Wikipidia jamwiki https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mien_Piej MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipidia Wikipidia diskoshan File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Puotal Puotal diskoshan TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 31 22846 22808 2026-08-21T21:29:52Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:JEAN LOUIS THÉODORE GÉRICAULT - La Balsa de la Medusa (Museo del Louvre, 1818-19).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Tiyoduor Jerikuolt (Théodore Géricault) ''Raaf a di Midyuusa'', bout 1820]] '''Aat''' a wah difrah-difrah rienj a yuuman aktiviti fi kriet vijual, aaditeri ar pofaamans aatifak – aatwok, we hexpress di aata himajinietiv ar teknikal skil, inten fi bi aprishiet fi deh byuuti ar imuoshanal powa. Ina deh muos jinaral faam dem aktiviti ya hingkluud di prodokshan a wok a haat, di kritisizim a haat, di todi a di ischri a haat, ah di hestetik diseminieshan a haat. Di huolis faam a haat we dakiument a [[vijual aat]], we ingkluud krieshan a himij ar abjik ina fiil we hingkluud pientin, skolpcha, printmekin, fotografi ah adaels vijual miidia. Aachitecha muotaim ingkluud az wan a di vijual aat; ousomeba, laka [[dekorietiv aat]], ar advataizin<ref name="advertising">[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/is-advertising-art-1593252.html Is advertising art?]</ref>, ihinvalv di krieshan a habjik we praktikal kansidarieshan a yuus isenshal—ina wie we no yuujal ina pientin, fi egzampl. Myuuzik, tieta, flim, daans, ah hadaels pofaamin aat, azwel lichicha ah hadaels miidia laka [[intaraktiv miidia]], deh ingkluud ina braada difinishan a haat ar di haats. Optel di 17t senchri, haat kuda eh-refa tu heni skil ar maastari ah neh difranshiet frah kraaf ar sayans. Ina madan yuusij afta di 17t senchri, we hestetik kansidarieshan paramount, fain aat get separiet out ah distingguish frah skil we akuaya jinarali, laka dekorietiv ar [[aplai haat]]. Aat kiah kiaraktaraiz ina toermz a mimiisis (di riprizentieshan a rialiti), expreshan, komiunikieshan a himuoshan, ar adaels kualiti. Juurin di Ruomantik piiriad, aat eh-komiin laka "speshal fakolti a di yuuman main fi klasifai wid rilijan ah sayans"<ref>{{cite web |author=Gombrich, Ernst. |url=http://www.gombrich.co.uk/showdoc.php?id=68 |title=Press statement on The Story of Art |accessdate=18 November 2008 |year=2005 |work=The Gombrich Archive| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081006212330/http://www.gombrich.co.uk/showdoc.php?id=68| archivedate= 6 October 2008 | deadurl= no}}{{Dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>. Duo di difinishan a wa ah wa kanstityuut aat dispyuut<ref>{{cite book |title=Definition of Art |url=https://archive.org/details/definitionsofart0000davi_r5r3 |author=Stephen Davies |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8014-9794-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Artworks: Definition, Meaning, Value |url=https://archive.org/details/artworksdefiniti0000stec_b3v0 |author=Robert Stecker |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-271-01596-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Theories of Art Today |url=https://archive.org/details/theoriesofarttod0000unse |editor=Noël Carroll |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-299-16354-9}}</ref> ah chienj-chienj uoba taim, jinaral diskripshan menshan di aidie a himajinetiv ar teknikal skil we stem frah yuuman iejensi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ubc.ca/okanagan/creative/links/arthistory/What_is_Art_.html |archive-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120427192624/http://www.ubc.ca/okanagan/creative/links/arthistory/What_is_Art_.html |title=What Is Art? |author=Dr. Robert J. Belton}}</ref> ah krieshan. Di niecha a haat, ah rilietid kansep laka krietiviti ah intopritieshan, expluor ina branch a filasafi nuo az estetix<ref>Kennick, William ed, and W. E. Kennick, ''Art and philosophy: readings in aesthetics'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979, pp. xi–xiii. ISBN 0-312-05391-6.</ref>. == Refrens == <references/> [[Category:Aat]] k5pf3v51nq2d27cih720hiw0h89dwol 0 174 22852 22343 2026-08-21T21:51:25Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fiicha aatikl}} __INDEX__ {{Piipl |imij = Bob-Marley.jpg |imij_saiz = 140px |imij_diskripshan = |baan = Febiweri 6 1945, [[Nain Mail]], [[Sint An Parish, Jumieka|Sint An Parish]], [[Jumieka]] |ded = Mai 11 1981, [[Mayami]], [[Flarida]], [[Yunaitid Stiet]] |nashinaliti = [[Jumieka]]n |profeshan = Rege-''h''aatis ahn sangraita |muuvment = }} '''Bab Maali''' (baan '''Rabat Nesta Maali''', Febiweri 6 1945, a [[Nain Mail]], [[Jumieka]]), wehna Jumiekan [[Rege aatis|rege-''h''aatis]] ahn sang raita. Ihm ded pahn Mie 11 1981 ina [[Mayami]], [[Flarida]]. Ihm wehna wan a di bigis rege-''h''aatis. Ihm