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbcglobal.org/cbc_pages/Peoples.aspx?PId=294 Profile At Commonwealth Business Council] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317162411/http://www.cbcglobal.org/cbc_pages/Peoples.aspx?PId=294|date=17 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo ==
Kakuru aheereize nka ofiisa omu kitongore ky'okucondooza omu kitongore ky'eby'amahamba nk'omukozi w'ekitongore kya Gavumenti ya Uganda ekya Agro-forestry Research Network for Africa (AFRENA). 

Aha kitongore ky'eby'obuhingi ekya Uganda National Agricultural Research Organization, akakora nka ofiisa w'okucondooza/omw'ebembezi w'ekitongore kya Forestry Research Institute&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=7769:rukiga-by-elecetion-kakuru-pledges-to-unite-develop-rukiga RUKIGA BY-ELECTION: Kakuru pledges to unite, develop Rukiga]&quot;. ''The Observer''.&lt;/ref&gt; kandi akakora n'aha purogyekiti ezindi. Akaba ari mukuru w'ekitongore kya Kabale AFRENA. Akaba ari mukuru w'ekicweka ky'eby'obuhangwa ekya Africare ahansi ya Africare&lt;ref&gt;Mugisha Odrek Rwabwogo (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vQkOAQAAMAAJ Uganda Districts Information Handbook]''. Fountain Publishers. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789970024292|9789970024292]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;/USAID, purogyekiti eya Title II Food for Peace eyaashashuriirwe Uganda Food Security Initiative.

Nk'omurwaniirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi, Kakuru akakora aha kitongore kya Regional[1] Centre for Services in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, omuri Nairobi, Kenya; ekya International Centre for Research in Agro-forestry omuri Nairobi; ekya International Atomic Energy Agency hamwe n'ekya Food and Agriculture Organization omuri Vienna, Austria; ekya National Agricultural Research Organisation omuri Kampala, Uganda; hamwe n'ekya World Mountain Peoples' Association omuri Paris, France.

== Eby'obutegyeki ==
Omu Kwa kana omu mwaka  gwa 1992, Kakuru akatooranwa kuba memba w'akakiiko ka disiturikiti ya Kabale, arikujwekyera egomborora ya Rwamucucu. Akaguma omu ofiisi egi kuhisya omwaka rwa 2002, ari mukuru w'akakiiko k'eby'obwegyese hamwe n'akakiiko k'eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa hamwe n'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Omu kwa kana omu mwaka  rwa 1998, akatooranwa kuba sipiika wa disiturikiti ya Kabale, omwanya ogu yaagumiremu  okuhisya omu kwezi kwa kashatu omu mwaka rwa 2002, kandi ari mukuru w'akakiiko k'eby'obushubuuzi omu disiturikiti.

Kakuru akahinduka mukuru w'entebe omu Disiturikiti ya Kabale omu Kwakana  omu mwaka gwa 2002&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150211051754/http://business.highbeam.com/3548/article-1G1-112996396/kakuru-compromise-candidate-rugunda Kakuru 'Compromise' Candidate – Rugunda].&quot;, ''Africa News Service'', 6 February 2004. via Highbeam&lt;/ref&gt;, arikusiinga Francis Runumi. Akagaruka yaatooranwa aha ntebe niyo emwe omu mwaka gwa 2006.Omu kwezi Kwa kashatu omwaka gwa 2010, akarekura entebe kwejumba omu karuuru k'okugaruka kutoorana omujwekyera w'eihanga rya Rukiga omuri Disiturikiti ya Kabale&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/2558-mbale-fdc-win-maintains-nrm-urban-jinx Mbale FDC win maintains NRM urban jinx]&quot; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211043516/http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/2558-mbale-fdc-win-maintains-nrm-urban-jinx|date=11 February 2015}}. ''The Independent''. 2 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Omu kwezi kwa kashatu omwaka gwa 2010, Kakuru akatooranwa kuba omukiiki omu ishengyero rya yuganda erya munaana, arikujwekyera ekicweka kya Rukiga omuri Disiturikiti ya Kabale&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/719848 Kabale landslide kills university student]&quot; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211043854/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/719848|date=11 February 2015}}, ''New Vision'', 17 May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; bwanyima y'okusinga [[Wp/nyn/Jack Sabiiti|Jack Sabiiti]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=7769&amp;Itemid= Rukiga by-election: Kakuru pledges to unite, develop Rukiga]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/730642 District winners]&quot; {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211042312/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/730642|date=11 February 2015}}. ''New Vision''. 2 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt; owa [[Wp/nyn/Forum for Democratic Change|Forum for Democratic Change]]. Obu yaabaire ari omu ishengyero, akakora aha kakiiko k'ebyombeko hamwe n'akakiiko k'eby'obutegyeki.

Omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2011, akasingwa Jack Sabiiti.&lt;ref&gt;joomlasupport. &quot;[https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=12352:was-the-election-rigged Was the election rigged?]&quot;. ''The Observer - Uganda''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reeba n'ebindi ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Jack Sabiiti|Jack Sabiiti]]
* Parliament of Uganda

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
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'''福州市'''是[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]][[Wp/hnm/福建省|福建省]]其[[Wp/hnm/城市|城市]]，抑是福建省其省会，当地通用[[Wp/hnm/闽话|闽话]]。

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{{Wp/hnm/P1|[[Wp/hnm/真耶稣教会|汉字]]}}
{{Wp/hnm/P2|[[Wp/hnm/Tsin Zê-su Kà-hūi|Hái-nâm Bǽh-oe-tu]]}}
{{Wp/hnm/2}} 
[[File:TrueJesusChurchKuala_Lumpur1.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Wp/hnm/马来西亚|马来西亚]][[Wp/hnm/吉隆坡|吉隆坡]]其真耶稣教会]]
'''真耶稣教会'''，是[[Wp/hnm/20世纪|20世纪]]初伫[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]]出现其[[Wp/hnm/基督教|基督教]][[Wp/hnm/新教|新教]]派别，由张灵生同魏保罗伫1917年创始。这枚教会其目标是将拯救万民其真福音传遍世界，以便迎接[[Wp/hnm/耶稣|耶稣]]再来。今旦主要分布伫[[Wp/hnm/香港|香港]]、[[Wp/hnm/新加坡|新加坡]]、[[Wp/hnm/台湾|台湾]]同中国别地方。真耶稣教会包括二十世纪初由[[Wp/hnm/美国|美国]]传入其[[Wp/hnm/安息日会|安息日会]]、[[Wp/hnm/信心会|信心会]]、[[Wp/hnm/神召会|神召会]]等教派其一滴教义。伊侬抑强调信独一真神；靠赶鬼祷告治病，无延医食药。礼拜阵时，要信徒跪下同声祈祷，抑唱灵歌、跳灵舞。十大基本信条是：信圣灵、信[[Wp/hnm/洗礼|洗礼]]、信洗脚礼、信[[Wp/hnm/圣餐礼|圣餐礼]]、信[[Wp/hnm/安息日|安息日]]、信[[Wp/hnm/耶稣|耶稣]]、信[[Wp/hnm/圣经|圣经]]、信[[Wp/hnm/得救|得救]]、信教会、信[[Wp/hnm/最后其审判|最后其审判]]。

{{INTERWIKI|Q1859}}

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{{Wp/hnm/P1|[[Wp/hnm/真耶稣教会|汉字]]}}
{{Wp/hnm/P2|[[Wp/hnm/Tsin Zê-su Kà-hūi|Hái-nâm Bǽh-oe-tu]]}}
{{Wp/hnm/2}} 
[[File:TrueJesusChurchKuala_Lumpur1.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Wp/hnm/马来西亚|马来西亚]][[Wp/hnm/吉隆坡|吉隆坡]]其真耶稣教会]]
'''真耶稣教会'''，是[[Wp/hnm/20世纪|20世纪]]初伫[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]]出现其[[Wp/hnm/基督教|基督教]][[Wp/hnm/新教|新教]]派别，由张灵生同魏保罗伫1917年创始。这枚教会其目标是将拯救万民其真福音传遍世界，以便迎接[[Wp/hnm/耶稣|耶稣]]再来。今旦主要分布伫[[Wp/hnm/香港|香港]]、[[Wp/hnm/新加坡|新加坡]]、[[Wp/hnm/台湾|台湾]]同中国其他地方。真耶稣教会包括二十世纪初由[[Wp/hnm/美国|美国]]传入其[[Wp/hnm/安息日会|安息日会]]、[[Wp/hnm/信心会|信心会]]、[[Wp/hnm/神召会|神召会]]等教派其一滴教义。伊侬抑强调信独一真神；靠赶鬼祷告治病，无延医食药。礼拜阵时，要信徒跪下同声祈祷，抑唱灵歌、跳灵舞。十大基本信条是：信圣灵、信[[Wp/hnm/洗礼|洗礼]]、信洗脚礼、信[[Wp/hnm/圣餐礼|圣餐礼]]、信[[Wp/hnm/安息日|安息日]]、信[[Wp/hnm/耶稣|耶稣]]、信[[Wp/hnm/圣经|圣经]]、信[[Wp/hnm/得救|得救]]、信教会、信[[Wp/hnm/最后其审判|最后其审判]]。

{{INTERWIKI|Q1859}}

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'''Alfred Robert Tucker''' ekiro 1 Okw'okubanza omu mwaka gwa 1849 k1914) akaba ari omureeberezi w'abakurisitaayo omuri burugwa izooba bwa Equatorial Africa (oburikwetengwa obwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], [[Wp/nyn/Kenya|Kenya]] na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania|Tanzania]]), kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1890 kuhisya omu mwaka gwa 1899, kandi omureeberezi wa Uganda kuruga omu mwaka gwa 1899 kuhisya omu mwaka gwa 1908.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.wdl.org/en/item/9944/ Eighteen Years in Uganda and East Africa]&quot;. ''www.wdl.org''. 1908. Retrieved 2 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe ==
Tucker akazaarwa ekiro  kimwe Okwa kana omu mwaka gwa 1849 omuri Woolwich, Kent, Bungyereza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Pirouet, M. Louise (10 December 2020). &quot;Tucker, Alfred Robert (1849–1914)&quot;.''[[:en:Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (online&amp;#x20;ed.). ''Oxford University Press. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36569|10.1093/ref:odnb/36569]]. [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/88/ Wikipedia Library]  [https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public UK public library membership]''&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Byaruhanga, Christopher (2005). &quot;[https://dacb.org/stories/uganda/tucker-alfred/ Tucker, Alfred Robert 1849-1914]&quot;. ''Dictionary of African Christian Biography''. Retrieved 7 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;Abazaire be, Edward Tucker omu mwaka gwa 1816/17–1898) na Julia Mary Tucker (née Fuller; omu mwaka gwa 1828 kuhisya 1912), boona bakaba bari abateezi b'ebishushani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akaruga omu ishomero aine emyaka  ikumi n'eishatu, kandi eka ye ekaza omu disiturikiti ya Lake omu  mwaka gwa 1865.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Arikukuratira ebigyere by'eka ye, akahinduka omuteezi w'ebishushaani, yaayoreka aha Royal Academy. 

== Amagara g'ekanisa ==
Omu mwaka gwa 1879, Tucker akaba omwegi omukuru aha eitendekyero rya ya Oxford; akaba atari mu kibiina kya Yunivasite kandi akashashurira omuhanda gwe arikuguza ebishushani. Eki kikaba kitari kya buriijo aha mwegi w'ediini ow'obwire bwe, ahabw'okuba abeegi baingi ab'ediini bakaba nibaza aha Yunivasite ya Cambridge. Akaza omu kibiina kya Christ Church, Oxford, omu mwaka gwa 1881, kandi yamara diguri ye eya Bachelor of Arts (BA) omwaka ogwakuratsireho. Nk'eky'obuhangwa, diguri ye eya BA ekahindurwa yaaba diguri ya Master of Arts (MA Oxon) omu mwaka gwa 1886.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Obu yaabaire ari aha Yunivasite ya Oxford, akatandiika kukuratira Canon Alfred Christopher, omwegyesa w'ediini owa St Aldate's Church.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Omu mwaka gwa 1882, akatongozibwa nk'omureeberezi omuri Bristol, bwanyima yaaza omu kanisa ya St Nicholas, Durham, reero omu  mwaka gwa 1890 yaatwarwa ekitongore kya Church Mission Society kuba omureeberezi wa kashatu omuri burugwa izooba bwa Equatorial Africa. Akakora omu mwanya ogu kuhisya omu mwaka gwa 1899.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9944/ Eighteen Years in Uganda and East Africa]&quot;. ''[[:en:World_Digital_Library|World Digital Library]]''. 1908. Retrieved 24 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Omwaka ogwo, akahinduka omureeberezi wa Uganda kuhisya omu mwaka gwa 1908.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

Omuringo gwa Tucker gukaba guri ogw'okukorera hamwe n'obuhangwa bw'enzaarwa omu mwanya gw'okubuhindura n'ebiteekateeko by'abajungu. Akagambwaho omu mwaka gwa 1908 arikugira ati, &quot;Nitumanya ngu twine byona by'okuha kandi tihariho by'okutunga; byona by'okwegyesa kandi tihariho by'okwega; kandi nitukireeba kigumire kwikiriza ngu hariho ekintu kirungi omu nganda z'abakaafiire omuri Africa.&quot; Akaba naashagika munonga okukoresa ebijwaro by'enzaarwa omu makanisa g'enzaarwa omu mwanya gw'okukoresa ebijwaro by'abajungu. Akashaba ngu amakanisa g'enzaarwa gatungye okwetegyeka, n'obu araabe yaagumire naagaruka Bungyereza kutunga abandi bamiisani, obundi arikuteekateeka ngu nibabaasa kuhwera omu kwebembera amakanisa.n'obu araabe yaabaire agaruka omuri Bungyereza kutunga abandi abarikubuurira, obundi arikuteekateeka ngu nibaija kuhwera omu kureeberera ekanisa omu mwanya gw'okugireeberera.Omuringo gwa Tucker ogw'okujanjaaza engiri omuri    Uganda gukaba gurimu ebicweka bishatu: okuhindura abashaija b'omuri Africa okubyara ekanisa; hamwe n'ahamuheru, eby'obwegyese. Omu myaka y'enyima. Ekituuro kya Alfred Robert Tucker, omu irindiro ry'ebituuro by'omuri Durham Cathedral.

== Emyaka ye ya bwanyima ==
Omu mwaka gwa 1911, Tucker akagaruka Durham ahu yaamazire ebiro bye nka kanoni w'ekanisa ya Durham Cathedral. Akafa omu mwaka gwa 1914 kandi yaaziikwa aheeru y'ekanisa, ahu ekikondo ky'omutaano kiri. Kiri omu mwanya ogwongyeirwe aha buryo bw'omuhanda ogurikutaaha omu kanisa.Eitendekyero ry'ediini erya Bishop Tucker

Omu  mwaka gwa 1913, omwaka gumwe atakafiire Bishop Tucker, eitendekyero ry'ediini ery'okubanza omuri Uganda rikatandikwaho. Aha kufa kwe, rikatirwa eiziina Bishop Tucker Theological College. Omu mwaka gwa 1997, rikahinduka Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://ucu.ac.ug/history History of Uganda Christian University]&quot;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180828015043/http://ucu.ac.ug/history Archived] from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu mwaka gwa 2004, eitendekyero ry'ediini erya Yunivasite rikatirwa eiziina &quot;Eishomero rya Bishop Tucker erya Divinity and Theology.&quot;

== Reeba n'ebi ==
[[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]]

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q4723540}}</text>
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    <title>Wp/nyn/Aberi Balya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303833</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Anishaknowz</username>
        <id>2609484</id>
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      <text bytes="983" sha1="8kcyzpbm8avagytjc4w6g3w1wtiq514" xml:space="preserve">'''Aberi Kakyomya Balya''' akaba ari omuhwezi w[[Wp/nyn/omureeberezi(Bishop)|'omureeberezi w'Abakurisitaayo]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ahagati y'ekyasha kya makumi 20.

Akashomera Bishop Tucker College kandi yaatongozibwa omu mwaka gwa '''1922'''. Akatooranwa kuba Canon omu mwaka gwa 1935 kandi yaatongozibwa omuri Kampala Cathedral ebiro 26 Okwaikumi omu mwaka gwa 1947 kuheereza nk'omuhwezi wa Bishop wa Uganda ekyokureeberaho akaba omuhwezi wa bishopu omu bureeberezi bwa Uganda.Omu murimo ogwo, akaba aine obujunaanizibwa bw'omutaano aha byanga bya Bunyoro, Tooro, [[Wp/nyn/Ankole sub-region|Ankole]] (sub-region) na [[Wp/nyn/Kigezi District|Kigezi Disiturikiti]].

Kigezi akakora kuhitsya obu yaahumwire omu mwaka  gwa 1960 aine emyaka 83. Akafwa ebiro 26 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omu mwaka  gwa 1979, aine emyaka 102.Ebitongore bingi bitairweho eiziina rye otwariiremu nka Siniya ya Bishop Balya, eishomero ry'abaishiki ery' omuri Disiturikiti ya Kamwenge.
[Category:Wp/nyn].</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:11:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anishaknowz</username>
        <id>2609484</id>
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      <text bytes="989" sha1="rgtuu92ovm6hew5byxfuicniwl4cyxi" xml:space="preserve">'''Aberi Kakyomya Balya''' akaba ari omuhwezi w[[Wp/nyn/omureeberezi(Bishop)|'omureeberezi w'Abakurisitaayo]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ahagati y'ekyasha kya makumi 20.

Akashomera Bishop Tucker College kandi yaatongozibwa omu mwaka gwa '''1922'''. Akatooranwa kuba Canon omu mwaka gwa '''1935''' kandi yaatongozibwa omuri Kampala Cathedral ebiro 26 Okwaikumi omu mwaka gwa 1947 kuheereza nk'omuhwezi wa Bishop wa Uganda ekyokureeberaho akaba omuhwezi wa bishopu omu bureeberezi bwa Uganda.Omu murimo ogwo, akaba aine obujunaanizibwa bw'omutaano aha byanga bya Bunyoro, Tooro, [[Wp/nyn/Ankole sub-region|Ankole]] (sub-region) na [[Wp/nyn/Kigezi District|Kigezi Disiturikiti]].

Kigezi akakora kuhitsya obu yaahumwire omu mwaka  gwa 1960 aine emyaka 83. Akafwa ebiro 26 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omu mwaka  gwa 1979, aine emyaka 102.Ebitongore bingi bitairweho eiziina rye otwariiremu nka Siniya ya Bishop Balya, eishomero ry'abaishiki ery' omuri Disiturikiti ya Kamwenge.
[Category:Wp/nyn].</text>
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      <parentid>7303834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:12:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anishaknowz</username>
        <id>2609484</id>
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      <text bytes="995" sha1="1r7pdc2smf7cysx3rfb1y79tysqx419" xml:space="preserve">'''Aberi Kakyomya Balya''' akaba ari omuhwezi w[[Wp/nyn/omureeberezi(Bishop)|'omureeberezi w'Abakurisitaayo]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ahagati y'ekyasha kya makumi 20.

Akashomera Bishop Tucker College kandi yaatongozibwa omu mwaka gwa '''1922'''. Akatooranwa kuba Canon omu mwaka gwa '''1935''' kandi yaatongozibwa omuri Kampala Cathedral ebiro 26 Okwaikumi omu mwaka gwa '''1947''' kuheereza nk'omuhwezi wa Bishop wa Uganda ekyokureeberaho akaba omuhwezi wa bishopu omu bureeberezi bwa Uganda.Omu murimo ogwo, akaba aine obujunaanizibwa bw'omutaano aha byanga bya Bunyoro, Tooro, [[Wp/nyn/Ankole sub-region|Ankole]] (sub-region) na [[Wp/nyn/Kigezi District|Kigezi Disiturikiti]].

Kigezi akakora kuhitsya obu yaahumwire omu mwaka  gwa 1960 aine emyaka 83. Akafwa ebiro 26 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omu mwaka  gwa 1979, aine emyaka 102.Ebitongore bingi bitairweho eiziina rye otwariiremu nka Siniya ya Bishop Balya, eishomero ry'abaishiki ery' omuri Disiturikiti ya Kamwenge.
[Category:Wp/nyn].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/martin luluga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3753928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304232</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:11:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
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      <text bytes="2932" sha1="at6tssa1wi9zry51kqjrgy0ascanlqd" xml:space="preserve">'''Martin Luluga''' (akazaarwa ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri '''1933''', ebiro 30 Okwa mushanju omuri '''2022''' akaba ari omwebembezi w'ediini y'Abakaturiki omu [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], owaabaire naaheereza nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa [[Wp/nyn/Nebbi|Nebbi]]. Akatooranwa kuba Bishopu wa Nebbi ebiro 2 Okwa kana omuri '''1999''' kandi akahuumura ebiro 8 Okwa kabiri omuri '''2011'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;David M. Cheney (11 February 2019). &quot;[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bluluga.html Bishop Martin Luluga&quot;]. Kansas City: Catholic-Hierarchy.Org. Archived from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luluga#cite_note-1R-1]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Uganda Episcopal Conference (2000). &quot;[https://www.uecon.org/index.php/archdioceses/archdiocese-of-kampala/kampala/36-uganda-bishops/308-right-rev-martin-luluga Right Reverend Martin Luluga&quot;]. Kampala: Uganda Episcopal Conference. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luluga#cite_note-2R-2]&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Obuto bwe n'obusesorodooti''' ==
Luluga akazaarwa ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri '''1933''', omuri Lodonga, omu Disiturikiti ya Yumbe omu kicweka kya West Nile, omu matemba ga Uganda. Akatongozibwa kuba omusesorodooti ekiro 1 Okwa mukaaga omuri '''1963''' omuri Arua. Akakora nk'omusesorodooti omu bureeberezi bwa Arua, kuhisya ebiro 17 Okw'ikumi omuri '''1986'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== '''Nka Bishopu''' ==

Akarondwa kuba Bishopu ebiro '''17 Okw'ikumi omuri 1986''', yaheereza nka Bishopu omuhwezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Gulu|Gulu]] kandi nka Bishopu w'ekitiinisa omuri Aquae omuri Dacia. Akatongozibwa nka Bishopu ebiro 11 Okwa kana omuri '''1987''' omuri Gulu Bishopu Cipriano Biyehima Kihangire †, Bishopu wa Gulu, arikuhwerwa Bishopu Cesare Asili †, owa Lira na Bishopu Frederick Drandua †, Bishopu wa Arua.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ebiro 8 Okwa kabiri omuri '''1990''' akarondwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gulu, arikuza omu bigyere bya Bishopu Cipriano Biyehima Kihangire. Akarondwa kuba Bishopu wa Nebbi ebiro 2 Okwa kana omuri '''1999'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Akarekura obureeberezi ebiro 8 Okwa kabiri omuri '''2011'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== '''Okurwara n'okutwagwa''' ==
Akafa omu kasheeshe k'orwakana ebiro 30 okwa mushanju omuri '''2022''' omuri Nebbi, nk'omureeberezi owahuumwire omu bureeberezi bwa Nebbi Roman Catholic Diocese. Akaba aine emyaka 89 y'obukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Felix Warom Okello (30 July 2022). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nebbi-bishop-emeritus-martin-luluga-dies-at-89-3897058 &quot;Nebbi Bishop Emeritus Martin Luluga dies at 89&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 31 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Reeba n'ebindi''' ==
* Abajurizi ba Uganda
* Obukristaayo omu Uganda
* [[Wp/nyn/Serverus Jjumba|Serverus Jjumba]]

== '''Ebyokureberaho''' ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/新加坡鞭刑</title>
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      <id>7304411</id>
      <parentid>7303035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:41:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nasi ayam Hainan</username>
        <id>2663247</id>
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      <text bytes="1321" sha1="sjhm1nvym2zni0l6tlmqiu4l6hts1eh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:L'Exécution de la Punition de Fouet by Jean-Baptiste Debret.jpg|thumb|300px|拍屁屁]]
'''新加坡鞭刑'''（英话：Caning，马来话：Hukuman sebat，淡米尔话：பிரம்படி）是一种伫[[Wp/hnm/新加坡|新加坡]]广泛实行其合法体罚，会使再细分作下面六种情形：司法、监狱、军事、感化院、学校同家庭。新加坡其[[Wp/hnm/鞭刑|鞭刑]]同隔壁国[[Wp/hnm/马来西亚|马来西亚]]同[[Wp/hnm/文莱|文莱]]其差不多，拢是对大英帝国统治时期保留落来其。六种情形内底，司法鞭刑其程度是最严重其。司法鞭刑单单适用伫50岁以下、身体健康其公爹罪犯，适用范围𪨧大，一般是严重罪行，比论讲强奸、贩毒同抢劫，一回庭审最多会使判处24下鞭刑。司法鞭刑一直同监禁相俦执行，由受过专门训练其监狱署人员伫监狱内底执行，用一枝大约1.2米长、1.27厘米粗其藤鞭抽打犯侬其尻川，同时有医生伫现场监督整个过程同确保犯侬其安全。伫监狱内底服刑其公爹囚犯若伫服刑期间犯下严重罪行，就算以前无乞法院判处鞭刑，抑有可能受着鞭刑其处罚。乞关伫后生感化院其公爹孧囝犯若犯下严重过错，抑有可能受着鞭打。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Paul Mucureezi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303841</id>
      <parentid>7158122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:37:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303841</origin>
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      <text bytes="1377" sha1="0z0p6de77arlhozdz6neq1uh001c3ik" xml:space="preserve">Paul Mucureezi (akazaarwa ebiro 11 Okwa kabiri omuri 1993) n'omuzaani w'omupiira omuri Uganda orikuzaanira National Enterprises Corporation FC omu riigi ya Uganda ey'ahaiguru.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Mucureezi at Soccerway&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Paul Mucureezi bids farewell to Kitara&quot;. ''MTN Sports''. 23 May 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Emirimo ya kiraabu ==
Paul Mucureezi akatandika omurimo gwe gw'omupiira aha KCCA FC kuruga omuri 2015 kuhisya omuri 2018, bwanyima yaaza omuri Mbarara City FC omu siizoni ya 2018 kuhisya omuri 2019. Bwanyima akagurwa Vipers SC kuruga omuri 2019 kuhisya omuri 2022, yaaza omuri Kitara FC kuruga omuri 2023 kuhisya omuri 2024 kandi obwahati naazaanira National Enterprises Corporation FC.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Paul Mucureezi&quot;. ''National Football Teams''. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 24 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Paul Mucureezi joins another UPL side&quot;. ''Swift Sports Uganda''. 22 July 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Mucureezi felt sheer joy, not pressure&quot;. ''Monitor''. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Kitara dumps holders Vipers from Uganda Cup&quot;. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 21 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;N'omwebembezi w'ekanisa ya Anglican Church of Uganda.

== Emirimo y'ensi yoona ==

=== Ebigyendererwa by'ensi yoona ===
Obubonero hamwe n'ebirugiremu nibyoreka ngu Uganda niyo yaabandize kuteeba gooro.

== Ebyokureberaho ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Paul Masaba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3775063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303842</id>
      <parentid>7204228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:38:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303842</origin>
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      <text bytes="3522" sha1="gtnglxon5jdt7btyglhu5r715w9hjkv" xml:space="preserve">'''Paul Kiptoo Masaba'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.anglicancommunion.org/people/p-19831/ &quot;The Rt Revd Paul Kiptoo Masaba - The Anglican Communion Office]&quot;. Retrieved 2026-06-08.&lt;/ref&gt; n'omureeberezi w'Abakurisitaayo omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Atwire ari omureeberezi w'obureeberezi bwa Sebei&lt;ref&gt;[https://churchofuganda.org/cou---dioceses/sebei-diocese/ &quot;SEBEI DIOCESE - Church of Uganda]&quot;. Retrieved 2025-12-18.&lt;/ref&gt; omu burugwa izooba bwa Uganda, kuruga omuri 2015, kandi ebiro 21 okwa kashatu 2026, akajaguza emyaka ye ikumi nk'omureeberezi.&lt;ref&gt;REPORTER, NTEZA MICHAEL | (2025-09-29). [https://www.ugstandard.com/bishop-masaba-celebrates-10-years-commended-for-visionary-leadership/ &quot;Bishop Masaba Celebrates 10 Years, Commended for Visionary Leadership]&quot;. ''UG Standard - Latest News''. Retrieved 2026-03-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amagara g'omuntu. ==
Ashwire Agnes Violet Masaba, kandi baine abaana mukaaga.

Masaba akashomera aha [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]].

Kandi ari omwegyesa, atwire naaheereza nk'omushomi, omwahure kandi omuhandiiki omukuru.

Akatongozibwa nk'omureeberezi ebiro 12 Okwakana 2015, aha St Peter's Cathedral, Kakomuyra, Kapchorwa nk'omureeberezi w'okubanza ow'obureeberezi obwo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2015/01/two-new-bishops-for-the-church-of-uganda.aspx Anglican Communion News Service — Two new bishops for the Church of Uganda] (Accessed 14 December 2021)&lt;/ref&gt; Akajaguza emyaka ye 10 omu buheereza ebiro 28, Okwamwenda, 2025.

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Paul Kiptoo Masaba akatunga obwegyese bwe obw'okubanza omu burugwa izooba bwa Uganda. Akatendekwa nk'omwegyesa aha itendekyero rya Kapchorwa Primary Teacher College atakatandikire kwega eby'ediini aha [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]], ahu yaatungire diguri y'okubanza omu by'ediini hamwe na dipuroma omu by'ediini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldanglican.com/uganda/kapchorwa/the-church-of-the-province-of-uganda/the-rt-revd-paul-kiptoo-masaba &quot;The Rt Revd Paul Kiptoo Masaba on World Anglican Clerical Directory]&quot;. ''World Anglican Clerical Directory''. Retrieved 2026-04-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Minisiture. ==
Masaba akatandika obuheereza bwe nk'omwebembezi w'abantu ba buriijo aha kanisa ya Katung [[Wp/nyn/Church of Uganda|Church of Uganda]] kandi bwanyima yaheereza nk'omwahure w'omuruka omuri Tuban Parish. Akakora nka omukozi w'eminyeeto n'abaana omu bulabirizi bwa Sebei Diocese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Atakabaire Bishopu, akaheereza nka Archdeacon kandi Vicar wa St Peter's Cathedral, Sebei Diocese kuruga 2011.Akakora nka Sunday school teacher kandi primary school teacher omuri Kapchorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Obureeberezi. ==
Omu bwire bw'obuheereza bwe, Masaba atwire naareeberera enteekateeka z'entunguuka ezitarikushushana otwariiremu okwombeka ekanisa ensya, amashomero hamwe n'amarwariro omu bulabirizi bwa Sebei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;REPORTER, NTEZA MICHAEL | (2025-09-29). [https://www.ugstandard.com/bishop-masaba-celebrates-10-years-commended-for-visionary-leadership/ &quot;Bishop Masaba Celebrates 10 Years, Commended for Visionary Leadership&quot;.] ''UG Standard - Latest News''. Retrieved 2026-04-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu Kwamwenda 2025, akajaguza emyaka ikumi nk'omureeberezi, kandi abeebembezi b'ekanisa bakasiima obwebembezi bwe n'amaani agu ataire omu kutunguura obureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Augustine Salimo
* [[Wp/nyn/Sam Egesa|Sam Egesa]]
* Sebei sub- region
* [[Wp/nyn/Church of Uganda|Church of Uganda]]

== Ebyokureberaho ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gtnglxon5jdt7btyglhu5r715w9hjkv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303843</id>
      <parentid>7303842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:39:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303843</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3529" sha1="qikhnxnyx0x48x756idv1zwxm2s3af8" xml:space="preserve">'''Paul Kiptoo Masaba'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.anglicancommunion.org/people/p-19831/ &quot;The Rt Revd Paul Kiptoo Masaba - The Anglican Communion Office]&quot;. Retrieved 2026-06-08.&lt;/ref&gt; n'omureeberezi w'Abakurisitaayo omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Atwire ari omureeberezi w'obureeberezi bwa Sebei&lt;ref&gt;[https://churchofuganda.org/cou---dioceses/sebei-diocese/ &quot;SEBEI DIOCESE - Church of Uganda]&quot;. Retrieved 2025-12-18.&lt;/ref&gt; omu burugwa izooba bwa Uganda, kuruga omuri 2015, kandi ebiro 21 okwa kashatu 2026, akajaguza emyaka ye ikumi nk'omureeberezi.&lt;ref&gt;REPORTER, NTEZA MICHAEL | (2025-09-29). [https://www.ugstandard.com/bishop-masaba-celebrates-10-years-commended-for-visionary-leadership/ &quot;Bishop Masaba Celebrates 10 Years, Commended for Visionary Leadership]&quot;. ''UG Standard - Latest News''. Retrieved 2026-03-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amagara g'omuntu. ==
Ashwire Agnes Violet Masaba, kandi baine abaana mukaaga.

Masaba akashomera aha [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]].

Kandi ari omwegyesa, atwire naaheereza nk'omushomi, omwahure kandi omuhandiiki omukuru.

Akatongozibwa nk'omureeberezi ebiro 12 Okwa kana omuri 2015, aha St Peter's Cathedral, Kakomuyra, Kapchorwa nk'omureeberezi w'okubanza ow'obureeberezi obwo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2015/01/two-new-bishops-for-the-church-of-uganda.aspx Anglican Communion News Service — Two new bishops for the Church of Uganda] (Accessed 14 December 2021)&lt;/ref&gt; Akajaguza emyaka ye 10 omu buheereza ebiro 28, Okwamwenda, 2025.

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Paul Kiptoo Masaba akatunga obwegyese bwe obw'okubanza omu burugwa izooba bwa Uganda. Akatendekwa nk'omwegyesa aha itendekyero rya Kapchorwa Primary Teacher College atakatandikire kwega eby'ediini aha [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]], ahu yaatungire diguri y'okubanza omu by'ediini hamwe na dipuroma omu by'ediini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldanglican.com/uganda/kapchorwa/the-church-of-the-province-of-uganda/the-rt-revd-paul-kiptoo-masaba &quot;The Rt Revd Paul Kiptoo Masaba on World Anglican Clerical Directory]&quot;. ''World Anglican Clerical Directory''. Retrieved 2026-04-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Minisiture. ==
Masaba akatandika obuheereza bwe nk'omwebembezi w'abantu ba buriijo aha kanisa ya Katung [[Wp/nyn/Church of Uganda|Church of Uganda]] kandi bwanyima yaheereza nk'omwahure w'omuruka omuri Tuban Parish. Akakora nka omukozi w'eminyeeto n'abaana omu bulabirizi bwa Sebei Diocese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Atakabaire Bishopu, akaheereza nka Archdeacon kandi Vicar wa St Peter's Cathedral, Sebei Diocese kuruga 2011.Akakora nka Sunday school teacher kandi primary school teacher omuri Kapchorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Obureeberezi. ==
Omu bwire bw'obuheereza bwe, Masaba atwire naareeberera enteekateeka z'entunguuka ezitarikushushana otwariiremu okwombeka ekanisa ensya, amashomero hamwe n'amarwariro omu bulabirizi bwa Sebei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;REPORTER, NTEZA MICHAEL | (2025-09-29). [https://www.ugstandard.com/bishop-masaba-celebrates-10-years-commended-for-visionary-leadership/ &quot;Bishop Masaba Celebrates 10 Years, Commended for Visionary Leadership&quot;.] ''UG Standard - Latest News''. Retrieved 2026-04-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu Kwamwenda 2025, akajaguza emyaka ikumi nk'omureeberezi, kandi abeebembezi b'ekanisa bakasiima obwebembezi bwe n'amaani agu ataire omu kutunguura obureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Augustine Salimo
* [[Wp/nyn/Sam Egesa|Sam Egesa]]
* Sebei sub- region
* [[Wp/nyn/Church of Uganda|Church of Uganda]]

== Ebyokureberaho ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qikhnxnyx0x48x756idv1zwxm2s3af8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303844</id>
      <parentid>7303843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:39:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3535" sha1="8wlabqjvfoq5ugoxyabt4incsmcknzw" xml:space="preserve">'''Paul Kiptoo Masaba'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.anglicancommunion.org/people/p-19831/ &quot;The Rt Revd Paul Kiptoo Masaba - The Anglican Communion Office]&quot;. Retrieved 2026-06-08.&lt;/ref&gt; n'omureeberezi w'Abakurisitaayo omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Atwire ari omureeberezi w'obureeberezi bwa Sebei&lt;ref&gt;[https://churchofuganda.org/cou---dioceses/sebei-diocese/ &quot;SEBEI DIOCESE - Church of Uganda]&quot;. Retrieved 2025-12-18.&lt;/ref&gt; omu burugwa izooba bwa Uganda, kuruga omuri 2015, kandi ebiro 21 okwa kashatu 2026, akajaguza emyaka ye ikumi nk'omureeberezi.&lt;ref&gt;REPORTER, NTEZA MICHAEL | (2025-09-29). [https://www.ugstandard.com/bishop-masaba-celebrates-10-years-commended-for-visionary-leadership/ &quot;Bishop Masaba Celebrates 10 Years, Commended for Visionary Leadership]&quot;. ''UG Standard - Latest News''. Retrieved 2026-03-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amagara g'omuntu. ==
Ashwire Agnes Violet Masaba, kandi baine abaana mukaaga.

Masaba akashomera aha [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]].

Kandi ari omwegyesa, atwire naaheereza nk'omushomi, omwahure kandi omuhandiiki omukuru.

Akatongozibwa nk'omureeberezi ebiro 12 Okwa kana omuri 2015, aha St Peter's Cathedral, Kakomuyra, Kapchorwa nk'omureeberezi w'okubanza ow'obureeberezi obwo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2015/01/two-new-bishops-for-the-church-of-uganda.aspx Anglican Communion News Service — Two new bishops for the Church of Uganda] (Accessed 14 December 2021)&lt;/ref&gt; Akajaguza emyaka ye 10 omu buheereza ebiro 28, Okwa mwenda omuri 2025.

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Paul Kiptoo Masaba akatunga obwegyese bwe obw'okubanza omu burugwa izooba bwa Uganda. Akatendekwa nk'omwegyesa aha itendekyero rya Kapchorwa Primary Teacher College atakatandikire kwega eby'ediini aha [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]], ahu yaatungire diguri y'okubanza omu by'ediini hamwe na dipuroma omu by'ediini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldanglican.com/uganda/kapchorwa/the-church-of-the-province-of-uganda/the-rt-revd-paul-kiptoo-masaba &quot;The Rt Revd Paul Kiptoo Masaba on World Anglican Clerical Directory]&quot;. ''World Anglican Clerical Directory''. Retrieved 2026-04-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Minisiture. ==
Masaba akatandika obuheereza bwe nk'omwebembezi w'abantu ba buriijo aha kanisa ya Katung [[Wp/nyn/Church of Uganda|Church of Uganda]] kandi bwanyima yaheereza nk'omwahure w'omuruka omuri Tuban Parish. Akakora nka omukozi w'eminyeeto n'abaana omu bulabirizi bwa Sebei Diocese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Atakabaire Bishopu, akaheereza nka Archdeacon kandi Vicar wa St Peter's Cathedral, Sebei Diocese kuruga 2011.Akakora nka Sunday school teacher kandi primary school teacher omuri Kapchorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Obureeberezi. ==
Omu bwire bw'obuheereza bwe, Masaba atwire naareeberera enteekateeka z'entunguuka ezitarikushushana otwariiremu okwombeka ekanisa ensya, amashomero hamwe n'amarwariro omu bulabirizi bwa Sebei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;REPORTER, NTEZA MICHAEL | (2025-09-29). [https://www.ugstandard.com/bishop-masaba-celebrates-10-years-commended-for-visionary-leadership/ &quot;Bishop Masaba Celebrates 10 Years, Commended for Visionary Leadership&quot;.] ''UG Standard - Latest News''. Retrieved 2026-04-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu Kwamwenda 2025, akajaguza emyaka ikumi nk'omureeberezi, kandi abeebembezi b'ekanisa bakasiima obwebembezi bwe n'amaani agu ataire omu kutunguura obureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Augustine Salimo
* [[Wp/nyn/Sam Egesa|Sam Egesa]]
* Sebei sub- region
* [[Wp/nyn/Church of Uganda|Church of Uganda]]

== Ebyokureberaho ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8wlabqjvfoq5ugoxyabt4incsmcknzw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303845</id>
      <parentid>7303844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:40:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3549" sha1="ri0vwyvnr99jbmspeqpfv9x1ecc8hdu" xml:space="preserve">'''Paul Kiptoo Masaba'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.anglicancommunion.org/people/p-19831/ &quot;The Rt Revd Paul Kiptoo Masaba - The Anglican Communion Office]&quot;. Retrieved 2026-06-08.&lt;/ref&gt; n'omureeberezi w'Abakurisitaayo omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Atwire ari omureeberezi w'obureeberezi bwa Sebei&lt;ref&gt;[https://churchofuganda.org/cou---dioceses/sebei-diocese/ &quot;SEBEI DIOCESE - Church of Uganda]&quot;. Retrieved 2025-12-18.&lt;/ref&gt; omu burugwa izooba bwa Uganda, kuruga omuri 2015, kandi ebiro 21 okwa kashatu 2026, akajaguza emyaka ye ikumi nk'omureeberezi.&lt;ref&gt;REPORTER, NTEZA MICHAEL | (2025-09-29). [https://www.ugstandard.com/bishop-masaba-celebrates-10-years-commended-for-visionary-leadership/ &quot;Bishop Masaba Celebrates 10 Years, Commended for Visionary Leadership]&quot;. ''UG Standard - Latest News''. Retrieved 2026-03-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amagara g'omuntu. ==
Ashwire Agnes Violet Masaba, kandi baine abaana mukaaga.

Masaba akashomera aha [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]].

Kandi ari omwegyesa, atwire naaheereza nk'omushomi, omwahure kandi omuhandiiki omukuru.

Akatongozibwa nk'omureeberezi ebiro 12 Okwa kana omuri 2015, aha St Peter's Cathedral, Kakomuyra, Kapchorwa nk'omureeberezi w'okubanza ow'obureeberezi obwo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2015/01/two-new-bishops-for-the-church-of-uganda.aspx Anglican Communion News Service — Two new bishops for the Church of Uganda] (Accessed 14 December 2021)&lt;/ref&gt; Akajaguza emyaka ye 10 omu buheereza ebiro 28, Okwa mwenda omuri 2025.

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Paul Kiptoo Masaba akatunga obwegyese bwe obw'okubanza omu burugwa izooba bwa Uganda. Akatendekwa nk'omwegyesa aha itendekyero rya Kapchorwa Primary Teacher College atakatandikire kwega eby'ediini aha [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]], ahu yaatungire diguri y'okubanza omu by'ediini hamwe na dipuroma omu by'ediini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldanglican.com/uganda/kapchorwa/the-church-of-the-province-of-uganda/the-rt-revd-paul-kiptoo-masaba &quot;The Rt Revd Paul Kiptoo Masaba on World Anglican Clerical Directory]&quot;. ''World Anglican Clerical Directory''. Retrieved 2026-04-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Minisiture. ==
Masaba akatandiika obuheereza bwe nk'omwebembezi w'abantu ba buriijo aha kanisa ya Katung [[Wp/nyn/Church of Uganda|Church of Uganda]] kandi bwanyima yaheereza nk'omwahure w'omuruka omuri Tuban Parish. Akakora nka omukozi w'eminyeeto n'abaana omu bulabirizi bwa Sebei Diocese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Atakabaire Bishopu, akaheereza nka Archdeacon kandi Vicar wa St Peter's Cathedral, Sebei Diocese kuruga omuri 2011.Akakora nka Sunday school teacher kandi primary school teacher omuri Kapchorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Obureeberezi. ==
Omu bwire bw'obuheereza bwe, Masaba atwire naareeberera enteekateeka z'entunguuka ezitarikushushana otwariiremu okwombeka ekanisa ensya, amashomero hamwe n'amarwariro omu bulabirizi bwa Sebei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;REPORTER, NTEZA MICHAEL | (2025-09-29). [https://www.ugstandard.com/bishop-masaba-celebrates-10-years-commended-for-visionary-leadership/ &quot;Bishop Masaba Celebrates 10 Years, Commended for Visionary Leadership&quot;.] ''UG Standard - Latest News''. Retrieved 2026-04-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Omu Kwa mwenda omuri 2025, akajaguza emyaka ikumi nk'omureeberezi, kandi abeebembezi b'ekanisa bakasiima obwebembezi bwe n'amaani agu ataire omu kutunguura obureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Augustine Salimo
* [[Wp/nyn/Sam Egesa|Sam Egesa]]
* Sebei sub- region
* [[Wp/nyn/Church of Uganda|Church of Uganda]]

== Ebyokureberaho ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ri0vwyvnr99jbmspeqpfv9x1ecc8hdu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Paul Lokiru Kalanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3775719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303848</id>
      <parentid>7195111</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:42:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical  corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4075" sha1="icj9jcz2neio5w8axyajolboxdxhllb" xml:space="preserve">Paul Lokiru Kalanda (27 February 1927 – 19 August 2015) akaba ari omusesorodooti w'Abakaturiki owaheereize nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa [[Wp/nyn/Moroto|Moroto]] kuruga 1980 kuhisya 1991 kandi nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic Diocese of [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kuruga omuri 1991 kuhisya omuri 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;David M. Cheney (26 May 2019). [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkalanda.html &quot;Bishop Paul Lokiru Kalanda]&quot;. Kansas City: Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal (2010). &quot;[http://fortportaldiocese.org/bishops-profile/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal: Bishops' Profile&quot;.] Fort Portal: Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obusesorodooti ==
Kalanda akazaarwa ebiro 27 Okwakabiri 1927 aha kyaro Buwunde, Kyannamukaaka sub-county, omu Disiturikiti ya Masaka eriho hati, omu kicweka kya Buganda omuri Uganda. Ishe akaba ari Simon Ziryawulamu Kalanda kandi nyina, Agnes Aliraba Nakachwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://masakadiocese.org/affiliated-bishops/ &quot;Affiliated Bishops - Masaka Diocese&quot;]. ''masakadiocese.org''. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/a-priest-for-56-years-1538624 &quot;A priest for 56 years]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akazaarwa aine aboojo 3 hamwe n'omwishiki 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akatongozibwa nk'omusesorodooti ebiro 21 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1957.

Akaheereza nk'omusesorodooti omu bulabirizi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Masaka kuhisya ebiro 29 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1980, obu yaatooranwa kuba omureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Obwegyese ==
Kalanda akaza omu ishomero rya Kabwoko Boys Primary School kwega puraimare ye kandi Bukalasa National Minor Seminary ahagati ya 1942 na 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Omuri 1949, akaikirizibwa kwegaita aha seminaariyo ya Katigondo National Major Seminary kwega eby'ediini n'okutendekwa atakagiire Rooma omuri Urbano University kuruga 1955 kuhisya 1958 kumara emishomo ye n'okutendekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nk'omureeberezi ==
Akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Moroto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uecon.org/provinces/tororo-ecclesiatical/moroto &quot;Moroto Diocese]&quot;. ''Uganda Episcopal Conference''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; omuri Yuganda, ebiro 29 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1980. Akahongwa kuba Bishopu ebiro 22 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1981, na Kalidinaali Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, Akibishopu wa Kampala, arikuhwerwa Bishopu Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu, Bishopu w'e Masaka hamwe na Bishopu Sisto Mazzoldi †, Omujwekyerwa w'obureeberezi bwa Bahr el-Gebel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ebiro 17 Okwamukaaga 1991, Kalanda akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Fort Portal, arikuheereza omu ntebe egyo kuhisya obu yaahuumura ebiro 18 Okwaakashatu 2003.

Akafeera ebiro 19 Okwamunaana 2015, nk'omureeberezi Emeritus owa Fort Portal, Uganda, aha myaka 88 hamwe n'ameezi 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/fort-portal-catholic-diocese-mourns-bishop-paul-kalanda &quot;Catholic Community Mourns Bishop Paul Kalanda] :&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okuhuumura aha murimo ==
Bwanyima y'okuhuumura omuri 2003, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'ediini omu bureeberezi bwa Lira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'omurimo ==
Kalanda akahayo omu kutandikaho Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA) omuri Nairobi ekirikumanywa hati nka Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akashomesa aha seminaariyo eya Kitigondo National Major Seminary, hamwe na African Social Anthropology, Notre Dame University omuri Indiana, USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Serapio Bwemi Magambo
* Vincent J. McCauley
* Robert Muhiirwa
* Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Moroto
* Catholic Church in Uganda

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>icj9jcz2neio5w8axyajolboxdxhllb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303849</id>
      <parentid>7303848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:42:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4082" sha1="255x64m0bu4u97zhspjjvbkhfq3hjgx" xml:space="preserve">Paul Lokiru Kalanda (27 February 1927 – 19 August 2015) akaba ari omusesorodooti w'Abakaturiki owaheereize nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa [[Wp/nyn/Moroto|Moroto]] kuruga 1980 kuhisya 1991 kandi nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic Diocese of [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kuruga omuri 1991 kuhisya omuri 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;David M. Cheney (26 May 2019). [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkalanda.html &quot;Bishop Paul Lokiru Kalanda]&quot;. Kansas City: Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal (2010). &quot;[http://fortportaldiocese.org/bishops-profile/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal: Bishops' Profile&quot;.] Fort Portal: Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obusesorodooti ==
Kalanda akazaarwa ebiro 27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 aha kyaro Buwunde, Kyannamukaaka sub-county, omu Disiturikiti ya Masaka eriho hati, omu kicweka kya Buganda omuri Uganda. Ishe akaba ari Simon Ziryawulamu Kalanda kandi nyina, Agnes Aliraba Nakachwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://masakadiocese.org/affiliated-bishops/ &quot;Affiliated Bishops - Masaka Diocese&quot;]. ''masakadiocese.org''. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/a-priest-for-56-years-1538624 &quot;A priest for 56 years]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akazaarwa aine aboojo 3 hamwe n'omwishiki 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akatongozibwa nk'omusesorodooti ebiro 21 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1957.

Akaheereza nk'omusesorodooti omu bulabirizi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Masaka kuhisya ebiro 29 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1980, obu yaatooranwa kuba omureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Obwegyese ==
Kalanda akaza omu ishomero rya Kabwoko Boys Primary School kwega puraimare ye kandi Bukalasa National Minor Seminary ahagati ya 1942 na 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Omuri 1949, akaikirizibwa kwegaita aha seminaariyo ya Katigondo National Major Seminary kwega eby'ediini n'okutendekwa atakagiire Rooma omuri Urbano University kuruga 1955 kuhisya 1958 kumara emishomo ye n'okutendekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nk'omureeberezi ==
Akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Moroto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uecon.org/provinces/tororo-ecclesiatical/moroto &quot;Moroto Diocese]&quot;. ''Uganda Episcopal Conference''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; omuri Yuganda, ebiro 29 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1980. Akahongwa kuba Bishopu ebiro 22 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1981, na Kalidinaali Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, Akibishopu wa Kampala, arikuhwerwa Bishopu Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu, Bishopu w'e Masaka hamwe na Bishopu Sisto Mazzoldi †, Omujwekyerwa w'obureeberezi bwa Bahr el-Gebel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ebiro 17 Okwamukaaga 1991, Kalanda akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Fort Portal, arikuheereza omu ntebe egyo kuhisya obu yaahuumura ebiro 18 Okwaakashatu 2003.

Akafeera ebiro 19 Okwamunaana 2015, nk'omureeberezi Emeritus owa Fort Portal, Uganda, aha myaka 88 hamwe n'ameezi 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/fort-portal-catholic-diocese-mourns-bishop-paul-kalanda &quot;Catholic Community Mourns Bishop Paul Kalanda] :&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okuhuumura aha murimo ==
Bwanyima y'okuhuumura omuri 2003, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'ediini omu bureeberezi bwa Lira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'omurimo ==
Kalanda akahayo omu kutandikaho Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA) omuri Nairobi ekirikumanywa hati nka Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akashomesa aha seminaariyo eya Kitigondo National Major Seminary, hamwe na African Social Anthropology, Notre Dame University omuri Indiana, USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Serapio Bwemi Magambo
* Vincent J. McCauley
* Robert Muhiirwa
* Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Moroto
* Catholic Church in Uganda

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>255x64m0bu4u97zhspjjvbkhfq3hjgx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303850</id>
      <parentid>7303849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4101" sha1="0immmwjoc5i8s74x26karejjic3whkx" xml:space="preserve">Paul Lokiru Kalanda (27 February 1927 – 19 August 2015) akaba ari omusesorodooti w'Abakaturiki owaheereize nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa [[Wp/nyn/Moroto|Moroto]] kuruga 1980 kuhisya 1991 kandi nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic Diocese of [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kuruga omuri 1991 kuhisya omuri 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;David M. Cheney (26 May 2019). [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkalanda.html &quot;Bishop Paul Lokiru Kalanda]&quot;. Kansas City: Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal (2010). &quot;[http://fortportaldiocese.org/bishops-profile/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal: Bishops' Profile&quot;.] Fort Portal: Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obusesorodooti ==
Kalanda akazaarwa ebiro 27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 aha kyaro Buwunde, Kyannamukaaka sub-county, omu Disiturikiti ya Masaka eriho hati, omu kicweka kya Buganda omuri Uganda. Ishe akaba ari Simon Ziryawulamu Kalanda kandi nyina, Agnes Aliraba Nakachwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://masakadiocese.org/affiliated-bishops/ &quot;Affiliated Bishops - Masaka Diocese&quot;]. ''masakadiocese.org''. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/a-priest-for-56-years-1538624 &quot;A priest for 56 years]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akazaarwa aine aboojo 3 hamwe n'omwishiki 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akatongozibwa nk'omusesorodooti ebiro 21 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1957.

Akaheereza nk'omusesorodooti omu bulabirizi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Masaka kuhisya ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980, obu yaatooranwa kuba omureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Obwegyese ==
Kalanda akaza omu ishomero rya Kabwoko Boys Primary School kwega puraimare ye kandi Bukalasa National Minor Seminary ahagati ya 1942 na 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Omuri 1949, akaikirizibwa kwegaita aha seminaariyo ya Katigondo National Major Seminary kwega eby'ediini n'okutendekwa atakagiire Rooma omuri Urbano University kuruga omuri 1955 kuhisya omuri 1958 kumara emishomo ye n'okutendekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nk'omureeberezi ==
Akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Moroto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uecon.org/provinces/tororo-ecclesiatical/moroto &quot;Moroto Diocese]&quot;. ''Uganda Episcopal Conference''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; omuri Yuganda, ebiro 29 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1980. Akahongwa kuba Bishopu ebiro 22 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1981, na Kalidinaali Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, Akibishopu wa Kampala, arikuhwerwa Bishopu Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu, Bishopu w'e Masaka hamwe na Bishopu Sisto Mazzoldi †, Omujwekyerwa w'obureeberezi bwa Bahr el-Gebel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ebiro 17 Okwamukaaga 1991, Kalanda akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Fort Portal, arikuheereza omu ntebe egyo kuhisya obu yaahuumura ebiro 18 Okwaakashatu 2003.

Akafeera ebiro 19 Okwamunaana 2015, nk'omureeberezi Emeritus owa Fort Portal, Uganda, aha myaka 88 hamwe n'ameezi 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/fort-portal-catholic-diocese-mourns-bishop-paul-kalanda &quot;Catholic Community Mourns Bishop Paul Kalanda] :&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okuhuumura aha murimo ==
Bwanyima y'okuhuumura omuri 2003, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'ediini omu bureeberezi bwa Lira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'omurimo ==
Kalanda akahayo omu kutandikaho Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA) omuri Nairobi ekirikumanywa hati nka Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akashomesa aha seminaariyo eya Kitigondo National Major Seminary, hamwe na African Social Anthropology, Notre Dame University omuri Indiana, USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Serapio Bwemi Magambo
* Vincent J. McCauley
* Robert Muhiirwa
* Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Moroto
* Catholic Church in Uganda

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>0immmwjoc5i8s74x26karejjic3whkx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303853</id>
      <parentid>7303850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:44:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4115" sha1="qbajvwnwhzk60dteo5g397rt6x6fvw5" xml:space="preserve">Paul Lokiru Kalanda (27 February 1927 – 19 August 2015) akaba ari omusesorodooti w'Abakaturiki owaheereize nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa [[Wp/nyn/Moroto|Moroto]] kuruga 1980 kuhisya 1991 kandi nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic Diocese of [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kuruga omuri 1991 kuhisya omuri 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;David M. Cheney (26 May 2019). [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkalanda.html &quot;Bishop Paul Lokiru Kalanda]&quot;. Kansas City: Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal (2010). &quot;[http://fortportaldiocese.org/bishops-profile/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal: Bishops' Profile&quot;.] Fort Portal: Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obusesorodooti ==
Kalanda akazaarwa ebiro 27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 aha kyaro Buwunde, Kyannamukaaka sub-county, omu Disiturikiti ya Masaka eriho hati, omu kicweka kya Buganda omuri Uganda. Ishe akaba ari Simon Ziryawulamu Kalanda kandi nyina, Agnes Aliraba Nakachwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://masakadiocese.org/affiliated-bishops/ &quot;Affiliated Bishops - Masaka Diocese&quot;]. ''masakadiocese.org''. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/a-priest-for-56-years-1538624 &quot;A priest for 56 years]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akazaarwa aine aboojo 3 hamwe n'omwishiki 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akatongozibwa nk'omusesorodooti ebiro 21 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1957.

Akaheereza nk'omusesorodooti omu bulabirizi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Masaka kuhisya ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980, obu yaatooranwa kuba omureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Obwegyese ==
Kalanda akaza omu ishomero rya Kabwoko Boys Primary School kwega puraimare ye kandi Bukalasa National Minor Seminary ahagati ya 1942 na 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Omuri 1949, akaikirizibwa kwegaita aha seminaariyo ya Katigondo National Major Seminary kwega eby'ediini n'okutendekwa atakagiire Rooma omuri Urbano University kuruga omuri 1955 kuhisya omuri 1958 kumara emishomo ye n'okutendekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nk'omureeberezi ==
Akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Moroto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uecon.org/provinces/tororo-ecclesiatical/moroto &quot;Moroto Diocese]&quot;. ''Uganda Episcopal Conference''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; omuri Yuganda, ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980. Akahongwa kuba Bishopu ebiro 22 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1981, na Kalidinaali Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, Akibishopu wa Kampala, arikuhwerwa Bishopu Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu, Bishopu w'e Masaka hamwe na Bishopu Sisto Mazzoldi †, Omujwekyerwa w'obureeberezi bwa Bahr el-Gebel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ebiro 17 Okwamukaaga 1991, Kalanda akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Fort Portal, arikuheereza omu ntebe egyo kuhisya obu yaahuumura ebiro 18 Okwaakashatu 2003.

Akafeera ebiro 19 Okwamunaana 2015, nk'omureeberezi Emeritus owa Fort Portal, Uganda, aha myaka 88 hamwe n'ameezi 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/fort-portal-catholic-diocese-mourns-bishop-paul-kalanda &quot;Catholic Community Mourns Bishop Paul Kalanda] :&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okuhuumura aha murimo ==
Bwanyima y'okuhuumura omuri 2003, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'ediini omu bureeberezi bwa Lira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'omurimo ==
Kalanda akahayo omu kutandikaho Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA) omuri Nairobi ekirikumanywa hati nka Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akashomesa aha seminaariyo eya Kitigondo National Major Seminary, hamwe na African Social Anthropology, Notre Dame University omuri Indiana, USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Serapio Bwemi Magambo
* Vincent J. McCauley
* Robert Muhiirwa
* Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Moroto
* Catholic Church in Uganda

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>qbajvwnwhzk60dteo5g397rt6x6fvw5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303854</id>
      <parentid>7303853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:45:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical  corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4128" sha1="5x3njw055kqi8cztah9sr9g3rl2lbx9" xml:space="preserve">Paul Lokiru Kalanda (27 February 1927 – 19 August 2015) akaba ari omusesorodooti w'Abakaturiki owaheereize nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa [[Wp/nyn/Moroto|Moroto]] kuruga 1980 kuhisya 1991 kandi nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic Diocese of [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kuruga omuri 1991 kuhisya omuri 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;David M. Cheney (26 May 2019). [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkalanda.html &quot;Bishop Paul Lokiru Kalanda]&quot;. Kansas City: Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal (2010). &quot;[http://fortportaldiocese.org/bishops-profile/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal: Bishops' Profile&quot;.] Fort Portal: Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obusesorodooti ==
Kalanda akazaarwa ebiro 27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 aha kyaro Buwunde, Kyannamukaaka sub-county, omu Disiturikiti ya Masaka eriho hati, omu kicweka kya Buganda omuri Uganda. Ishe akaba ari Simon Ziryawulamu Kalanda kandi nyina, Agnes Aliraba Nakachwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://masakadiocese.org/affiliated-bishops/ &quot;Affiliated Bishops - Masaka Diocese&quot;]. ''masakadiocese.org''. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/a-priest-for-56-years-1538624 &quot;A priest for 56 years]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akazaarwa aine aboojo 3 hamwe n'omwishiki 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akatongozibwa nk'omusesorodooti ebiro 21 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1957.

Akaheereza nk'omusesorodooti omu bulabirizi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Masaka kuhisya ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980, obu yaatooranwa kuba omureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Obwegyese ==
Kalanda akaza omu ishomero rya Kabwoko Boys Primary School kwega puraimare ye kandi Bukalasa National Minor Seminary ahagati ya 1942 na 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Omuri 1949, akaikirizibwa kwegaita aha seminaariyo ya Katigondo National Major Seminary kwega eby'ediini n'okutendekwa atakagiire Rooma omuri Urbano University kuruga omuri 1955 kuhisya omuri 1958 kumara emishomo ye n'okutendekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nk'omureeberezi ==
Akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Moroto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uecon.org/provinces/tororo-ecclesiatical/moroto &quot;Moroto Diocese]&quot;. ''Uganda Episcopal Conference''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; omuri Yuganda, ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980. Akahongwa kuba Bishopu ebiro 22 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1981, na Kalidinaali Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, Akibishopu wa Kampala, arikuhwerwa Bishopu Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu, Bishopu w'e Masaka hamwe na Bishopu Sisto Mazzoldi †, Omujwekyerwa w'obureeberezi bwa Bahr el-Gebel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ebiro 17 Okwamukaaga 1991, Kalanda akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Fort Portal, arikuheereza omu ntebe egyo kuhisya obu yaahuumura ebiro 18 Okwa kashatu omuri 2003.

Akafeera ebiro 19 Okwa munaana omuri 2015, nk'omureeberezi Emeritus owa Fort Portal, Uganda, aha myaka 88 hamwe n'ameezi 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/fort-portal-catholic-diocese-mourns-bishop-paul-kalanda &quot;Catholic Community Mourns Bishop Paul Kalanda] :&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okuhuumura aha murimo ==
Bwanyima y'okuhuumura omuri 2003, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'ediini omu bureeberezi bwa Lira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'omurimo ==
Kalanda akahayo omu kutandikaho Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA) omuri Nairobi ekirikumanywa hati nka Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akashomesa aha seminaariyo eya Kitigondo National Major Seminary, hamwe na African Social Anthropology, Notre Dame University omuri Indiana, USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Serapio Bwemi Magambo
* Vincent J. McCauley
* Robert Muhiirwa
* Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Moroto
* Catholic Church in Uganda

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>5x3njw055kqi8cztah9sr9g3rl2lbx9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303856</id>
      <parentid>7303854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:46:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4142" sha1="pwurkz7th7w6twffni69pv2cx7hfsgg" xml:space="preserve">Paul Lokiru Kalanda (27 February 1927 – 19 August 2015) akaba ari omusesorodooti w'Abakaturiki owaheereize nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa [[Wp/nyn/Moroto|Moroto]] kuruga 1980 kuhisya 1991 kandi nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic Diocese of [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kuruga omuri 1991 kuhisya omuri 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;David M. Cheney (26 May 2019). [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkalanda.html &quot;Bishop Paul Lokiru Kalanda]&quot;. Kansas City: Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal (2010). &quot;[http://fortportaldiocese.org/bishops-profile/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal: Bishops' Profile&quot;.] Fort Portal: Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obusesorodooti ==
Kalanda akazaarwa ebiro 27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 aha kyaro Buwunde, Kyannamukaaka sub-county, omu Disiturikiti ya Masaka eriho hati, omu kicweka kya Buganda omuri Uganda. Ishe akaba ari Simon Ziryawulamu Kalanda kandi nyina, Agnes Aliraba Nakachwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://masakadiocese.org/affiliated-bishops/ &quot;Affiliated Bishops - Masaka Diocese&quot;]. ''masakadiocese.org''. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/a-priest-for-56-years-1538624 &quot;A priest for 56 years]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akazaarwa aine aboojo 3 hamwe n'omwishiki 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akatongozibwa nk'omusesorodooti ebiro 21 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1957.

Akaheereza nk'omusesorodooti omu bulabirizi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Masaka kuhisya ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980, obu yaatooranwa kuba omureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Obwegyese ==
Kalanda akaza omu ishomero rya Kabwoko Boys Primary School kwega puraimare ye kandi Bukalasa National Minor Seminary ahagati ya 1942 na 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Omuri 1949, akaikirizibwa kwegaita aha seminaariyo ya Katigondo National Major Seminary kwega eby'ediini n'okutendekwa atakagiire Rooma omuri Urbano University kuruga omuri 1955 kuhisya omuri 1958 kumara emishomo ye n'okutendekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nk'omureeberezi ==
Akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Moroto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uecon.org/provinces/tororo-ecclesiatical/moroto &quot;Moroto Diocese]&quot;. ''Uganda Episcopal Conference''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; omuri Yuganda, ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980. Akahongwa kuba Bishopu ebiro 22 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1981, na Kalidinaali Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, Akibishopu wa Kampala, arikuhwerwa Bishopu Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu, Bishopu w'e Masaka hamwe na Bishopu Sisto Mazzoldi †, Omujwekyerwa w'obureeberezi bwa Bahr el-Gebel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ebiro 17 Okwa mukaaga omuri 1991, Kalanda akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Fort Portal, arikuheereza omu ntebe egyo kuhisya obu yaahuumura ebiro 18 Okwa kashatu omuri 2003.

Akafeera ebiro 19 Okwa munaana omuri 2015, nk'omureeberezi Emeritus owa Fort Portal, Uganda, aha myaka 88 hamwe n'ameezi 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/fort-portal-catholic-diocese-mourns-bishop-paul-kalanda &quot;Catholic Community Mourns Bishop Paul Kalanda] :&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okuhuumura aha murimo ==
Bwanyima y'okuhuumura omuri 2003, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'ediini omu bureeberezi bwa Lira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'omurimo ==
Kalanda akahayo omu kutandikaho Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA) omuri Nairobi ekirikumanywa hati nka Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akashomesa aha seminaariyo eya Kitigondo National Major Seminary, hamwe na African Social Anthropology, Notre Dame University omuri Indiana, USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Serapio Bwemi Magambo
* Vincent J. McCauley
* Robert Muhiirwa
* Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Moroto
* Catholic Church in Uganda

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>pwurkz7th7w6twffni69pv2cx7hfsgg</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303858</id>
      <parentid>7303856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:46:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4151" sha1="eteo30ujn5cpkipquszzo6i4vlv0tis" xml:space="preserve">Paul Lokiru Kalanda (27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 – 19 August 2015) akaba ari omusesorodooti w'Abakaturiki owaheereize nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa [[Wp/nyn/Moroto|Moroto]] kuruga 1980 kuhisya 1991 kandi nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic Diocese of [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kuruga omuri 1991 kuhisya omuri 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;David M. Cheney (26 May 2019). [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkalanda.html &quot;Bishop Paul Lokiru Kalanda]&quot;. Kansas City: Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal (2010). &quot;[http://fortportaldiocese.org/bishops-profile/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal: Bishops' Profile&quot;.] Fort Portal: Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obusesorodooti ==
Kalanda akazaarwa ebiro 27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 aha kyaro Buwunde, Kyannamukaaka sub-county, omu Disiturikiti ya Masaka eriho hati, omu kicweka kya Buganda omuri Uganda. Ishe akaba ari Simon Ziryawulamu Kalanda kandi nyina, Agnes Aliraba Nakachwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://masakadiocese.org/affiliated-bishops/ &quot;Affiliated Bishops - Masaka Diocese&quot;]. ''masakadiocese.org''. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/a-priest-for-56-years-1538624 &quot;A priest for 56 years]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akazaarwa aine aboojo 3 hamwe n'omwishiki 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akatongozibwa nk'omusesorodooti ebiro 21 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1957.

Akaheereza nk'omusesorodooti omu bulabirizi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Masaka kuhisya ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980, obu yaatooranwa kuba omureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Obwegyese ==
Kalanda akaza omu ishomero rya Kabwoko Boys Primary School kwega puraimare ye kandi Bukalasa National Minor Seminary ahagati ya 1942 na 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Omuri 1949, akaikirizibwa kwegaita aha seminaariyo ya Katigondo National Major Seminary kwega eby'ediini n'okutendekwa atakagiire Rooma omuri Urbano University kuruga omuri 1955 kuhisya omuri 1958 kumara emishomo ye n'okutendekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nk'omureeberezi ==
Akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Moroto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uecon.org/provinces/tororo-ecclesiatical/moroto &quot;Moroto Diocese]&quot;. ''Uganda Episcopal Conference''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; omuri Yuganda, ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980. Akahongwa kuba Bishopu ebiro 22 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1981, na Kalidinaali Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, Akibishopu wa Kampala, arikuhwerwa Bishopu Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu, Bishopu w'e Masaka hamwe na Bishopu Sisto Mazzoldi †, Omujwekyerwa w'obureeberezi bwa Bahr el-Gebel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ebiro 17 Okwa mukaaga omuri 1991, Kalanda akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Fort Portal, arikuheereza omu ntebe egyo kuhisya obu yaahuumura ebiro 18 Okwa kashatu omuri 2003.

Akafeera ebiro 19 Okwa munaana omuri 2015, nk'omureeberezi Emeritus owa Fort Portal, Uganda, aha myaka 88 hamwe n'ameezi 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/fort-portal-catholic-diocese-mourns-bishop-paul-kalanda &quot;Catholic Community Mourns Bishop Paul Kalanda] :&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okuhuumura aha murimo ==
Bwanyima y'okuhuumura omuri 2003, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'ediini omu bureeberezi bwa Lira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'omurimo ==
Kalanda akahayo omu kutandikaho Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA) omuri Nairobi ekirikumanywa hati nka Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akashomesa aha seminaariyo eya Kitigondo National Major Seminary, hamwe na African Social Anthropology, Notre Dame University omuri Indiana, USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Serapio Bwemi Magambo
* Vincent J. McCauley
* Robert Muhiirwa
* Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Moroto
* Catholic Church in Uganda

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>eteo30ujn5cpkipquszzo6i4vlv0tis</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303859</id>
      <parentid>7303858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:46:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical  corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4163" sha1="iv4n3vzhwzlupnt1qmi0vbmjv2iy84w" xml:space="preserve">Paul Lokiru Kalanda (27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 – 19 Okwa munaana omuri 2015) akaba ari omusesorodooti w'Abakaturiki owaheereize nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa [[Wp/nyn/Moroto|Moroto]] kuruga 1980 kuhisya 1991 kandi nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic Diocese of [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kuruga omuri 1991 kuhisya omuri 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;David M. Cheney (26 May 2019). [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkalanda.html &quot;Bishop Paul Lokiru Kalanda]&quot;. Kansas City: Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal (2010). &quot;[http://fortportaldiocese.org/bishops-profile/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal: Bishops' Profile&quot;.] Fort Portal: Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obusesorodooti ==
Kalanda akazaarwa ebiro 27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 aha kyaro Buwunde, Kyannamukaaka sub-county, omu Disiturikiti ya Masaka eriho hati, omu kicweka kya Buganda omuri Uganda. Ishe akaba ari Simon Ziryawulamu Kalanda kandi nyina, Agnes Aliraba Nakachwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://masakadiocese.org/affiliated-bishops/ &quot;Affiliated Bishops - Masaka Diocese&quot;]. ''masakadiocese.org''. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/a-priest-for-56-years-1538624 &quot;A priest for 56 years]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akazaarwa aine aboojo 3 hamwe n'omwishiki 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akatongozibwa nk'omusesorodooti ebiro 21 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1957.

Akaheereza nk'omusesorodooti omu bulabirizi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Masaka kuhisya ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980, obu yaatooranwa kuba omureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Obwegyese ==
Kalanda akaza omu ishomero rya Kabwoko Boys Primary School kwega puraimare ye kandi Bukalasa National Minor Seminary ahagati ya 1942 na 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Omuri 1949, akaikirizibwa kwegaita aha seminaariyo ya Katigondo National Major Seminary kwega eby'ediini n'okutendekwa atakagiire Rooma omuri Urbano University kuruga omuri 1955 kuhisya omuri 1958 kumara emishomo ye n'okutendekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nk'omureeberezi ==
Akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Moroto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uecon.org/provinces/tororo-ecclesiatical/moroto &quot;Moroto Diocese]&quot;. ''Uganda Episcopal Conference''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; omuri Yuganda, ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980. Akahongwa kuba Bishopu ebiro 22 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1981, na Kalidinaali Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, Akibishopu wa Kampala, arikuhwerwa Bishopu Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu, Bishopu w'e Masaka hamwe na Bishopu Sisto Mazzoldi †, Omujwekyerwa w'obureeberezi bwa Bahr el-Gebel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ebiro 17 Okwa mukaaga omuri 1991, Kalanda akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Fort Portal, arikuheereza omu ntebe egyo kuhisya obu yaahuumura ebiro 18 Okwa kashatu omuri 2003.

Akafeera ebiro 19 Okwa munaana omuri 2015, nk'omureeberezi Emeritus owa Fort Portal, Uganda, aha myaka 88 hamwe n'ameezi 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/fort-portal-catholic-diocese-mourns-bishop-paul-kalanda &quot;Catholic Community Mourns Bishop Paul Kalanda] :&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okuhuumura aha murimo ==
Bwanyima y'okuhuumura omuri 2003, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'ediini omu bureeberezi bwa Lira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'omurimo ==
Kalanda akahayo omu kutandikaho Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA) omuri Nairobi ekirikumanywa hati nka Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akashomesa aha seminaariyo eya Kitigondo National Major Seminary, hamwe na African Social Anthropology, Notre Dame University omuri Indiana, USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Serapio Bwemi Magambo
* Vincent J. McCauley
* Robert Muhiirwa
* Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Moroto
* Catholic Church in Uganda

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>iv4n3vzhwzlupnt1qmi0vbmjv2iy84w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303861</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:47:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303861</origin>
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      <text bytes="4175" sha1="q4r4njo3f8ulye4c60zhu2e8sj4nr2a" xml:space="preserve">Paul Lokiru Kalanda (27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 – 19 Okwa munaana omuri 2015) akaba ari omusesorodooti w'Abakaturiki owaheereize nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa [[Wp/nyn/Moroto|Moroto]] kuruga omuri 1980 kuhisya omuri 1991 kandi nka Bishopu w'obureeberezi bwa Roman Catholic Diocese of [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kuruga omuri 1991 kuhisya omuri 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;David M. Cheney (26 May 2019). [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkalanda.html &quot;Bishop Paul Lokiru Kalanda]&quot;. Kansas City: Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal (2010). &quot;[http://fortportaldiocese.org/bishops-profile/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal: Bishops' Profile&quot;.] Fort Portal: Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal. Retrieved 23 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obusesorodooti ==
Kalanda akazaarwa ebiro 27 Okwa kabiri omuri 1927 aha kyaro Buwunde, Kyannamukaaka sub-county, omu Disiturikiti ya Masaka eriho hati, omu kicweka kya Buganda omuri Uganda. Ishe akaba ari Simon Ziryawulamu Kalanda kandi nyina, Agnes Aliraba Nakachwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://masakadiocese.org/affiliated-bishops/ &quot;Affiliated Bishops - Masaka Diocese&quot;]. ''masakadiocese.org''. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/a-priest-for-56-years-1538624 &quot;A priest for 56 years]&quot;. ''Monitor''. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akazaarwa aine aboojo 3 hamwe n'omwishiki 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akatongozibwa nk'omusesorodooti ebiro 21 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1957.

Akaheereza nk'omusesorodooti omu bulabirizi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Masaka kuhisya ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980, obu yaatooranwa kuba omureeberezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Obwegyese ==
Kalanda akaza omu ishomero rya Kabwoko Boys Primary School kwega puraimare ye kandi Bukalasa National Minor Seminary ahagati ya 1942 na 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Omuri 1949, akaikirizibwa kwegaita aha seminaariyo ya Katigondo National Major Seminary kwega eby'ediini n'okutendekwa atakagiire Rooma omuri Urbano University kuruga omuri 1955 kuhisya omuri 1958 kumara emishomo ye n'okutendekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nk'omureeberezi ==
Akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Moroto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uecon.org/provinces/tororo-ecclesiatical/moroto &quot;Moroto Diocese]&quot;. ''Uganda Episcopal Conference''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; omuri Yuganda, ebiro 29 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1980. Akahongwa kuba Bishopu ebiro 22 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1981, na Kalidinaali Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga, Akibishopu wa Kampala, arikuhwerwa Bishopu Adrian Kivumbi Ddungu, Bishopu w'e Masaka hamwe na Bishopu Sisto Mazzoldi †, Omujwekyerwa w'obureeberezi bwa Bahr el-Gebel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ebiro 17 Okwa mukaaga omuri 1991, Kalanda akatooranwa kuba Bishopu w'obureeberezi bw'Abakaturiki omuri Fort Portal, arikuheereza omu ntebe egyo kuhisya obu yaahuumura ebiro 18 Okwa kashatu omuri 2003.

Akafeera ebiro 19 Okwa munaana omuri 2015, nk'omureeberezi Emeritus owa Fort Portal, Uganda, aha myaka 88 hamwe n'ameezi 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/fort-portal-catholic-diocese-mourns-bishop-paul-kalanda &quot;Catholic Community Mourns Bishop Paul Kalanda] :&quot;. ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 18 December 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okuhuumura aha murimo ==
Bwanyima y'okuhuumura omuri 2003, akatooranwa nk'omwebembezi w'ediini omu bureeberezi bwa Lira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'omurimo ==
Kalanda akahayo omu kutandikaho Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa (CHIEA) omuri Nairobi ekirikumanywa hati nka Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akashomesa aha seminaariyo eya Kitigondo National Major Seminary, hamwe na African Social Anthropology, Notre Dame University omuri Indiana, USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Serapio Bwemi Magambo
* Vincent J. McCauley
* Robert Muhiirwa
* Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Portal
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Moroto
* Catholic Church in Uganda

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>q4r4njo3f8ulye4c60zhu2e8sj4nr2a</sha1>
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&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Wp/rgn/Ṣbòz]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Mudël]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q5529697}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Paul Luzinda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3779576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303846</id>
      <parentid>7206958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:41:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303846</origin>
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      <text bytes="2101" sha1="3jvtsaa3yd7ij2r0wotem09rudvsjm1" xml:space="preserve">
{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q86756987}}
'''Eria Paul Luzinda Kizito''' akaba ari omureeberezi w'Abakurisitaayo owaheereize omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Reporter, Vision. [https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/ &quot;Bishop Paul Luzinda retires&quot;]. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 2025-12-16.&lt;/ref&gt; akaba ari omureeberezi wa kashatu owa [[Wp/nyn/Mukono|Mukono]], arikuheereza kuruga omuri 2002&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200212052829/http://greateducatorsug.org/senyimba.html &quot;Great Educators — Ssenyimba]&quot;. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-02-29.&lt;/ref&gt; kuhisya omuri 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe ==
Luzinda akazaarwa omu ka y'Abakristaayo eya Yosiya Kwalo na Brandina Namatovu ab'e Matugga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Reporter, Vision. &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/ From post manager to church minister]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 2025-12-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Akashoma aha ishomero rya Kawempe Muslim Primary School kandi bwanyima ya Bishop Thakar theological college (obwahati [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora ==
Omu 1982, Luzinda akakora nk'omwebembezi w'ebiposita aha posita y'e Lugazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Akaruga aha posita yaaza omu minisiture kandi bwanyima akaragiirwa nk'omusesorodooti omu 1984 bwanyima y'okushoma kwe aha Bishop Thakar Theological college.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Amagara g'omuntu ==
Luzinda akashwerwa Margaret Luzinda ou yaazaariire abaana 6 (aboojo 3 n'abaishiki 3).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Luzinda na Margaret bakashwerana kumara emyaka 38 kwonka Margaret akafa omuri 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Bwanyima y'omwaka gumwe, Luzinda akagaruka yashwerwa Florence Luzinda ou arikutuura nawe n'eriigyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, NewVision (2021-09-18). &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/love/bishop-luzinda-celebrates-10-years-in-marriag-NV_115076 Love &amp; Relationships: Bishop Luzinda celebrates 10 years in marriage&quot;]. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 2025-12-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Patrick Kyaligonza
* Allan Oboma
* James Nasak

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303847</id>
      <parentid>7303846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:41:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7303847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q86756987}}
'''Eria Paul Luzinda Kizito''' akaba ari omureeberezi w'Abakurisitaayo owaheereize omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Reporter, Vision. [https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/ &quot;Bishop Paul Luzinda retires&quot;]. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 2025-12-16.&lt;/ref&gt; akaba ari omureeberezi wa kashatu owa [[Wp/nyn/Mukono|Mukono]], arikuheereza kuruga omuri 2002&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200212052829/http://greateducatorsug.org/senyimba.html &quot;Great Educators — Ssenyimba]&quot;. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-02-29.&lt;/ref&gt; kuhisya omuri 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe ==
Luzinda akazaarwa omu ka y'Abakristaayo eya Yosiya Kwalo na Brandina Namatovu ab'e Matugga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Reporter, Vision. &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/ From post manager to church minister]&quot;. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 2025-12-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Akashoma aha ishomero rya Kawempe Muslim Primary School kandi bwanyima ya Bishop Thakar theological college (obwahati [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Christian University|Uganda Christian University]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora ==
Omuri 1982, Luzinda akakora nk'omwebembezi w'ebiposita aha posita y'e Lugazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Akaruga aha posita yaaza omu minisiture kandi bwanyima akaragiirwa nk'omusesorodooti omuri 1984 bwanyima y'okushoma kwe aha Bishop Thakar Theological college.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Amagara g'omuntu ==
Luzinda akashwerwa Margaret Luzinda ou yaazaariire abaana 6 (aboojo 3 n'abaishiki 3).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Luzinda na Margaret bakashwerana kumara emyaka 38 kwonka Margaret akafa omuri 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Bwanyima y'omwaka gumwe, Luzinda akagaruka yashwerwa Florence Luzinda ou arikutuura nawe n'eriigyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, NewVision (2021-09-18). &quot;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/love/bishop-luzinda-celebrates-10-years-in-marriag-NV_115076 Love &amp; Relationships: Bishop Luzinda celebrates 10 years in marriage&quot;]. ''New Vision''. Retrieved 2025-12-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reeba na ==

* Patrick Kyaligonza
* Allan Oboma
* James Nasak

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Bernard Yago</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3779679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304108</id>
      <parentid>7250608</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:06:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <text bytes="2025" sha1="1tcrbtcwvi31mjv5tdqwto7g5c8d1dy" xml:space="preserve">Be wuli '''Bernard Yago''' afuɛ 1916 Moughou nun [[Wp/bci/Dabou|Dabou]] lɔ klɔ kun mɔ be flɛ i kɛ Pass’n su lɔ, ɔ fin awlobo kun m’ɔ ti aɲanbeunfuɛ’n i nun [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] lɔ, kɔkun ɔ wuli afuɛ 1997, fêlê i le 5 su [[Wp/bci/Abidjan|Abidjan]] lɔ. Afuɛ 1960 lele m’ɔ́ fá jú 1994 nun’n, ɔ yoli Abidjan lɔ asɔnun kpɛnngbɛn, kɔkun be sieli i kardinali wie.

== I mɛn dilɛ ==

=== Preti ===
Afuɛ 1947 djéssé i le 1 su’n, be sieli Bɛnardi Yago Ɲanmiɛn ɲrun jranfuɛ Abidjan lɔ asɔnun kpɛnngbɛn’m be lika’n nun.

=== '''eveki''' ===
Afuɛ 1960 kofié i le 5 su’n, be sieli i Abidjan lɔ asɔnun kpɛnngbɛn, kɔkun ɔ fali  Jean-Baptiste Boivin i osu. Afuɛ 1960 djéssé i le 8 su’n, pape [[Wp/bci/Jean Paul XXIII|Jean Paul XXIII]] bɔbɔ fɛli i sieli i asɔnun kpɛnngbɛn. Ɔ maan, ɔ kacili Abidjan lɔ asɔnun kpɛnngbɛn klikli nga be o Ivoiri lɔ’n.

Kɛ ɔ dili asɔnun kpɛnngbɛn’m be su kpɛn afuɛ 34, afuɛ 1994 kongouè n'zué i le 19 su’n, kɛ ɔ ɲán afuɛ 78, ɔ tuli i wun junman’n nun.

=== kardinali ===
Afuɛ 1983, djouaklé i le 2 su’n, pape [[Wp/bci/Jean-Paul II|Jean-Paul II]] fali i dunman’n sieli i sie kardinali, kɔkun ɔ mɛnnin i dunman kɛ Kardinali-Prêtre de Saint-Chrysogono (S. Crisogono). Ɔ maan, ɔ kacili Côte d'Ivoire lɔ kardinali klikli’n.

== Akoto’m be sinsinlɛ’n ==
Bɛrnardi Yago sieli asɔnun kpɛnngbɛn nga be o lɛ’n be asɔnun kpɛnngbɛn :

* kardinali Bernard Agré (1968)
* eveki Laurent Yapi (1970)
* Archevêque Auguste Nobou (1972)
* eveki Pierre-Marie Coty (1976)
* eveki Paul Dacoury-Tabley (1979)
* eveki Bruno Kouamé (1981)
* eveki Joseph Akichi '''(de)''' (1982)
* eveki Laurent Akran Mandjo (1982)
* eveki Alexandre Kouassi '''(de)''' (1988)
* Archevêque Barthélémy Djabla (1990)
* eveki Joseph Niangoran Teky (1993)
* eveki Maurice Konan Kouassi (1995)
* Archevêque Paul-Siméon Ahouanan Djro, O.F.M. (1996)

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q822804}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Jacqueville (Côte d'Ivoire)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3779887</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304175</id>
      <parentid>7303266</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:40:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sran dandan nga be fin klɔ sɔ su mu */</comment>
      <origin>7304175</origin>
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      <text bytes="2880" sha1="k98mr5fnpb9k6x8b50pw8800fdsq62g" xml:space="preserve">'''Jacqueville (Côte d'Ivoire)''' ti klɔ kun m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] i ngua lɔ lika’n nun, district des Lagunes'n nun, [[Wp/bci/Grands-Ponts|Grands-Ponts]] reziɔn’n (akpasua dan’n), ɔ ti Jacqueville depaateman'n i klɔ'm be bo bia. I nun sran’m be ti sran 49.694 afuɛ 2021'n nun.

ɔ ti Klɔ kun m’ɔ mantan [[Wp/bci/Abidjan|Abidjan]] klɔ dan’n, ɔ ti jenvie nuan lɔ klɔ'm be nun kun mɔ sran’m be klo i kpa’n, pɔn’n nga be flɛ i kɛ [[Wp/bci/Philippe-Yacé|Philippe-Yacé]]'n ti.

== Klɔ i wun ndɛ ==
Klɔ sɔ’n i dunman’n i bo fin cɛn bɔ be kplannin Royaume-Uni, mɔ be flɛli i Union Jack'n i tanninmmue nzɔliɛ nga be fa sii (drapo) i kpɛ kikli su lika sɔ nun'n su, blɛ bɔ angle'm be fali lɔ lika'n nun. ɔ yoli mmeli jranwlɛ lika nga be fa faa kanga’m be ko yo be atɛ’n, i sin’n, ɔ kacili Aflansifuɛ'm be mmeli jranwlɛ lika. Andɛ’n, ɔ a kaci jue tralɛ’n i ata dilɛ lika, nin jenvie’n i su alema nun sinlɛ'n i lika cinnjin kun.

== Lika’n (Asiɛ’n) i wafa bɔ ti’n ==
Jacqueville'n ti klɔ kun mɔ  lagune (gbogbo) Ebrié kpɛli klia sieli i ngumin nvle'n i lika'm be nun. Siɛn’n, Philippe-Yacé pɔn'n mɔ be yili i nglo afuɛ 2015'n i n'glo sra'n i le 25 su ti'n, lɔ kɔlɛ ti pɔpɔ siɛn'n.

== Klɔ mun ==
Jacqueville klɔ 23 nin be nunfuɛ nga be o lɔ afuɛ 2014 nun’n, be o lɛ.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Inuan
! Lika
! Sran mun
|-
| 1
| Abreby
| 945
|-
| 2
| Addah
| 1 973
|-
| 3
| Adesse
| 893
|-
| 4
| Adjacoutie
| 400
|-
| 5
| Adjue
| 571
|-
| 6
| Adoukro
| 194
|-
| 7
| Adoumangan
| 860
|-
| 8
| Ahua
| 406
|-
| 9
| Akrou
| 1 289
|-
| 10
| Avadivry
| 233
|-
| 11
| Avagou
| 1 695
|-
| 12
| Bahuama
| 211
|-
| 13
| Couve
| 263
|-
| 14
| Djace
| 203
|-
| 15
| Gbehiri
| 241
|-
| 16
| Grand-Jack
| 2 844
|-
| 17
| Jacqueville
| 11 124
|-
| 18
| Kraffy
| 231
|-
| 19
| M'bokrou
| 336
|-
| 20
| N'djem
| 5 165
|-
| 21
| [[Wp/bci/Niangoussou|Niangoussou]]
| 200
|-
| 22
| Sassako-Begnini
| 1 409
|-
| 23
| Taboutou
| 602
|}

== Sran mun be sielɛ Juman ==
Afuɛ 1978 nun mmla nga be kpɛli i angbɔ sra'n i le 9 su maan be seli Côte d’Ivoire'n nun klɔ 27 kɛ Jacqueville sa, kɛ be yo Komini.

== Sran dandan nga be fin klɔ sɔ su mu ==
Nvle nun sran dandan sunman kpa be fin  JacqueVille klɔ'n su lɔ, be nun wie yɛle Didier Bonaventure Deigna, mɔ be flɛ i kɛ “Pépito”, m’ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Magic System|Magic System]] i klinbofuɛ’n, m’ɔ ɔ kɛ ɔ wu nwun ɔ le afuɛ 46, nzue’n nun, afuɛ 2016'n i djéssé sra'n i le 1 su, Philippe Yacé, Cyrille Cyrille Polneau, nvle i janu jranfuɛ ngɔ o États-Unis nin Angleterre'n, [[Wp/bci/Joachim Bony|Joachim Bony]], [[Wp/bci/Henriette Dagri Diabaté|Henriette Dagri Diabaté]], [[Wp/bci/À nous les petits|À nous les petits]] (jue tofuɛ akpasua) yɛ Joachim Beugré.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Alebtong District</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3779990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304023</id>
      <parentid>7268457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:31:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304023</origin>
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      <text bytes="4259" sha1="ilve5zv7vexipjn11h1yipq62s033js" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q3536082}}
[[:en:Districts_of_Uganda|Disiturikiti]] ya Alebtong n'emu aha disiturikiti eziri [[:en:Northern_Region,_Uganda|omu kicweka ky'amatemba]] ga [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]] Orurembo [[:en:Alebtong|Alebtong]] nirwo rukora nka ekitebe kikuru ekya disiturikiti.

== Omwanya ==
Disiturikiti ya Alebtong eshangwa [[:en:Lango_sub-region|omu kicweka kya Lango]]. Orugyendo kuruga [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]] kuza Alebtong omu kicweka ky'amatemba kurabira omuri [[Wp/nyn/Lira District|Lira]] nirwingana kiromita 367 kurabira omu ruguuto, nikishushana n'eshaaha 6 ez'okuvuga oruguuto. Disiturikiti eine ensharo na [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Otuke|disiturikiti ya Otuke]] omu matemba, [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Amuria|disiturikiti ya Amuria]] omu burugwa izooba, [[:en:Dokolo_District|disiturikiti ya Dokolo]] omu mashuma, na [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Lira|disiturikiti ya Lira]] omu burengyerwa izooba. Ekitebe kikuru ekya disiturikiti nikishangwa haihi kiromita 48 (mailo 30), kurabira omu ruguuto, burugwa izooba bwa Lira, orurembo orurikusingayo obuhango omu kicweka ekyo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Lira%20(Lira)&amp;toplace=Alebtong%20(Lira)&amp;fromlat=2.235&amp;tolat=2.2447222&amp;fromlng=32.9097222&amp;tolng=33.2547222 &quot;Road Distance Between Lira And Alebtong With Map&quot;]. Globefeed.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Eki nikishangwa haihi kiromita 285 (mailo 177), kurabira omu ruguuto, omu matemba ga Kampala, orurembo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] orurikusingayo obuhango kandi orurikusingayo obuhango omu kicweka ekyo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20()&amp;toplace=Alebtong%20(Lira)&amp;fromlat=0.3155556&amp;tolat=2.2447222&amp;fromlng=32.5655556&amp;tolng=33.2547222 Map Showing Kampala And Alebtong With Distance Marker]&quot;. Globefeed.com. Retrieved 14 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Oburengye bwa [[:en:District|disiturikiti]] ni 02 18N, 33 18E.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://alebtong.go.ug/district/geography Geography | Alebtong District]&quot;. ''alebtong.go.ug''. Retrieved 15 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okureeba hamwe. ==
Disiturikiti ya Alebtong ekatandikwaho omuri 2010.&lt;ref&gt;Odongo, Ronald (6 January 2014). &quot;[http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=59725 Alebtong Councilors Petition Minister over Sacked Vice Chairperson]&quot;. Uganda Radio Network. Retrieved 12 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, ekaba eri ekicweka kya Disiturikiti ya Lira aha rubaju rwa burengyerwa-izooba.&lt;ref&gt;Dennis Ogeng, and Paul Amoru (20 July 2010). &quot;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Elections/-/859108/960914/-/apkqiqz/-/index.html Breaking virgin land in Lira District]&quot;. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala. Retrieved 12 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Disiturikiti erimu amagomborora abiri, nigo [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajuri_County&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 Ajuri County] na [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moroto_County&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 Moroto County].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statoids.com/uug.html Districts of Uganda, ''Statoids'', accessed 3 August 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statoids.com/yug.html Counties of Uganda, ''Statoids'', accessed 3 August 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omuhendo gw'abantu. ==
Omuri 1991, okubara abantu omu ihanga ryona kukateebereza omuhendo gw'abantu omu disiturikiti ahari 112,584. Okubara abantu omu ihanga ryona omu 2002 kukateebereza omuhendo gw'abantu kuba 163,047. Okubara abantu omu ihanga ryona omuri 2014 kukabaririra omuhendo gw'abantu ahari 225,327.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.citypopulation.de/php/uganda-admin.php?adm2id=088 Alebtong District Population in 1991, 2002 &amp; 2014]&quot;. Citypopulation.de Quoting [[:en:Uganda_Bureau_of_Statistics|Uganda Bureau of Statistics]]. Retrieved 12 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Omuhendo gw'abantu omu disiturikiti ya Alebtong gukahandiikwa ahari 283,076 omu kubara abantu omu ihanga ryona omuri 2024.

== Emirimo y'ebyentatsya. ==

* Ebihimba 
* Ebicoori 
* Ebihimba 
* Okujuba 
* Okuriisa amatungo 
* Eby'obushuubuzi omu butare.

== Eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa ebirikubiikwa abantu. ==

* Ente 
* Embuzi 
* Empunu 
* Enkoko

== Reba Na ==

* Districts of Uganda
* Northern Region, Uganda
* Parliament of Uganda

== Eburikuruga aheeru ==

* Alebtong District homepage

== Ebihandiiko Ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304337</id>
      <parentid>7304023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:17:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
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      <text bytes="4293" sha1="2g8gt4xl1ofjimx7vsojo5zfv79fs0w" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q3536082}}
[[:en:Districts_of_Uganda|Disiturikiti]] ya Alebtong n'emu aha disiturikiti eziri [[:en:Northern_Region,_Uganda|omu kicweka ky'amatemba]] ga [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]] Orurembo [[:en:Alebtong|Alebtong]] nirwo rukora nka ekitebe kikuru ekya disiturikiti.

== Omwanya ==
Disiturikiti ya Alebtong eshangwa [[:en:Lango_sub-region|omu kicweka kya Lango]]. Orugyendo kuruga [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]] kuza Alebtong omu kicweka ky'amatemba kurabira omuri [[Wp/nyn/Lira District|Lira]] nirwingana kiromita 367 kurabira omu ruguuto, nikishushana n'eshaaha 6 ez'okuvuga oruguuto. Disiturikiti eine ensharo na [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Otuke|disiturikiti ya Otuke]] omu matemba, [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Amuria|disiturikiti ya Amuria]] omu burugwa izooba, [[:en:Dokolo_District|disiturikiti ya Dokolo]] omu mashuma, na [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Lira|disiturikiti ya Lira]] omu burengyerwa izooba. Ekitebe kikuru ekya disiturikiti nikishangwa haihi kiromita 48 (mailo 30), kurabira omu ruguuto, burugwa izooba bwa Lira, orurembo orurikusingayo obuhango omu kicweka ekyo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Lira%20(Lira)&amp;toplace=Alebtong%20(Lira)&amp;fromlat=2.235&amp;tolat=2.2447222&amp;fromlng=32.9097222&amp;tolng=33.2547222 &quot;Road Distance Between Lira And Alebtong With Map&quot;]. Globefeed.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Eki nikishangwa haihi kiromita 285 (mailo 177), kurabira omu ruguuto, omu matemba ga Kampala, orurembo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] orurikusingayo obuhango kandi orurikusingayo obuhango omu kicweka ekyo.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20()&amp;toplace=Alebtong%20(Lira)&amp;fromlat=0.3155556&amp;tolat=2.2447222&amp;fromlng=32.5655556&amp;tolng=33.2547222 Map Showing Kampala And Alebtong With Distance Marker]&quot;. Globefeed.com. Retrieved 14 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Oburengye bwa [[:en:District|disiturikiti]] ni 02 18N, 33 18E.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://alebtong.go.ug/district/geography Geography | Alebtong District]&quot;. ''alebtong.go.ug''. Retrieved 15 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okureeba hamwe. ==
Disiturikiti ya Alebtong ekatandikwaho omuri 2010.&lt;ref&gt;Odongo, Ronald (6 January 2014). &quot;[http://ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=59725 Alebtong Councilors Petition Minister over Sacked Vice Chairperson]&quot;. Uganda Radio Network. Retrieved 12 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, ekaba eri ekicweka kya Disiturikiti ya Lira aha rubaju rwa burengyerwa-izooba.&lt;ref&gt;Dennis Ogeng, and Paul Amoru (20 July 2010). &quot;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Elections/-/859108/960914/-/apkqiqz/-/index.html Breaking virgin land in Lira District]&quot;. ''[[:en:Daily_Monitor|Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala. Retrieved 12 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Disiturikiti erimu amagomborora abiri, nigo [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajuri_County&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 Ajuri County] na [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moroto_County&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 Moroto County].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statoids.com/uug.html Districts of Uganda, ''Statoids'', accessed 3 August 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statoids.com/yug.html Counties of Uganda, ''Statoids'', accessed 3 August 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omuhendo gw'abantu. ==
Omuri 1991, okubara abantu omu ihanga ryona kukateebereza omuhendo gw'abantu omu disiturikiti ahari 112,584. Okubara abantu omu ihanga ryona omu 2002 kukateebereza omuhendo gw'abantu kuba 163,047. Okubara abantu omu ihanga ryona omuri 2014 kukabaririra omuhendo gw'abantu ahari 225,327.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.citypopulation.de/php/uganda-admin.php?adm2id=088 Alebtong District Population in 1991, 2002 &amp; 2014]&quot;. Citypopulation.de Quoting [[:en:Uganda_Bureau_of_Statistics|Uganda Bureau of Statistics]]. Retrieved 12 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Omuhendo gw'abantu omu disiturikiti ya Alebtong gukahandiikwa ahari 283,076 omu kubara abantu omu ihanga ryona omuri 2024.

== Emirimo y'ebyentatsya. ==

* Ebihimba 
* Ebicoori 
* Ebihimba 
* Okujuba 
* Okuriisa amatungo 
* Eby'obushuubuzi omu butare.

== Eby'obuhingi n'oburiisa ebirikubiikwa abantu. ==

* Ente 
* Embuzi 
* Empunu 
* Enkoko

== Reba Na ==

* Districts of Uganda
* Northern Region, Uganda
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]]

== Eburikuruga aheeru ==

* Alebtong District homepage

== Ebihandiiko Ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Nady Bamba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>7304180</id>
      <parentid>7301933</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <text bytes="3059" sha1="n77xggsuy3n9b0ovznu463hivqcrqnu" xml:space="preserve">'''Adja Nadiany''' « '''Nady''' » '''Bamba''', be wuli i afuɛ 1974'n i Klannan n'dɛya sra'n i le 13 su, [[Wp/bci/Touba|Touba]] mɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]]'n lɔ'n, ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Laurent Gbagbo|Laurent Gbagbo]] i yi

== I wun n'dɛ ==

=== Like sualɛ’n nin junman dilɛ’n i bo bolɛ ===
Ɔ ti Gnamienflɛfuɛ bla, ɔ dili juman radio Africa N&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; 1 yɛ ɔ takali Cyclone akpasua'n mɔ i su kpɛn’n yɛle i niaan bian’n nga ɔ nin be ti nga wa nga wa'n. Ɔ nyɛnnin i diplɔmu suklu nga be flɛ i kɛ École française des attachés de presse (EFAP) nun.

=== I osu nin i lika bɔ fin'm ===
“Nady’n&quot; ti i suandunman, ɔ fin klɔ nga be flɛ i kɛ Touba’n, m’ɔ o nglo lɔ'n lika'n i wia atɔliɛ lɔ lika'n nu, Fadiga'm nin Bamba'm be akpasua’n su.

== Politiki nun junman dilɛ ==
Kɛ ɔ nin Laurent Gbagbo bé bó be wun soman i bo’n ɔ trannin fialɛ nu, afuɛ 2000 i bo bolɛ nun’n, ɔ yili i wun nglo blɛ bɔ bé mannin be bɔ bé wan be yo nvle su Kpɛn'n be wun fa klelɛ blɛ'n nun. Kɛ ɔ ju blɛ'n, i sua ng'ɔ o &quot;220 Logements&quot; mɔ o Adjamé mɔ ti sran sunman be lika'n, sɔɔ Laurent Gbagbo'n, mɔ  i wan ɔ kpɛn wie'n nun.

=== ɔ nin i wun Laurent Gbagbo be Nyanmiɛn flɛfouɛ'n aja  ===
Afuɛ 2001 nun'n be niannin Mahouka (Malinke) nin Nanmiɛn flɛfuɛ'm be aja jalɛ'n su yɛ be jali ɔ. Afuɛ 2002'n i mugu sra'n i le 30 su’n, be wuli ba yasua kun, be flɛ i kɛ Davidi Al Raïs. Laurent Gagbo nin [[Wp/bci/Simone Gbagbo|Simone Gbagbo]] be a jali awa nun ukali ɔ nin Nady be ajaliɛ su. Afuɛ 2021 nun’n, ɔ nin Simone Gbagbo be titili be aja’n nun.

=== I wun Laurent Gbagbo tɔlɛ'n ɔ nin i ɔli lomuɛn blɛ'n ===
Kɛ nvle su kpɛn Laurant Gbagbo tɔli’n, Nadi Bamba ɔli lomuɛn [[Wp/bci/Malabo|Malabo]] ([[Wp/bci/Guinée équatoriale|Guinée équatoriale]]) lɔ, i sin’n ɔ ɔli [[Wp/bci/Accra|Accra]] ([[Wp/bci/Ghana|Ghana]]). Kɛ mɔ anuannzɛ nga be flɛ i kɛ Union européenne (UE) be tɔnnin i suɛn kɛ ɔ sili fɔundi nin afiɛn siesielɛ blɛ’n i ɲrun cé Côte d’Ivoire lɔ ti’n, be fali be sa sieli i anyanbewun su. Ɔ ɔ jɔlɛ difuɛ’m be ja su naan w’a yi nglo kɛ i sɔ suɛn tɔnlɛ timan ngwlɛlɛ ndɛ. Afuɛ 2011'n i klannan ndɛya sra nun’n,  Cour de justice européenne (CJE) be mɛnnin ndɛ fɛ, ɔ maan be nunun nin Union européenne'n i mla nga ɔ jran su fɛ i sa sieli i anyanbewun'm be su. I sɔ liɛ ti ɔ nyannin i ninge'm ekun yɛ ɔ kwla ɔli nvle nga ɔ klo'm be nun. Côte d’Ivoire i su kpɛn'm be bu i kɛ i ɔ mannin sika kɛ be sanngan nvle nun ɔ, sanngɛ i liɛ’n, ɔ wun i sɔ liɛ kɛ Côte d'Ivoire i siefuɛ uflɛ'm be su kle i yalɛ.

== Ɔ nin i wun Laurent Gbagbo be lomuɛn nun be sin salɛ ==
Afuɛ 2019 nun’n, ɔ nin Laurent Gbagbo, mɔ be yacili i nun kan, be tran [[Wp/bci/Belgique|Belgique]] lɔ, afin ɔ su minndɛ kɛ cɛ sran wie klun jɔ man i nun yacilɛ'n su o. Afuɛ 2021 nun’n, bian’n nin i yi’n be sali be sin Côte d’Ivoire lɔ.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q23969469}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3060" sha1="hludwy7c6rx0km2emt9zn6ljoa3kbfr" xml:space="preserve">'''Adja Nadiany''' « '''Nady''' » '''Bamba''', be wuli i afuɛ 1974'n i Klannan n'dɛya sra'n i le 13 su, [[Wp/bci/Touba|Touba]] mɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]]'n lɔ'n, ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Laurent Gbagbo|Laurent Gbagbo]] i yi

== I wun n'dɛ ==

=== Like sualɛ’n nin junman dilɛ’n i bo bolɛ ===
Ɔ ti Gnamienflɛfuɛ bla, ɔ dili juman aladio Africa N&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; 1 yɛ ɔ takali Cyclone akpasua'n mɔ i su kpɛn’n yɛle i niaan bian’n nga ɔ nin be ti nga wa nga wa'n. Ɔ nyɛnnin i diplɔmu suklu nga be flɛ i kɛ École française des attachés de presse (EFAP) nun.

=== I osu nin i lika bɔ fin'm ===
“Nady’n&quot; ti i suandunman, ɔ fin klɔ nga be flɛ i kɛ Touba’n, m’ɔ o nglo lɔ'n lika'n i wia atɔliɛ lɔ lika'n nu, Fadiga'm nin Bamba'm be akpasua’n su.

== Politiki nun junman dilɛ ==
Kɛ ɔ nin Laurent Gbagbo bé bó be wun soman i bo’n ɔ trannin fialɛ nu, afuɛ 2000 i bo bolɛ nun’n, ɔ yili i wun nglo blɛ bɔ bé mannin be bɔ bé wan be yo nvle su Kpɛn'n be wun fa klelɛ blɛ'n nun. Kɛ ɔ ju blɛ'n, i sua ng'ɔ o &quot;220 Logements&quot; mɔ o Adjamé mɔ ti sran sunman be lika'n, sɔɔ Laurent Gbagbo'n, mɔ  i wan ɔ kpɛn wie'n nun.

=== ɔ nin i wun Laurent Gbagbo be Nyanmiɛn flɛfouɛ'n aja  ===
Afuɛ 2001 nun'n be niannin Mahouka (Malinke) nin Nanmiɛn flɛfuɛ'm be aja jalɛ'n su yɛ be jali ɔ. Afuɛ 2002'n i mugu sra'n i le 30 su’n, be wuli ba yasua kun, be flɛ i kɛ Davidi Al Raïs. Laurent Gagbo nin [[Wp/bci/Simone Gbagbo|Simone Gbagbo]] be a jali awa nun ukali ɔ nin Nady be ajaliɛ su. Afuɛ 2021 nun’n, ɔ nin Simone Gbagbo be titili be aja’n nun.

=== I wun Laurent Gbagbo tɔlɛ'n ɔ nin i ɔli lomuɛn blɛ'n ===
Kɛ nvle su kpɛn Laurant Gbagbo tɔli’n, Nadi Bamba ɔli lomuɛn [[Wp/bci/Malabo|Malabo]] ([[Wp/bci/Guinée équatoriale|Guinée équatoriale]]) lɔ, i sin’n ɔ ɔli [[Wp/bci/Accra|Accra]] ([[Wp/bci/Ghana|Ghana]]). Kɛ mɔ anuannzɛ nga be flɛ i kɛ Union européenne (UE) be tɔnnin i suɛn kɛ ɔ sili fɔundi nin afiɛn siesielɛ blɛ’n i ɲrun cé Côte d’Ivoire lɔ ti’n, be fali be sa sieli i anyanbewun su. Ɔ ɔ jɔlɛ difuɛ’m be ja su naan w’a yi nglo kɛ i sɔ suɛn tɔnlɛ timan ngwlɛlɛ ndɛ. Afuɛ 2011'n i klannan ndɛya sra nun’n,  Cour de justice européenne (CJE) be mɛnnin ndɛ fɛ, ɔ maan be nunun nin Union européenne'n i mla nga ɔ jran su fɛ i sa sieli i anyanbewun'm be su. I sɔ liɛ ti ɔ nyannin i ninge'm ekun yɛ ɔ kwla ɔli nvle nga ɔ klo'm be nun. Côte d’Ivoire i su kpɛn'm be bu i kɛ i ɔ mannin sika kɛ be sanngan nvle nun ɔ, sanngɛ i liɛ’n, ɔ wun i sɔ liɛ kɛ Côte d'Ivoire i siefuɛ uflɛ'm be su kle i yalɛ.

== Ɔ nin i wun Laurent Gbagbo be lomuɛn nun be sin salɛ ==
Afuɛ 2019 nun’n, ɔ nin Laurent Gbagbo, mɔ be yacili i nun kan, be tran [[Wp/bci/Belgique|Belgique]] lɔ, afin ɔ su minndɛ kɛ cɛ sran wie klun jɔ man i nun yacilɛ'n su o. Afuɛ 2021 nun’n, bian’n nin i yi’n be sali be sin Côte d’Ivoire lɔ.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q23969469}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Canal de Groguida</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304183</id>
      <parentid>7275844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:57:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <text bytes="239" sha1="g1fopkmw4ad2xkcgl9u87fezzpex9za" xml:space="preserve">'''Groguida canal''' ti n'zue n'muɛ kun m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]]. Ɔ fa nzue ba nga be flɛ i kɛ Grand-Lahou gbogbo’n i bue nyɔn'm kan bonun, yɛ ɔ ti kilo 1.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q28498993}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Marie-Odette Lorougnon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3780721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304184</id>
      <parentid>7275842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:00:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="746" sha1="t8yyjvbdgz631hoyxscqsp41uldmfiy" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie-Odette Lorougnon''' mɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] politikifuɛ bla kun'n, ɔ yoli Côte d’Ivoire Assemblée Nationale'n i nun depite bla kun afuɛ 2000 lele ɔ fa juli afuɛ 2010 nun. Ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Front Populaire Ivoirien|Front Populaire Ivoirien]] (FPI) i nunfuɛ, ɔ ti bla’m be su kpɛn nyɔn su. I sin’n, ɔ wluli  [[Wp/bci/Parti des peuples africains – Côte d'Ivoire|Parti des peuples africains – Côte d'Ivoire]] (PPA-CI).

== Akatua mun ==
Afuɛ 2021'n i Kɔnguɛ n'zué sra'n i le 8 su : Prix de la RÉSILIENCE décerné à la vice-présidente du PPA-CI, Marie Odette Lorougnon par la Fondation Femme ELITE, lors de la 11e édition du Gala Femme ELITE


[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q28499697}}</text>
      <sha1>t8yyjvbdgz631hoyxscqsp41uldmfiy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304185</id>
      <parentid>7304184</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:01:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <comment>/* Akatua mun */</comment>
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      <text bytes="748" sha1="c41452zxl3eeh33dnghyz7eau0ofae6" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie-Odette Lorougnon''' mɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] politikifuɛ bla kun'n, ɔ yoli Côte d’Ivoire Assemblée Nationale'n i nun depite bla kun afuɛ 2000 lele ɔ fa juli afuɛ 2010 nun. Ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Front Populaire Ivoirien|Front Populaire Ivoirien]] (FPI) i nunfuɛ, ɔ ti bla’m be su kpɛn nyɔn su. I sin’n, ɔ wluli  [[Wp/bci/Parti des peuples africains – Côte d'Ivoire|Parti des peuples africains – Côte d'Ivoire]] (PPA-CI).

== Akatua mun ==
* Afuɛ 2021'n i Kɔnguɛ n'zué sra'n i le 8 su : Prix de la RÉSILIENCE décerné à la vice-présidente du PPA-CI, Marie Odette Lorougnon par la Fondation Femme ELITE, lors de la 11e édition du Gala Femme ELITE


[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q28499697}}</text>
      <sha1>c41452zxl3eeh33dnghyz7eau0ofae6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304186</id>
      <parentid>7304185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:01:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Akatua mun */</comment>
      <origin>7304186</origin>
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      <text bytes="746" sha1="t1ygxya0kqu7aaso9amdqg0xwnt3y6w" xml:space="preserve">'''Marie-Odette Lorougnon''' mɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] politikifuɛ bla kun'n, ɔ yoli Côte d’Ivoire Assemblée Nationale'n i nun depite bla kun afuɛ 2000 lele ɔ fa juli afuɛ 2010 nun. Ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Front Populaire Ivoirien|Front Populaire Ivoirien]] (FPI) i nunfuɛ, ɔ ti bla’m be su kpɛn nyɔn su. I sin’n, ɔ wluli  [[Wp/bci/Parti des peuples africains – Côte d'Ivoire|Parti des peuples africains – Côte d'Ivoire]] (PPA-CI).

== Akatua mun ==
* Afuɛ 2021 i Kɔnguɛ n'zué sra'n i le 8 su : Prix de la RÉSILIENCE décerné à la vice-présidente du PPA-CI, Marie Odette Lorougnon par la Fondation Femme ELITE, lors de la 11e édition du Gala Femme ELITE


[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q28499697}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Amon Ago Marthe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3780725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304188</id>
      <parentid>7275837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:05:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <text bytes="1909" sha1="nutmunt00p8wnfgyep22984gv9tjkpe" xml:space="preserve">'''Amon Ago Marthe''', mɔ be wuli i afuɛ 1949'n i mungu sra'n i le 30 su [[Wp/bci/Agnibilékro|Agnibilékro]] lɔ, ɔ yoli [[Wp/bci/Assemblée nationale de Côte d'Ivoire|Assemblée nationale de Côte d'Ivoire]]'n i depite'n kun, [[Wp/bci/Front populaire ivoirien|Front populaire ivoirien]] (FPI) i ajalɛ nun. Kɛ ɔ fɛ i afuɛ 2000 nun lele m’ɔ fa ju afuɛ 2010 nun’n, ɔ yoli depite'm be akpasua i kpɛn nyɔn su.

== I wun n'dɛ ==
Kɛ ɔ fɛ i afuɛ 1981 nun'n, Amon Ago Marthe nyannin dɔktora Droit des Affaires (aata dilɛ’n i su mmla’m be su) nun. Ɔ ti like klefuɛ [[Wp/bci/Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny|Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] lɔ.

== Politiki nun nantilɛ ==
Afuɛ 1990 nun yɛ be mannin politiki nun anuannzɛ kaka be atin kɛ be taka [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] ɔ. Afuɛ 1991 nun’n, Amɔn Ago Marthe wluli anuannzɛ nga be flɛ i kɛ Front Populaire Ivoirien (FPI) nun. Afuɛ 1996 nun’n, ɔ boli i politiki juman i bo, ɔ nin wun ase kanlɛ, ɔ yoli kɛ sran kwlaa bɔ blɛli yɛ wa wlu like nun'n sa. Be fali juman wafa nga'm be mannin Amon Ago Marthe:

* Jɔlɛ dilɛ nin mmla be su afɔtuɛ manfuɛ like klelɛ nin like kundɛlɛ akpasua d'an'n su (conseillère technique chargée des Affaires juridiques et institutionnelles au ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique) ;
* chef du projet « Coordination du Programme de Valorisation des Ressources humaines Phase II (PVRH-2) » audit ministère ;
* secrétaire générale adjointe du Gouvernement ;
* depite kɛ [[Wp/bci/Laurent Gbagbo|Laurent Gbagbo]] yoli côte d'Ivoire plezidan'n

== Afiliɛ nin osu ==
Amon Ago Marthe le ba nnan (4). Afuɛ 2014'n i Kɔnguɛ n'zué sra'n i le kikli (1) su, i wun Amon Ferdinand Raoul m’ɔ ti ingénieur électronicien (elɛktronik nun ɛnjeniɛr'n) junman, ɔ wuli.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q28499699}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Alice Kaboyo</title>
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'''Alice Kaboyo''' n'omunyabyabutegyeki Omunyayuganda kandi minisita wa gavumenti. Naheereza nka minisita w'eihanga omu ofiisi y'enganzi y'eihanga ahabwa Luweero Triangle hamwe n'ekicweka kya Rwenzori.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.statehouse.go.ug/government/cabinet &quot;The Cabinet&quot;]. ''State House of Uganda''. Government of Uganda. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://opm.go.ug/minister-kaboyo-hands-over-seventh-civilian-veteran-house-in-ongoing-effort-to-honour-civilian-veterans/ &quot;Minister Kaboyo hands over Seventh Civilian Veteran House in ongoing effort to honour Civilian Veterans&quot;]. ''Office of the Prime Minister''. Government of Uganda. 2025-07-24. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omu ntandikwa y'omurimo ==
Kaboyo akaba ari omukozi omu maka g'obwa purezidenti.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/parliament-rejects-kaboyo-ministerial-appointment/ &quot;Parliament rejects Kaboyo ministerial appointment&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Uganda Radio Network ekamugambaho nk'orikukurira ekitongore ekirikujunanizibwa ahabyafaayo bya NRA kandi nk'omuhabuzi wa purezidenti omukuru orikukwatanisa n'ebyafaayo bya NRA, otwariiremu n'okutebekanisa orugyendo rw'abazirwanireho hamwe n'enteekateeka z'okwombeka eijukizo rya NRA ahari Kanyara, omu Disiturikiti ya Nakaseke.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/museveni-bush-war-veterans-end-six-day-long-trek?districtId=470 &quot;Museveni, Bush War Veterans End Six-Day Long Trek&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Minisita wa Siteti ==
Purezidenti Yoweri Museveni akatoorana Kaboyo kuheereza nka minisita wa Siteti omu ofiisi y'enganzi y'eihanga ahabwa Luweero Triangle-Rwenzori Region ebiro 8 Okwa mukaaga omuri 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/a/story/parliament-rejects-kaboyo-ministerial-appointment?districtId=728 &quot;Parliament Rejects Kaboyo Ministerial Appointment&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Akakiiko k'eishengyero akarikutoorana abantu kakanga kubanza kwikiriza okurondwa kwe omu Kwa. mukaaga omuri 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/a/story/parliament-rejects-kaboyo-ministerial-appointment?districtId=728 &quot;Parliament Rejects Kaboyo Ministerial Appointment&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Ebiro 6 Okwa mushanju omuri 2021, Uganda Radio Network ekagamba ngu akakiiko kakanga kwikiriza okurondwa kwe bwanyima y'okugaruka kukushwijuma.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/parliament-makes-u-turn-on-kaboyos-ministerial-appointment &quot;Parliament Makes U-Turn on Kaboyo's Ministerial Appointment&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2021-07-06. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nk'omu minisita, Kaboyo areebire kandi yaayejumbira omu puroguraamu za gavumenti omu bicweka bye, otwariiremu n'okushagika abazirwanireho hamwe n'enteekateeka za gavumenti ezirikukwata aha byombeko.&lt;ref&gt;[https://opm.go.ug/minister-kaboyo-hands-over-seventh-civilian-veteran-house-in-ongoing-effort-to-honour-civilian-veterans/ &quot;Minister Kaboyo hands over Seventh Civilian Veteran House in ongoing effort to honour Civilian Veterans&quot;]. ''Office of the Prime Minister''. Government of Uganda. 2025-07-24. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://opm.go.ug/minister-kaboyo-commissions-new-classroom-blocks-for-historic-kasese-school/ &quot;Minister Kaboyo Commissions New Classroom Blocks for Historic Kasese School&quot;]. ''Office of the Prime Minister''. Government of Uganda. 2025-12-02. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eishengyero ==
Kaboyo ari aha rukarara rw'abany'eishengyero rya 11 nk'omwebembezi w'eishengyero.

== Reeba na ==

* Kabineti ya Uganda
* Ofiisi y'enganzi y'eihanga (Uganda)
* Luweero Triangle

== Ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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'''Alice Kaboyo''' n'omunyabyabutegyeki Omunyayuganda kandi minisita wa gavumenti. Naheereza nka minisita w'eihanga omu ofiisi y'enganzi y'eihanga ahabwa Luweero Triangle hamwe n'ekicweka kya Rwenzori.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.statehouse.go.ug/government/cabinet &quot;The Cabinet&quot;]. ''State House of Uganda''. Government of Uganda. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://opm.go.ug/minister-kaboyo-hands-over-seventh-civilian-veteran-house-in-ongoing-effort-to-honour-civilian-veterans/ &quot;Minister Kaboyo hands over Seventh Civilian Veteran House in ongoing effort to honour Civilian Veterans&quot;]. ''Office of the Prime Minister''. Government of Uganda. 2025-07-24. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omuntandikwa y'emirimo ==
Kaboyo akaba ari omukozi omu maka g'obwa purezidenti.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/parliament-rejects-kaboyo-ministerial-appointment/ &quot;Parliament rejects Kaboyo ministerial appointment&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Uganda Radio Network ekamugambaho nk'orikukurira ekitongore ekirikujunanizibwa ahabyafaayo bya NRA kandi nk'omuhabuzi wa purezidenti omukuru orikukwatanisa n'ebyafaayo bya NRA, otwariiremu n'okutebekanisa orugyendo rw'abazirwanireho hamwe n'enteekateeka z'okwombeka eijukizo rya NRA ahari Kanyara, omu Disiturikiti ya Nakaseke.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/museveni-bush-war-veterans-end-six-day-long-trek?districtId=470 &quot;Museveni, Bush War Veterans End Six-Day Long Trek&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Minisita wa Siteti ==
Purezidenti Yoweri Museveni akatoorana Kaboyo kuheereza nka minisita wa Siteti omu ofiisi y'enganzi y'eihanga ahabwa Luweero Triangle-Rwenzori Region ebiro 8 Okwa mukaaga omuri 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/a/story/parliament-rejects-kaboyo-ministerial-appointment?districtId=728 &quot;Parliament Rejects Kaboyo Ministerial Appointment&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Akakiiko k'eishengyero akarikutoorana abantu kakanga kubanza kwikiriza okurondwa kwe omu Kwa. mukaaga omuri 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/a/story/parliament-rejects-kaboyo-ministerial-appointment?districtId=728 &quot;Parliament Rejects Kaboyo Ministerial Appointment&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Ebiro 6 Okwa mushanju omuri 2021, Uganda Radio Network ekagamba ngu akakiiko kakanga kwikiriza okurondwa kwe bwanyima y'okugaruka kukushwijuma.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/parliament-makes-u-turn-on-kaboyos-ministerial-appointment &quot;Parliament Makes U-Turn on Kaboyo's Ministerial Appointment&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2021-07-06. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nk'omu minisita, Kaboyo areebire kandi yaayejumbira omu puroguraamu za gavumenti omu bicweka bye, otwariiremu n'okushagika abazirwanireho hamwe n'enteekateeka za gavumenti ezirikukwata aha byombeko.&lt;ref&gt;[https://opm.go.ug/minister-kaboyo-hands-over-seventh-civilian-veteran-house-in-ongoing-effort-to-honour-civilian-veterans/ &quot;Minister Kaboyo hands over Seventh Civilian Veteran House in ongoing effort to honour Civilian Veterans&quot;]. ''Office of the Prime Minister''. Government of Uganda. 2025-07-24. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://opm.go.ug/minister-kaboyo-commissions-new-classroom-blocks-for-historic-kasese-school/ &quot;Minister Kaboyo Commissions New Classroom Blocks for Historic Kasese School&quot;]. ''Office of the Prime Minister''. Government of Uganda. 2025-12-02. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eishengyero ==
Kaboyo ari aha rukarara rw'abany'eishengyero rya 11 nk'omwebembezi w'eishengyero.

== Reeba na ==

* Kabineti ya Uganda
* Ofiisi y'enganzi y'eihanga (Uganda)
* Luweero Triangle

== Ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304405</id>
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        <username>Rooth N</username>
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'''Alice Kaboyo''' n'omunyabyabutegyeki Omunyayuganda kandi minisita wa gavumenti. Naheereza nka minisita w'eihanga omu ofiisi y'enganzi y'eihanga ahabwa Luweero Triangle hamwe n'ekicweka kya Rwenzori.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.statehouse.go.ug/government/cabinet &quot;The Cabinet&quot;]. ''State House of Uganda''. Government of Uganda. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://opm.go.ug/minister-kaboyo-hands-over-seventh-civilian-veteran-house-in-ongoing-effort-to-honour-civilian-veterans/ &quot;Minister Kaboyo hands over Seventh Civilian Veteran House in ongoing effort to honour Civilian Veterans&quot;]. ''Office of the Prime Minister''. Government of Uganda. 2025-07-24. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omuntandikwa y'emirimo ==
Kaboyo akaba ari omukozi omu maka g'obwa purezidenti.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/parliament-rejects-kaboyo-ministerial-appointment/ &quot;Parliament rejects Kaboyo ministerial appointment&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Uganda Radio Network ekamugambaho nk'orikukurira ekitongore ekirikujunanizibwa ahabyafaayo bya NRA kandi nk'omuhabuzi wa purezidenti omukuru orikukwatanisa n'ebyafaayo bya NRA, otwariiremu n'okutebekanisa orugyendo rw'abazirwanireho hamwe n'enteekateeka z'okwombeka eijukizo rya NRA ahari Kanyara, omu Disiturikiti ya Nakaseke.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/museveni-bush-war-veterans-end-six-day-long-trek?districtId=470 &quot;Museveni, Bush War Veterans End Six-Day Long Trek&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Minisita wa Siteti ==
Purezidenti [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]] akatoorana Kaboyo kuheereza nka minisita wa Siteti omu ofiisi y'enganzi y'eihanga ahabwa Luweero Triangle-Rwenzori Region ebiro 8 Okwa mukaaga omuri 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/a/story/parliament-rejects-kaboyo-ministerial-appointment?districtId=728 &quot;Parliament Rejects Kaboyo Ministerial Appointment&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Akakiiko k'eishengyero akarikutoorana abantu kakanga kubanza kwikiriza okurondwa kwe omu Kwa. mukaaga omuri 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/a/story/parliament-rejects-kaboyo-ministerial-appointment?districtId=728 &quot;Parliament Rejects Kaboyo Ministerial Appointment&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Ebiro 6 Okwa mushanju omuri 2021, Uganda Radio Network ekagamba ngu akakiiko kakanga kwikiriza okurondwa kwe bwanyima y'okugaruka kukushwijuma.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/parliament-makes-u-turn-on-kaboyos-ministerial-appointment &quot;Parliament Makes U-Turn on Kaboyo's Ministerial Appointment&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 2021-07-06. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nk'omu minisita, Kaboyo areebire kandi yaayejumbira omu puroguraamu za gavumenti omu bicweka bye, otwariiremu n'okushagika abazirwanireho hamwe n'enteekateeka za gavumenti ezirikukwata aha byombeko.&lt;ref&gt;[https://opm.go.ug/minister-kaboyo-hands-over-seventh-civilian-veteran-house-in-ongoing-effort-to-honour-civilian-veterans/ &quot;Minister Kaboyo hands over Seventh Civilian Veteran House in ongoing effort to honour Civilian Veterans&quot;]. ''Office of the Prime Minister''. Government of Uganda. 2025-07-24. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://opm.go.ug/minister-kaboyo-commissions-new-classroom-blocks-for-historic-kasese-school/ &quot;Minister Kaboyo Commissions New Classroom Blocks for Historic Kasese School&quot;]. ''Office of the Prime Minister''. Government of Uganda. 2025-12-02. Retrieved 2025-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eishengyero ==
Kaboyo ari aha rukarara rw'abany'eishengyero rya 11 nk'omwebembezi w'eishengyero.

== Reeba na ==

* Kabineti ya Uganda
* Ofiisi y'enganzi y'eihanga (Uganda)
* Luweero Triangle

== Ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Flore Hazoumé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3780977</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>7275656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:28:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <text bytes="2760" sha1="q3s308iwn1v8pkukvua5zetcwqdqy6t" xml:space="preserve">'''Flore Hazoumé''' ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] fluwa klɛfuɛ bla kun, i si’n ti Béninfuɛ, yɛ i nin’n ti Congofuɛ.

== I wun n'dɛ ==
Afuɛ 1959 nun’n, be wuli Flore Hazomé [[Wp/bci/Brazzaville|Brazzaville]], i si Antoine Hazoumé'n m’ɔ fin Dahomey (nga andɛ be flɛ [[Wp/bci/Bénin|Bénin]]'n), ti politikifuɛ, yɛ Aflansi i kotiase (agent des services secrets français), i nin'n ti Congofuɛ bla, mɔ i aosua yɛlɛ politikifuɛ [[Wp/bci/Bernard Kolélas|Bernard Kolélas]]. Asa ekun’n, ɔ ti fluwa klɛfuɛ [[Wp/bci/Paul Hazoumé|Paul Hazoumé]] i anunman bla. Ɔ dili i bakan nun nin suklu kɔlɛ blɛ’n i bue [[Wp/bci/France|France]] (Aflansi) lɔ.

Kɛ ɔ fɛ i afuɛ 1979 nun’n yɛ Flore Hazoumé trannin Côte d’Ivoire lɔ ɔ, yɛ ɔ suan nin anglais (angle aniɛn'n) [[Wp/bci/Université d'Abidjan|université d'Abidjan]]'n (Abidjan inivɛsite'n nun) lɔ. Afuɛ 1990 nun’n, ɔ yoli akpasua nga be flɛ i kɛ Association des Arts et des Lettres i kpɛnngbɛn nyɔn su i sin kpin wie, yɛ ɔ yoli akpasua nga be flɛ i kɛ Association des écrivains de Côte d'Ivoire (AECI)'n i fluwa ase tralɛ juman'n i nun jasin bofuɛ.

I fluwa'm be ti kpɛnngbɛn'm nin bakanngan'm be liɛ, yɛ i ndɛ’m be kan aeliɛ kpa’n i ndɛ. Afuɛ 2010 nun’n, ɔ nin [[Wp/bci/Josette Abondio|Josette Abondio]] be dili junman likawlɛ be yili fluwa nga be flɛ i kɛ Scrib Spiritualité’n.

== Fluwa akpasua mu ==

=== Nouvelles (nuvɛl mun) ===

* Rencontre: Nouvelles, Nouvelles Editions africaines, 1984 &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7236-0661-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cauchemars'', Abidjan, EDILIS, 1994. (144p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-909238-10-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;

=== '''Roman mu''' ===

* ''La Vengeance de l'Albinos'', Abidjan: EDILIS, 1996. (134p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-909238-48-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Une vie de bonne'' Abidjan/Montréal: Éditions CEDA/Hurtubise HMH, 1999 (76p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2 86394 328 6&lt;/nowiki&gt; et 2 89428 383 0)&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Le crépuscule de l'Homme'', Abidjan: CEDA, 2002. (200p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-86394-428-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Et si nous écoutons nos enfants'', Abidjan: CEDA, 2002 (64p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-86394-432-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Au coin de la rue, la vie m'attendait'', n.l.: Zoum éditions, 2006. (192p.). Préface de Gérard Dago Lezou.
* ''Je te le devais bien...'', Abidjan, Les Classiques Ivoiriens, 2012. (142p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 979-10-90625-02-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;. Récit autobiographique.
* ''Juste une question de cœur – La réconciliation par les mots'', Abidjan, L’Oiseau Indigo / Bookwitty, Les Classiques Ivoiriens, 2015; &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782372230162&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q12728341}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304192</id>
      <parentid>7304191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:29:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="2754" sha1="hzvfbt52cewnz1eqmogsig9c7c029vt" xml:space="preserve">'''Flore Hazoumé''' ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] fluwa klɛfuɛ bla kun, i si’n ti Béninfuɛ, yɛ i nin’n ti Congofuɛ.

== I wun n'dɛ ==
Afuɛ 1959 nun’n, be wuli Flore Hazomé [[Wp/bci/Brazzaville|Brazzaville]], i si Antoine Hazoumé'n m’ɔ fin Dahomey (nga andɛ be flɛ [[Wp/bci/Bénin|Bénin]]'n), ti politikifuɛ, yɛ Aflansi i kotiase (agent des services secrets français), i nin'n ti Congofuɛ bla, mɔ i aosua yɛlɛ politikifuɛ [[Wp/bci/Bernard Kolélas|Bernard Kolélas]]. Asa ekun’n, ɔ ti fluwa klɛfuɛ [[Wp/bci/Paul Hazoumé|Paul Hazoumé]] i anunman bla. Ɔ dili i bakan nun nin suklu kɔlɛ blɛ’n i bue [[Wp/bci/France|France]] (Aflansi) lɔ.

Kɛ ɔ fɛ i afuɛ 1979 nun’n yɛ Flore Hazoumé trannin Côte d’Ivoire lɔ ɔ, yɛ ɔ suan nin anglais (angle aniɛn'n) [[Wp/bci/Université d'Abidjan|université d'Abidjan]]'n (Abidjan inivɛsite'n nun) lɔ. Afuɛ 1990 nun’n, ɔ yoli akpasua nga be flɛ i kɛ Association des Arts et des Lettres i kpɛnngbɛn nyɔn su i sin kpin wie, yɛ ɔ yoli akpasua nga be flɛ i kɛ Association des écrivains de Côte d'Ivoire (AECI)'n i fluwa ase tralɛ juman'n i nun jasin bofuɛ.

I fluwa'm be ti kpɛnngbɛn'm nin bakanngan'm be liɛ, yɛ i ndɛ’m be kan aeliɛ kpa’n i ndɛ. Afuɛ 2010 nun’n, ɔ nin [[Wp/bci/Josette Abondio|Josette Abondio]] be dili junman likawlɛ be yili fluwa nga be flɛ i kɛ Scrib Spiritualité’n.

== Fluwa akpasua mu ==

=== Nouvelles (nuvɛl mun) ===

* Rencontre: Nouvelles, Nouvelles Editions africaines, 1984 &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7236-0661-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cauchemars'', Abidjan, EDILIS, 1994. (144p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-909238-10-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;

=== Roman mu ===

* ''La Vengeance de l'Albinos'', Abidjan: EDILIS, 1996. (134p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-909238-48-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Une vie de bonne'' Abidjan/Montréal: Éditions CEDA/Hurtubise HMH, 1999 (76p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2 86394 328 6&lt;/nowiki&gt; et 2 89428 383 0)&lt;/small&gt;.
* ''Le crépuscule de l'Homme'', Abidjan: CEDA, 2002. (200p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-86394-428-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Et si nous écoutons nos enfants'', Abidjan: CEDA, 2002 (64p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-86394-432-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Au coin de la rue, la vie m'attendait'', n.l.: Zoum éditions, 2006. (192p.). Préface de Gérard Dago Lezou.
* ''Je te le devais bien...'', Abidjan, Les Classiques Ivoiriens, 2012. (142p.). &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 979-10-90625-02-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;. Récit autobiographique.
* ''Juste une question de cœur – La réconciliation par les mots'', Abidjan, L’Oiseau Indigo / Bookwitty, Les Classiques Ivoiriens, 2015; &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782372230162&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q12728341}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Simone Kaya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304194</id>
      <parentid>7275082</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:35:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <text bytes="2517" sha1="6ouyxgdd1prw37v8g8gqki5ffbbm8zo" xml:space="preserve">'''Simone Kaya''', bɔ be wuli i afuɛ 1937'n i djouaklé sra'n i le 11 su'n, ɔ wuli afuɛ 2007'n i Klannan n'dɛya sra'n i le 7 su. Ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] bla’m nga be klɛ fluwa’n be nun kun. Blɔfuɛ yɛ ɔ kan. ɔ ti bla sɔ'm be nun kikli kun.

== I wun n'dɛ ==
Simone Kaya i osu'n fin Burkina Faso; be wuli i si’n i Ouagadougou lɔ.

Be wuli i [[Wp/bci/Bouaflé|Bouaflé]], Côte d’Ivoire lɔ, osu dan kun nun (bla nsan nin yasua nnan). I si’n wlɛ i suklu [[Wp/bci/Bocanda|Bocanda]] lɔ, afin ɔ kunndɛli kɛ i wa bla’m be si fluwa kanngan nin i klɛ. Kɛ ɔ nyannin afuɛ 13, ɔ ɔli Aflansi lɔ ko suannin dɔɔtrɔ junman’n i dilɛ. Kɛ ɔ sɛli i sin sran ble mɛn nun’n, ɔ ko trannin  [[Wp/bci/Brazzaville|Brazzaville]], i sin’n ɔ ko trannin [[Wp/bci/Yaoundé|Yaoundé]], kpɛkun i agualiɛ su’n, ɔ ko trannin [[Wp/bci/Abidjan|Abidjan]], lɔ'n ɔ dili dɔɔtrɔ nin sran’m be wukalɛ juman, kɔkun ɔ niannin INFS (Institut national de formation sociale) su.

Simone Kaya yɛ ɔ yolii awa dɔɔtrɔ bla (ɛnfimiɛr) klikli afuɛ 21 su Côte d’Ivoire lɔ’n niɔn, INFS (Institut national de formation sociale) i su bla nga ɔ yoli i su kpɛn klikli’n niɔn. Asa ekun’n, i yɛ ɔ ti bla klikli ng’ɔ wluli Côte d'Ivoire lɔ fluwa klɛfuɛ’m be nun’n niɔn.

Afuɛ 2007 nun’n, tukpacɛ nga be flɛ i kɛ méningite (ndutre nun kpacɛ’n) kunnin i [[Wp/bci/Ouagadougou|Ouagadougou]] lɔ.

== Fluwa nga ɔ klɛli bé'm ==
Afuɛ 1976 nin 1984 be nun’n, ɔ yili i bɔbɔ i wun ndɛ fluwa nɲɔn, ɔ kannin i bɔbɔ nin Côte d'Ivoire ba akpasua vie'm be wun ndɛ sanngɛ ɔ kannin Côte d'Ivoire lɔ bla’m be blɛ liɛ’n i ndɛ wie: “I sɔ liɛ'n kaninn sran'm yɛ ɔ trali be akunndan'n i ase Able sifuɛ’m be lika, wafa nga be fa wun sran ble'm bé ninge'm be wlɛ'n, i sran'm, i lika'n, i wun ndɛ'n, mɔ sran ble ba bla kun, mɔ o plɔtrɔ blɛ'n nin nvle'm be fɔndi dilɛ blɛ bé afiɛn'n, ɔ kwla nyɛn i'n. Kɛ be kan Simone Kaya i wun ndɛ'n nin i kusu ɔ fɛ i wun kle...

* ''Les Danseuses d'Impé-eya. Jeunes filles à Abidjan'', INADES, Abidjan, 1976, 127 p. ;  Cheikh Hamidou Kane yɛ ɔ fitili fluwa sɔ su ɔ (préface) ; Fluwa nga ɔ kɛn i wun ndɛ nun'n (autobiographie) : Simone Kaya kɛn i bakan blɛ'n i awieliɛ nin i nyilɛ i bobolɛ nun ndɛ mu.
* ''Le Prix d'une vie'' (roman), Abidjan, CEDA, 1984, 131 p. &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-86394-081-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;.


[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1602330}}</text>
      <sha1>6ouyxgdd1prw37v8g8gqki5ffbbm8zo</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304195</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:35:41Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <text bytes="2541" sha1="crnqo7aqwy1968otq6x8b56b5newmui" xml:space="preserve">'''Simone Kaya''', bɔ be wuli i afuɛ 1937'n i djouaklé sra'n i le 11 su'n, ɔ wuli afuɛ 2007'n i Klannan n'dɛya sra'n i le 7 su. Ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] bla’m nga be klɛ fluwa’n be nun kun. Blɔfuɛ yɛ ɔ kan. ɔ ti bla sɔ'm be nun kikli kun.

== I wun n'dɛ ==
Simone Kaya i osu'n fin [[Wp/bci/Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]]; be wuli i si’n i Ouagadougou lɔ.

Be wuli i [[Wp/bci/Bouaflé|Bouaflé]], Côte d’Ivoire lɔ, osu dan kun nun (bla nsan nin yasua nnan). I si’n wlɛ i suklu [[Wp/bci/Bocanda|Bocanda]] lɔ, afin ɔ kunndɛli kɛ i wa bla’m be si fluwa kanngan nin i klɛ. Kɛ ɔ nyannin afuɛ 13, ɔ ɔli Aflansi lɔ ko suannin dɔɔtrɔ junman’n i dilɛ. Kɛ ɔ sɛli i sin sran ble mɛn nun’n, ɔ ko trannin  [[Wp/bci/Brazzaville|Brazzaville]], i sin’n ɔ ko trannin [[Wp/bci/Yaoundé|Yaoundé]], kpɛkun i agualiɛ su’n, ɔ ko trannin [[Wp/bci/Abidjan|Abidjan]], lɔ'n ɔ dili dɔɔtrɔ nin sran’m be wukalɛ juman, kɔkun ɔ niannin INFS (Institut national de formation sociale) su.

Simone Kaya yɛ ɔ yolii awa dɔɔtrɔ bla (ɛnfimiɛr) klikli afuɛ 21 su Côte d’Ivoire lɔ’n niɔn, INFS (Institut national de formation sociale) i su bla nga ɔ yoli i su kpɛn klikli’n niɔn. Asa ekun’n, i yɛ ɔ ti bla klikli ng’ɔ wluli Côte d'Ivoire lɔ fluwa klɛfuɛ’m be nun’n niɔn.

Afuɛ 2007 nun’n, tukpacɛ nga be flɛ i kɛ méningite (ndutre nun kpacɛ’n) kunnin i [[Wp/bci/Ouagadougou|Ouagadougou]] lɔ.

== Fluwa nga ɔ klɛli bé'm ==
Afuɛ 1976 nin 1984 be nun’n, ɔ yili i bɔbɔ i wun ndɛ fluwa nɲɔn, ɔ kannin i bɔbɔ nin Côte d'Ivoire ba akpasua vie'm be wun ndɛ sanngɛ ɔ kannin Côte d'Ivoire lɔ bla’m be blɛ liɛ’n i ndɛ wie: “I sɔ liɛ'n kaninn sran'm yɛ ɔ trali be akunndan'n i ase Able sifuɛ’m be lika, wafa nga be fa wun sran ble'm bé ninge'm be wlɛ'n, i sran'm, i lika'n, i wun ndɛ'n, mɔ sran ble ba bla kun, mɔ o plɔtrɔ blɛ'n nin nvle'm be fɔndi dilɛ blɛ bé afiɛn'n, ɔ kwla nyɛn i'n. Kɛ be kan Simone Kaya i wun ndɛ'n nin i kusu ɔ fɛ i wun kle...

* ''Les Danseuses d'Impé-eya. Jeunes filles à Abidjan'', INADES, Abidjan, 1976, 127 p. ;  Cheikh Hamidou Kane yɛ ɔ fitili fluwa sɔ su ɔ (préface) ; Fluwa nga ɔ kɛn i wun ndɛ nun'n (autobiographie) : Simone Kaya kɛn i bakan blɛ'n i awieliɛ nin i nyilɛ i bobolɛ nun ndɛ mu.
* ''Le Prix d'une vie'' (roman), Abidjan, CEDA, 1984, 131 p. &lt;small&gt;(&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-86394-081-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;.


[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1602330}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/mrg/Bhulanath Dole:</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3781413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303978</id>
      <parentid>7272417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:10:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Onam: */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4819" sha1="2gqc0kmzz8xre0o2z6gadb5exrqyyuh" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. 1951 dítagdo pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. 1954 ditagdo M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila 1958 dítagdo metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. 1960 dítagdo I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka 1962 ditagdo.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé 2005 ditagdo migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. 2007 ditagdo ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. 2011 ditagdo Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika 1962 dítagdo. 1963 dítagdo édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. 1964 dítagdo poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. 1972 dítagdo bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. 1994 dítagdo Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, 1995 dítagdo Transport Commissionerpé odokké 1996 dítagdo bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303979</id>
      <parentid>7303978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:12:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ponam */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4826" sha1="9je36r02pkbr3kug0n4xysrgxa1gh2n" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé 2005 ditagdo migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. 2007 ditagdo ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. 2011 ditagdo Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika 1962 dítagdo. 1963 dítagdo édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. 1964 dítagdo poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. 1972 dítagdo bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. 1994 dítagdo Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, 1995 dítagdo Transport Commissionerpé odokké 1996 dítagdo bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>9je36r02pkbr3kug0n4xysrgxa1gh2n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303980</id>
      <parentid>7303979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:13:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Réngam ager: */</comment>
      <origin>7303980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4828" sha1="g9z8x6j96p08svcps5yk7pbz5pejfsl" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. 2007 ditagdo ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. 2011 ditagdo Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika 1962 dítagdo. 1963 dítagdo édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. 1964 dítagdo poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. 1972 dítagdo bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. 1994 dítagdo Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, 1995 dítagdo Transport Commissionerpé odokké 1996 dítagdo bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>g9z8x6j96p08svcps5yk7pbz5pejfsl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303981</id>
      <parentid>7303980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:13:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Réngam ager: */</comment>
      <origin>7303981</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4830" sha1="4zxvg8rfd5ychfiyfl34psa4n26sezm" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. 2011 ditagdo Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika 1962 dítagdo. 1963 dítagdo édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. 1964 dítagdo poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. 1972 dítagdo bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. 1994 dítagdo Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, 1995 dítagdo Transport Commissionerpé odokké 1996 dítagdo bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>4zxvg8rfd5ychfiyfl34psa4n26sezm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303982</id>
      <parentid>7303981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:13:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Réngam ager: */</comment>
      <origin>7303982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4832" sha1="i3a7dcfgj5bg20pnik01sn4f1wshpoi" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika 1962 dítagdo. 1963 dítagdo édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. 1964 dítagdo poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. 1972 dítagdo bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. 1994 dítagdo Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, 1995 dítagdo Transport Commissionerpé odokké 1996 dítagdo bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>i3a7dcfgj5bg20pnik01sn4f1wshpoi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303983</id>
      <parentid>7303982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:14:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Migom ager gernam: */</comment>
      <origin>7303983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4833" sha1="dxhdw3kszpn4r3ymrulr1f92c60ln60" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. 1963 dítagdo édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. 1964 dítagdo poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. 1972 dítagdo bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. 1994 dítagdo Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, 1995 dítagdo Transport Commissionerpé odokké 1996 dítagdo bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>dxhdw3kszpn4r3ymrulr1f92c60ln60</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303984</id>
      <parentid>7303983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:14:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Migom ager gernam: */</comment>
      <origin>7303984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4834" sha1="6nihrkcv9j1nlo7adpt8fiqfric1t9j" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. Dítag 1963 do édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. 1964 dítagdo poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. 1972 dítagdo bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. 1994 dítagdo Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, 1995 dítagdo Transport Commissionerpé odokké 1996 dítagdo bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>6nihrkcv9j1nlo7adpt8fiqfric1t9j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303985</id>
      <parentid>7303984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:15:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Migom ager gernam: */</comment>
      <origin>7303985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4835" sha1="73qjjtq1m3dbwah95xi6gycadnnohhk" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. Dítag 1963 do édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. Dítag 1964 do poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. 1972 dítagdo bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. 1994 dítagdo Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, 1995 dítagdo Transport Commissionerpé odokké 1996 dítagdo bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>73qjjtq1m3dbwah95xi6gycadnnohhk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303986</id>
      <parentid>7303985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:15:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Migom ager gernam: */</comment>
      <origin>7303986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4836" sha1="rumajpc9opynwfm7pmvc0utwkmesyk8" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. Dítag 1963 do édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. Dítag 1964 do poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. Dítag 1972 do bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. 1994 dítagdo Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, 1995 dítagdo Transport Commissionerpé odokké 1996 dítagdo bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>rumajpc9opynwfm7pmvc0utwkmesyk8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303987</id>
      <parentid>7303986</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:16:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Migom ager gernam: */</comment>
      <origin>7303987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4837" sha1="2ymc0uvqq98r7dptuoxepolfhc3nsfy" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. Dítag 1963 do édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. Dítag 1964 do poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. Dítag 1972 do bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. Dítag 1994 do Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, 1995 dítagdo Transport Commissionerpé odokké 1996 dítagdo bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>2ymc0uvqq98r7dptuoxepolfhc3nsfy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303988</id>
      <parentid>7303987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:17:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Migom ager gernam: */</comment>
      <origin>7303988</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4839" sha1="gcyr67jj9bls7anoq4sixi8md85o0br" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. Dítag 1963 do édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. Dítag 1964 do poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. Dítag 1972 do bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. Dítag 1994 do Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, Dítag 1995 do Transport Commissionerpé odokké dítag 1996 do bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>gcyr67jj9bls7anoq4sixi8md85o0br</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303989</id>
      <parentid>7303988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:17:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Migom ager gernam: */</comment>
      <origin>7303989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4846" sha1="tdv2m2wb5z9b4deibd3koxwxd7rzva0" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. Dítag 1963 do édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. Dítag 1964 do poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. Dítag 1972 do bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. Dítag 1994 do Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, Dítag 1995 do Transport Commissionerpé odokké dítag 1996 do bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la dítag 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==


2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>tdv2m2wb5z9b4deibd3koxwxd7rzva0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303990</id>
      <parentid>7303989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:17:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : */</comment>
      <origin>7303990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4852" sha1="99xohb1sy02yg3paufkgkb8f7xtks6e" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. Dítag 1963 do édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. Dítag 1964 do poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. Dítag 1972 do bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. Dítag 1994 do Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, Dítag 1995 do Transport Commissionerpé odokké dítag 1996 do bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la dítag 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==

Dítag 2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé 2000 dítagdok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>99xohb1sy02yg3paufkgkb8f7xtks6e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303991</id>
      <parentid>7303990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:18:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : */</comment>
      <origin>7303991</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4853" sha1="cedoxez8gczombh8kmu8iaz4a367tzp" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. Dítag 1963 do édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. Dítag 1964 do poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. Dítag 1972 do bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. Dítag 1994 do Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, Dítag 1995 do Transport Commissionerpé odokké dítag 1996 do bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la dítag 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==

Dítag 2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé dítag 2000 dok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé 2007 dítagdo olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>cedoxez8gczombh8kmu8iaz4a367tzp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303992</id>
      <parentid>7303991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:18:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : */</comment>
      <origin>7303992</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4854" sha1="1cicc3w4pju7hd2njpf5bb4332k4cep" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. Dítag 1963 do édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. Dítag 1964 do poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. Dítag 1972 do bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. Dítag 1994 do Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, Dítag 1995 do Transport Commissionerpé odokké dítag 1996 do bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la dítag 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==

Dítag 2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé dítag 2000 dok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé dítag 2007 do olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí 2012 ditagdok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>1cicc3w4pju7hd2njpf5bb4332k4cep</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303993</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:19:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
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      <comment>/* Sinam: */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4856" sha1="1tg1x8tmpu8lk4f45lkjo8655pox696" xml:space="preserve">==Kangkin:==
Mising réngam ara:so 'District Transport Officer'pé ipo:nédé Bhulanath Dole:bí. Ménggabla porimilo do:lu:lokkésin bottépé pola:namdém léngkanné aminpé minkanla:dag bikké aminsém. 'Akonké ainam légangé agerém gerrang, aima:nam légangé édílosin germa:pé' émna luyir luné amikai Bhulanath Dole:bí.

== '''Onam:''' ==


Lokhimpur mo:dumdok Dhokukhana mo:tagdok Bandhena do:lu:do dítag 1940, 31 Mars longédo Bhulanath Dole:mé otgai. Bík abudok aminém Gilti Dole: odokké anédok aminém Bhanumoti Dole: émtagai. Bínyikké aokídí:dé- Bhulanath, Poroma, Podmodhor, Jadob, Gupal, Roghunath la: Monikanto bulu. Omékídí:dok aminé- Birmoti, Parboti, Omraboti, Omra, Yaji la: Rombha. Pu:mu assé pu:yudnam lédupé Bandhena do:lu:dokké Sisimukhpé buluk éra:dé gingka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Wp/mrg/Cite book|author=Dipak Kumar Doley|title=Mitpan la:ma:nam Mising Tani:|pages=18-19|publication-date=Disembor, 2020|publisher=Tani K. Publication|publication-place=|url=https://dipokkumardoley.in/Books/Mitpanlamanam%20Mising%20Tani.pdf?v=1781678014661}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ponam ==  

Bhulanath Dole:bí Bandhena do:lu:do du:né Pobug Pokodo porika. Dítag 1951 do pobug ponam dém pongabla All Assam Miri High Schooldo aminém adlikka. Dítag 1954 do M.E. pokurra édé iskulí:do porila dítag 1958 do metrigdém pokurka. Metrigdém pokurge:la bi Sibsagor Kolejdo porika. Dítag 1960 do I.A. dém pokurge:la édé kolejí dokké bí B.A.dém pokurka dítag 1962 do.

== '''Midang:''' ==


'Yamném la:ma:mílo ponamém pomo mang' émna Bhulanath Dole:mé abudé luka. Ape: IX do porila du:dodém bíkképé érangé Sisimukh do:lu:dok Taral Pe:guké olum omé Urmila Pe:gumé midangém mola la:bika. Bhulanath Dole:ké la: Urmila Dole:ké ommang kídí:dé- Uttom, Umanondo la: Sophia bulu. Omma:ngém ojonsula bottémonam lédupé 2000 dítag dok 26 Septembor longédo Urmila Dole:bí abudok alagdo ommangkídí:dém mépagla Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Réngam ager: ==
Migom agerém gerab nam lédupé dítag 2005 do migomé Bhulanath Dole mé Maing Autonomous Councildok Vice Principalpé toligla agerém germoka. Dítag 2007 do ba:lennam 'Abí:né Mising Mi:rum Kéba:'dok du:pongarné abupé du:la ardapé agerém gerboka Bhulanath Dole:bi. Dítag 2011 do Jengraimukh lo banam kéba do méxtinsukandopé agerém gerbola lékoda édé kéba:dok Kébang abupé bím tolíkka. Guwahati Mising Kéba:dok Kébang abupė ila Bhulanath Dole:bí irga:pé agerém bojéko gerboka. Bik tatpopé lunam agomém, koyémo la lupo-taunamém appingéi aipé mé dungai. Adí adilo aíké érang-opeyém asinang ola bi madan madanna kanggo:dungai. 

== Migom ager gernam: ==


Bhulanath Dole:bí BA.dém pokurnam lédupé Jugisuti M.E. Iskuldok Ru:tum Poyirnépé ika dítag 1962 do. Dítag 1963 do édé agerdém mépagla bí Sisimukh Hai Iskuldo poyirnépé agerém gerka. Dítag 1964 do poyirnam agerém mépagla bi Department of Relief and Rehabilitation pe:le:dok Camp Commandantpé migom agerém gerka. Édé agerdém bí Garu Pahar, Lidu, Gualparalo gergongka. Dítag 1972 do bí APSC ankangém bila pa:sla DTO agerém pangka. Shilonglo po:lo píkéngkopé geryir sunamém gerra gerabnam lédupé bím Dibrugorh mo:dumdok District Transport Officerpé tolíkka. Édé DTO agerdém bí Shilong, Dibrugorh, Jurhat, Tejpur, Nogau, Lokhimpur, Mongoldoi, Kukrajharlo geryarra gerka. Dítag 1994 do Bhulanath Dole:mé Transport pe:le:dok Assistant Commissionerpé, Dítag 1995 do Transport Commissionerpé odokké dítag 1996 do bím Joint Transport Commissionerpé tosa:líkka. Adí a:la dítag 1998 dítagdok 28 Phebuari longédo bí migom agerém gertérsuka. Mising réngamso Bhulanath Dole:bí DTOpé ipo:né migurai.

== Mé:dírmoné sinam kídí: dé : ==

Dítag 2000 dítagdo bíkké biro Roghunath Dole:bí sikang. Édé dítag 2000 dok 26 Septembor longédo bíkké né:ng Urmila Dole:bí:sin sikang. Sinam ésaré sarngasuma:pé dítag 2007 do olum Uttom Kumar Dole bi sila bim sipé médirmoka, Edé me dirmone sinamkidi de bim aipé atera mokang. Médir-mé songém ajonpė jonna bi réngam agerém, adnam agerém ménggabla gerka. Potin adnam ager: Bhulanath Dole:bi bornyiko potinématka. Éde potin bonyide A:si-Jo:bo Bongsa woli la: &quot;Bandhena Gawor Peguhokolor Bognsawoli Asi-Jo:bo Bongsawoli potindo Paling Dole ké so Azsiké éra dok do piném adla léngkanbitag. Do:pin potiném adnam légangé bim 'Opin A:pí' émna ludo.

== Sinam: ==
Abiné Mising Mi:rum Kéba:dok kebang abupé du:la aiké réngamsok légangé ainé agerém gerbonamém mé:la du:dodém ékéré aso: aso:pé aima:pé iyala Bhulanath Dole:bí dítag 2012 dok 16 Disembor longédo Guwahati Soymaildo du:né aíké okumdo amigé migjemna Ui amo:pé gíkangku.

== Ka:yi:sunam ==
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Joseph Anouma</title>
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        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
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      <text bytes="1383" sha1="98z8i01bsoi9nme1ome34j0nswovic8" xml:space="preserve">'''Joseph Anouma''' ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] lɔ poɛti nin fluwa yifuɛ kun, be wuli i Dabré lɔ afuɛ 1949 nun, [[Wp/bci/M’Batto|M’Batto]] i akpasua kaan’n nun lɔ.

== I wun n'dɛ ==
I duman kpa yɛle N’cho Anouma. ɔ kle sran be fluwa klɛlɛ’n kɔkun  i sin’n, ɔ kle sran’m be like Institut national supérieur des art et de l’action culturelle lɔ. Lɔ yɛ ɔ kle sran’m be like desɛn yilɛ’n, nin peinture, nin  sculpture, nin gravure,nin  céramique,  ɔ nin   graphisme be su ɔ. Ɔ yoli suklu nga be flɛ i kɛ École des Beaux-Arts i su kpɛn kun, yɛ ɔ fali i wun wlali jurnali nga be flɛ i kɛ &quot;L'École des arts&quot; i yilɛ nun.