mek [[rege]] myuuzik wel papila chuu di wuol werl but ihm no onggl pred fiim myuuzik, ihm pred [[Jah]] mechiz chuu di werl tu. == Herli laif ahn karier == Rabat Nesta Maali ([[Robert Nesta Marley]]) eh-baan pan ih maternal grampa faam a Nain Mail, Sint An Parish, Jumieka, tu Naaval Singklier Maali (Norval Sinclair Marley, 1885-1955) ahn Sidela Buka (Cedella Booker, 1926-2008)<ref>{{cite book|author=Moskowitz, David Vlado|title=Bob Marley: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNv2XuFP2-QC&pg=PR13|accessdate=10 September 2013|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33879-3|pages=13–}}</ref>. Naaval Maali (Norval Marley) ena wah wait Jumiekan arijinali frah Sosex, Ingglan, uufa fambili kliem Sirian Juwish arijin<ref>Observer Reporter, "Ziggy Marley to adopt Judaism?", ''[[The Jamaica Observer]]'', Thursday, 13 April 2006: "Of further interest, Ziggy's grandfather Norval, is of Syrian-Jewish extraction... This was confirmed by Heather Marley, who is the daughter of Noel Marley, Norval's brother."</ref><ref>Jean-Pierre Hombach, ''Bob Marley: The Father of Music'', Lulu, 2012 (ISBN 9781471620454), p. 52: "Marley family members, such as Norval's nephew Michael George Marley, have stated that he was a descendant of Syrian Jews... Michael George Marley revealed:"... I was told by my mother, grandmother and uncle, [that] the Marleys were Syrian Jews who migrated from the Middle East to England and then to Jamaica."</ref><ref>''The Real Revolutionary'', by Rob Kenner, [[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]], May 2006, Vol. 14, No. 5 (Vibe Media Group ISSN 1070-4701), p. 118.</ref>. Naaval kliem se ihm ena kiaptin ina di Rayal Mariinz<ref name="guardian.co.uk">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/apr/08/bob-marley-life-documentary-macdonald Bob Marley: the regret that haunted his life] Tim Adams, ''The Observer'', Sunday 8 April 2012</ref>; a di taim wen ihm marid tu Sidela Buka (Cedella Booker), wah Afro-Jumiekan den 18 ier uol, ih weh emplai az plantieshan uobasier<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/><ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2007|p=2}}</ref>. Duo Bab Maali eh niem Nesta Robert Marley, wah Jumiekan paaspuot ofishal uda lieta rivoers ih fos ah migl niemdem<ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2007|p=9}}</ref><ref>Stephen Davis wrote that "his name was changed from Nesta Robert to Robert Nesta Marley, at the suggestion of the passport clerk, who thought Nesta sounded like a girl's name."</ref>. Naaval provaid finanshal supuot fi ih waif ah pitni bot skiesli si dem kaaz ih weh gaan we muotaim. Bab Maali aten Stepni Praimri ah Juunia Ai Skuul we saab di kiachment ieria a Sint An<ref>[http://www.bobmarleyfoundationja.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31&Itemid=9 Stepney Primary and Junior High School] Bob Marley Foundation. Published 16 September 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2013.</ref><ref name="Marley2012">{{cite book|author=Bob Marley|title=Listen to Bob Marley: The Man, the Music, the Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=109cL3gWI6kC&pg=PA65|accessdate=1 September 2013|date=31 January 2012|publisher=Open Road Media|isbn=978-1-4532-2494-6|pages=65–}}</ref>. Ina 1955, wen Bab Maali a 10 ier uol, ih faada ded fram aat atak a di hiej a 70<ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2007|p=4}}</ref>. Maali ah Nevl Livinstan (Neville Livingston) (lieta nuo az Boni Wiela) ena kombolo frah dem a pitni a Nain Mail. Dem eh-taat fi plie myuuzik tugiada wails deh de a Stepni Praimri ah Juunia Ai Skuul<ref>[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201101/bunny-wailer-john-jeremiah-sullivan?currentPage=4 The Last Wailer&nbsp;– Bunny Wailer interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140103/http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201101/bunny-wailer-john-jeremiah-sullivan?currentPage=4 |date=2015-06-26 }} at GQ. Interviewer: John Jeremiah Sullivan. Published January 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2013.</ref>. Maali lef Nain Mail wid ih mada wen im a 12 ah muuv gaa Chrench Tong, Kinston. Sidela Buka ah Tadios Livinstan (Thadeus Livingston) (fi Boni Wiela faada) eh-ab wah daata tugiada uu deh niem Poerl, uu wena yongga sista tu buot Bab ah Boni. Nou dat Maali ah Livinstan ena-lib tugiada ina di siem ous ina Chrench Tong, deh myuuzikal expluorieshan diipn fi hingkluud di lietis R&B fran Amoerkan riedio stieshan uufa braadkyaas kuda kech Jumieka, ah di nyuu Skia myuuzik<ref>[http://jasobrecht.com/bob-marleys-early-years-miles-london/ Bob Marley’s Early Years: From Nine Miles To London] Jas Obrecht Music Archive. Retrieved 8 November 2013.</ref>. Di muuv tu Chrench Tong pruuv fi bi faachunet, az Maali kuiktaim fain ihself ina vuokal gruup wid Boni Wiela, Piita Toch, Bevali Kelso ah Juunia Bratwiet. Juo Igz, uu wena paat a di soxesful vuokal ak Igz ah Wilsn (Higgs and Wilson), eh-rizaid pah 3d Schriit, an ih singin paadna Rai Wilsn eh-riez bai fi Juunia Bratwiet grani. Igz ah Wilsn uda ryoers a di bak a di ousdem bitwiin 2n ah 3d Schriit, an a neh lang bifuo Maali (nou ih de-rizaid pah 2n St.), Juunia Bratwiet ah deh adawandem ena-kanggrigiet rong disaya soxesful dyuo<ref>[http://www.iration.com/juniorbraithwaite/jbinterview.html Junior Braithwaite interview at iration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110125354/http://www.iration.com/juniorbraithwaite/jbinterview.html |date=2013-11-10 }}. Date: 5 May 1985. Interviewer: Roger Steffens. Retrieved 7 November 2013.</ref>. Maali ah di res neh plie no hinschument a disaya taim, az deh weh muo hinchestid fi bi a vuokal aamani gruup. Igz eh glad fi elp dem divelop deh vuokal aamani, alduo muo impuotant, ih eh-taat fi laan Maali ou fi plie gitaar—bai so dwiin ih kriet di bedrak we wuda lieta lou Maali fi kanschok som a di bigis-selin rege sing ina di ischri a die jahra<ref>Chuck Foster, [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/smallaxe/joe%20higgs.htm "Joe Higgs&nbsp;– No Man Could Stop The Source"]. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</ref><ref name="Pareles">Jon Pareles, [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/22/arts/joe-higgs-59-reggae-performer-taught-a-generation-of-singers.html "Joe Higgs, 59, Reggae Performer; Taught a Generation of Singers"], ''[[New York Times]]'', 22 December 1999. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</ref>. == Myuuzikal karier == === 1962-72: Hoerli ierdem === Ina Febiweri 1962, Maali rekaad fuo sing, "Joj Nat", "Wan Kop a Kaafi", "Yu Stil Lob Mi?" ah "Tera", a Fedaral Styuujo fi luokal myuuzik projuusa Lezli Kang (Leslie Kong).[24] Chrii a di sing eh-riliis pah Bevaliz ah "Wan Kop a Kaafi” riliis anda di suudonim Babi Maatel (Bobby Martell).[25] Ina 1963, Bab Maali, Boni Wiela, Piita Toch, Juunia Bratwiet, Bevali Kelso, ah Cheri Simit eh kaal Di Tiiniejaz. Deh lieta chienj di niem tu Di Wielin Ruudbwaiz, den tu di Wielin Wielaz, a we paint deh diskova bai rekaad projuusa Kaxuon Dad (Coxsone Dodd), ah fainali tu Di Wielaz. Deh singgl "Sima Dong" fi di Kaxsuon liebl bikom Jumiekan #1 ina Febiweri 1964 bai sel wa estimiet a 70,000 kapi.[26] Di Wielaz, nou rekaad regiula fi Styuujo Wan, fain dehself a-wok wid extablish Jumiekan myuuzishan laka hOernis Rangglin (Ernest Ranglin arienja "Iat Fi Bi Aluon” [It Hurts To Be Alone],[27] di kiibuodis Jaki Mitu (Jackie Mittoo) ah saxofuonis Ruolan Alfanso (Roland Alphonso). Bai 1966, Bratwiet, Kelso, ah Simit eh-lef Di Wielaz, lef di kuor chriyo a Bab Maali, Boni Wiela, ah Piita Toch.[28] Ina 1966, Maali marid tu Rita Andisn (Rita Anderson), ah muuv nier ih mada rezidens ina Wilmintan, Delawier ina di Yunaitid Stiet fi wah shaat taim, wentaim ih wok az wah DuPant lab asistant ah pah di asembli lain a wah Kraisla plaant, anda di ielias Danal Maali.[29] Duo ih eh-riez az Kiaklik, Maali bikom inchestid ina Rastafarai biliif ina di 1960z, wen ih get we fran ih mada influens.[30] Afta ih gubak a Jumieka, Maali faamali kanvoert tu Rastafarai ah bigin gruo ih jredlax. Di Rastafarai proskripshan gens ier kotin bies pah di biblikal Samsn, uu az Nazirait, eh-expek fi mek soertn rilijos vou, ingkluudn di richual chriitment a ih ier az diskraib ina Chapta Six a di Buk a Nomba: : ''Ebri die a di vou a ih separieshan nat a rieza fi kom pan ih ed: tel di taim fulfil, wen ih separiet out ihself tu di Laad, ih wi bi uoli, ah wi mek di lax a di ier pan ih head gruo.'' (Nombaz 6: 5) Afta finanshal kantenshan wid Dad, Maali an ih ban tiimop wid Lii “Skrach” Peri (Lee "Scratch" Perry) an ih styuujo ban, Di Opsetaz. Alduo di alayans laas les dah wan ier, wa deh rekaad nof piipl kansida az Di Wielaz fainis wok. Maali ah Peri splitop afta wah kas-kas rigyaadin di asainment a rekaadin raits, bot deh rimien fren ah fren ah wuda wok tugiada agen. [[File:Bob Marley apartment in London.jpg|thumb|alt=Exterior of Bob Marley's apartment building in London.|Bab Maali flat ina 1972 a 34 Rijmount Gyaadn, Bluumzberi, Landan.]] Bitwiin 1968 ah 1972, Bab ah Rita Maali, Piita Toch ah Boni Wiela rii-kot soh uol chrak wid JAD Rekaad ina Kinston ah Landan fi atemp fi komoershalaiz Di Wielaz song. Boni lieta asoert se demaya sing "shuda neba riliis ina albom ... deh wena onggl demo fi rekaad kompini lisn". Ina 1968, Bab ah Rita visit singraita Jimi Naaman (Jimmy Norman) a ih apaatment ina di Brangx. Naaman eh-rait di extendid lirix fi Kai Winding "Time Is on My Side" (kova bai di Ruolin Stuonz) ah ih eh aalso rait fi Jani Nash ah Jimi Enjrix.