Afuɛ 2019 angbô nun’n, Joseph Anouma yili like kun m’ɔ flɛ i kɛ &quot;La Rénaissance&quot;. Fluwa sɔ’n i nun ndɛ’m be sɔnnin, kɛ sran’m be tulɛ’n, nin nvɛɛ’n, nin be klun lɔ fɔundi’n, nin ngwlɛlɛ’n, nin sran’m be bɔbɔ be wun akunndan bulɛ’n, ɔ nin ninnge nga be o lɛ’n be wunmiɛn’n sa.

== Fluwa nga ɔ yili be’n ==

* Afuɛ 1974 : ''J'ai perdu mon berceau''
* Afuɛ 1977 : ''Les matins blafards''
* Afuɛ 1981 : ''Pas cadencés''
* Afuɛ 1985 : ''L'enfer géosynclinal''
* Afuɛ 1996 : ''L'élytre incendiaire'' (poèmes)
* Afuɛ 2003 : ''Trois continents pour Trois-Rivières suivi de Capitale de la poésie''

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q56306920}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/yua/Edgar Allan Poe</title>
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        <username>Jorge F. Victoria Puerto</username>
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      <comment>Ku ts'a'abal jump'éel oochel</comment>
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      <text bytes="3899" sha1="3pik543sargmgi6ctktd03991f0c831" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/yua/Mal traducido}}
[[File:Edgar Allan Poe daguerreotype crop.png|thumbnail|right|250px|Edgar Allan Poe]]
[[File:Edgar Allan Poe Birthplace Boston.jpg|thumb|U ''placa'' Edgar Allan Poe]]
'''Edgar Allan Poe''' (Boston, 19 ti' enero ti' 1809-Baltimore, 7 ti' octubre ti' 1849), leti' ka'ach juntúul escritor, poeta, crítico yéetel periodista romántico estadounidense, tu general reconocido bey juntúul u maestros universales ti' le chan tsikbal, ti' le ku leti' ka'ach juntúul u yáax practicantes ti' u lu'uma'. leti' ka'ach juntúul renovador ti' le novela gótica, k'a'ajsa'al especialmente tumen u tsikbalo'ob terror. Ku tukulta'al bey u beetmaj le tsikbal detectiveo', tu ts'áaj xan ya'abkach meyajo'ob ti' le género emergente ti' ciencia ficción. Beyxan, leti' le yáax escritor estadounidense k'ajóolta'an tu yóotaj u kuxtal yéetel u ts'íib, ba'ax yaan ka'ach consecuencias desgraciadas ti' leti'.U meyajo'obe' ku yokolo'ob te' tu'ux asab éek'joch'e'en u tuukul wíinik, tu je'ek'abtaj u bejil uti'al le sajakil yéetel le simbolismo moderno.

Poe xan tu ts'áaj u yóol ti' jejeláas kúuchilo'ob je'el bix cosmología, criptografía yéetel mesmerismo. U meyaj ts'o'ok u asimilado tumen le miatsil populares yo'osal le literatura, paax (tanto moderna bey clásica), cha'ano' (je'ebix, le ya'ab adaptaciones u tsikbalo'ob tumen director estadounidense Roger Corman), cómics, boonilo' (ya'abkach meyajo'ob tumen Gustave Doré, je'ebix), yéetel televisión (cientos adaptaciones, bey le serie española ''Historias para no dormir'').

Poe tu ts'íibtaj chan tsikbalo'ob ti' jejeláas géneros, poesía, crítica literaria, yéetel ensayos yóok'ol ya'abkach ba'alo'ob, beyxan jump'éel novela. ichil tuláakal u kuxtale', tu ts'íibtaj xan ya'abkach carta'ob.

== Influencias ==

Le críticos tu general ku éejentiko'ob le fuentes literarias ku influyeron ti' Poe. Ti' u yáax tsikbalo'obe', tu bin tu paach Boccaccio yéetel Chaucer. Bey xan u inspirado tumen tuláakal le tradición gótica inglesa: Horace Walpole, Ann Radcliffe, Matthew G. Lewis, yéetel Charles Maturin, ichil láak'o'ob.

leti'e' jach k'ajóolta'an ka'ach yéetel le románticos alemanes (E.T.A. Hoffmann, barón Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, etc.). Tak tu lu'umil, jach tu ts'áaj u yóol ti' le pioneros Charles Brockden Brown yéetel Washington Irving. Uláak' aj ts'íibo'ob inglés jach tu ts'íiboltaj leti'obe' leti'obe' Daniel Defoe, Walter Scott, William Godwin yéetel Edward Bulwer-Lytton. Poe xan bin inspirado tumen le tsikbalo'ob Yaan k'iine' indignantes ku chíikpajal con frecuencia ti' le revista u Edimburgo Blackwood's Magazine, ku le bostoniano satirizó ti' u tsikbalo'ob asab extravaganos: &quot;Le respiración satal,&quot; &quot;Bix u ts'íibtik jump'éel artículo ti' le bix u Blackwood,&quot; yéetel láak'o'ob.

Ti' le poesía, bin cautivado tak u táankelem ts'o'oka'an tumen Lord Byron. ichil le géneroa', tu jach ts'áaj u nib óolal ti' le poesía nocturna francesa yéetel germánica, bey xan tuláakal le románticos ingleses: Shelley, Keats, Wordsworth (u didácticismo, ba'ale', tu criticó), yéetel Coleridge. xan tu ts'áaj u tojol Tennyson.

Poe xan jach k'ajóolta'an ka'ach u meyaj le científicos asab importantes: Laplace, Newton, Kepler, yéetel láak'o'ob. Ba'ale' le aj ts'íib ku ya'ala'al ti' u meyajo'obo' leti' le filósofo inglés Joseph Glanvill.

== Tu'ux u taal ==
{{Wp/yua/Reflist}}Edgar Allan Poe síijil tu noj kaajil Boston, Massachusetts (Estados Unidos) tu k'iinil 19 ti' enero ti' 1809. Kex síij tu kaajil Bostone', u tsikbale' jach yaan u yil yéetel uláak' noj kaajilo'ob Estados Unidos: Richmond, Virginia: Ka' ts'o'ok u p'áatal mina'an u taata tu ka'ap'éel ja'abo'ob, bin ch'a'abal tumen John yéetel Frances Allan. Te'elo' líik'e' ka tu kajlaj u ya'abil u kuxtal te'elo'.
[[Category:Wp/yua]]
[[Category:Wp/yua/Wíiniko'ob]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q16867}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Alfonse Owiny Dollo</title>
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'''Alfonse Chigamoy Owiny-Dollo''' (akazaarwa ebiro 18 Okw'okubanza omuri 1956) n'omunyamateeka Omunyayuganda kandi omuramuzi owaheereize nka Omuramuzi Omukuru owa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] kuruga ebiro 20 Okwa munaana omuri 2020 kuhisya ebiro 18  Okw'okubanza omuri 2026 obu yaahikize emyaka 70 ey'okuhuumuriraho.&lt;ref&gt;Independent, The (2026-01-18). [https://www.independent.co.ug/chief-justice-alfonse-chigamoy-owiny-dollo-retires-after-four-decades-of-legal-service/ &quot;Chief Justice Alfonse Chigamoy Owiny-Dollo retires after four decades of legal service&quot;.] ''The Independent Uganda''. Retrieved 2026-01-19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Anthony Wesaka (21 August 2020). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-appoints-Owiny-Dollo-as-new-Chief-Justice/688334-5611980-65w0rcz/index.html &quot;Museveni Appoints Owiny-Dollo As New Chief Justice&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 30 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kulumba, Farooq Kasule and Dickson (2026-01-17). [https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/chief-justice-owiny-dollo-hangs-up-his-robes-NV_226416 &quot;News: Chief Justice Owiny-Dollo hangs up his robes&quot;]. New Vision. Retrieved 2026-01-19.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akaheereza nk'orikukora nk'omuramuzi omukuru owa Uganda kuruga ebiro 22 Okwa mukaaga omuri 2020 kandi akaba ari omuhwezi w'omuramuzi omukuru kuruga ebiro 30 Okwa mwenda omuri 2017.&lt;ref&gt;Daily Monitor (1 October 2017). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Newly-appointed-Deputy-Chief-Justice-Owiny-Dollo-Sworn-in--/688334-4119360-bsivv8z/index.html &quot;Newly appointed Deputy Chief Justice Owiny-Dollo Sworn&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 1 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Akaba atoorainwe omu ntebe egyo omu Kwa munaana omuri 2017, yaaza omu bigyere bya Steven Kavuma, owaahikize emyaka 70 ey'okuhuumuriraho aha biro 29 Okwa mwenda omuri 2017.&lt;ref&gt;Javira Ssebwami (10 February 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220518065306/https://www.ugstandard.com/profile-chief-justice-alfonse-owiny-dollo-biography-facts-career-life/ &quot;Profile: Chief Justice Alfonse Owiny-Dollo: Biography, Facts, Career, Life&quot;.] Kampala: Uganda Standard. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Kiyonga, Derrick (25 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170828065840/http://allafrica.com/stories/201708250071.html &quot;Uganda: Who Is New Deputy Chief Justice Owiny-Dollo?&quot;.] ''The Observer (Uganda) via AllAfrica.com''. Kampala. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wesaka, Anthony (26 September 2017). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Judiciary-Justice-Kavuma-age-Public-Service/688334-4111828-5g14cuz/index.html &quot;How Judiciary unearthed Justice Kavuma actual age&quot;]. Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 1 October 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obwegyese. ==
Akazaarwa ebiro 18 Okwa kana omuri 1956 omu Disiturikiti ya Agago eriho hati. Akashoma omuri [[Wp/nyn/King’s College Budo|King's College, Budo]] hamwe na [[Wp/nyn/Nabumali High School|Nabumali High School]] ahabw'obwegyese bwe obwa O'Level na A'Level. Aine diguri ya Bachelor of Laws kuruga [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] hamwe na dipuroma omu by'ebiragiro, kuruga omu Law Development Centre omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], orurembo rwa Uganda orurikukirayo obuhango kandi orurikukirayo obukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Diguri ye eya kabiri omu by'okutereeza entaro, akagitunga kuruga omu University of Bradford omuri [[Wp/nyn/United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. Aine n'ebaruha omu by'okutereeza entaro, ei yaatungire kuruga omu Center for Conflict Resolution omuri Cape Town, [[Wp/nyn/South Africa|South Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omuri 1988, Owiny-Dollo akaheereza nk'omuhabuzi omu by'ebiragiro omu nteeseganya z'obusingye ahagati y'ekibiina ky'abahekyera obwire obwo, ekya Uganda People's Democratic Movement (UPDM), hamwe na gavumenti ya Uganda. Omu bujunaanizibwa obwo, akahandiika endagaano y'obusingye eyateirweho omukono ahagati ya gavumenti na UPDM, ebiro 3 Okwamukaaga 1988, aha kishaayi kya Pece, omuri [[Wp/nyn/Gulu|Gulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kuruga omuri 1994 kuhisya omuri 1996, akaba ari memba w'eishengyero ry'eihanga eryateireho engyenderwaho y'eihanga eya 1995 Uganda Constitution. Akakora nka memba omu ishengyero, arikujwekyera Agago County omu ishengyero ry'omurundi gwa 6 (1996–2001).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Omu biganiro ahagati ya Lord's Resistance Army na [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]] gavumenti ya Uganda, kuruga omuri 2006 kuhisya omuri 2008, Owiny-Dollo akakora nka rooya w'eby'ebiragiro owa Reik Machar, omuhwezi wa purezidenti wa [[Wp/nyn/South Sudan|South Sudan]], owaabaire naatabaariza enteeseganya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omuri 2008, akatooranwa kuza omu Kooti Enkuru eya Uganda,&lt;ref&gt;Emorut, Francis (6 May 2008). [http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1190508/appointment-overwhelms-court-judge &quot;Appointment overwhelms new High Court judge&quot;]. New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 27 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; arikuheereza omu muringo ogwo kuhisya omuri 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omuri 2015, Owiny-Dollo, akuzibwa yaatwarwa omu Kooti y'Okujuriramu eya Uganda. Kwonka, akaba atarikubaasa kutandika kukora omurimo gwe ahabw'okuba akaba naahurira omushango gw'obutugi omu Kooti Enkuru, ogu abashaija 13 baabaire nibajunaanwa ogw'okwita abantu 76 omu kubwatuka kw'emirundi ebiri omuri Kampala omuri 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akashoboorora omushango ogwo omu Kwa kataano omuri 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Gaffey, Conor (27 May 2016). [http://www.newsweek.com/uganda-convicts-terrorists-al-shabab-2010-world-cup-bombing-464176 &quot;Uganda: 7 Convicted of 2010 Al-Shabab World Cup Bombing&quot;.] New York City: Newsweek. Retrieved 27 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BBC (27 May 2016). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36400842 &quot;Uganda 2010 bombing: Five given life in jail]&quot;. London: BBC News (BBC). Retrieved 27 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu Kwa munaana omuri 2017, omwebembezi wa Uganda, akatoorana Owiny-Dollo, nk'omuhwezi wa mukuru wa kooti kandi omu biragiro bya Uganda, mukuru wa kooti ya Uganda ey'okujuriramu hamwe na kooti ya Uganda ey'engyenderwaho y'eihanga.&lt;ref&gt;Nelson Wesonga (24 August 2017). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Owiny-Dollo-is-new-Deputy-Chief-Justice/688334-4068784-10glsxuz/index.html &quot;Owiny-Dollo is new Deputy Chief Justice&quot;.] ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 27 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebiro 20 Okwa munaana omuri 2020, omwebembezi w'eihanga rya Uganda [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]] akamuronda nk'omuramuzi omukuru owa 13 omuri Uganda, okuza omu mwanya gwa Bart Magunda Katureebe, owaahikize emyaka 70 y'okuhuumuriraho, ebiro 19 Okwa mukaaga omuri 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Eka. ==
Omuramuzi Owiny-Dollo ashweirwe abakazi bashatu baine abaana kandi bamwe aha bakazi nka Florence Nakachwa Dollo-Owiny orikukora nk'omuramuzi omu kooti enkuru eya Uganda kandi owaabaireho omuhwezi wa Dayirekita w'ekitongore ekirikukurira eby'ebiragiro, omuramuzi Susan Abinyo, orikukora nk'omuramuzi omu kooti enkuru eya Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;Flash UG News (15 February 2021). [https://flashugnews.com/alfonse-chigamoy-owiny-dollo-biography-education-chief-justice-uganda/ &quot;Alfonse Chigamoy Owiny-Dollo: Biography, Early Life and Education of the current Chief Justice of Uganda&quot;.] Flash UG News. Flash UG News. Retrieved 30 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reeba n'aba. ==

* Ekitongore ekiramuzi ekya Uganda.
* Bart Magunda Katureebe.
* Flavian Zeija.

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==
&lt;ref&gt;Javira Ssebwami (10 February 2021). [[Wp/nyn/&quot;Profile: Chief Justice Alfonse Owiny-Dollo: Biography, Facts, Career, Life&quot;.|&quot;Profile: Chief Justice Alfonse Owiny-Dollo: Biography, Facts, Career, Life&quot;.]] Kampala: Uganda Standard. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Nicolas Djibo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2281" sha1="hjua7og8vlhh3esp3t5sttvavsmd01x" xml:space="preserve">'''Nicolas Yssouf Djibo''', be wuli i afuɛ 1949, kofiéi le 16 su [[Wp/bci/Bouaké|Bouaké]] (Côte d'Ivoire) lɔ, ɔ ti Côte d'Ivoire lɔ aata difuɛ nin politikifuɛ.

== I wun n'dɛ ==
Bouaké lɔ klɔ kaka klikli’n, mɔ be flɛ i kɛ [[Wp/bci/Djibo Sounkalo|Djibo Sounkalo]]’n, i wa’n, ɔ dili suklu dan Aflansi lɔ, kɔkun ɔ ɲannin i baki diplɔmu’n afuɛ 1968 nun. I sin’n, ɔ dili suklu Sorbonne lɔ, ɔ ɲannin diplɔmu dan kpa sika ndɛ nun, kpɛkun ɔ ɲannin diplɔmu dan kpa sika ndɛ nun ekun. Kɛ ɔ saci [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] lɔ’n, ɔ dili junman junman diwlɛ fanunfanun nun, kpɛkun ɔ rouli  politiki nun nin [[Wp/bci/PDCI-RDA|PDCI-RDA]]. ɔ kunndɛli kɛ be vote i afuɛ 1995 nin 2000 nun, sanngɛ i anuannzɛ’n w’a suɛnmɛn i bo, afin i awlobo’n nunfuɛ’m be fin: i baba fin [[Wp/bci/Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]], yɛ i nin fin [[Wp/bci/Bénin|Bénin]]. Kɛ Nicolas Djibo kpɛli politiki’n i sin’n, be fali i kɛ ɔ yo Côte d’Ivoire lɔ aata dilɛ nin junman dilɛ anuannzɛ’n i su kpɛn’n i sin kpin. Kɛ ɔ fɛ i afuɛ 2002 nun’n, ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Abidjan|Abidjan]] lɔ mmeli jranwlɛ’n i su kpɛn’m be anuannzɛ’n i nunfuɛ, kpɛkun ɔ wluli Banque nationale d’investissement (BNI) i su kpɛn’m be anuannzɛ’n nun wie afuɛ 2007 nun. Afuɛ 2006 nun’n, ɔ wluli [[Wp/bci/Alassane Ouattara|Alassane Ouattara]] i anuannzɛ nga be flɛ i kɛ [[Wp/bci/Rassemblement des républicains|Rassemblement des républicains]] (RDR) i nun. Afuɛ 2012 Kongouè n'zué nun’n, ɔ kacili Côte d’Ivoire lɔ aata dilɛ nin junman dilɛ anuannzɛ’n i su kpɛn, ɔ fali [[Wp/bci/Jean-Louis Billon|Jean-Louis Billon]] m’ɔ ti aata dilɛ’n i su kpɛn’n i osu, Kɔkun be sieli i aata dilɛ’n i su kpɛn. Afuɛ 2013 nun klɔ’m  sɔ su vote,  ɔ fali Bouaké m’ɔ ti nvle’n i klɔ dan nɲɔn su’n i su kpɛn’n, ɔ nin [[Wp/bci/Fanny Ibrahima|Fanny Ibrahima]] m’ɔ be gli vote. Kofié i le 21 su’n, ɔ kacili klɔ’n i su kpin i nsiɛn su’n. Kɛ afuɛ 2016, fêlê nun’n, ɔ yacili Chambre de Commerce et de l’Industrie i su kpɛn’n, be fɛli i kɛ ɔ yo Société du développement touristique de la région des Lacs i su kpɛn.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q57986391}}</text>
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    <title>Wp/bci/Grands Moulins d'Abidjan</title>
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      <text bytes="913" sha1="k8ld59rurm7soxuq3euoziyin0h842d" xml:space="preserve">'''Grands Moulins d’Abidjan''' (GMA) ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] lɔ able sanmlɛn yilɛ lika kun, be takali i Ébrié gbogbo’n i nuan lɔ kɛ ɔ fɛ i afuɛ 1963 nun’n. 

== Laa n'dɛ ==
Mimran Groupe yɛ ɔ yili minoterie d’Abidjan niɔn, ɔ ti junman diwlɛ kun mɔ Jacques Mimran takali’n, m’ɔ le Grands Moulins de Dakar kɛ ɔ fɛ i afuɛ 1947 nun’n. Mimran Groupe’n i nunfuɛ’m be ti sran ble’m be fie dilɛ junman difuɛ nsan: Grands moulins mɔ o Dakar (GMD), la Compagnie sucrière sénégalaise (CSS) ɔ ni Grands Moulins mɔ o Abidjan (GMA),ɔ yoli Dakar nin Abidjan be atɛ afuɛ 2017 kongouè n'zué nun.

== Sa nga be o lɛ dɔ nga su’n, ɔ nin junman nga be dili’n ==
Societe sɔ’n wo jenvie’n i bue nga be flɛ i kɛ Petit-Bassam’n su lɔ, [[Wp/bci/Treichville|Treichville]] klɔ’n i lika’n nun lɔ.


[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q60850192}}</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Wp/hnm/泰米尔话]] to [[Wp/hnm/淡米尔话]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="33" sha1="niog7xwzg1ck7lw3zrvfazlscx7nvvp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/淡米尔话]]</text>
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      <text bytes="33" sha1="niog7xwzg1ck7lw3zrvfazlscx7nvvp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/淡米尔话]]</text>
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    <title>Wp/nyn/Family Guy</title>
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      <text bytes="144" sha1="38u5f6gjnr5xc2lx444leiv6yanbnwd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Family Guy television set.svg|thumb]]
'''Family Guy'''. Seth MacFarlane. 20th Century Fox. 1999.

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q5930}}</text>
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      <text bytes="197287" sha1="hais0gn97gfjtwakuteavbe63hyyqjf" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/rki/ရခိုင်အက္ခရာစဉ်ဇယား}}
===[[Wt/rki/က|က]]===
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*[[Wt/rki/ကနပြင်|ကနပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနဝတိုင်|ကနဝတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနဦး|ကနဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနား|ကနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားချောင်း|ကနားချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားခြမ်း|ကနားခြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားစူး|ကနားစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားစိတ်|ကနားစိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိ|ကနိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိကနိ|ကနိကနိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိသီး|ကနိသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနူ|ကနူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနူချောင်း|ကနူချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနူတံ|ကနူတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနဲ|ကနဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်|ကနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက္ကဒဏ်|ကနက္ကဒဏ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်ချောင်း|ကနက်ချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်ခြမ်း|ကနက်ခြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်စူး|ကနက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်စိတ်|ကနက်စိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန္ဒါပန်း|ကနန္ဒါပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်း|ကနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းခြွန်း|ကနန်းခြွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းနှိုက်|ကနန်းနှိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းနွှဲ|ကနန်းနွှဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းဗိုခေါင်|ကနန်းဗိုခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းလက်မ|ကနန်းလက်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိမ့်သီး|ကနိမ့်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနွဲ့ကလယာ|ကနွဲ့ကလယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနွမ်းကညစ်|ကနွမ်းကညစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနွမ်းကယိုင်|ကနွမ်းကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပါးကရ|ကပါးကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပီစာ|ကပီစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပုကရု|ကပုကရု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပုကရုသျှေ|ကပုကရုသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပေကတေ|ကပေကတေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပက်ကတက်|ကပက်ကတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်|ကပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်ဂုံး|ကပိုင်ဂုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်ရိုး|ကပိုင်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်သား|ကပိုင်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပေါက်ကချောက်|ကပေါက်ကချောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုကပျို|ကပိုကပျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုးကပါး|ကပိုးကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျကယ|ကပျကယ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျာကယာ|ကပျာကယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျာကရီ|ကပျာကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျာချိတ်ချွတ်|ကပျာချိတ်ချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်|ကပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကချော်|ကပျက်ကချော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကစက်|ကပျက်ကစက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကတောင်း|ကပျက်ကတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကယက်|ကပျက်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကလက်|ကပျက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျိုကယို|ကပျိုကယို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပြောင်းကပြန်|ကပြောင်းကပြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပြိုင်|ကပြိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖုကဆစ်|ကဖုကဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖုကထစ်|ကဖုကထစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖုကရု|ကဖုကရု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖျက်ကယက်|ကဖျက်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဗျာ|ကဗျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမကထ|ကမကထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမကျနမကျ|ကမကျနမကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမရနမရ|ကမရနမရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာလောင်|ကမ္မာလောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမူ|ကမူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမူးကရူး|ကမူးကရူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမောက်ကမ|ကမောက်ကမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်|ကမန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်း|ကမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်းကစမ်း|ကမန်းကစမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်းကတန်း|ကမန်းကတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမျောကပါး|ကမျောကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်း|ကမြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်းမ|ကမြင်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်းလွန်|ကမြင်းလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်းသန်|ကမြင်းသန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမှန်းဏမှန်း|ကမှန်းဏမှန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယမ|ကယမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယားကယူ|ကယားကယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယု|ကယု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကငင်|ကယုကငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကဆွဲ|ကယုကဆွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကညင်|ကယုကညင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကမာ|ကယုကမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကလင်|ကယုကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုခွဲ|ကယုခွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယော့ကယည်း|ကယော့ကယည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယက်ခြမ်း|ကယက်ခြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယက်စူး|ကယက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယက်စိတ်|ကယက်စိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယင်|ကယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယင်ကယ|ကယင်ကယ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယစ်ကယူ|ကယစ်ကယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုင်ကတိုင်|ကယိုင်ကတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုင်ကပါး|ကယိုင်ကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုင်ကရိုင်|ကယိုင်ကရိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောက်ကတက်|ကယောက်ကတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောက်ကချောက်|ကယောက်ကချောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကချွတ်|ကယောင်ကချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကတောက်|ကယောင်ကတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကတောင်|ကယောင်ကတောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကယတ်|ကယောင်ကယတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကယမ်း|ကယောင်ကယမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိမ်းကပါး|ကယိမ်းကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိမ်းကယိုင်|ကယိမ်းကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိမ်းကရိုင်|ကယိမ်းကရိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးယငင်|ကယိုးယငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးကယူ|ကယိုးကယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးကယင်|ကယိုးကယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးယကယိုင်|ကယိုးယကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးကရီ|ကယိုးကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယွဲကဆွဲ|ကယွဲကဆွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယှူးကယှုက်လိုက်ယောင်ရယ်|ကယှူးကယှုက်လိုက်ယောင်ရယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယှုက်ကရုတ်|ကယှုက်ကရုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရက|ကရက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရကြတ်|ကရကြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရငါးပါး|ကရငါးပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရဏာ|ကရဏာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရနိုး|ကရနိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရမက်|ကရမက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရဝိက်|ကရဝိက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရဝိက်ဖေါင်|ကရဝိက်ဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရာ|ကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရား|ကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရားကထား|ကရားကထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရားငါးပါး|ကရားငါးပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရားရီရွတ်|ကရားရီရွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရီကထေ|ကရီကထေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရီယာ|ကရီယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုဏာဒေါသ|ကရုဏာဒေါသ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရူးကမူး|ကရူးကမူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရူးကမိုက်|ကရူးကမိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရူးမိုက်တင်း|ကရူးမိုက်တင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရေကပါး|ကရေကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရေကရာ|ကရေကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရေယာ|ကရေယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောကပါး|ကရောကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောသောပါး|ကရောသောပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရော်|ကရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရော်ကမည်|ကရော်ကမည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရက်ကရက်|ကရက်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရင်နီကောင်|ကရင်နီကောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရိုက်ကထစ်|ကရိုက်ကထစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောက်ကထောက်|ကရောက်ကထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောက်ကပါး|ကရောက်ကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောက်ကရက်|ကရောက်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောင်ကထောင်|ကရောင်ကထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောင်း|ကရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကယှုပ်|ကရုတ်ကယှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကရက်|ကရုတ်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကရောက်|ကရုတ်ကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကသုတ်|ကရုတ်ကသုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွိကရွီ|ကရွိကရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွီကရာ|ကရွီကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွီကရာသျှေ|ကရွီကရာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွီသျှေကရာသျှေ|ကရွီသျှေကရာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလကောက်|ကလကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလချာ|ကလချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလနား|ကလနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလဝါတိုင်|ကလဝါတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလဝီမ|ကလဝီမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလဝီမသား|ကလဝီမသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလာ|ကလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလာသား|ကလာသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိ|ကလိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိကထ|ကလိကထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီကလယ်|ကလီကလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီကလက်|ကလီကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီကလပ်|ကလီကလပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီတိုက်|ကလီတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီထိုး|ကလီထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီစာ|ကလီစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလုကလင်|ကလုကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူ|ကလူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူကောက်|ကလူကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူကွက်|ကလူကွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူတက်|ကလူတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူတက်ပွဲ|ကလူတက်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေ|ကလေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကချွတ်|ကလေကချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကရောက်|ကလေကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကလွင့်|ကလေကလွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကလား|ကလေကလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကဝေ|ကလေကဝေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေပေါက်|ကလေပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေဝါရ|ကလေဝါရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေ့|ကလေ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေးကပင်|ကလေးကပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလယ်ကလတ်|ကလယ်ကလတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလည်|ကလည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလည်လုပ်|ကလည်လုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလော်|ကလော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလော်ကမာ|ကလော်ကမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလော်မ|ကလော်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိုင်|ကလိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောက်ကကျီ|ကလောက်ကကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောင်ကျီ|ကလောင်ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောင်နာမည်|ကလောင်နာမည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောင်ရှင်|ကလောင်ရှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလုပ်ကယင်|ကလုပ်ကယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန်|ကလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန်ကဆန်|ကလန်ကဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်|ကလန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ကျင်|ကလန့်ကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ခြွန်း|ကလန့်ခြွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်စိမ်းပင်|ကလန့်စိမ်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ထိုး|ကလန့်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်နှိုက်|ကလန့်နှိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ဖြတ်|ကလန့်ဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်နွှဲ|ကလန့်နွှဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်လက်မ|ကလန့်လက်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိန်သီး|ကလိန်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကဉာဏ်|ကလိမ်ကဉာဏ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကထောင်|ကလိမ်ကထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကထိန်|ကလိမ်ကထိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကမာ|ကလိမ်ကမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကရစ်|ကလိမ်ကရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကလင်|ကလိမ်ကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကသိန်|ကလိမ်ကသိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကျ|ကလိမ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ချ|ကလိမ်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ့်ကလေ|ကလိမ့်ကလေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေ|ကလွေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေကြီး|ကလွေကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေဂေါင်း|ကလွေဂေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေသျှေ|ကလွေသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေစကား|ကလွေစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေပေါက်|ကလွေပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေပြောင်|ကလွေပြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေမယ်|ကလွေမယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေမယ်ကြီး|ကလွေမယ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေမယ်သျှေ|ကလွေမယ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေရောဂါ|ကလွေရောဂါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေဟိုင်း|ကလွေဟိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွဲကချော်|ကလွဲကချော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွဲပေါက်စား|ကလွဲပေါက်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝါငှက်|ကဝါငှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝါနက်|ကဝါနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝါးဝါး|ကဝါးဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝိ|ကဝိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝိမြောက်|ကဝိမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝေကဝါး|ကဝေကဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝဂ်|ကဝဂ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝင်|ကဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်|ကဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်ခြီ|ကဝတ်ခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်ခွီ|ကဝတ်ခွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်ပွဲ|ကဝတ်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်လှည့်|ကဝတ်လှည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝိန်|ကဝိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသားငါးရာ|ကသားငါးရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကရီ|ကသီကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကရောက်|ကသီကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကလီ|ကသီကလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကလင်|ကသီကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကသောက်|ကသီကသောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီလင်တ|ကသီလင်တ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကနော|ကသောကနော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကပါး|ကသောကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကရော|ကသောကရော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကလယော့|ကသောကလယော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသော်ကရော|ကသော်ကရော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသင်းကရင်း|ကသင်းကရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသစ်|ကသစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိုဏ်း|ကသိုဏ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိုဏ်းရှု|ကသိုဏ်းရှု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောက်ကထောက်|ကသောက်ကထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောင်းကရောင်း|ကသောင်းကရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောင်းကလင်း|ကသောင်းကလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောင်းဝါး|ကသောင်းဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသတ်|ကသတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိပ်ကသည်း|ကသိပ်ကသည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသုတ်ကယက်|ကသုတ်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသုတ်ကရုတ်|ကသုတ်ကရုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိန်ကလိမ်|ကသိန်ကလိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသုန်းကရုန်း|ကသုန်းကရုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကအိပ်ဖူး|ကအိပ်ဖူး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကာ|ကာ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကာကရာ|ကာကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာကွယ်|ကာကွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာချ|ကာချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာချပ်|ကာချပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာချော|ကာချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိ|ကာစိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိကနာသျှေ|ကာစိကနာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိနာ|ကာစိနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိနာသျှေ|ကာစိနာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစီ|ကာစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစောင်း|ကာစောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစောင်းတင်|ကာစောင်းတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဆီး|ကာဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဆီးကာဆီး|ကာဆီးကာဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဆွဲပေါက်|ကာဆွဲပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဏာ|ကာဏာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဏာရိဋ|ကာဏာရိဋ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာတု|ကာတု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာတူသေနပ်|ကာတူသေနပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာတောင်း|ကာတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဒရာ|ကာဒရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဒရိကာဒရာ|ကာဒရိကာဒရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီ|ကာနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီခွဲ|ကာနီခွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီတက်|ကာနီတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီ၀က်|ကာနီ၀က်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနော|ကာနော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနံကုက္ကရ|ကာနံကုက္ကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနုံ|ကာနုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနုံတတ်|ကာနုံတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာပူသီး|ကာပူသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမပိုင်|ကာမပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမဘုံသား|ကာမဘုံသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမတ္တ|ကာမတ္တ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမိတ်ပင်|ကာမိတ်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမိတ်အင်္ကျီ|ကာမိတ်အင်္ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမန္တကီဓမ္မသတ်ကျမ်း|ကာမန္တကီဓမ္မသတ်ကျမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယကံမြောက်|ကာယကံမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယကံသျှင်|ကာယကံသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယပညာ|ကာယပညာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယလုပ်သား|ကာယလုပ်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယသုခ|ကာယသုခ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယိန္ဒြေ|ကာယိန္ဒြေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရီ|ကာရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရီကမ်းသား|ကာရီကမ်းသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရံ|ကာရံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရန်|ကာရန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရန်သင့်|ကာရန်သင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလ|ကာလ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလတန်ဖိုး|ကာလတန်ဖိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလဒါန|ကာလဒါန]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလနဂါး|ကာလနဂါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလနာ|ကာလနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလနာလိုက်|ကာလနာလိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလပေါ်|ကာလပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလပျက်|ကာလပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလရင်နာ|ကာလရင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလရိတ်နာ|ကာလရိတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလ၀မ်း|ကာလ၀မ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသမီး|ကာလသမီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသမီးသျှေ|ကာလသမီးသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသား|ကာလသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသားဂေါင်း|ကာလသားဂေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသားရောဂါ|ကာလသားရောဂါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလာ|ကာလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလုံ|ကာလုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလုံတတ်|ကာလုံတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလုံတန်း|ကာလုံတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသရီ|ကာသရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသန်း|ကာသန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသိန်|ကာသိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသိန်၀တ်|ကာသိန်၀တ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာအတတ်|ကာအတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကား|ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားကား|ကားကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားချပ်|ကားချပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားစင်|ကားစင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားစင်တင်|ကားစင်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားတင်|ကားတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားတိုင်|ကားတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရား|ကားရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားကားရီ|ကားရားကားရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားကိုးရိုး|ကားရားကိုးရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားဆောင့်ခြောင့်|ကားရားဆောင့်ခြောင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားရား|ကားရားရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရီကားရာ|ကားရီကားရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိရိယာ|ကိရိယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကီကီရီ့ကီ|ကီကီရီ့ကီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကီစပ်|ကီစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကီစပ်ဖော်|ကီစပ်ဖော်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကု|ကု]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုစား|ကုစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုဋီ|ကုဋီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုဋေကုဋါ|ကုဋေကုဋါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတို|ကုတို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတိုခ|ကုတိုခ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုထိ|ကုထိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုထုံး|ကုထုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုနက|ကုနက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုမုဒြာကြာ|ကုမုဒြာကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုယောင်|ကုယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုယောင်ထက်ထိ|ကုယောင်ထက်ထိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုယောင်ပင်|ကုယောင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလား|ကုလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားကာ|ကုလားကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားကောက်|ကုလားကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားကြီးအိမ်မက်|ကုလားကြီးအိမ်မက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားစား|ကုလားစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားဆင်|ကုလားဆင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားတရုတ်|ကုလားတရုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားတန်ဆီး|ကုလားတန်ဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားတိုက်မှာကျား၀င်ရေ|ကုလားတိုက်မှာကျား၀င်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားထိုင်|ကုလားထိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားနပျိုး|ကုလားနပျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားနံ|ကုလားနံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားပုဇွန်|ကုလားပုဇွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားပြည်ပျက်|ကုလားပြည်ပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားဖန်ထိုး|ကုလားဖန်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမခြံတိုင်|ကုလားမခြံတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမဇီးခြုံ|ကုလားမဇီးခြုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမဇီးပင်|ကုလားမဇီးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမတိုင်|ကုလားမတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမီးသွီး|ကုလားမီးသွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမြာ|ကုလားမြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမြာလှည်း|ကုလားမြာလှည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားဟက်ဆီး|ကုလားဟက်ဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသ|ကုသ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသနည်းကုသဟန်|ကုသနည်းကုသဟန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသိနာရုံ|ကုသိနာရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသံတစ်ခွန်းကတစ်ခွန်း|ကုသံတစ်ခွန်းကတစ်ခွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသံတစ်မျိုးကုတစ်မျိုး|ကုသံတစ်မျိုးကုတစ်မျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူပါ|ကူပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူပံ့|ကူပံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူဖော်ကူဖက်|ကူဖော်ကူဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူမ|ကူမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူလီ|ကူလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူလျှောက်|ကူလျှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူ|ကူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူညီ|ကူညီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူထောက်|ကူထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူနာ|ကူနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူး|ကူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးခပ်|ကူးခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးစက်|ကူးစက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့|ကူးတို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့တင်|ကူးတို့တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့တိုက်|ကူးတို့တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့သည်|ကူးတို့သည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့သျှင်|ကူးတို့သျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးပြောင်း|ကူးပြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးရင့်နာ|ကူးရင့်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးလူး|ကူးလူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးသန်း|ကူးသန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်|ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေ|ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေကေး|ကေကေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေသျှေ|ကေသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေတ|ကေတ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေတထိုး|ကေတထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေတရာ|ကေတရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေသရာဇာ|ကေသရာဇာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေ့|ကေ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ|ကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲမောက်|ကဲမောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲလွန်|ကဲလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလှောက်|ကလှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ့|ကဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ့ကဲ့|ကဲ့ကဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ့ရဲ့|ကဲ့ရဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်|ကယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ကဲ|ကယ်ကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ဆယ်|ကယ်ဆယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်တင်|ကယ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ပါ|ကယ်ပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်မ|ကယ်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ယူ|ကယ်ယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်လီ|ကယ်လီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်လောင်းသျှေ|ကယ်လောင်းသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်သျှေ|ကယ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်|ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောတုလက|ကောတုလက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဓ|ကောဓ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလိကရ|ကောလိကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလိကောလန်|ကောလိကောလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလော|ကောလော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလန်|ကောလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟာ|ကောဟာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟာတာ|ကောဟာတာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟန်|ကောဟန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟုပ်|ကောဟုပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကော့|ကော့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့ကောက်|ကော့ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့ကန်း|ကော့ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့ရွရွ|ကော့ရွရွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လက်ကော့လန်|ကော့လက်ကော့လန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လက်လက်|ကော့လက်လက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လန်|ကော့လန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လိမ်|ကော့လိမ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကော်|ကော်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်တရာ|ကော်တရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ကာနု|ကော်ကာနု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ချ|ကော်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်စီး|ကော်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ဆဲ|ကော်ဆဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်တုတိ|ကော်တုတိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်နှက်|ကော်နှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ရီ|ကော်ရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ရော်|ကော်ရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်လာစား|ကော်လာစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်လုံး|ကော်လုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်အုတ်|ကော်အုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူစူး|ကက္ကူစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူလပြည်|ကက္ကူလပြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူလန်|ကက္ကူလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူကြာ|ကက္ကူကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်|ကင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်္ကာ|ကင်္ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီ|ကင်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီပါရာ|ကင်စီပါရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီပုန်း|ကင်စီပုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီဟင်း|ကင်စီဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီး|ကင်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်တိုက်|ကင်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်တိုက်ဒုံး|ကင်တိုက်ဒုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပေါင်း|ကင်ပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပေါင်းခြည်|ကင်ပေါင်းခြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပိတ်|ကင်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပျစ်|ကင်ပျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်သာ|ကင်သာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်း|ကင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းကွာ|ကင်းကွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းချောင်း|ကင်းချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းခြီများ|ကင်းခြီများ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းခွန်|ကင်းခွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းခွန်ကောက်|ကင်းခွန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစ|ကင်းစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစသျှေ|ကင်းစသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစကြူး|ကင်းစကြူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစညီး|ကင်းစညီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစတမ်း|ကင်းစတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစား|ကင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစားအမတ်|ကင်းစားအမတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစောင့်|ကင်းစောင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစုန်း|ကင်းစုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစွန်း|ကင်းစွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစွန်းမြောက်|ကင်းစွန်းမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်|ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်ငင်|ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်ငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဆိတ်|ကင်းဆိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဆိပ်|ကင်းဆိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းတဲ|ကင်းတဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းတပ်|ကင်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းထူ|ကင်းထူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းထူကြီး|ကင်းထူကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပါး|ကင်းပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပုန်းသမား|ကင်းပုန်းသမား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပိတ်|ကင်းပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပိတ်သျှေ|ကင်းပိတ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပိတ်ထူ|ကင်းပိတ်ထူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်း|ကင်းပွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းကိုင်|ကင်းပွန်းကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းချဉ်|ကင်းပွန်းချဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းတိုက်|ကင်းပွန်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းတပ်|ကင်းပွန်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းပီး|ကင်းပွန်းပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းသင့်|ကင်းပွန်းသင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းမြီးကောက်|ကင်းမြီးကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းမုံ|ကင်းမုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းယှင်း|ကင်းယှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလက်မည်း|ကင်းလက်မည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလုံး|ကင်းလုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလွတ်|ကင်းလွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလွတ်ခွင့်|ကင်းလွတ်ခွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဝီး|ကင်းဝီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဝှက်|ကင်းဝှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းသမား|ကင်းသမား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်|ကိုက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ကျစ်|ကိုက်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ကျစ်ကိုက်|ကိုက်ကျစ်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ချော|ကိုက်ချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်စိနာ|ကိုက်စိနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်စိနာသျှေ|ကိုက်စိနာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ညီ|ကိုက်ညီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်တိုက်|ကိုက်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ထီကိုက်ထိုက်|ကိုက်ထီကိုက်ထိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ထိုး|ကိုက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ရုပ်ကိုက်ရေ|ကိုက်ရုပ်ကိုက်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်|ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ကိုင်|ကိုင်ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ငင်|ကိုင်ငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်စွဲ|ကိုင်စွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ဆွဲ|ကိုင်ဆွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်တွယ်|ကိုင်တွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ထုပ်|ကိုင်ထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်သားမရ|ကိုင်သားမရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်း|ကိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကူး|ကိုင်းကူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကိုင်း|ကိုင်းကိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကြီး|ကိုင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကျွန်း|ကိုင်းကျွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းခင်း|ကိုင်းခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းချင်း|ကိုင်းချင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းချင်းပင်|ကိုင်းချင်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းတော|ကိုင်းတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းတံ|ကိုင်းတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းဖြတ်|ကိုင်းဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းဖြတ်လိုင်းဖြတ်|ကိုင်းဖြတ်လိုင်းဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းယာ|ကိုင်းယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းရွှ|ကိုင်းရွှ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းလီကိုင်းလိုင်း|ကိုင်းလီကိုင်းလိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းလှိုင်း|ကိုင်းလှိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းသျှေ|ကိုင်းသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်|ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကညွန့်|ကောက်ကညွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကတန်းတိုက်|ကောက်ကတန်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရ|ကောက်ကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရစကား|ကောက်ကရစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရမင်ကျ|ကောက်ကရမင်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရားမင်းကျား|ကောက်ကရားမင်းကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရီကောက်|ကောက်ကရီကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရော်|ကောက်ကရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရောက်မင်းကျ|ကောက်ကရောက်မင်းကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလီကောက်ကလက်|ကောက်ကလီကောက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလက်|ကောက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလိမ်|ကောက်ကလိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလက်|ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလောက်|ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကာငင်ကာ|ကောက်ကာငင်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်|ကောက်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်ကေညွန့်|ကောက်ကောက်ကေညွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်ကွိကွိ|ကောက်ကောက်ကွိကွိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်ပါ|ကောက်ကောက်ပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်လိုက်|ကောက်ကောက်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်လိမ်လိမ်|ကောက်ကောက်လိမ်လိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကျီ|ကောက်ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကျစ်|ကောက်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကျဉ်|ကောက်ကျဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြီး|ကောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြီးပေါ်|ကောက်ကြီးပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြမ်း|ကောက်ကြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြွီ|ကောက်ကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ခံ|ကောက်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ချက်|ကောက်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ချက်ချ|ကောက်ချက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ချက်ထုတ်|ကောက်ချက်ထုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စရိသျှေ|ကောက်စရိသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စရီပင်|ကောက်စရီပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စရီဖေါင်|ကောက်စရီဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.ကလောင်သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.ကလောင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဆွ|ကောက်ဆွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဆွ-ဆွ|ကောက်ဆွ-ဆွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှာသျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်ညှာသျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှီသျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်ညှီသျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်း|ကောက်ညှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းကျဉ်တောက်|ကောက်ညှင်းကျဉ်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းကျိန်တောက်|ကောက်ညှင်းကျိန်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းထုပ်|ကောက်ညှင်းထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းပေါင်း|ကောက်ညှင်းပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းသကာလူး|ကောက်ညှင်းသကာလူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်|ကောက်ညှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ|ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်မုန့်|ကောက်ညှောက်မုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာ|ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာသျှေ|ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလိကောက်တလောက်|ကောက်တလိကောက်တလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလောက်|ကောက်တလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တီကောက်တာ|ကောက်တီကောက်တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တီကောက်တာသျှေ|ကောက်တီကောက်တာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တီကောက်တောက်|ကောက်တီကောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်|ကောက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သိမ်း|ကောက်တက်သိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ|ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တောက်|ကောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ထိုး|ကောက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ထိုးတံ|ကောက်ထိုးတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နုတ်|ကောက်နုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နုတ်ချက်|ကောက်နုတ်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နှံ|ကောက်နှံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နှံကောက်|ကောက်နှံကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ပုံ|ကောက်ပုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဖြန့်|ကောက်ဖြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မုန့်ကလောင်ချေ|ကောက်မုန့်ကလောင်ချေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မုန့်သျှေ|ကောက်မုန့်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မျိုး|ကောက်မျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မျိုးစပါး|ကောက်မျိုးစပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မှုန့်ကလောင်သျှေ|ကောက်မှုန့်ကလောင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မှုန့်သျှေ|ကောက်မှုန့်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ယင်|ကောက်ယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ယင်သီး|ကောက်ယင်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ယင်သျှေ|ကောက်ယင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရ|ကောက်ရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရကြီး|ကောက်ရကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရသျှေ|ကောက်ရသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရောင်း|ကောက်ရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုး|ကောက်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးခြီ|ကောက်ရိုးခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးစာတီ|ကောက်ရိုးစာတီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးပုံ|ကောက်ရိုးပုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးမီး|ကောက်ရိုးမီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လီကောက်လတ်|ကောက်လီကောက်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လီကောက်လောက်|ကောက်လီကောက်လောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လည်စဲ|ကောက်လည်စဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လည်ပြုတ်|ကောက်လည်ပြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လတ်|ကောက်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်း|ကောက်လှိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းပေါက်|ကောက်လှိုင်းပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းတီပွင့်|ကောက်လှိုင်းတီပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းပုံ|ကောက်လှိုင်းပုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းဖြန့်|ကောက်လှိုင်းဖြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သစ်|ကောက်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သစ်စားပွဲ|ကောက်သစ်စားပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သွိ.|ကောက်သွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သျှေ|ကောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဦး|ကောက်ဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဦးကောက်သစ်|ကောက်ဦးကောက်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဦးချ|ကောက်ဦးချ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကောင်|ကောင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်စိ.ကောင်စဉ်|ကောင်စိ.ကောင်စဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်စီ|ကောင်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်စဉ်|ကောင်စဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်ထီး|ကောင်ထီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်ဒလ|ကောင်ဒလ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်ရွီ|ကောင်ရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်သျှေ|ကောင်သျှေ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကောင်း|ကောင်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကင်|ကောင်းကင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကင်မေါ်သီး|ကောင်းကင်မေါ်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကင်မျှောသီး|ကောင်းကင်မျှောသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်း|ကောင်းကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းကြီး|ကောင်းကောင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းကောင်းရေ|ကောင်းကောင်းကောင်းရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းကန်းကန်း|ကောင်းကောင်းကန်းကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းမကောင်း|ကောင်းကောင်းမကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းမွန်မွန်|ကောင်းကောင်းမွန်မွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကျိုး|ကောင်းကျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီး|ကောင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီးခေါ်|ကောင်းကြီးခေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီးပီး|ကောင်းကြီးပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီးသံ|ကောင်းကြီးသံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းခြင်း|ကောင်းခြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းစား|ကောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းစွာ|ကောင်းစွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းစွာ့|ကောင်းစွာ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းနိုးနိုး|ကောင်းနိုးနိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းနိုးရာရာ|ကောင်းနိုးရာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းနှင်း|ကောင်းနှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပါယင့်|ကောင်းပါယင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပါယင့်လား|ကောင်းပါယင့်လား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပါရေဝါ|ကောင်းပါရေဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပြီးသား|ကောင်းပြီးသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းဖို့ရာ|ကောင်းဖို့ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမြတ်|ကောင်းမြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမွီ|ကောင်းမွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမွန်|ကောင်းမွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမှု|ကောင်းမှု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းယင့်|ကောင်းယင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းရာကောင်းကြောင်း|ကောင်းရာကောင်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းရေ|ကောင်းရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းလှစွာ|ကောင်းလှစွာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကတ်|ကတ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကတ်|ကတ်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကတ်သတ်သတ်|ကတ်ကတ်သတ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်|ကတ်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်|ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်|ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်ညှပ်|ကတ်ကျစ်ညှပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တရံလီ|ကတ္တရံလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တားခြား|ကတ္တားခြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တူ|ကတ္တူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တော်|ကတ္တော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တော်ကျီး|ကတ္တော်ကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ပြား|ကတ်ပြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ဖါး|ကတ်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်လီကတ်လတ်|ကတ်လီကတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်လတ်|ကတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်လတ်ကတ်လတ်|ကတ်လတ်ကတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်သီးကတ်သတ်|ကတ်သီးကတ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်သတ်|ကတ်သတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကပ်|ကပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ကပ်|ကပ်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ကြီးသုံးပါး|ကပ်ကြီးသုံးပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ကပ်သပ်သပ်|ကပ်ကပ်သပ်သပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ခင်း|ကပ်ခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ခို|ကပ်ခို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ငြိ|ကပ်ငြိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စား|ကပ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စားယပ်စား|ကပ်စားယပ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စိ.|ကပ်စိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စီး|ကပ်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စီးထောင်|ကပ်စီးထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စည်း|ကပ်စည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ဆိုက်|ကပ်ဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်တော်|ကပ်တော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်တင်|ကပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်နာ|ကပ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပ|ကပ္ပ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပလီ|ကပ္ပလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပလီငရုပ်|ကပ္ပလီငရုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပလီမြောက်|ကပ္ပလီမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပါး|ကပ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပါးယပ်ပါး|ကပ်ပါးယပ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပီကပ်ပါး|ကပ်ပီကပ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပီစာ|ကပ္ပီစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပယ်|ကပ်ပယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပျာ|ကပ္ပျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ဖါး|ကပ်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်မျှောင်|ကပ်မျှောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ယပ်|ကပ်ယပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်လီကပ်လပ်|ကပ်လီကပ်လပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်လတ်ကပ်လတ်|ကပ်လတ်ကပ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်လှူ|ကပ်လှူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်သင့်|ကပ်သင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်သတ်|ကပ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်သပ်|ကပ်သပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စ|ကိစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စချော|ကိစ္စချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စတာဝီ|ကိစ္စတာဝီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စတုံး|ကိစ္စတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စပြီး|ကိစ္စပြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စမကျီ|ကိစ္စမကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စမဟိ|ကိစ္စမဟိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စများ|ကိစ္စများ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စရီစ္စ|ကိစ္စရီစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စဝိစ္စ|ကိစ္စဝိစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကလောင်|ကုက္ကလောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကား|ကုက္ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကားကြာ|ကုက္ကားကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကုစ္စ|ကုက္ကုစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကို|ကုက္ကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်|ကုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ကတ်|ကုတ်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ကုတ်ကတ်ကတ်|ကုတ်ကုတ်ကတ်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ကျ|ကုတ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ခြစ်|ကုတ်ခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်စိ.|ကုတ်စိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်စီး|ကုတ်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ရှုပ်|ကုတ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်လျို|ကုတ်လျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ဟီးနာ|ကုတ်ဟီးနာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်|ကုပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကာရှုပ်ကာ|ကုပ်ကာရှုပ်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်|ကုပ်ကုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်ကပ်ကပ်|ကုပ်ကုပ်ကပ်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်သျှေ|ကုပ်ကုပ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်ရှုပ်|ကုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ချီကုပ်ချောင်း|ကုပ်ချီကုပ်ချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ချိုး|ကုပ်ချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ဆက်|ကုပ်ဆက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ပိ|ကုပ်ပိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ပီ|ကုပ်ပီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ဖီးကုပ်ဖဲ|ကုပ်ဖီးကုပ်ဖဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ရှုပ်|ကုပ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ရှုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်|ကုပ်ရှုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်လျှိုး|ကုပ်လျှိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်သား|ကုပ်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကံ|ကံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကောက်|ကံကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကောင်း|ကံကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကုန်|ကံကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျ|ကံကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျီကံကျ|ကံကျီကံကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျီး|ကံကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျေး|ကံကျေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကြီး|ကံကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကြီးသင့်|ကံကြီးသင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကြမ္မာ|ကံကြမ္မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျွေး|ကံကျွေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဂိုဏ်း|ကံဂိုဏ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစ|ကံစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစပ်|ကံစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစမ်း|ကံစမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစမ်းထုပ်|ကံစမ်းထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆော်|ကံဆော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆိုက်|ကံဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆောင်|ကံဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆိုး|ကံဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဇာတာ|ကံဇာတာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံညှက်|ကံညှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံတူကျိုးပီး|ကံတူကျိုးပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒုချ|ကံဒုချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒုကံဒါ|ကံဒုကံဒါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒို့ချ|ကံဒို့ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒို့ကံဒါ|ကံဒို့ကံဒါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံနာ|ကံနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပီးကံလား|ကံပီးကံလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲ|ကံပဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲစာ|ကံပဲစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲတိုင်|ကံပဲတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲထိုး|ကံပဲထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပေါ်|ကံပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံသန်|ကံသန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံ့ကူစိ.|ကံ့ကူစိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံ့ကော်|ကံ့ကော်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကန်|ကန်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ကောက်|ကန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ချာ|ကန်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ချာတိုင်|ကန်ချာတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ခွ|ကန်ခွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ဆိကန်ဆန်|ကန်ဆိကန်ဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ဆန်လန်ဆန်|ကန်ဆန်လန်ဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်တော့|ကန်တော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်တော်ကြီး|ကန်တော်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်တို့|ကန်တို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တု|ကန္တု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တုကန္တါ|ကန္တုကန္တါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တို့|ကန္တို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တို့ကန္တါ|ကန္တို့ကန္တါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ထောက်|ကန်ထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ပေါင်|ကန်ပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ပေါင်ရိုး|ကန်ပေါင်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်လယ်ချာ|ကန်လယ်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်|ကန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ကော်|ကန့်ကော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ကွက်|ကန့်ကွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ချုပ်|ကန့်ချုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်တပုတ်|ကန့်တပုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ပလီ|ကန့်ပလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လီကန့်လန့်|ကန့်လီကန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်|ကန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်ကာ|ကန့်လန့်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်ထိုး|ကန့်လန့်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်ဖြတ်|ကန့်လန့်ဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သရီ|ကန့်သရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သား|ကန့်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သတ်|ကန့်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သိပ်|ကန့်သိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်အပ်|ကန့်အပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကန်း|ကန်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းကျင်ဆီ|ကန်းကျင်ဆီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းကျင်ပင်|ကန်းကျင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းတူး|ကန်းတူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းတူးမိုက်|ကန်းတူးမိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထီကန်းထိုက်|ကန်းထီကန်းထိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထစ်|ကန်းထစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထစ်ကြီး|ကန်းထစ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထိုက်|ကန်းထိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းမ|ကန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းမကုန်းမ|ကန်းမကုန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပလိတ်|ကမ္ပလိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပလွေ|ကမ္ပလွေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်း|ကမ္ပည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းစာ|ကမ္ပည်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းတိုင်|ကမ္ပည်းတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းထိုး|ကမ္ပည်းထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းဖုံး|ကမ္ပည်းဖုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းသတ်|ကမ္ပည်းသတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာ|ကမ္ဘာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာကပင်|ကမ္ဘာကပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာသျှေ|ကမ္ဘာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာသျှေကြီး|ကမ္ဘာသျှေကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာတည်ကပင်|ကမ္ဘာတည်ကပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာတန်ဆာ|ကမ္ဘာတန်ဆာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာယံ|ကမ္ဘာယံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောက်|ကမ္ဘာလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောက်ကြီး|ကမ္ဘာလောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောက်သန်|ကမ္ဘာလောက်သန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောင်နာ|ကမ္ဘာလောင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာ|ကမ္မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာငင်|ကမ္မာငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာလောင်|ကမ္မာလောင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကမ်း|ကမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းကုန်|ကမ်းကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းကုန်ယမ်းကုန်|ကမ်းကုန်ယမ်းကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းကိုယောင်|ကမ်းကိုယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းခပ်|ကမ်းခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းခြီ|ကမ်းခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းစ|ကမ်းစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းစပ်|ကမ်းစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းတောင်း|ကမ်းတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းထောင်း|ကမ်းထောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းထောင်းစောက်|ကမ်းထောင်းစောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းထိပ်|ကမ်းထိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနဖူး|ကမ်းနဖူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနား|ကမ်းနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနားကျ|ကမ်းနားကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနားပြင်|ကမ်းနားပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနားယောင်|ကမ်းနားယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပါး|ကမ်းပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပါးပြတ်|ကမ်းပါးပြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပါးလယော|ကမ်းပါးလယော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပိုင်|ကမ်းပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပြင်|ကမ်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပြတ်|ကမ်းပြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းမခပ်|ကမ်းမခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းမြောင်|ကမ်းမြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းယောင်|ကမ်းယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းလွန်|ကမ်းလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းလှမ်း|ကမ်းလှမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသား|ကမ်းသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပေါက်|ကမ်းသားပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပုန်းငှက်|ကမ်းသားပုန်းငှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပုန်းပွင့်|ကမ်းသားပုန်းပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပုန်းမုန့်|ကမ်းသားပုန်းမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပွင့်|ကမ်းသားပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားလယော်ပွင့်|ကမ်းသားလယော်ပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသင်း|ကမ်းသင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန္နရာ|ကိန္နရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန္နရီ|ကိန္နရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန့်|ကိန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန့်ကိန့်|ကိန့်ကိန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်း|ကိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းခန်း|ကိန်းခန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းဝပ်|ကိန်းဝပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းသီ|ကိန်းသီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းအောင်း|ကိန်းအောင်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကုံ|ကုံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံတလိုင်း|ကုံတလိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံထင်|ကုံထင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံလုံ|ကုံလုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံသူ|ကုံသူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံး|ကုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံးခယက်တာ|ကုံးခယက်တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံးစီ|ကုံးစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံးစပ်|ကုံးစပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကုန်|ကုန်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကူး|ကုန်ကူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကျ|ကုန်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကျငွီ|ကုန်ကျငွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကြမ်း|ကုန်ကြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ခေါင်|ကုန်ခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ခန်း|ကုန်ခန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ချော|ကုန်ချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ခြောက်|ကုန်ခြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စလည်ပျော်ပါး|ကုန်စလည်ပျော်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စည်|ကုန်စည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စင်|ကုန်စင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စိတ်ကေ|ကုန်စိတ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စိမ်း|ကုန်စိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စုံ|ကုန်စုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဆိုက်|ကုန်ဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်တလိုင်း|ကုန်တလိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်တန်း|ကုန်တန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်နုပ်ကေ|ကုန်နုပ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပေါင်|ကုန်ပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပေါင်နွယ်|ကုန်ပေါင်နွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပေါင်ပုဆိုး|ကုန်ပေါင်ပုဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပုတ်|ကုန်ပုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပို့|ကုန်ပို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဘောင်|ကုန်ဘောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဘောင်နွယ်|ကုန်ဘောင်နွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဘောင်ပုဆိုး|ကုန်ဘောင်ပုဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ယောင်|ကုန်ယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်လှောင်ရုံ|ကုန်လှောင်ရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်သည်|ကုန်သည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်သွယ်|ကုန်သွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်း|ကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းကုန်း|ကုန်းကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းကြောင်း|ကုန်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းချီကုန်းချောင်း|ကုန်းချီကုန်းချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းချင်းစီ|ကုန်းချင်းစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းချင်းထပ်|ကုန်းချင်းထပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းခြစ်|ကုန်းခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းခြောက်|ကုန်းခြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစကား|ကုန်းစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစောက်|ကုန်းစောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစပ်|ကုန်းစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစပ်ထပိန်|ကုန်းစပ်ထပိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစိတ်ထပိန်|ကုန်းစိတ်ထပိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းတိုက်|ကုန်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းတန်း|ကုန်းတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းပေါက်|ကုန်းပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းပေါင်|ကုန်းပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းပြင်|ကုန်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းဖီ|ကုန်းဖီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းဘောင်|ကုန်းဘောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းမ|ကုန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းရိခြစ်|ကုန်းရိခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းလမ်း|ကုန်းလမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းလယား|ကုန်းလယား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကို|ကို]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုကို|ကိုကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုကြီး|ကိုကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်|ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကောင်း|ကိုယ်ကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကောင်းလက်လှ|ကိုယ်ကောင်းလက်လှ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကျင့်တရား|ကိုယ့်ကျင့်တရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျပ်|ကိုယ်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျပ်အင်္ကျီ|ကိုယ်ကျပ်အင်္ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျိုးစွန့်|ကိုယ်ကျိုးစွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျိုးရှာ|ကိုယ်ကျိုးရှာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ခင်း|ကိုယ်ခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ခံ|ကိုယ်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ခံအတတ်|ကိုယ်ခံအတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချည်း|ကိုယ်ချည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချင်း|ကိုယ်ချင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချင်းစာ|ကိုယ်ချင်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချမ်းသာ|ကိုယ်ချမ်းသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ငွိ.|ကိုယ်ငွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စား|ကိုယ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စားတော်|ကိုယ်စားတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စားလှယ်|ကိုယ်စားလှယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စီ|ကိုယ်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်င|ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်င]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်စီ|ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တားလက်တား|ကိုယ်တားလက်တား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တူကျိုးပြု|ကိုယ်တူကျိုးပြု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တည်း|ကိုယ်တည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တော်|ကိုယ်တော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တော်ကပ်|ကိုယ်တော်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တက်|ကိုယ်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တင်|ကိုယ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုတင်|ကိုတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တင်လက်တင်|ကိုယ်တင်လက်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တိုင်|ကိုယ်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တိုင်ကိုယ်ကျ|ကိုယ်တိုင်ကိုယ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုတ်|ကိုယ်တုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုတ်ကေ|ကိုယ်တုတ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုတ်ကြီး|ကိုယ်တုတ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုံးတုံး|ကိုယ်တုံးတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တွိ.|ကိုယ်တွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထိလက်ရောက်|ကိုယ်ထိလက်ရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီး|ကိုယ်ထီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး|ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါးကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး|ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါးကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပိုင်|ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထူကိုယ်ထ|ကိုယ်ထူကိုယ်ထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထည်|ကိုယ်ထည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထင်ပြ|ကိုယ်ထင်ပြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထွက်ကတ္တီပါရောင်|ကိုယ်ထွက်ကတ္တီပါရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နာ|ကိုယ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နေဟန်ထား|ကိုယ်နေဟန်ထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နေဟန်ပန်|ကိုယ်နေဟန်ပန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နန့်လက်နန့်|ကိုယ်နန့်လက်နန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပူနာ|ကိုယ်ပူနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပူးလက်ကျပ်|ကိုယ်ပူးလက်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပေါ်|ကိုယ်ပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပစ်လက်ပစ်|ကိုယ်ပစ်လက်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပိုင်|ကိုယ်ပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဖိရင်ဖိ|ကိုယ်ဖိရင်ဖိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဖိုင့်|ကိုယ်ဖိုင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မကောင်း|ကိုယ်မကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မရ|ကိုယ်မရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မဝ|ကိုယ်မဝ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မသန်|ကိုယ်မသန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မသန့်|ကိုယ်မသန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရရေ|ကိုယ်ရရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရီခြုံ|ကိုယ်ရီခြုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရီးကိုယ်တာ|ကိုယ်ရီးကိုယ်တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရေးရာဇဝင်|ကိုယ်ရေးရာဇဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရည်သစ်|ကိုယ်ရည်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရည်သန့်|ကိုယ်ရည်သန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရည်သွေး|ကိုယ်ရည်သွေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောစိတ်ပါ|ကိုယ်ရောစိတ်ပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရံတော်|ကိုယ်ရံတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်ထင်|ကိုယ်ရောင်ထင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်နာ|ကိုယ်ရောင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်ပြ|ကိုယ်ရောင်ပြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်ဖျောက်|ကိုယ်ရောင်ဖျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရုံ|ကိုယ်ရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရို့|ကိုယ်ရို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လီးလက်ဝန်|ကိုယ်လီးလက်ဝန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လက်တင်|ကိုယ်လက်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လက်ယှင်း|ကိုယ်လက်ယှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လက်သစ်|ကိုယ်လက်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ထည်|ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ထည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ပေါက်|ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လုံးပြောင်|ကိုယ်လုံးပြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လွတ်စိတ်လွတ်|ကိုယ်လွတ်စိတ်လွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လွှား|ကိုယ်လွှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝ|ကိုယ်ဝ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝတ်|ကိုယ်ဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝန်|ကိုယ်ဝန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သန်ကြင်|ကိုယ်သန်ကြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝန်ဆောင်|ကိုယ်ဝန်ဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သာခံ|ကိုယ်သာခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သာယူ|ကိုယ်သာယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သန်ရေ|ကိုယ်သန်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သန့်ရေ|ကိုယ်သန့်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဟိ.ရေ|ကိုယ်ဟိ.ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဟိန်|ကိုယ်ဟိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဟိန်သတ်|ကိုယ်ဟိန်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်|ကိုယ့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကို|ကိုယ့်ကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကို|ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကိုယ်ကိုး|ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကိုယ်ကိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်စွာ|ကိုယ့်စွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်တတ်သဝတ်သ|ကိုယ့်တတ်သဝတ်သ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်တတ်သားကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်တတ်သားကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နည်းကိုယ်ဟန်|ကိုယ်နည်းကိုယ်ဟန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ပါး|ကိုယ့်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ပိုင်သူပိုင်|ကိုယ့်ပိုင်သူပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဖာသာကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ဖာသာကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဖို့ကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ဖို့ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဖို့နန့်ကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ဖို့နန့်ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဘာသာကို|ကိုယ့်ဘာသာကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်လူ|ကိုယ့်လူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်လူကိုယ့်သျှင်|ကိုယ့်လူကိုယ့်သျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်လက်သင့်ရာ|ကိုယ့်လက်သင့်ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်သျှင်|ကိုယ့်သျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်အားကိုယ်ကိုး|ကိုယ့်အားကိုယ်ကိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကိုး|ကိုး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးကား|ကိုးကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးကွယ်|ကိုးကွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးကွယ်ရာ|ကိုးကွယ်ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးစား|ကိုးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးတောင်ဒူးယား|ကိုးတောင်ဒူးယား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးတန်ကောက်|ကိုးတန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရီကိုးရား|ကိုးရီကိုးရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရီကိုးရိုး|ကိုးရီကိုးရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရိုးကားရား|ကိုးရိုးကားရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရိုးကန့်လန့်|ကိုးရိုးကန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးလိုးကားလား|ကိုးလိုးကားလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးသောင်းဘုရား|ကိုးသောင်းဘုရား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျ|ကျ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျကန်းပင်|ကျကန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျခံ|ကျခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဆုံး|ကျဆုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန|ကျန]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျနိကျနယ်|ကျနိကျနယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျနီ|ကျနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျနှုန်းပင်|ကျနှုန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပု|ကျပု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပင်|ကျပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပုန်းပင်|ကျပုန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပြုတ်ကေ|ကျပြုတ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပွင့်|ကျပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဖိုက်|ကျဖိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမိကျရာ|ကျမိကျရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမွိ.|ကျမွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယင်|ကျယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယင်ပွဲ|ကျယင်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယပ်ပင်|ကျယပ်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျ,ရာမ,ရာ|ကျ,ရာမ,ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျလာပလာ|ကျလာပလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျလာပလာမွိ.|ကျလာပလာမွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျ,လူ|ကျ,လူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျသားမြီ|ကျသားမြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျသားလယ်|ကျသားလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျသုံး|ကျသုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျအက်ပိတ်|ကျအက်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာ|ကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာကျာ|ကျာကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာကျာမွိ.|ကျာကျာမွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဟာသီး|ကျဟာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာအာသီး|ကျာအာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျား|ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကိုက်,ကိုက်|ကျားကိုက်,ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကုတ်သျှေ|ကျားကုတ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကန်|ကျားကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကန်ကန်|ကျားကန်ကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကျား|ကျားကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကျားမားမား|ကျားကျားမားမား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားခဲဝါ|ကျားခဲဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားတိုက်|ကျားတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားထိုး|ကျားထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားဗဟုန်နာ|ကျားဗဟုန်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားမတုံးဆွဲမိ|ကျားမတုံးဆွဲမိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားယင်|ကျားယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားလယာ|ကျားလယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားသားငလဝါ|ကျားသားငလဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားဟုန်|ကျားဟုန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိ|ကျိ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိ|ကျိကျိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိကိုက်|ကျိကျိကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိခတ်|ကျိကျိခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိချောချော|ကျိကျိချောချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိတက်|ကျိကျိတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိထွီး|ကျိကျိထွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိနယ်|ကျိကျိနယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိနွဲ့နွဲ့|ကျိကျိနွဲ့နွဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိပက်ပက်|ကျိကျိပက်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်|ကျိကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်ကျိကျက်|ကျိကျက်ကျိကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်ခဲ|ကျိကျက်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်ခတ်|ကျိကျက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျွတ်|ကျိကျွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျွတ်နွယ်|ကျိကျွတ်နွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိပီကျိပက်|ကျိပီကျိပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိပက်တေ|ကျိပက်တေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိပက်လက်ပက်|ကျိပက်လက်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိရိကျိရိ|ကျိရိကျိရိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိလက်ပက်လက်|ကျိလက်ပက်လက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျီ|ကျီ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီခတ်ကျာခတ်|ကျီခတ်ကျာခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီခြစ်ကျာခြစ်|ကျီခြစ်ကျာခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီစိုး|ကျီစိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီတိုက်|ကျီတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီထောက်ကျီနွယ်|ကျီထောက်ကျီနွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီထိုး|ကျီထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီရောင်ဘာရောင်|ကျီရောင်ဘာရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီသောကျီသော|ကျီသောကျီသော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီသော်|ကျီသော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီသောင်းကျီသောင်း|ကျီသောင်းကျီသောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသောင်းဘာသောင်း|ကျီးသောင်းဘာသောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီဝန်|ကျီဝန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီး|ကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကတုတ်|ကျီးကတုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကိကျီးကော်|ကျီးကိကျီးကော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကီကျီးကန်း|ကျီးကီကျီးကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကုလား|ကျီးကုလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကန်တောက်|ကျီးကန်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကျီး|ကျီးကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကွန်ဆောင်|ကျီးကွန်ဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီ|ကျီးခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီထောက်|ကျီးခြီထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီထောင်|ကျီးခြီထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီနနွင်း|ကျီးခြီနနွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီပလော်|ကျီးခြီပလော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးညို|ကျီးညို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးညွန့်|ကျီးညွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတမာ|ကျီးတမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတိကျီးတောင်|ကျီးတိကျီးတောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတီကျီးတန်း|ကျီးတီကျီးတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတောင်တံခါး|ကျီးတောင်တံခါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးထီကျီးထောက်|ကျီးထီကျီးထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးထောက်|ကျီးထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးနင်း|ကျီးနင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးနင်းကျီးနင်း|ကျီးနင်းကျီးနင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပါးမည်း|ကျီးပါးမည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်း|ကျီးပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်းတက်|ကျီးပေါင်းတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်းနား|ကျီးပေါင်းနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်းလိုက်|ကျီးပေါင်းလိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဖေါင်းကား|ကျီးဖေါင်းကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဘောင်|ကျီးဘောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးမချီ|ကျီးမချီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးမတုံး|ကျီးမတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးမနားပင်|ကျီးမနားပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးယက်ပိတ်|ကျီးယက်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးရွှီဝါ|ကျီးရွှီဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးလင်း|ကျီးလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးလင်းကျီးလင်း|ကျီးလင်းကျီးလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဝါ|ကျီးဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသာ|ကျီးသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသား|ကျီးသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသားသျှေ|ကျီးသားသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသန္တာ|ကျီးသန္တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဟာသီး|ကျီးဟာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဟက်|ကျီးဟက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးအာသီး|ကျီးအာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးအက်ပိတ်|ကျီးအက်ပိတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျူ|ကျူ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူကျူ|ကျူကျူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူထောက်ကျူနွယ်|ကျူထောက်ကျူနွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူလှည်း|ကျူလှည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူအီး|ကျူအီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူး|ကျူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးကျော်|ကျူးကျော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးရင့်|ကျူးရင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးလွန်|ကျူးလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးဟိတ်|ကျူးဟိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေကုန်|ကျေကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေဆပ်|ကျေဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေထောက်|ကျေထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေနက်|ကျေနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေပြီ|ကျေပြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေပွန်|ကျေပွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးကိုင်|ကျေးကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးကြီး|ကျေးကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးခက်|ကျေးခက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးစုံ|ကျေးစုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူး|ကျေးဇူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးကန်း|ကျေးဇူးကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးခံ|ကျေးဇူးခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးခံစား|ကျေးဇူးခံစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးဆပ်|ကျေးဇူးဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးတရား|ကျေးဇူးတရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးတရစ်|ကျေးဇူးတရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးတင်|ကျေးဇူးတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးနစ်|ကျေးဇူးနစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးပြု|ကျေးဇူးပြု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးပြန်|ကျေးဇူးပြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးသျှင်|ကျေးဇူးသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးဟိ|ကျေးဇူးဟိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဆပ်|ကျေးဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးတော|ကျေးတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးတိုင်|ကျေးတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးတိုး|ကျေးတိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးထမ်း|ကျေးထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးထမ်းကြီး|ကျေးထမ်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးပါ|ကျေးပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးပင်|ကျေးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးမလီ|ကျေးမလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးရတတ်|ကျေးရတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်|ကျည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်စိ|ကျည်စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်တောက်|ကျည်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်ထိုး|ကျည်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်ပိုင်း|ကျည်ပိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်ပိတ်|ကျည်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည့်|ကျည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်း|ကျည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်းကတောက်|ကျည်းကတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်|ကျယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်ပြော|ကျယ်ပြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်ပြန့်|ကျယ်ပြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်လောင်|ကျယ်လောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်ဝှမ်း|ကျယ်ဝှမ်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျော|ကျော]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့|ကျော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ကြိုး|ကျော့ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့တံ|ကျော့တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ထောင်|ကျော့ထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ဖမ်း|ကျော့ဖမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ရစ်|ကျော့ရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ဝါးလုံး|ကျော့ဝါးလုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်|ကျော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ကျော်ကျပ်ကျပ်|ကျော်ကျော်ကျပ်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ကြား|ကျော်ကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်စော|ကျော်စော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်စောသတင်း|ကျော်စောသတင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဇဝေငှက်|ကျော်ဇဝေငှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်နင်း|ကျော်နင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဗျ|ကျော်ဗျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်လွန်|ကျော်လွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်လွှား|ကျော်လွှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဝှန်|ကျော်ဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်သဲ့|ကျော်သဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်သန်း|ကျော်သန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဟိုး|ကျော်ဟိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျက်|ကျက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်|ကျက်ကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်ဆူ|ကျက်ကျက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်ရိုက်|ကျက်ကျက်ရိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်လောင်|ကျက်ကျက်လောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စနူ|ကျက်စနူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စနူပျား|ကျက်စနူပျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စာ|ကျက်စာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စား|ကျက်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်တော့|ကျက်တော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ပိတ်|ကျက်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်မှတ်|ကျက်မှတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ရုံး|ကျက်ရုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်သားမြီ|ကျက်သားမြီ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျင်|ကျင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကိုင်|ကျင်ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကျ|ကျင်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကျင်|ကျင်ကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကြီး|ကျင်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကြီးအိမ်|ကျင်ကြီးအိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကြောင်း|ကျင်ကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကွင်း|ကျင်ကွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ခြင်း|ကျင်ခြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ငယ်|ကျင်ငယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ငယ်ချောင်း|ကျင်ငယ်ချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ငယ်အိမ်|ကျင်ငယ်အိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်စည်|ကျင်စည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တလင်း|ကျင်တလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တည်း|ကျင်တည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တိုက်|ကျင်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တံ|ကျင်တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ဒိုင်|ကျင်ဒိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ပစ်|ကျင်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ပြော|ကျင်ပြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ပွဲ|ကျင်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ယင်|ကျင်ယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ယင်သျှေ|ကျင်ယင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်လည်|ကျင်လည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်လတ်|ကျင်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်လုံး|ကျင်လုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်သန်|ကျင်သန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်သန်ကြီး|ကျင်သန်ကြီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်|ကျင့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ကြံ|ကျင့်ကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်စဉ်|ကျင့်စဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ဆောက်|ကျင့်ဆောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ညစ်|ကျင့်ညစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ထုံး|ကျင့်ထုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်မှား|ကျင့်မှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ရိုး|ကျင့်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ဝတ်|ကျင့်ဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်သားမရ|ကျင့်သားမရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်သားရ|ကျင့်သားရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်သုံး|ကျင့်သုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်း|ကျင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်း|ကျင်းကျင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်းတုံးတုံး|ကျင်းကျင်းတုံးတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်းလဲ့လဲ့|ကျင်းကျင်းလဲ့လဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်းလက်လက်|ကျင်းကျင်းလက်လက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းစား|ကျင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းတင်|ကျင်းတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းထောင်|ကျင်းထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းပ|ကျင်းပ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းပေါက်|ကျင်းပေါက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်|ကျစ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ကျစ်|ကျစ်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ကျစ်တီး|ကျစ်ကျစ်တီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ကျစ်ထွီး|ကျစ်ကျစ်ထွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်စောင်|ကျစ်စောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထုပ်|ကျစ်ထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထုပ်တင်|ကျစ်ထုပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထုပ်လိုက်|ကျစ်ထုပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထိုး|ကျစ်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပုဆိုး|ကျစ်ပုဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပူတိုက်|ကျစ်ပူတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပေါင်း|ကျစ်ပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပေါင်းကြိုး|ကျစ်ပေါင်းကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပေါင်းခြည်|ကျစ်ပေါင်းခြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်|ကျိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်ဆူ|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တက်|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်မြည်|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်မြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တိုး|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်|ကျိုင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်တောက်|ကျိုင်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်ထိုး|ကျိုင်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်နာ|ကျိုင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်ပိုင်း|ကျိုင်ပိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်ပိတ်|ကျိုင်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်လိုက်|ကျိုင်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်း|ကျိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းကျိုင်း|ကျိုင်းကျိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းခေါက်ခေါက်|ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းခေါက်ခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းမာမာ|ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းမာမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းခတ်|ကျိုင်းခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းခံ့|ကျိုင်းခံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းခိုင်|ကျိုင်းခိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းစီး|ကျိုင်းစီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်|ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး|ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး|ကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတောက်ခရော်|ကျိုင်းတောက်ခရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတောက်တောက်|ကျိုင်းတောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတုံး|ကျိုင်းတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းမာ|ကျိုင်းမာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်|ကျဉ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်နာ|ကျဉ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်ဆာ|ကျဉ်ဆာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်ပိတ်|ကျဉ်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်း|ကျဉ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်းကျပ်|ကျဉ်းကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်းမြောင်း|ကျဉ်းမြောင်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်|ကျောက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကလန့်|ကျောက်ကလန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကာ|ကျောက်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကိုက်|ကျောက်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကိုင်|ကျောက်ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကုပ်|ကျောက်ကုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကန်|ကျောက်ကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကန်ကျောက်ကန်|ကျောက်ကန်ကျောက်ကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျက်ခတ်|ကျောက်ကျက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျောက်ကျ|ကျောက်ကျောက်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျောက်မျို|ကျောက်ကျောက်မျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျပ်|ကျောက်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြီး|ကျောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြော|ကျောက်ကြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြိုး|ကျောက်ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြွပ်|ကျောက်ကြွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခရာ|ကျောက်ခရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခဲတစ်ပစ်|ကျောက်ခဲတစ်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခက်|ကျောက်ခက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခေတ်|ကျောက်ခေတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ချ|ကျောက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ချဉ်|ကျောက်ချဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ငူ|ကျောက်ငူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ငူတော်ဓါတ်|ကျောက်ငူတော်ဓါတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ငုတ်|ကျောက်ငုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စရစ်ခဲ|ကျောက်စရစ်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စာ|ကျောက်စာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စာတိုင်|ကျောက်စာတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စာထိုး|ကျောက်စာထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စု|ကျောက်စု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စက်ရီ|ကျောက်စက်ရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စိမ်း|ကျောက်စိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စွယ်|ကျောက်စွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆရာ|ကျောက်ဆရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆစ်|ကျောက်ဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆောင်|ကျောက်ဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆတ်|ကျောက်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တည်|ကျောက်တည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တိုင်|ကျောက်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တောင်|ကျောက်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တံ|ကျောက်တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တန်း|ကျောက်တန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တုံး|ကျောက်တုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တွင်း|ကျောက်တွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထီး|ကျောက်ထီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထီးတန္တု|ကျောက်ထီးတန္တု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထက်အက္ခရာတင်|ကျောက်ထက်အက္ခရာတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထုံး|ကျောက်ထုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထိုး|ကျောက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထွန်|ကျောက်ထွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နဖါး|ကျောက်နဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နာဖီး|ကျောက်နာဖီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နာရာ|ကျောက်နာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နီ|ကျောက်နီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နီမေါ်|ကျောက်နီမေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နု|ကျောက်နု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နုတ်|ကျောက်နုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်|ကျောက်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်ခရာ|ကျောက်ပေါက်ခရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်မာ|ကျောက်ပေါက်မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်မာရာ|ကျောက်ပေါက်မာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်ရည်|ကျောက်ပေါက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပန်းတူ|ကျောက်ပန်းတူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပုပ်|ကျောက်ပုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပျဉ်|ကျောက်ပျဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပျဉ်တင်|ကျောက်ပျဉ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပြောက်|ကျောက်ပြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပြုတ်|ကျောက်ပြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖရုံ|ကျောက်ဖရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖျာ|ကျောက်ဖျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မာ|ကျောက်မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မာရာ|ကျောက်မာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖြူ|ကျောက်ဖြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖြူသျှေ|ကျောက်ဖြူသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း|ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မီးသွီး|ကျောက်မီးသွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မျက်ရွဲ|ကျောက်မျက်ရွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရီစစ်|ကျောက်ရီစစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရီတွင်း|ကျောက်ရီတွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရူး|ကျောက်ရူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရည်|ကျောက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရိုင်း|ကျောက်ရိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရိုး|ကျောက်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်လက်စ|ကျောက်လက်စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဝါး|ကျောက်ဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဝါးကြိုး|ကျောက်ဝါးကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဝင်|ကျောက်ဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သရစ်|ကျောက်သရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သလေး|ကျောက်သလေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သား|ကျောက်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သင်ပုန်း|ကျောက်သင်ပုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သျှေ|ကျောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဟက်|ကျောက်ဟက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဟက်ကြိုး|ကျောက်ဟက်ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်အပ်စား|ကျောက်အပ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်အပ်ထွန်|ကျောက်အပ်ထွန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်|ကျောင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျိကျောင်ကျပ်|ကျောင်ကျိကျောင်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျင်|ကျောင်ကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျင်ခတ်|ကျောင်ကျင်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျပ်|ကျောင်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်သျှေ|ကျောင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်း|ကျောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကျ|ကျောင်းကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကြီး|ကျောင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကြီးသျှင်|ကျောင်းကြီးသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကြီးစာ|ကျောင်းကြီးစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းခေါက်|ကျောင်းခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းချ|ကျောင်းချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းခြံ|ကျောင်းခြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစာ|ကျောင်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစား|ကျောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစားကျောင်းနီ|ကျောင်းစားကျောင်းနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစုတ်|ကျောင်းစုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစိုနံ|ကျောင်းစိုနံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းဆရာ|ကျောင်းဆရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းဆင်း|ကျောင်းဆင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းဆောင်|ကျောင်းဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းတက်|ကျောင်းတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းတိုက်|ကျောင်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းတပ်|ကျောင်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထား|ကျောင်းထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထိုင်|ကျောင်းထိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထောင်|ကျောင်းထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထိန်း|ကျောင်းထိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီ|ကျောင်းနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီကျောင်းစား|ကျောင်းနီကျောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီဖော်|ကျောင်းနီဖော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီဖက်|ကျောင်းနီဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနှံ|ကျောင်းနှံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းပြီး|ကျောင်းပြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းရင်ပြင်|ကျောင်းရင်ပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသား|ကျောင်းသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသူ|ကျောင်းသူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသံပီး|ကျောင်းသံပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသံပီသံ|ကျောင်းသံပီသံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသျှေ|ကျောင်းသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသျှင်|ကျောင်းသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအပ်|ကျောင်းအပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းစား|ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းနီ|ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအုပ်|ကျောင်းအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ကုတ်တွင်း|ကျတ်ကုတ်တွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ကျတ်သတ်သတ်|ကျတ်ကျတ်သတ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ခေါက်မြီ|ကျတ်ခေါက်မြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်တီးကျတ်ပေါ|ကျတ်တီးကျတ်ပေါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်တောမြီ|ကျတ်တောမြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်တုတ်မြီ|ကျတ်တုတ်မြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ထုံးပြင်|ကျတ်ထုံးပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ရတ်ကျတ်ရတ်|ကျတ်ရတ်ကျတ်ရတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ရတ်မြီ|ကျတ်ရတ်မြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်လီကျတ်လတ်|ကျတ်လီကျတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်လတ်ကျတ်လတ်|ကျတ်လတ်ကျတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်သီးကျတ်သတ်|ကျတ်သီးကျတ်သတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်|ကျပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ကျပ်သပ်သပ်|ကျပ်ကျပ်သပ်သပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ချိန်|ကျပ်ချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်တီးဆိုက်|ကျပ်တီးဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထက်ကျပ်|ကျပ်ထက်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်|ကျပ်ထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်ထိုး|ကျပ်ထုပ်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်တင်|ကျပ်ထုပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်လိုက်|ကျပ်ထုပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ပယ်|ကျပ်ပယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ပေါက်|ကျပ်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်လီး|ကျပ်လီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်လတ်|ကျတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်|ကျိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ကျိတ်ကျက်|ကျိတ်ကျက်ကျိတ်ကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ခဲ|ကျိတ်ကျက်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ခတ်|ကျိတ်ကျက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်တိုး|ကျိတ်ကျက်တိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ထွီး|ကျိတ်ကျက်ထွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲ|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲခဲ|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်လိပ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်လိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်သျှေ|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိစ္စ|ကျိစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ထုပ်ထိုး|ကျိတ်ထုပ်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ထုပ်လိုက်|ကျိတ်ထုပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပူတိုက်|ကျိတ်ပူတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပူထိုး|ကျိတ်ပူထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပူလိုက်|ကျိတ်ပူလိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပေါက်နာ|ကျိတ်ပေါက်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်သား|ကျိတ်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိပ်|ကျိပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်|ကျုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကာ|ကျုတ်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျက်|ကျုတ်ကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျက်ပုပ်ပက်|ကျုတ်ကျက်ပုပ်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျုတ်|ကျုတ်ကျုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျွံ|ကျုတ်ကျွံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်တူး|ကျုတ်တူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ထမ်း|ကျုတ်ထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်နစ်|ကျုတ်နစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်နစ်ရေ|ကျုတ်နစ်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပုပ်|ကျုတ်ပုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုပ်ပိုးစား|ကျုပ်ပိုးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပျော့|ကျုတ်ပျော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပြင်|ကျုတ်ပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပွတ်|ကျုတ်ပွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ဖွတ်ဖွတ်|ကျုတ်ဖွတ်ဖွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်မန်း|ကျုတ်မန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်မန်းခဲ|ကျုတ်မန်းခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ရီ|ကျုတ်ရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်သောသော|ကျုတ်သောသော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်အိုင်|ကျုတ်အိုင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျံ|ကျံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်|ကျန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်လစ်|ကျန်လစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်း|ကျန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းကျန်းမာမာ|ကျန်းကျန်းမာမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းခိုင်|ကျန်းခိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းတောက်|ကျန်းတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းတောက်ခရော်|ကျန်းတောက်ခရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းမာ|ကျန်းမာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်း|ကျမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကိုင်|ကျမ်းကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကိုး|ကျမ်းကိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကျိန်|ကျမ်းကျိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကြီးပီကြီး|ကျမ်းကြီးပီကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းဂန်|ကျမ်းဂန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းစာ|ကျမ်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းထမ်း|ကျမ်းထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းနှံ့|ကျမ်းနှံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းပြု|ကျမ်းပြု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းရင်း|ကျမ်းရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းရိုး|ကျမ်းရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းရွက်|ကျမ်းရွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းဦးစကား|ကျမ်းဦးစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်|ကျိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာ|ကျိန်စာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာကျ|ကျိန်စာကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာတိုက်|ကျိန်စာတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာထား|ကျိန်စာထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာထည့်|ကျိန်စာထည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာထမ်း|ကျိန်စာထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာရေ|ကျိန်စာရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်ဆဲ|ကျိန်ဆဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်ဆို|ကျိန်ဆို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်တောက်|ကျိန်တောက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်း|ကျိန်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းကီကျိန်းကော|ကျိန်းကီကျိန်းကော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းကုန်|ကျိန်းကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းကျီ|ကျိန်းကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းစက်|ကျိန်းစက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းတိကျိန်းတောင်|ကျိန်းတိကျိန်းတောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းသီ|ကျိန်းသီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းအောင်|ကျိန်းအောင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျုံ|ကျုံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုံး|ကျုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုံးကျုံးဝင်|ကျုံးကျုံးဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုး|ကျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကန်း|ကျိုးကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကြောင်း|ကျိုးကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကြတ်နာ|ကျိုးကြတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကြွတ်နာ|ကျိုးကြွတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးနပ်|ကျိုးနပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးနွံ|ကျိုးနွံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးပဲ့|ကျိုးပဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးဖောက်|ကျိုးဖောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးပေါက်|ကျိုးပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးမြော်|ကျိုးမြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးယုတ်|ကျိုးယုတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြ|ကြ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြခပ်|ကြခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြငှန်း|ကြငှန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပိုင်|ကြပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြသပတိနိ|ကြသပတိနိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြသောင်း|ကြသောင်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြာ|ကြာ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာကလပ်|ကြာကလပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာကုက္ကား|ကြာကုက္ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခရေ|ကြာခရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခရေဝါ|ကြာခရေဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခီရေ|ကြာခီရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခေါင်းလောင်း|ကြာခေါင်းလောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာချပ်|ကြာချပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခြည်|ကြာခြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခြည်ပိုး|ကြာခြည်ပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခွက်|ကြာခွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာဂေါင်း|ကြာဂေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာစွယ်|ကြာစွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာဆံ|ကြာဆံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာညောင်|ကြာညောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာညောင်း|ကြာညောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာညို|ကြာညို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတော|ကြာတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတင်|ကြာတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတံ|ကြာတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတံပက်|ကြာတံပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတံရိုး|ကြာတံရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတန်းကား|ကြာတန်းကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာနတ်သီး|ကြာနတ်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာပွင့်|ကြာပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာပွင့်ထပ်|ကြာပွင့်ထပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာပြွန်|ကြာပြွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာမှောက်|ကြာမှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာရိုးကြာပင်|ကြာရိုးကြာပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာရှည်|ကြာရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလီရေလား|ကြာလီရေလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလိပ်သျှေ|ကြာလိပ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလိပ်သျှေပိုး|ကြာလိပ်သျှေပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလန်|ကြာလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသီတံ|ကြာသီတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသင်္ကန်း|ကြာသင်္ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသိန်|ကြာသိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသွတ်အိုး|ကြာသွတ်အိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြား|ကြား]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကာလ|ကြားကာလ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကျီကြားကျပ်|ကြားကျီကြားကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကျပ်|ကြားကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကျပ်ကြားကျပ်|ကြားကျပ်ကြားကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြား|ကြားကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားခေါက်ခေါက်|ကြားကြားခေါက်ခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားတက်တက်|ကြားကြားတက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားတောက်တောက်|ကြားကြားတောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားသဲ့သဲ့|ကြားကြားသဲ့သဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားညှပ်ဝါး|ကြားညှပ်ဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားနာ|ကြားနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားနီ|ကြားနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားပေါက်|ကြားပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားပြင်း|ကြားပြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖူးနားဝ|ကြားဖူးနားဝ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖေါက်|ကြားဖေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖျိုင်|ကြားဖျိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖြီကြားဖြတ်|ကြားဖြီကြားဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖြတ်|ကြားဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားမှာ|ကြားမှာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားရေလောက်က|ကြားရေလောက်က]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားရောက်|ကြားရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြား၀င်|ကြား၀င်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိကြိနယ်|ကြိကြိနယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိယာ|ကြိယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိယာဝိသေသန|ကြိယာဝိသေသန]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိရိယာ|ကြိရိယာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြီ|ကြီ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီစပ်|ကြီစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီပျောက်|ကြီပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီပွန်|ကြီပွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီမွ.|ကြီမွ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီမှုန်း|ကြီမှုန်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြီး|ကြီး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကဲ|ကြီးကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကျယ်|ကြီးကျယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကြီး|ကြီးကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကြီးကျယ်ကျယ်|ကြီးကြီးကျယ်ကျယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကြီးမြင့်မြင့်|ကြီးကြီးမြင့်မြင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးခြီငင်|ကြီးခြီငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးစိုး|ကြီးစိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးစိုင်ငယ်လိုက်|ကြီးစိုင်ငယ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးထက်မြင့်ခေါင်|ကြီးထက်မြင့်ခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနီ|ကြီးနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနင်း|ကြီးနင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနိုင်|ကြီးနိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနန်း|ကြီးနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပေါင်း|ကြီးပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပြား|ကြီးပြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပြင်း|ကြီးပြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပွား|ကြီးပွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဖြူ|ကြီးဖြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဖေသာ|ကြီးဖေသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမား|ကြီးမား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမုံ|ကြီးမုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမြင့်|ကြီးမြင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမြတ်|ကြီးမြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးရင့်|ကြီးရင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးလေး|ကြီးလေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဝါ|ကြီးဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးသွား|ကြီးသွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဟင်းရာ|ကြီးဟင်းရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူ|ကြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူကြူ|ကြူကြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူကြူငို|ကြူကြူငို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူး|ကြူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေဆပ်|ကြေဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေနက်|ကြေနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေနပ်|ကြေနပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေပွန်|ကြေပွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေမှုန်း|ကြေမှုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေလည်|ကြေလည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေအီး|ကြေအီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေး|ကြေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေးငွီ|ကြေးငွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေးစား|ကြေးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေးစားမ|ကြေးစားမ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြဲ|ကြဲ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲ|ကြဲကြဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲခေါက်ခေါက်|ကြဲကြဲခေါက်ခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲခေါင်ခေါင်|ကြဲကြဲခေါင်ခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲတက်တက်|ကြဲကြဲတက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲတောက်တောက်|ကြဲကြဲတောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲခင်းလယ်|ကြဲခင်းလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲစီကြဲစဲ|ကြဲစီကြဲစဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲစဲ|ကြဲစဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲစဲပျက်|ကြဲစဲပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတီကြဲတဲ|ကြဲတီကြဲတဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲ|ကြဲတဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲကြက်တက်|ကြဲတဲကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲကြင်တင်|ကြဲတဲကြင်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲကြောင်တောင်|ကြဲတဲကြောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲပြင်|ကြဲပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်|ကြယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ဂဏန်း|ကြယ်ဂဏန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ကျ|ကြယ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ကြီး|ကြယ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ကြွီ|ကြယ်ကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်တံခွန်|ကြယ်တံခွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်တံတိုင်း|ကြယ်တံတိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်နဂါးဖေါင်|ကြယ်နဂါးဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ပျံ|ကြယ်ပျံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ဗင်းထမ်း|ကြယ်ဗင်းထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်မီးကျောင်း|ကြယ်မီးကျောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်သင်္ဘော|ကြယ်သင်္ဘော]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြဉ်|ကြဉ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဉ်ယှောင်|ကြဉ်ယှောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်|ကြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ဆွ|ကြည်ဆွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ညို|ကြည်ညို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်နူး|ကြည်နူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ဖြူ|ကြည်ဖြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ရွှင်|ကြည်ရွှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်လင်|ကြည်လင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်သာ|ကြည်သာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်အီး|ကြည်အီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်|ကြည့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကား|ကြည့်ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကတ်|ကြည့်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကြည့်|ကြည့်ကြည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကြတ်|ကြည့်ကြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ခီ|ကြည့်ခီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ခီကပ်မေ|ကြည့်ခီကပ်မေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ချင်ပွဲ|ကြည့်ချင်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်စမ်း|ကြည့်စမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ထော|ကြည့်ထော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ရှု|ကြည့်ရှု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်း|ကြည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်းကုန်း|ကြည်းကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်းကြောင်း|ကြည်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်းတပ်|ကြည်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော|ကြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောကုန်း|ကြောကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောကြောထ|ကြောကြောထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောခင်း|ကြောခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောခိုင်း|ကြောခိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောစီး|ကြောစီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောဆစ်|ကြောဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောတည့်|ကြောတည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောထောက်နောက်ခံ|ကြောထောက်နောက်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောထောင်|ကြောထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပီး|ကြောပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပူရင်ပူနာ|ကြောပူရင်ပူနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပြာ|ကြောပြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပြင်|ကြောပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောဖြတ်|ကြောဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောလယ်|ကြောလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောလယ်ကောင်|ကြောလယ်ကောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောရီစုတ်|ကြောရီစုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောရိုး|ကြောရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောရှည်|ကြောရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောသား|ကြောသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောသားရင်သား|ကြောသားရင်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြော့|ကြော့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော့ချင်း|ကြော့ချင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော့စ|ကြော့စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော့တမ်း|ကြော့တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်|ကြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်ငြာ|ကြော်ငြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်ငြာစာ|ကြော်ငြာစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်ဟစ်|ကြော်ဟစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်|ကြက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခါးသီး|ကြက်ခါးသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချ|ကြက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီး|ကြက်ချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးကွမ်းသီး|ကြက်ချီးကွမ်းသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးခံ|ကြက်ချီးခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးခုတ်စား|ကြက်ချီးခုတ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးစား|ကြက်ချီးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးစားခေါင်ပတ်|ကြက်ချီးစားခေါင်ပတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးစု|ကြက်ချီးစု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးရီနံ|ကြက်ချီးရီနံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခြီ|ကြက်ခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခြီခတ်|ကြက်ခြီခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခြိုင့်|ကြက်ခြိုင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခွပ်လှိုင်း|ကြက်ခွပ်လှိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဂေါင်းမွါး|ကြက်ဂေါင်းမွါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စာကောက်|ကြက်စာကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စူပင်|ကြက်စူပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စိန့်|ကြက်စိန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စိန့်ညက်|ကြက်စိန့်ညက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆူ|ကြက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆူး|ကြက်ဆူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်တက်|ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်နင်း|ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်နင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆင်းချိန်|ကြက်ဆင်းချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆုတ်ကြက်ခွပ်|ကြက်ဆုတ်ကြက်ခွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ညင်းဟင်း|ကြက်ညင်းဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ညှာ|ကြက်ညှာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တီးကြက်တက်|ကြက်တီးကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်|ကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ကန်း|ကြက်တက်ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ချိန်|ကြက်တက်ချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်စူး|ကြက်တက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ပင်|ကြက်တက်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ရည်|ကြက်တက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တင်|ကြက်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တိုက်မင်းသားကြယ်|ကြက်တိုက်မင်းသားကြယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တောင်ပေါက်ဆိန်|ကြက်တောင်ပေါက်ဆိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တောင်ပံစည်း|ကြက်တောင်ပံစည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တံခွန်|ကြက်တံခွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွေ|ကြက်တွေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွန့်|ကြက်တွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွန်တက်|ကြက်တွန်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွန့်ဝင်|ကြက်တွန့်ဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နား|ကြက်နား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နက်|ကြက်နက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နက်အုပ်|ကြက်နက်အုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နင်း|ကြက်နင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နင်းအုပ်|ကြက်နင်းအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ပျောက်ငှက်ပျောက်|ကြက်ပျောက်ငှက်ပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ပျံမကျ|ကြက်ပျံမကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖပုစွန်|ကြက်ဖပုစွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖါး|ကြက်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖင်|ကြက်ဖင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖင်မှာရေဆုံး|ကြက်ဖင်မှာရေဆုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖြတ်ဖြတ်လို့|ကြက်ဖြတ်ဖြတ်လို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မတက်စူး|ကြက်မတက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မတွန်ရွာ|ကြက်မတွန်ရွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မ,မခေါင်း|ကြက်မ,မခေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မ,မတန်း|ကြက်မ,မတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မအုပ်|ကြက်မအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မေါက်|ကြက်မေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မျက်ဝင်|ကြက်မျက်ဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မွီးစူး|ကြက်မွီးစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ယက်ဟင်း|ကြက်ယက်ဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်လှီးကား|ကြက်လှီးကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်လှယာ|ကြက်လှယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သရေ|ကြက်သရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သရေဆောင်|ကြက်သရေဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သားဟင်း|ကြက်သားဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီကြက်မေါ|ကြက်သီကြက်မေါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီသီ|ကြက်သီသီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီးထ|ကြက်သီးထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီးမွှေးညှင်းထ|ကြက်သီးမွှေးညှင်းထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီးဝှန်|ကြက်သီးဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွီးစပါး|ကြက်သွီးစပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွီးရောင်|ကြက်သွီးရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွန်ဖြူတပင်တိုင်|ကြက်သွန်ဖြူတပင်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွန်လက်|ကြက်သွန်လက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဟင်းပင်|ကြက်ဟင်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်အိပ်|ကြက်အိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်အိပ်ကြက်နိုး|ကြက်အိပ်ကြက်နိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥကျင်|ကြက်ဥကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥခိုးမြွီ|ကြက်ဥခိုးမြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥတင်း|ကြက်ဥတင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥတင်းခြည်သီး|ကြက်ဥတင်းခြည်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဦးတွန်|ကြက်ဦးတွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်|ကြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ချင်|ကြင်ချင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ချစ်ဦး|ကြင်ချစ်ဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်စွယ်|ကြင်စွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ညီ|ကြင်ညီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်နာ|ကြင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ဖေါ်|ကြင်ဖေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ဖက်|ကြင်ဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ရာ|ကြင်ရာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြင့်|ကြင့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင့်ကြင့်|ကြင့်ကြင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင့်တင့်တင့်|ကြင့်တင့်တင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်း|ကြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်းကြင်း|ကြင်းကြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်းကြင်းလင်းလင်း|ကြင်းကြင်းလင်းလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်းထား|ကြင်းထား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြိုက်|ကြိုက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်|ကြိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်ကြိုင်|ကြိုင်ကြိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်ကြိုင်အီး|ကြိုင်ကြိုင်အီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်မွှီး|ကြိုင်မွှီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်း|ကြိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းကြိုင်း|ကြိုင်းကြိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းကြိုင်းစက်စက်|ကြိုင်းကြိုင်းစက်စက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းတွား|ကြိုင်းတွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းလို့တွားလို့|ကြိုင်းလို့တွားလို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်|ကြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကိကြောက်ကွန်|ကြောက်ကိကြောက်ကွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကောင်းခမန်း|ကြောက်ကောင်းခမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကောင်းထမန်း|ကြောက်ကောင်းထမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကောင်းဘနန်း|ကြောက်ကောင်းဘနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကွန်|ကြောက်ကွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြီးကျ|ကြောက်ကြီးကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြီးဘရနန်း|ကြောက်ကြီးဘရနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြီးသန်ဖက်|ကြောက်ကြီးသန်ဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြောက်လန့်လန့်|ကြောက်ကြောက်လန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြိမ်းကျ|ကြောက်ကြိမ်းကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ခတ်|ကြောက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ချီးပါ|ကြောက်ချီးပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ချီးယို|ကြောက်ချီးယို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ခွတ်|ကြောက်ခွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်စိုး|ကြောက်စိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်တစ်ဝက်လန့််တစ်ဝက်|ကြောက်တစ်ဝက်လန့််တစ်ဝက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ဖွယ်ခမန်း|ကြောက်ဖွယ်ခမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်မူထလန်းကား|ကြောက်မူထလန်းကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်မက်ဖွယ်|ကြောက်မက်ဖွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ရီကြောက်ရွံ့|ကြောက်ရီကြောက်ရွံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ရုပ်ကြောက်ရည်|ကြောက်ရုပ်ကြောက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ရွံ့|ကြောက်ရွံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်လန့်|ကြောက်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်လန့်တကြား|ကြောက်လန့်တကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ဝှန်|ကြောက်ဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်သွီးဝှန်|ကြောက်သွီးဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်အားကြီး|ကြောက်အားကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်အားပို|ကြောက်အားပို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်အားလန့်အားကြီး|ကြောက်အားလန့်အားကြီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်|ကြောင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ကျီကြောင်ကြား|ကြောင်ကျီကြောင်ကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ကြောင်|ကြောင်ကြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ချာ|ကြောင်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ချောင်|ကြောင်ချောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်စာထုတ်|ကြောင်စာထုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဇဝါ|ကြောင်ဇဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တိကြောင်တောင်|ကြောင်တိကြောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တီကြောင်တေး|ကြောင်တီကြောင်တေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တက်တောင်|ကြောင်တက်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်|ကြောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်ကန်း|ကြောင်တောင်ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်တောင်|ကြောင်တောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်း|ကြောင်တောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နခေါင်း|ကြောင်နခေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နက်|ကြောင်နက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နံသာ|ကြောင်နံသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နံ့သာ|ကြောင်နံ့သာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ပန်းတန်|ကြောင်ပန်းတန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ပန်းပင်|ကြောင်ပန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဖါး|ကြောင်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဖါးကြီး|ကြောင်ဖါးကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဖို|ကြောင်ဖို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မစားငါး|ကြောင်မစားငါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မတံ|ကြောင်မတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မတုံးပန်း|ကြောင်မတုံးပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မျက်စိ|ကြောင်မျက်စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မြီးတို|ကြောင်မြီးတို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မြီးရှည်|ကြောင်မြီးရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လှယာပင်|ကြောင်လှယာပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လက်သည်းဝှက်|ကြောင်လက်သည်းဝှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လိမ်ကြောင်ပတ်|ကြောင်လိမ်ကြောင်ပတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လိမ်ပစ်|ကြောင်လိမ်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဝင်ကြောင်ထွက်|ကြောင်ဝင်ကြောင်ထွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဝံ့ဖြစ်|ကြောင်ဝံ့ဖြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်သူတော်|ကြောင်သူတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်သိုး|ကြောင်သိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်အံဖတ်|ကြောင်အံဖတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်|ကြောင့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြ|ကြောင့်ကြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြကင်း|ကြောင့်ကြကင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြစိုက်|ကြောင့်ကြစိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြမဟိ|ကြောင့်ကြမဟိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်း|ကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းကြောင်း|ကြောင်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းစ|ကြောင်းစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းစသွယ်|ကြောင်းစသွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းဇာတိ|ကြောင်းဇာတိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းဇင်းခါ|ကြောင်းဇင်းခါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းတော်|ကြောင်းတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းပီး|ကြောင်းပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းရာ|ကြောင်းရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းရီး|ကြောင်းရီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းရပ်ပေါ်|ကြောင်းရပ်ပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းလမ်း|ကြောင်းလမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းလမ်းထွင်|ကြောင်းလမ်းထွင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းလမ်းသွယ်|ကြောင်းလမ်းသွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းအင်|ကြောင်းအင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်|ကြတ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ္တိကာ|ကြတ္တိကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်တက်|ကြတ်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်ထင်း|ကြတ်ထင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်လိုက်|ကြတ်လိုက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်|ကြပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ကြပ်|ကြပ်ကြပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ကြပ်တည်းတည်း|ကြပ်ကြပ်တည်းတည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ကြပ်တင်းတင်း|ကြပ်ကြပ်တင်းတင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ခိုး|ကြပ်ခိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ခိုးစင်|ကြပ်ခိုးစင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်စည်း|ကြပ်စည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်စင်|ကြပ်စင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တည်း|ကြပ်တည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တင်|ကြပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တိုက်|ကြပ်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တိုက်မုန့်|ကြပ်တိုက်မုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ထင်း|ကြပ်ထင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်မ|ကြပ်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်လိုက်|ကြပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်|ကြိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ကြိတ်|ကြိတ်ကြိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံ|ကြိတ်ဆုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံပေါင်|ကြိတ်ဆုံပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံမျောက်|ကြိတ်ဆုံမျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံပမာတိုင်|ကြိတ်ဆုံပမာတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ငန်း|ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ငန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ညှိုး|ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ညှိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ယမ်း|ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ယမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံသွား|ကြိတ်ဆုံသွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ပိုးကောင်|ကြိတ်ပိုးကောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်မနိုင်အောင့်မရ|ကြိတ်မနိုင်အောင့်မရ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်|ကြုတ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်ကျောက်|ကြုတ်ကျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်တက်|ကြုတ်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်တံ|ကြုတ်တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်တံချိုး|ကြုတ်တံချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်ထိုး|ကြုတ်ထိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြံ|ကြံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံကြံ|ကြံကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံစည်|ကြံစည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဆ|ကြံဆ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဆစ်|ကြံဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဆောင်|ကြံဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဖန်|ကြံဖန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံရွယ်|ကြံရွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံရွယ်ချက်|ကြံရွယ်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဟင်း|ကြံဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့|ကြံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ကြံ့ခံ|ကြံ့ကြံ့ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ချီပိုး|ကြံ့ချီပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ခွာ|ကြံ့ခွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ဆင်|ကြံ့ဆင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့သွီး|ကြံ့သွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့အုန်းပိုး|ကြံ့အုန်းပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်|ကြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်စုံ|ကြန်စုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်အင်|ကြန်အင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်အင်ညီ|ကြန်အင်ညီ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်|ကြန့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြာ|ကြန့်ကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြိကြန့်ကြာ|ကြန့်ကြိကြန့်ကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြန့်|ကြန့်ကြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြန့်တက်တက်|ကြန့်ကြန့်တက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြန့််တောက်တောက်|ကြန့်ကြန့််တောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ္မာ|ကြမ္မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ္မာငင်|ကြမ္မာငင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်း|ကြမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြားကေလီဝင်|ကြမ်းကြားကေလီဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြုတ်|ကြမ်းကြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်း|ကြမ်းကြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်းတမ်းတမ်း|ကြမ်းကြမ်းတမ်းတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်းတုံးတုံး|ကြမ်းကြမ်းတုံးတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်းရမ်းရမ်း|ကြမ်းကြမ်းရမ်းရမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကွဲ|ကြမ်းကွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းချီး|ကြမ်းချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းချော|ကြမ်းချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းစိ|ကြမ်းစိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းစီ|ကြမ်းစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းစွယ်|ကြမ်းစွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းတိုက်|ကြမ်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းတမ်း|ကြမ်းတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းတွတ်|ကြမ်းတွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းထရော်|ကြမ်းထရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းပိုး|ကြမ်းပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းပျက်|ကြမ်းပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းပြင်|ကြမ်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းမခတ်|ကြမ်းမခတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်|ကြိမ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ကြိမ်|ကြိမ်ကြိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ထပ်ထပ်|ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ထပ်ထပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ဖန်ဖန်|ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ဖန်ဖန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခရင်း|ကြိမ်ခရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခါးဖူး|ကြိမ်ခါးဖူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခတ်|ကြိမ်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ချုပ်လှီ|ကြိမ်ချုပ်လှီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခြုံ|ကြိမ်ခြုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်တော|ကြိမ်တော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ဒဏ်|ကြိမ်ဒဏ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ပျစ်တော|ကြိမ်ပျစ်တော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ဖန်|ကြိမ်ဖန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်လုံး|ကြိမ်လုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်သတ်|ကြိမ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိန်း|ကြိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်း|ကြိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်းဆို|ကြိမ်းဆို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်းမောင်း|ကြိမ်းမောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်းဝါ|ကြိမ်းဝါ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြုံ|ကြုံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကပ်|ကြုံကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကျာ|ကြုံကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကျိကြုံကျာ|ကြုံကျိကြုံကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကြဲ|ကြုံကြဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကြုံကပ်ကပ်|ကြုံကြုံကပ်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကြုံကြဲကြဲ|ကြုံကြုံကြဲကြဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနာ|ကြုံနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနာကျ|ကြုံနာကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနိကြုံကျာ|ကြုံနိကြုံကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနိကြုံနာ|ကြုံနိကြုံနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနီဟင်း|ကြုံနီဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံရှီ|ကြုံရှီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံလွှာ|ကြုံလွှာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြုံး|ကြုံး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို|ကြို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုဆို|ကြိုဆို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုတင်|ကြိုတင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြို့|ကြို့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို့ကျောက်|ကြို့ကျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို့တုံး|ကြို့တုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို့သား|ကြို့သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုး|ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကိုင်|ကြိုးကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကုတ်|ကြိုးကုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြ|ကြိုးကြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြံ|ကြိုးကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြိုးကြံကြံ|ကြိုးကြိုးကြံကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြိုးကြကြ|ကြိုးကြိုးကြကြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြိုးပမ်းပမ်း|ကြိုးကြိုးပမ်းပမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးစား|ကြိုးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးစားပမ်းစား|ကြိုးစားပမ်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးဆွဲချ|ကြိုးဆွဲချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတင်ဒုံး|ကြိုးတင်ဒုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်း|ကြိုးတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်းပိဋကတ်|ကြိုးတန်းပိဋကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်းလင်္ကာ|ကြိုးတန်းလင်္ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်းလျှောက်အက|ကြိုးတန်းလျှောက်အက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတွဲချ|ကြိုးတွဲချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးထိုး|ကြိုးထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးပမ်း|ကြိုးပမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးရွန်း|ကြိုးရွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးရွန်ပေါ်|ကြိုးရွန်ပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးလိမ်|ကြိုးလိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးဝိုင်းချ|ကြိုးဝိုင်းချ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွ့|ကွ့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွ့ရှုံ|ကွ့ရှုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွ့လန်|ကွ့လန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွ့လန်ကွ့လန်း|ကွ့လန်ကွ့လန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာ|ကွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာခြား|ကွာခြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာစာ|ကွာစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာယှင်း|ကွာယှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာလှမ်း|ကွာလှမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာဝီး|ကွာဝီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာဟ|ကွာဟ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.|ကွိ.]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.ကောက်|ကွိ.ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.လည်ကြောင်ပတ်|ကွိ.လည်ကြောင်ပတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.နာ|ကွိ.နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွီး|ကွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွေ့လည်ကြောင်ပတ်|ကွေ့လည်ကြောင်ပတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွဲ|ကွဲ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲကွာ|ကွဲကွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲပြား|ကွဲပြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲဖြာ|ကွဲဖြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲမသီး|ကွဲမသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲလွဲ|ကွဲလွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲအက်|ကွဲအက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲ့ထောက်သတ်|ကွဲ့ထောက်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်|ကွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ကာ|ကွယ်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ချန်|ကွယ်ချန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ပ|ကွယ်ပ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ပျောက်|ကွယ်ပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ရာ|ကွယ်ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်လွန်|ကွယ်လွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ဝှက်|ကွယ်ဝှက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွက်|ကွက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကရာ|ကွက်ကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျီကွက်ကျား|ကွက်ကျီကွက်ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျား|ကွက်ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျော်|ကွက်ကျော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျော်မြင်|ကွက်ကျော်မြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကွက်ကွင်းကွင်း|ကွက်ကွက်ကွင်းကွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကွက်ထင်ထင်|ကွက်ကွက်ထင်ထင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကွင်း|ကွက်ကွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်စိကျ|ကွက်စိကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်စိတိုက်|ကွက်စိတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်စိပ်တိုင်း|ကွက်စိပ်တိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်တိုက်စိ|ကွက်တိုက်စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ထေရာ|ကွက်ထေရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ထောက်|ကွက်ထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ထောက်ချ|ကွက်ထောက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်နာကျ|ကွက်နာကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်လပ်|ကွက်လပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွင်|ကွင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်ခတ်|ကွင်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်ရာ|ကွင်ရာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွင်း|ကွင်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းကြေး|ကွင်းကြေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းကွင်းကွက်ကွက်|ကွင်းကွင်းကွက်ကွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းကျွတ်|ကွင်းကျွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းချွတ်|ကွင်းချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းငွီ|ကွင်းငွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းစွပ်|ကွင်းစွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းဆင်း|ကွင်းဆင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းပြင်|ကွင်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းပြတ်|ကွင်းပြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းလိုင်ယောက်|ကွင်းလိုင်ယောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းလုံးကျွတ်|ကွင်းလုံးကျွတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်|ကွပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်ကဲ|ကွပ်ကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်စ|ကွပ်စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်စူး|ကွပ်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်ညှပ်|ကွပ်ညှပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်အုပ်|ကွပ်အုပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွန်|ကွန်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ကျား|ကွန်ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ချာ|ကွန်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ချာမှို|ကွန်ချာမှို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ချက်လက်ချက်|ကွန်ချက်လက်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ဆိုးမသား|ကွန်ဆိုးမသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ပါကိုက်|ကွန်ပါကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ပစ်|ကွန်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ယက်သဲ့|ကွန်ယက်သဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်သီး|ကွန်သီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွန့်|ကွန့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန့်မြူး|ကွန့်မြူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်း|ကွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းကျင်တိုင်|ကွန်းကျင်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းချာ|ကွန်းချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းစင်တိုင်|ကွန်းစင်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းတိုင်|ကွန်းတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းပြင်|ကွန်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းဖေါင်|ကွန်းဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းမ|ကွန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းလင်ပင်|ကွန်းလင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းအိမ်|ကွန်းအိမ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်း|ကွမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းကြုတ်|ကွမ်းကြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းစာဂမုန်း|ကွမ်းစာဂမုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းညှပ်|ကွမ်းညှပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းတစ်ဆုံညက်|ကွမ်းတစ်ဆုံညက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းထုပ်|ကွမ်းထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖီးပင်|ကွမ်းဖီးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖတ်မွားယောင်|ကွမ်းဖတ်မွားယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖုံ|ကွမ်းဖုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖိုး|ကွမ်းဖိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖြည့်ပင်|ကွမ်းဖြည့်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဗျာရီ|ကွမ်းဗျာရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဘီရာ|ကွမ်းဘီရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းရည်ပင်|ကွမ်းရည်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးကြက်ချီး|ကွမ်းသီးကြက်ချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးဖူဒယော|ကွမ်းသီးဖူဒယော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးဖူးလက်ကောက်|ကွမ်းသီးဖူးလက်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးဝှက်တမ်း|ကွမ်းသီးဝှက်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးသွားကြား|ကွမ်းသီးသွားကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းအိတ်|ကွမ်းအိတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွ့|ကျွ့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွာ|ကျွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွိ.ကျွိ.|ကျွိ.ကျွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွီး|ကျွီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွေး|ကျွေး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွေးစဉ်ကျွေးလည့်|ကျွေးစဉ်ကျွေးလည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွေးမွေး|ကျွေးမွေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွေးလည်ကျွေးပတ်|ကျွေးလည်ကျွေးပတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲ|ကျွဲ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲကော်သီး|ကျွဲကော်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲကန်ကောက်|ကျွဲကန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲခတ်|ကျွဲခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲခတ်တင်|ကျွဲခတ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲချီးစား|ကျွဲချီးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲချီးပိုး|ကျွဲချီးပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲချက်ပေါက်|ကျွဲချက်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲစီးဗျိုင်|ကျွဲစီးဗျိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲစွန်းလက်သည်း|ကျွဲစွန်းလက်သည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲဇရက်|ကျွဲဇရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲတစ်ဖက်နွားတစ်ဖက်|ကျွဲတစ်ဖက်နွားတစ်ဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနဖါးစူး|ကျွဲနဖါးစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနိုင်|ကျွဲနိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနိုင်ခံ|ကျွဲနိုင်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနိုင်လု|ကျွဲနိုင်လု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနို့သီး|ကျွဲနို့သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲပျောက်နွားပျောက်|ကျွဲပျောက်နွားပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲဗက်ကား|ကျွဲဗက်ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲမတုံး|ကျွဲမတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲရိုင်းသွင်းချိန်|ကျွဲရိုင်းသွင်းချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲလူးအိုင်|ကျွဲလူးအိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲသီးပေါက်မပိုး|ကျွဲသီးပေါက်မပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲသည်းမုန့်|ကျွဲသည်းမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲအူပိုင်း|ကျွဲအူပိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲအိုင်|ကျွဲအိုင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွက်|ကျွက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွက်ကျွက်ဆူ|ကျွက်ကျွက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွက်ကျွက်ညံ|ကျွက်ကျွက်ညံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်ကျွတ်ရိုက်|ကျွတ်ကျွတ်ရိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်|ကျွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်ဆုပန်|ကျွတ်ဆုပန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်နာ|ကျွတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်တမ်းဝင်|ကျွတ်တမ်းဝင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွံ|ကျွံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်|ကျွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ခံ|ကျွန်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ဆိုးမ|ကျွန်ဆိုးမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ဇာ|ကျွန်ဇာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ဒေသူ|ကျွန်ဒေသူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ပန်း|ကျွန်ပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်မ|ကျွန်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်မဂုန်းမ|ကျွန်မဂုန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ရို့|ကျွန်ရို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်သပေါက်|ကျွန်သပေါက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွန့်|ကျွန့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်း|ကျွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းကိုင်|ကျွန်းကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းခုံ|ကျွန်းခုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းချုပ်|ကျွန်းချုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းစု|ကျွန်းစု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းစွယ်|ကျွန်းစွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းဆန်း|ကျွန်းဆန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းတော|ကျွန်းတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းထိပ်|ကျွန်းထိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းပိုင်|ကျွန်းပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းရွာ|ကျွန်းရွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းလင်ပင်|ကျွန်းလင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းလုံး|ကျွန်းလုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းသားငမန်း|ကျွန်းသားငမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းဟုန်|ကျွန်းဟုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းအုပ်|ကျွန်းအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းဦး|ကျွန်းဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်း|ကျွမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းကျင်|ကျွမ်းကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းစိုက်|ကျွမ်းစိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းတာလန်|ကျွမ်းတာလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းထိုး|ကျွမ်းထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းပစ်|ကျွမ်းပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းပြန်|ကျွမ်းပြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းဝင်|ကျွမ်းဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွိန်|ကျွိန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွ|ကြွ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွ|ကြွကြွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွမွမွ|ကြွကြွမွမွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွရွရွ|ကြွကြွရွရွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွလွ့လွ့|ကြွကြွလွ့လွ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွချီ|ကြွချီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွလှမ်း|ကြွလှမ်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွား|ကြွား]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွားကြွား|ကြွားကြွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.|ကြွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ချိုး|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ခြွီ|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ခြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ထိုင်|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ထိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ရွိ.ရွိ.|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ရွိ.ရွိ.]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွီ|ကြွီ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကစပ်တမ်း|ကြွီကစပ်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကရွီ|ကြွီကရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကြိတ်ဆန်|ကြွီကြိတ်ဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကွဲစရာ|ကြွီကွဲစရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကြွီ|ကြွီကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီကြီရွီရွီ|ကြီကြီရွီရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီခုပ်တမ်း|ကြွီခုပ်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီစရိ့သျှေ|ကြွီစရိ့သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီ့စိ|ကြွီ့စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီစက္ကူ|ကြွီစက္ကူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီပုပ်|ကြွီပုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီရီရီ|ကြွီရီရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီရီဆမ်း|ကြွီရီဆမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီရောင်|ကြွီရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီသျှေ|ကြွီသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီသျှေမုန့်|ကြွီသျှေမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီအန်|ကြွီအန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွီး|ကြွီး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးကြော်|ကြွီးကြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးချီး|ကြွီးချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးဆပ်|ကြွီးဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးတင်|ကြွီးတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးတိုးမြီးချ|ကြွီးတိုးမြီးချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးထူ|ကြွီးထူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးပူ|ကြွီးပူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးမြီ|ကြွီးမြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးသျှင်|ကြွီးသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွေးကြော်|ကြွေးကြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွေးကြော်သံ|ကြွေးကြော်သံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွေးဟစ်|ကြွေးဟစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်|ကြွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်ပန်းပင်|ကြွယ်ပန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်ရီမျက်|ကြွယ်ရီမျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်ဝ|ကြွယ်ဝ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်|ကြွက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ကျဟာ|ကြွက်ကျဟာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ကျစ်စာမုန့်|ကြွက်ကျစ်စာမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ချီးတုံးပင်|ကြွက်ချီးတုံးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်စုတ်|ကြွက်စုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်တက်|ကြွက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ထောင့်|ကြွက်ထောင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်နားရွက်ပန်း|ကြွက်နားရွက်ပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်နို့|ကြွက်နို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်မတုံး|ကြွက်မတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်လယောက်|ကြွက်လယောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်သား|ကြွက်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွင်း|ကြွင်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွင်းကျန်|ကြွင်းကျန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွင်းမဲ့|ကြွင်းမဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်|ကြွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြီကြွတ်ကြွတ်|ကြွတ်ကြီကြွတ်ကြွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်တီကြွတ်တတ်|ကြွတ်တီကြွတ်တတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်တတ်ကြွတ်တတ်|ကြွတ်တတ်ကြွတ်တတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ပြောက်|ကြွတ်ပြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကျိုး|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကြွီ|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ချိုး|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မြည်|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မွား|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်|ကြွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ဆတ်ဆတ်|ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ဆတ်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ရွတ်ရွတ်|ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ရွတ်ရွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ကြွပ်လွတ်လွတ်|ကြွပ်ကြွပ်လွတ်လွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ဆီကြွပ်ဆတ်|ကြွပ်ဆီကြွပ်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ဆတ်|ကြွပ်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ဆတ်ဆတ်|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ဆတ်ဆတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်း|ကြွန်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းခက်|ကြွန်းခက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းဆိုး|ကြွန်းဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းတုံး|ကြွန်းတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းထင်း|ကြွန်းထင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းဖေါင်|ကြွန်းဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းမှိုက်|ကြွန်းမှိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းရောင်း|ကြွန်းရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွမ်းကြွမ်း|ကြွမ်းကြွမ်း]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q110439904}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>hais0gn97gfjtwakuteavbe63hyyqjf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303949</id>
      <parentid>7303948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:42:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="197289" sha1="a4tvnf4bqkpfzh6nebdjhuh7e7i6o54" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/rki/ရခိုင်အက္ခရာစဉ်ဇယား}}
===[[Wt/rki/က|က]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကကျက်|ကကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကကျက်ပေါက်|ကကျက်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကကျက်ထိုး|ကကျက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကကျက်ပင်|ကကျက်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကကြီး|ကကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကကြိုး|ကကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကခဂဃ|ကခဂဃ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကခုန်|ကခုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကခုံးမှီ|ကခုံးမှီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကခုံးမှီကခုံးမွှား|ကခုံးမှီကခုံးမွှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချကရာ|ကချကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချရာ|ကချရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချီကချွတ်|ကချီကချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချီးကနာ|ကချီးကနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချီးကနာလိုင်ယောင်ဖွယ်|ကချီးကနာလိုင်ယောင်ဖွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချီးကနာလိုက်ယောင်ရယ်|ကချီးကနာလိုက်ယောင်ရယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချီးနာ|ကချီးနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချော်ကရော်|ကချော်ကရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချိုးကချဉ်သီး|ကချိုးကချဉ်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကခြီသည်|ကခြီသည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/က စား|က စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိကစပ်|ကစိကစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိကစိုင်|ကစိကစိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိတိုက်|ကစိတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိထိုး|ကစိထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိကြို|ကစိကြို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစော်ကရား|ကစော်ကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစော်ကရဲ|ကစော်ကရဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစော်လယား|ကစော်လယား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိုင်ကစိုင်|ကစိုင်ကစိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိုင်ကရောက်|ကစိုင်ကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစက်ကတက်|ကစက်ကတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစက်ကတောက်|ကစက်ကတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစက်ကရက်|ကစက်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစက်ကရင်း|ကစက်ကရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစင်းကရောက်|ကစင်းကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစင်းကလယား|ကစင်းကလယား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်|ကစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်ကတ်တေ|ကစပ်ကတ်တေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်တေ|ကစပ်တေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်တမ်း|ကစပ်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်ဖော်|ကစပ်ဖော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်ရုပ်|ကစပ်ရုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်ဝိုင်း|ကစပ်ဝိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်ကတမ်း|ကစပ်ကတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစမ်းကရမ်း|ကစမ်းကရမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစမ်းကဝါး|ကစမ်းကဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိုးကရား|ကစိုးကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိုကရဲ|ကစိုကရဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိုကရော|ကစိုကရော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဆုန်|ကဆုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဆွဲကငင်|ကဆွဲကငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကညာပျို|ကညာပျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကညုကည|ကညုကည]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကညင်သိန်ပင်|ကညင်သိန်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကညစ်|ကညစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိ|ကတိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိကဝတ်|ကတိကဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတီးကမျော|ကတီးကမျော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတီးတိုက်|ကတီးတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတီးထိုး|ကတီးထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတတိုက်|ကတတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတော့|ကတော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတက်|ကတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတက်ချဉ်|ကတက်ချဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတင်|ကတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်|ကတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်ကချောက်|ကတောက်ကချောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်ကစပ်|ကတောက်ကစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်ကယှက်|ကတောက်ကယှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်ကရက်|ကတောက်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်ကချား|ကတောက်ကချား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်ကချောက်|ကတောင်ကချောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်ကချောက်ချား|ကတောင်ကချောက်ချား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်ကတိုက်|ကတောင်ကတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်ကယက်|ကတောင်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်ကယောင်|ကတောင်ကယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်း|ကတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/က,တောင်း|က,တောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတုတ်|ကတုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတုတ်ပက်|ကတုတ်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိန်း|ကတိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိမ်း|ကတိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိမ်းကတေ|ကတိမ်းကတေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိမ်းကယိမ်း|ကတိမ်းကယိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတုန်ကယိုင်|ကတုန်ကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတုန်ကရီ|ကတုန်ကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိုး|ကတိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိုးနပျိုး|ကတိုးနပျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထကမ|ကထကမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထားကရား|ကထားကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထိက|ကထိက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထိကရောက်|ကထိကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထုကရု|ကထုကရု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထစ်ကရိုက်|ကထစ်ကရိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောက်ကမောက်|ကထောက်ကမောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောက်ကရောက်|ကထောက်ကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်ကရောင်|ကထောင်ကရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်ကမောင်း|ကထောင်ကမောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်းကပါး|ကထောင်းကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်းကရား|ကထောင်းကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်းကရောက်|ကထောင်းကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်းကရောင်|ကထောင်းကရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထိန်|ကထိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထိန်ခင်း|ကထိန်ခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဒိုက်ထိုး|ကဒိုက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနခို|ကနခို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနစိုးသီး|ကနစိုးသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနတစိ|ကနတစိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနပြင်|ကနပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနဝတိုင်|ကနဝတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနဦး|ကနဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနား|ကနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားချောင်း|ကနားချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားခြမ်း|ကနားခြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားစူး|ကနားစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားစိတ်|ကနားစိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိ|ကနိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိကနိ|ကနိကနိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိသီး|ကနိသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနူ|ကနူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနူချောင်း|ကနူချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနူတံ|ကနူတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနဲ|ကနဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်|ကနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက္ကဒဏ်|ကနက္ကဒဏ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်ချောင်း|ကနက်ချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်ခြမ်း|ကနက်ခြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်စူး|ကနက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်စိတ်|ကနက်စိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန္ဒါပန်း|ကနန္ဒါပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်း|ကနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းခြွန်း|ကနန်းခြွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းနှိုက်|ကနန်းနှိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းနွှဲ|ကနန်းနွှဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းဗိုခေါင်|ကနန်းဗိုခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းလက်မ|ကနန်းလက်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိမ့်သီး|ကနိမ့်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနွဲ့ကလယာ|ကနွဲ့ကလယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနွမ်းကညစ်|ကနွမ်းကညစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနွမ်းကယိုင်|ကနွမ်းကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပါးကရ|ကပါးကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပီစာ|ကပီစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပုကရု|ကပုကရု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပုကရုသျှေ|ကပုကရုသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပေကတေ|ကပေကတေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပက်ကတက်|ကပက်ကတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်|ကပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်ဂုံး|ကပိုင်ဂုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်ရိုး|ကပိုင်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်သား|ကပိုင်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပေါက်ကချောက်|ကပေါက်ကချောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုကပျို|ကပိုကပျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုးကပါး|ကပိုးကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျကယ|ကပျကယ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျာကယာ|ကပျာကယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျာကရီ|ကပျာကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျာချိတ်ချွတ်|ကပျာချိတ်ချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်|ကပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကချော်|ကပျက်ကချော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကစက်|ကပျက်ကစက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကတောင်း|ကပျက်ကတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကယက်|ကပျက်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကလက်|ကပျက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျိုကယို|ကပျိုကယို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပြောင်းကပြန်|ကပြောင်းကပြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပြိုင်|ကပြိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖုကဆစ်|ကဖုကဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖုကထစ်|ကဖုကထစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖုကရု|ကဖုကရု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖျက်ကယက်|ကဖျက်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဗျာ|ကဗျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမကထ|ကမကထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမကျနမကျ|ကမကျနမကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမရနမရ|ကမရနမရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာလောင်|ကမ္မာလောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမူ|ကမူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမူးကရူး|ကမူးကရူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမောက်ကမ|ကမောက်ကမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်|ကမန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်း|ကမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်းကစမ်း|ကမန်းကစမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်းကတန်း|ကမန်းကတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမျောကပါး|ကမျောကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်း|ကမြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်းမ|ကမြင်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်းလွန်|ကမြင်းလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်းသန်|ကမြင်းသန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမှန်းဏမှန်း|ကမှန်းဏမှန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယမ|ကယမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယားကယူ|ကယားကယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယု|ကယု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကငင်|ကယုကငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကဆွဲ|ကယုကဆွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကညင်|ကယုကညင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကမာ|ကယုကမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကလင်|ကယုကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုခွဲ|ကယုခွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယော့ကယည်း|ကယော့ကယည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယက်ခြမ်း|ကယက်ခြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယက်စူး|ကယက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယက်စိတ်|ကယက်စိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယင်|ကယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယင်ကယ|ကယင်ကယ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယစ်ကယူ|ကယစ်ကယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုင်ကတိုင်|ကယိုင်ကတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုင်ကပါး|ကယိုင်ကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုင်ကရိုင်|ကယိုင်ကရိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောက်ကတက်|ကယောက်ကတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောက်ကချောက်|ကယောက်ကချောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကချွတ်|ကယောင်ကချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကတောက်|ကယောင်ကတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကတောင်|ကယောင်ကတောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကယတ်|ကယောင်ကယတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကယမ်း|ကယောင်ကယမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိမ်းကပါး|ကယိမ်းကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိမ်းကယိုင်|ကယိမ်းကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိမ်းကရိုင်|ကယိမ်းကရိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးယငင်|ကယိုးယငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးကယူ|ကယိုးကယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးကယင်|ကယိုးကယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးယကယိုင်|ကယိုးယကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးကရီ|ကယိုးကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယွဲကဆွဲ|ကယွဲကဆွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယှူးကယှုက်လိုက်ယောင်ရယ်|ကယှူးကယှုက်လိုက်ယောင်ရယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယှုက်ကရုတ်|ကယှုက်ကရုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရက|ကရက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရကြတ်|ကရကြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရငါးပါး|ကရငါးပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရဏာ|ကရဏာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရနိုး|ကရနိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရမက်|ကရမက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရဝိက်|ကရဝိက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရဝိက်ဖေါင်|ကရဝိက်ဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရာ|ကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရား|ကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရားကထား|ကရားကထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရားငါးပါး|ကရားငါးပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရားရီရွတ်|ကရားရီရွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရီကထေ|ကရီကထေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရီယာ|ကရီယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုဏာဒေါသ|ကရုဏာဒေါသ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရူးကမူး|ကရူးကမူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရူးကမိုက်|ကရူးကမိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရူးမိုက်တင်း|ကရူးမိုက်တင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရေကပါး|ကရေကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရေကရာ|ကရေကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရေယာ|ကရေယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောကပါး|ကရောကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောသောပါး|ကရောသောပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရော်|ကရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရော်ကမည်|ကရော်ကမည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရက်ကရက်|ကရက်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရင်နီကောင်|ကရင်နီကောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရိုက်ကထစ်|ကရိုက်ကထစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောက်ကထောက်|ကရောက်ကထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောက်ကပါး|ကရောက်ကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောက်ကရက်|ကရောက်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောင်ကထောင်|ကရောင်ကထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောင်း|ကရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကယှုပ်|ကရုတ်ကယှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကရက်|ကရုတ်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကရောက်|ကရုတ်ကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကသုတ်|ကရုတ်ကသုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွိကရွီ|ကရွိကရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွီကရာ|ကရွီကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွီကရာသျှေ|ကရွီကရာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွီသျှေကရာသျှေ|ကရွီသျှေကရာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလကောက်|ကလကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလချာ|ကလချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလနား|ကလနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလဝါတိုင်|ကလဝါတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလဝီမ|ကလဝီမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလဝီမသား|ကလဝီမသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလာ|ကလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလာသား|ကလာသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိ|ကလိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိကထ|ကလိကထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီကလယ်|ကလီကလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီကလက်|ကလီကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီကလပ်|ကလီကလပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီတိုက်|ကလီတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီထိုး|ကလီထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီစာ|ကလီစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလုကလင်|ကလုကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူ|ကလူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူကောက်|ကလူကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူကွက်|ကလူကွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူတက်|ကလူတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူတက်ပွဲ|ကလူတက်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေ|ကလေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကချွတ်|ကလေကချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကရောက်|ကလေကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကလွင့်|ကလေကလွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကလား|ကလေကလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကဝေ|ကလေကဝေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေပေါက်|ကလေပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေဝါရ|ကလေဝါရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေ့|ကလေ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေးကပင်|ကလေးကပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလယ်ကလတ်|ကလယ်ကလတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလည်|ကလည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလည်လုပ်|ကလည်လုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလော်|ကလော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလော်ကမာ|ကလော်ကမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလော်မ|ကလော်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိုင်|ကလိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောက်ကကျီ|ကလောက်ကကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောင်ကျီ|ကလောင်ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောင်နာမည်|ကလောင်နာမည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောင်ရှင်|ကလောင်ရှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလုပ်ကယင်|ကလုပ်ကယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန်|ကလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန်ကဆန်|ကလန်ကဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်|ကလန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ကျင်|ကလန့်ကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ခြွန်း|ကလန့်ခြွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်စိမ်းပင်|ကလန့်စိမ်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ထိုး|ကလန့်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်နှိုက်|ကလန့်နှိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ဖြတ်|ကလန့်ဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်နွှဲ|ကလန့်နွှဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်လက်မ|ကလန့်လက်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိန်သီး|ကလိန်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကဉာဏ်|ကလိမ်ကဉာဏ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကထောင်|ကလိမ်ကထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကထိန်|ကလိမ်ကထိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကမာ|ကလိမ်ကမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကရစ်|ကလိမ်ကရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကလင်|ကလိမ်ကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကသိန်|ကလိမ်ကသိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကျ|ကလိမ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ချ|ကလိမ်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ့်ကလေ|ကလိမ့်ကလေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေ|ကလွေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေကြီး|ကလွေကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေဂေါင်း|ကလွေဂေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေသျှေ|ကလွေသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေစကား|ကလွေစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေပေါက်|ကလွေပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေပြောင်|ကလွေပြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေမယ်|ကလွေမယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေမယ်ကြီး|ကလွေမယ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေမယ်သျှေ|ကလွေမယ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေရောဂါ|ကလွေရောဂါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေဟိုင်း|ကလွေဟိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွဲကချော်|ကလွဲကချော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွဲပေါက်စား|ကလွဲပေါက်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝါငှက်|ကဝါငှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝါနက်|ကဝါနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝါးဝါး|ကဝါးဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝိ|ကဝိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝိမြောက်|ကဝိမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝေကဝါး|ကဝေကဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝဂ်|ကဝဂ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝင်|ကဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်|ကဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်ခြီ|ကဝတ်ခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်ခွီ|ကဝတ်ခွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်ပွဲ|ကဝတ်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်လှည့်|ကဝတ်လှည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝိန်|ကဝိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသားငါးရာ|ကသားငါးရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကရီ|ကသီကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကရောက်|ကသီကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကလီ|ကသီကလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကလင်|ကသီကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကသောက်|ကသီကသောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီလင်တ|ကသီလင်တ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကနော|ကသောကနော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကပါး|ကသောကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကရော|ကသောကရော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကလယော့|ကသောကလယော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသော်ကရော|ကသော်ကရော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသင်းကရင်း|ကသင်းကရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသစ်|ကသစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိုဏ်း|ကသိုဏ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိုဏ်းရှု|ကသိုဏ်းရှု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောက်ကထောက်|ကသောက်ကထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောင်းကရောင်း|ကသောင်းကရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောင်းကလင်း|ကသောင်းကလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောင်းဝါး|ကသောင်းဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသတ်|ကသတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိပ်ကသည်း|ကသိပ်ကသည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသုတ်ကယက်|ကသုတ်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသုတ်ကရုတ်|ကသုတ်ကရုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိန်ကလိမ်|ကသိန်ကလိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသုန်းကရုန်း|ကသုန်းကရုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကအိပ်ဖူး|ကအိပ်ဖူး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကာ|ကာ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကာကရာ|ကာကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာကွယ်|ကာကွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာချ|ကာချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာချပ်|ကာချပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာချော|ကာချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိ|ကာစိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိကနာသျှေ|ကာစိကနာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိနာ|ကာစိနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိနာသျှေ|ကာစိနာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစီ|ကာစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစောင်း|ကာစောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစောင်းတင်|ကာစောင်းတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဆီး|ကာဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဆီးကာဆီး|ကာဆီးကာဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဆွဲပေါက်|ကာဆွဲပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဏာ|ကာဏာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဏာရိဋ|ကာဏာရိဋ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာတု|ကာတု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာတူသေနပ်|ကာတူသေနပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာတောင်း|ကာတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဒရာ|ကာဒရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဒရိကာဒရာ|ကာဒရိကာဒရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီ|ကာနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီခွဲ|ကာနီခွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီတက်|ကာနီတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီ၀က်|ကာနီ၀က်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနော|ကာနော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနံကုက္ကရ|ကာနံကုက္ကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနုံ|ကာနုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနုံတတ်|ကာနုံတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာပူသီး|ကာပူသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမပိုင်|ကာမပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမဘုံသား|ကာမဘုံသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမတ္တ|ကာမတ္တ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမိတ်ပင်|ကာမိတ်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမိတ်အင်္ကျီ|ကာမိတ်အင်္ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမန္တကီဓမ္မသတ်ကျမ်း|ကာမန္တကီဓမ္မသတ်ကျမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယကံမြောက်|ကာယကံမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယကံသျှင်|ကာယကံသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယပညာ|ကာယပညာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယလုပ်သား|ကာယလုပ်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယသုခ|ကာယသုခ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယိန္ဒြေ|ကာယိန္ဒြေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရီ|ကာရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရီကမ်းသား|ကာရီကမ်းသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရံ|ကာရံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရန်|ကာရန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရန်သင့်|ကာရန်သင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလ|ကာလ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလတန်ဖိုး|ကာလတန်ဖိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလဒါန|ကာလဒါန]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလနဂါး|ကာလနဂါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလနာ|ကာလနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလနာလိုက်|ကာလနာလိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလပေါ်|ကာလပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလပျက်|ကာလပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလရင်နာ|ကာလရင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလရိတ်နာ|ကာလရိတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလ၀မ်း|ကာလ၀မ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသမီး|ကာလသမီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသမီးသျှေ|ကာလသမီးသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသား|ကာလသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသားဂေါင်း|ကာလသားဂေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသားရောဂါ|ကာလသားရောဂါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလာ|ကာလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလုံ|ကာလုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလုံတတ်|ကာလုံတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလုံတန်း|ကာလုံတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသရီ|ကာသရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသန်း|ကာသန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသိန်|ကာသိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသိန်၀တ်|ကာသိန်၀တ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာအတတ်|ကာအတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကား|ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားကား|ကားကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားချပ်|ကားချပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားစင်|ကားစင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားစင်တင်|ကားစင်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားတင်|ကားတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားတိုင်|ကားတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရား|ကားရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားကားရီ|ကားရားကားရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားကိုးရိုး|ကားရားကိုးရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားဆောင့်ခြောင့်|ကားရားဆောင့်ခြောင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားရား|ကားရားရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရီကားရာ|ကားရီကားရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိရိယာ|ကိရိယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကီကီရီ့ကီ|ကီကီရီ့ကီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကီစပ်|ကီစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကီစပ်ဖော်|ကီစပ်ဖော်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကု|ကု]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုစား|ကုစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုဋီ|ကုဋီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုဋေကုဋါ|ကုဋေကုဋါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတို|ကုတို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတိုခ|ကုတိုခ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုထိ|ကုထိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုထုံး|ကုထုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုနက|ကုနက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုမုဒြာကြာ|ကုမုဒြာကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုယောင်|ကုယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုယောင်ထက်ထိ|ကုယောင်ထက်ထိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုယောင်ပင်|ကုယောင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလား|ကုလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားကာ|ကုလားကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားကောက်|ကုလားကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားကြီးအိမ်မက်|ကုလားကြီးအိမ်မက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားစား|ကုလားစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားဆင်|ကုလားဆင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားတရုတ်|ကုလားတရုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားတန်ဆီး|ကုလားတန်ဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားတိုက်မှာကျား၀င်ရေ|ကုလားတိုက်မှာကျား၀င်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားထိုင်|ကုလားထိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားနပျိုး|ကုလားနပျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားနံ|ကုလားနံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားပုဇွန်|ကုလားပုဇွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားပြည်ပျက်|ကုလားပြည်ပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားဖန်ထိုး|ကုလားဖန်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမခြံတိုင်|ကုလားမခြံတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမဇီးခြုံ|ကုလားမဇီးခြုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမဇီးပင်|ကုလားမဇီးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမတိုင်|ကုလားမတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမီးသွီး|ကုလားမီးသွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမြာ|ကုလားမြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမြာလှည်း|ကုလားမြာလှည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားဟက်ဆီး|ကုလားဟက်ဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသ|ကုသ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသနည်းကုသဟန်|ကုသနည်းကုသဟန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသိနာရုံ|ကုသိနာရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသံတစ်ခွန်းကတစ်ခွန်း|ကုသံတစ်ခွန်းကတစ်ခွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသံတစ်မျိုးကုတစ်မျိုး|ကုသံတစ်မျိုးကုတစ်မျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူပါ|ကူပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူပံ့|ကူပံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူဖော်ကူဖက်|ကူဖော်ကူဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူမ|ကူမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူလီ|ကူလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူလျှောက်|ကူလျှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူ|ကူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူညီ|ကူညီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူထောက်|ကူထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူနာ|ကူနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူး|ကူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးခပ်|ကူးခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးစက်|ကူးစက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့|ကူးတို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့တင်|ကူးတို့တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့တိုက်|ကူးတို့တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့သည်|ကူးတို့သည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့သျှင်|ကူးတို့သျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးပြောင်း|ကူးပြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးရင့်နာ|ကူးရင့်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးလူး|ကူးလူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးသန်း|ကူးသန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်|ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေ|ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေကေး|ကေကေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေသျှေ|ကေသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေတ|ကေတ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေတထိုး|ကေတထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေတရာ|ကေတရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေသရာဇာ|ကေသရာဇာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေ့|ကေ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ|ကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲမောက်|ကဲမောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲလွန်|ကဲလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလှောက်|ကလှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ့|ကဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ့ကဲ့|ကဲ့ကဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ့ရဲ့|ကဲ့ရဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်|ကယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ကဲ|ကယ်ကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ဆယ်|ကယ်ဆယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်တင်|ကယ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ပါ|ကယ်ပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်မ|ကယ်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ယူ|ကယ်ယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်လီ|ကယ်လီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်လောင်းသျှေ|ကယ်လောင်းသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်သျှေ|ကယ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်|ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောတုလက|ကောတုလက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဓ|ကောဓ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလိကရ|ကောလိကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလိကောလန်|ကောလိကောလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလော|ကောလော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလန်|ကောလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟာ|ကောဟာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟာတာ|ကောဟာတာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟန်|ကောဟန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟုပ်|ကောဟုပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကော့|ကော့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့ကောက်|ကော့ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့ကန်း|ကော့ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့ရွရွ|ကော့ရွရွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လက်ကော့လန်|ကော့လက်ကော့လန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လက်လက်|ကော့လက်လက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လန်|ကော့လန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လိမ်|ကော့လိမ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကော်|ကော်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်တရာ|ကော်တရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ကာနု|ကော်ကာနု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ချ|ကော်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်စီး|ကော်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ဆဲ|ကော်ဆဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်တုတိ|ကော်တုတိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်နှက်|ကော်နှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ရီ|ကော်ရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ရော်|ကော်ရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်လာစား|ကော်လာစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်လုံး|ကော်လုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်အုတ်|ကော်အုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူစူး|ကက္ကူစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူလပြည်|ကက္ကူလပြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူလန်|ကက္ကူလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူကြာ|ကက္ကူကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်|ကင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်္ကာ|ကင်္ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီ|ကင်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီပါရာ|ကင်စီပါရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီပုန်း|ကင်စီပုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီဟင်း|ကင်စီဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီး|ကင်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်တိုက်|ကင်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်တိုက်ဒုံး|ကင်တိုက်ဒုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပေါင်း|ကင်ပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပေါင်းခြည်|ကင်ပေါင်းခြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပိတ်|ကင်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပျစ်|ကင်ပျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်သာ|ကင်သာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်း|ကင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းကွာ|ကင်းကွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းချောင်း|ကင်းချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းခြီများ|ကင်းခြီများ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းခွန်|ကင်းခွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းခွန်ကောက်|ကင်းခွန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစ|ကင်းစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစသျှေ|ကင်းစသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစကြူး|ကင်းစကြူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစညီး|ကင်းစညီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစတမ်း|ကင်းစတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစား|ကင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစားအမတ်|ကင်းစားအမတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစောင့်|ကင်းစောင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစုန်း|ကင်းစုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစွန်း|ကင်းစွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစွန်းမြောက်|ကင်းစွန်းမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်|ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်ငင်|ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်ငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဆိတ်|ကင်းဆိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဆိပ်|ကင်းဆိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းတဲ|ကင်းတဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းတပ်|ကင်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းထူ|ကင်းထူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းထူကြီး|ကင်းထူကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပါး|ကင်းပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပုန်းသမား|ကင်းပုန်းသမား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပိတ်|ကင်းပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပိတ်သျှေ|ကင်းပိတ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပိတ်ထူ|ကင်းပိတ်ထူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်း|ကင်းပွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းကိုင်|ကင်းပွန်းကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းချဉ်|ကင်းပွန်းချဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းတိုက်|ကင်းပွန်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းတပ်|ကင်းပွန်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းပီး|ကင်းပွန်းပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းသင့်|ကင်းပွန်းသင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းမြီးကောက်|ကင်းမြီးကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းမုံ|ကင်းမုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းယှင်း|ကင်းယှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလက်မည်း|ကင်းလက်မည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလုံး|ကင်းလုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလွတ်|ကင်းလွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလွတ်ခွင့်|ကင်းလွတ်ခွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဝီး|ကင်းဝီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဝှက်|ကင်းဝှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းသမား|ကင်းသမား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်|ကိုက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ကျစ်|ကိုက်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ကျစ်ကိုက်|ကိုက်ကျစ်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ချော|ကိုက်ချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်စိနာ|ကိုက်စိနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်စိနာသျှေ|ကိုက်စိနာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ညီ|ကိုက်ညီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်တိုက်|ကိုက်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ထီကိုက်ထိုက်|ကိုက်ထီကိုက်ထိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ထိုး|ကိုက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ရုပ်ကိုက်ရေ|ကိုက်ရုပ်ကိုက်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်|ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ကိုင်|ကိုင်ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ငင်|ကိုင်ငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်စွဲ|ကိုင်စွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ဆွဲ|ကိုင်ဆွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်တွယ်|ကိုင်တွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ထုပ်|ကိုင်ထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်သားမရ|ကိုင်သားမရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်း|ကိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကူး|ကိုင်းကူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကိုင်း|ကိုင်းကိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကြီး|ကိုင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကျွန်း|ကိုင်းကျွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းခင်း|ကိုင်းခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းချင်း|ကိုင်းချင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းချင်းပင်|ကိုင်းချင်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းတော|ကိုင်းတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းတံ|ကိုင်းတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းဖြတ်|ကိုင်းဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းဖြတ်လိုင်းဖြတ်|ကိုင်းဖြတ်လိုင်းဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းယာ|ကိုင်းယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းရွှ|ကိုင်းရွှ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းလီကိုင်းလိုင်း|ကိုင်းလီကိုင်းလိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းလှိုင်း|ကိုင်းလှိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းသျှေ|ကိုင်းသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်|ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကညွန့်|ကောက်ကညွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကတန်းတိုက်|ကောက်ကတန်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရ|ကောက်ကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရစကား|ကောက်ကရစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရမင်ကျ|ကောက်ကရမင်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရားမင်းကျား|ကောက်ကရားမင်းကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရီကောက်|ကောက်ကရီကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရော်|ကောက်ကရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရောက်မင်းကျ|ကောက်ကရောက်မင်းကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလီကောက်ကလက်|ကောက်ကလီကောက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလက်|ကောက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလိမ်|ကောက်ကလိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလက်|ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလောက်|ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကာငင်ကာ|ကောက်ကာငင်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်|ကောက်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်ကေညွန့်|ကောက်ကောက်ကေညွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်ကွိကွိ|ကောက်ကောက်ကွိကွိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်ပါ|ကောက်ကောက်ပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်လိုက်|ကောက်ကောက်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်လိမ်လိမ်|ကောက်ကောက်လိမ်လိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကျီ|ကောက်ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကျစ်|ကောက်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကျဉ်|ကောက်ကျဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြီး|ကောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြီးပေါ်|ကောက်ကြီးပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြမ်း|ကောက်ကြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြွီ|ကောက်ကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ခံ|ကောက်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ချက်|ကောက်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ချက်ချ|ကောက်ချက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ချက်ထုတ်|ကောက်ချက်ထုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စရိသျှေ|ကောက်စရိသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စရီပင်|ကောက်စရီပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စရီဖေါင်|ကောက်စရီဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.ကလောင်သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.ကလောင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဆွ|ကောက်ဆွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဆွ-ဆွ|ကောက်ဆွ-ဆွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှာသျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်ညှာသျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှီသျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်ညှီသျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်း|ကောက်ညှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းကျဉ်တောက်|ကောက်ညှင်းကျဉ်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းကျိန်တောက်|ကောက်ညှင်းကျိန်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းထုပ်|ကောက်ညှင်းထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းပေါင်း|ကောက်ညှင်းပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းသကာလူး|ကောက်ညှင်းသကာလူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်|ကောက်ညှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ|ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်မုန့်|ကောက်ညှောက်မုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာ|ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာသျှေ|ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလိကောက်တလောက်|ကောက်တလိကောက်တလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလောက်|ကောက်တလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တီကောက်တာ|ကောက်တီကောက်တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တီကောက်တာသျှေ|ကောက်တီကောက်တာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တီကောက်တောက်|ကောက်တီကောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်|ကောက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သိမ်း|ကောက်တက်သိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ|ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တောက်|ကောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ထိုး|ကောက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ထိုးတံ|ကောက်ထိုးတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နုတ်|ကောက်နုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နုတ်ချက်|ကောက်နုတ်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နှံ|ကောက်နှံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နှံကောက်|ကောက်နှံကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ပုံ|ကောက်ပုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဖြန့်|ကောက်ဖြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မုန့်ကလောင်ချေ|ကောက်မုန့်ကလောင်ချေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မုန့်သျှေ|ကောက်မုန့်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မျိုး|ကောက်မျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မျိုးစပါး|ကောက်မျိုးစပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မှုန့်ကလောင်သျှေ|ကောက်မှုန့်ကလောင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မှုန့်သျှေ|ကောက်မှုန့်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ယင်|ကောက်ယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ယင်သီး|ကောက်ယင်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ယင်သျှေ|ကောက်ယင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရ|ကောက်ရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရကြီး|ကောက်ရကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရသျှေ|ကောက်ရသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရောင်း|ကောက်ရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုး|ကောက်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးခြီ|ကောက်ရိုးခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးစာတီ|ကောက်ရိုးစာတီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးပုံ|ကောက်ရိုးပုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးမီး|ကောက်ရိုးမီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လီကောက်လတ်|ကောက်လီကောက်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လီကောက်လောက်|ကောက်လီကောက်လောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လည်စဲ|ကောက်လည်စဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လည်ပြုတ်|ကောက်လည်ပြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လတ်|ကောက်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်း|ကောက်လှိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းပေါက်|ကောက်လှိုင်းပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းတီပွင့်|ကောက်လှိုင်းတီပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းပုံ|ကောက်လှိုင်းပုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းဖြန့်|ကောက်လှိုင်းဖြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သစ်|ကောက်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သစ်စားပွဲ|ကောက်သစ်စားပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သွိ.|ကောက်သွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သျှေ|ကောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဦး|ကောက်ဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဦးကောက်သစ်|ကောက်ဦးကောက်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဦးချ|ကောက်ဦးချ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကောင်|ကောင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်စိ.ကောင်စဉ်|ကောင်စိ.ကောင်စဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်စီ|ကောင်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်စဉ်|ကောင်စဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်ထီး|ကောင်ထီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်ဒလ|ကောင်ဒလ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်ရွီ|ကောင်ရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်သျှေ|ကောင်သျှေ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကောင်း|ကောင်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကင်|ကောင်းကင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကင်မေါ်သီး|ကောင်းကင်မေါ်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကင်မျှောသီး|ကောင်းကင်မျှောသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်း|ကောင်းကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းကြီး|ကောင်းကောင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းကောင်းရေ|ကောင်းကောင်းကောင်းရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းကန်းကန်း|ကောင်းကောင်းကန်းကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းမကောင်း|ကောင်းကောင်းမကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းမွန်မွန်|ကောင်းကောင်းမွန်မွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကျိုး|ကောင်းကျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီး|ကောင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီးခေါ်|ကောင်းကြီးခေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီးပီး|ကောင်းကြီးပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီးသံ|ကောင်းကြီးသံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းခြင်း|ကောင်းခြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းစား|ကောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းစွာ|ကောင်းစွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းစွာ့|ကောင်းစွာ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းနိုးနိုး|ကောင်းနိုးနိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းနိုးရာရာ|ကောင်းနိုးရာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းနှင်း|ကောင်းနှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပါယင့်|ကောင်းပါယင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပါယင့်လား|ကောင်းပါယင့်လား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပါရေဝါ|ကောင်းပါရေဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပြီးသား|ကောင်းပြီးသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းဖို့ရာ|ကောင်းဖို့ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမြတ်|ကောင်းမြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမွီ|ကောင်းမွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမွန်|ကောင်းမွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမှု|ကောင်းမှု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းယင့်|ကောင်းယင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းရာကောင်းကြောင်း|ကောင်းရာကောင်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းရေ|ကောင်းရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းလှစွာ|ကောင်းလှစွာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကတ်|ကတ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကတ်|ကတ်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကတ်သတ်သတ်|ကတ်ကတ်သတ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်|ကတ်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်|ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်|ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်ညှပ်|ကတ်ကျစ်ညှပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တရံလီ|ကတ္တရံလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တားခြား|ကတ္တားခြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တူ|ကတ္တူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တော်|ကတ္တော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တော်ကျီး|ကတ္တော်ကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ပြား|ကတ်ပြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ဖါး|ကတ်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်လီကတ်လတ်|ကတ်လီကတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်လတ်|ကတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်လတ်ကတ်လတ်|ကတ်လတ်ကတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်သီးကတ်သတ်|ကတ်သီးကတ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်သတ်|ကတ်သတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကပ်|ကပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ကပ်|ကပ်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ကြီးသုံးပါး|ကပ်ကြီးသုံးပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ကပ်သပ်သပ်|ကပ်ကပ်သပ်သပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ခင်း|ကပ်ခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ခို|ကပ်ခို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ငြိ|ကပ်ငြိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စား|ကပ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စားယပ်စား|ကပ်စားယပ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စိ.|ကပ်စိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စီး|ကပ်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စီးထောင်|ကပ်စီးထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စည်း|ကပ်စည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ဆိုက်|ကပ်ဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်တော်|ကပ်တော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်တင်|ကပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်နာ|ကပ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပ|ကပ္ပ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပလီ|ကပ္ပလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပလီငရုပ်|ကပ္ပလီငရုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပလီမြောက်|ကပ္ပလီမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပါး|ကပ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပါးယပ်ပါး|ကပ်ပါးယပ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပီကပ်ပါး|ကပ်ပီကပ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပီစာ|ကပ္ပီစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပယ်|ကပ်ပယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပျာ|ကပ္ပျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ဖါး|ကပ်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်မျှောင်|ကပ်မျှောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ယပ်|ကပ်ယပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်လီကပ်လပ်|ကပ်လီကပ်လပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်လတ်ကပ်လတ်|ကပ်လတ်ကပ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်လှူ|ကပ်လှူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်သင့်|ကပ်သင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်သတ်|ကပ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်သပ်|ကပ်သပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စ|ကိစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စချော|ကိစ္စချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စတာဝီ|ကိစ္စတာဝီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စတုံး|ကိစ္စတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စပြီး|ကိစ္စပြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စမကျီ|ကိစ္စမကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စမဟိ|ကိစ္စမဟိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စများ|ကိစ္စများ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စရီစ္စ|ကိစ္စရီစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စဝိစ္စ|ကိစ္စဝိစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကလောင်|ကုက္ကလောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကား|ကုက္ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကားကြာ|ကုက္ကားကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကုစ္စ|ကုက္ကုစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကို|ကုက္ကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်|ကုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ကတ်|ကုတ်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ကုတ်ကတ်ကတ်|ကုတ်ကုတ်ကတ်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ကျ|ကုတ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ခြစ်|ကုတ်ခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်စိ.|ကုတ်စိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်စီး|ကုတ်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ရှုပ်|ကုတ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်လျို|ကုတ်လျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ဟီးနာ|ကုတ်ဟီးနာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်|ကုပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကာရှုပ်ကာ|ကုပ်ကာရှုပ်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်|ကုပ်ကုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်ကပ်ကပ်|ကုပ်ကုပ်ကပ်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်သျှေ|ကုပ်ကုပ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်ရှုပ်|ကုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ချီကုပ်ချောင်း|ကုပ်ချီကုပ်ချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ချိုး|ကုပ်ချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ဆက်|ကုပ်ဆက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ပိ|ကုပ်ပိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ပီ|ကုပ်ပီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ဖီးကုပ်ဖဲ|ကုပ်ဖီးကုပ်ဖဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ရှုပ်|ကုပ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ရှုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်|ကုပ်ရှုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်လျှိုး|ကုပ်လျှိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်သား|ကုပ်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကံ|ကံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကောက်|ကံကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကောင်း|ကံကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကုန်|ကံကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျ|ကံကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျီကံကျ|ကံကျီကံကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျီး|ကံကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျေး|ကံကျေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကြီး|ကံကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကြီးသင့်|ကံကြီးသင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကြမ္မာ|ကံကြမ္မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျွေး|ကံကျွေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဂိုဏ်း|ကံဂိုဏ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစ|ကံစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစပ်|ကံစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစမ်း|ကံစမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစမ်းထုပ်|ကံစမ်းထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆော်|ကံဆော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆိုက်|ကံဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆောင်|ကံဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆိုး|ကံဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဇာတာ|ကံဇာတာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံညှက်|ကံညှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံတူကျိုးပီး|ကံတူကျိုးပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒုချ|ကံဒုချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒုကံဒါ|ကံဒုကံဒါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒို့ချ|ကံဒို့ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒို့ကံဒါ|ကံဒို့ကံဒါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံနာ|ကံနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပီးကံလား|ကံပီးကံလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲ|ကံပဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲစာ|ကံပဲစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲတိုင်|ကံပဲတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲထိုး|ကံပဲထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပေါ်|ကံပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံသန်|ကံသန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံ့ကူစိ.|ကံ့ကူစိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံ့ကော်|ကံ့ကော်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကန်|ကန်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ကောက်|ကန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ချာ|ကန်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ချာတိုင်|ကန်ချာတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ခွ|ကန်ခွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ဆိကန်ဆန်|ကန်ဆိကန်ဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ဆန်လန်ဆန်|ကန်ဆန်လန်ဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်တော့|ကန်တော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်တော်ကြီး|ကန်တော်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်တို့|ကန်တို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တု|ကန္တု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တုကန္တါ|ကန္တုကန္တါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တို့|ကန္တို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တို့ကန္တါ|ကန္တို့ကန္တါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ထောက်|ကန်ထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ပေါင်|ကန်ပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ပေါင်ရိုး|ကန်ပေါင်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်လယ်ချာ|ကန်လယ်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်|ကန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ကော်|ကန့်ကော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ကွက်|ကန့်ကွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ချုပ်|ကန့်ချုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်တပုတ်|ကန့်တပုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ပလီ|ကန့်ပလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လီကန့်လန့်|ကန့်လီကန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်|ကန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်ကာ|ကန့်လန့်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်ထိုး|ကန့်လန့်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်ဖြတ်|ကန့်လန့်ဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သရီ|ကန့်သရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သား|ကန့်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သတ်|ကန့်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သိပ်|ကန့်သိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်အပ်|ကန့်အပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကန်း|ကန်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းကျင်ဆီ|ကန်းကျင်ဆီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းကျင်ပင်|ကန်းကျင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းတူး|ကန်းတူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းတူးမိုက်|ကန်းတူးမိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထီကန်းထိုက်|ကန်းထီကန်းထိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထစ်|ကန်းထစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထစ်ကြီး|ကန်းထစ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထိုက်|ကန်းထိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းမ|ကန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းမကုန်းမ|ကန်းမကုန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပလိတ်|ကမ္ပလိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပလွေ|ကမ္ပလွေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်း|ကမ္ပည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းစာ|ကမ္ပည်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းတိုင်|ကမ္ပည်းတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းထိုး|ကမ္ပည်းထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းဖုံး|ကမ္ပည်းဖုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းသတ်|ကမ္ပည်းသတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာ|ကမ္ဘာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာကပင်|ကမ္ဘာကပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာသျှေ|ကမ္ဘာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာသျှေကြီး|ကမ္ဘာသျှေကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာတည်ကပင်|ကမ္ဘာတည်ကပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာတန်ဆာ|ကမ္ဘာတန်ဆာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာယံ|ကမ္ဘာယံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောက်|ကမ္ဘာလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောက်ကြီး|ကမ္ဘာလောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောက်သန်|ကမ္ဘာလောက်သန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောင်နာ|ကမ္ဘာလောင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာ|ကမ္မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာငင်|ကမ္မာငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာလောင်|ကမ္မာလောင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကမ်း|ကမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းကုန်|ကမ်းကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းကုန်ယမ်းကုန်|ကမ်းကုန်ယမ်းကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းကိုယောင်|ကမ်းကိုယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းခပ်|ကမ်းခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းခြီ|ကမ်းခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းစ|ကမ်းစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းစပ်|ကမ်းစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းတောင်း|ကမ်းတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းထောင်း|ကမ်းထောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းထောင်းစောက်|ကမ်းထောင်းစောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းထိပ်|ကမ်းထိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနဖူး|ကမ်းနဖူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနား|ကမ်းနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနားကျ|ကမ်းနားကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနားပြင်|ကမ်းနားပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနားယောင်|ကမ်းနားယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပါး|ကမ်းပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပါးပြတ်|ကမ်းပါးပြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပါးလယော|ကမ်းပါးလယော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပိုင်|ကမ်းပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပြင်|ကမ်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပြတ်|ကမ်းပြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းမခပ်|ကမ်းမခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းမြောင်|ကမ်းမြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းယောင်|ကမ်းယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းလွန်|ကမ်းလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းလှမ်း|ကမ်းလှမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသား|ကမ်းသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပေါက်|ကမ်းသားပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပုန်းငှက်|ကမ်းသားပုန်းငှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပုန်းပွင့်|ကမ်းသားပုန်းပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပုန်းမုန့်|ကမ်းသားပုန်းမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပွင့်|ကမ်းသားပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားလယော်ပွင့်|ကမ်းသားလယော်ပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသင်း|ကမ်းသင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန္နရာ|ကိန္နရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန္နရီ|ကိန္နရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန့်|ကိန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန့်ကိန့်|ကိန့်ကိန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်း|ကိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းခန်း|ကိန်းခန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းဝပ်|ကိန်းဝပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းသီ|ကိန်းသီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းအောင်း|ကိန်းအောင်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကုံ|ကုံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံတလိုင်း|ကုံတလိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံထင်|ကုံထင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံလုံ|ကုံလုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံသူ|ကုံသူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံး|ကုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံးခယက်တာ|ကုံးခယက်တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံးစီ|ကုံးစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံးစပ်|ကုံးစပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကုန်|ကုန်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကူး|ကုန်ကူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကျ|ကုန်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကျငွီ|ကုန်ကျငွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကြမ်း|ကုန်ကြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ခေါင်|ကုန်ခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ခန်း|ကုန်ခန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ချော|ကုန်ချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ခြောက်|ကုန်ခြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စလည်ပျော်ပါး|ကုန်စလည်ပျော်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စည်|ကုန်စည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စင်|ကုန်စင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စိတ်ကေ|ကုန်စိတ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စိမ်း|ကုန်စိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စုံ|ကုန်စုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဆိုက်|ကုန်ဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်တလိုင်း|ကုန်တလိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်တန်း|ကုန်တန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်နုပ်ကေ|ကုန်နုပ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပေါင်|ကုန်ပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပေါင်နွယ်|ကုန်ပေါင်နွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပေါင်ပုဆိုး|ကုန်ပေါင်ပုဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပုတ်|ကုန်ပုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပို့|ကုန်ပို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဘောင်|ကုန်ဘောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဘောင်နွယ်|ကုန်ဘောင်နွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဘောင်ပုဆိုး|ကုန်ဘောင်ပုဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ယောင်|ကုန်ယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်လှောင်ရုံ|ကုန်လှောင်ရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်သည်|ကုန်သည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်သွယ်|ကုန်သွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်း|ကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းကုန်း|ကုန်းကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းကြောင်း|ကုန်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းချီကုန်းချောင်း|ကုန်းချီကုန်းချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းချင်းစီ|ကုန်းချင်းစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းချင်းထပ်|ကုန်းချင်းထပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းခြစ်|ကုန်းခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းခြောက်|ကုန်းခြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစကား|ကုန်းစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစောက်|ကုန်းစောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစပ်|ကုန်းစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစပ်ထပိန်|ကုန်းစပ်ထပိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစိတ်ထပိန်|ကုန်းစိတ်ထပိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းတိုက်|ကုန်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းတန်း|ကုန်းတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းပေါက်|ကုန်းပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းပေါင်|ကုန်းပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းပြင်|ကုန်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းဖီ|ကုန်းဖီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းဘောင်|ကုန်းဘောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းမ|ကုန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းရိခြစ်|ကုန်းရိခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းလမ်း|ကုန်းလမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းလယား|ကုန်းလယား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကို|ကို]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုကို|ကိုကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုကြီး|ကိုကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်|ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကောင်း|ကိုယ်ကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကောင်းလက်လှ|ကိုယ်ကောင်းလက်လှ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကျင့်တရား|ကိုယ့်ကျင့်တရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျပ်|ကိုယ်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျပ်အင်္ကျီ|ကိုယ်ကျပ်အင်္ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျိုးစွန့်|ကိုယ်ကျိုးစွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျိုးရှာ|ကိုယ်ကျိုးရှာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ခင်း|ကိုယ်ခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ခံ|ကိုယ်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ခံအတတ်|ကိုယ်ခံအတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချည်း|ကိုယ်ချည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချင်း|ကိုယ်ချင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချင်းစာ|ကိုယ်ချင်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချမ်းသာ|ကိုယ်ချမ်းသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ငွိ.|ကိုယ်ငွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စား|ကိုယ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စားတော်|ကိုယ်စားတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စားလှယ်|ကိုယ်စားလှယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စီ|ကိုယ်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်င|ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်င]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်စီ|ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တားလက်တား|ကိုယ်တားလက်တား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တူကျိုးပြု|ကိုယ်တူကျိုးပြု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တည်း|ကိုယ်တည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တော်|ကိုယ်တော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တော်ကပ်|ကိုယ်တော်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တက်|ကိုယ်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တင်|ကိုယ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုတင်|ကိုတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တင်လက်တင်|ကိုယ်တင်လက်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တိုင်|ကိုယ်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တိုင်ကိုယ်ကျ|ကိုယ်တိုင်ကိုယ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုတ်|ကိုယ်တုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုတ်ကေ|ကိုယ်တုတ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုတ်ကြီး|ကိုယ်တုတ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုံးတုံး|ကိုယ်တုံးတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တွိ.|ကိုယ်တွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထိလက်ရောက်|ကိုယ်ထိလက်ရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီး|ကိုယ်ထီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး|ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါးကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး|ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါးကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပိုင်|ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထူကိုယ်ထ|ကိုယ်ထူကိုယ်ထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထည်|ကိုယ်ထည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထင်ပြ|ကိုယ်ထင်ပြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထွက်ကတ္တီပါရောင်|ကိုယ်ထွက်ကတ္တီပါရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နာ|ကိုယ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နေဟန်ထား|ကိုယ်နေဟန်ထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နေဟန်ပန်|ကိုယ်နေဟန်ပန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နန့်လက်နန့်|ကိုယ်နန့်လက်နန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပူနာ|ကိုယ်ပူနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပူးလက်ကျပ်|ကိုယ်ပူးလက်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပေါ်|ကိုယ်ပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပစ်လက်ပစ်|ကိုယ်ပစ်လက်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပိုင်|ကိုယ်ပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဖိရင်ဖိ|ကိုယ်ဖိရင်ဖိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဖိုင့်|ကိုယ်ဖိုင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မကောင်း|ကိုယ်မကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မရ|ကိုယ်မရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မဝ|ကိုယ်မဝ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မသန်|ကိုယ်မသန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မသန့်|ကိုယ်မသန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရရေ|ကိုယ်ရရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရီခြုံ|ကိုယ်ရီခြုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရီးကိုယ်တာ|ကိုယ်ရီးကိုယ်တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရေးရာဇဝင်|ကိုယ်ရေးရာဇဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရည်သစ်|ကိုယ်ရည်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရည်သန့်|ကိုယ်ရည်သန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရည်သွေး|ကိုယ်ရည်သွေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောစိတ်ပါ|ကိုယ်ရောစိတ်ပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရံတော်|ကိုယ်ရံတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်ထင်|ကိုယ်ရောင်ထင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်နာ|ကိုယ်ရောင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်ပြ|ကိုယ်ရောင်ပြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်ဖျောက်|ကိုယ်ရောင်ဖျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရုံ|ကိုယ်ရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရို့|ကိုယ်ရို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လီးလက်ဝန်|ကိုယ်လီးလက်ဝန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လက်တင်|ကိုယ်လက်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လက်ယှင်း|ကိုယ်လက်ယှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လက်သစ်|ကိုယ်လက်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ထည်|ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ထည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ပေါက်|ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လုံးပြောင်|ကိုယ်လုံးပြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လွတ်စိတ်လွတ်|ကိုယ်လွတ်စိတ်လွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လွှား|ကိုယ်လွှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝ|ကိုယ်ဝ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝတ်|ကိုယ်ဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝန်|ကိုယ်ဝန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သန်ကြင်|ကိုယ်သန်ကြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝန်ဆောင်|ကိုယ်ဝန်ဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သာခံ|ကိုယ်သာခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သာယူ|ကိုယ်သာယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သန်ရေ|ကိုယ်သန်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သန့်ရေ|ကိုယ်သန့်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဟိ.ရေ|ကိုယ်ဟိ.ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဟိန်|ကိုယ်ဟိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဟိန်သတ်|ကိုယ်ဟိန်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်|ကိုယ့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကို|ကိုယ့်ကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကို|ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကိုယ်ကိုး|ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကိုယ်ကိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်စွာ|ကိုယ့်စွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်တတ်သဝတ်သ|ကိုယ့်တတ်သဝတ်သ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်တတ်သားကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်တတ်သားကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နည်းကိုယ်ဟန်|ကိုယ်နည်းကိုယ်ဟန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ပါး|ကိုယ့်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ပိုင်သူပိုင်|ကိုယ့်ပိုင်သူပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဖာသာကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ဖာသာကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဖို့ကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ဖို့ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဖို့နန့်ကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ဖို့နန့်ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဘာသာကို|ကိုယ့်ဘာသာကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်လူ|ကိုယ့်လူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်လူကိုယ့်သျှင်|ကိုယ့်လူကိုယ့်သျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်လက်သင့်ရာ|ကိုယ့်လက်သင့်ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်သျှင်|ကိုယ့်သျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်အားကိုယ်ကိုး|ကိုယ့်အားကိုယ်ကိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကိုး|ကိုး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးကား|ကိုးကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးကွယ်|ကိုးကွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးကွယ်ရာ|ကိုးကွယ်ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးစား|ကိုးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးတောင်ဒူးယား|ကိုးတောင်ဒူးယား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးတန်ကောက်|ကိုးတန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရီကိုးရား|ကိုးရီကိုးရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရီကိုးရိုး|ကိုးရီကိုးရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရိုးကားရား|ကိုးရိုးကားရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရိုးကန့်လန့်|ကိုးရိုးကန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးလိုးကားလား|ကိုးလိုးကားလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးသောင်းဘုရား|ကိုးသောင်းဘုရား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျ|ကျ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျကန်းပင်|ကျကန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျခံ|ကျခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဆုံး|ကျဆုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန|ကျန]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျနိကျနယ်|ကျနိကျနယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျနီ|ကျနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျနှုန်းပင်|ကျနှုန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပု|ကျပု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပင်|ကျပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပုန်းပင်|ကျပုန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပြုတ်ကေ|ကျပြုတ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပွင့်|ကျပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဖိုက်|ကျဖိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမိကျရာ|ကျမိကျရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမွိ.|ကျမွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယင်|ကျယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယင်ပွဲ|ကျယင်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယပ်ပင်|ကျယပ်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျ,ရာမ,ရာ|ကျ,ရာမ,ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျလာပလာ|ကျလာပလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျလာပလာမွိ.|ကျလာပလာမွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျ,လူ|ကျ,လူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျသားမြီ|ကျသားမြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျသားလယ်|ကျသားလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျသုံး|ကျသုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျအက်ပိတ်|ကျအက်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာ|ကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာကျာ|ကျာကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာကျာမွိ.|ကျာကျာမွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဟာသီး|ကျဟာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာအာသီး|ကျာအာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျား|ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကိုက်,ကိုက်|ကျားကိုက်,ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကုတ်သျှေ|ကျားကုတ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကန်|ကျားကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကန်ကန်|ကျားကန်ကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကျား|ကျားကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကျားမားမား|ကျားကျားမားမား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားခဲဝါ|ကျားခဲဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားတိုက်|ကျားတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားထိုး|ကျားထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားဗဟုန်နာ|ကျားဗဟုန်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားမတုံးဆွဲမိ|ကျားမတုံးဆွဲမိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားယင်|ကျားယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားလယာ|ကျားလယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားသားငလဝါ|ကျားသားငလဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားဟုန်|ကျားဟုန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိ|ကျိ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိ|ကျိကျိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိကိုက်|ကျိကျိကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိခတ်|ကျိကျိခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိချောချော|ကျိကျိချောချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိတက်|ကျိကျိတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိထွီး|ကျိကျိထွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိနယ်|ကျိကျိနယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိနွဲ့နွဲ့|ကျိကျိနွဲ့နွဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိပက်ပက်|ကျိကျိပက်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်|ကျိကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်ကျိကျက်|ကျိကျက်ကျိကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်ခဲ|ကျိကျက်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်ခတ်|ကျိကျက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျွတ်|ကျိကျွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျွတ်နွယ်|ကျိကျွတ်နွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိပီကျိပက်|ကျိပီကျိပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိပက်တေ|ကျိပက်တေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိပက်လက်ပက်|ကျိပက်လက်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိရိကျိရိ|ကျိရိကျိရိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိလက်ပက်လက်|ကျိလက်ပက်လက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျီ|ကျီ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီခတ်ကျာခတ်|ကျီခတ်ကျာခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီခြစ်ကျာခြစ်|ကျီခြစ်ကျာခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီစိုး|ကျီစိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီတိုက်|ကျီတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီထောက်ကျီနွယ်|ကျီထောက်ကျီနွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီထိုး|ကျီထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီရောင်ဘာရောင်|ကျီရောင်ဘာရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီသောကျီသော|ကျီသောကျီသော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီသော်|ကျီသော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီသောင်းကျီသောင်း|ကျီသောင်းကျီသောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသောင်းဘာသောင်း|ကျီးသောင်းဘာသောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီဝန်|ကျီဝန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီး|ကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကတုတ်|ကျီးကတုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကိကျီးကော်|ကျီးကိကျီးကော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကီကျီးကန်း|ကျီးကီကျီးကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကုလား|ကျီးကုလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကန်တောက်|ကျီးကန်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကျီး|ကျီးကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကွန်ဆောင်|ကျီးကွန်ဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီ|ကျီးခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီထောက်|ကျီးခြီထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီထောင်|ကျီးခြီထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီနနွင်း|ကျီးခြီနနွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီပလော်|ကျီးခြီပလော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးညို|ကျီးညို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးညွန့်|ကျီးညွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတမာ|ကျီးတမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတိကျီးတောင်|ကျီးတိကျီးတောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတီကျီးတန်း|ကျီးတီကျီးတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတောင်တံခါး|ကျီးတောင်တံခါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးထီကျီးထောက်|ကျီးထီကျီးထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးထောက်|ကျီးထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးနင်း|ကျီးနင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးနင်းကျီးနင်း|ကျီးနင်းကျီးနင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပါးမည်း|ကျီးပါးမည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်း|ကျီးပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်းတက်|ကျီးပေါင်းတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်းနား|ကျီးပေါင်းနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်းလိုက်|ကျီးပေါင်းလိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဖေါင်းကား|ကျီးဖေါင်းကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဘောင်|ကျီးဘောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးမချီ|ကျီးမချီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးမတုံး|ကျီးမတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးမနားပင်|ကျီးမနားပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးယက်ပိတ်|ကျီးယက်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးရွှီဝါ|ကျီးရွှီဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးလင်း|ကျီးလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးလင်းကျီးလင်း|ကျီးလင်းကျီးလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဝါ|ကျီးဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသာ|ကျီးသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသား|ကျီးသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသားသျှေ|ကျီးသားသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသန္တာ|ကျီးသန္တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဟာသီး|ကျီးဟာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဟက်|ကျီးဟက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးအာသီး|ကျီးအာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးအက်ပိတ်|ကျီးအက်ပိတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျူ|ကျူ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူကျူ|ကျူကျူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူထောက်ကျူနွယ်|ကျူထောက်ကျူနွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူလှည်း|ကျူလှည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူအီး|ကျူအီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူး|ကျူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးကျော်|ကျူးကျော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးရင့်|ကျူးရင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးလွန်|ကျူးလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးဟိတ်|ကျူးဟိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေကုန်|ကျေကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေဆပ်|ကျေဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေထောက်|ကျေထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေနက်|ကျေနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေပြီ|ကျေပြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေပွန်|ကျေပွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးကိုင်|ကျေးကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးကြီး|ကျေးကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးခက်|ကျေးခက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးစုံ|ကျေးစုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူး|ကျေးဇူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးကန်း|ကျေးဇူးကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးခံ|ကျေးဇူးခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးခံစား|ကျေးဇူးခံစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးဆပ်|ကျေးဇူးဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးတရား|ကျေးဇူးတရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးတရစ်|ကျေးဇူးတရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးတင်|ကျေးဇူးတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးနစ်|ကျေးဇူးနစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးပြု|ကျေးဇူးပြု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးပြန်|ကျေးဇူးပြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးသျှင်|ကျေးဇူးသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးဟိ|ကျေးဇူးဟိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဆပ်|ကျေးဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးတော|ကျေးတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးတိုင်|ကျေးတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးတိုး|ကျေးတိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးထမ်း|ကျေးထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးထမ်းကြီး|ကျေးထမ်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးပါ|ကျေးပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးပင်|ကျေးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးမလီ|ကျေးမလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးရတတ်|ကျေးရတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်|ကျည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်စိ|ကျည်စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်တောက်|ကျည်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်ထိုး|ကျည်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်ပိုင်း|ကျည်ပိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်ပိတ်|ကျည်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည့်|ကျည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်း|ကျည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်းကတောက်|ကျည်းကတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်|ကျယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်ပြော|ကျယ်ပြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်ပြန့်|ကျယ်ပြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်လောင်|ကျယ်လောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်ဝှမ်း|ကျယ်ဝှမ်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျော|ကျော]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့|ကျော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ကြိုး|ကျော့ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့တံ|ကျော့တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ထောင်|ကျော့ထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ဖမ်း|ကျော့ဖမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ရစ်|ကျော့ရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ဝါးလုံး|ကျော့ဝါးလုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်|ကျော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ကျော်ကျပ်ကျပ်|ကျော်ကျော်ကျပ်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ကြား|ကျော်ကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်စော|ကျော်စော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်စောသတင်း|ကျော်စောသတင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဇဝေငှက်|ကျော်ဇဝေငှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်နင်း|ကျော်နင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဗျ|ကျော်ဗျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်လွန်|ကျော်လွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်လွှား|ကျော်လွှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဝှန်|ကျော်ဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်သဲ့|ကျော်သဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်သန်း|ကျော်သန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဟိုး|ကျော်ဟိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျက်|ကျက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်|ကျက်ကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်ဆူ|ကျက်ကျက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်ရိုက်|ကျက်ကျက်ရိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်လောင်|ကျက်ကျက်လောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စနူ|ကျက်စနူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စနူပျား|ကျက်စနူပျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စာ|ကျက်စာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စား|ကျက်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်တော့|ကျက်တော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ပိတ်|ကျက်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်မှတ်|ကျက်မှတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ရုံး|ကျက်ရုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်သားမြီ|ကျက်သားမြီ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျင်|ကျင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကိုင်|ကျင်ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကျ|ကျင်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကျင်|ကျင်ကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကြီး|ကျင်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကြီးအိမ်|ကျင်ကြီးအိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကြောင်း|ကျင်ကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကွင်း|ကျင်ကွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ခြင်း|ကျင်ခြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ငယ်|ကျင်ငယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ငယ်ချောင်း|ကျင်ငယ်ချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ငယ်အိမ်|ကျင်ငယ်အိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်စည်|ကျင်စည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တလင်း|ကျင်တလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တည်း|ကျင်တည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တိုက်|ကျင်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တံ|ကျင်တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ဒိုင်|ကျင်ဒိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ပစ်|ကျင်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ပြော|ကျင်ပြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ပွဲ|ကျင်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ယင်|ကျင်ယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ယင်သျှေ|ကျင်ယင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်လည်|ကျင်လည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်လတ်|ကျင်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်လုံး|ကျင်လုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်သန်|ကျင်သန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်သန်ကြီး|ကျင်သန်ကြီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်|ကျင့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ကြံ|ကျင့်ကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်စဉ်|ကျင့်စဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ဆောက်|ကျင့်ဆောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ညစ်|ကျင့်ညစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ထုံး|ကျင့်ထုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်မှား|ကျင့်မှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ရိုး|ကျင့်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ဝတ်|ကျင့်ဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်သားမရ|ကျင့်သားမရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်သားရ|ကျင့်သားရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်သုံး|ကျင့်သုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်း|ကျင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်း|ကျင်းကျင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်းတုံးတုံး|ကျင်းကျင်းတုံးတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်းလဲ့လဲ့|ကျင်းကျင်းလဲ့လဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်းလက်လက်|ကျင်းကျင်းလက်လက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းစား|ကျင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းတင်|ကျင်းတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းထောင်|ကျင်းထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းပ|ကျင်းပ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းပေါက်|ကျင်းပေါက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်|ကျစ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ကျစ်|ကျစ်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ကျစ်တီး|ကျစ်ကျစ်တီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ကျစ်ထွီး|ကျစ်ကျစ်ထွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်စောင်|ကျစ်စောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထုပ်|ကျစ်ထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထုပ်တင်|ကျစ်ထုပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထုပ်လိုက်|ကျစ်ထုပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထိုး|ကျစ်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပုဆိုး|ကျစ်ပုဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပူတိုက်|ကျစ်ပူတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပေါင်း|ကျစ်ပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပေါင်းကြိုး|ကျစ်ပေါင်းကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပေါင်းခြည်|ကျစ်ပေါင်းခြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်|ကျိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်ဆူ|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တက်|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်မြည်|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်မြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တိုး|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်|ကျိုင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်တောက်|ကျိုင်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်ထိုး|ကျိုင်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်နာ|ကျိုင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်ပိုင်း|ကျိုင်ပိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်ပိတ်|ကျိုင်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်လိုက်|ကျိုင်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်း|ကျိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းကျိုင်း|ကျိုင်းကျိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းခေါက်ခေါက်|ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းခေါက်ခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းမာမာ|ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းမာမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းခတ်|ကျိုင်းခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းခံ့|ကျိုင်းခံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းခိုင်|ကျိုင်းခိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းစီး|ကျိုင်းစီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်|ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး|ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး|ကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတောက်ခရော်|ကျိုင်းတောက်ခရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတောက်တောက်|ကျိုင်းတောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတုံး|ကျိုင်းတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းမာ|ကျိုင်းမာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်|ကျဉ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်နာ|ကျဉ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်ဆာ|ကျဉ်ဆာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်ပိတ်|ကျဉ်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်း|ကျဉ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်းကျပ်|ကျဉ်းကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်းမြောင်း|ကျဉ်းမြောင်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်|ကျောက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကလန့်|ကျောက်ကလန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကာ|ကျောက်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကိုက်|ကျောက်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကိုင်|ကျောက်ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကုပ်|ကျောက်ကုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကန်|ကျောက်ကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကန်ကျောက်ကန်|ကျောက်ကန်ကျောက်ကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျက်ခတ်|ကျောက်ကျက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျောက်ကျ|ကျောက်ကျောက်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျောက်မျို|ကျောက်ကျောက်မျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျပ်|ကျောက်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြီး|ကျောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြော|ကျောက်ကြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြိုး|ကျောက်ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြွပ်|ကျောက်ကြွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခရာ|ကျောက်ခရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခဲတစ်ပစ်|ကျောက်ခဲတစ်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခက်|ကျောက်ခက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခေတ်|ကျောက်ခေတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ချ|ကျောက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ချဉ်|ကျောက်ချဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ငူ|ကျောက်ငူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ငူတော်ဓါတ်|ကျောက်ငူတော်ဓါတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ငုတ်|ကျောက်ငုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စရစ်ခဲ|ကျောက်စရစ်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စာ|ကျောက်စာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စာတိုင်|ကျောက်စာတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စာထိုး|ကျောက်စာထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စု|ကျောက်စု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စက်ရီ|ကျောက်စက်ရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စိမ်း|ကျောက်စိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စွယ်|ကျောက်စွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆရာ|ကျောက်ဆရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆစ်|ကျောက်ဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆောင်|ကျောက်ဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆတ်|ကျောက်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တည်|ကျောက်တည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တိုင်|ကျောက်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တောင်|ကျောက်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တံ|ကျောက်တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တန်း|ကျောက်တန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တုံး|ကျောက်တုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တွင်း|ကျောက်တွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထီး|ကျောက်ထီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထီးတန္တု|ကျောက်ထီးတန္တု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထက်အက္ခရာတင်|ကျောက်ထက်အက္ခရာတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထုံး|ကျောက်ထုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထိုး|ကျောက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထွန်|ကျောက်ထွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နဖါး|ကျောက်နဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နာဖီး|ကျောက်နာဖီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နာရာ|ကျောက်နာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နီ|ကျောက်နီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နီမေါ်|ကျောက်နီမေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နု|ကျောက်နု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နုတ်|ကျောက်နုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်|ကျောက်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်ခရာ|ကျောက်ပေါက်ခရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်မာ|ကျောက်ပေါက်မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်မာရာ|ကျောက်ပေါက်မာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်ရည်|ကျောက်ပေါက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပန်းတူ|ကျောက်ပန်းတူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပုပ်|ကျောက်ပုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပျဉ်|ကျောက်ပျဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပျဉ်တင်|ကျောက်ပျဉ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပြောက်|ကျောက်ပြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပြုတ်|ကျောက်ပြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖရုံ|ကျောက်ဖရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖျာ|ကျောက်ဖျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မာ|ကျောက်မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မာရာ|ကျောက်မာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖြူ|ကျောက်ဖြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖြူသျှေ|ကျောက်ဖြူသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း|ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မီးသွီး|ကျောက်မီးသွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မျက်ရွဲ|ကျောက်မျက်ရွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရီစစ်|ကျောက်ရီစစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရီတွင်း|ကျောက်ရီတွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရူး|ကျောက်ရူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရည်|ကျောက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရိုင်း|ကျောက်ရိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရိုး|ကျောက်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်လက်စ|ကျောက်လက်စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဝါး|ကျောက်ဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဝါးကြိုး|ကျောက်ဝါးကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဝင်|ကျောက်ဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သရစ်|ကျောက်သရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သလေး|ကျောက်သလေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သား|ကျောက်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သင်ပုန်း|ကျောက်သင်ပုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သျှေ|ကျောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဟက်|ကျောက်ဟက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဟက်ကြိုး|ကျောက်ဟက်ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်အပ်စား|ကျောက်အပ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်အပ်ထွန်|ကျောက်အပ်ထွန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်|ကျောင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျိကျောင်ကျပ်|ကျောင်ကျိကျောင်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျင်|ကျောင်ကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျင်ခတ်|ကျောင်ကျင်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျပ်|ကျောင်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်သျှေ|ကျောင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်း|ကျောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကျ|ကျောင်းကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကြီး|ကျောင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကြီးသျှင်|ကျောင်းကြီးသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကြီးစာ|ကျောင်းကြီးစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းခေါက်|ကျောင်းခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းချ|ကျောင်းချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းခြံ|ကျောင်းခြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစာ|ကျောင်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစား|ကျောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစားကျောင်းနီ|ကျောင်းစားကျောင်းနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစုတ်|ကျောင်းစုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစိုနံ|ကျောင်းစိုနံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းဆရာ|ကျောင်းဆရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းဆင်း|ကျောင်းဆင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းဆောင်|ကျောင်းဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းတက်|ကျောင်းတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းတိုက်|ကျောင်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းတပ်|ကျောင်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထား|ကျောင်းထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထိုင်|ကျောင်းထိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထောင်|ကျောင်းထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထိန်း|ကျောင်းထိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီ|ကျောင်းနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီကျောင်းစား|ကျောင်းနီကျောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီဖော်|ကျောင်းနီဖော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီဖက်|ကျောင်းနီဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနှံ|ကျောင်းနှံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းပြီး|ကျောင်းပြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းရင်ပြင်|ကျောင်းရင်ပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသား|ကျောင်းသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသူ|ကျောင်းသူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသံပီး|ကျောင်းသံပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသံပီသံ|ကျောင်းသံပီသံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသျှေ|ကျောင်းသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသျှင်|ကျောင်းသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအပ်|ကျောင်းအပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းစား|ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းနီ|ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအုပ်|ကျောင်းအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ကုတ်တွင်း|ကျတ်ကုတ်တွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ကျတ်သတ်သတ်|ကျတ်ကျတ်သတ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ခေါက်မြီ|ကျတ်ခေါက်မြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်တီးကျတ်ပေါ|ကျတ်တီးကျတ်ပေါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်တောမြီ|ကျတ်တောမြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်တုတ်မြီ|ကျတ်တုတ်မြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ထုံးပြင်|ကျတ်ထုံးပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ရတ်ကျတ်ရတ်|ကျတ်ရတ်ကျတ်ရတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ရတ်မြီ|ကျတ်ရတ်မြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်လီကျတ်လတ်|ကျတ်လီကျတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်လတ်ကျတ်လတ်|ကျတ်လတ်ကျတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်သီးကျတ်သတ်|ကျတ်သီးကျတ်သတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်|ကျပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ကျပ်သပ်သပ်|ကျပ်ကျပ်သပ်သပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ချိန်|ကျပ်ချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်တီးဆိုက်|ကျပ်တီးဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထက်ကျပ်|ကျပ်ထက်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်|ကျပ်ထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်ထိုး|ကျပ်ထုပ်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်တင်|ကျပ်ထုပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်လိုက်|ကျပ်ထုပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ပယ်|ကျပ်ပယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ပေါက်|ကျပ်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်လီး|ကျပ်လီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်လတ်|ကျတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်|ကျိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ကျိတ်ကျက်|ကျိတ်ကျက်ကျိတ်ကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ခဲ|ကျိတ်ကျက်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ခတ်|ကျိတ်ကျက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်တိုး|ကျိတ်ကျက်တိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ထွီး|ကျိတ်ကျက်ထွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲ|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲခဲ|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်လိပ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်လိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်သျှေ|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိစ္စ|ကျိစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ထုပ်ထိုး|ကျိတ်ထုပ်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ထုပ်လိုက်|ကျိတ်ထုပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပူတိုက်|ကျိတ်ပူတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပူထိုး|ကျိတ်ပူထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပူလိုက်|ကျိတ်ပူလိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပေါက်နာ|ကျိတ်ပေါက်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်သား|ကျိတ်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိပ်|ကျိပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်|ကျုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကာ|ကျုတ်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျက်|ကျုတ်ကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျက်ပုပ်ပက်|ကျုတ်ကျက်ပုပ်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျုတ်|ကျုတ်ကျုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျွံ|ကျုတ်ကျွံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်တူး|ကျုတ်တူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ထမ်း|ကျုတ်ထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်နစ်|ကျုတ်နစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်နစ်ရေ|ကျုတ်နစ်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပုပ်|ကျုတ်ပုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုပ်ပိုးစား|ကျုပ်ပိုးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပျော့|ကျုတ်ပျော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပြင်|ကျုတ်ပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပွတ်|ကျုတ်ပွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ဖွတ်ဖွတ်|ကျုတ်ဖွတ်ဖွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်မန်း|ကျုတ်မန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်မန်းခဲ|ကျုတ်မန်းခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ရီ|ကျုတ်ရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်သောသော|ကျုတ်သောသော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်အိုင်|ကျုတ်အိုင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျံ|ကျံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်|ကျန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်လစ်|ကျန်လစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်း|ကျန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းကျန်းမာမာ|ကျန်းကျန်းမာမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းခိုင်|ကျန်းခိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းတောက်|ကျန်းတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းတောက်ခရော်|ကျန်းတောက်ခရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းမာ|ကျန်းမာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်း|ကျမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကိုင်|ကျမ်းကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကိုး|ကျမ်းကိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကျိန်|ကျမ်းကျိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကြီးပီကြီး|ကျမ်းကြီးပီကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းဂန်|ကျမ်းဂန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းစာ|ကျမ်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းထမ်း|ကျမ်းထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းနှံ့|ကျမ်းနှံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းပြု|ကျမ်းပြု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းရင်း|ကျမ်းရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းရိုး|ကျမ်းရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းရွက်|ကျမ်းရွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းဦးစကား|ကျမ်းဦးစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်|ကျိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာ|ကျိန်စာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာကျ|ကျိန်စာကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာတိုက်|ကျိန်စာတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာထား|ကျိန်စာထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာထည့်|ကျိန်စာထည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာထမ်း|ကျိန်စာထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာရေ|ကျိန်စာရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်ဆဲ|ကျိန်ဆဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်ဆို|ကျိန်ဆို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်တောက်|ကျိန်တောက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်း|ကျိန်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းကီကျိန်းကော|ကျိန်းကီကျိန်းကော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းကုန်|ကျိန်းကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းကျီ|ကျိန်းကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းစက်|ကျိန်းစက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းတိကျိန်းတောင်|ကျိန်းတိကျိန်းတောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းသီ|ကျိန်းသီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းအောင်|ကျိန်းအောင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျုံ|ကျုံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုံး|ကျုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုံးကျုံးဝင်|ကျုံးကျုံးဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုး|ကျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကန်း|ကျိုးကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကြောင်း|ကျိုးကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကြတ်နာ|ကျိုးကြတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကြွတ်နာ|ကျိုးကြွတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးနပ်|ကျိုးနပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးနွံ|ကျိုးနွံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးပဲ့|ကျိုးပဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးဖောက်|ကျိုးဖောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးပေါက်|ကျိုးပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးမြော်|ကျိုးမြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးယုတ်|ကျိုးယုတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြ|ကြ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြခပ်|ကြခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြငှန်း|ကြငှန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပိုင်|ကြပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြသပတိနိ|ကြသပတိနိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြသောင်း|ကြသောင်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြာ|ကြာ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာကလပ်|ကြာကလပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာကုက္ကား|ကြာကုက္ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခရေ|ကြာခရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခရေဝါ|ကြာခရေဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခီရေ|ကြာခီရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခေါင်းလောင်း|ကြာခေါင်းလောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာချပ်|ကြာချပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခြည်|ကြာခြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခြည်ပိုး|ကြာခြည်ပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခွက်|ကြာခွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာဂေါင်း|ကြာဂေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာစွယ်|ကြာစွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာဆံ|ကြာဆံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာညောင်|ကြာညောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာညောင်း|ကြာညောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာညို|ကြာညို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတော|ကြာတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတင်|ကြာတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတံ|ကြာတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတံပက်|ကြာတံပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတံရိုး|ကြာတံရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတန်းကား|ကြာတန်းကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာနတ်သီး|ကြာနတ်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာပွင့်|ကြာပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာပွင့်ထပ်|ကြာပွင့်ထပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာပြွန်|ကြာပြွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာမှောက်|ကြာမှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာရိုးကြာပင်|ကြာရိုးကြာပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာရှည်|ကြာရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလီရေလား|ကြာလီရေလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလိပ်သျှေ|ကြာလိပ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလိပ်သျှေပိုး|ကြာလိပ်သျှေပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလန်|ကြာလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသီတံ|ကြာသီတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသင်္ကန်း|ကြာသင်္ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသိန်|ကြာသိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသွတ်အိုး|ကြာသွတ်အိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြား|ကြား]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကာလ|ကြားကာလ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကျီကြားကျပ်|ကြားကျီကြားကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကျပ်|ကြားကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကျပ်ကြားကျပ်|ကြားကျပ်ကြားကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြား|ကြားကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားခေါက်ခေါက်|ကြားကြားခေါက်ခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားတက်တက်|ကြားကြားတက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားတောက်တောက်|ကြားကြားတောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားသဲ့သဲ့|ကြားကြားသဲ့သဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားညှပ်ဝါး|ကြားညှပ်ဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားနာ|ကြားနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားနီ|ကြားနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားပေါက်|ကြားပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားပြင်း|ကြားပြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖူးနားဝ|ကြားဖူးနားဝ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖေါက်|ကြားဖေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖျိုင်|ကြားဖျိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖြီကြားဖြတ်|ကြားဖြီကြားဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖြတ်|ကြားဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားမှာ|ကြားမှာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားရေလောက်က|ကြားရေလောက်က]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားရောက်|ကြားရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြား၀င်|ကြား၀င်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိကြိနယ်|ကြိကြိနယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိယာ|ကြိယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိယာဝိသေသန|ကြိယာဝိသေသန]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိရိယာ|ကြိရိယာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြီ|ကြီ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီစပ်|ကြီစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီပျောက်|ကြီပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီပွန်|ကြီပွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီမွ.|ကြီမွ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီမှုန်း|ကြီမှုန်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြီး|ကြီး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကဲ|ကြီးကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကျယ်|ကြီးကျယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကြီး|ကြီးကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကြီးကျယ်ကျယ်|ကြီးကြီးကျယ်ကျယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကြီးမြင့်မြင့်|ကြီးကြီးမြင့်မြင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးခြီငင်|ကြီးခြီငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးစိုး|ကြီးစိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးစိုင်ငယ်လိုက်|ကြီးစိုင်ငယ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးထက်မြင့်ခေါင်|ကြီးထက်မြင့်ခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနီ|ကြီးနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနင်း|ကြီးနင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနိုင်|ကြီးနိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနန်း|ကြီးနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပေါင်း|ကြီးပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပြား|ကြီးပြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပြင်း|ကြီးပြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပွား|ကြီးပွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဖြူ|ကြီးဖြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဖေသာ|ကြီးဖေသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမား|ကြီးမား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမုံ|ကြီးမုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမြင့်|ကြီးမြင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမြတ်|ကြီးမြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးရင့်|ကြီးရင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးလေး|ကြီးလေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဝါ|ကြီးဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးသွား|ကြီးသွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဟင်းရာ|ကြီးဟင်းရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူ|ကြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူကြူ|ကြူကြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူကြူငို|ကြူကြူငို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူး|ကြူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေဆပ်|ကြေဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေနက်|ကြေနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေနပ်|ကြေနပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေပွန်|ကြေပွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေမှုန်း|ကြေမှုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေလည်|ကြေလည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေအီး|ကြေအီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေး|ကြေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေးငွီ|ကြေးငွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေးစား|ကြေးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေးစားမ|ကြေးစားမ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြဲ|ကြဲ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲ|ကြဲကြဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲခေါက်ခေါက်|ကြဲကြဲခေါက်ခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲခေါင်ခေါင်|ကြဲကြဲခေါင်ခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲတက်တက်|ကြဲကြဲတက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲတောက်တောက်|ကြဲကြဲတောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲခင်းလယ်|ကြဲခင်းလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲစီကြဲစဲ|ကြဲစီကြဲစဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲစဲ|ကြဲစဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲစဲပျက်|ကြဲစဲပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတီကြဲတဲ|ကြဲတီကြဲတဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲ|ကြဲတဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲကြက်တက်|ကြဲတဲကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲကြင်တင်|ကြဲတဲကြင်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲကြောင်တောင်|ကြဲတဲကြောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲပြင်|ကြဲပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်|ကြယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ဂဏန်း|ကြယ်ဂဏန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ကျ|ကြယ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ကြီး|ကြယ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ကြွီ|ကြယ်ကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်တံခွန်|ကြယ်တံခွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်တံတိုင်း|ကြယ်တံတိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်နဂါးဖေါင်|ကြယ်နဂါးဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ပျံ|ကြယ်ပျံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ဗင်းထမ်း|ကြယ်ဗင်းထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်မီးကျောင်း|ကြယ်မီးကျောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်သင်္ဘော|ကြယ်သင်္ဘော]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြဉ်|ကြဉ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဉ်ယှောင်|ကြဉ်ယှောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်|ကြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ဆွ|ကြည်ဆွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ညို|ကြည်ညို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်နူး|ကြည်နူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ဖြူ|ကြည်ဖြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ရွှင်|ကြည်ရွှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်လင်|ကြည်လင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်သာ|ကြည်သာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်အီး|ကြည်အီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်|ကြည့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကား|ကြည့်ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကတ်|ကြည့်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကြည့်|ကြည့်ကြည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကြတ်|ကြည့်ကြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ခီ|ကြည့်ခီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ခီကပ်မေ|ကြည့်ခီကပ်မေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ချင်ပွဲ|ကြည့်ချင်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်စမ်း|ကြည့်စမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ထော|ကြည့်ထော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ရှု|ကြည့်ရှု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်း|ကြည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်းကုန်း|ကြည်းကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်းကြောင်း|ကြည်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်းတပ်|ကြည်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော|ကြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောကုန်း|ကြောကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောကြောထ|ကြောကြောထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောခင်း|ကြောခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောခိုင်း|ကြောခိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောစီး|ကြောစီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောဆစ်|ကြောဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောတည့်|ကြောတည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောထောက်နောက်ခံ|ကြောထောက်နောက်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောထောင်|ကြောထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပီး|ကြောပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပူရင်ပူနာ|ကြောပူရင်ပူနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပြာ|ကြောပြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပြင်|ကြောပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောဖြတ်|ကြောဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောလယ်|ကြောလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောလယ်ကောင်|ကြောလယ်ကောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောရီစုတ်|ကြောရီစုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောရိုး|ကြောရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောရှည်|ကြောရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောသား|ကြောသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောသားရင်သား|ကြောသားရင်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြော့|ကြော့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော့ချင်း|ကြော့ချင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော့စ|ကြော့စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော့တမ်း|ကြော့တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်|ကြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်ငြာ|ကြော်ငြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်ငြာစာ|ကြော်ငြာစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်ဟစ်|ကြော်ဟစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်|ကြက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခါးသီး|ကြက်ခါးသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချ|ကြက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီး|ကြက်ချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးကွမ်းသီး|ကြက်ချီးကွမ်းသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးခံ|ကြက်ချီးခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးခုတ်စား|ကြက်ချီးခုတ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးစား|ကြက်ချီးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးစားခေါင်ပတ်|ကြက်ချီးစားခေါင်ပတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးစု|ကြက်ချီးစု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးရီနံ|ကြက်ချီးရီနံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခြီ|ကြက်ခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခြီခတ်|ကြက်ခြီခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခြိုင့်|ကြက်ခြိုင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခွပ်လှိုင်း|ကြက်ခွပ်လှိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဂေါင်းမွါး|ကြက်ဂေါင်းမွါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စာကောက်|ကြက်စာကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စူပင်|ကြက်စူပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စိန့်|ကြက်စိန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စိန့်ညက်|ကြက်စိန့်ညက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆူ|ကြက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆူး|ကြက်ဆူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်တက်|ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်နင်း|ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်နင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆင်းချိန်|ကြက်ဆင်းချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆုတ်ကြက်ခွပ်|ကြက်ဆုတ်ကြက်ခွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ညင်းဟင်း|ကြက်ညင်းဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ညှာ|ကြက်ညှာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တီးကြက်တက်|ကြက်တီးကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်|ကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ကန်း|ကြက်တက်ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ချိန်|ကြက်တက်ချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်စူး|ကြက်တက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ပင်|ကြက်တက်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ရည်|ကြက်တက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တင်|ကြက်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တိုက်မင်းသားကြယ်|ကြက်တိုက်မင်းသားကြယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တောင်ပေါက်ဆိန်|ကြက်တောင်ပေါက်ဆိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တောင်ပံစည်း|ကြက်တောင်ပံစည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တံခွန်|ကြက်တံခွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွေ|ကြက်တွေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွန့်|ကြက်တွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွန်တက်|ကြက်တွန်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွန့်ဝင်|ကြက်တွန့်ဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နား|ကြက်နား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နက်|ကြက်နက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နက်အုပ်|ကြက်နက်အုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နင်း|ကြက်နင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နင်းအုပ်|ကြက်နင်းအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ပျောက်ငှက်ပျောက်|ကြက်ပျောက်ငှက်ပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ပျံမကျ|ကြက်ပျံမကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖပုစွန်|ကြက်ဖပုစွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖါး|ကြက်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖင်|ကြက်ဖင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖင်မှာရေဆုံး|ကြက်ဖင်မှာရေဆုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖြတ်ဖြတ်လို့|ကြက်ဖြတ်ဖြတ်လို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မတက်စူး|ကြက်မတက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မတွန်ရွာ|ကြက်မတွန်ရွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မ,မခေါင်း|ကြက်မ,မခေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မ,မတန်း|ကြက်မ,မတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မအုပ်|ကြက်မအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မေါက်|ကြက်မေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မျက်ဝင်|ကြက်မျက်ဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မွီးစူး|ကြက်မွီးစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ယက်ဟင်း|ကြက်ယက်ဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်လှီးကား|ကြက်လှီးကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်လှယာ|ကြက်လှယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သရေ|ကြက်သရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သရေဆောင်|ကြက်သရေဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သားဟင်း|ကြက်သားဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီကြက်မေါ|ကြက်သီကြက်မေါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီသီ|ကြက်သီသီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီးထ|ကြက်သီးထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီးမွှေးညှင်းထ|ကြက်သီးမွှေးညှင်းထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီးဝှန်|ကြက်သီးဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွီးစပါး|ကြက်သွီးစပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွီးရောင်|ကြက်သွီးရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွန်ဖြူတပင်တိုင်|ကြက်သွန်ဖြူတပင်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွန်လက်|ကြက်သွန်လက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဟင်းပင်|ကြက်ဟင်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်အိပ်|ကြက်အိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်အိပ်ကြက်နိုး|ကြက်အိပ်ကြက်နိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥကျင်|ကြက်ဥကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥခိုးမြွီ|ကြက်ဥခိုးမြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥတင်း|ကြက်ဥတင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥတင်းခြည်သီး|ကြက်ဥတင်းခြည်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဦးတွန်|ကြက်ဦးတွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်|ကြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ချင်|ကြင်ချင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ချစ်ဦး|ကြင်ချစ်ဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်စွယ်|ကြင်စွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ညီ|ကြင်ညီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်နာ|ကြင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ဖေါ်|ကြင်ဖေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ဖက်|ကြင်ဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ရာ|ကြင်ရာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြင့်|ကြင့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင့်ကြင့်|ကြင့်ကြင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင့်တင့်တင့်|ကြင့်တင့်တင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်း|ကြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်းကြင်း|ကြင်းကြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်းကြင်းလင်းလင်း|ကြင်းကြင်းလင်းလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်းထား|ကြင်းထား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြိုက်|ကြိုက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်|ကြိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်ကြိုင်|ကြိုင်ကြိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်ကြိုင်အီး|ကြိုင်ကြိုင်အီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်မွှီး|ကြိုင်မွှီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်း|ကြိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းကြိုင်း|ကြိုင်းကြိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းကြိုင်းစက်စက်|ကြိုင်းကြိုင်းစက်စက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းတွား|ကြိုင်းတွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းလို့တွားလို့|ကြိုင်းလို့တွားလို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်|ကြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကိကြောက်ကွန်|ကြောက်ကိကြောက်ကွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကောင်းခမန်း|ကြောက်ကောင်းခမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကောင်းထမန်း|ကြောက်ကောင်းထမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကောင်းဘနန်း|ကြောက်ကောင်းဘနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကွန်|ကြောက်ကွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြီးကျ|ကြောက်ကြီးကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြီးဘရနန်း|ကြောက်ကြီးဘရနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြီးသန်ဖက်|ကြောက်ကြီးသန်ဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြောက်လန့်လန့်|ကြောက်ကြောက်လန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြိမ်းကျ|ကြောက်ကြိမ်းကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ခတ်|ကြောက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ချီးပါ|ကြောက်ချီးပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ချီးယို|ကြောက်ချီးယို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ခွတ်|ကြောက်ခွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်စိုး|ကြောက်စိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်တစ်ဝက်လန့််တစ်ဝက်|ကြောက်တစ်ဝက်လန့််တစ်ဝက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ဖွယ်ခမန်း|ကြောက်ဖွယ်ခမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်မူထလန်းကား|ကြောက်မူထလန်းကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်မက်ဖွယ်|ကြောက်မက်ဖွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ရီကြောက်ရွံ့|ကြောက်ရီကြောက်ရွံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ရုပ်ကြောက်ရည်|ကြောက်ရုပ်ကြောက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ရွံ့|ကြောက်ရွံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်လန့်|ကြောက်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်လန့်တကြား|ကြောက်လန့်တကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ဝှန်|ကြောက်ဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်သွီးဝှန်|ကြောက်သွီးဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်အားကြီး|ကြောက်အားကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်အားပို|ကြောက်အားပို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်အားလန့်အားကြီး|ကြောက်အားလန့်အားကြီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်|ကြောင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ကျီကြောင်ကြား|ကြောင်ကျီကြောင်ကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ကြောင်|ကြောင်ကြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ချာ|ကြောင်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ချောင်|ကြောင်ချောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်စာထုတ်|ကြောင်စာထုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဇဝါ|ကြောင်ဇဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တိကြောင်တောင်|ကြောင်တိကြောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တီကြောင်တေး|ကြောင်တီကြောင်တေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တက်တောင်|ကြောင်တက်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်|ကြောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်ကန်း|ကြောင်တောင်ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်တောင်|ကြောင်တောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်း|ကြောင်တောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နခေါင်း|ကြောင်နခေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နက်|ကြောင်နက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နံသာ|ကြောင်နံသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နံ့သာ|ကြောင်နံ့သာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ပန်းတန်|ကြောင်ပန်းတန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ပန်းပင်|ကြောင်ပန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဖါး|ကြောင်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဖါးကြီး|ကြောင်ဖါးကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဖို|ကြောင်ဖို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မစားငါး|ကြောင်မစားငါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မတံ|ကြောင်မတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မတုံးပန်း|ကြောင်မတုံးပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မျက်စိ|ကြောင်မျက်စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မြီးတို|ကြောင်မြီးတို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မြီးရှည်|ကြောင်မြီးရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လှယာပင်|ကြောင်လှယာပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လက်သည်းဝှက်|ကြောင်လက်သည်းဝှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လိမ်ကြောင်ပတ်|ကြောင်လိမ်ကြောင်ပတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လိမ်ပစ်|ကြောင်လိမ်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဝင်ကြောင်ထွက်|ကြောင်ဝင်ကြောင်ထွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဝံ့ဖြစ်|ကြောင်ဝံ့ဖြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်သူတော်|ကြောင်သူတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်သိုး|ကြောင်သိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်အံဖတ်|ကြောင်အံဖတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်|ကြောင့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြ|ကြောင့်ကြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြကင်း|ကြောင့်ကြကင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြစိုက်|ကြောင့်ကြစိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြမဟိ|ကြောင့်ကြမဟိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်း|ကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းကြောင်း|ကြောင်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းစ|ကြောင်းစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းစသွယ်|ကြောင်းစသွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းဇာတိ|ကြောင်းဇာတိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းဇင်းခါ|ကြောင်းဇင်းခါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းတော်|ကြောင်းတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းပီး|ကြောင်းပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းရာ|ကြောင်းရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းရီး|ကြောင်းရီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းရပ်ပေါ်|ကြောင်းရပ်ပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းလမ်း|ကြောင်းလမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းလမ်းထွင်|ကြောင်းလမ်းထွင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းလမ်းသွယ်|ကြောင်းလမ်းသွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းအင်|ကြောင်းအင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်|ကြတ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ္တိကာ|ကြတ္တိကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်တက်|ကြတ်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်ထင်း|ကြတ်ထင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်လိုက်|ကြတ်လိုက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်|ကြပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ကြပ်|ကြပ်ကြပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ကြပ်တည်းတည်း|ကြပ်ကြပ်တည်းတည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ကြပ်တင်းတင်း|ကြပ်ကြပ်တင်းတင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ခိုး|ကြပ်ခိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ခိုးစင်|ကြပ်ခိုးစင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်စည်း|ကြပ်စည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်စင်|ကြပ်စင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တည်း|ကြပ်တည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တင်|ကြပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တိုက်|ကြပ်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တိုက်မုန့်|ကြပ်တိုက်မုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ထင်း|ကြပ်ထင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်မ|ကြပ်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်လိုက်|ကြပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်|ကြိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ကြိတ်|ကြိတ်ကြိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံ|ကြိတ်ဆုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံပေါင်|ကြိတ်ဆုံပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံမျောက်|ကြိတ်ဆုံမျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံပမာတိုင်|ကြိတ်ဆုံပမာတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ငန်း|ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ငန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ညှိုး|ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ညှိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ယမ်း|ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ယမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံသွား|ကြိတ်ဆုံသွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ပိုးကောင်|ကြိတ်ပိုးကောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်မနိုင်အောင့်မရ|ကြိတ်မနိုင်အောင့်မရ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်|ကြုတ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်ကျောက်|ကြုတ်ကျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်တက်|ကြုတ်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်တံ|ကြုတ်တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်တံချိုး|ကြုတ်တံချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်ထိုး|ကြုတ်ထိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြံ|ကြံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံကြံ|ကြံကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံစည်|ကြံစည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဆ|ကြံဆ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဆစ်|ကြံဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဆောင်|ကြံဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဖန်|ကြံဖန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံရွယ်|ကြံရွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံရွယ်ချက်|ကြံရွယ်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဟင်း|ကြံဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့|ကြံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ကြံ့ခံ|ကြံ့ကြံ့ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ချီပိုး|ကြံ့ချီပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ခွာ|ကြံ့ခွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ဆင်|ကြံ့ဆင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့သွီး|ကြံ့သွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့အုန်းပိုး|ကြံ့အုန်းပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်|ကြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်စုံ|ကြန်စုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်အင်|ကြန်အင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်အင်ညီ|ကြန်အင်ညီ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်|ကြန့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြာ|ကြန့်ကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြိကြန့်ကြာ|ကြန့်ကြိကြန့်ကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြန့်|ကြန့်ကြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြန့်တက်တက်|ကြန့်ကြန့်တက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြန့််တောက်တောက်|ကြန့်ကြန့််တောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ္မာ|ကြမ္မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ္မာငင်|ကြမ္မာငင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်း|ကြမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြားကေလီဝင်|ကြမ်းကြားကေလီဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြုတ်|ကြမ်းကြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်း|ကြမ်းကြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်းတမ်းတမ်း|ကြမ်းကြမ်းတမ်းတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်းတုံးတုံး|ကြမ်းကြမ်းတုံးတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်းရမ်းရမ်း|ကြမ်းကြမ်းရမ်းရမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကွဲ|ကြမ်းကွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းချီး|ကြမ်းချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းချော|ကြမ်းချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းစိ|ကြမ်းစိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းစီ|ကြမ်းစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းစွယ်|ကြမ်းစွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းတိုက်|ကြမ်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းတမ်း|ကြမ်းတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းတွတ်|ကြမ်းတွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းထရော်|ကြမ်းထရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းပိုး|ကြမ်းပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းပျက်|ကြမ်းပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းပြင်|ကြမ်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းမခတ်|ကြမ်းမခတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်|ကြိမ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ကြိမ်|ကြိမ်ကြိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ထပ်ထပ်|ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ထပ်ထပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ဖန်ဖန်|ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ဖန်ဖန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခရင်း|ကြိမ်ခရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခါးဖူး|ကြိမ်ခါးဖူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခတ်|ကြိမ်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ချုပ်လှီ|ကြိမ်ချုပ်လှီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခြုံ|ကြိမ်ခြုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်တော|ကြိမ်တော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ဒဏ်|ကြိမ်ဒဏ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ပျစ်တော|ကြိမ်ပျစ်တော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ဖန်|ကြိမ်ဖန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်လုံး|ကြိမ်လုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်သတ်|ကြိမ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိန်း|ကြိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်း|ကြိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်းဆို|ကြိမ်းဆို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်းမောင်း|ကြိမ်းမောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်းဝါ|ကြိမ်းဝါ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြုံ|ကြုံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကပ်|ကြုံကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကျာ|ကြုံကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကျိကြုံကျာ|ကြုံကျိကြုံကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကြဲ|ကြုံကြဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကြုံကပ်ကပ်|ကြုံကြုံကပ်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကြုံကြဲကြဲ|ကြုံကြုံကြဲကြဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနာ|ကြုံနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနာကျ|ကြုံနာကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနိကြုံကျာ|ကြုံနိကြုံကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနိကြုံနာ|ကြုံနိကြုံနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနီဟင်း|ကြုံနီဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံရှီ|ကြုံရှီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံလွှာ|ကြုံလွှာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြုံး|ကြုံး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို|ကြို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုဆို|ကြိုဆို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုတင်|ကြိုတင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြို့|ကြို့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို့ကျောက်|ကြို့ကျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို့တုံး|ကြို့တုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို့သား|ကြို့သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုး|ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကိုင်|ကြိုးကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကုတ်|ကြိုးကုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြ|ကြိုးကြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြံ|ကြိုးကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြိုးကြံကြံ|ကြိုးကြိုးကြံကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြိုးကြကြ|ကြိုးကြိုးကြကြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြိုးပမ်းပမ်း|ကြိုးကြိုးပမ်းပမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးစား|ကြိုးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးစားပမ်းစား|ကြိုးစားပမ်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးဆွဲချ|ကြိုးဆွဲချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတင်ဒုံး|ကြိုးတင်ဒုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်း|ကြိုးတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်းပိဋကတ်|ကြိုးတန်းပိဋကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်းလင်္ကာ|ကြိုးတန်းလင်္ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်းလျှောက်အက|ကြိုးတန်းလျှောက်အက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတွဲချ|ကြိုးတွဲချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးထိုး|ကြိုးထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးပမ်း|ကြိုးပမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးရွန်း|ကြိုးရွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးရွန်ပေါ်|ကြိုးရွန်ပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးလိမ်|ကြိုးလိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးဝိုင်းချ|ကြိုးဝိုင်းချ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွ့|ကွ့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွ့ရှုံ|ကွ့ရှုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွ့လန်|ကွ့လန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွ့လန်ကွ့လန်း|ကွ့လန်ကွ့လန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာ|ကွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာခြား|ကွာခြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာစာ|ကွာစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာယှင်း|ကွာယှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာလှမ်း|ကွာလှမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာဝီး|ကွာဝီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာဟ|ကွာဟ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.|ကွိ.]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.ကောက်|ကွိ.ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.လည်ကြောင်ပတ်|ကွိ.လည်ကြောင်ပတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.နာ|ကွိ.နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွီး|ကွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွေ့လည်ကြောင်ပတ်|ကွေ့လည်ကြောင်ပတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွဲ|ကွဲ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲကွာ|ကွဲကွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲပြား|ကွဲပြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲဖြာ|ကွဲဖြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲမသီး|ကွဲမသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲလွဲ|ကွဲလွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲအက်|ကွဲအက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲ့ထောက်သတ်|ကွဲ့ထောက်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်|ကွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ကာ|ကွယ်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ချန်|ကွယ်ချန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ပ|ကွယ်ပ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ပျောက်|ကွယ်ပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ရာ|ကွယ်ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်လွန်|ကွယ်လွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ဝှက်|ကွယ်ဝှက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွက်|ကွက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကရာ|ကွက်ကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျီကွက်ကျား|ကွက်ကျီကွက်ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျား|ကွက်ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျော်|ကွက်ကျော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျော်မြင်|ကွက်ကျော်မြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကွက်ကွင်းကွင်း|ကွက်ကွက်ကွင်းကွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကွက်ထင်ထင်|ကွက်ကွက်ထင်ထင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကွင်း|ကွက်ကွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်စိကျ|ကွက်စိကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်စိတိုက်|ကွက်စိတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်စိပ်တိုင်း|ကွက်စိပ်တိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်တိုက်စိ|ကွက်တိုက်စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ထေရာ|ကွက်ထေရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ထောက်|ကွက်ထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ထောက်ချ|ကွက်ထောက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်နာကျ|ကွက်နာကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်လပ်|ကွက်လပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွင်|ကွင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်ခတ်|ကွင်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်ရာ|ကွင်ရာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွင်း|ကွင်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းကြေး|ကွင်းကြေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းကွင်းကွက်ကွက်|ကွင်းကွင်းကွက်ကွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းကျွတ်|ကွင်းကျွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းချွတ်|ကွင်းချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းငွီ|ကွင်းငွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းစွပ်|ကွင်းစွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းဆင်း|ကွင်းဆင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းပြင်|ကွင်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းပြတ်|ကွင်းပြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းလိုင်ယောက်|ကွင်းလိုင်ယောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းလုံးကျွတ်|ကွင်းလုံးကျွတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်|ကွပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်ကဲ|ကွပ်ကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်စ|ကွပ်စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်စူး|ကွပ်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်ညှပ်|ကွပ်ညှပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်အုပ်|ကွပ်အုပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွန်|ကွန်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ကျား|ကွန်ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ချာ|ကွန်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ချာမှို|ကွန်ချာမှို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ချက်လက်ချက်|ကွန်ချက်လက်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ဆိုးမသား|ကွန်ဆိုးမသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ပါကိုက်|ကွန်ပါကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ပစ်|ကွန်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ယက်သဲ့|ကွန်ယက်သဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်သီး|ကွန်သီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွန့်|ကွန့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန့်မြူး|ကွန့်မြူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်း|ကွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းကျင်တိုင်|ကွန်းကျင်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းချာ|ကွန်းချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းစင်တိုင်|ကွန်းစင်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းတိုင်|ကွန်းတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းပြင်|ကွန်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းဖေါင်|ကွန်းဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းမ|ကွန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းလင်ပင်|ကွန်းလင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းအိမ်|ကွန်းအိမ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်း|ကွမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းကြုတ်|ကွမ်းကြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းစာဂမုန်း|ကွမ်းစာဂမုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းညှပ်|ကွမ်းညှပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းတစ်ဆုံညက်|ကွမ်းတစ်ဆုံညက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းထုပ်|ကွမ်းထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖီးပင်|ကွမ်းဖီးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖတ်မွားယောင်|ကွမ်းဖတ်မွားယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖုံ|ကွမ်းဖုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖိုး|ကွမ်းဖိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖြည့်ပင်|ကွမ်းဖြည့်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဗျာရီ|ကွမ်းဗျာရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဘီရာ|ကွမ်းဘီရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းရည်ပင်|ကွမ်းရည်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးကြက်ချီး|ကွမ်းသီးကြက်ချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးဖူဒယော|ကွမ်းသီးဖူဒယော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးဖူးလက်ကောက်|ကွမ်းသီးဖူးလက်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးဝှက်တမ်း|ကွမ်းသီးဝှက်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးသွားကြား|ကွမ်းသီးသွားကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းအိတ်|ကွမ်းအိတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွ့|ကျွ့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွာ|ကျွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွိ.ကျွိ.|ကျွိ.ကျွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွီး|ကျွီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွေး|ကျွေး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွေးစဉ်ကျွေးလည့်|ကျွေးစဉ်ကျွေးလည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွေးမွေး|ကျွေးမွေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွေးလည်ကျွေးပတ်|ကျွေးလည်ကျွေးပတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲ|ကျွဲ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲကော်သီး|ကျွဲကော်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲကန်ကောက်|ကျွဲကန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲခတ်|ကျွဲခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲခတ်တင်|ကျွဲခတ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲချီးစား|ကျွဲချီးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲချီးပိုး|ကျွဲချီးပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲချက်ပေါက်|ကျွဲချက်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲစီးဗျိုင်|ကျွဲစီးဗျိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲစွန်းလက်သည်း|ကျွဲစွန်းလက်သည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲဇရက်|ကျွဲဇရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲတစ်ဖက်နွားတစ်ဖက်|ကျွဲတစ်ဖက်နွားတစ်ဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနဖါးစူး|ကျွဲနဖါးစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနိုင်|ကျွဲနိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနိုင်ခံ|ကျွဲနိုင်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနိုင်လု|ကျွဲနိုင်လု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနို့သီး|ကျွဲနို့သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲပျောက်နွားပျောက်|ကျွဲပျောက်နွားပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲဗက်ကား|ကျွဲဗက်ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲမတုံး|ကျွဲမတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲရိုင်းသွင်းချိန်|ကျွဲရိုင်းသွင်းချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲလူးအိုင်|ကျွဲလူးအိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲသီးပေါက်မပိုး|ကျွဲသီးပေါက်မပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲသည်းမုန့်|ကျွဲသည်းမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲအူပိုင်း|ကျွဲအူပိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲအိုင်|ကျွဲအိုင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွက်|ကျွက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွက်ကျွက်ဆူ|ကျွက်ကျွက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွက်ကျွက်ညံ|ကျွက်ကျွက်ညံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်ကျွတ်ရိုက်|ကျွတ်ကျွတ်ရိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်|ကျွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်ဆုပန်|ကျွတ်ဆုပန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်နာ|ကျွတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်တမ်းဝင်|ကျွတ်တမ်းဝင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွံ|ကျွံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်|ကျွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ခံ|ကျွန်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ဆိုးမ|ကျွန်ဆိုးမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ဇာ|ကျွန်ဇာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ဒေသူ|ကျွန်ဒေသူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ပန်း|ကျွန်ပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်မ|ကျွန်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်မဂုန်းမ|ကျွန်မဂုန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ရို့|ကျွန်ရို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်သပေါက်|ကျွန်သပေါက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွန့်|ကျွန့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်း|ကျွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းကိုင်|ကျွန်းကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းခုံ|ကျွန်းခုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းချုပ်|ကျွန်းချုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းစု|ကျွန်းစု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းစွယ်|ကျွန်းစွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းဆန်း|ကျွန်းဆန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းတော|ကျွန်းတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းထိပ်|ကျွန်းထိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းပိုင်|ကျွန်းပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းရွာ|ကျွန်းရွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းလင်ပင်|ကျွန်းလင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းလုံး|ကျွန်းလုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းသားငမန်း|ကျွန်းသားငမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းဟုန်|ကျွန်းဟုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းအုပ်|ကျွန်းအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းဦး|ကျွန်းဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်း|ကျွမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းကျင်|ကျွမ်းကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းစိုက်|ကျွမ်းစိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းတာလန်|ကျွမ်းတာလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းထိုး|ကျွမ်းထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းပစ်|ကျွမ်းပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းပြန်|ကျွမ်းပြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းဝင်|ကျွမ်းဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွိန်|ကျွိန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွ|ကြွ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွ|ကြွကြွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွမွမွ|ကြွကြွမွမွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွရွရွ|ကြွကြွရွရွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွလွ့လွ့|ကြွကြွလွ့လွ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွချီ|ကြွချီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွလှမ်း|ကြွလှမ်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွား|ကြွား]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွားကြွား|ကြွားကြွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.|ကြွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ချိုး|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ခြွီ|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ခြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ထိုင်|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ထိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ရွိ.ရွိ.|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ရွိ.ရွိ.]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွီ|ကြွီ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကစပ်တမ်း|ကြွီကစပ်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကရွီ|ကြွီကရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကြိတ်ဆန်|ကြွီကြိတ်ဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကွဲစရာ|ကြွီကွဲစရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကြွီ|ကြွီကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီကြီရွီရွီ|ကြီကြီရွီရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီခုပ်တမ်း|ကြွီခုပ်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီစရိ့သျှေ|ကြွီစရိ့သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီ့စိ|ကြွီ့စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီစက္ကူ|ကြွီစက္ကူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီပုပ်|ကြွီပုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီရီရီ|ကြွီရီရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီရီဆမ်း|ကြွီရီဆမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီရောင်|ကြွီရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီသျှေ|ကြွီသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီသျှေမုန့်|ကြွီသျှေမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီအန်|ကြွီအန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွီး|ကြွီး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးကြော်|ကြွီးကြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးချီး|ကြွီးချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးဆပ်|ကြွီးဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးတင်|ကြွီးတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးတိုးမြီးချ|ကြွီးတိုးမြီးချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးထူ|ကြွီးထူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးပူ|ကြွီးပူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးမြီ|ကြွီးမြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးသျှင်|ကြွီးသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွေးကြော်|ကြွေးကြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွေးကြော်သံ|ကြွေးကြော်သံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွေးဟစ်|ကြွေးဟစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်|ကြွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်ပန်းပင်|ကြွယ်ပန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်ရီမျက်|ကြွယ်ရီမျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်ဝ|ကြွယ်ဝ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်|ကြွက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ကျဟာ|ကြွက်ကျဟာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ကျစ်စာမုန့်|ကြွက်ကျစ်စာမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ချီးတုံးပင်|ကြွက်ချီးတုံးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်စုတ်|ကြွက်စုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်တက်|ကြွက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ထောင့်|ကြွက်ထောင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်နားရွက်ပန်း|ကြွက်နားရွက်ပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်နို့|ကြွက်နို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်မတုံး|ကြွက်မတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်လယောက်|ကြွက်လယောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်သား|ကြွက်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွင်း|ကြွင်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွင်းကျန်|ကြွင်းကျန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွင်းမဲ့|ကြွင်းမဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်|ကြွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြီကြွတ်ကြွတ်|ကြွတ်ကြီကြွတ်ကြွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်တီကြွတ်တတ်|ကြွတ်တီကြွတ်တတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်တတ်ကြွတ်တတ်|ကြွတ်တတ်ကြွတ်တတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ပြောက်|ကြွတ်ပြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကျိုး|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကြွီ|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ချိုး|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မြည်|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မွား|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်|ကြွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ဆတ်ဆတ်|ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ဆတ်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ရွတ်ရွတ်|ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ရွတ်ရွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ကြွပ်လွတ်လွတ်|ကြွပ်ကြွပ်လွတ်လွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ဆီကြွပ်ဆတ်|ကြွပ်ဆီကြွပ်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ဆတ်|ကြွပ်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ဆတ်ဆတ်|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ဆတ်ဆတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်း|ကြွန်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းခက်|ကြွန်းခက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းဆိုး|ကြွန်းဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းတုံး|ကြွန်းတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းထင်း|ကြွန်းထင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းဖေါင်|ကြွန်းဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းမှိုက်|ကြွန်းမှိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းရောင်း|ကြွန်းရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွမ်းကြွမ်း|ကြွမ်းကြွမ်း]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q110439904}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>a4tvnf4bqkpfzh6nebdjhuh7e7i6o54</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303950</id>
      <parentid>7303949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:43:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>အောင်သန်းလှ</username>
        <id>2629904</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="197287" sha1="hais0gn97gfjtwakuteavbe63hyyqjf" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/rki/ရခိုင်အက္ခရာစဉ်ဇယား}}
===[[Wt/rki/က|က]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကကျက်|ကကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကကျက်ပေါက်|ကကျက်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကကျက်ထိုး|ကကျက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကကျက်ပင်|ကကျက်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကကြီး|ကကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကကြိုး|ကကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကခဂဃ|ကခဂဃ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကခုန်|ကခုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကခုံးမှီ|ကခုံးမှီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကခုံးမှီကခုံးမွှား|ကခုံးမှီကခုံးမွှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချကရာ|ကချကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချရာ|ကချရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချီကချွတ်|ကချီကချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချီးကနာ|ကချီးကနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချီးကနာလိုင်ယောင်ဖွယ်|ကချီးကနာလိုင်ယောင်ဖွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချီးကနာလိုက်ယောင်ရယ်|ကချီးကနာလိုက်ယောင်ရယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချီးနာ|ကချီးနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချော်ကရော်|ကချော်ကရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကချိုးကချဉ်သီး|ကချိုးကချဉ်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကခြီသည်|ကခြီသည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစား|ကစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိကစပ်|ကစိကစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိကစိုင်|ကစိကစိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိတိုက်|ကစိတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိထိုး|ကစိထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိကြို|ကစိကြို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစော်ကရား|ကစော်ကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစော်ကရဲ|ကစော်ကရဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစော်လယား|ကစော်လယား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိုင်ကစိုင်|ကစိုင်ကစိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိုင်ကရောက်|ကစိုင်ကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစက်ကတက်|ကစက်ကတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစက်ကတောက်|ကစက်ကတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစက်ကရက်|ကစက်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစက်ကရင်း|ကစက်ကရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစင်းကရောက်|ကစင်းကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစင်းကလယား|ကစင်းကလယား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်|ကစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်ကတ်တေ|ကစပ်ကတ်တေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်တေ|ကစပ်တေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်တမ်း|ကစပ်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်ဖော်|ကစပ်ဖော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်ရုပ်|ကစပ်ရုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်ဝိုင်း|ကစပ်ဝိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစပ်ကတမ်း|ကစပ်ကတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစမ်းကရမ်း|ကစမ်းကရမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစမ်းကဝါး|ကစမ်းကဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိုးကရား|ကစိုးကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိုကရဲ|ကစိုကရဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကစိုကရော|ကစိုကရော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဆုန်|ကဆုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဆွဲကငင်|ကဆွဲကငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကညာပျို|ကညာပျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကညုကည|ကညုကည]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကညင်သိန်ပင်|ကညင်သိန်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကညစ်|ကညစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိ|ကတိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိကဝတ်|ကတိကဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတီးကမျော|ကတီးကမျော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတီးတိုက်|ကတီးတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတီးထိုး|ကတီးထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတတိုက်|ကတတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတော့|ကတော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတက်|ကတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတက်ချဉ်|ကတက်ချဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတင်|ကတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်|ကတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်ကချောက်|ကတောက်ကချောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်ကစပ်|ကတောက်ကစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်ကယှက်|ကတောက်ကယှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်ကရက်|ကတောက်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောက်ကချား|ကတောက်ကချား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်ကချောက်|ကတောင်ကချောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်ကချောက်ချား|ကတောင်ကချောက်ချား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်ကတိုက်|ကတောင်ကတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်ကယက်|ကတောင်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်ကယောင်|ကတောင်ကယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတောင်း|ကတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/က,တောင်း|က,တောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတုတ်|ကတုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတုတ်ပက်|ကတုတ်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိန်း|ကတိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိမ်း|ကတိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိမ်းကတေ|ကတိမ်းကတေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိမ်းကယိမ်း|ကတိမ်းကယိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတုန်ကယိုင်|ကတုန်ကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတုန်ကရီ|ကတုန်ကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိုး|ကတိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတိုးနပျိုး|ကတိုးနပျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထကမ|ကထကမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထားကရား|ကထားကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထိက|ကထိက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထိကရောက်|ကထိကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထုကရု|ကထုကရု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထစ်ကရိုက်|ကထစ်ကရိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောက်ကမောက်|ကထောက်ကမောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောက်ကရောက်|ကထောက်ကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်ကရောင်|ကထောင်ကရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်ကမောင်း|ကထောင်ကမောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်းကပါး|ကထောင်းကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်းကရား|ကထောင်းကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်းကရောက်|ကထောင်းကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထောင်းကရောင်|ကထောင်းကရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထိန်|ကထိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကထိန်ခင်း|ကထိန်ခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဒိုက်ထိုး|ကဒိုက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနခို|ကနခို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနစိုးသီး|ကနစိုးသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနတစိ|ကနတစိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနပြင်|ကနပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနဝတိုင်|ကနဝတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနဦး|ကနဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနား|ကနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားချောင်း|ကနားချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားခြမ်း|ကနားခြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားစူး|ကနားစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနားစိတ်|ကနားစိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိ|ကနိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိကနိ|ကနိကနိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိသီး|ကနိသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနူ|ကနူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနူချောင်း|ကနူချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနူတံ|ကနူတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနဲ|ကနဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်|ကနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက္ကဒဏ်|ကနက္ကဒဏ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်ချောင်း|ကနက်ချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်ခြမ်း|ကနက်ခြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်စူး|ကနက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနက်စိတ်|ကနက်စိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန္ဒါပန်း|ကနန္ဒါပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်း|ကနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းခြွန်း|ကနန်းခြွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းနှိုက်|ကနန်းနှိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းနွှဲ|ကနန်းနွှဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းဗိုခေါင်|ကနန်းဗိုခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနန်းလက်မ|ကနန်းလက်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနိမ့်သီး|ကနိမ့်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနွဲ့ကလယာ|ကနွဲ့ကလယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနွမ်းကညစ်|ကနွမ်းကညစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကနွမ်းကယိုင်|ကနွမ်းကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပါးကရ|ကပါးကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပီစာ|ကပီစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပုကရု|ကပုကရု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပုကရုသျှေ|ကပုကရုသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပေကတေ|ကပေကတေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပက်ကတက်|ကပက်ကတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်|ကပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်ဂုံး|ကပိုင်ဂုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်ရိုး|ကပိုင်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုင်သား|ကပိုင်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပေါက်ကချောက်|ကပေါက်ကချောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုကပျို|ကပိုကပျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပိုးကပါး|ကပိုးကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျကယ|ကပျကယ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျာကယာ|ကပျာကယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျာကရီ|ကပျာကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျာချိတ်ချွတ်|ကပျာချိတ်ချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်|ကပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကချော်|ကပျက်ကချော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကစက်|ကပျက်ကစက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကတောင်း|ကပျက်ကတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကယက်|ကပျက်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျက်ကလက်|ကပျက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပျိုကယို|ကပျိုကယို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပြောင်းကပြန်|ကပြောင်းကပြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပြိုင်|ကပြိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖုကဆစ်|ကဖုကဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖုကထစ်|ကဖုကထစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖုကရု|ကဖုကရု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဖျက်ကယက်|ကဖျက်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဗျာ|ကဗျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမကထ|ကမကထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမကျနမကျ|ကမကျနမကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမရနမရ|ကမရနမရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာလောင်|ကမ္မာလောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမူ|ကမူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမူးကရူး|ကမူးကရူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမောက်ကမ|ကမောက်ကမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်|ကမန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်း|ကမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်းကစမ်း|ကမန်းကစမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမန်းကတန်း|ကမန်းကတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမျောကပါး|ကမျောကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်း|ကမြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်းမ|ကမြင်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်းလွန်|ကမြင်းလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမြင်းသန်|ကမြင်းသန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမှန်းဏမှန်း|ကမှန်းဏမှန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယမ|ကယမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယားကယူ|ကယားကယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယု|ကယု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကငင်|ကယုကငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကဆွဲ|ကယုကဆွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကညင်|ကယုကညင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကမာ|ကယုကမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုကလင်|ကယုကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယုခွဲ|ကယုခွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယော့ကယည်း|ကယော့ကယည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယက်ခြမ်း|ကယက်ခြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယက်စူး|ကယက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယက်စိတ်|ကယက်စိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယင်|ကယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယင်ကယ|ကယင်ကယ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယစ်ကယူ|ကယစ်ကယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုင်ကတိုင်|ကယိုင်ကတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုင်ကပါး|ကယိုင်ကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုင်ကရိုင်|ကယိုင်ကရိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောက်ကတက်|ကယောက်ကတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောက်ကချောက်|ကယောက်ကချောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကချွတ်|ကယောင်ကချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကတောက်|ကယောင်ကတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကတောင်|ကယောင်ကတောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကယတ်|ကယောင်ကယတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယောင်ကယမ်း|ကယောင်ကယမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိမ်းကပါး|ကယိမ်းကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိမ်းကယိုင်|ကယိမ်းကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိမ်းကရိုင်|ကယိမ်းကရိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးယငင်|ကယိုးယငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးကယူ|ကယိုးကယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးကယင်|ကယိုးကယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးယကယိုင်|ကယိုးယကယိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယိုးကရီ|ကယိုးကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယွဲကဆွဲ|ကယွဲကဆွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယှူးကယှုက်လိုက်ယောင်ရယ်|ကယှူးကယှုက်လိုက်ယောင်ရယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယှုက်ကရုတ်|ကယှုက်ကရုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရက|ကရက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရကြတ်|ကရကြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရငါးပါး|ကရငါးပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရဏာ|ကရဏာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရနိုး|ကရနိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရမက်|ကရမက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရဝိက်|ကရဝိက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရဝိက်ဖေါင်|ကရဝိက်ဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရာ|ကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရား|ကရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရားကထား|ကရားကထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရားငါးပါး|ကရားငါးပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရားရီရွတ်|ကရားရီရွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရီကထေ|ကရီကထေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရီယာ|ကရီယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုဏာဒေါသ|ကရုဏာဒေါသ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရူးကမူး|ကရူးကမူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရူးကမိုက်|ကရူးကမိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရူးမိုက်တင်း|ကရူးမိုက်တင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရေကပါး|ကရေကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရေကရာ|ကရေကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရေယာ|ကရေယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောကပါး|ကရောကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောသောပါး|ကရောသောပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရော်|ကရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရော်ကမည်|ကရော်ကမည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရက်ကရက်|ကရက်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရင်နီကောင်|ကရင်နီကောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရိုက်ကထစ်|ကရိုက်ကထစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောက်ကထောက်|ကရောက်ကထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောက်ကပါး|ကရောက်ကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောက်ကရက်|ကရောက်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောင်ကထောင်|ကရောင်ကထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရောင်း|ကရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကယှုပ်|ကရုတ်ကယှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကရက်|ကရုတ်ကရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကရောက်|ကရုတ်ကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရုတ်ကသုတ်|ကရုတ်ကသုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွိကရွီ|ကရွိကရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွီကရာ|ကရွီကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွီကရာသျှေ|ကရွီကရာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကရွီသျှေကရာသျှေ|ကရွီသျှေကရာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလကောက်|ကလကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလချာ|ကလချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလနား|ကလနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလဝါတိုင်|ကလဝါတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလဝီမ|ကလဝီမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလဝီမသား|ကလဝီမသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလာ|ကလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလာသား|ကလာသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိ|ကလိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိကထ|ကလိကထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီကလယ်|ကလီကလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီကလက်|ကလီကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီကလပ်|ကလီကလပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီတိုက်|ကလီတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီထိုး|ကလီထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလီစာ|ကလီစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလုကလင်|ကလုကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူ|ကလူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူကောက်|ကလူကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူကွက်|ကလူကွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူတက်|ကလူတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလူတက်ပွဲ|ကလူတက်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေ|ကလေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကချွတ်|ကလေကချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကရောက်|ကလေကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကလွင့်|ကလေကလွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကလား|ကလေကလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေကဝေ|ကလေကဝေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေပေါက်|ကလေပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေဝါရ|ကလေဝါရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေ့|ကလေ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလေးကပင်|ကလေးကပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလယ်ကလတ်|ကလယ်ကလတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလည်|ကလည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလည်လုပ်|ကလည်လုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလော်|ကလော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလော်ကမာ|ကလော်ကမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလော်မ|ကလော်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိုင်|ကလိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောက်ကကျီ|ကလောက်ကကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောင်ကျီ|ကလောင်ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောင်နာမည်|ကလောင်နာမည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလောင်ရှင်|ကလောင်ရှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလုပ်ကယင်|ကလုပ်ကယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန်|ကလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန်ကဆန်|ကလန်ကဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်|ကလန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ကျင်|ကလန့်ကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ခြွန်း|ကလန့်ခြွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်စိမ်းပင်|ကလန့်စိမ်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ထိုး|ကလန့်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်နှိုက်|ကလန့်နှိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်ဖြတ်|ကလန့်ဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်နွှဲ|ကလန့်နွှဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလန့်လက်မ|ကလန့်လက်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိန်သီး|ကလိန်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကဉာဏ်|ကလိမ်ကဉာဏ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကထောင်|ကလိမ်ကထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကထိန်|ကလိမ်ကထိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကမာ|ကလိမ်ကမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကရစ်|ကလိမ်ကရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကလင်|ကလိမ်ကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကသိန်|ကလိမ်ကသိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ကျ|ကလိမ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ်ချ|ကလိမ်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလိမ့်ကလေ|ကလိမ့်ကလေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေ|ကလွေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေကြီး|ကလွေကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေဂေါင်း|ကလွေဂေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေသျှေ|ကလွေသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေစကား|ကလွေစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေပေါက်|ကလွေပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေပြောင်|ကလွေပြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေမယ်|ကလွေမယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေမယ်ကြီး|ကလွေမယ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေမယ်သျှေ|ကလွေမယ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေရောဂါ|ကလွေရောဂါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွေဟိုင်း|ကလွေဟိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွဲကချော်|ကလွဲကချော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလွဲပေါက်စား|ကလွဲပေါက်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝါငှက်|ကဝါငှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝါနက်|ကဝါနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝါးဝါး|ကဝါးဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝိ|ကဝိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝိမြောက်|ကဝိမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝေကဝါး|ကဝေကဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝဂ်|ကဝဂ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝင်|ကဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်|ကဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်ခြီ|ကဝတ်ခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်ခွီ|ကဝတ်ခွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်ပွဲ|ကဝတ်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝတ်လှည့်|ကဝတ်လှည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဝိန်|ကဝိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသားငါးရာ|ကသားငါးရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကရီ|ကသီကရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကရောက်|ကသီကရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကလီ|ကသီကလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကလင်|ကသီကလင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီကသောက်|ကသီကသောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသီလင်တ|ကသီလင်တ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကနော|ကသောကနော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကပါး|ကသောကပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကရော|ကသောကရော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောကလယော့|ကသောကလယော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသော်ကရော|ကသော်ကရော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသင်းကရင်း|ကသင်းကရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသစ်|ကသစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိုဏ်း|ကသိုဏ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိုဏ်းရှု|ကသိုဏ်းရှု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောက်ကထောက်|ကသောက်ကထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောင်းကရောင်း|ကသောင်းကရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောင်းကလင်း|ကသောင်းကလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသောင်းဝါး|ကသောင်းဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသတ်|ကသတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိပ်ကသည်း|ကသိပ်ကသည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသုတ်ကယက်|ကသုတ်ကယက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသုတ်ကရုတ်|ကသုတ်ကရုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသိန်ကလိမ်|ကသိန်ကလိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကသုန်းကရုန်း|ကသုန်းကရုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကအိပ်ဖူး|ကအိပ်ဖူး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကာ|ကာ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကာကရာ|ကာကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာကွယ်|ကာကွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာချ|ကာချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာချပ်|ကာချပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာချော|ကာချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိ|ကာစိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိကနာသျှေ|ကာစိကနာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိနာ|ကာစိနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစိနာသျှေ|ကာစိနာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစီ|ကာစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစောင်း|ကာစောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာစောင်းတင်|ကာစောင်းတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဆီး|ကာဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဆီးကာဆီး|ကာဆီးကာဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဆွဲပေါက်|ကာဆွဲပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဏာ|ကာဏာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဏာရိဋ|ကာဏာရိဋ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာတု|ကာတု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာတူသေနပ်|ကာတူသေနပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာတောင်း|ကာတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဒရာ|ကာဒရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာဒရိကာဒရာ|ကာဒရိကာဒရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီ|ကာနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီခွဲ|ကာနီခွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီတက်|ကာနီတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနီ၀က်|ကာနီ၀က်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနော|ကာနော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနံကုက္ကရ|ကာနံကုက္ကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနုံ|ကာနုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာနုံတတ်|ကာနုံတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာပူသီး|ကာပူသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမပိုင်|ကာမပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမဘုံသား|ကာမဘုံသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမတ္တ|ကာမတ္တ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမိတ်ပင်|ကာမိတ်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမိတ်အင်္ကျီ|ကာမိတ်အင်္ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာမန္တကီဓမ္မသတ်ကျမ်း|ကာမန္တကီဓမ္မသတ်ကျမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယကံမြောက်|ကာယကံမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယကံသျှင်|ကာယကံသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယပညာ|ကာယပညာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယလုပ်သား|ကာယလုပ်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယသုခ|ကာယသုခ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာယိန္ဒြေ|ကာယိန္ဒြေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရီ|ကာရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရီကမ်းသား|ကာရီကမ်းသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရံ|ကာရံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရန်|ကာရန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာရန်သင့်|ကာရန်သင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလ|ကာလ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလတန်ဖိုး|ကာလတန်ဖိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလဒါန|ကာလဒါန]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလနဂါး|ကာလနဂါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလနာ|ကာလနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလနာလိုက်|ကာလနာလိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလပေါ်|ကာလပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလပျက်|ကာလပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလရင်နာ|ကာလရင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလရိတ်နာ|ကာလရိတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလ၀မ်း|ကာလ၀မ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသမီး|ကာလသမီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသမီးသျှေ|ကာလသမီးသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသား|ကာလသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသားဂေါင်း|ကာလသားဂေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလသားရောဂါ|ကာလသားရောဂါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလာ|ကာလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလုံ|ကာလုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလုံတတ်|ကာလုံတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာလုံတန်း|ကာလုံတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသရီ|ကာသရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသန်း|ကာသန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသိန်|ကာသိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာသိန်၀တ်|ကာသိန်၀တ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကာအတတ်|ကာအတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကား|ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားကား|ကားကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားချပ်|ကားချပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားစင်|ကားစင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားစင်တင်|ကားစင်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားတင်|ကားတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားတိုင်|ကားတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရား|ကားရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားကားရီ|ကားရားကားရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားကိုးရိုး|ကားရားကိုးရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားဆောင့်ခြောင့်|ကားရားဆောင့်ခြောင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရားရား|ကားရားရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကားရီကားရာ|ကားရီကားရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိရိယာ|ကိရိယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကီကီရီ့ကီ|ကီကီရီ့ကီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကီစပ်|ကီစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကီစပ်ဖော်|ကီစပ်ဖော်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကု|ကု]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုစား|ကုစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုဋီ|ကုဋီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုဋေကုဋါ|ကုဋေကုဋါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတို|ကုတို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတိုခ|ကုတိုခ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုထိ|ကုထိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုထုံး|ကုထုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုနက|ကုနက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုမုဒြာကြာ|ကုမုဒြာကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုယောင်|ကုယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုယောင်ထက်ထိ|ကုယောင်ထက်ထိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုယောင်ပင်|ကုယောင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလား|ကုလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားကာ|ကုလားကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားကောက်|ကုလားကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားကြီးအိမ်မက်|ကုလားကြီးအိမ်မက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားစား|ကုလားစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားဆင်|ကုလားဆင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားတရုတ်|ကုလားတရုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားတန်ဆီး|ကုလားတန်ဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားတိုက်မှာကျား၀င်ရေ|ကုလားတိုက်မှာကျား၀င်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားထိုင်|ကုလားထိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားနပျိုး|ကုလားနပျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားနံ|ကုလားနံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားပုဇွန်|ကုလားပုဇွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားပြည်ပျက်|ကုလားပြည်ပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားဖန်ထိုး|ကုလားဖန်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမခြံတိုင်|ကုလားမခြံတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမဇီးခြုံ|ကုလားမဇီးခြုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမဇီးပင်|ကုလားမဇီးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမတိုင်|ကုလားမတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမီးသွီး|ကုလားမီးသွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမြာ|ကုလားမြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားမြာလှည်း|ကုလားမြာလှည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုလားဟက်ဆီး|ကုလားဟက်ဆီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသ|ကုသ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသနည်းကုသဟန်|ကုသနည်းကုသဟန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသိနာရုံ|ကုသိနာရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသံတစ်ခွန်းကတစ်ခွန်း|ကုသံတစ်ခွန်းကတစ်ခွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုသံတစ်မျိုးကုတစ်မျိုး|ကုသံတစ်မျိုးကုတစ်မျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူပါ|ကူပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူပံ့|ကူပံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူဖော်ကူဖက်|ကူဖော်ကူဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူမ|ကူမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူလီ|ကူလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူလျှောက်|ကူလျှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူ|ကူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူညီ|ကူညီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူထောက်|ကူထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူနာ|ကူနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူး|ကူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးခပ်|ကူးခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးစက်|ကူးစက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့|ကူးတို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့တင်|ကူးတို့တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့တိုက်|ကူးတို့တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့သည်|ကူးတို့သည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးတို့သျှင်|ကူးတို့သျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးပြောင်း|ကူးပြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးရင့်နာ|ကူးရင့်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးလူး|ကူးလူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးသန်း|ကူးသန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်|ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေ|ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေကေး|ကေကေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေသျှေ|ကေသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေတ|ကေတ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေတထိုး|ကေတထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေတရာ|ကေတရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေသရာဇာ|ကေသရာဇာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကေ့|ကေ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ|ကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲမောက်|ကဲမောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲလွန်|ကဲလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကလှောက်|ကလှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ့|ကဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ့ကဲ့|ကဲ့ကဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကဲ့ရဲ့|ကဲ့ရဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်|ကယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ကဲ|ကယ်ကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ဆယ်|ကယ်ဆယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်တင်|ကယ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ပါ|ကယ်ပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်မ|ကယ်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်ယူ|ကယ်ယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်လီ|ကယ်လီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်လောင်းသျှေ|ကယ်လောင်းသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကယ်သျှေ|ကယ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်|ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောတုလက|ကောတုလက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဓ|ကောဓ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလိကရ|ကောလိကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလိကောလန်|ကောလိကောလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလော|ကောလော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောလန်|ကောလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟာ|ကောဟာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟာတာ|ကောဟာတာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟန်|ကောဟန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောဟုပ်|ကောဟုပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကော့|ကော့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့ကောက်|ကော့ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့ကန်း|ကော့ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့ရွရွ|ကော့ရွရွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လက်ကော့လန်|ကော့လက်ကော့လန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လက်လက်|ကော့လက်လက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လန်|ကော့လန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော့လိမ်|ကော့လိမ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကော်|ကော်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်တရာ|ကော်တရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ကာနု|ကော်ကာနု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ချ|ကော်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်စီး|ကော်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ဆဲ|ကော်ဆဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်တုတိ|ကော်တုတိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်နှက်|ကော်နှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ရီ|ကော်ရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်ရော်|ကော်ရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်လာစား|ကော်လာစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်လုံး|ကော်လုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကော်အုတ်|ကော်အုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူစူး|ကက္ကူစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူလပြည်|ကက္ကူလပြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူလန်|ကက္ကူလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကက္ကူကြာ|ကက္ကူကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်|ကင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်္ကာ|ကင်္ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီ|ကင်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီပါရာ|ကင်စီပါရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီပုန်း|ကင်စီပုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီဟင်း|ကင်စီဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စီး|ကင်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်တိုက်|ကင်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်တိုက်ဒုံး|ကင်တိုက်ဒုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပေါင်း|ကင်ပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပေါင်းခြည်|ကင်ပေါင်းခြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပိတ်|ကင်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်ပျစ်|ကင်ပျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်သာ|ကင်သာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်း|ကင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းကွာ|ကင်းကွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းချောင်း|ကင်းချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းခြီများ|ကင်းခြီများ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းခွန်|ကင်းခွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းခွန်ကောက်|ကင်းခွန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစ|ကင်းစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစသျှေ|ကင်းစသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစကြူး|ကင်းစကြူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစညီး|ကင်းစညီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစတမ်း|ကင်းစတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစား|ကင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစားအမတ်|ကင်းစားအမတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစောင့်|ကင်းစောင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစုန်း|ကင်းစုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစွန်း|ကင်းစွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းစွန်းမြောက်|ကင်းစွန်းမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်|ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်ငင်|ကင်စွန်းရိုးရှည်ငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဆိတ်|ကင်းဆိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဆိပ်|ကင်းဆိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းတဲ|ကင်းတဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းတပ်|ကင်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းထူ|ကင်းထူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းထူကြီး|ကင်းထူကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပါး|ကင်းပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပုန်းသမား|ကင်းပုန်းသမား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပိတ်|ကင်းပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပိတ်သျှေ|ကင်းပိတ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပိတ်ထူ|ကင်းပိတ်ထူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်း|ကင်းပွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းကိုင်|ကင်းပွန်းကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းချဉ်|ကင်းပွန်းချဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းတိုက်|ကင်းပွန်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းတပ်|ကင်းပွန်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းပီး|ကင်းပွန်းပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းပွန်းသင့်|ကင်းပွန်းသင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းမြီးကောက်|ကင်းမြီးကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းမုံ|ကင်းမုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းယှင်း|ကင်းယှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလက်မည်း|ကင်းလက်မည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလုံး|ကင်းလုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလွတ်|ကင်းလွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းလွတ်ခွင့်|ကင်းလွတ်ခွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဝီး|ကင်းဝီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းဝှက်|ကင်းဝှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကင်းသမား|ကင်းသမား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်|ကိုက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ကျစ်|ကိုက်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ကျစ်ကိုက်|ကိုက်ကျစ်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ချော|ကိုက်ချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်စိနာ|ကိုက်စိနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်စိနာသျှေ|ကိုက်စိနာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ညီ|ကိုက်ညီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်တိုက်|ကိုက်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ထီကိုက်ထိုက်|ကိုက်ထီကိုက်ထိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ထိုး|ကိုက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုက်ရုပ်ကိုက်ရေ|ကိုက်ရုပ်ကိုက်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်|ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ကိုင်|ကိုင်ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ငင်|ကိုင်ငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်စွဲ|ကိုင်စွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ဆွဲ|ကိုင်ဆွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်တွယ်|ကိုင်တွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်ထုပ်|ကိုင်ထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်သားမရ|ကိုင်သားမရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်း|ကိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကူး|ကိုင်းကူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကိုင်း|ကိုင်းကိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကြီး|ကိုင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းကျွန်း|ကိုင်းကျွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းခင်း|ကိုင်းခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းချင်း|ကိုင်းချင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းချင်းပင်|ကိုင်းချင်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းတော|ကိုင်းတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းတံ|ကိုင်းတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းဖြတ်|ကိုင်းဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းဖြတ်လိုင်းဖြတ်|ကိုင်းဖြတ်လိုင်းဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းယာ|ကိုင်းယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းရွှ|ကိုင်းရွှ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းလီကိုင်းလိုင်း|ကိုင်းလီကိုင်းလိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းလှိုင်း|ကိုင်းလှိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုင်းသျှေ|ကိုင်းသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်|ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကညွန့်|ကောက်ကညွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကတန်းတိုက်|ကောက်ကတန်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရ|ကောက်ကရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရစကား|ကောက်ကရစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရမင်ကျ|ကောက်ကရမင်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရားမင်းကျား|ကောက်ကရားမင်းကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရီကောက်|ကောက်ကရီကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရော်|ကောက်ကရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကရောက်မင်းကျ|ကောက်ကရောက်မင်းကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလီကောက်ကလက်|ကောက်ကလီကောက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလက်|ကောက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလိမ်|ကောက်ကလိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလက်|ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလောက်|ကောက်ကလိမ်ကောက်ကလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကာငင်ကာ|ကောက်ကာငင်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်|ကောက်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်ကေညွန့်|ကောက်ကောက်ကေညွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်ကွိကွိ|ကောက်ကောက်ကွိကွိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်ပါ|ကောက်ကောက်ပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်လိုက်|ကောက်ကောက်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကောက်လိမ်လိမ်|ကောက်ကောက်လိမ်လိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကျီ|ကောက်ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကျစ်|ကောက်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကျဉ်|ကောက်ကျဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြီး|ကောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြီးပေါ်|ကောက်ကြီးပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြမ်း|ကောက်ကြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ကြွီ|ကောက်ကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ခံ|ကောက်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ချက်|ကောက်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ချက်ချ|ကောက်ချက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ချက်ထုတ်|ကောက်ချက်ထုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စရိသျှေ|ကောက်စရိသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စရီပင်|ကောက်စရီပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စရီဖေါင်|ကောက်စရီဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.ကလောင်သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.ကလောင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်စိ.သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဆွ|ကောက်ဆွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဆွ-ဆွ|ကောက်ဆွ-ဆွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှာသျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်ညှာသျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှီသျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်ညှီသျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်း|ကောက်ညှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းကျဉ်တောက်|ကောက်ညှင်းကျဉ်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းကျိန်တောက်|ကောက်ညှင်းကျိန်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းထုပ်|ကောက်ညှင်းထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းပေါင်း|ကောက်ညှင်းပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှင်းသကာလူး|ကောက်ညှင်းသကာလူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်|ကောက်ညှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ|ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်ညှောက်သျှေကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ညှောက်မုန့်|ကောက်ညှောက်မုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာ|ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာသျှေ|ကောက်တလိကောက်တလာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလိကောက်တလောက်|ကောက်တလိကောက်တလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တလောက်|ကောက်တလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တီကောက်တာ|ကောက်တီကောက်တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တီကောက်တာသျှေ|ကောက်တီကောက်တာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တီကောက်တောက်|ကောက်တီကောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်|ကောက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သိမ်း|ကောက်တက်သိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သျှေ|ကောက်တက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ|ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ|ကောက်တက်သျှေကောက်ညှောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်တောက်|ကောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ထိုး|ကောက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ထိုးတံ|ကောက်ထိုးတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နုတ်|ကောက်နုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နုတ်ချက်|ကောက်နုတ်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နှံ|ကောက်နှံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်နှံကောက်|ကောက်နှံကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ပုံ|ကောက်ပုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဖြန့်|ကောက်ဖြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မုန့်ကလောင်ချေ|ကောက်မုန့်ကလောင်ချေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မုန့်သျှေ|ကောက်မုန့်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မျိုး|ကောက်မျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မျိုးစပါး|ကောက်မျိုးစပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မှုန့်ကလောင်သျှေ|ကောက်မှုန့်ကလောင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်မှုန့်သျှေ|ကောက်မှုန့်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ယင်|ကောက်ယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ယင်သီး|ကောက်ယင်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ယင်သျှေ|ကောက်ယင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရ|ကောက်ရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရကြီး|ကောက်ရကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရသျှေ|ကောက်ရသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရောင်း|ကောက်ရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုး|ကောက်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးခြီ|ကောက်ရိုးခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးစာတီ|ကောက်ရိုးစာတီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးပုံ|ကောက်ရိုးပုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ရိုးမီး|ကောက်ရိုးမီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လီကောက်လတ်|ကောက်လီကောက်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လီကောက်လောက်|ကောက်လီကောက်လောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လည်စဲ|ကောက်လည်စဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လည်ပြုတ်|ကောက်လည်ပြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လတ်|ကောက်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်း|ကောက်လှိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းပေါက်|ကောက်လှိုင်းပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းတီပွင့်|ကောက်လှိုင်းတီပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းပုံ|ကောက်လှိုင်းပုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်လှိုင်းဖြန့်|ကောက်လှိုင်းဖြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သစ်|ကောက်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သစ်စားပွဲ|ကောက်သစ်စားပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သွိ.|ကောက်သွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်သျှေ|ကောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဦး|ကောက်ဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဦးကောက်သစ်|ကောက်ဦးကောက်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောက်ဦးချ|ကောက်ဦးချ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကောင်|ကောင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်စိ.ကောင်စဉ်|ကောင်စိ.ကောင်စဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်စီ|ကောင်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်စဉ်|ကောင်စဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်ထီး|ကောင်ထီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်ဒလ|ကောင်ဒလ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်ရွီ|ကောင်ရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်သျှေ|ကောင်သျှေ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကောင်း|ကောင်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကင်|ကောင်းကင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကင်မေါ်သီး|ကောင်းကင်မေါ်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကင်မျှောသီး|ကောင်းကင်မျှောသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်း|ကောင်းကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းကြီး|ကောင်းကောင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းကောင်းရေ|ကောင်းကောင်းကောင်းရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းကန်းကန်း|ကောင်းကောင်းကန်းကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းမကောင်း|ကောင်းကောင်းမကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကောင်းမွန်မွန်|ကောင်းကောင်းမွန်မွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကျိုး|ကောင်းကျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီး|ကောင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီးခေါ်|ကောင်းကြီးခေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီးပီး|ကောင်းကြီးပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းကြီးသံ|ကောင်းကြီးသံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းခြင်း|ကောင်းခြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းစား|ကောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းစွာ|ကောင်းစွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းစွာ့|ကောင်းစွာ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းနိုးနိုး|ကောင်းနိုးနိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းနိုးရာရာ|ကောင်းနိုးရာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းနှင်း|ကောင်းနှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပါယင့်|ကောင်းပါယင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပါယင့်လား|ကောင်းပါယင့်လား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပါရေဝါ|ကောင်းပါရေဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းပြီးသား|ကောင်းပြီးသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းဖို့ရာ|ကောင်းဖို့ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမြတ်|ကောင်းမြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမွီ|ကောင်းမွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမွန်|ကောင်းမွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းမှု|ကောင်းမှု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းယင့်|ကောင်းယင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းရာကောင်းကြောင်း|ကောင်းရာကောင်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းရေ|ကောင်းရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကောင်းလှစွာ|ကောင်းလှစွာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကတ်|ကတ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကတ်|ကတ်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကတ်သတ်သတ်|ကတ်ကတ်သတ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်|ကတ်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်|ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်|ကတ်ကျစ်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ကျစ်ညှပ်|ကတ်ကျစ်ညှပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တရံလီ|ကတ္တရံလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တားခြား|ကတ္တားခြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တူ|ကတ္တူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တော်|ကတ္တော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ္တော်ကျီး|ကတ္တော်ကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ပြား|ကတ်ပြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်ဖါး|ကတ်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်လီကတ်လတ်|ကတ်လီကတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်လတ်|ကတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်လတ်ကတ်လတ်|ကတ်လတ်ကတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်သီးကတ်သတ်|ကတ်သီးကတ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကတ်သတ်|ကတ်သတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကပ်|ကပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ကပ်|ကပ်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ကြီးသုံးပါး|ကပ်ကြီးသုံးပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ကပ်သပ်သပ်|ကပ်ကပ်သပ်သပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ခင်း|ကပ်ခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ခို|ကပ်ခို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ငြိ|ကပ်ငြိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စား|ကပ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စားယပ်စား|ကပ်စားယပ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စိ.|ကပ်စိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စီး|ကပ်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စီးထောင်|ကပ်စီးထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်စည်း|ကပ်စည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ဆိုက်|ကပ်ဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်တော်|ကပ်တော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်တင်|ကပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်နာ|ကပ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပ|ကပ္ပ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပလီ|ကပ္ပလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပလီငရုပ်|ကပ္ပလီငရုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပလီမြောက်|ကပ္ပလီမြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပါး|ကပ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပါးယပ်ပါး|ကပ်ပါးယပ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပီကပ်ပါး|ကပ်ပီကပ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပီစာ|ကပ္ပီစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ပယ်|ကပ်ပယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ္ပျာ|ကပ္ပျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ဖါး|ကပ်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်မျှောင်|ကပ်မျှောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်ယပ်|ကပ်ယပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်လီကပ်လပ်|ကပ်လီကပ်လပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်လတ်ကပ်လတ်|ကပ်လတ်ကပ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်လှူ|ကပ်လှူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်သင့်|ကပ်သင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်သတ်|ကပ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကပ်သပ်|ကပ်သပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စ|ကိစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စချော|ကိစ္စချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စတာဝီ|ကိစ္စတာဝီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စတုံး|ကိစ္စတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စပြီး|ကိစ္စပြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စမကျီ|ကိစ္စမကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စမဟိ|ကိစ္စမဟိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စများ|ကိစ္စများ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စရီစ္စ|ကိစ္စရီစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိစ္စဝိစ္စ|ကိစ္စဝိစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကလောင်|ကုက္ကလောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကား|ကုက္ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကားကြာ|ကုက္ကားကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကုစ္စ|ကုက္ကုစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုက္ကို|ကုက္ကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်|ကုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ကတ်|ကုတ်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ကုတ်ကတ်ကတ်|ကုတ်ကုတ်ကတ်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ကျ|ကုတ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ခြစ်|ကုတ်ခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်စိ.|ကုတ်စိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်စီး|ကုတ်စီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ရှုပ်|ကုတ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်လျို|ကုတ်လျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုတ်ဟီးနာ|ကုတ်ဟီးနာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်|ကုပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကာရှုပ်ကာ|ကုပ်ကာရှုပ်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်|ကုပ်ကုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်ကပ်ကပ်|ကုပ်ကုပ်ကပ်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်သျှေ|ကုပ်ကုပ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်ရှုပ်|ကုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ချီကုပ်ချောင်း|ကုပ်ချီကုပ်ချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ချိုး|ကုပ်ချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ဆက်|ကုပ်ဆက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ပိ|ကုပ်ပိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ပီ|ကုပ်ပီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ဖီးကုပ်ဖဲ|ကုပ်ဖီးကုပ်ဖဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ရှုပ်|ကုပ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်ရှုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်|ကုပ်ရှုပ်ကုပ်ရှုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်လျှိုး|ကုပ်လျှိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုပ်သား|ကုပ်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကံ|ကံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကောက်|ကံကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကောင်း|ကံကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကုန်|ကံကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျ|ကံကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျီကံကျ|ကံကျီကံကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျီး|ကံကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျေး|ကံကျေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကြီး|ကံကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကြီးသင့်|ကံကြီးသင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကြမ္မာ|ကံကြမ္မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံကျွေး|ကံကျွေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဂိုဏ်း|ကံဂိုဏ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစ|ကံစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစပ်|ကံစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစမ်း|ကံစမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံစမ်းထုပ်|ကံစမ်းထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆော်|ကံဆော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆိုက်|ကံဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆောင်|ကံဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဆိုး|ကံဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဇာတာ|ကံဇာတာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံညှက်|ကံညှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံတူကျိုးပီး|ကံတူကျိုးပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒုချ|ကံဒုချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒုကံဒါ|ကံဒုကံဒါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒို့ချ|ကံဒို့ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံဒို့ကံဒါ|ကံဒို့ကံဒါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံနာ|ကံနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပီးကံလား|ကံပီးကံလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲ|ကံပဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲစာ|ကံပဲစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲတိုင်|ကံပဲတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပဲထိုး|ကံပဲထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံပေါ်|ကံပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံသန်|ကံသန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံ့ကူစိ.|ကံ့ကူစိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကံ့ကော်|ကံ့ကော်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကန်|ကန်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ကောက်|ကန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ချာ|ကန်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ချာတိုင်|ကန်ချာတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ခွ|ကန်ခွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ဆိကန်ဆန်|ကန်ဆိကန်ဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ဆန်လန်ဆန်|ကန်ဆန်လန်ဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်တော့|ကန်တော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်တော်ကြီး|ကန်တော်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်တို့|ကန်တို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တု|ကန္တု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တုကန္တါ|ကန္တုကန္တါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တို့|ကန္တို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန္တို့ကန္တါ|ကန္တို့ကန္တါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ထောက်|ကန်ထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ပေါင်|ကန်ပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်ပေါင်ရိုး|ကန်ပေါင်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်လယ်ချာ|ကန်လယ်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်|ကန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ကော်|ကန့်ကော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ကွက်|ကန့်ကွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ချုပ်|ကန့်ချုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်တပုတ်|ကန့်တပုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်ပလီ|ကန့်ပလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လီကန့်လန့်|ကန့်လီကန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်|ကန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်ကာ|ကန့်လန့်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်ထိုး|ကန့်လန့်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်လန့်ဖြတ်|ကန့်လန့်ဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သရီ|ကန့်သရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သား|ကန့်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သတ်|ကန့်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်သိပ်|ကန့်သိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန့်အပ်|ကန့်အပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကန်း|ကန်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းကျင်ဆီ|ကန်းကျင်ဆီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းကျင်ပင်|ကန်းကျင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းတူး|ကန်းတူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းတူးမိုက်|ကန်းတူးမိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထီကန်းထိုက်|ကန်းထီကန်းထိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထစ်|ကန်းထစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထစ်ကြီး|ကန်းထစ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းထိုက်|ကန်းထိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းမ|ကန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကန်းမကုန်းမ|ကန်းမကုန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပလိတ်|ကမ္ပလိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပလွေ|ကမ္ပလွေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်း|ကမ္ပည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းစာ|ကမ္ပည်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းတိုင်|ကမ္ပည်းတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းထိုး|ကမ္ပည်းထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းဖုံး|ကမ္ပည်းဖုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ပည်းသတ်|ကမ္ပည်းသတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာ|ကမ္ဘာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာကပင်|ကမ္ဘာကပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာသျှေ|ကမ္ဘာသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာသျှေကြီး|ကမ္ဘာသျှေကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာတည်ကပင်|ကမ္ဘာတည်ကပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာတန်ဆာ|ကမ္ဘာတန်ဆာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာယံ|ကမ္ဘာယံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောက်|ကမ္ဘာလောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောက်ကြီး|ကမ္ဘာလောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောက်သန်|ကမ္ဘာလောက်သန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္ဘာလောင်နာ|ကမ္ဘာလောင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာ|ကမ္မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာငင်|ကမ္မာငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ္မာလောင်|ကမ္မာလောင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကမ်း|ကမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းကုန်|ကမ်းကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းကုန်ယမ်းကုန်|ကမ်းကုန်ယမ်းကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းကိုယောင်|ကမ်းကိုယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းခပ်|ကမ်းခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းခြီ|ကမ်းခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းစ|ကမ်းစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းစပ်|ကမ်းစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းတောင်း|ကမ်းတောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းထောင်း|ကမ်းထောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းထောင်းစောက်|ကမ်းထောင်းစောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းထိပ်|ကမ်းထိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနဖူး|ကမ်းနဖူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနား|ကမ်းနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနားကျ|ကမ်းနားကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနားပြင်|ကမ်းနားပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းနားယောင်|ကမ်းနားယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပါး|ကမ်းပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပါးပြတ်|ကမ်းပါးပြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပါးလယော|ကမ်းပါးလယော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပိုင်|ကမ်းပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပြင်|ကမ်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းပြတ်|ကမ်းပြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းမခပ်|ကမ်းမခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းမြောင်|ကမ်းမြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းယောင်|ကမ်းယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းလွန်|ကမ်းလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းလှမ်း|ကမ်းလှမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသား|ကမ်းသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပေါက်|ကမ်းသားပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပုန်းငှက်|ကမ်းသားပုန်းငှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပုန်းပွင့်|ကမ်းသားပုန်းပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပုန်းမုန့်|ကမ်းသားပုန်းမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားပွင့်|ကမ်းသားပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသားလယော်ပွင့်|ကမ်းသားလယော်ပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကမ်းသင်း|ကမ်းသင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန္နရာ|ကိန္နရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန္နရီ|ကိန္နရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန့်|ကိန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန့်ကိန့်|ကိန့်ကိန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်း|ကိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းခန်း|ကိန်းခန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းဝပ်|ကိန်းဝပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းသီ|ကိန်းသီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိန်းအောင်း|ကိန်းအောင်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကုံ|ကုံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံတလိုင်း|ကုံတလိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံထင်|ကုံထင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံလုံ|ကုံလုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံသူ|ကုံသူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံး|ကုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံးခယက်တာ|ကုံးခယက်တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံးစီ|ကုံးစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုံးစပ်|ကုံးစပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကုန်|ကုန်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကူး|ကုန်ကူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကျ|ကုန်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကျငွီ|ကုန်ကျငွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ကြမ်း|ကုန်ကြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ခေါင်|ကုန်ခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ခန်း|ကုန်ခန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ချော|ကုန်ချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ခြောက်|ကုန်ခြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စလည်ပျော်ပါး|ကုန်စလည်ပျော်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စည်|ကုန်စည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စင်|ကုန်စင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စိတ်ကေ|ကုန်စိတ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စိမ်း|ကုန်စိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်စုံ|ကုန်စုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဆိုက်|ကုန်ဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်တလိုင်း|ကုန်တလိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်တန်း|ကုန်တန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်နုပ်ကေ|ကုန်နုပ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပေါင်|ကုန်ပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပေါင်နွယ်|ကုန်ပေါင်နွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပေါင်ပုဆိုး|ကုန်ပေါင်ပုဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပုတ်|ကုန်ပုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ပို့|ကုန်ပို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဘောင်|ကုန်ဘောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဘောင်နွယ်|ကုန်ဘောင်နွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ဘောင်ပုဆိုး|ကုန်ဘောင်ပုဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်ယောင်|ကုန်ယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်လှောင်ရုံ|ကုန်လှောင်ရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်သည်|ကုန်သည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်သွယ်|ကုန်သွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်း|ကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းကုန်း|ကုန်းကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းကြောင်း|ကုန်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းချီကုန်းချောင်း|ကုန်းချီကုန်းချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းချင်းစီ|ကုန်းချင်းစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းချင်းထပ်|ကုန်းချင်းထပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းခြစ်|ကုန်းခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းခြောက်|ကုန်းခြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစကား|ကုန်းစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစောက်|ကုန်းစောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစပ်|ကုန်းစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစပ်ထပိန်|ကုန်းစပ်ထပိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းစိတ်ထပိန်|ကုန်းစိတ်ထပိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းတိုက်|ကုန်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းတန်း|ကုန်းတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းပေါက်|ကုန်းပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းပေါင်|ကုန်းပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းပြင်|ကုန်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းဖီ|ကုန်းဖီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းဘောင်|ကုန်းဘောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းမ|ကုန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းရိခြစ်|ကုန်းရိခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းလမ်း|ကုန်းလမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကုန်းလယား|ကုန်းလယား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကို|ကို]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုကို|ကိုကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုကြီး|ကိုကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်|ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကောင်း|ကိုယ်ကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကောင်းလက်လှ|ကိုယ်ကောင်းလက်လှ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကျင့်တရား|ကိုယ့်ကျင့်တရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျပ်|ကိုယ်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျပ်အင်္ကျီ|ကိုယ်ကျပ်အင်္ကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျိုးစွန့်|ကိုယ်ကျိုးစွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ကျိုးရှာ|ကိုယ်ကျိုးရှာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ခင်း|ကိုယ်ခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ခံ|ကိုယ်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ခံအတတ်|ကိုယ်ခံအတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချည်း|ကိုယ်ချည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချင်း|ကိုယ်ချင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချင်းစာ|ကိုယ်ချင်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ချမ်းသာ|ကိုယ်ချမ်းသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ငွိ.|ကိုယ်ငွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စား|ကိုယ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စားတော်|ကိုယ်စားတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စားလှယ်|ကိုယ်စားလှယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စီ|ကိုယ်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်င|ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်င]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်စီ|ကိုယ်စီကိုယ်စီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တားလက်တား|ကိုယ်တားလက်တား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တူကျိုးပြု|ကိုယ်တူကျိုးပြု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တည်း|ကိုယ်တည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တော်|ကိုယ်တော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တော်ကပ်|ကိုယ်တော်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တက်|ကိုယ်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တင်|ကိုယ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုတင်|ကိုတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တင်လက်တင်|ကိုယ်တင်လက်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တိုင်|ကိုယ်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တိုင်ကိုယ်ကျ|ကိုယ်တိုင်ကိုယ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုတ်|ကိုယ်တုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုတ်ကေ|ကိုယ်တုတ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုတ်ကြီး|ကိုယ်တုတ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တုံးတုံး|ကိုယ်တုံးတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်တွိ.|ကိုယ်တွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထိလက်ရောက်|ကိုယ်ထိလက်ရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီး|ကိုယ်ထီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး|ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါးကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး|ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါးကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပိုင်|ကိုယ်ထီးကိုယ်ပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထူကိုယ်ထ|ကိုယ်ထူကိုယ်ထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထည်|ကိုယ်ထည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထင်ပြ|ကိုယ်ထင်ပြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ထွက်ကတ္တီပါရောင်|ကိုယ်ထွက်ကတ္တီပါရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နာ|ကိုယ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နေဟန်ထား|ကိုယ်နေဟန်ထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နေဟန်ပန်|ကိုယ်နေဟန်ပန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နန့်လက်နန့်|ကိုယ်နန့်လက်နန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပူနာ|ကိုယ်ပူနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပူးလက်ကျပ်|ကိုယ်ပူးလက်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပေါ်|ကိုယ်ပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပစ်လက်ပစ်|ကိုယ်ပစ်လက်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ပိုင်|ကိုယ်ပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဖိရင်ဖိ|ကိုယ်ဖိရင်ဖိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဖိုင့်|ကိုယ်ဖိုင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မကောင်း|ကိုယ်မကောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မရ|ကိုယ်မရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မဝ|ကိုယ်မဝ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မသန်|ကိုယ်မသန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်မသန့်|ကိုယ်မသန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရရေ|ကိုယ်ရရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရီခြုံ|ကိုယ်ရီခြုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရီးကိုယ်တာ|ကိုယ်ရီးကိုယ်တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရေးရာဇဝင်|ကိုယ်ရေးရာဇဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရည်သစ်|ကိုယ်ရည်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရည်သန့်|ကိုယ်ရည်သန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရည်သွေး|ကိုယ်ရည်သွေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောစိတ်ပါ|ကိုယ်ရောစိတ်ပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရံတော်|ကိုယ်ရံတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်ထင်|ကိုယ်ရောင်ထင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်နာ|ကိုယ်ရောင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်ပြ|ကိုယ်ရောင်ပြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရောင်ဖျောက်|ကိုယ်ရောင်ဖျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရုံ|ကိုယ်ရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ရို့|ကိုယ်ရို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လီးလက်ဝန်|ကိုယ်လီးလက်ဝန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လက်တင်|ကိုယ်လက်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လက်ယှင်း|ကိုယ်လက်ယှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လက်သစ်|ကိုယ်လက်သစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ထည်|ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ထည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ပေါက်|ကိုယ်လုံးကိုယ်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လုံးပြောင်|ကိုယ်လုံးပြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လွတ်စိတ်လွတ်|ကိုယ်လွတ်စိတ်လွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်လွှား|ကိုယ်လွှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝ|ကိုယ်ဝ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝတ်|ကိုယ်ဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝန်|ကိုယ်ဝန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သန်ကြင်|ကိုယ်သန်ကြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဝန်ဆောင်|ကိုယ်ဝန်ဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သာခံ|ကိုယ်သာခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သာယူ|ကိုယ်သာယူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သန်ရေ|ကိုယ်သန်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်သန့်ရေ|ကိုယ်သန့်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဟိ.ရေ|ကိုယ်ဟိ.ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဟိန်|ကိုယ်ဟိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်ဟိန်သတ်|ကိုယ်ဟိန်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်|ကိုယ့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကို|ကိုယ့်ကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကို|ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကိုယ်ကိုး|ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ကိုယ်ကိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်စွာ|ကိုယ့်စွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်တတ်သဝတ်သ|ကိုယ့်တတ်သဝတ်သ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်တတ်သားကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်တတ်သားကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ်နည်းကိုယ်ဟန်|ကိုယ်နည်းကိုယ်ဟန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ပါး|ကိုယ့်ပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ပိုင်သူပိုင်|ကိုယ့်ပိုင်သူပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဖာသာကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ဖာသာကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဖို့ကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ဖို့ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဖို့နန့်ကိုယ်|ကိုယ့်ဖို့နန့်ကိုယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်ဘာသာကို|ကိုယ့်ဘာသာကို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်လူ|ကိုယ့်လူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်လူကိုယ့်သျှင်|ကိုယ့်လူကိုယ့်သျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်လက်သင့်ရာ|ကိုယ့်လက်သင့်ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်သျှင်|ကိုယ့်သျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုယ့်အားကိုယ်ကိုး|ကိုယ့်အားကိုယ်ကိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကိုး|ကိုး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးကား|ကိုးကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးကွယ်|ကိုးကွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးကွယ်ရာ|ကိုးကွယ်ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးစား|ကိုးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးတောင်ဒူးယား|ကိုးတောင်ဒူးယား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးတန်ကောက်|ကိုးတန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရီကိုးရား|ကိုးရီကိုးရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရီကိုးရိုး|ကိုးရီကိုးရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရိုးကားရား|ကိုးရိုးကားရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးရိုးကန့်လန့်|ကိုးရိုးကန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးလိုးကားလား|ကိုးလိုးကားလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကိုးသောင်းဘုရား|ကိုးသောင်းဘုရား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျ|ကျ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျကန်းပင်|ကျကန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျခံ|ကျခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဆုံး|ကျဆုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန|ကျန]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျနိကျနယ်|ကျနိကျနယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျနီ|ကျနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျနှုန်းပင်|ကျနှုန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပု|ကျပု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပင်|ကျပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပုန်းပင်|ကျပုန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပြုတ်ကေ|ကျပြုတ်ကေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပွင့်|ကျပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဖိုက်|ကျဖိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမိကျရာ|ကျမိကျရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမွိ.|ကျမွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယင်|ကျယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယင်ပွဲ|ကျယင်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယပ်ပင်|ကျယပ်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျ,ရာမ,ရာ|ကျ,ရာမ,ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျလာပလာ|ကျလာပလာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျလာပလာမွိ.|ကျလာပလာမွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျ,လူ|ကျ,လူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျသားမြီ|ကျသားမြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျသားလယ်|ကျသားလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျသုံး|ကျသုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျအက်ပိတ်|ကျအက်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာ|ကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာကျာ|ကျာကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာကျာမွိ.|ကျာကျာမွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဟာသီး|ကျဟာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျာအာသီး|ကျာအာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျား|ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကိုက်,ကိုက်|ကျားကိုက်,ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကုတ်သျှေ|ကျားကုတ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကန်|ကျားကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကန်ကန်|ကျားကန်ကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကျား|ကျားကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားကျားမားမား|ကျားကျားမားမား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားခဲဝါ|ကျားခဲဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားတိုက်|ကျားတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားထိုး|ကျားထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားဗဟုန်နာ|ကျားဗဟုန်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားမတုံးဆွဲမိ|ကျားမတုံးဆွဲမိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားယင်|ကျားယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားလယာ|ကျားလယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားသားငလဝါ|ကျားသားငလဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျားဟုန်|ကျားဟုန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိ|ကျိ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိ|ကျိကျိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိကိုက်|ကျိကျိကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိခတ်|ကျိကျိခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိချောချော|ကျိကျိချောချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိတက်|ကျိကျိတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိထွီး|ကျိကျိထွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိနယ်|ကျိကျိနယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိနွဲ့နွဲ့|ကျိကျိနွဲ့နွဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျိပက်ပက်|ကျိကျိပက်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်|ကျိကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်ကျိကျက်|ကျိကျက်ကျိကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်ခဲ|ကျိကျက်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျက်ခတ်|ကျိကျက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျွတ်|ကျိကျွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိကျွတ်နွယ်|ကျိကျွတ်နွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိပီကျိပက်|ကျိပီကျိပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိပက်တေ|ကျိပက်တေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိပက်လက်ပက်|ကျိပက်လက်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိရိကျိရိ|ကျိရိကျိရိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိလက်ပက်လက်|ကျိလက်ပက်လက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျီ|ကျီ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီခတ်ကျာခတ်|ကျီခတ်ကျာခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီခြစ်ကျာခြစ်|ကျီခြစ်ကျာခြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီစိုး|ကျီစိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီတိုက်|ကျီတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီထောက်ကျီနွယ်|ကျီထောက်ကျီနွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီထိုး|ကျီထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီရောင်ဘာရောင်|ကျီရောင်ဘာရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီသောကျီသော|ကျီသောကျီသော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီသော်|ကျီသော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီသောင်းကျီသောင်း|ကျီသောင်းကျီသောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသောင်းဘာသောင်း|ကျီးသောင်းဘာသောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီဝန်|ကျီဝန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီး|ကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကတုတ်|ကျီးကတုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကိကျီးကော်|ကျီးကိကျီးကော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကီကျီးကန်း|ကျီးကီကျီးကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကုလား|ကျီးကုလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကန်တောက်|ကျီးကန်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကျီး|ကျီးကျီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးကွန်ဆောင်|ကျီးကွန်ဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီ|ကျီးခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီထောက်|ကျီးခြီထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီထောင်|ကျီးခြီထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီနနွင်း|ကျီးခြီနနွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးခြီပလော်|ကျီးခြီပလော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးညို|ကျီးညို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးညွန့်|ကျီးညွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတမာ|ကျီးတမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတိကျီးတောင်|ကျီးတိကျီးတောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတီကျီးတန်း|ကျီးတီကျီးတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးတောင်တံခါး|ကျီးတောင်တံခါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးထီကျီးထောက်|ကျီးထီကျီးထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးထောက်|ကျီးထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးနင်း|ကျီးနင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးနင်းကျီးနင်း|ကျီးနင်းကျီးနင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပါးမည်း|ကျီးပါးမည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်း|ကျီးပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်းတက်|ကျီးပေါင်းတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်းနား|ကျီးပေါင်းနား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးပေါင်းလိုက်|ကျီးပေါင်းလိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဖေါင်းကား|ကျီးဖေါင်းကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဘောင်|ကျီးဘောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးမချီ|ကျီးမချီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးမတုံး|ကျီးမတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးမနားပင်|ကျီးမနားပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးယက်ပိတ်|ကျီးယက်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးရွှီဝါ|ကျီးရွှီဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးလင်း|ကျီးလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးလင်းကျီးလင်း|ကျီးလင်းကျီးလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဝါ|ကျီးဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသာ|ကျီးသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသား|ကျီးသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသားသျှေ|ကျီးသားသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးသန္တာ|ကျီးသန္တာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဟာသီး|ကျီးဟာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးဟက်|ကျီးဟက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးအာသီး|ကျီးအာသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျီးအက်ပိတ်|ကျီးအက်ပိတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျူ|ကျူ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူကျူ|ကျူကျူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူထောက်ကျူနွယ်|ကျူထောက်ကျူနွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူလှည်း|ကျူလှည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူအီး|ကျူအီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူး|ကျူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးကျော်|ကျူးကျော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးရင့်|ကျူးရင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးလွန်|ကျူးလွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျူးဟိတ်|ကျူးဟိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေကုန်|ကျေကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေဆပ်|ကျေဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေထောက်|ကျေထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေနက်|ကျေနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေပြီ|ကျေပြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေပွန်|ကျေပွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးကိုင်|ကျေးကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးကြီး|ကျေးကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးခက်|ကျေးခက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးစုံ|ကျေးစုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူး|ကျေးဇူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးကန်း|ကျေးဇူးကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးခံ|ကျေးဇူးခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးခံစား|ကျေးဇူးခံစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးဆပ်|ကျေးဇူးဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးတရား|ကျေးဇူးတရား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးတရစ်|ကျေးဇူးတရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးတင်|ကျေးဇူးတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးနစ်|ကျေးဇူးနစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးပြု|ကျေးဇူးပြု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးပြန်|ကျေးဇူးပြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးသျှင်|ကျေးဇူးသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဇူးဟိ|ကျေးဇူးဟိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးဆပ်|ကျေးဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးတော|ကျေးတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးတိုင်|ကျေးတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးတိုး|ကျေးတိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးထမ်း|ကျေးထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးထမ်းကြီး|ကျေးထမ်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးပါ|ကျေးပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးပင်|ကျေးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးမလီ|ကျေးမလီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျေးရတတ်|ကျေးရတတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်|ကျည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်စိ|ကျည်စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်တောက်|ကျည်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်ထိုး|ကျည်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်ပိုင်း|ကျည်ပိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်ပိတ်|ကျည်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည့်|ကျည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်း|ကျည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျည်းကတောက်|ကျည်းကတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်|ကျယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်ပြော|ကျယ်ပြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်ပြန့်|ကျယ်ပြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်လောင်|ကျယ်လောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျယ်ဝှမ်း|ကျယ်ဝှမ်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျော|ကျော]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့|ကျော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ကြိုး|ကျော့ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့တံ|ကျော့တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ထောင်|ကျော့ထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ဖမ်း|ကျော့ဖမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ရစ်|ကျော့ရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော့ဝါးလုံး|ကျော့ဝါးလုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်|ကျော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ကျော်ကျပ်ကျပ်|ကျော်ကျော်ကျပ်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ကြား|ကျော်ကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်စော|ကျော်စော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်စောသတင်း|ကျော်စောသတင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဇဝေငှက်|ကျော်ဇဝေငှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်နင်း|ကျော်နင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဗျ|ကျော်ဗျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်လွန်|ကျော်လွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်လွှား|ကျော်လွှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဝှန်|ကျော်ဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်သဲ့|ကျော်သဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်သန်း|ကျော်သန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျော်ဟိုး|ကျော်ဟိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျက်|ကျက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်|ကျက်ကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်ဆူ|ကျက်ကျက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်ရိုက်|ကျက်ကျက်ရိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ကျက်လောင်|ကျက်ကျက်လောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စနူ|ကျက်စနူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စနူပျား|ကျက်စနူပျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စာ|ကျက်စာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်စား|ကျက်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်တော့|ကျက်တော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ပိတ်|ကျက်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်မှတ်|ကျက်မှတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်ရုံး|ကျက်ရုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျက်သားမြီ|ကျက်သားမြီ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျင်|ကျင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကိုင်|ကျင်ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကျ|ကျင်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကျင်|ကျင်ကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကြီး|ကျင်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကြီးအိမ်|ကျင်ကြီးအိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကြောင်း|ကျင်ကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ကွင်း|ကျင်ကွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ခြင်း|ကျင်ခြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ငယ်|ကျင်ငယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ငယ်ချောင်း|ကျင်ငယ်ချောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ငယ်အိမ်|ကျင်ငယ်အိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်စည်|ကျင်စည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တလင်း|ကျင်တလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တည်း|ကျင်တည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တိုက်|ကျင်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်တံ|ကျင်တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ဒိုင်|ကျင်ဒိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ပစ်|ကျင်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ပြော|ကျင်ပြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ပွဲ|ကျင်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ယင်|ကျင်ယင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်ယင်သျှေ|ကျင်ယင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်လည်|ကျင်လည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်လတ်|ကျင်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်လုံး|ကျင်လုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်သန်|ကျင်သန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်သန်ကြီး|ကျင်သန်ကြီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်|ကျင့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ကြံ|ကျင့်ကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်စဉ်|ကျင့်စဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ဆောက်|ကျင့်ဆောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ညစ်|ကျင့်ညစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ထုံး|ကျင့်ထုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်မှား|ကျင့်မှား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ရိုး|ကျင့်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်ဝတ်|ကျင့်ဝတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်သားမရ|ကျင့်သားမရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်သားရ|ကျင့်သားရ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင့်သုံး|ကျင့်သုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်း|ကျင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်း|ကျင်းကျင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်းတုံးတုံး|ကျင်းကျင်းတုံးတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်းလဲ့လဲ့|ကျင်းကျင်းလဲ့လဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းကျင်းလက်လက်|ကျင်းကျင်းလက်လက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းစား|ကျင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းတင်|ကျင်းတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းထောင်|ကျင်းထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းပ|ကျင်းပ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျင်းပေါက်|ကျင်းပေါက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်|ကျစ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ကျစ်|ကျစ်ကျစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ကျစ်တီး|ကျစ်ကျစ်တီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ကျစ်ထွီး|ကျစ်ကျစ်ထွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်စောင်|ကျစ်စောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထုပ်|ကျစ်ထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထုပ်တင်|ကျစ်ထုပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထုပ်လိုက်|ကျစ်ထုပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ထိုး|ကျစ်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပုဆိုး|ကျစ်ပုဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပူတိုက်|ကျစ်ပူတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပေါင်း|ကျစ်ပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပေါင်းကြိုး|ကျစ်ပေါင်းကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျစ်ပေါင်းခြည်|ကျစ်ပေါင်းခြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်|ကျိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်ဆူ|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တက်|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်မြည်|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်မြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တိုး|ကျိုက်ကျိုက်တိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်|ကျိုင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်တောက်|ကျိုင်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်ထိုး|ကျိုင်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်နာ|ကျိုင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်ပိုင်း|ကျိုင်ပိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်ပိတ်|ကျိုင်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်လိုက်|ကျိုင်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်း|ကျိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းကျိုင်း|ကျိုင်းကျိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းခေါက်ခေါက်|ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းခေါက်ခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းမာမာ|ကျိုင်းကျိုင်းမာမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းခတ်|ကျိုင်းခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းခံ့|ကျိုင်းခံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းခိုင်|ကျိုင်းခိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းစီး|ကျိုင်းစီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်|ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး|ကျိုင်းတီကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး|ကျိုင်းတောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတောက်ခရော်|ကျိုင်းတောက်ခရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတောက်တောက်|ကျိုင်းတောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းတုံး|ကျိုင်းတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုင်းမာ|ကျိုင်းမာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်|ကျဉ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်နာ|ကျဉ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်ဆာ|ကျဉ်ဆာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်ပိတ်|ကျဉ်ပိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်း|ကျဉ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်းကျပ်|ကျဉ်းကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျဉ်းမြောင်း|ကျဉ်းမြောင်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်|ကျောက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကလန့်|ကျောက်ကလန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကာ|ကျောက်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကိုက်|ကျောက်ကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကိုင်|ကျောက်ကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကုပ်|ကျောက်ကုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကန်|ကျောက်ကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကန်ကျောက်ကန်|ကျောက်ကန်ကျောက်ကန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျက်ခတ်|ကျောက်ကျက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျောက်ကျ|ကျောက်ကျောက်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျောက်မျို|ကျောက်ကျောက်မျို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကျပ်|ကျောက်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြီး|ကျောက်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြော|ကျောက်ကြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြိုး|ကျောက်ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ကြွပ်|ကျောက်ကြွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခရာ|ကျောက်ခရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခဲတစ်ပစ်|ကျောက်ခဲတစ်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခက်|ကျောက်ခက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ခေတ်|ကျောက်ခေတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ချ|ကျောက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ချဉ်|ကျောက်ချဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ငူ|ကျောက်ငူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ငူတော်ဓါတ်|ကျောက်ငူတော်ဓါတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ငုတ်|ကျောက်ငုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စရစ်ခဲ|ကျောက်စရစ်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စာ|ကျောက်စာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စာတိုင်|ကျောက်စာတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စာထိုး|ကျောက်စာထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စု|ကျောက်စု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စက်ရီ|ကျောက်စက်ရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စိမ်း|ကျောက်စိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်စွယ်|ကျောက်စွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆရာ|ကျောက်ဆရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆစ်|ကျောက်ဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆောင်|ကျောက်ဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဆတ်|ကျောက်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တည်|ကျောက်တည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တိုင်|ကျောက်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တောင်|ကျောက်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တံ|ကျောက်တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တန်း|ကျောက်တန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တုံး|ကျောက်တုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်တွင်း|ကျောက်တွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထီး|ကျောက်ထီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထီးတန္တု|ကျောက်ထီးတန္တု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထက်အက္ခရာတင်|ကျောက်ထက်အက္ခရာတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထုံး|ကျောက်ထုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထိုး|ကျောက်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ထွန်|ကျောက်ထွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နဖါး|ကျောက်နဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နာဖီး|ကျောက်နာဖီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နာရာ|ကျောက်နာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နီ|ကျောက်နီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နီမေါ်|ကျောက်နီမေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နု|ကျောက်နု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်နုတ်|ကျောက်နုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်|ကျောက်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်ခရာ|ကျောက်ပေါက်ခရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်မာ|ကျောက်ပေါက်မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်မာရာ|ကျောက်ပေါက်မာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပေါက်ရည်|ကျောက်ပေါက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပန်းတူ|ကျောက်ပန်းတူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပုပ်|ကျောက်ပုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပျဉ်|ကျောက်ပျဉ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပျဉ်တင်|ကျောက်ပျဉ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပြောက်|ကျောက်ပြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ပြုတ်|ကျောက်ပြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖရုံ|ကျောက်ဖရုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖျာ|ကျောက်ဖျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မာ|ကျောက်မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မာရာ|ကျောက်မာရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖြူ|ကျောက်ဖြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖြူသျှေ|ကျောက်ဖြူသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း|ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မီးသွီး|ကျောက်မီးသွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်မျက်ရွဲ|ကျောက်မျက်ရွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရီစစ်|ကျောက်ရီစစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရီတွင်း|ကျောက်ရီတွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရူး|ကျောက်ရူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရည်|ကျောက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရိုင်း|ကျောက်ရိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ရိုး|ကျောက်ရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်လက်စ|ကျောက်လက်စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဝါး|ကျောက်ဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဝါးကြိုး|ကျောက်ဝါးကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဝင်|ကျောက်ဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သရစ်|ကျောက်သရစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သလေး|ကျောက်သလေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သား|ကျောက်သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သင်ပုန်း|ကျောက်သင်ပုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်သျှေ|ကျောက်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဟက်|ကျောက်ဟက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်ဟက်ကြိုး|ကျောက်ဟက်ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်အပ်စား|ကျောက်အပ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောက်အပ်ထွန်|ကျောက်အပ်ထွန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်|ကျောင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျိကျောင်ကျပ်|ကျောင်ကျိကျောင်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျင်|ကျောင်ကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျင်ခတ်|ကျောင်ကျင်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်ကျပ်|ကျောင်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်သျှေ|ကျောင်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်း|ကျောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကျ|ကျောင်းကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကြီး|ကျောင်းကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကြီးသျှင်|ကျောင်းကြီးသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းကြီးစာ|ကျောင်းကြီးစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းခေါက်|ကျောင်းခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းချ|ကျောင်းချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းခြံ|ကျောင်းခြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစာ|ကျောင်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစား|ကျောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစားကျောင်းနီ|ကျောင်းစားကျောင်းနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစုတ်|ကျောင်းစုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းစိုနံ|ကျောင်းစိုနံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းဆရာ|ကျောင်းဆရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းဆင်း|ကျောင်းဆင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းဆောင်|ကျောင်းဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းတက်|ကျောင်းတက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းတိုက်|ကျောင်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းတပ်|ကျောင်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထား|ကျောင်းထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထိုင်|ကျောင်းထိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထောင်|ကျောင်းထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းထိန်း|ကျောင်းထိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီ|ကျောင်းနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီကျောင်းစား|ကျောင်းနီကျောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီဖော်|ကျောင်းနီဖော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနီဖက်|ကျောင်းနီဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းနှံ|ကျောင်းနှံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းပြီး|ကျောင်းပြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းရင်ပြင်|ကျောင်းရင်ပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသား|ကျောင်းသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသူ|ကျောင်းသူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသံပီး|ကျောင်းသံပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသံပီသံ|ကျောင်းသံပီသံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသျှေ|ကျောင်းသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းသျှင်|ကျောင်းသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအပ်|ကျောင်းအပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းစား|ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းနီ|ကျောင်းအိပ်ကျောင်းနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျောင်းအုပ်|ကျောင်းအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ကုတ်တွင်း|ကျတ်ကုတ်တွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ကျတ်သတ်သတ်|ကျတ်ကျတ်သတ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ခေါက်မြီ|ကျတ်ခေါက်မြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်တီးကျတ်ပေါ|ကျတ်တီးကျတ်ပေါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်တောမြီ|ကျတ်တောမြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်တုတ်မြီ|ကျတ်တုတ်မြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ထုံးပြင်|ကျတ်ထုံးပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ရတ်ကျတ်ရတ်|ကျတ်ရတ်ကျတ်ရတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်ရတ်မြီ|ကျတ်ရတ်မြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်လီကျတ်လတ်|ကျတ်လီကျတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်လတ်ကျတ်လတ်|ကျတ်လတ်ကျတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်သီးကျတ်သတ်|ကျတ်သီးကျတ်သတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်|ကျပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ကျပ်သပ်သပ်|ကျပ်ကျပ်သပ်သပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ချိန်|ကျပ်ချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်တီးဆိုက်|ကျပ်တီးဆိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထက်ကျပ်|ကျပ်ထက်ကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်|ကျပ်ထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်ထိုး|ကျပ်ထုပ်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်တင်|ကျပ်ထုပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ထုပ်လိုက်|ကျပ်ထုပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ပယ်|ကျပ်ပယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်ပေါက်|ကျပ်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျပ်လီး|ကျပ်လီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျတ်လတ်|ကျတ်လတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်|ကျိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ကျိတ်ကျက်|ကျိတ်ကျက်ကျိတ်ကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ခဲ|ကျိတ်ကျက်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ခတ်|ကျိတ်ကျက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်တိုး|ကျိတ်ကျက်တိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျက်ထွီး|ကျိတ်ကျက်ထွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲ|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲခဲ|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်ခဲခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်လိပ်|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်လိပ်လိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ကျိတ်သျှေ|ကျိတ်ကျိတ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိစ္စ|ကျိစ္စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ထုပ်ထိုး|ကျိတ်ထုပ်ထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ထုပ်လိုက်|ကျိတ်ထုပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပူတိုက်|ကျိတ်ပူတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပူထိုး|ကျိတ်ပူထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပူလိုက်|ကျိတ်ပူလိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်ပေါက်နာ|ကျိတ်ပေါက်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိတ်သား|ကျိတ်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိပ်|ကျိပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်|ကျုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကာ|ကျုတ်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျက်|ကျုတ်ကျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျက်ပုပ်ပက်|ကျုတ်ကျက်ပုပ်ပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျုတ်|ကျုတ်ကျုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ကျွံ|ကျုတ်ကျွံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်တူး|ကျုတ်တူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ထမ်း|ကျုတ်ထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်နစ်|ကျုတ်နစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်နစ်ရေ|ကျုတ်နစ်ရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပုပ်|ကျုတ်ပုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုပ်ပိုးစား|ကျုပ်ပိုးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပျော့|ကျုတ်ပျော့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပြင်|ကျုတ်ပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ပွတ်|ကျုတ်ပွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ဖွတ်ဖွတ်|ကျုတ်ဖွတ်ဖွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်မန်း|ကျုတ်မန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်မန်းခဲ|ကျုတ်မန်းခဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်ရီ|ကျုတ်ရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်သောသော|ကျုတ်သောသော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုတ်အိုင်|ကျုတ်အိုင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျံ|ကျံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်|ကျန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်လစ်|ကျန်လစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်း|ကျန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းကျန်းမာမာ|ကျန်းကျန်းမာမာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းခိုင်|ကျန်းခိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းတောက်|ကျန်းတောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းတောက်ခရော်|ကျန်းတောက်ခရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျန်းမာ|ကျန်းမာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်း|ကျမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကိုင်|ကျမ်းကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကိုး|ကျမ်းကိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကျိန်|ကျမ်းကျိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းကြီးပီကြီး|ကျမ်းကြီးပီကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းဂန်|ကျမ်းဂန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းစာ|ကျမ်းစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းထမ်း|ကျမ်းထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းနှံ့|ကျမ်းနှံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းပြု|ကျမ်းပြု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းရင်း|ကျမ်းရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းရိုး|ကျမ်းရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းရွက်|ကျမ်းရွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျမ်းဦးစကား|ကျမ်းဦးစကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်|ကျိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာ|ကျိန်စာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာကျ|ကျိန်စာကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာတိုက်|ကျိန်စာတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာထား|ကျိန်စာထား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာထည့်|ကျိန်စာထည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာထမ်း|ကျိန်စာထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်စာရေ|ကျိန်စာရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်ဆဲ|ကျိန်ဆဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်ဆို|ကျိန်ဆို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်တောက်|ကျိန်တောက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်း|ကျိန်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းကီကျိန်းကော|ကျိန်းကီကျိန်းကော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းကုန်|ကျိန်းကုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းကျီ|ကျိန်းကျီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းစက်|ကျိန်းစက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းတိကျိန်းတောင်|ကျိန်းတိကျိန်းတောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းသီ|ကျိန်းသီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိန်းအောင်|ကျိန်းအောင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျုံ|ကျုံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုံး|ကျုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျုံးကျုံးဝင်|ကျုံးကျုံးဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုး|ကျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကန်း|ကျိုးကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကြောင်း|ကျိုးကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကြတ်နာ|ကျိုးကြတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးကြွတ်နာ|ကျိုးကြွတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးနပ်|ကျိုးနပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးနွံ|ကျိုးနွံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးပဲ့|ကျိုးပဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးဖောက်|ကျိုးဖောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးပေါက်|ကျိုးပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးမြော်|ကျိုးမြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျိုးယုတ်|ကျိုးယုတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြ|ကြ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြခပ်|ကြခပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြငှန်း|ကြငှန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပိုင်|ကြပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြသပတိနိ|ကြသပတိနိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြသောင်း|ကြသောင်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြာ|ကြာ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာကလပ်|ကြာကလပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာကုက္ကား|ကြာကုက္ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခရေ|ကြာခရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခရေဝါ|ကြာခရေဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခီရေ|ကြာခီရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခေါင်းလောင်း|ကြာခေါင်းလောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာချပ်|ကြာချပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခြည်|ကြာခြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခြည်ပိုး|ကြာခြည်ပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာခွက်|ကြာခွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာဂေါင်း|ကြာဂေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာစွယ်|ကြာစွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာဆံ|ကြာဆံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာညောင်|ကြာညောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာညောင်း|ကြာညောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာညို|ကြာညို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတော|ကြာတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတင်|ကြာတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတံ|ကြာတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတံပက်|ကြာတံပက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတံရိုး|ကြာတံရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာတန်းကား|ကြာတန်းကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာနတ်သီး|ကြာနတ်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာပွင့်|ကြာပွင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာပွင့်ထပ်|ကြာပွင့်ထပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာပြွန်|ကြာပြွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာမှောက်|ကြာမှောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာရိုးကြာပင်|ကြာရိုးကြာပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာရှည်|ကြာရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလီရေလား|ကြာလီရေလား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလိပ်သျှေ|ကြာလိပ်သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလိပ်သျှေပိုး|ကြာလိပ်သျှေပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာလန်|ကြာလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသီတံ|ကြာသီတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသင်္ကန်း|ကြာသင်္ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသိန်|ကြာသိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြာသွတ်အိုး|ကြာသွတ်အိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြား|ကြား]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကာလ|ကြားကာလ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကျီကြားကျပ်|ကြားကျီကြားကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကျပ်|ကြားကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကျပ်ကြားကျပ်|ကြားကျပ်ကြားကျပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြား|ကြားကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားခေါက်ခေါက်|ကြားကြားခေါက်ခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားတက်တက်|ကြားကြားတက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားတောက်တောက်|ကြားကြားတောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားကြားသဲ့သဲ့|ကြားကြားသဲ့သဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားညှပ်ဝါး|ကြားညှပ်ဝါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားနာ|ကြားနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားနီ|ကြားနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားပေါက်|ကြားပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားပြင်း|ကြားပြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖူးနားဝ|ကြားဖူးနားဝ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖေါက်|ကြားဖေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖျိုင်|ကြားဖျိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖြီကြားဖြတ်|ကြားဖြီကြားဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားဖြတ်|ကြားဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားမှာ|ကြားမှာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားရေလောက်က|ကြားရေလောက်က]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြားရောက်|ကြားရောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြား၀င်|ကြား၀င်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိကြိနယ်|ကြိကြိနယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိယာ|ကြိယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိယာဝိသေသန|ကြိယာဝိသေသန]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိရိယာ|ကြိရိယာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြီ|ကြီ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီစပ်|ကြီစပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီပျောက်|ကြီပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီပွန်|ကြီပွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီမွ.|ကြီမွ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီမှုန်း|ကြီမှုန်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြီး|ကြီး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကဲ|ကြီးကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကျယ်|ကြီးကျယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကြီး|ကြီးကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကြီးကျယ်ကျယ်|ကြီးကြီးကျယ်ကျယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးကြီးမြင့်မြင့်|ကြီးကြီးမြင့်မြင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးခြီငင်|ကြီးခြီငင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးစိုး|ကြီးစိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးစိုင်ငယ်လိုက်|ကြီးစိုင်ငယ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးထက်မြင့်ခေါင်|ကြီးထက်မြင့်ခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနီ|ကြီးနီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနင်း|ကြီးနင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနိုင်|ကြီးနိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးနန်း|ကြီးနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပေါင်း|ကြီးပေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပြား|ကြီးပြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပြင်း|ကြီးပြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးပွား|ကြီးပွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဖြူ|ကြီးဖြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဖေသာ|ကြီးဖေသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမား|ကြီးမား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမုံ|ကြီးမုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမြင့်|ကြီးမြင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးမြတ်|ကြီးမြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးရင့်|ကြီးရင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးလေး|ကြီးလေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဝါ|ကြီးဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးသွား|ကြီးသွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီးဟင်းရာ|ကြီးဟင်းရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူ|ကြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူကြူ|ကြူကြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူကြူငို|ကြူကြူငို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြူး|ကြူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေဆပ်|ကြေဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေနက်|ကြေနက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေနပ်|ကြေနပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေပွန်|ကြေပွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေမှုန်း|ကြေမှုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေလည်|ကြေလည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေအီး|ကြေအီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေး|ကြေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေးငွီ|ကြေးငွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေးစား|ကြေးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြေးစားမ|ကြေးစားမ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြဲ|ကြဲ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲ|ကြဲကြဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲခေါက်ခေါက်|ကြဲကြဲခေါက်ခေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲခေါင်ခေါင်|ကြဲကြဲခေါင်ခေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲတက်တက်|ကြဲကြဲတက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲကြဲတောက်တောက်|ကြဲကြဲတောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲခင်းလယ်|ကြဲခင်းလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲစီကြဲစဲ|ကြဲစီကြဲစဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲစဲ|ကြဲစဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲစဲပျက်|ကြဲစဲပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတီကြဲတဲ|ကြဲတီကြဲတဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲ|ကြဲတဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲကြက်တက်|ကြဲတဲကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲကြင်တင်|ကြဲတဲကြင်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲတဲကြောင်တောင်|ကြဲတဲကြောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဲပြင်|ကြဲပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်|ကြယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ဂဏန်း|ကြယ်ဂဏန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ကျ|ကြယ်ကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ကြီး|ကြယ်ကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ကြွီ|ကြယ်ကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်တံခွန်|ကြယ်တံခွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်တံတိုင်း|ကြယ်တံတိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်နဂါးဖေါင်|ကြယ်နဂါးဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ပျံ|ကြယ်ပျံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်ဗင်းထမ်း|ကြယ်ဗင်းထမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်မီးကျောင်း|ကြယ်မီးကျောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြယ်သင်္ဘော|ကြယ်သင်္ဘော]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြဉ်|ကြဉ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြဉ်ယှောင်|ကြဉ်ယှောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်|ကြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ဆွ|ကြည်ဆွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ညို|ကြည်ညို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်နူး|ကြည်နူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ဖြူ|ကြည်ဖြူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်ရွှင်|ကြည်ရွှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်လင်|ကြည်လင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်သာ|ကြည်သာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်အီး|ကြည်အီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်|ကြည့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကား|ကြည့်ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကတ်|ကြည့်ကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကြည့်|ကြည့်ကြည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ကြတ်|ကြည့်ကြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ခီ|ကြည့်ခီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ခီကပ်မေ|ကြည့်ခီကပ်မေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ချင်ပွဲ|ကြည့်ချင်ပွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်စမ်း|ကြည့်စမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ထော|ကြည့်ထော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည့်ရှု|ကြည့်ရှု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်း|ကြည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်းကုန်း|ကြည်းကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်းကြောင်း|ကြည်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြည်းတပ်|ကြည်းတပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော|ကြော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောကုန်း|ကြောကုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောကြောထ|ကြောကြောထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောခင်း|ကြောခင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောခိုင်း|ကြောခိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောစီး|ကြောစီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောဆစ်|ကြောဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောတည့်|ကြောတည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောထောက်နောက်ခံ|ကြောထောက်နောက်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောထောင်|ကြောထောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပီး|ကြောပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပူရင်ပူနာ|ကြောပူရင်ပူနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပြာ|ကြောပြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောပြင်|ကြောပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောဖြတ်|ကြောဖြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောလယ်|ကြောလယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောလယ်ကောင်|ကြောလယ်ကောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောရီစုတ်|ကြောရီစုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောရိုး|ကြောရိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောရှည်|ကြောရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောသား|ကြောသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောသားရင်သား|ကြောသားရင်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြော့|ကြော့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော့ချင်း|ကြော့ချင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော့စ|ကြော့စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော့တမ်း|ကြော့တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်|ကြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်ငြာ|ကြော်ငြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်ငြာစာ|ကြော်ငြာစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြော်ဟစ်|ကြော်ဟစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်|ကြက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခါးသီး|ကြက်ခါးသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချ|ကြက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီး|ကြက်ချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးကွမ်းသီး|ကြက်ချီးကွမ်းသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးခံ|ကြက်ချီးခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးခုတ်စား|ကြက်ချီးခုတ်စား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးစား|ကြက်ချီးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးစားခေါင်ပတ်|ကြက်ချီးစားခေါင်ပတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးစု|ကြက်ချီးစု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ချီးရီနံ|ကြက်ချီးရီနံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခြီ|ကြက်ခြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခြီခတ်|ကြက်ခြီခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခြိုင့်|ကြက်ခြိုင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ခွပ်လှိုင်း|ကြက်ခွပ်လှိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဂေါင်းမွါး|ကြက်ဂေါင်းမွါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စာကောက်|ကြက်စာကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စူပင်|ကြက်စူပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စိန့်|ကြက်စိန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်စိန့်ညက်|ကြက်စိန့်ညက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆူ|ကြက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆူး|ကြက်ဆူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်တက်|ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်နင်း|ကြက်ဆင်းကြက်နင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆင်းချိန်|ကြက်ဆင်းချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဆုတ်ကြက်ခွပ်|ကြက်ဆုတ်ကြက်ခွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ညင်းဟင်း|ကြက်ညင်းဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ညှာ|ကြက်ညှာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တီးကြက်တက်|ကြက်တီးကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်|ကြက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ကန်း|ကြက်တက်ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ချိန်|ကြက်တက်ချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်စူး|ကြက်တက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ပင်|ကြက်တက်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တက်ရည်|ကြက်တက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တင်|ကြက်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တိုက်မင်းသားကြယ်|ကြက်တိုက်မင်းသားကြယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တောင်ပေါက်ဆိန်|ကြက်တောင်ပေါက်ဆိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တောင်ပံစည်း|ကြက်တောင်ပံစည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တံခွန်|ကြက်တံခွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွေ|ကြက်တွေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွန့်|ကြက်တွန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွန်တက်|ကြက်တွန်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်တွန့်ဝင်|ကြက်တွန့်ဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နား|ကြက်နား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နက်|ကြက်နက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နက်အုပ်|ကြက်နက်အုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နင်း|ကြက်နင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်နင်းအုပ်|ကြက်နင်းအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ပျောက်ငှက်ပျောက်|ကြက်ပျောက်ငှက်ပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ပျံမကျ|ကြက်ပျံမကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖပုစွန်|ကြက်ဖပုစွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖါး|ကြက်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖင်|ကြက်ဖင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖင်မှာရေဆုံး|ကြက်ဖင်မှာရေဆုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဖြတ်ဖြတ်လို့|ကြက်ဖြတ်ဖြတ်လို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မတက်စူး|ကြက်မတက်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မတွန်ရွာ|ကြက်မတွန်ရွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မ,မခေါင်း|ကြက်မ,မခေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မ,မတန်း|ကြက်မ,မတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မအုပ်|ကြက်မအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မေါက်|ကြက်မေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မျက်ဝင်|ကြက်မျက်ဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်မွီးစူး|ကြက်မွီးစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ယက်ဟင်း|ကြက်ယက်ဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်လှီးကား|ကြက်လှီးကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်လှယာ|ကြက်လှယာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သရေ|ကြက်သရေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သရေဆောင်|ကြက်သရေဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သားဟင်း|ကြက်သားဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီကြက်မေါ|ကြက်သီကြက်မေါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီသီ|ကြက်သီသီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီးထ|ကြက်သီးထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီးမွှေးညှင်းထ|ကြက်သီးမွှေးညှင်းထ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သီးဝှန်|ကြက်သီးဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွီးစပါး|ကြက်သွီးစပါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွီးရောင်|ကြက်သွီးရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွန်ဖြူတပင်တိုင်|ကြက်သွန်ဖြူတပင်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်သွန်လက်|ကြက်သွန်လက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဟင်းပင်|ကြက်ဟင်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်အိပ်|ကြက်အိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်အိပ်ကြက်နိုး|ကြက်အိပ်ကြက်နိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥကျင်|ကြက်ဥကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥခိုးမြွီ|ကြက်ဥခိုးမြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥတင်း|ကြက်ဥတင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဥတင်းခြည်သီး|ကြက်ဥတင်းခြည်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြက်ဦးတွန်|ကြက်ဦးတွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်|ကြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ချင်|ကြင်ချင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ချစ်ဦး|ကြင်ချစ်ဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်စွယ်|ကြင်စွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ညီ|ကြင်ညီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်နာ|ကြင်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ဖေါ်|ကြင်ဖေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ဖက်|ကြင်ဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်ရာ|ကြင်ရာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြင့်|ကြင့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင့်ကြင့်|ကြင့်ကြင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင့်တင့်တင့်|ကြင့်တင့်တင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်း|ကြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်းကြင်း|ကြင်းကြင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်းကြင်းလင်းလင်း|ကြင်းကြင်းလင်းလင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြင်းထား|ကြင်းထား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြိုက်|ကြိုက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်|ကြိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်ကြိုင်|ကြိုင်ကြိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်ကြိုင်အီး|ကြိုင်ကြိုင်အီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်မွှီး|ကြိုင်မွှီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်း|ကြိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းကြိုင်း|ကြိုင်းကြိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းကြိုင်းစက်စက်|ကြိုင်းကြိုင်းစက်စက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းတွား|ကြိုင်းတွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုင်းလို့တွားလို့|ကြိုင်းလို့တွားလို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်|ကြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကိကြောက်ကွန်|ကြောက်ကိကြောက်ကွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကောင်းခမန်း|ကြောက်ကောင်းခမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကောင်းထမန်း|ကြောက်ကောင်းထမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကောင်းဘနန်း|ကြောက်ကောင်းဘနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကွန်|ကြောက်ကွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြီးကျ|ကြောက်ကြီးကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြီးဘရနန်း|ကြောက်ကြီးဘရနန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြီးသန်ဖက်|ကြောက်ကြီးသန်ဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြောက်လန့်လန့်|ကြောက်ကြောက်လန့်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ကြိမ်းကျ|ကြောက်ကြိမ်းကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ခတ်|ကြောက်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ချီးပါ|ကြောက်ချီးပါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ချီးယို|ကြောက်ချီးယို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ခွတ်|ကြောက်ခွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်စိုး|ကြောက်စိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်တစ်ဝက်လန့််တစ်ဝက်|ကြောက်တစ်ဝက်လန့််တစ်ဝက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ဖွယ်ခမန်း|ကြောက်ဖွယ်ခမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်မူထလန်းကား|ကြောက်မူထလန်းကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်မက်ဖွယ်|ကြောက်မက်ဖွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ရီကြောက်ရွံ့|ကြောက်ရီကြောက်ရွံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ရုပ်ကြောက်ရည်|ကြောက်ရုပ်ကြောက်ရည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ရွံ့|ကြောက်ရွံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်လန့်|ကြောက်လန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်လန့်တကြား|ကြောက်လန့်တကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်ဝှန်|ကြောက်ဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်သွီးဝှန်|ကြောက်သွီးဝှန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်အားကြီး|ကြောက်အားကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်အားပို|ကြောက်အားပို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောက်အားလန့်အားကြီး|ကြောက်အားလန့်အားကြီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်|ကြောင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ကျီကြောင်ကြား|ကြောင်ကျီကြောင်ကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ကြောင်|ကြောင်ကြောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ချာ|ကြောင်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ချောင်|ကြောင်ချောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်စာထုတ်|ကြောင်စာထုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဇဝါ|ကြောင်ဇဝါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တိကြောင်တောင်|ကြောင်တိကြောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တီကြောင်တေး|ကြောင်တီကြောင်တေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တက်တောင်|ကြောင်တက်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်|ကြောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်ကန်း|ကြောင်တောင်ကန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်တောင်|ကြောင်တောင်တောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်တောင်း|ကြောင်တောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နခေါင်း|ကြောင်နခေါင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နက်|ကြောင်နက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နံသာ|ကြောင်နံသာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်နံ့သာ|ကြောင်နံ့သာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ပန်းတန်|ကြောင်ပန်းတန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ပန်းပင်|ကြောင်ပန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဖါး|ကြောင်ဖါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဖါးကြီး|ကြောင်ဖါးကြီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဖို|ကြောင်ဖို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မစားငါး|ကြောင်မစားငါး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မတံ|ကြောင်မတံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မတုံးပန်း|ကြောင်မတုံးပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မျက်စိ|ကြောင်မျက်စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မြီးတို|ကြောင်မြီးတို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်မြီးရှည်|ကြောင်မြီးရှည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လှယာပင်|ကြောင်လှယာပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လက်သည်းဝှက်|ကြောင်လက်သည်းဝှက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လိမ်ကြောင်ပတ်|ကြောင်လိမ်ကြောင်ပတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်လိမ်ပစ်|ကြောင်လိမ်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဝင်ကြောင်ထွက်|ကြောင်ဝင်ကြောင်ထွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်ဝံ့ဖြစ်|ကြောင်ဝံ့ဖြစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်သူတော်|ကြောင်သူတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်သိုး|ကြောင်သိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်အံဖတ်|ကြောင်အံဖတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်|ကြောင့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြ|ကြောင့်ကြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြကင်း|ကြောင့်ကြကင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြစိုက်|ကြောင့်ကြစိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင့်ကြမဟိ|ကြောင့်ကြမဟိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်း|ကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းကြောင်း|ကြောင်းကြောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းစ|ကြောင်းစ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းစသွယ်|ကြောင်းစသွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းဇာတိ|ကြောင်းဇာတိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းဇင်းခါ|ကြောင်းဇင်းခါ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းတော်|ကြောင်းတော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းပီး|ကြောင်းပီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းရာ|ကြောင်းရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းရီး|ကြောင်းရီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းရပ်ပေါ်|ကြောင်းရပ်ပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းလမ်း|ကြောင်းလမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းလမ်းထွင်|ကြောင်းလမ်းထွင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းလမ်းသွယ်|ကြောင်းလမ်းသွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြောင်းအင်|ကြောင်းအင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်|ကြတ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ္တိကာ|ကြတ္တိကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်တက်|ကြတ်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်ထင်း|ကြတ်ထင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြတ်လိုက်|ကြတ်လိုက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်|ကြပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ကြပ်|ကြပ်ကြပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ကြပ်တည်းတည်း|ကြပ်ကြပ်တည်းတည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ကြပ်တင်းတင်း|ကြပ်ကြပ်တင်းတင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ခိုး|ကြပ်ခိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ခိုးစင်|ကြပ်ခိုးစင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်စည်း|ကြပ်စည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်စင်|ကြပ်စင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တည်း|ကြပ်တည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တင်|ကြပ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တိုက်|ကြပ်တိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်တိုက်မုန့်|ကြပ်တိုက်မုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်ထင်း|ကြပ်ထင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်မ|ကြပ်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြပ်လိုက်|ကြပ်လိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်|ကြိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ကြိတ်|ကြိတ်ကြိတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံ|ကြိတ်ဆုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံပေါင်|ကြိတ်ဆုံပေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံမျောက်|ကြိတ်ဆုံမျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံပမာတိုင်|ကြိတ်ဆုံပမာတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ငန်း|ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ငန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ညှိုး|ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ညှိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ယမ်း|ကြိတ်ဆုံလက်ယမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ဆုံသွား|ကြိတ်ဆုံသွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်ပိုးကောင်|ကြိတ်ပိုးကောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိတ်မနိုင်အောင့်မရ|ကြိတ်မနိုင်အောင့်မရ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်|ကြုတ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်ကျောက်|ကြုတ်ကျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်တက်|ကြုတ်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်တံ|ကြုတ်တံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်တံချိုး|ကြုတ်တံချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုတ်ထိုး|ကြုတ်ထိုး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြံ|ကြံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံကြံ|ကြံကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံစည်|ကြံစည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဆ|ကြံဆ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဆစ်|ကြံဆစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဆောင်|ကြံဆောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဖန်|ကြံဖန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံရွယ်|ကြံရွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံရွယ်ချက်|ကြံရွယ်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံဟင်း|ကြံဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့|ကြံ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ကြံ့ခံ|ကြံ့ကြံ့ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ချီပိုး|ကြံ့ချီပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ခွာ|ကြံ့ခွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့ဆင်|ကြံ့ဆင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့သွီး|ကြံ့သွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြံ့အုန်းပိုး|ကြံ့အုန်းပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်|ကြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်စုံ|ကြန်စုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်အင်|ကြန်အင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန်အင်ညီ|ကြန်အင်ညီ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်|ကြန့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြာ|ကြန့်ကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြိကြန့်ကြာ|ကြန့်ကြိကြန့်ကြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြန့်|ကြန့်ကြန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြန့်တက်တက်|ကြန့်ကြန့်တက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြန့်ကြန့််တောက်တောက်|ကြန့်ကြန့််တောက်တောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ္မာ|ကြမ္မာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ္မာငင်|ကြမ္မာငင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်း|ကြမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြားကေလီဝင်|ကြမ်းကြားကေလီဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြုတ်|ကြမ်းကြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်း|ကြမ်းကြမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်းတမ်းတမ်း|ကြမ်းကြမ်းတမ်းတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်းတုံးတုံး|ကြမ်းကြမ်းတုံးတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကြမ်းရမ်းရမ်း|ကြမ်းကြမ်းရမ်းရမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းကွဲ|ကြမ်းကွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းချီး|ကြမ်းချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းချော|ကြမ်းချော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းစိ|ကြမ်းစိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းစီ|ကြမ်းစီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းစွယ်|ကြမ်းစွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းတိုက်|ကြမ်းတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းတမ်း|ကြမ်းတမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းတွတ်|ကြမ်းတွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းထရော်|ကြမ်းထရော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းပိုး|ကြမ်းပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းပျက်|ကြမ်းပျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းပြင်|ကြမ်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြမ်းမခတ်|ကြမ်းမခတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်|ကြိမ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ကြိမ်|ကြိမ်ကြိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ထပ်ထပ်|ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ထပ်ထပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ဖန်ဖန်|ကြိမ်ကြိမ်ဖန်ဖန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခရင်း|ကြိမ်ခရင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခါးဖူး|ကြိမ်ခါးဖူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခတ်|ကြိမ်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ချုပ်လှီ|ကြိမ်ချုပ်လှီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ခြုံ|ကြိမ်ခြုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်တော|ကြိမ်တော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ဒဏ်|ကြိမ်ဒဏ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ပျစ်တော|ကြိမ်ပျစ်တော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်ဖန်|ကြိမ်ဖန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်လုံး|ကြိမ်လုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်သတ်|ကြိမ်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိန်း|ကြိန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်း|ကြိမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်းဆို|ကြိမ်းဆို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်းမောင်း|ကြိမ်းမောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိမ်းဝါ|ကြိမ်းဝါ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြုံ|ကြုံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကပ်|ကြုံကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကျာ|ကြုံကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကျိကြုံကျာ|ကြုံကျိကြုံကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကြဲ|ကြုံကြဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကြုံကပ်ကပ်|ကြုံကြုံကပ်ကပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံကြုံကြဲကြဲ|ကြုံကြုံကြဲကြဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနာ|ကြုံနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနာကျ|ကြုံနာကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနိကြုံကျာ|ကြုံနိကြုံကျာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနိကြုံနာ|ကြုံနိကြုံနာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံနီဟင်း|ကြုံနီဟင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံရှီ|ကြုံရှီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြုံလွှာ|ကြုံလွှာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြုံး|ကြုံး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို|ကြို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုဆို|ကြိုဆို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုတင်|ကြိုတင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြို့|ကြို့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို့ကျောက်|ကြို့ကျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို့တုံး|ကြို့တုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြို့သား|ကြို့သား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုး|ကြိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကိုင်|ကြိုးကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကုတ်|ကြိုးကုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြ|ကြိုးကြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြံ|ကြိုးကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြိုးကြံကြံ|ကြိုးကြိုးကြံကြံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြိုးကြကြ|ကြိုးကြိုးကြကြ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးကြိုးပမ်းပမ်း|ကြိုးကြိုးပမ်းပမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးစား|ကြိုးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးစားပမ်းစား|ကြိုးစားပမ်းစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးဆွဲချ|ကြိုးဆွဲချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတင်ဒုံး|ကြိုးတင်ဒုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်း|ကြိုးတန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်းပိဋကတ်|ကြိုးတန်းပိဋကတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်းလင်္ကာ|ကြိုးတန်းလင်္ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတန်းလျှောက်အက|ကြိုးတန်းလျှောက်အက]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးတွဲချ|ကြိုးတွဲချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးထိုး|ကြိုးထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးပမ်း|ကြိုးပမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးရွန်း|ကြိုးရွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးရွန်ပေါ်|ကြိုးရွန်ပေါ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးလိမ်|ကြိုးလိမ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြိုးဝိုင်းချ|ကြိုးဝိုင်းချ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွ့|ကွ့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွ့ရှုံ|ကွ့ရှုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွ့လန်|ကွ့လန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွ့လန်ကွ့လန်း|ကွ့လန်ကွ့လန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာ|ကွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာခြား|ကွာခြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာစာ|ကွာစာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာယှင်း|ကွာယှင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာလှမ်း|ကွာလှမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာဝီး|ကွာဝီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွာဟ|ကွာဟ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.|ကွိ.]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.ကောက်|ကွိ.ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.လည်ကြောင်ပတ်|ကွိ.လည်ကြောင်ပတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွိ.နာ|ကွိ.နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွီး|ကွီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွေ့လည်ကြောင်ပတ်|ကွေ့လည်ကြောင်ပတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွဲ|ကွဲ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲကွာ|ကွဲကွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲပြား|ကွဲပြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲဖြာ|ကွဲဖြာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲမသီး|ကွဲမသီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲလွဲ|ကွဲလွဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲအက်|ကွဲအက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွဲ့ထောက်သတ်|ကွဲ့ထောက်သတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်|ကွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ကာ|ကွယ်ကာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ချန်|ကွယ်ချန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ပ|ကွယ်ပ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ပျောက်|ကွယ်ပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ရာ|ကွယ်ရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်လွန်|ကွယ်လွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွယ်ဝှက်|ကွယ်ဝှက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွက်|ကွက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကရာ|ကွက်ကရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျီကွက်ကျား|ကွက်ကျီကွက်ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျား|ကွက်ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျော်|ကွက်ကျော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကျော်မြင်|ကွက်ကျော်မြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကွက်ကွင်းကွင်း|ကွက်ကွက်ကွင်းကွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကွက်ထင်ထင်|ကွက်ကွက်ထင်ထင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ကွင်း|ကွက်ကွင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်စိကျ|ကွက်စိကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်စိတိုက်|ကွက်စိတိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်စိပ်တိုင်း|ကွက်စိပ်တိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်တိုက်စိ|ကွက်တိုက်စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ထေရာ|ကွက်ထေရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ထောက်|ကွက်ထောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်ထောက်ချ|ကွက်ထောက်ချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်နာကျ|ကွက်နာကျ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွက်လပ်|ကွက်လပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွင်|ကွင်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်ခတ်|ကွင်ခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်ရာ|ကွင်ရာ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွင်း|ကွင်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းကြေး|ကွင်းကြေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းကွင်းကွက်ကွက်|ကွင်းကွင်းကွက်ကွက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းကျွတ်|ကွင်းကျွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းချွတ်|ကွင်းချွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းငွီ|ကွင်းငွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းစွပ်|ကွင်းစွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းဆင်း|ကွင်းဆင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းပြင်|ကွင်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းပြတ်|ကွင်းပြတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းလိုင်ယောက်|ကွင်းလိုင်ယောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွင်းလုံးကျွတ်|ကွင်းလုံးကျွတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်|ကွပ်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်ကဲ|ကွပ်ကဲ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်စ|ကွပ်စ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်စူး|ကွပ်စူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်ညှပ်|ကွပ်ညှပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွပ်အုပ်|ကွပ်အုပ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွန်|ကွန်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ကျား|ကွန်ကျား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ချာ|ကွန်ချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ချာမှို|ကွန်ချာမှို]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ချက်လက်ချက်|ကွန်ချက်လက်ချက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ဆိုးမသား|ကွန်ဆိုးမသား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ပါကိုက်|ကွန်ပါကိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ပစ်|ကွန်ပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်ယက်သဲ့|ကွန်ယက်သဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်သီး|ကွန်သီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွန့်|ကွန့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန့်မြူး|ကွန့်မြူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်း|ကွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းကျင်တိုင်|ကွန်းကျင်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းချာ|ကွန်းချာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းစင်တိုင်|ကွန်းစင်တိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းတိုင်|ကွန်းတိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းပြင်|ကွန်းပြင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းဖေါင်|ကွန်းဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းမ|ကွန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းလင်ပင်|ကွန်းလင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွန်းအိမ်|ကွန်းအိမ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်း|ကွမ်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းကြုတ်|ကွမ်းကြုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းစာဂမုန်း|ကွမ်းစာဂမုန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းညှပ်|ကွမ်းညှပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းတစ်ဆုံညက်|ကွမ်းတစ်ဆုံညက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းထုပ်|ကွမ်းထုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖီးပင်|ကွမ်းဖီးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖတ်မွားယောင်|ကွမ်းဖတ်မွားယောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖုံ|ကွမ်းဖုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖိုး|ကွမ်းဖိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဖြည့်ပင်|ကွမ်းဖြည့်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဗျာရီ|ကွမ်းဗျာရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းဘီရာ|ကွမ်းဘီရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းရည်ပင်|ကွမ်းရည်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးကြက်ချီး|ကွမ်းသီးကြက်ချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးဖူဒယော|ကွမ်းသီးဖူဒယော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးဖူးလက်ကောက်|ကွမ်းသီးဖူးလက်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးဝှက်တမ်း|ကွမ်းသီးဝှက်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းသီးသွားကြား|ကွမ်းသီးသွားကြား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကွမ်းအိတ်|ကွမ်းအိတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွ့|ကျွ့]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွာ|ကျွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွိ.ကျွိ.|ကျွိ.ကျွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွီး|ကျွီး]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွေး|ကျွေး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွေးစဉ်ကျွေးလည့်|ကျွေးစဉ်ကျွေးလည့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွေးမွေး|ကျွေးမွေး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွေးလည်ကျွေးပတ်|ကျွေးလည်ကျွေးပတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲ|ကျွဲ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲကော်သီး|ကျွဲကော်သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲကန်ကောက်|ကျွဲကန်ကောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲခတ်|ကျွဲခတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲခတ်တင်|ကျွဲခတ်တင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲချီးစား|ကျွဲချီးစား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲချီးပိုး|ကျွဲချီးပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲချက်ပေါက်|ကျွဲချက်ပေါက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲစီးဗျိုင်|ကျွဲစီးဗျိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲစွန်းလက်သည်း|ကျွဲစွန်းလက်သည်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲဇရက်|ကျွဲဇရက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲတစ်ဖက်နွားတစ်ဖက်|ကျွဲတစ်ဖက်နွားတစ်ဖက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနဖါးစူး|ကျွဲနဖါးစူး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနိုင်|ကျွဲနိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနိုင်ခံ|ကျွဲနိုင်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနိုင်လု|ကျွဲနိုင်လု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲနို့သီး|ကျွဲနို့သီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲပျောက်နွားပျောက်|ကျွဲပျောက်နွားပျောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲဗက်ကား|ကျွဲဗက်ကား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲမတုံး|ကျွဲမတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲရိုင်းသွင်းချိန်|ကျွဲရိုင်းသွင်းချိန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲလူးအိုင်|ကျွဲလူးအိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲသီးပေါက်မပိုး|ကျွဲသီးပေါက်မပိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲသည်းမုန့်|ကျွဲသည်းမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲအူပိုင်း|ကျွဲအူပိုင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွဲအိုင်|ကျွဲအိုင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွက်|ကျွက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွက်ကျွက်ဆူ|ကျွက်ကျွက်ဆူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွက်ကျွက်ညံ|ကျွက်ကျွက်ညံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်ကျွတ်ရိုက်|ကျွတ်ကျွတ်ရိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်|ကျွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်ဆုပန်|ကျွတ်ဆုပန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်နာ|ကျွတ်နာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွတ်တမ်းဝင်|ကျွတ်တမ်းဝင်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွံ|ကျွံ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်|ကျွန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ခံ|ကျွန်ခံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ဆိုးမ|ကျွန်ဆိုးမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ဇာ|ကျွန်ဇာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ဒေသူ|ကျွန်ဒေသူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ပန်း|ကျွန်ပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်မ|ကျွန်မ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်မဂုန်းမ|ကျွန်မဂုန်းမ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်ရို့|ကျွန်ရို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်သပေါက်|ကျွန်သပေါက်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကျွန့်|ကျွန့်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်း|ကျွန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းကိုင်|ကျွန်းကိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းခုံ|ကျွန်းခုံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းချုပ်|ကျွန်းချုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းစု|ကျွန်းစု]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းစွယ်|ကျွန်းစွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းဆန်း|ကျွန်းဆန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းတော|ကျွန်းတော]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းထိပ်|ကျွန်းထိပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းပိုင်|ကျွန်းပိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းရွာ|ကျွန်းရွာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းလင်ပင်|ကျွန်းလင်ပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းလုံး|ကျွန်းလုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းသားငမန်း|ကျွန်းသားငမန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းဟုန်|ကျွန်းဟုန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းအုပ်|ကျွန်းအုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွန်းဦး|ကျွန်းဦး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်း|ကျွမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းကျင်|ကျွမ်းကျင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းစိုက်|ကျွမ်းစိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းတာလန်|ကျွမ်းတာလန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းထိုး|ကျွမ်းထိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းပစ်|ကျွမ်းပစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းပြန်|ကျွမ်းပြန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွမ်းဝင်|ကျွမ်းဝင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကျွိန်|ကျွိန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွ|ကြွ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွ|ကြွကြွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွမွမွ|ကြွကြွမွမွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွရွရွ|ကြွကြွရွရွ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွကြွလွ့လွ့|ကြွကြွလွ့လွ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွချီ|ကြွချီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွလှမ်း|ကြွလှမ်း]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွား|ကြွား]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွားကြွား|ကြွားကြွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.|ကြွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ချိုး|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ခြွီ|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ခြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ထိုင်|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ထိုင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ရွိ.ရွိ.|ကြွိ.ကြွိ.ရွိ.ရွိ.]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွီ|ကြွီ]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကစပ်တမ်း|ကြွီကစပ်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကရွီ|ကြွီကရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကြိတ်ဆန်|ကြွီကြိတ်ဆန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကွဲစရာ|ကြွီကွဲစရာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီကြွီ|ကြွီကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြီကြီရွီရွီ|ကြီကြီရွီရွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီခုပ်တမ်း|ကြွီခုပ်တမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီစရိ့သျှေ|ကြွီစရိ့သျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီ့စိ|ကြွီ့စိ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီစက္ကူ|ကြွီစက္ကူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီပုပ်|ကြွီပုပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီရီရီ|ကြွီရီရီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီရီဆမ်း|ကြွီရီဆမ်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီရောင်|ကြွီရောင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီသျှေ|ကြွီသျှေ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီသျှေမုန့်|ကြွီသျှေမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီအန်|ကြွီအန်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွီး|ကြွီး]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးကြော်|ကြွီးကြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးချီး|ကြွီးချီး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးဆပ်|ကြွီးဆပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးတင်|ကြွီးတင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးတိုးမြီးချ|ကြွီးတိုးမြီးချ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးထူ|ကြွီးထူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးပူ|ကြွီးပူ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးမြီ|ကြွီးမြီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွီးသျှင်|ကြွီးသျှင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွေးကြော်|ကြွေးကြော်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွေးကြော်သံ|ကြွေးကြော်သံ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွေးဟစ်|ကြွေးဟစ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်|ကြွယ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်ပန်းပင်|ကြွယ်ပန်းပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်ရီမျက်|ကြွယ်ရီမျက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွယ်ဝ|ကြွယ်ဝ]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်|ကြွက်]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ကျဟာ|ကြွက်ကျဟာ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ကျစ်စာမုန့်|ကြွက်ကျစ်စာမုန့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ချီးတုံးပင်|ကြွက်ချီးတုံးပင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်စုတ်|ကြွက်စုတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်တက်|ကြွက်တက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်ထောင့်|ကြွက်ထောင့်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်နားရွက်ပန်း|ကြွက်နားရွက်ပန်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်နို့|ကြွက်နို့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်မတုံး|ကြွက်မတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်လယောက်|ကြွက်လယောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွက်သား|ကြွက်သား]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွင်း|ကြွင်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွင်းကျန်|ကြွင်းကျန်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွင်းမဲ့|ကြွင်းမဲ့]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်|ကြွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြီကြွတ်ကြွတ်|ကြွတ်ကြီကြွတ်ကြွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်တီကြွတ်တတ်|ကြွတ်တီကြွတ်တတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်တတ်ကြွတ်တတ်|ကြွတ်တတ်ကြွတ်တတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ပြောက်|ကြွတ်ပြောက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကျိုး|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကျိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကြွီ|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ကြွီ]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ချိုး|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ချိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မြည်|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မြည်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မွား|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်မွား]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်|ကြွပ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ဆတ်ဆတ်|ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ဆတ်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ရွတ်ရွတ်|ကြွပ်ကြွပ်ရွတ်ရွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ကြွပ်လွတ်လွတ်|ကြွပ်ကြွပ်လွတ်လွတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ဆီကြွပ်ဆတ်|ကြွပ်ဆီကြွပ်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွပ်ဆတ်|ကြွပ်ဆတ်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ဆတ်ဆတ်|ကြွတ်ကြွတ်ဆတ်ဆတ်]]
===[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်း|ကြွန်း]]===
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းခက်|ကြွန်းခက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းဆိုး|ကြွန်းဆိုး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းတုံး|ကြွန်းတုံး]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းထင်း|ကြွန်းထင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းဖေါင်|ကြွန်းဖေါင်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းမှိုက်|ကြွန်းမှိုက်]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွန်းရောင်း|ကြွန်းရောင်း]]
*[[Wt/rki/ကြွမ်းကြွမ်း|ကြွမ်းကြွမ်း]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q110439904}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
      <sha1>hais0gn97gfjtwakuteavbe63hyyqjf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/骂</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3788485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303869</id>
      <parentid>7255384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:58:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>改正</comment>
      <origin>7303869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="324" sha1="1yq4a7tyf6rwrx7onegg8u6aczp0tyj" xml:space="preserve">'''骂'''（英话：insult），抑叫'''糟蹋'''、'''侮辱'''同'''轻蔑'''，是一种拿[[Wp/hnm/话|话]]作[[Wp/hnm/人身攻击|人身攻击]]其行为。明显其亲像[[Wp/hnm/粗口|粗口]]，抑是明褒暗贬同[[Wp/hnm/嘲讽|嘲讽]]，有时算作扰乱公共秩序同违法行为。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
      <sha1>1yq4a7tyf6rwrx7onegg8u6aczp0tyj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Abdullah Ssekimwanyi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3789075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303837</id>
      <parentid>7303740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:13:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anishaknowz</username>
        <id>2609484</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>7303837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1522" sha1="7lw77ya8kxeez0vwdr1amph7k2ji4jp" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Sheikh Abdullah Ssekimwanyi&lt;/big&gt;''' niwe yaabaire ari omunya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] w'okubanza kutaayaayira Mecca omuri Saudi Arabia omu myaka ya '''1920'''. Okutaayaayira Mecca nikyo empagi ya 5 nari obujunaanizibwa bw'enyikiriza ya Islam.