[31] Wah chrii-die jam seshan wid Naaman ah adawandem, ingkluudn Naaman kuo-raita Al Pyfrom, rizolt ina wah 24-minit tiep a Maali a-pofaam wuoliip a ih uona ah Naaman-Pyfrom kompozishan. Dis tiep, askaadn tu Rege aakaivis Raja Stefenz (Roger Steffens), rier sens iweh influens bai pap muo dah rege, az paat a efoert fi Maali brok ina di Amoerkan chaat.[31] Askaadn tu wah aatikl ina Di Nyuu Yaak Taimz, Maali experiment pah di tiep wid difrah-difrah song, bai adap wah duu-wap stail pah "Tan Wid Mi" ah "di sluo lob sing stail a 1960z aatisdem" pah "Splish fi Mi Splash".[31] Aatis stil fi extablish ihself outsaida ih nietiv Jumieka, Maali lib ina Rijmount Gyaadn, Bluumzberi, juurin 1972.[32] === 1972-74: Muuv tu Ailan Rekaad === Ina 1972, Bab Maali sain wid CBS Rekaad a Landan ah imbaak pan a UK tuor wid Amoerkan suol singa Jani Nash (Johnny Nash).[33] Wails deh de a Landan di Wielaz ax deh ruod manija Brent Klaak (Brent Clarke) fi inchajuus dem tu Kris Blakwel (Chris Blackwell) uu eh-laisn som a deh Kaxuon riliis fi ih Ailan Rekaadz. Di Wielaz eh-inten fi diskos di rayalti asosietid wid demde riliis; steda dat di miitn rizolt ina di aafa a wah advans a £4,000 fi rekaad wah albom.[34] Sens Jimi Klif, fi Ailan tap rege staar, eh riisantli lef di liebl, Blakwel eh-praim fi a ripliesment. Ina Maali, Blakwel rekanaiz di eliment we eh-niid fi kech di rak aadiens: "Mi wena diil wid rak myuuzik, we a riili rebl myuuzik. Mi eh-fiil se dat uda riilli bi di wie fi brokout Jumiekan myuuzik. Bot yu niid smadi uu kuda bi datde imij. Wen Bab waakiin ih riili wena dat imij."[35] Di Wielaz ritoern a Jumieka fi rekaad wid Ari J ina Kinston we rizolt ina di albom Kech a Faya. Praimerili rekaad pah wah iet-chrak Kech a Faya maak di fos taim wah rege ban eh-ab axes tu stiet-a-di-aat styuujo ah weh akaad di siem kier az deh rak ah ruol pierdem.[35] Blakwel eh-dizaya fi kriet "muo a jrif-jrif, ipnatik-taip fiil dan a rege ridim",[36] ah rischrokcha Maali mix ah arienjmentdem. Maali chrabl gaa Landan fi syuupavaiz Blakwel uovadobin a di albom we ingkluud we ih tempa-tempa di mix frah di bies-ebi song a Jumiekan myuuzik ah we ih omit tuu chrak.[35] Di Wielaz fos albom fi hAilan, Kech a Faya, weh-riliis wolwaid ina hIepril 1973, pakij laka rak rekaad wid wah yuuniik Zippo laita lifop-tap. Inishali hi sel 14,000 yuunit, neh mek Maali ton no staar, bot irisiiiv pazitiv kritikal risepshan.[35] Iweh-fala lieta datde ier bai di albom Boernin we ingkluud di sing "Ai Shat di Sherif". Erik Klaptan (Eric Clapton) get di albom fran ih gitaaris Jaaj Teri (George Terry) uu weh-uop se ih uda eh-injai hi.[37] Klaptan eh suutebli impres ah chuuz fi rekaad wah kova voerjan a "Ai Shat di Sherif" we bikom ih fos US it sens "Layla" tuu hier hoerlia ah riich #1 pah di Bilbuod At 100 pah 14 Septemba 1974.[38] Nof Jumiekandem neh kiin pah di nyuu rege song pah Kech a Faya, bot di Chrench Tong stail a Boernin fain fan kraas buot rege ah rak aadiens.[35] Juurin dis piiriad, Blakwel giwe ih Kinston rezidens ah kompini edkwaataz a 56 Uop Ruod (deh taim nuo az Ailan Ous) tu Maali. It ouz Tof Gang Styuujo, ah di prapati bikom no honggl Maali afis, bot azwel ih yaad.[35] Di Wielaz eh-skejuul fi hopm sebmtiin shuo ina di US fi Slai ah di Fambili Stuon. Afta fuo shuo, di ban get faya bikaa deh weh muo papiula dah di akdem deh wena-opm fa.[39] Di Wielaz brokop ina 1974 ah iich a di chrii mien memba go poersyuu suolo kiarier. Di riizn fi di brokop shroudop ina kanjekcha; som piipl biliiv se a chuu disagriiment mongx Boni, Piita, ah Bab kansoernin pofaamans, wails adawandem kliem se Boni ah Piita simpli prefa suolo wok. === 1974-76: Lainop chienj ah shuutin === [[File:Bob-marley-wailers-crystal-palace.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Bab Maali & Di Wielaz laiv a Kristal Palis Paak ina sout-iis Landan, juurin di Opraizin Tuor.]] Dispait di brokop, Maali kantiniu rekaad az "Bab Maali & Di Wielaz". Ih nyuu bakin ban eh-ingkluud di bredadem Kaaltan ah Astan "Fambili Man" Baret pah jom ah bies rispektivli, Juunia Maavin ah Al Andisn pah liid gitaar, Tairuon Douni ah Oerl "Waya" Lindo pah kiibuod, ah Alvin "Siiko" Patisn pah pokoshan. Di "Ai Chriiz", kansis a Judi Muowat, Maasia Grifit, ah Maali waif, Rita, provaid bakin vuokal. Ina 1975, Maali ab ih intanashinal briekchuu wid ih fos it outsaida Jumieka, "No Uman, No Krai", frah di Nati Jred albom.[40] Dis fala bai ih briekchuu albom ina di Yunaitid Stiet, Rastaman Vaibrieshan (1976), we riich di Tap 50 a di Bilbuod Suol Chaat.[41] Pah 3 Disemba 1976, tuu die bifuo "Sumail Jumieka", wah frii kansoert aaganaiz bai di Jumiekan Praim Minista Maikal Manli fi atemp fi hiiz tenshan bitwiin tuu waarin palitikal gruup, Maali, ih waif, ah manija Dan Tiela weh-wuundid ina asaalt bai anuon gonmandem ina Maali yaad. Tiela ah Maali waif sostien siiros injri, bot lieta mek ful rikovri. Bab Maali risiiv maina wuun ina ih chis ah haam.[42] Piipl tingk se di atemp pan ih laif palitikal motiviet, az nof piipl eh-fiil se di kansoert eh riilli wah rali fi supuot Manli. Nondiles, di kansoert prosiid, ah Maali wid ih hinjri pofaam az skejuul, tuu die afta di hatemp. Wen deh ax ou komz, Maali rispan se, "Di piipl uu a-chrai fi mek dis wol wosara naa tek no die aaf. So ou mi fi do so?" Di membadem a di gruup Zap Pow plie az Bab Maali bakop ban bifuo wah festival kroud a 80,000 wails di membadem a Di Wielaz eh stil misn ar a-aid. === 1976-79: Rilokieshan gaa Ingglan === Maali lef Jumieka a di hen a 1976, ah afta wah mont-lang "rikovri ah raitin" sojorn a di sait a Kris Blakwel Kompas Paint Stuujo ina Nasaa, Ba’aamaz, araiv a Ingglan, we ih spen tuu hier ina self-impuoz egzail. Wails ina Ingglan, ih rekaad di albomdem Exidos ah Kaya. Exidos tan pah di British albom chaat fi fiti-six kansekiutiv wiik. Ihingkluud fuo UK it singgl: "Exidos", "Wietin in Vien", "Jamin", ah "Wan Lob" (a rendishan a Koertis Miefiil it, "Piipl Get Redi"). Juurin ih taim a Landan, ih get ares ah kanvik fi pozeshan a wah sumaal kuantiti a kianabis.[45] Ina 1978, Maali ritoern a Jumieka ah pofaam a waneda palitikal kansoert, di Wan Lob Piis Kansoert, agen ina wah efoert fi kaamdong di waarin paatidem. Nier di hen a di pofaamans, bai Maali rikues, Maikal Manli (liida a di den-ruulin Piiplz Nashinal Paati) an ih palitikal raival Edwad Siaga (liida a di hopuozin Jumieka Lieba Paati), jain deh wananeda pah stiej ah shiek an.[46] Anda di niem Bab Maali ah di Wielaz ilebm albom eh-riliis, fuo laiv albom ah sebm styuujo albom. Di riliisdem ingkluud Babilan bai Bos, wah dobl laiv albom wid totiin chrak, eh-riliis ina 1978 ah risiiv kritikal akliem. Dis albom, ah spisifikali di fainal chrak "Jamin" wid di aadiens ina frenzi, kiapcha di intensiti a Maali laiv pofaamans. === 1979-81: Lieta ierdem === Sovaival, wah difayant ah palitikali chaaj albom, eh-riliis ina 1979. Chrak laka "Zimbabue", "Afrika Yunait", "Wiek Op ah Lib", ah "Sovaival" riflek Maali supuot fi di schrogl a di Afrikandem. Ih apierans a di Amandla Festival a Bastan ina Julai 1979 shuo ih chrang opozishan tu Sout Afrikan apaataid, we ih eh aredi shuo ina ih sing "Waar" ina 1976. Ina hoerli 1980, ih weh invait fi pofaam a di 17 Iepril selibrieshan a Zimbabue Indipendans Die. Opraizin (1980) wena Bab Maali fainal styuujo albom, an a wan a ih muos rilijos prodokshan; ihingkluud "Ridemshan Sing" ah "Fieba A-Lob Ja".[49] Kanfrontieshan, riliis postyuumosli ina 1983, kantien anriliis matiirial rekaad juurin Maali laiftaim, ingkluudn di it "Bofalo Suoja" ah nyuu mix a soh singgl priivosli onggl avielebl ina Jumieka. == Siknis ah det == Ina Julai 1977, deh fain se Maali eh-ab wah taip a malignant melanuoma anda di niel a wan a ih tuo. Kanchrieri tu oerban lejen, dis liijan neh kaaz praimerili bai no injri juurin wah futbaal mach dat ier, bot insted a wena simtom a di aredi-egzis kiansa. Maali tondong ih dakta advais fi get ih tuo ampiutiet, a-sait ih rilijos biliif, ah insted di niel ah niel bed eh-rimuuv ah kin graaf tek fran ih tai fi kiba di ieria.[51][52] Dispait ih ilnis, ih kantiniu tuor ah weh ina di pruoses a skejuul wah wol tuor ina 1980.[53] Di albom Opraizin eh-riliis ina Mie 1980. Di ban kompliit wah mieja tuor a Yuurop, we deh plie deh biggis kansoert bifuo 100,000 piipl ina Milan. Afta di tuor Maali gaa Amoerka, we ih pofaam tuu shuo a Madisn Skwier Gyaadn ina Nyuu Yaak Siti az paat a di Opraizin Tuor. Bab Maali apier a die Stanli Tieta (nou kaal Di Benidom Senta Fi Di Pofaamin Aats) ina Pitsboerg, Penslvienia, pah 23 Septemba 1980; ihuda bi ih laas kansoert. Di onggl fotograaf nuo bout frah di shuo weh-fiicha ina Kevin Makdanal dakiumenchri flim Maali.[54] Shaatli afta, Maali elt ditiiriariet az di kiansa eh-don pred raichuu ih badi. Di res a di tuor eh-kiansl ah Maali go siik chriitment a di Bavierian klinik a Josef Iselz, we ih risiiv wah kanchovoershal taip a kiansa terapi (Iselz chriitment) paatli bies pah avaidans a soertn fuud, jingx, ah adaels sobstans. Afta ih fait di kiansa widoutn soxes fi iet mont Maali buod plien fi gu uom a Jumieka.[55] Wails Maali wena-flai uom frah Joermani gaa Jumieka, ih vaital fongshandem get wosara. Afta ih lan a Mayami, Flarida, deh tek im gaa aspital fi imidiet medikal atenshan. Bab Maali ded pah 11 Mie 1981 a Siidaz a Lebanan Aspital ina Mayami (nou Yunivoersiti a Mayami Aspital) a di iej a 36. Di pred a melanuoma tu ih longdem ah brien kaaz ih det. Ih fainal wod tu ih son Zigi se "Moni kyaah bai laif."[56] Maali risiiv stiet fiunaral a Jumieka pah 21 Mie 1981, we kombain eliment a Iityuopian Aatadaxi[57][58] ah Rastafarai chadishan.[59] Ih beri ina chapl nier ih boertplies wid ih red Gibsn Lez Paal (som akount se a wena wah Fenda Schratokasta).