Ku yaagarukire, akashaba Abasiraamu kurekyeraaho kukwata eshaara ya buri izooba eya Dhuhuri (eshaara y'ekiro ky'Orwakataano). Kandi akatandika kuvunuura khutuba (okubuurira) ez'Orwakataano omu [[Wp/nyn/Luganda|Luganda]] hamwe n'endimi ezindi ez'enzaarwa. Niwe yaatandikireho ekibiina kya Africa Muslim Community, Juma Sect, eya Bukoto-Nateete.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/30/591338 The Bukoto-Nateete Muslim Sect follows a separate Holy Calendar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015063407/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/30/591338|date=October 15, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/200811240269.html The History of Rivalries in the Uganda Muslim Community]&lt;/ref&gt; Okuruga omu kwezi kwa mushanju omu mwaka gwa 2009, harimu Abasiraamu abarikuteekwateekwa kuba 3,916,717 omu [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118181030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/ Muslims are 12.% of Uganda's Population]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuhabuzi oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Ebyafaayo by'obutaikirizana omu nganda omu basiraamu ba [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. ([[Wp/nyn/Luganda|Luganda]])

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* Obusiraamu omu [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]

== Eby'okureeberaho ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7lw77ya8kxeez0vwdr1amph7k2ji4jp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/mrg/Govinda Noro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3789953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303973</id>
      <parentid>7257983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:05:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kin-go */</comment>
      <origin>7303973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="814" sha1="88erp02tbpcffti39zbep6p2bbdyabk" xml:space="preserve">'''Govinda Noro''' bí Mé:tom, Gomsar odokké Do:sog adnéko. Bí Mising agom-gomlab pu:po-jarponam léga:pé togabna adnam agerém gerbonna dung. Dítag 2021-23 do MAk lok kébang abu-oi pé du:na agom-gomlab léga:pé agerém gerka. 

== Onam ==
Dítag 1959, 29 Jun do. Bíkké abu aminé Posum Bepari Noro. 

== Kin-go ==
Lokhimpur Commerce College lokké B. Com pa:s.

== Adnam-panam ==
Le:né Miksi (1996), Panoi-Jongki (Converted to mising drama) 2015, Rupalim (Translated to Mising Language) 2016, Radio Drama Written by Tarun Ch. Pamegam &amp; Translated by Govinda Narah in Mising.  

== Akténg do:sog ==
Sibe Kungke (1996), Aín siriké miksi (2003), Silok Rabon (1997), I: tí:né Obonori (2005), Ago (2011), Okkom pa:ton (2007), Yogné Yoksa (2011)    
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
      <sha1>88erp02tbpcffti39zbep6p2bbdyabk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303975</id>
      <parentid>7303973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:08:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tatoyayo</username>
        <id>2686294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Onam */</comment>
      <origin>7303975</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="835" sha1="s57br1cjdjwsba6twhb3mhs2pr37dpc" xml:space="preserve">'''Govinda Noro''' bí Mé:tom, Gomsar odokké Do:sog adnéko. Bí Mising agom-gomlab pu:po-jarponam léga:pé togabna adnam agerém gerbonna dung. Dítag 2021-23 do MAk lok kébang abu-oi pé du:na agom-gomlab léga:pé agerém gerka. 

== Onam ==
Dítag 1959, 29 Jun do. Bíkké abu ané aminé Posum Bepari lang Poteswari Narah. 

== Kin-go ==
Lokhimpur Commerce College lokké B. Com pa:s.

== Adnam-panam ==
Le:né Miksi (1996), Panoi-Jongki (Converted to mising drama) 2015, Rupalim (Translated to Mising Language) 2016, Radio Drama Written by Tarun Ch. Pamegam &amp; Translated by Govinda Narah in Mising.  

== Akténg do:sog ==
Sibe Kungke (1996), Aín siriké miksi (2003), Silok Rabon (1997), I: tí:né Obonori (2005), Ago (2011), Okkom pa:ton (2007), Yogné Yoksa (2011)    
[[Category:Wp/mrg]]
[[Category:Wp/mrg/Mising tani]]</text>
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    <title>Wt/mnc/阿顔覺羅氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>MiiCii</username>
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      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/阿顔覺羅]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="33" sha1="elf0w409e62jeg4uusf4fu0x0bou9e1" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/阿顔覺羅]]</text>
      <sha1>elf0w409e62jeg4uusf4fu0x0bou9e1</sha1>
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      <id>7304172</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:27:10Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="256" sha1="c90ih0a5a1h93kvbphnq6ke4mxzg2iz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/阿顔覺羅|阿顔覺羅]]
&lt;!--ere hala be absi manjurame arara be sirame bithei kuren de baicaci acambi.“阿顔覺羅”ni? “通顔覺羅”ni? ya emke manju nikan ere juwe gisun -i durun kooli de acanara be inu baicaci acambi.--&gt;.</text>
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      <text bytes="267" sha1="c0eyqhlmsq2xy382g6kzwj74jlxdr8n" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/阿顔覺羅|''Wt/mnc/阿顔覺羅'']]
&lt;!--ere hala be absi manjurame arara be sirame bithei kuren de baicaci acambi.“阿顔覺羅”ni? “通顔覺羅”ni? ya emke manju nikan ere juwe gisun -i durun kooli de acanara be inu baicaci acambi.--&gt;.</text>
      <sha1>c0eyqhlmsq2xy382g6kzwj74jlxdr8n</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/阿顔覺羅</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3790413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304171</id>
      <parentid>7259987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:26:38Z</timestamp>
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        <username>MiiCii</username>
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      <text bytes="390" sha1="8ky0rsy1e7oax7inesfzcfsfap2wywh" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=阿颜觉罗|-|type}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) &lt;!--ere hala be absi manjurame arara be sirame bithei kuren de baicaci acambi.“阿顔覺羅”ni? “通顔覺羅”ni? ya emke manju nikan ere juwe gisun -i durun kooli de acanara be inu baicaci acambi.--&gt;.

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Mary Annet Nakato</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3790432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304197</id>
      <parentid>7251811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:39:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
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      <text bytes="531" sha1="55ff3hh2xe59mjj65gglqyb1jdtiyrx" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Annet Nakato''' n'omunyaby'obutegyeki Omunyayuganda kandi omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu Disiturikiti ya Buyende omu ishengyero rya ikumi na rimwe erya Uganda nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ekya National Resistance Movement (NRM).

== Emirimo y'obutegyeki. ==
Naakorera aha kakiiko k'embaririra,[8] Akakiiko k'eby'amagara,[9] Akakiiko k'eby'entaasya y'eihanga, hamwe n'Akakiiko k'ebyombeko omu ishengyero rya Uganda.[10][11]

== Reeba n'ebi. ==

* Veronica Kadogo
* List of members of the eleventh Parliament of Uganda</text>
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    <title>Wt/mnc/蒼瑪爾紀氏</title>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/徐吉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792255</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/徐吉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304062</id>
      <parentid>7284854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/徐吉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304062</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="kocfwvqyj2w4fzn0pipkczjtbnqbt6i" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/徐吉]]</text>
      <sha1>kocfwvqyj2w4fzn0pipkczjtbnqbt6i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/達爾充阿氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792256</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/達爾充阿" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304063</id>
      <parentid>7284989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/達爾充阿]]</comment>
      <origin>7304063</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="belhxv1drdprb2cjb1smi61tqx12b60" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/達爾充阿]]</text>
      <sha1>belhxv1drdprb2cjb1smi61tqx12b60</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/烏爾瑚濟氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792257</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/烏爾瑚濟" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304064</id>
      <parentid>7284865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/烏爾瑚濟]]</comment>
      <origin>7304064</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="mh4m0eb1lngjt8f1tuei5k23au9bzp7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/烏爾瑚濟]]</text>
      <sha1>mh4m0eb1lngjt8f1tuei5k23au9bzp7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/顔濟理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792258</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/顔濟理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304065</id>
      <parentid>7285074</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/顔濟理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304065</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="0n6kltgqs1rdlg3wl14un4klujaxwgt" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/顔濟理]]</text>
      <sha1>0n6kltgqs1rdlg3wl14un4klujaxwgt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/卓起氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792259</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/卓起" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304066</id>
      <parentid>7284808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/卓起]]</comment>
      <origin>7304066</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="2on5rhs6nx1tghv8i1vajtibltyn0qt" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/卓起]]</text>
      <sha1>2on5rhs6nx1tghv8i1vajtibltyn0qt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鄂索絡氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792260</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/鄂索絡" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304067</id>
      <parentid>7284951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/鄂索絡]]</comment>
      <origin>7304067</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="27tmqxu4ch5b3m0xmhu6wjj6vsn0rla" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/鄂索絡]]</text>
      <sha1>27tmqxu4ch5b3m0xmhu6wjj6vsn0rla</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鈕瑚特氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792261</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/鈕瑚特" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304068</id>
      <parentid>7284957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/鈕瑚特]]</comment>
      <origin>7304068</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="egpgepxk8t5gw0fw215low38kf1gy0x" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/鈕瑚特]]</text>
      <sha1>egpgepxk8t5gw0fw215low38kf1gy0x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/穆克圖氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792262</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/穆克圖" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304075</id>
      <parentid>7285041</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/穆克圖]]</comment>
      <origin>7304075</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="hkcclkw4mhe69ve5p0lz53uxe6snop3" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/穆克圖]]</text>
      <sha1>hkcclkw4mhe69ve5p0lz53uxe6snop3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/赫葉勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792263</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/赫葉勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304072</id>
      <parentid>7285017</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/赫葉勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304072</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="lqgmi4b8hsg4g1kfo3gag8k12y9pmuj" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/赫葉勒]]</text>
      <sha1>lqgmi4b8hsg4g1kfo3gag8k12y9pmuj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/扎拉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792264</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/扎拉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304077</id>
      <parentid>7284733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/扎拉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304077</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="h56lfj6d525pov1byv6lx36c3g2bo8v" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/扎拉]]</text>
      <sha1>h56lfj6d525pov1byv6lx36c3g2bo8v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/倭徹赫氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792265</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/倭徹赫" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304070</id>
      <parentid>7284847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/倭徹赫]]</comment>
      <origin>7304070</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="6omp9e6lsj2efjdl4njo81kl7u1ruwx" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/倭徹赫]]</text>
      <sha1>6omp9e6lsj2efjdl4njo81kl7u1ruwx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/禄葉勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792266</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/禄葉勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304073</id>
      <parentid>7284939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/禄葉勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304073</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="q14fgesoz7dmb9uhkvn9d6q3vw5qiia" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/禄葉勒]]</text>
      <sha1>q14fgesoz7dmb9uhkvn9d6q3vw5qiia</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/郭渾氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792267</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/郭渾" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304079</id>
      <parentid>7284903</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/郭渾]]</comment>
      <origin>7304079</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="q7v6qiimy4ysl4svgaafalrw24ogta6" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/郭渾]]</text>
      <sha1>q7v6qiimy4ysl4svgaafalrw24ogta6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/尼錫理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792268</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/尼錫理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304080</id>
      <parentid>7284748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/尼錫理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304080</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="fanrhbsbovnnvvnsro7pkaxgk330epw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/尼錫理]]</text>
      <sha1>fanrhbsbovnnvvnsro7pkaxgk330epw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/赫佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792269</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/赫佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304081</id>
      <parentid>7285012</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/赫佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304081</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="sl9mdurtr51hfnmr452gjqgh3vum26p" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/赫佳]]</text>
      <sha1>sl9mdurtr51hfnmr452gjqgh3vum26p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/琨都勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792270</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/琨都勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304086</id>
      <parentid>7284938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/琨都勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304086</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="izg0d4snkq9zyyadaexhihjo829c3kh" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/琨都勒]]</text>
      <sha1>izg0d4snkq9zyyadaexhihjo829c3kh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/額色氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792271</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/額色" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304087</id>
      <parentid>7285069</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/額色]]</comment>
      <origin>7304087</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="nqsqbvs5pqgnnmtw2a9u9gzvcbzsbd6" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/額色]]</text>
      <sha1>nqsqbvs5pqgnnmtw2a9u9gzvcbzsbd6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/烏雅察氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792272</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/烏雅察" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304076</id>
      <parentid>7284862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/烏雅察]]</comment>
      <origin>7304076</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="77bkasfplayj7j3ugflgrzzqxnjd631" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/烏雅察]]</text>
      <sha1>77bkasfplayj7j3ugflgrzzqxnjd631</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/培佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792273</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/培佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304059</id>
      <parentid>7284887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/培佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304059</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="qrcthyhbkc3r4h08se96u12evm0qjnh" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/培佳]]</text>
      <sha1>qrcthyhbkc3r4h08se96u12evm0qjnh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/盛佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792274</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/盛佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304069</id>
      <parentid>7284900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/盛佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="afagicj9zl99pjtxndbsdjmk31ocj8g" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/盛佳]]</text>
      <sha1>afagicj9zl99pjtxndbsdjmk31ocj8g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/拜晉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792275</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/拜晉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304074</id>
      <parentid>7284834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/拜晉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304074</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="n4lk4jagpbrvcx1r6jr9p4puyf0cp7w" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/拜晉]]</text>
      <sha1>n4lk4jagpbrvcx1r6jr9p4puyf0cp7w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/傅佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792276</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/傅佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304078</id>
      <parentid>7284917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/傅佳s]]</comment>
      <origin>7304078</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28" sha1="pdvwo5y4wy4jov0jkhmsb1jqs1yeqxf" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/傅佳s]]</text>
      <sha1>pdvwo5y4wy4jov0jkhmsb1jqs1yeqxf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304109</id>
      <parentid>7304078</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:06:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Changed redirect target from [[Wt/mnc/傅佳s]] to [[Wt/mnc/傅佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304109</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="k76au81ywrp53c6bhzknivsgjn1ejdu" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/傅佳|傅佳]]</text>
      <sha1>k76au81ywrp53c6bhzknivsgjn1ejdu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/强恰理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792277</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/强恰理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304082</id>
      <parentid>7284930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/强恰理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304082</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="g6vco6zweex5ska8vfbpxy5e7ege5t3" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/强恰理]]</text>
      <sha1>g6vco6zweex5ska8vfbpxy5e7ege5t3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鍾吉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792278</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/鍾吉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304083</id>
      <parentid>7285058</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/鍾吉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304083</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="0tq6oc93ey1w3dryc98485zpglbo21u" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/鍾吉]]</text>
      <sha1>0tq6oc93ey1w3dryc98485zpglbo21u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/梅楞氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792279</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/梅楞" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304084</id>
      <parentid>7284897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/梅楞]]</comment>
      <origin>7304084</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="25526l2jsjhjasdquqmy83809ol1uf7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/梅楞]]</text>
      <sha1>25526l2jsjhjasdquqmy83809ol1uf7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/舒禄氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792280</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/舒禄" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304085</id>
      <parentid>7284941</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/舒禄]]</comment>
      <origin>7304085</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="ppdwk0nndq9i0jpk1g3ze6bkcnn4bv8" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/舒禄]]</text>
      <sha1>ppdwk0nndq9i0jpk1g3ze6bkcnn4bv8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/索察氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792281</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/索察" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304071</id>
      <parentid>7284879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:04:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/索察]]</comment>
      <origin>7304071</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="fu6mfd2kzj1lmv0sj2pny2kyk5a7lq6" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/索察]]</text>
      <sha1>fu6mfd2kzj1lmv0sj2pny2kyk5a7lq6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伏爾哈氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792282</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/伏爾哈" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304088</id>
      <parentid>7284766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/伏爾哈]]</comment>
      <origin>7304088</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="c0awu2nmc3p65o9z4kjikn92795xscl" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/伏爾哈]]</text>
      <sha1>c0awu2nmc3p65o9z4kjikn92795xscl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/覺佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792283</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/覺佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304089</id>
      <parentid>7285080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/覺佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304089</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="p6vbnwiazr3cz2vkms5mvkduj4nk7ow" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/覺佳]]</text>
      <sha1>p6vbnwiazr3cz2vkms5mvkduj4nk7ow</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑚雅氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792284</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/瑚雅" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304090</id>
      <parentid>7284973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/瑚雅]]</comment>
      <origin>7304090</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="2hg72299a9f88c2q8615f060x5sl71x" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/瑚雅]]</text>
      <sha1>2hg72299a9f88c2q8615f060x5sl71x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/謨克拖氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792285</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/謨克拖" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304092</id>
      <parentid>7285068</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/謨克拖]]</comment>
      <origin>7304092</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="185yei8ycv8cw5x1f41kpnddg2yourl" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/謨克拖]]</text>
      <sha1>185yei8ycv8cw5x1f41kpnddg2yourl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/虞佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792286</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/虞佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304093</id>
      <parentid>7284987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/虞佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="r3p6nubx2242kvvgjbzmp7fn95cy7p5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/虞佳]]</text>
      <sha1>r3p6nubx2242kvvgjbzmp7fn95cy7p5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792287</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/都佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304091</id>
      <parentid>7284910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/都佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304091</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="7zbargkll1giy4bsvvfdlpt97xs6hbr" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/都佳]]</text>
      <sha1>7zbargkll1giy4bsvvfdlpt97xs6hbr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/碧喇氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792288</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/碧喇" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304094</id>
      <parentid>7285004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/碧喇]]</comment>
      <origin>7304094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="4owmcv9ihp2f7kvv0sp3delg8nh1qmn" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/碧喇]]</text>
      <sha1>4owmcv9ihp2f7kvv0sp3delg8nh1qmn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伊庫魯氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792289</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/伊庫魯" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304095</id>
      <parentid>7284724</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/伊庫魯]]</comment>
      <origin>7304095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="76oibr24qtgcldr7yww25u4xj798kpt" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/伊庫魯]]</text>
      <sha1>76oibr24qtgcldr7yww25u4xj798kpt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/多羅宏氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792290</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/多羅宏" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304096</id>
      <parentid>7284772</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/多羅宏]]</comment>
      <origin>7304096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="7p5ba2t24afgisi4bx7gsq78s61k8fn" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/多羅宏]]</text>
      <sha1>7p5ba2t24afgisi4bx7gsq78s61k8fn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鈕赫氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792291</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/鈕赫" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304097</id>
      <parentid>7284958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/鈕赫]]</comment>
      <origin>7304097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="0kud88ipntbsuxuqbpwd44ozoxo7lgi" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/鈕赫]]</text>
      <sha1>0kud88ipntbsuxuqbpwd44ozoxo7lgi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/翁鈕絡氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792292</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/翁鈕絡" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304098</id>
      <parentid>7284883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/翁鈕絡]]</comment>
      <origin>7304098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="7jcqs32ilkvvomokzewg4d5pstlv5ig" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/翁鈕絡]]</text>
      <sha1>7jcqs32ilkvvomokzewg4d5pstlv5ig</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/吉普褚氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792293</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/吉普褚" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304099</id>
      <parentid>7284768</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/吉普褚]]</comment>
      <origin>7304099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="fh6zoa3neq3kdwud56vm6jcx79z9k5t" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/吉普褚]]</text>
      <sha1>fh6zoa3neq3kdwud56vm6jcx79z9k5t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/金佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792294</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/金佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304100</id>
      <parentid>7284821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/金佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="ho5ucb1y1r1bj6wii1ljkweslf211j4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/金佳]]</text>
      <sha1>ho5ucb1y1r1bj6wii1ljkweslf211j4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/石穆魯氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792295</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/石穆魯" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304101</id>
      <parentid>7284760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/石穆魯]]</comment>
      <origin>7304101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="c9x1d2q3inkpixiikwe5y2oz2ilz1j7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/石穆魯]]</text>
      <sha1>c9x1d2q3inkpixiikwe5y2oz2ilz1j7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/馬察氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792296</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/馬察" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304102</id>
      <parentid>7284885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/馬察]]</comment>
      <origin>7304102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="p119d9vfibzafl4xm4ddc8muz78gzjv" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/馬察]]</text>
      <sha1>p119d9vfibzafl4xm4ddc8muz78gzjv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/赫濟理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792297</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/赫濟理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304103</id>
      <parentid>7285020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/赫濟理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304103</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="dmjhnhz2c4hnp2u4k5yauacmmo467qr" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/赫濟理]]</text>
      <sha1>dmjhnhz2c4hnp2u4k5yauacmmo467qr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792298</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304045</id>
      <parentid>7285009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:57:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>MiiCii moved page [[Wt/mnc/蒙鄂絡氏]] to [[Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡氏]]</comment>
      <origin>7285009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="737" sha1="dsqvyynzp6ipvz3olihs0oaandn9vq8" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=蒙鄂络氏|-|type=31}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Méng'èluò shì
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# [[Wt/mnc/monggoro hala|monggoro hala]].

=== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡩᠠᠯᠵᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᠮᡝᠶᡝᠨ}} daljingga meyen ===

* [[Wt/mnc/蒙鄂絡|蒙鄂絡]]

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|蒙]]</text>
      <sha1>dsqvyynzp6ipvz3olihs0oaandn9vq8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304104</id>
      <parentid>7304045</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡]]</comment>
      <origin>7304104</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="3y0i81joirxb4hwyt8tn17nvnadqbin" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡]]</text>
      <sha1>3y0i81joirxb4hwyt8tn17nvnadqbin</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/郭羅氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792299</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/郭羅" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304107</id>
      <parentid>7284907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/郭羅]]</comment>
      <origin>7304107</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="0dauiatrace5ra8fccc71jhpke2o1mr" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/郭羅]]</text>
      <sha1>0dauiatrace5ra8fccc71jhpke2o1mr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/納塔氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792300</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/納塔" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304105</id>
      <parentid>7284877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/納塔]]</comment>
      <origin>7304105</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="3md32ytff36tzyvazum84z5251yl3um" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/納塔]]</text>
      <sha1>3md32ytff36tzyvazum84z5251yl3um</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/佟塞勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792301</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/佟塞勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304106</id>
      <parentid>7284786</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:05:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/佟塞勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304106</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="3pyydb7rq2pj8hsow2pb4yk5w5x8lq7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/佟塞勒]]</text>
      <sha1>3pyydb7rq2pj8hsow2pb4yk5w5x8lq7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/卓晉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304110</id>
      <parentid>7258237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304110</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="579" sha1="amyyn5u1b8uoire88616ib9wvvf1imd" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=卓晋|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhuójìn
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/jojin|jojin]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|卓]]</text>
      <sha1>amyyn5u1b8uoire88616ib9wvvf1imd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/色穆竒理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304123</id>
      <parentid>7258254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304123</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="662" sha1="hzy69jubrd2qifjugj58l57sdy81fz1" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=色穆奇理|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Sèmùqílǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) &lt;!--ere hala be absi manjurame arara be sirame bithei kuren de genefi baicaci acambi.--&gt;

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|色穆竒理]]</text>
      <sha1>hzy69jubrd2qifjugj58l57sdy81fz1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/蒼瑪爾紀</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304119</id>
      <parentid>7258240</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304119</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="656" sha1="mguwz9od6077rjfyqh6tckywttjkain" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=苍玛尔纪|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Cāngmǎ'ěrjì
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) &lt;!--ere hala be absi manjurame arara be sirame bithei kuren de genefi baicaci acambi.--&gt;

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|蒼]]</text>
      <sha1>mguwz9od6077rjfyqh6tckywttjkain</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/赫書</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304112</id>
      <parentid>7258243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304112</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="knex2el8bpz6r8lb2ijaf9d7l8no5rz" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=赫书|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Hèshū
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hešu|hešu]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|赫書]]</text>
      <sha1>knex2el8bpz6r8lb2ijaf9d7l8no5rz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/吉魯</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792309</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304114</id>
      <parentid>7258242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304114</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="83fgt9wkrxvop89pxfq9wab0431mi4e" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=吉鲁|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Jílǔ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/giru|giru]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|吉魯]]</text>
      <sha1>83fgt9wkrxvop89pxfq9wab0431mi4e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/康傑達</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304113</id>
      <parentid>7258241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304113</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="595" sha1="8jf2lj8sfy54wilmfztyjaecrqglwri" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=康接达|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Kāngjiédá
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/kanggiyeda|kanggiyeda]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|康]]</text>
      <sha1>8jf2lj8sfy54wilmfztyjaecrqglwri</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/沙拉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304116</id>
      <parentid>7258244</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304116</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="bftg1np99xxd9p2ef3zs6y5mel89fqu" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=沙拉|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Shālā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/šara|šara]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|沙]]</text>
      <sha1>bftg1np99xxd9p2ef3zs6y5mel89fqu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/吳察喇</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304132</id>
      <parentid>7258238</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304132</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="583" sha1="lk09bfn8co1s4fxyfxyk3m1hm7fs1nm" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=吴察喇|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wúchálǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ucara|ucara]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|吳]]</text>
      <sha1>lk09bfn8co1s4fxyfxyk3m1hm7fs1nm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鄂穆綽</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304115</id>
      <parentid>7258255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="581" sha1="2wirtzj47bmkthl41o0n5ih2e1ekfrz" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=鄂穆绰|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Èmùchuò
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/omco|omco]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|鄂]]</text>
      <sha1>2wirtzj47bmkthl41o0n5ih2e1ekfrz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/舒穆理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304126</id>
      <parentid>7258247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="587" sha1="ceanka8nurxy5p0dkj7b3884ff74sbh" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=舒穆理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Shūmùlǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/šumuri|šumuri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|舒]]</text>
      <sha1>ceanka8nurxy5p0dkj7b3884ff74sbh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/培佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304117</id>
      <parentid>7258246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304117</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="582" sha1="cjv44gz5khj74clb8az1fnamygsighd" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=培佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Péijiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/peigiya|peigiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|培]]</text>
      <sha1>cjv44gz5khj74clb8az1fnamygsighd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鄂爾綽絡</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304118</id>
      <parentid>7258248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304118</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="593" sha1="eqchlbpxbamatum68g0sf4vwhc26q2k" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=鄂尔绰络|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=È'ěrchuòluò
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/olcoro|olcoro]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|鄂]]</text>
      <sha1>eqchlbpxbamatum68g0sf4vwhc26q2k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/徐吉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304121</id>
      <parentid>7258251</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304121</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="578" sha1="oj6xig0xr3uk9q2lgm3slglwdcxcxcv" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=徐吉|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Xújí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/sioigi|sioigi]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|徐]]</text>
      <sha1>oj6xig0xr3uk9q2lgm3slglwdcxcxcv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/達爾充阿</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304122</id>
      <parentid>7258249</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304122</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="600" sha1="qh8rapvfrbwc913vmkeplqc7xa3bq29" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=达尔充阿|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Dá'ěrchōng'ā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/darcungga|darcungga]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|達]]</text>
      <sha1>qh8rapvfrbwc913vmkeplqc7xa3bq29</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/廣佳喇</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304111</id>
      <parentid>7258239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304111</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="602" sha1="qyjtijlspt77jkx32xsmosbnrx2iugo" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=广佳喇|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Guǎngjiālǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/gūwanggiyara|gūwanggiyara]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|廣]]</text>
      <sha1>qyjtijlspt77jkx32xsmosbnrx2iugo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/烏爾瑚濟</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304130</id>
      <parentid>7258258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="591" sha1="qqd5ilu55quhiqgrs8enkwgnxjdx79y" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=乌尔瑚济|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wū'ěrhújì
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/urhuji|urhuji]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|烏]]</text>
      <sha1>qqd5ilu55quhiqgrs8enkwgnxjdx79y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/顔濟理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304124</id>
      <parentid>7258250</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304124</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="clkrfzv5abhw0v0cz9fkbs9ni7fdauj" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=颜济理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/yanjiri|yanjiri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|顔]]</text>
      <sha1>clkrfzv5abhw0v0cz9fkbs9ni7fdauj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/卓起</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304143</id>
      <parentid>7258253</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304143</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="dth8a1xge7sqfus8ivh2sr2mzrbbqex" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=卓起|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhuóqǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/joki|joki]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|卓]]</text>
      <sha1>dth8a1xge7sqfus8ivh2sr2mzrbbqex</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鄂索絡</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304125</id>
      <parentid>7258256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="583" sha1="rfcq133qq6ycqmmbg5gezw5tl33mdtz" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=鄂索络|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Èsuǒluò
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/osoro|osoro]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|鄂]]</text>
      <sha1>rfcq133qq6ycqmmbg5gezw5tl33mdtz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鈕瑚特</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304128</id>
      <parentid>7258252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304128</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="587" sha1="5ca22bxp3tqg9wet7gzw8rd3sg3nmz8" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=钮瑚特|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Niǔhútè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/niohute|niohute]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|鈕]]</text>
      <sha1>5ca22bxp3tqg9wet7gzw8rd3sg3nmz8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/倭徹赫</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304144</id>
      <parentid>7258264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304144</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="585" sha1="pk8gjwx0kbb71xowhwvi54a5tsb0mo4" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=倭彻赫|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wōchèhè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/wecehe|wecehe]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|倭]]</text>
      <sha1>pk8gjwx0kbb71xowhwvi54a5tsb0mo4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/盛佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304127</id>
      <parentid>7258265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304127</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="588" sha1="3x7fi3icoj830te31cm09az5e0t3bzi" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=盛佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Shèngjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/šenggiya|šenggiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|盛]]</text>
      <sha1>3x7fi3icoj830te31cm09az5e0t3bzi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都魯</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304120</id>
      <parentid>7258245</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304120</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="3xf606r892xx4ae1j3fk6icbrm80let" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=都鲁|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Dūlǔ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/duru|duru]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|都魯]]</text>
      <sha1>3xf606r892xx4ae1j3fk6icbrm80let</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/索察</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304129</id>
      <parentid>7258263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304129</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="c0dxfm6ebzdkbusjywc9r799gymncqc" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=索察|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Suǒchá
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/soca|soca]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|索]]</text>
      <sha1>c0dxfm6ebzdkbusjywc9r799gymncqc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/赫葉勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304131</id>
      <parentid>7258257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="6i61gym0wgpx9fqyjh04ah550vngan2" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=赫叶勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Hèyèlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/heyere|heyere]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|赫]]</text>
      <sha1>6i61gym0wgpx9fqyjh04ah550vngan2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/拜晉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304133</id>
      <parentid>7258266</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304133</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="aw6mlyqyu6nctxn4oumfcmm8b39zv5o" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=拜晋|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Bàijìn
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/baijin|baijin]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|拜]]</text>
      <sha1>aw6mlyqyu6nctxn4oumfcmm8b39zv5o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/禄葉勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304138</id>
      <parentid>7258259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304138</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="r8klbfqars2dqdbqr369ghk8tirfmfy" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=禄叶勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Lùyèlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/luyere|luyere]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|禄]]</text>
      <sha1>r8klbfqars2dqdbqr369ghk8tirfmfy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/穆克圖</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304135</id>
      <parentid>7258262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="582" sha1="lemgbtw7qfw5kai1jzompyyotzf7zad" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=穆克图|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mùkètú
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/muktu|muktu]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|穆]]</text>
      <sha1>lemgbtw7qfw5kai1jzompyyotzf7zad</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/扎拉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304136</id>
      <parentid>7258261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="575" sha1="jxwtlykjczw4kh708vzqw5ig7713b9v" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=扎拉|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhālā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/jala|jala]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|扎]]</text>
      <sha1>jxwtlykjczw4kh708vzqw5ig7713b9v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/傅佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304152</id>
      <parentid>7258267</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304152</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="579" sha1="1w4yo1x1wbymlby7ssrcv6uxyirsl6x" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=傅佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Fùjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/fugiya|fugiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|傅]]</text>
      <sha1>1w4yo1x1wbymlby7ssrcv6uxyirsl6x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/尼錫理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304137</id>
      <parentid>7258270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304137</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="mcpmmr3uknid0k95dd7491h24xj2g7p" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=尼锡理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Níxīlǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/nisiri|nisiri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|尼]]</text>
      <sha1>mcpmmr3uknid0k95dd7491h24xj2g7p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/强恰理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304139</id>
      <parentid>7258271</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="596" sha1="pwa65jcseopz2hmvcjdcj82oh5a4dik" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=强恰理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Qiángqiàlǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/kiyangkiri|kiyangkiri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|强]]</text>
      <sha1>pwa65jcseopz2hmvcjdcj82oh5a4dik</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/烏雅察</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304134</id>
      <parentid>7258260</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="634" sha1="fac0uumdq3h3qnzceal4ke65w623qac" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=乌雅察|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wūyǎchá
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# &lt;!--ere hala be absi manjurame arara be sirame bithei kuren de baicaci acambi.--&gt;

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|烏]]</text>
      <sha1>fac0uumdq3h3qnzceal4ke65w623qac</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/郭渾</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304151</id>
      <parentid>7258268</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304151</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="578" sha1="r4l0yk9b4aivj3e7njfutwatm12tspc" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=郭浑|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Guōhún
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/gohon|gohon]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|郭]]</text>
      <sha1>r4l0yk9b4aivj3e7njfutwatm12tspc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/赫佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304149</id>
      <parentid>7258269</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="579" sha1="njw0ihgr6l7ickv4e0celjmsi8wyxtv" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=赫佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Hèjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hegiya|hegiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|赫]]</text>
      <sha1>njw0ihgr6l7ickv4e0celjmsi8wyxtv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/琨都勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304141</id>
      <parentid>7258294</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="587" sha1="27rhr3wlswedqtdbbbino698syyl6n5" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=琨都勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Kūndūlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/kundule|kundule]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|琨]]</text>
      <sha1>27rhr3wlswedqtdbbbino698syyl6n5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/梅楞</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304140</id>
      <parentid>7258273</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="c6ky8t4vc37blbxuifb8nwupmfms4g8" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=梅楞|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Méilèng
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/meiren|meiren]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|梅楞]]</text>
      <sha1>c6ky8t4vc37blbxuifb8nwupmfms4g8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鍾吉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304153</id>
      <parentid>7258272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304153</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="581" sha1="4jw4lqg93uejj4i07s2g003rhmzba91" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=钟吉|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhōngjí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/junggi|junggi]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|鍾]]</text>
      <sha1>4jw4lqg93uejj4i07s2g003rhmzba91</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/額色</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304142</id>
      <parentid>7258274</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304142</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="571" sha1="ryoo58jiiv9w795c9fxebihkf1io6i0" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=额色|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Ésè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ese|ese]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|額]]</text>
      <sha1>ryoo58jiiv9w795c9fxebihkf1io6i0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/覺佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304158</id>
      <parentid>7258289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="iiozfvv2lnefocbrkyqbxmnjw5nr7ri" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=觉佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Juéjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/giyogiya|giyogiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|覺]]</text>
      <sha1>iiozfvv2lnefocbrkyqbxmnjw5nr7ri</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/舒禄</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304154</id>
      <parentid>7258285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304154</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="myizqkh1p5647tgvfvxpllj59w6scpt" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=舒禄|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Shūlù
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/šuru|šuru]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|舒]]</text>
      <sha1>myizqkh1p5647tgvfvxpllj59w6scpt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304145</id>
      <parentid>7258275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304145</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="579" sha1="p5y3c61kwyn26v4svsm14be7rw7h21w" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=都佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Dūjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/dugiya|dugiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|都]]</text>
      <sha1>p5y3c61kwyn26v4svsm14be7rw7h21w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/謨克拖</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304147</id>
      <parentid>7258278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304147</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="583" sha1="78bzvp04zzz5s7nt8dknpsg15tgio0j" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=谟克拖|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mókètuō
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/mokto|mokto]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|謨]]</text>
      <sha1>78bzvp04zzz5s7nt8dknpsg15tgio0j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伊庫魯</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304148</id>
      <parentid>7258280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="582" sha1="7ox0h1d40jat6ji5naoa9n5i1h9z246" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=伊库鲁|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Yīkùlǔ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ikuru|ikuru]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|伊]]</text>
      <sha1>7ox0h1d40jat6ji5naoa9n5i1h9z246</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/虞佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304161</id>
      <parentid>7258277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="581" sha1="fyheaob4506zp1q39a1xyuon8frvymm" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=虞佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Yújiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ioigiya|ioigiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|虞]]</text>
      <sha1>fyheaob4506zp1q39a1xyuon8frvymm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伏爾哈</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304156</id>
      <parentid>7258292</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304156</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="583" sha1="53077z9eholgthiisvsj4cybzx9dwc4" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=伏尔哈|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Fú'ěrhā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/fulha|fulha]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|伏]]</text>
      <sha1>53077z9eholgthiisvsj4cybzx9dwc4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/碧喇</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304162</id>
      <parentid>7258279</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="574" sha1="kgb424aqhqjfgldfjjpm9xacnvrqzz0" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=碧喇|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Bìlǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/bira|bira]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|碧]]</text>
      <sha1>kgb424aqhqjfgldfjjpm9xacnvrqzz0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/多羅宏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792352</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304150</id>
      <parentid>7258295</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304150</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="594" sha1="brworpm68mac8dy8j5ehwegb1wky75d" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=多罗宏|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Duōluóhóng
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/dorohūng|dorohūng]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|多]]</text>
      <sha1>brworpm68mac8dy8j5ehwegb1wky75d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鈕赫</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792353</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304160</id>
      <parentid>7258282</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304160</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="abb4c871e0ut2qp3pv5fz6m4aovas5d" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=钮赫|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Niǔhè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/niohe|niohe]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|鈕]]</text>
      <sha1>abb4c871e0ut2qp3pv5fz6m4aovas5d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/吉普褚</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792354</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304164</id>
      <parentid>7258281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="583" sha1="6sn4nj4ft3kki5tqmruwf7j9fqohoes" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=吉普褚|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Jípǔchǔ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/gibcu|gibcu]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|吉]]</text>
      <sha1>6sn4nj4ft3kki5tqmruwf7j9fqohoes</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/金佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792355</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304155</id>
      <parentid>7258283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="582" sha1="lcnrlog2i09yp3vhjr7vv0k30vy4818" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=金佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Jīnjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/gingiya|gingiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|金]]</text>
      <sha1>lcnrlog2i09yp3vhjr7vv0k30vy4818</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/石穆魯</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304157</id>
      <parentid>7258296</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="587" sha1="8cg10uk1v9zpq8bxkmvij2m8ox7k60u" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=石穆鲁|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Shímùlǔ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/šimuru|šimuru]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|石]]</text>
      <sha1>8cg10uk1v9zpq8bxkmvij2m8ox7k60u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/赫濟理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304166</id>
      <parentid>7258287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304166</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="575" sha1="e3h9hz12mq8x2c5h5wap42oyod6woxh" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=赫济理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hejiri|hejiri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|赫]]</text>
      <sha1>e3h9hz12mq8x2c5h5wap42oyod6woxh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304043</id>
      <parentid>7258288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:56:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>MiiCii moved page [[Wt/mnc/蒙鄂絡]] to [[Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡]]</comment>
      <origin>7258288</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="762" sha1="8akfp100v9wnwtbgraes9ev6hkh3a40" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=蒙鄂络}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Méng'èluò
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/monggoro|monggoro]], [[Wt/mnc/monggoro hala|monggoro hala]].

=== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|lang=mnc|ᡩᠠᠯᠵᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᠮᡝᠶᡝᠨ}} daljingga meyen ===

* [[Wt/mnc/蒙鄂絡氏|蒙鄂絡氏]]

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|蒙]]</text>
      <sha1>8akfp100v9wnwtbgraes9ev6hkh3a40</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304168</id>
      <parentid>7304043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304168</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="591" sha1="l1sdrt1t09iduez8xh2tjbyiwgbeklu" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=蒙鄂络|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Méng'èluò
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/monggoro|monggoro]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|蒙]]</text>
      <sha1>l1sdrt1t09iduez8xh2tjbyiwgbeklu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑚雅</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792359</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304146</id>
      <parentid>7258276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="6x8mt6mfrwm0r9i660sdm5he9qrqup2" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=瑚雅|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Húyǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hūya|hūya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|瑚]]</text>
      <sha1>6x8mt6mfrwm0r9i660sdm5he9qrqup2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/翁鈕絡</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792360</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304165</id>
      <parentid>7258284</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304165</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="592" sha1="ln7fz7i3qaz9jfnq2ptop5mlp2nvnmx" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=翁钮络|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wēngniǔluò
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ongnioro|ongnioro]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|翁]]</text>
      <sha1>ln7fz7i3qaz9jfnq2ptop5mlp2nvnmx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/郭羅</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792361</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304159</id>
      <parentid>7258291</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="4fjbkdaqst563h3g6vk1cqo0wd4ox8g" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=郭罗|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Guōluó
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/goro|goro]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|郭]]</text>
      <sha1>4fjbkdaqst563h3g6vk1cqo0wd4ox8g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/佟塞勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792362</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304163</id>
      <parentid>7258293</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="590" sha1="hqii0gbxqgnpzft0y93ic77bttz663y" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=佟塞勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Tóngsèlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/tungsere|tungsere]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|佟]]</text>
      <sha1>hqii0gbxqgnpzft0y93ic77bttz663y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/納塔</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792363</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304169</id>
      <parentid>7258290</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="574" sha1="9i0x20shy94u4ww2in5q5tkit0ix1vi" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=纳塔|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Nàtǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/nata|nata]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|納]]</text>
      <sha1>9i0x20shy94u4ww2in5q5tkit0ix1vi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/馬察</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792364</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304167</id>
      <parentid>7258286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T18:19:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304167</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="575" sha1="1u7qkz9aek228h8c2di9rjvy9bc4mx2" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=马察|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mǎchá
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/maca|maca]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai jakūci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十八--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|馬]]</text>
      <sha1>1u7qkz9aek228h8c2di9rjvy9bc4mx2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/精吉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792427</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/精吉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304598</id>
      <parentid>7285006</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/精吉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304598</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="qsvt44n9m9yx6trmf1q7v0fvj9gnahg" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/精吉]]</text>
      <sha1>qsvt44n9m9yx6trmf1q7v0fvj9gnahg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/薩爾都氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792428</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/薩爾都" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304604</id>
      <parentid>7285067</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/薩爾都]]</comment>
      <origin>7304604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="agiidbkjotla2hlj1htuzefgzv0hfyn" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/薩爾都]]</text>
      <sha1>agiidbkjotla2hlj1htuzefgzv0hfyn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/和岳絡氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792429</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/和岳絡" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304484</id>
      <parentid>7284811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/和岳絡]]</comment>
      <origin>7304484</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="8dqf2jpk96iuh7gbo74j6y10me27q9n" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/和岳絡]]</text>
      <sha1>8dqf2jpk96iuh7gbo74j6y10me27q9n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/舍顔氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792430</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/舍顔" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304601</id>
      <parentid>7284819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/舍顔]]</comment>
      <origin>7304601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="kb67nzgjb0wmsjnr9jglzngawbo7wm9" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/舍顔]]</text>
      <sha1>kb67nzgjb0wmsjnr9jglzngawbo7wm9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/畢魯勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792431</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/畢魯勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304591</id>
      <parentid>7284899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/畢魯勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="effac4s4nen0ej8kb81a3d4my3dnocw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/畢魯勒]]</text>
      <sha1>effac4s4nen0ej8kb81a3d4my3dnocw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/殷佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792432</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/殷佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304512</id>
      <parentid>7284857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/殷佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304512</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="av4efevuojycl8dmcavvbvnpebhf7i3" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/殷佳]]</text>
      <sha1>av4efevuojycl8dmcavvbvnpebhf7i3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/舒發察氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792433</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/舒發察" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304602</id>
      <parentid>7284940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/舒發察]]</comment>
      <origin>7304602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="f2xofnrog64klkxm3v52swiy4seqrm2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/舒發察]]</text>
      <sha1>f2xofnrog64klkxm3v52swiy4seqrm2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/圖爾敦氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792434</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/圖爾敦" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304486</id>
      <parentid>7284997</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/圖爾敦]]</comment>
      <origin>7304486</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="f5icoy8j7kpzdkf2kzf7zliec9g6lj0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/圖爾敦]]</text>
      <sha1>f5icoy8j7kpzdkf2kzf7zliec9g6lj0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑚克錫勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792435</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/瑚克錫勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304523</id>
      <parentid>7284972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/瑚克錫勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="4b1h1wv72bzvl8mqeppgqyrtjue0uoh" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/瑚克錫勒]]</text>
      <sha1>4b1h1wv72bzvl8mqeppgqyrtjue0uoh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/敖拉托欣氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792436</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/敖拉托欣" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304503</id>
      <parentid>7284895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/敖拉托欣]]</comment>
      <origin>7304503</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="ngyxzyit6stawqmjk4h4hpvlmniwuml" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/敖拉托欣]]</text>
      <sha1>ngyxzyit6stawqmjk4h4hpvlmniwuml</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/巴爾拉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792437</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/巴爾拉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304495</id>
      <parentid>7284732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/巴爾拉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304495</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="63wepf4trfrrwzkpyyrxgr0t0v4oxft" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/巴爾拉]]</text>
      <sha1>63wepf4trfrrwzkpyyrxgr0t0v4oxft</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/拜英格理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792438</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/拜英格理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304501</id>
      <parentid>7284833</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/拜英格理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304501</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="4eo4gllcix0qgo7skrqnbfole1qhngy" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/拜英格理]]</text>
      <sha1>4eo4gllcix0qgo7skrqnbfole1qhngy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/穆雅氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792439</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/穆雅" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304596</id>
      <parentid>7285043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/穆雅]]</comment>
      <origin>7304596</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="3topxe7ryly8of999kykvto3i4sfhv7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/穆雅]]</text>
      <sha1>3topxe7ryly8of999kykvto3i4sfhv7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/攸絡庫氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792440</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/攸絡庫" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304502</id>
      <parentid>7284801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/攸絡庫]]</comment>
      <origin>7304502</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="t0iny2g555i1c4ytjoq6m1vbd512t1b" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/攸絡庫]]</text>
      <sha1>t0iny2g555i1c4ytjoq6m1vbd512t1b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/順布魯氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792441</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/順布魯" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304621</id>
      <parentid>7284961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/順布魯]]</comment>
      <origin>7304621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="696dlk8kkn2519kgamt7gmvpo0xktw6" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/順布魯]]</text>
      <sha1>696dlk8kkn2519kgamt7gmvpo0xktw6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鄂羅氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792442</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/鄂羅" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304612</id>
      <parentid>7284955</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/鄂羅]]</comment>
      <origin>7304612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="g4vwxi1lss0fplxl7xfanri9ycq9ozt" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/鄂羅]]</text>
      <sha1>g4vwxi1lss0fplxl7xfanri9ycq9ozt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/蘇拉喇氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792443</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/蘇拉喇" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304606</id>
      <parentid>7285078</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/蘇拉喇]]</comment>
      <origin>7304606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="4txtm4qhkixbss0tjkqcz5f8pkuk32q" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/蘇拉喇]]</text>
      <sha1>4txtm4qhkixbss0tjkqcz5f8pkuk32q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/嘉普塔喇氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792444</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/嘉普塔喇" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304483</id>
      <parentid>7284990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/嘉普塔喇]]</comment>
      <origin>7304483</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="iujioqombty4e0gyajw3qj52spvpsdo" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/嘉普塔喇]]</text>
      <sha1>iujioqombty4e0gyajw3qj52spvpsdo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/富森氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792445</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/富森" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304492</id>
      <parentid>7284927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/富森]]</comment>
      <origin>7304492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="evm8grwq6zjaqixx43z089x20yn382y" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/富森]]</text>
      <sha1>evm8grwq6zjaqixx43z089x20yn382y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/墨勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792446</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/墨勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304626</id>
      <parentid>7285035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/墨勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304626</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="qo59yilb3um8krh0911nnefff38kidd" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/墨勒]]</text>
      <sha1>qo59yilb3um8krh0911nnefff38kidd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/圖佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792447</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/圖佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304485</id>
      <parentid>7284994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/圖佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304485</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="okyo8tatsbvnv4dcygbgujrbvg8eigi" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/圖佳]]</text>
      <sha1>okyo8tatsbvnv4dcygbgujrbvg8eigi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/慶格理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792448</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/慶格理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304498</id>
      <parentid>7285026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/慶格理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304498</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="flwkkfhs9yc6pxt9gqdvpvycwonnyju" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/慶格理]]</text>
      <sha1>flwkkfhs9yc6pxt9gqdvpvycwonnyju</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/阿爾拉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792449</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/阿爾拉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304618</id>
      <parentid>7284826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/阿爾拉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304618</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="pfe3wwyqa5q3qs92itqavbvihhhcfw5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/阿爾拉]]</text>
      <sha1>pfe3wwyqa5q3qs92itqavbvihhhcfw5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/佟唘氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792450</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/佟唘" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304474</id>
      <parentid>7284784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/佟唘]]</comment>
      <origin>7304474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="asa5e4o8xq6mwhuoe8ofa1zr3terj0j" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/佟唘]]</text>
      <sha1>asa5e4o8xq6mwhuoe8ofa1zr3terj0j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑚遜氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792452</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/瑚遜" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304520</id>
      <parentid>7284975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/瑚遜]]</comment>
      <origin>7304520</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="o76mdx5y79jekndv83l6ywae3xt6px4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/瑚遜]]</text>
      <sha1>o76mdx5y79jekndv83l6ywae3xt6px4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/傅錫理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792453</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/傅錫理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304473</id>
      <parentid>7284919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/傅錫理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304473</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="el1zmfod5fdmstp1nhuawhl6f4teybn" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/傅錫理]]</text>
      <sha1>el1zmfod5fdmstp1nhuawhl6f4teybn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/古爾吉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792454</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/古爾吉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304480</id>
      <parentid>7284740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/古爾吉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304480</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="mie2ew8x84ru9lw3i6y88cevc22wd4n" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/古爾吉]]</text>
      <sha1>mie2ew8x84ru9lw3i6y88cevc22wd4n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/墨佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792455</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/墨佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304636</id>
      <parentid>7285034</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:24:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/墨佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304636</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="d71liqgp976st6ocbgm7mjhgk6opxaj" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/墨佳]]</text>
      <sha1>d71liqgp976st6ocbgm7mjhgk6opxaj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伊拉齊氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792456</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/伊拉齊" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304469</id>
      <parentid>7284762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/伊拉齊]]</comment>
      <origin>7304469</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="8y6soiexq5xcsv97x9a4cwrslz649x1" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/伊拉齊]]</text>
      <sha1>8y6soiexq5xcsv97x9a4cwrslz649x1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/倭赫氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792457</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/倭赫" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304470</id>
      <parentid>7284845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/倭赫]]</comment>
      <origin>7304470</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="syrn978600da1viq5t2e3wpubiqxp2q" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/倭赫]]</text>
      <sha1>syrn978600da1viq5t2e3wpubiqxp2q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/額爾格濟氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792458</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/額爾格濟" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304623</id>
      <parentid>7285070</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/額爾格濟]]</comment>
      <origin>7304623</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="4hrrwr22oai8vzf7yzqp16zaxsc26p3" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/額爾格濟]]</text>
      <sha1>4hrrwr22oai8vzf7yzqp16zaxsc26p3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/吳聶齊氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792459</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/吳聶齊" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304496</id>
      <parentid>7284796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/吳聶齊]]</comment>
      <origin>7304496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="0j3vz7u1zw47ax0bjb4o3ifwcxgczdu" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/吳聶齊]]</text>
      <sha1>0j3vz7u1zw47ax0bjb4o3ifwcxgczdu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/赫爾濟氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792460</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/赫爾濟" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304630</id>
      <parentid>7285018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/赫爾濟]]</comment>
      <origin>7304630</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="s712b70pamfwnnagu2h5apmu01j3nkp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/赫爾濟]]</text>
      <sha1>s712b70pamfwnnagu2h5apmu01j3nkp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/錫爾弼氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792461</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/錫爾弼" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304616</id>
      <parentid>7285052</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/錫爾弼]]</comment>
      <origin>7304616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="mllb0z6668zzlfo8bt130regpsx5urq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/錫爾弼]]</text>
      <sha1>mllb0z6668zzlfo8bt130regpsx5urq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都克達氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792462</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/都克達" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304632</id>
      <parentid>7284909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/都克達]]</comment>
      <origin>7304632</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="r66lu5rr58hri9kol8m7fhvj83l7w28" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/都克達]]</text>
      <sha1>r66lu5rr58hri9kol8m7fhvj83l7w28</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/塔喇氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792463</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/塔喇" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304487</id>
      <parentid>7284963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/塔喇]]</comment>
      <origin>7304487</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="84j9wcv0q6oh9r6bkn442vntn6u8twz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/塔喇]]</text>
      <sha1>84j9wcv0q6oh9r6bkn442vntn6u8twz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/白佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792464</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/白佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304592</id>
      <parentid>7284759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/白佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304592</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="0allo3ao06o5j1tif6p3ggd655e60is" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/白佳]]</text>
      <sha1>0allo3ao06o5j1tif6p3ggd655e60is</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/温屯氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792465</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/温屯" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304513</id>
      <parentid>7284932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/温屯]]</comment>
      <origin>7304513</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="bniwjecvk4syowu068jvyrr5n1ta7qz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/温屯]]</text>
      <sha1>bniwjecvk4syowu068jvyrr5n1ta7qz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/富色勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792466</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/富色勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304494</id>
      <parentid>7284926</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/富色勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="totq8dupn6tb6tvsihgh1sxmmyv1829" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/富色勒]]</text>
      <sha1>totq8dupn6tb6tvsihgh1sxmmyv1829</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/宏義氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792467</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/宏義" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304490</id>
      <parentid>7284799</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/宏義]]</comment>
      <origin>7304490</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="8q7priord63vvsktzcise7tic62t7m8" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/宏義]]</text>
      <sha1>8q7priord63vvsktzcise7tic62t7m8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/倭徹庫氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792468</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/倭徹庫" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304471</id>
      <parentid>7284846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/倭徹庫]]</comment>
      <origin>7304471</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="g8cn1uabomrz96l77n2x09xvpyz8thd" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/倭徹庫]]</text>
      <sha1>g8cn1uabomrz96l77n2x09xvpyz8thd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/玉克墨氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792469</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/玉克墨" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304516</id>
      <parentid>7284754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/玉克墨]]</comment>
      <origin>7304516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="7gc31bp47md0wn83nyxra12ldsc14qs" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/玉克墨]]</text>
      <sha1>7gc31bp47md0wn83nyxra12ldsc14qs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/凱隆氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792470</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/凱隆" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304476</id>
      <parentid>7284920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/凱隆]]</comment>
      <origin>7304476</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="02ww79dhdkh01v45nvcn9pml0favb53" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/凱隆]]</text>
      <sha1>02ww79dhdkh01v45nvcn9pml0favb53</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/克伊克勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792471</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/克伊克勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304472</id>
      <parentid>7284787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/克伊克勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304472</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="pp0qzfz3n02mxetkj0x1o7guaqyybfl" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/克伊克勒]]</text>
      <sha1>pp0qzfz3n02mxetkj0x1o7guaqyybfl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伊喇氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792472</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/伊喇" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304466</id>
      <parentid>7284763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/伊喇]]</comment>
      <origin>7304466</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="e8zw8w7jiojmb2z6esky4iku3kbdx4y" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/伊喇]]</text>
      <sha1>e8zw8w7jiojmb2z6esky4iku3kbdx4y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/甘佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792473</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/甘佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304590</id>
      <parentid>7284758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/甘佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304590</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="qhv012583gwcjd27s6p4ipk1znq4u8d" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/甘佳]]</text>
      <sha1>qhv012583gwcjd27s6p4ipk1znq4u8d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/齊達勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792474</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/齊達勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304629</id>
      <parentid>7285023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/齊達勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304629</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="4vzm2o5l4whcre69f0q0z6oj1mfdhel" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/齊達勒]]</text>
      <sha1>4vzm2o5l4whcre69f0q0z6oj1mfdhel</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/泰瑚特氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792475</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/泰瑚特" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304511</id>
      <parentid>7284859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/泰瑚特]]</comment>
      <origin>7304511</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="325wqu816u53i8j567psrp664nkrkeo" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/泰瑚特]]</text>
      <sha1>325wqu816u53i8j567psrp664nkrkeo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/墨爾迪氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792476</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/墨爾迪" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304627</id>
      <parentid>7285036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/墨爾迪]]</comment>
      <origin>7304627</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="nx07iyp7d0m2ksi9t3b6ac3whzkdbnk" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/墨爾迪]]</text>
      <sha1>nx07iyp7d0m2ksi9t3b6ac3whzkdbnk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/貴岳理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792477</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/貴岳理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304609</id>
      <parentid>7284947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/貴岳理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="bkgeurpqoru1l8u2eqpx8z9zq87agai" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/貴岳理]]</text>
      <sha1>bkgeurpqoru1l8u2eqpx8z9zq87agai</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/公儀理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792478</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/公儀理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304482</id>
      <parentid>7284729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/公儀理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304482</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="pqpzhywfqzsrzhauvlykonztp9gv28o" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/公儀理]]</text>
      <sha1>pqpzhywfqzsrzhauvlykonztp9gv28o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/精吉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304648</id>
      <parentid>7258789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="578" sha1="ohdxymvj6j3r40od0jjclkdb5eu77bc" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=精吉|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Jīngjí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/jinggi|jinggi]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|精]]</text>
      <sha1>ohdxymvj6j3r40od0jjclkdb5eu77bc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/薩爾都</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304661</id>
      <parentid>7258790</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="581" sha1="7xi2w4sx4iwyse21aoydcr97shsfbda" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=萨尔都|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Sà'ěrdū
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/sardu|sardu]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|薩]]</text>
      <sha1>7xi2w4sx4iwyse21aoydcr97shsfbda</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/和岳絡</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304573</id>
      <parentid>7258791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304573</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="5ru24ritby6bz3z4iltyj82zcql9d83" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=和岳络|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Héyuèluò
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hoyoro|hoyoro]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|和]]</text>
      <sha1>5ru24ritby6bz3z4iltyj82zcql9d83</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/舍顔</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304649</id>
      <parentid>7258792</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="578" sha1="gh27gjrry5b2kmyyikcepjvqqcps82w" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=舍颜|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Shěyán
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/šeyan|šeyan]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|舍]]</text>
      <sha1>gh27gjrry5b2kmyyikcepjvqqcps82w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑚克錫勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792492</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304569</id>
      <parentid>7258793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304569</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="592" sha1="4g39iwz3ki1zn15zsmtrejgzisvyrx4" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=瑚克锡勒|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Húkèxīlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hūksire|hūksire]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|瑚]]</text>
      <sha1>4g39iwz3ki1zn15zsmtrejgzisvyrx4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/舒發察</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792493</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304653</id>
      <parentid>7258798</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="586" sha1="kr7c1pjg9gb8w6fzrqw16k5x168ongh" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=舒发察|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Shùnbùlǔ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/šufaca|šufaca]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|舒]]</text>
      <sha1>kr7c1pjg9gb8w6fzrqw16k5x168ongh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/殷佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792494</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304555</id>
      <parentid>7258797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304555</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="m0q51a680cajn5igwib6jziu7lj2wj9" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=殷佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Yīnjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/yengiya|yengiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|殷]]</text>
      <sha1>m0q51a680cajn5igwib6jziu7lj2wj9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/敖拉托欣</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792495</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304548</id>
      <parentid>7258817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304548</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="598" sha1="50j13lyq48vfk0wsrj3fw3s4dh1v1yy" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=敖拉托欣|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Áolātuōxīn
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/aola tohin|aola tohin]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|敖]]</text>
      <sha1>50j13lyq48vfk0wsrj3fw3s4dh1v1yy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/攸絡庫</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792496</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304547</id>
      <parentid>7258804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304547</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="6eue6cv0f9tbh79snwdx9r3y6zek4ll" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=攸络库|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Yōuluòkù
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ioroku|ioroku]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|攸]]</text>
      <sha1>6eue6cv0f9tbh79snwdx9r3y6zek4ll</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/穆雅</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304659</id>
      <parentid>7258803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304659</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="572" sha1="cyfm6kz4kp6933xb1ad16imkxpu7t8t" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=穆雅|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mùyǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/muya|muya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|穆]]</text>
      <sha1>cyfm6kz4kp6933xb1ad16imkxpu7t8t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鄂羅</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304665</id>
      <parentid>7258806</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="570" sha1="ozzc12leiamdjeptdqsyrv5p2x3epjs" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=鄂罗|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Èluó
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/oro|oro]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|鄂]]</text>
      <sha1>ozzc12leiamdjeptdqsyrv5p2x3epjs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/順布魯</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304677</id>
      <parentid>7258794</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="588" sha1="az0gmysh3qee20mei6v9izhnaxp954w" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=顺布鲁|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Shùnbùlǔ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/šumburu|šumburu]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|順]]</text>
      <sha1>az0gmysh3qee20mei6v9izhnaxp954w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/富森</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304586</id>
      <parentid>7258808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="575" sha1="7xjw0ht5seq0nezazcxgfa23ab0sboy" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=富森|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Fùsēn
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/fusen|fusen]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|富]]</text>
      <sha1>7xjw0ht5seq0nezazcxgfa23ab0sboy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/嘉普塔喇</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792501</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304576</id>
      <parentid>7258807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304576</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="595" sha1="k0tc020jylur3jfck8sw2qw3ksuckpe" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=嘉普塔喇|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Jiāpǔtǎlǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/giyabtara|giyabtara]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|嘉]]</text>
      <sha1>k0tc020jylur3jfck8sw2qw3ksuckpe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/畢魯勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304640</id>
      <parentid>7258795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304640</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="582" sha1="qs69v5mxvv876deiug09gogl85k0mz7" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=毕鲁勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Bìlǔlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/bilure|bilure]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|畢]]</text>
      <sha1>qs69v5mxvv876deiug09gogl85k0mz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑚遜</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304572</id>
      <parentid>7258809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304572</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="db37y3o6n3rxdi175kzst7i197j58r9" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=瑚逊|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Húxùn
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hūsun|hūsun]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|瑚]]</text>
      <sha1>db37y3o6n3rxdi175kzst7i197j58r9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/圖佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304577</id>
      <parentid>7258811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304577</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="9yab1vy95wc75xrwdkymcffegcznmk1" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=图佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Tújiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/tugiya|tugiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|圖]]</text>
      <sha1>9yab1vy95wc75xrwdkymcffegcznmk1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/圖爾敦</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792505</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304578</id>
      <parentid>7258796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304578</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="0ubgdr322743y0vbdus8vp8705149j8" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=图尔敦|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Tú'ěrdūn
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/turdun|turdun]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|圖]]</text>
      <sha1>0ubgdr322743y0vbdus8vp8705149j8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/佟唘</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304536</id>
      <parentid>7258810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304536</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="578" sha1="8wj2v7b74lf9fhxq56iblgghbrv6cj4" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=佟启|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Tóngqǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/tungki|tungki]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|佟]]</text>
      <sha1>8wj2v7b74lf9fhxq56iblgghbrv6cj4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/慶格理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304544</id>
      <parentid>7258799</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304544</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="637" sha1="7spesl7gwrlbzw9nd1k296bu24b7thq" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=庆格理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Qìnggélǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) ''ere hala be absi manjurame arara be sirame bithei kuren de baicaci acambi.''

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|慶]]</text>
      <sha1>7spesl7gwrlbzw9nd1k296bu24b7thq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/古爾吉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304560</id>
      <parentid>7258812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304560</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="583" sha1="kbt70fcff52kt77f1iqn6v9jwkwqygj" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=古尔吉|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Gǔ'ěrjí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/gūrgi|gūrgi]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|古]]</text>
      <sha1>kbt70fcff52kt77f1iqn6v9jwkwqygj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/傅錫理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304539</id>
      <parentid>7258815</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304539</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="582" sha1="6q2wttd2mmkl5xlv9myejm9h5qxz15q" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=傅锡理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Fùxīlǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/fusiri|fusiri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|傅]]</text>
      <sha1>6q2wttd2mmkl5xlv9myejm9h5qxz15q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伊拉齊</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304533</id>
      <parentid>7258813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304533</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="c8j7g8rgaigkp0htslczwpbgqdn57iw" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=伊拉齐|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Yīlāqí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ilaci|ilaci]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|伊]]</text>
      <sha1>c8j7g8rgaigkp0htslczwpbgqdn57iw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/墨佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304679</id>
      <parentid>7258814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="8qiijwkmawq5z32dm0ir5w33prb9nfz" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=墨佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mòjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/megiya|megiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|墨]]</text>
      <sha1>8qiijwkmawq5z32dm0ir5w33prb9nfz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/蘇拉喇</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304654</id>
      <parentid>7258800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="582" sha1="7hsvmq736cnmmfimcqsbb1sizbv63wp" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=苏拉喇|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Sūlālǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/sulara|sulara]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|蘇]]</text>
      <sha1>7hsvmq736cnmmfimcqsbb1sizbv63wp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/拜英格理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304546</id>
      <parentid>7258816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304546</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="597" sha1="ft70596sccvddmdsnb1ph092gj146z4" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=拜英格理|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Bàiyīnggélǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/bainggeri|bainggeri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|拜]]</text>
      <sha1>ft70596sccvddmdsnb1ph092gj146z4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/倭赫</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304538</id>
      <parentid>7258818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304538</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="572" sha1="s9ofw7wuqb5ywyppn4wkg1g9v3xr2h6" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=倭赫|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wōhè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/wehe|wehe]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|倭]]</text>
      <sha1>s9ofw7wuqb5ywyppn4wkg1g9v3xr2h6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/巴爾拉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304530</id>
      <parentid>7258802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304530</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="581" sha1="7qhic8ko9tmoao3txzd4hs0mk3nn564" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=巴尔拉|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Bā'ěrlā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/barla|barla]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|巴]]</text>
      <sha1>7qhic8ko9tmoao3txzd4hs0mk3nn564</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/阿爾拉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304674</id>
      <parentid>7258801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304674</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="635" sha1="pkzxkqxswwy7feokpbtfzhfi9y31f4t" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=阿尔拉|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Ā'ěrlā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) ''ere hala be absi manjurame arara be sirame bithei kuren de baicaci acambi.''

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|阿]]</text>
      <sha1>pkzxkqxswwy7feokpbtfzhfi9y31f4t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/額爾格濟</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304678</id>
      <parentid>7258819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="588" sha1="636bqs5jexjmt4kk74rlvf1cb06edp8" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=額尔格济|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=É'ěrgéjì
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ergeji|ergeji]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|額]]</text>
      <sha1>636bqs5jexjmt4kk74rlvf1cb06edp8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/吳聶齊</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304568</id>
      <parentid>7258820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304568</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="585" sha1="k3uy2o5wqwb2zrj7zhaben2i3x0s649" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=吴聂齐|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wúnièqí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/uniyeci|uniyeci]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|吳]]</text>
      <sha1>k3uy2o5wqwb2zrj7zhaben2i3x0s649</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/赫爾濟</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304657</id>
      <parentid>7258822</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304657</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="581" sha1="hzosbsbcgct300van7ounjo4q5gqyiv" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=赫尔济|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Hè'ěrjì
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/herji|herji]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|赫]]</text>
      <sha1>hzosbsbcgct300van7ounjo4q5gqyiv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都克達</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304663</id>
      <parentid>7258821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="9pbbbes77kgl2cf4xy05pt963x1hzqy" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=都克达|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Dūkèdá
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/dukda|dukda]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|都]]</text>
      <sha1>9pbbbes77kgl2cf4xy05pt963x1hzqy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/白佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304641</id>
      <parentid>7258824</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="k1yeowvxn1e9jj1w1zpjfryzorzttvw" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=白佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Báijiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/baigiya|baigiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|白]]</text>
      <sha1>k1yeowvxn1e9jj1w1zpjfryzorzttvw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/錫爾弼</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304669</id>
      <parentid>7258823</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304669</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="581" sha1="j7j52sjtvkf96tx8y8sfxy9osm4w5u1" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=锡尔弼|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Xī'ěrbì
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/silbi|silbi]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|錫]]</text>
      <sha1>j7j52sjtvkf96tx8y8sfxy9osm4w5u1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/塔喇</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792524</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304579</id>
      <parentid>7258825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="572" sha1="drwu1mqc6f401zvb6ra2yqw4p982cl4" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=塔喇|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Tǎlǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/tara|tara]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|塔]]</text>
      <sha1>drwu1mqc6f401zvb6ra2yqw4p982cl4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/宏義</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304582</id>
      <parentid>7258826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="ifbi7blg4jqzrr0xsx5vgi7cmal7l6z" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=宏义|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Hóngyì
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hūnggi|hūnggi]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|宏]]</text>
      <sha1>ifbi7blg4jqzrr0xsx5vgi7cmal7l6z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/富色勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304584</id>
      <parentid>7258827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="582" sha1="qt9bil7kh9ljta8qu0q8c7pnyqw0qkl" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=富色勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Fùsèlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/fusere|fusere]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|富]]</text>
      <sha1>qt9bil7kh9ljta8qu0q8c7pnyqw0qkl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/温屯</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304557</id>
      <parentid>7258829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304557</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="aem5cdidol95zgrt5wxy42wb3sv097q" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=温屯|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wēntún
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/untun|untun]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|温]]</text>
      <sha1>aem5cdidol95zgrt5wxy42wb3sv097q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/凱隆</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304559</id>
      <parentid>7258831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304559</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="632" sha1="7dzzton6b8smiwnlezcn8heca3n0bet" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=凯隆|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Kǎilóng
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) ''ere hala be absi manjurame arara be sirame bithei kuren de baicaci acambi.''

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|凱]]</text>
      <sha1>7dzzton6b8smiwnlezcn8heca3n0bet</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/倭徹庫</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304537</id>
      <parentid>7258830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304537</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="583" sha1="jtoifrukzigqvi4wkwl7qoyq7tsgjhb" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=倭彻库|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wōchèkù
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/weceku|weceku]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|倭]]</text>
      <sha1>jtoifrukzigqvi4wkwl7qoyq7tsgjhb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/玉克墨</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304565</id>
      <parentid>7258840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304565</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="tg3homa9k93vizczatcr3krbkjuu5ix" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=玉克墨|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Yùkèmò
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ioikeme|ioikeme]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|玉]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伊喇</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792531</id>
    <revision>
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        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=伊喇|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Yīlǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ira|ira]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|伊]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/克伊克勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792532</id>
    <revision>
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        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=克伊克勒|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Kèyīkèlè
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}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/keikere|keikere]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|克]]</text>
      <sha1>n61zeublkx8fnnvx3kswj4mb9wjpm4s</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/甘佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792533</id>
    <revision>
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        <username>MiiCii</username>
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{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=甘佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Gānjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/g'angiya|g'angiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|甘]]</text>
      <sha1>hwqqzqt76qrbnjhd8z214qb1b2gdcrh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/齊達勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792534</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304683</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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      <origin>7304683</origin>
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{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=齐达勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Qídálè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/cidare|cidare]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|齊]]</text>
      <sha1>ro7u7235m2g37v8zann5kb3to01j2wr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/墨爾迪</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792535</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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      <origin>7304681</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=墨尔迪|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mò'ěrdí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/meldi|meldi]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|墨]]</text>
      <sha1>llek7upov3kzjcjehec7pvx3ec822u2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/貴岳理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304638</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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      <origin>7304638</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="586" sha1="jcso8fhq3ntrvyuk3ntr6xmchup2pyu" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=贵岳理}|-|type=3}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Guìyuèlǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/goiyori|goiyori]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|貴]]</text>
      <sha1>jcso8fhq3ntrvyuk3ntr6xmchup2pyu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/公儀理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304543</id>
      <parentid>7258838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304543</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="590" sha1="se2brvj75j30zpdl8zfbdt1spb2g9py" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=公仪理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Gōngyílǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/gūnggiri|gūnggiri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|公]]</text>
      <sha1>se2brvj75j30zpdl8zfbdt1spb2g9py</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/泰瑚特</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304563</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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      <origin>7304563</origin>
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      <text bytes="585" sha1="5odznd0y43no2lzjgme13u7j8x7e2eu" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=泰瑚特|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Tàihútè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/taihūt|taihūt]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|泰]]</text>
      <sha1>5odznd0y43no2lzjgme13u7j8x7e2eu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Allan Ssewanyana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3792599</id>
    <revision>
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'''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' (akazaarwa ebiro 26 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1986), orikumanywa nka ‘Omusajja wa Bwino’ n'omunyamahurire w'eby'emizaano omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], orikukurira abakozi hamwe n'omunyabyabutegyeki. Akaba ari omukiiki [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|omwishengyero]] rya Makindye Division West&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=164 &quot;SSEWANYANA ALLAN&quot;]. [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]].&lt;/ref&gt; kandi omujwekyerwa w'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Unity Platform|National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki ekirikukirayo obuhango ekirikuhakanisa gavumenti omu Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Who-will-step-into-Kyanjo-s-large-shoes-in-Makindye-West-/688342-2347440-nuvhe2z/index.html &quot;Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?&quot;]. Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; N'omukiiki aha kakiiko k'eby'obwegyese n'eby'emizaano hamwe n'akakiiko k'emigisha erikwinganaingana omu ishengyero rya 10 erya Uganda. Kandi niwe minisita w'eby'emizaano omuri Kabineti y'ekisiibo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/ &quot;Gov't not bothered, Chinese petty traders murdering our economy – MP Ssewanyana&quot;]. New Vision. 12 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html &quot;Allan Ssewanyana Dreams of Leading Fufa and Uganda&quot;]. The Observer.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ssewanyana akaba ari: omukiiki wa LCV owa [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (KCCA) arikujwekyera divizoni ya Makindye; omuhandiiki w'eby'emizaano aha tiivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) hamwe na Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuhandiiki w'eby'emizaano omu rupapura rw'amahurire orwa Ennyanda sports newspaper, memba aha kakiiko k'abebembezi ba Uganda Premier League kandi owaabaire ari omuhwezi wa mukuru w'akakiiko ka KCCA FC.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html &quot;Allan Ssewanyana resigns from his position at KCCA&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/ &quot;Men only cheat when their women change&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 3 March 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe ==
Ssewanyana akazaarwa omu irwariro rya Nsambya, Aloysius na Sarah Ssendawula ab'omuri Kibuye, ebiro 26 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1986 omu ka y'Abakaturiki ey'Abaganda. Niwe wa kashatu aha baana mushanju kandi aine banyaanyazi bana na barumuna babiri.

Akashomera purayimare omu [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|rurembo rwa Kampala]] aha eishomero rya Nakivubo Blue Primary School ahu yabaire ari omwebembezi w'eby'emizaano kandi yaatunga satifikeeti ye eya PLE omuri 1998.

Bwanyima akaza omu St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School ahu yaashomera O-Level kandi [[Wp/nyn/Mengo Senior School|Mengo Senior School]] ahu yaashomera A-Level, yaatunga satifikeeti ya UCE omuri 2002 hamwe na satifikeeti ya UACE omuri 2005. Akakora nk'omwebembezi w'eby'emizaano aha St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School kandi nk'omwebembezi w'abeegi aha Mengo Senior School.

Ssewanyana akongyera yaaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] ahu yaaherize diguri omuri 2008 omu by'obuhangwa omu by'okureeberera abantu. Akaba ari omwebembezi w'abeegi kandi memba w'akakiiko k'abajwekyerwa b'abeegi (GRC) aha Ivory Tower.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'eby'obutegyeki ==
Bwanyima y'okutunga satifikeeti ye eya UACE, Ssewanyana akatunga omurimo nk'omushwijumi w'eby'emizaano aha reediyo ya Top Radio 89.6 FM omuri 2005. Bwanyima y'okutunga diguri ye eya kabiri omuri 2008, akatunga omurimo nk'omushwijumi w'eby'emizaano aha tiivi ya NBS, arikutandikaho kandi arikukora puroguraamu ya NBS Lunchtime Sports eya buriizooba. Omuri 2014, akongyera yaaba omuhandiiki w'eby'emizaano aha rupapura rw'amakuru orwa buri sande orwa Ennyanda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation &quot;KCCA councilor remanded over defamation&quot;]. Sunday Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2013, Ssewanyana akeesimbaho ahabwa purezidenti wa [[Wp/nyn/Federation of Uganda Football Associations|Federation of Uganda Football Associations]] (FUFA) omu kaweefube w'okuza omu mwanya gwa purezidenti wa FUFA ow'obwire obwo, [[Wp/nyn/Lawrence Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Akarugaho ahabw'enshonga z'eby'emikono ezashangire ngu omuntu omwe wenka, [[Wp/nyn/Moses Hassim Magogo|Moses Magogo]], niwe yaabaire aine ebirikwetengyesa kandi akahika aha muheru yaarabamu atarikuhakanisibwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo &quot;FUFA exco endorses Magogo&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2011, Ssewanyana akeegaita aha by'obutegyeki aha tiketi ya DP, yaaba omujwekyerwa wa LCV owa [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (KCCA) arikujwekyera abatuuragye b'omuri Makindye West kuhisya omuri 2016 obu yaatooranwa kuheereza ekicweka kimwe ekyo omu mwanya gw'ekitiinisa gw'omukiiki omwishengyero, ekyamuhindwire memba w'eishengyero rya 10 erya Pearl of Africa.

Omu ishengyero rya 10, Ssewanyana naaheereza aha kakiiko k'eby'obwegyese n'eby'emizaano hamwe n'akakiiko k'emigisha erikwinganaingana.

Ssewanyana naayoreka ngu naija kwesimbaho nk'omuntu buntu omu karuuru ka 2026 bwanyima y'okuremwa kutunga tiketi y'ekibiina kye.&lt;ref&gt;[https://chimpreports.com/makindye-west-mp-allan-ssewanyana-declares-independent-bid-for-2026-elections-after-nup-snub/ &quot;Makindye West MP Allan Ssewanyana Declares Independent Bid for 2026 Elections After NUP Snub&quot;]. ''Chimpreports''. Retrieved 16 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akasingwa entebe ye [[Wp/nyn/Member of parliament|y'omujwekyerwa w'eishengyero]] omu karuuru ka 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2026/01/19/long-serving-mps-and-ministers-lose-in-ugandas-2026-polls/ &quot;Long-Serving MPs and Ministers Lose in Uganda's 2026 Polls&quot;]. ''Galaxy fm''. Retrieved 19 January 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ebirikukukwataho nk'omuntu ==
Allan Ssewanyana ashweirwe Lydia Ssewanyana kandi baine abaana babiri. Akakora nka omuhwezi wa mukuru w'entebe owa KCCA FC kuruga omuri  2012 kuhisya omuri 2015 kandi nka memba w'akakiiko akarikwebembera riigi ya Uganda omu bwire bumwe obwo. Ssewanyana niwe mukama kandi mukuru w'entebe ya Katwe United FC obwahati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ &quot;FIFA begins probe into Magogo's World Cup tickets Scam&quot;]. The SpearNews.&lt;/ref&gt; We wenka akazaana omupiira aha rurengo rwa National League aha tiimu ya Top TV FC kuruga omuri  2001 kuhisya omuri 2004 obu yahendeka eigufa ry'omu kifuba, obuhuta obwaretsireho okuhendera omurimo gwe gw'omupiira gw'ebigyere.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban &quot;Top TV FC faces ban&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu Kwa mwenda omuri 2021, Allan Sewanyana akajunaanwa orubanja rw'obwisi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/ &quot;Ouganda : deux députés de l'opposition accusés &quot;d'orchestrer des meurtres&quot;&quot;]. Africanews. 7 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebirabo n'ebitiinisa ==
Ssewanyana atungire ebirabo ebi ahaifo omu myaka egi:

* 2013: RTV Academy Awards '''''Best TV Sports Presenter'''''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ &quot;Glory And Victory At RTV Awards&quot;]. CHANO8. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014: RTV Academy Awards '''''Best Radio &amp; TV Sports Presenter'''''
* 2014: Kadanke Awards '''''Best Youth Leadership Award'''''&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/ &quot;Kadanke Unveils National Youth Festival and Awards&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 3 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: RTV Academy Awards '''''Most Outstanding Sports Presenter'''''
* 2015: Best of the Best (BB) Awards '''''TV Sports Presenter'''''&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/ &quot;BEST OF THE BEST AWARDS 2016: Here's The Full List Of Nominees&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 18 April 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: Buzz Teeniez Awards '''''Teeniez Leadership Award'''''

== Reeba na ebindi ==

* Disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]]
* Ekibiina kya Democratic Party (Uganda)
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Ekitongore kya Kampala Capital City Authority]].

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
&lt;references /&gt;

== Obuhabuzi oburikuruga aheeru ==

* Website of the Parliament of Uganda
* Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports
* On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains

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'''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' (akazaarwa ebiro 26 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1986), orikumanywa nka ‘Omusajja wa Bwino’ n'omunyamahurire w'eby'emizaano omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], orikukurira abakozi hamwe n'omunyabyabutegyeki. Akaba ari omukiiki [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|omwishengyero]] rya Makindye Division West&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=164 &quot;SSEWANYANA ALLAN&quot;]. [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]].&lt;/ref&gt; kandi omujwekyerwa w'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Unity Platform|National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki ekirikukirayo obuhango ekirikuhakanisa gavumenti omu Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Who-will-step-into-Kyanjo-s-large-shoes-in-Makindye-West-/688342-2347440-nuvhe2z/index.html &quot;Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?&quot;]. Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; N'omukiiki aha kakiiko k'eby'obwegyese n'eby'emizaano hamwe n'akakiiko k'emigisha erikwinganaingana omu ishengyero rya 10 erya Uganda. Kandi niwe minisita w'eby'emizaano omuri Kabineti y'ekisiibo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/ &quot;Gov't not bothered, Chinese petty traders murdering our economy – MP Ssewanyana&quot;]. New Vision. 12 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html &quot;Allan Ssewanyana Dreams of Leading Fufa and Uganda&quot;]. The Observer.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ssewanyana akaba ari: omukiiki wa LCV owa [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (KCCA) arikujwekyera divizoni ya Makindye; omuhandiiki w'eby'emizaano aha tiivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) hamwe na Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuhandiiki w'eby'emizaano omu rupapura rw'amahurire orwa Ennyanda sports newspaper, memba aha kakiiko k'abebembezi ba Uganda Premier League kandi owaabaire ari omuhwezi wa mukuru w'akakiiko ka KCCA FC.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html &quot;Allan Ssewanyana resigns from his position at KCCA&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/ &quot;Men only cheat when their women change&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 3 March 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe ==
Ssewanyana akazaarwa omu irwariro rya Nsambya, Aloysius na Sarah Ssendawula ab'omuri Kibuye, ebiro 26 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1986 omu ka y'Abakaturiki ey'Abaganda. Niwe wa kashatu aha baana mushanju kandi aine banyaanyazi bana na barumuna babiri.

Akashomera purayimare omu [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|rurembo rwa Kampala]] aha eishomero rya Nakivubo Blue Primary School ahu yabaire ari omwebembezi w'eby'emizaano kandi yaatunga satifikeeti ye eya PLE omuri 1998.

Bwanyima akaza omu St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School ahu yaashomera O-Level kandi [[Wp/nyn/Mengo Senior School|Mengo Senior School]] ahu yaashomera A-Level, yaatunga satifikeeti ya UCE omuri 2002 hamwe na satifikeeti ya UACE omuri 2005. Akakora nk'omwebembezi w'eby'emizaano aha St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School kandi nk'omwebembezi w'abeegi aha Mengo Senior School.

Ssewanyana akongyera yaaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] ahu yaaherize diguri omuri 2008 omu by'obuhangwa omu by'okureeberera abantu. Akaba ari omwebembezi w'abeegi kandi memba w'akakiiko k'abajwekyerwa b'abeegi (GRC) aha Ivory Tower.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'eby'obutegyeki ==
Bwanyima y'okutunga satifikeeti ye eya UACE, Ssewanyana akatunga omurimo nk'omushwijumi w'eby'emizaano aha reediyo ya Top Radio 89.6 FM omuri 2005. Bwanyima y'okutunga diguri ye eya kabiri omuri 2008, akatunga omurimo nk'omushwijumi w'eby'emizaano aha tiivi ya NBS, arikutandikaho kandi arikukora puroguraamu ya [[Wp/nyn/NBS Television (Uganda)|NBS]] Lunchtime Sports eya buriizooba. Omuri 2014, akongyera yaaba omuhandiiki w'eby'emizaano aha rupapura rw'amakuru orwa buri sande orwa Ennyanda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation &quot;KCCA councilor remanded over defamation&quot;]. Sunday Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2013, Ssewanyana akeesimbaho ahabwa purezidenti wa [[Wp/nyn/Federation of Uganda Football Associations|Federation of Uganda Football Associations]] (FUFA) omu kaweefube w'okuza omu mwanya gwa purezidenti wa FUFA ow'obwire obwo, [[Wp/nyn/Lawrence Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Akarugaho ahabw'enshonga z'eby'emikono ezashangire ngu omuntu omwe wenka, [[Wp/nyn/Moses Hassim Magogo|Moses Magogo]], niwe yaabaire aine ebirikwetengyesa kandi akahika aha muheru yaarabamu atarikuhakanisibwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo &quot;FUFA exco endorses Magogo&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2011, Ssewanyana akeegaita aha by'obutegyeki aha tiketi ya DP, yaaba omujwekyerwa wa LCV owa [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (KCCA) arikujwekyera abatuuragye b'omuri Makindye West kuhisya omuri 2016 obu yaatooranwa kuheereza ekicweka kimwe ekyo omu mwanya gw'ekitiinisa gw'omukiiki omwishengyero, ekyamuhindwire memba w'eishengyero rya 10 erya Pearl of Africa.

Omu ishengyero rya 10, Ssewanyana naaheereza aha kakiiko k'eby'obwegyese n'eby'emizaano hamwe n'akakiiko k'emigisha erikwinganaingana.

Ssewanyana naayoreka ngu naija kwesimbaho nk'omuntu buntu omu karuuru ka 2026 bwanyima y'okuremwa kutunga tiketi y'ekibiina kye.&lt;ref&gt;[https://chimpreports.com/makindye-west-mp-allan-ssewanyana-declares-independent-bid-for-2026-elections-after-nup-snub/ &quot;Makindye West MP Allan Ssewanyana Declares Independent Bid for 2026 Elections After NUP Snub&quot;]. ''Chimpreports''. Retrieved 16 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akasingwa entebe ye [[Wp/nyn/Member of parliament|y'omujwekyerwa w'eishengyero]] omu karuuru ka 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2026/01/19/long-serving-mps-and-ministers-lose-in-ugandas-2026-polls/ &quot;Long-Serving MPs and Ministers Lose in Uganda's 2026 Polls&quot;]. ''Galaxy fm''. Retrieved 19 January 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ebirikukukwataho nk'omuntu ==
Allan Ssewanyana ashweirwe Lydia Ssewanyana kandi baine abaana babiri. Akakora nka omuhwezi wa mukuru w'entebe owa KCCA FC kuruga omuri  2012 kuhisya omuri 2015 kandi nka memba w'akakiiko akarikwebembera riigi ya Uganda omu bwire bumwe obwo. Ssewanyana niwe mukama kandi mukuru w'entebe ya Katwe United FC obwahati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ &quot;FIFA begins probe into Magogo's World Cup tickets Scam&quot;]. The SpearNews.&lt;/ref&gt; We wenka akazaana omupiira aha rurengo rwa National League aha tiimu ya Top TV FC kuruga omuri  2001 kuhisya omuri 2004 obu yahendeka eigufa ry'omu kifuba, obuhuta obwaretsireho okuhendera omurimo gwe gw'omupiira gw'ebigyere.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban &quot;Top TV FC faces ban&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu Kwa mwenda omuri 2021, Allan Sewanyana akajunaanwa orubanja rw'obwisi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/ &quot;Ouganda : deux députés de l'opposition accusés &quot;d'orchestrer des meurtres&quot;&quot;]. Africanews. 7 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebirabo n'ebitiinisa ==
Ssewanyana atungire ebirabo ebi ahaifo omu myaka egi:

* 2013: RTV Academy Awards '''''Best TV Sports Presenter'''''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ &quot;Glory And Victory At RTV Awards&quot;]. CHANO8. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014: RTV Academy Awards '''''Best Radio &amp; TV Sports Presenter'''''
* 2014: Kadanke Awards '''''Best Youth Leadership Award'''''&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/ &quot;Kadanke Unveils National Youth Festival and Awards&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 3 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: RTV Academy Awards '''''Most Outstanding Sports Presenter'''''
* 2015: Best of the Best (BB) Awards '''''TV Sports Presenter'''''&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/ &quot;BEST OF THE BEST AWARDS 2016: Here's The Full List Of Nominees&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 18 April 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: Buzz Teeniez Awards '''''Teeniez Leadership Award'''''

== Reeba na ebindi ==

* Disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]]
* Ekibiina kya Democratic Party (Uganda)
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Ekitongore kya Kampala Capital City Authority]].

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
&lt;references /&gt;

== Obuhabuzi oburikuruga aheeru ==

* Website of the Parliament of Uganda
* Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports
* On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains

{{INTERWIKI|Q30091390}}</text>
      <sha1>sep6ra5blo9zdg3s7om1ipoy7g1zq5r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304427</id>
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        <username>Rooth N</username>
        <id>2608660</id>
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'''Allan Aloysius Ssewanyana''' (akazaarwa ebiro 26 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1986), orikumanywa nka ‘Omusajja wa Bwino’ n'omunyamahurire w'eby'emizaano omuri [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]], orikukurira abakozi hamwe n'omunyabyabutegyeki. Akaba ari omukiiki [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|omwishengyero]] rya Makindye Division West&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=164 &quot;SSEWANYANA ALLAN&quot;]. [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]].&lt;/ref&gt; kandi omujwekyerwa w'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Unity Platform|National Unity Platform]], ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki ekirikukirayo obuhango ekirikuhakanisa gavumenti omu Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Who-will-step-into-Kyanjo-s-large-shoes-in-Makindye-West-/688342-2347440-nuvhe2z/index.html &quot;Who will step into Kyanjo's large shoes in Makindye West?&quot;]. Daily Monitor. 2 February 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; N'omukiiki aha kakiiko k'eby'obwegyese n'eby'emizaano hamwe n'akakiiko k'emigisha erikwinganaingana omu ishengyero rya 10 erya Uganda. Kandi niwe minisita w'eby'emizaano omuri Kabineti y'ekisiibo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://theinsider.ug/index.php/2017/05/12/govt-not-bothered-chinese-petty-traders-murdering-our-economy-mp-ssewanyana/ &quot;Gov't not bothered, Chinese petty traders murdering our economy – MP Ssewanyana&quot;]. New Vision. 12 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201604250755.html &quot;Allan Ssewanyana Dreams of Leading Fufa and Uganda&quot;]. The Observer.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ssewanyana akaba ari: omukiiki wa LCV owa [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (KCCA) arikujwekyera divizoni ya Makindye; omuhandiiki w'eby'emizaano aha tiivi ya Nile Broadcasting Services (NBS) hamwe na Top Radio 89.6 FM; omuhandiiki w'eby'emizaano omu rupapura rw'amahurire orwa Ennyanda sports newspaper, memba aha kakiiko k'abebembezi ba [[Wp/nyn/Uganda Premier League|Uganda Premier League]] kandi owaabaire ari omuhwezi wa mukuru w'akakiiko ka KCCA FC.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Men-only-cheat-when-their-women-change/691230-2598572-plcy94/index.html &quot;Allan Ssewanyana resigns from his position at KCCA&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/allan-ssewanyana-resigns-position-kcca/ &quot;Men only cheat when their women change&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 3 March 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe ==
Ssewanyana akazaarwa omu irwariro rya Nsambya, Aloysius na Sarah Ssendawula ab'omuri Kibuye, ebiro 26 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1986 omu ka y'Abakaturiki ey'Abaganda. Niwe wa kashatu aha baana mushanju kandi aine banyaanyazi bana na barumuna babiri.

Akashomera purayimare omu [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|rurembo rwa Kampala]] aha eishomero rya Nakivubo Blue Primary School ahu yabaire ari omwebembezi w'eby'emizaano kandi yaatunga satifikeeti ye eya PLE omuri 1998.

Bwanyima akaza omu St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School ahu yaashomera O-Level kandi [[Wp/nyn/Mengo Senior School|Mengo Senior School]] ahu yaashomera A-Level, yaatunga satifikeeti ya UCE omuri 2002 hamwe na satifikeeti ya UACE omuri 2005. Akakora nk'omwebembezi w'eby'emizaano aha St. Mathias Kalemba Senior Secondary School kandi nk'omwebembezi w'abeegi aha Mengo Senior School.

Ssewanyana akongyera yaaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] ahu yaaherize diguri omuri 2008 omu by'obuhangwa omu by'okureeberera abantu. Akaba ari omwebembezi w'abeegi kandi memba w'akakiiko k'abajwekyerwa b'abeegi (GRC) aha Ivory Tower.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Emirimo hamwe n'eby'obutegyeki ==
Bwanyima y'okutunga satifikeeti ye eya UACE, Ssewanyana akatunga omurimo nk'omushwijumi w'eby'emizaano aha reediyo ya Top Radio 89.6 FM omuri 2005. Bwanyima y'okutunga diguri ye eya kabiri omuri 2008, akatunga omurimo nk'omushwijumi w'eby'emizaano aha tiivi ya NBS, arikutandikaho kandi arikukora puroguraamu ya [[Wp/nyn/NBS Television (Uganda)|NBS]] Lunchtime Sports eya buriizooba. Omuri 2014, akongyera yaaba omuhandiiki w'eby'emizaano aha rupapura rw'amakuru orwa buri sande orwa Ennyanda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1322842/kcca-councilor-remanded-defamation &quot;KCCA councilor remanded over defamation&quot;]. Sunday Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2013, Ssewanyana akeesimbaho ahabwa purezidenti wa [[Wp/nyn/Federation of Uganda Football Associations|Federation of Uganda Football Associations]] (FUFA) omu kaweefube w'okuza omu mwanya gwa purezidenti wa FUFA ow'obwire obwo, [[Wp/nyn/Lawrence Mulindwa|Lawrence Mulindwa]]. Akarugaho ahabw'enshonga z'eby'emikono ezashangire ngu omuntu omwe wenka, [[Wp/nyn/Moses Hassim Magogo|Moses Magogo]], niwe yaabaire aine ebirikwetengyesa kandi akahika aha muheru yaarabamu atarikuhakanisibwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1324298/fufa-exco-endorses-magogo &quot;FUFA exco endorses Magogo&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2011, Ssewanyana akeegaita aha by'obutegyeki aha tiketi ya DP, yaaba omujwekyerwa wa LCV owa [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] (KCCA) arikujwekyera abatuuragye b'omuri Makindye West kuhisya omuri 2016 obu yaatooranwa kuheereza ekicweka kimwe ekyo omu mwanya gw'ekitiinisa gw'omukiiki omwishengyero, ekyamuhindwire memba w'eishengyero rya 10 erya Pearl of Africa.

Omu ishengyero rya 10, Ssewanyana naaheereza aha kakiiko k'eby'obwegyese n'eby'emizaano hamwe n'akakiiko k'emigisha erikwinganaingana.

Ssewanyana naayoreka ngu naija kwesimbaho nk'omuntu buntu omu karuuru ka 2026 bwanyima y'okuremwa kutunga tiketi y'ekibiina kye.&lt;ref&gt;[https://chimpreports.com/makindye-west-mp-allan-ssewanyana-declares-independent-bid-for-2026-elections-after-nup-snub/ &quot;Makindye West MP Allan Ssewanyana Declares Independent Bid for 2026 Elections After NUP Snub&quot;]. ''Chimpreports''. Retrieved 16 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akasingwa entebe ye [[Wp/nyn/Member of parliament|y'omujwekyerwa w'eishengyero]] omu karuuru ka 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2026/01/19/long-serving-mps-and-ministers-lose-in-ugandas-2026-polls/ &quot;Long-Serving MPs and Ministers Lose in Uganda's 2026 Polls&quot;]. ''Galaxy fm''. Retrieved 19 January 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ebirikukukwataho nk'omuntu ==
Allan Ssewanyana ashweirwe Lydia Ssewanyana kandi baine abaana babiri. Akakora nka omuhwezi wa mukuru w'entebe owa KCCA FC kuruga omuri  2012 kuhisya omuri 2015 kandi nka memba w'akakiiko akarikwebembera riigi ya Uganda omu bwire bumwe obwo. Ssewanyana niwe mukama kandi mukuru w'entebe ya Katwe United FC obwahati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://thespearnews.com/2017/06/14/fifa-begins-probe-magogos-world-cup-tickets-scam/ &quot;FIFA begins probe into Magogo's World Cup tickets Scam&quot;]. The SpearNews.&lt;/ref&gt; We wenka akazaana omupiira aha rurengo rwa National League aha tiimu ya Top TV FC kuruga omuri  2001 kuhisya omuri 2004 obu yahendeka eigufa ry'omu kifuba, obuhuta obwaretsireho okuhendera omurimo gwe gw'omupiira gw'ebigyere.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256637/tv-fc-ban &quot;Top TV FC faces ban&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu Kwa mwenda omuri 2021, Allan Sewanyana akajunaanwa orubanja rw'obwisi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://fr.africanews.com/2021/09/07/ouganda-deux-deputes-de-l-opposition-accuses-d-orchestrer-des-meurtres/ &quot;Ouganda : deux députés de l'opposition accusés &quot;d'orchestrer des meurtres&quot;&quot;]. Africanews. 7 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebirabo n'ebitiinisa ==
Ssewanyana atungire ebirabo ebi ahaifo omu myaka egi:

* 2013: RTV Academy Awards '''''Best TV Sports Presenter'''''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200107013716/http://chano8.com/glory-victory-rtv-awards/ &quot;Glory And Victory At RTV Awards&quot;]. CHANO8. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014: RTV Academy Awards '''''Best Radio &amp; TV Sports Presenter'''''
* 2014: Kadanke Awards '''''Best Youth Leadership Award'''''&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/kadanke-unveils-national-youth-festival-awards/ &quot;Kadanke Unveils National Youth Festival and Awards&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 3 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: RTV Academy Awards '''''Most Outstanding Sports Presenter'''''
* 2015: Best of the Best (BB) Awards '''''TV Sports Presenter'''''&lt;ref&gt;[http://bigeye.ug/best-best-awards-2016-heres-full-list-nominees/ &quot;BEST OF THE BEST AWARDS 2016: Here's The Full List Of Nominees&quot;]. bigeye.ug. 18 April 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: Buzz Teeniez Awards '''''Teeniez Leadership Award'''''

== Reeba na ebindi ==

* Disiturikiti ya [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]]
* Ekibiina kya Democratic Party (Uganda)
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Kampala Capital City Authority|Ekitongore kya Kampala Capital City Authority]].

== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
&lt;references /&gt;

== Obuhabuzi oburikuruga aheeru ==

* Website of the Parliament of Uganda
* Link to NBS' Lunchtime Sports
* On unbecoming behavior to achieve political gains

{{INTERWIKI|Q30091390}}</text>
      <sha1>mxvtoixe3es0ufsxklb7g5bnq4e80dj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/lua/Isabel Machik Tshombe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3793162</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303871</id>
      <parentid>7303800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:16:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shayi ngolu</username>
        <id>2566594</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="221" sha1="c3387b37sx01l8ufwfyr4l54inrj3k9" xml:space="preserve">'''Ruth Isabel Machik Tshombe''' udi muena tshididi ne muena ditunga dia congo. Uvua mulombodi wa [[Wp/lua/Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata|ditunga dia RDC]] mu France kubangila mu 2021 too ne mu 2022.

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
      <sha1>c3387b37sx01l8ufwfyr4l54inrj3k9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu</title>
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    <id>3793687</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304199</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304199</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7965" sha1="cxs5a8tdl9pazdf29c0odd8k4b6sry9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyabyabutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwakabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwamukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwaikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwakana 30, 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304201</id>
      <parentid>7304199</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:42:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304201</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7972" sha1="lt3otzoe5s3ppi7eqvdpfjmi78n81ld" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyabyabutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwakabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwamukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwaikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwakana 30, 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>lt3otzoe5s3ppi7eqvdpfjmi78n81ld</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304202</id>
      <parentid>7304201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:42:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7978" sha1="02ppswtf5oapf0md73iy3dkcq45zdeb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda omuri 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyabyabutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwakabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwamukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwaikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwakana 30, 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>02ppswtf5oapf0md73iy3dkcq45zdeb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304203</id>
      <parentid>7304202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7980" sha1="sstgiw8f8omzy096m1plrs8v86jmn5o" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda omuri 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyaby'obutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 202n1 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwakabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwamukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwaikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwakana 30, 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>sstgiw8f8omzy096m1plrs8v86jmn5o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304205</id>
      <parentid>7304203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:45:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7979" sha1="pdup1ua85kjj5b3g13tqqvlmvwrlc5e" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda omuri 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyaby'obutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwakabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwamukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwaikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwakana 30, 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>pdup1ua85kjj5b3g13tqqvlmvwrlc5e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304206</id>
      <parentid>7304205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:46:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304206</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7980" sha1="rk51n3txcs2srhvw5waw86e9zblreqr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda omuri 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyaby'obutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwa kabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwamukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwaikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwakana 30, 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>rk51n3txcs2srhvw5waw86e9zblreqr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304207</id>
      <parentid>7304206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:47:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304207</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7981" sha1="osq300ahd7ajz6as6d956idtbbvro7j" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda omuri 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyaby'obutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwa kabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwamukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwa ikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwakana 30, 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>osq300ahd7ajz6as6d956idtbbvro7j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304208</id>
      <parentid>7304207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:48:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7982" sha1="c08m556i0520x9kur0jh7eijkm6ho9b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda omuri 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyaby'obutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwa kabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwa mukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwa ikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwakana 30, 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>c08m556i0520x9kur0jh7eijkm6ho9b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304210</id>
      <parentid>7304208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7983" sha1="h34zocgfbsgtibyevmyaskcqthui54a" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda omuri 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyaby'obutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwa kabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwa mukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwa ikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwa kana 30, 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304211</id>
      <parentid>7304210</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:49:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304211</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7990" sha1="4u4q83ocl0dl3xnv71w91e08r5grhwh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda omuri 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyaby'obutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwa kabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwa mukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwa ikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwa kana  ebiro 30, 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>4u4q83ocl0dl3xnv71w91e08r5grhwh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304212</id>
      <parentid>7304211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:49:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304212</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7997" sha1="q0vfp0th6hz86qwujawwbd11en8yzc0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda omuri 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyaby'obutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwakana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwa kabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwa mukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwa ikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwa kana  ebiro 30,  omuri 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>q0vfp0th6hz86qwujawwbd11en8yzc0</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304213</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:51:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304213</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7998" sha1="leluwxu15kqnj4mtco3riphbbsstdwa" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q24572738}}
'''Mary Goretti Kitutu''',&lt;/big&gt; na '''Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono''' (owaazaarwa 17 okwa mwenda omuri 1962) n'omunyayuganda omwegyesa, omunyaby'obutegyeki kandi omurwanirizi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi. Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja aha 8 June 2021, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]]. Akaba ari minisita w'eby'amashanyarazi n'eby'obugaiga bw'omu itaka, omu [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|kabineti ya Uganda]], kuruga 14 December 2019 kuhisya 8 June 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/new-cabinet-museveni-drops-kutesa-10-ministers/ &quot;NEW CABINET: Museveni drops Kutesa, 10 ministers&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Monitor Reporter (14 December 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Museveni-shuffles-Cabinet-drops-Muloni-Nadduli-Ssekandi/688334-5386130-139sq4lz/index.html &quot;Museveni Shuffles Cabinet, Drops Muloni, Appoints Magyezi&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 15 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga 10 Okwamukaaga 2016, kuhisya 14 Desemba 2019, akaheereza nka minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi omu Kabineti ya [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;Uganda State House (6 June 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf &quot;Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016&quot;] (PDF). ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Kitutu akaheereza nka omujwekyerwa w'abakazi owa [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu ishengyero rya 11 erya Uganda (2021 - 2026).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Parliament of Uganda (October 2016). [http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=229 &quot;Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Kitutu Kimono Mary Goretti&quot;]. Kampala: Parliament of Uganda. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mpsdb.parliament.go.ug/ &quot;Members of Parliament | Parliament&quot;]. ''mpsdb.parliament.go.ug''. Retrieved 18 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'enshonga za Karamoja kuruga 2021 kuhisya obu yaihwaho omuri 2024 ahanyima y'okujunaanwa emishango y'obushomankuzi erikukwata aha bintu by'obuhwezi.&lt;ref&gt;DariousMagara (10 April 2023). [https://eastafricanwatch.net/who-is-minister-mary-kitutu/ &quot;Who is Minister Mary Kitutu?&quot;]. ''The East African Watch''. Retrieved 16 July 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe. ==
Mary Goretti akazaarwa omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] ebiro 17 Okwaikumi na mwenda 1962. Akaza omu ishomero rya Situmi Primary School omu [[Wp/nyn/Disiturikiti ya Namisindwa|disiturikiti ya Namisindwa]] eryabaire nirimanywa nka Buhhaweka sub-county ahu yaashutamiire ebigyezo bye bya Primary Leaving atakagiire omu ishomero rya Tororo Girls School aha &quot;O&quot; hamwe na &quot;A&quot; level,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-is-mary-goretti-kitutu-4191078 &quot;Who is Mary Goretti Kitutu&quot;]. ''Monitor''. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; akaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omuri 1984, yaamara diguri ye omuri 1987 aine diguri ya Bachelor of Science omuri [[Wp/nyn/Chemistry|Chemistry]] na Geology. Omuri 1993, akagaruka [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere]] yaatunga Postgraduate Diploma omu by'obwegyese. Diguri ye eya kabiri omu bya sayansi ekatungwa omuri 1998 kuruga omu itendekyero rya Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation erya Yunivasite ya Twente, omuri Enschede, Budaaki. Omuri 2011, akatunga diguri ya Dokitari omu bya sayansi kuruga omu Yunivasite ya [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere,]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]], [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;GGGI (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085727/http://www.gggweek2016.org/?page_id=159 &quot;Speakers: Global Green Growth Week 2016 - Dr. Mary Goretti Kitutu Kimono&quot;]. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora. ==
Omurimo gwa Mary Goretti ogw'okubanza kuruga omu yunivasite gukaba guri nk'omwegyesa aha Busoga College Mwiri kuruga 1988 kuhisya 1991. Kuruga 1991 kuhisya 1996, akeegyesa aha Our Lady of Good Counsel School omuri Gayaza, omu [[Wp/nyn/Wakiso District|Disiturikiti ya Wakiso]]. Bwanyima y'okuruga omu kwegyesa, akakora nk'omuhabuzi aha Axis Technical Geo Mineral Consult, ahagati ya 1998 na 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Omu Kwa kana 2002, akapangisibwa nk'omukozi w'okucondooza kandi omukugu omu by'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha kitongore ekirikujunanizibwa aha buhangwa bw'ensi ekya [[Wp/nyn/National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|National Environment Management Authority]] (NEMA), arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya Okwakabiri 2015. Kuruga Okwa kabiri 2015, akakora nk'omuhabuzi omukuru kandi omureebi w'obuhangwa bw'ensi aha Tetra Tech, purogyekiti eyashagikirwe USAID, arikukora omu mwanya ogwo kuhisya 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Eby'obutegyeki. ==
Aha muheru gwa 2015, Kitutu akataaha omu by'obutegyeki bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] obw'okutoorana obu yaayesimbaho aha ntebe y'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'eihanga aka 2016 hamwe n'ak'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero. Akaba ayesimbire aha kibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;Apio, Eliane (4 December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115157/http://opengatefm.com/2015/12/04/manafwa-parliamentary-aspirants-outline-priorities-ahead-of-2016-polls/ &quot;Manafwa parliamentary aspirants outline priorities ahead of 2016 polls&quot;.] ''Open Gate Fm''. Opengatefm.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Akatooranwa kuba minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'obuhangwa bw'ensi ebiro 6 Okwa mukaaga 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Monitor Team (8 June 2016). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-are-the-new-faces-in-Museveni-s-Cabinet-/688334-3237208-item-00-obgwqy/index.html &quot;Who Are The New Faces in Museveni's Cabinet?: Mary Goretti Katutu&quot;]. ''Daily Monitor''. Kampala. Retrieved 9 November 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu kuhindura ba minisita okwabaireho ebiro 14 Okwa ikumi na ibiri 2019, [[Wp/nyn/Mary Goretti Kitutu|Mary Goretti Kitutu]], akatooranwa kuba minisita wa Energy and Mineral Development. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Irene Muloni|Irene Muloni]], owaarugire omu ba minisita&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Akagaruka yaayesimbaho kandi yaasingura ekisanja ekindi nk'omujwekyerwa w'abakazi omu [[Wp/nyn/Manafwa District|Disiturikiti ya Manafwa]] omu karuuru k'omujwekyerwa omu ishengyero aka 2021.