[60][61] Pah 21 Mie 1981, Jumiekan Praim Minista Eduad Siaga diliva di fainal fiunaral yuuloji tu Maali, a-diklier se: : ''Ih vais a weh wah amniprezant krai ina wi ilekchanik wol. Ih shaap fiicha, majestik lux, ah pransin stail ena vivid echin pah di lanskiep a wi main. Nobadi neba si Bab Maali. Ih wena expiirians we lef indelebl imprint wid ebri dege ingkongta. Soch a man kyaah iries frah di main. Im a paat a di kalektiv kanchosnis a di nieshan.'' == Poersnal laif == {{Rastafarai}} === Rilijan === Bab Maali wena memba fi som ier a di Rastafarai muuvment, uufa kolcha wena kii heliment ina di divelopment a rege. Bab Maali eh-bikoms wah dai-aatid propuonent a Rastafarai, a-tek deh myuuzik outa di suoshali dipraiv ieria a Jumieka ah laanchi pah di hintanashinal myuuzik siin. Wantaim ih gi di falarin rispans, we tipikal, tu wah kuestian put tu im juurin wah rekaadid intavyuu: : '''''Intaviuwa:''' "Yu kiah tel di piipl wa imiin fi bi a Rastafaarian?"'' : '''''Maali:''' "Mi wuda se tu di piipl, Tan todi, ah nuo se Im Impiirial Majesti, Empara Aili Silasi a hIityuopia a di Almaiti. Nou, di Baibl se so, Babilan nyuuspiepa se so, ah Ai-an-Ai di pitnidem se so. Yu no? So mi no si omoch muo riviil fiwi piipl waah. Wa deh waah? wah wait Gad, wel Gad kom blak. Chuu-chuu."'' Askaadn tu Maali bayagrafa, ih eh-afiliet wid di Twelb Chraib Manshan, wan a di Manshan a Rastafarai. Ih weh ina di dinaminieshan nuo az "Chraib a Juozif", bikaa ih weh-baan ina Febiweri (iich a di twelb sek kompuoz a memba baan ina difrah mont). Ih signifai dis ina ih albom laina nuot, a-kuot di puoshan frah Jenisis we ingkluud Jiekob blesn tu ih son Juozif. Aachbishop Abuna Yesehak baptaiz Maali ina di ''h''[[Iityuopian Aatadax Choch]], pah 4 Novemba 1980, shaatli bifuo ih det. === Fambili === Bab Maali marid tu Alfarita Kanstantia “Rita” Andisn (Alpharita Constantia Anderson) ina Kinston, Jumieka, pah 10 Febiweri 1966.[66] Maali eh-ab uoliip a pitni: chrii wid ih waif Rita, tuu adap frah Rita priivos rilieshanshipdem, ah nof adaels wan wid difrah-difrah uman. Di Bab Maali ofishal websait aknalij ilebm pitni. Demde lis pah di ofishal sait a: # Sharan, baan 23 Novemba 1964, daata a Rita frah wah priivos rilieshanship bot den adap bai Maali afta ih marid tu Rita # Sidela baan 23 Aagos 1967, tu Rita # Dievid "Zigi", baan 17 Aktuoba 1968, tu Rita # Stiivn, baan 20 Iepril 1972, tu Rita # Raboert "Rabi", baan 16 Mie 1972, tu Pat Wiliamz # Ruowan, baan 19 Mie 1972, tu Janet Ont # Karen, baan 1973 tu Janet Buoyn # Stefani, baan 17 Aagos 1974; askaadn tu Sidela Buka shi wena di daata a Rita ah wah man niem Aital uu Rita eh-ab wah afier wid; nondiles shi aknalij az fi Bab daata # Juulian, baan 4 Juun 1975, tu Luusi Pounda # Ki-Mani, baan 26 Febiweri 1976, tu Aniita Belnievis # Diemian, baan 21 Julai 1978, tu Sindi Briekspier Ada sait nuot adishanal indivijal uu kliem fi bi fambili memba,[67] az nuot biluo: * Makieda weh-baan pah 30 Mie 1981, tu Ivet Kraitn, afta Maali det.[68] Meridit Dixn buk lis ar az Maali pitni, bot shi no lis az soch nowe pah di Bab Maali ofishal websait. * Vierios websait, fi egzampl,[69] aalso lis Imaani Kiarol, baan 22 Mie 1963 tu Sheril Mori; bot shi no apier nowe pah di ofishal Bab Maali websait.[68] === Futbaal === Asaid frah myuuzik, futbaal plie mieja ruol raichuu ih laif.[70] Azwel az plie di giem, ina paakin lat, fiil, ah aal insaida rekaadin styuujo, wen im a-gruo op ih eh-fala di Brazilian klob Santos ah deh staar plieya Pelé.[70] Maali sorong imself wid piipl frah di spuot, ah ina di 1970z mek di Jumiekan intanashinal futbaala Alan “Skil” Kuol ih tuor manija.[70] Ih tel wah joernalis, “Ef yu waah fi get fi nuo mi, yu wi afi plie futbaal gens mi ah di Wielaz.”[70] === Poersnal Vyuu === ==== Pan-Afrikanizim ==== Maali wena Pan-Afrikanis, ah biliiv ina di yuuniti a Afrikan piipl wolwaid. Ih biliif ina Pan-Afrikanizim eh-ruut ina ih Rastafarai rilijos biliif.[71] Ih weh sobstanshali inspaya bai Maakos Gyaavi, ah eh-ab anti-impiirialis ah pan-Afrikanis tiim ina nof a ih sing, laka "Zimbabue", "Exidos", "Sovaival", "Blakman Ridemshan", ah "Ridemshan Sing". "Ridemshan Sing" jraa influens frah wah spiich Maakos Gyaavi gi ina Nuova Skuosha, 1937.[72] Maali huol se indipendans fi Afrikan konchridem frah Yuropiyan daminieshan wena vikchri fi aal demde ina di Afrikan dayaspora. Ina di sing "Afrika Yunait", ih sing bout dizaya fi aal piipl a di Afrikan dayaspora fi kom tugiada ah fait gens "Babilan"; simila, ina di sing "Zimbabue", ih maak di libarieshan a di wuola di kantinent a Afrika, an ivuok kaal fi yuuniti bitwiin aal Afrikan, buot widin ah outsaida ''h''Afrika.[73] ==== Gianja ==== Maali kansida kianabis wah iilin oerb, wah "sakriment", ah "ied fi meditieshan"; ih supuot di liigalizieshan a di jogz.[74] Ih eh-tingk se mariwaana yuus eh prevalent ina di Baibl, an ih riid pachiz laka Saamz 104:14 az fi shuo apruuval fii yuus.[74] Maali bigin fi yuuz kianabis wen ih kanvoert tu di Rastafarai fiet frah Kiaklikizim ina 1966. Ih weh-ares ina 1968 afta deh kech im wid kianabis, bot ih kantiniu fi yuuz mariwaana askaadn tu ih rilijos biliif. Bout ih mariwaana yuus, ih se, "Wen yu sumuok oerb, oerb riviil yuself tu yu. Aal di wikidnis yu du, di oerb riviil iself tu yuself, yu kanshans, shuo op yuself klier, bikaa oerb mek yu meditiet. A onggl wah nachral ting an igruo laka chrii."[75] Maali si mariwaana yuus az wah vaital fakta ina rilijos gruot ah kanekshan wid Ja, an az a wie fi filasafaiz ah bikomz waiza.[76] == Legisi == === Awaad ah Hana === * 1976: Band of the Year (Rolling Stone). * June 1978: Awarded the Peace Medal of the Third World from the United Nations.[77] * February 1981: Awarded Jamaica's third highest honour, the Jamaican Order of Merit.[78] * March 1994: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. * 1999: Album of the Century for Exodus by Time Magazine.[79] * February 2001: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. * February 2001: Awarded Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[80] * 2004: Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[81] * "One Love" named song of the millennium by BBC. * Voted as one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll.[82] * 2006: An English Heritage blue plaque was unveiled at his first UK residence in Ridgmount Gardens, London, dedicated to him by Nubian Jak community trust and supported by Her Majesty's Foreign Office.[83] * 2010: Catch a Fire inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album).[84] === Ada chribiut === Wah stachiu weh-inaagiuriet, nex tu di Nashinal Stiediom pah Aata Wint Jraiv ina Kinston fi komemoriet im.[85] Ina 2006, di Nyuu Yaak Siti Dipaatment a Edikieshan kuo-niem puoshan a Choch Avinyuu frah Remsen Avinyuu tu Iis 98t Schriit ina di Iis Flatbush sekshan a Bruklin az "Bab Maali Bulivaad".[86][87] Ina 2008, wah stachiu a Maali weh-inaagiuriet ina Banatski Sokolac, Soerbia.[88] Intanashinali, Maali mechiz aalso kantiniu fi rivoerbariet mongx vierios indijinos komiuniti. Far instans, di Astrielian Abarijinii kantiniu fi bon wah siekrid fliem fi hana ih memri ina Sidni Viktuoria Paak, wails soh memba a di hAmarindian Uopi ah Avasupai chraibdem rivier ih wok.[77] Aalso wuoliip a chribiut tu Bab Maali de raichuu India, ingkluudn restarant, otel, ah kolcharal festival.[89][90] Maali eh aalso ivalv ina gluobal simbal, we moerchandaiz sotel, chuu difrah-difrah miidiom. Sieka dis, aata Diev Tamsn (Dave Thompson) ina ih buk Rege ah Kiaribiyan Myuuzik, lament wa ih posiiv fi bi di komoershalaiz pasifikieshan a Maali muo militant hej, wen ih stiet: :''Bab Maali rangk mongx buot di muos papila ah di muos misandastan figa ina madan kolcha ... Fi se di mashiin don-don imaskiuliet Maali biyan dout. Gaan frah di poblik rekaad a di geto kid uu eh-jriim a Che Gevaara ah di Blak Pantaz, ah pinop deh puosta ina di Wielaz Suol Shak rekaad stuor; uu eh-biliiv ina friidom; ah di faitin we inisesitiet, ah jres di paat pah wah hoerli albom sliiv; uufa iirodem wena Jiemz Brong ah Muamid Ali; uufa Gad wena Ras Tafarai ah uufa sakriment wena mariwaana. Insted, di Bab Maali uu soervie ih kindom tide a binevalens a-sumail, wah son a-shain, wah paam-chrii a-wiev, ah wah chring a it we tombl outa polait riedio laka kiandi frah gombaal mashiin. No mos iashuor ih imaataliti. Bot azwel idimiin im biyan rekanishan. Bab Maali eh-wot nof-nof muo''. Uoliip a flim adaptieshan eh-ivalv azwel. Far instans, wah fiicha-lent dakiumenchri bout ih laif, Rebl Myuuzik win vierios awaad a di Grami. Wid kanchibyuushan frah Rita, Di Wielaz, ah Maali lovadem ah pitni, iazwel tel nof a di tuori wid ih uona wod.[92] Ina Febiweri 2008, direkta Maatn Skuorsiesi anongs im intenshan fi projuus wah dakiumenchri muuvi pah Maali. Di flim eh-set fi riliis pah 6 Febiweri 2010, pah wa wuda eh bi Maali 65t baandie.[93] Ousomeba, Skuorsiesi jrapout juu tu skejuul prablem. Ih weh-riplies bai Janatan Deme,[94] uu jrapout juu tu krietiv difrans wid projuusa Stiiv Bing juurin di bignin a hedit. Kevin Makdanal riplies Deme[95] ah di flim, Maali, eh-riliis pah 20 Iepril 2012.[96] Ina Maach 2008, Di Wainstain Kompini anongs plan fi projuus wah bayopik a Bab Maali, bies pah di buk No Uman No Krai: Mi Laif Wid Bab Maali bai Rita Maali. Rudi Langlie wi projuus di skrip bai Lizi Buordn, ah Rita Maali wi bi egzekiutiv projuusa.[97] Ina 2011, ex-gialfren ah flimmeka Esta Andisn, wid Jian Godoi, mek di dakiumenchri Bab Maali: Di Mekin a wah Lejin, we primier a di Ednboerg Intanashinal Flim Festival.