== Okutaho Ebiragiro by'ensi yoona. ==
Okwa kana  ebiro 30,  omuri 2024, ofiisi y'amahanga g'aheeru eya Bungyereza ekarangirira okutaho obukwakurizo aha buntu bwa Mary Kitutu hamwe n'omwebembezi wa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]] ondiijo ow'ahaiguru omu nteekateeka yaayo ey'okurwanisa obushomankuzi omu nsi yoona ahabw'okwejumba omu bushomankuzi bw'amaani oburikukwata aha kwiba enkumi n'enkumi z'amabaati agabaire gahairwe abantu b'omu byaro bya [[Wp/nyn/Karamoja|Karamoja]] nk'emwe aha purogyekiti ya gavumenti, ekyamureeteire kuzibirwa kutunga ebintu hamwe n'okuzibirwa kugyenda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities &quot;UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities&quot;]. ''GOV.UK''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf &quot;Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024&quot;] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oburugo oburikuruga aheeru. ==

* Dr Mary Goretti Kitutu: Biography, Family and Husband - Flash Uganda Media.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Kabineti ya Uganda]].
* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda.]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Agnes Nandutu|Agnes Nandutu]]


== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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      <text bytes="191" sha1="2xezzidcy3ux3xqlfu67tu4wqdy34dj" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Databox|item=Q49625}}'''Omu''' gwe mwaka enkumi bbiri mu mukaaga mu kalenda ya Gregorian.

== Okuzaalibwa ==

== Okufa ==

== Omukenkufu ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]

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== Okuzaalibwa ==

== Okufa ==

== Omukenkufu ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]

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== Okuzaalibwa ==

== Okufa ==

== Omukenkufu ==

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== Okufa ==

== Omukenkufu ==

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'''Alex Ruhunda''' (akazaarwa ebiro 2 Okwa ikumi nibiri omuri 1971) n'omucondooza omunyayuganda, omutebekanisa w'abantu, omushuubuzi kandi omuny'eby'obutegyeki. Akaba ari [[Wp/nyn/Member of parliament|omukiiki omwishengyero]] owa Munisipaali ya [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kandi omujwekyerwa w'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|NRM]], ekiri omu butegyeki omu ishengyero rya ikumi na rimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=95 &quot;RUHUNDA ALEX&quot;]. Parliament of Uganda.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruhunda niwe mukuru w'entebe owatandikireho ekibiina kya Parliamentary Forum for Road Safety, mukuru w'entebe w'ekibiina kya Rwenzori MPs Forum, omuhwezi w'omukuru w'entebe w'akakiiko k'eishengyero akarikujunanizibwa aha by'obushubuzi, eby'oburambuzi hamwe n'amakorero kandi memba w'akakiiko k'embaririra omu [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|ishengyero rya Yuganda]] ery'omurundi gwa 10.&lt;ref&gt;[https://torodev.blogspot.ug/2013/08/rwenzori-mps-boss-gives-accountability.html &quot;Rwenzori MPs boss gives accountability on rural industrialisation&quot;]. ToroDev. 5 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/Printer/2017-03-21/209263/ &quot;Ugandan lawmakers here on study tour&quot;]. The New Times. 21 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2007, akaba ari purezidenti wa IACD, ekibiina ky'amahanga goona ekya International Association for Community Development kandi niwe yatandikireho kandi owaabaire ari mukuru w'ekitongore kya Kabarole Research and Resource Centre (KRC), ekitongore kya Nongovernmental Organization ekya Yuganda ekirikushangwa omu kicweka kya Toro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240319113424/https://www.iacdglobal.org/about/brief-history/ &quot;IACD: IN 2018 IACD WILL BE 65 YEARS OLD&quot;]. IACD. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://krcuganda.org/?p=1292 &quot;Hon Ruhunda: the ingenous brain behind KRC Formation&quot;]. KRC Uganda.&lt;/ref&gt; Niwe yatandikireho kandi memba w'akakiiko k'obwebembezi aka [[Wp/nyn/Mountains of the Moon University|Mountains of the Moon University]], omwebembezi w'ebibiina bingi bya Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) omuri Yuganda kandi ashutama aha bukiiko bwingi obw'ebitongore by'obuhwezi otwariiremu na Rotary International n'ebindi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1434793/fort-portal-shines &quot;Fort Portal shines on 40 years later&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hHnFBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=rotary+international+ruhunda+alex+uganda&amp;pg=PT378 Mr. Alex Ruhunda]''. Routledge. 2 July 2010. [[Wp/nyn/ISBN|ISBN]]&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781136938313|9781136938313]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240322095535/https://journalism.mak.ac.ug/?q=news/010816/mp-ruhunda-moves-end-drug-abuse-poor-performance-fort-portal-schools-0 &quot;MP Ruhunda Moves To End Drug Abuse, Poor Performance In Fort Portal Schools&quot;]. Makerere University. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amagara g'obuto n'obwegyese ==
Ruhunda akazaarirwa omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kabarole District|Disiturikiti ya Kabarole]], ebiro 2 Okwaikumi na kumwe omu mwana gwa 1971 omu ka y'Abakaturiki. Akashomera aha St Peter and Paul Primary School, Kijanju, Fort Portal M/C omu mishomo ye eya purayimare, City High School, Kampala omu mishomo ye eya O-level hamwe na [[Wp/nyn/Namilyango College|Namilyango College]] omu mishomo ye eya A-Level.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1328535/museveni-grace-city-school-celebrations &quot;Museveni to grace City High School 50-year celebrations&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruhunda akongyera yaaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omu mishomo ye eya Yunivasite ahu yaaherize diguri ye omuri 1996 n'eya Bachelor of Social Science omu by'obutegyeki hamwe n'obwebembezi bwa gavumenti. Omu itendekyero eryo ery'obwegyese obwaheiguru, Ruhunda akagumizamu yaatunga diguri ya kabiri omuri Master of Arts omu by'ekikura ky'abantu hamwe n'entunguuka omuri 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora ==
Ahonaaho bwanyima y'okujwara diguri omuri 1996, Ruhunda akatandikaho kandi yaheereza nka dayirekita kandi omuhandiiki w'akakiiko ka Kabarole Research and Resource Centre (KRC), omwanya ogu yaarugiremu omuri 2009. Obu yaabaire ari aha mutwe gw'ekitongore ky'okucondooza, akahwera omu puroguraamu z'okucondooza ahabwa [[Wp/nyn/MTN Uganda|MTN Uganda]], Shell Uganda hamwe n'ebitongore ebindi kandi yaheereza nka purezidenti wa IACD&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; omuri 2007 kandi nka memba w'akakiiko k'ekitongore ky'ensi yoona eky'entunguuka y'abantu ekirikujwekyera Afirika.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1450476/fort-portal-hospital-boost-emergency-ward &quot;Fort Portal hospital gets boost for emergency ward&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akaba ari n'omwebembezi w'entebe y'ekitongore ekirikureeberera eby'obuhingi ekya Uganda Governance Monitoring Platform (UGMP)&lt;ref&gt;[http://ngoforum.or.ug/uganda-governance-monitoring-plaform/ &quot;Uganda Governance Monitoring Plaform (sic)&quot;]. UNNGOF.&lt;/ref&gt; kandi nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ekirikureeberera eby'obuhingi ekya Sustainable Agriculture Trainers Network (SATNET), Rwenzori-Anti-Corruption-Coalition (RAC) hamwe n'ebindi bitongore. Alex Ruhunda, hamwe na Dennis Mugarra na Joseph Rwabuhinga bakatandikaho DAJ Communications omuri 2000, ekitongore eki Ruhunda arikukyebembera hati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1309068/daj-communications &quot;DAJ Communications Ltd&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu mwaka gwa 2011, Ruhunda akaza omu by'obutegyeki aha tiketi ya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|NRM]] yaaba memba w'eishengyero rya 9 erya Uganda arikujwekyera Munisipaali ya Fort Portal. Omuri 2016, akagaruka yaasingura akaruuru kandi na hati naaheereza ekicweka kimwe ekyo omu ishengyero rya 10 erya Pearl of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/alex-ruhunda-leads-fort-portal-mp-seat &quot;Alex Ruhunda Leads Fort Portal MP Seat&quot;]. Uganda Radio Network.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu ishengyero ry'omwenda, Ruhunda akaheereza aha kakiiko k'eishengyero ak'omurundi gumwe okucondooza aha kitongore ky'amashanyarazi; Akakiiko k'eby'obuhangwa. Omu ishengyero ry'omurundi gwa ikumi, niwe mukuru w'entebe y'akakiiko k'eishengyero akarikukwata aha by'okwerinda aha nguuto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170505222820/http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php/about-parliament/parliamentary-news/1224-sensitize-citizens-on-road-use-speaker &quot;Sensitize citizens on road use – Speaker&quot;]. [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]]. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; mukuru w'entebe y'akakiiko k'abajwekyerwa ba Rwenzori, omuhwezi w'omukuru w'entebe y'akakiiko k'eby'obushubuzi, eby'oburambuzi hamwe n'amakorero kandi n'omwebembezi w'akakiiko k'embaririra.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ict4democracy.org/category/blog/page/6/ &quot;My Work As A Leader Is To Improve Service Delivery, Alex Ruhunda&quot;]. ICT4Democracy. 8 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu myaka mingi, Alex Ruhunda yaheereize empapura nyingi kandi yaaha endagiriro z'amaani omu bantu b'emiringo mingi omu nsi yoona kandi na hati naakikora.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Omuri 2017 Ruhunda akahayo ekihandiiko ky'okushwijuma omu The Tower Post kugamba ebiteekateeko bye ebirikukwata aha kakiiko akarikwija kwihaho ekikomo ky'emyaka. Akagira ati, &quot;Ninteekateeka ngu Ruhanga naija kuhika aha mutima gwa purezidenti [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]] okwetantara okwohibwa kw'okuhurikiza abantu abarikwenda kumara obwire bukye abarikushagika okwihaho ekikomo ky'emyaka omu ngyenderwaho yaitu y'eihanga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thetowerpost.com/2017/09/24/mp-alex-ruhunda-why-i-rejected-nrm-caucus-plot-to-remove-age-limit/ &quot;MP Alex Ruhunda: Why I Rejected NRM Caucus Plot to Remove Age Limit – TowerPostNews&quot;]. ''TowerPostNews''. 2 September 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reeba n'ebindi ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Kabarole District|Kabarole District]]
== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

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'''Alex Ruhunda''' (akazaarwa ebiro 2 Okwa ikumi nibiri omuri 1971) n'omucondooza omunyayuganda, omutebekanisa w'abantu, omushuubuzi kandi omuny'eby'obutegyeki. Akaba ari [[Wp/nyn/Member of parliament|omukiiki omwishengyero]] owa Munisipaali ya [[Wp/nyn/Fort Portal|Fort Portal]] kandi omujwekyerwa w'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|NRM]], ekiri omu butegyeki omu ishengyero rya ikumi na rimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=95 &quot;RUHUNDA ALEX&quot;]. Parliament of Uganda.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruhunda niwe mukuru w'entebe owatandikireho ekibiina kya Parliamentary Forum for Road Safety, mukuru w'entebe w'ekibiina kya Rwenzori MPs Forum, omuhwezi w'omukuru w'entebe w'akakiiko k'eishengyero akarikujunanizibwa aha by'obushubuzi, eby'oburambuzi hamwe n'amakorero kandi memba w'akakiiko k'embaririra omu [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|ishengyero rya Yuganda]] ery'omurundi gwa 10.&lt;ref&gt;[https://torodev.blogspot.ug/2013/08/rwenzori-mps-boss-gives-accountability.html &quot;Rwenzori MPs boss gives accountability on rural industrialisation&quot;]. ToroDev. 5 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/Printer/2017-03-21/209263/ &quot;Ugandan lawmakers here on study tour&quot;]. The New Times. 21 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omuri 2007, akaba ari purezidenti wa IACD, ekibiina ky'amahanga goona ekya International Association for Community Development kandi niwe yatandikireho kandi owaabaire ari mukuru w'ekitongore kya Kabarole Research and Resource Centre (KRC), ekitongore kya Nongovernmental Organization ekya Yuganda ekirikushangwa omu kicweka kya Toro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240319113424/https://www.iacdglobal.org/about/brief-history/ &quot;IACD: IN 2018 IACD WILL BE 65 YEARS OLD&quot;]. IACD. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://krcuganda.org/?p=1292 &quot;Hon Ruhunda: the ingenous brain behind KRC Formation&quot;]. KRC Uganda.&lt;/ref&gt; Niwe yatandikireho kandi memba w'akakiiko k'obwebembezi aka [[Wp/nyn/Mountains of the Moon University|Mountains of the Moon University]], omwebembezi w'ebibiina bingi bya Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) omuri Yuganda kandi ashutama aha bukiiko bwingi obw'ebitongore by'obuhwezi otwariiremu na Rotary International n'ebindi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1434793/fort-portal-shines &quot;Fort Portal shines on 40 years later&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hHnFBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=rotary+international+ruhunda+alex+uganda&amp;pg=PT378 Mr. Alex Ruhunda]''. Routledge. 2 July 2010. [[Wp/nyn/ISBN|ISBN]]&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781136938313|9781136938313]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240322095535/https://journalism.mak.ac.ug/?q=news/010816/mp-ruhunda-moves-end-drug-abuse-poor-performance-fort-portal-schools-0 &quot;MP Ruhunda Moves To End Drug Abuse, Poor Performance In Fort Portal Schools&quot;]. Makerere University. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amagara g'obuto n'obwegyese ==
Ruhunda akazaarirwa omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kabarole District|Disiturikiti ya Kabarole]], ebiro 2 Okwaikumi na kumwe omu mwana gwa 1971 omu ka y'Abakaturiki. Akashomera aha St Peter and Paul Primary School, Kijanju, Fort Portal M/C omu mishomo ye eya purayimare, City High School, Kampala omu mishomo ye eya O-level hamwe na [[Wp/nyn/Namilyango College|Namilyango College]] omu mishomo ye eya A-Level.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1328535/museveni-grace-city-school-celebrations &quot;Museveni to grace City High School 50-year celebrations&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruhunda akongyera yaaza [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]] omu mishomo ye eya Yunivasite ahu yaaherize diguri ye omuri 1996 n'eya Bachelor of Social Science omu by'obutegyeki hamwe n'obwebembezi bwa gavumenti. Omu itendekyero eryo ery'obwegyese obwaheiguru, Ruhunda akagumizamu yaatunga diguri ya kabiri omuri Master of Arts omu by'ekikura ky'abantu hamwe n'entunguuka omuri 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Omurimo gw'okukora ==
Ahonaaho bwanyima y'okujwara diguri omuri 1996, Ruhunda akatandikaho kandi yaheereza nka dayirekita kandi omuhandiiki w'akakiiko ka Kabarole Research and Resource Centre (KRC), omwanya ogu yaarugiremu omuri 2009. Obu yaabaire ari aha mutwe gw'ekitongore ky'okucondooza, akahwera omu puroguraamu z'okucondooza ahabwa [[Wp/nyn/MTN Uganda|MTN Uganda]], Shell Uganda hamwe n'ebitongore ebindi kandi yaheereza nka purezidenti wa IACD&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; omuri 2007 kandi nka memba w'akakiiko k'ekitongore ky'ensi yoona eky'entunguuka y'abantu ekirikujwekyera Afirika.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1450476/fort-portal-hospital-boost-emergency-ward &quot;Fort Portal hospital gets boost for emergency ward&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akaba ari n'omwebembezi w'entebe y'ekitongore ekirikureeberera eby'obuhingi ekya Uganda Governance Monitoring Platform (UGMP)&lt;ref&gt;[http://ngoforum.or.ug/uganda-governance-monitoring-plaform/ &quot;Uganda Governance Monitoring Plaform (sic)&quot;]. UNNGOF.&lt;/ref&gt; kandi nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ekirikureeberera eby'obuhingi ekya Sustainable Agriculture Trainers Network (SATNET), Rwenzori-Anti-Corruption-Coalition (RAC) hamwe n'ebindi bitongore. Alex Ruhunda, hamwe na Dennis Mugarra na Joseph Rwabuhinga bakatandikaho DAJ Communications omuri 2000, ekitongore eki Ruhunda arikukyebembera hati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1309068/daj-communications &quot;DAJ Communications Ltd&quot;]. New Vision.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu mwaka gwa 2011, Ruhunda akaza omu by'obutegyeki aha tiketi ya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|NRM]] yaaba memba w'eishengyero rya 9 erya Uganda arikujwekyera Munisipaali ya Fort Portal. Omuri 2016, akagaruka yaasingura akaruuru kandi na hati naaheereza ekicweka kimwe ekyo omu ishengyero rya 10 erya Pearl of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/alex-ruhunda-leads-fort-portal-mp-seat &quot;Alex Ruhunda Leads Fort Portal MP Seat&quot;]. Uganda Radio Network.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu ishengyero ry'amwenda, Ruhunda akaheereza aha kakiiko k'eishengyero ak'omurundi gumwe okucondooza aha kitongore ky'amashanyarazi; Akakiiko k'eby'obuhangwa. Omu ishengyero ry'omurundi gwa ikumi, niwe mukuru w'entebe y'akakiiko k'eishengyero akarikukwata aha by'okwerinda aha nguuto,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170505222820/http://www.parliament.go.ug/index.php/about-parliament/parliamentary-news/1224-sensitize-citizens-on-road-use-speaker &quot;Sensitize citizens on road use – Speaker&quot;]. [[:en:Parliament_of_Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]]. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; mukuru w'entebe y'akakiiko k'abajwekyerwa ba Rwenzori, omuhwezi w'omukuru w'entebe y'akakiiko k'eby'obushubuzi, eby'oburambuzi hamwe n'amakorero kandi n'omwebembezi w'akakiiko k'embaririra.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ict4democracy.org/category/blog/page/6/ &quot;My Work As A Leader Is To Improve Service Delivery, Alex Ruhunda&quot;]. ICT4Democracy. 8 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu myaka mingi, Alex Ruhunda yaheereize empapura nyingi kandi yaaha endagiriro z'amaani omu bantu b'emiringo mingi omu nsi yoona kandi na hati naakikora.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Omuri 2017 Ruhunda akahayo ekihandiiko ky'okushwijuma omu The Tower Post kugamba ebiteekateeko bye ebirikukwata aha kakiiko akarikwija kwihaho ekikomo ky'emyaka. Akagira ati, &quot;Ninteekateeka ngu Ruhanga naija kuhika aha mutima gwa purezidenti [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]] okwetantara okwohibwa kw'okuhurikiza abantu abarikwenda kumara obwire bukye abarikushagika okwihaho ekikomo ky'emyaka omu ngyenderwaho yaitu y'eihanga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thetowerpost.com/2017/09/24/mp-alex-ruhunda-why-i-rejected-nrm-caucus-plot-to-remove-age-limit/ &quot;MP Alex Ruhunda: Why I Rejected NRM Caucus Plot to Remove Age Limit – TowerPostNews&quot;]. ''TowerPostNews''. 2 September 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reeba n'ebindi ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Kabarole District|Kabarole District]]
== Ebihandiiko ebirikugambwaho ==

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Isabel Ramirez (nantzin Chabela) (Maritza Stephanie Alvarenga)--Elkawa.wav]] → [[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Isabel Ramirez (nantzin Chabela) (Maritza Stephanie Alvarenga)--Elkawa (1).wav]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Isabel Ramirez (nantzin Chabela) (Maritza Stephanie Alvarenga)--Elkawa (1).wav]]</comment>
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'''ELWAKA'''
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''Categoría Gramatical:'' Verbo Transitivo

''Grammatical Category:'' Transitive Verb
----
* '''Audio:''' [[File:LL-Q1186896 (ppl)-Isabel Ramirez (nantzin Chabela) (Maritza Stephanie Alvarenga)--Elkawa (1).wav|LL-Q1186896_(ppl)-Isabel_Ramirez_(nantzin_Chabela)_(Maritza_Stephanie_Alvarenga)--Elkawa|embed|200px]]
|}


=== Español ===
Olvidar

Niu-nimetzelkawa: Te voy a olvidar.

=== English ===
Forget

Niu-nimetzelkawa: I'm going to forget you.

[[Category:Wt/ppl/Category:Verbo Transitivo]]
[[Category:Wt/ppl]]</text>
      <sha1>0yiuuf1eg79cf2mwn0ki1bju4b76a29</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/lua/Noëlla Katham</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3796740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303878</id>
      <parentid>7274900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T13:22:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shayi ngolu</username>
        <id>2566594</id>
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      <text bytes="196" sha1="c5yapewbn4sgln4cgcc4jk0p4f5dffa" xml:space="preserve">'''Noëlla Katham''' udi mufundi ne munganga wa mu ditunga dia congo udi musombela mu tshimenga tshia kinshasa mu [[Wp/lua/Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata|ditunga dia congo]].

[[Category:Wp/lua]]</text>
      <sha1>c5yapewbn4sgln4cgcc4jk0p4f5dffa</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/grc/VHS</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3796814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304237</id>
      <parentid>7275208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T21:04:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anaxicrates</username>
        <id>2539505</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Adding interwiki links to [[d:Q183976]]</comment>
      <origin>7304237</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="759" sha1="ga58908aw1u9v3094gnbxkqjf168000" xml:space="preserve">Ὁ '''VHS''' ('''Video Home System''', '''Κῑνήματος Οἴκου Σύστημα''') ἐστὶ ἀπηρχαιωμένος κοινότης ἀγοραστοῦ [[Wp/grc/Ἀνάλογος|ἀνάλογος]] [[Wp/grc/Κῑνηματογραφίᾱς|κῑνηματογραφίᾱς]] ἐπὶ [[Wp/grc/Μαγνητικὸς ταινίᾳ|μαγνητικὸς ταινίᾳ]] ἐν [[Wp/grc/Θηκίσκῳ|Wp/grc/Θηκίσκῳ]], γραφόμενος ἐν τῷ 1976 ὑπὸ [[JVC]]. Ὅ ἦ τὸν κοινότατος [[Wp/grc/Οἴκου κῑνήματος|οἴκου κῑνήματος]] σύστημα ἐν τῷ ταινίᾱς περιόδῳ, ἀπὸ τῶν 1980 ἕως τῶν 2000.

[[Category:Wp/grc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q183976}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304238</id>
      <parentid>7304237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T21:35:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anaxicrates</username>
        <id>2539505</id>
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      <text bytes="725" sha1="gv5t4ty5sswj56oy83xspxvz60a0o0y" xml:space="preserve">Ὁ '''VHS''' ('''Video Home System''', '''Κῑνηματογαρφικὸν Ἐφέστιον Σύστημα''') ἐστὶ ἀπηρχαιωμένος ἐμπορικὸς τύπος ἀναλογικῆς κῑνημάτων ἐγγραφῆς ἐπὶ [[Wp/grc/Μαγνητικῇ ταινίᾳ|μαγνητικῇ ταινίᾳ]] ἐν [[Wp/grc/Θηκίσκος|θηκίσκῳ]], γραφόμενος ἐν τῷ 1976 ὑπὸ [[Wp/grc/JVC|JVC]]. Ὅ ἦ τὸν κοινότατος [[Wp/grc/Οἴκου κῑνήματος|οἴκου κῑνήματος]] σύστημα ἐν τῷ ταινίᾱς περιόδῳ, ἀπὸ τῶν 1980 ἕως τῶν 2000 ἐτέων.

[[Category:Wp/grc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q183976}}</text>
      <sha1>gv5t4ty5sswj56oy83xspxvz60a0o0y</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304239</id>
      <parentid>7304238</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T21:42:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anaxicrates</username>
        <id>2539505</id>
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      <origin>7304239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="731" sha1="q77tcl21x4v3v41cdbsm6hn6m8p0duu" xml:space="preserve">Ὁ '''VHS''' ('''Video Home System''', '''Κῑνηματογαρφικὸν Ἐφέστιον Σύστημα''') ἐστὶ ἀπηρχαιωμένος ἐμπορικὸς τύπος ἀναλογικῆς ἐγγραφῆς κῑνημάτων ἐπὶ [[Wp/grc/Μαγνητικὴ ταινία|μαγνητικῇ ταινίᾳ]] ἐν [[Wp/grc/Θηκίσκος|θηκίσκῳ]], ἀπειργασμένος ἐν τῷ 1976 ὑπὸ [[Wp/grc/JVC|JVC]]. Ὅ ἦ τὸν κοινότατος [[Wp/grc/Οἴκου κῑνήματος|οἴκου κῑνήματος]] σύστημα ἐν τῷ ταινίᾱς περιόδῳ, ἀπὸ τῶν 1980 ἕως τῶν 2000 ἐτέων.

[[Category:Wp/grc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q183976}}</text>
      <sha1>q77tcl21x4v3v41cdbsm6hn6m8p0duu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304240</id>
      <parentid>7304239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T21:59:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anaxicrates</username>
        <id>2539505</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304240</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="734" sha1="734gic7rdx75bb955bmkvexps3psa65" xml:space="preserve">Ὁ '''VHS''' ('''Video Home System''', '''Κῑνηματογαρφικὸν Ἐφέστιον Σύστημα''') ἐστὶ ἀπηρχαιωμένος ἐμπορικὸς τύπος ἀναλογικῆς ἐγγραφῆς κῑνημάτων ἐπὶ [[Wp/grc/Μαγνητικὴ ταινία|μαγνητικῇ ταινίᾳ]] ἐν [[Wp/grc/Θηκίσκος|θηκίσκῳ]], ἀπειργασμένος ἐν τῷ 1976 ὑπὸ [[Wp/grc/JVC|JVC]]. Τόδε ἦν τὸ κοινότατον ἐφέστιον σύστημα πρὸς τὸ ταινίᾱς θεωρεῖν ἐν τῇ τῆς ταινίᾱς ἡλικίᾳ, ἀπὸ τῶν 1980 ἕως τῶν 2000 ἐτέων.

[[Category:Wp/grc]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q183976}}</text>
      <sha1>734gic7rdx75bb955bmkvexps3psa65</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/珠赫勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799202</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/珠赫勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304518</id>
      <parentid>7284875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/珠赫勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304518</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="4x8rtdkp430gph5azw3qd3buzdiwnim" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/珠赫勒]]</text>
      <sha1>4x8rtdkp430gph5azw3qd3buzdiwnim</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/傅爾袞氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799203</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/傅爾袞" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304475</id>
      <parentid>7284918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/傅爾袞]]</comment>
      <origin>7304475</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="3zts1qsdfq5ieb7u37zq0s6gn1w13b0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/傅爾袞]]</text>
      <sha1>3zts1qsdfq5ieb7u37zq0s6gn1w13b0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/阿魯氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799204</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/阿魯" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304635</id>
      <parentid>7284827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:24:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/阿魯]]</comment>
      <origin>7304635</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="t4h633c8v6oahyjfttu7izmxqvid0a1" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/阿魯]]</text>
      <sha1>t4h633c8v6oahyjfttu7izmxqvid0a1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/敖佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799205</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/敖佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304504</id>
      <parentid>7284893</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/敖佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="nfzjm6hhae8teurjx2yg4cccaf8w51q" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/敖佳]]</text>
      <sha1>nfzjm6hhae8teurjx2yg4cccaf8w51q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑚錫喀氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799206</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/瑚錫喀" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304521</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
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      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/瑚錫喀]]</comment>
      <origin>7304521</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="e3l7svllgwrz0dnlmmtfqrllzlzkwmn" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/瑚錫喀]]</text>
      <sha1>e3l7svllgwrz0dnlmmtfqrllzlzkwmn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/珠雅拉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799207</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/珠雅拉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304519</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/珠雅拉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304519</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="o8chuu6jd38yjm9azbur5lgt7gv2fb8" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/珠雅拉]]</text>
      <sha1>o8chuu6jd38yjm9azbur5lgt7gv2fb8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/阿爾布氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799208</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/阿爾布" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304634</id>
      <parentid>7284825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:24:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/阿爾布]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="30" sha1="m81j0vt56qr0exduruyeyeebjk1gqlq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/阿爾布]]</text>
      <sha1>m81j0vt56qr0exduruyeyeebjk1gqlq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/朱錫理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799209</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/朱錫理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304507</id>
      <parentid>7284779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/朱錫理]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="30" sha1="504mrqov7h4vcb8kzgvpsu8dzepvbqz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/朱錫理]]</text>
      <sha1>504mrqov7h4vcb8kzgvpsu8dzepvbqz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/齊克騰氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799210</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/齊克騰" />
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      <id>7304628</id>
      <parentid>7285021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/齊克騰]]</comment>
      <origin>7304628</origin>
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      <text bytes="30" sha1="pw8q3j9g09eevyulh7oenqgy36g10t2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/齊克騰]]</text>
      <sha1>pw8q3j9g09eevyulh7oenqgy36g10t2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/吳濟佳喇氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799211</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/吳濟佳喇" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304477</id>
      <parentid>7284795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:14Z</timestamp>
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        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/吳濟佳喇]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="33" sha1="r9wa0bkus7gqfkct5nq2e15afw0f838" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/吳濟佳喇]]</text>
      <sha1>r9wa0bkus7gqfkct5nq2e15afw0f838</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/珠赫勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304567</id>
      <parentid>7282430</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304567</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="572" sha1="bfymov5f3ldxpycn43sbfytv8klilzb" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=珠赫勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhūhèlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/juhere|juhere]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>bfymov5f3ldxpycn43sbfytv8klilzb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/阿魯</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304673</id>
      <parentid>7282431</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="558" sha1="tev7ubsbinicsinug753llaeu8ec0ra" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=阿鲁|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Ālǔ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/aru|aru]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>tev7ubsbinicsinug753llaeu8ec0ra</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/傅爾袞</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304540</id>
      <parentid>7282432</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304540</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="626" sha1="dnew7h4cqdrghtyc8cpri8ffp7de1xj" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=傅尔衮|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Fù'ěrgǔn
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) ''ere hala be absi manjurame arara be bithei kuren de dahime baicaci acambi.''

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>dnew7h4cqdrghtyc8cpri8ffp7de1xj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/敖佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304545</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:00Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2522943</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="566" sha1="3v8dach1fyny5o0b63np77eamz0tudb" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=敖佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Áojiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/oogiya|oogiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>3v8dach1fyny5o0b63np77eamz0tudb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑚錫喀</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304575</id>
      <parentid>7282434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304575</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="573" sha1="mbc0scgh0qy93hglc3xb50u5jj3k2ik" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=瑚锡喀|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Húxīkā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hūsika|hūsika]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>mbc0scgh0qy93hglc3xb50u5jj3k2ik</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/珠雅拉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304571</id>
      <parentid>7282435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304571</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="572" sha1="13q5ckl8rsz6oknoeh90fxbrlhyhleu" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=珠雅拉|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhūyǎlā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/juyala|juyala]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>13q5ckl8rsz6oknoeh90fxbrlhyhleu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/阿爾布</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304671</id>
      <parentid>7282440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="567" sha1="sj8utxo9lhcfczvq1sn554hgz7au2q1" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=阿尔布|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Ā'ěrbù
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/arbu|arbu]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>sj8utxo9lhcfczvq1sn554hgz7au2q1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/朱錫理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304552</id>
      <parentid>7282437</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304552</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="572" sha1="66qf3fv4ve6862k660ywetx8fp72i0c" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=朱锡理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhūxīlǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/jusiri|jusiri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>66qf3fv4ve6862k660ywetx8fp72i0c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/齊克騰</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304684</id>
      <parentid>7282438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304684</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="573" sha1="4yugq1wbw2z5vgzjm9ucdlghyffgoxs" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=齐克腾|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Qíkèténg
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/cikten|cikten]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>4yugq1wbw2z5vgzjm9ucdlghyffgoxs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/吳濟佳喇</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304562</id>
      <parentid>7282439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304562</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="571" sha1="bh6bm2spduty3oumt2s9i3mshcgui1d" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=吴济佳喇|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ujigiyara|ujigiyara]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>bh6bm2spduty3oumt2s9i3mshcgui1d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/文達氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799731</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/文達" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304505</id>
      <parentid>7284738</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/文達]]</comment>
      <origin>7304505</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="j8i1k3hb2zcogep3mxarmyl3rb1jcbr" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/文達]]</text>
      <sha1>j8i1k3hb2zcogep3mxarmyl3rb1jcbr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/阿拉邊前氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799732</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/阿拉邊前" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304617</id>
      <parentid>7284823</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/阿拉邊前]]</comment>
      <origin>7304617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="q11r7fafe6l70t0vsu08m9ehiog4pok" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/阿拉邊前]]</text>
      <sha1>q11r7fafe6l70t0vsu08m9ehiog4pok</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/楞布爾勤氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799733</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/楞布爾勤" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304509</id>
      <parentid>7284970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/楞布爾勤]]</comment>
      <origin>7304509</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="1ne8roi75q6x009p94mxgyx9z0q20cc" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/楞布爾勤]]</text>
      <sha1>1ne8roi75q6x009p94mxgyx9z0q20cc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都克塔理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799734</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/都克塔理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304631</id>
      <parentid>7284908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/都克塔理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="cizec2tm7e0xvajdged6s6u6yjg42fs" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/都克塔理]]</text>
      <sha1>cizec2tm7e0xvajdged6s6u6yjg42fs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/錫克徳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799735</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/錫克徳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304615</id>
      <parentid>7285050</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/錫克徳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="51i69llijyxswesqbx08ri0tc63qppm" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/錫克徳]]</text>
      <sha1>51i69llijyxswesqbx08ri0tc63qppm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/圖爾塔拉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799736</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/圖爾塔拉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304488</id>
      <parentid>7284998</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/圖爾塔拉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304488</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="ro9yuarauzre0h3l06tenq9urocb8s1" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/圖爾塔拉]]</text>
      <sha1>ro9yuarauzre0h3l06tenq9urocb8s1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/羅察氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799737</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/羅察" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304599</id>
      <parentid>7285076</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/羅察]]</comment>
      <origin>7304599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="b7r2x0d2peod16gnk3t8sosh3gsuexm" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/羅察]]</text>
      <sha1>b7r2x0d2peod16gnk3t8sosh3gsuexm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/墨克廷氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799738</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/墨克廷" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304625</id>
      <parentid>7285033</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/墨克廷]]</comment>
      <origin>7304625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="1xmsd7591cl2hpjwvsu3npxb5tcd3cv" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/墨克廷]]</text>
      <sha1>1xmsd7591cl2hpjwvsu3npxb5tcd3cv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伊穆氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799739</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/伊穆" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304468</id>
      <parentid>7284765</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/伊穆]]</comment>
      <origin>7304468</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="lld8z2ciaa2v1g23y51m4lspzvnhixl" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/伊穆]]</text>
      <sha1>lld8z2ciaa2v1g23y51m4lspzvnhixl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑪爾丹氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799740</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/瑪爾丹" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304522</id>
      <parentid>7285003</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/瑪爾丹]]</comment>
      <origin>7304522</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="84xemlpuykxlea71h41rsy54s07yyug" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/瑪爾丹]]</text>
      <sha1>84xemlpuykxlea71h41rsy54s07yyug</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/文達</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799741</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304550</id>
      <parentid>7283340</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304550</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="564" sha1="6v5pb7s7za7c6f7r6syk0kk5ihxe069" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=文达|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wéndá
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/wenda|wenda]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>6v5pb7s7za7c6f7r6syk0kk5ihxe069</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/楞布爾勤</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304553</id>
      <parentid>7283341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304553</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="573" sha1="nvnb85coglelxt6zinu6myluu5t1xas" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=楞布尔勤|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/lengburkin|lengburkin]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>nvnb85coglelxt6zinu6myluu5t1xas</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都克塔理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304662</id>
      <parentid>7283342</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="579" sha1="jwk7ehayqopktu3wv10y6kkc3o3h9kg" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=都克塔理|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Dūkètǎlǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/duktari|duktari]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>jwk7ehayqopktu3wv10y6kkc3o3h9kg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/圖爾塔拉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304580</id>
      <parentid>7283343</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304580</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="abxap7jfqxcwi0j72aertuirbi3yb3b" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=图尔塔拉|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Tú'ěrtǎlā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/turtala|turtala]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>abxap7jfqxcwi0j72aertuirbi3yb3b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/阿拉邊前</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304670</id>
      <parentid>7283344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="594" sha1="7dpkvtte9y2owk2r9qtoz1xmy87iggn" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=阿拉边前|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Ālābiānqián
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/alabiyanciyan|alabiyanciyan]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>7dpkvtte9y2owk2r9qtoz1xmy87iggn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/錫克徳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304667</id>
      <parentid>7283345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304667</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="569" sha1="2y1x01cwfd9b7mz0khsguju11z963ou" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=锡克德|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Xīkèdé
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/sikde|sikde]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>2y1x01cwfd9b7mz0khsguju11z963ou</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/羅察</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304647</id>
      <parentid>7283346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="563" sha1="ommwttaxxfiddj10yxg5mtv1ypr8y92" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=罗察|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Luóchá
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/loca|loca]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>ommwttaxxfiddj10yxg5mtv1ypr8y92</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑪爾丹</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304574</id>
      <parentid>7283347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304574</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="573" sha1="abkoojxujyuy3q0kwpg2q3kqtphzgca" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=玛尔丹|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mǎ'ěrdān
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/mardan|mardan]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>abkoojxujyuy3q0kwpg2q3kqtphzgca</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/墨克廷</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304680</id>
      <parentid>7283348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304680</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="575" sha1="n16z4g9ltbts7v6a1ubqo3w0i2cp71k" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=墨克廷|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mòkètíng
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/mekting|mekting]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>n16z4g9ltbts7v6a1ubqo3w0i2cp71k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伊穆</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3799750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304535</id>
      <parentid>7283349</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304535</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="559" sha1="mvhzydgcq6r25p5pbzk3w84oxitqjvq" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=伊穆|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Yīmù
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/imu|imu]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>mvhzydgcq6r25p5pbzk3w84oxitqjvq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wp/rgn/Artécli scrétt tel Rumagnul ad San Marein</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3800220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304449</id>
      <parentid>7286066</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:34:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cunsunint */</comment>
      <origin>7304449</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="586" sha1="nd5p5o40825zgxp94lo30lu65fmfkut" xml:space="preserve">== Cum ch'ò da lègia? Cum ch'ò da scriva? ==
=== Vuchèli ===
=== Cunsunint ===
==== la &quot;c&quot; dolcia: /t͡ʃ/ ====
CIA, CIO, CIU: ma'''cia'''&lt;br&gt;
CE, CI: '''ce'''va, '''ci'''ṡa&lt;br&gt;
CC: cò'''cc'''la, stra'''cc'''
==== la &quot;g&quot; dolcia: /ʤ/ ====
GIA, GIO, GIU&lt;br&gt;
GE, GI&lt;br&gt;
GG : '''gg'''lèd, imà'''gg'''na, pà'''gg'''na&lt;ref&gt;tel rumagnul l'an eṡést è e' son /ʤ + ɲ/ !&lt;/ref&gt;, ga'''gg'''
==== la &quot;q&quot; ====
Tel Rumagnùl ad San Marèin (e Seravàl) u-s uṡa la Q pri fè e' son /kw/
QUA, QUE, QUI: cin'''qui'''
e' Seravalèṡ clasghi l'à enca -Q: cin'''q'''

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]</text>
      <sha1>nd5p5o40825zgxp94lo30lu65fmfkut</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Dabéko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3800917</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303994</id>
      <parentid>7286769</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:30:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* lika n'ga wo */</comment>
      <origin>7303994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="697" sha1="c5bqmuyus4u2hh8oecjt631qlu5liwd" xml:space="preserve">'''Dabéko''' (annzɛ '''Dagbego''') ti klɔ kun m’ɔ o Côte d’Ivoire lɔ’n, m’ɔ o Gbôklé mɛn’n nun lɔ’n (nvle’n i wia atɔliɛ ja n'gua lɔ lika’n nun) Guinée lɔ nzue ba’n i nuan lɔ’n. Kɛ be nian mɛn sielɛ’n su’n, ɔ tɔ Sasandra lɔ akpasua’n i sa nun.
Ɔ ti Neyofuɛ’m be klɔ 27 be nun kun.

== Lika n'ga wo ==
{{Wp/bci/Localisation ville
|nord=[[Wp/bci/Soubré|Soubré]], [[Wp/bci/Gagnoa|Gagnoa]]  
|ouest= [[Wp/bci/Sassandra|Sassandra]]  
|ville=Dagbego
|est=[[Wp/bci/Fresco (Côte d'Ivoire)|Fresco]] 
|sud=
}}

== Like nga be klo i’n ==

* Jue tralɛ
* Plages
* Trépoint lika’n
* Parc naturel Gaoulou

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q3011615}}</text>
      <sha1>c5bqmuyus4u2hh8oecjt631qlu5liwd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303995</id>
      <parentid>7303994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:41:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="786" sha1="6xylq2mhh29cc1g13zezb5pks1twq1u" xml:space="preserve">'''Dabéko''' (annzɛ '''Dagbego''') ti klɔ kun m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] lɔ’n, m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Gbôklé|Gbôklé]] mɛn’n nun lɔ’n (nvle’n i wia atɔliɛ ja n'gua lɔ lika’n nun) [[Wp/bci/Guinée|Guinée]] lɔ nzue ba’n i nuan lɔ’n. Kɛ be nian mɛn sielɛ’n su’n, ɔ tɔ [[Wp/bci/Sassandra|Sassandra]] lɔ akpasua’n i sa nun.
Ɔ ti Neyofuɛ’m be klɔ 27 be nun kun.

== Lika n'ga wo ==
{{Wp/bci/Localisation ville
|nord=[[Wp/bci/Soubré|Soubré]], [[Wp/bci/Gagnoa|Gagnoa]]  
|ouest= [[Wp/bci/Sassandra|Sassandra]]  
|ville=Dagbego
|est=[[Wp/bci/Fresco (Côte d'Ivoire)|Fresco]] 
|sud=
}}

== Like nga be klo i’n ==

* Jue tralɛ
* Plages
* Trépoint lika’n
* Parc naturel Gaoulou

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q3011615}}</text>
      <sha1>6xylq2mhh29cc1g13zezb5pks1twq1u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Nigui-saff</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3800919</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303977</id>
      <parentid>7286782</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:09:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303977</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="776" sha1="tcq7jbjnt2nxq76348xpijfhejtd7ku" xml:space="preserve">'''Nigui-Saff''' ti klɔ kun m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] lɔ’n, m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Bas-Sassandra|Bas-Sassandra]] akpasua’n su lɔ’n (nvle’n i wia atɔliɛ ja n'gua lɔ lika’n nun lɔ’n), m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Guinée|Guinée]] lɔ nzue ba’n i nuan lɛ’n.

Lika sɔ’n nun yɛ be wuli [[Wp/bci/Mapouka|Mapouka]] able silɛ’n niɔn, yɛ sran’m be klo i kpa Afrique de l’Ouest nin Afrique du Centre mɛn wunmuan’n nun.

== Fluawa nu n'dɛ ==

* {{ouvrage|titre=L'Aïzi pluriel : chronique d'une ethnie lagunaire de Côte d'Ivoire|auteur=François Verdeaux|date=1981|éditeur=EHESS|lire en ligne=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/carton07/02438.pdf}}

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q3341442}}</text>
      <sha1>tcq7jbjnt2nxq76348xpijfhejtd7ku</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Niofoin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3800921</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303996</id>
      <parentid>7289929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T16:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="830" sha1="92vm3yc7eye8g73y7vkzavzf7e673ps" xml:space="preserve">'''Niofoin''' m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] i nglo lɔ lika’n nun’n, m’ɔ o klɔ nga be flɛ i kɛ [[Wp/bci/Boundiali|Boundiali]] nin [[Wp/bci/Korhogo|Korhogo]] be afiɛn’n, m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Poro|Poro]] lɔ’n, ɔ ti Senufo klɔ kun mɔ be fali sua nga be kplannin i Soudan lɔ banco’m be nun’n be kplannin’n.

Afuɛ 1976 nun’n, klɔ sɔ’n yoli lika nga be yili Zan-Zaki Ana i flimu nga be flɛ i kɛ Noir et blanc en couleur (La Victoire en chantant) i flimu’n. Flimu sɔ’n kan wafa nga Alɛ dan klikli’n nun’n, France nin Allemagnefuɛ’m be kunnin alɛ’n i ndɛ [[Wp/bci/Cameroun|Cameroun]] lɔ. Ɔ kan alɛ’n, nin sran’m be sielɛ’n, ɔ nin sinnzin nga be fa yo blɔfuɛ man nu lɔ alɛ’m be nun kun’n, be ndɛ tɛ.


[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q3342068}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Bandira ad San Marein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3800936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304463</id>
      <parentid>7292106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:04:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="397" sha1="hvvzi3q5ndl4tkgifph4rd2sua269th" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/SM}}
{{Wp/rgn/S}}

[[File:Flag of San Marino.svg|thumb|right|340px|Bandira dla Ripóbblica ad San Marein]]

La '''Bandira ad San Marein''' l'è fata id dó bandi urizuntèli, biench sóra e cilèst sòtta, sa 'l stèma naziunèl dla [[Wp/rgn/San Marein|ripóbblica]] tè meż.
I só prupurziòuni i sò 3:4.

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/San Marein]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Bandìri]]</text>
      <sha1>hvvzi3q5ndl4tkgifph4rd2sua269th</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/額爾格圖氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801330</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/額爾格圖" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304622</id>
      <parentid>7287859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/額爾格圖]]</comment>
      <origin>7304622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="70ju31n5e5xujzp3r3txuyomlcagwjx" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/額爾格圖]]</text>
      <sha1>70ju31n5e5xujzp3r3txuyomlcagwjx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/色勒理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801331</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/色勒理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304603</id>
      <parentid>7287860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/色勒理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="ch8txjssy12uk16jel8jyby85a70oc7" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/色勒理]]</text>
      <sha1>ch8txjssy12uk16jel8jyby85a70oc7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/章齊氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801332</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/章齊" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304620</id>
      <parentid>7287861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/章齊]]</comment>
      <origin>7304620</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="lwrkcqtsjfs9dwcrvr5ky1ia3g89eo0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/章齊]]</text>
      <sha1>lwrkcqtsjfs9dwcrvr5ky1ia3g89eo0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/武庫登吉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801333</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/武庫登吉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304510</id>
      <parentid>7287862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/武庫登吉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304510</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="e3okoxams40bmlvkqa6h0w14ihf0apm" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/武庫登吉]]</text>
      <sha1>e3okoxams40bmlvkqa6h0w14ihf0apm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/賈佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801334</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/賈佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304610</id>
      <parentid>7287863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/賈佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="1pjxuu710m8c7m6wehf2xmp0e6r64i8" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/賈佳]]</text>
      <sha1>1pjxuu710m8c7m6wehf2xmp0e6r64i8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都雅爾氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801335</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/都雅爾" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304614</id>
      <parentid>7287864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/都雅爾]]</comment>
      <origin>7304614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="onnfiirqxdlqy00uqr867ewfsky1aeo" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/都雅爾]]</text>
      <sha1>onnfiirqxdlqy00uqr867ewfsky1aeo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/亨竒勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801336</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/亨竒勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304465</id>
      <parentid>7287865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/亨竒勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304465</origin>
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      <text bytes="30" sha1="oygb5xxf80v09p9x61vqafe5sdtj2wr" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/亨竒勒]]</text>
      <sha1>oygb5xxf80v09p9x61vqafe5sdtj2wr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/格晉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801337</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/格晉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304508</id>
      <parentid>7287866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/格晉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304508</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="oj7r72mt8xgxsof33y0a768knh9im86" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/格晉]]</text>
      <sha1>oj7r72mt8xgxsof33y0a768knh9im86</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/希薩爾氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801338</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/希薩爾" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304499</id>
      <parentid>7287867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/希薩爾]]</comment>
      <origin>7304499</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="emspsow9n7ugrdc286ux5ysiikxkrkd" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/希薩爾]]</text>
      <sha1>emspsow9n7ugrdc286ux5ysiikxkrkd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鄂通氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801339</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/鄂通" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304633</id>
      <parentid>7287868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/鄂通]]</comment>
      <origin>7304633</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="0jjadznhw8ww24awh99vv4sw90zu2o9" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/鄂通]]</text>
      <sha1>0jjadznhw8ww24awh99vv4sw90zu2o9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/額爾格圖</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304676</id>
      <parentid>7287873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="qsw3a44b1gw9j0myvecw26owxhbmmof" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=额尔格图|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=É'ěrgétú
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ergetu|ergetu]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>qsw3a44b1gw9j0myvecw26owxhbmmof</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/色勒理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304652</id>
      <parentid>7287874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="571" sha1="qh6uqp946zyb95e63setyr08s21ppvx" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=色勒理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Sèlèlǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/seleri|seleri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>qh6uqp946zyb95e63setyr08s21ppvx</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/武庫登吉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304558</id>
      <parentid>7287875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304558</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="585" sha1="q1dyl2bgt01498u5srbmg9yrykrhav6" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=武库登吉|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wǔkùdēngjí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ukudenggi|ukudenggi]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>q1dyl2bgt01498u5srbmg9yrykrhav6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/章齊</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304675</id>
      <parentid>7287876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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      <text bytes="568" sha1="69tfx58a0rwhx4jieupbd6sxaptlirz" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=章齐|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhāngqí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/jangci|jangci]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>69tfx58a0rwhx4jieupbd6sxaptlirz</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/賈佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304658</id>
      <parentid>7287877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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      <origin>7304658</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="571" sha1="qcn8nv135xg164hs90vffycqlx8febj" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=贾佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Jiǎjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/giyagiya|giyagiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>qcn8nv135xg164hs90vffycqlx8febj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都雅爾</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304668</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:02Z</timestamp>
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        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
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      <origin>7304668</origin>
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      <text bytes="570" sha1="ewxci0mvyimuayvkdzqip4f7pri8999" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=都雅尔|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Dūyǎ'ěr
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/duyar|duyar]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>ewxci0mvyimuayvkdzqip4f7pri8999</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/亨竒勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304531</id>
      <parentid>7287879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304531</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="fuecsgmx6y49eqdbrv1l93nsa6ypf1k" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=亨奇勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Hēngqílè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hengkile|hengkile]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>fuecsgmx6y49eqdbrv1l93nsa6ypf1k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/格晉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304554</id>
      <parentid>7287880</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304554</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="564" sha1="j9wrl01bz7ii4mxrfagi0trg42bpsxo" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=格晋|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Géjìn
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/gejin|gejin]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>j9wrl01bz7ii4mxrfagi0trg42bpsxo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/希薩爾</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304587</id>
      <parentid>7287881</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="570" sha1="88ggibcp1b0eaed4kykzhkqjy4vqkpq" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=希萨尔|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Xīsà'ěr
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hisar|hisar]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>88ggibcp1b0eaed4kykzhkqjy4vqkpq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/鄂通</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304666</id>
      <parentid>7287882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304666</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="565" sha1="9l2ob4il455gjftmt5ls0mgmme0pd7y" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=鄂通|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=È'tōng
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/otong|otong]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>9l2ob4il455gjftmt5ls0mgmme0pd7y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/公鄂理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801426</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/公鄂理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304478</id>
      <parentid>7288378</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/公鄂理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304478</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="6aiv5nyt59pr1uxaqt8klt6dvsaswtp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/公鄂理]]</text>
      <sha1>6aiv5nyt59pr1uxaqt8klt6dvsaswtp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/穆盧氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801427</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/穆盧" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304595</id>
      <parentid>7288354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/穆盧]]</comment>
      <origin>7304595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="dduf6c3wt3kvuvlea9q43fkhevkrjos" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/穆盧]]</text>
      <sha1>dduf6c3wt3kvuvlea9q43fkhevkrjos</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/扎哈瑪氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801428</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/扎哈瑪" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304500</id>
      <parentid>7288375</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/扎哈瑪]]</comment>
      <origin>7304500</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="e0itvsk5mxueuplvwgxykcmso6y9f32" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/扎哈瑪]]</text>
      <sha1>e0itvsk5mxueuplvwgxykcmso6y9f32</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/墨克勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801429</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/墨克勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304624</id>
      <parentid>7288356</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/墨克勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304624</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="lx179ad35lam8b4e1wd6veohuuen3u5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/墨克勒]]</text>
      <sha1>lx179ad35lam8b4e1wd6veohuuen3u5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/謨爾齊理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801430</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/謨爾齊理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304608</id>
      <parentid>7288357</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/謨爾齊理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="rjxqdm4tulq6il03lxhu2tzfmsxz4s5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/謨爾齊理]]</text>
      <sha1>rjxqdm4tulq6il03lxhu2tzfmsxz4s5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都爾勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801431</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/都爾勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304613</id>
      <parentid>7288358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/都爾勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="snk7h5hrhkr2t1xy74d2izj03no3k1v" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/都爾勒]]</text>
      <sha1>snk7h5hrhkr2t1xy74d2izj03no3k1v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伊勒爾濟氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801432</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/伊勒爾濟" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304467</id>
      <parentid>7288359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/伊勒爾濟]]</comment>
      <origin>7304467</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="kponaf8rj92j7u8mrl77v7g4o61szb4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/伊勒爾濟]]</text>
      <sha1>kponaf8rj92j7u8mrl77v7g4o61szb4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/韓楚哈氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801433</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/韓楚哈" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304619</id>
      <parentid>7288360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/韓楚哈]]</comment>
      <origin>7304619</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="bd4ejjlqeatjvmkd7ztvw6g0fkqmu5u" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/韓楚哈]]</text>
      <sha1>bd4ejjlqeatjvmkd7ztvw6g0fkqmu5u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/舒爾都氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801434</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/舒爾都" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304605</id>
      <parentid>7288361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/舒爾都]]</comment>
      <origin>7304605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="jiuq76ng652gyox4obspjypj7s2f1oy" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/舒爾都]]</text>
      <sha1>jiuq76ng652gyox4obspjypj7s2f1oy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/徐察氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801435</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/徐察" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304497</id>
      <parentid>7288362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/徐察]]</comment>
      <origin>7304497</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="7pzu9vxooexa12abw3hdzzs8288lqo4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/徐察]]</text>
      <sha1>7pzu9vxooexa12abw3hdzzs8288lqo4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/公鄂理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304551</id>
      <parentid>7288377</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304551</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="3antd1vg4t1iyef06vbsfch82n0v3r7" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=公鄂理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Gōng'èlǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/gonggori|gonggori]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>3antd1vg4t1iyef06vbsfch82n0v3r7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/穆盧</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304645</id>
      <parentid>7288366</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304645</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="561" sha1="gc6qxy37lvhp0bsvec4butn6kmh5zyg" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=穆卢|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mùlú
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/mulu|mulu]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>gc6qxy37lvhp0bsvec4butn6kmh5zyg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/謨爾齊理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304656</id>
      <parentid>7288367</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304656</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="1rrxdpxfy6p77peqxfvqn415qwmn6hi" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=谟尔齐理|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mó'ěrqílǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/molciri|molciri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>1rrxdpxfy6p77peqxfvqn415qwmn6hi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/墨克勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304682</id>
      <parentid>7288368</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="571" sha1="9c968e1kpena6bopfnje8o4poslpcvj" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=墨克勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mòkèlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/mekele|mekele]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>9c968e1kpena6bopfnje8o4poslpcvj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/扎哈瑪</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304542</id>
      <parentid>7288369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304542</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="572" sha1="73zgqako4t9qr4t3os5xbybznaaz2nq" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=扎哈玛|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhāhāmǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/jahana|jahana]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>73zgqako4t9qr4t3os5xbybznaaz2nq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/伊勒爾濟</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304532</id>
      <parentid>7288370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304532</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="564" sha1="gnpo1qhpp4b6lo7qla5g9f7rbzyj6li" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=伊勒尔济|-|type=4}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ilerji|ilerji]].
== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>gnpo1qhpp4b6lo7qla5g9f7rbzyj6li</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/都爾勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304664</id>
      <parentid>7288371</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="570" sha1="43bf3zd4hzrr10xqn2uzsp6wxl3lcka" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=都尔勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Dū'ěrlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/durle|durle]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>43bf3zd4hzrr10xqn2uzsp6wxl3lcka</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/徐察</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304529</id>
      <parentid>7288372</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:17:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304529</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="566" sha1="jf2jrmq420vnlw2wtqiglakoqzeuk9y" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=徐察|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Xúchá
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/sioica|sioica]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>jf2jrmq420vnlw2wtqiglakoqzeuk9y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/舒爾都</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304651</id>
      <parentid>7288373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="573" sha1="ddlgytalrogpzu0r6wcmld0crb0grzr" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=舒尔都|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=shū'ěrdū
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/šurdu|šurdu]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>ddlgytalrogpzu0r6wcmld0crb0grzr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/韓楚哈</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801445</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304672</id>
      <parentid>7288374</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="575" sha1="ln1sc9mkzwr3j53e2m4iw5i58nil9bj" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=韩楚哈|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Hánchǔhā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hancuha|hancuha]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>ln1sc9mkzwr3j53e2m4iw5i58nil9bj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/福塔氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801448</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/福塔" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304593</id>
      <parentid>7288380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/福塔]]</comment>
      <origin>7304593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="t263gqt59qwj21qjbheclg701jp4jcw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/福塔]]</text>
      <sha1>t263gqt59qwj21qjbheclg701jp4jcw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/竒徳理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801449</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/竒徳理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304597</id>
      <parentid>7288381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/竒徳理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304597</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="p0ys3xzthfw28z8d0t52knx0kk4p5mz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/竒徳理]]</text>
      <sha1>p0ys3xzthfw28z8d0t52knx0kk4p5mz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑚琥氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801450</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/瑚琥" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304517</id>
      <parentid>7288382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/瑚琥]]</comment>
      <origin>7304517</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="5bzqbiuv79w7ntzq4pk8rnby59erqy8" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/瑚琥]]</text>
      <sha1>5bzqbiuv79w7ntzq4pk8rnby59erqy8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/宗佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801451</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/宗佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304491</id>
      <parentid>7288383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/宗佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304491</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="shzq7r98f7p625lrrasicjx0r9tuvdk" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/宗佳]]</text>
      <sha1>shzq7r98f7p625lrrasicjx0r9tuvdk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/訥迪氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801452</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/訥迪" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304607</id>
      <parentid>7288384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/訥迪]]</comment>
      <origin>7304607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="3nzumxqmo4xm67hlcvm9k9ju0ivrwog" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/訥迪]]</text>
      <sha1>3nzumxqmo4xm67hlcvm9k9ju0ivrwog</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瓦爾佳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801453</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/瓦爾佳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304589</id>
      <parentid>7288385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/瓦爾佳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304589</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="tbj1spxnutoi1ennwlwy9kpp46psi3q" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/瓦爾佳]]</text>
      <sha1>tbj1spxnutoi1ennwlwy9kpp46psi3q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/福塔</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304643</id>
      <parentid>7288386</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="561" sha1="60fa83czm7meo11n1vo6ows5hn5n5v5" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=福塔|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Fútǎ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/futa|futa]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>60fa83czm7meo11n1vo6ows5hn5n5v5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瑚琥</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304570</id>
      <parentid>7288387</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304570</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="565" sha1="dqnzzwuuxk1l474gyun5a2qbpb4m9d1" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=瑚琥|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Húhǔ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/hūhū|hūhū]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>dqnzzwuuxk1l474gyun5a2qbpb4m9d1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/訥迪</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304655</id>
      <parentid>7288388</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="561" sha1="9gz5tyz7gsswbguyexfnds3oylwarpa" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=讷迪|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Nèdí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/nedi|nedi]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>9gz5tyz7gsswbguyexfnds3oylwarpa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/竒徳理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304646</id>
      <parentid>7288389</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="571" sha1="6h4gx1e0uejq9egjey8gs9d0ay4qhn0" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=奇德理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Qídélǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/kideri|kideri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>6h4gx1e0uejq9egjey8gs9d0ay4qhn0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/宗佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304583</id>
      <parentid>7288390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304583</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="574" sha1="6iprzggvwb2bhn6i0pat66n9s4v7sbs" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=宗佳|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zōngjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/dzunggiya|dzunggiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>6iprzggvwb2bhn6i0pat66n9s4v7sbs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/瓦爾佳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304642</id>
      <parentid>7288391</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="575" sha1="ftqkjur91hdrh2etrghfmr008d7x6xn" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=瓦尔佳|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wǎ'ěrjiā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/walgiya|walgiya]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninjuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>ftqkjur91hdrh2etrghfmr008d7x6xn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/7 июл</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304034</id>
      <parentid>7289042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:35:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304034</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="254" sha1="f6sad20eg4rsunfdy7qvw9vkugjbeiq" xml:space="preserve">'''7-лъису июл''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 188-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 189-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 177 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>f6sad20eg4rsunfdy7qvw9vkugjbeiq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/26 март</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304019</id>
      <parentid>7289030</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:30:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304019</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="250" sha1="ag19l53fpk0asw7kajj344ka8rmlj0k" xml:space="preserve">'''26-лъи март''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 85-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 86-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 280 зибу.
[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>ag19l53fpk0asw7kajj344ka8rmlj0k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/21 октабир</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304013</id>
      <parentid>7295844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:28:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="law8v1l20wozynhsf9jr2j0wazcelbs" xml:space="preserve">'''21-су октабир''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 294-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 295-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 71 зибу.
[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>law8v1l20wozynhsf9jr2j0wazcelbs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/吳扎爾瑚氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801733</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/吳扎爾瑚" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304481</id>
      <parentid>7288884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/吳扎爾瑚]]</comment>
      <origin>7304481</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="d3ivswcucbyfnn5k36pvxbrtrr9ycow" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/吳扎爾瑚]]</text>
      <sha1>d3ivswcucbyfnn5k36pvxbrtrr9ycow</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/凖齊氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801734</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/凖齊" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304479</id>
      <parentid>7288887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/凖齊]]</comment>
      <origin>7304479</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="qdxqsgffvee0fcv72yw3z840e0y66te" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/凖齊]]</text>
      <sha1>qdxqsgffvee0fcv72yw3z840e0y66te</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/尼格勒氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801735</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/尼格勒" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304493</id>
      <parentid>7288888</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/尼格勒]]</comment>
      <origin>7304493</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="9smiphlqxb5e3yq7wrnshkwwmd7c83e" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/尼格勒]]</text>
      <sha1>9smiphlqxb5e3yq7wrnshkwwmd7c83e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/翁尼理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801736</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/翁尼理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304600</id>
      <parentid>7288889</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/翁尼理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="du1qp5venm0tasly85aa3p6w8fx1z4g" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/翁尼理]]</text>
      <sha1>du1qp5venm0tasly85aa3p6w8fx1z4g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/朱爾克氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801737</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/朱爾克" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304506</id>
      <parentid>7288890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/朱爾克]]</comment>
      <origin>7304506</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="s053y9njhdaprfw3n4rcd4pgs8gg738" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/朱爾克]]</text>
      <sha1>s053y9njhdaprfw3n4rcd4pgs8gg738</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/通阿拉氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801738</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/通阿拉" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304611</id>
      <parentid>7288891</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/通阿拉]]</comment>
      <origin>7304611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="oy3j1u8oq3r3durdqpyyeoi8qubybyj" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/通阿拉]]</text>
      <sha1>oy3j1u8oq3r3durdqpyyeoi8qubybyj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/穆爾徳氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801739</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/穆爾徳" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304594</id>
      <parentid>7288907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/穆爾徳]]</comment>
      <origin>7304594</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="q0xi5r2bmckfwn9xa840gpoe6pprfss" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/穆爾徳]]</text>
      <sha1>q0xi5r2bmckfwn9xa840gpoe6pprfss</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/塔坦氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801740</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/塔坦" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304489</id>
      <parentid>7288893</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/塔坦]]</comment>
      <origin>7304489</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="d4jrtnj22hclnzhtdobkgk8xo88mre9" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/塔坦]]</text>
      <sha1>d4jrtnj22hclnzhtdobkgk8xo88mre9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/特濟氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801741</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/特濟" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304514</id>
      <parentid>7288894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/特濟]]</comment>
      <origin>7304514</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="k6v156cvttstmclovxed0re9h89syhk" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/特濟]]</text>
      <sha1>k6v156cvttstmclovxed0re9h89syhk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/猷格理氏</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801742</id>
    <redirect title="Wt/mnc/猷格理" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304515</id>
      <parentid>7288895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wt/mnc/猷格理]]</comment>
      <origin>7304515</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="mg8d6s4yub21hzbl2vdkjqtsob7981q" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wt/mnc/猷格理]]</text>
      <sha1>mg8d6s4yub21hzbl2vdkjqtsob7981q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/尼格勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304585</id>
      <parentid>7288896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="578" sha1="blknxakf06xxtsga4p54baup5gkzu5x" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=尼格勒|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Nígélè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/nigele|nigele]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninju emuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十一--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>blknxakf06xxtsga4p54baup5gkzu5x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/凖齊</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304556</id>
      <parentid>7288897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304556</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="572" sha1="10pzhs62iq6gzarqzkzp7s0dhc8zucv" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=准齐|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhǔnqí
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/junci|junci]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninju emuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十一--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>10pzhs62iq6gzarqzkzp7s0dhc8zucv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/通阿拉</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304660</id>
      <parentid>7288898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="mn77nqluyq23nzkdo4wughkfhygpgzj" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=通阿拉|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Tōng'ālā
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/tunggala|tunggala]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninju emuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十一--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>mn77nqluyq23nzkdo4wughkfhygpgzj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/朱爾克</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304549</id>
      <parentid>7288899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304549</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="578" sha1="a6ctt2rxdotgtrl5mwwdcf9r3pt4zcv" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=朱尔克|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Zhū'ěrkè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/jurke|jurke]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninju emuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十一--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>a6ctt2rxdotgtrl5mwwdcf9r3pt4zcv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/翁尼理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304650</id>
      <parentid>7288900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="582" sha1="4plx5tixalpbrht9mbvhv1f0olojz11" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=翁尼理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wēngnílǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/ungniri|ungniri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninju emuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十一--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>4plx5tixalpbrht9mbvhv1f0olojz11</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/吳扎爾瑚</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304561</id>
      <parentid>7288906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304561</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="678" sha1="6cy64nixx0t4izbekos4t0payjuypgm" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=吴扎尔瑚|-|type=}}4

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Wúzhā'ěrhú
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) ''ere hala be absi manjurame arara be bithei kuren de baicaci acambi. &quot;ujalahū&quot;? &quot;ujalhū&quot;? &quot;l&quot; -i fejile &quot;a&quot; bio?''

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninju emuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十一--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>6cy64nixx0t4izbekos4t0payjuypgm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/穆爾徳</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304644</id>
      <parentid>7288902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:39:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304644</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="577" sha1="hsj513yyk2cfvtw8kkurm1rmup5dvim" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=穆尔德|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mù'ěrdé
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/murde|murde]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninju emuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十一--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>hsj513yyk2cfvtw8kkurm1rmup5dvim</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/塔坦</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304581</id>
      <parentid>7288903</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304581</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="571" sha1="7pdtzhbp0pikbrk8hbqj4fmvnmo9slp" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=塔坦|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Tǎtǎn
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/tatan|tatan]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninju emuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十一--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>7pdtzhbp0pikbrk8hbqj4fmvnmo9slp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/特濟</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304564</id>
      <parentid>7288904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304564</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="562" sha1="s1ybfaqck5y71itz2736rzk9fq8s8zx" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=特济|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/teji|teji]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninju emuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十一--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>s1ybfaqck5y71itz2736rzk9fq8s8zx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/猷格理</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304566</id>
      <parentid>7288905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304566</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="579" sha1="4uqzgx1iu4heq2he7br6o5kuc3570a4" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=猷格理|-|type=3}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Yóugélǐ
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/iogeri|iogeri]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei ninju emuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷六十一--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc]]</text>
      <sha1>4uqzgx1iu4heq2he7br6o5kuc3570a4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/18 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304008</id>
      <parentid>7289005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:27:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304008</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="234" sha1="nwrhr80fye0xyhvi7031sq7c74zae6u" xml:space="preserve">'''18-лъи август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 230-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 231-су). Реши харадеди буххинда 135 зибу.</text>
      <sha1>nwrhr80fye0xyhvi7031sq7c74zae6u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/19 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304009</id>
      <parentid>7289010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:27:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="n036ialz4qvf94ame1bjcojydpu6wyp" xml:space="preserve">'''19-лъи август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 231-су зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 232-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 134 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>n036ialz4qvf94ame1bjcojydpu6wyp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/20 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304011</id>
      <parentid>7289016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:27:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="261" sha1="o8xahb21zvt2x64e27lyhv1n7igqqdb" xml:space="preserve">'''20-лъису август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 232-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 233-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 133 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>o8xahb21zvt2x64e27lyhv1n7igqqdb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/22 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304014</id>
      <parentid>7289020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:28:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304014</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="257" sha1="tgd4svtceuw3gwbn2xqx0j9hjjk0qpd" xml:space="preserve">'''22-лъи август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 234-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 235-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 131 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>tgd4svtceuw3gwbn2xqx0j9hjjk0qpd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/23 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304015</id>
      <parentid>7289024</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:29:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="257" sha1="f0pc1sug32z9wh76fbx7o85d3qen0ks" xml:space="preserve">'''23-лъи август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 235-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 236-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 130 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>f0pc1sug32z9wh76fbx7o85d3qen0ks</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/24 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304016</id>
      <parentid>7289025</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:29:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="257" sha1="4i85u0una0a7cnf2vwdtf47i7c594bi" xml:space="preserve">'''24-лъи август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 236-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 237-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 129 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>4i85u0una0a7cnf2vwdtf47i7c594bi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/25 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304017</id>
      <parentid>7289026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:29:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="257" sha1="oka8pgsw7mrjeoti4exey0wawior5ae" xml:space="preserve">'''25-лъи август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 237-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 238-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 128 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>oka8pgsw7mrjeoti4exey0wawior5ae</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/26 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801762</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304018</id>
      <parentid>7289027</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:30:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304018</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="257" sha1="b632zi11nfv56kxjyssip73bk3y7qan" xml:space="preserve">'''26-лъи август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 238-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 239-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 127 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>b632zi11nfv56kxjyssip73bk3y7qan</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/27 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304020</id>
      <parentid>7289028</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:30:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304020</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="257" sha1="sltq96rvxs2hvq57xybanog8dcdy5gq" xml:space="preserve">'''27-лъи август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 239-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 240-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 126 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>sltq96rvxs2hvq57xybanog8dcdy5gq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/28 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801764</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304021</id>
      <parentid>7289033</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:31:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304021</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="4klnld9b6h1vk8wbpg53yi8b07uq1oh" xml:space="preserve">'''28-лъи август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 240-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 241-су). Реши харадеди буххинда 125 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>4klnld9b6h1vk8wbpg53yi8b07uq1oh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/29 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304022</id>
      <parentid>7289035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:31:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304022</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="706kx0681ws8mjkanayl0lz85onmabo" xml:space="preserve">'''29-лъи август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 241-су зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 242-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 124 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>706kx0681ws8mjkanayl0lz85onmabo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/30 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304027</id>
      <parentid>7289037</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304027</origin>
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      <text bytes="261" sha1="0n3261h9f6onmbrwq444bcr5gk8rchm" xml:space="preserve">'''30-лъису август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 242-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 243-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 123 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>0n3261h9f6onmbrwq444bcr5gk8rchm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/31 август</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304028</id>
      <parentid>7289039</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:33:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304028</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="r54ckeubk3mqwvaj96wwlokim3hux6d" xml:space="preserve">'''31-су август''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 243-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 244-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 122 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>r54ckeubk3mqwvaj96wwlokim3hux6d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/1 сентабир</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304010</id>
      <parentid>7301864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:27:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="258" sha1="ierskbwcvi6rv8ohxkdrsj2yg383plj" xml:space="preserve">'''1-су сентябир''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 244-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 245-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 121 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>ierskbwcvi6rv8ohxkdrsj2yg383plj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/2 сентабир</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304025</id>
      <parentid>7301867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:33:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304025</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="264" sha1="jtm3z2chk7n234e5kz2gn52x6mvsusr" xml:space="preserve">'''2-лъису сентабир''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 245-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 246-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 120 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>jtm3z2chk7n234e5kz2gn52x6mvsusr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/3 сентабир</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304030</id>
      <parentid>7301862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:34:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304030</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="264" sha1="d31t5z8hcornr80y0xg96fkfpuqjexs" xml:space="preserve">'''3-лъису сентябир''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 246-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 247-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 119 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>d31t5z8hcornr80y0xg96fkfpuqjexs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/4 сентабир</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304007</id>
      <parentid>7301869</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:26:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304007</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="264" sha1="54zccj8a0glgv3c2s9fckhfw6b2kjem" xml:space="preserve">'''4-лъису сентябир''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 247-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 248-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 118 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>54zccj8a0glgv3c2s9fckhfw6b2kjem</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/gdo/5 сентабир</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304032</id>
      <parentid>7301871</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:35:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahamadi Baza</username>
        <id>2600896</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>7304032</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="264" sha1="cpk9ywg4vreiz1tu0zq6bs6w6zwk2pw" xml:space="preserve">'''5-лъису сентябир''' — григорианияб календарчIу бакъу решилIи 248-лъи зибу (високоснияб решилIи — 249-лъи). Реши харадеди буххинда 117 зибу.

[[Category:Wp/gdo]]</text>
      <sha1>cpk9ywg4vreiz1tu0zq6bs6w6zwk2pw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category talk:Wt/mnc/氏 sere hergen bisire nikan gisun</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
    <id>3801852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304686</id>
      <parentid>7293009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:44:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304686</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10246" sha1="dddamrnsxcndsmfe41bxd265osnwejs" xml:space="preserve">== manju hala ==

@[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] nikan gisun jai [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85#Chinese inggiri gisun -i uiki buleku bithe de] 氏 sere hergen akū durun baitalambi. aisilara bithe cagan de &quot;hala&quot; bio? ({{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᠵᠠᡳ ᡳᠩᡤᡳᡵᡳ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ ᡠᡳᡴᡳ ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᡩᡝ 氏 ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ ᡩᡝ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᡳᠣ?}}) —— [[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]] ([[User talk:内存溢出的猫|talk]]) 05:27, 19 August 2026 (UTC)

@[[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]]
{{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode-div|lang=mnc|
ᠰᠠᡳᠶᡡᠨ᠉&lt;br&gt;
1᠈ ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ  ᡳ ᡶᡝᠵᡳᠯᡝ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡤᡝᠮᡠ ᠪᡳ᠉&lt;br&gt;
::氏 ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠪᡳᠰᡳᡵᡝ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ (ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ)᠄ ᡨᡝ ᠪᡳᠴᡳ᠈ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ  ᡳ ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ  ᡳ ᡳᠯᠠᠴᡳ ᡩᡝᠪᡨᡝᠯᡳᠨ ᡩᡝ᠈ ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ 「ᠠᠪᡴᠠ ᠴᡳ ᠸᠠᠰᡳᡴᠠ '''ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ'''ᡳ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡩᡝ ᡤᠠᠯᠠ ᡳᠰᡳᡴᠠ ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ ᠪᡝ ᠰᡳ ᡨᡠᠴᡳᠪᡠ」 ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡠᠯᠠᡳ ᠪᡠᠵᠠᠨᡨᠠᡳ ᡩᡝ ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᡥᡝ᠉&lt;br&gt;
::氏 ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ (ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ)᠄ ᡝᡵᡝ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝᡳ ᡠᠵᡠᡳ ᡩᡝᠪᡨᡝᠯᡳᠨ ᡩᡝ᠈ ᠪᡠᡴᡡᡵᡳ ᠶᠣᠩᡧᠣᠨ ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᡥᠠᠯᠠᡳ ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠨ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡩᡝ ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᡝ 『ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ᠈ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᡶᡝᡴᡠᠯᡝᠨ᠈ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠠᠪᡴᠠ ᠴᡳ ᠸᠠᠰᡳᡴᠠ '''ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ'''」᠈ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᠪᡠᡴᡡᡵᡳ ᠶᠣᠩᡧᠣᠨ ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠ᠉ ᡝᡵᡝᠴᡳ ᡨᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ᠈ ᡥᠠᠨ  ᡳ ᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ ᠨᠣᠩᡤᡳᠮᡝ ᡨᠣᡴᡨᠣᠪᡠᡥᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ  ᡳ ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ  ᡳ ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨᠴᡳ ᡩᡝᠪᡨᡝᠯᡳᠨ  ᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᠮᡝᠶᡝᠨ  ᡳ ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳᡩᡝ 「ᡨᠠᡳᡯᡠ ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ᠈ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ '''ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ'''᠈ ᠨᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ ᠴᡳ ᡥᡡᡨᡠᡵᡳ ᠪᡝ ᡩᡝᡵᡳᠪᡠᡥᡝᠪᡳ」 ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡝᠵᡝᡥᡝᠪᡳ᠉&lt;br&gt;
:2᠈ ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ  ᡳ ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᠣᡵᠣᠨ  ᡳ ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ  ᡳ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝᡳ ᡴᡠᡵᡝᠨ ᡩᡝ ᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠᠪᡠᡥᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ  ᡳ ᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᡤᡡᠰᠠᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᠰᠠᡳ ᠮᡠᡴᡡᠨ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᡝ ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᡥᡝ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᡩᡝ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᡳ᠉ ᡨᡝ ᠪᡳᠴᡳ᠈ 瓜爾佳氏 ᠪᡝ ᡤᡡᠸᠠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠ '''ᡥᠠᠯᠠ'''᠈ 喜塔臘氏 ᠪᡝ ᡥᡳᡨᠠᡵᠠ '''ᡥᠠᠯᠠ''' ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡝᠵᡝᡥᡝᠪᡳ᠉&lt;br&gt;
:ᡝᡵᡝᠨᡳ ᡨᡠᠸᠠᠴᡳ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝ ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ ᡩᡝ ᡤᡝᠮᡠ 氏 ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠪᡳᠰᡳᡵᡝ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ (ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ) ᠪᡳ᠉ ᡠᡨᡨᡠ ᠪᡝ ᡩᠠᡥᠠᠮᡝ᠈ ᠪᡳ ᡤᡡᠨᡳᠴᡳ 氏 ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠪᡳᠰᡳᡵᡝ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ᠈ ᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ (ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ) ᠪᡝ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ  ᡳ ᡠᡳᡴᡳ ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᡩᡝ ᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠᠪᡠᠴᡳ ᠣᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠠᡤᡠᡳ ᡤᡡᠨᡳᠨ ᠠᠨᡨᠠᡴᠠ? ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ ᡨᠠᡧᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠪᡳᠴᡳ ᠰᡠᠯᡶᠠ  ᡳ ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ ᠠᠯᠠᡴᡳ᠈ ᠠᠮᠪᡠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ᠉}}
:saiyūn.
:1. &quot;aisin gioro&quot; sere hergen -i fejile &quot;hala&quot; sindaha durun sindahakū durun gemu bi. &lt;br&gt;
::氏 sere hergen bisire durun (&quot;hala&quot; sindaha durun): te bici, ''manju -i yargiyan kooli'' -i ilaci debtelin de, nurgaci &quot;abka ci wasika '''aisin gioro hala'''i niyalma de gala isika kooli be si tucibu&quot; seme ulai bujantai de henduhe.
::氏 sere hergen akū durun (&quot;hala&quot; sindahakū durun): ere bithei ujui debtelin de, bukūri yongšon ilan halai geren niyalma de hendume &quot;mini eme abkai sargan jui, gebu fekulen, mini hala abka ci wasika '''aisin gioro''', gebu bukūri yongšon&quot; seme alaha. ereci tulgiyen, ''han -i araha nonggime toktobuha manju gisun -i buleku bithe''-i juwan debtelin -i &quot;manju&quot; sere meyen -i dorgide &quot;taidzu dergi hūwangdi, hala '''aisin gioro''', nenehe jalan golmin šanyan alin ci hūturi be deribuhebi&quot; seme ejehebi.&lt;br&gt;
:2. beging hoton -i wargi hecen oron&lt;!--西城区--&gt; -i dulimbai gurun -i uksurai bithei kuren &lt;!--中国民族图书馆--&gt; de asarabuha manju hergen -i araha ''jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe'' de &quot;hala&quot; sindaha durun bi. te bici, &quot;瓜爾佳氏&quot; be &quot;gūwalgiya '''hala'''&quot;, &quot;喜塔臘氏&quot; be &quot;hitara '''hala'''&quot; seme ejehebi. &lt;br&gt;
:ereni tuwaci, ere ilan aisilara bithe cagan de gemu 氏 sere hergen bisire durun (&quot;hala&quot; sindaha durun) bi. uttu be dahame, bi gūnici 氏 sere hergen bisire durun, akū durun (&quot;hala&quot; sindahakū durun) be manju gisun -i uiki buleku bithe de asarabuci ombi. agui gūnin antaka? minde tašaraha ba bici sulfa -i minde alaki, ambula baniha. --[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] ([[User talk:MiiCii|talk]]) 17:30, 19 August 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] bi gūnici muse manju gisun -i '''buleku bithe''' de 词头 be bahaci acambi.
:inggiri gisun -i uiki buleku bithe de “sum of parts” ([https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:SoP&amp; WT:SOP]) sere toktobun bi. te bici &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; jai &lt;nowiki&gt;[[市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere meyen bici, &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere meyen bici ojorakū. —— [[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]] ([[User talk:内存溢出的猫|talk]]) 09:57, 21 August 2026 (UTC)

::@[[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]] agu -i gisurehengge umesi giyangga, agu -i medege be alime gaifi, [https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:SoP&amp; &quot;sum of parts&quot; sere toktobun (WT:SOP)] be getukeleme hūlaha. toktobun be hūlaha manggi, bi inggiri gisun, nikan gisun, ži ben gisun (nihon gisun) -i uiki buleku bithe -i dorgide &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere juwe durun -i meyen be suweleme baicaha. ere ilan gisun -i uiki buleku bithe damu &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere meyen be ilibuha gojime, &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere meyen be emhun meyen seme ilibuhakū. [https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=北京市&amp;redirect=no inggiri gisun], [https://zh.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=北京市&amp;redirect=no nikan gisun] -i araha &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere meyen de  &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; -i baru 重定向 -i 超链接 latubuhabi. &lt;nowiki&gt;[[上海]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[上海市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere juwe durun -i meyen inu uttu, 词头 -i teile bahahabi. inggiri gisun -i uiki buleku bithei kooli be dahame, ice meyen fukjileme ilibure de 词头 be bahaci, nikan gisun -i ubaliyambuha &quot;aisin gioro&quot;, &quot;gūwalgiya&quot;, &quot;hitara&quot; sere jergi hala be giyan -i &lt;nowiki&gt;[[愛新覺羅]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[瓜爾佳]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[喜塔臘]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; seme araci acame, &lt;nowiki&gt;[[愛新覺羅氏]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[瓜爾佳氏]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[喜塔臘氏]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; seme araci ojorakū. agu -i gūnin saišacuka, bi umesi urušembi, bi urunakū mini gūnin be halaci acambi.
::uttu ofi, 氏 sere hergen bisire durun be absi icihiyara de minde juwe arga bi.
:::1. yaya 氏 sere hergen bisire durun be gemu meitefi(刪除), damu 氏 sere hergen akū durun be tutabure;
:::2. yaya 氏 sere hergen bisire durun -i meyen -i dorgi baktambun be yooni meitefi, 重定向 -i 超链接 be latubure.
::agu -i gūnin antaka? muse ubade hebdeme toktobuci bi uthai ''jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe'' -i ujui debtelin ci ilhi aname dasatabuki sembi.
::ereci tulgiyen, teniken nikan gisun -i uiki buleku bithe de &quot;滿族姓氏&quot; sere nikan hergen be dosimbufi manjusai hala be suweleci, &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᡤᡡᠸᠠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠ gūwalgiya]&quot;, &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ_ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ aisin gioro]&quot;, &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᠵᠠᡴᡡᡨᠠ jakūta]&quot;, &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᡨᠣᡴᠣᡵᠣ_ᡥᠠᠯᠠ tokoro hala]&quot;, &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᠠᡴᠵᠠᠨ akjan]&quot; sere sunja hala be sabuha. &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᡨᠣᡴᠣᡵᠣ_ᡥᠠᠯᠠ tokoro hala]&quot; ere meyen uthai daci mini fukjileme ilibuha meyen inu. ere meyen de uiki buleku bithei kooli de acanarakū ba juwe ba bi, ere babe [https://zh.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:ᡨᠣᡴᠣᡵᠣ_ᡥᠠᠯᠠ&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 hebdere afaha] de narhūšame leoleceki. jai mudan agu de ambula baniha. --[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] ([[User talk:MiiCii|talk]]) 19:26, 21 August 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] inu kai, 2-ci arga inu sain, tulgiyen uiki buleku bithei emu songko. [[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]] ([[User talk:内存溢出的猫|talk]]) 10:31, 22 August 2026 (UTC)
::::je, tuttu oci musei hebdehe songkoi obuki.--[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] ([[User talk:MiiCii|talk]]) 04:53, 23 August 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]] bi emgeri 2-ci arga -i 氏 sere hergen bisire meyen be gemu icihiyame wajihabi, ahūn sinde tuwabureo. --[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] ([[User talk:MiiCii|talk]]) 11:44, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="10241" sha1="p0dh16ic6fzd7knml3vq32o9vq9ui9c" xml:space="preserve">== manju hala ==

@[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] nikan gisun jai [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%BA%E7%BE%85#Chinese inggiri gisun -i uiki buleku bithe de] 氏 sere hergen akū durun baitalambi. aisilara bithe cagan de &quot;hala&quot; bio? ({{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᠵᠠᡳ ᡳᠩᡤᡳᡵᡳ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ ᡠᡳᡴᡳ ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᡩᡝ 氏 ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ ᡩᡝ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᡳᠣ?}}) —— [[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]] ([[User talk:内存溢出的猫|talk]]) 05:27, 19 August 2026 (UTC)

@[[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]]
{{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode-div|lang=mnc|
ᠰᠠᡳᠶᡡᠨ᠉&lt;br&gt;
1᠈ ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ  ᡳ ᡶᡝᠵᡳᠯᡝ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡤᡝᠮᡠ ᠪᡳ᠉&lt;br&gt;
::氏 ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠪᡳᠰᡳᡵᡝ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ (ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ)᠄ ᡨᡝ ᠪᡳᠴᡳ᠈ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ  ᡳ ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ  ᡳ ᡳᠯᠠᠴᡳ ᡩᡝᠪᡨᡝᠯᡳᠨ ᡩᡝ᠈ ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ 「ᠠᠪᡴᠠ ᠴᡳ ᠸᠠᠰᡳᡴᠠ '''ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ'''ᡳ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡩᡝ ᡤᠠᠯᠠ ᡳᠰᡳᡴᠠ ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ ᠪᡝ ᠰᡳ ᡨᡠᠴᡳᠪᡠ」 ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡠᠯᠠᡳ ᠪᡠᠵᠠᠨᡨᠠᡳ ᡩᡝ ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᡥᡝ᠉&lt;br&gt;
::氏 ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ (ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ)᠄ ᡝᡵᡝ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝᡳ ᡠᠵᡠᡳ ᡩᡝᠪᡨᡝᠯᡳᠨ ᡩᡝ᠈ ᠪᡠᡴᡡᡵᡳ ᠶᠣᠩᡧᠣᠨ ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᡥᠠᠯᠠᡳ ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠨ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡩᡝ ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᡝ 『ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ᠈ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᡶᡝᡴᡠᠯᡝᠨ᠈ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠠᠪᡴᠠ ᠴᡳ ᠸᠠᠰᡳᡴᠠ '''ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ'''」᠈ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᠪᡠᡴᡡᡵᡳ ᠶᠣᠩᡧᠣᠨ ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠ᠉ ᡝᡵᡝᠴᡳ ᡨᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ᠈ ᡥᠠᠨ  ᡳ ᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ ᠨᠣᠩᡤᡳᠮᡝ ᡨᠣᡴᡨᠣᠪᡠᡥᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ  ᡳ ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ  ᡳ ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨᠴᡳ ᡩᡝᠪᡨᡝᠯᡳᠨ  ᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᠮᡝᠶᡝᠨ  ᡳ ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳᡩᡝ 「ᡨᠠᡳᡯᡠ ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ᠈ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ '''ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ'''᠈ ᠨᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ ᠴᡳ ᡥᡡᡨᡠᡵᡳ ᠪᡝ ᡩᡝᡵᡳᠪᡠᡥᡝᠪᡳ」 ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡝᠵᡝᡥᡝᠪᡳ᠉&lt;br&gt;
:2᠈ ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ  ᡳ ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᠣᡵᠣᠨ  ᡳ ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ  ᡳ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝᡳ ᡴᡠᡵᡝᠨ ᡩᡝ ᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠᠪᡠᡥᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ  ᡳ ᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᡤᡡᠰᠠᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᠰᠠᡳ ᠮᡠᡴᡡᠨ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᡝ ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᡥᡝ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᡩᡝ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᡳ᠉ ᡨᡝ ᠪᡳᠴᡳ᠈ 瓜爾佳氏 ᠪᡝ ᡤᡡᠸᠠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠ '''ᡥᠠᠯᠠ'''᠈ 喜塔臘氏 ᠪᡝ ᡥᡳᡨᠠᡵᠠ '''ᡥᠠᠯᠠ''' ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡝᠵᡝᡥᡝᠪᡳ᠉&lt;br&gt;
:ᡝᡵᡝᠨᡳ ᡨᡠᠸᠠᠴᡳ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝ ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ ᡩᡝ ᡤᡝᠮᡠ 氏 ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠪᡳᠰᡳᡵᡝ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ (ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ) ᠪᡳ᠉ ᡠᡨᡨᡠ ᠪᡝ ᡩᠠᡥᠠᠮᡝ᠈ ᠪᡳ ᡤᡡᠨᡳᠴᡳ 氏 ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠪᡳᠰᡳᡵᡝ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ᠈ ᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ (ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠᡴᡡ ᡩᡠᡵᡠᠨ) ᠪᡝ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ  ᡳ ᡠᡳᡴᡳ ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᡩᡝ ᠠᠰᠠᡵᠠᠪᡠᠴᡳ ᠣᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠠᡤᡠᡳ ᡤᡡᠨᡳᠨ ᠠᠨᡨᠠᡴᠠ? ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ ᡨᠠᡧᠠᡵᠠᡥᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠪᡳᠴᡳ ᠰᡠᠯᡶᠠ  ᡳ ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ ᠠᠯᠠᡴᡳ᠈ ᠠᠮᠪᡠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ᠉}}
:saiyūn.
:1. &quot;aisin gioro&quot; sere hergen -i fejile &quot;hala&quot; sindaha durun sindahakū durun gemu bi. &lt;br&gt;
::氏 sere hergen bisire durun (&quot;hala&quot; sindaha durun): te bici, ''manju -i yargiyan kooli'' -i ilaci debtelin de, nurgaci &quot;abka ci wasika '''aisin gioro hala'''i niyalma de gala isika kooli be si tucibu&quot; seme ulai bujantai de henduhe.
::氏 sere hergen akū durun (&quot;hala&quot; sindahakū durun): ere bithei ujui debtelin de, bukūri yongšon ilan halai geren niyalma de hendume &quot;mini eme abkai sargan jui, gebu fekulen, mini hala abka ci wasika '''aisin gioro''', gebu bukūri yongšon&quot; seme alaha. ereci tulgiyen, ''han -i araha nonggime toktobuha manju gisun -i buleku bithe''-i juwan debtelin -i &quot;manju&quot; sere meyen -i dorgide &quot;taidzu dergi hūwangdi, hala '''aisin gioro''', nenehe jalan golmin šanyan alin ci hūturi be deribuhebi&quot; seme ejehebi.&lt;br&gt;
:2. beging hoton -i wargi hecen oron&lt;!--西城区--&gt; -i dulimbai gurun -i uksurai bithei kuren &lt;!--中国民族图书馆--&gt; de asarabuha manju hergen -i araha ''jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe'' de &quot;hala&quot; sindaha durun bi. te bici, &quot;瓜爾佳氏&quot; be &quot;gūwalgiya '''hala'''&quot;, &quot;喜塔臘氏&quot; be &quot;hitara '''hala'''&quot; seme ejehebi. &lt;br&gt;
:ereni tuwaci, ere ilan aisilara bithe cagan de gemu 氏 sere hergen bisire durun (&quot;hala&quot; sindaha durun) bi. uttu be dahame, bi gūnici 氏 sere hergen bisire durun, akū durun (&quot;hala&quot; sindahakū durun) be manju gisun -i uiki buleku bithe de asarabuci ombi. agui gūnin antaka? minde tašaraha ba bici sulfa -i minde alaki, ambula baniha. --[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] ([[User talk:MiiCii|talk]]) 17:30, 19 August 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] bi gūnici muse manju gisun -i '''buleku bithe''' de 词头 be bahaci acambi.
:inggiri gisun -i uiki buleku bithe de “sum of parts” ([https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:SoP&amp; WT:SOP]) sere toktobun bi. te bici &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; jai &lt;nowiki&gt;[[市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere meyen bici, &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere meyen bici ojorakū. —— [[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]] ([[User talk:内存溢出的猫|talk]]) 09:57, 21 August 2026 (UTC)

::@[[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]] agu -i gisurehengge umesi giyangga, agu -i medege be alime gaifi, [https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:SoP&amp; &quot;sum of parts&quot; sere toktobun (WT:SOP)] be getukeleme hūlaha. toktobun be hūlaha manggi, bi inggiri gisun, nikan gisun, ži ben gisun (nihon gisun) -i uiki buleku bithe -i dorgide &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere juwe durun -i meyen be suweleme baicaha. ere ilan gisun -i uiki buleku bithe damu &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere meyen be ilibuha gojime, &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere meyen be emhun meyen seme ilibuhakū. [https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=北京市&amp;redirect=no inggiri gisun], [https://zh.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=北京市&amp;redirect=no nikan gisun] -i araha &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere meyen de  &lt;nowiki&gt;[[北京]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; -i baru 重定向 -i 超链接 latubuhabi. &lt;nowiki&gt;[[上海]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[上海市]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sere juwe durun -i meyen inu uttu, 词头 -i teile bahahabi. inggiri gisun -i uiki buleku bithei kooli be dahame, ice meyen fukjileme ilibure de 词头 be bahaci, nikan gisun -i ubaliyambuha &quot;aisin gioro&quot;, &quot;gūwalgiya&quot;, &quot;hitara&quot; sere jergi hala be giyan -i &lt;nowiki&gt;[[愛新覺羅]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[瓜爾佳]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[喜塔臘]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; seme araci acame, &lt;nowiki&gt;[[愛新覺羅氏]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[瓜爾佳氏]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; / &lt;nowiki&gt;[[喜塔臘氏]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; seme araci ojorakū. agu -i gūnin saišacuka, bi umesi urušembi, bi urunakū mini gūnin be halaci acambi.
::uttu ofi, 氏 sere hergen bisire durun be absi icihiyara de minde juwe arga bi.
:::1. yaya 氏 sere hergen bisire durun be gemu meitefi(刪除), damu 氏 sere hergen akū durun be tutabure;
:::2. yaya 氏 sere hergen bisire durun -i meyen -i dorgi baktambun be yooni meitefi, 重定向 -i 超链接 be latubure.
::agu -i gūnin antaka? muse ubade hebdeme toktobuci bi uthai ''jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe'' -i ujui debtelin ci ilhi aname dasatabuki sembi.
::ereci tulgiyen, teniken nikan gisun -i uiki buleku bithe de &quot;滿族姓氏&quot; sere nikan hergen be dosimbufi manjusai hala be suweleci, &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᡤᡡᠸᠠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠ gūwalgiya]&quot;, &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ_ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ aisin gioro]&quot;, &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᠵᠠᡴᡡᡨᠠ jakūta]&quot;, &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᡨᠣᡴᠣᡵᠣ_ᡥᠠᠯᠠ tokoro hala]&quot;, &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᠠᡴᠵᠠᠨ akjan]&quot; sere sunja hala be sabuha. &quot;[https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᡨᠣᡴᠣᡵᠣ_ᡥᠠᠯᠠ tokoro hala]&quot; ere meyen uthai daci mini fukjileme ilibuha meyen inu. ere meyen de uiki buleku bithei kooli de acanarakū ba juwe ba bi, ere babe [https://zh.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:ᡨᠣᡴᠣᡵᠣ_ᡥᠠᠯᠠ&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 hebdere afaha] de narhūšame leoleceki. jai mudan agu de ambula baniha. --[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] ([[User talk:MiiCii|talk]]) 19:26, 21 August 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] inu kai, 2-ci arga inu sain, tulgiyen uiki buleku bithei emu songko. [[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]] ([[User talk:内存溢出的猫|talk]]) 10:31, 22 August 2026 (UTC)
::::je, tuttu oci musei hebdehe songkoi obuki.--[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] ([[User talk:MiiCii|talk]]) 04:53, 23 August 2026 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:内存溢出的猫|内存溢出的猫]] bi emgeri 2-ci arga -i 氏 sere hergen bisire meyen be gemu icihiyame wajihabi, agu de tuwabureo. --[[User:MiiCii|MiiCii]] ([[User talk:MiiCii|talk]]) 11:44, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/San Marèin Cità</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3801990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304637</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:31:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
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      <comment>per favore, non mettete le ricostruzioni sodacan qui, non servono quando abbiamo disponibili i disegni in uso</comment>
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      <text bytes="703" sha1="iwni4l85z5ge2k22anvd0qngkfbicxk" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/SM}}
{{Wp/rgn/S}}{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa|Nom=San Marèin Cità|Gra amm=1|Sta={{Wp/rgn/Bandira|SMR|var=SM}}|var=SM|Tip=Castèl|Ban=Flag_of_the_City_of_San_Marino.svg|Ste=Città_di_San_Marino_coat.svg|Img=Collage San Marino.jpg|Alt=675|Sup=7,09|Abi={{formatnum:4146}}|Den=584,77|Map=City of San Marino in San Marino (+pop areas).svg}}
'''San Marèin Cità''' l'è la capitèla dla [[Wp/rgn/Ripóbblica ad San Marèin|Ripóbblica ad San Marèin]]. E sta sól Mount Titen.

[[File:San Marino (Ortstafel).jpg|thumb|centre|cartèl d'ingrès mal teritòri 'd Castèl]]

{{Wp/rgn/Castéll ad San Maréin}}

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Castéll ad San Maréin]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Blaise N'Dia Koffi</title>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
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      <text bytes="1061" sha1="91axc2zuzwpp04fpcpwooj1ybrm6iwt" xml:space="preserve">'''N’Dia Koffi Blaise''' ti dɔɔtrɔ nin politikifuɛ kun m’ɔ fin [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] lɔ’n, be wuli i afuɛ 1912 nun [[Wp/bci/Pakouabo|Pakouabo]] lɔ, [[Wp/bci/Bouaflé|Bouaflé]] i akpasua kaan’n su lɔ. Ɔ wuli afuɛ 1983, djéssé i le 10 su [[Wp/bci/Abidjan|Abidjan]] lɔ. Ɔ dili junman nvle siefuɛ’n [[Wp/bci/Félix Houphouët-Boigny|Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] i awa nsiɛn (6) nun, afuɛ 1963 nun lele afuɛ 1976 nun.

== Politiki nun junman dilɛ ==
N’Dia Koffi Blaise ti sran’m be juejue yolɛ’n nin sran’m be lika nianlɛ’n i su kpɛn afuɛ 1963 ananya nun lele afuɛ 1970 angbô nun.

Kɛ ɔ fɛ i afuɛ 1970 angbô i le 5 su lele m’ɔ fa jU afuɛ 1974 moughou i le 2 su’n, ɔ yoli nvle’n i su kpɛn ka naan w’a kaci nvle’n i su kpɛn, ɔ niannin Tourisme su afuɛ 1974 moughou nun lele afuɛ 1976 n'glo nun.

I nyrun dinlɛ nun’n, ɔ wieli Cocody lɔ dɔɔtrɔ dan sua’n i kplan, yɛ be boli i bo afuɛ 1970  klannan n'dèya nun.

== Nian ekun ==
[[Category:Wp/bci]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q2905799}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1045" sha1="qnzrrojne36w4e5gk37s27is53bhl9n" xml:space="preserve">'''N’Dia Koffi Blaise''' ti dɔɔtrɔ nin politikifuɛ kun m’ɔ fin [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] lɔ’n, be wuli i afuɛ 1912 nun [[Wp/bci/Pakouabo|Pakouabo]] lɔ, [[Wp/bci/Bouaflé|Bouaflé]] i akpasua kaan’n su lɔ. Ɔ wuli afuɛ 1983, djéssé i le 10 su [[Wp/bci/Abidjan|Abidjan]] lɔ. Ɔ dili junman nvle siefuɛ’n [[Wp/bci/Félix Houphouët-Boigny|Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] i awa nsiɛn (6) nun, afuɛ 1963 nun lele afuɛ 1976 nun.

== Politiki nun junman dilɛ ==
N’Dia Koffi Blaise ti sran’m be juejue yolɛ’n nin sran’m be lika nianlɛ’n i su kpɛn afuɛ 1963 ananya nun lele afuɛ 1970 angbô nun.

Kɛ ɔ fɛ i afuɛ 1970 angbô i le 5 su lele m’ɔ fa jU afuɛ 1974 moughou i le 2 su’n, ɔ yoli nvle’n i su kpɛn ka naan w’a kaci nvle’n i su kpɛn, ɔ niannin Tourisme su afuɛ 1974 moughou nun lele afuɛ 1976 n'glo nun.

I nyrun dinlɛ nun’n, ɔ wieli Cocody lɔ dɔɔtrɔ dan sua’n i kplan, yɛ be boli i bo afuɛ 1970  klannan n'dèya nun.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Michel Kodjo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
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      <text bytes="2328" sha1="qmsr3vybxvozqmu60dvf5hw40w36vwo" xml:space="preserve">Be wuli '''Michel Kodjo''' afuɛ 1935 nun Soumier-Bia m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Aboisso|Aboisso]] plefektur i nun lɔ. Ɔ ti Kodjo Kacou m’ɔ ti fie difuɛ m’ɔ fin Aboisso lɔ’n i wa. Ɔ nin Amon Adingra m’ɔ ti Sanwi famiɛn blɛ sɔ nun’n, be ti osufuɛ. Ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] lɔ desɛn yifuɛ klikli ng’ɔ yoli i ngunmin i desɛn’n [[Wp/bci/Abidjan|Abidjan]] lɔ’n, ka naan nvle’n w’a ɲan i ti afuɛ 1957 nun’n. Michel Kodjo wuli n'glo
i le 23-24, 2021 kɔnguɛ, tukpacɛ kun m’ɔ tɔli i su kpɛ kunngba’n i sin, i awlo lɔ [[Wp/bci/Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] lɔ.

== sran wundɛ ==
Michel Kodjo ɔli suklu ba kanngan’m be suklu dandan’m be nun Aboisso nin Abidjan lɔ afuɛ 1945 lele 1950. Ɔ dili suklu [[Wp/bci/Treichville|Treichville]] lɔ waka nun junman dilɛ suklu’n nun afuɛ 1950 lele afuɛ 1952 nun.

Kɛ ɔ dili waka nun junman’n, ɔ wa kloli desɛn yilɛ, kpɛkun ɔ boli junman dilɛ bo afuɛ 1954 nun. Ɔ yoli i desɛn klikli’n afuɛ 1957 nun Abidjan klɔ’n i su kpɛn’n i sua’n nun lɔ.

Kɛ be yili like sɔ’n, ɔ ɲannin sika naan w’a kwla di suklu Nice lɔ suklu nga be flɛ i kɛ École des Arts Decoratifs m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Nice|Nice]] lɔ’n i nun afuɛ 1959 lele m’ɔ́ fá jú 1961 nun’n. Afuɛ 1964 nun’n, Nisi klɔ’n su lɔfuɛ’m be mɛnnin i desɛn nin ninnge’m be siesielɛ’n i su akatua klikli. I sin’n, ɔ dili suklu Clermont-Ferrand suklu nga be kle desɛn’m be nun’n, kpɛkun ɔ ɲannin fluwa kun mɔ be flɛ i kɛ Certificat d’Aptitude pour la Formation Supérieure Artiste afuɛ 1968. I sin’n, ɔ kacili desɛn yilɛ’n i su like klefuɛ suklu dan nga be flɛ i kɛ [[Wp/bci/Grand-Bassam|Grand-Bassam]] m’ɔ o lɛ andɛ’n i nun.

Be yili i junman’m be nglo [[Wp/bci/Paris|Paris]] nin [[Wp/bci/New York|New York]] lɔ.

Kɛ ɔ fɛ i afuɛ 1970 nun’n, i junman diwlɛ’n wo Grand-Bassam lɔ, ɔ nin klɔ dan’n be afiɛn’n ti nun kilo 40, Aflansi lɔ akpasua’n su lɔ, lika nga desɛn yifuɛ kaka be tran’n, be nun wie yɛle desɛn yifuɛ mun, nin yɔbuɛ yifuɛ mun, ɔ nin jue tofuɛ mun. I junman diwlɛ lɔ’n, sran ble’m be ɲrun tralɛ klanman kaka be o lɛ wie.

I desɛn yilɛ wafa’n, ɔ ti nzɔliɛ like nin akunndan bulɛ.


[[Category:Wp/bci]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Douk Saga</title>
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      <text bytes="3218" sha1="9unrtl9p8gfpu8eke9lbjfpn805vftn" xml:space="preserve">'''Douk Saga''', i dunman kpa’n yɛle Stéphane Hamidou Doukouré, be wuli i afuɛ 1974 djéssé i le 22 su [[Wp/bci/Yamoussoukro|Yamoussoukro]] lɔ [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] lɔ, yɛ ɔ wuli afuɛ 2006 fêlê i le 12 su [[Wp/bci/Ouagadougou|Ouagadougou]] lɔ [[Wp/bci/Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]] lɔ. Ɔ le ta kpa sran ble’m be juetolɛ be su. Be bu i kɛ ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Coupé-décalé|coupé-décalé]] i bo bofuɛ’m be nun kun, ɔ nin i sran akpasua nga be flɛ i kɛ Ivoire Jet Set’n, ɔ ukali maan sran’m be sili i Côte d’Ivoire lɔ, kpɛkun ɔ tranni i blofuɛ man nu lɔ.

== sran wundɛ ==
Be wuli i afuɛ 1974 nun Yamoussoukro lɔ, Côte d’Ivoire lɔ, i duman kpa yɛ le Stéphane Hamidou Doukouré.

Kɛ m’ɔ ɲannin ɔrdinatɛli su fluwa [[Wp/bci/Abidjan|Abidjan]] lɔ’n ti’n, ɔ ɔli [[Wp/bci/Paris|Paris]] afuɛ 2001 nun naan ɔ kɔ suan like ekun, kpɛkun Côte d’Ivoire lɔ’n, sa’m be su yo kekle kpa, kpɛkun afuɛ 2002 nun’n, politiki nin sonja’m be afiɛn’n w’a saci. Kɛ nga i sufuɛ’m be fa kan’n sa’n, décalé-coupé adjalɛ boli i bo Paris lɔ kɔnguɛ diwlɛ’m be nun, yɛ Douk Saga nin i janvuɛ mun yɛ jue tofuɛ [[Wp/bci/Molare|Molare]] o nun wie ɔ.

Ɔ sali i sin Abidjan lɔ afuɛ 2003. Lɔ yɛ ɔ nin i janvuɛ kɛ Molare, nin [[Wp/bci/Lino Versace|Lino Versace]], nin Shacoole, nin Serge Defale, nin Boro Sanguy, nin Solo Béton, ɔ nin Kuyo Junior be takali sran akpasua kun mɔ be flɛ i kɛ La Jet Set’n niɔn. Ɔ yoli maan sran’m be sili coupé-décalé kɛ miziki wafa kun sa, ɔ ti able silɛ wafa kun, ɔ ti mɛn dilɛ wafa kun, yɛle sika cɛlɛ.&quot;Travaillement&quot; i yolɛ'n yɛle kɛ be to sika sran annzɛ artiste kun su naan b'a wla be fanngan. Ɔ maan Douk Saga wla sran’m be fanngan kɛ be nanti aklunjuɛ dilɛ’n su, kpɛkun ɔ fa tralɛ nin jɛtɛ ufue nga be yili be’n, ɔ fa yi i aɲanbeun’n i nglo. Ɔ ti &quot;boucantiers&quot; be nun kun, ndɛ sɔ'n yɛ be fa kan sran nga be klo kɛ be di fɛtri kɔnguɛ lika'm be nun'n, mɔ be yi mɛn dilɛ wafa ng'ɔ ti kpa'n i nglo'n, be ndɛ ɔ. Jue tolɛ nun’n, ɔ di junman kpa, ɔ ju sran ble mɛn wunmuan’n nun mɔ be kan blɔfuɛ’n, ɔ nin nvle uflɛ nun bɔbɔ. Sran'm be flɛli i kɛ &quot;Président&quot;, ɔ ɔli lele ɔ seli Côte d'Ivoire lɔ awa'n kɛ ɔ men i akatua , afin ɔ seli kɛ, &quot;ɔ mannin Côte d'Ivoire aklunjuɛ ekun&quot;.

Douk Saga wuli afuɛ 2006, fêlê i le 12 su’n, Ouagadougou lɔ, lika nga be yoli i ayre lɔ’n, tukpacɛ m’ɔ saci sran’n i fɔlɛ’n ti. Le Molare waan Sida yɛ ɔ kunnin Douk Saga ɔ, ndɛ ng’ɔ kannin nzra nun aladio nun’n, ɔ yoli maan b’a fɛmɛn i b’a ɔman jɔlɛ difuɛ’m be ja su. Kɛ ɔ yo sɔ’n, nun Douk Saga le afuɛ 32 cɛ.

I ninnge ng’ɔ yili be’n, be wlawlali jue tofuɛ kɛ [[Wp/bci/DJ Arafat|DJ Arafat]] sa.

== Miziki junman mun ==

=== Albɔmu nga be yi be stidio lɔ’n ===

* Afuɛ 2003 : ''Abidjan a eu affaire ( Affaire De Sagacité)''
* Afuɛ 2005 : ''Héros national bouche-bée''

=== Albɔmu nga be bo yo kun be di junman’n ===

* Afuɛ 2006 : ''Ballon d'or''

=== DVD ===

* Afuɛ 2006 : ''Héros National Bouche Bée''

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

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    <title>Wp/bci/Germain Coffi Gadeau</title>
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      <text bytes="3208" sha1="5jd4ycy0yq1edj902d6yf2iqt7n6yuw" xml:space="preserve">'''Germain Coffi Gadeau''' ti [[Wp/bci/Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]] lɔ fluwa klɛfuɛ nin politikifuɛ, yɛ sran’m be si i kpa i teatri ninge yolɛ ti. Be wuli i afuɛ 1913 nun Gbomizambo lɔ, [[Wp/bci/Tiébissou|Tiébissou]] i akpasua kaan’n su lɔ, kpɛkun ɔ wuli afuɛ 2000, kofié i le 18. Kɛ ɔ wuli’n, be waan i aɲanbeun ninnge’m be ti dɔlari akpikpi kpanngban kpa.

== sran wundɛ ==
Kɛ Coffi Gadeau dili i bakan nun klɔ’n su lɔ’n, kɛ ɔ ɲannin afuɛ blu’n, ɔ boli suklu dilɛ bo Tiébissou suklu ba’m be suklu lɔ afuɛ 1924 nun. Ɔ dili suklu klikli’n [[Wp/bci/Bouaké|Bouaké]] lɔ suklu dan’n nun afuɛ 1929 nun, kpɛkun ɔ dili suklu [[Wp/bci/Bingerville|Bingerville]] lɔ suklu dan’n nun. Afuɛ 1932 nun’n, ɔ ɔli suklu nga be flɛ i kɛ William-Ponty Normal School m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Gorée|Gorée]] lɔ’n i nun, kpɛkun ɔ ɲannin fluwa kun lika nga be nian junman’n su’n i nun. Ɔ sɛli i sin Côte d’Ivoire lɔ, ɔ dili junman afuɛ ablaɔn kɛ sika siefuɛ sa. Ɔ wluli teatri mɛn’n nun afuɛ 1938 nun, kpɛkun ɔ nin [[Wp/bci/François-Joseph Amon d’Aby|François-Joseph Amon d’Aby]] be yili Côte d’Ivoire lɔ teatri’n. Ɔ di teatri’n, kpɛkun ɔ klɛ be wie. Afuɛ 1945 nun’n, ɔ nin [[Wp/bci/Félix Houphouët-Boigny|Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] be kunndɛli kɛ be nyan be ti, kpɛkun ɔ fali i wun wlali [[Wp/bci/Parti Démocratique de Côte d’Ivoire|Parti Démocratique de Côte d’Ivoire]] i yilɛ’n nun kpa. Afuɛ 1947 nun anyia’n i bo lɔ’n, be fali i kɛ ɔ yo politiki anuannzɛ’n i nunfuɛ, ɔ dili junman kɛ anuannzɛ’n i fluwa klɛfuɛ dan sa lele afuɛ 1963, fêlê i le 28 su. Ɔ kacili ministɛri ng’ɔ nian mɛn’n i nun lɔ’n su afuɛ 1959 nun .

Afuɛ 1963 angbô nun’n, be wlɛli i bisua ngunmin kun m’ɔ o Assabou lɔ’n, m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Yamoussoukro|Yamoussoukro]] lɔ’n, mɔ be kplannin i kɛ be fa sran nga nvle siefuɛ’n Félix Houphouët-Boigny tɔnnin be suɛn kɛ be fali ajalɛ tɛ’n, be sieli be lɔ’n. Kɛ bé dí jɔlɛ Yamoussoukro lɔ’n, m’ɔ sinnin “atɔnvlɛ falɛ’n” i sin’n, nvle’n i lika nianlɛ jɔlɛ difuɛ’m be dili sran 96 be jɔlɛ, be nun wie yɛle Ernest Boka, nin Charles Bauza Donwahi, nin Amadou Koné, nin Joachim Bony, nin Amadou Thiam, nin Jean Konan Banny ɔ nin  Tidiane Dem. Be buli be nun nsiɛn be fɔ kɛ be kun be, sanngɛ Ernest Boka liɛ’n, sa wie mɔ be simɛn i bo’n ti yɛ ɔ wuli ɔ.

Afuɛ 1971 nun’n, Houphouët-Boigny yoli maan Germain Coffi Gadeau yoli kpa ekun, kpɛkun ɔ kacili Côte d’Ivoire lɔ anuannzɛ’n i su kpɛn dan.

== Teatri ==

* Afuɛ 1939 : ''Kondé Yao''
* Afuɛ 1940 : ''Nos femmes''
* Afuɛ 1942 : ''Mon Maris''
* Afuɛ 1942 : ''Les anciens combattants''
* Afuɛ 1942 : ''Les recrutés de monsieur Maurice''
* Afuɛ 1943: ''Les recrutés de Monsieur Maurice'' devient ''Le Chant du retour.''
* Afuɛ 1943 : ''Le mariage de Sogona''
* Afuɛ 1954 : ''Ya-ou Nda''
* Afuɛ 1963 : ''Adjo-bla ou le Puits d'Adjo''
* Afuɛ 1965 : F.-J. Amon d'Aby, Bernard Dadié, G. Coffi Gadeau, Le théâtre populaire en Côte d'Ivoire (Œuvres choisies).

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

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  <page>
    <title>Category:Wp/rgn/Italia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3802275</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304422</id>
      <parentid>7291552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:53:50Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="37" sha1="dg9h0x6p07hzm3upr1shlcb6qynytgo" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl'Europa]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Pedro Escobar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3802576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304005</id>
      <parentid>7292658</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <text bytes="1292" sha1="bgce8k8ccwg36nxtj8lpfoe1g8f4dvb" xml:space="preserve">'''Pedro Escobar''' mɔ be flɛ i ekun kɛ '''Pêro Escobar'''’n, ɔ ti Portugalfuɛ kun m’ɔ ko niannin lika’m be nun’n, yɛ afuɛ ya kpɔlɛ 15 i awieliɛ lɔ’n, ɔ fali mmeli’n ɔli [[Wp/bci/Guinée|Guinée]] lɔ nzue ba’n nun dan. Be waan Fernão do Pó nin [[Wp/bci/João de Santarém|João de Santarém]] yɛ be wunnin [[Wp/bci/Sassandra|Sassandra]] [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] lɔ ɔ. Asa ekun’n, be waan ɔ wunnin angbô i bue nga be flɛ i kɛ [[Wp/bci/São Tomé|São Tomé]]’n afuɛ 1471 nun’n, Wah nou i le 21 su’n, Sɛnti Toma i cɛn dilɛ cɛn’n nun, kpɛkun kɛ ɔ cɛli kan’n, ɔ wunnin angbô i bue nga be flɛ i kɛ Principe’n n'zue. Blɛ sɔ nun’n, sran fi tranman n'zue sɔ’m be su.

Afuɛ 1471 nun’n, kɛ ɔ́ dí junman [[Wp/bci/Fernão Gomes|Fernão Gomes]] i sa nun’n, ɔ yoli maan be wunnin sika ɔkwlɛ atɛ yolɛ’n i wlɛ Mina lɔ. Ɔ nin [[Wp/bci/Diogo Cão|Diogo Cão]] be o nun wie afuɛ 1482 nun i mmeli klikli’n nun, ɔ ti mmeli nga be flɛ i kɛ Bérriro’n i nun cisanfuɛ [[Wp/bci/Vasco de Gama|Vasco de Gama]] i mmeli’n nun afuɛ 1497 nun. Il prend également part à l'expédition de Cabral lors de la découverte du [[Wp/bci/Brésil|Brésil]] en 1500.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/João de Santarém</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3802578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304006</id>
      <parentid>7292739</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
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      <text bytes="1022" sha1="4zdwv4iow8wnt0406rh2wsm2u3o4ply" xml:space="preserve">'''João de Santarém''' ti Portugalfuɛ kun m’ɔ niannin lika’m be su’n, ɔ nin mmeli nun cisanfuɛ’n, afuɛ ya kpɔlɛ 15 nun’n.

== sran wundɛ ==
Afuɛ ya kpɔlɛ 15 i awieliɛ lɔ’n, [[Wp/bci/Henri le Navigateur|Henri le Navigateur]] m’ɔ ti mmeli nun cisanfuɛ’n i blɛ su’n, yɛ ɔ sinnin Guinée lɔ nzue ba’n nun lɔ dan ɔn. e bu i kɛ ɔ nin [[Wp/bci/Pedro de Escobar|Pedro de Escobar]] be ti sran klikli nga be wunnin klɔ nga be flɛ i kɛ [[Wp/bci/Sassandra|Sassandra]] m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] lɔ’n, be nun kun. Asa ekun’n, be waan ɔ wunnin jenvie’n i bue nga be flɛ i kɛ [[Wp/bci/São Tomé|São Tomé]]’n, afuɛ 1471, konguè n'zue i le 21 su’n, m’ɔ ti [[Wp/bci/Saint Thomas|Saint Thomas]] i cɛn dilɛ cɛn’n, kpɛkun kɛ ɔ cɛli kan’n, ɔ wunnin angbô i bue nga be flɛ i kɛ [[Wp/bci/Principe|Principe]]’n n'zue. Blɛ sɔ’n nun’n, sran fi tranman angbô i bue nɲɔn sɔ’m be su.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Zoukougbeu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3802597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304012</id>
      <parentid>7292784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:28:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <text bytes="873" sha1="tk89vomejtils58kn38abdt9zepsbti" xml:space="preserve">'''Zoukougbeu''' ti klɔ kun m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] i afien ni i wia atɔliɛ lɔ lika’n nun’n, m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Haut-Sassandra|Haut-Sassandra]] i akpasua’n su lɔ’n. Zoukougbeu ti klɔ dan kun, ɔ nin klɔ kan kun, ɔ nin akpasua kun.

== Nianmien sulɛ ==
Klɔ sɔ’n le Katoliki asɔnun kun, be flɛ i kɛ Saint-François-Xavier, ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Daloa|Daloa]] anuanze i nun, yɛ asɔnun nga be bo jasin fɛ’n be sɔnnin kpa.

== Spɔri ==
Klɔ sɔ’n su lɔ’n, be le balɔn tofuɛ akpasua kun mɔ be flɛ i kɛ ''AS Binkadi’n'', ɔ bo balɔn nvle’n i akpasua’m be nun.

== Sran dan nga be o akpasua sɔ su ==

* [[Wp/bci/Tagro Baléguhé|Tagro Baléguhé]], ɔ ti balɔn bofuɛ;
* Goze Seple Bernard, ɔ ti depite;
* [[Wp/bci/Serge Aurier|Serge Aurier]], ɔ ti balɔn bofuɛ.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Danguira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3802609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304037</id>
      <parentid>7292815</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:42:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="2140" sha1="tw8f7eqrwo85blbesd55c1ye15y4v82" xml:space="preserve">'''Danguira''' ti klɔ kun m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] lɔ’n, ɔ o n'zue akpasua’n su lɔ, ɔ nin [[Wp/bci/La Mé|La Mé]] akpasua’n su lɔ, ɔ o nvle’n i wia afiliɛ lɔ lika’n nun, ɔ nin Petit Alépé be afiɛn’n ti nun kilo kɔe ablasan. Danguira ti [[Wp/bci/Alépé|Alépé]] lɔ akpasua’n i akpasua kaan kun. Be akpasua dan’n yɛle Attié. Akyé annzɛ [[Wp/bci/Attié|Attié]] ti Kwa aniɛn nga be kan be Côte d’Ivoire lɔ’n, be nun kun.

== Yalɛ kokolɛ ==
Akpɔ dan ng’ɔ sin Danguira lɔ’n, ɔ fin ngwa lɔ lika’n nun fa kɔ nglo lɔ lika’n nun. I nglo lɔ lika’n nun’n, ɔ kpɛ i wun [[Wp/bci/Memni|Memni]] i wun koko lɛ, ɔ fin [[Wp/bci/Abidjan|Abidjan]] ɔ kɔ Alépé nin [[Wp/bci/Aboisso|Aboisso]] atin’n su.

== Aunmuan’n i wafa’n ==
Danguira lɔ’n, lika’n ti mlanwa kpa.

== Lã n'dɛ ==
Attiéfuɛ’m be tran Mé  nzue ba’n i nuan lɔ, ɔ nin lika nga nzue ba Comoé nin Agbo be san nun’n (Agnéby), be kpɛli be mɛn’n nun akpasua blu-nin-kun: Ketin, nin Nkadje, nin Attobrou, nin Thoyasso, nin Brignan, nin Anapé, nin Bodin, nin Lepin, nin Son, nin Tchin, ɔ nin Nedin. Be nga be fin Denkyira lɔ’n, be yɛ be takali Akyé klɔ nga be flɛ i kɛ Danguira’n niɔn.

Akyéfuɛ’m be fa matrikan nga be ti be jasin fɛ’n bolɛ lika’n nun’n, mɔ be tinuntinun be le nzuɛn wie mun’n, be fa kle be wun. I wie yɛle kɛ, be bu Ke akpasua’n nun yasua’m be kɛ be le wunmiɛn, sanngɛ Be akpasua’n nunfuɛ’m be si kɛ be ti blɛblɛblɛ, yɛ be tra be awlɛn.

== Lika’n i su ndɛ’n ==
Danguira nin Abidjan m’ɔ ti Côte d’Ivoire i sika ndɛ’n i klɔ dan’n be afiɛn’n ti nun kilo 47. Côte d’Ivoire i klɔ dan nga be flɛ i kɛ Yamoussoukro’n, ɔ nin i be afiɛn’n ti nun kilo 210. 

Kodiossou ti klɔ kun m’ɔ mantan Danguira’n, ɔ nin lɔ’n be afiɛn’n ti nun kilo 12. Klɔ ng’ɔ mantan Danguira kpa’n yɛle Mɛmni, ɔ nin lɔ’n be afiɛn’n ti nun kilo 24.

== Sran mu ==
Afuɛ 2014 nun’n, sran nga be tran Danguira lɔ’n, be ti sran 38.417.
[[Category:Wp/bci]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Annépé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3802617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304038</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:44:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="441" sha1="jxp1n1132zgpqzfur6usbybc76y73ek" xml:space="preserve">'''Annépé''' ti klɔ kun m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] i ngwa lɔ lika’n nun’n, yɛ ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Adzopé|Adzopé]] i akpasua nun, Agnéby lɔ lika’n nun.Klɔ nga be flɛ i kɛ Annépé’n, ɔ ti klɔ dan kun nin klɔ kaan kun be klɔ dan. Annépé lɔ klɔ’n i wun koko lɛ’n, Annépé, nin Lobo-Akoudzin, ɔ nin klɔ uflɛ nga be nin be o nun’n, be o nun.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/bci/Bécouéfin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3802621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304040</id>
      <parentid>7292907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:46:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aristidek5maya</username>
        <id>2593790</id>
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      <text bytes="1043" sha1="9y976tbw2x7lltd2wpjabm63c4niruv" xml:space="preserve">'''Bécouéfin''' ti klɔ kun m’ɔ o [[Wp/bci/Côte d’Ivoire|Côte d’Ivoire]] i wia afiliɛ n'gwa lɔ lika’n nun lɔ’n, m’ɔ o Mé. Klɔ nga be flɛ i kɛ Bécouéfin’n, ɔ ti plefektur kaan kun i sielɛ lika’n. Klɔ sɔ’n su minndɛ kɛ be fɛ i kɛ ɔ yo mɛri.

== Sran mu ==
Be flɛ lɔfuɛ mun kɛ Akyé. Be nin sran nga be fin lika uflɛ’n, i li Dioula, nin Abron, nin wawle, ɔ nin Agni be tran klanman. Sran nga be tran lɔ’n, be ti gbanflɛn nin talua yɛ be sɔ sran nun klanman.

Be waan sran nga be tran Bécouéfin lɔ’n, be ti sran 25.000 tra su.

== Juejue ==
Café Cacao i aɲia’n fali dɔɔtrɔ loto uflɛ mannin Bécouéfin lɔ dɔɔtrɔ sua’n .

== Nianmien sulɛ ==
Bécouéfin i asɔnu sua Saint Antoine Padoué, BP 4 Akoupé.

== N'ga sã tɛ numan lɛ ==
soja fi be lika’n nunman lɛ.

== Fie dilɛ ninnge’m be yilɛ ==

* Café, ni Cacao,ni m'mé fie, ni waka, ni manda, ni agba, ni koko, ni tomati, ni nigema, ni avoca, ni amango, ni potomo.

[[Category:Wp/bci]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wp/pih/Arunachal Pradesh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3802698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304450</id>
      <parentid>7302780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:34:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ङघिञ</username>
        <id>2644823</id>
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[[Category:Wp/pih]]
{{Wp/pih/Infobox Indian Jurisdiction|type=state|name=Arunachal Pradesh|native_name=अरुणाचल प्रदेश|nickname=&quot;Land of Rising Sun&quot;|image=TawangMonastery-ArunachalPradesh-1.jpg|imagecaption=T' Tawang monastery wi' t' Tawang toen at t' valley|imagcaption=T' Tawang monastery wi' t' Tawang toen at t' valley|imagealt=T' Tawang monastery wi' t' Tawang toen at t' valley|imagesize=200px|base_map=IN-AR.svg|latd=26.28|longd=91.20|capital=[[Wp/pih/Itanagar|Itanagar]]|altitude=7,090 m|area_total=83,743|n-of=Tibet Autonomous Region, China|w-of=Samdrup Jongkhar, Trashigang and Trashiyangtse Districts, Bhutan|s-of=[[Wp/pih/Nagaland|Nagaland]]|sw-of=[[Wp/pih/Assam|Assam]]|e-of={{Wp/pih/Flag|Kachin State}}, Myanmar|se-of={{Wp/pih/Flag|Sagaing Region}}, Myanmar|district=28|leader_title_1=Governor|leader_name_1=Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik|leader_title_2=Chief Minister|leader_title_3=Deputy Chief Minister|leader_name_2=Pema Khandu|leader_name_3=Chowna Mein|population_total=1,383,727|population_urban=22.94%|population_density=17/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;|population_rank=27&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;|literacy=84.2%|sex_ratio=997♀/1,000 ♂|official_languages=[[Wp/pih/Inglish|Inglish]]&lt;ref name=langoff&gt;{{Wp/pih/Cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, [[Wp/pih/Government of India|Government of India]] |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/pih/Cite web |title=Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/arunachal-pradesh |website=mdoner.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015025343/https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/arunachal-pradesh |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|website=arunachalpradesh.gov.in|unlocode=IN ITA / IN DEP|vehicle_code_range=AR|iso_code=IN-AR|footnotes=&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Bell MT'; font-size: 150%; background: linear-gradient(orange, lightyellow); border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px 6px;&quot;&gt;Symbols o' Arunachal Pradesh&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;Foundation day - Arunachal Pradesh Day&lt;br/&gt;
Bird - Hornbill&lt;br/&gt;
Fish - Golden Mahseerref&lt;br/&gt;
Flower - Foxtail orchid&lt;br/&gt;
Mammal - Mithun&lt;br/&gt;
Tree - Holong&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;|coordinates={{Wp/pih/Coord|27|06|N|93|37|E}}}}

'''Arunachal pradesh''' (/ərʊˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdeɪʃ/;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Wp/pih/Cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516154328/https://www.lexico.com/definition/arunachal_pradesh |archive-url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Arunachal_Pradesh |archive-date=16 May 2021 |website=Lexico UK English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;small&gt;IPA&lt;/small&gt;: [əɾʊɳaːtʃəl pɾəd̪eːʃ] lit. 'dawn-lit mountain province') esa stait en northeast Endya. Et waas known as t' North-East Frontier Agency until 1972, arter which et became a yoonyen teritri under t' naiim Arunachal Pradesh. Et became a stait on 20 febyuweri 1987.  [[Wp/pih/Itanagar|Itanagar]] es es kapitel an larges toen.

Et shaers international borders wi' [[Wp/pih/Bhutan|Bhutan]] en t' west, [[Wp/pih/Myanmar|Myanmar]] en t' eist, an a disputed 1,129 km borda wi' [[Wp/pih/China|China]]'s [[Wp/pih/Tibet Autonomous Riijin|Tibet Autonomous Riijin]] en t' north at ve McMahon liin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Choudhury, Ratnadip (23 September 2020). [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-residents-quote-national-security-as-they-write-to-pm-modi-on-stalled-road-project-2299974 &quot;Arunachal Residents Write To PM On Road Project, Quote National Security&quot;] ''NDTV''. [Https://web.archive.org/web/20201030144101/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-residents-quote-national-security-as-they-write-to-pm-modi-on-stalled-road-project-2299974 Archived] from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Nearly four-fifths o' Arunachal Pradesh&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65134534 &quot;Arunachal Pradesh: India rejects China's attempt to rename disputed places&quot;] ''BBC News''. 4 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; es claimed b' China as Sauthern Tibet as paat o' t' [[Wp/pih/Tibet Autonomous Riijin|Tibet Autonomous Riijin]];&lt;ref&gt;Taylor Fravel, M. (14 September 2008). [https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691136097/strong-borders-secure-nation ''Strong Borders, Secure Nation''] Princeton University Press. pp.&amp;#x20;326–327. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13609-7|978-0-691-13609-7]]&lt;/ref&gt; China occupied some regions o' Arunachal Pradesh en 1962 but later withdrew its forces.&lt;ref&gt;Mayilvaganan, M.; Bej, Sourina; Khatoon, Nasima, eds. (2020). ''Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition''. Springer Nature.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref /&gt;

As per ve 2011 census, Arunachal Pradesh haufs a popylayshun o' 1,383,727.  Wi' only 17 inhabitants per square kilometre, et esa t' least densely populated stait en Endya. Et esan ethnically diverse stait, wi' predominantly Monpa salan en t' west, Tani salan en t' centre, Mishmi an Tai salan en t' eist, an Naga salan en ve sowtheist o' t' stait. About 23 major tribes an 100 sub-tribes liiv en t' stait.

== Etymology ==
Arunachal Pradesh means land o' t' dawn-lit mountains, which esa t' sobriquet f' t' stait en [[Wp/pih/Sanskrit|Sanskrit]].&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Usha (2005). ''Discovery of North-East India''. Mittal Publications. p.&amp;#x20;65. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-034-5|978-81-8324-034-5]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; T' term waas coined during t' formation o' t' stait. Prior ti t' iya 1972, et waas kaul'd North-East Frontier Agency.

T' Salan's Repablik o' China (PRC) does not recognise Arunachal Pradesh, an klaems t' land t'be part o' Tibet, kaulin et Sauthern tTbet ([[Wp/pih/Chinese laenghwijz|Chinese]]: 藏南 [[Wp/pih/Pinyin|Pinyin]]: Zàngnán).

== Administration ==

=== Districts ===
Arunachal Pradesh comprises thrii divisions, namely, sentril, eist an west, each headed b' a [[Wp/pih/Divisional commissioner (india)|divisional commissioner]] an twenty-eight districts, each administered b' a [[Wp/pih/District magistrate|deputy commissioner]]. West Siang esa t' larges distrik b' area an Tawang esa t' smallest distrik. Papum esa t' larges distrik b' popylayshun an Diwang valley esa t' smallest.

{{Wp/pih/Arunachal Pradesh districts}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Division&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/pih/Cite news |url=http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/extraordinary_gazette/1513159055_2017%2520EOG%2520217%2520PERSONNEL.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224190501/https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/extraordinary_gazette/1513159055_2017%20EOG%20217%20PERSONNEL.PDF |archive-date=24 February 2021 |title=Administrative jurisdiction of divisions and districts |publisher=Government of Arunachal Pradesh|access-date=27 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
! West 
! Central 
! East
|-
| Headquarters 
| [[Wp/pih/Yazali, Arunachal Pradesh|Yazali]] 
| [[Wp/pih/Basar, Arunachal Pradesh|Basar]] 
| [[Wp/pih/Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]]
|-
| Districts 
| 
* [[Wp/pih/East Kameng District|East Kameng]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Kamle district|Kamle]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Kra Daadi District|Kra Daadi]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Kurung Kumey District|Kurung Kumey]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Lower Subansiri District|Lower Subansiri]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Pakke-Kessang district|Pakke-Kessang]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Tawang District|Tawang]] 
* [[Wp/pih/West Kameng District|West Kameng]] 
| 
* [[Wp/pih/Lepa-Rada district|Lepa-Rada]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Lower Siang district|Lower Siang]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Shi-Yomi district|Shi-Yomi]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Upper Subansiri District|Upper Subansiri]] 
* [[Wp/pih/West Siang District|West Siang]] 
| 
* [[Wp/pih/Anjaw District|Anjaw]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Changlang District|Changlang]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Dibang Valley District|Dibang Valley]] 
* [[Wp/pih/East Siang District|East Siang]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Lohit District|Lohit]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Longding District|Longding]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Lower Dibang Valley District|Lower Dibang Valley]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Namsai District|Namsai]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Siang District|Siang]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Tirap District|Tirap]] 
* [[Wp/pih/Upper Siang District|Upper Siang]]
|}

== Demographics ==
[[File:Nishi tribal from Arunachal - Diganta Talukdar.jpg|thumb|Nyishi man en traditional dress]]
As per t' 2011 census, Arunachal Pradesh haufs 12 scheduled tribes, comprising 68. 79% o' its popylayshun. T' stait ken bii roughly divided inta a set o' semi-distinct cultural spheres, on t' basis o' tribal identity, laenghwij, rilijin an material kulchur: t' Tibetic-speaking Monpa area bordering [[Wp/pih/Bhutan|Bhutan]] en t' west, t' Tani area en t' centre o' t' stait, t' Mishmi area ti t' eist o' t' Tani airea, t' Tai/Singpho/Tangsa area bordering [[Wp/pih/Myanmar|Myanmar]], an t' Naga area ti t' sauth, which also bordas Myanmar. En b'twiin deya ar transition zones, such as t' Aka/Hruso/Miji/Sherdukpen area, b'twiin t' Tibetan Buddhist tribes an t' animist Tani hill tribes. En addition, deya ar isolated peoples scattered throughout t' stait, such as t' Sulung.

=== Rilijin ===
{{Wp/pih/Pie chart|radius=100|value1=30.3|label1=[[Wp/pih/Christianity|Christianity]]|color1=blue|value2=29|value3=26.2|value4=11.8|value5=1.95|value6=0.78|label2=[[Wp/pih/Hinduism|Hinduism]]|label3=[[Wp/pih/Donyi-Polo|Donyi-Polo]]|label4=[[Wp/pih/Buddhism|Buddhism]]|label5=[[Wp/pih/Islam|Islam]]|label6=Others|thumb=Rilijin en Arunachal Pradesh (2011)|color2=orange|color3=red|color4=yellow|color5=green|color6=grey}}
According ti t' 2011 Endyan census, 418,732 (30. 26%) ar [[Wp/pih/Christianity|Christians]], 401,876 (29. 04%) ar [[Wp/pih/Hinduism|Hindus]], 162,815 (11. 77%) [[Wp/pih/Buddhism|Buddhists]], 27,045 (1. 95%) [[Wp/pih/Wp/hil/Muslim|muslims]], 3,287 (0. 24%) [[Wp/pih/Sikhism|Sikhs]], 771 (0. 06%) [[Wp/pih/Jainism|Jains]] an 362,553 (26. 20%) ar adherents o' various tribals biliif including [[Wp/pih/Donyi-Polo|Donyi-Polo]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html &quot;Census of India – Religious Composition&quot;]. Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html Archived] from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, t' religious landscape o' Arunachal Pradesh es diverse wi' noe single religious gruup representing t' mijoritii o' t' popylayshun, although et es wan o' t' few Endyan staits wesaid Kreschenitii haufs t' moes followers. A relatively large percentage o' Arunachal's popylayshun ar nature worshippers (indigenous religions), an follow deir oun distinct traditional institutions like t' Nyedar Namlo b' t' Nyishi, t' Rangfrah b' t' Tangsa &amp; Nocte, Medar Nelo b' t' Apatani, t' Kargu Gamgi b' t' Galo an Donyi-Polo dere b' t' Adi under t' umbrella o' t' indigenous rilijin t' Donyi-Polo. A small numma o' Arunachali salan hauf traditionally identified as Hindus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/pih/Cite web |last=Katiyar |first=Prerna |date=19 November 2017 |title=How churches in Arunachal Pradesh are facing resistance over conversion of tribals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201122855/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms |archive-date=1 December 2017 |website=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; although t' numma mieh grow as animist traditions ar absorbed inta Hinduism.

[[Wp/pih/Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhism]] predominates en t' districts o' Tawang, West Kameng, an isolated regions adjacent ti [[Wp/pih/Tibet|Tibet]]. [[Wp/pih/Theravada Buddhism|Theravada]] [[Wp/pih/Theravada Buddhism|Buddhism]] es practised b' groups living neya t' Myanmar borda. Araun 30% o' t' popylayshun ar Christians.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html &quot;Census of India: C-1 Population By Religious Community&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html Archived] from the original on 13 September 2015. &lt;/ref&gt;

Buddhism arrived en Arunachal Pradesh en t' 8th century CE from Tibet.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sahapedia.org/theravada-buddhist-monasteries-arunachal-pradesh-study-art-and-visual-culture#:~:text=While%20Mahayana%20Buddhism%20arrived%20in,%2Dday%20Myanmar)%2C%20settled%20in &quot;Theravada Buddhist Monasteries of Arunachal Pradesh: A Study of Art and Visual Culture&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220626051042/https://www.sahapedia.org/theravada-buddhist-monasteries-arunachal-pradesh-study-art-and-visual-culture#:~:text=While%20Mahayana%20Buddhism%20arrived%20in,%2Dday%20Myanmar)%2C%20settled%20in Archived] from the original on 26 June 2022. &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Laenghwijz ===
T' speakers o' major laenghwijz o' t' stait according ti t' 2011 census ar [[Wp/pih/Nyishi|Nyishi]] (20.74%), [[Wp/pih/Adi|Adi]] (17.35%, includes Adi an Gallong), [[Wp/pih/Nepali|Nepali]] (6.89%), [[Wp/pih/Tagin|Tagin]] (4.54%), [[Wp/pih/Bhotia|Bhotia]] (4.51%), [[Wp/pih/Wancho|Wancho]] (4.23%), [[Wp/pih/Assamese|Assamese]] (3.9%), [[Wp/pih/Bengali|Bangla]] (3.65%), [[Wp/pih/Hindi|Hindi]] (3.45%), [[Wp/pih/Chakma|Chakma]] (3.40%), [[Wp/pih/Apatani|Apatani]] (3.21%), [[Wp/pih/Mishmi|Mishmi]] (3.04%), [[Wp/pih/Tangsa|Tangsa]] (2.64%), [[Wp/pih/Nocte|Nocte]] (2.19%), [[Wp/pih/Bhojpuri|Bhojpuri]] (2.04%) and [[Wp/pih/Nagpuri|Sadri]] (1.03%).

T' vast mijoritii o' Arunachal Pradesh speaks [[Wp/pih/Tani laenghwijz|Tani laenghwijz]] o' t' [[Wp/pih/Tibeto-Burman laenghwij faemilii|Tibeto-Burman laenghwij faemilii]]. [[Wp/pih/Tani salan|Tani salan]] ar indigenous ti sentril Arunachal Pradesh, including (moving from west ti eist) t' Nyishi, t' Apatani, t' Tagin, t' Galo, t' Bokar, t' Adi, t' Padam, t' Pasi, an t' Minyong. T' Tani laenghwijz ar noticeably characterised b' wun overall relative uniformity, suggesting relatively riisent origin an dispersal within deir present-day airea o' concentration.

Ti t' eist o' t' Tani area lie thrii virtually undescribed an highly endangered laenghwijz o' t' &quot;[[Wp/pih/Digaro laenghwijz|Mishmi]]&quot; gruup o' Tibeto-Burman: [[Wp/pih/Ido Mishmi|Idu]], [[Wp/pih/Digaro Mishmi|Digaru]] an [[Wp/pih/Mishmi|Mishmi]] laenghwijz. A numma o' speakers o' these languages ar also found en Tibet. T' relationships o' these languages, both among wan another an ti other airea languages, ar as yet uncertain. Further sauth, wan finds t' [[Wp/pih/Jingpho|Singpho]] (Kachin) laenghwij, which es primarily spokn b' large populations en Myanmar's Kachin stait, an t' Nocte an Wancho laenghwijz, which show affiliations ti sertiin Naga laenghwijz spokn ti t' sauth en modern-day [[Wp/pih/Nagaland|Nagaland]].

=== Literacy ===
Literacy haufs risen en ofishol figures ti 66. 95% en 2011 from 54. 74% en 2001. T' literate popylayshun es said ti numma 789,943. T' numma o' literate males es 454,532 (73. 69%) an t' numma o' literate females es 335,411 (59. 57%).&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/pih/Cite web |title=Census of India: Provisional Population Tables – Census 2011 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409075627/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Table-2%283%29_literacy.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geographical indication ==
[[Wp/pih/Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai|Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai (Khamti Rice)]] waas awarded t' [[Wp/pih/Geographical Indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) statyuus tag from t' Geographical Indications Registry, under t' Union Government o' India, on 3 October 2023 an es valid until 12 December 2031.&lt;ref /&gt;

Namsai Organic Spices an Agricultural Producer Company Limited from Lohit, proposed t' GI registration o' Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai (Khamti Rice). After filing t' application en December 2021, t' rice waas granted t' GI tag en 2023 b' t' Geographical Indication Registry en Chennai, making t' naiim &quot;Arunachal Pradesh Khaw Tai (Khamti Rice)&quot; exclusive ti t' rice grown en t' region. Et thus became t' fas rice variety from Arunachal Pradesh an t' 3rd type o' goods from Arunachal Pradesh ti earn t' GI tag. T' GI tag protects t' rice from illegal selling an marketing, an gives et legal protection an a yuniik identity.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Wp/pih/States and union territories of India}}
[[Category:Wp/pih/States and union teritories of India]]
[[Category:Wp/pih/Arunachal Pradesh]]

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      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304464</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3501" sha1="8zcphb827hkbvb9eln7q44ohahlzyye" xml:space="preserve">'''ਆਰਥਰ ਐਂਜਲ ਫਿਲਿਪਸ''' (15 ਅਗਸਤ 1900 – 4 ਨਵੰਬਰ 1985), ਜੋ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ’ਤੇ ਏ. ਏ. ਫਿਲਿਪਸ (A. A. Phillips) ਦੇ ਨਾਮ ਨਾਲ ਜਾਣੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਸਨ, ਇੱਕ ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆਈ [[Wq/pa/ਲੇਖਕ|ਲੇਖਕ]], ਸਾਹਿਤਕ ਆਲੋਚਕ ਅਤੇ [[Wq/pa/ਅਧਿਆਪਕ|ਅਧਿਆਪਕ]] ਸਨ। ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਲੇਖ “The Cultural Cringe” (1950) ਵਿੱਚ “cultural cringe” ਸ਼ਬਦ ਘੜਨ ਲਈ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਜਾਣੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਸ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਲੇਖ ਨੇ ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਉੱਤਰ-ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦੀ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ (postcolonial theory) ਦੇ ਮੁੱਢਲੇ ਵਿਚਾਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਕਾਰ ਦੇਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ ਨਿਭਾਈ।
== ਕਥਨ ==
* ਸਾਡੇ ਲੇਖਕਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਕਲਾਕਾਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਿਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਐਂਗਲੋ-ਸੈਕਸਨ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਸ਼ਾਲ ਅਤੇ ਡਰ ਪੈਦਾ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ ਮੰਡਰਾਉਂਦਾ ਰਹਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਅਜਿਹੀ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਲਗਭਗ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਤੌਰ ’ਤੇ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆਈ “ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਹੀਣ-ਭਾਵਨਾ” (Cultural Cringe) ਨੂੰ ਜਨਮ ਦਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਜਾਂ ਤਾਂ ਸਿੱਧੀ ਹੀਣ-ਭਾਵਨਾ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਾਹਮਣੇ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ, ਜਾਂ ਫਿਰ ਇਸ ਦੇ ਉਲਟ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ—ਉਸ ਬੇਲਗਾਮ ਬੜਬੋਲੇ, “ਸਾਡਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਹੀ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵਧੀਆ ਹੈ” ਵਾਲੀ ਸੋਚ ਰੱਖਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਅਤੇ “ਮੈਂ ਤੇਰੇ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਵਧੀਆ ਹਾਂ” ਕਹਿਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆਈ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ।
** “ਦ ਕਲਚਰਲ ਕਰਿੰਜ” (The Cultural Cringe), Meanjin, 1950.
** ਇਹ ਹਵਾਲਾ ਪੌਲ ਕੀਟਿੰਗ ਨੇ 27 ਫ਼ਰਵਰੀ 1992 ਨੂੰ ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆਈ ਪ੍ਰਤੀਨਿਧੀ ਸਭਾ (House of Representatives) ਵਿੱਚ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਇੱਕ ਭਾਸ਼ਣ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆਈ ਰਾਜਤੰਤਰ-ਸਮਰਥਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸੰਬੋਧਨ ਕਰਦਿਆਂ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਸੀ: “ਭਾਵੇਂ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੇਨ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਛੱਡ ਕੇ ਕਾਮਨ ਮਾਰਕੀਟ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ, ਫਿਰ ਵੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ MBE, ਨਾਈਟਹੁੱਡ ਅਤੇ ਉਸ ਨਾਲ ਜੁੜੇ ਹੋਰ ਸਾਰੇ ਸਨਮਾਨ-ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਭਾਲ ਕਰਦੇ ਰਹੇ। ਤੁਸੀਂ ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ ਨੂੰ ਮੁੜ ਉਸੇ ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਹੀਣ-ਭਾਵਨਾ ਦੇ ਦੌਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੈ ਜਾਂਦੇ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਹਮੇਸ਼ਾ ਆਏ ਹੋ।”

[[Category:Wq/pa]]
[[Category:Wq/pa/ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ ਦੇ ਵਿੱਦਿਆਵੇਤਾ]]
[[Category:Wq/pa/ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ ਦੇ ਸਾਹਿਤਕ ਆਲੋਚਕ]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q4647484}}</text>
      <sha1>8zcphb827hkbvb9eln7q44ohahlzyye</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Greenlander translator</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3803151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303935</id>
      <parentid>7301898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T15:26:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Greenlander translator</username>
        <id>2701645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Main Page Words to Translate */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>7303935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7695" sha1="4v1s0j2k9b5wwui23nl3j3zdl3im3p5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 14:06, 27 August 2026 (UTC)


==Re: Greenlandic Request==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

Could you kindly help me translate these Danish texts into the Greenlandic language:
 
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, ordet som blev kød, døde på korset for syndernes forladelse, opstod på den tredje dag og opsteg til Himlen. Han er menneskehedens eneste frelser, himlens og jordens skaber, og den eneste sande Gud.&quot;

:&quot;Den hellige Bibel, bestående af det gamle og nye testamente, er inspireret af Gud, den eneste bibelske sandhed, og standarden for den kristne tilværelse.&quot;

:&quot;Frelse gives ved Guds nåde igennem tro. Troende må sætte deres lid til Helligånden for at tilstræbe fromhed, for at ære Gud og elske menneskeheden.&quot;

:&quot;Herrens genkomst vil ske på den yderste dag, når han stiger ned fra Himlen for at dømme verden: De retfærdige vil få evigt liv, mens de syndige vil blive evigt fordømt.&quot;

:&quot;Sabbaten, ugens syvende dag (lørdagen), er en hellig dag, velsignet og indstiftet af Gud. Den skal overholdes under Guds nåde til minde om Guds skabelse og frelse og med håbet om evig fred i det kommende liv.&quot;


In return, I can help you set up the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 06:23, 28 August 2026 (UTC)

:Hi,
:here is my translation.
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, oqaaseq timinngortoq, ajortillit isumakkeerfigeqqullugit sanningasumut kikiattungaalluni toquvoq, ullut pingajuanni makippoq qilaliarlunilu. inuit nunarsuarmiut tamarmik annaassisutuarivaat, qilaap nunarsuullu pinngortitsisuat kisimilu Guutiviusoq..&quot;
:&quot;Biibili illernartoq, testamantitoqqamiit testamantitaamiillu piusoq, Guutimit isumersuisuuvoq, kisiartaalluni biibili ilumoortoq kristumiullu piunerannut  malittarisaq.&quot;
:&quot;Upperisaq aqqutigalugu Guutip saammaassinerani annaassineq pisarpoq. Uppertut upperluarumallutik, Guuti ataqqiniarlugu inuillu nunarsuarmiut tamaasa asaniarlugit Anersaamut illernartumut tatiginnittariaqarput., .&quot;
:&quot;Naalakkap tikiuteqqinnera ullut naggatissaanni pissaaq, nunarsuaq eqqartuukkiartorlugu qilammiit ammukarpat: Naapertuilluartut inuujuassapput ajortillit pillagaajuartut.&quot;
:&quot;Sapaat, ullut arfineq marlussaat (arfininngorneq), illernartuuvoq, Guutimit pilluaqqusaq atulersitarlu. Guutip saammaassinerata ataani malinneqassaaq Guutip pinngortitsinera annaassineralu eqqaaniarlugit inuunerullu aggersuani qaqungumorsuaq eqqissineq neriuutigalugu.&quot; [[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 23:41, 31 August 2026 (UTC)

==Thankyou==
[[File:Wiklesia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greenlander_translator#Thankyou]]
:Thank you very much for your brilliant translation effort!

:I am very very Grateful.

:&lt;big&gt;May you prosper!&lt;/big&gt;
:--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

::I will provide help to you shortly. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

==Main Page Words to Translate==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

I can help create the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator:

Can you please help translate these words and sentences into the Greenlandic language:

*Main Page =

*Featured Article =

*Good Article =

*Did you know?  = 

*Picture of the Day = 

*Create a new article =

*View more .... =

*List of Topics = 

*Other languages = 

*View the full list of Wikipedia editions = 

*Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit =

*There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language =

*About Wikipedia  = 

*This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. =

*Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. =

*Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Name of article]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;. For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]] &lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) =

*Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. =


--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:25, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

:* Main Page = Saqqaa
:* Featured Article = allaaserisaq (sg.)/allaaserisat(pl.)
:* Good Article = Allaaserisaq pitsaasoq
:* Did you know? = Nalunngiliuk?
:* Picture of the Day = Ullormut asseq
:* Create a new article = Nutaamik allaaserisaliorit/nutaamik allaaserisamik sanagit
:* View more .... = Ilai takukkit...
:* List of Topics = Sammisat assigiinngitsut
:* Other languages = Oqaatsit allat
:* View the full list of Wikipedia editions = Wikipediami saqqimmersitat tamaasa takukkit
:* Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit = Wikipediamut tikilluarit, akeqanngitsumik sumilluunniit ilisimajumasanik ujarlerfissiaq kikkulluunniit aaqqissuussinnaasaat
:* There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language = Maannakkumut kalaallit oqaasiinik allaaserisanik marlunnik peqarpoq
:* About Wikipedia = Wikipedia pillugu
:* This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut wikipediap una saqqarivaa
:* Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut allatatit maani nuannaarutigissuagut. Kalaallisut wikipediamut qinnuteqaat allaaserisanik naammaginartunik peqalerpat akuerineqassaaq.
:* Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Name of article]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) = Manna wikipediamut misiliutaammat allaaserisat tamarmik uaniittut una format atorlugu allanneqassapput &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/allaaserisap qulequtaa]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Assersuutigalugu, Kalaallit oqaasii pillugit allaaserisat ima qulequtaqassaaq Kalaallisut)
:* Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. = Kalaallisut oqaasillik allaaserisanik pitsaasunik sananissaannik kaammattorneqarput.
:[[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 15:26, 3 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304353</id>
      <parentid>7303935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:37:38Z</timestamp>
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{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 14:06, 27 August 2026 (UTC)


==Re: Greenlandic Request==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

Could you kindly help me translate these Danish texts into the Greenlandic language:
 
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, ordet som blev kød, døde på korset for syndernes forladelse, opstod på den tredje dag og opsteg til Himlen. Han er menneskehedens eneste frelser, himlens og jordens skaber, og den eneste sande Gud.&quot;

:&quot;Den hellige Bibel, bestående af det gamle og nye testamente, er inspireret af Gud, den eneste bibelske sandhed, og standarden for den kristne tilværelse.&quot;

:&quot;Frelse gives ved Guds nåde igennem tro. Troende må sætte deres lid til Helligånden for at tilstræbe fromhed, for at ære Gud og elske menneskeheden.&quot;

:&quot;Herrens genkomst vil ske på den yderste dag, når han stiger ned fra Himlen for at dømme verden: De retfærdige vil få evigt liv, mens de syndige vil blive evigt fordømt.&quot;

:&quot;Sabbaten, ugens syvende dag (lørdagen), er en hellig dag, velsignet og indstiftet af Gud. Den skal overholdes under Guds nåde til minde om Guds skabelse og frelse og med håbet om evig fred i det kommende liv.&quot;


In return, I can help you set up the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 06:23, 28 August 2026 (UTC)

:Hi,
:here is my translation.
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, oqaaseq timinngortoq, ajortillit isumakkeerfigeqqullugit sanningasumut kikiattungaalluni toquvoq, ullut pingajuanni makippoq qilaliarlunilu. inuit nunarsuarmiut tamarmik annaassisutuarivaat, qilaap nunarsuullu pinngortitsisuat kisimilu Guutiviusoq..&quot;
:&quot;Biibili illernartoq, testamantitoqqamiit testamantitaamiillu piusoq, Guutimit isumersuisuuvoq, kisiartaalluni biibili ilumoortoq kristumiullu piunerannut  malittarisaq.&quot;
:&quot;Upperisaq aqqutigalugu Guutip saammaassinerani annaassineq pisarpoq. Uppertut upperluarumallutik, Guuti ataqqiniarlugu inuillu nunarsuarmiut tamaasa asaniarlugit Anersaamut illernartumut tatiginnittariaqarput., .&quot;
:&quot;Naalakkap tikiuteqqinnera ullut naggatissaanni pissaaq, nunarsuaq eqqartuukkiartorlugu qilammiit ammukarpat: Naapertuilluartut inuujuassapput ajortillit pillagaajuartut.&quot;
:&quot;Sapaat, ullut arfineq marlussaat (arfininngorneq), illernartuuvoq, Guutimit pilluaqqusaq atulersitarlu. Guutip saammaassinerata ataani malinneqassaaq Guutip pinngortitsinera annaassineralu eqqaaniarlugit inuunerullu aggersuani qaqungumorsuaq eqqissineq neriuutigalugu.&quot; [[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 23:41, 31 August 2026 (UTC)

==Thankyou==
[[File:Wiklesia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greenlander_translator#Thankyou]]
:Thank you very much for your brilliant translation effort!

:I am very very Grateful.

:&lt;big&gt;May you prosper!&lt;/big&gt;
:--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

::I will provide help to you shortly. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

==Main Page Words to Translate==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

I can help create the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator:

Can you please help translate these words and sentences into the Greenlandic language:

*Main Page =

*Featured Article =

*Good Article =

*Did you know?  = 

*Picture of the Day = 

*Create a new article =

*View more .... =

*List of Topics = 

*Other languages = 

*View the full list of Wikipedia editions = 

*Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit =

*There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language =

*About Wikipedia  = 

*This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. =

*Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. =

*Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Name of article]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;. For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]] &lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) =

*Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. =


--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:25, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

:* Main Page = Saqqaa
:* Featured Article = allaaserisaq (sg.)/allaaserisat(pl.)
:* Good Article = Allaaserisaq pitsaasoq
:* Did you know? = Nalunngiliuk?
:* Picture of the Day = Ullormut asseq
:* Create a new article = Nutaamik allaaserisaliorit/nutaamik allaaserisamik sanagit
:* View more .... = Ilai takukkit...
:* List of Topics = Sammisat assigiinngitsut
:* Other languages = Oqaatsit allat
:* View the full list of Wikipedia editions = Wikipediami saqqimmersitat tamaasa takukkit
:* Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit = Wikipediamut tikilluarit, akeqanngitsumik sumilluunniit ilisimajumasanik ujarlerfissiaq kikkulluunniit aaqqissuussinnaasaat
:* There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language = Maannakkumut kalaallit oqaasiinik allaaserisanik marlunnik peqarpoq
:* About Wikipedia = Wikipedia pillugu
:* This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut wikipediap una saqqarivaa
:* Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut allatatit maani nuannaarutigissuagut. Kalaallisut wikipediamut qinnuteqaat allaaserisanik naammaginartunik peqalerpat akuerineqassaaq.
:* Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Name of article]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) = Manna wikipediamut misiliutaammat allaaserisat tamarmik uaniittut una format atorlugu allanneqassapput &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/allaaserisap qulequtaa]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Assersuutigalugu, Kalaallit oqaasii pillugit allaaserisat ima qulequtaqassaaq Kalaallisut)
:* Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. = Kalaallisut oqaasillik allaaserisanik pitsaasunik sananissaannik kaammattorneqarput.
:[[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 15:26, 3 September 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for your translations. I have now created the [[Wp/kl/Saqqaa|Greenlandic Main page]]. You can start creating new Greenlandic articles there by translating articles into Greenlandic from any other wikipedia editions such as Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, English and so on. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 07:37, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 14:06, 27 August 2026 (UTC)


==Re: Greenlandic Request==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

Could you kindly help me translate these Danish texts into the Greenlandic language:
 
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, ordet som blev kød, døde på korset for syndernes forladelse, opstod på den tredje dag og opsteg til Himlen. Han er menneskehedens eneste frelser, himlens og jordens skaber, og den eneste sande Gud.&quot;

:&quot;Den hellige Bibel, bestående af det gamle og nye testamente, er inspireret af Gud, den eneste bibelske sandhed, og standarden for den kristne tilværelse.&quot;

:&quot;Frelse gives ved Guds nåde igennem tro. Troende må sætte deres lid til Helligånden for at tilstræbe fromhed, for at ære Gud og elske menneskeheden.&quot;

:&quot;Herrens genkomst vil ske på den yderste dag, når han stiger ned fra Himlen for at dømme verden: De retfærdige vil få evigt liv, mens de syndige vil blive evigt fordømt.&quot;

:&quot;Sabbaten, ugens syvende dag (lørdagen), er en hellig dag, velsignet og indstiftet af Gud. Den skal overholdes under Guds nåde til minde om Guds skabelse og frelse og med håbet om evig fred i det kommende liv.&quot;


In return, I can help you set up the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 06:23, 28 August 2026 (UTC)

:Hi,
:here is my translation.
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, oqaaseq timinngortoq, ajortillit isumakkeerfigeqqullugit sanningasumut kikiattungaalluni toquvoq, ullut pingajuanni makippoq qilaliarlunilu. inuit nunarsuarmiut tamarmik annaassisutuarivaat, qilaap nunarsuullu pinngortitsisuat kisimilu Guutiviusoq..&quot;
:&quot;Biibili illernartoq, testamantitoqqamiit testamantitaamiillu piusoq, Guutimit isumersuisuuvoq, kisiartaalluni biibili ilumoortoq kristumiullu piunerannut  malittarisaq.&quot;
:&quot;Upperisaq aqqutigalugu Guutip saammaassinerani annaassineq pisarpoq. Uppertut upperluarumallutik, Guuti ataqqiniarlugu inuillu nunarsuarmiut tamaasa asaniarlugit Anersaamut illernartumut tatiginnittariaqarput., .&quot;
:&quot;Naalakkap tikiuteqqinnera ullut naggatissaanni pissaaq, nunarsuaq eqqartuukkiartorlugu qilammiit ammukarpat: Naapertuilluartut inuujuassapput ajortillit pillagaajuartut.&quot;
:&quot;Sapaat, ullut arfineq marlussaat (arfininngorneq), illernartuuvoq, Guutimit pilluaqqusaq atulersitarlu. Guutip saammaassinerata ataani malinneqassaaq Guutip pinngortitsinera annaassineralu eqqaaniarlugit inuunerullu aggersuani qaqungumorsuaq eqqissineq neriuutigalugu.&quot; [[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 23:41, 31 August 2026 (UTC)

==Thankyou==
[[File:Wiklesia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greenlander_translator#Thankyou]]
:Thank you very much for your brilliant translation effort!

:I am very very Grateful.

:&lt;big&gt;May you prosper!&lt;/big&gt;
:--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

::I will provide help to you shortly. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

==Main Page Words to Translate==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

I can help create the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator:

Can you please help translate these words and sentences into the Greenlandic language:

*Main Page =

*Featured Article =

*Good Article =

*Did you know?  = 

*Picture of the Day = 

*Create a new article =

*View more .... =

*List of Topics = 

*Other languages = 

*View the full list of Wikipedia editions = 

*Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit =

*There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language =

*About Wikipedia  = 

*This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. =

*Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. =

*Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Name of article]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;. For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]] &lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) =

*Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. =


--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:25, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

:* Main Page = Saqqaa
:* Featured Article = allaaserisaq (sg.)/allaaserisat(pl.)
:* Good Article = Allaaserisaq pitsaasoq
:* Did you know? = Nalunngiliuk?
:* Picture of the Day = Ullormut asseq
:* Create a new article = Nutaamik allaaserisaliorit/nutaamik allaaserisamik sanagit
:* View more .... = Ilai takukkit...
:* List of Topics = Sammisat assigiinngitsut
:* Other languages = Oqaatsit allat
:* View the full list of Wikipedia editions = Wikipediami saqqimmersitat tamaasa takukkit
:* Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit = Wikipediamut tikilluarit, akeqanngitsumik sumilluunniit ilisimajumasanik ujarlerfissiaq kikkulluunniit aaqqissuussinnaasaat
:* There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language = Maannakkumut kalaallit oqaasiinik allaaserisanik marlunnik peqarpoq
:* About Wikipedia = Wikipedia pillugu
:* This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut wikipediap una saqqarivaa
:* Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut allatatit maani nuannaarutigissuagut. Kalaallisut wikipediamut qinnuteqaat allaaserisanik naammaginartunik peqalerpat akuerineqassaaq.
:* Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Name of article]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) = Manna wikipediamut misiliutaammat allaaserisat tamarmik uaniittut una format atorlugu allanneqassapput &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/allaaserisap qulequtaa]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Assersuutigalugu, Kalaallit oqaasii pillugit allaaserisat ima qulequtaqassaaq Kalaallisut)
:* Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. = Kalaallisut oqaasillik allaaserisanik pitsaasunik sananissaannik kaammattorneqarput.
:[[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 15:26, 3 September 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for your translations. I have now created the [[Wp/kl/Saqqaa|Greenlandic Main page]]. You can start creating new Greenlandic articles there by translating articles into Greenlandic from any other wikipedia editions such as Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, English and so on. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 07:37, 4 September 2026 (UTC)
:::Please also try and create articles with a sufficient number of words. Short articles with 1 or 2 sentences are not meaningful and viewers would lose interest.  
:::An example of an article with good content would be [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|this article]]. This should be the goal for most new articles created. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 07:48, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 14:06, 27 August 2026 (UTC)


==Re: Greenlandic Request==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

Could you kindly help me translate these Danish texts into the Greenlandic language:
 
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, ordet som blev kød, døde på korset for syndernes forladelse, opstod på den tredje dag og opsteg til Himlen. Han er menneskehedens eneste frelser, himlens og jordens skaber, og den eneste sande Gud.&quot;

:&quot;Den hellige Bibel, bestående af det gamle og nye testamente, er inspireret af Gud, den eneste bibelske sandhed, og standarden for den kristne tilværelse.&quot;

:&quot;Frelse gives ved Guds nåde igennem tro. Troende må sætte deres lid til Helligånden for at tilstræbe fromhed, for at ære Gud og elske menneskeheden.&quot;

:&quot;Herrens genkomst vil ske på den yderste dag, når han stiger ned fra Himlen for at dømme verden: De retfærdige vil få evigt liv, mens de syndige vil blive evigt fordømt.&quot;

:&quot;Sabbaten, ugens syvende dag (lørdagen), er en hellig dag, velsignet og indstiftet af Gud. Den skal overholdes under Guds nåde til minde om Guds skabelse og frelse og med håbet om evig fred i det kommende liv.&quot;


In return, I can help you set up the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 06:23, 28 August 2026 (UTC)

:Hi,
:here is my translation.
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, oqaaseq timinngortoq, ajortillit isumakkeerfigeqqullugit sanningasumut kikiattungaalluni toquvoq, ullut pingajuanni makippoq qilaliarlunilu. inuit nunarsuarmiut tamarmik annaassisutuarivaat, qilaap nunarsuullu pinngortitsisuat kisimilu Guutiviusoq..&quot;
:&quot;Biibili illernartoq, testamantitoqqamiit testamantitaamiillu piusoq, Guutimit isumersuisuuvoq, kisiartaalluni biibili ilumoortoq kristumiullu piunerannut  malittarisaq.&quot;
:&quot;Upperisaq aqqutigalugu Guutip saammaassinerani annaassineq pisarpoq. Uppertut upperluarumallutik, Guuti ataqqiniarlugu inuillu nunarsuarmiut tamaasa asaniarlugit Anersaamut illernartumut tatiginnittariaqarput., .&quot;
:&quot;Naalakkap tikiuteqqinnera ullut naggatissaanni pissaaq, nunarsuaq eqqartuukkiartorlugu qilammiit ammukarpat: Naapertuilluartut inuujuassapput ajortillit pillagaajuartut.&quot;
:&quot;Sapaat, ullut arfineq marlussaat (arfininngorneq), illernartuuvoq, Guutimit pilluaqqusaq atulersitarlu. Guutip saammaassinerata ataani malinneqassaaq Guutip pinngortitsinera annaassineralu eqqaaniarlugit inuunerullu aggersuani qaqungumorsuaq eqqissineq neriuutigalugu.&quot; [[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 23:41, 31 August 2026 (UTC)

==Thankyou==
[[File:Wiklesia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greenlander_translator#Thankyou]]
:Thank you very much for your brilliant translation effort!

:I am very very Grateful.

:&lt;big&gt;May you prosper!&lt;/big&gt;
:--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

::I will provide help to you shortly. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

==Main Page Words to Translate==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

I can help create the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator:

Can you please help translate these words and sentences into the Greenlandic language:

*Main Page =

*Featured Article =

*Good Article =

*Did you know?  = 

*Picture of the Day = 

*Create a new article =

*View more .... =

*List of Topics = 

*Other languages = 

*View the full list of Wikipedia editions = 

*Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit =

*There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language =

*About Wikipedia  = 

*This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. =

*Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. =

*Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Name of article]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;. For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]] &lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) =

*Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. =


--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:25, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

:* Main Page = Saqqaa
:* Featured Article = allaaserisaq (sg.)/allaaserisat(pl.)
:* Good Article = Allaaserisaq pitsaasoq
:* Did you know? = Nalunngiliuk?
:* Picture of the Day = Ullormut asseq
:* Create a new article = Nutaamik allaaserisaliorit/nutaamik allaaserisamik sanagit
:* View more .... = Ilai takukkit...
:* List of Topics = Sammisat assigiinngitsut
:* Other languages = Oqaatsit allat
:* View the full list of Wikipedia editions = Wikipediami saqqimmersitat tamaasa takukkit
:* Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit = Wikipediamut tikilluarit, akeqanngitsumik sumilluunniit ilisimajumasanik ujarlerfissiaq kikkulluunniit aaqqissuussinnaasaat
:* There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language = Maannakkumut kalaallit oqaasiinik allaaserisanik marlunnik peqarpoq
:* About Wikipedia = Wikipedia pillugu
:* This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut wikipediap una saqqarivaa
:* Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut allatatit maani nuannaarutigissuagut. Kalaallisut wikipediamut qinnuteqaat allaaserisanik naammaginartunik peqalerpat akuerineqassaaq.
:* Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Name of article]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) = Manna wikipediamut misiliutaammat allaaserisat tamarmik uaniittut una format atorlugu allanneqassapput &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/allaaserisap qulequtaa]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Assersuutigalugu, Kalaallit oqaasii pillugit allaaserisat ima qulequtaqassaaq Kalaallisut)
:* Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. = Kalaallisut oqaasillik allaaserisanik pitsaasunik sananissaannik kaammattorneqarput.
:[[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 15:26, 3 September 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for your translations. I have now created the [[Wp/kl/Saqqaa|Greenlandic Main page]] (I will expand the Main Page later when you have created a certain quantity of Greenlandic article). You can start creating new Greenlandic articles there by translating articles into Greenlandic from any other wikipedia editions such as Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, English and so on. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 07:37, 4 September 2026 (UTC)
:::Please also try and create articles with a sufficient number of words. Short articles with 1 or 2 sentences are not meaningful and viewers would lose interest.  
:::An example of an article with good content would be [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|this article]]. This should be the goal for most new articles created. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 07:48, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 14:06, 27 August 2026 (UTC)


==Re: Greenlandic Request==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

Could you kindly help me translate these Danish texts into the Greenlandic language:
 
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, ordet som blev kød, døde på korset for syndernes forladelse, opstod på den tredje dag og opsteg til Himlen. Han er menneskehedens eneste frelser, himlens og jordens skaber, og den eneste sande Gud.&quot;

:&quot;Den hellige Bibel, bestående af det gamle og nye testamente, er inspireret af Gud, den eneste bibelske sandhed, og standarden for den kristne tilværelse.&quot;

:&quot;Frelse gives ved Guds nåde igennem tro. Troende må sætte deres lid til Helligånden for at tilstræbe fromhed, for at ære Gud og elske menneskeheden.&quot;

:&quot;Herrens genkomst vil ske på den yderste dag, når han stiger ned fra Himlen for at dømme verden: De retfærdige vil få evigt liv, mens de syndige vil blive evigt fordømt.&quot;

:&quot;Sabbaten, ugens syvende dag (lørdagen), er en hellig dag, velsignet og indstiftet af Gud. Den skal overholdes under Guds nåde til minde om Guds skabelse og frelse og med håbet om evig fred i det kommende liv.&quot;


In return, I can help you set up the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 06:23, 28 August 2026 (UTC)

:Hi,
:here is my translation.
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, oqaaseq timinngortoq, ajortillit isumakkeerfigeqqullugit sanningasumut kikiattungaalluni toquvoq, ullut pingajuanni makippoq qilaliarlunilu. inuit nunarsuarmiut tamarmik annaassisutuarivaat, qilaap nunarsuullu pinngortitsisuat kisimilu Guutiviusoq..&quot;
:&quot;Biibili illernartoq, testamantitoqqamiit testamantitaamiillu piusoq, Guutimit isumersuisuuvoq, kisiartaalluni biibili ilumoortoq kristumiullu piunerannut  malittarisaq.&quot;
:&quot;Upperisaq aqqutigalugu Guutip saammaassinerani annaassineq pisarpoq. Uppertut upperluarumallutik, Guuti ataqqiniarlugu inuillu nunarsuarmiut tamaasa asaniarlugit Anersaamut illernartumut tatiginnittariaqarput., .&quot;
:&quot;Naalakkap tikiuteqqinnera ullut naggatissaanni pissaaq, nunarsuaq eqqartuukkiartorlugu qilammiit ammukarpat: Naapertuilluartut inuujuassapput ajortillit pillagaajuartut.&quot;
:&quot;Sapaat, ullut arfineq marlussaat (arfininngorneq), illernartuuvoq, Guutimit pilluaqqusaq atulersitarlu. Guutip saammaassinerata ataani malinneqassaaq Guutip pinngortitsinera annaassineralu eqqaaniarlugit inuunerullu aggersuani qaqungumorsuaq eqqissineq neriuutigalugu.&quot; [[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 23:41, 31 August 2026 (UTC)

==Thankyou==
[[File:Wiklesia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greenlander_translator#Thankyou]]
:Thank you very much for your brilliant translation effort!

:I am very very Grateful.

:&lt;big&gt;May you prosper!&lt;/big&gt;
:--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

::I will provide help to you shortly. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

==Main Page Words to Translate==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

I can help create the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator:

Can you please help translate these words and sentences into the Greenlandic language:

*Main Page =

*Featured Article =

*Good Article =

*Did you know?  = 

*Picture of the Day = 

*Create a new article =

*View more .... =

*List of Topics = 

*Other languages = 

*View the full list of Wikipedia editions = 

*Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit =

*There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language =

*About Wikipedia  = 

*This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. =

*Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. =

*Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Name of article]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;. For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]] &lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) =

*Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. =


--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:25, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

:* Main Page = Saqqaa
:* Featured Article = allaaserisaq (sg.)/allaaserisat(pl.)
:* Good Article = Allaaserisaq pitsaasoq
:* Did you know? = Nalunngiliuk?
:* Picture of the Day = Ullormut asseq
:* Create a new article = Nutaamik allaaserisaliorit/nutaamik allaaserisamik sanagit
:* View more .... = Ilai takukkit...
:* List of Topics = Sammisat assigiinngitsut
:* Other languages = Oqaatsit allat
:* View the full list of Wikipedia editions = Wikipediami saqqimmersitat tamaasa takukkit
:* Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit = Wikipediamut tikilluarit, akeqanngitsumik sumilluunniit ilisimajumasanik ujarlerfissiaq kikkulluunniit aaqqissuussinnaasaat
:* There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language = Maannakkumut kalaallit oqaasiinik allaaserisanik marlunnik peqarpoq
:* About Wikipedia = Wikipedia pillugu
:* This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut wikipediap una saqqarivaa
:* Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut allatatit maani nuannaarutigissuagut. Kalaallisut wikipediamut qinnuteqaat allaaserisanik naammaginartunik peqalerpat akuerineqassaaq.
:* Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Name of article]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) = Manna wikipediamut misiliutaammat allaaserisat tamarmik uaniittut una format atorlugu allanneqassapput &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/allaaserisap qulequtaa]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Assersuutigalugu, Kalaallit oqaasii pillugit allaaserisat ima qulequtaqassaaq Kalaallisut)
:* Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. = Kalaallisut oqaasillik allaaserisanik pitsaasunik sananissaannik kaammattorneqarput.
:[[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 15:26, 3 September 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for your translations. I have now created the [[Wp/kl/Saqqaa|Greenlandic Main page]] (I will expand the Main Page later when you have created a certain quantity of Greenlandic articles). You can start creating new Greenlandic articles there by translating articles into Greenlandic from any other wikipedia editions such as Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, English and so on. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 07:37, 4 September 2026 (UTC)
:::Please also try and create articles with a sufficient number of words. Short articles with 1 or 2 sentences are not meaningful and viewers would lose interest.  
:::An example of an article with good content would be [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|this article]]. This should be the goal for most new articles created. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 07:48, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7znx3nubvhbfhheq8e2koxtelqlr35j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304379</id>
      <parentid>7304358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:02:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaveZ123</username>
        <id>1143672</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>7304379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="8559" sha1="4jroanzrvpmuehggty60t20i7hoas6l" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 14:06, 27 August 2026 (UTC)


==Re: Greenlandic Request==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

Could you kindly help me translate these Danish texts into the Greenlandic language:
 
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, ordet som blev kød, døde på korset for syndernes forladelse, opstod på den tredje dag og opsteg til Himlen. Han er menneskehedens eneste frelser, himlens og jordens skaber, og den eneste sande Gud.&quot;

:&quot;Den hellige Bibel, bestående af det gamle og nye testamente, er inspireret af Gud, den eneste bibelske sandhed, og standarden for den kristne tilværelse.&quot;

:&quot;Frelse gives ved Guds nåde igennem tro. Troende må sætte deres lid til Helligånden for at tilstræbe fromhed, for at ære Gud og elske menneskeheden.&quot;

:&quot;Herrens genkomst vil ske på den yderste dag, når han stiger ned fra Himlen for at dømme verden: De retfærdige vil få evigt liv, mens de syndige vil blive evigt fordømt.&quot;

:&quot;Sabbaten, ugens syvende dag (lørdagen), er en hellig dag, velsignet og indstiftet af Gud. Den skal overholdes under Guds nåde til minde om Guds skabelse og frelse og med håbet om evig fred i det kommende liv.&quot;


In return, I can help you set up the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 06:23, 28 August 2026 (UTC)

:Hi,
:here is my translation.
:&quot;Jesus Kristus, oqaaseq timinngortoq, ajortillit isumakkeerfigeqqullugit sanningasumut kikiattungaalluni toquvoq, ullut pingajuanni makippoq qilaliarlunilu. inuit nunarsuarmiut tamarmik annaassisutuarivaat, qilaap nunarsuullu pinngortitsisuat kisimilu Guutiviusoq..&quot;
:&quot;Biibili illernartoq, testamantitoqqamiit testamantitaamiillu piusoq, Guutimit isumersuisuuvoq, kisiartaalluni biibili ilumoortoq kristumiullu piunerannut  malittarisaq.&quot;
:&quot;Upperisaq aqqutigalugu Guutip saammaassinerani annaassineq pisarpoq. Uppertut upperluarumallutik, Guuti ataqqiniarlugu inuillu nunarsuarmiut tamaasa asaniarlugit Anersaamut illernartumut tatiginnittariaqarput., .&quot;
:&quot;Naalakkap tikiuteqqinnera ullut naggatissaanni pissaaq, nunarsuaq eqqartuukkiartorlugu qilammiit ammukarpat: Naapertuilluartut inuujuassapput ajortillit pillagaajuartut.&quot;
:&quot;Sapaat, ullut arfineq marlussaat (arfininngorneq), illernartuuvoq, Guutimit pilluaqqusaq atulersitarlu. Guutip saammaassinerata ataani malinneqassaaq Guutip pinngortitsinera annaassineralu eqqaaniarlugit inuunerullu aggersuani qaqungumorsuaq eqqissineq neriuutigalugu.&quot; [[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 23:41, 31 August 2026 (UTC)

==Thankyou==
[[File:Wiklesia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greenlander_translator#Thankyou]]
:Thank you very much for your brilliant translation effort!

:I am very very Grateful.

:&lt;big&gt;May you prosper!&lt;/big&gt;
:--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

::I will provide help to you shortly. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:12, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

==Main Page Words to Translate==
Hello Greenlander_translator,

I can help create the Main Page of Greenlandic Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator:

Can you please help translate these words and sentences into the Greenlandic language:

*Main Page =

*Featured Article =

*Good Article =

*Did you know?  = 

*Picture of the Day = 

*Create a new article =

*View more .... =

*List of Topics = 

*Other languages = 

*View the full list of Wikipedia editions = 

*Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit =

*There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language =

*About Wikipedia  = 

*This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. =

*Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. =

*Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Name of article]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;. For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt; [[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]] &lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) =

*Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. =


--[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 10:25, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

:* Main Page = Saqqaa
:* Featured Article = allaaserisaq (sg.)/allaaserisat(pl.)
:* Good Article = Allaaserisaq pitsaasoq
:* Did you know? = Nalunngiliuk?
:* Picture of the Day = Ullormut asseq
:* Create a new article = Nutaamik allaaserisaliorit/nutaamik allaaserisamik sanagit
:* View more .... = Ilai takukkit...
:* List of Topics = Sammisat assigiinngitsut
:* Other languages = Oqaatsit allat
:* View the full list of Wikipedia editions = Wikipediami saqqimmersitat tamaasa takukkit
:* Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit = Wikipediamut tikilluarit, akeqanngitsumik sumilluunniit ilisimajumasanik ujarlerfissiaq kikkulluunniit aaqqissuussinnaasaat
:* There are currently 2 articles written in the Greenlandic language = Maannakkumut kalaallit oqaasiinik allaaserisanik marlunnik peqarpoq
:* About Wikipedia = Wikipedia pillugu
:* This is the Main Page for the Greenlandic Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut wikipediap una saqqarivaa
:* Your Greenlandic contributions here will be appreciated. The request for the creation of the Greenlandic Wikipedia will be approved if and when there is sufficient article content. When it is approved, all content here would be moved to the actual Wikipedia. = Kalaallisut allatatit maani nuannaarutigissuagut. Kalaallisut wikipediamut qinnuteqaat allaaserisanik naammaginartunik peqalerpat akuerineqassaaq.
:* Because this is a test-wikipedia all articles here must begin with the format &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Name of article]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . For example, an article about Greenlandic language should be titled here as &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Kalaalisut]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; . (Of course in the actual wikipedia, the article would be titled as [[Kalaallisut]].) = Manna wikipediamut misiliutaammat allaaserisat tamarmik uaniittut una format atorlugu allanneqassapput &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/allaaserisap qulequtaa]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Assersuutigalugu, Kalaallit oqaasii pillugit allaaserisat ima qulequtaqassaaq Kalaallisut)
:* Greenlandic speakers are encouraged to create as many top-quality articles as possible. = Kalaallisut oqaasillik allaaserisanik pitsaasunik sananissaannik kaammattorneqarput.
:[[User:Greenlander translator|Greenlander translator]] ([[User talk:Greenlander translator|talk]]) 15:26, 3 September 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for your translations. I have now created the [[Wp/kl/Saqqaa|Greenlandic Main page]] (I will expand the Main Page later when you have created a certain quantity of Greenlandic articles). You can start creating new Greenlandic articles there by translating articles into Greenlandic from any other wikipedia editions such as Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, English and so on. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 07:37, 4 September 2026 (UTC)
:::Please also try and create articles with a sufficient number of words. Short articles with only 5 words are not meaningful and viewers would lose interest.  
:::An example of an article with good content would be [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|this article]]. This should be the goal for most new articles created. --[[User:DaveZ123|DaveZ123]] ([[User talk:DaveZ123|talk]]) 07:48, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4jroanzrvpmuehggty60t20i7hoas6l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Andrew G. Naimanye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3803283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304233</id>
      <parentid>7302490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T20:12:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AMANYA SANDRAH</username>
        <id>2623123</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical correction</comment>
      <origin>7304233</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3095" sha1="q4d65b3fuw8r10wotkxw6a86g4fbo04" xml:space="preserve">'''&lt;big&gt;Andrew G. Naimanye&lt;/big&gt;''' orikumanywa nka Andrew Grace Naimanye (akazaarwa ebiro 24 Okwa munaana omuri '''1972''') n'omukozi wa gavumenti omu by'enguuto, omukugu omu by'engyenda, owaabaire ari mukuru w'ekitongore ekirikujunanizibwa ahaby'enguuto ekya Uganda Road Fund (URF) kandi owaabaire ari omuzaani wa chess.

== '''Obuto bwe n'obwegyese bwe.''' ==
Naimanye akazaarwa ebiro 24 Okwa munaana omuri '''1972'''. Akashomera omuri King's College Budo, ahu yaaherize emishomo ye ya O-Level na A-Level. Akagaruka yaashomera omuri University of Leeds, United Kingdom ahu yaatungire diguri ya Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) omu Civil Engineering hamwe na Master's degree omu Transport Planning and Engineering.

Okwongyera ahari ekyo, Naimanye akatunga diguri ya PhD omu by'entambura kuruga omu University of Leeds. Okuruga aho, akaza omu Uganda Martyrs University ahu yaatungire diguri ya kabiri omu by'obushubuzi (MBA), arikukoresa munonga omu by'empiiha n'okubara ebitabo. Aine na dipuroma omu by'obwebembezi bw'ebitongore kuruga United Kingdom.

== '''Omurimo gw'akukora.''' ==
Bwanyima y'okumara diguri ye omu by'okwombeka aha Yunivasite ya Leeds omuri 1995, Naimanye akatandika omurimo gwe gw'obwa inginiya omuri Bungyereza ahu yaheereize nk'orikukurira ekitongore kya Waterman Group kandi nka inginiya w'enteekateeka aha GIBB Africa. Akagaruka yaheereza nka inginiya omukuru aha JMP Consultants.

Omuri 2010, Naimanye akahinduka mukuru w'enteekateeka aha kitongore kya Uganda Road Fund kandi ekiro 1 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 2019, akatooranwa nk'orikukora nka mukuru w'ekitongore kya Uganda Road Fund. Omu bwire bumwe obwo, akakora nk'omubazi w'ebitabo bya URF. Kuruga omu kwezi kwa mushanju omuri 2021 kuhisya Okwa kataano omuri 2025, Naimanye akakora nk'omukuru w'ekitongore kya Uganda Road Fund.

Naimanye nawe akakora nka omuhwezi wa mukuru w'entebe y'akakiiko k'eby'enguuto omu minisiture y'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda kandi omukyebezi w'aheeru omu by'okwombeka enguuto aha Yunivasite otwariiremu Makerere na Yunivasite ya Ndejje. Omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2023 kuhisya omuri 2025, akakora nka purezidenti w'ekibiina kya Eastern Africa Roads Maintenance Funds Association (ARMFA) kandi nawe akaba ari omuhwezi w'okubanza owa purezidenti w'ekibiina kya African Road Maintenance Funds Association.

== Ebirabo n'ebitiinisa. ==
Omu Kwa kana omuri 2012, ekibiina ky'ensi yoona ekya World Chess Federation (FIDE) kikaheereza Naimanye ekitiinisa kya FIDE Master kandi obu yaabaire naajwekyera Uganda omu mpaka za Africa Junior Chess Championship ez'omurundi gwa kabiri omuri Lagos, Nigeria, omu Kwaikumi na kumwe omuri 1989, Naimanye akasingura omudaari gwa bronze.

Omuri 1990, akasingura empaka za Pan Paper Open chess tournament omuri Nairobi, Kenya kandi omu mwaka nigwo gumwe, obu yaabaire akiri omu siniya ya kataano aha King's College Budo, Naimanye akahinduka omuhanguzi w'empaka za chess omuri Uganda.

== Reeba n'ebindi. ==

* Andrew Kitaka
* Michael Moses Odongo Okune
* Harrison Mutikanga
* Ssebugga Kimeze

== Eby'okureeberaho. ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
      <sha1>q4d65b3fuw8r10wotkxw6a86g4fbo04</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wq/pa/ਜੌਨ ਕੈਰੋਲ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3803337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304443</id>
      <parentid>7302245</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:26:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43156" sha1="spdj9afkj4xbhbgf96610z0zbttaoxf" xml:space="preserve">'''ਜੌਨ ਕੈਰੋਲ''' (ਜਨਮ 1944) ਲਾ ਟ੍ਰੋਬ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਮਾਜ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰੋਫੈਸਰ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ Puritan, Paranoid, Remissive, Guilt, Ego and Soul, Humanism: The Rebirth and Wreck of Western Culture ਅਤੇ Intruders In The Bush: The Australian Quest For Identity ਦੇ ਲੇਖਕ ਹਨ।
== ਕਥਨ ==
'''ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟਲ ਪੈਲੇਸ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਮੁਕਤੀ (Break-Out from the Crystal Palace (1974)'''
* ਉਪਯੋਗਿਤਾਵਾਦ ਨੂੰ ਸੈਮੂਅਲ ਸਮਾਇਲਜ਼ ਦੀ Self-Help ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੇ ਨਾਇਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਚਿੱਤਰ-ਗੈਲਰੀ ਮਿਲੀ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਾਰੇ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਮਿਸਾਲ ’ਤੇ ਚੱਲਣ ਅਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਵਰਗਾ ਬਣਨ ਲਈ ਜੋਸ਼ੀਲਾ ਸੱਦਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਫਿਲਿਸਤੀਨੀ ਰੋਮਾਂਟਿਕਵਾਦ ਨੇ ਬੁਰਜੁਆ ਨਾਇਕ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਨਮੂਨਾ ਸਥਾਪਤ ਕੀਤਾ—ਇੱਕ ਕੰਗਾਲ ਦਫ਼ਤਰੀ ਮੁੰਡਾ, ਜੋ ਆਪਣੀ ਮਿਹਨਤ ਨਾਲ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਖੁਸ਼ਹਾਲੀ ਹਾਸਲ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਵਪਾਰੀ ਧਨਾਢ ਵਰਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੀ ਥਾਂ ਬਣਾ ਲੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ।
* ਮਾਰਕਸ ਵਿਚਾਰਧਾਰਾ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਤੌਰ ’ਤੇ ਨਿਰਧਾਰਤ ਦੱਸਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਦਕਿ ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਤੌਰ ’ਤੇ ਨਿਰਧਾਰਤ ਮੰਨਦਾ ਹੈ; ਦੋਵੇਂ ਇਸ ਗੱਲ ਦਾ ਦੋਸ਼ ਲਗਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ ਵਿਚਾਰਧਾਰਾ ਆਪਣੇ ਹੀ ਨਿਰਧਾਰਕ ਕਾਰਕਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਅਣਜਾਣ ਰਹਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ।
* ਅਹੰਵਾਦੀ … ਨੈਤਿਕ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਨੂੰ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਸਰਵਵਿਆਪਕ ਮਹੱਤਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਇਹ ਦਿਖਾ ਕੇ ਤਬਾਹ ਕਰ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਸੁਤੰਤਰ ਜੀਵਨ ਜਿਊਣਾ ਸੰਭਵ ਹੈ। ਦੂਜੀ ਗੱਲ, ਅਤੇ ਧਰਮਪਰਾਇਣ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਵੀ ਵੱਧ ਅਸਹਿਣਯੋਗ ਗੱਲ ਇਹ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਇਹ ਸਭ ਬੇਸ਼ਰਮੀ ਭਰੇ ਆਨੰਦ ਨਾਲ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ।
* ਜਿੱਥੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਦਾ ਉਦੇਸ਼ ਬੱਚੇ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਸੇ ਕਿੱਤੇ ਲਈ ਤਿਆਰ ਕਰਨਾ ਹੈ, ਉੱਥੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਇਹ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਗਲ ਦਾ ਪਟਾ ਬਣ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ।
* ਤਰਕਵਾਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਉਦੇਸ਼ਮੁਖੀ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਦੀ ਧਾਰਨਾ ਨਾਲ ਲਗਾਅ ਅਸਲ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਦੀ ਗੈਰਹਾਜ਼ਰੀ ਨੂੰ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਜਿਸ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦਾ ਜੀਵਨ ਆਪਣੀ ਹੀ ਗਤੀ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਤੋਖਜਨਕ ਢੰਗ ਨਾਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਖਿੜਦਾ, ਉਹ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਦਾ ਜਾਮਾ ਪਹਿਨਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਮਜਬੂਰ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਟੀਚੇ ਨਿਰਧਾਰਤ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਰਕਸੰਗਤ ਠਹਿਰਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ।
* ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਪੁੱਛੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਸਵਾਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸੀਮਤ ਕਰਨ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੋਚ ਨੂੰ ਨਿਯੰਤਰਿਤ ਕਰਨ ਅਤੇ ਇਹ ਯਕੀਨੀ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਤਾਕਤਵਰ ਹਥਿਆਰ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਿਚਾਰ ‘ਉੱਪਰੋਂ’ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ।
* ਅਪਰਾਧੀ ਨੂੰ ਸਜ਼ਾ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਇਹ ਆਸ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਸੀਨੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੈਦ ਬੁਰਾਈ ਬਾਹਰ ਨਿਕਲਣ ਤੋਂ ਰੁਕ ਜਾਵੇ। ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਦਾ ਡਰ, ਅਨੈਤਿਕ ‘ਦੂਜੇ’ ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਨਫ਼ਰਤ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਪ੍ਰਗਟ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।
* ਅਸਲ ਕੰਮ ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ ਨੂੰ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਤੋਂ ਮੁਕਤ ਕਰਨਾ ਨਹੀਂ, ਸਗੋਂ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਇਸ ਦੀ ਵਿਚਾਰਧਾਰਕ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਤੋਂ ਮੁਕਤ ਕਰਨਾ ਹੈ।
* ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਅਤੇ ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ… ਇਹ ਉਜਾਗਰ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਤਰਕਸੰਗਤ ਠਹਿਰਾਉਣ ਦੇ ਸਾਧਨ ਵਜੋਂ ਵਰਤਣਾ ਕਿੰਨਾ ਆਸਾਨ ਹੈ—ਹਿੰਸਕ ਅਤੇ ਵਹਿਸ਼ੀ ਜਜ਼ਬਾਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਲੁਕਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਚੋਗੇ ਵਾਂਗ, ਅਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਦਿਸਟਾਨਾ ਪ੍ਰਗਟਾਵੇ ਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਨੇਕੀ ਬਣਾ ਕੇ ਪੇਸ਼ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ।
* ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਖ਼ੁਦ ਇੱਕ ਮਹਾਨ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾਵਾਦੀ ਸੀ; ਉਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਲਿਖਤਾਂ ਵਿਅਕਤੀਆਂ, ਚਰਿੱਤਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਿਸਮਾਂ, ਸੋਚਣ ਦੇ ਢੰਗਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਕੌਮੀ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਤਾਵਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਮੁੱਲ-ਨਿਰਣਿਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਭਰਪੂਰ ਹਨ। ਇੰਝ ਜਾਪਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਉਸ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਹੀ ਫ਼ਿਤਰਤ ਨੂੰ ਕਾਬੂ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੱਖਣ ਅਤੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡੇ ਔਗੁਣ ਨੂੰ ਨੱਥ ਪਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਅਨੈਤਿਕਤਾਵਾਦੀ ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਵਿਕਸਿਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੋਵੇ।
* ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਚਾਰਧਾਰਾ ਉੱਤੇ ਇਸ ਹਮਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਪ੍ਰੋਟੈਸਟੈਂਟ ਮੈਸੋਕਿਜ਼ਮ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਤਿੱਖਾ ਰੁਝਾਨ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਹੈ। … ਇਸ ਨਜ਼ਰੀਏ ਦੀ ਬੁਨਿਆਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਸ ਪੂਰੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ’ਤੇ ਨਿਰਭਰ ਅਤੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਆਪ ਚੁੱਕਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੋਟੈਸਟੈਂਟ ਤਸਵੀਰ ਹੈ।
* ਡੇਕਾਰਟ ਦਾ “ਮੈਂ ਸੋਚਦਾ ਹਾਂ, ਇਸ ਲਈ ਮੈਂ ਹਾਂ”, ਅਠਾਰਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਦੇ ਅੰਤਲੇ ਦੌਰ ਦੇ ਰੋਮਾਂਟਿਕਵਾਦ ਦਾ “ਮੈਂ ਮਹਿਸੂਸ ਕਰਦਾ ਹਾਂ, ਇਸ ਲਈ ਮੈਂ ਹਾਂ”, ਅਤੇ ਬੁਰਜੁਆ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦਾ “ਮੈਂ ਮਾਲਕ ਹਾਂ, ਇਸ ਲਈ ਮੈਂ ਹਾਂ”—ਇਹ ਸਾਰੇ ਹਠਧਰਮੀ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਹਨ, ਅਤੇ ਉਹ ਵੀ ਅਧੂਰੇ; ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਉਸ ਹੋਂਦ ਦੀ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਘੜਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਿਤ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਸਮਰੱਥ ਨਹੀਂ।
* ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡੀ ਬਗ਼ਾਵਤ ਦੀ ਕਾਰਵਾਈ … ਬੇਪਰਵਾਹੀ ਹੈ। ਕੋਈ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਜਾਂ ਕੋਈ ਸਮੂਹ ਇਹ ਬਰਦਾਸ਼ਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਕਿ ਕੋਈ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਿਲਚਸਪੀ ਹੀ ਨਾ ਰੱਖੇ। … ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸਾਂ ਉੱਤੇ ਹਮਲਾ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੇ ਮਨੁੱਖ (ਇਨਕਲਾਬੀ) ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਇੱਕ ਹੱਦ ਤੱਕ ਸਾਂਝ ਜਾਂ ਆਪਸੀ ਸਤਿਕਾਰ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਦੂਜਾ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਗੰਭੀਰਤਾ ਨਾਲ ਲੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ।
* ਮਸੀਹ ਦੇ ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ … ਉਸ ਦੀ ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰੀ ਨੂੰ ਬਰਦਾਸ਼ਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ ਸਕਦੇ ਸਨ; ਉਸ ਦਾ ਇਹ ਕਹਿਣਾ ਕਿ “ਜੋ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹ ਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹ ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਦਿਓ” ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਮਾਮਲਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਸਿਆਸਤ—ਅਰਥਾਤ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਵਿਵਸਥਾ—ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਅਜਿਹੀ ਬੇਪਰਵਾਹੀ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦਾ ਸੀ ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦਾ ਸਵੈ-ਸਨਮਾਨ ਸਹਿਣ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਸੀ।
* ਸਿਆਸਤ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਮਾਮਲਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੇ ਘੇਰੇ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਖ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਜਿੱਥੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਜਿਉਂਦੀ-ਜਾਗਦੀ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਮਲਕੀਅਤ ਵਜੋਂ ਮੁੜ ਹਾਸਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ, ਉੱਥੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਬੇਅਸਰ ਕਰ ਦੇਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ।
* ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ, ਰੂੜੀਵਾਦੀ, ਉਦਾਰਵਾਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਜਵਾਦੀ—ਸਿਆਸੀ ਵਿਚਾਰਧਾਰਾ ਦੇ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਸਾਰੇ ਸਕੂਲਾਂ ਦਾ ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੀ ਦਮਨਕਾਰੀ ਹੈ: ਇਹ ਉਸ ਵਿਵਸਥਾ ਨੂੰ ਸੰਭਾਵੀ ਮੁਕਤੀਦਾਇਕ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੇਸ਼ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਦਾ ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੰਮ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੇ ਹਿੱਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਰੋਕਣਾ ਅਤੇ ਦਬਾਉਣਾ ਹੈ।
* … ਬੁਰਜੁਆ, ਜੋ ਅਸਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਾਲਕ ਨਹੀਂ, ਸਗੋਂ ਆਪਣੇ ਲਾਲਚ ਦਾ ਗੁਲਾਮ ਹੈ।
* ਪਰਾਇਆ ਹੋਇਆ ‘ਅਹੰ’ ਆਪਣੀ ਅੰਦਰੂਨੀ ਅਵਿਵਸਥਾ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਾਜ ਉੱਤੇ ਪ੍ਰੋਜੈਕਟ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਉਮੀਦ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਦੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਾਲ ਰੂਪ—ਸਮਾਜ—ਦੀ ਮੁੜ-ਸੰਰਚਨਾ ਅਤੇ ਏਕੀਕਰਨ ਮੁੜ ਚੇਤਨਾ ਦੇ ਸਰੋਤ ਉੱਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ ਪਾਵੇਗਾ। ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਤੋਂ ਇਸ ਭੱਜਣ ਨੂੰ ਖ਼ੁਦਕੁਸ਼ੀ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਰੂਪ, ਪਛਾਣ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਲੱਖਣਤਾ ਦੇ ਵਿਘਟਨ ਵਜੋਂ ਵੇਖਦਾ ਹੈ।
* ਜਿੱਥੇ ਮਾਰਕਸ ਦਾ homo faber (ਕਿਰਤ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਸਿਰਜਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਮਨੁੱਖ) ਦਾ ਸੰਕਲਪ ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਬੰਧਨਾਂ ਅੰਦਰ ਬੇਅਸਰ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉੱਥੇ ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਦਾ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਆਪਣੀ ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਆਪ ਸਿਰਜਦਾ ਹੈ।
* ਮਾਰਕਸ ਦੇ ਵਿਚਾਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਾਦਰੀਵਾਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਸਸਤੇ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾਵਾਦੀ ਰੁਝਾਨ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਝਲਕ ਮਿਲਦੀ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਸਰਮਾਏਦਾਰ ਅਤੇ ਬੁਰਜੁਆ ਨੂੰ ਬੁਰਾਈ ਦੇ ਮੂਰਤੀਮਾਨ ਰੂਪਾਂ ਵਜੋਂ ਪੇਸ਼ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ; ਮਨੁੱਖਤਾ ਦੇ ਦੁੱਖਾਂ ਲਈ ਉਹੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰ ਹਨ। ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੁੱਖ ਲਈ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਆਪਣੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਨੂੰ ਨਕਾਰ ਦੇਣਾ ਪਾਦਰੀਵਾਦ ਦਾ ਸਾਰ ਹੈ।
* 1845 ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਵਿਚਾਰ-ਚਰਚਾ ਨੂੰ ਲਗਭਗ ਪੂਰੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਦਬਾ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਜਾਣ ਕਾਰਨ ਇੱਕ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਦਾ ਭਾਸ ਪੈਦਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਮਾਨੋ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਵਰਣਨਾਤਮਕ ਹੋਵੇ ਅਤੇ ਜਿਸ ਨੇ ਪ੍ਰਤੱਖਵਾਦੀ ਨਿਰਪੱਖਤਾ ਦਾ ਚੋਗਾ ਪਾਇਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਹੋਵੇ। ਪਰ ਅਸਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ ਕੱਚੀਆਂ, ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਅਸਪਸ਼ਟ ਛੱਡੀਆਂ ਗਈਆਂ, ਨੈਤਿਕ ਧਾਰਨਾਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਇੱਕ ਢਾਂਚੇ ਨਾਲ ਬੱਝਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਹੈ।
* ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਦਾ ਮੂਲ ਉਸ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੈ ਕਿ ‘ਭਾਈਚਾਰਾ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਕੀਮਤੀ ਹੈ।
* ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਦੀ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਅਮਲੀ ਕਾਰਵਾਈ ਕਲਪਨਾਵਾਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਹਕੀਕਤ ਤੋਂ ਦੂਰ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਪਾਬੰਦੀਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਾਇਮਸ਼ੁਦਾ ਦਰਜਾਬੰਦੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਹਨ, ਤਿਵੇਂ ਹੀ ਮੰਨ ਲੈਂਦੀ ਹੈ। … ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਕਿਸੇ ਵੀ ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਤਬਦੀਲੀ ਦੇ ਅਧੀਨ ਨਹੀਂ, ਇਸ ਲਈ ਇਹ ਉਸ ਮੰਚ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਬਣਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਜਿਸ ਉੱਤੇ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਦੀ ਕਾਰਵਾਈ ਵਾਪਰਦੀ ਹੈ। … ਅਹੰਵਾਦੀ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਵੈ-ਪ੍ਰਗਟਾਵੇ ਦੀ ਕਾਰਵਾਈ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਢਾਂਚੇ ਦੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਮੰਚੀ ਸਾਜ਼ੋ-ਸਾਮਾਨ ਵਜੋਂ ਵਰਤਦਾ ਹੈ।
* ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ … ਚੰਗੇ ਅਤੇ ਮਾੜੇ ਵਿਅਕਤੀਆਂ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਆਪਣੀ ਪਸੰਦੀਦਾ ਵੰਡ ਦੀ ਵਿਆਖਿਆ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਾਅਦ ਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਨਿੰਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ। ਇੱਕ ‘ਮਾੜਾ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ’ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਗੁਣਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਵਾਂਝਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਤੌਰ ’ਤੇ ਉੱਚਾ ਜਾਂ ਨੇਕ ਸਮਝਦਾ ਹੈ; ਉਹ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਅਰਥਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਬੁਰਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ। ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਮਕਸਦ … ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਤੀਕਿਰਿਆਤਮਕ ਭਾਵਨਾਵਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਮੁਕਤ ਕਰਨਾ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ, ਕਿਸੇ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਮਾੜੇ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਬਦਲਣ ਦੀ ਕੋਸ਼ਿਸ਼ ਕਰਨਾ, ਜਿਸ ਨਾਲ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਕੋਈ ਹਮਦਰਦੀ ਨਹੀਂ, ਵਿਅਰਥ, ਬੇਲਿਹਾਜ਼ ਅਤੇ ਬੇਰਹਿਮੀ ਵਾਲੀ ਗੱਲ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ; ਉਸ ਦਾ ਸੂਤਰ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ: ‘ਜਿੱਥੇ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਪਿਆਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ ਸਕਦੇ, ਉੱਥੋਂ ਲੰਘ ਜਾਓ।’ ਕੋਈ ਵੀ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਜੋ ਕੁਝ ਉਹ ਹੈ, ਉਸ ਲਈ ਦੋਸ਼ੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ; ਕਿਸਮਤ ਦਾ ਰੋਣਾ ਰੋਣ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਫ਼ਾਇਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ।
* ਮਨੁੱਖ ਜਾਨਵਰ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਇਸ ਅਰਥ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੱਧ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਸੁੰਦਰਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਗਟ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ ਰੱਖਦਾ ਹੈ।
* ਵਿਚਾਰਧਾਰਾ ਦੀ ਬਦਸੂਰਤੀ ਇਸ ਗੱਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਇਹ ਮਾਮੂਲੀ ਜਾਂ ਤੁੱਛ ਗੱਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਪਿੱਛੇ ਭੱਜਣ ਨੂੰ ਜਾਇਜ਼ ਠਹਿਰਾਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ।
* ਅਦਨ ਦਾ ਬਾਗ਼ ਨਿਰੋਲ ਸੁੰਦਰਤਾ ਦਾ ਉਹ ਖੇਤਰ ਹੈ ਜਿੱਥੋਂ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਉਦੋਂ ਬੇਦਖ਼ਲ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਦੋਂ ਉਹ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਵਿੱਚ, ਯਾਨੀ ਭਲੇ ਅਤੇ ਬੁਰੇ ਦੇ ਗਿਆਨ ਦੇ ਰੁੱਖ ਦੇ ਫਲ ਵਿੱਚ, ਦਿਲਚਸਪੀ ਲੈਣ ਲੱਗਦਾ ਹੈ। ਸਵਰਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਾਪਸੀ, ਘਰ ਪਰਤਣਾ, ਇਸ ਗੱਲ 'ਤੇ ਨਿਰਭਰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਗੁਆਚੀ ਹੋਈ ਸੁੰਦਰਤਾ ਦੇ ਨਕਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਮੁੜ ਝਲਕ ਪਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਦੇ ਪਰਦਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਚੀਰ ਕੇ ਅੱਗੇ ਲੰਘ ਸਕੇ।
* ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ… ਇਹ ਦਲੀਲ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਕਿਸੇ ਸਮਾਜ ਦੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਾਪਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਸਭ ਕੁਝ ਪਲ-ਛਿਣ ਦਾ (ਅਸਥਾਈ) ਅਤੇ ਮਾਮੂਲੀ ਕੰਮ-ਧੰਦੇ ਵਰਗਾ ਹੈ, ਸਿਵਾਏ ਮਹਾਨ ਸ਼ਖ਼ਸੀਅਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਮੌਜੂਦਗੀ ਦੇ—ਗੋਇਟੇ ਵਰਗੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਮਨੁੱਖਾਂ ਦੇ… ਜੋ ਆਪਣੀ ਹੋਣੀ ਆਪ ਘੜਦੇ ਜਾਪਦੇ ਹਨ, ਅਤੇ ਜੋ ਹੋਂਦ ਦੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਬੋਝਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬੇਰੋਕ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਧਦੇ ਜਾਪਦੇ ਹਨ ਜਿਹੜੇ ਬਹੁਤੇ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੀ ਰੋਜ਼ਮੱਰਾ ਦੀ ਮਿਹਨਤ-ਮਸ਼ੱਕਤ ਦੇ ਉਤਰਾਅ-ਚੜ੍ਹਾਵਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਉੱਪਰ ਉੱਠਣ ਤੋਂ ਰੋਕੀ ਰੱਖਦੇ ਹਨ।
* ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ… ਸ਼ੋਪਨਹਾਵਰ ਦੇ ਸੁਹਜ-ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦੀ ਇਸ ਗੱਲੋਂ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਇਹ ਕਾਂਟ ਦੇ ਇਸ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾਵਾਦੀ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਤੋਂ ਖ਼ੁਦ ਨੂੰ ਮੁਕਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ ਸਕਿਆ: 'ਸੁੰਦਰ ਉਹ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਬਿਨਾਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸਵਾਰਥ (ਹਿਤ) ਦੇ ਸਾਨੂੰ ਆਨੰਦ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ।'
* ਉਹ ਪੁਜਾਰੀ ਜੋ ਜਵਾਨੀ ਦੀ ਲਚਕਤਾ ਗੁਆ ਚੁੱਕਾ ਹੈ, ਉਸਦੀ ਮਦਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੀ; ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਵਿਵਸਥਾ ਦੇ ਢੰਗਾਂ ਦੀ ਲੰਮੀ ਆਦਤ (ਕੰਡੀਸ਼ਨਿੰਗ) ਨੇ ਉਸਦੀਆਂ ਬਹੁ-ਰੂਪੀ ਖੇਡਣਹਾਰ ਅਤੇ ਕਲਪਨਾਸ਼ੀਲ ਊਰਜਾਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਖੱਸੀ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਹੈ; ਜੇਕਰ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਮੁਕਤ ਕਰ ਵੀ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਵੇ, ਤਾਂ ਉਹ ਅਥਾਹ ਬੇਚੈਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਅਕੇਵੇਂ ਦੇ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਾ ਡਿੱਗੇਗਾ। ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਉਹੀ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਭਵਿੱਖ ਦਾ ਮਾਲਕ ਹੈ ਜਿਸਦੀਆਂ ਇੱਛਾਵਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਜਜ਼ਬੇ ਅਜੇ ਵੀ ਕਾਇਮ ਹਨ।
* ਸਕਿਜ਼ੋਫ੍ਰੇਨੀਆ ਦਾ ਮਰੀਜ਼ ਉਸ ਨਾਹਤੀਵਾਦੀ ਖਲਾਅ (ਸੁੰਨ) ਤੋਂ ਡਰਦਾ ਜਾਪਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ… ਇੱਕ ਕੱਟੜ ਜਾਂ ਜਕੜੇ ਹੋਏ ਸੰਸਾਰ-ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀਕੋਣ ਨੂੰ ਛੱਡ ਦੇਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਬਾਕੀ ਰਹਿ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ।
* ਮਾਜ਼ੀ (ਬੀਤੇ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ) ਜਾਂ ਮੌਜੂਦਾ ਸਮਾਜਕ ਢਾਂਚੇ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਨਾਤਾ ਤੋੜਨ ਦੀ ਕੋਈ ਵੀ ਕੋਸ਼ਿਸ਼ ਅਸਫ਼ਲ ਹੈ ਜੇਕਰ ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਅਕਾਊ, ਬੇਦਿਲ ਅਤੇ ਬੇਰੰਗ ਜੀਵਨ-ਸ਼ੈਲੀ ਵੱਲ ਲੈ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਸ਼ਾਲੀ ਅਤੇ ਸਥਾਈ ਨਵੀਨਤਾ—ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਕਿਸੇ ਨਵੇਂ ਮਾਹੌਲ 'ਤੇ ਕਾਬੂ ਪਾਉਣਾ—ਉਸ ਆਤਮ-ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ ਅਤੇ ਅਨੁਸ਼ਾਸਨ ਦੀ ਮੰਗ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੈ ਜਿਸਦੀ ਨੀਂਹ ਉਤਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਅਤੇ ਜੋਸ਼ੀਲੇ ਵਲਵਲਿਆਂ 'ਤੇ ਟਿਕੀ ਹੋਵੇ।
*ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਨੇ ਪ੍ਰੋਟੈਸਟੈਂਟ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ (ਵਿਚਾਰ) ਦੇ ਦੋਵਾਂ ਰੂਪਾਂ—ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਧਰਮ-ਨਿਰਪੱਖ (ਆਰਥਿਕ)—ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਆਖ਼ਰੀ ਵਿਦਰੋਹ ਦੇਖਿਆ, ਜੋ 'ਆਖ਼ਰੀ ਮਨੁੱਖ' ਦੀ ਵਿਵਸਥਿਤ, ਬੁਰਜੂਆ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦੇ ਗ਼ਲਬੇ ਤੋਂ ਠੀਕ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ; ਉਹ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਜੋ ਆਰਾਮ ਅਤੇ ਖਿਚਾਅ (ਤਣਾਅ) ਦੀ ਅਣਹੋਂਦ ਦੀ ਖ਼ਾਤਰ ਅਕੇਵੇਂ ਅਤੇ ਨੀਰਸਤਾ ਦੀ ਕੋਈ ਵੀ ਕੀਮਤ ਚੁਕਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਤਿਆਰ ਰਹਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ।
*ਕੋਪਰਨਿਕਸ ਅਤੇ ਡਾਰਵਿਨ ਨੇ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦੇ ਉਸ ਅਕਸ ਨੂੰ ਢਾਹ ਲਾਈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਹ ਖ਼ੁਦ ਨੂੰ 'ਸਭ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਦਾ ਮਾਪਦੰਡ' ਮੰਨਦਾ ਸੀ। ਨਿਊਟਨ ਨੇ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਨਵੀਂ ਉਮੀਦ ਦਿੱਤੀ… 'ਸਭ ਚੀਜ਼ਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਮਾਪਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਮਨੁੱਖ' ਦੀ ਉਮੀਦ। ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਉਸ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਅੱਗੇ—ਜਿਸਨੂੰ ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ ਦੇ ਕੇਂਦਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਣ ਦੇ ਰੁਤਬੇ ਤੋਂ ਬੇਦਖ਼ਲ (ਮਹਿਰੂਮ) ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ—ਇਹ ਸੰਭਾਵਨਾ ਉੱਘੜ ਕੇ ਆਈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਸ਼ਾਇਦ ਇਹ ਜਾਣ ਸਕੇ ਕਿ ਉੱਥੇ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਵਾਪਸ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਪਹੁੰਚਣਾ ਹੈ। ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਨੇ ਜਿੱਥੇ ਇੱਕ ਪਾਸੇ ਉਸਦੀ ਹੋਂਦਮੂਲਕ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਨੂੰ ਤਬਾਹ ਕੀਤਾ, ਉੱਥੇ ਹੀ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਅਦਨ ਦੇ ਬਾਗ਼ (ਸਵਰਗ) ਵੱਲ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਪਹੁੰਚਣ ਦੇ ਸਾਧਨ ਵੀ ਬਖ਼ਸ਼ੇ।
*ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ… ਦਰਅਸਲ, ਮਸੀਹ ਦੇ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਕਠੋਰ ਬਚਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਜੋੜਦਾ ਹੈ: 'ਮੁਰਦਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਮੁਰਦੇ ਦਫ਼ਨਾਉਣ ਦਿਓ' ਅਤੇ 'ਜੀਵਨ ਵੱਲ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਰਸਤਾ ਭੀੜਾ (ਤੰਗ) ਹੈ'।
*ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਦੇ ਇੱਕ ਸੱਚੇ ਮੈਟਾ-ਸਿਧਾਂਤ (ਅਧਿ-ਸਿਧਾਂਤ) ਦੀ ਸੰਭਾਵਨਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ। ਇੱਥੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਕਿ ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੀਆਂ ਵੀ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਪੂਰਵ-ਧਾਰਨਾਵਾਂ ਹੁੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। … ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਦਾ ਮੈਟਾ-ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਤਾਂ ਹੀ ਜਾਇਜ਼ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੇਕਰ ਨਿਰਪੇਖ, ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਲਈ ਸ਼ਰਤ-ਮੁਕਤ, ਸੱਚਾਈਆਂ ਦੇ ਕਿਸੇ ਦਰਜਾਬੰਦੀ ਵਾਲੇ ਸਿਲਸਿਲੇ (ਦਰਜਾਬੰਦੀ) ਦੀ ਹੋਂਦ ਸਾਬਤ ਹੋ ਜਾਵੇ। ਤਾਂ ਹੀ ਉਹ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਤੋਂ ਪਰੇ (ਪਰਾ-ਨੈਤਿਕ) ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਢਾਂਚਾ ਮੁਹੱਈਆ ਕਰਵਾ ਸਕਣਗੇ। ਗਿਆਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਦੀ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਖ ਮਨੋਰਥ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਯਤਨ ਨੂੰ… ਇੱਕ ਹੱਥ ਦੀ ਸਫ਼ਾਈ, ਇੱਕ ਕਾਰਗਰ ਧੋਖੇ ਵਜੋਂ ਨੰਗਾ ਕਰਨਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ ਇਹ ਸਿੱਧ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਬੀੜਾ ਚੁੱਕਦੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ 'ਸੱਚ' ਦਰਅਸਲ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਵਚਨਬੱਧਤਾਵਾਂ 'ਤੇ ਪਰਦਾ ਪਾਉਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਮਨਘੜਤ ਕਲਪਨਾ-ਜਾਲ (ਫ਼ਿਕਸ਼ਨ) ਹਨ।
*ਗਿਆਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਦੀ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਖ ਮਨੋਰਥ… ਇਹ ਸਿੱਧ ਕਰਨਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ 'ਸੱਚ' ਦਰਅਸਲ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਵਚਨਬੱਧਤਾਵਾਂ 'ਤੇ ਪਰਦਾ ਪਾਉਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਮਨਘੜਤ ਕਲਪਨਾ-ਜਾਲ (ਫ਼ਿਕਸ਼ਨ) ਹਨ।
*ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ ਸੋਚ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਕਿਤੇ ਵੱਧ ਹੈ: ਜੋ ਕੁਝ ਇੱਕ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਮਹਿਸੂਸ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਉਸਦੀਆਂ ਇੰਦਰੀਆਂ ਉਸ ਅੰਦਰ ਜੋ ਕੁਝ ਜਗਾਉਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਉਹ ਉਸਦੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਦੀ ਸੰਪੂਰਨਤਾ ਲਈ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਅਹਿਮੀਅਤ ਬਾਰੇ ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੀਤੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਚਿੰਤਨ (ਵਿਚਾਰ) ਨਾਲੋਂ ਕਿਤੇ ਵੱਧ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਹਨ। ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਅਤੇ ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਦੋਵਾਂ ਨੇ ਫ਼ਾਊਸਟ (Faust) ਦੇ ਉਸ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਣ ਦੀ ਵਿਆਖਿਆ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਹ ਅਕਾਦਮਿਕਤਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਗੁਆਏ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਿਅਰਥ ਸਾਲਾਂ ਦਾ ਰੋਣਾ ਰੋਂਦਾ ਹੈ: ਇਹ ਭਾਸ਼ਣ ਦਰਅਸਲ ਕਾਂਟ ਅਤੇ ਹੇਗਲ ਉੱਤੇ ਗੋਇਟੇ ਦਾ ਆਪਣਾ ਦੋਸ਼-ਪੱਤਰ ਹੈ। ਦਰਸ਼ਨ (ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ) ਹਮੇਸ਼ਾ ਸੋਚਣ ਨੂੰ ਹੀ ਅੰਧ-ਪੂਜਾ (ਫ਼ੈਟਿਸ਼) ਬਣਾ ਲੈਣ ਦੇ ਖ਼ਤਰੇ ਹੇਠ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਧਦਾ ਹੈ।
*ਸੋਚ ਦੀ ਮਾਲਕੀ ਇਸ ਗੱਲ 'ਤੇ ਨਿਰਭਰ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਚਿੰਤਕ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਸੇ 'ਹਾਕਮ ਸੋਚ' ਦੇ ਅਧੀਨ ਨਾ ਕਰੇ। ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਇਹ ਦਲੀਲ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਇਹ ਖ਼ਾਸ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਔਖਾ ਹੈ… ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਖ਼ੁਦ 'ਬੱਝਵੇਂ ਵਿਚਾਰਾਂ' (ਸਥਿਰ ਧਾਰਨਾਵਾਂ) ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਜਾਲ ਹੈ। ਸੱਚਾਈਆਂ ਉਦੋਂ ਹੀ ਉੱਭਰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਜਦੋਂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਨੂੰ ਮੁੜ-ਘੜਿਆ ਜਾਵੇ ਅਤੇ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਉਸ ਉੱਤੇ ਆਪਣਾ ਅਧਿਕਾਰ ਜਮਾਇਆ ਜਾਵੇ।
*ਜੇਕਰ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦਾ ਸਿਰਜਣਹਾਰ ਅਤੇ ਮਾਲਕ ਬਣੇ ਰਹਿਣਾ ਹੈ ਤਾਂ, ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਜ਼ੋਰ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਕਹਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ… ਉਹ ਸਭ ਕੁਝ ਜੋ ਹੁਣ ਤੱਕ ਪ੍ਰਵਾਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾ ਚੁੱਕਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਨੇ 'ਤੱਥ' (ਅਟੱਲ ਸੱਚਾਈ) ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਰੂਪ ਧਾਰਨ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ ਹੈ, ਉਸਨੂੰ ਮੁੜ ਨਿਰੰਤਰ ਬਦਲਾਅ (ਵਹਾਅ) ਦੀ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਿਆਉਣਾ ਪਵੇਗਾ, ਜਾਂ ਫਿਰ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਰੱਦ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਵੇਗਾ।
*ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਦਾ ਇਹ ਇਰਾਦਾ (ਸੰਕਲਪ), ਦਿੱਤੇ ਗਏ ਸਾਰੇ ਗਿਆਨ ਦੀ ਇਹ ਬੇਚੈਨ ਪੜਤਾਲ, ਇਹ ਲਗਾਤਾਰ ਸਵਾਲ ਪੁੱਛਣਾ, ਅਤੇ ਨਵੀਂ ਸਮਝ ਵੱਲ ਨਿਰੰਤਰ ਝੁਕਾਅ (ਮੁੜਨਾ)…
*ਆਰ. ਡਬਲਿਊ. ਕੇ. ਪੈਟਰਸਨ ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਨੂੰ ਨਾਹਤੀਵਾਦ (ਨਿਹਲਿਜ਼ਮ) ਨਾਲ ਜੋੜਨ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੀ ਦਲੀਲ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਖ ਕੇਂਦਰ ਬਣਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਉਸਦੀ ਦਲੀਲ ਸਮਾਜਕ ਕਦਰਾਂ-ਕੀਮਤਾਂ—ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਸੱਚਮੁੱਚ ਰੱਦ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ—ਅਤੇ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਕਦਰਾਂ-ਕੀਮਤਾਂ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਫ਼ਰਕ ਕਰਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਸਫ਼ਲ ਰਹਿਣ 'ਤੇ ਟਿਕੀ ਹੋਈ ਹੈ, ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਕਿਸੇ ਵੀ ਹੋਰ ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਕਿਤੇ ਵੱਧ ਸਪੱਸ਼ਟ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਚਨਬੱਧ ਹੈ।
*ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ [ਦਾਅਵਾ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ] ਕਿ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ ਵੱਧ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਇੱਕ ਔਜ਼ਾਰ (ਸਾਧਨ), ਇੱਕ ਕੰਮ ਆਉਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮ ਹੈ: ਉਹ ਨਾ ਤਾਂ ਕੋਈ ਹੁਕਮ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਨਾ ਹੀ ਕੋਈ ਫ਼ੈਸਲਾ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਕੋਈ ਪੂਰਨ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ।
*ਸਟਿਰਨਰ… 'ਸੁੱਖ-ਸਿਧਾਂਤ' (ਲੱਜ਼ਤ ਦੇ ਅਸੂਲ) ਦੀ ਬਜਾਏ 'ਆਨੰਦ-ਸਿਧਾਂਤ' (ਖੇੜੇ ਦੇ ਅਸੂਲ) ਨੂੰ ਮੰਨਦਾ ਹੈ।
*ਜਦੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਅਰਥ-ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ—ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ 'ਜਾਇਦਾਦ' (ਮਲਕੀਅਤ)—ਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਨਿੱਜੀ (ਵਿਅਕਤੀਗਤ) ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੁੜ-ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਿਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ, ਉਦੋਂ ਤੱਕ ਉਦਾਰਵਾਦੀ ਤਰਕਸ਼ੀਲਤਾ ਦਾ ਉਹ ਸਰਾਪ ਫੈਲਦਾ ਰਹੇਗਾ ਜਿਸਨੇ ਅਰਥ-ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਨੂੰ ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਹਿੱਤਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਕੱਟ ਕੇ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ ਵਜੋਂ ਸਥਾਪਿਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ। ਆਰਥਿਕ ਮਾਡਲ… ਵਿਅਕਤੀਗਤ ਲਾਭ ਦੇ ਕਿਸੇ ਵੀ ਸਾਰਥਕ ਪੈਮਾਨੇ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਕਰਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਸਫ਼ਲ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ, ਸਿਵਾਏ ਉਸ ਮੁੱਢਲੇ ਉਪਯੋਗਤਾਵਾਦੀ ਪੈਮਾਨੇ ਦੇ… ਜੋ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਵਧਦੀ ਆਮਦਨ ਜਾਂ ਵਸਤਾਂ (ਮਾਲ) ਦੇ ਵਧਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਵਾਹ ਦਾ ਪੈਮਾਨਾ ਹੈ।
*ਦੋਸਤੋਵਸਕੀ ਦਾ 'ਅੰਡਰਗਰਾਊਂਡ ਮੈਨ'… ਆਪਣੇ ਸਮਕਾਲੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਝੂਠੇ ਟੀਚੇ ਸਥਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਜੱਦੋ-ਜਹਿਦ ਕਰਦੇ ਦੇਖਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਿੱਥੇ ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਕੋਈ ਟੀਚਾ ਪੈਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ। … ਉਹ ਦਲੀਲ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਇੰਨੇ ਸੁਚੇਤ ਅਤੇ ਇਮਾਨਦਾਰ ਹੋਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਇਹ ਪਛਾਣ ਸਕਣ ਕਿ ਟੀਚਾ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੋਈ ਨਿਰਪੇਖ (ਪੂਰਨ ਸੱਚ) ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਸ਼ਾਇਦ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਵੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ। ਅੰਤਿਮ ਮਨੋਰਥ (ਟੈਲੋਸ/ਟੀਚੇ) ਨਾਲ ਬਹੁਤ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾ ਮੋਹ ਇਹ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਸੜਕ ਬਣਾਉਣ (ਰਾਹ ਉਸਾਰਨ) ਵਿੱਚ ਬੱਚਾ ਕਦੇ ਜੋ ਸੁਭਾਵਕ ਆਨੰਦ ਲੈਂਦਾ ਸੀ, ਉਹ ਹੁਣ ਮੱਠਾ ਪੈ ਚੁੱਕਾ ਹੈ।
*ਸਾਹਸ (ਮੁਹਿੰਮਬਾਜ਼ੀ), ਵੰਨ-ਸੁਵੰਨਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਖੇਡ-ਮੱਲ੍ਹ ਦੀ ਤਾਂਘ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ਪਦਾਰਥਕ ਮੰਤਵਾਂ ਵੱਲ ਸੇਧਿਤ ਮਨੋਰਥਵਾਦ (ਟੈਲੀਓਲੋਜੀ) ਨੇ ਲੈ ਲਈ ਹੈ।
*ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦੂਜੇ ਬਦਲ ਦੇ ਡਰੋਂ ਉਪਯੋਗਤਾਵਾਦੀ ਬਣ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ—ਉਲਝੀਆਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਮੱਠੀਆਂ (ਬੇਜਾਨ) ਇੱਛਾਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਖਿਲਾਰੇ (ਗੜਬੜੀ), ਬੇਜੜ੍ਹਤਾ (ਅਸਥਿਰਤਾ) ਅਤੇ ਅਕੇਵੇਂ ਦੇ ਡਰੋਂ।
*ਦੋਸਤੋਵਸਕੀ ਦਾ ਮੰਨਣਾ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਤਰਕਸ਼ੀਲਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਪਦਾਰਥਵਾਦੀ ਉਪਯੋਗਤਾਵਾਦ ਦੇ ਦੇਵਤਿਆਂ ਨੇ ਬਾਕੀ ਸਾਰੇ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਾਂ ਦੇ ਖ਼ਿਲਾਫ਼ ਆਪਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ ਇੱਕ ਸਾਜ਼ਿਸ਼ ਰਚ ਲਈ ਹੈ। … ਪੂੰਜੀ ਦਾ ਇਕੱਠਾ ਹੋਣਾ, ਜਾਂ ਧਨ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤੀ, ਉਹ ਸਰਵੋਤਮ (ਉੱਤਮ) ਉੱਦਮ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਇੱਕ ਮਿਣਨਯੋਗ ਟੀਚਾ ਸਥਾਪਤ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ: ਇਸ ਲਈ ਉਹ ਸਿੱਧੇ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਵੱਧ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਲਾਭ ਕਮਾਉਣ ਦੇ ਫ਼ਾਰਮੂਲਿਆਂ (ਵੱਧ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਨਿਯਮਾਂ) ਦੇ ਅਨੁਕੂਲ ਹਨ।
*ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਮਾਨਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ… ਇਸ ਉਪਯੋਗਤਾਵਾਦੀ ਧਾਰਨਾ ਦਾ ਵਿਰੋਧ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਆਦਿਮਨੁੱਖ ਬੀਜ ਬੀਜਦੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਮੰਤਰ/ਗਾਣੇ ਇਸ ਲਈ ਉਚਾਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਉਹ ਮੰਨਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਅਜਿਹਾ ਕੀਤੇ ਬਿਨਾਂ ਫ਼ਸਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਉੱਗੇਗੀ, ਜਾਂ ਇਹ ਧਾਰਨਾ ਕਿ ਉਸਦਾ ਆਰਥਿਕ ਟੀਚਾ ਮੁੱਖ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਉਸਦੀਆਂ ਬਾਕੀ ਗਤੀਵਿਧੀਆਂ ਇਸਦੇ ਸਾਧਨ ਮਾਤਰ ਹਨ। ਬੀਜਣਾ ਅਤੇ ਪਾਲਣ-ਪੋਸ਼ਣ ਕਰਨਾ (ਸੰਭਾਲਣਾ) ਤਿਆਰ ਫ਼ਸਲ (ਉਤਪਾਦ) ਨਾਲੋਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਵੀ ਪੱਖੋਂ ਘੱਟ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਨਹੀਂ ਹਨ। ਜੀਵਨ ਨੂੰ ਟੀਚਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਲੜੀ ਨੂੰ ਹਾਸਲ ਕਰਨ ਵੱਲ ਸੇਧਿਤ ਅਤੇ ਉਸੇ ਨਾਲ ਜਾਇਜ਼ ਠਹਿਰਾਈ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੀ ਇੱਕ ਸਿੱਧੀ (ਰੇਖਿਕ) ਚਾਲ ਵਜੋਂ ਨਹੀਂ ਸਮਝਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ; ਸਗੋਂ ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਅਜਿਹਾ ਚੱਕਰ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੰਤਵਾਂ (ਅੰਤਮ ਟੀਚਿਆਂ) ਨੂੰ ਵੱਖਰਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ, ਅਜਿਹਾ ਚੱਕਰ ਜਿਸਨੂੰ ਸਾਧਨਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਮੰਤਵਾਂ ਦੀ ਲੜੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਹੀਂ ਵੰਡਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ।
*ਦੋਸਤੋਵਸਕੀ ਲਈ, ਫ਼ੂਰੀਏ (Fourier) ਕੀੜੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਭੌਣ ਦੇ ਮਿਹਨਤੀ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਰੁੱਝਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਭਰਮ ਨਾਲ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਸਦਾ ਟੀਚਾ—ਇੱਕ ਸੁਚੱਜਾ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਵਸਥਿਤ ਸਮਾਜ—ਉਸਦੀਆਂ ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਇੱਛਾਵਾਂ ਦਾ ਕੁੱਲ ਜੋੜ (ਨਿਚੋੜ) ਹੈ।
*ਮਨੁੱਖ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਉੱਤਮ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਵਸਥਾ-ਭੰਨਕ (ਸਿਸਟਮ ਨੂੰ ਤੋੜਨ ਵਾਲਾ), ਇੱਕ ਮੂਰਤੀ-ਭੰਜਕ (ਰਵਾਇਤਾਂ ਤੋੜਨ ਵਾਲਾ) ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਨਾ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਵੰਨ-ਸੁਵੰਨਤਾ ਦੀ ਭਾਲ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਸਗੋਂ ਵਿਨਾਸ਼ ਦੀ ਵੀ ਚਾਹਤ ਰੱਖਦਾ ਹੈ।
*ਮਹਾਂ-ਪੜਤਾਲੀਆ (ਦ ਇਨਕੁਇਜ਼ੀਟਰ) ਇੱਕ ਬਖ਼ਸ਼ਣਹਾਰ ਪਿਤਾ, ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਪਦਾਰਥਵਾਦੀ, ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਜਕ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਸਿਆਸਤਦਾਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਦਰਦੀ (ਰਹਿਮਦਿਲ) ਅਤੇ ਇਮਾਨਦਾਰ ਹੈ; ਉਹ ਆਪਣੀ ਪਰਜਾ ਨੂੰ ਨੈਤਿਕ ਸ਼ੰਕਿਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਭਾਰੀ ਬੋਝ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਿਰ ਲੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਪਰ ਇਸਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਹੀ ਉਹ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਵੈ-ਚੇਤਨਾ ਦੇ ਦਾਇਰੇ ਨੂੰ ਵਧਾਉਣ ਦੇ ਕਿਸੇ ਵੀ ਯਤਨ ਨੂੰ ਦਬਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ: ਉਹ 'ਮਹਾਨ ਸਰਲਤਾਕਾਰ' (ਸਭ ਕੁਝ ਸੌਖਾ ਬਣਾ ਦੇਣ ਵਾਲਾ) ਹੈ, ਚਿੰਤਾ-ਮੁਕਤ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਇੱਜੜ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਅਯਾਲੀ (ਚਰਵਾਹਾ)।
*ਦੋਸਤੋਵਸਕੀ… ਗ੍ਰੈਂਡ ਇਨਕੁਇਜ਼ੀਟਰ (ਮਹਾਂ-ਪੜਤਾਲੀਏ) ਦੇ ਮੂੰਹੋਂ ਮਸੀਹ 'ਤੇ ਦੋਸ਼ ਲਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ: 'ਤੇਰਾ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦੀ ਏਨੀ ਉੱਚੀ ਕਦਰ ਕਰਨਾ ਬੇਤਰਸ (ਬੇਰਹਿਮ) ਸੀ'। ਇਸ ਮਸੀਹ ਕੋਲ ਸਿਆਸਤ ਦੀ ਦੁਨੀਆ, ਤਰਕਸ਼ੀਲ ਕਾਰਵਾਈ ਅਤੇ ਗਿਆਨ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਜਵਾਬ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਤਰਸ ਨਾ ਕਰਨ, ਸਗੋਂ ਸਤਿਕਾਰ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਇਰਾਦੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੂਰੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇਵਾਦੀ (Nietzschean) ਹੈ।
*ਪ੍ਰਤੱਖਣਵਾਦੀ (ਪੌਜ਼ੀਟਿਵਿਸਟ) ਮਾਨਸਿਕ ਆਦਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਦਵੰਦਵਾਦੀ (ਡਾਇਲੈਕਟੀਕਲ) ਆਲੋਚਨਾ… ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਉਸ ਵਿਵਹਾਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਿਲਚਸਪੀ ਰੱਖਦੀ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਖ਼ੁਦ ਕਰਤਾ (ਐਕਟਰ) ਲਈ 'ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ' ਹੋਵੇ; ਭਾਵ ਅਜਿਹਾ ਵਿਵਹਾਰ ਜੋ ਇਸ ਹੱਦ ਤੱਕ ਜਜ਼ਬਾਤੀ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਭਰਪੂਰ ਹੋਵੇ ਕਿ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਜਾਂ ਤਾਂ ਵਾਰ-ਵਾਰ ਯਾਦ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੋਵੇ, ਉਸ 'ਤੇ ਡੂੰਘਾ ਚਿੰਤਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੋਵੇ, ਜਾਂ ਉਸਦੇ ਦਿਨ-ਦਿਹਾੜੇ ਸੁਪਨੇ ਲਏ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹੋਣ। … ਉਹ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਜੋ ਆਪਣੀ ਖੋਜ-ਪੜਤਾਲ ਲਈ ਚੁਣੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਵਿਵਹਾਰ ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਘੱਟ ਚੋਣਵਾਂ (ਵਿਤਕਰੇ-ਰਹਿਤ) ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਤੁੱਛ (ਨਿਗੂਣੀਆਂ) ਗੱਲਾਂ ਤੱਕ ਸੀਮਤ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਕੀਮਤ 'ਤੇ ਸਪੱਸ਼ਟਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਲੱਖਣਤਾ ਹਾਸਲ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ।
*ਹੇਗਲ ਦੇ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਪ੍ਰਗਤੀ-ਮਾਡਲ—ਜੋ ਪੜਾਵਾਂ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਧਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਜਿਸਦੇ ਹਰੇਕ ਪੜਾਅ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਅਤੇ ਪਤਨ ਦਾ ਆਪਣਾ ਤਰਕ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ—ਦੇ ਉਲਟ, ਆਰਥਿਕ ਮਾਡਲ ਸਮੇਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਇੱਕ ਮੁਦਰਾ-ਵੇਰੀਏਬਲ (ਧਨ-ਪਰਿਵਰਤਨਸ਼ੀਲ ਅੰਕੜੇ) ਦੇ ਇੱਕ ਸਾਧਾਰਨ ਕਾਰਜ (ਫ਼ੰਕਸ਼ਨ) ਵਜੋਂ ਵਿਕਸਤ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸਦਾ ਲੰਮੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਦਾ ਰੁਝਾਨ ਨਿਰੰਤਰ ਇੱਕੋ ਦਿਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੱਧਦਾ (ਮੋਨੋਟੌਨਿਕਲੀ ਵਾਧਾ) ਰਹਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ।
*ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਅਤੇ ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਸੋਚਣ ਦਾ ਅਜਿਹਾ ਢੰਗ [ਅਪਣਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ] ਜੋ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਅਤੇ ਅੰਤਰਮੁਖੀ (ਆਤਮ-ਨਿਰੀਖਣ ਵਾਲਾ) ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਜੋ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ ਅਤੇ ਅਮਲ ਦੇ ਬਦਲਵੇਂ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਾਂ 'ਤੇ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਵੀ ਅਜਿਹਾ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਇੱਕ ਪ੍ਰਮੁੱਖ ਟੀਚੇ—ਵਿਅਕਤੀਗਤ ਮੁਕਤੀ (ਨਿਜ-ਕਲਿਆਣ) ਦੇ ਨਮੂਨਿਆਂ—ਨੂੰ ਬਿਹਤਰ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਮਝਣ ਦੇ ਸਾਧਨ ਵਜੋਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਸਟਿਰਨਰ ਅਤੇ ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਨਿਰੋਲ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਿਲਚਸਪੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਰੱਖਦੇ। … ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ ਹਊਮੈਵਾਦੀ (ਸਵੈ-ਕੇਂਦਰਿਤ) ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਇਸ ਹੱਦ ਤੱਕ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਤ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਬਾਹਰੀ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਹੀ ਅਕਸਾਂ (ਪ੍ਰੋਜੈਕਸ਼ਨਾਂ) ਦੇ ਇੱਕ ਭੰਡਾਰ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਕਦੇ ਵੀ ਵਰਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਸਕਦੇ।
*ਨੀਤਸ਼ੇ ਦੀਆਂ ਆਖ਼ਰੀ ਲਿਖਤਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਜੋ ਚੀਜ਼ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਸਪੱਸ਼ਟ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ ਵਜੋਂ ਸਾਹਮਣੇ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਉਸਦੀਆਂ ਪੁਰਾਣੀਆਂ ਦਿਲਚਸਪੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਅਗਲੇਰਾ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਨਹੀਂ, ਸਗੋਂ ਦੋ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਮਸਲਿਆਂ ਵੱਲ ਵਾਪਸੀ ਹੈ ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਉਸਦਾ ਲੰਮੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਤੋਂ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਲਗਾਓ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ—ਵੈਗਨਰ (Wagner) ਅਤੇ ਈਸਾਈਅਤ ਦਾ ਮਸਲਾ। ਇੱਕ ਮਿਸਾਲ ਵਜੋਂ, ''ਡੇਰ ਐਂਟੀਕ੍ਰਾਈਸਟ'' (Der Antichrist), ਈਸਾਈ ਧਰਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਮੁੜ ਜਾਗ ਰਹੀ ਦਿਲਚਸਪੀ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਜਵਾਬ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ; ਸਗੋਂ ਇਹ ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਸ਼ਰਧਾ (ਭਗਤੀ/ਪਵਿੱਤਰਤਾ) ਦੇ ਸਵਾਲ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਸੁਲਝਾਉਣ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਨਵਾਂ ਯਤਨ ਹੈ।

[[Category:Wq/pa]]


[[Category:Wq/pa/ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ ਦੇ ਵਿੱਦਿਆਵੇਤਾ]]
[[Category:Wq/pa/ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ ਦੇ ਸਮਾਜ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ]]


{{INTERWIKI|Q6225292}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Fernando Poe Jr.</title>
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    <id>3803402</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:34:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+link to Susan Roces, his wife</comment>
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      <text bytes="13277" sha1="05gsjqrobganj7q2tjlw6n6wh1cq2ye" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Fernando Poe Jr.jpg|thumb|Si Poe sang 1996]]
Si '''Ronald Allan Kelley Poe''' (20 Agosto 1939 – 14 Disyembre 2004), mas kilala bilang '''Fernando Poe Jr.''', amo ang anay aktor, direktor, kag politiko sa Pilipinas nga isa ka idolo kag madamo ang nakakilala. Kilala man siya sa mga palayaw nga '''FPJ''' ukon '''Da King'''. Gina-gamit niya ang alyas nga '''Ronwaldo Reyes''' sa mga pelikula kung diin siya ang direktor.

== Personal nga Impormasyon ==
Natawo si Fernando Poe Jr. sang 20 Agosto 1939 sa [[Wp/hil/Manila|Manila]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web | url=http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2004/mar2004/161434.HTM | title=Tecson vs Comelec | work=G.R. No. 161434 | date=3 Marso 2004 | accessdate=15 Disyembre 2014 | archive-date=14 Disyembre 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214120522/http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2004/mar2004/161434.HTM | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pilipinas, kina Fernando Poe, Sr., nga anay man aktor, kag Elizabeth Gatbonton Kelley nga taga [[Wp/hil/Candaba, Pampanga|Candaba, Pampanga]] nga may mga ginikanan nga Amerikano.&lt;ref&gt;http://ivanhenares.blogspot.com/2006/12/ninoy-and-fpj-death-masks-on-display.html&lt;/ref&gt; Ang orihinal nga apelyido sang pamilya gin-spell nga Pou, halin sa iya lolo nga manunulat sang dula nga si Lorenzo Pou, isa ka Catalan halin sa Mallorca, nga nagkabuhi sa Pilipinas para magnegosyo.

Gin-asawa niya ang aktres nga si [[Wp/hil/Susan Roces|Susan Roces]] sang Disyembre 1968 sa isa ka sibil nga seremonya. Ikinasal man sila sa simbahang Katoliko kag sanday [[Wp/hil/Ferdinand Marcos|Ferdinand Marcos]] kag [[Wp/hil/Imelda Marcos|Imelda Marcos]] (nga Presidente kag First Lady sang Pilipinas sadto nga tion) ang nangin mga ninong kag ninang. Si Mary Grace amo lamang ang ila ginsagop nga anak.

Bisan pa nga kilala nga tawo si Poe, indi gid siya mahilig magbuyagyag sang iya personal nga kabuhi. Apang, sang Pebrero 2004, gin-ako ni Poe nga may anak siya sa iban nga babaye. Si Ronian, ukon Ron Allan, amo ang anak ni Poe kay Anna Marin nga anay aktres. Sang ulihi man, ginpahayag nga may anak man siya sa anay modelo nga si Rowena Moran nga amo si Lovi, nga nangin artista na man.

== Karera sa pag-arte ==
Una siyang nagpasundayag bilang Palaris sa ''Anak ni Palaris'' sa idalom sang Deegar Cinema Inc. sang 1955 sang siya 16 anyos pa lang. Indi gihapon amo kana kadali ang iya pag-asenso kag nag-upod siya sa pila ka mga pelikula nga indi siya ang bida pareho sang Simaron sang Everlasting Pictures, Babaing Mandarambong sang Everlasting Pictures kag ang pinakauna nga Lo-Waist Gang nga pulos natabo sang 1956.

Isa siya ka produkto sang Premiere Production gani ginhimo niya ang mga pelikulang ''Bicol Express'', ''Pepeng Kaliwete'', ''May Pasikat Ba sa Kano?'', ''Atrebida'', ''Laban sa Lahat'' kag madamo pa gid nga iban pa, samtang ang mga pelikulang ''Kamay ni Cain'', ''Tipin'', ''Obra-Maestra'' naman ang ginhimo niya sa People's Pictures.

== Pagdalagan bilang presidente ==

Nagdalagan si Poe sa idalom sang Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP) sa pambansang piniliay sang Pilipinas sang 2004. Ang iya kaupod sa sini nga piniliay bilang kandidato pagka-bise presidente amo si Senator [[Wp/hil/Loren Legarda-Leviste|Loren Legarda-Leviste]]. Nadulaan siya sa sini nga piniliay. May yara lamang siya nga 9,158,999 ka mga boto, samtang may yara naman sang 9,674,597 ka mga boto ang nagdaog nga si Presidente [[Wp/hil/Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo|Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]]. Pagpati sang mga sumupuno ni Poe, nga upod man ang mga sumupuno ni [[Wp/hil/Joseph Estrada|Joseph Estrada]], nga hinimo-himo ang resulta sang piniliay kag ginprotestahan ini ni Poe sa Korte Suprema sang Pilipinas. Apang, pagkatapos sang iya kamatayan, gin-dismiss ini sang Korte. Muntik na siya nga indi makakandidato bangud sa mga pamangkot ang tuhoy sa iya pagka-Pilipinhon.

== Kamatayan ==

Na-stroke siya sang 10 Disyembre 2004 kag gindala sa St. Luke's Medical Center. Sang tungang gab-i sang 14 Disyembre 2004, nagtaliwan si FPJ bangud sa istrok, sa edad nga 65 ka tuig. Ginhatod siya sa iya katapusan nga palahuwayan sa pihak sang pantyon sang iya amay nga si Fernando Poe Sr. kag sang iya inay nga si Elizabeth Kelley sa Manila North Cemetery, Lungsod sang Maynila.

== Pagkahimo nga ''Pambansang Alagad ng Sining'' ==

Sang Mayo 2006, ginpasidunggan sang [[Wp/hil/National Commission for Culture and the Arts|National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] (NCCA) sang Pilipinas si Poe bilang ''Pambansang Alagad ng Sining'' (National Artist) para sa pelikula. Apang, wala ini gin-ako sang asawa ni Poe nga si Susan Roces bangud suno kay Roces, mangin isa lamang ka public display (pampubliko nga pagpasundayag) ini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|url=http://news.inq7.net/breaking/index.php?index=1&amp;story_id=76842|title=''Poe, six others proclaimed National Artists''|publisher=[[Wp/hil/INQ7.net|INQ7.net]]|date=May 24, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ang musika==
Ang Album Ni ''[[Wp/hil/Fernando Poe Jr.|Fernando Poe Jr.]]''
*1 Doon Lang
*2 Kumusta Ka
*3 Usahay
*4 Ang Daigidig Ko'y Ikaw
*5 Ang Tangi Kong Pag-Ibig
*6 Sa Aking Pag-iisa
*7 Damdamin
*8 Ang Tao'y Marupok
*9 Sa Aking Hiram Na Buhay (My Way)
*10 Kapalaran

==Mga pelikula==
*1955 - ''[[Wp/hil/Anak ni Palaris|Anak ni Palaris]]''
*1955 - ''[[Wp/hil/Rosita Nobles|Rosita Nobles]]''
*1956 - ''[[Wp/hil/Simaron|Simaron]]''
*1956 - ''[[Wp/hil/Babaing Mandarambong|Babaing Mandarambong]]''
*1956 - ''[[Wp/hil/Lo' Waist Gang|Lo' Waist Gang]]''
*1957 - ''[[Wp/hil/Bakasyon Grande|Bakasyon Grande]]''
*1957 - ''[[Wp/hil/Kamay ni Cain|Kamay ni Cain]]''
*1957 - ''[[Wp/hil/Bicol Express|Bicol Express]]''
*1957 - ''[[Wp/hil/Los Lacuacheros|Los Lacuacheros]]''
*1957 - ''[[Wp/hil/H-Line Gang|H-Line Gang]]''
*1957 - ''[[Wp/hil/Yaya Maria|Yaya Maria]]''
*1957 - ''[[Wp/hil/Student Canteen|Student Canteen]]''
*1957 - ''[[Wp/hil/Tipin|Tipin]]''
*1958 - ''[[Wp/hil/Lutong Makaw|Lutong Makaw]]''
*1958 - ''[[Wp/hil/Pepeng Kaliwete|Pepeng Kaliwete]]''
*1958 - ''[[Wp/hil/May Pasikat ba sa Kano?|May Pasikat ba sa Kano?]]''
*1958 - ''[[Wp/hil/Obra-Maestra|Obra-Maestra]]''
*1958 - ''[[Wp/hil/Atrebida|Atrebida]]''
*1958 - ''[[Wp/hil/Lo'Waist Gang at si Og sa Mindoro|Lo'Waist Gang at si Og sa Mindoro]]''
*1958 - ''[[Wp/hil/Laban sa Lahat|Laban sa Lahat]]''
*1959 - ''[[Wp/hil/Anak ng Bulkan|Anak ng Bulkan]]''
*1960 - ''[[Wp/hil/Markado|Markado]]''
*1961 - ''[[Wp/hil/Baril sa Baril|Baril sa Baril]]&quot;
*1961 - ''[[Wp/hil/Sandata at Pangako|Sandata at Pangako]]''
*1961 - ''[[Wp/hil/The Place: Pasong Diablo|The Place: Pasong Diablo]]''
*1963 - ''[[Wp/hil/Sigaw ng Digmaan|Sigaw ng Digmaan]]&quot;
*1964 - ''[[Wp/hil/Intramuros|Intramuros]]''
*1965 - ''[[Wp/hil/The Ravagers|The Ravagers]]'' sa US, [[Wp/hil/Only the Brave Know Hell|Only the Brave Know Hell]] sa PHL, ([[Wp/hil/Hanggang May Kalaban|Hanggang May Kalaban]])
*1967 - ''[[Wp/hil/Mga Alabok sa Lupa|Mga Alabok sa Lupa]]&quot;
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/To Susan with Love|To Susan with Love]]''
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Tatlong Hari|Tatlong Hari]]&quot;
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Tanging Ikaw|Tanging Ikaw]]&quot;
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Sorrento|Sorrento]]&quot;
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Pagbabalik ni Daniel Barrion|Ang Pagbabalik ni Daniel Barrion]]''
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Mangliligpit|Ang Mangliligpit]]''
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Magpakailan Man|Magpakailan Man]]&quot;
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Dos por Dos|Dos por Dos]]&quot;
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Dayuhan|Ang Dayuhan]]''
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Baril at Rosario|Baril at Rosario]]&quot;
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Barbaro Cristobal|Barbaro Cristobal]]''
*1968 - ''[[Wp/hil/Alyas 1 2 3|Alyas 1 2 3]]''
*1969 - ''[[Wp/hil/Perlas ng Silangan|Perlas ng Silangan]]&quot;
*1970 - ''[[Wp/hil/Santiago|Santiago]]''
*1970 - ''[[Wp/hil/Divina Gracia|Divina Gracia]]''
*1971 - ''[[Wp/hil/Asedillo|Asedillo]]''
*1972 - ''[[Wp/hil/Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]]''
*1972 - ''[[Wp/hil/Magiting at Pusakal|Magiting at Pusakal]]&quot;
*1972 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Alamat|Ang Alamat]]''
*1973 - ''[[Wp/hil/Esteban|Esteban]]''
*1974 - ''[[Wp/hil/Batya't Palo-Palo|Batya't Palo-Palo]]&quot;
*1975 - ''[[Wp/hil/Happy Days Are Here Again|Happy Days Are Here Again]]''
*1976 - ''[[Wp/hil/Bato sa Buhangin|Bato sa Buhangin]]&quot;
*1977 - ''[[Wp/hil/Tutubing Kalabaw, Tutubing Karayom|Tutubing Kalabaw, Tutubing Karayom]]&quot;
*1977 - ''[[Wp/hil/Totoy Bato|Totoy Bato]]''
*1977 - ''[[Wp/hil/Bontoc|Bontoc]]''
*1977 - ''[[Wp/hil/Little Christmas Tree|Little Christmas Tree]]''
*1977 - ''[[Wp/hil/Tundo:Isla Puting Bato|Tundo:Isla Puting Bato]]''
*1978 - ''[[Wp/hil/It Happened One Night|It Happened One Night]]''
*1978 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Lalaki, ang Alamat, at ang Baril|Ang Lalaki, ang Alamat, at ang Baril]]&quot;
*1978 - ''[[Wp/hil/Kumander Ulupong|Kumander Ulupong]]''
*1978 - ''[[Wp/hil/Patayin si Mediavillo|Patayin si Mediavillo]]''
*1978 - ''[[Wp/hil/King|King]]''
*1979 - ''[[Wp/hil/Isa para sa Lahat, Lahat para sa Isa|Isa para sa Lahat, Lahat para sa Isa]]''
*1979 - ''[[Wp/hil/At Muling Nagbaga ang Lupa|At Muling Nagbaga ang Lupa]]''
*1979 - ''[[Wp/hil/Mahal... Saan Ka Nanggaling Kagabi?|Mahal... Saan Ka Nanggaling Kagabi?]]''
*1979 - ''[[Wp/hil/Durugin si Totoy Bato|Durugin si Totoy Bato]]''
*1980 - ''[[Wp/hil/Aguila|Aguila]]''
*1980 - ''[[Wp/hil/Mahal, Ginabi Ka na Naman?|Mahal, Ginabi Ka na Naman?]]''
*1980 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Lihim ng Guadalupe|Ang Lihim ng Guadalupe]]''
*1980 - ''[[Wp/hil/Kalibre .45|Kalibre .45]]''
*1980 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Panday (pelikula ng 1980)|Ang Panday]]''
*1981 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Maestro|Ang Maestro]]''
*1981 - ''[[Wp/hil/Bandido sa Sapang Bato|Bandido sa Sapang Bato]]''
*1981 - ''[[Wp/hil/Sierra Madre (pelikula)|Sierra Madre (pelikula)]]''
*1981 - ''[[Wp/hil/Pagbabalik ng Panday|Pagbabalik ng Panday]]''
*1982 - ''[[Wp/hil/Manedyer... Si Kumander|Manedyer... Si Kumander]]''
*1982 - ''[[Wp/hil/Daniel Bartolo ng Sapang Bato|Daniel Bartolo ng Sapang Bato]]''
*1982 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Panday: Ikatlong Yugto|Ang Panday: Ikatlong Yugto]]''
*1983 - ''[[Wp/hil/Umpisahan Mo, Tatapusin Ko!|Umpisahan Mo, Tatapusin Ko!]]''
*1983 - ''[[Wp/hil/Roman Rapido|Roman Rapido]]''
*1983 - ''[[Wp/hil/Isang Bala Ka Lang|Isang Bala Ka Lang]]''
*1984 - ''[[Wp/hil/Sigaw ng Katarungan!|Sigaw ng Katarungan!]]''
*1984 - ''[[Wp/hil/Daang Hari|Daang Hari]]''
*1984 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Padrino|Ang Padrino]]''
*1984 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Panday IV: Ika-Apat Na Aklat|Ang Panday IV: Ika-Apat Na Aklat]]''
*1985 - ''[[Wp/hil/Partida|Partida]]''
*1985 - ''[[Wp/hil/Isa-isa Lang|Isa-isa Lang]]''
*1986 - ''[[Wp/hil/Muslim .357|Muslim .357]]''
*1986 - ''[[Wp/hil/Batang Quiapo|Batang Quiapo]]''
*1986 - ''[[Wp/hil/Iyo ang Tondo, Kanya ang Cavite|Iyo ang Tondo, Kanya ang Cavite]]''
*1987 - ''[[Wp/hil/Kapag Lumaban ang Api|Kapag Lumaban ang Api]]''
*1987 - ''[[Wp/hil/Batas sa Aking Kamay|Batas sa Aking Kamay]]''
*1987 - ''[[Wp/hil/No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander|No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander]]''
*1987 - ''[[Wp/hil/Kapag Puno Na ang Salop|Kapag Puno Na ang Salop]]''
*1988 - ''[[Wp/hil/One Day, Isang Araw|One Day, Isang Araw]]''
*1988 - ''[[Wp/hil/Sheman: Mistress of the Universe|Sheman: Mistress of the Universe]]''
*1988 - ''[[Wp/hil/Gawa Na ang Bala Na Papatay sa Iyo|Gawa Na ang Bala Na Papatay sa Iyo]]''
*1989 - ''[[Wp/hil/Agila ng Maynila|Agila ng Maynila]]''
*1989 - ''[[Wp/hil/Wanted: Pamilya Banal|Wanted: Pamilya Banal]]''
*1989 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ako ang Huhusga (Kapag Puno Na ang Salop Part II)|Ako ang Huhusga (Kapag Puno Na ang Salop Part II)]]''
*1990 - ''[[Wp/hil/Kahit Konting Pagtingin|Kahit Konting Pagtingin]]''
*1990 - ''[[Wp/hil/Hindi Ka Na Sisikatan ng Araw (Kapag Puno Na ang Salop Part III)|Hindi Ka Na Sisikatan ng Araw (Kapag Puno Na ang Salop Part III)]]''
*1990 - ''[[Wp/hil/May Isang Tsuper ng Taxi|May Isang Tsuper ng Taxi]]''
*1991 - ''[[Wp/hil/Mabuting Kaibigan... Kasamang Kaaway|Mabuting Kaibigan... Kasamang Kaaway]]''
*1992 - ''[[Wp/hil/Dito sa Pitong Gatang|Dito sa Pitong Gatang]]''
*1994 - ''[[Wp/hil/Walang Matigas Na Tinapay sa Mainit Na Kape|Walang Matigas Na Tinapay sa Mainit Na Kape]]''
*1995 - ''[[Wp/hil/Minsan Pa (Kahit Konting Pagtingin, part 2)|Minsan Pa (Kahit Konting Pagtingin, part 2)]]''
*1995 - ''[[Wp/hil/Kahit Butas ng Karayom|Kahit Butas ng Karayom]]''
*1996 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Syota Kong Balikbayan|Ang Syota Kong Balikbayan]]''
*1996 - ''[[Wp/hil/Isang Bala Ka Lang, part II|Isang Bala Ka Lang, part II]]''
*1996 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ikaw ang Mahal Ko|Ikaw ang Mahal Ko]]''
*1996 - ''[[Wp/hil/Hagedorn|Hagedorn]]''
*1997 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Probinsyano|Ang Probinsyano]]''
*1997 - ''[[Wp/hil/Eseng ng Tondo|Eseng ng Tondo]]''
*1997 - ''[[Wp/hil/Epimaco Velasco|Epimaco Velasco]]''
*1998 - ''[[Wp/hil/Pagbabalik ng Probinsyano|Pagbabalik ng Probinsyano]]''
*1999 - ''[[Wp/hil/Hindi pa Tapos ang Laban|Hindi pa Tapos ang Laban]]''
*1999 - ''[[Wp/hil/Alyas Lakay|Alyas Lakay]]''
*1999 - ''[[Wp/hil/Isusumbong Kita sa Tatay Ko...|Isusumbong Kita sa Tatay Ko...]]''
*2000 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Dalubhasa|Ang Dalubhasa]]''
*2000 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ayos Na ang Kasunod|Ayos Na ang Kasunod]]''
*2002 - ''[[Wp/hil/Batas ng Lansangan|Batas ng Lansangan]]''
*2002 - ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Alamat ng Lawin|Ang Alamat ng Lawin]]''
*2003 - ''[[Wp/hil/Pakners|Pakners]]''
*''[[Wp/hil/Isang Dakota na Bigas|Isang Dakota na Bigas]]''
*''[[Wp/hil/Tatak Barbaro|Tatak Barbaro]]''

== Ginkuhaan ==
{{Wp/hil/Reflist}}

[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1373770}}</text>
      <sha1>05gsjqrobganj7q2tjlw6n6wh1cq2ye</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/kge/garubuk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3803749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303831</id>
      <parentid>7302034</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:10:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Es Krim 5 juta Rasa</username>
        <id>2587179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Basa Kumoring */</comment>
      <origin>7303831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="698" sha1="2lf2s37o22ulrfzw1fdh3rccivu8wxu" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/kge/basa|kge}}==
{{Wt/kge/hulu|kge}}
: {{Wt/kge/hyph|kge|ga|ru|buk}}
* {{Wt/kge/IPA|kge|/ˈga.ɣu.buk/}} ([[w:kge:Basa Kumoring|Liba]])
* {{Wt/kge/IPA|kge|/ˈga.ʁu.buk/}} ([[w:kge:Basa Kumoring|Hulu]])
* {{Wt/kge/IPA|kge|/ˈga.ru.buk/}} ([[w:kge:#Huruf|Kotabumi-Tanber]])

{{Wt/kge/-n-|kge}}
# barang juk poti balak say uwat rawang, rak, suruk rik gantungan dilomna, risok tipakay untuk anjamotko parobut; pakayan rik barang pocoh-bolah.
#: Sabidang tuha bola tidasor dilom '''garubuk''' 
{{Wt/kge/-terjemahan-}}
* {{Wt/kge/basa|id}}: [[Wt/kge/gerobok|gerobok]], [[Wt/kge/lemari|lemari]]
* {{Wt/kge/basa|en}}: [[Wt/kge/wardrobe|wardrobe]], [[Wt/kge/cupboard|cupboard]]


[[Category:Wt/kge]]</text>
      <sha1>2lf2s37o22ulrfzw1fdh3rccivu8wxu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303832</id>
      <parentid>7303831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:11:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Es Krim 5 juta Rasa</username>
        <id>2587179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Basa Kumoring */</comment>
      <origin>7303832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="711" sha1="iiwhvtw1knzqfafqeq04u0qb7h0mg95" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/kge/basa|kge}}==
{{Wt/kge/hulu|kge}}
: {{Wt/kge/hyph|kge|ga|ru|buk}}
* {{Wt/kge/IPA|kge|/ˈga.ɣu.buk/}} ([[w:kge:Basa Kumoring|Liba]])
* {{Wt/kge/IPA|kge|/ˈga.ʁu.buk/}} ([[w:kge:Basa Kumoring|Hulu]])
* {{Wt/kge/IPA|kge|/ˈga.ru.buk/}} ([[w:kge:Basa Kumoring#Huruf|Kotabumi-Tanber]])

{{Wt/kge/-n-|kge}}
# barang juk poti balak say uwat rawang, rak, suruk rik gantungan dilomna, risok tipakay untuk anjamotko parobut; pakayan rik barang pocoh-bolah.
#: Sabidang tuha bola tidasor dilom '''garubuk''' 
{{Wt/kge/-terjemahan-}}
* {{Wt/kge/basa|id}}: [[Wt/kge/gerobok|gerobok]], [[Wt/kge/lemari|lemari]]
* {{Wt/kge/basa|en}}: [[Wt/kge/wardrobe|wardrobe]], [[Wt/kge/cupboard|cupboard]]


[[Category:Wt/kge]]</text>
      <sha1>iiwhvtw1knzqfafqeq04u0qb7h0mg95</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7303835</id>
      <parentid>7303832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:12:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Es Krim 5 juta Rasa</username>
        <id>2587179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Basa Kumoring */</comment>
      <origin>7303835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="723" sha1="3e2mbgfoc2e3eql8s246us0g3u4mg5e" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/kge/basa|kge}}==
{{Wt/kge/hulu|kge}}
: {{Wt/kge/hyph|kge|ga|ru|buk}}
* {{Wt/kge/IPA|kge|/ˈga.ɣu.buk/}} ([[w:kge:Basa Kumoring#Huruf|Liba]])
* {{Wt/kge/IPA|kge|/ˈga.ʁu.buk/}} ([[w:kge:Basa Kumoring#Huruf|Hulu]])
* {{Wt/kge/IPA|kge|/ˈga.ru.buk/}} ([[w:kge:Basa Kumoring#Huruf|Kotabumi-Tanber]])

{{Wt/kge/-n-|kge}}
# barang juk poti balak say uwat rawang, rak, suruk rik gantungan dilomna, risok tipakay untuk anjamotko parobut; pakayan rik barang pocoh-bolah.
#: Sabidang tuha bola tidasor dilom '''garubuk''' 
{{Wt/kge/-terjemahan-}}
* {{Wt/kge/basa|id}}: [[Wt/kge/gerobok|gerobok]], [[Wt/kge/lemari|lemari]]
* {{Wt/kge/basa|en}}: [[Wt/kge/wardrobe|wardrobe]], [[Wt/kge/cupboard|cupboard]]


[[Category:Wt/kge]]</text>
      <sha1>3e2mbgfoc2e3eql8s246us0g3u4mg5e</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Conservative Party</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3803843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304002</id>
      <parentid>7303586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:04:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aikiriza Justus</username>
        <id>2647315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added references</comment>
      <origin>7304002</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10572" sha1="129ysc65wt2ukgyvoavzkoamoq7zt18" xml:space="preserve">Ekibiina kya Conservative Party (CP) n'ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki ekiri aha buryo omuri Yuganda. Nikyebemberwa Ken Lukyamuzi.

== '''Ebyafaayo.''' ==
Ekibiina kya Conservative Party nikikora nk'ekirikukuratira Kabaka Yekka, ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki ekya Baganda kandi ekibiina ekyabaire kiri omwesigwa aha bugabe bwa Buganda kandi ekyakoraga butunu bwanyima ya Uganda okwetegyeka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Otunnu, Ogenga (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZDLDQAAQBAJ ''Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1890 to 1979''.] Chicago: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-319-33155-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;Kabaka Yekka hamwe n'obugabe bwa Buganda bikagyemeserezibwa kushenyuka omu bwire bw'obutabanguko bwa Mengo omuri '''1966'''. Enganzi y'eihanga rya Buganda (Katikkiro) Jehoash Mayanja Nkangi, akahunga yaaza aheeru y'eihanga. Nk'owaabaire ari memba w'ekibiina kya Kabaka Yekka ekya minyeeto,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Ssenyonga, Andrew (6 March 2017). [http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1447776/-minister-mayanja-nkangi-dies-aged-85 &quot;Ex-minister Mayanja Nkangi dies aged 85&quot;.] ''New Vision''. Kampala. Retrieved 13 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Natukunda, Carol (6 March 2017). [http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1447816/mayanja-nkangi-life-career#sthash.7YKfPmjL.dpuf- &quot;Mayanja Nkangi's life and career&quot;.] ''New Vision''. Retrieved 12 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Nkangi akatebekanisa ekibiina kya Conservative Party omu buzaahe; n'ahabw'ekyo, '''1966''' neetwarwa nk'orunaku oru ekibiina kyatandikiraho.&lt;ref&gt;Simba, S. K. (2015). [https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/sites/default/files/downloads/Dr%20Simba%27s%20Presentation.pdf &quot;Same Same but Different: Parties, Politics and Ideology in Uganda&quot;] (PDF). Kampala: Makerere University College of Humanities and Social Sciences.&lt;/ref&gt;Kwonka, ekibiina kikatandika kukora kuruga '''1979'''&lt;ref&gt;Simba, S. K. (2015). [https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/sites/default/files/downloads/Dr%20Simba%27s%20Presentation.pdf &quot;Same Same but Different: Parties, Politics and Ideology in Uganda&quot;] (PDF). Kampala: Makerere University College of Humanities and Social Sciences.&lt;/ref&gt; nari kuruga omuri '''1980''' n'okweyongyerayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ekibiina kya CP ku kyatandikire, kikaba nikigyendera aha misingye nk'eya Kabaka Yekka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Hansen, Holger Bernt; Twaddle, Michael (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_waIAgAAQBAJ &quot;Uganda. The advent of no-party democracy&quot;.] In Wiseman, John A. (ed.). ''Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa''. London; New York City: Routledge. pp.&amp;#x20;137–151. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-415-11302-4&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.ug/obituary-mayanja-nkangi-1931-2017/2/ &quot;OBITUARY: Mayanja Nkangi 1931 – 2017&quot;.] ''The Independent (Uganda)''. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Okutwarira hamwe, ebigyendererwa byakyo eby'obutegyeki bikaba bitashobooroirwe kurungi; kikaba nikyenda ngu engyenderwaho ya Uganda eya '''1962''' egarukyeho hamwe n'okugabanya obushoborozi bw'eby'obutegyeki omu ihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ekibiina kikaba nikiteekateekwaho nk'eky'obugabe bw'omuntu omwe,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Oloya, Opiyo (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B3Jf-FQTHmgC ''Child to Soldier: Stories from Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army''.] Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4426-1417-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;ahabw'okuba kimwe aha bigyendererwa byakyo ebikuru kikaba kiri okurinda abategyeki b'eby'obuhangwa bwa Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Simba, S. K. (2015). [https://www.independent.co.ug/obituary-mayanja-nkangi-1931-2017/2/ &quot;Same Same but Different: Parties, Politics and Ideology in Uganda&quot;] (PDF). Kampala: Makerere University College of Humanities and Social Sciences.&lt;/ref&gt;Oihireho ekyo, tikiragizire nkoragana naabo abarikushagika obugabe bw'Abaganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ekibiina kya CP kikaremwa kusingura entebe yoona omu karuuru ka '''1980'''.&lt;ref&gt;Isaac Mufumba (26 January 2021). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/from-third-to-main-force-tracing-museveni-s-final-leg-to-power-3269466 &quot;From third to main force: Tracing Museveni's final leg to power&quot;.] ''Daily Monitor''. Retrieved 28 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;Omu myaka makumi erikukurataho, ekibiina kya CP kikaguma kiri eky'aharubaju, kandi Uganda ekatwarwa obutegyeki bw'obushoborozi obw'emiringo mingi. N'obu kiraabe kiri kityo, Nkangi akaba omuntu w'amaani kandi yaatooranwa nk'omuhandiiki omu butegyeki bwa Uganda obw'emiringo mingi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1288271/conservative-nkangi &quot;I am still a Conservative, says Nkangi&quot;. ''New Vision''. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2019.]&lt;/ref&gt;Omu ntandikwa y'emyaka ya '''1990''', ekibiina kya CP kikaguma nikyoreka obushagiki bwakyo aha bigyendererwa bya Kabaka Yekka eby'obuhangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Omu '''1993''', ekigyendererwa ky'abagabe eky'okugaruraho obugabe bwa Buganda kikahikiirira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Musisi, Frederic (3 August 2013). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/1993-Coronation--journey-that-dates-back-to-1956/688342-1934982-8xka8uz/index.html &quot;1993 Coronation: Journey that dates back to 1956&quot;.] ''Daily Monitor''. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
&lt;/ref&gt;Ekibiina kya CP kikateganisibwa obutakwatanisa omu ntandikwa y'emyaka ya '''2000''', obu haabaho obutakwatanisa oburikureebeka gye obwabaire nibwebemberwa Nkangi,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1263800/cp-overcomes-factionalism &quot;CP overcomes factionalism&quot;.] ''New Vision''. 23 July 2003. Retrieved 11 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;na omubaka wa Makindye West Nsubuga Nsambu omu muringo ogwo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1276007/cp-slams &quot;CP slams&quot;.] ''New Vision''. 8 January 2003. Retrieved 11 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Nkangi omu kubanza akagarukana n'abandi ba CP ahansi y'omuhandiiki mukuru Ken Lukyamuzi omu kwezi kwa mushanju '''2003''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;kwonka akaihwaho omu ntebe ye nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina omu Kwaikumi na kumwe omwaka ogwo. Nsambu na Lukyamuzi bakagira ngu Nkangi akaba yaahika haihi munonga na gavumenti eri omu butegyeki eya Yoweri Museveni, kandi akaba atakikuratira ebiteekateeko by'ekibiina kya CP. N'ahabw'ekyo Nsambu akarangirirwa nk'omwebembezi w'ekibiina ow'obwire bukye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1256182/cp-eur-nsambu-lukyamuzi-oust-nkangi &quot;CP's Nsambu, Lukyamuzi oust Nkangi&quot;.] ''New Vision''. 12 November 2003. Retrieved 11 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Entongane z'omunda omu kibiina zikagumizamu kuhisya omu '''2005''', obu Nkangi yaikiriza omu butongore kuhayo obwebembezi bwa CP ahari Lukyamuzi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/conservative-party-mourns-mayanja-nkangi &quot;Conservative Party Mourns Mayanja Nkangi&quot;]. ''Uganda Radio Network''. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Omu karuuru ka boona aka 23 Okwakabiri '''2006''', ekibiina kikasingura entebe emwe ahari 289 ezaronzirwe.

Ekibiina kya Conservative Party kikashagika owaabaire ayesimbire aha ntebe y'omwebembezi w'eihanga Kizza Besigye omu karuuru ka boona aka '''2016'''.&lt;ref&gt;Otunnu, Ogenga (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aZDLDQAAQBAJ ''Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1890 to 1979''.] Chicago: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-319-33155-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;Purezidenti wa CP Lukyamuzi akaba ari aha mukoro gw'okutandikaho ekibiina kya Alliance for National Transformation omuri '''2019'''.&lt;ref&gt;KAHUNGU, MISAIRI THEMBO (23 May 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Who-is-who-Gen-Muntu-s-Alliance-National-Transformation/688334-5127604-144j44iz/index.html &quot;Who is who in Gen Muntu's Alliance for National Transformation&quot;.] ''Daily Monitor''. Retrieved 11 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekibiina kya CP kikaza omu ishengyero n'abeesimbireho babiri omu karuuru ka boona aka '''2021''' omu Uganda,&lt;ref&gt;Christine Kabazira; Junior Twinamatsiko (7 December 2020). [https://www.independent.co.ug/2021-elections-more-than-half-of-the-parliamentary-candidates-are-independents/ &quot;2021 elections: More than half of the parliamentary candidates are independents&quot;.] ''The Independent (Uganda)''. Retrieved 9 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;kwonka ekaremwa kuhangura entebe yoona.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ec.or.ug/ecresults/2021/MPS_RESULTS_2021.pdf &quot;GENERAL PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS, 2021&quot;] (PDF). ''Electoral commission''. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Eby'obutegyeki.''' ==
Ekibiina kya Conservative Party nikishoboororwaho nk'ekiri aha buryo bwa rwagati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Simba, S. K. (2015). [https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/sites/default/files/downloads/Dr%20Simba%27s%20Presentation.pdf &quot;Same Same but Different: Parties, Politics and Ideology in Uganda&quot;] (PDF). Kampala: Makerere University College of Humanities and Social Sciences.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekibiina nikita omutima aha migyenzo n'emitwarize ya Uganda,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;kandi naareebwa nk'orikushagika obugabe bw'omugabe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;ahabw'okushagika abategyeki b'eby'obuhangwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;Kiteire ekiteiso ky'okutwara obuheereza haihi n'abantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;n'okuhindura Uganda eya federo,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;barikugira ngu eihanga rikatandikaho nk'omukago gw'abantu b'emiringo etarikushushana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;Ng'ebirowoozo bino mpolampola bigenda byeyongera okumanyibwa mu Uganda, n'ebibiina ebirala nabyo bibigoberedde, ne kireka ekibiina kya CP nga tekikyalina kifo.&lt;ref&gt;Simba, S. K. (2015). [https://chuss.mak.ac.ug/news/sites/default/files/downloads/Dr%20Simba%27s%20Presentation.pdf &quot;Same Same but Different: Parties, Politics and Ideology in Uganda&quot;] (PDF). Kampala: Makerere University College of Humanities and Social Sciences.&lt;/ref&gt;Ekibiina kyatandika okussa essira ku bwenkanya mu bantu,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;era yeeraga ng'omulwanirizi w'abaavu ab'omu byalo, okulwanyisa enkizo ez'enjawulo, n'okulwanyisa obuli bw'enguzi.

Era kiyamba mu kukozesa obulungi ebibira bya Uganda n'entobazi,&lt;ref&gt;[https://observer.ug/news-headlines/46640-maureen-kyalya-joins-conservative-party &quot;Maureen Kyalya joins Conservative Party&quot;.] ''The Observer''. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Conservative_Party_(Uganda)#CITEREFSimba2015|Simba]], S. K. (2015). &quot;Same Same but Different: Parties, Politics and Ideology in Uganda&quot; (PDF). Kampala: Makerere University College of Humanities and Social Sciences.&lt;/ref&gt; era kibadde kikola kakuyege w'okukuuma obutonde bw'ensi.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Conservative_Party_(Uganda)#CITEREFSimba2015|Simba]], S. K. (2015). &quot;Same Same but Different: Parties, Politics and Ideology in Uganda&quot; (PDF). Kampala: Makerere University College of Humanities and Social Sciences.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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== Вітаємо у [[Wp/buk/Вікіпедия|Вікіпедиї]]==
вільної енциклопедиї, єку [[Wp/buk/Вікіпедия:Ласкаво просимо|може редагувати кожен]]
Буковинска діалектна Вікіпедия була створена єк тестова Вікіпедия на Вікімедиї Інкубатор 2 вереснє 2026 року у 18:00 годині за місцевим (українским) часом у півночі Чернівецкого району (колис Застаўнецкий район)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
== Увага ==
Ми намагаємсє створювати цу Вікіпедию не єк окрему від Українскої Вікіпедиї, ми просто створюємо її шоб зберегти наш Буковинский діалект, єк він під сер'йозноў загрозоў зникненнє, коли на ньому говорєкь вже старі люди, а молоді учатьсє вже літературноў українскоў мовоў.


[[Category:Wp/buk]]

== Інтересне ==
Поки шо ца Вікіпедия не так розвинута, єк на Fandomі, так шо тут не скоро будукь бути інтересні сторінки або інформації</text>
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== Вітаємо у [[Wp/buk/Вікіпедия|Вікіпедиї]]==
вільної енциклопедиї, єку [[Wp/buk/Вікіпедия:Ласкаво просимо|може редагувати кожен]]
Буковинска діалектна Вікіпедия була створена єк тестова Вікіпедия на Вікімедиї Інкубатор 2 вереснє 2026 року у 18:00 годині за місцевим (українским) часом у півночі Чернівецкого району (колис Застаўнецкий район)
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== Увага ==
Ми намагаємсє створювати цу Вікіпедию не єк окрему від Українскої Вікіпедиї, ми просто створюємо її шоб зберегти наш Буковинский діалект, єк він під сер'йозноў загрозоў зникненнє, коли на ньому говорє вже старі люди, а молоді учатьсє вже літературноў українскоў мовоў.


[[Category:Wp/buk]]

== Інтересне ==
Поки шо ца Вікіпедия не так розвинута, єк на Fandomі, так шо тут не скоро будукь бути інтересні сторінки або інформації</text>
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== Вітаємо у [[Wp/buk/Вікіпедия|Вікіпедиї]]==
вільної енциклопедиї, єку [[Wp/buk/Вікіпедия:Ласкаво просимо|може редагувати кожен]]
Буковинска діалектна Вікіпедия була створена єк тестова Вікіпедия на Вікімедиї Інкубатор 2 вереснє 2026 року у 18:00 годині за місцевим (українским) часом у півночі Чернівецкого району (колис Застаўнецкий район)
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== Увага ==
Ми намагаємсє створювати цу Вікіпедию не єк окрему від Українскої Вікіпедиї, ми просто створюємо її шоб зберегти наш Буковинский діалект, єк він під сер'йозноў загрозоў зникненнє, коли на ньому говорє вже старі люди, а молоді учатьсє вже літературноў українскоў мовоў.


[[Category:Wp/buk]]

== Інтересне ==
Поки шо ца Вікіпедия не так розвинута, єк на Fandomі, так шо тут не скоро будукь бути інтересні сторінки або інформації

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== Вітаємо у [[Wp/buk/Вікіпедия|Вікіпедиї]]==
вільної енциклопедиї, єку [[Wp/buk/Вікіпедия:Ласкаво просимо|може редагувати кожен]]
Буковинска діалектна Вікіпедия була створена єк тестова Вікіпедия на Вікімедиї Інкубатор 2 вереснє 2026 року у 18:00 годині за місцевим (українским) часом у півночі Чернівецкого району (колис Застаўнецкий район)
&lt;center&gt; '''[[Wp/buk/Утворити сторінку|Утворити сторінку]]'''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
== Увага ==
[[File:Flag of Bukowina.svg|thumb|Флаг [[Wp/buk/Буковинске Герцогство|Буковинского Герцогства]]]]Ми намагаємсє створювати цу Вікіпедию не єк окрему від Українскої Вікіпедиї, ми просто створюємо її шоб зберегти наш Буковинский діалект, єк він під сер'йозноў загрозоў зникненнє, коли на ньому говорє вже старі люди, а молоді учатьсє вже літературноў українскоў мовоў. 


[[Category:Wp/buk]]

== Інтересне ==
Поки шо ца Вікіпедия не так розвинута, єк на Fandomі, так шо тут не скоро будукь бути інтересні сторінки або інформації

{{INTERWIKI|Q21474025}}</text>
      <sha1>fopar7bjidqy48u9xuddyaoo5teyzqi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Bazilio Olara-Okello</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304247</id>
      <parentid>7303447</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T23:30:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304247</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3203" sha1="khdxhhlsdos81f4e5n18g2lptsgprb0" xml:space="preserve">'''Bazilio Olara-Okello''' (1929 &amp;#x2013; 9 okwokubanza 1990) akaba ari omunyabyabutegyeki omuri Uganda omunyamahe kandi omwe aha ba commander [[Wp/nyn/Uganda National Liberation Army|Uganda National Liberation Army]] (UNLA) ngu hamwe na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania People's Defence Force|Tanzanian army]] akatebeekanisa okurwanisa obutegyeki okwareeteire okwihaho [[Wp/nyn/Idi Amin|Idi Amin]] omu 1979. Omuri 1985, akaba mukuru w'entebe ow'akakiiko k'amahe akari omu butegyeki kumara akaanya kakye kandi 'de facto' [[Wp/nyn/Head of state of Uganda|head of state of Uganda]] kandi bwanyima, [[Wp/nyn/Lieutenant-general|lieutenant-general]] kandi mukuru w'amahe.

Omu bwire bwa [[Wp/nyn/Ugandan Bush War|civil war in Uganda]] ahagati ya UNLA (eyabaire eri amahe g'eihanga) hamwe na [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]]'- [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Army|National Resistance Army]], omwebembezi w'eihanga [[Wp/nyn/Milton Obote|Milton Obote]] okushoroora munonga omu bantu. [[Wp/nyn/Acholi people|Acholi]]-ekitongore ky'abaserukare abarikutegyeka, otwariiremu Olara-Okello na Genero. [[Wp/nyn/Tito Okello|Tito Okello]], arikutoorana ab'oruganda rwe [[Wp/nyn/Langi people|Lango]], Brigadier Smith Opon Acak, nk'omukuru w'amahe. Ebiro 27 okwa mushanju omuri 1985, ekibinja ky'amahe ga UNLA ekyabaire nikyebemberwa Olara-Okello, kandi kirimu abaserukare baingi munonga, [[Wp/nyn/Acholi people|Acholi]] amahe, gakataho. [[Wp/nyn/1985 Ugandan coup d'état|coup d'état]] okurwanisa. [[Wp/nyn/Milton Obote|Milton Obotegavumenti]] ya 's kandi yaatwara obutegyeki [[Wp/nyn/National Assembly of Uganda|National Assembly]] kakashenyuka kandi hakateebwaho Akakiiko k'amahe. Ahagati ya 27 na 29 okwa mushanju omuri 1985, Olara-Okello akaba ari mukuru w'akakiiko k'amahe, kandi 'de facto' mukuru w'eihanga.

Ebiro 29 Okwa mushanju, Genero [[Wp/nyn/Tito Okello|Tito Okello]] akaza omu mwanya gwa Olara-Okello nk'omukuru w'akakiiko k'amahe, kandi Olara-Okello akakuzibwa kuruga aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Brigadier|Brigadier]] ekya. [[Wp/nyn/Lieutenant General|Lieutenant General]], kandi yaayetwa mukuru w'amahe. Akaba naayebembera amahe kuhitsya obu [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]]'-. [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Army|National Resistance Army]] akatwara obutegyeki ebiro 26 Okwakana 1986. Olara-Okello akahungira omu buzaahe omuri [[Wp/nyn/Sudan|Sudan]], ahu yaabaire naatuura kuhisya obu yaafa omuri [[Wp/nyn/Omdurman|Omdurman]] Eirwariro eri omuri [[Wp/nyn/Khartoum|Khartoum]] ahari 9 Okwakana 1990.

== Reeba n'ebi ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Uganda since 1979|Uganda since 1979]], ekicweka kya. [[Wp/nyn/History of Uganda|History of Uganda]] omu runyiriri.
* [[Wp/nyn/Nairobi Agreement, 1985|Nairobi Agreement, 1985]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Politics of Uganda|Politics of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Political parties of Uganda|Political parties of Uganda]]

== Eby'okureeberaho. ==

* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html &quot;A Country Study: Uganda&quot;], ''[[Wp/nyn/Library of Congress|Library of Congress]]''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/08/world/around-the-world-uganda-s-new-rulers-reportedly-detain-1000.html &quot;Uganda's New Rulers Reportedly Detain 1,000&quot;], ''[[Wp/nyn/The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', Okwamunaana 8, 1985.</text>
      <sha1>khdxhhlsdos81f4e5n18g2lptsgprb0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304248</id>
      <parentid>7304247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T23:38:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3218" sha1="45zn4onv3oz3a8shl6d95a340rvbi1l" xml:space="preserve">'''Bazilio Olara-Okello''' (1929 &amp;#x2013; 9 okwokubanza omuri 1990) akaba ari omunyabyabutegyeki omuri Uganda omunyamahe kandi omwe aha ba commander [[Wp/nyn/Uganda National Liberation Army|Uganda National Liberation Army]] (UNLA) ngu hamwe na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania People's Defence Force|Tanzanian army]] akatebeekanisa okurwanisa obutegyeki okwareeteire okwihaho [[Wp/nyn/Idi Amin|Idi Amin]] omuri 1979. Omuri 1985, akaba mukuru w'entebe ow'akakiiko k'amahe akari omu butegyeki kumara akaanya kakye kandi 'de facto' [[Wp/nyn/Head of state of Uganda|head of state of Uganda]] kandi bwanyima, [[Wp/nyn/Lieutenant-general|lieutenant-general]] kandi mukuru w'amahe.

Omu bwire bwa [[Wp/nyn/Ugandan Bush War|civil war in Uganda]] ahagati ya UNLA (eyabaire eri amahe g'eihanga) hamwe na [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]]'- [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Army|National Resistance Army]], omwebembezi w'eihanga [[Wp/nyn/Milton Obote|Milton Obote]] okushoroora munonga omu bantu. [[Wp/nyn/Acholi people|Acholi]]-ekitongore ky'abaserukare abarikutegyeka, otwariiremu Olara-Okello na Genero. [[Wp/nyn/Tito Okello|Tito Okello]], arikutoorana ab'oruganda rwe [[Wp/nyn/Langi people|Lango]], Brigadier Smith Opon Acak, nk'omukuru w'amahe. Ebiro 27 okwa mushanju omuri 1985, ekibinja ky'amahe ga UNLA ekyabaire nikyebemberwa Olara-Okello, kandi kirimu abaserukare baingi munonga, [[Wp/nyn/Acholi people|Acholi]] amahe, gakataho. [[Wp/nyn/1985 Ugandan coup d'état|coup d'état]] okurwanisa. [[Wp/nyn/Milton Obote|Milton Obotegavumenti]] ya 's kandi yaatwara obutegyeki [[Wp/nyn/National Assembly of Uganda|National Assembly]] kakashenyuka kandi hakateebwaho Akakiiko k'amahe. Ahagati ya 27 na 29 okwa mushanju omuri 1985, Olara-Okello akaba ari mukuru w'akakiiko k'amahe, kandi 'de facto' mukuru w'eihanga.

Ebiro 29 Okwa mushanju, Genero [[Wp/nyn/Tito Okello|Tito Okello]] akaza omu mwanya gwa Olara-Okello nk'omukuru w'akakiiko k'amahe, kandi Olara-Okello akakuzibwa kuruga aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Brigadier|Brigadier]] ekya. [[Wp/nyn/Lieutenant General|Lieutenant General]], kandi yaayetwa mukuru w'amahe. Akaba naayebembera amahe kuhitsya obu [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]]'-. [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Army|National Resistance Army]] akatwara obutegyeki ebiro 26 Okwa kana omuri 1986. Olara-Okello akahungira omu buzaahe omuri [[Wp/nyn/Sudan|Sudan]], ahu yaabaire naatuura kuhisya obu yaafa omuri [[Wp/nyn/Omdurman|Omdurman]] Eirwariro eri omuri [[Wp/nyn/Khartoum|Khartoum]] ahari 9 Okwakana 1990.

== Reeba n'ebi ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Uganda since 1979|Uganda since 1979]], ekicweka kya. [[Wp/nyn/History of Uganda|History of Uganda]] omu runyiriri.
* [[Wp/nyn/Nairobi Agreement, 1985|Nairobi Agreement, 1985]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Politics of Uganda|Politics of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Political parties of Uganda|Political parties of Uganda]]

== Eby'okureeberaho. ==

* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html &quot;A Country Study: Uganda&quot;], ''[[Wp/nyn/Library of Congress|Library of Congress]]''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/08/world/around-the-world-uganda-s-new-rulers-reportedly-detain-1000.html &quot;Uganda's New Rulers Reportedly Detain 1,000&quot;], ''[[Wp/nyn/The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', Okwamunaana 8, 1985.</text>
      <sha1>45zn4onv3oz3a8shl6d95a340rvbi1l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304249</id>
      <parentid>7304248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T23:39:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304249</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3225" sha1="b95l91emzgzfrlj5i4czxehnmp1qlmv" xml:space="preserve">'''Bazilio Olara-Okello''' (1929 &amp;#x2013; 9 okwokubanza omuri 1990) akaba ari omunyabyabutegyeki omuri Uganda omunyamahe kandi omwe aha ba commander [[Wp/nyn/Uganda National Liberation Army|Uganda National Liberation Army]] (UNLA) ngu hamwe na [[Wp/nyn/Tanzania People's Defence Force|Tanzanian army]] akatebeekanisa okurwanisa obutegyeki okwareeteire okwihaho [[Wp/nyn/Idi Amin|Idi Amin]] omuri 1979. Omuri 1985, akaba mukuru w'entebe ow'akakiiko k'amahe akari omu butegyeki kumara akaanya kakye kandi 'de facto' [[Wp/nyn/Head of state of Uganda|head of state of Uganda]] kandi bwanyima, [[Wp/nyn/Lieutenant-general|lieutenant-general]] kandi mukuru w'amahe.

Omu bwire bwa [[Wp/nyn/Ugandan Bush War|civil war in Uganda]] ahagati ya UNLA (eyabaire eri amahe g'eihanga) hamwe na [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]]'- [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Army|National Resistance Army]], omwebembezi w'eihanga [[Wp/nyn/Milton Obote|Milton Obote]] okushoroora munonga omu bantu. [[Wp/nyn/Acholi people|Acholi]]-ekitongore ky'abaserukare abarikutegyeka, otwariiremu Olara-Okello na Genero. [[Wp/nyn/Tito Okello|Tito Okello]], arikutoorana ab'oruganda rwe [[Wp/nyn/Langi people|Lango]], Brigadier Smith Opon Acak, nk'omukuru w'amahe. Ebiro 27 okwa mushanju omuri 1985, ekibinja ky'amahe ga UNLA ekyabaire nikyebemberwa Olara-Okello, kandi kirimu abaserukare baingi munonga, [[Wp/nyn/Acholi people|Acholi]] amahe, gakataho. [[Wp/nyn/1985 Ugandan coup d'état|coup d'état]] okurwanisa. [[Wp/nyn/Milton Obote|Milton Obotegavumenti]] ya 's kandi yaatwara obutegyeki [[Wp/nyn/National Assembly of Uganda|National Assembly]] kakashenyuka kandi hakateebwaho Akakiiko k'amahe. Ahagati ya 27 na 29 okwa mushanju omuri 1985, Olara-Okello akaba ari mukuru w'akakiiko k'amahe, kandi 'de facto' mukuru w'eihanga.

Ebiro 29 Okwa mushanju, Genero [[Wp/nyn/Tito Okello|Tito Okello]] akaza omu mwanya gwa Olara-Okello nk'omukuru w'akakiiko k'amahe, kandi Olara-Okello akakuzibwa kuruga aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Brigadier|Brigadier]] ekya. [[Wp/nyn/Lieutenant General|Lieutenant General]], kandi yaayetwa mukuru w'amahe. Akaba naayebembera amahe kuhitsya obu [[Wp/nyn/Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Museveni]]'-. [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Army|National Resistance Army]] akatwara obutegyeki ebiro 26 Okwa kana omuri 1986. Olara-Okello akahungira omu buzaahe omuri [[Wp/nyn/Sudan|Sudan]], ahu yaabaire naatuura kuhisya obu yaafa omuri [[Wp/nyn/Omdurman|Omdurman]] Eirwariro eri omuri [[Wp/nyn/Khartoum|Khartoum]] ahari 9 Okwa kana omuri 1990.

== Reeba n'ebi ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Uganda since 1979|Uganda since 1979]], ekicweka kya. [[Wp/nyn/History of Uganda|History of Uganda]] omu runyiriri.
* [[Wp/nyn/Nairobi Agreement, 1985|Nairobi Agreement, 1985]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Politics of Uganda|Politics of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Political parties of Uganda|Political parties of Uganda]]

== Eby'okureeberaho. ==

* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html &quot;A Country Study: Uganda&quot;], ''[[Wp/nyn/Library of Congress|Library of Congress]]''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/08/world/around-the-world-uganda-s-new-rulers-reportedly-detain-1000.html &quot;Uganda's New Rulers Reportedly Detain 1,000&quot;], ''[[Wp/nyn/The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', Okwamunaana 8, 1985.</text>
      <sha1>b95l91emzgzfrlj5i4czxehnmp1qlmv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/rgn/gréda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304433</id>
      <parentid>7303464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:05:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>7304433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1373" sha1="jhunohi3xwssmfu6kae3icx1l2slmwv" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/rgn/-rgn-|var=SM}}
{{Wt/rgn/-nom-|var=SM}}

'''gréda'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var =SM
 |aut = Graziano Bartolini
 |tit =Dizionario di dialetto sammarinese
 |ann =2021
 |edi =Ente Cassa di Faetano
 |loc =San Marèin
 |edz =I
 |vol =
 |ser =
 |cap =
 |pag =49
 |tra =
 |isb =
 |doi =
 |url =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Wt/rgn/s}} {{Wt/rgn/f}}

{{Wt/rgn/-hyph-|var=SM}}
gre·da

{{Wt/rgn/-pron-|var=SM}}
[ 'greda ]

{{Wt/rgn/-etim-|var=SM}}
-

{{Wt/rgn/-sin-|var=SM}}
*(San Marèin) '''créta''', '''tèra'''
**(Seravàl) '''argéla'''

{{Wt/rgn/-der-|var=SM}}
-

{{Wt/rgn/-rel-|var=SM}}
-

{{Wt/rgn/-ipon-|var=SM}}
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{{Wt/rgn/-iperon-|var=SM}}
-

{{Wt/rgn/-prov-|var=SM}}
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{{Wt/rgn/-var-|var=SM}}
*(''Fẽnza'') '''[[Wt/rgn/grëda|grëda]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var =SM
 |aut =Antonio Morri
 |tit =Vocabolario romagnolo-italiano
 |ann =1840
 |edi =Conti
 |loc =Fènza
 |edz =
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 |ser =
 |cap =
 |pag =380
 |tra =
 |isb =
 |doi =
 |url =https://books.google.it/books?id=e81FAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false
}}&lt;/ref&gt;


{{Wt/rgn/-trans-|var=SM}}
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:*{{Wt/rgn/it|var=SM}}:: argilla, creta

{{Wt/rgn/-ref-|var=SM}}

|}
[[Category:Wt/rgn]]
[[Category:Wt/rgn/Paroli in rumagnul urintel]]
[[Category:Wt/rgn/Paroli in Dialèt Sammarinèiṡ]]</text>
      <sha1>jhunohi3xwssmfu6kae3icx1l2slmwv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Asuman Kiyingi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804079</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304024</id>
      <parentid>7303485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:33:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7233" sha1="qjqm6cb4zkg21efdt37gzyzwwqfiwzs" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Short description|Ugandan lawyer and politician}}'''Asuman Kiyingi''' n'omunyayuganda, omunyamateka kandi omunyabutegyeki. Akaba ari minista omuri [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Uganda's Cabinet]]. Akatooranwa omu mwanya ogwo ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]], owaatoorainwe kuba minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Daily Monitor|Daily Monitor]] |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 March 2015 |date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga ebiro 27 Okwakataano 2011 kuhisya ebiro 1 Okwaakashatu 2015, akaba ari [[Wp/nyn/Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uganda)|State Minister of Foreign Affairs for Regional Affairs]]Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro 27 Okwakataano 2011. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Isaac Musumba|Isaac Musumba]]owaarugire omu kakiiko ka ba minisita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | date=27 May 2011| url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&amp;comments |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers  |access-date=27 December 2014 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Facebook.com|Facebook.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, akaba ari minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'eitaka kuruga 2009 kuhisya 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907200835.html | title=Uganda: Ministers In Nakawa Estate Scam | date=18 July 2009 | first=Barbara |last=Among | accessdate=27 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) via [[Wp/nyn/AllAfrica.com|AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naajwekyera Bugabula County South, [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]]omu ishengyero rya Uganda. Atwire ari omu mwanya ogwo kuruga 23 Okwakabiri 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |title=Musumba Excites Jinja Residents |date=5 March 2006 |accessdate=27 December 2014 |first=Abubaker |last=Mukose |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227213233/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |archivedate=27 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obwegyese.==
Akazaarwa omuri. [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]] eizooba 27 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | accessdate=27 December 2014 | url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | date=2011 | title=Profile of Asuman Kiyingi | publisher=[[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064627/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waaba oriho. [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]], Yunivasite erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda, eyatandikirweho omuri 1922, akatunga diguri ibiri. [[Wp/nyn/Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Laws]] kandi na. [[Wp/nyn/Master of Laws|Master of Laws]]. Naakwata n'ekya [[Wp/nyn/Legal practice|Diploma in Legal Practice]] kuruga omu. [[Wp/nyn/Law Development Center|Law Development Center]] omu. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Obukugu omu mirimo.==
Atakatoorainwe kuza omu kakiiko omu kwezi kwa kabiri 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |date=18 February 2009 
 |title=Full Cabinet List 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214754/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |archivedate=February 13, 2015 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyingi akakora omu myanya mingi etarikushushana omu by'ebiragiro. Akatandika nk'omuhwezi w'ebiragiro omu kitongore ky'ebiragiro ekya Ntume, Nyanzi &amp; Company Advocates omuri Kampala. Bwanyima, akaza omu kitongore ekindi eky'ebiragiro omuri Kampala ekirikwetwa Mugenyi &amp; Company Advocates. Akakuzibwa yaahika aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Advocate|advocate]] obu yaabaire ariyo. Kuruga aha murimo ogwo, akaba omuzaani w'omupiira gw'ebigyere. [[Wp/nyn/Lawyer|legal officer]] na. [[Wp/nyn/National Social Security Fund (Uganda)|National Social Security Fund]]Kuruga aho, akahinduka omushaija. [[Wp/nyn/Company secretary|Corporation Secretary]] aha National Medical Stores, ekitongore ekirikugura emibazi omu Uganda. Omurimo ogu yaahererukire kukora atakaizire omu by'obutegyeki gukaba guri ogw'okuba [[Wp/nyn/Legal counsel|legal counsel]] omu kitongore ekirikutebeekanisa eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt; Akatooranwa omu ishengyero rya Uganda omu Kwakabiri 2006, yaagwisa kubi omujwekyerwa owaabaire ariho obwo, Salaamu Musumba owa ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/Forum for Democratic Change|Forum for Democratic Change]]ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ekirikuhakanisa gavumenti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |date=10 March 2006 
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |title=&quot;I Am Still Strong&quot; - Salaamu Musumba 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |last=Karugaba 
 |first=Mary 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227231232/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |archivedate=27 December 2014 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebirikukukwataho nk'omuntu.==
Asuman Kiyingi ashweirwe. Naakwatanisa n'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]] ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki. Nikigambwa ngu naakunda [[Wp/nyn/Debate|debating]], [[Wp/nyn/Travel|travel]], [[Wp/nyn/Theater|theater]] kandi. [[Wp/nyn/Poetry|poetry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Reeba nabwo.==
* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Cabinet of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Government of Uganda|Government of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]]

==Eby'okureeberaho.==
{{Wp/nyn/Reflist}}

==Enkoragana ez'aheeru.==
* [http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda]
* [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Full List of Cabinet Ministers May 2011]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyingi, Asuman}}
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/1963 births]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Soga people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Living people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Kamuli District]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Eastern Region, Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 8th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 9th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Public works ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Transport ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Lands, housing and urban development ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ministers of foreign affairs of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Independent politicians in Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Makerere University alumni]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/20th-century Ugandan lawyers]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ugandan Muslims]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/21st-century Ugandan lawyers]]</text>
      <sha1>qjqm6cb4zkg21efdt37gzyzwwqfiwzs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304026</id>
      <parentid>7304024</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304026</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7240" sha1="4xr9af6wiqbyzmbbeix3vt1o88jk2kt" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Short description|Ugandan lawyer and politician}}'''Asuman Kiyingi''' n'omunyayuganda, omunyamateka kandi omunyabutegyeki. Akaba ari minista omuri [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Uganda's Cabinet]]. Akatooranwa omu mwanya ogwo ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]], owaatoorainwe kuba minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Daily Monitor|Daily Monitor]] |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 March 2015 |date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga ebiro 27 Okwa kataano omuri 2011 kuhisya ebiro 1 Okwaakashatu 2015, akaba ari [[Wp/nyn/Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uganda)|State Minister of Foreign Affairs for Regional Affairs]]Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro 27 Okwakataano 2011. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Isaac Musumba|Isaac Musumba]]owaarugire omu kakiiko ka ba minisita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | date=27 May 2011| url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&amp;comments |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers  |access-date=27 December 2014 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Facebook.com|Facebook.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, akaba ari minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'eitaka kuruga 2009 kuhisya 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907200835.html | title=Uganda: Ministers In Nakawa Estate Scam | date=18 July 2009 | first=Barbara |last=Among | accessdate=27 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) via [[Wp/nyn/AllAfrica.com|AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naajwekyera Bugabula County South, [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]]omu ishengyero rya Uganda. Atwire ari omu mwanya ogwo kuruga 23 Okwakabiri 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |title=Musumba Excites Jinja Residents |date=5 March 2006 |accessdate=27 December 2014 |first=Abubaker |last=Mukose |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227213233/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |archivedate=27 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obwegyese.==
Akazaarwa omuri. [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]] eizooba 27 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | accessdate=27 December 2014 | url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | date=2011 | title=Profile of Asuman Kiyingi | publisher=[[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064627/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waaba oriho. [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]], Yunivasite erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda, eyatandikirweho omuri 1922, akatunga diguri ibiri. [[Wp/nyn/Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Laws]] kandi na. [[Wp/nyn/Master of Laws|Master of Laws]]. Naakwata n'ekya [[Wp/nyn/Legal practice|Diploma in Legal Practice]] kuruga omu. [[Wp/nyn/Law Development Center|Law Development Center]] omu. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Obukugu omu mirimo.==
Atakatoorainwe kuza omu kakiiko omu kwezi kwa kabiri 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |date=18 February 2009 
 |title=Full Cabinet List 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214754/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |archivedate=February 13, 2015 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyingi akakora omu myanya mingi etarikushushana omu by'ebiragiro. Akatandika nk'omuhwezi w'ebiragiro omu kitongore ky'ebiragiro ekya Ntume, Nyanzi &amp; Company Advocates omuri Kampala. Bwanyima, akaza omu kitongore ekindi eky'ebiragiro omuri Kampala ekirikwetwa Mugenyi &amp; Company Advocates. Akakuzibwa yaahika aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Advocate|advocate]] obu yaabaire ariyo. Kuruga aha murimo ogwo, akaba omuzaani w'omupiira gw'ebigyere. [[Wp/nyn/Lawyer|legal officer]] na. [[Wp/nyn/National Social Security Fund (Uganda)|National Social Security Fund]]Kuruga aho, akahinduka omushaija. [[Wp/nyn/Company secretary|Corporation Secretary]] aha National Medical Stores, ekitongore ekirikugura emibazi omu Uganda. Omurimo ogu yaahererukire kukora atakaizire omu by'obutegyeki gukaba guri ogw'okuba [[Wp/nyn/Legal counsel|legal counsel]] omu kitongore ekirikutebeekanisa eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt; Akatooranwa omu ishengyero rya Uganda omu Kwakabiri 2006, yaagwisa kubi omujwekyerwa owaabaire ariho obwo, Salaamu Musumba owa ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/Forum for Democratic Change|Forum for Democratic Change]]ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ekirikuhakanisa gavumenti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |date=10 March 2006 
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |title=&quot;I Am Still Strong&quot; - Salaamu Musumba 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |last=Karugaba 
 |first=Mary 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227231232/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |archivedate=27 December 2014 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebirikukukwataho nk'omuntu.==
Asuman Kiyingi ashweirwe. Naakwatanisa n'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]] ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki. Nikigambwa ngu naakunda [[Wp/nyn/Debate|debating]], [[Wp/nyn/Travel|travel]], [[Wp/nyn/Theater|theater]] kandi. [[Wp/nyn/Poetry|poetry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Reeba nabwo.==
* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Cabinet of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Government of Uganda|Government of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]]

==Eby'okureeberaho.==
{{Wp/nyn/Reflist}}

==Enkoragana ez'aheeru.==
* [http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda]
* [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Full List of Cabinet Ministers May 2011]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyingi, Asuman}}
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/1963 births]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Soga people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Living people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Kamuli District]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Eastern Region, Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 8th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 9th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Public works ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Transport ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Lands, housing and urban development ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ministers of foreign affairs of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Independent politicians in Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Makerere University alumni]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/20th-century Ugandan lawyers]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ugandan Muslims]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/21st-century Ugandan lawyers]]</text>
      <sha1>4xr9af6wiqbyzmbbeix3vt1o88jk2kt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304029</id>
      <parentid>7304026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:34:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304029</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7246" sha1="c6agluplutq5p44v53descnrdmjaz63" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Short description|Ugandan lawyer and politician}}'''Asuman Kiyingi''' n'omunyayuganda, omunyamateka kandi omunyabutegyeki. Akaba ari minista omuri [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Uganda's Cabinet]]. Akatooranwa omu mwanya ogwo ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]], owaatoorainwe kuba minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Daily Monitor|Daily Monitor]] |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 March 2015 |date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga ebiro 27 Okwa kataano omuri 2011 kuhisya ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, akaba ari [[Wp/nyn/Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uganda)|State Minister of Foreign Affairs for Regional Affairs]]Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro 27 Okwakataano 2011. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Isaac Musumba|Isaac Musumba]]owaarugire omu kakiiko ka ba minisita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | date=27 May 2011| url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&amp;comments |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers  |access-date=27 December 2014 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Facebook.com|Facebook.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, akaba ari minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'eitaka kuruga 2009 kuhisya 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907200835.html | title=Uganda: Ministers In Nakawa Estate Scam | date=18 July 2009 | first=Barbara |last=Among | accessdate=27 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) via [[Wp/nyn/AllAfrica.com|AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naajwekyera Bugabula County South, [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]]omu ishengyero rya Uganda. Atwire ari omu mwanya ogwo kuruga 23 Okwakabiri 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |title=Musumba Excites Jinja Residents |date=5 March 2006 |accessdate=27 December 2014 |first=Abubaker |last=Mukose |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227213233/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |archivedate=27 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obwegyese.==
Akazaarwa omuri. [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]] eizooba 27 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | accessdate=27 December 2014 | url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | date=2011 | title=Profile of Asuman Kiyingi | publisher=[[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064627/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waaba oriho. [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]], Yunivasite erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda, eyatandikirweho omuri 1922, akatunga diguri ibiri. [[Wp/nyn/Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Laws]] kandi na. [[Wp/nyn/Master of Laws|Master of Laws]]. Naakwata n'ekya [[Wp/nyn/Legal practice|Diploma in Legal Practice]] kuruga omu. [[Wp/nyn/Law Development Center|Law Development Center]] omu. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Obukugu omu mirimo.==
Atakatoorainwe kuza omu kakiiko omu kwezi kwa kabiri 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |date=18 February 2009 
 |title=Full Cabinet List 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214754/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |archivedate=February 13, 2015 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyingi akakora omu myanya mingi etarikushushana omu by'ebiragiro. Akatandika nk'omuhwezi w'ebiragiro omu kitongore ky'ebiragiro ekya Ntume, Nyanzi &amp; Company Advocates omuri Kampala. Bwanyima, akaza omu kitongore ekindi eky'ebiragiro omuri Kampala ekirikwetwa Mugenyi &amp; Company Advocates. Akakuzibwa yaahika aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Advocate|advocate]] obu yaabaire ariyo. Kuruga aha murimo ogwo, akaba omuzaani w'omupiira gw'ebigyere. [[Wp/nyn/Lawyer|legal officer]] na. [[Wp/nyn/National Social Security Fund (Uganda)|National Social Security Fund]]Kuruga aho, akahinduka omushaija. [[Wp/nyn/Company secretary|Corporation Secretary]] aha National Medical Stores, ekitongore ekirikugura emibazi omu Uganda. Omurimo ogu yaahererukire kukora atakaizire omu by'obutegyeki gukaba guri ogw'okuba [[Wp/nyn/Legal counsel|legal counsel]] omu kitongore ekirikutebeekanisa eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt; Akatooranwa omu ishengyero rya Uganda omu Kwakabiri 2006, yaagwisa kubi omujwekyerwa owaabaire ariho obwo, Salaamu Musumba owa ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/Forum for Democratic Change|Forum for Democratic Change]]ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ekirikuhakanisa gavumenti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |date=10 March 2006 
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |title=&quot;I Am Still Strong&quot; - Salaamu Musumba 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |last=Karugaba 
 |first=Mary 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227231232/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |archivedate=27 December 2014 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebirikukukwataho nk'omuntu.==
Asuman Kiyingi ashweirwe. Naakwatanisa n'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]] ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki. Nikigambwa ngu naakunda [[Wp/nyn/Debate|debating]], [[Wp/nyn/Travel|travel]], [[Wp/nyn/Theater|theater]] kandi. [[Wp/nyn/Poetry|poetry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Reeba nabwo.==
* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Cabinet of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Government of Uganda|Government of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]]

==Eby'okureeberaho.==
{{Wp/nyn/Reflist}}

==Enkoragana ez'aheeru.==
* [http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda]
* [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Full List of Cabinet Ministers May 2011]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyingi, Asuman}}
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/1963 births]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Soga people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Living people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Kamuli District]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Eastern Region, Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 8th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 9th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Public works ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Transport ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Lands, housing and urban development ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ministers of foreign affairs of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Independent politicians in Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Makerere University alumni]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/20th-century Ugandan lawyers]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ugandan Muslims]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/21st-century Ugandan lawyers]]</text>
      <sha1>c6agluplutq5p44v53descnrdmjaz63</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304031</id>
      <parentid>7304029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:34:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304031</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7271" sha1="erqv060vsjhcoz71ismrbt6m9knowel" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Short description|Ugandan lawyer and politician}}'''Asuman Kiyingi''' n'omunyayuganda, omunyamateka kandi omunyabutegyeki. Akaba ari minista omuri [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Uganda's Cabinet]]. Akatooranwa omu mwanya ogwo ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]], owaatoorainwe kuba minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Daily Monitor|Daily Monitor]] |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 March 2015 |date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga ebiro 27 Okwa kataano omuri 2011 kuhisya ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, akaba ari [[Wp/nyn/Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uganda)|State Minister of Foreign Affairs for Regional Affairs]]Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro 27 Okwakataano 2011. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Isaac Musumba|Isaac Musumba]]owaarugire omu kakiiko ka ba minisita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | date=27 May 2011| url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&amp;comments |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers  |access-date=27 December 2014 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Facebook.com|Facebook.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, akaba ari minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'eitaka kuruga omuri 2009 kuhisya omuri 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907200835.html | title=Uganda: Ministers In Nakawa Estate Scam | date=18 July 2009 | first=Barbara |last=Among | accessdate=27 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) via [[Wp/nyn/AllAfrica.com|AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naajwekyera Bugabula County South, [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]]omu ishengyero rya Uganda. Atwire ari omu mwanya ogwo kuruga ebiro 23 Okwa kabiri omuri 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |title=Musumba Excites Jinja Residents |date=5 March 2006 |accessdate=27 December 2014 |first=Abubaker |last=Mukose |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227213233/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |archivedate=27 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obwegyese.==
Akazaarwa omuri. [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]] eizooba 27 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | accessdate=27 December 2014 | url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | date=2011 | title=Profile of Asuman Kiyingi | publisher=[[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064627/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waaba oriho. [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]], Yunivasite erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda, eyatandikirweho omuri 1922, akatunga diguri ibiri. [[Wp/nyn/Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Laws]] kandi na. [[Wp/nyn/Master of Laws|Master of Laws]]. Naakwata n'ekya [[Wp/nyn/Legal practice|Diploma in Legal Practice]] kuruga omu. [[Wp/nyn/Law Development Center|Law Development Center]] omu. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Obukugu omu mirimo.==
Atakatoorainwe kuza omu kakiiko omu kwezi kwa kabiri 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |date=18 February 2009 
 |title=Full Cabinet List 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214754/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |archivedate=February 13, 2015 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyingi akakora omu myanya mingi etarikushushana omu by'ebiragiro. Akatandika nk'omuhwezi w'ebiragiro omu kitongore ky'ebiragiro ekya Ntume, Nyanzi &amp; Company Advocates omuri Kampala. Bwanyima, akaza omu kitongore ekindi eky'ebiragiro omuri Kampala ekirikwetwa Mugenyi &amp; Company Advocates. Akakuzibwa yaahika aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Advocate|advocate]] obu yaabaire ariyo. Kuruga aha murimo ogwo, akaba omuzaani w'omupiira gw'ebigyere. [[Wp/nyn/Lawyer|legal officer]] na. [[Wp/nyn/National Social Security Fund (Uganda)|National Social Security Fund]]Kuruga aho, akahinduka omushaija. [[Wp/nyn/Company secretary|Corporation Secretary]] aha National Medical Stores, ekitongore ekirikugura emibazi omu Uganda. Omurimo ogu yaahererukire kukora atakaizire omu by'obutegyeki gukaba guri ogw'okuba [[Wp/nyn/Legal counsel|legal counsel]] omu kitongore ekirikutebeekanisa eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt; Akatooranwa omu ishengyero rya Uganda omu Kwakabiri 2006, yaagwisa kubi omujwekyerwa owaabaire ariho obwo, Salaamu Musumba owa ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/Forum for Democratic Change|Forum for Democratic Change]]ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ekirikuhakanisa gavumenti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |date=10 March 2006 
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |title=&quot;I Am Still Strong&quot; - Salaamu Musumba 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |last=Karugaba 
 |first=Mary 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227231232/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |archivedate=27 December 2014 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebirikukukwataho nk'omuntu.==
Asuman Kiyingi ashweirwe. Naakwatanisa n'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]] ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki. Nikigambwa ngu naakunda [[Wp/nyn/Debate|debating]], [[Wp/nyn/Travel|travel]], [[Wp/nyn/Theater|theater]] kandi. [[Wp/nyn/Poetry|poetry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Reeba nabwo.==
* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Cabinet of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Government of Uganda|Government of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]]

==Eby'okureeberaho.==
{{Wp/nyn/Reflist}}

==Enkoragana ez'aheeru.==
* [http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda]
* [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Full List of Cabinet Ministers May 2011]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyingi, Asuman}}
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/1963 births]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Soga people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Living people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Kamuli District]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Eastern Region, Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 8th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 9th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Public works ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Transport ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Lands, housing and urban development ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ministers of foreign affairs of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Independent politicians in Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Makerere University alumni]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/20th-century Ugandan lawyers]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ugandan Muslims]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/21st-century Ugandan lawyers]]</text>
      <sha1>erqv060vsjhcoz71ismrbt6m9knowel</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304033</id>
      <parentid>7304031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:35:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7278" sha1="88xmxkc2h6fw3f2f3qyjw3tize3opmp" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Short description|Ugandan lawyer and politician}}'''Asuman Kiyingi''' n'omunyayuganda, omunyamateka kandi omunyabutegyeki. Akaba ari minista omuri [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Uganda's Cabinet]]. Akatooranwa omu mwanya ogwo ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]], owaatoorainwe kuba minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Daily Monitor|Daily Monitor]] |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 March 2015 |date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga ebiro 27 Okwa kataano omuri 2011 kuhisya ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, akaba ari [[Wp/nyn/Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uganda)|State Minister of Foreign Affairs for Regional Affairs]]Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro 27 Okwa kataano omuri 2011. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Isaac Musumba|Isaac Musumba]]owaarugire omu kakiiko ka ba minisita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | date=27 May 2011| url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&amp;comments |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers  |access-date=27 December 2014 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Facebook.com|Facebook.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, akaba ari minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'eitaka kuruga omuri 2009 kuhisya omuri 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907200835.html | title=Uganda: Ministers In Nakawa Estate Scam | date=18 July 2009 | first=Barbara |last=Among | accessdate=27 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) via [[Wp/nyn/AllAfrica.com|AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naajwekyera Bugabula County South, [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]]omu ishengyero rya Uganda. Atwire ari omu mwanya ogwo kuruga ebiro 23 Okwa kabiri omuri 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |title=Musumba Excites Jinja Residents |date=5 March 2006 |accessdate=27 December 2014 |first=Abubaker |last=Mukose |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227213233/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |archivedate=27 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obwegyese.==
Akazaarwa omuri. [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]] eizooba 27 Okwaikumi na kumwe 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | accessdate=27 December 2014 | url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | date=2011 | title=Profile of Asuman Kiyingi | publisher=[[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064627/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waaba oriho. [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]], Yunivasite erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda, eyatandikirweho omuri 1922, akatunga diguri ibiri. [[Wp/nyn/Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Laws]] kandi na. [[Wp/nyn/Master of Laws|Master of Laws]]. Naakwata n'ekya [[Wp/nyn/Legal practice|Diploma in Legal Practice]] kuruga omu. [[Wp/nyn/Law Development Center|Law Development Center]] omu. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Obukugu omu mirimo.==
Atakatoorainwe kuza omu kakiiko omu kwezi kwa kabiri 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |date=18 February 2009 
 |title=Full Cabinet List 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214754/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |archivedate=February 13, 2015 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyingi akakora omu myanya mingi etarikushushana omu by'ebiragiro. Akatandika nk'omuhwezi w'ebiragiro omu kitongore ky'ebiragiro ekya Ntume, Nyanzi &amp; Company Advocates omuri Kampala. Bwanyima, akaza omu kitongore ekindi eky'ebiragiro omuri Kampala ekirikwetwa Mugenyi &amp; Company Advocates. Akakuzibwa yaahika aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Advocate|advocate]] obu yaabaire ariyo. Kuruga aha murimo ogwo, akaba omuzaani w'omupiira gw'ebigyere. [[Wp/nyn/Lawyer|legal officer]] na. [[Wp/nyn/National Social Security Fund (Uganda)|National Social Security Fund]]Kuruga aho, akahinduka omushaija. [[Wp/nyn/Company secretary|Corporation Secretary]] aha National Medical Stores, ekitongore ekirikugura emibazi omu Uganda. Omurimo ogu yaahererukire kukora atakaizire omu by'obutegyeki gukaba guri ogw'okuba [[Wp/nyn/Legal counsel|legal counsel]] omu kitongore ekirikutebeekanisa eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt; Akatooranwa omu ishengyero rya Uganda omu Kwakabiri 2006, yaagwisa kubi omujwekyerwa owaabaire ariho obwo, Salaamu Musumba owa ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/Forum for Democratic Change|Forum for Democratic Change]]ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ekirikuhakanisa gavumenti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |date=10 March 2006 
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |title=&quot;I Am Still Strong&quot; - Salaamu Musumba 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |last=Karugaba 
 |first=Mary 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227231232/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |archivedate=27 December 2014 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebirikukukwataho nk'omuntu.==
Asuman Kiyingi ashweirwe. Naakwatanisa n'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]] ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki. Nikigambwa ngu naakunda [[Wp/nyn/Debate|debating]], [[Wp/nyn/Travel|travel]], [[Wp/nyn/Theater|theater]] kandi. [[Wp/nyn/Poetry|poetry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Reeba nabwo.==
* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Cabinet of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Government of Uganda|Government of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]]

==Eby'okureeberaho.==
{{Wp/nyn/Reflist}}

==Enkoragana ez'aheeru.==
* [http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda]
* [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Full List of Cabinet Ministers May 2011]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyingi, Asuman}}
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/1963 births]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Soga people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Living people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Kamuli District]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Eastern Region, Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 8th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 9th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Public works ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Transport ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Lands, housing and urban development ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ministers of foreign affairs of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Independent politicians in Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Makerere University alumni]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/20th-century Ugandan lawyers]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ugandan Muslims]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/21st-century Ugandan lawyers]]</text>
      <sha1>88xmxkc2h6fw3f2f3qyjw3tize3opmp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304035</id>
      <parentid>7304033</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:36:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical  corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7284" sha1="5dyjjnw5ut394dhjdxhjhjjesyo4me8" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Short description|Ugandan lawyer and politician}}'''Asuman Kiyingi''' n'omunyayuganda, omunyamateka kandi omunyabutegyeki. Akaba ari minista omuri [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Uganda's Cabinet]]. Akatooranwa omu mwanya ogwo ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]], owaatoorainwe kuba minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Daily Monitor|Daily Monitor]] |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 March 2015 |date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga ebiro 27 Okwa kataano omuri 2011 kuhisya ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, akaba ari [[Wp/nyn/Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uganda)|State Minister of Foreign Affairs for Regional Affairs]]Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro 27 Okwa kataano omuri 2011. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Isaac Musumba|Isaac Musumba]]owaarugire omu kakiiko ka ba minisita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | date=27 May 2011| url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&amp;comments |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers  |access-date=27 December 2014 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Facebook.com|Facebook.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, akaba ari minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'eitaka kuruga omuri 2009 kuhisya omuri 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907200835.html | title=Uganda: Ministers In Nakawa Estate Scam | date=18 July 2009 | first=Barbara |last=Among | accessdate=27 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) via [[Wp/nyn/AllAfrica.com|AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naajwekyera Bugabula County South, [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]]omu ishengyero rya Uganda. Atwire ari omu mwanya ogwo kuruga ebiro 23 Okwa kabiri omuri 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |title=Musumba Excites Jinja Residents |date=5 March 2006 |accessdate=27 December 2014 |first=Abubaker |last=Mukose |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227213233/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |archivedate=27 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obwegyese.==
Akazaarwa omuri. [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]] ebiro  27 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | accessdate=27 December 2014 | url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | date=2011 | title=Profile of Asuman Kiyingi | publisher=[[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064627/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waaba oriho. [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]], Yunivasite erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda, eyatandikirweho omuri 1922, akatunga diguri ibiri. [[Wp/nyn/Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Laws]] kandi na. [[Wp/nyn/Master of Laws|Master of Laws]]. Naakwata n'ekya [[Wp/nyn/Legal practice|Diploma in Legal Practice]] kuruga omu. [[Wp/nyn/Law Development Center|Law Development Center]] omu. [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Obukugu omu mirimo.==
Atakatoorainwe kuza omu kakiiko omu kwezi kwa kabiri 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |date=18 February 2009 
 |title=Full Cabinet List 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214754/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |archivedate=February 13, 2015 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyingi akakora omu myanya mingi etarikushushana omu by'ebiragiro. Akatandika nk'omuhwezi w'ebiragiro omu kitongore ky'ebiragiro ekya Ntume, Nyanzi &amp; Company Advocates omuri Kampala. Bwanyima, akaza omu kitongore ekindi eky'ebiragiro omuri Kampala ekirikwetwa Mugenyi &amp; Company Advocates. Akakuzibwa yaahika aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Advocate|advocate]] obu yaabaire ariyo. Kuruga aha murimo ogwo, akaba omuzaani w'omupiira gw'ebigyere. [[Wp/nyn/Lawyer|legal officer]] na. [[Wp/nyn/National Social Security Fund (Uganda)|National Social Security Fund]]Kuruga aho, akahinduka omushaija. [[Wp/nyn/Company secretary|Corporation Secretary]] aha National Medical Stores, ekitongore ekirikugura emibazi omu Uganda. Omurimo ogu yaahererukire kukora atakaizire omu by'obutegyeki gukaba guri ogw'okuba [[Wp/nyn/Legal counsel|legal counsel]] omu kitongore ekirikutebeekanisa eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt; Akatooranwa omu ishengyero rya Uganda omu Kwakabiri 2006, yaagwisa kubi omujwekyerwa owaabaire ariho obwo, Salaamu Musumba owa ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/Forum for Democratic Change|Forum for Democratic Change]]ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ekirikuhakanisa gavumenti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |date=10 March 2006 
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |title=&quot;I Am Still Strong&quot; - Salaamu Musumba 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |last=Karugaba 
 |first=Mary 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227231232/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |archivedate=27 December 2014 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebirikukukwataho nk'omuntu.==
Asuman Kiyingi ashweirwe. Naakwatanisa n'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]] ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki. Nikigambwa ngu naakunda [[Wp/nyn/Debate|debating]], [[Wp/nyn/Travel|travel]], [[Wp/nyn/Theater|theater]] kandi. [[Wp/nyn/Poetry|poetry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Reeba nabwo.==
* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Cabinet of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Government of Uganda|Government of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]]

==Eby'okureeberaho.==
{{Wp/nyn/Reflist}}

==Enkoragana ez'aheeru.==
* [http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda]
* [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Full List of Cabinet Ministers May 2011]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyingi, Asuman}}
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/1963 births]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Soga people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Living people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Kamuli District]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Eastern Region, Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 8th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 9th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Public works ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Transport ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Lands, housing and urban development ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ministers of foreign affairs of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Independent politicians in Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Makerere University alumni]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/20th-century Ugandan lawyers]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ugandan Muslims]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/21st-century Ugandan lawyers]]</text>
      <sha1>5dyjjnw5ut394dhjdxhjhjjesyo4me8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304036</id>
      <parentid>7304035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T17:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NATURINDA FORTUNATE</username>
        <id>2623054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammatical  corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304036</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7298" sha1="bizuf61qvjcy290gk70yotsrz753l8h" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/nyn/Short description|Ugandan lawyer and politician}}'''Asuman Kiyingi''' n'omunyayuganda, omunyamateka kandi omunyabutegyeki. Akaba ari minista omuri [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Uganda's Cabinet]]. Akatooranwa omu mwanya ogwo ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, yaaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/John Byabagambi|John Byabagambi]], owaatoorainwe kuba minisita w'eby'emirimo n'eby'engyenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shuffle&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Daily Monitor|Daily Monitor]] |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 March 2015 |date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, kuruga ebiro 27 Okwa kataano omuri 2011 kuhisya ekiro 1 Okwa kashatu omuri 2015, akaba ari [[Wp/nyn/Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uganda)|State Minister of Foreign Affairs for Regional Affairs]]Akatooranwa aha ntebe egyo ebiro 27 Okwa kataano omuri 2011. Akaza omu mwanya gwa [[Wp/nyn/Isaac Musumba|Isaac Musumba]]owaarugire omu kakiiko ka ba minisita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | date=27 May 2011| url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&amp;comments |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments And Dropped Ministers  |access-date=27 December 2014 |author=Uganda State House |work=[[Wp/nyn/Facebook.com|Facebook.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekyo kitakabaireho, akaba ari minisita w'eihanga ow'eby'eitaka kuruga omuri 2009 kuhisya omuri 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907200835.html | title=Uganda: Ministers In Nakawa Estate Scam | date=18 July 2009 | first=Barbara |last=Among | accessdate=27 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) via [[Wp/nyn/AllAfrica.com|AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naajwekyera Bugabula County South, [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]]omu ishengyero rya Uganda. Atwire ari omu mwanya ogwo kuruga ebiro 23 Okwa kabiri omuri 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web|newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |title=Musumba Excites Jinja Residents |date=5 March 2006 |accessdate=27 December 2014 |first=Abubaker |last=Mukose |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227213233/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/485556 |archivedate=27 December 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebyafaayo hamwe n'obwegyese.==
Akazaarwa omuri. [[Wp/nyn/Kamuli District|Kamuli District]] ebiro  27 Okwa ikumi na kumwe omuri 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web | accessdate=27 December 2014 | url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | date=2011 | title=Profile of Asuman Kiyingi | publisher=[[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064627/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&amp;n=t&amp;details=t&amp;j=355&amp;const=Bugabula+County+South&amp;dist_id=20&amp;distname=Kamuli | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waaba oriho. [[Wp/nyn/Makerere University|Makerere University]], Yunivasite erikukirayo obukuru omu Uganda, eyatandikirweho omuri 1922, akatunga diguri ibiri. [[Wp/nyn/Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Laws]] kandi na. [[Wp/nyn/Master of Laws|Master of Laws]]. Naakwata n'ekya [[Wp/nyn/Legal practice|Diploma in Legal Practice]] kuruga omu. [[Wp/nyn/Law Development Center|Law Development Center]] omuri [[Wp/nyn/Kampala|Kampala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Obukugu omu mirimo.==
Atakatoorainwe kuza omu kakiiko omu kwezi kwa kabiri omuri 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |date=18 February 2009 
 |title=Full Cabinet List 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214754/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 
 |archivedate=February 13, 2015 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyingi akakora omu myanya mingi etarikushushana omu by'ebiragiro. Akatandika nk'omuhwezi w'ebiragiro omu kitongore ky'ebiragiro ekya Ntume, Nyanzi &amp; Company Advocates omuri Kampala. Bwanyima, akaza omu kitongore ekindi eky'ebiragiro omuri Kampala ekirikwetwa Mugenyi &amp; Company Advocates. Akakuzibwa yaahika aha rurengo rwa [[Wp/nyn/Advocate|advocate]] obu yaabaire ariyo. Kuruga aha murimo ogwo, akaba omuzaani w'omupiira gw'ebigyere. [[Wp/nyn/Lawyer|legal officer]] na. [[Wp/nyn/National Social Security Fund (Uganda)|National Social Security Fund]]Kuruga aho, akahinduka omushaija. [[Wp/nyn/Company secretary|Corporation Secretary]] aha National Medical Stores, ekitongore ekirikugura emibazi omu Uganda. Omurimo ogu yaahererukire kukora atakaizire omu by'obutegyeki gukaba guri ogw'okuba [[Wp/nyn/Legal counsel|legal counsel]] omu kitongore ekirikutebeekanisa eihanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt; Akatooranwa omu ishengyero rya Uganda omu Kwa kabiri omuri 2006, yaagwisa kubi omujwekyerwa owaabaire ariho obwo, Salaamu Musumba owa ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/Forum for Democratic Change|Forum for Democratic Change]]ekibiina ky'obutegyeki ekirikuhakanisa gavumenti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/nyn/Cite web
 |date=10 March 2006 
 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |title=&quot;I Am Still Strong&quot; - Salaamu Musumba 
 |accessdate=27 December 2014 
 |last=Karugaba 
 |first=Mary 
 |newspaper=[[Wp/nyn/New Vision|New Vision]] (Kampala) 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227231232/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/17/486466 
 |archivedate=27 December 2014 
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebirikukukwataho nk'omuntu.==
Asuman Kiyingi ashweirwe. Naakwatanisa n'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]] ekibiina ky'eby'obutegyeki. Nikigambwa ngu naakunda [[Wp/nyn/Debate|debating]], [[Wp/nyn/Travel|travel]], [[Wp/nyn/Theater|theater]] kandi. [[Wp/nyn/Poetry|poetry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;/&gt;

==Reeba nabwo.==
* [[Wp/nyn/Cabinet of Uganda|Cabinet of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Government of Uganda|Government of Uganda]]
* [[Wp/nyn/Parliament of Uganda|Parliament of Uganda]]

==Eby'okureeberaho.==
{{Wp/nyn/Reflist}}

==Enkoragana ez'aheeru.==
* [http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Website of the Parliament of Uganda]
* [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html Full List of Cabinet Ministers May 2011]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyingi, Asuman}}
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/1963 births]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Soga people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Living people]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Kamuli District]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/People from Eastern Region, Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 8th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Members of the 9th Parliament of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Public works ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Transport ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Lands, housing and urban development ministers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ministers of foreign affairs of Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Independent politicians in Uganda]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Makerere University alumni]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/20th-century Ugandan lawyers]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/Ugandan Muslims]]
[[Category:Wp/nyn/21st-century Ugandan lawyers]]</text>
      <sha1>bizuf61qvjcy290gk70yotsrz753l8h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/汉族建筑</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804088</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303855</id>
      <parentid>7303540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:45:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1924" sha1="23fkw45giua2s6jwtqqzylrb9gr2ulp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;・[[File:Confusion grey.svg|20px]] 讲遘包括[[Wp/hnm/黎族|黎族]]、[[Wp/hnm/汉族|汉族]]、[[Wp/hnm/苗族|苗族]]等[[Wp/hnm/中华民族|中华民族]]其传统[[Wp/hnm/建筑|建筑]]，请看「'''[[Wp/hnm/中华建筑|中华建筑]]'''」。&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Structure Hui (220374877).jpeg|thumb|300px|白墙黑瓦同阶梯状「马头墙」是汉族建筑其重要标志之一]]
'''汉族建筑'''是[[Wp/hnm/汉族|汉族]]其民族传统[[Wp/hnm/建筑|建筑]]，抑是[[Wp/hnm/汉文化|汉文化]]其组成部分之一，涵盖多款建筑类型，包括民居、宫殿、宗祠、[[Wp/hnm/寺庙|寺庙]]同[[Wp/hnm/园林|园林]]。这批建筑通常无向垂直方向发展，而是沿中轴线作水平向延展，阁再呈现出严格其左右对称布局。建筑其第一外观特征是白墙黑瓦同阶梯状「马头墙」，兼具装饰同实用功能，既会使防火，抑会使挡风。建筑群由主次建筑围合出内外庭院，共开放空间同建筑实体有机融合，构成自成一体其封闭式院落。伫[[Wp/hnm/海南省|海南省]]，汉族建筑还引入当地俗叫「红毛灰」其进口水泥，同坤甸木等起厝材料，伫木雕、彩绘等厝其局部处理面顶就更加精致，这枚建筑形式出落去紧密其[[Wp/hnm/厝墘|厝墘]]情谊。民居其门扉排列整齐，屋顶相互连通，层叠其屋檐错落有致，这枚规整其布局象征着相互尊重、平等相待同厝墘团结。从外观面顶看，归只建筑群亲像一只浑然一体其大家族祖厝，而行入里向，每户厝侬抑家己保有独立其生活节奏同私密空间。这枚设计完美解释去海南省汉族传统其居住理想：对外封闭以保私密，对内开放以促[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]。位伫[[Wp/hnm/文昌市|文昌市]]其会文镇十八行村，就是这枚建筑遗产保存第一完整其典范。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
      <sha1>23fkw45giua2s6jwtqqzylrb9gr2ulp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/中华建筑</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303857</id>
      <parentid>7303541</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7303857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1004" sha1="rs3avuxw64yqhw2h7raoldrn5icxbcm" xml:space="preserve">[[File:3 Temple of Heaven.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Wp/hnm/北京市|北京市]]其[[Wp/hnm/天坛|天坛]]是[[Wp/hnm/明朝|明朝]]同[[Wp/hnm/清朝|清朝]]其[[Wp/hnm/皇帝|皇帝]]祭天用其地方]]
'''中华建筑'''，抑叫'''中国建筑'''、'''中式建筑'''，是讲[[Wp/hnm/中华民族|中华民族]]其[[Wp/hnm/建筑|建筑]]风格，伫[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]]历经数千年其发展而各具特色。中华建筑里头，斗拱同屋檐是𪨧具代表性其传统元素；除这枚外，[[Wp/hnm/汉族建筑|汉族建筑]]定定见白墙黑瓦同阶梯状「马头墙」，[[Wp/hnm/黎族建筑|黎族建筑]]就拿舟形屋这般作代表。虽讲装饰细节随着朝代更迭而演变，无过伊其核心结构伫[[Wp/hnm/历史|历史]]演进其阵时始终保持平样。从[[Wp/hnm/唐朝|唐朝]]起头，平样属于[[Wp/hnm/东亚|东亚]]建筑风格其[[Wp/hnm/日本建筑|日本建筑]]同[[Wp/hnm/朝鲜建筑|朝鲜建筑]]受伊𪨧深其影响。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
      <sha1>rs3avuxw64yqhw2h7raoldrn5icxbcm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Felix the Cat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804093</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304251</id>
      <parentid>7303544</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T00:36:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-47967-44</username>
        <id>2703151</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304251</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="203" sha1="s8ia0w3uwwap63oedmyqmhq8849i6gr" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Felix for Judy - Svg.svg|thumb]]
[[File:Felix Laff clean.svg|thumb]]
[[File:Felix-pace.jpg|thumb]]
'''Felix the Cat'''. Pat Sullivan. Otto Messmer. 1919.

[[Category:Wp/nyn]]
{{INTERWIKI|Q692603}}</text>
      <sha1>s8ia0w3uwwap63oedmyqmhq8849i6gr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/nyn/Pamela Annet Kirungi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304214</id>
      <parentid>7303672</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:52:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1618" sha1="cxpi0ysgpc5snmdslfx1vhdpgqgn3wg" xml:space="preserve">Pamela Annet Kirungi n'omunyaby'obutegyeki omunyayuganda owaatooranwa atarikuhakanisibwa nk'omukazi omukiiki omwishengyero orikujwekyera ekicweka kya Burahya omu disiturikiti ya Kabarole omu burengyerwa-izooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Naija kuba naaheereza omu ishengyero rya 12 erya Uganda kuruga Okwakataano 2026 kuhisya 2031.&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, NELSON MANDELA | PML Daily (2025-11-18). [https://pmldaily.com/news/2025/11/nrms-kirungi-declared-kabarole-woman-mp-unopposed-as-nups-kobugabe-exits-race.html &quot;NRM's Kirungi declared Kabarole Woman MP unopposed as NUP's Kobugabe exits race&quot;]. PML Daily. Retrieved 2026-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/-kabarole-woman-mp-seat-goes-to-nrm-candidate-after-kobugabe-withdraws &quot;Kabarole Woman MP Seat Goes to NRM After Kobugabe Withdraws :]&quot;. Uganda Radionetwork. Retrieved 2026-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mutaahi, Chrispus (2025-11-12). [https://sunrise.ug/politics/202511/kobugabe-pulls-out-nrm-s-annet-kirungi-wins-kabarole-woman-mp-seat-unopposed &quot;Kobugabe Pulls Out, NRM's Annet Kirungi Wins Kabarole Woman MP Seat Unopposed&quot;]. The Sunrise Newspaper. Retrieved 2026-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

Pamela Annet Kirungi akatooranwa nk'omukiiki omwishengyero aha tiketi y'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]] (NRM).&lt;ref&gt;[https://kaseseguideradio.com/kabarole-district-woman-mp-remains-unopposed/ &quot;Kabarole district woman MP remains unopposed]&quot;. ''Kasese Guide Radio''. 2025-11-13. Retrieved 2026-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reeba n'ebindi ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda]]

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
      <sha1>cxpi0ysgpc5snmdslfx1vhdpgqgn3wg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304215</id>
      <parentid>7304214</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T19:53:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ninshaba</username>
        <id>2665096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>grammatical corrections</comment>
      <origin>7304215</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1633" sha1="fsxm9c0kar3keiyq4x9dq3xmofbd6jz" xml:space="preserve">Pamela Annet Kirungi n'omunyaby'obutegyeki omunyayuganda owaatooranwa atarikuhakanisibwa nk'omukazi omukiiki omwishengyero orikujwekyera ekicweka kya Burahya omu disiturikiti ya Kabarole omu burengyerwa-izooba bwa [[Wp/nyn/Uganda|Uganda]]. Naija kuba naaheereza omu ishengyero rya 12 erya Uganda kuruga Okwa kataano  omuri 2026 kuhisya  omuri 2031.&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, NELSON MANDELA | PML Daily (2025-11-18). [https://pmldaily.com/news/2025/11/nrms-kirungi-declared-kabarole-woman-mp-unopposed-as-nups-kobugabe-exits-race.html &quot;NRM's Kirungi declared Kabarole Woman MP unopposed as NUP's Kobugabe exits race&quot;]. PML Daily. Retrieved 2026-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/-kabarole-woman-mp-seat-goes-to-nrm-candidate-after-kobugabe-withdraws &quot;Kabarole Woman MP Seat Goes to NRM After Kobugabe Withdraws :]&quot;. Uganda Radionetwork. Retrieved 2026-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mutaahi, Chrispus (2025-11-12). [https://sunrise.ug/politics/202511/kobugabe-pulls-out-nrm-s-annet-kirungi-wins-kabarole-woman-mp-seat-unopposed &quot;Kobugabe Pulls Out, NRM's Annet Kirungi Wins Kabarole Woman MP Seat Unopposed&quot;]. The Sunrise Newspaper. Retrieved 2026-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

Pamela Annet Kirungi akatooranwa nk'omukiiki omwishengyero aha tiketi y'ekibiina kya [[Wp/nyn/National Resistance Movement|National Resistance Movement]] (NRM).&lt;ref&gt;[https://kaseseguideradio.com/kabarole-district-woman-mp-remains-unopposed/ &quot;Kabarole district woman MP remains unopposed]&quot;. ''Kasese Guide Radio''. 2025-11-13. Retrieved 2026-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reeba n'ebindi ==

* [[Wp/nyn/Eishengyero rya Uganda|Eishengyero rya Uganda]]

== Ebyokureberaho ==
[[Category:Wp/nyn]]</text>
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    <title>Wt/jax/عبادة</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303852</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:43:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhamad Izzul Fiqih</username>
        <id>2584756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;=={{Wt/jax/lang|ar}}== {{Wt/jax/head|ar}} {{Wt/jax/-n-|ar}} # [[Wt/jax/ibadah|ibadah]]  [[Category:Wt/jax]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="107" sha1="egaq3020ole9tdat7qk3n9igpmj7kvp" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/lang|ar}}==
{{Wt/jax/head|ar}}
{{Wt/jax/-n-|ar}}
# [[Wt/jax/ibadah|ibadah]]

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
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    <title>Wp/hnm/Gmail</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303860</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:47:03Z</timestamp>
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        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[File:Gmail icon (2020).svg|thumb|300px|Gmail 图标]] '''Gmail'''，抑叫'''谷歌邮箱'''，是[[Wp/hnm/谷歌|谷歌]]伫2004年4月1号推出其免费[[Wp/hnm/邮件|邮件]]服务。今旦Gmail其活跃用户达遘15亿，是全球第一大其邮件服务。对[[Wp/hnm/海南人|海南人]]来讲，Gmail会使登入[[Wp/hnm/YouTube|YouTube]]看[[Wp/hnm/视频|视频]]、听[[Wp/hnm/音乐|音乐]]同[[Wp/hnm/留言|留言]]，抑会度谷歌其Wp/hnm/人工智...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7303860</origin>
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      <text bytes="1086" sha1="5d1g8ar1qhh9xfcb6huwph879f9qjb9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gmail icon (2020).svg|thumb|300px|Gmail 图标]]
'''Gmail'''，抑叫'''谷歌邮箱'''，是[[Wp/hnm/谷歌|谷歌]]伫2004年4月1号推出其免费[[Wp/hnm/邮件|邮件]]服务。今旦Gmail其活跃用户达遘15亿，是全球第一大其邮件服务。对[[Wp/hnm/海南人|海南人]]来讲，Gmail会使登入[[Wp/hnm/YouTube|YouTube]]看[[Wp/hnm/视频|视频]]、听[[Wp/hnm/音乐|音乐]]同[[Wp/hnm/留言|留言]]，抑会度谷歌其[[Wp/hnm/人工智能|人工智能]]服务[[Wp/hnm/Gemini|Gemini]]作[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]，阁再度[[Wp/hnm/谷歌云端硬盘|谷歌云端硬盘]]储存家己其[[Wp/hnm/相片|相片]]同视频，畅行全球[[Wp/hnm/互联网|互联网]]。但是海南人注册Gmail需要一定门槛，比论讲用浏览器其网页注册Gmail是无法度验证去，必须通过[[Wp/hnm/手机|手机]]其Gmail App使用+86[[Wp/hnm/手机号|手机号]]注册，注册完去抑会分侬立即封号，但是一般写一只[[Wp/hnm/英话|英话]]其申诉，12只[[Wp/hnm/钟头|钟头]]过后就会使解封去。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="1085" sha1="lhnk1ac3mhoe52lh90g6e2swtjjrzn9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gmail icon (2020).svg|thumb|300px|Gmail图标]]
'''Gmail'''，抑叫'''谷歌邮箱'''，是[[Wp/hnm/谷歌|谷歌]]伫2004年4月1号推出其免费[[Wp/hnm/邮件|邮件]]服务。今旦Gmail其活跃用户达遘15亿，是全球第一大其邮件服务。对[[Wp/hnm/海南人|海南人]]来讲，Gmail会使登入[[Wp/hnm/YouTube|YouTube]]看[[Wp/hnm/视频|视频]]、听[[Wp/hnm/音乐|音乐]]同[[Wp/hnm/留言|留言]]，抑会度谷歌其[[Wp/hnm/人工智能|人工智能]]服务[[Wp/hnm/Gemini|Gemini]]作[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]，阁再度[[Wp/hnm/谷歌云端硬盘|谷歌云端硬盘]]储存家己其[[Wp/hnm/相片|相片]]同视频，畅行全球[[Wp/hnm/互联网|互联网]]。但是海南人注册Gmail需要一定门槛，比论讲用浏览器其网页注册Gmail是无法度验证去，必须通过[[Wp/hnm/手机|手机]]其Gmail App使用+86[[Wp/hnm/手机号|手机号]]注册，注册完去抑会分侬立即封号，但是一般写一只[[Wp/hnm/英话|英话]]其申诉，12只[[Wp/hnm/钟头|钟头]]过后就会使解封去。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303866</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:49:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
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      <origin>7303866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1085" sha1="spsu0j9s6qffgjgcx6klxn8r5kcbkly" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gmail icon (2020).svg|thumb|300px|Gmail图标]]
'''Gmail'''，抑叫'''谷歌邮箱'''，是[[Wp/hnm/谷歌|谷歌]]伫2004年4月1号推出其免费[[Wp/hnm/邮件|邮件]]服务。今旦Gmail其活跃用户达遘15亿，是全球第一大其邮件服务。对[[Wp/hnm/海南人|海南人]]来讲，Gmail会使登入[[Wp/hnm/YouTube|YouTube]]看[[Wp/hnm/视频|视频]]、听[[Wp/hnm/音乐|音乐]]同[[Wp/hnm/留言|留言]]，抑会度谷歌其[[Wp/hnm/人工智能|人工智能]]服务[[Wp/hnm/Gemini|Gemini]]作[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]，阁再度[[Wp/hnm/谷歌云端硬盘|谷歌云端硬盘]]储存家己其[[Wp/hnm/相片|相片]]同视频，畅行全球[[Wp/hnm/互联网|互联网]]。但是海南人注册Gmail需要一定门槛，比论讲用浏览器其网页注册Gmail是无法度验证去，必须通过[[Wp/hnm/手机|手机]]其Gmail App使用+86[[Wp/hnm/手机号|手机号]]注册，注册完去抑会分侬立即封号，无过一般写一只[[Wp/hnm/英话|英话]]其申诉，12只[[Wp/hnm/钟头|钟头]]过后就会使解封去。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
      <sha1>spsu0j9s6qffgjgcx6klxn8r5kcbkly</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303868</id>
      <parentid>7303866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:54:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>更新图标</comment>
      <origin>7303868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1085" sha1="nat57w95nk8uj6jrdjh0zp5bpexqu7k" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gmail icon (2026).svg|thumb|300px|Gmail图标]]
'''Gmail'''，抑叫'''谷歌邮箱'''，是[[Wp/hnm/谷歌|谷歌]]伫2004年4月1号推出其免费[[Wp/hnm/邮件|邮件]]服务。今旦Gmail其活跃用户达遘15亿，是全球第一大其邮件服务。对[[Wp/hnm/海南人|海南人]]来讲，Gmail会使登入[[Wp/hnm/YouTube|YouTube]]看[[Wp/hnm/视频|视频]]、听[[Wp/hnm/音乐|音乐]]同[[Wp/hnm/留言|留言]]，抑会度谷歌其[[Wp/hnm/人工智能|人工智能]]服务[[Wp/hnm/Gemini|Gemini]]作[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]，阁再度[[Wp/hnm/谷歌云端硬盘|谷歌云端硬盘]]储存家己其[[Wp/hnm/相片|相片]]同视频，畅行全球[[Wp/hnm/互联网|互联网]]。但是海南人注册Gmail需要一定门槛，比论讲用浏览器其网页注册Gmail是无法度验证去，必须通过[[Wp/hnm/手机|手机]]其Gmail App使用+86[[Wp/hnm/手机号|手机号]]注册，注册完去抑会分侬立即封号，无过一般写一只[[Wp/hnm/英话|英话]]其申诉，12只[[Wp/hnm/钟头|钟头]]过后就会使解封去。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
      <sha1>nat57w95nk8uj6jrdjh0zp5bpexqu7k</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303870</id>
      <parentid>7303868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:58:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>改正</comment>
      <origin>7303870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1085" sha1="8hm81js8wikpuiehy8zv0xe24apjlab" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gmail icon (2026).svg|thumb|300px|Gmail图标]]
'''Gmail'''，抑叫'''谷歌邮箱'''，是[[Wp/hnm/谷歌|谷歌]]伫2004年4月1号推出其免费[[Wp/hnm/邮件|邮件]]服务。今旦Gmail其活跃用户达遘15亿，是全球第一大其邮件服务。对[[Wp/hnm/海南人|海南人]]来讲，Gmail会使登入[[Wp/hnm/YouTube|YouTube]]看[[Wp/hnm/视频|视频]]、听[[Wp/hnm/音乐|音乐]]同[[Wp/hnm/留言|留言]]，抑会度谷歌其[[Wp/hnm/人工智能|人工智能]]服务[[Wp/hnm/Gemini|Gemini]]作[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]，阁再度[[Wp/hnm/谷歌云端硬盘|谷歌云端硬盘]]储存家己其[[Wp/hnm/相片|相片]]同视频，畅行全球[[Wp/hnm/互联网|互联网]]。无过海南人注册Gmail需要一定门槛，比论讲用浏览器其网页注册Gmail是无法度验证去，必须通过[[Wp/hnm/手机|手机]]其Gmail App使用+86[[Wp/hnm/手机号|手机号]]注册，注册完去抑会分侬立即封号，原底一般写一只[[Wp/hnm/英话|英话]]其申诉，12只[[Wp/hnm/钟头|钟头]]过后就会使解封去。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
      <sha1>8hm81js8wikpuiehy8zv0xe24apjlab</sha1>
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    <title>Wp/hnm/谷歌邮箱</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804155</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/hnm/Gmail" />
    <revision>
      <id>7303863</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:47:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/hnm/Gmail]]</comment>
      <origin>7303863</origin>
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      <text bytes="32" sha1="p8a01wih28xkuoe3s5ee7p34hzxirhs" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/Gmail|Gmail]]</text>
      <sha1>p8a01wih28xkuoe3s5ee7p34hzxirhs</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/jax/ibadah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303864</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:48:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhamad Izzul Fiqih</username>
        <id>2584756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;=={{Wt/jax/lang|jax}}== {{Wt/jax/head|jax}} {{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}} # [[Wt/jax/gegalo|gegalo]] yang dicintoi samo diridoi Allah, baik berupo kato-kato atopun gawean, baik yang nampak (lair) ato batin (tesembunyi)  [[Category:Wt/jax]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7303864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="228" sha1="s110pfqzbgkfbwvkez9g8t8u4hlqztv" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/lang|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/head|jax}}
{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# [[Wt/jax/gegalo|gegalo]] yang dicintoi samo diridoi Allah, baik berupo kato-kato atopun gawean, baik yang nampak (lair) ato batin (tesembunyi)

[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
      <sha1>s110pfqzbgkfbwvkez9g8t8u4hlqztv</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>7303865</id>
      <parentid>7303864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:49:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhamad Izzul Fiqih</username>
        <id>2584756</id>
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      <comment>/* Bahaso Jambi */</comment>
      <origin>7303865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="279" sha1="hty09ae82gd98nzmlj2e4m3eucx77k4" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/jax/lang|jax}}==
{{Wt/jax/head|jax}}
{{Wt/jax/-v-|jax}}
# [[Wt/jax/gegalo|gegalo]] yang dicintoi samo diridoi Allah, baik berupo kato-kato atopun gawean, baik yang nampak (lair) ato batin (tesembunyi)
{{Wt/jax/S|keturunan}}
* {{Wt/jax/l|ar|عبادة}}
[[Category:Wt/jax]]</text>
      <sha1>hty09ae82gd98nzmlj2e4m3eucx77k4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/道德经</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804157</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7303867</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-03T12:49:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[File:Pakua with frame.svg|thumb|300px|文王八卦]] 《'''道德经'''》是[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]]其[[Wp/hnm/春秋战国|春秋战国]]阵时其思想家[[Wp/hnm/李耳|老子]]其[[Wp/hnm/作品|作品]]，抑是[[Wp/hnm/道家|道家]]学派尊作创始典籍，有学者认为是中国[[Wp/hnm/历史|历史]]当中第一只完整其哲学著作。  == 全文 ==  【第一章】道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。无名天地之始，有名万物之...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7303867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="21444" sha1="99kj8hm37yk2asg4gba7b0gb4uzel0k" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Pakua with frame.svg|thumb|300px|文王八卦]]
《'''道德经'''》是[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]]其[[Wp/hnm/春秋战国|春秋战国]]阵时其思想家[[Wp/hnm/李耳|老子]]其[[Wp/hnm/作品|作品]]，抑是[[Wp/hnm/道家|道家]]学派尊作创始典籍，有学者认为是中国[[Wp/hnm/历史|历史]]当中第一只完整其哲学著作。

== 全文 ==

【第一章】道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。无名天地之始，有名万物之母。故常无欲，以观其妙；常有欲，以观其徼。此两者同出而异名，同谓之玄，玄之又玄，众妙之门。

【第二章】天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；皆知善之为善，斯不善已。故有无相生，难易相成，长短相较，高下相倾，音声相和，前后相随。是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教，万物作焉而不辞，生而不有，为而不恃，功成而弗居。夫唯弗居，是以不去。

【第三章】不尚贤，使民不争；不贵难得之货，使民不为盗；不见可欲，使民心不乱。是以圣人之治，虚其心，实其腹；弱其志，强其骨。常使民无知无欲，使夫智者不敢为也。为无为，则无不治。

【第四章】道冲而用之或不盈，渊兮似万物之宗。挫其锐，解其纷，和其光，同其尘。湛兮似或存，吾不知谁之子，象帝之先。

【第五章】天地不仁，以万物为刍狗；圣人不仁，以百姓为刍狗。天地之间，其犹橐龠乎？虚而不屈，动而愈出。多言数穷，不如守中。

【第六章】谷神不死，是谓玄牝，玄牝之门，是谓天地根。绵绵若存，用之不勤。

【第七章】天长地久。天地所以能长且久者，以其不自生，故能长生。是以圣人后其身而身先，外其身而身存。非以其无私邪？故能成其私。

【第八章】上善若水。水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，正善治，事善能，动善时。夫唯不争，故无尤。

【第九章】持而盈之，不如其已。揣而锐之，不可长保。金玉满堂，莫之能守。富贵而骄，自遗其咎。功成身退，天之道。

【第十章】载营魄抱一，能无离乎？专气致柔，能婴儿乎？涤除玄览，能无疵乎？爱民治国，能无知乎？天门开阖，能无雌乎？明白四达，能无为乎？生之、畜之，生而不有，为而不恃，长而不宰，是谓玄德。

【第十一章】三十辐共一毂，当其无，有车之用。埏埴以为器，当其无，有器之用。凿户牖以为室，当其无，有室之用。故有之以为利，无之以为用。

【第十二章】五色令人目盲，五音令人耳聋，五味令人口爽，驰骋畋猎令人心发狂，难得之货令人行妨。是以圣人为腹不为目，故去彼取此。

【第十三章】宠辱若惊，贵大患若身。何谓宠辱若惊？宠为下，得之若惊，失之若惊，是谓宠辱若惊。何谓贵大患若身？吾所以有大患者，为吾有身，及吾无身，吾有何患！故贵以身为天下，若可寄天下；爱以身为天下，若可托天下。

【第十四章】视之不见名曰夷，听之不闻名曰希，搏之不得名曰微。此三者不可致诘，故混而为一。其上不皦，其下不昧。绳绳不可名，复归于无物，是谓无状之状，无物之象。是谓惚恍。迎之不见其首，随之不见其后。执古之道，以御今之有，能知古始，是谓道纪。

【第十五章】古之善为士者，微妙玄通，深不可识。夫唯不可识，故强为之容。豫焉若冬涉川，犹兮若畏四邻，俨兮其若容，涣兮若冰之将释，敦兮其若朴，旷兮其若谷，混兮其若浊。孰能浊以静之徐清？孰能安以久动之徐生？保此道者不欲盈，夫唯不盈，故能蔽不新成。

【第十六章】致虚极，守静笃，万物并作，吾以观复。夫物芸芸，各复归其根。归根曰静，是谓复命。复命曰常，知常曰明，不知常，妄作，凶。知常容，容乃公，公乃王，王乃天，天乃道，道乃久，没身不殆。

【第十七章】太上，下知有之。其次，亲而誉之。其次，畏之。其次，侮之。信不足焉，有不信焉。悠兮其贵言。功成事遂，百姓皆谓我自然。

【第十八章】大道废，有仁义；慧智出，有大伪；六亲不和，有孝慈；国家昏乱，有忠臣。

【第十九章】绝圣弃智，民利百倍；绝仁弃义，民复孝慈；绝巧弃利，盗贼无有。此三者，以为文不足，故令有所属，见素抱朴，少私寡欲。

【第二十章】绝学无忧。唯之与阿，相去几何？善之与恶，相去若何？人之所畏，不可不畏。荒兮其未央哉！众人熙熙，如享太牢，如春登台。我独泊兮其未兆，如婴儿之未孩。傫傫兮若无所归。众人皆有余，而我独若遗。我愚人之心也哉！沌沌兮！俗人昭昭，我独昏昏；俗人察察，我独闷闷。澹兮其若海，飂兮若无止。众人皆有以，而我独顽似鄙。我独异于人，而贵食母。

【第二十一章】孔德之容，惟道是从。道之为物，惟恍惟惚。惚兮恍兮，其中有象；恍兮惚兮，其中有物。窈兮冥兮，其中有精；其精甚真，其中有信。自古及今，其名不去，以阅众甫。吾何以知众甫之状哉？以此。

【第二十二章】曲则全，枉则直，洼则盈，敝则新，少则得，多则惑。是以圣人抱一，为天下式。不自见故明，不自是故彰，不自伐故有功，不自矜故长。夫唯不争，故天下莫能与之争。古之所谓曲则全者，岂虚言哉！诚全而归之。

【第二十三章】希言自然。故飘风不终朝，骤雨不终日。孰为此者？天地。天地尚不能久，而况于人乎？故从事于道者，道者同于道，德者同于德，失者同于失。同于道者，道亦乐得之；同于德者，德亦乐得之；同于失者，失亦乐得之。信不足焉，有不信焉。

【第二十四章】企者不立，跨者不行，自见者不明，自是者不彰，自伐者无功，自矜者不长。其在道也，曰余食赘行。物或恶之，故有道者不处。

【第二十五章】有物混成，先天地生。寂兮寥兮，独立不改，周行而不殆，可以为天下母。吾不知其名，字之曰道，强为之名曰大。大曰逝，逝曰远，远曰反。故道大，天大，地大，王亦大。域中有四大，而王居其一焉。人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。

【第二十六章】重为轻根，静为躁君。是以圣人终日行不离辎重。虽有荣观，燕处超然，奈何万乘之主，而以身轻天下？轻则失本，躁则失君。

【第二十七章】善行无辙迹，善言无瑕谪，善数不用筹策，善闭无关楗而不可开，善结无绳约而不可解。是以圣人常善救人，故无弃人；常善救物，故无弃物，是谓袭明。故善人者，不善人之师；不善人者，善人之资。不贵其师，不爱其资，虽智大迷，是谓要妙。

【第二十八章】知其雄，守其雌，为天下溪。为天下溪，常德不离，复归于婴儿。知其白，守其黑，为天下式。为天下式，常德不忒，复归于无极。知其荣，守其辱，为天下谷。为天下谷，常德乃足，复归于朴。朴散则为器，圣人用之则为官长。故大制不割。

【第二十九章】将欲取天下而为之，吾见其不得已。天下神器，不可为也。为者败之，执者失之。故物或行或随，或歔或吹，或强或羸，或挫或隳。是以圣人去甚，去奢，去泰。

【第三十章】以道佐人主者，不以兵强天下，其事好还。师之所处，荆棘生焉。大军之后，必有凶年。善有果而已，不敢以取强。果而勿矜，果而勿伐，果而勿骄，果而不得已，果而勿强。物壮则老，是谓不道，不道早已。

【第三十一章】夫佳兵者，不祥之器。物或恶之，故有道者不处。君子居则贵左，用兵则贵右。兵者，不祥之器，非君子之器。不得已而用之，恬淡为上，胜而不美。而美之者，是乐杀人。夫乐杀人者，则不可以得志于天下矣。吉事尚左，凶事尚右。偏将军居左，上将军居右，言以丧礼处之。杀人之众，以哀悲泣之，战胜，以丧礼处之。

【第三十二章】道常无名，朴虽小，天下莫能臣也。侯王若能守之，万物将自宾。天地相合以降甘露，民莫之令而自均。始制有名，名亦既有，夫亦将知止。知止可以不殆。譬道之在天下，犹川谷之于江海。

【第三十三章】知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。知足者富，强行者有志，不失其所者久，死而不亡者寿。

【第三十四章】大道泛兮，其可左右。万物恃之而生而不辞，功成不名有，衣养万物而不为主，常无欲，可名于小；万物归焉而不为主，可名为大。以其终不自为大，故能成其大。

【第三十五章】执大象，天下往；往而不害，安平太。乐与饵，过客止。道之出口，淡乎其无味，视之不足见，听之不足闻，用之不足既。

【第三十六章】将欲歙之，必固张之；将欲弱之，必固强之；将欲废之，必固兴之；将欲夺之，必固与之，是谓微明。柔弱胜刚强。鱼不可脱于渊，国之利器不可以示人。

【第三十七章】道常无为而无不为，侯王若能守之，万物将自化。化而欲作，吾将镇之以无名之朴。无名之朴，夫亦将无欲。不欲以静，天下将自定。

【第三十八章】上德不德，是以有德；下德不失德，是以无德。上德无为而无以为，下德为之而有以为。上仁为之而无以为，上义为之而有以为，上礼为之而莫之应，则攘臂而扔之。故失道而后德，失德而后仁，失仁而后义，失义而后礼。夫礼者，忠信之薄而乱之首。前识者，道之华而愚之始。是以大丈夫处其厚，不居其薄；处其实，不居其华。故去彼取此。

【第三十九章】昔之得一者，天得一以清，地得一以宁，神得一以灵，谷得一以盈，万物得一以生，侯王得一以为天下贞。其致之。天无以清将恐裂，地无以宁将恐发，神无以灵将恐歇，谷无以盈将恐竭，万物无以生将恐灭，侯王无以贵高将恐蹶。故贵以贱为本，高以下为基。是以侯王自谓孤寡不穀。此非以贱为本邪？非乎？故致数舆无舆。不欲琭琭如玉，珞珞如石。

【第四十章】反者，道之动；弱者，道之用。天下万物生于有，有生于无。

【第四十一章】上士闻道，勤而行之；中士闻道，若存若亡；下士闻道，大笑之，不笑不足以为道。故建言有之：明道若昧，进道若退，夷道若颣。上德若谷，大白若辱，广德若不足，建德若偷，质真若渝。大方无隅，大器晚成，大音希声，大象无形。道隐无名，夫唯道善贷且成。

【第四十二章】道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳，冲气以为和。人之所恶，唯孤寡不穀，而王公以为称。故物，或损之而益，或益之而损。人之所教，我亦教之。强梁者不得其死，吾将以为教父。

【第四十三章】天下之至柔，驰骋天下之至坚，无有入无间，吾是以知无为之有益。不言之教，无为之益，天下希及之。

【第四十四章】名与身孰亲？身与货孰多？得与亡孰病？是故甚爱必大费，多藏必厚亡。知足不辱，知止不殆，可以长久。

【第四十五章】大成若缺，其用不弊。大盈若冲，其用不穷。大直若屈，大巧若拙，大辩若讷。躁胜寒，静胜热。清静为天下正。

【第四十六章】天下有道，却走马以粪；天下无道，戎马生于郊。祸莫大于不知足，咎莫大于欲得，故知足之足，常足矣。

【第四十七章】不出户，知天下；不窥牖，见天道。其出弥远，其知弥少。是以圣人不行而知，不见而名，不为而成。

【第四十八章】为学日益，为道日损。损之又损，以至于无为，无为而无不为。取天下常以无事，及其有事，不足以取天下。

【第四十九章】圣人无常心，以百姓心为心。善者，吾善之；不善者，吾亦善之，德善。信者，吾信之；不信者，吾亦信之，德信。圣人在天下歙歙，为天下浑其心。百姓皆注其耳目，圣人皆孩之。

【第五十章】出生入死。生之徒十有三，死之徒十有三。人之生动之死地，亦十有三。夫何故？以其生生之厚。盖闻善摄生者，陆行不遇兕虎，入军不被甲兵，兕无所投其角，虎无所措其爪，兵无所容其刃。夫何故？以其无死地。

【第五十一章】道生之，德畜之，物形之，势成之。是以万物莫不尊道而贵德。道之尊，德之贵，夫莫之命而常自然。故道生之，德畜之。长之、育之、亭之、毒之、养之、覆之。生而不有，为而不恃，长而不宰，是谓玄德。

【第五十二章】天下有始，以为天下母。既得其母，以知其子；既知其子，复守其母，没身不殆。塞其兑，闭其门，终身不勤。开其兑，济其事，终身不救。见小曰明，守柔曰强。用其光，复归其明，无遗身殃，是为习常。

【第五十三章】使我介然有知，行于大道，唯施是畏。大道甚夷，而民好径。朝甚除，田甚芜，仓甚虚。服文彩，带利剑，厌饮食，财货有余，是为盗夸。非道也哉！

【第五十四章】善建者不拔，善抱者不脱，子孙以祭祀不辍。修之于身，其德乃真；修之于家，其德乃余；修之于乡，其德乃长；修之于国，其德乃丰；修之于天下，其德乃普。故以身观身，以家观家，以乡观乡，以国观国，以天下观天下。吾何以知天下然哉？以此。

【第五十五章】含德之厚，比于赤子。蜂虿虺蛇不螫，猛兽不据，攫鸟不搏。骨弱筋柔而握固。未知牝牡之合而全作，精之至也。终日号而不嗄，和之至也。知和曰常，知常曰明，益生曰祥，心使气曰强。物壮则老，谓之不道，不道早已。

【第五十六章】知者不言，言者不知。塞其兑，闭其门，挫其锐，解其纷，和其光，同其尘，是谓玄同。故不可得而亲，不可得而疏；不可得而利，不可得而害；不可得而贵，不可得而贱，故为天下贵。

【第五十七章】以正治国，以奇用兵，以无事取天下。吾何以知其然哉？以此。天下多忌讳，而民弥贫；民多利器，国家滋昏；人多伎巧，奇物滋起；法令滋彰，盗贼多有。故圣人云：“我无为而民自化，我好静而民自正，我无事而民自富，我无欲而民自朴。”

【第五十八章】其政闷闷，其民淳淳；其政察察，其民缺缺。祸兮福之所倚，福兮祸之所伏。孰知其极？其无正。正复为奇，善复为妖，人之迷，其日固久。是以圣人方而不割，廉而不刿，直而不肆，光而不耀。

【第五十九章】治人事天莫若啬。夫唯啬，是谓早服。早服谓之重积德，重积德则无不克，无不克则莫知其极，莫知其极，可以有国。有国之母，可以长久。是谓深根固柢，长生久视之道。

【第六十章】治大国若烹小鲜。以道莅天下，其鬼不神。非其鬼不神，其神不伤人；非其神不伤人，圣人亦不伤人。夫两不相伤，故德交归焉。

【第六十一章】大国者下流。天下之交，天下之牝。牝常以静胜牡，以静为下。故大国以下小国，则取小国；小国以下大国，则取大国。故或下以取，或下而取。大国不过欲兼畜人，小国不过欲入事人，夫两者各得其所欲，大者宜为下。

【第六十二章】道者万物之奥，善人之宝，不善人之所保。美言可以市，尊行可以加人。人之不善，何弃之有！故立天子，置三公，虽有拱璧以先驷马，不如坐进此道。古之所以贵此道者何？不曰以求得，有罪以免邪？故为天下贵。

【第六十三章】为无为，事无事，味无味。大小多少，报怨以德。图难于其易，为大于其细。天下难事必作于易，天下大事必作于细，是以圣人终不为大，故能成其大。夫轻诺必寡信，多易必多难，是以圣人犹难之。故终无难矣。

【第六十四章】其安易持，其未兆易谋，其脆易泮，其微易散。为之于未有，治之于未乱。合抱之木，生于毫末；九层之台，起于累土；千里之行，始于足下。为者败之，执者失之。是以圣人无为，故无败；无执，故无失。民之从事，常于几成而败之。慎终如始，则无败事。是以圣人欲不欲，不贵难得之货。学不学，复众人之所过。以辅万物之自然，而不敢为。

【第六十五章】古之善为道者，非以明民，将以愚之。民之难治，以其智多。故以智治国，国之贼；不以智治国，国之福。知此两者，亦稽式。常知稽式，是谓玄德。玄德深矣，远矣，与物反矣，然后乃至大顺。

【第六十六章】江海所以能为百谷王者，以其善下之，故能为百谷王。是以欲上民，必以言下之；欲先民，必以身后之。是以圣人处上而民不重，处前而民不害，是以天下乐推而不厌。以其不争，故天下莫能与之争。

【第六十七章】天下皆谓我道大，似不肖。夫唯大，故似不肖。若肖，久矣其细也夫。我有三宝，持而保之。一曰慈，二曰俭，三曰不敢为天下先。慈，故能勇；俭，故能广；不敢为天下先，故能成器长。今舍慈且勇，舍俭且广，舍后且先，死矣！夫慈，以战则胜，以守则固，天将救之，以慈卫之。

【第六十八章】善为士者不武，善战者不怒，善胜敌者不与，善用人者为之下。是谓不争之德，是谓用人之力，是谓配天古之极。

【第六十九章】用兵有言，吾不敢为主而为客，不敢进寸而退尺。是谓行无行，攘无臂，扔无敌，执无兵。祸莫大于轻敌，轻敌几丧吾宝。故抗兵相加，哀者胜矣。

【第七十章】吾言甚易知，甚易行，天下莫能知，莫能行。言有宗，事有君。夫唯无知，是以不我知。知我者希，则我者贵，是以圣人被褐怀玉。

【第七十一章】知不知，上；不知知，病。夫唯病病，是以不病。圣人不病，以其病病，是以不病。

【第七十二章】民不畏威，则大威至。无狎其所居，无厌其所生。夫唯不厌，是以不厌。是以圣人自知，不自见；自爱，不自贵。故去彼取此。

【第七十三章】勇于敢则杀，勇于不敢则活。此两者，或利或害。天之所恶，孰知其故？是以圣人犹难之。天之道，不争而善胜，不言而善应，不召而自来，繟然而善谋。天网恢恢，疏而不失。

【第七十四章】民不畏死，奈何以死惧之！若使民常畏死，而为奇者，吾得执而杀之，孰敢？常有司杀者杀，夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斫。夫代大匠斫者，希有不伤其手矣。

【第七十五章】民之饥，以其上食税之多，是以饥。民之难治，以其上之有为，是以难治。民之轻死，以其求生之厚，是以轻死。夫唯无以生为者，是贤于贵生。

【第七十六章】人之生也柔弱，其死也坚强。万物草木之生也柔脆，其死也枯槁。故坚强者死之徒，柔弱者生之徒。是以兵强则不胜，木强则兵。强大处下，柔弱处上。

【第七十七章】天之道，其犹张弓与！高者抑之，下者举之；有余者损之，不足者补之。天之道，损有余而补不足。人之道则不然，损不足以奉有余。孰能有余以奉天下？唯有道者。是以圣人为而不恃，功成而不处，其不欲见贤。

【第七十八章】天下莫柔弱于水，而攻坚强者莫之能胜，其无以易之。弱之胜强，柔之胜刚，天下莫不知，莫能行。是以圣人云，受国之垢，是谓社稷主；受国不祥，是为天下王。正言若反。

【第七十九章】和大怨，必有余怨，安可以为善？是以圣人执左契，而不责于人。有德司契，无德司彻。天道无亲，常与善人。

【第八十章】小国寡民，使有什伯之器而不用，使民重死而不远徙。虽有舟舆，无所乘之；虽有甲兵，无所陈之；使人复结绳而用之。甘其食，美其服，安其居，乐其俗。邻国相望，鸡犬之声相闻，民至老死不相往来。

【第八十一章】信言不美，美言不信；善者不辩，辩者不善；知者不博，博者不知。圣人不积，既以为人，己愈有；既以与人，己愈多。天之道，利而不害。圣人之道，为而不争。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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    <title>Wp/acm/21 كانون الثاني</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''21 كانون الثاني''' او يوم 21 \ 1 (يوم واحد وعشرين من شهر الواحد) هوه اليوم الواحد والعشرين (21) بالسنة البسيطة و السنة الكبيسة حسب التقويم الميلادي. باقي بعد 344 يوم وتنتهي السنة البسيطة أو 345 يوم وتنتهي الكبيسة.  == الأحداث == * 1899 - تأسيس شركة أوبل للسيارات. * 1930 – اكتشاف كو...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1582" sha1="6u7mqeit5xcjxat4c6a8njjgws0bgiv" xml:space="preserve">'''21 كانون الثاني''' او يوم 21 \ 1 (يوم واحد وعشرين من شهر الواحد) هوه اليوم الواحد والعشرين (21) بالسنة البسيطة و السنة الكبيسة حسب التقويم الميلادي. باقي بعد 344 يوم وتنتهي السنة البسيطة أو 345 يوم وتنتهي الكبيسة.

== الأحداث ==
* 1899 - تأسيس شركة أوبل للسيارات.
* 1930 – اكتشاف كوكب بلوتو.
* 2021 - تفجيرين انتحاريين صارو بساحة الطيران وباب الشرچي بصف سوگ البالة بالعاصمة بغداد.

== ولادات ==
* 1988 - ياسمين صبري، ممثلة مصرية.

== وفيات ==
* 1914 - أبو الفضل الكلبايكاني، كاتب ديني وعالم بهائي إيراني.
* 2026 - رفعت الأسد، أخو حافظ الأسد.

== أعياد ومناسبات ==
* يوم العلم بكيبك.
* ذكرى ويلينگتون بنيوزيلندا.

== مصادر ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205074540/http://www.qna.org.qa/ThisDayInHistory وكالة الأنباء القطرية: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200809021421/https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/january-21/ النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21 BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]

{{Wp/acm/SisterProjects
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{{Wp/acm/YearDaysAndMonths}}

[[Category:Wp/acm]]</text>
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      <comment>مخلي روابط انترويكي ل[[d:Q2273]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1603" sha1="gkjp41ptt3n2btnummefp8nbx3pw0nm" xml:space="preserve">'''21 كانون الثاني''' او يوم 21 \ 1 (يوم واحد وعشرين من شهر الواحد) هوه اليوم الواحد والعشرين (21) بالسنة البسيطة و السنة الكبيسة حسب التقويم الميلادي. باقي بعد 344 يوم وتنتهي السنة البسيطة أو 345 يوم وتنتهي الكبيسة.

== الأحداث ==
* 1899 - تأسيس شركة أوبل للسيارات.
* 1930 – اكتشاف كوكب بلوتو.
* 2021 - تفجيرين انتحاريين صارو بساحة الطيران وباب الشرچي بصف سوگ البالة بالعاصمة بغداد.

== ولادات ==
* 1988 - ياسمين صبري، ممثلة مصرية.

== وفيات ==
* 1914 - أبو الفضل الكلبايكاني، كاتب ديني وعالم بهائي إيراني.
* 2026 - رفعت الأسد، أخو حافظ الأسد.

== أعياد ومناسبات ==
* يوم العلم بكيبك.
* ذكرى ويلينگتون بنيوزيلندا.

== مصادر ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205074540/http://www.qna.org.qa/ThisDayInHistory وكالة الأنباء القطرية: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200809021421/https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/january-21/ النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21 BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]

{{Wp/acm/SisterProjects
|qid=Q2273
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{{Wp/acm/YearDaysAndMonths}}

[[Category:Wp/acm]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q2273}}</text>
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      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/acm/21 كانون الثاني]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="74" sha1="p7ypjrcwxd5vgnn1ev2n1c77w1gr83w" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/acm/21 كانون الثاني|21 كانون الثاني]]</text>
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        <id>2629904</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} == က စား  === အသံထွက် === * {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/k / sá/}}  === သမ္ဗန္တ === *{{Wt/rki/head|rki|သမ္ဗန္တ}}  === ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် === အမှီ ပုဒ်စုနန့် အခြီခံ ပုဒ်စုရို့ကို စပ်ပီးရေ ဖလိဖလာ စကားလုံး။  === အင်္ဂလိပ် === opposite  === ဗမာ === အမှီ ပ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="735" sha1="ag3r7eblzcir13nynrz8wdi43w1x3fr" xml:space="preserve">== {{Wt/rki/=rki=}} ==
က စား

=== အသံထွက် ===
* {{Wt/rki/RKI_IPA|/k / sá/}}

=== သမ္ဗန္တ ===
*{{Wt/rki/head|rki|သမ္ဗန္တ}}

=== ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် ===
အမှီ ပုဒ်စုနန့် အခြီခံ ပုဒ်စုရို့ကို စပ်ပီးရေ ဖလိဖလာ စကားလုံး။

=== အင်္ဂလိပ် ===
opposite

=== ဗမာ ===
အမှီ ပုဒ်စုနှင့် အခြေခံ ပုဒ်စုတို့ကို စပ်ပေးသော ဆန့်ကျင်ဖက် စကားလုံး။

== ကိုးကား ==
* {{Template:Wt/rki/R:rki:WTV}}
[[Category:Wt/rki]]</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ਸੁਜਾਤਾ ਫ਼ਰਨਾਂਡੇਜ਼''' ਸਿਡਨੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਵਿਖੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਅਰਥ-ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਜ-ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਨਿਊਯਾਰਕ ਸਿਟੀ ਵਿਚਲੇ ਗ੍ਰੈਜੂਏਟ ਸੈਂਟਰ, CUNY ਦੇ ਸੈਂਟਰ ਫ਼ਾਰ ਪਲੇਸ, ਕਲਚਰ ਐਂਡ ਪੌਲੀਟਿਕਸ ਵਿਖੇ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6181" sha1="jd1sg3r9dj9n7wb60z9gegk8t6jkw54" xml:space="preserve">'''ਸੁਜਾਤਾ ਫ਼ਰਨਾਂਡੇਜ਼''' ਸਿਡਨੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਵਿਖੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਅਰਥ-ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਜ-ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਨਿਊਯਾਰਕ ਸਿਟੀ ਵਿਚਲੇ ਗ੍ਰੈਜੂਏਟ ਸੈਂਟਰ, CUNY ਦੇ ਸੈਂਟਰ ਫ਼ਾਰ ਪਲੇਸ, ਕਲਚਰ ਐਂਡ ਪੌਲੀਟਿਕਸ ਵਿਖੇ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਜ਼ਿਟਿੰਗ ਸਕਾਲਰ (ਮਹਿਮਾਨ ਵਿਦਵਾਨ) ਹੈ।

== ਕਥਨ ==

* ਮੁੰਬਈ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਗਭਗ 35,000 ਸਫ਼ਾਈ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀ ਹਨ। ਇਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਲਗਭਗ 28,000 ਪੱਕੇ (ਸਥਾਈ) ਮੁਲਾਜ਼ਮ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ 7,000 ਠੇਕੇ 'ਤੇ ਰੱਖੇ ਗਏ ਹਨ। ਪੱਕੇ ਸਫ਼ਾਈ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਕੰਮਕਾਜੀ ਹਾਲਾਤ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਹਨ। ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਰਦੀਆਂ, ਤਨਖ਼ਾਹ ਪਰਚੀਆਂ (ਸਲਿੱਪਾਂ), ਮੈਡੀਕਲ ਬੀਮਾ ਅਤੇ ਤਨਖ਼ਾਹ-ਸਹਿਤ ਛੁੱਟੀਆਂ ਮਿਲਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। ਠੇਕਾ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਕੋਈ ਵੀ ਲਾਭ ਨਹੀਂ ਮਿਲਦਾ। ਪਰਵਾਸੀ ਹੋਣ ਕਰਕੇ, ਉਹਨਾਂ ਕੋਲ ਰਾਸ਼ਨ ਕਾਰਡ ਜਾਂ ਪੱਕਾ ਮਕਾਨ ਵੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ। ਉਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਝੁੱਗੀਆਂ-ਝੌਂਪੜੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਅਕਸਰ ਢਾਹ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਕਾਰਨ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਮੇਂ-ਸਮੇਂ 'ਤੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਘਰ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਨਵੀਂ ਥਾਂ ਲੱਭਣ ਲਈ ਮਜਬੂਰ ਹੋਣਾ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਪੱਕੇ ਮੁਲਾਜ਼ਮਾਂ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਅੱਗੇ ਠੇਕਾ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੰਡ ਦੇਣਾ ਕੋਈ ਅਸਧਾਰਨ ਗੱਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ। ਜ਼ਮੀਨੀ ਪੱਧਰ 'ਤੇ ਸਾਲਾਂ ਦੀ ਲਗਾਤਾਰ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ, ਇਹ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ ਉਪ-ਠੇਕੇਦਾਰੀ (ਸਬ-ਕੰਟਰੈਕਟਿੰਗ) ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ ਦੇ ਖ਼ਾਤਮੇ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਚੁੱਕਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ ਨੇ ਸਫ਼ਾਈ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਜ ਦੇ ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਖ਼ਤਰਨਾਕ, ਅਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਅਤੇ ਅਣ-ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਕਿੱਤਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਬਣਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਹੈ।
* ਬ੍ਰਿਹਨਮੁੰਬਈ ਮਿਊਂਸੀਪਲ ਕਾਰਪੋਰੇਸ਼ਨ (BMC) ਦੁਆਰਾ ਰੱਖੇ ਗਏ ਸਾਰੇ ਠੇਕਾ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀ ਦਲਿਤ ਹਨ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਪਰਵਾਸੀ ਹਨ। [...] ਕਈ ਸਫ਼ਾਈ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀ [...] ਸੋਕੇ ਦੀਆਂ ਹਾਲਤਾਂ ਕਾਰਨ ਪੇਂਡੂ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੇ ਘਰ ਛੱਡ ਕੇ ਕੰਮ ਦੀ ਭਾਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਿਕਲਣ ਲਈ ਮਜਬੂਰ ਹਨ, ਜੋ ਸੋਕਾ ਹਰ ਸਾਲ ਹੋਰ ਬਦਤਰ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਜਾ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਦੋ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ—ਮਹਾਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਰਾਠਵਾੜਾ, ਅਤੇ ਤਾਮਿਲਨਾਡੂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਲੇਮ ਅਤੇ ਤਿਰੂਵੰਨਾਮਲਾਈ। ਉਹ ਅਕਸਰ ਬੇਜ਼ਮੀਨੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਜਾਂ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਛੋਟੀਆਂ ਜ਼ਮੀਨਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਅਸਮਰੱਥ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। [...] ਠੇਕਾ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਦਿਹਾੜੀਆਂ (ਤਨਖ਼ਾਹਾਂ) ਮਸਾਂ ਹੀ ਜਿਊਂਦੇ ਰਹਿਣ ਜੋਗੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਅਤੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਕੁਪੋਸ਼ਣ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਹਨ। ਉਹ ਬਿਨਾਂ ਦਸਤਾਨਿਆਂ, ਫੇਸ-ਮਾਸਕਾਂ, ਜੁੱਤੀਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਵਰਦੀ ਦੇ, ਨੰਗੇ ਹੱਥਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਕੂੜਾ ਚੁੱਕਦੇ ਹਨ। ਕੰਮ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਥਾਵਾਂ 'ਤੇ ਮੁਲਾਜ਼ਮਾਂ ਲਈ ਨਹਾਉਣ-ਧੋਣ ਦੀ ਕੋਈ ਸਹੂਲਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ। [...] ਮਾੜੇ ਕੰਮਕਾਜੀ ਹਾਲਾਤਾਂ ਕਾਰਨ ਇਹ ਕਾਮੇ ਕਈ ਬਿਮਾਰੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਅਕਸਰ ਛੋਟੀ ਉਮਰੇ ਹੀ ਦਮ ਤੋੜ ਦਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਜਿਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਜ਼ਹਿਰੀਲੀਆਂ ਗੈਸਾਂ ਦੇ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਹ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਹਾਲਤਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਹ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਉਸ ਕਾਰਨ ਟੀ.ਬੀ. (ਤਪਦਿਕ) ਅਤੇ ਫੇਫੜਿਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਹੋਰ ਬਿਮਾਰੀਆਂ ਆਮ ਹਨ। ਇੱਥੇ ਹਾਦਸੇ ਵੀ ਲਗਾਤਾਰ ਵਾਪਰਦੇ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ।
* '[ਮੀਡੀਆ ਨੇ] ਇਜ਼ਰਾਈਲ ਲਈ ਹਮਾਇਤ ਜੁਟਾਉਣ ਅਤੇ ਘਟਨਾਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਤੋੜ-ਮਰੋੜ ਕੇ ਪੇਸ਼ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਅਜਿਹੀਆਂ ਝੂਠੀਆਂ ਅਫ਼ਵਾਹਾਂ (ਮਨਘੜਤ ਦਾਅਵਿਆਂ) ਨੂੰ ਹੱਲਾਸ਼ੇਰੀ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਕਿ ਹਮਾਸ ਨੇ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਸਿਰ ਕਲਮ ਕੀਤੇ ਸਨ ਅਤੇ ਸਮੂਹਿਕ ਬਲਾਤਕਾਰ ਕੀਤੇ ਸਨ।'</text>
      <sha1>jd1sg3r9dj9n7wb60z9gegk8t6jkw54</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304384</id>
      <parentid>7304000</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:15:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ਕਥਨ */</comment>
      <origin>7304384</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6370" sha1="4c8hfptny8wvfba6cqddgjlpd1ve7je" xml:space="preserve">'''ਸੁਜਾਤਾ ਫ਼ਰਨਾਂਡੇਜ਼''' ਸਿਡਨੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਵਿਖੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਅਰਥ-ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਾਜ-ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਨਿਊਯਾਰਕ ਸਿਟੀ ਵਿਚਲੇ ਗ੍ਰੈਜੂਏਟ ਸੈਂਟਰ, CUNY ਦੇ ਸੈਂਟਰ ਫ਼ਾਰ ਪਲੇਸ, ਕਲਚਰ ਐਂਡ ਪੌਲੀਟਿਕਸ ਵਿਖੇ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਜ਼ਿਟਿੰਗ ਸਕਾਲਰ (ਮਹਿਮਾਨ ਵਿਦਵਾਨ) ਹੈ।

== ਕਥਨ ==

* ਮੁੰਬਈ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਗਭਗ 35,000 ਸਫ਼ਾਈ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀ ਹਨ। ਇਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਲਗਭਗ 28,000 ਪੱਕੇ (ਸਥਾਈ) ਮੁਲਾਜ਼ਮ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ 7,000 ਠੇਕੇ 'ਤੇ ਰੱਖੇ ਗਏ ਹਨ। ਪੱਕੇ ਸਫ਼ਾਈ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਕੰਮਕਾਜੀ ਹਾਲਾਤ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਹਨ। ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਰਦੀਆਂ, ਤਨਖ਼ਾਹ ਪਰਚੀਆਂ (ਸਲਿੱਪਾਂ), ਮੈਡੀਕਲ ਬੀਮਾ ਅਤੇ ਤਨਖ਼ਾਹ-ਸਹਿਤ ਛੁੱਟੀਆਂ ਮਿਲਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। ਠੇਕਾ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਕੋਈ ਵੀ ਲਾਭ ਨਹੀਂ ਮਿਲਦਾ। ਪਰਵਾਸੀ ਹੋਣ ਕਰਕੇ, ਉਹਨਾਂ ਕੋਲ ਰਾਸ਼ਨ ਕਾਰਡ ਜਾਂ ਪੱਕਾ ਮਕਾਨ ਵੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ। ਉਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਝੁੱਗੀਆਂ-ਝੌਂਪੜੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਅਕਸਰ ਢਾਹ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਕਾਰਨ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਮੇਂ-ਸਮੇਂ 'ਤੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਘਰ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਨਵੀਂ ਥਾਂ ਲੱਭਣ ਲਈ ਮਜਬੂਰ ਹੋਣਾ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਪੱਕੇ ਮੁਲਾਜ਼ਮਾਂ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਅੱਗੇ ਠੇਕਾ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੰਡ ਦੇਣਾ ਕੋਈ ਅਸਧਾਰਨ ਗੱਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ। ਜ਼ਮੀਨੀ ਪੱਧਰ 'ਤੇ ਸਾਲਾਂ ਦੀ ਲਗਾਤਾਰ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ, ਇਹ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ ਉਪ-ਠੇਕੇਦਾਰੀ (ਸਬ-ਕੰਟਰੈਕਟਿੰਗ) ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ ਦੇ ਖ਼ਾਤਮੇ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਚੁੱਕਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ ਨੇ ਸਫ਼ਾਈ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਜ ਦੇ ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਖ਼ਤਰਨਾਕ, ਅਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਅਤੇ ਅਣ-ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਕਿੱਤਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਬਣਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਹੈ।
* ਬ੍ਰਿਹਨਮੁੰਬਈ ਮਿਊਂਸੀਪਲ ਕਾਰਪੋਰੇਸ਼ਨ (BMC) ਦੁਆਰਾ ਰੱਖੇ ਗਏ ਸਾਰੇ ਠੇਕਾ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀ ਦਲਿਤ ਹਨ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਪਰਵਾਸੀ ਹਨ। [...] ਕਈ ਸਫ਼ਾਈ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀ [...] ਸੋਕੇ ਦੀਆਂ ਹਾਲਤਾਂ ਕਾਰਨ ਪੇਂਡੂ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੇ ਘਰ ਛੱਡ ਕੇ ਕੰਮ ਦੀ ਭਾਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਿਕਲਣ ਲਈ ਮਜਬੂਰ ਹਨ, ਜੋ ਸੋਕਾ ਹਰ ਸਾਲ ਹੋਰ ਬਦਤਰ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਜਾ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ। ਉਹ ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਦੋ ਖੇਤਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ—ਮਹਾਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਰਾਠਵਾੜਾ, ਅਤੇ ਤਾਮਿਲਨਾਡੂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਲੇਮ ਅਤੇ ਤਿਰੂਵੰਨਾਮਲਾਈ। ਉਹ ਅਕਸਰ ਬੇਜ਼ਮੀਨੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਜਾਂ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਛੋਟੀਆਂ ਜ਼ਮੀਨਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰਨ ਤੋਂ ਅਸਮਰੱਥ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। [...] ਠੇਕਾ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਦਿਹਾੜੀਆਂ (ਤਨਖ਼ਾਹਾਂ) ਮਸਾਂ ਹੀ ਜਿਊਂਦੇ ਰਹਿਣ ਜੋਗੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਅਤੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਕੁਪੋਸ਼ਣ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਹਨ। ਉਹ ਬਿਨਾਂ ਦਸਤਾਨਿਆਂ, ਫੇਸ-ਮਾਸਕਾਂ, ਜੁੱਤੀਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਵਰਦੀ ਦੇ, ਨੰਗੇ ਹੱਥਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਕੂੜਾ ਚੁੱਕਦੇ ਹਨ। ਕੰਮ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਥਾਵਾਂ 'ਤੇ ਮੁਲਾਜ਼ਮਾਂ ਲਈ ਨਹਾਉਣ-ਧੋਣ ਦੀ ਕੋਈ ਸਹੂਲਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ। [...] ਮਾੜੇ ਕੰਮਕਾਜੀ ਹਾਲਾਤਾਂ ਕਾਰਨ ਇਹ ਕਾਮੇ ਕਈ ਬਿਮਾਰੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਅਕਸਰ ਛੋਟੀ ਉਮਰੇ ਹੀ ਦਮ ਤੋੜ ਦਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਜਿਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਜ਼ਹਿਰੀਲੀਆਂ ਗੈਸਾਂ ਦੇ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਹ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਹਾਲਤਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਹ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਉਸ ਕਾਰਨ ਟੀ.ਬੀ. (ਤਪਦਿਕ) ਅਤੇ ਫੇਫੜਿਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਹੋਰ ਬਿਮਾਰੀਆਂ ਆਮ ਹਨ। ਇੱਥੇ ਹਾਦਸੇ ਵੀ ਲਗਾਤਾਰ ਵਾਪਰਦੇ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ।
* '[ਮੀਡੀਆ ਨੇ] ਇਜ਼ਰਾਈਲ ਲਈ ਹਮਾਇਤ ਜੁਟਾਉਣ ਅਤੇ ਘਟਨਾਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਤੋੜ-ਮਰੋੜ ਕੇ ਪੇਸ਼ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਅਜਿਹੀਆਂ ਝੂਠੀਆਂ ਅਫ਼ਵਾਹਾਂ (ਮਨਘੜਤ ਦਾਅਵਿਆਂ) ਨੂੰ ਹੱਲਾਸ਼ੇਰੀ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਕਿ ਹਮਾਸ ਨੇ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਸਿਰ ਕਲਮ ਕੀਤੇ ਸਨ ਅਤੇ ਸਮੂਹਿਕ ਬਲਾਤਕਾਰ ਕੀਤੇ ਸਨ।'

[[Category:Wq/pa]]

[[Category:Wq/pa/ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ ਦੇ ਵਿੱਦਿਆਵੇਤਾ]]
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      <comment>MiiCii moved page [[Wt/mnc/蒙鄂絡]] to [[Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡]]</comment>
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      <comment>MiiCii moved page [[Wt/mnc/蒙鄂絡氏]] to [[Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡氏]]</comment>
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      <comment>Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡氏]] to [[Wt/mnc/䝉鄂絡]]</comment>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Gonta''' yekpe egan nana yi '''Bush'''.&lt;ref&gt;Roger Blench, 2009: Nupe Dictionary. https://web.archive.org/web/20130824072455/http://roger/ Blench.info/RBOP.htm. Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687&lt;/ref&gt; ==Santatun==  [[Category:Wt/nup]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="234" sha1="6vspjas2fmniphamxolbf5ycw4reojp" xml:space="preserve">'''Gonta''' yekpe egan nana yi '''Bush'''.&lt;ref&gt;Roger Blench, 2009: Nupe Dictionary. https://web.archive.org/web/20130824072455/http://roger/ Blench.info/RBOP.htm.
Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687&lt;/ref&gt;
==Santatun==

[[Category:Wt/nup]]</text>
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    <title>Wp/ain/Moma</title>
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      <comment>ページの作成</comment>
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      <text bytes="213" sha1="haelyk6in2laqwh8ei110hibf21wmbh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:W sumomo4061.jpg|thumb|300px|Moma]]

'''Moma''' sikari wa hure wa sikerpepeus wa topen wa sukkake [[Wp/ain/Nikaop|nikaop]] ne ruwe ne.

[[Category:Wp/ain]]
[[Category:Wp/ain/Nikaop]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1250033}}</text>
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    <title>Wp/hnm/软实力</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:06:39Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;small&gt;・[[File:Confusion grey.svg|20px]] 讲遘海南省其文化传开出去，过海遘归只全中国同全世界其过程，请看「'''[[Wp/hnm/文化出海|文化出海]]'''」。&lt;/small&gt;  [[File:Soft Power (2004) by Joseph Nye.jpg|thumb|300px|约瑟夫·奈2004年出版其描述「软实力」概念其书]] '''软实力'''（英话：soft power），抑叫'''文化输出'''，是讲一只[[Wp/hnm/国家|国家]]所具有（除去[[Wp/hnm/经济|经济]]同Wp/h...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1719" sha1="9nfg5qn4datm271rmy9ve0f9e8xg21d" xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;・[[File:Confusion grey.svg|20px]] 讲遘海南省其文化传开出去，过海遘归只全中国同全世界其过程，请看「'''[[Wp/hnm/文化出海|文化出海]]'''」。&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:Soft Power (2004) by Joseph Nye.jpg|thumb|300px|约瑟夫·奈2004年出版其描述「软实力」概念其书]]
'''软实力'''（英话：soft power），抑叫'''文化输出'''，是讲一只[[Wp/hnm/国家|国家]]所具有（除去[[Wp/hnm/经济|经济]]同[[Wp/hnm/军事|军事]]外其）第三方面实力，主要是[[Wp/hnm/文化|文化]]、[[Wp/hnm/价值观|价值观]]、[[Wp/hnm/意识形态|意识形态]]同[[Wp/hnm/民意|民意]]等各方面其影响力。这枚词汇由[[Wp/hnm/美国|美国]][[Wp/hnm/哈佛大学|哈佛大学]]教授约瑟夫·奈提出，照伊其讲法，硬实力是「一只国家利用伊其军事力量同经济实力，强迫抑收买其他国家其能力」，软实力则是「一只国家通过吸引同说服别国服从伊其目标，从而令伊得遘家己想爱其物件其能力」。约瑟夫·奈教授认为一只国家其软实力，主要存在伫三种资源当中：「文化&lt;ref&gt;伫会使对其他国家产生吸引力其地方起作用&lt;/ref&gt;、政治价值观&lt;ref&gt;这只国家伫国内外努力实践这滴价值观阵时&lt;/ref&gt;、外交政策&lt;ref&gt;政策需要分侬认为合法阁再具有道德威信其阵时&lt;/ref&gt;」。美国学者尼古拉斯·欧维纳就认为：「军事以外其影响力拢是软实力，包括意识形态同政治价值其吸引力、文化感召力等。」《[[Wp/hnm/论语|论语]]》季氏篇夫子曰：「远人不服，则修文德以来之」，「文德」就是软实力。

== 注解 ==

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;small&gt;・[[File:Confusion grey.svg|20px]] 讲遘一只国家其文化输出，请看「'''[[Wp/hnm/软实力|软实力]]'''」。&lt;/small&gt;  [[File:A Meeting of Japan, China, and the West (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Wp/hnm/司马江汉|司马江汉]]作其《和汉洋三贤人图》]] '''文化出海'''，抑叫'''文化交流'''、'''文化外交'''，是一只[[Wp/hnm/地方|地方]]其[[Wp/hnm/软实力|软实力]]，分无平样其侬之间拢会使互相Wp/hnm/学...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="940" sha1="3s7q40dl8wp9ng5q99psrf8jug7dcpc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;・[[File:Confusion grey.svg|20px]] 讲遘一只国家其文化输出，请看「'''[[Wp/hnm/软实力|软实力]]'''」。&lt;/small&gt;

[[File:A Meeting of Japan, China, and the West (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Wp/hnm/司马江汉|司马江汉]]作其《和汉洋三贤人图》]]
'''文化出海'''，抑叫'''文化交流'''、'''文化外交'''，是一只[[Wp/hnm/地方|地方]]其[[Wp/hnm/软实力|软实力]]，分无平样其侬之间拢会使互相[[Wp/hnm/学古|学古]]，无论是[[Wp/hnm/信息|信息]]、[[Wp/hnm/艺术|艺术]]、[[Wp/hnm/话|话]]、[[Wp/hnm/价值观|价值观]]，分双方拢会更加认识对方。比论讲[[Wp/hnm/海南省|海南省]]其文化传开出去，过海遘归只全[[Wp/hnm/中国|中国]]同全[[Wp/hnm/世界|世界]]，就叫文化出海。换句话讲，一只地方其文化就是一只地方其「灵魂」，分无平样侬之间其文化𪨧有影响。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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    <title>Wp/hnm/文化交流</title>
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    <redirect title="Wp/hnm/文化出海" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304260</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:08:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="46" sha1="1s4k5kke8hzp4dgplb0zcaixasfl3gp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/文化出海|文化出海]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/文化外交</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804170</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/hnm/文化出海" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304261</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:08:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/hnm/文化出海]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="46" sha1="1s4k5kke8hzp4dgplb0zcaixasfl3gp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/文化出海|文化出海]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/翕相</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304262</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:09:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[File:Secret Shooter (Unsplash).jpg|thumb|300px|一只[[Wp/hnm/查某|查某]]用尼康胶卷相机翕相]] '''翕相'''，抑叫'''摄影'''、'''照相'''，是讲翕张[[Wp/hnm/相片|相片]]出来其活动，抑是一种[[Wp/hnm/艺术|艺术]]。伊是通过事物其光，记录静止抑动态事物遘对光敏感其媒介面顶，比论讲[[Wp/hnm/胶卷|胶卷]]抑电子感光器。拿来翕相其机器叫[[Wp/hnm/相机|相机]]，有镜头去捕捉爱翕其物...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="724" sha1="ql8g84rfg291hf22hrsnm1rbov7239k" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Secret Shooter (Unsplash).jpg|thumb|300px|一只[[Wp/hnm/查某|查某]]用尼康胶卷相机翕相]]
'''翕相'''，抑叫'''摄影'''、'''照相'''，是讲翕张[[Wp/hnm/相片|相片]]出来其活动，抑是一种[[Wp/hnm/艺术|艺术]]。伊是通过事物其光，记录静止抑动态事物遘对光敏感其媒介面顶，比论讲[[Wp/hnm/胶卷|胶卷]]抑电子感光器。拿来翕相其机器叫[[Wp/hnm/相机|相机]]，有镜头去捕捉爱翕其物件发射抑反射其光，从而变作影像。而相机就会使拿来作动态翕相，比论[[Wp/hnm/电视|电视]]、[[Wp/hnm/电影|电影]]。今旦其部分数码相机，同时有静态翕相同动态翕相其功能。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
      <sha1>ql8g84rfg291hf22hrsnm1rbov7239k</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/摄影</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304263</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:09:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/hnm/翕相]]</comment>
      <origin>7304263</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="djvbds67onkwzkzopldj7zr49qj23p2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/翕相|翕相]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/照相</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804173</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/hnm/翕相" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304264</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:09:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/hnm/翕相]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="34" sha1="djvbds67onkwzkzopldj7zr49qj23p2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/翕相|翕相]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/相片</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804174</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304265</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:10:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[File:View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.jpg|thumb|300px|约瑟夫·尼塞福尔·涅佩斯伫1826年翕其相]] '''相片'''，抑叫'''照片'''、'''写真'''，是一只[[Wp/hnm/图像|图像]]其载体。图像由一只感光其平面，通过化学抑电子线路其方法，记录落来。化学记录方法一般是[[Wp/hnm/胶卷|胶卷]]，电子方法就是[[Wp/hnm/芯片|芯片]]。大半其相是用[[Wp/hnm/相机|相机]]翕其。相...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="741" sha1="fu8sgfh43wed9r10ozgoglfo6kihnls" xml:space="preserve">[[File:View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.jpg|thumb|300px|约瑟夫·尼塞福尔·涅佩斯伫1826年翕其相]]
'''相片'''，抑叫'''照片'''、'''写真'''，是一只[[Wp/hnm/图像|图像]]其载体。图像由一只感光其平面，通过化学抑电子线路其方法，记录落来。化学记录方法一般是[[Wp/hnm/胶卷|胶卷]]，电子方法就是[[Wp/hnm/芯片|芯片]]。大半其相是用[[Wp/hnm/相机|相机]]翕其。相机通过镜头聚焦可见波长其光线，造成一只侬目看遘其影像，射伫感光面顶，感光面记录落这只影像。这只过程叫[[Wp/hnm/翕相|翕相]]。[[Wp/hnm/电影|电影]]普遍分世侬认为是一连串其相片。

[[Category:Wp/hnm]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/照片</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
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      <text bytes="34" sha1="8744f3jhi4i8zl7s8hcjy2f41d9n8pq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/相片|相片]]</text>
      <sha1>8744f3jhi4i8zl7s8hcjy2f41d9n8pq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hnm/写真</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <redirect title="Wp/hnm/相片" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304267</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T04:11:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>海南深情</username>
        <id>2661224</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/hnm/相片]]</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="8744f3jhi4i8zl7s8hcjy2f41d9n8pq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hnm/相片|相片]]</text>
      <sha1>8744f3jhi4i8zl7s8hcjy2f41d9n8pq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Pokwang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304321</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T06:55:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wp/hil/BLP unsourced|date=Marso 2010}} {{Wp/hil/Italic title}}  {{Wp/hil/Infobox Person | name   = Pokwang | image     = {{Wp/hil/Wikidata|property|raw|P18}} | image_size     = | caption  =  | birth_date  = {{Wp/hil/Wikidata|property|P569}} | birth_place = [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]] | death_date  =  | death_place =  | education      = | occupation     =  [[Wp/hil/Komedyante|Komedyante]], [[Wp/hil/Aktres|Aktres]], [[Wp/hil/Host|Host]] | spouse         =   | parents...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3052" sha1="3x6s50o7dvlsecux178lcgric7u8nly" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/hil/BLP unsourced|date=Marso 2010}}
{{Wp/hil/Italic title}}

{{Wp/hil/Infobox Person
| name   = Pokwang
| image     = {{Wp/hil/Wikidata|property|raw|P18}}
| image_size     =
| caption  = 
| birth_date  = {{Wp/hil/Wikidata|property|P569}}
| birth_place = [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]
| death_date  = 
| death_place = 
| education      =
| occupation     =  [[Wp/hil/Komedyante|Komedyante]], [[Wp/hil/Aktres|Aktres]], [[Wp/hil/Host|Host]]
| spouse         =  
| parents        =
| children       =  
}}

Si '''Marietta Tan Subong''' (ginbata 27 Agosto 1972) mas kilala sa bansag nga '''''Pokwang''''' (ginkuha sa ngalan sang karakter sa komiks ni [[Wp/hil/Vincent Kua Jr.|Vincent Kua Jr.]] sang dekada 80) sangka [[Wp/hil/Philippines|Filipina]] aktres, TV Host, kag komedyante. Nagdaog sya sa sangka kompetisyon sa [[Wp/hil/ABS-CBN|ABS-CBN]] nga nangin dalan sa iya kabantugan. Sya sadto sangka entertainer.

==Mga Pelikula kag Teleserye==
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;ce
| '''Taon''' || '''Titulo''' || '''Role''' 
|-
| 26 Mayo 2010 || [[Wp/hil/Simply KC|Simply KC]] || Ang bisita
|-
| 2009 || Banana Split || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2008 || Poohkwang:The Concert || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2007-2010 || [[Wp/hil/Wowowee|Wowowee]] || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Apat Dapat, Dapat Apat|Apat Dapat, Dapat Apat]] || Gay
|-
| 2007 || Akin ka Lang Winston || uyab ni Winston Almendras
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/That's My Doc|That's My Doc]] || Sita
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya:]] || ----
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Ysabella|Ysabella]] || Phuket
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Your Song (TV series)|Your Song: &quot;Breaking Up Is Hard To Do&quot;]] || 
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Bad Spell|Love Spell: Shoes Ko Po, Shoes ko Day]] || ----
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Agent X44|Agent X44]] || Col. Cynthia Abordo
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Crazy For You (TV Series)|Crazy For You]] || Bessie
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Komiks (TV series)|Komiks Presents: Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko]] || Principal Nendita
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Aalog-Alog|Aalog-Alog]] || Dona Etang Sukimura
|-
| 2006 || D' Lucky Ones || Lea
|-
| 2005 || Dubai || ----
|-
| 2005 || D' Anothers || Aruray &quot;Balat&quot; Paclayon
|-
| 2005 || M.R.S Most Requested Show || host/iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2005 || [[Wp/hil/Quizon Avenue|Quizon Avenue]] || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2004 || Bcuz of You || Tiya Pards
|- 
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Krystala|Krystala]] || Fantasia
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya: &quot;Teddy Bear&quot;]] || Marietta &quot;Pokwang&quot; Subong
|-
| 2004 || Maid in Heaven || Harlene
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Yes Yes Show|Yes Yes Show]] || iya kaugalingon/kabahin sa hampang
|}

==Mga Paggwa nga Kawad==
* {{Wp/hil/Imdb name|id=1903524|name=Pokwang}}

{{Wp/hil/BD|1972|LIVING|Pokwang}}

[[Wp/hil/Kategorya:Mga artista mula sa Pilipinas|Kategorya:Mga artista mula sa Pilipinas]]


{{Wp/hil/Philippines-actor-stub}}

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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{{Wp/hil/Italic title}}
{{Wp/hil/Infobox Person
| name   = Pokwang
| image     = {{Wp/hil/Wikidata|property|raw|P18}}
| image_size     =
| caption  = 
| birth_date  = {{Wp/hil/Wikidata|property|P569}}
| birth_place = [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]
| death_date  = 
| death_place = 
| education      =
| occupation     =  [[Wp/hil/Komedyante|Komedyante]], [[Wp/hil/Aktres|Aktres]], [[Wp/hil/Host|Host]]
| spouse         =  
| parents        =
| children       =  
}}

Si '''Marietta Tan Subong''' (ginbata 27 Agosto 1972) mas kilala sa bansag nga '''''Pokwang''''' (ginkuha sa ngalan sang karakter sa komiks ni [[Wp/hil/Vincent Kua Jr.|Vincent Kua Jr.]] sang dekada 80) sangka [[Wp/hil/Philippines|Filipina]] aktres, TV Host, kag komedyante. Nagdaog sya sa sangka kompetisyon sa [[Wp/hil/ABS-CBN|ABS-CBN]] nga nangin dalan sa iya kabantugan. Sya sadto sangka entertainer.

==Mga Pelikula kag Teleserye==
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;ce
| '''Taon''' || '''Titulo''' || '''Role''' 
|-
| 26 Mayo 2010 || [[Wp/hil/Simply KC|Simply KC]] || Ang bisita
|-
| 2009 || Banana Split || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2008 || Poohkwang:The Concert || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2007-2010 || [[Wp/hil/Wowowee|Wowowee]] || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Apat Dapat, Dapat Apat|Apat Dapat, Dapat Apat]] || Gay
|-
| 2007 || Akin ka Lang Winston || uyab ni Winston Almendras
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/That's My Doc|That's My Doc]] || Sita
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya:]] || ----
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Ysabella|Ysabella]] || Phuket
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Your Song (TV series)|Your Song: &quot;Breaking Up Is Hard To Do&quot;]] || 
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Bad Spell|Love Spell: Shoes Ko Po, Shoes ko Day]] || ----
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Agent X44|Agent X44]] || Col. Cynthia Abordo
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Crazy For You (TV Series)|Crazy For You]] || Bessie
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Komiks (TV series)|Komiks Presents: Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko]] || Principal Nendita
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Aalog-Alog|Aalog-Alog]] || Dona Etang Sukimura
|-
| 2006 || D' Lucky Ones || Lea
|-
| 2005 || Dubai || ----
|-
| 2005 || D' Anothers || Aruray &quot;Balat&quot; Paclayon
|-
| 2005 || M.R.S Most Requested Show || host/iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2005 || [[Wp/hil/Quizon Avenue|Quizon Avenue]] || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2004 || Bcuz of You || Tiya Pards
|- 
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Krystala|Krystala]] || Fantasia
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya: &quot;Teddy Bear&quot;]] || Marietta &quot;Pokwang&quot; Subong
|-
| 2004 || Maid in Heaven || Harlene
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Yes Yes Show|Yes Yes Show]] || iya kaugalingon/kabahin sa hampang
|}

==Mga Paggwa nga Kawad==
* {{Wp/hil/Imdb name|id=1903524|name=Pokwang}}

{{Wp/hil/BD|1972|LIVING|Pokwang}}

[[Wp/hil/Kategorya:Mga artista mula sa Pilipinas|Kategorya:Mga artista mula sa Pilipinas]]


{{Wp/hil/Philippines-actor-stub}}

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304326</id>
      <parentid>7304324</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T06:57:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304326</origin>
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      <text bytes="3052" sha1="3x6s50o7dvlsecux178lcgric7u8nly" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/hil/BLP unsourced|date=Marso 2010}}
{{Wp/hil/Italic title}}

{{Wp/hil/Infobox Person
| name   = Pokwang
| image     = {{Wp/hil/Wikidata|property|raw|P18}}
| image_size     =
| caption  = 
| birth_date  = {{Wp/hil/Wikidata|property|P569}}
| birth_place = [[Wp/hil/Pilipinas|Pilipinas]]
| death_date  = 
| death_place = 
| education      =
| occupation     =  [[Wp/hil/Komedyante|Komedyante]], [[Wp/hil/Aktres|Aktres]], [[Wp/hil/Host|Host]]
| spouse         =  
| parents        =
| children       =  
}}

Si '''Marietta Tan Subong''' (ginbata 27 Agosto 1972) mas kilala sa bansag nga '''''Pokwang''''' (ginkuha sa ngalan sang karakter sa komiks ni [[Wp/hil/Vincent Kua Jr.|Vincent Kua Jr.]] sang dekada 80) sangka [[Wp/hil/Philippines|Filipina]] aktres, TV Host, kag komedyante. Nagdaog sya sa sangka kompetisyon sa [[Wp/hil/ABS-CBN|ABS-CBN]] nga nangin dalan sa iya kabantugan. Sya sadto sangka entertainer.

==Mga Pelikula kag Teleserye==
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;ce
| '''Taon''' || '''Titulo''' || '''Role''' 
|-
| 26 Mayo 2010 || [[Wp/hil/Simply KC|Simply KC]] || Ang bisita
|-
| 2009 || Banana Split || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2008 || Poohkwang:The Concert || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2007-2010 || [[Wp/hil/Wowowee|Wowowee]] || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Apat Dapat, Dapat Apat|Apat Dapat, Dapat Apat]] || Gay
|-
| 2007 || Akin ka Lang Winston || uyab ni Winston Almendras
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/That's My Doc|That's My Doc]] || Sita
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya:]] || ----
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Ysabella|Ysabella]] || Phuket
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Your Song (TV series)|Your Song: &quot;Breaking Up Is Hard To Do&quot;]] || 
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Bad Spell|Love Spell: Shoes Ko Po, Shoes ko Day]] || ----
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Agent X44|Agent X44]] || Col. Cynthia Abordo
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Crazy For You (TV Series)|Crazy For You]] || Bessie
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Komiks (TV series)|Komiks Presents: Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko]] || Principal Nendita
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Aalog-Alog|Aalog-Alog]] || Dona Etang Sukimura
|-
| 2006 || D' Lucky Ones || Lea
|-
| 2005 || Dubai || ----
|-
| 2005 || D' Anothers || Aruray &quot;Balat&quot; Paclayon
|-
| 2005 || M.R.S Most Requested Show || host/iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2005 || [[Wp/hil/Quizon Avenue|Quizon Avenue]] || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2004 || Bcuz of You || Tiya Pards
|- 
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Krystala|Krystala]] || Fantasia
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya: &quot;Teddy Bear&quot;]] || Marietta &quot;Pokwang&quot; Subong
|-
| 2004 || Maid in Heaven || Harlene
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Yes Yes Show|Yes Yes Show]] || iya kaugalingon/kabahin sa hampang
|}

==Mga Paggwa nga Kawad==
* {{Wp/hil/Imdb name|id=1903524|name=Pokwang}}

{{Wp/hil/BD|1972|LIVING|Pokwang}}

[[Wp/hil/Kategorya:Mga artista mula sa Pilipinas|Kategorya:Mga artista mula sa Pilipinas]]


{{Wp/hil/Philippines-actor-stub}}

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304327</id>
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        <username>Soy20</username>
        <id>2653919</id>
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      <text bytes="2245" sha1="32d2qjmtvnhw148o82jvc2yrfoyjr1u" xml:space="preserve">
Si '''Marietta Tan Subong''' (ginbata 27 Agosto 1972) mas kilala sa bansag nga '''''Pokwang''''' (ginkuha sa ngalan sang karakter sa komiks ni Vincent Kua Jr. sang dekada 80) sangka Pinay nga aktres, TV Host, kag komedyante. Nagdaog sya sa sangka kompetisyon sa ABS-CBN nga nangin dalan sa iya kabantugan. Sya sadto sangka entertainer.

==Mga Pelikula kag Teleserye==
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;ce
| '''Taon''' || '''Titulo''' || '''Role''' 
|-
| 26 Mayo 2010 || [[Wp/hil/Simply KC|Simply KC]] || Ang bisita
|-
| 2009 || Banana Split || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2008 || Poohkwang:The Concert || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2007-2010 || [[Wp/hil/Wowowee|Wowowee]] || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Apat Dapat, Dapat Apat|Apat Dapat, Dapat Apat]] || Gay
|-
| 2007 || Akin ka Lang Winston || uyab ni Winston Almendras
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/That's My Doc|That's My Doc]] || Sita
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya:]] || ----
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Ysabella|Ysabella]] || Phuket
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Your Song (TV series)|Your Song: &quot;Breaking Up Is Hard To Do&quot;]] || ----
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Bad Spell|Love Spell: Shoes Ko Po, Shoes ko Day]] || ----
|-
| 2007 || [[Wp/hil/Agent X44|Agent X44]] || Col. Cynthia Abordo
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Crazy For You (TV Series)|Crazy For You]] || Bessie
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Komiks (TV series)|Komiks Presents: Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko]] || Principal Nendita
|-
| 2006 || [[Wp/hil/Aalog-Alog|Aalog-Alog]] || Dona Etang Sukimura
|-
| 2006 || D' Lucky Ones || Lea
|-
| 2005 || Dubai || ----
|-
| 2005 || D' Anothers || Aruray &quot;Balat&quot; Paclayon
|-
| 2005 || M.R.S Most Requested Show || host/iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2005 || [[Wp/hil/Quizon Avenue|Quizon Avenue]] || iya kaugalingon
|-
| 2004 || Bcuz of You || Tiya Pards
|- 
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Krystala|Krystala]] || Fantasia
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya: &quot;Teddy Bear&quot;]] || Marietta &quot;Pokwang&quot; Subong
|-
| 2004 || Maid in Heaven || Harlene
|-
| 2004 || [[Wp/hil/Yes Yes Show|Yes Yes Show]] || iya kaugalingon/kabahin sa hampang
|}


[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Wp/kl/NUMBEROFARTICLES</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3804189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304334</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:13:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaveZ123</username>
        <id>1143672</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kl</comment>
      <origin>7304334</origin>
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      <text bytes="111" sha1="p9xpt4av6xtm157f59crpxvzdyw6tem" xml:space="preserve">[[Special:Prefixindex/Wp/kl|{{#expr: {{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wp/kl}} - 0}}]]&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Wp/kl]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304361</id>
      <parentid>7304334</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T08:00:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaveZ123</username>
        <id>1143672</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>7304361</origin>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304362</id>
      <parentid>7304361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T08:04:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaveZ123</username>
        <id>1143672</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fix error.</comment>
      <origin>7304362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="97" sha1="h3moihwl3f2fvej1hs7dad92l3fhuh7" xml:space="preserve">[[Special:Prefixindex/Wp/kl/|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wp/kl}}]]&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Wp/kl]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Translations:Incubator:Wikis/26/ko</title>
    <ns>1198</ns>
    <id>3804190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304340</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:21:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48016-55</username>
        <id>2703191</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;위키미디어 재단 이사회는 2026-05-04부터 모든 위키뉴스 프로젝트를 종료하기로 결정했으므로 더 이상의 위키뉴스 프로젝트는 승인되지 않습니다 ([$1|발표 참조]).&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304340</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="214" sha1="7neo3rwwfruo19m51lnpf1wp8fn60ta" xml:space="preserve">위키미디어 재단 이사회는 2026-05-04부터 모든 위키뉴스 프로젝트를 종료하기로 결정했으므로 더 이상의 위키뉴스 프로젝트는 승인되지 않습니다 ([$1|발표 참조]).</text>
      <sha1>7neo3rwwfruo19m51lnpf1wp8fn60ta</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304342</id>
      <parentid>7304340</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:21:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-48016-55</username>
        <id>2703191</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304342</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="233" sha1="eal0rwjf9kzyoyg9yiv7lf36veq42hy" xml:space="preserve">홍명보 나가 - 위키미디어 재단 이사회는 2026-05-04부터 모든 위키뉴스 프로젝트를 종료하기로 결정했으므로 더 이상의 위키뉴스 프로젝트는 승인되지 않습니다 ([$1|발표 참조]).</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/kl/Saqqaa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304345</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:26:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaveZ123</username>
        <id>1143672</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create, translations provided by native speaker</comment>
      <origin>7304345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2728" sha1="hpuu9oylgygjbrtdoobh5oehk2n5sn4" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
{| style=&quot;width: 100%; margin-top: 2px; background: transparent;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; background: #FFFFFF; vertical-align: top;&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; padding: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 3em; position: relative; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; width: 100%; overflow: hidden; margin-left: -3em; margin-right: -3em; margin-bottom: -130px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 20px; margin-top: -10px; opacity: 0.35;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikipedia-logo-blank.svg|500px|link=|alt=]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height: 130px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!-- Cột bên trái --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; width: 40%; min-width: 250px; text-align: right; font-size: 300%; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 0.5em; -moz-font-feature-settings: 'ss05=1'; -moz-font-feature-settings: 'ss05'; -webkit-font-feature-settings: 'ss05'; -ms-font-feature-settings: 'ss05'; font-feature-settings: 'ss05';&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 50px; line-height: 85px; vertical-align: bottom; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikipedia wordmark.svg|250px|link=|alt=WikipediA]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-right: 10px; font-size:50%&quot;&gt; Kalaallisut&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Cột bên phải --&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;float: right; width: 35%; padding: 20px 0 30px 0; font-size: 100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted #CCCCCC; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; width: 100%; margin-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;
'''Wikipediamut tikilluarit, akeqanngitsumik sumilluunniit ilisimajumasanik ujarlerfissiaq kikkulluunniit aaqqissuussinnaasaat!'''

Maannakkumut kalaallit oqaasiinik allaaserisanik '''{{Wp/kl/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' peqarpoq.

&lt;center style=&quot;font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';font-variant:small-caps;&quot;&gt;'''Nutaamik allaaserisaliorit:'''&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
type=create
width=40
bgcolor=#fff3f3
preload=Template:Standard content for new page
editintro=Template:Instructions
default=Wp/kl/
buttonlabel=Nutaamik allaaserisamik sanagit  
&lt;/inputbox&gt;

[[Wp/kl/Kalaallisut|Kalaallisut]] wikipediap una saqqarivaa. Kalaallisut allatatit maani nuannaarutigissuagut. Kalaallisut wikipediamut qinnuteqaat allaaserisanik naammaginartunik peqalerpat akuerineqassaaq.

Manna wikipediamut misiliutaammat allaaserisat tamarmik uaniittut una format atorlugu allanneqassapput &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/allaaserisap qulequtaa]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;. 
Assersuutigalugu, Kalaallit oqaasii pillugit allaaserisat ima qulequtaqassaaq &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Kalaallisut]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;)

'''Kalaallisut oqaasillik allaaserisanik pitsaasunik sananissaannik kaammattorneqarput.'''
|}

[[Category:Wp/kl]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304432</id>
      <parentid>7304345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:04:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mirlim</username>
        <id>2598865</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add padding</comment>
      <origin>7304432</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2792" sha1="cfzfme74fqo869sdevpyxksqoorhus0" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
{| style=&quot;width: 100%; margin-top: 2px; background: transparent;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; background: #FFFFFF; vertical-align: top;&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; padding: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 3em; position: relative; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; width: 100%; overflow: hidden; margin-left: -3em; margin-right: -3em; margin-bottom: -130px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 20px; margin-top: -10px; opacity: 0.35;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikipedia-logo-blank.svg|500px|link=|alt=]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height: 130px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!-- Cột bên trái --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; width: 40%; min-width: 250px; text-align: right; font-size: 300%; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 0.5em; -moz-font-feature-settings: 'ss05=1'; -moz-font-feature-settings: 'ss05'; -webkit-font-feature-settings: 'ss05'; -ms-font-feature-settings: 'ss05'; font-feature-settings: 'ss05';&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 50px; line-height: 85px; vertical-align: bottom; font-variant: small-caps;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikipedia wordmark.svg|250px|link=|alt=WikipediA]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-right: 10px; font-size:50%&quot;&gt; Kalaallisut&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Cột bên phải --&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;float: right; width: 35%; padding: 20px 0 30px 0; font-size: 100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted #CCCCCC; clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; width: 100%; margin-top: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding:1em&quot;&gt;
'''Wikipediamut tikilluarit, akeqanngitsumik sumilluunniit ilisimajumasanik ujarlerfissiaq kikkulluunniit aaqqissuussinnaasaat!'''

Maannakkumut kalaallit oqaasiinik allaaserisanik '''{{Wp/kl/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' peqarpoq.&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;center style=&quot;font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';font-variant:small-caps;&quot;&gt;'''Nutaamik allaaserisaliorit:'''&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;inputbox&gt;
type=create
width=40
bgcolor=#fff3f3
preload=Template:Standard content for new page
editintro=Template:Instructions
default=Wp/kl/
buttonlabel=Nutaamik allaaserisamik sanagit  
&lt;/inputbox&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;padding:1em&quot;&gt;
[[Wp/kl/Kalaallisut|Kalaallisut]] wikipediap una saqqarivaa. Kalaallisut allatatit maani nuannaarutigissuagut. Kalaallisut wikipediamut qinnuteqaat allaaserisanik naammaginartunik peqalerpat akuerineqassaaq.

Manna wikipediamut misiliutaammat allaaserisat tamarmik uaniittut una format atorlugu allanneqassapput &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/allaaserisap qulequtaa]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;. 
Assersuutigalugu, Kalaallit oqaasii pillugit allaaserisat ima qulequtaqassaaq &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wp/kl/Kalaallisut]] &lt;/nowiki&gt;)

'''Kalaallisut oqaasillik allaaserisanik pitsaasunik sananissaannik kaammattorneqarput.'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}

[[Category:Wp/kl]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wt/azb/گؤم</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304349</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:31:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shams948</username>
        <id>77520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wt/azb/گؤم یارادیلیر</comment>
      <origin>7304349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="694" sha1="90jax9ocj6ukbn341gvhof1d9gooebk" xml:space="preserve">== گؤم ==

{{Wt/azb/آنلام‌لار}}
# گؤم [[Wt/azb/باهار دیله|باهار دیلی]]، اِیتْدِی یعنی غیب اؤلدِی، گُم اؤلدِی← [[Wt/azb/ایت|ایت]].
{{Wt/azb/یازیلیش‌لار}}
* لاتینجه : 
* اینگیلیزجه: [[Wt/azb/missing|missing]]
* تورکییه : اِیت
* عربجه :
* فارسجا: گُم
* باهار دیلی: گؤم
{{Wt/azb/کؤکن}}
* اسکی تورکجه
{{Wt/azb/قایناق‌لار}}

[[Category:Wt/azb]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/بوتون سؤزجوکلر]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/تورکجه سؤزجوک]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/اسکی تورکجه]]
[[Category:Wt/azb/باهار دیله]]
[[En:missing]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wp/pih/Portada600k/OnThisDay September 4</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3804193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304356</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:50:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ङघिञ</username>
        <id>2644823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wp/pih/Portada600k/OnThisDay/Format | year1 = 476 | text1 = [[Wp/pih/Romulus Augustulus|Romulus Augustulus]] es deposed when [[Wp/pih/Odoacer|Odoacer]] proclaims himself &quot;King o' Italy&quot;, thus ending t' Western Roman Empire.  | year2 = 1282 | text2 = [[Wp/pih/Peter III o' Aragon|Peter III o' Aragon]] es proclaimed King o' Sicily en [[Wp/pih/Palermo|Palermo]]. | year3 = 1774 | text3 = [[Wp/pih/Nyuu Kaledonya|Nyuu Kaledonya]] es first sighted b' Europeans, during t' sekan...&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="857" sha1="m6y0bb9vervspd7jc1y8xxr3eeicj4p" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/pih/Portada600k/OnThisDay/Format
| year1 = 476
| text1 = [[Wp/pih/Romulus Augustulus|Romulus Augustulus]] es deposed when [[Wp/pih/Odoacer|Odoacer]] proclaims himself &quot;King o' Italy&quot;, thus ending t' Western Roman Empire. 
| year2 = 1282
| text2 = [[Wp/pih/Peter III o' Aragon|Peter III o' Aragon]] es proclaimed King o' Sicily en [[Wp/pih/Palermo|Palermo]].
| year3 = 1774
| text3 = [[Wp/pih/Nyuu Kaledonya|Nyuu Kaledonya]] es first sighted b' Europeans, during t' sekan voyage o' Captain James Cook.
| year4 = 1870
| text4 = Emperor [[Wp/pih/Napoleon III|Napoleon III]] o' Frans es deposed an t' Third Republic es declared.
| image = Sharipova WMQ19 (29).jpg
| imagecaption = [[Wp/pih/Sabina Sharipova|Sabina Sharipova]], Uzbeki tennis player, waas born on September 4, 1994.
| yesterday = September 3
| today = September 4
| tommorow = September 5
}}</text>
      <sha1>m6y0bb9vervspd7jc1y8xxr3eeicj4p</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Boru Tompul Sian Sibaganding</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3804194</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304360</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T07:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welcoming Bot</username>
        <id>9525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!</comment>
      <origin>7304360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1014" sha1="fh93oq8w3cptd2fbvkd4hxpuzq4cw1i" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 07:59, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>fh93oq8w3cptd2fbvkd4hxpuzq4cw1i</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/acm/22 كانون الثاني</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804195</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304367</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T08:36:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mohammdaon</username>
        <id>1384772</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''22 كانون الثاني''' او يوم 22 \ 1 (يوم اثنين وعشرين من شهر الواحد) هوه اليوم الاثنين وعشرين (22) بالسنة البسيطة و السنة الكبيسة حسب التقويم الميلادي. باقي بعد 343 يوم وتنتهي السنة البسيطة أو 344 يوم وتنتهي الكبيسة.  == الأحداث == * 2016 - عاصفة برد تضرب شرق قارة آسيا وتگتل تسعين...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1356" sha1="mynx2ycechmpti9lkejaekq6p5o3bcy" xml:space="preserve">'''22 كانون الثاني''' او يوم 22 \ 1 (يوم اثنين وعشرين من شهر الواحد) هوه اليوم الاثنين وعشرين (22) بالسنة البسيطة و السنة الكبيسة حسب التقويم الميلادي. باقي بعد 343 يوم وتنتهي السنة البسيطة أو 344 يوم وتنتهي الكبيسة.

== الأحداث ==
* 2016 - عاصفة برد تضرب شرق قارة آسيا وتگتل تسعين واحد.

== ولادات ==
* 1972 - نورمان أسعد، ممثلة سورية.

== وفيات ==
* 1666 - شاه جهان، حاكم الهند وباني ضريح تاج محل.
* 1929 - عطاء الخطيب، صحفي وشاعر عراقي.

== أعياد ومناسبات ==
* يوم الكاري باليابان.

== مصادر ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205074540/http://www.qna.org.qa/ThisDayInHistory وكالة الأنباء القطرية: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204021717/https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/january-22/ النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/22 BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]

{{Wp/acm/SisterProjects
|qid=Q2275
}}

{{Wp/acm/YearDaysAndMonths}}

[[Category:Wp/acm]]</text>
      <sha1>mynx2ycechmpti9lkejaekq6p5o3bcy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304368</id>
      <parentid>7304367</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T08:36:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mohammdaon</username>
        <id>1384772</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>مخلي روابط انترويكي ل[[d:Q2275]]</comment>
      <origin>7304368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1377" sha1="9fp47ead9vhuqxotkpzchaeawdv06md" xml:space="preserve">'''22 كانون الثاني''' او يوم 22 \ 1 (يوم اثنين وعشرين من شهر الواحد) هوه اليوم الاثنين وعشرين (22) بالسنة البسيطة و السنة الكبيسة حسب التقويم الميلادي. باقي بعد 343 يوم وتنتهي السنة البسيطة أو 344 يوم وتنتهي الكبيسة.

== الأحداث ==
* 2016 - عاصفة برد تضرب شرق قارة آسيا وتگتل تسعين واحد.

== ولادات ==
* 1972 - نورمان أسعد، ممثلة سورية.

== وفيات ==
* 1666 - شاه جهان، حاكم الهند وباني ضريح تاج محل.
* 1929 - عطاء الخطيب، صحفي وشاعر عراقي.

== أعياد ومناسبات ==
* يوم الكاري باليابان.

== مصادر ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205074540/http://www.qna.org.qa/ThisDayInHistory وكالة الأنباء القطرية: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204021717/https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/january-22/ النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/22 BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]

{{Wp/acm/SisterProjects
|qid=Q2275
}}

{{Wp/acm/YearDaysAndMonths}}

[[Category:Wp/acm]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q2275}}</text>
      <sha1>9fp47ead9vhuqxotkpzchaeawdv06md</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/acm/22 يناير</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804196</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/acm/22 كانون الثاني" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304369</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T08:37:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mohammdaon</username>
        <id>1384772</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/acm/22 كانون الثاني]]</comment>
      <origin>7304369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="74" sha1="g8hdlov5vrk4yuyg1tab4p96ckysbxc" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/acm/22 كانون الثاني|22 كانون الثاني]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/acm/23 كانون الثاني</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304370</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T08:46:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mohammdaon</username>
        <id>1384772</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''23 كانون الثاني''' او يوم 23 \ 1 (يوم تلاثة وعشرين من شهر الواحد) هوه اليوم الثالث وعشرين (23) بالسنة البسيطة و السنة الكبيسة حسب التقويم الميلادي. باقي بعد 342 يوم وتنتهي السنة البسيطة أو 343 يوم وتنتهي الكبيسة.  == الأحداث == * 1793 - روسيا وبروسيا يتقاسمون بولندا.  == ولادات ==...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1325" sha1="r4tb0ndih6o479p25f3b2dbe3f1blzy" xml:space="preserve">'''23 كانون الثاني''' او يوم 23 \ 1 (يوم تلاثة وعشرين من شهر الواحد) هوه اليوم الثالث وعشرين (23) بالسنة البسيطة و السنة الكبيسة حسب التقويم الميلادي. باقي بعد 342 يوم وتنتهي السنة البسيطة أو 343 يوم وتنتهي الكبيسة.

== الأحداث ==
* 1793 - روسيا وبروسيا يتقاسمون بولندا.

== ولادات ==
* 1876 - محمد طاهر السماوي، فقيه ومؤرخ وشاعر عراقي.
* 1998 - شاهندة، ممثلة عراقية.

== وفيات ==
* 2021 - لاري كينگ، مذيع أمريكي.

== أعياد ومناسبات ==
* يوم القضاء العراقي
* يوم البريد الإلكتروني باليابان.

== مصادر ==
* [https://www.webcitation.org/6ekexR2cg وكالة الأنباء القطرية: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190930212959/https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/january-23 النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/23 BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]

{{Wp/acm/SisterProjects
|qid=Q2276
}}

{{Wp/acm/YearDaysAndMonths}}

[[Category:Wp/acm]]</text>
      <sha1>r4tb0ndih6o479p25f3b2dbe3f1blzy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304371</id>
      <parentid>7304370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T08:47:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mohammdaon</username>
        <id>1384772</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>مخلي روابط انترويكي ل[[d:Q2276]]</comment>
      <origin>7304371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1346" sha1="quzwzwm438z7xmrzjxlapjo8k424evl" xml:space="preserve">'''23 كانون الثاني''' او يوم 23 \ 1 (يوم تلاثة وعشرين من شهر الواحد) هوه اليوم الثالث وعشرين (23) بالسنة البسيطة و السنة الكبيسة حسب التقويم الميلادي. باقي بعد 342 يوم وتنتهي السنة البسيطة أو 343 يوم وتنتهي الكبيسة.

== الأحداث ==
* 1793 - روسيا وبروسيا يتقاسمون بولندا.

== ولادات ==
* 1876 - محمد طاهر السماوي، فقيه ومؤرخ وشاعر عراقي.
* 1998 - شاهندة، ممثلة عراقية.

== وفيات ==
* 2021 - لاري كينگ، مذيع أمريكي.

== أعياد ومناسبات ==
* يوم القضاء العراقي
* يوم البريد الإلكتروني باليابان.

== مصادر ==
* [https://www.webcitation.org/6ekexR2cg وكالة الأنباء القطرية: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190930212959/https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/january-23 النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/23 BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.]

{{Wp/acm/SisterProjects
|qid=Q2276
}}

{{Wp/acm/YearDaysAndMonths}}

[[Category:Wp/acm]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q2276}}</text>
      <sha1>quzwzwm438z7xmrzjxlapjo8k424evl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/acm/23 يناير</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804198</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/acm/23 كانون الثاني" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304372</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T08:47:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mohammdaon</username>
        <id>1384772</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/acm/23 كانون الثاني]]</comment>
      <origin>7304372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="74" sha1="8mf7dlgyswn8tv4blljf8t4xmu6idve" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/acm/23 كانون الثاني|23 كانون الثاني]]</text>
      <sha1>8mf7dlgyswn8tv4blljf8t4xmu6idve</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:RukwangaliLingo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3804199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304375</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T08:51:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welcoming Bot</username>
        <id>9525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!</comment>
      <origin>7304375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1014" sha1="emfmhn5krlo70dk28gu8tnqar9gjtex" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 08:51, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/kwn/Main Page</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304378</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:02:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RukwangaliLingo</username>
        <id>2703202</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot; == Rukwangali == A namibian Language&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37" sha1="pdxff19t4jwpb2vf116lt1ff5t09ep0" xml:space="preserve">
== Rukwangali ==
A namibian Language</text>
      <sha1>pdxff19t4jwpb2vf116lt1ff5t09ep0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Susan Roces</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304380</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:03:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Si '''Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe''' (Hulyo 28, 1941 – Mayo 20, 2022), nga mas kilala sa iya propesyonal nga ngalan nga '''Susan Roces''', isa ka Pilipina nga aktres. Nangin bantog siya sang tunga-tunga sang dekada 1950 kag nangin pinakadaku nga box-office star sang dekada 1960.  Sang iya pagkabatan-on, kilala siya sa pagdala sang maayo, mahigugmaon, kag matam-is nga mga karakter sa mga romantic comedy kag musical. Sa nagligad nga mga dekada, nag-eksperimento...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304380</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="721" sha1="h8z8d4l9n4yvgal1tph76dbg2dmbkol" xml:space="preserve">Si '''Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe''' (Hulyo 28, 1941 – Mayo 20, 2022), nga mas kilala sa iya propesyonal nga ngalan nga '''Susan Roces''', isa ka Pilipina nga aktres. Nangin bantog siya sang tunga-tunga sang dekada 1950 kag nangin pinakadaku nga box-office star sang dekada 1960.

Sang iya pagkabatan-on, kilala siya sa pagdala sang maayo, mahigugmaon, kag matam-is nga mga karakter sa mga romantic comedy kag musical. Sa nagligad nga mga dekada, nag-eksperimento man siya sa mga papel sa horror kag drama.

Gintawag siya nga “Reyna sang Pelikulang Pilipino” kag nakalakip siya sa kapin 130 ka pelikula sa bug-os niya nga karera nga naglawig sing sobra anum ka dekada.

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304381</id>
      <parentid>7304380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:06:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1785" sha1="8s1wrqcw395rn1ifv3twbr65jd4o08j" xml:space="preserve">Si '''Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe''' (Hulyo 28, 1941 – Mayo 20, 2022), nga mas kilala sa iya propesyonal nga ngalan nga '''Susan Roces''', isa ka Pilipina nga aktres. Nangin bantog siya sang tunga-tunga sang dekada 1950 kag nangin pinakadaku nga box-office star sang dekada 1960.

Sang iya pagkabatan-on, kilala siya sa pagdala sang maayo, mahigugmaon, kag matam-is nga mga karakter sa mga romantic comedy kag musical. Sa nagligad nga mga dekada, nag-eksperimento man siya sa mga papel sa horror kag drama.

Gintawag siya nga “Reyna sang Pelikulang Pilipino” kag nakalakip siya sa kapin 130 ka pelikula sa bug-os niya nga karera nga naglawig sing sobra anum ka dekada.

== Kabataan kag edukasyon ==
Si Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora natawo sa [[Wp/hil/Bacolod|Bacolod]], [[Wp/hil/Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]] sang Hulyo 28, 1941. Isa siya ka anak nanday Jesús Tonggoy Sonora kag Purificación Levy. Ang iya utod nga babaye, si Rosa María “Rosemarie” Sonora, isa man ka artista, subong man ang anak sang ulihi nga si Sheryl Cruz. Si Roces kag ang iya utod may kaliwat nga Hudyo paagi sa lolo sang ila iloy nga si Adolphe Blum Levy, nga naglalin halin sa Marckolsheim sa rehiyon sang Alsace sa Pransiya pakadto sa Iloilo.

Natapos ni Roces ang iya pagtuon sa hayskul sa La Consolación College (LCC) sa Bacolod sang 1956. Sadto nga tion sa LCC nga nagdesisyon gid siya nga magpadayon sa pag-artista. Ang iya manunudlo sa ikatlong tuig sa hayskul nga si Luisa Medel nakasimpon sang iya abilidad sa pagpamulong-pulong sa publiko kag pag-arte, kag naglaygay sa iya nga kuhaon ang pareho nga kurso sa kolehiyo. Pagkatapos niya gradwasyon sa hayskul, nagkadto si Roces sa Manila agud tumanon ang laygay sang iya manunudlo.

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304382</id>
      <parentid>7304381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:09:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304382</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3404" sha1="79qozozw43yo93db927c421piu0f5u4" xml:space="preserve">Si '''Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe''' (Hulyo 28, 1941 – Mayo 20, 2022), nga mas kilala sa iya propesyonal nga ngalan nga '''Susan Roces''', isa ka Pilipina nga aktres. Nangin bantog siya sang tunga-tunga sang dekada 1950 kag nangin pinakadaku nga box-office star sang dekada 1960.

Sang iya pagkabatan-on, kilala siya sa pagdala sang maayo, mahigugmaon, kag matam-is nga mga karakter sa mga romantic comedy kag musical. Sa nagligad nga mga dekada, nag-eksperimento man siya sa mga papel sa horror kag drama.

Gintawag siya nga “Reyna sang Pelikulang Pilipino” kag nakalakip siya sa kapin 130 ka pelikula sa bug-os niya nga karera nga naglawig sing sobra anum ka dekada.

== Kabataan kag edukasyon ==
Si Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora natawo sa [[Wp/hil/Bacolod|Bacolod]], [[Wp/hil/Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]] sang Hulyo 28, 1941. Isa siya ka anak nanday Jesús Tonggoy Sonora kag Purificación Levy. Ang iya utod nga babaye, si Rosa María “Rosemarie” Sonora, isa man ka artista, subong man ang anak sang ulihi nga si Sheryl Cruz. Si Roces kag ang iya utod may kaliwat nga Hudyo paagi sa lolo sang ila iloy nga si Adolphe Blum Levy, nga naglalin halin sa Marckolsheim sa rehiyon sang Alsace sa Pransiya pakadto sa Iloilo.

Natapos ni Roces ang iya pagtuon sa hayskul sa La Consolación College (LCC) sa Bacolod sang 1956. Sadto nga tion sa LCC nga nagdesisyon gid siya nga magpadayon sa pag-artista. Ang iya manunudlo sa ikatlong tuig sa hayskul nga si Luisa Medel nakasimpon sang iya abilidad sa pagpamulong-pulong sa publiko kag pag-arte, kag naglaygay sa iya nga kuhaon ang pareho nga kurso sa kolehiyo. Pagkatapos niya gradwasyon sa hayskul, nagkadto si Roces sa Manila agud tumanon ang laygay sang iya manunudlo.

== Personal nga kabuhi ==

Kasal si Roces kay [[Wp/hil/Fernando Poe, Jr.|Fernando Poe, Jr.]] sang Disyembre 25, 1968, sa Santuario de San José Parish sa Greenhills, Mandaluyong. May isa sila ka sinagop nga bata nga babaye, ang anay Chairperson sang MTRCB kag subong Senador nga si [[Wp/hil/Grace Poe|Grace Poe]]. Si Roces amo ang utod ni Rosemarie Sonora.

Isa siya ka manug-inlaban para sa iya bana, nga nagpapili bilang presidente sa eleksyon sa pagka-presidente sa Pilipinas sang 2004, kag sang ulihi napatay bangud sa stroke sang Disyembre 2004. Nagapati si Roces nga si Presidente Gloria Macapagal Arroyo nakadaog paagi sa pagpangdaya sa eleksyon sa gasto sang iya bana, kag nagpangayo nga magpanaog si Arroyo sang Hunyo 2005.

Sang Setyembre 29, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Corporation nagbakal sang eksklusibo nga mga kinamatarong sa librarya sang mga pelikula ni Fernando Poe, Jr. matapos pirmahan ni Roces ang kontrata. Ang anay Chairman sang ABS-CBN nga si Eugenio López III, si Cory Vidanes, Senior Vice President sang TVP Production, kag ang anak ni Poe nga si Grace, nagtambong man.

Sang gab-i sang Disyembre 23, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Channel 2 nagpasundayag sang Alay ni Da King: a Fernando Poe Jr. Special, nga gin-host ni Charo Santos-Concio. Nag-amot si Roces sa pagpasundayag tuhod sa ila pag-asawa. Ang 38-minutong music video nagpakita man sang nagkalain-lain nga mga senaryo gikan sa pila ka mga pelikula ni Poe, isa ka proyekto nga gin-obra gid ni Poe antes ang iya kamatayon.

Gawas sa [[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]] kag [[Wp/hil/Tagalog|Tagalog]], nagahambal man si Roces sang [[Wp/hil/Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]].

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304383</id>
      <parentid>7304382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:14:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9088" sha1="t9qc2ww1f3dxva77j0wxa54p1wtep1i" xml:space="preserve">Si '''Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe''' (Hulyo 28, 1941 – Mayo 20, 2022), nga mas kilala sa iya propesyonal nga ngalan nga '''Susan Roces''', isa ka Pilipina nga aktres. Nangin bantog siya sang tunga-tunga sang dekada 1950 kag nangin pinakadaku nga box-office star sang dekada 1960.

Sang iya pagkabatan-on, kilala siya sa pagdala sang maayo, mahigugmaon, kag matam-is nga mga karakter sa mga romantic comedy kag musical. Sa nagligad nga mga dekada, nag-eksperimento man siya sa mga papel sa horror kag drama.

Gintawag siya nga “Reyna sang Pelikulang Pilipino” kag nakalakip siya sa kapin 130 ka pelikula sa bug-os niya nga karera nga naglawig sing sobra anum ka dekada.

== Kabataan kag edukasyon ==
Si Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora natawo sa [[Wp/hil/Bacolod|Bacolod]], [[Wp/hil/Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]] sang Hulyo 28, 1941. Isa siya ka anak nanday Jesús Tonggoy Sonora kag Purificación Levy. Ang iya utod nga babaye, si Rosa María “Rosemarie” Sonora, isa man ka artista, subong man ang anak sang ulihi nga si Sheryl Cruz. Si Roces kag ang iya utod may kaliwat nga Hudyo paagi sa lolo sang ila iloy nga si Adolphe Blum Levy, nga naglalin halin sa Marckolsheim sa rehiyon sang Alsace sa Pransiya pakadto sa Iloilo.

Natapos ni Roces ang iya pagtuon sa hayskul sa La Consolación College (LCC) sa Bacolod sang 1956. Sadto nga tion sa LCC nga nagdesisyon gid siya nga magpadayon sa pag-artista. Ang iya manunudlo sa ikatlong tuig sa hayskul nga si Luisa Medel nakasimpon sang iya abilidad sa pagpamulong-pulong sa publiko kag pag-arte, kag naglaygay sa iya nga kuhaon ang pareho nga kurso sa kolehiyo. Pagkatapos niya gradwasyon sa hayskul, nagkadto si Roces sa Manila agud tumanon ang laygay sang iya manunudlo.

== Personal nga kabuhi ==

Kasal si Roces kay [[Wp/hil/Fernando Poe, Jr.|Fernando Poe, Jr.]] sang Disyembre 25, 1968, sa Santuario de San José Parish sa Greenhills, Mandaluyong. May isa sila ka sinagop nga bata nga babaye, ang anay Chairperson sang MTRCB kag subong Senador nga si [[Wp/hil/Grace Poe|Grace Poe]]. Si Roces amo ang utod ni Rosemarie Sonora.

Isa siya ka manug-inlaban para sa iya bana, nga nagpapili bilang presidente sa eleksyon sa pagka-presidente sa Pilipinas sang 2004, kag sang ulihi napatay bangud sa stroke sang Disyembre 2004. Nagapati si Roces nga si Presidente Gloria Macapagal Arroyo nakadaog paagi sa pagpangdaya sa eleksyon sa gasto sang iya bana, kag nagpangayo nga magpanaog si Arroyo sang Hunyo 2005.

Sang Setyembre 29, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Corporation nagbakal sang eksklusibo nga mga kinamatarong sa librarya sang mga pelikula ni Fernando Poe, Jr. matapos pirmahan ni Roces ang kontrata. Ang anay Chairman sang ABS-CBN nga si Eugenio López III, si Cory Vidanes, Senior Vice President sang TVP Production, kag ang anak ni Poe nga si Grace, nagtambong man.

Sang gab-i sang Disyembre 23, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Channel 2 nagpasundayag sang Alay ni Da King: a Fernando Poe Jr. Special, nga gin-host ni Charo Santos-Concio. Nag-amot si Roces sa pagpasundayag tuhod sa ila pag-asawa. Ang 38-minutong music video nagpakita man sang nagkalain-lain nga mga senaryo gikan sa pila ka mga pelikula ni Poe, isa ka proyekto nga gin-obra gid ni Poe antes ang iya kamatayon.

Gawas sa [[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]] kag [[Wp/hil/Tagalog|Tagalog]], nagahambal man si Roces sang [[Wp/hil/Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]].

==Pilmograpiya==
===Telebisyon===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Taon !! Titulo !! Ganap !! Mga nota
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Anita Mariano || Episode: &quot;Pahiram ng Isang Pasko&quot;
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Lucring || Episode: &quot;The Christmas Witch&quot;
|-
| 2006 || ''John en Shirley'' || Encarnacion Ramirez || rowspan=2| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=3| 2008 || ''{{Wp/hil/Small|[[Wp/hil/Sineserye Presents|Sineserye Presents: The Susan Roces Cinema Collection]]}}&lt;br&gt;[[Wp/hil/Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara (TV series)|Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara]]'' || Amanda
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Angge || Episode: &quot;Basura&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Iisa Pa Lamang|Iisa Pa Lamang]]'' || Aura Castillejos || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Wp/hil/May Bukas Pa (2009 TV series)|May Bukas Pa]]'' || Nieves Antazo || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Ngayong Pasko|Sana Ngayong Pasko]]'' || Remedios Dionisio || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Main Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Wp/hil/Babaeng Hampaslupa|Babaeng Hampaslupa]]'' || Helena See 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/100 Days to Heaven|100 Days to Heaven]]'' || Amelita Manalastas-Salvador || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Wp/hil/Walang Hanggan (2012 TV series)|Walang Hanggan]]'' || Virginia &quot;Henya&quot; Cruz || Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[Wp/hil/Muling Buksan ang Puso|Muling Buksan ang Puso]]'' || Adelina Laurel-Beltran 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Fenny || Episode: &quot;Simbang Gabi&quot;
|-
| rowspan=2|2014 || ''[[Wp/hil/Eat Bulaga!|Eat Bulaga! Lenten Drama Special]]'' || Maria || Television film; episode: &quot;Karugtong ng Puso&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon|Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon]]'' || Ruth Gaspar || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2015–2022 || ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Probinsyano|FPJ's Ang Probinsyano]]'' || Flora Borja-de Leon || Main Cast (Finale TV appearance) &lt;br/&gt;
|}

===Pelikula===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taon
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Orihinal nga titulo
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Wp/hil/Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan|Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 |1956
| ''Boksingera''
|-
| ''Kulang sa 7''
|-
| ''Mga Anak ng Diyos''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1957
| ''Sino ang Maysala?''
|-
| ''Mga Ligaw na Bulaklak''
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1958
| ''Prinsesang Gusgusin''
|-
| ''Ako ang Maysala''
|-
| ''Mga Reyna ng Vicks''
|-
| ''Madaling Araw''
|-
| ''Tawag ng Tanghalan''
|-
| ''Ulilang Anghel''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| 1959
| ''Ipinagbili Ko ang Aking Anak'' &lt;!-- Feb 9 --&gt;
|-
| ''Handsome'' &lt;!-- Mar 6 --&gt;
|-
| ''Pitong Pagsisisi'' &lt;!-- Mar 21 --&gt;
|-
| ''Debutante'' &lt;!-- Jul 19 --&gt;
|-
| ''Mga Anghel sa Lansangan'' &lt;!-- Sep 17 --&gt;
|-
| ''Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Susan Roces 'short' set for showing|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 9, 1959|quote=Cameraman Amaury Agra... recorded the highlights of the [Pacific] Festival.... The Sampaguita short feature...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Comedy addicts have field day in riotous Sampaguita offering|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 16, 1959|page=5-B|quote='Ipinagbili Kami Ng Aming Tatay' will be shown along with a special added attraction, 'Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival,' a four-reeler...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=...Why Sampaguita Pictures quit the FAMAS|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=March 1960|quote=Awards returned by Sampaguita Pictures, Inc.... Documentary: 1959—Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- Nov 16 --&gt;
|-
| ''Wedding Bells'' &lt;!-- Dec --&gt;
|-
| 1960
|''Beatnik''
|-
| 1964
|''The Dolly Sisters''
|-
|rowspan=3|1965
|''Portrait of My Love''
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw|Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw]]''
|-
| ''Pilipinas Kong Mahal''
|-
| rowspan=2|1966
| ''Zamboanga''
|-
| ''Pepe en Pilar''
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1967
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maruja|Maruja]]''
|-
| ''Langit at Lupa''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1968
| ''To Susan with Love''
|-
| Anong Ganda Mo?
|-
|''Bakasin Mo sa Gunita''
|-
| ''Bandana''
|-
| ''Sorrento''
|-
| ''Magpakailan Man''
|-
| ''Tanging Ikaw''
|-
|''Kulay Rosas ang Pag-ibig''
|-
|rowspan=2|1969
|''Perlas ng Silangan''
|-
|''Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin''
|-
|1970
|''Divina Gracia''
|-
|1972
|''Salaginto't Salagubang''
|-
|rowspan=2| 1973
|''Karnabal''
|-
|''Florinda''
|-
|1974
|''[[Wp/hil/Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara|Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara]]''
|-
|1977
|''Maligno''
|-
|1978
|''Gumising Ka, Maruja''
|-
|rowspan=3|1979
|''Mahal... Saan Ka Nanggaling Kagabi?''
|-
|''Mahal... Ginagabi Ka Nanaman''
|-
|''Angelita... Ako ang Iyong Ina''
|-
|1980
|''Tanikala''
|-
|1982
|''Manedyer si Kumander''
|-
|1984
|''Hoy Wala Kang Paki''
|-
|rowspan=3|1986
|''Nasaan Ka nang Kailangan Kita?''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Inday Inday sa Balitaw|Inday Inday sa Balitaw]]''
|-
|''Payaso''
|-
|rowspan=3|1987
|''Bunsong Kerubin''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander|No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander]]''
|-
| ''1 + 1 = 12 (+ 1): One Plus One Equals Twelve (Cheaper by the Dozen)''
|-
|rowspan=3|1988
|''Love Boat: Mahal Trip Kita''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Kambal Tuko|Kambal Tuko]]''
|-
|''Buy One, Take One''
|-
|rowspan=2|1989
|''Ang Lahat ng Ito Pati Na ang Langit''
|-
|''Here Comes the Bride''
|-
|rowspan=2|1990
|''Mundo Man ay Magunaw''
|-
|''Feel na Feel''
|-
|1991
|''Ubos Na ang Luha Ko''
|-
|1997
|''Isinakdal Ko ang Aking Ina''
|-
|2003
|''Mano Po 2: My Home'' (Ulahi nga pagpaguwa sa pelikula)
|}

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304385</id>
      <parentid>7304383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+photo</comment>
      <origin>7304385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9191" sha1="alqvxn5hinx0hfa84h54b10gl1ruh2x" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Susan Roces (cropped from poster).jpg|thumb|Si Roces sa isa ka selyo sang post sang PhilPost ]]
Si '''Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe''' (Hulyo 28, 1941 – Mayo 20, 2022), nga mas kilala sa iya propesyonal nga ngalan nga '''Susan Roces''', isa ka Pilipina nga aktres. Nangin bantog siya sang tunga-tunga sang dekada 1950 kag nangin pinakadaku nga box-office star sang dekada 1960.

Sang iya pagkabatan-on, kilala siya sa pagdala sang maayo, mahigugmaon, kag matam-is nga mga karakter sa mga romantic comedy kag musical. Sa nagligad nga mga dekada, nag-eksperimento man siya sa mga papel sa horror kag drama.

Gintawag siya nga “Reyna sang Pelikulang Pilipino” kag nakalakip siya sa kapin 130 ka pelikula sa bug-os niya nga karera nga naglawig sing sobra anum ka dekada.

== Kabataan kag edukasyon ==
Si Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora natawo sa [[Wp/hil/Bacolod|Bacolod]], [[Wp/hil/Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]] sang Hulyo 28, 1941. Isa siya ka anak nanday Jesús Tonggoy Sonora kag Purificación Levy. Ang iya utod nga babaye, si Rosa María “Rosemarie” Sonora, isa man ka artista, subong man ang anak sang ulihi nga si Sheryl Cruz. Si Roces kag ang iya utod may kaliwat nga Hudyo paagi sa lolo sang ila iloy nga si Adolphe Blum Levy, nga naglalin halin sa Marckolsheim sa rehiyon sang Alsace sa Pransiya pakadto sa Iloilo.

Natapos ni Roces ang iya pagtuon sa hayskul sa La Consolación College (LCC) sa Bacolod sang 1956. Sadto nga tion sa LCC nga nagdesisyon gid siya nga magpadayon sa pag-artista. Ang iya manunudlo sa ikatlong tuig sa hayskul nga si Luisa Medel nakasimpon sang iya abilidad sa pagpamulong-pulong sa publiko kag pag-arte, kag naglaygay sa iya nga kuhaon ang pareho nga kurso sa kolehiyo. Pagkatapos niya gradwasyon sa hayskul, nagkadto si Roces sa Manila agud tumanon ang laygay sang iya manunudlo.

== Personal nga kabuhi ==

Kasal si Roces kay [[Wp/hil/Fernando Poe, Jr.|Fernando Poe, Jr.]] sang Disyembre 25, 1968, sa Santuario de San José Parish sa Greenhills, Mandaluyong. May isa sila ka sinagop nga bata nga babaye, ang anay Chairperson sang MTRCB kag subong Senador nga si [[Wp/hil/Grace Poe|Grace Poe]]. Si Roces amo ang utod ni Rosemarie Sonora.

Isa siya ka manug-inlaban para sa iya bana, nga nagpapili bilang presidente sa eleksyon sa pagka-presidente sa Pilipinas sang 2004, kag sang ulihi napatay bangud sa stroke sang Disyembre 2004. Nagapati si Roces nga si Presidente Gloria Macapagal Arroyo nakadaog paagi sa pagpangdaya sa eleksyon sa gasto sang iya bana, kag nagpangayo nga magpanaog si Arroyo sang Hunyo 2005.

Sang Setyembre 29, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Corporation nagbakal sang eksklusibo nga mga kinamatarong sa librarya sang mga pelikula ni Fernando Poe, Jr. matapos pirmahan ni Roces ang kontrata. Ang anay Chairman sang ABS-CBN nga si Eugenio López III, si Cory Vidanes, Senior Vice President sang TVP Production, kag ang anak ni Poe nga si Grace, nagtambong man.

Sang gab-i sang Disyembre 23, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Channel 2 nagpasundayag sang Alay ni Da King: a Fernando Poe Jr. Special, nga gin-host ni Charo Santos-Concio. Nag-amot si Roces sa pagpasundayag tuhod sa ila pag-asawa. Ang 38-minutong music video nagpakita man sang nagkalain-lain nga mga senaryo gikan sa pila ka mga pelikula ni Poe, isa ka proyekto nga gin-obra gid ni Poe antes ang iya kamatayon.

Gawas sa [[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]] kag [[Wp/hil/Tagalog|Tagalog]], nagahambal man si Roces sang [[Wp/hil/Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]].

==Pilmograpiya==
===Telebisyon===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Taon !! Titulo !! Ganap !! Mga nota
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Anita Mariano || Episode: &quot;Pahiram ng Isang Pasko&quot;
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Lucring || Episode: &quot;The Christmas Witch&quot;
|-
| 2006 || ''John en Shirley'' || Encarnacion Ramirez || rowspan=2| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=3| 2008 || ''{{Wp/hil/Small|[[Wp/hil/Sineserye Presents|Sineserye Presents: The Susan Roces Cinema Collection]]}}&lt;br&gt;[[Wp/hil/Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara (TV series)|Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara]]'' || Amanda
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Angge || Episode: &quot;Basura&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Iisa Pa Lamang|Iisa Pa Lamang]]'' || Aura Castillejos || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Wp/hil/May Bukas Pa (2009 TV series)|May Bukas Pa]]'' || Nieves Antazo || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Ngayong Pasko|Sana Ngayong Pasko]]'' || Remedios Dionisio || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Main Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Wp/hil/Babaeng Hampaslupa|Babaeng Hampaslupa]]'' || Helena See 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/100 Days to Heaven|100 Days to Heaven]]'' || Amelita Manalastas-Salvador || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Wp/hil/Walang Hanggan (2012 TV series)|Walang Hanggan]]'' || Virginia &quot;Henya&quot; Cruz || Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[Wp/hil/Muling Buksan ang Puso|Muling Buksan ang Puso]]'' || Adelina Laurel-Beltran 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Fenny || Episode: &quot;Simbang Gabi&quot;
|-
| rowspan=2|2014 || ''[[Wp/hil/Eat Bulaga!|Eat Bulaga! Lenten Drama Special]]'' || Maria || Television film; episode: &quot;Karugtong ng Puso&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon|Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon]]'' || Ruth Gaspar || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2015–2022 || ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Probinsyano|FPJ's Ang Probinsyano]]'' || Flora Borja-de Leon || Main Cast (Finale TV appearance) &lt;br/&gt;
|}

===Pelikula===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taon
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Orihinal nga titulo
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Wp/hil/Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan|Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 |1956
| ''Boksingera''
|-
| ''Kulang sa 7''
|-
| ''Mga Anak ng Diyos''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1957
| ''Sino ang Maysala?''
|-
| ''Mga Ligaw na Bulaklak''
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1958
| ''Prinsesang Gusgusin''
|-
| ''Ako ang Maysala''
|-
| ''Mga Reyna ng Vicks''
|-
| ''Madaling Araw''
|-
| ''Tawag ng Tanghalan''
|-
| ''Ulilang Anghel''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| 1959
| ''Ipinagbili Ko ang Aking Anak'' &lt;!-- Feb 9 --&gt;
|-
| ''Handsome'' &lt;!-- Mar 6 --&gt;
|-
| ''Pitong Pagsisisi'' &lt;!-- Mar 21 --&gt;
|-
| ''Debutante'' &lt;!-- Jul 19 --&gt;
|-
| ''Mga Anghel sa Lansangan'' &lt;!-- Sep 17 --&gt;
|-
| ''Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Susan Roces 'short' set for showing|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 9, 1959|quote=Cameraman Amaury Agra... recorded the highlights of the [Pacific] Festival.... The Sampaguita short feature...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Comedy addicts have field day in riotous Sampaguita offering|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 16, 1959|page=5-B|quote='Ipinagbili Kami Ng Aming Tatay' will be shown along with a special added attraction, 'Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival,' a four-reeler...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=...Why Sampaguita Pictures quit the FAMAS|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=March 1960|quote=Awards returned by Sampaguita Pictures, Inc.... Documentary: 1959—Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- Nov 16 --&gt;
|-
| ''Wedding Bells'' &lt;!-- Dec --&gt;
|-
| 1960
|''Beatnik''
|-
| 1964
|''The Dolly Sisters''
|-
|rowspan=3|1965
|''Portrait of My Love''
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw|Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw]]''
|-
| ''Pilipinas Kong Mahal''
|-
| rowspan=2|1966
| ''Zamboanga''
|-
| ''Pepe en Pilar''
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1967
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maruja|Maruja]]''
|-
| ''Langit at Lupa''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1968
| ''To Susan with Love''
|-
| Anong Ganda Mo?
|-
|''Bakasin Mo sa Gunita''
|-
| ''Bandana''
|-
| ''Sorrento''
|-
| ''Magpakailan Man''
|-
| ''Tanging Ikaw''
|-
|''Kulay Rosas ang Pag-ibig''
|-
|rowspan=2|1969
|''Perlas ng Silangan''
|-
|''Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin''
|-
|1970
|''Divina Gracia''
|-
|1972
|''Salaginto't Salagubang''
|-
|rowspan=2| 1973
|''Karnabal''
|-
|''Florinda''
|-
|1974
|''[[Wp/hil/Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara|Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara]]''
|-
|1977
|''Maligno''
|-
|1978
|''Gumising Ka, Maruja''
|-
|rowspan=3|1979
|''Mahal... Saan Ka Nanggaling Kagabi?''
|-
|''Mahal... Ginagabi Ka Nanaman''
|-
|''Angelita... Ako ang Iyong Ina''
|-
|1980
|''Tanikala''
|-
|1982
|''Manedyer si Kumander''
|-
|1984
|''Hoy Wala Kang Paki''
|-
|rowspan=3|1986
|''Nasaan Ka nang Kailangan Kita?''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Inday Inday sa Balitaw|Inday Inday sa Balitaw]]''
|-
|''Payaso''
|-
|rowspan=3|1987
|''Bunsong Kerubin''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander|No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander]]''
|-
| ''1 + 1 = 12 (+ 1): One Plus One Equals Twelve (Cheaper by the Dozen)''
|-
|rowspan=3|1988
|''Love Boat: Mahal Trip Kita''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Kambal Tuko|Kambal Tuko]]''
|-
|''Buy One, Take One''
|-
|rowspan=2|1989
|''Ang Lahat ng Ito Pati Na ang Langit''
|-
|''Here Comes the Bride''
|-
|rowspan=2|1990
|''Mundo Man ay Magunaw''
|-
|''Feel na Feel''
|-
|1991
|''Ubos Na ang Luha Ko''
|-
|1997
|''Isinakdal Ko ang Aking Ina''
|-
|2003
|''Mano Po 2: My Home'' (Ulahi nga pagpaguwa sa pelikula)
|}

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>7304386</id>
      <parentid>7304385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:18:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
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      <text bytes="13235" sha1="kdzm8j5rugdbs3hp9g9i6uad184pq4z" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Susan Roces (cropped from poster).jpg|thumb|Si Roces sa isa ka selyo sang post sang PhilPost ]]
Si '''Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe''' (Hulyo 28, 1941 – Mayo 20, 2022), nga mas kilala sa iya propesyonal nga ngalan nga '''Susan Roces''', isa ka Pilipina nga aktres. Nangin bantog siya sang tunga-tunga sang dekada 1950 kag nangin pinakadaku nga box-office star sang dekada 1960.

Sang iya pagkabatan-on, kilala siya sa pagdala sang maayo, mahigugmaon, kag matam-is nga mga karakter sa mga romantic comedy kag musical. Sa nagligad nga mga dekada, nag-eksperimento man siya sa mga papel sa horror kag drama.

Gintawag siya nga “Reyna sang Pelikulang Pilipino” kag nakalakip siya sa kapin 130 ka pelikula sa bug-os niya nga karera nga naglawig sing sobra anum ka dekada.

== Kabataan kag edukasyon ==
Si Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora natawo sa [[Wp/hil/Bacolod|Bacolod]], [[Wp/hil/Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]] sang Hulyo 28, 1941. Isa siya ka anak nanday Jesús Tonggoy Sonora kag Purificación Levy. Ang iya utod nga babaye, si Rosa María “Rosemarie” Sonora, isa man ka artista, subong man ang anak sang ulihi nga si Sheryl Cruz. Si Roces kag ang iya utod may kaliwat nga Hudyo paagi sa lolo sang ila iloy nga si Adolphe Blum Levy, nga naglalin halin sa Marckolsheim sa rehiyon sang Alsace sa Pransiya pakadto sa Iloilo.

Natapos ni Roces ang iya pagtuon sa hayskul sa La Consolación College (LCC) sa Bacolod sang 1956. Sadto nga tion sa LCC nga nagdesisyon gid siya nga magpadayon sa pag-artista. Ang iya manunudlo sa ikatlong tuig sa hayskul nga si Luisa Medel nakasimpon sang iya abilidad sa pagpamulong-pulong sa publiko kag pag-arte, kag naglaygay sa iya nga kuhaon ang pareho nga kurso sa kolehiyo. Pagkatapos niya gradwasyon sa hayskul, nagkadto si Roces sa Manila agud tumanon ang laygay sang iya manunudlo.

== Personal nga kabuhi ==

Kasal si Roces kay [[Wp/hil/Fernando Poe, Jr.|Fernando Poe, Jr.]] sang Disyembre 25, 1968, sa Santuario de San José Parish sa Greenhills, Mandaluyong. May isa sila ka sinagop nga bata nga babaye, ang anay Chairperson sang MTRCB kag subong Senador nga si [[Wp/hil/Grace Poe|Grace Poe]]. Si Roces amo ang utod ni Rosemarie Sonora.

Isa siya ka manug-inlaban para sa iya bana, nga nagpapili bilang presidente sa eleksyon sa pagka-presidente sa Pilipinas sang 2004, kag sang ulihi napatay bangud sa stroke sang Disyembre 2004. Nagapati si Roces nga si Presidente Gloria Macapagal Arroyo nakadaog paagi sa pagpangdaya sa eleksyon sa gasto sang iya bana, kag nagpangayo nga magpanaog si Arroyo sang Hunyo 2005.

Sang Setyembre 29, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Corporation nagbakal sang eksklusibo nga mga kinamatarong sa librarya sang mga pelikula ni Fernando Poe, Jr. matapos pirmahan ni Roces ang kontrata. Ang anay Chairman sang ABS-CBN nga si Eugenio López III, si Cory Vidanes, Senior Vice President sang TVP Production, kag ang anak ni Poe nga si Grace, nagtambong man.

Sang gab-i sang Disyembre 23, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Channel 2 nagpasundayag sang Alay ni Da King: a Fernando Poe Jr. Special, nga gin-host ni Charo Santos-Concio. Nag-amot si Roces sa pagpasundayag tuhod sa ila pag-asawa. Ang 38-minutong music video nagpakita man sang nagkalain-lain nga mga senaryo gikan sa pila ka mga pelikula ni Poe, isa ka proyekto nga gin-obra gid ni Poe antes ang iya kamatayon.

Gawas sa [[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]] kag [[Wp/hil/Tagalog|Tagalog]], nagahambal man si Roces sang [[Wp/hil/Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]].

==Pilmograpiya==
===Telebisyon===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Tuig !! Titulo !! Ganap !! Mga nota
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Anita Mariano || Episode: &quot;Pahiram ng Isang Pasko&quot;
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Lucring || Episode: &quot;The Christmas Witch&quot;
|-
| 2006 || ''John en Shirley'' || Encarnacion Ramirez || rowspan=2| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=3| 2008 || ''{{Wp/hil/Small|[[Wp/hil/Sineserye Presents|Sineserye Presents: The Susan Roces Cinema Collection]]}}&lt;br&gt;[[Wp/hil/Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara (TV series)|Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara]]'' || Amanda
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Angge || Episode: &quot;Basura&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Iisa Pa Lamang|Iisa Pa Lamang]]'' || Aura Castillejos || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Wp/hil/May Bukas Pa (2009 TV series)|May Bukas Pa]]'' || Nieves Antazo || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Ngayong Pasko|Sana Ngayong Pasko]]'' || Remedios Dionisio || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Main Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Wp/hil/Babaeng Hampaslupa|Babaeng Hampaslupa]]'' || Helena See 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/100 Days to Heaven|100 Days to Heaven]]'' || Amelita Manalastas-Salvador || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Wp/hil/Walang Hanggan (2012 TV series)|Walang Hanggan]]'' || Virginia &quot;Henya&quot; Cruz || Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[Wp/hil/Muling Buksan ang Puso|Muling Buksan ang Puso]]'' || Adelina Laurel-Beltran 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Fenny || Episode: &quot;Simbang Gabi&quot;
|-
| rowspan=2|2014 || ''[[Wp/hil/Eat Bulaga!|Eat Bulaga! Lenten Drama Special]]'' || Maria || Television film; episode: &quot;Karugtong ng Puso&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon|Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon]]'' || Ruth Gaspar || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2015–2022 || ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Probinsyano|FPJ's Ang Probinsyano]]'' || Flora Borja-de Leon || Main Cast (Finale TV appearance) &lt;br/&gt;
|}

===Pelikula===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taon
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Orihinal nga titulo
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Wp/hil/Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan|Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 |1956
| ''Boksingera''
|-
| ''Kulang sa 7''
|-
| ''Mga Anak ng Diyos''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1957
| ''Sino ang Maysala?''
|-
| ''Mga Ligaw na Bulaklak''
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1958
| ''Prinsesang Gusgusin''
|-
| ''Ako ang Maysala''
|-
| ''Mga Reyna ng Vicks''
|-
| ''Madaling Araw''
|-
| ''Tawag ng Tanghalan''
|-
| ''Ulilang Anghel''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| 1959
| ''Ipinagbili Ko ang Aking Anak'' &lt;!-- Feb 9 --&gt;
|-
| ''Handsome'' &lt;!-- Mar 6 --&gt;
|-
| ''Pitong Pagsisisi'' &lt;!-- Mar 21 --&gt;
|-
| ''Debutante'' &lt;!-- Jul 19 --&gt;
|-
| ''Mga Anghel sa Lansangan'' &lt;!-- Sep 17 --&gt;
|-
| ''Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Susan Roces 'short' set for showing|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 9, 1959|quote=Cameraman Amaury Agra... recorded the highlights of the [Pacific] Festival.... The Sampaguita short feature...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Comedy addicts have field day in riotous Sampaguita offering|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 16, 1959|page=5-B|quote='Ipinagbili Kami Ng Aming Tatay' will be shown along with a special added attraction, 'Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival,' a four-reeler...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=...Why Sampaguita Pictures quit the FAMAS|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=March 1960|quote=Awards returned by Sampaguita Pictures, Inc.... Documentary: 1959—Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- Nov 16 --&gt;
|-
| ''Wedding Bells'' &lt;!-- Dec --&gt;
|-
| 1960
|''Beatnik''
|-
| 1964
|''The Dolly Sisters''
|-
|rowspan=3|1965
|''Portrait of My Love''
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw|Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw]]''
|-
| ''Pilipinas Kong Mahal''
|-
| rowspan=2|1966
| ''Zamboanga''
|-
| ''Pepe en Pilar''
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1967
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maruja|Maruja]]''
|-
| ''Langit at Lupa''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1968
| ''To Susan with Love''
|-
| Anong Ganda Mo?
|-
|''Bakasin Mo sa Gunita''
|-
| ''Bandana''
|-
| ''Sorrento''
|-
| ''Magpakailan Man''
|-
| ''Tanging Ikaw''
|-
|''Kulay Rosas ang Pag-ibig''
|-
|rowspan=2|1969
|''Perlas ng Silangan''
|-
|''Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin''
|-
|1970
|''Divina Gracia''
|-
|1972
|''Salaginto't Salagubang''
|-
|rowspan=2| 1973
|''Karnabal''
|-
|''Florinda''
|-
|1974
|''[[Wp/hil/Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara|Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara]]''
|-
|1977
|''Maligno''
|-
|1978
|''Gumising Ka, Maruja''
|-
|rowspan=3|1979
|''Mahal... Saan Ka Nanggaling Kagabi?''
|-
|''Mahal... Ginagabi Ka Nanaman''
|-
|''Angelita... Ako ang Iyong Ina''
|-
|1980
|''Tanikala''
|-
|1982
|''Manedyer si Kumander''
|-
|1984
|''Hoy Wala Kang Paki''
|-
|rowspan=3|1986
|''Nasaan Ka nang Kailangan Kita?''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Inday Inday sa Balitaw|Inday Inday sa Balitaw]]''
|-
|''Payaso''
|-
|rowspan=3|1987
|''Bunsong Kerubin''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander|No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander]]''
|-
| ''1 + 1 = 12 (+ 1): One Plus One Equals Twelve (Cheaper by the Dozen)''
|-
|rowspan=3|1988
|''Love Boat: Mahal Trip Kita''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Kambal Tuko|Kambal Tuko]]''
|-
|''Buy One, Take One''
|-
|rowspan=2|1989
|''Ang Lahat ng Ito Pati Na ang Langit''
|-
|''Here Comes the Bride''
|-
|rowspan=2|1990
|''Mundo Man ay Magunaw''
|-
|''Feel na Feel''
|-
|1991
|''Ubos Na ang Luha Ko''
|-
|1997
|''Isinakdal Ko ang Aking Ina''
|-
|2003
|''Mano Po 2: My Home'' (Ulahi nga pagpaguwa sa pelikula)
|}

==Mga gawad kag nominasyon==
{| class= &quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Width=15 %| Tagahatag sang gawad
! Width=4%| Tuig
! Width=15%| Kategorya
! Width=20%| Mga Nominado nga Obra
! Width=12% colspan=2| Resulta
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;16&quot; | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1959 
| ''Dr. Ciriaco Santiago Memorial Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1966
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; style=text-align: Center;&quot;| Best Actress
| ''Ana-Roberta''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 1968
| ''Maruja''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1969
| ''To Susan with love''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1971
| ''Divina Gracia''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1973
| ''Bilangguang puso''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1974
| ''Hanggang sa Kabila ng daigdig: The Tony Maiquez Story''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1975
| ''Patayin mo sa Sindak si Barbara''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1978
| ''Maligno''
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1979
| ''Gumising ka Maruja''
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1987
| ''Nasaan ka ng kailangan kita''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1988
| ''Paano Kung wala ka na''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1990
| ''Ang lahat ng Ito pati na ang langit''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1998
| ''Isinakdal ko ang aking ina''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2003
| ''Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}} 
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2004
| ''Huwarang Bituin''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/22nd PMPC Star Awards for Television|22nd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2008
| Best Single Performance by an  Actress
| ''Maalaala Mo Kaya: Basura''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''Cinema One Originals Digital Film Festival''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |  2009
| ''Cinema One Legend Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/PMPC Star Awards for Movies|PMPC Star Awards for Movies]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2011
| ''Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
|  {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/26th PMPC Star Awards for Television|26th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2012
| Best Drama Actress
| ''Walang Hanggan''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/27th PMPC Star Awards for Television|27th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2013
| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Walang Hanggan''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| ''Iconic Movie Queen of Philippine Cinema''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/30th PMPC Star Awards for Television|30th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2016
| Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| ''Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/31st PMPC Star Awards for Television|31st PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2017
| rowspan=2 style=text-align:Center;&quot;| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television|32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2018
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/PMPC Star Awards for Movies|PMPC Star Awards for Movies]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
| ''Outstanding Star of the Century'' (Natatanging bituin ng siglo)
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/33rd PMPC Star Awards for Television|33rd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2019
| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''Entertainment Editors Choice Awards''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2022
| ''Posthumous Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|}

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
      <sha1>kdzm8j5rugdbs3hp9g9i6uad184pq4z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304392</id>
      <parentid>7304386</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304392</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18940" sha1="aottzpld4rdiatjvap3753btin8k72v" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Susan Roces (cropped from poster).jpg|thumb|Si Roces sa isa ka selyo sang post sang PhilPost ]]
Si '''Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe''' (Hulyo 28, 1941 – Mayo 20, 2022), nga mas kilala sa iya propesyonal nga ngalan nga '''Susan Roces''', isa ka Pilipina nga aktres. Nangin bantog siya sang tunga-tunga sang dekada 1950 kag nangin pinakadaku nga box-office star sang dekada 1960.

Sang iya pagkabatan-on, kilala siya sa pagdala sang maayo, mahigugmaon, kag matam-is nga mga karakter sa mga romantic comedy kag musical. Sa nagligad nga mga dekada, nag-eksperimento man siya sa mga papel sa horror kag drama.

Gintawag siya nga “Reyna sang Pelikulang Pilipino” kag nakalakip siya sa kapin 130 ka pelikula sa bug-os niya nga karera nga naglawig sing sobra anum ka dekada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last1=Lu |first1=Monet |title=Susan Roces: The True Queen of Philippine Movies |url=http://www.asianjournal.com/lifestyle/monet-lu/16893-susan-roces-the-true-queen-of-philippine-moviesn-.html |website=Asian Journal |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929091238/http://www.asianjournal.com/lifestyle/monet-lu/16893-susan-roces-the-true-queen-of-philippine-moviesn-.html |archive-date=29 September 2012 |date=3 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pep-queen-rp&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Susan Roces: Queen of RP Movies |url=https://www.pep.ph/peptionary/147161/susan-roces-a738-20191109-lfrm |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=PEP.ph |publisher=Philippine Entertainment Portal, Inc.|language=en |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230104603/https://www.pep.ph/peptionary/147161/susan-roces-a738-20191109-lfrm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Absent ang mga major winner ng FAP |trans-title=Major winners of FAP absent|url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/showbiz/201117/absent-ang-mga-major-winner-ng-fap |access-date=2022-05-20 |work=Pilipino Star Ngayon |publisher=The Philippine Star |language=fil |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521020106/https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/showbiz/201117/absent-ang-mga-major-winner-ng-fap |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Eastwood City Walk of Fame |url=https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Eastwood-City-Walk-of-Fame |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Vigattin Tourism (ARTICLES) – Philippines |archive-date=April 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401225433/http://vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Eastwood-City-Walk-of-Fame |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168643|title=Post Office stamps 'immortalize' 10 outstanding Filipinos|first=|last=|work=Philippine News Agency|date=February 28, 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kabataan kag edukasyon ==
Si Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora natawo&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last=Lara |first=Tanya |date=May 9, 2021 |title=Grace Poe, Injap Sia, Rex Gatchalian: Lessons my mother taught me |url=https://philstarlife.com/living/928092-lessons-my-mother-taught-me |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522050628/https://philstarlife.com/living/928092-lessons-my-mother-taught-me |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |access-date=May 22, 2022 |website=[[Wp/hil/The Philippine Star|The Philippine Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa [[Wp/hil/Bacolod|Bacolod]], [[Wp/hil/Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]] sang Hulyo 28, 1941.&lt;ref name=panaynews&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last=Co|first=Adrian|date=May 21, 2022 |title=Bacolodnon 'movie queen' Susan Roces passes away |url=https://www.panaynews.net/bacolodnon-movie-queen-susan-roces-passes-away/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Panay News |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521070901/https://www.panaynews.net/bacolodnon-movie-queen-susan-roces-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Isa siya ka anak nanday Jesús Tonggoy Sonora kag Purificación Levy.&lt;ref name=&quot;beginings&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news |last1=Gomez |first1=Carla |title=A look back at Susan Roces' beginnings in Bacolod |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/449752/a-look-back-at-susan-roces-beginnings-in-bacolod |access-date=21 May 2022 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=21 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521020151/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/449752/a-look-back-at-susan-roces-beginnings-in-bacolod |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ang iya utod nga babaye, si Rosa María “Rosemarie” Sonora, isa man ka artista, subong man ang anak sang ulihi nga si Sheryl Cruz. Si Roces kag ang iya utod may kaliwat nga Hudyo paagi sa lolo sang ila iloy nga si Adolphe Blum Levy, nga naglalin halin sa Marckolsheim sa rehiyon sang Alsace sa Pransiya pakadto sa Iloilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last=Abad |first=Levy |date=12 August 2023 |title=Winnipeg family has Jewish connections |url=https://philippinecanadiannews.com/canada/winnipeg-family-has-jewish-connections/ |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=Philippine Canadian News.Com |language=English |publication-place=Winnipeg, Manitoba |archive-date=May 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522033403/https://philippinecanadiannews.com/canada/winnipeg-family-has-jewish-connections/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natapos ni Roces ang iya pagtuon sa hayskul sa La Consolación College (LCC) sa Bacolod sang 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;grace-almamater&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news |title=Susan Roces to grace alma mater's centennial celebration in Bacolod |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1795376/bacolod/local-news/susan-roces-to-grace-alma-maters-centennial-celebration-in-bacolod |access-date=21 May 2022 |work=Sunstar |date=5 March 2019 |language=English |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305072345/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1795376/Bacolod/Local-News/Susan-Roces-to-grace-alma-maters-centennial-celebration-in-Bacolod |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sadto nga tion sa LCC nga nagdesisyon gid siya nga magpadayon sa pag-artista. Ang iya manunudlo sa ikatlong tuig sa hayskul nga si Luisa Medel nakasimpon sang iya abilidad sa pagpamulong-pulong sa publiko kag pag-arte, kag naglaygay sa iya nga kuhaon ang pareho nga kurso sa kolehiyo. Pagkatapos niya gradwasyon sa hayskul, nagkadto si Roces sa Manila agud tumanon ang laygay sang iya manunudlo.&lt;ref name=&quot;beginings&quot;/&gt;

== Personal nga kabuhi ==

Kasal si Roces kay [[Wp/hil/Fernando Poe, Jr.|Fernando Poe, Jr.]] sang Disyembre 25, 1968, sa Santuario de San José Parish sa Greenhills, Mandaluyong.&lt;ref name=pepface/&gt; May isa sila ka sinagop nga bata nga babaye, ang anay Chairperson sang MTRCB kag subong Senador nga si [[Wp/hil/Grace Poe|Grace Poe]]. Si Roces amo ang utod ni Rosemarie Sonora.

Isa siya ka manug-inlaban para sa iya bana, nga nagpapili bilang presidente sa eleksyon sa pagka-presidente sa Pilipinas sang 2004, kag sang ulihi napatay bangud sa stroke sang Disyembre 2004. Nagapati si Roces nga si Presidente Gloria Macapagal Arroyo nakadaog paagi sa pagpangdaya sa eleksyon sa gasto sang iya bana, kag nagpangayo nga magpanaog si Arroyo sang Hunyo 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/284138/susan-ready-replace-gma?nomobile=1|title=Susan ready to replace GMA|first=Christina|last=Mendez|work=The Philippine Star|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-date=October 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012204411/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/284138/susan-ready-replace-gma?nomobile=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sang Setyembre 29, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Corporation nagbakal sang eksklusibo nga mga kinamatarong sa librarya sang mga pelikula ni Fernando Poe, Jr. matapos pirmahan ni Roces ang kontrata. Ang anay Chairman sang ABS-CBN nga si Eugenio López III, si Cory Vidanes, Senior Vice President sang TVP Production, kag ang anak ni Poe nga si Grace, nagtambong man.&lt;ref&gt;Mario Dumaumal [http://mixed99.wordpress.com/2007/09/29/abs-cbn-acquires-right-to-%E2%80%98da-king%E2%80%99s%E2%80%99-movie-library &quot;ABS-CBN acquires right to 'Da King's' movie library&quot;] {{Wp/hil/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001015/http://mixed99.wordpress.com/2007/09/29/abs-cbn-acquires-right-to-%E2%80%98da-king%E2%80%99s%E2%80%99-movie-library/ |date=April 26, 2012 }}, 29 September 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sang gab-i sang Disyembre 23, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Channel 2 nagpasundayag sang Alay ni Da King: a Fernando Poe Jr. Special, nga gin-host ni Charo Santos-Concio. Nag-amot si Roces sa pagpasundayag tuhod sa ila pag-asawa. Ang 38-minutong music video nagpakita man sang nagkalain-lain nga mga senaryo gikan sa pila ka mga pelikula ni Poe, isa ka proyekto nga gin-obra gid ni Poe antes ang iya kamatayon.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mb.com.ph/node/54552 ‘Alay ni Da King: An FPJ Special’ encores tomorrow] {{Wp/hil/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521020110/https://www.mb.com.ph/node/54552 |date=May 21, 2022 }}. mb.com.ph, 22 December 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gawas sa [[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]] kag [[Wp/hil/Tagalog|Tagalog]], nagahambal man si Roces sang [[Wp/hil/Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;grace-almamater&quot;/&gt;

==Pilmograpiya==
===Telebisyon===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Tuig !! Titulo !! Ganap !! Mga nota
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Anita Mariano || Episode: &quot;Pahiram ng Isang Pasko&quot;
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Lucring || Episode: &quot;The Christmas Witch&quot;
|-
| 2006 || ''John en Shirley'' || Encarnacion Ramirez || rowspan=2| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=3| 2008 || ''{{Wp/hil/Small|[[Wp/hil/Sineserye Presents|Sineserye Presents: The Susan Roces Cinema Collection]]}}&lt;br&gt;[[Wp/hil/Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara (TV series)|Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara]]'' || Amanda
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Angge || Episode: &quot;Basura&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Iisa Pa Lamang|Iisa Pa Lamang]]'' || Aura Castillejos || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Wp/hil/May Bukas Pa (2009 TV series)|May Bukas Pa]]'' || Nieves Antazo || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Ngayong Pasko|Sana Ngayong Pasko]]'' || Remedios Dionisio || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Main Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Wp/hil/Babaeng Hampaslupa|Babaeng Hampaslupa]]'' || Helena See 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/100 Days to Heaven|100 Days to Heaven]]'' || Amelita Manalastas-Salvador || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Wp/hil/Walang Hanggan (2012 TV series)|Walang Hanggan]]'' || Virginia &quot;Henya&quot; Cruz || Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[Wp/hil/Muling Buksan ang Puso|Muling Buksan ang Puso]]'' || Adelina Laurel-Beltran 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Fenny || Episode: &quot;Simbang Gabi&quot;
|-
| rowspan=2|2014 || ''[[Wp/hil/Eat Bulaga!|Eat Bulaga! Lenten Drama Special]]'' || Maria || Television film; episode: &quot;Karugtong ng Puso&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon|Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon]]'' || Ruth Gaspar || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2015–2022 || ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Probinsyano|FPJ's Ang Probinsyano]]'' || Flora Borja-de Leon || Main Cast (Finale TV appearance) &lt;br/&gt;
|}

===Pelikula===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taon
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Orihinal nga titulo
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Wp/hil/Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan|Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 |1956
| ''Boksingera''
|-
| ''Kulang sa 7''
|-
| ''Mga Anak ng Diyos''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1957
| ''Sino ang Maysala?''
|-
| ''Mga Ligaw na Bulaklak''
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1958
| ''Prinsesang Gusgusin''
|-
| ''Ako ang Maysala''
|-
| ''Mga Reyna ng Vicks''
|-
| ''Madaling Araw''
|-
| ''Tawag ng Tanghalan''
|-
| ''Ulilang Anghel''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| 1959
| ''Ipinagbili Ko ang Aking Anak'' &lt;!-- Feb 9 --&gt;
|-
| ''Handsome'' &lt;!-- Mar 6 --&gt;
|-
| ''Pitong Pagsisisi'' &lt;!-- Mar 21 --&gt;
|-
| ''Debutante'' &lt;!-- Jul 19 --&gt;
|-
| ''Mga Anghel sa Lansangan'' &lt;!-- Sep 17 --&gt;
|-
| ''Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Susan Roces 'short' set for showing|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 9, 1959|quote=Cameraman Amaury Agra... recorded the highlights of the [Pacific] Festival.... The Sampaguita short feature...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Comedy addicts have field day in riotous Sampaguita offering|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 16, 1959|page=5-B|quote='Ipinagbili Kami Ng Aming Tatay' will be shown along with a special added attraction, 'Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival,' a four-reeler...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=...Why Sampaguita Pictures quit the FAMAS|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=March 1960|quote=Awards returned by Sampaguita Pictures, Inc.... Documentary: 1959—Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- Nov 16 --&gt;
|-
| ''Wedding Bells'' &lt;!-- Dec --&gt;
|-
| 1960
|''Beatnik''
|-
| 1964
|''The Dolly Sisters''
|-
|rowspan=3|1965
|''Portrait of My Love''
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw|Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw]]''
|-
| ''Pilipinas Kong Mahal''
|-
| rowspan=2|1966
| ''Zamboanga''
|-
| ''Pepe en Pilar''
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1967
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maruja|Maruja]]''
|-
| ''Langit at Lupa''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1968
| ''To Susan with Love''
|-
| Anong Ganda Mo?
|-
|''Bakasin Mo sa Gunita''
|-
| ''Bandana''
|-
| ''Sorrento''
|-
| ''Magpakailan Man''
|-
| ''Tanging Ikaw''
|-
|''Kulay Rosas ang Pag-ibig''
|-
|rowspan=2|1969
|''Perlas ng Silangan''
|-
|''Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin''
|-
|1970
|''Divina Gracia''
|-
|1972
|''Salaginto't Salagubang''
|-
|rowspan=2| 1973
|''Karnabal''
|-
|''Florinda''
|-
|1974
|''[[Wp/hil/Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara|Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara]]''
|-
|1977
|''Maligno''
|-
|1978
|''Gumising Ka, Maruja''
|-
|rowspan=3|1979
|''Mahal... Saan Ka Nanggaling Kagabi?''
|-
|''Mahal... Ginagabi Ka Nanaman''
|-
|''Angelita... Ako ang Iyong Ina''
|-
|1980
|''Tanikala''
|-
|1982
|''Manedyer si Kumander''
|-
|1984
|''Hoy Wala Kang Paki''
|-
|rowspan=3|1986
|''Nasaan Ka nang Kailangan Kita?''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Inday Inday sa Balitaw|Inday Inday sa Balitaw]]''
|-
|''Payaso''
|-
|rowspan=3|1987
|''Bunsong Kerubin''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander|No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander]]''
|-
| ''1 + 1 = 12 (+ 1): One Plus One Equals Twelve (Cheaper by the Dozen)''
|-
|rowspan=3|1988
|''Love Boat: Mahal Trip Kita''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Kambal Tuko|Kambal Tuko]]''
|-
|''Buy One, Take One''
|-
|rowspan=2|1989
|''Ang Lahat ng Ito Pati Na ang Langit''
|-
|''Here Comes the Bride''
|-
|rowspan=2|1990
|''Mundo Man ay Magunaw''
|-
|''Feel na Feel''
|-
|1991
|''Ubos Na ang Luha Ko''
|-
|1997
|''Isinakdal Ko ang Aking Ina''
|-
|2003
|''Mano Po 2: My Home'' (Ulahi nga pagpaguwa sa pelikula)
|}

==Mga gawad kag nominasyon==
{| class= &quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Width=15 %| Tagahatag sang gawad
! Width=4%| Tuig
! Width=15%| Kategorya
! Width=20%| Mga Nominado nga Obra
! Width=12% colspan=2| Resulta
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;16&quot; | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1959 
| ''Dr. Ciriaco Santiago Memorial Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1966
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; style=text-align: Center;&quot;| Best Actress
| ''Ana-Roberta''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 1968
| ''Maruja''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1969
| ''To Susan with love''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1971
| ''Divina Gracia''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1973
| ''Bilangguang puso''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1974
| ''Hanggang sa Kabila ng daigdig: The Tony Maiquez Story''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1975
| ''Patayin mo sa Sindak si Barbara''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1978
| ''Maligno''
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1979
| ''Gumising ka Maruja''
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1987
| ''Nasaan ka ng kailangan kita''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1988
| ''Paano Kung wala ka na''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1990
| ''Ang lahat ng Ito pati na ang langit''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1998
| ''Isinakdal ko ang aking ina''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2003
| ''Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}} 
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2004
| ''Huwarang Bituin''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/22nd PMPC Star Awards for Television|22nd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2008
| Best Single Performance by an  Actress
| ''Maalaala Mo Kaya: Basura''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''Cinema One Originals Digital Film Festival''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |  2009
| ''Cinema One Legend Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/PMPC Star Awards for Movies|PMPC Star Awards for Movies]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2011
| ''Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
|  {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/26th PMPC Star Awards for Television|26th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2012
| Best Drama Actress
| ''Walang Hanggan''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/27th PMPC Star Awards for Television|27th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2013
| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Walang Hanggan''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| ''Iconic Movie Queen of Philippine Cinema''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/30th PMPC Star Awards for Television|30th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2016
| Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| ''Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/31st PMPC Star Awards for Television|31st PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2017
| rowspan=2 style=text-align:Center;&quot;| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television|32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2018
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/PMPC Star Awards for Movies|PMPC Star Awards for Movies]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
| ''Outstanding Star of the Century'' (Natatanging bituin ng siglo)
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/33rd PMPC Star Awards for Television|33rd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2019
| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''Entertainment Editors Choice Awards''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2022
| ''Posthumous Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|}

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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      <text bytes="19014" sha1="9lp0o3qzicjiugwojntgymiaqtm2zbh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Susan Roces (cropped from poster).jpg|thumb|Si Roces sa isa ka selyo sang post sang PhilPost ]]
Si '''Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe''' (Hulyo 28, 1941 – Mayo 20, 2022), nga mas kilala sa iya propesyonal nga ngalan nga '''Susan Roces''', isa ka Pilipina nga aktres. Nangin bantog siya sang tunga-tunga sang dekada 1950 kag nangin pinakadaku nga box-office star sang dekada 1960.

Sang iya pagkabatan-on, kilala siya sa pagdala sang maayo, mahigugmaon, kag matam-is nga mga karakter sa mga romantic comedy kag musical. Sa nagligad nga mga dekada, nag-eksperimento man siya sa mga papel sa horror kag drama.

Gintawag siya nga “Reyna sang Pelikulang Pilipino” kag nakalakip siya sa kapin 130 ka pelikula sa bug-os niya nga karera nga naglawig sing sobra anum ka dekada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last1=Lu |first1=Monet |title=Susan Roces: The True Queen of Philippine Movies |url=http://www.asianjournal.com/lifestyle/monet-lu/16893-susan-roces-the-true-queen-of-philippine-moviesn-.html |website=Asian Journal |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929091238/http://www.asianjournal.com/lifestyle/monet-lu/16893-susan-roces-the-true-queen-of-philippine-moviesn-.html |archive-date=29 September 2012 |date=3 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pep-queen-rp&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Susan Roces: Queen of RP Movies |url=https://www.pep.ph/peptionary/147161/susan-roces-a738-20191109-lfrm |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=PEP.ph |publisher=Philippine Entertainment Portal, Inc.|language=en |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230104603/https://www.pep.ph/peptionary/147161/susan-roces-a738-20191109-lfrm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Absent ang mga major winner ng FAP |trans-title=Major winners of FAP absent|url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/showbiz/201117/absent-ang-mga-major-winner-ng-fap |access-date=2022-05-20 |work=Pilipino Star Ngayon |publisher=The Philippine Star |language=fil |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521020106/https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/showbiz/201117/absent-ang-mga-major-winner-ng-fap |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Eastwood City Walk of Fame |url=https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Eastwood-City-Walk-of-Fame |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Vigattin Tourism (ARTICLES) – Philippines |archive-date=April 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401225433/http://vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Eastwood-City-Walk-of-Fame |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168643|title=Post Office stamps 'immortalize' 10 outstanding Filipinos|first=|last=|work=Philippine News Agency|date=February 28, 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kabataan kag edukasyon ==
Si Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora natawo&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last=Lara |first=Tanya |date=May 9, 2021 |title=Grace Poe, Injap Sia, Rex Gatchalian: Lessons my mother taught me |url=https://philstarlife.com/living/928092-lessons-my-mother-taught-me |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522050628/https://philstarlife.com/living/928092-lessons-my-mother-taught-me |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |access-date=May 22, 2022 |website=[[Wp/hil/The Philippine Star|The Philippine Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa [[Wp/hil/Bacolod|Bacolod]], [[Wp/hil/Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]] sang Hulyo 28, 1941.&lt;ref name=panaynews&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last=Co|first=Adrian|date=May 21, 2022 |title=Bacolodnon 'movie queen' Susan Roces passes away |url=https://www.panaynews.net/bacolodnon-movie-queen-susan-roces-passes-away/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Panay News |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521070901/https://www.panaynews.net/bacolodnon-movie-queen-susan-roces-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Isa siya ka anak nanday Jesús Tonggoy Sonora kag Purificación Levy.&lt;ref name=&quot;beginings&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news |last1=Gomez |first1=Carla |title=A look back at Susan Roces' beginnings in Bacolod |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/449752/a-look-back-at-susan-roces-beginnings-in-bacolod |access-date=21 May 2022 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=21 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521020151/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/449752/a-look-back-at-susan-roces-beginnings-in-bacolod |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ang iya utod nga babaye, si Rosa María “Rosemarie” Sonora, isa man ka artista, subong man ang anak sang ulihi nga si Sheryl Cruz. Si Roces kag ang iya utod may kaliwat nga Hudyo paagi sa lolo sang ila iloy nga si Adolphe Blum Levy, nga naglalin halin sa Marckolsheim sa rehiyon sang Alsace sa Pransiya pakadto sa Iloilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last=Abad |first=Levy |date=12 August 2023 |title=Winnipeg family has Jewish connections |url=https://philippinecanadiannews.com/canada/winnipeg-family-has-jewish-connections/ |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=Philippine Canadian News.Com |language=English |publication-place=Winnipeg, Manitoba |archive-date=May 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522033403/https://philippinecanadiannews.com/canada/winnipeg-family-has-jewish-connections/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natapos ni Roces ang iya pagtuon sa hayskul sa La Consolación College (LCC) sa Bacolod sang 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;grace-almamater&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news |title=Susan Roces to grace alma mater's centennial celebration in Bacolod |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1795376/bacolod/local-news/susan-roces-to-grace-alma-maters-centennial-celebration-in-bacolod |access-date=21 May 2022 |work=Sunstar |date=5 March 2019 |language=English |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305072345/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1795376/Bacolod/Local-News/Susan-Roces-to-grace-alma-maters-centennial-celebration-in-Bacolod |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sadto nga tion sa LCC nga nagdesisyon gid siya nga magpadayon sa pag-artista. Ang iya manunudlo sa ikatlong tuig sa hayskul nga si Luisa Medel nakasimpon sang iya abilidad sa pagpamulong-pulong sa publiko kag pag-arte, kag naglaygay sa iya nga kuhaon ang pareho nga kurso sa kolehiyo. Pagkatapos niya gradwasyon sa hayskul, nagkadto si Roces sa Manila agud tumanon ang laygay sang iya manunudlo.&lt;ref name=&quot;beginings&quot;/&gt;

== Personal nga kabuhi ==

Kasal si Roces kay [[Wp/hil/Fernando Poe, Jr.|Fernando Poe, Jr.]] sang Disyembre 25, 1968, sa Santuario de San José Parish sa Greenhills, Mandaluyong.&lt;ref name=pepface/&gt; May isa sila ka sinagop nga bata nga babaye, ang anay Chairperson sang MTRCB kag subong Senador nga si [[Wp/hil/Grace Poe|Grace Poe]]. Si Roces amo ang utod ni Rosemarie Sonora.

Isa siya ka manug-inlaban para sa iya bana, nga nagpapili bilang presidente sa eleksyon sa pagka-presidente sa Pilipinas sang 2004, kag sang ulihi napatay bangud sa stroke sang Disyembre 2004. Nagapati si Roces nga si Presidente Gloria Macapagal Arroyo nakadaog paagi sa pagpangdaya sa eleksyon sa gasto sang iya bana, kag nagpangayo nga magpanaog si Arroyo sang Hunyo 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/284138/susan-ready-replace-gma?nomobile=1|title=Susan ready to replace GMA|first=Christina|last=Mendez|work=The Philippine Star|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-date=October 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012204411/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/284138/susan-ready-replace-gma?nomobile=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sang Setyembre 29, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Corporation nagbakal sang eksklusibo nga mga kinamatarong sa librarya sang mga pelikula ni Fernando Poe, Jr. matapos pirmahan ni Roces ang kontrata. Ang anay Chairman sang ABS-CBN nga si Eugenio López III, si Cory Vidanes, Senior Vice President sang TVP Production, kag ang anak ni Poe nga si Grace, nagtambong man.&lt;ref&gt;Mario Dumaumal [http://mixed99.wordpress.com/2007/09/29/abs-cbn-acquires-right-to-%E2%80%98da-king%E2%80%99s%E2%80%99-movie-library &quot;ABS-CBN acquires right to 'Da King's' movie library&quot;] {{Wp/hil/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001015/http://mixed99.wordpress.com/2007/09/29/abs-cbn-acquires-right-to-%E2%80%98da-king%E2%80%99s%E2%80%99-movie-library/ |date=April 26, 2012 }}, 29 September 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sang gab-i sang Disyembre 23, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Channel 2 nagpasundayag sang Alay ni Da King: a Fernando Poe Jr. Special, nga gin-host ni Charo Santos-Concio. Nag-amot si Roces sa pagpasundayag tuhod sa ila pag-asawa. Ang 38-minutong music video nagpakita man sang nagkalain-lain nga mga senaryo gikan sa pila ka mga pelikula ni Poe, isa ka proyekto nga gin-obra gid ni Poe antes ang iya kamatayon.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mb.com.ph/node/54552 ‘Alay ni Da King: An FPJ Special’ encores tomorrow] {{Wp/hil/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521020110/https://www.mb.com.ph/node/54552 |date=May 21, 2022 }}. mb.com.ph, 22 December 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gawas sa [[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]] kag [[Wp/hil/Tagalog|Tagalog]], nagahambal man si Roces sang [[Wp/hil/Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;grace-almamater&quot;/&gt;

==Pilmograpiya==
===Telebisyon===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Tuig !! Titulo !! Ganap !! Mga nota
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Anita Mariano || Episode: &quot;Pahiram ng Isang Pasko&quot;
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Lucring || Episode: &quot;The Christmas Witch&quot;
|-
| 2006 || ''John en Shirley'' || Encarnacion Ramirez || rowspan=2| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=3| 2008 || ''{{Wp/hil/Small|[[Wp/hil/Sineserye Presents|Sineserye Presents: The Susan Roces Cinema Collection]]}}&lt;br&gt;[[Wp/hil/Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara (TV series)|Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara]]'' || Amanda
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Angge || Episode: &quot;Basura&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Iisa Pa Lamang|Iisa Pa Lamang]]'' || Aura Castillejos || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Wp/hil/May Bukas Pa (2009 TV series)|May Bukas Pa]]'' || Nieves Antazo || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Ngayong Pasko|Sana Ngayong Pasko]]'' || Remedios Dionisio || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Main Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Wp/hil/Babaeng Hampaslupa|Babaeng Hampaslupa]]'' || Helena See 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/100 Days to Heaven|100 Days to Heaven]]'' || Amelita Manalastas-Salvador || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Wp/hil/Walang Hanggan (2012 TV series)|Walang Hanggan]]'' || Virginia &quot;Henya&quot; Cruz || Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[Wp/hil/Muling Buksan ang Puso|Muling Buksan ang Puso]]'' || Adelina Laurel-Beltran 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Fenny || Episode: &quot;Simbang Gabi&quot;
|-
| rowspan=2|2014 || ''[[Wp/hil/Eat Bulaga!|Eat Bulaga! Lenten Drama Special]]'' || Maria || Television film; episode: &quot;Karugtong ng Puso&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon|Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon]]'' || Ruth Gaspar || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2015–2022 || ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Probinsyano|FPJ's Ang Probinsyano]]'' || Flora Borja-de Leon || Main Cast (Finale TV appearance) &lt;br/&gt;
|}

===Pelikula===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taon
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Orihinal nga titulo
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Wp/hil/Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan|Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 |1956
| ''Boksingera''
|-
| ''Kulang sa 7''
|-
| ''Mga Anak ng Diyos''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1957
| ''Sino ang Maysala?''
|-
| ''Mga Ligaw na Bulaklak''
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1958
| ''Prinsesang Gusgusin''
|-
| ''Ako ang Maysala''
|-
| ''Mga Reyna ng Vicks''
|-
| ''Madaling Araw''
|-
| ''Tawag ng Tanghalan''
|-
| ''Ulilang Anghel''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| 1959
| ''Ipinagbili Ko ang Aking Anak'' &lt;!-- Feb 9 --&gt;
|-
| ''Handsome'' &lt;!-- Mar 6 --&gt;
|-
| ''Pitong Pagsisisi'' &lt;!-- Mar 21 --&gt;
|-
| ''Debutante'' &lt;!-- Jul 19 --&gt;
|-
| ''Mga Anghel sa Lansangan'' &lt;!-- Sep 17 --&gt;
|-
| ''Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Susan Roces 'short' set for showing|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 9, 1959|quote=Cameraman Amaury Agra... recorded the highlights of the [Pacific] Festival.... The Sampaguita short feature...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Comedy addicts have field day in riotous Sampaguita offering|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 16, 1959|page=5-B|quote='Ipinagbili Kami Ng Aming Tatay' will be shown along with a special added attraction, 'Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival,' a four-reeler...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=...Why Sampaguita Pictures quit the FAMAS|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=March 1960|quote=Awards returned by Sampaguita Pictures, Inc.... Documentary: 1959—Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- Nov 16 --&gt;
|-
| ''Wedding Bells'' &lt;!-- Dec --&gt;
|-
| 1960
|''Beatnik''
|-
| 1964
|''The Dolly Sisters''
|-
|rowspan=3|1965
|''Portrait of My Love''
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw|Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw]]''
|-
| ''Pilipinas Kong Mahal''
|-
| rowspan=2|1966
| ''Zamboanga''
|-
| ''Pepe en Pilar''
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1967
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maruja|Maruja]]''
|-
| ''Langit at Lupa''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1968
| ''To Susan with Love''
|-
| Anong Ganda Mo?
|-
|''Bakasin Mo sa Gunita''
|-
| ''Bandana''
|-
| ''Sorrento''
|-
| ''Magpakailan Man''
|-
| ''Tanging Ikaw''
|-
|''Kulay Rosas ang Pag-ibig''
|-
|rowspan=2|1969
|''Perlas ng Silangan''
|-
|''Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin''
|-
|1970
|''Divina Gracia''
|-
|1972
|''Salaginto't Salagubang''
|-
|rowspan=2| 1973
|''Karnabal''
|-
|''Florinda''
|-
|1974
|''[[Wp/hil/Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara|Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara]]''
|-
|1977
|''Maligno''
|-
|1978
|''Gumising Ka, Maruja''
|-
|rowspan=3|1979
|''Mahal... Saan Ka Nanggaling Kagabi?''
|-
|''Mahal... Ginagabi Ka Nanaman''
|-
|''Angelita... Ako ang Iyong Ina''
|-
|1980
|''Tanikala''
|-
|1982
|''Manedyer si Kumander''
|-
|1984
|''Hoy Wala Kang Paki''
|-
|rowspan=3|1986
|''Nasaan Ka nang Kailangan Kita?''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Inday Inday sa Balitaw|Inday Inday sa Balitaw]]''
|-
|''Payaso''
|-
|rowspan=3|1987
|''Bunsong Kerubin''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander|No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander]]''
|-
| ''1 + 1 = 12 (+ 1): One Plus One Equals Twelve (Cheaper by the Dozen)''
|-
|rowspan=3|1988
|''Love Boat: Mahal Trip Kita''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Kambal Tuko|Kambal Tuko]]''
|-
|''Buy One, Take One''
|-
|rowspan=2|1989
|''Ang Lahat ng Ito Pati Na ang Langit''
|-
|''Here Comes the Bride''
|-
|rowspan=2|1990
|''Mundo Man ay Magunaw''
|-
|''Feel na Feel''
|-
|1991
|''Ubos Na ang Luha Ko''
|-
|1997
|''Isinakdal Ko ang Aking Ina''
|-
|2003
|''Mano Po 2: My Home'' (Ulahi nga pagpaguwa sa pelikula)
|}

==Mga gawad kag nominasyon==
{| class= &quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Width=15 %| Tagahatag sang gawad
! Width=4%| Tuig
! Width=15%| Kategorya
! Width=20%| Mga Nominado nga Obra
! Width=12% colspan=2| Resulta
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;16&quot; | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1959 
| ''Dr. Ciriaco Santiago Memorial Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1966
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; style=text-align: Center;&quot;| Best Actress
| ''Ana-Roberta''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 1968
| ''Maruja''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1969
| ''To Susan with love''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1971
| ''Divina Gracia''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1973
| ''Bilangguang puso''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1974
| ''Hanggang sa Kabila ng daigdig: The Tony Maiquez Story''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1975
| ''Patayin mo sa Sindak si Barbara''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1978
| ''Maligno''
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1979
| ''Gumising ka Maruja''
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1987
| ''Nasaan ka ng kailangan kita''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1988
| ''Paano Kung wala ka na''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1990
| ''Ang lahat ng Ito pati na ang langit''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1998
| ''Isinakdal ko ang aking ina''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2003
| ''Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}} 
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2004
| ''Huwarang Bituin''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/22nd PMPC Star Awards for Television|22nd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2008
| Best Single Performance by an  Actress
| ''Maalaala Mo Kaya: Basura''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''Cinema One Originals Digital Film Festival''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |  2009
| ''Cinema One Legend Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/PMPC Star Awards for Movies|PMPC Star Awards for Movies]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2011
| ''Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
|  {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/26th PMPC Star Awards for Television|26th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2012
| Best Drama Actress
| ''Walang Hanggan''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/27th PMPC Star Awards for Television|27th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2013
| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Walang Hanggan''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| ''Iconic Movie Queen of Philippine Cinema''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/30th PMPC Star Awards for Television|30th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2016
| Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| ''Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/31st PMPC Star Awards for Television|31st PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2017
| rowspan=2 style=text-align:Center;&quot;| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television|32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2018
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/PMPC Star Awards for Movies|PMPC Star Awards for Movies]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
| ''Outstanding Star of the Century'' (Natatanging bituin ng siglo)
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/33rd PMPC Star Awards for Television|33rd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2019
| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''Entertainment Editors Choice Awards''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2022
| ''Posthumous Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|}

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==

* [[imdbname:0733727|Susan Roces]] sa IMDb

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]</text>
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      <id>7304398</id>
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        <id>2551335</id>
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      <text bytes="19038" sha1="qgyqw0kkc31gl6hu8ekth0xhaiw22es" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Susan Roces (cropped from poster).jpg|thumb|Si Roces sa isa ka selyo sang post sang PhilPost ]]
Si '''Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe''' (Hulyo 28, 1941 – Mayo 20, 2022), nga mas kilala sa iya propesyonal nga ngalan nga '''Susan Roces''', isa ka Pilipina nga aktres. Nangin bantog siya sang tunga-tunga sang dekada 1950 kag nangin pinakadaku nga box-office star sang dekada 1960.

Sang iya pagkabatan-on, kilala siya sa pagdala sang maayo, mahigugmaon, kag matam-is nga mga karakter sa mga romantic comedy kag musical. Sa nagligad nga mga dekada, nag-eksperimento man siya sa mga papel sa horror kag drama.

Gintawag siya nga “Reyna sang Pelikulang Pilipino” kag nakalakip siya sa kapin 130 ka pelikula sa bug-os niya nga karera nga naglawig sing sobra anum ka dekada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last1=Lu |first1=Monet |title=Susan Roces: The True Queen of Philippine Movies |url=http://www.asianjournal.com/lifestyle/monet-lu/16893-susan-roces-the-true-queen-of-philippine-moviesn-.html |website=Asian Journal |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929091238/http://www.asianjournal.com/lifestyle/monet-lu/16893-susan-roces-the-true-queen-of-philippine-moviesn-.html |archive-date=29 September 2012 |date=3 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pep-queen-rp&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Susan Roces: Queen of RP Movies |url=https://www.pep.ph/peptionary/147161/susan-roces-a738-20191109-lfrm |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=PEP.ph |publisher=Philippine Entertainment Portal, Inc.|language=en |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230104603/https://www.pep.ph/peptionary/147161/susan-roces-a738-20191109-lfrm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Absent ang mga major winner ng FAP |trans-title=Major winners of FAP absent|url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/showbiz/201117/absent-ang-mga-major-winner-ng-fap |access-date=2022-05-20 |work=Pilipino Star Ngayon |publisher=The Philippine Star |language=fil |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521020106/https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/showbiz/201117/absent-ang-mga-major-winner-ng-fap |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |title=Eastwood City Walk of Fame |url=https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Eastwood-City-Walk-of-Fame |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Vigattin Tourism (ARTICLES) – Philippines |archive-date=April 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401225433/http://vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Eastwood-City-Walk-of-Fame |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168643|title=Post Office stamps 'immortalize' 10 outstanding Filipinos|first=|last=|work=Philippine News Agency|date=February 28, 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kabataan kag edukasyon ==
Si Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora natawo&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last=Lara |first=Tanya |date=May 9, 2021 |title=Grace Poe, Injap Sia, Rex Gatchalian: Lessons my mother taught me |url=https://philstarlife.com/living/928092-lessons-my-mother-taught-me |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522050628/https://philstarlife.com/living/928092-lessons-my-mother-taught-me |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |access-date=May 22, 2022 |website=[[Wp/hil/The Philippine Star|The Philippine Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; sa [[Wp/hil/Bacolod|Bacolod]], [[Wp/hil/Negros Occidental|Negros Occidental]] sang Hulyo 28, 1941.&lt;ref name=panaynews&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last=Co|first=Adrian|date=May 21, 2022 |title=Bacolodnon 'movie queen' Susan Roces passes away |url=https://www.panaynews.net/bacolodnon-movie-queen-susan-roces-passes-away/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Panay News |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521070901/https://www.panaynews.net/bacolodnon-movie-queen-susan-roces-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Isa siya ka anak nanday Jesús Tonggoy Sonora kag Purificación Levy.&lt;ref name=&quot;beginings&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news |last1=Gomez |first1=Carla |title=A look back at Susan Roces' beginnings in Bacolod |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/449752/a-look-back-at-susan-roces-beginnings-in-bacolod |access-date=21 May 2022 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=21 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521020151/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/449752/a-look-back-at-susan-roces-beginnings-in-bacolod |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ang iya utod nga babaye, si Rosa María “Rosemarie” Sonora, isa man ka artista, subong man ang anak sang ulihi nga si Sheryl Cruz. Si Roces kag ang iya utod may kaliwat nga Hudyo paagi sa lolo sang ila iloy nga si Adolphe Blum Levy, nga naglalin halin sa Marckolsheim sa rehiyon sang Alsace sa Pransiya pakadto sa Iloilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite web |last=Abad |first=Levy |date=12 August 2023 |title=Winnipeg family has Jewish connections |url=https://philippinecanadiannews.com/canada/winnipeg-family-has-jewish-connections/ |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=Philippine Canadian News.Com |language=English |publication-place=Winnipeg, Manitoba |archive-date=May 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522033403/https://philippinecanadiannews.com/canada/winnipeg-family-has-jewish-connections/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natapos ni Roces ang iya pagtuon sa hayskul sa La Consolación College (LCC) sa Bacolod sang 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;grace-almamater&quot;&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news |title=Susan Roces to grace alma mater's centennial celebration in Bacolod |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1795376/bacolod/local-news/susan-roces-to-grace-alma-maters-centennial-celebration-in-bacolod |access-date=21 May 2022 |work=Sunstar |date=5 March 2019 |language=English |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305072345/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1795376/Bacolod/Local-News/Susan-Roces-to-grace-alma-maters-centennial-celebration-in-Bacolod |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sadto nga tion sa LCC nga nagdesisyon gid siya nga magpadayon sa pag-artista. Ang iya manunudlo sa ikatlong tuig sa hayskul nga si Luisa Medel nakasimpon sang iya abilidad sa pagpamulong-pulong sa publiko kag pag-arte, kag naglaygay sa iya nga kuhaon ang pareho nga kurso sa kolehiyo. Pagkatapos niya gradwasyon sa hayskul, nagkadto si Roces sa Manila agud tumanon ang laygay sang iya manunudlo.&lt;ref name=&quot;beginings&quot;/&gt;

== Personal nga kabuhi ==

Kasal si Roces kay [[Wp/hil/Fernando Poe, Jr.|Fernando Poe, Jr.]] sang Disyembre 25, 1968, sa Santuario de San José Parish sa Greenhills, Mandaluyong.&lt;ref name=pepface/&gt; May isa sila ka sinagop nga bata nga babaye, ang anay Chairperson sang MTRCB kag subong Senador nga si [[Wp/hil/Grace Poe|Grace Poe]]. Si Roces amo ang utod ni Rosemarie Sonora.

Isa siya ka manug-inlaban para sa iya bana, nga nagpapili bilang presidente sa eleksyon sa pagka-presidente sa Pilipinas sang 2004, kag sang ulihi napatay bangud sa stroke sang Disyembre 2004. Nagapati si Roces nga si Presidente Gloria Macapagal Arroyo nakadaog paagi sa pagpangdaya sa eleksyon sa gasto sang iya bana, kag nagpangayo nga magpanaog si Arroyo sang Hunyo 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/284138/susan-ready-replace-gma?nomobile=1|title=Susan ready to replace GMA|first=Christina|last=Mendez|work=The Philippine Star|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-date=October 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012204411/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/284138/susan-ready-replace-gma?nomobile=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sang Setyembre 29, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Corporation nagbakal sang eksklusibo nga mga kinamatarong sa librarya sang mga pelikula ni Fernando Poe, Jr. matapos pirmahan ni Roces ang kontrata. Ang anay Chairman sang ABS-CBN nga si Eugenio López III, si Cory Vidanes, Senior Vice President sang TVP Production, kag ang anak ni Poe nga si Grace, nagtambong man.&lt;ref&gt;Mario Dumaumal [http://mixed99.wordpress.com/2007/09/29/abs-cbn-acquires-right-to-%E2%80%98da-king%E2%80%99s%E2%80%99-movie-library &quot;ABS-CBN acquires right to 'Da King's' movie library&quot;] {{Wp/hil/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001015/http://mixed99.wordpress.com/2007/09/29/abs-cbn-acquires-right-to-%E2%80%98da-king%E2%80%99s%E2%80%99-movie-library/ |date=April 26, 2012 }}, 29 September 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sang gab-i sang Disyembre 23, 2007, ang ABS-CBN Channel 2 nagpasundayag sang Alay ni Da King: a Fernando Poe Jr. Special, nga gin-host ni Charo Santos-Concio. Nag-amot si Roces sa pagpasundayag tuhod sa ila pag-asawa. Ang 38-minutong music video nagpakita man sang nagkalain-lain nga mga senaryo gikan sa pila ka mga pelikula ni Poe, isa ka proyekto nga gin-obra gid ni Poe antes ang iya kamatayon.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mb.com.ph/node/54552 ‘Alay ni Da King: An FPJ Special’ encores tomorrow] {{Wp/hil/Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521020110/https://www.mb.com.ph/node/54552 |date=May 21, 2022 }}. mb.com.ph, 22 December 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gawas sa [[Wp/hil/Ingles|Ingles]] kag [[Wp/hil/Tagalog|Tagalog]], nagahambal man si Roces sang [[Wp/hil/Hiligaynon|Hiligaynon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;grace-almamater&quot;/&gt;

==Pilmograpiya==
===Telebisyon===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Tuig !! Titulo !! Ganap !! Mga nota
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Anita Mariano || Episode: &quot;Pahiram ng Isang Pasko&quot;
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Lucring || Episode: &quot;The Christmas Witch&quot;
|-
| 2006 || ''John en Shirley'' || Encarnacion Ramirez || rowspan=2| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=3| 2008 || ''{{Wp/hil/Small|[[Wp/hil/Sineserye Presents|Sineserye Presents: The Susan Roces Cinema Collection]]}}&lt;br&gt;[[Wp/hil/Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara (TV series)|Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara]]'' || Amanda
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maalaala Mo Kaya|Maalaala Mo Kaya]]'' || Angge || Episode: &quot;Basura&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Iisa Pa Lamang|Iisa Pa Lamang]]'' || Aura Castillejos || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Wp/hil/May Bukas Pa (2009 TV series)|May Bukas Pa]]'' || Nieves Antazo || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Ngayong Pasko|Sana Ngayong Pasko]]'' || Remedios Dionisio || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Main Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Wp/hil/Babaeng Hampaslupa|Babaeng Hampaslupa]]'' || Helena See 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/100 Days to Heaven|100 Days to Heaven]]'' || Amelita Manalastas-Salvador || Guest Cast 
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Wp/hil/Walang Hanggan (2012 TV series)|Walang Hanggan]]'' || Virginia &quot;Henya&quot; Cruz || Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Supporting Cast 
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[Wp/hil/Muling Buksan ang Puso|Muling Buksan ang Puso]]'' || Adelina Laurel-Beltran 
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Wansapanataym|Wansapanataym]]'' || Fenny || Episode: &quot;Simbang Gabi&quot;
|-
| rowspan=2|2014 || ''[[Wp/hil/Eat Bulaga!|Eat Bulaga! Lenten Drama Special]]'' || Maria || Television film; episode: &quot;Karugtong ng Puso&quot;
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon|Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon]]'' || Ruth Gaspar || Supporting Cast 
|-
| 2015–2022 || ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Probinsyano|FPJ's Ang Probinsyano]]'' || Flora Borja-de Leon || Main Cast (Finale TV appearance) &lt;br/&gt;
|}

===Pelikula===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taon
! Scope=&quot;col&quot; | Orihinal nga titulo
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Wp/hil/Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan|Mga Bituin ng Kinabukasan]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 |1956
| ''Boksingera''
|-
| ''Kulang sa 7''
|-
| ''Mga Anak ng Diyos''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1957
| ''Sino ang Maysala?''
|-
| ''Mga Ligaw na Bulaklak''
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1958
| ''Prinsesang Gusgusin''
|-
| ''Ako ang Maysala''
|-
| ''Mga Reyna ng Vicks''
|-
| ''Madaling Araw''
|-
| ''Tawag ng Tanghalan''
|-
| ''Ulilang Anghel''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| 1959
| ''Ipinagbili Ko ang Aking Anak'' &lt;!-- Feb 9 --&gt;
|-
| ''Handsome'' &lt;!-- Mar 6 --&gt;
|-
| ''Pitong Pagsisisi'' &lt;!-- Mar 21 --&gt;
|-
| ''Debutante'' &lt;!-- Jul 19 --&gt;
|-
| ''Mga Anghel sa Lansangan'' &lt;!-- Sep 17 --&gt;
|-
| ''Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Susan Roces 'short' set for showing|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 9, 1959|quote=Cameraman Amaury Agra... recorded the highlights of the [Pacific] Festival.... The Sampaguita short feature...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=Comedy addicts have field day in riotous Sampaguita offering|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=November 16, 1959|page=5-B|quote='Ipinagbili Kami Ng Aming Tatay' will be shown along with a special added attraction, 'Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival,' a four-reeler...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Wp/hil/Cite news|title=...Why Sampaguita Pictures quit the FAMAS|work=[[Wp/hil/The Manila Times|The Manila Times]]|publisher=The Manila Times Publishing Company, Inc.|date=March 1960|quote=Awards returned by Sampaguita Pictures, Inc.... Documentary: 1959—Susan Roces at the Pacific Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- Nov 16 --&gt;
|-
| ''Wedding Bells'' &lt;!-- Dec --&gt;
|-
| 1960
|''Beatnik''
|-
| 1964
|''The Dolly Sisters''
|-
|rowspan=3|1965
|''Portrait of My Love''
|-
| ''[[Wp/hil/Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw|Ang Daigdig Ko'y Ikaw]]''
|-
| ''Pilipinas Kong Mahal''
|-
| rowspan=2|1966
| ''Zamboanga''
|-
| ''Pepe en Pilar''
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1967
| ''[[Wp/hil/Maruja|Maruja]]''
|-
| ''Langit at Lupa''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1968
| ''To Susan with Love''
|-
| Anong Ganda Mo?
|-
|''Bakasin Mo sa Gunita''
|-
| ''Bandana''
|-
| ''Sorrento''
|-
| ''Magpakailan Man''
|-
| ''Tanging Ikaw''
|-
|''Kulay Rosas ang Pag-ibig''
|-
|rowspan=2|1969
|''Perlas ng Silangan''
|-
|''Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin''
|-
|1970
|''Divina Gracia''
|-
|1972
|''Salaginto't Salagubang''
|-
|rowspan=2| 1973
|''Karnabal''
|-
|''Florinda''
|-
|1974
|''[[Wp/hil/Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara|Patayin Mo sa Sindak si Barbara]]''
|-
|1977
|''Maligno''
|-
|1978
|''Gumising Ka, Maruja''
|-
|rowspan=3|1979
|''Mahal... Saan Ka Nanggaling Kagabi?''
|-
|''Mahal... Ginagabi Ka Nanaman''
|-
|''Angelita... Ako ang Iyong Ina''
|-
|1980
|''Tanikala''
|-
|1982
|''Manedyer si Kumander''
|-
|1984
|''Hoy Wala Kang Paki''
|-
|rowspan=3|1986
|''Nasaan Ka nang Kailangan Kita?''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Inday Inday sa Balitaw|Inday Inday sa Balitaw]]''
|-
|''Payaso''
|-
|rowspan=3|1987
|''Bunsong Kerubin''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander|No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander]]''
|-
| ''1 + 1 = 12 (+ 1): One Plus One Equals Twelve (Cheaper by the Dozen)''
|-
|rowspan=3|1988
|''Love Boat: Mahal Trip Kita''
|-
|''[[Wp/hil/Kambal Tuko|Kambal Tuko]]''
|-
|''Buy One, Take One''
|-
|rowspan=2|1989
|''Ang Lahat ng Ito Pati Na ang Langit''
|-
|''Here Comes the Bride''
|-
|rowspan=2|1990
|''Mundo Man ay Magunaw''
|-
|''Feel na Feel''
|-
|1991
|''Ubos Na ang Luha Ko''
|-
|1997
|''Isinakdal Ko ang Aking Ina''
|-
|2003
|''Mano Po 2: My Home'' (Ulahi nga pagpaguwa sa pelikula)
|}

==Mga gawad kag nominasyon==
{| class= &quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Width=15 %| Tagahatag sang gawad
! Width=4%| Tuig
! Width=15%| Kategorya
! Width=20%| Mga Nominado nga Obra
! Width=12% colspan=2| Resulta
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;16&quot; | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1959 
| ''Dr. Ciriaco Santiago Memorial Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1966
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; style=text-align: Center;&quot;| Best Actress
| ''Ana-Roberta''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 1968
| ''Maruja''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1969
| ''To Susan with love''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1971
| ''Divina Gracia''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1973
| ''Bilangguang puso''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1974
| ''Hanggang sa Kabila ng daigdig: The Tony Maiquez Story''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1975
| ''Patayin mo sa Sindak si Barbara''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1978
| ''Maligno''
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1979
| ''Gumising ka Maruja''
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1987
| ''Nasaan ka ng kailangan kita''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1988
| ''Paano Kung wala ka na''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1990
| ''Ang lahat ng Ito pati na ang langit''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 1998
| ''Isinakdal ko ang aking ina''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2003
| ''Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}} 
|-
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2004
| ''Huwarang Bituin''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/22nd PMPC Star Awards for Television|22nd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2008
| Best Single Performance by an  Actress
| ''Maalaala Mo Kaya: Basura''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''Cinema One Originals Digital Film Festival''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |  2009
| ''Cinema One Legend Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/PMPC Star Awards for Movies|PMPC Star Awards for Movies]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2011
| ''Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
|  {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/26th PMPC Star Awards for Television|26th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2012
| Best Drama Actress
| ''Walang Hanggan''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/27th PMPC Star Awards for Television|27th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2013
| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Walang Hanggan''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| ''Iconic Movie Queen of Philippine Cinema''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/30th PMPC Star Awards for Television|30th PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2016
| Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/FAMAS Awards|FAMAS Awards]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2017
| ''Lifetime Achievement Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/31st PMPC Star Awards for Television|31st PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2017
| rowspan=2 style=text-align:Center;&quot;| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television|32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2018
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/PMPC Star Awards for Movies|PMPC Star Awards for Movies]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2019
| ''Outstanding Star of the Century'' (Natatanging bituin ng siglo)
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''[[Wp/hil/33rd PMPC Star Awards for Television|33rd PMPC Star Awards for Television]]''
| scope=&quot;row&quot;| 2019
| Best Drama Supporting Actress
| ''Ang Probinsyano''
| {{Wp/hil/Nom}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=1 | ''Entertainment Editors Choice Awards''
| scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2022
| ''Posthumous Award''
| {{Wp/hil/N/a}}
| {{Wp/hil/Won}}
|}

== Mga pangguwa nga kawad ==

* [[imdbname:0733727|Susan Roces]] sa IMDb

== Ginkuhaan ==

[[Category:Wp/hil]]

{{INTERWIKI|Q1870001}}</text>
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    <title>Template:Wp/hil/Nom</title>
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    <id>3804202</id>
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      <id>7304387</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:19:51Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;noinclude&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |- |&lt;/noinclude&gt;style=&quot;background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}&quot; class=&quot;no table-no2&quot;|{{{1|Nominado}}}&lt;noinclude&gt; |} {{Documentation|Template:Table cell templates/doc}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;&quot;</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="273" sha1="kjntfmu3zan6tfq5otphp59onved0km" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
|&lt;/noinclude&gt;style=&quot;background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}&quot; class=&quot;no table-no2&quot;|{{{1|Nominado}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
|}
{{Documentation|Template:Table cell templates/doc}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kjntfmu3zan6tfq5otphp59onved0km</sha1>
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    <title>Template:Wp/hil/Won</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3804203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304388</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:21:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;noinclude&gt;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |- |&lt;/noinclude&gt;style=&quot;background: {{ #switch: {{{place|Won}}}   |Won = {{{color|&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;99FF99}}}   |1|1st|gold|Gold = {{{color|Gold}}}   |2|2nd|silver|Silver = {{{color|Silver}}}   |3|3rd|bronze|Bronze = {{{color|&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;D9A821}}}   |#default = {{{color|&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;f8eaba}}} }}; color: {{{text|black}}}; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}&quot; class=&quot;yes table-yes2&quot;|{{{1|{{{place|Nag...&quot;</comment>
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|-
|&lt;/noinclude&gt;style=&quot;background: {{
#switch: {{{place|Won}}}
  |Won = {{{color|&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;99FF99}}}
  |1|1st|gold|Gold = {{{color|Gold}}}
  |2|2nd|silver|Silver = {{{color|Silver}}}
  |3|3rd|bronze|Bronze = {{{color|&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;D9A821}}}
  |#default = {{{color|&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;f8eaba}}}
}}; color: {{{text|black}}}; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}&quot; class=&quot;yes table-yes2&quot;|{{{1|{{{place|Nagdaog}}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
|}
{{Documentation|Template:Table cell templates/doc}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Template:Wp/hil/N/a</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3804204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304389</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:22:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |-    | &lt;onlyinclude&gt;data-sort-value=&quot;{{{sort|}}}&quot; style=&quot;background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: {{{align|center}}}; {{{style|}}}&quot; class=&quot;table-na&quot; &lt;!-- --&gt;| {{{1|—}}}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt; |} {{documentation}}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="259" sha1="pyzwk8b0ado0tqa7sqf5jznj6g7v4we" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
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--&gt;| {{{1|—}}}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;
|}
{{documentation}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Fernando Poe, Jr.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804205</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/hil/Fernando Poe Jr." />
    <revision>
      <id>7304399</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:32:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/hil/Fernando Poe Jr.]]</comment>
      <origin>7304399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37" sha1="jqngf9h9ylaw1fn94uhuv8padpz8tqk" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hil/Fernando Poe Jr.]]</text>
      <sha1>jqngf9h9ylaw1fn94uhuv8padpz8tqk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Enli256</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3804206</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304400</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:33:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welcoming Bot</username>
        <id>9525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!</comment>
      <origin>7304400</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1014" sha1="ov9m7pogt5gmef7g54i9hmlz97ruj81" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 09:33, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ov9m7pogt5gmef7g54i9hmlz97ruj81</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/hil/Jesusa Purificación Levy Sonora-Poe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804207</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/hil/Susan Roces" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304402</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:35:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ralffralff</username>
        <id>2551335</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/hil/Susan Roces]]</comment>
      <origin>7304402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32" sha1="tancdttm59avzj2egebgcezbf5ztr5o" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/hil/Susan Roces]]</text>
      <sha1>tancdttm59avzj2egebgcezbf5ztr5o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Qatar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304410</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:41:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa | Nom = Qatar | Tip = Stèd | Gra amm = 0 | var = SM | Ban = Flag_of_Qatar.svg | Did ban = [[Wp/rgn/Bandira 'd Qatar|bandìra]] | Ste = Emblem of Qatar-2022.svg | Did ste = [[Wp/rgn/Stemma 'd Qatar|stemma]] | Img = QAT_orthographic.svg | Did =  | Nom ufc = Stèd 'd Qatar&lt;br&gt;(ar) دولة قطر / Dawlat Qaṭar | Cap = Doha | Len ufz = [[Wp/rgn/Lengua araba| Arab]] | Elt len = Arab 'd Qatar, [[Wp/rgn/Lengua persiena|Persién]] | Alt =...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1198" sha1="ls997419vyhwp2x2bpwkxedfgis25l6" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa
| Nom = Qatar
| Tip = Stèd
| Gra amm = 0
| var = SM
| Ban = Flag_of_Qatar.svg
| Did ban = [[Wp/rgn/Bandira 'd Qatar|bandìra]]
| Ste = Emblem of Qatar-2022.svg
| Did ste = [[Wp/rgn/Stemma 'd Qatar|stemma]]
| Img = QAT_orthographic.svg
| Did = 
| Nom ufc = Stèd 'd Qatar&lt;br&gt;(ar)
دولة قطر / Dawlat Qaṭar
| Cap = Doha
| Len ufz = [[Wp/rgn/Lengua araba| Arab]]
| Elt len = Arab 'd Qatar, [[Wp/rgn/Lengua persiena|Persién]]
| Alt =  
| Sup = 11 586
| Abi = 2 444 174
| Den = 211
| Cun = 
| Nom abi = Qatarén, Qatariòd
| Sit = 
| Map = Qa-map.PNG
| Did map = Chérta 'd Qatar (in inghléṡ)
}}

E' '''Qatàr''' ([[Wp/rgn/Arab|Arab]]: قطر / qaṭar), uficialmèint '''Stèd 'd Qatàr''' (Arab: دولة قطر / dawlat qaṭar) l'è un emiréd 'd Meż-Uriènt sa 'na stoiṡa 'd  11 586 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. E' Qatar l'è mess só na penìṡla znèina in pèt mal golf Persich e l'è lighéd ma la penìnṡla araba mal sód, andò l'à 'na fruntira terestra sa l'Arabia Saudéda. La só capitala l'è [[Wp/rgn/Doha|Doha]], la lèngua uficièla l'è l'arab, la religiòuna 'd stèd l'è l'Islam e la só munéda l'è e' Riyal qatarén.

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304420</id>
      <parentid>7304410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:48:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>7304420</origin>
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      <text bytes="1270" sha1="dug9bvov4i4f8u9xd7mbzi2bjkqjn3l" xml:space="preserve">{{Wp/rgn/SM}}
{{Wp/rgn/S}}

{{Wp/rgn/Diviṣiõn aministrativa
| Nom = Qatar
| Tip = Stèd
| Gra amm = 0
| var = SM
| Ban = Flag_of_Qatar.svg
| Did ban = [[Wp/rgn/Bandira 'd Qatar|bandìra]]
| Ste = Emblem of Qatar-2022.svg
| Did ste = [[Wp/rgn/Stemma 'd Qatar|stemma]]
| Img = QAT_orthographic.svg
| Did = 
| Nom ufc = Stèd 'd Qatar&lt;br&gt;(ar)
دولة قطر / Dawlat Qaṭar
| Cap = Doha
| Len ufz = [[Wp/rgn/Lengua araba| Arab]]
| Elt len = Arab 'd Qatar, [[Wp/rgn/Lengua persiena|Persién]]
| Alt =  
| Sup = 11 586
| Abi = 2 444 174
| Den = 211
| Cun = 
| Nom abi = Qatarén, Qatariòd
| Sit = 
| Map = Qa-map.PNG
| Did map = Chérta 'd Qatar (in inghléṡ)
}}

E' '''Qatàr''' ([[Wp/rgn/Arab|Arab]]: قطر / qaṭar), uficialmèint '''Stèd 'd Qatàr''' (Arab: دولة قطر / dawlat qaṭar) l'è un emiréd 'd Meż-Uriènt sa 'na stoiṡa 'd  11 586 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. E' Qatar l'è mess só na penìṡla znèina in pèt mal golf Persich e l'è lighéd ma la penìnṡla araba mal sód, andò l'à 'na fruntira terestra sa l'Arabia Saudéda. La só capitala l'è [[Wp/rgn/Doha|Doha]], la lèngua uficièla l'è l'arab, la religiòuna 'd stèd l'è l'Islam e la só munéda l'è e' Riyal qatarén.

[[Category:Wp/rgn]]
[[Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ 'd Meż-Uriént]]</text>
      <sha1>dug9bvov4i4f8u9xd7mbzi2bjkqjn3l</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl'Aṡia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3804209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304414</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:42:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Category:Wp/rgn]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304414</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="19" sha1="bsuoggu87so50w9sis2lnsvpajldzmj" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/rgn]]</text>
      <sha1>bsuoggu87so50w9sis2lnsvpajldzmj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304416</id>
      <parentid>7304414</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:43:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>TheFlagandAnthemGuy moved page [[Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl'Aṡia]] to [[Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl'Aṡia]]: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>7304414</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="19" sha1="bsuoggu87so50w9sis2lnsvpajldzmj" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/rgn]]</text>
      <sha1>bsuoggu87so50w9sis2lnsvpajldzmj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl'Aṡia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804210</id>
    <redirect title="Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl&#039;Aṡia" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304417</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:43:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>TheFlagandAnthemGuy moved page [[Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl'Aṡia]] to [[Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl'Aṡia]]: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>7304417</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="e8c4tp7b0jh144v18o1ok86xrh1pcxp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[:Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl'Aṡia]]</text>
      <sha1>e8c4tp7b0jh144v18o1ok86xrh1pcxp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ 'd Meż-Uriént</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3804211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304419</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:46:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TheFlagandAnthemGuy</username>
        <id>2568147</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl'Aṡia]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37" sha1="e6tgg3r6ekk0o6om06yr36xco885wn5" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wp/rgn/Paìṡ dl'Aṡia]]</text>
      <sha1>e6tgg3r6ekk0o6om06yr36xco885wn5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>3804212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304425</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:56:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>//क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत का इतिहास//</comment>
      <origin>7304425</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16384" sha1="fdq6enqqxoyosax0d0xfxf9sksz4qh9" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
===राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख===
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)को हराकर वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में राठौड़ राजवंश को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।
***कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)ने बसाया था।***
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब राखी।
===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11. ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है। 
=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर) आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>fdq6enqqxoyosax0d0xfxf9sksz4qh9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>7304425</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T09:59:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख */</comment>
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      <text bytes="16504" sha1="3sau6k1gwom3h0ip6yan6yy6w5tgh3g" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
===राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख===
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===पाली में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)को हराकर वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में राठौड़ राजवंश को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।
***कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)ने बसाया था।***
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब राखी।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11. ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है। 
=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर) आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>3sau6k1gwom3h0ip6yan6yy6w5tgh3g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:01:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है */</comment>
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      <text bytes="16517" sha1="pvgwkkrkos00pdn11opuj6fsnoo1org" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
===राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख===
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===पाली में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)को हराकर वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में राठौड़ राजवंश को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।
***कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)ने बसाया था।***
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब राखी।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11. ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है। 
=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर) आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>pvgwkkrkos00pdn11opuj6fsnoo1org</sha1>
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        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
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      <comment>/* राजपूताना में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास */</comment>
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      <text bytes="32172" sha1="pa477wvf5view0velvsi1tfrt5q1esg" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
===राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख===
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)को हराकर वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में राठौड़ राजवंश को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।
***कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)ने बसाया था।***
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब राखी।
*जैसलमेर राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर शाखा) का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर[[मेर जाति]]का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11. ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है। 
=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर) आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>pa477wvf5view0velvsi1tfrt5q1esg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>7304442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:32:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास */</comment>
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      <text bytes="32306" sha1="5p3hb2lwoogp4fy2hen7wg3f6romizm" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
===राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख===
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड़ राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)ने बसाया था।*
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

*जैसलमेर राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11. ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है। 
=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर) आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>5p3hb2lwoogp4fy2hen7wg3f6romizm</sha1>
    </revision>
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        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास */</comment>
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      <text bytes="32313" sha1="ehkcg14r08svpconlw6m6mkmzue0xew" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
===राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख===
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड-राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)ने बसाया था।*
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

*जैसलमेर-मेर राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर-राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11. ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है। 
=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर) आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>ehkcg14r08svpconlw6m6mkmzue0xew</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:56:22Z</timestamp>
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        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* भारत में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेर ठाकुर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख */</comment>
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      <text bytes="35254" sha1="e0zwv4i2rabendb7lc2n3qkp4zo2q54" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति को रावत,राणा ठाकुर कि उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को राणा,ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या भारत में  लगभग 1 करोड़ से 1.5 करोड़ है। 

*भारत मे मेर,मेहर,महेर,मेढ,मैर(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूतों की जनसंख्या लगभग 1 से 1.5 करोड़ है*

*राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख*
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
*गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख*
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
*मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख* 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाता है।
*उत्तराखण्ड में मेर राजपूत या रावत राजपूत की जनसंख्या 40 से 50 लाख है।*
क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर-रावत राजपूत]] जाति मुगल काल में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) अजमेर मेरवाड़ा से उत्तराखंड जाकर सासन करने लगे और वही बस गए।
मेर ठाकुर जिनकी उपाधि रावत है वे जनसंख्या में 40-50 लाख है जो नैनीताल के आसपास है और मेर ठाकुर ही रावत राजपूत के नाम से जाने जाते हैं।
*पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूतों(मेढ,मैर राजपूतों) की जनसंख्या 30-35 लाख है*
पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूत जो कि राजपूताना(अजमेर मेरवाड़ा)से पंजाब और सिख धर्म अपनाया।
और मेर राजपूत से मेढ,मैर राजपूत कहलाये।

===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड-राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)ने बसाया था।*
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

*जैसलमेर-मेर राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर-राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11. ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है। 
=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर) आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>e0zwv4i2rabendb7lc2n3qkp4zo2q54</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304455</id>
      <parentid>7304451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:58:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक */</comment>
      <origin>7304455</origin>
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      <text bytes="35253" sha1="34zmkm6d7armt5fjnm0cfs7mtsoso7p" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति को रावत,राणा ठाकुर कि उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को राणा,ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या भारत में  लगभग 1 करोड़ से 1.5 करोड़ है। 

*भारत मे मेर,मेहर,महेर,मेढ,मैर(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूतों की जनसंख्या लगभग 1 से 1.5 करोड़ है*

*राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख*
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
*गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख*
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
*मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख* 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाता है।
*उत्तराखण्ड में मेर राजपूत या रावत राजपूत की जनसंख्या 40 से 50 लाख है।*
क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर-रावत राजपूत]] जाति मुगल काल में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) अजमेर मेरवाड़ा से उत्तराखंड जाकर सासन करने लगे और वही बस गए।
मेर ठाकुर जिनकी उपाधि रावत है वे जनसंख्या में 40-50 लाख है जो नैनीताल के आसपास है और मेर ठाकुर ही रावत राजपूत के नाम से जाने जाते हैं।
*पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूतों(मेढ,मैर राजपूतों) की जनसंख्या 30-35 लाख है*
पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूत जो कि राजपूताना(अजमेर मेरवाड़ा)से पंजाब और सिख धर्म अपनाया।
और मेर राजपूत से मेढ,मैर राजपूत कहलाये।

===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड-राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)ने बसाया था।*
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

*जैसलमेर-मेर राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर-राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर-सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर-ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर-ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर-ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है।

=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर) आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>34zmkm6d7armt5fjnm0cfs7mtsoso7p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304461</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:02:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है */</comment>
      <origin>7304461</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35302" sha1="0nfxfp48z1950virramfqfw5ui47c3m" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति को रावत,राणा ठाकुर कि उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को राणा,ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या भारत में  लगभग 1 करोड़ से 1.5 करोड़ है। 

*भारत मे मेर,मेहर,महेर,मेढ,मैर(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूतों की जनसंख्या लगभग 1 से 1.5 करोड़ है*

*राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख*
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
*गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख*
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
*मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख* 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाता है।
*उत्तराखण्ड में मेर राजपूत या रावत राजपूत की जनसंख्या 40 से 50 लाख है।*
क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर-रावत राजपूत]] जाति मुगल काल में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) अजमेर मेरवाड़ा से उत्तराखंड जाकर सासन करने लगे और वही बस गए।
मेर ठाकुर जिनकी उपाधि रावत है वे जनसंख्या में 40-50 लाख है जो नैनीताल के आसपास है और मेर ठाकुर ही रावत राजपूत के नाम से जाने जाते हैं।
*पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूतों(मेढ,मैर राजपूतों) की जनसंख्या 30-35 लाख है*
पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूत जो कि राजपूताना(अजमेर मेरवाड़ा)से पंजाब और सिख धर्म अपनाया।
और मेर राजपूत से मेढ,मैर राजपूत कहलाये।

===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड-राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)ने बसाया था।*
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

*जैसलमेर-मेर राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर-राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर-सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर-ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर-ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर-ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है।

=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर)अमंजरिया-अजमेरीया आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>0nfxfp48z1950virramfqfw5ui47c3m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास */</comment>
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      <text bytes="35413" sha1="pvrvy25uhklqbxewx2q073e9eyuchvf" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति को रावत,राणा ठाकुर कि उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को राणा,ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या भारत में  लगभग 1 करोड़ से 1.5 करोड़ है। 

*भारत मे मेर,मेहर,महेर,मेढ,मैर(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूतों की जनसंख्या लगभग 1 से 1.5 करोड़ है*

*राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख*
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
*गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख*
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
*मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख* 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाता है।
*उत्तराखण्ड में मेर राजपूत या रावत राजपूत की जनसंख्या 40 से 50 लाख है।*
क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर-रावत राजपूत]] जाति मुगल काल में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) अजमेर मेरवाड़ा से उत्तराखंड जाकर सासन करने लगे और वही बस गए।
मेर ठाकुर जिनकी उपाधि रावत है वे जनसंख्या में 40-50 लाख है जो नैनीताल के आसपास है और मेर ठाकुर ही रावत राजपूत के नाम से जाने जाते हैं।
*पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूतों(मेढ,मैर राजपूतों) की जनसंख्या 30-35 लाख है*
पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूत जो कि राजपूताना(अजमेर मेरवाड़ा)से पंजाब और सिख धर्म अपनाया।
और मेर राजपूत से मेढ,मैर राजपूत कहलाये।

===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर के पास 20,000सेना थी)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड-राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर)ने बसाया था।*
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर जिनके पास 20,000 सेना थी और राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

* जैसलमेर(jesalmer ke mer) राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर-राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर-सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर-ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर-ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर-ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है।

=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर)अमंजरिया-अजमेरीया आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>pvrvy25uhklqbxewx2q073e9eyuchvf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:11:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास */</comment>
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      <text bytes="35410" sha1="eus9os1buet204fsvmew3gsqzsq2tzx" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति को रावत,राणा ठाकुर कि उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को राणा,ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या भारत में  लगभग 1 करोड़ से 1.5 करोड़ है। 

*भारत मे मेर,मेहर,महेर,मेढ,मैर(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूतों की जनसंख्या लगभग 1 से 1.5 करोड़ है*

*राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख*
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
*गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख*
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
*मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख* 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाता है।
*उत्तराखण्ड में मेर राजपूत या रावत राजपूत की जनसंख्या 40 से 50 लाख है।*
क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर-रावत राजपूत]] जाति मुगल काल में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) अजमेर मेरवाड़ा से उत्तराखंड जाकर सासन करने लगे और वही बस गए।
मेर ठाकुर जिनकी उपाधि रावत है वे जनसंख्या में 40-50 लाख है जो नैनीताल के आसपास है और मेर ठाकुर ही रावत राजपूत के नाम से जाने जाते हैं।
*पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूतों(मेढ,मैर राजपूतों) की जनसंख्या 30-35 लाख है*
पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूत जो कि राजपूताना(अजमेर मेरवाड़ा)से पंजाब और सिख धर्म अपनाया।
और मेर राजपूत से मेढ,मैर राजपूत कहलाये।

===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
 राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर के पास 20,000सेना)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड-राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर (गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर) ने बसाया था।*
 ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर जिनके पास 20,000 सेना थी और राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

* जैसलमेर(jesalmer ke mer) राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर-राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर-सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर-ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर-ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर-ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है।

=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर)अमंजरिया-अजमेरीया आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>eus9os1buet204fsvmew3gsqzsq2tzx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:13:13Z</timestamp>
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        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास */</comment>
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      <text bytes="35409" sha1="c9kjh1gohg7xaz070s77f0h3rv81fa1" xml:space="preserve">सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
●राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति को रावत,राणा ठाकुर कि उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को राणा,ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या भारत में  लगभग 1 करोड़ से 1.5 करोड़ है। 

*भारत मे मेर,मेहर,महेर,मेढ,मैर(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूतों की जनसंख्या लगभग 1 से 1.5 करोड़ है*

*राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख*
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
*गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख*
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
*मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख* 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाता है।
*उत्तराखण्ड में मेर राजपूत या रावत राजपूत की जनसंख्या 40 से 50 लाख है।*
क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर-रावत राजपूत]] जाति मुगल काल में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) अजमेर मेरवाड़ा से उत्तराखंड जाकर सासन करने लगे और वही बस गए।
मेर ठाकुर जिनकी उपाधि रावत है वे जनसंख्या में 40-50 लाख है जो नैनीताल के आसपास है और मेर ठाकुर ही रावत राजपूत के नाम से जाने जाते हैं।
*पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूतों(मेढ,मैर राजपूतों) की जनसंख्या 30-35 लाख है*
पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूत जो कि राजपूताना(अजमेर मेरवाड़ा)से पंजाब और सिख धर्म अपनाया।
और मेर राजपूत से मेढ,मैर राजपूत कहलाये।

===गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख===
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
===मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख=== 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाते हैं।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
 राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर के पास 20,000सेना)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड-राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर (गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर) ने बसाया था।*
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर जिनके पास 20,000 सेना थी और राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

* जैसलमेर(jesalmer ke mer) राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर-राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर-सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर-ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर-ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर-ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है।

=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर)अमंजरिया-अजमेरीया आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>c9kjh1gohg7xaz070s77f0h3rv81fa1</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:46:49Z</timestamp>
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        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
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      <comment>/* राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास */</comment>
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      <text bytes="55130" sha1="ejxfa0qyqpnls19vg26l04uqlql6ntz" xml:space="preserve">वंश की उत्पति:मेर-ठाकुर जाति में 
Mer/rawat राजपूतों में तीन वंश से उत्पति हुई है। 
सूर्यवंशी मेर/महेर ठाकुर:-सिसौदिया/गहलौत/राणा,राठौर,कछवाह,कैशवाला(कुशkeवंशज),मौर्य/मेर,लौहराणा  
चन्द्रवंशी मेर/मेहर राजपूत:-यदुवंशी,भाटी,तोमर/तंवर, जादौन,जडेजा,औडदरा,चंदेल,बुंदेल,चुंडासमा
अग्निवंशी मेर/मेहर राजपूत/रावत :-चौहान,परमार,सोलंकी,प्रतिहार आदि है।
राजपूतों की तरह मेर/मोरी/मौर्य क्षत्रिय जाति में वंश होते है 
*General category में(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूत:
मेर/मेहर राजपूत राजस्थान के क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) जाति के अंतर्गत आते हैं और वे सामान्य श्रेणी (General category) में शामिल होते हैं। &quot;मेर&quot;*मिहिर/सूर्य शब्द सूर्यवंशी राजपूतों से आता है और मेर जाति के लोग अपनी वंशावली को चौहान,परमार,राठौड,भाटी,सोलंकी,प्रतिहार और सिसोदिया (गहलोत) जैसे विभिन्न क्षत्रिय/राजपूत वंशों से जोड़ते हैं। जाति: मेर राजपूत एक क्षत्रिय जाति है। सामान्य श्रेणी: मेर राजपूत समाज मुख्य रूप से सामान्य श्रेणी में आता है।
 वंशावली:
 मेर/मेहर राजपूत विभिन्न राजपूत वंशों से जुड़े हुए हैं, जैसे चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सिसोदिया,भाटी,प्रतिहार,और सोलंकी। सूर्यवंशी चन्द्रवंशी दोनों वंश सामिल है क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूतों में।  
मेर/मेहर राजपूत जाति के गोत्र वंश:
चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सिसौदिया(गहलोत),भाटी प्रतिहार,सोलंकी आदि हैं। मेर क्षत्रिय राजपूत के इतिहास में कई महान राजा-महाराजा हुए हैं, जिन्होंने अपनी वीरता, त्याग और शासन के लिए प्रसिद्धि पाई।मेर राजपूत राजाओं को मुख्य रूप से सूर्यवंशी, चंद्रवंशी और अग्निवंशी शाखाओं में बांटा गया है। 

*शासन और मेर शासक या मेर जाति के राजा महाराजाओं के नाम:*

*मेवाड़(मेरवाङ)(सिसोदिया राजवंश के मेर - सूर्यवंशी) बप्पा रावल (कालभोज मेर): मेवाड़ राज्य के गहलौत वंश के मेर ठाकुर शासन के सूत्रधार। राणा हम्मीर: सिसोदिया राजवंश की नींव रखी। महाराणा कुंभा मेर ठाकुर: चित्तौड़ के किले कुम्भलमेर के निर्माता। महाराणा सांगा (संग्राम सिंह प्रथम मेर): बाबर के समकालीन, बहुत शक्तिशाली शासक। महाराणा प्रताप (प्रताप सिंह मेर): हल्दीघाटी के युद्ध के लिए प्रसिद्ध, वीरता और स्वतंत्रता के प्रतीक। उदय सिंह द्वितीय: उदयपुर शहर के संस्थापक।

*मारवाड़/जोधपुर/मेहरानगढ़ (राठौड़ वंश के मेर क्षत्रिय राजपूत) राव चंद्रसेन:मेर मुगलों के खिलाफ संघर्ष करने वाले, जिन्हें 'मारवाड़ का भूला-बिसरा नायक' कहा जाता है। महाराजा मालदेव मेर: मारवाड़ के सबसे शक्तिशाली शासकों में से एक। महाराजा जसवंत सिंह:मेर ने मुगल दरबार को हिला कर रख दिया।

*आमेर/जयपुर (कछवाहा वंश के मेर ठाकुर/मेर राजपूत) भारमल: मुगलों से वैवाहिक संबंध स्थापित करने वाले पहले राजा। महाराजा मानसिंह कछवाह मेर ठाकुर प्रथम: अकबर के सेनापति। सवाई जय सिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत द्वितीय: जयपुर शहर के संस्थापक और खगोलशास्त्री।

*अजमेर/दिल्ली (चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर/रावत राजपूत) पृथ्वीराज चौहान मेर राजपूत(तृतीय): दिल्ली सल्तनत (मुहम्मद गोरी) के खिलाफ वीरतापूर्ण युद्ध के लिए प्रसिद्ध। हम्मीरदेव चौहान: रणथंभौर के प्रतापी मेर राजा। बीकानेर (राठौड़ वंश) राव बीकाजी:मेर बीकानेर शहर के संस्थापक। महाराजा गंगा सिंह:मेर एक आधुनिक सुधारवादी शासक।

*जैसलमेर (भाटी वंश मेर राजपूत) राव जैसल सिंह भाटी मेर ठाकुर: जैसलमेर शहर और किले के संस्थापक। मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी अन्य प्रसिद्ध शासक मोरी/मेर राजपूत: चित्तौड़ दुर्ग पर प्रतिहारों से पहले इनका शासन था। वीर अमरसिंह राठौड़: नागौर के शासक, अपनी वीरता और स्वाभिमान के लिए प्रसिद्ध। इनके अलावा राजपूतों में अनेक 36 प्रमुख वंश हैं, जिनमें ऋषिवंशी और नागवंशी/नागा भी शामिल हैं 36 राजपूत कुल/वंशों की सूची (विभिन्न ऐतिहासिक स्रोतों के अनुसार): मेर क्षत्रिय जाति के गौत्र वंश है अगली वंश सूर्यवंशी (10 कुल): गहलोत (सिसोदिया), राठौड़, कछवाहा, बैस, विसेन, प्रतिहार, निकुम्भ, नागवंशी, सिकरवार, और दहिया। चंद्रवंशी (10 कुल): भाटी, जादौन, जाडेजा, तोमर/तंवर हुण, और कटियार। अग्निवंशी (4 कुल): चौहान (हाड़ा, खींची, भदौरिया), परमार (पवार), परिहार, और 

*क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र लिस्ट*
चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर),अजमेरीया आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।

क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूतों की उपाधि रावत है जिसका मतलब रा से राजपूत व से वीर त से तलवार इसका मतलब राजपूत वीर तलवार के इसलिए कई मेर राजपूत ने जिसमें (चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सिसौदिया/गहलौत,भाटी,सोलंकी,प्रतिहार) इन वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं ने रावत उपाधि धारण किया रावत राजपूत उपाधि मेर ठाकुर की।मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को ठाकुर की भी उपाधि प्राप्त है। 
 
मेर/maher राजपूत एक क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। सूर्यवंशी राजपूत(मेर राजपूत) का शासन अजमेर,बाड़मेर,जैसलमेर,कुम्भलमेर (कुम्भलगढ),बदनोर,दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
राजा महाराजाओं के नाम और स्थान:मेर ठाकुर 
*मेर/मेहर जाति के राजाओ की लिस्ट*
मेर राजाओ में 
1.मेर सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर/दिल्ली),
2.बाहड राव परमार वंश के मेर ठाकुर(बाड़मेर),
3.जैसल सिंह भाटी वंश के मेर(जैसलमेर),
4.राव जौधा राठौङ वंश के मेर(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर(वर्धनगिरी/बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ), 
9.राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा)
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत), 
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़) मेर/maher जाति या मेर राजपूत राजा महाराजाओं के नाम है। 
*मेरठ में मेर-राजपूत*
कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार 
मेरठ नाम मेर ठाकुर से बना है मेर से मेर और ठ से ठाकुर हुआ।    
मेवाड़ नाम मेर क्षत्रिय राजपूत से पड़ा वही से सिसौदिया वंश के मेर-सिसौदिया ठाकुर उत्तरप्रदेश गये और मेरठ नाम मेर ठाकुर से बना लेकिन वे सिसौदिया वंश के मेर राजपूत थे। 
राजपूताना/राजस्थान में भी अनेक शब्द मेर ठाकुरों के नाम से है वे क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत है वर्तमान मे रावत राजपूत है मेर ठाकुरों को रावत उपाधि से सम्मानित किया जाता है। 
Mer/maher/mehar

मेर, माहेर, या मेहर क्षत्रिय(राजपूत)(गुजराती:मेर,मैत्रक,मेद,महेर,मिहिर,मेहर,मौर्य,मोरी) भारतीय राज्यों सिंध, राजस्थान, मध्य प्रदेश, उत्तराखंड और गुजरात के सौराष्ट्र क्षेत्र में एक क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) जाति हैं। वे प्राचीन काल में मेर क्षत्रिय एक शासक वर्ग रहे हैं, जिसके प्रमाण बही-खातों, कवियों की रचनाओं, शिलालेखों और पुस्तकों में मिलते हैं। मेर वंश के कई कुलों के योद्धाओं ने अपने नाम पर शहर बसाए, जैसे जैसलमेर, अजमेर, कुंभलमेर, सतलमेर, बहादमेर, गड़ियामेर और मेरमा चाह (जहां मेर वंश की सती माताओं के चबूतरे बने हैं)। सौराष्ट्र के शासक मेर सौसर (सौसर) ने कुमारपाल के सेनापति उदयन को युद्ध में पराजित किया। वर्धनगिरी किला मेर शासकों का गढ़ था, जिसे राणा लाखा ने राव शेल जी मेर से जीता था और इसके क्षतिग्रस्त होने पर, उन्होंने पास में ही बदनोर किले का निर्माण करवाया था। मारवाड़ पाली में, राठौड़ राव अस्थान ने राणा कान्हा मेर (जिसके पास 20,000 सैनिकों की पैदल सेना थी) से सत्ता हासिल की। 1310 में, राणा अङसी मेर ने अलाउद्दीन के खिलाफ अपने धर्म की रक्षा के लिए युद्ध लड़ा। मेरवाड़ा में, चौहान, राठौड़, पंवार, चौहान, परिहार, डोडिया, सिसोदिया, सोलंकी, गुहिलोत और परमार वंश के मेरों ने पड़ोसी राज्यों के शासकों, मुगलों और अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई लड़ी और स्वतंत्र रहे। लोकप्रिय मान्यता के अनुसार, देवमिढ मेर क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) थे। जनमत के अनुसार, वे सब लाखा चौहान वंश के माने जाते हैं।
{{Mer RajputCommunity}}
Mer ही राजपूत है और राजपूत ही मेर है। 

*मेर/मेहर राजपूतों में इन तीनों मूल वंशों की मुख्य शाखाएं इस प्रकार आती हैं:*
१. सूर्यवंशी: इसमें सिसोदिया, गहलोत, राठौड़, कछवाह, केशवाला, मोरी और लौहराणा(लौहथम) आदि वंशज आते हैं।
२. चंद्रवंशी: इसमें यदुवंशी, भाटी, तोमर/तंवर, जादौन, जडेजा, औडदरा (सुमरा), चंदेल, और चुंडासमा आदि वंशज आते हैं।
३. अग्निवंशी: इसमें चौहान, परमार, सोलंकी और प्रतिहार (परिहार) आदि वंशज शामिल हैं।
अशोक मौर्य/मेर ने पूरे आर्यभट्ट/भारत शासन किया है।

मौर्य,मोरी,मेर राजपूत य़ह सब एक ही राजपूत राजवंश है। इन्हें अन्य जाति आपना बाप बना रहीं हैं।

* क्षत्रिय मेर [[मेर-ठाकुर]] जाति एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूतों) का शासन 
अजमेर,बाड़मेर,जैसलमेर,कुम्भलमेर (कुम्भलगढ),बदनोर,दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
*सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
*राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति को रावत,राणा ठाकुर कि उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को राणा,ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या भारत में  लगभग 1 करोड़ से 1.5 करोड़ है। 

*भारत मे मेर,मेहर,महेर,मेढ,मैर(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूतों की जनसंख्या लगभग 1 से 1.5 करोड़ है*

*राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख*
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
*गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख*
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
*मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख* 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाता है।
*उत्तराखण्ड में मेर राजपूत या रावत राजपूत की जनसंख्या 40 से 50 लाख है।*
क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर-रावत राजपूत]] जाति मुगल काल में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) अजमेर मेरवाड़ा से उत्तराखंड जाकर सासन करने लगे और वही बस गए।
मेर ठाकुर जिनकी उपाधि रावत है वे जनसंख्या में 40-50 लाख है जो नैनीताल के आसपास है और मेर ठाकुर ही रावत राजपूत के नाम से जाने जाते हैं।
*पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूतों(मेढ,मैर राजपूतों) की जनसंख्या 30-35 लाख है*
पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूत जो कि राजपूताना(अजमेर मेरवाड़ा)से पंजाब और सिख धर्म अपनाया।
और मेर राजपूत से सीख मेढ,मैर राजपूत कहलाये।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
 राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर के पास 20,000सेना)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड-राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर (गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर) ने बसाया था।*
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर जिनके पास 20,000 सेना थी और राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

* जैसलमेर(jesalmer ke mer) राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर-राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर-सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर-ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर-ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर-ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है।

=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर)अमंजरिया-अजमेरीया आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>ejxfa0qyqpnls19vg26l04uqlql6ntz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:55:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
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      <comment>/* राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास */</comment>
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      <text bytes="55329" sha1="oz7863b45jvlberupn50fzevmgq8lo9" xml:space="preserve">वंश की उत्पति:मेर-ठाकुर जाति में 
Mer/rawat राजपूतों में तीन वंश से उत्पति हुई है। 
सूर्यवंशी मेर/महेर ठाकुर:-सिसौदिया/गहलौत/राणा,राठौर,कछवाह,कैशवाला(कुशkeवंशज),मौर्य/मेर,लौहराणा  
चन्द्रवंशी मेर/मेहर राजपूत:-यदुवंशी,भाटी,तोमर/तंवर, जादौन,जडेजा,औडदरा,चंदेल,बुंदेल,चुंडासमा
अग्निवंशी मेर/मेहर राजपूत/रावत :-चौहान,परमार,सोलंकी,प्रतिहार आदि है।
राजपूतों की तरह मेर/मोरी/मौर्य क्षत्रिय जाति में वंश होते है 
*General category में(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूत:
मेर/मेहर राजपूत राजस्थान के क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) जाति के अंतर्गत आते हैं और वे सामान्य श्रेणी (General category) में शामिल होते हैं। &quot;मेर&quot;*मिहिर/सूर्य शब्द सूर्यवंशी राजपूतों से आता है और मेर जाति के लोग अपनी वंशावली को चौहान,परमार,राठौड,भाटी,सोलंकी,प्रतिहार और सिसोदिया (गहलोत) जैसे विभिन्न क्षत्रिय/राजपूत वंशों से जोड़ते हैं। जाति: मेर राजपूत एक क्षत्रिय जाति है। 
*सामान्य श्रेणी: मेर राजपूत समाज मुख्य रूप से सामान्य श्रेणी में आता है।
 वंशावली:
 मेर/मेहर राजपूत विभिन्न राजपूत वंशों से जुड़े हुए हैं, जैसे चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सिसोदिया,भाटी,प्रतिहार,और सोलंकी। सूर्यवंशी चन्द्रवंशी दोनों वंश सामिल है क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूतों में।  
मेर/मेहर राजपूत जाति के गोत्र वंश:
चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सिसौदिया(गहलोत),भाटी प्रतिहार,सोलंकी आदि हैं। मेर क्षत्रिय राजपूत के इतिहास में कई महान राजा-महाराजा हुए हैं, जिन्होंने अपनी वीरता, त्याग और शासन के लिए प्रसिद्धि पाई।मेर राजपूत राजाओं को मुख्य रूप से सूर्यवंशी, चंद्रवंशी और अग्निवंशी शाखाओं में बांटा गया है। 

*राज्य मेर-राजपूत और मेर शासक या मेर जाति के राजा महाराजाओं के नाम:*

*मेवाड़(मेरवाङ)(सिसोदिया राजवंश के मेर - सूर्यवंशी) बप्पा रावल (कालभोज मेर): मेवाड़ राज्य के गहलौत वंश के मेर ठाकुर शासन के सूत्रधार। राणा हम्मीर: सिसोदिया राजवंश की नींव रखी। महाराणा कुंभा मेर ठाकुर: चित्तौड़ के किले कुम्भलमेर के निर्माता। महाराणा सांगा (संग्राम सिंह प्रथम मेर): बाबर के समकालीन, बहुत शक्तिशाली शासक। महाराणा प्रताप (प्रताप सिंह मेर): हल्दीघाटी के युद्ध के लिए प्रसिद्ध, वीरता और स्वतंत्रता के प्रतीक। उदय सिंह द्वितीय: उदयपुर शहर के संस्थापक।

*मारवाड़/जोधपुर/मेहरानगढ़ (राठौड़ वंश के मेर क्षत्रिय राजपूत) राव चंद्रसेन:मेर मुगलों के खिलाफ संघर्ष करने वाले, जिन्हें 'मारवाड़ का भूला-बिसरा नायक' कहा जाता है। महाराजा मालदेव मेर: मारवाड़ के सबसे शक्तिशाली शासकों में से एक। महाराजा जसवंत सिंह:मेर ने मुगल दरबार को हिला कर रख दिया।

*आमेर/जयपुर (कछवाहा वंश के मेर ठाकुर/मेर राजपूत) भारमल: मुगलों से वैवाहिक संबंध स्थापित करने वाले पहले राजा। महाराजा मानसिंह कछवाह मेर ठाकुर प्रथम: अकबर के सेनापति। सवाई जय सिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत द्वितीय: जयपुर शहर के संस्थापक और खगोलशास्त्री।

*अजमेर/दिल्ली (चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर/रावत राजपूत) पृथ्वीराज चौहान मेर राजपूत(तृतीय): दिल्ली सल्तनत (मुहम्मद गोरी) के खिलाफ वीरतापूर्ण युद्ध के लिए प्रसिद्ध। हम्मीरदेव चौहान: रणथंभौर के प्रतापी मेर राजा। बीकानेर (राठौड़ वंश) राव बीकाजी:मेर बीकानेर शहर के संस्थापक। महाराजा गंगा सिंह:मेर एक आधुनिक सुधारवादी शासक।

*जैसलमेर (भाटी वंश मेर राजपूत) राव जैसल सिंह भाटी मेर ठाकुर: जैसलमेर शहर और किले के संस्थापक। मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी अन्य प्रसिद्ध शासक मोरी/मेर राजपूत: चित्तौड़ दुर्ग पर प्रतिहारों से पहले इनका शासन था। वीर अमरसिंह राठौड़: नागौर के शासक, अपनी वीरता और स्वाभिमान के लिए प्रसिद्ध। इनके अलावा राजपूतों में अनेक 36 प्रमुख वंश हैं, जिनमें ऋषिवंशी और नागवंशी/नागा भी शामिल हैं 36 राजपूत कुल/वंशों की सूची (विभिन्न ऐतिहासिक स्रोतों के अनुसार): 
*क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति के गौत्र वंश है अगली वंश 
सूर्यवंशी मेर-मेर ठाकुर(10 कुल): गहलोत (सिसोदिया), राठौड़, कछवाहा, बैस, विसेन, प्रतिहार, निकुम्भ, नागवंशी, सिकरवार, और दहिया। 
चंद्रवंशी मेर/मेर-रावत(10 कुल): भाटी, जादौन, जाडेजा, तोमर/तंवर हुण, और कटियार। 
अग्निवंशी मेर-ठाकुर रावत(4 कुल): चौहान (हाड़ा, खींची, भदौरिया), परमार (पवार), परिहार, और सोलंकी।

*क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र लिस्ट*
चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर),अजमेरीया आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।

क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूतों की उपाधि रावत है जिसका मतलब रा से राजपूत व से वीर त से तलवार इसका मतलब राजपूत वीर तलवार के इसलिए कई मेर राजपूत ने जिसमें (चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सिसौदिया/गहलौत,भाटी,सोलंकी,प्रतिहार) इन वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं ने रावत उपाधि धारण किया रावत राजपूत उपाधि मेर ठाकुर की।मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को ठाकुर की भी उपाधि प्राप्त है। 
 
मेर/maher राजपूत एक क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। सूर्यवंशी राजपूत(मेर राजपूत) का शासन अजमेर,बाड़मेर,जैसलमेर,कुम्भलमेर (कुम्भलगढ),बदनोर,दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
राजा महाराजाओं के नाम और स्थान:मेर ठाकुर 
*मेर/मेहर जाति के राजाओ की लिस्ट*
मेर राजाओ में 
1.मेर सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर/दिल्ली),
2.बाहड राव परमार वंश के मेर ठाकुर(बाड़मेर),
3.जैसल सिंह भाटी वंश के मेर(जैसलमेर),
4.राव जौधा राठौङ वंश के मेर(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर(वर्धनगिरी/बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ), 
9.राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा)
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत), 
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़) मेर/maher जाति या मेर राजपूत राजा महाराजाओं के नाम है। 

*मेरठ में मेर-राजपूत*
कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार 
मेरठ नाम मेर ठाकुर से बना है मेर से मेर और ठ से ठाकुर हुआ।    
मेवाड़ नाम मेर क्षत्रिय राजपूत से पड़ा वही से सिसौदिया वंश के मेर-सिसौदिया ठाकुर उत्तरप्रदेश गये और मेरठ नाम मेर ठाकुर से बना लेकिन वे सिसौदिया वंश के मेर राजपूत थे। 
राजपूताना/राजस्थान में भी अनेक शब्द मेर ठाकुरों के नाम से है वे क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत है वर्तमान मे रावत राजपूत है मेर ठाकुरों को रावत उपाधि से सम्मानित किया जाता है। 
Mer/maher/mehar

मेर, माहेर, या मेहर क्षत्रिय(राजपूत)(गुजराती:मेर,मैत्रक,मेद,महेर,मिहिर,मेहर,मौर्य,मोरी) भारतीय राज्यों सिंध, राजस्थान, मध्य प्रदेश, उत्तराखंड और गुजरात के सौराष्ट्र क्षेत्र में एक क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) जाति हैं। वे प्राचीन काल में मेर क्षत्रिय एक शासक वर्ग रहे हैं, जिसके प्रमाण बही-खातों, कवियों की रचनाओं, शिलालेखों और पुस्तकों में मिलते हैं। मेर वंश के कई कुलों के योद्धाओं ने अपने नाम पर शहर बसाए, जैसे जैसलमेर, अजमेर, कुंभलमेर, सतलमेर, बहादमेर, गड़ियामेर और मेरमा चाह (जहां मेर वंश की सती माताओं के चबूतरे बने हैं)। सौराष्ट्र के शासक मेर सौसर (सौसर) ने कुमारपाल के सेनापति उदयन को युद्ध में पराजित किया। वर्धनगिरी किला मेर शासकों का गढ़ था, जिसे राणा लाखा ने राव शेल जी मेर से जीता था और इसके क्षतिग्रस्त होने पर, उन्होंने पास में ही बदनोर किले का निर्माण करवाया था। मारवाड़ पाली में, राठौड़ राव अस्थान ने राणा कान्हा मेर (जिसके पास 20,000 सैनिकों की पैदल सेना थी) से सत्ता हासिल की। 1310 में, राणा अङसी मेर ने अलाउद्दीन के खिलाफ अपने धर्म की रक्षा के लिए युद्ध लड़ा। मेरवाड़ा में, चौहान, राठौड़, पंवार, चौहान, परिहार, डोडिया, सिसोदिया, सोलंकी, गुहिलोत और परमार वंश के मेरों ने पड़ोसी राज्यों के शासकों, मुगलों और अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई लड़ी और स्वतंत्र रहे। लोकप्रिय मान्यता के अनुसार, देवमिढ मेर क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) थे। जनमत के अनुसार, वे सब लाखा चौहान वंश के माने जाते हैं।
{{Mer RajputCommunity}}
Mer ही राजपूत है और राजपूत ही मेर है। 

*मेर/मेहर राजपूतों में इन तीनों मूल वंशों की मुख्य शाखाएं इस प्रकार आती हैं:*
१. सूर्यवंशी: इसमें सिसोदिया, गहलोत, राठौड़, कछवाह, केशवाला, मोरी और लौहराणा(लौहथम) आदि वंशज आते हैं।
२. चंद्रवंशी: इसमें यदुवंशी, भाटी, तोमर/तंवर, जादौन, जडेजा, औडदरा (सुमरा), चंदेल, और चुंडासमा आदि वंशज आते हैं।
३. अग्निवंशी: इसमें चौहान, परमार, सोलंकी और प्रतिहार (परिहार) आदि वंशज शामिल हैं।
*अशोक मौर्य/मेर ने पूरे आर्यभट्ट/भारत शासन किया है।

*मौर्य,मोरी,मेर-राजपूत य़ह सब एक ही राजपूत राजवंश है। इन्हें अन्य जाति आपना बाप बना रहीं हैं।

*क्षत्रिय मेर [[मेर-ठाकुर]] जाति एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी/मिहिर राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूतों) का शासन 
अजमेर,बाड़मेर,जैसलमेर,कुम्भलमेर (कुम्भलगढ),बदनोर,दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
*सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
*राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति को रावत,राणा ठाकुर कि उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को राणा,ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या भारत में  लगभग 1 करोड़ से 1.5 करोड़ है। 

*भारत मे मेर,मेहर,महेर,मेढ,मैर(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूतों की जनसंख्या लगभग 1 से 1.5 करोड़ है*

*राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख*
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
*गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख*
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
*मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख* 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाता है।
*उत्तराखण्ड में मेर राजपूत या रावत राजपूत की जनसंख्या 40 से 50 लाख है।*
क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर-रावत राजपूत]] जाति मुगल काल में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) अजमेर मेरवाड़ा से उत्तराखंड जाकर सासन करने लगे और वही बस गए।
मेर ठाकुर जिनकी उपाधि रावत है वे जनसंख्या में 40-50 लाख है जो नैनीताल के आसपास है और मेर ठाकुर ही रावत राजपूत के नाम से जाने जाते हैं।
*पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूतों(मेढ,मैर राजपूतों) की जनसंख्या 30-35 लाख है*
पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूत जो कि राजपूताना(अजमेर मेरवाड़ा)से पंजाब और सिख धर्म अपनाया।
और मेर राजपूत से सीख मेढ,मैर राजपूत कहलाये।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
 राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर के पास 20,000सेना)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड-राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर (गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर) ने बसाया था।*
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर जिनके पास 20,000 सेना थी और राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

* जैसलमेर(jesalmer ke mer) राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर-राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर-सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर-ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर-ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर-ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है।

=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर)अमंजरिया-अजमेरीया आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
      <sha1>oz7863b45jvlberupn50fzevmgq8lo9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:56:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत</username>
        <id>2703204</id>
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      <comment>/* राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास */</comment>
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      <text bytes="55354" sha1="su04tkpcy9gvhf4yebly1i7sk8zng73" xml:space="preserve">वंश की उत्पति:मेर-ठाकुर जाति में 
Mer/rawat राजपूतों में तीन वंश से उत्पति हुई है। 
सूर्यवंशी मेर/महेर ठाकुर:-सिसौदिया/गहलौत/राणा,राठौर,कछवाह,कैशवाला(कुशkeवंशज),मौर्य/मेर,लौहराणा  
चन्द्रवंशी मेर/मेहर राजपूत:-यदुवंशी,भाटी,तोमर/तंवर, जादौन,जडेजा,औडदरा,चंदेल,बुंदेल,चुंडासमा
अग्निवंशी मेर/मेहर राजपूत/रावत :-चौहान,परमार,सोलंकी,प्रतिहार आदि है।
राजपूतों की तरह मेर/मोरी/मौर्य क्षत्रिय जाति में वंश होते है 
*General category में(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूत:
मेर/मेहर राजपूत राजस्थान के क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) जाति के अंतर्गत आते हैं और वे सामान्य श्रेणी (General category) में शामिल होते हैं। &quot;मेर&quot;*मिहिर/सूर्य शब्द सूर्यवंशी राजपूतों से आता है और क्षत्रिय मेर-जाति के लोग अपनी वंशावली को चौहान,परमार,राठौड,भाटी,सोलंकी,प्रतिहार और सिसोदिया (गहलोत) जैसे विभिन्न क्षत्रिय/राजपूत वंशों से जोड़ते हैं। जाति: मेर-राजपूत एक क्षत्रिय जाति है। 
*सामान्य श्रेणी: मेर राजपूत समाज मुख्य रूप से सामान्य श्रेणी में आता है।
 वंशावली:
 मेर/मेहर राजपूत विभिन्न राजपूत वंशों से जुड़े हुए हैं, जैसे चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सिसोदिया,भाटी,प्रतिहार,और सोलंकी। सूर्यवंशी चन्द्रवंशी दोनों वंश सामिल है क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूतों में।  
मेर/मेहर राजपूत जाति के गोत्र वंश:
चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सिसौदिया(गहलोत),भाटी प्रतिहार,सोलंकी आदि हैं। मेर क्षत्रिय राजपूत के इतिहास में कई महान राजा-महाराजा हुए हैं, जिन्होंने अपनी वीरता, त्याग और शासन के लिए प्रसिद्धि पाई।मेर राजपूत राजाओं को मुख्य रूप से सूर्यवंशी, चंद्रवंशी और अग्निवंशी शाखाओं में बांटा गया है। 

*राज्य मेर-राजपूत और मेर शासक या मेर जाति के राजा महाराजाओं के नाम:*

*मेवाड़(मेरवाङ)(सिसोदिया राजवंश के मेर - सूर्यवंशी) बप्पा रावल (कालभोज मेर): मेवाड़ राज्य के गहलौत वंश के मेर ठाकुर शासन के सूत्रधार। राणा हम्मीर: सिसोदिया राजवंश की नींव रखी। महाराणा कुंभा मेर ठाकुर: चित्तौड़ के किले कुम्भलमेर के निर्माता। महाराणा सांगा (संग्राम सिंह प्रथम मेर): बाबर के समकालीन, बहुत शक्तिशाली शासक। महाराणा प्रताप (प्रताप सिंह मेर): हल्दीघाटी के युद्ध के लिए प्रसिद्ध, वीरता और स्वतंत्रता के प्रतीक। उदय सिंह द्वितीय: उदयपुर शहर के संस्थापक।

*मारवाड़/जोधपुर/मेहरानगढ़ (राठौड़ वंश के मेर क्षत्रिय राजपूत) राव चंद्रसेन:मेर मुगलों के खिलाफ संघर्ष करने वाले, जिन्हें 'मारवाड़ का भूला-बिसरा नायक' कहा जाता है। महाराजा मालदेव मेर: मारवाड़ के सबसे शक्तिशाली शासकों में से एक। महाराजा जसवंत सिंह:मेर ने मुगल दरबार को हिला कर रख दिया।

*आमेर/जयपुर (कछवाहा वंश के मेर ठाकुर/मेर राजपूत) भारमल: मुगलों से वैवाहिक संबंध स्थापित करने वाले पहले राजा। महाराजा मानसिंह कछवाह मेर ठाकुर प्रथम: अकबर के सेनापति। सवाई जय सिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत द्वितीय: जयपुर शहर के संस्थापक और खगोलशास्त्री।

*अजमेर/दिल्ली (चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर/रावत राजपूत) पृथ्वीराज चौहान मेर राजपूत(तृतीय): दिल्ली सल्तनत (मुहम्मद गोरी) के खिलाफ वीरतापूर्ण युद्ध के लिए प्रसिद्ध। हम्मीरदेव चौहान: रणथंभौर के प्रतापी मेर राजा। बीकानेर (राठौड़ वंश) राव बीकाजी:मेर बीकानेर शहर के संस्थापक। महाराजा गंगा सिंह:मेर एक आधुनिक सुधारवादी शासक।

*जैसलमेर (भाटी वंश मेर राजपूत) राव जैसल सिंह भाटी मेर ठाकुर: जैसलमेर शहर और किले के संस्थापक। मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी अन्य प्रसिद्ध शासक मोरी/मेर राजपूत: चित्तौड़ दुर्ग पर प्रतिहारों से पहले इनका शासन था। वीर अमरसिंह राठौड़: नागौर के शासक, अपनी वीरता और स्वाभिमान के लिए प्रसिद्ध। इनके अलावा राजपूतों में अनेक 36 प्रमुख वंश हैं, जिनमें ऋषिवंशी और नागवंशी/नागा भी शामिल हैं 36 राजपूत कुल/वंशों की सूची (विभिन्न ऐतिहासिक स्रोतों के अनुसार): 
*क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति के गौत्र वंश है अगली वंश 
सूर्यवंशी मेर-मेर ठाकुर(10 कुल): गहलोत (सिसोदिया), राठौड़, कछवाहा, बैस, विसेन, प्रतिहार, निकुम्भ, नागवंशी, सिकरवार, और दहिया। 
चंद्रवंशी मेर/मेर-रावत(10 कुल): भाटी, जादौन, जाडेजा, तोमर/तंवर हुण, और कटियार। 
अग्निवंशी मेर-ठाकुर रावत(4 कुल): चौहान (हाड़ा, खींची, भदौरिया), परमार (पवार), परिहार, और सोलंकी।

*क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र लिस्ट*
चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर),अजमेरीया आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।

क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूतों की उपाधि रावत है जिसका मतलब रा से राजपूत व से वीर त से तलवार इसका मतलब राजपूत वीर तलवार के इसलिए कई मेर राजपूत ने जिसमें (चौहान,परमार,राठौर,सिसौदिया/गहलौत,भाटी,सोलंकी,प्रतिहार) इन वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं ने रावत उपाधि धारण किया रावत राजपूत उपाधि मेर ठाकुर की।मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को ठाकुर की भी उपाधि प्राप्त है। 
 
मेर/maher राजपूत एक क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। सूर्यवंशी राजपूत(मेर राजपूत) का शासन अजमेर,बाड़मेर,जैसलमेर,कुम्भलमेर (कुम्भलगढ),बदनोर,दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
राजा महाराजाओं के नाम और स्थान:मेर ठाकुर 
*मेर/मेहर जाति के राजाओ की लिस्ट*
मेर राजाओ में 
1.मेर सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर/दिल्ली),
2.बाहड राव परमार वंश के मेर ठाकुर(बाड़मेर),
3.जैसल सिंह भाटी वंश के मेर(जैसलमेर),
4.राव जौधा राठौङ वंश के मेर(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर(वर्धनगिरी/बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ), 
9.राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा)
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत), 
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़) मेर/maher जाति या मेर राजपूत राजा महाराजाओं के नाम है। 

*मेरठ में मेर-राजपूत*
कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार 
मेरठ नाम मेर ठाकुर से बना है मेर से मेर और ठ से ठाकुर हुआ।    
मेवाड़ नाम मेर क्षत्रिय राजपूत से पड़ा वही से सिसौदिया वंश के मेर-सिसौदिया ठाकुर उत्तरप्रदेश गये और मेरठ नाम मेर ठाकुर से बना लेकिन वे सिसौदिया वंश के मेर राजपूत थे। 
राजपूताना/राजस्थान में भी अनेक शब्द मेर ठाकुरों के नाम से है वे क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत है वर्तमान मे रावत राजपूत है मेर ठाकुरों को रावत उपाधि से सम्मानित किया जाता है। 
Mer/maher/mehar

मेर, माहेर, या मेहर क्षत्रिय(राजपूत)(गुजराती:मेर,मैत्रक,मेद,महेर,मिहिर,मेहर,मौर्य,मोरी) भारतीय राज्यों सिंध, राजस्थान, मध्य प्रदेश, उत्तराखंड और गुजरात के सौराष्ट्र क्षेत्र में एक क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) जाति हैं। वे प्राचीन काल में मेर क्षत्रिय एक शासक वर्ग रहे हैं, जिसके प्रमाण बही-खातों, कवियों की रचनाओं, शिलालेखों और पुस्तकों में मिलते हैं। मेर वंश के कई कुलों के योद्धाओं ने अपने नाम पर शहर बसाए, जैसे जैसलमेर, अजमेर, कुंभलमेर, सतलमेर, बहादमेर, गड़ियामेर और मेरमा चाह (जहां मेर वंश की सती माताओं के चबूतरे बने हैं)। सौराष्ट्र के शासक मेर सौसर (सौसर) ने कुमारपाल के सेनापति उदयन को युद्ध में पराजित किया। वर्धनगिरी किला मेर शासकों का गढ़ था, जिसे राणा लाखा ने राव शेल जी मेर से जीता था और इसके क्षतिग्रस्त होने पर, उन्होंने पास में ही बदनोर किले का निर्माण करवाया था। मारवाड़ पाली में, राठौड़ राव अस्थान ने राणा कान्हा मेर (जिसके पास 20,000 सैनिकों की पैदल सेना थी) से सत्ता हासिल की। 1310 में, राणा अङसी मेर ने अलाउद्दीन के खिलाफ अपने धर्म की रक्षा के लिए युद्ध लड़ा। मेरवाड़ा में, चौहान, राठौड़, पंवार, चौहान, परिहार, डोडिया, सिसोदिया, सोलंकी, गुहिलोत और परमार वंश के मेरों ने पड़ोसी राज्यों के शासकों, मुगलों और अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई लड़ी और स्वतंत्र रहे। लोकप्रिय मान्यता के अनुसार, देवमिढ मेर क्षत्रिय(राजपूत) थे। जनमत के अनुसार, वे सब लाखा चौहान वंश के माने जाते हैं।
{{Mer RajputCommunity}}
Mer ही राजपूत है और राजपूत ही मेर है। 

*मेर/मेहर राजपूतों में इन तीनों मूल वंशों की मुख्य शाखाएं इस प्रकार आती हैं:*
१. सूर्यवंशी: इसमें सिसोदिया, गहलोत, राठौड़, कछवाह, केशवाला, मोरी और लौहराणा(लौहथम) आदि वंशज आते हैं।
२. चंद्रवंशी: इसमें यदुवंशी, भाटी, तोमर/तंवर, जादौन, जडेजा, औडदरा (सुमरा), चंदेल, और चुंडासमा आदि वंशज आते हैं।
३. अग्निवंशी: इसमें चौहान, परमार, सोलंकी और प्रतिहार (परिहार) आदि वंशज शामिल हैं।
*अशोक मौर्य/मेर ने पूरे आर्यभट्ट/भारत शासन किया है।

*मौर्य,मोरी,मेर-राजपूत य़ह सब एक ही राजपूत राजवंश है। इन्हें अन्य जाति आपना बाप बना रहीं हैं।

*क्षत्रिय मेर [[मेर-ठाकुर]] जाति एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी/मिहिर राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूतों) का शासन 
अजमेर,बाड़मेर,जैसलमेर,कुम्भलमेर (कुम्भलगढ),बदनोर,दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
*सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर एक क्षत्रिय/राजपूत जाति है और य़ह मेर शब्द सूर्यवंशी या मिहिरवंशी राजपूतो ने अपनाया था। 
सूर्यवंशी/मिहिरवंशी राजपूतों(मेर राजपूत) का शासन
भारत के पश्‍चिम का इलाक़ा में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) गुजरात जैसे जगहो पर शासन किया था और क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर राजपूत]] जाति के नाम पर कई शहरों के नाम जेसे 
अजमेर(मेर ठाकुर अजयराज चौहान)के मेर शासक,
बाड़मेर(मेर ठाकुर बाहड़देव परमार)के मेर शासक,
जैसलमेर(मेर ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी)के मेर शासक,
कुम्भलमेर(राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर) के मेर शासक(कुम्भलगढ),
बदनोर(ठाकुर शेल जी मेर)के चौहानवंशीय मेर शासक,
दिवेर,सातलमेर,मेहरानगढ,मेरता,आमेर,मेवाङ,मेरवाड़ा,आदि पर और गुजरात के कुछ क्षेत्रो पर शासन था राजस्थान के विभिन्न स्थानों पर शासन था।
*राजपूताना(राजस्थान)के भीलवाड़ा(बदनौर/वर्धनगिरी)मेर शासको का किला
कुछ अभिलेखों के अनुसार राजस्थान(भीलवाड़ा) में वर्धनगिरी/बदनोर का किला क्षत्रिय मेर राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर)के द्वारा बनवाया गया था और बसाया गया था,,मेर क्षत्रिय शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर राजपूत)राजा के अधीन था, बदनोर (भीलवाड़ा) का किला ,,,,,मेरो(मेर राजपूतों)ने राज भी किया था,राजा भी हुए मेरो(मेर ठाकुरो)के 210 गाँव की जागीरे थी  राजा शेल मेर और बदनोर दुर्ग के अधीन थी ,,आज भी अगर कोई दुर्ग देखने जाए तो कोई टिकिट नहि लगता,,,,जा सकते हो ,,,वहा जाकर पुछोगे तो गांव के लोगों से मुख-जबान से 
(रावत) मेर राजपूत शूरवीरो की वीर गौरव गाथा का वर्णन और जिक्र मिलेगा⚔️🚩
वर्धनगिरी(बदनौर) के राजा ठाकुर शेल जी मेर(चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुर) थे जिनके पास 210 गांव की जागीरदारी थी जिनको मेवाड़ के राजा राणा लाखा ने हारकर क्षतिग्रस्त badnor किले की मरम्मत करवाई थी।
तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ के क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद/मेर क्षत्रिय अर्थात् क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या उदयपुर का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मिहिर/मेर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। उदयपुर के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी मेवाड़ के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य मेर) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य/मेर राजा मान मोरी से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।
मेर जाति को रावत उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या राजस्थान में  लगभग 20 लाख है और भारत में 1 से 1.5करोड़ है। 
क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति को रावत,राणा ठाकुर कि उपाधि दी गई है राजपूतों द्वारा 
इसलिए मेर जाति को राणा,ठाकुर या रावत राजपूत कहते है। 
मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर-रावत राजपूतों)की जनसंख्या भारत में  लगभग 1 करोड़ से 1.5 करोड़ है। 

*भारत मे मेर,मेहर,महेर,मेढ,मैर(मेर ठाकुर)मेर-रावत राजपूतों की जनसंख्या लगभग 1 से 1.5 करोड़ है*

*राजस्थान में क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूतों की जनसंख्या 20 लाख*
हाड़ौती राजस्थान में मेर/मेहर जाति(मेर राजपूत) 5 लाख है और मेवाड़,मारवाड,अजमेर,बाड़मेर,पाली,मेरवाडा(ब्यावर) में मेर राजपूत(मेर-रावत राजपूत) 15 लाख की जनसंख्या में है। मेर/मेहर ठाकुर या रावत राजपूतों के नाम से जाने जाते हैं। 
*गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख*
गुजरात में क्षत्रिय मेर/महेर जाति की जनसंख्या 12-15 लाख है। और मेर/महेर नाम से जानी जाति है। 
*मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख* 
मध्यप्रदेश में क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति की जनसंख्या 9-10 लाख है जो मेर ठाकुर या राणा के नाम से जाना जाता है।
*उत्तराखण्ड में मेर राजपूत या रावत राजपूत की जनसंख्या 40 से 50 लाख है।*
क्षत्रिय मेर ठाकुर [[मेर-रावत राजपूत]] जाति मुगल काल में राजपूताना(राजस्थान) अजमेर मेरवाड़ा से उत्तराखंड जाकर सासन करने लगे और वही बस गए।
मेर ठाकुर जिनकी उपाधि रावत है वे जनसंख्या में 40-50 लाख है जो नैनीताल के आसपास है और मेर ठाकुर ही रावत राजपूत के नाम से जाने जाते हैं।
*पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूतों(मेढ,मैर राजपूतों) की जनसंख्या 30-35 लाख है*
पंजाब में सिख मेर राजपूत जो कि राजपूताना(अजमेर मेरवाड़ा)से पंजाब और सिख धर्म अपनाया।
और मेर राजपूत से सीख मेढ,मैर राजपूत कहलाये।
**पाली के गुहिल वंश के मेर राजपूतों का इतिहास**
===राजपूताना(राजस्थान)में क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास===
*पाली में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
 राव आस्थान जी ने पाली के मेर शासक ठाकुर कान्हा जी मेर(गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर के पास 20,000सेना)को हराकर। 
*वहा के पाली और 84 गावों सहित पाली में [[राठौड-राजवंश]] को स्थापित किया, राव आस्थान जी के समय खेड़ राज्य (भीरडकोट) में 340 गांव थे एवं खेड़ पर गुहिल वंश के मेर/मेहर ठाकुर का अधिकार था, राव आस्थान जी ने खेड़ के गुहील वंश के मेर/मेहर राजपूतों को हराकर खेड़ का राज्य ले लिया व वहा अपनी राजधानी स्थापित की।

*कुछ मान्यताओं के अनुसार पाली को ठाकुर पाली मेर (गुहिल वंश के मेर ठाकुर) ने बसाया था।*
ठाकुर पाली मेर के बाद उनके पुत्र कान्हा मेर जिनके पास 20,000 सेना थी और राजस्थान(राजपूताना)में पाली सहित 84 गावो के जागीरदार बने। जिनको राव आस्थान जी राठौङ ने हाराकर राठौड़ राजवंश की निब रखी।

* जैसलमेर(jesalmer ke mer) राज्य क्षत्रिय मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
जैसलमेर में भाटी वंश (यदुवंश की मेर-शाखा) [[मेर-राजपूतों]] का शासन था, जो स्वयं को चन्द्रवंशी मेर ठाकुर एवं श्रीकृष्ण के वंशज मानते थे। मेर ठाकुर के ही एक वंशज भट्टी ने 285 ई. में भटनेर (हनुमानगढ़) के किले का निर्माण कर वहाँ अपना राज्य स्थापित किया। इसके वंशज भाटी कहलाने लगे। भट्टी के वंशज मंगलराव को गजनी के शासक ढुण्डी द्वारा परास्त होने के कारण जैसलमेर क्षेत्र में आना पड़ा। उसने तन्नौट में भाटी वंश की दूसरी राजधानी स्थापित की। बाद में इसी वंश के मेर शासक देवराज भाटी ने लोद्रवा को पँवार शासकों से छीनकर तन्नौट के स्थान पर अपनी नई राजधानी बनाई। 12 जुलाई, 1155 ई. को मेर ठाकुर जैसलदेव भाटी ने जैसलमेर दुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया (1178 ई. ASI के अनुसार) तथा अपनी राजधानी जैसलमेर स्थानांतरित की। चूँकि जैसलमेर किले की स्थापना त्रिकोणी गोडाहरे पहाड़ी पर की गई थी, इसलिए इसे गोडहरा,जेसल मेर या त्रिकूटगढ़ भी कहते हैं।
जैसलमेर दुर्ग में ढाई साके हुए-

1312-13 ई. में दिल्ली के सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी व भाटी वंश के मेर शासक मूलराज प्रथम के मध्य युद्ध, जिसमें मेर राजपूत स्त्रियों ने जौहर किया।
दूसरा साका दिल्ली के सुल्तान फिरोजशाह तुगलक व रावल दूदा मेर (महारावल दुर्जनसाल) के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ ।।
तीसरा 'अर्द्ध साका' 1550 ई. में जैसलमेर के राव लूणकरण व कंधार के राज्यच्युत शासक अमीर अली के मध्य युद्ध के समय हुआ। इसमें वीरों ने केसरिया
तो किया लेकिन जौहर नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे अर्द्ध साका माना जाता है। जैसलमेर के भाटियों या मेर ठाकुरो को उत्तर भड़ किवाड़ भाटी की उपाधि से भी सम्मानित किया जाता था क्योंकि वे भारतवर्ष पर उत्तर-पश्चिम दिशा से होने वाले आक्रमणों से देश की रक्षा किया करते थे।

यहाँ के परवर्ती शासक हरराज ने अकबर के नागौर दरबार में मुगल अधीनता स्वीकार कर अपनी पुत्री का विवाह अकबर से किया। 1818 ई. में यहाँ के शासक मूलराज, द्वितीय ने ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से संधि कर

राज्य की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा अंग्रेजों को दे दिया। महारावल जवाहर सिंह जी 26 जून, 1914 को जैसलमेर के शासक बने । इन्हें आधुनिक जैसलमेर का निर्माता कहा जाता है।
सर विण्डम लाइब्रेरी का निर्माण भी महारावल जवाहर सिंह द्वारा करवाया गया। इनके काल में राजस्थान का ही नहीं, भारत का अंतिम दुर्ग श्री मोहनगढ़ बनवाया गया।
जवाहरसिंह के काल में राज्य की सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण घटना घटित हुई, जिसमें यहाँ के प्रसिद्ध स्वतंत्रता सेनानी सागरमल गोपा को जेल में अमानवीय यातनाएँ देकर 3 अप्रैल, 1946 को जला दिया गया, जिससे 4 अप्रैल, 1946 को उनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
30 मार्च, 1949 ई. को जैसलमेर रियासत का राजस्थान में विलय हो गया। उस समय यहाँ के अंतिम मेर शासक महारावल श्री गिरधर सिंह जी मेर थे
*आमेर के कछवाह वंश मेर ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*

कछवाह वंश के मेर राजपूत स्वयं को भगवान रामचन्द्र के पुत्र कुश का वंशज बताते हैं। इस वंश के नरवर के मेर शासक सोढ़ा सिंह के पुत्र दुलहराय ने सन् 1137 के लगभग रामगढ़ (ढूँढाड़) में मीणों को तथा बाद में दौसा के बड़गूजरों को हराकर कछवाहा वंश का राज्य स्थापित किया और रामगढ़ में अपनी कुलदेवी जमुवाय माता का मंदिर बनाया। इन्हीं के पौत्र काकिल देव मेर ने सन् 1207 में आमेर को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। तभी से आमेर कछवाह वंश के मेर ठाकुरो की राजधानी जयपुर निर्माण तक बना रहा। इसी वंश का शासक पृथ्वीराज मेवाड़ के महाराणा सांगा का सामन्त था, जो खानवा के युद्ध में सांगा की तरफ से लड़ा था। इन्हीं के पुत्र सांगा ने सांगानेर कस्बा बसाया।

राजा भारमल(1547-1573 ई.)- सांगा के भाई भारमल ने 1547 ई. में आमेर की गद्दी पर कब्जा कर लिया। राजा भारमल ने जनवरी, 1562 ई. में मुगल सम्राट अकबर से उसकी अजमेर यात्रा के दौरान चगताई खाँ की
मदद से सांगानेर के निकट मुलाकात कर अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार की तथा बाद में सांभर में जाकर अपनी पुत्री हरकूबाई (जो बाद में जोधाबाई के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुई) की शादी अकबर के साथ कर वैवाहिक संबंधों के माध्यम से मुगलों के साथ सहयोग की नीति का शुभारम्भ किया। यह बेगम मरियम उज्जमानी नाम से जानी जाती थी। इसी ने बाद में सलीम (जहाँगीर) को जन्म दिया। आमेर के शासक भारमल राजपूताना के पहले शासक थे, जिन्होंने अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकार कर उससे अपनी बेटी ब्याही। इसके बाद भारमल के पुत्र भगवन्तदास एवं पोता (भगवन्तदास का पुत्र) मानसिंह अकबर की सेवा में चले गये।

राजा भगवन्तदास (1573-1589 ई.) - राजा भारमल की मृत्यु के बाद उनके पुत्र भगवन्तदास आमेर के सिंहासन पर बैठे और इन्होंने भी अपनी पुत्री मान बाई का विवाह शाहजादा सलीम के साथ कर दिया। 1589 ई. में इनकी लाहौर में मौत हो गई।

*मेवाड़/मेरवाड़ में मेर-ठाकुर जाति का इतिहास*
मेरवाड़(मेवाड़) के प्राचीन नाम शिवि, प्राग्वाट, मेदपाट आदि रहे हैं। इस क्षेत्र पर पहले मेद क्षत्रिय अर्थात् या मेर-ठाकुर[[मेर राजपूत]]जाति का अधिकार रहने से इसका नाम मेदपाट (मेवाड़) पड़ा जब से राजधानी उदयपुर नगर में हुई तब से मेवाड़ के स्थान पर उदयपुर राज्य का भी प्रयोग होने लगा है। राजपूताने के संपूर्ण इतिहास में मेवाड़ या मेर ठाकुर [[मेर जाति]] का इतिहास ही सबसे अधिक गौरवपूर्ण है। इस छोटे से राज्य ने जितने वर्षों तक उस समय के सबसे अधिक सम्पन्न साम्राज्य का वीरतापूर्वक मुकाबला किया, वैसे उदाहरण संपूर्ण संसार के इतिहास में बहुत कम मिलेंगे।

केवल राजपूताने की रियासतों के ही नहीं, परंतु संसार के अन्य राज्यों के राजवंशों से भी मेवाड़ का मेर/मिहिर राजवंश अधिक प्राचीन है। भगवान रामचंद्र के पुत्र कुश के वंशजों में से 566 ई. के लगभग मेवाड़ में गुहादित्य मेर (गुहिल) नाम का प्रतापी राजा हुआ, जिसने गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। मेवाड़ के राजवंश ने तब से लेकर राजस्थान के निर्माण तक इसी प्रदेश पर राज्य किया। इतने अधिक समय तक एक ही प्रदेश पर राज्य करने वाला संसार में एकमात्र यही मेर/मिहिर राजवंश है। जब तत्कालीन अन्य सभी राजा मुगल साम्राज्य की शासन सत्ता के सामने अपनी स्वतंत्रता स्थिर न रख सके और उन्होंने अपने सिर झुका लिए। तब भी नाना प्रकार के कष्ट सहते हुए भी उदयपुर राज्य ने अपनी स्वतंत्रता और कुल गौरव की रक्षा की। यही कारण है कि आज भी उदयपुर के महाराणा 'हिन्दुआ सूरज' कहलाते हैं। व उदयपुर राज्य के राज्य चिह्न में अंकित शब्द 'जो दूढ राखै धर्म को, तिहिं राखै करतार' उनकी स्वतंत्रता प्रियता व धर्म पर दृढ़ रहने को स्वयमेव ही स्पष्ट करता है। म मेवाड़ के इतिहास की जानकारी गुहिल (गुहादित्य) के काल से प्रारंभ होती है। गुहादित्य मेर ने 566 ई. के आसपास मेवाड़ में गुहिल वंश की नींव डाली। इनके पिता का नाम शिलादित्य व माता का नाम पुष्पावती था। गुहादित्य के बाद महेन्द्र द्वितीय का पुत्र बापा रावल (734-753 ई.) मेवाड़ का प्रतापी राजा हुआ। इनका मूल नाम कालभोज था। बापा तो इसेका विरुद था। बापा के इष्टदेव एकलिंगजी थे और अ एकलिंगजी के मुख्य पुजारी हारीत ऋषि के आशीर्वाद से सन् 734 में बापा ना रावल ने मौर्य या मेर राजा मान मोरी/मेर से चित्तौड़ दुर्ग जीता।

तीं पछे ऊठ्ठा हाथ री ओझाड सूं नाहरराज सेनापति ठाकुर बल्ली मेर रो शिश उडायो।
जिण राणा बल्ली मेर बिना माथैं चहुवाण रा केहौ सिपाह रा प्राण रा संघात छुडायो।

===क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा या मेर शासक===
मेर राजपूतों के राजाओ में 
1.मेर-सम्राट पृथ्वीराज चौहान(अजमेर),
2.मेर-ठाकुर बाहड राव परमार(बाड़मेर),
3.मेर-ठाकुर जैसल सिंह भाटी(जैसलमेर),
4.मेर-ठाकुर राव जौधा राठौड(मेहरानगढ),
5.राणा शेल मेर ठाकुर(बदनौर),
6.चित्रांगद मेर/मौर्य(चित्तौड़गढ़),
7.राणा कुम्भा मेर ठाकुर(कुम्भलमेर),
8.बप्पा रावल मेर(मेवाङ/मेरवाङ),
9. राणा अङसी मेर ठाकुर(मेरवाङा) 
10.सम्राट अशोक मेर/मौर्य(भारत),
11.ठाकुर कान्हा मेर(पाली)84 गाँव के जागीरदार, 12.maharana partap singh(मेरवाड़/मेवाड़)
13.विक्रमादित्य परमार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
14.मिहिरभोज प्रतिहार वंश के मेर-ठाकुर
15.मेर ठाकुर सातलसिहं भाटी(सातलमेर)
16.मानसिंह कछवाह मेर राजपूत(आमेर/जयपुर)
क्षत्रिय मेर,मेहर जाति के राजा है।

=== क्षत्रिय मेर/मेहर जाति के गौत्र के नाम है===
चौहान,परमार,राठौड,सोलंकी,सिसोदिया,गहलोत,प्रतिहार,भाटी,डोडीया,बामननिया,दाहिमा,नागिया(नागा),सोमवंशी,लोहरा/लौरावत,लौहराणा,हाडा,ननवग,खिंची,जादौन,जडेजा,कैशवाला,इंडरिया,रायकुवर,निर्वाण,सांखला,चंदेल,जोधावत,राजावत,राणावत,आडैदरा,भदौरिया,अमेठिया,अमंजरिया,बाड़मेर,चुंडावत,चावडा,देवडा,पुडींर,बुन्देला,बाघेल,खंगार,दिक्षित,गौतम,विशिष्ट,मांगलिया,गौङ,कछवाहा,मेडतिया,उदावत,चुंडासमा,वाला,वाढेर,पाविया,पुरविया,कानावत,सोंनगर,मुंढाड,महरौङ,कठेरिया,मोरी,तोमर(तंवर)अमंजरिया-अजमेरीया आदि हैं । 
कुलदेवी:
मेर/मेहर क्षत्रियौं(राजपूत) की कुलदेवी: चामुंडा माता है और चौहान वंश के मेर ठाकुरौं(रावत राजपूतौं)की कुलदेवी आशापुरा माता है।</text>
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Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
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-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 09:56, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
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* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
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== क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत  ==

मेर शासक [[User:सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत|सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत]] ([[User talk:सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय मेर राजपूत|talk]]) 11:23, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Wt/rgn/-rgn-}} {{Wt/rgn/-nom-}} '''ecunuméja'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar  |var =SM  |aut =Antonio Morri  |tit =Vocabolario romagnolo-italiano  |ann =1840  |edi =Conti  |loc =Fënza  |edz =  |vol =  |ser =  |cap =  |pag =289  |tra =  |isb =  |doi =  |url =https://books.google.it/books?id=e81FAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Wt/rgn/s}} {{Wt/rgn/f}}  {{Wt/rgn/-hyph-}} e·cu·nu·meja  {{Wt/rgn/-pron-}} [ '- ]  {{Wt...&quot;</comment>
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'''ecunuméja'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
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{{Wt/rgn/-hyph-}}
e·cu·nu·meja

{{Wt/rgn/-pron-}}
[ '- ]

{{Wt/rgn/-etim-}}
-

{{Wt/rgn/-sin-}}
*[[Wt/rgn/culumeja|culumeja]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
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{{Wt/rgn/-ant-}}
-

{{Wt/rgn/-der-}}
-

{{Wt/rgn/-rel-}}
* [[Wt/rgn/sparagn|sparagn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
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{{Wt/rgn/-ipon-}} -

{{Wt/rgn/-iperon-}} -

{{Wt/rgn/-prov-}} -

{{Wt/rgn/-var-}}
*(''rumagnôl ucidentêl'') [[Wt/rgn/cunumeja|cunumeja]]
**(''Jomla)) econuméja, econumì&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
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{{Wt/rgn/-alter-}}

{{Wt/rgn/-trans-}}{| border=0  width=100%
:*{{Wt/rgn/fr}}:: économie
:*{{Wt/rgn/en}}:: economy
:*{{Wt/rgn/it}}:: economia

{{Wt/rgn/-ref-}}


|}[[Wt/rgn/Categurèja:Paróli rumagnôli|Categurèja:Paróli rumagnôli]]

[[Category:Wt/rgn]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1961" sha1="7ngkhuvqrjs42r8yh2gdswl8ppeskuw" xml:space="preserve">{{Wt/rgn/-rgn-}}
{{Wt/rgn/-nom-}}
'''ecunuméja'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var =SM
 |aut =Antonio Morri
 |tit =Vocabolario romagnolo-italiano
 |ann =1840
 |edi =Conti
 |loc =Fënza
 |edz =
 |vol =
 |ser =
 |cap =
 |pag =289
 |tra =
 |isb =
 |doi =
 |url =https://books.google.it/books?id=e81FAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false
}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Wt/rgn/s}} {{Wt/rgn/f}}

{{Wt/rgn/-hyph-}}
e·cu·nu·meja

{{Wt/rgn/-pron-}}
[ '- ]

{{Wt/rgn/-etim-}}
-

{{Wt/rgn/-sin-}}
*[[Wt/rgn/culumeja|culumeja]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var =RO
 |aut =Franco Ponseggi
 |tit =Nuovo Vocabolario Romagnolo
 |ann =2026
 |edi =Tempo al libro
 |loc =Fënza
 |edz =I
 |vol =
 |ser =
 |cap =
 |pag =46
 |tra =
 |isb =9791281307117
 |doi =
 |url =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*culumì&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var =RO
 |aut =Libero Ercolani
 |tit =Vocabolario Romagnolo-Italiano
 |ann =1970
 |edi =Monte di Ravenna
 |loc =Ravêna
 |edz =I
 |vol =
 |ser =
 |cap =
 |pag =107
 |tra =
 |isb =
 |doi =
 |url =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Wt/rgn/-ant-}}
-

{{Wt/rgn/-der-}}
-

{{Wt/rgn/-rel-}}
* [[Wt/rgn/sparagn|sparagn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var =SM
 |aut = Graziano Bartolini
 |tit =Dizionario di dialetto sammarinese
 |ann =2021
 |edi =Ente Cassa di Faetano
 |loc =San Marèin
 |edz =I
 |vol =
 |ser =
 |cap =
 |pag =49
 |tra =
 |isb =
 |doi =
 |url =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Wt/rgn/-ipon-}} -

{{Wt/rgn/-iperon-}} -

{{Wt/rgn/-prov-}} -

{{Wt/rgn/-var-}}
*(''rumagnôl ucidentêl'') [[Wt/rgn/cunumeja|cunumeja]]
**(''Jomla'') econuméja, econumì&lt;ref&gt;{{Wt/rgn/Zita lìvar
 |var =RO
 |aut =Antonio Mattioli
 |tit =Vocabolario Romagnolo-Italiano
 |ann =1879
 |edi =Tipografia d'I Galeati e Figlio
 |loc =Jomla
 |edz =I
 |vol =
 |ser =
 |cap =
 |pag =210
 |tra =
 |isb =
 |doi =
 |url =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Wt/rgn/-alter-}}

{{Wt/rgn/-trans-}}{| border=0  width=100%
:*{{Wt/rgn/fr}}:: économie
:*{{Wt/rgn/en}}:: economy
:*{{Wt/rgn/it}}:: economia

{{Wt/rgn/-ref-}}


|}

[[Category:Wt/rgn]]</text>
      <sha1>7ngkhuvqrjs42r8yh2gdswl8ppeskuw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wq/pa/ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ ਦੇ ਸਮਾਜ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3804215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304444</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:30:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Category:Wq/pa/ਦੇਸ਼ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਸਮਾਜ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ|ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304444</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="110" sha1="0you93ic2uz73sfrahah6cptjwhjyue" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wq/pa/ਦੇਸ਼ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਸਮਾਜ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ|ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ]]</text>
      <sha1>0you93ic2uz73sfrahah6cptjwhjyue</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wq/pa/ਦੇਸ਼ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਸਮਾਜ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3804216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304445</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:31:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Category:Wq/pa/ਸਮਾਜ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="53" sha1="ja89i9af1ez4qumnfk7kvolhhlj5l73" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wq/pa/ਸਮਾਜ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ]]</text>
      <sha1>ja89i9af1ez4qumnfk7kvolhhlj5l73</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wq/pa/ਸਮਾਜ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3804217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304446</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:31:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created blank page</comment>
      <origin>7304446</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304452</id>
      <parentid>7304446</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:57:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304452</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50" sha1="r111vv4evn4dxyxv6nrsiixmla6wtbr" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wq/pa/ਸਮਾਜ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ]]</text>
      <sha1>r111vv4evn4dxyxv6nrsiixmla6wtbr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wq/pa/ਸਮਾਜ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3804218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304453</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Category:Wq/pa/ਸਮਾਜ]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304453</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="m0la1kpehhx15imdrfe1o67qcjm3qu3" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wq/pa/ਸਮਾਜ]]</text>
      <sha1>m0la1kpehhx15imdrfe1o67qcjm3qu3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wq/pa/ਸਮਾਜ</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3804219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304454</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created blank page</comment>
      <origin>7304454</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wp/pih/Mbox</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3804220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304456</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T10:59:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ङघिञ</username>
        <id>2644823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Wp/pih/Mbox/styles.css&quot; /&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output plainlinks&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;mbox {{{class|}}} {{#if: {{{type|}}} | is-{{{type}}} }}&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;mbox-image&quot;&gt;[[File:{{{file|Ic info 48px.svg}}}|36px|link=|alt=]]&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;mbox-text&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;mbox-title&quot;&gt;{{{title}}}&lt;/div&gt; {{#if: {{{description|}}} | &lt;div class=&quot;mbox-description&quot;&gt; {{{description}}} {{#if: {{{date|}}} | ''({{-|{{#time: F Y | {{{date}}} }}}})'' }} &lt;/div&gt;}}{{#if:...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304456</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="637" sha1="1iuty1gyshct62sosrzuy47jpcgssuy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Wp/pih/Mbox/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output plainlinks&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mbox {{{class|}}} {{#if: {{{type|}}} | is-{{{type}}} }}&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mbox-image&quot;&gt;[[File:{{{file|Ic info 48px.svg}}}|36px|link=|alt=]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mbox-text&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;mbox-title&quot;&gt;{{{title}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{#if: {{{description|}}} | &lt;div class=&quot;mbox-description&quot;&gt;
{{{description}}} {{#if: {{{date|}}} | ''({{-|{{#time: F Y | {{{date}}} }}}})'' }}
&lt;/div&gt;}}{{#if: {{{comment|}}} | 
&lt;div class=&quot;mbox-comment&quot;&gt;
{{{comment}}}
&lt;/div&gt;}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Wp/pih/Documentation|Template:Wp/pih/Mbox/doc}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1iuty1gyshct62sosrzuy47jpcgssuy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wq/pa/ਸਿੱਖਿਆ</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>3804221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304458</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:02:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:ਸਮਾਜ]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304458</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42" sha1="sabnuopjmmpmgxr93ldzeaq9qyuu8pu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:ਸਮਾਜ]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sabnuopjmmpmgxr93ldzeaq9qyuu8pu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304460</id>
      <parentid>7304458</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:02:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mulkh Singh</username>
        <id>2529561</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>7304460</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="m0la1kpehhx15imdrfe1o67qcjm3qu3" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wq/pa/ਸਮਾਜ]]</text>
      <sha1>m0la1kpehhx15imdrfe1o67qcjm3qu3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wp/pih/Mbox/styles.css</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>3804222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304459</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:02:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ङघिञ</username>
        <id>2644823</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;/* Copied from [[:isv:Šablon:Poslanje/styles.css]], with changes.*/ .mbox { 	background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); 	border-left: 4px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); 	font-size: 0.9em; 	line-height: 1.4; 	margin: 0 auto 0.25em; 	padding: 0.5em; }  @media (min-width: 720px) { 	.mbox { 		border-radius: 3px; 		font-size: 1em; 		line-height: inherit; 		margin-top: 0.5em; 		max-width: 65em; 	} 	 	.mbox.is-full-width { 		max-width: none; 	} }  ....&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304459</origin>
      <model>sanitized-css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="2718" sha1="nsv2s9kqhfv1c068fn543706f6w05mp" xml:space="preserve">/* Copied from [[:isv:Šablon:Poslanje/styles.css]], with changes.*/
.mbox {
	background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);
	border-left: 4px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);
	font-size: 0.9em;
	line-height: 1.4;
	margin: 0 auto 0.25em;
	padding: 0.5em;
}

@media (min-width: 720px) {
	.mbox {
		border-radius: 3px;
		font-size: 1em;
		line-height: inherit;
		margin-top: 0.5em;
		max-width: 65em;
	}
	
	.mbox.is-full-width {
		max-width: none;
	}
}

.mbox &gt; * {
	display: table-cell;
	vertical-align: middle;
}

/* Image */
.mbox-image {
	padding-right: 0.5em;
	vertical-align: top;
}

@media (max-width: 719px) {
	.mbox-image &gt; img {
		height: auto;
		width: 24px;
	}
}

@media (min-width: 720px) {
	.mbox-image {
		vertical-align: middle;
	}
}

.mbox &gt; .mbox-image {
	filter: invert(72%) sepia(11%) saturate(212%) hue-rotate(172deg) brightness(92%) contrast(90%);
}

/* Constructive (green) */
.mbox.is-constructive {
	background: var(--background-color-success-subtle, #d5fdf4);
	border-left-color: var(--border-color-success, #00af89);
}

.mbox.is-constructive &gt; .mbox-image {
	filter: invert(48%) sepia(36%) saturate(6810%) hue-rotate(142deg) brightness(100%) contrast(101%);
}

/* Progressive (blue) */
.mbox.is-progressive {
	background: var(--background-color-progressive-subtle, #eaf3ff);
	border-left-color: var(--border-color-progressive, #36c);
}

.mbox.is-progressive &gt; .mbox-image {
	filter: invert(33%) sepia(95%) saturate(1014%) hue-rotate(198deg) brightness(88%) contrast(90%);
}

/* Informative (orange) */
.mbox.is-informative {
	background: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fef6e7);
	border-left-color: var(--border-color-warning, #fc3);
}

.mbox.is-informative &gt; .mbox-image {
	filter: invert(81%) sepia(80%) saturate(962%) hue-rotate(327deg) brightness(101%) contrast(101%);
}

/* Destructive (red) */
.mbox.is-destructive {
	background: var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, #fee7e6);
	border-left-color: var(--border-color-destructive, #d33);
}

.mbox.is-destructive &gt; .mbox-image {
	filter: invert(34%) sepia(82%) saturate(1592%) hue-rotate(335deg) brightness(83%) contrast(110%);
}

/* Text styles */
.mbox-text :first-child {
	margin-top: 0;
}

.mbox-text :last-child {
	margin-bottom: 0;
}

/* Text title */
@media (min-width: 720px) {
	.mbox-title {
		font-weight: bold;
		font-family: serif;
		line-height: 1.4;
	}
}

/* Text description and comment */
.mbox-description {
	color: var(--color-base--subtle, #54595d);
}

.mbox-comment {
	color: var(--color-base--subtle, #54595d);
	font-size: 0.8em;
}

@media (min-width: 720px) {
	.mbox-description {
		color: inherit;
		font-size: 0.9em;
	}

	.mbox-comment {
		color: inherit;
		font-size: 0.7em;
	}
}</text>
      <sha1>nsv2s9kqhfv1c068fn543706f6w05mp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wt/mnc/墨勒</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304685</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:40:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MiiCii</username>
        <id>2522943</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}== {{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=墨勒|-|type=2}}  ==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}=== {{Wt/mnc/zh-pron |m=Mòlè |cat=n }}  ==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===  # (hala) [[Wt/mnc/mere|mere]].  == {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan == * daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bit...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="572" sha1="rzy02c3c4z5tsvp34pmg3j4ojnw83y1" xml:space="preserve">=={{Wt/mnc/-zh-}}==
{{Wt/mnc/zh-forms|s=墨勒|-|type=2}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-pron-}}===
{{Wt/mnc/zh-pron
|m=Mòlè
|cat=n
}}

==={{Wt/mnc/-proper.noun-}}===

# (hala) [[Wt/mnc/mere|mere]].

== {{Wt/mnc/MongolUnicode|ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠴᠠᡤᠠᠨ}} aisilara bithe cagan ==
* daicing gurun -i g'aodzung yongkiyangga hūwangdi hesei banjibuha, hūng jeo, ortai se hese be dahame banjibuha, han -i araha jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithei susai uyuci debtelin&lt;!--八旗满洲氏族通谱 卷五十九--&gt;[M].

[[Category:Wt/mnc|墨]]</text>
      <sha1>rzy02c3c4z5tsvp34pmg3j4ojnw83y1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Lex-Rara</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>3804224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7304687</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:45:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welcoming Bot</username>
        <id>9525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!</comment>
      <origin>7304687</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1014" sha1="94ucvu2lb0jx497bfghvzpt373t13ys" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.5em;&quot;&gt;
{{Welcome-toolbox
|create=(to create a wiki)
|lang-support=Language support
|float=right
}}

Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator!
At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info:
* If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it.
* You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]].
* If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]!
* If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them!
* If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 11:45, 4 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>94ucvu2lb0jx497bfghvzpt373t13ys</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wp/buk/Main Page</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3804225</id>
    <redirect title="Wp/buk/Головна сторінка" />
    <revision>
      <id>7304689</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:52:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Тосуен</username>
        <id>2702884</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;  [[Category:Wp/buk]]≈&quot;</comment>
      <origin>7304689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="rdxidrk0s8udryb5ox2pwtj40jwir73" xml:space="preserve">

[[Category:Wp/buk]]≈</text>
      <sha1>rdxidrk0s8udryb5ox2pwtj40jwir73</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>7304690</id>
      <parentid>7304689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-04T11:53:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Тосуен</username>
        <id>2702884</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Wp/buk/Головна сторінка]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="73" sha1="lc020v3bku9rqlqx4zabukc8vv2dnsd" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Wp/buk/Головна сторінка]]

[[Category:Wp/buk]]</text>
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