[98] Ina Aktuoba 2015, Jumiekan aata Maalan Jiemz navl Wah Briif Ischri a Sebm Kilin, wah fikshanal akount a di atemp asasinieshan a Maali, win di 2015 Man Buka Praiz a wah serimoni a Landan. == Diskagrafi == === Styuujo albom === * Di Wielin Wielaz (1965) * Suol Rebl (1970) * Suol Revaluushan (1971) * Di Bes a di Wielaz (1971) * Kech a Faya (1973) * Boernin (1973) * Nati Jred (1974) * Rastaman Vaibrieshan (1976) * Exidos (1977) * Kaya (1978) * Sovaival (1979) * Opraizin (1980) * Kanfrontieshan (1983) === Laiv albom === * Laiv! (1975) * Babilan Bai Bos (1978) == Prii dis tu == == Refrans == === Nuot === {{Reflist|2}} === Suos === * [[Christopher John Farley|Farley, Christopher]] (2007). ''Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley'', Amistad Press, ISBN 0-06-053992-5 * [[Vivien Goldman|Goldman, Vivien]] (2006). ''The Book of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century'', Aurum Press, ISBN 1-84513-210-6 *''{{cite book|last=Henke|first=James|title=Marley Legend: An Illustrated Life of Bob Marley|url=|year=2006|place=|publisher=Tuff Gong Books|isbn=0-8118-5036-6|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * [[Rita Marley|Marley, Rita]]; Jones, Hettie (2004). ''No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley'', Hyperion Books, ISBN 0-7868-8755-9 * [[John Masouri|Masouri, John]] (2007). ''Wailing Blues: The Story of Bob Marley's "Wailers"'', Wise Publications, ISBN 1-84609-689-8 *{{Cite book|last=Middleton|first=J. Richard|title=Religion, Culture, and Tradition in the Caribbean |chapter=Identity and Subversion in Babylon: Strategies for 'Resisting Against the System' in the Music of Bob Marley and the Wailers |url=http://www.academia.edu/1378000/Identity_and_Subversion_in_Babylon_Strategies_for_Resisting_against_the_System_in_the_Music_of_Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers|pages=181–198|year=2000|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-23242-9|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} *{{Cite book|last=Moskowitz|first=David|title=The Words and Music of Bob Marley|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JJ4ub5h5E6sC&printsec=frontcover|year=2007|place=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]], Connecticut, United States|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-275-98935-6|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=Timothy|title=Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley|url=https://archive.org/details/catchfirelifeofb0000whit_t2a8|year=2006|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=0-8050-8086-4|authorlink=Timothy White (editor)}} == Extoernal lingk == <hr><br>{{Commons|Bob Marley|Bab Maali}} [[Category:Myuuzishan]] [[Category:Jumiekan piipl]] bvwch8n5hwpd2yf89fbcec2k5agzys0 0 601 22857 21229 2026-08-21T21:58:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 8 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gud aatikl}} [[File:Gyzis 006 (Ηistoria).jpeg|thumb|''Historia''<br />bai [[Nikolaos Gysis]] (1892)]] '''Ischri''' (frah [[Griik languij|Griik]] ''ἱστορία'', historia, miinin "ingkwairi, nalij akwaya bai investigieshan")<ref name=JosephJanda>{{Cite book| last =Joseph | first =Brian (Ed.)| last2 =Janda | first2 =Richard (Ed.)| publication-date =30 December 2004| title =The Handbook of Historical Linguistics| url =https://archive.org/details/handbookofhistor0000unse_a3u8 | publisher =Blackwell Publishing| page =[https://archive.org/details/handbookofhistor0000unse_a3u8/page/163 163]| isbn =978-1-4051-2747-9| year =2008| postscript =<!--None-->}}</ref> a di todi a di paas, potikiula ou iriliet tu yuuman<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/qt/history_definition.htm | title=History Definition | accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp | title=What is History & Why Study It? | accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref>. Ia wah ambrela toerm we riliet tu paas ivent azwel di memri, diskovri, kalekshan, aaganizieshan, prezentieshan, ah intoerpritieshan a infamieshan bout demya ivent. Skala uu rait bout ischri kaal [[istuorian]]. Ivent we okor praya tu raitdong rekaad kansida [[priischri]]. Ischri kiah azwel refa tu di akademik disiplin we yuuz [[naritiv]] fi egzamin ah analaiz siikuens a paas ivent, ah abjektivli ditoermin di patan a kaaz ah ifek we ditoermin dem. Istuorian sohtaim dibiet di [[niecha a ischri]] ah iyuusfulnis bai diskos di todi a di disiplin az a hen ina iself ah az a wie fi provaid "pospektiv" pah di prablem a di prezent. Tuori kaman tu potikiula kolcha bot no supuot bai extoernal suos (laka di tuoridem bout [[King Aata]]), yuujali klasifai az [[kolchral eritij]] ar [[lejin]], bikaa deh no shuo di "disinchrestid investigieshan" rikwaya a di disiplin a ischri. [[Eroduotus]], wah 5f-senchri BKE Griik istuorian kansida widin di Westan chradishan fi bi di "faada a ischri", ah, langsaida ih kantempareri Tuusididiiz, elp faam di foundieshan fi di madan todi a yuuman ischri. Piipl kantiniu fi riid deh wok tide, ah di giap bitwiin di kolcha-fuokos Eroduotos ah di milichri-fuokos [[Tuusididiiz]] rimien a paint a kantenshan ar apruoch ina madan istarikal raitn. Ina Ieja, wah stiet kranikl, di [[Pring ah Aatom Anal]] eh-nuo fi bi kompail frah az hoerli az 722 BKE alduo onggl 2n senchri BKE tex sovaiv. Ienshent influens eh-elp spaan vieriant intoerpritieshan a di niecha a ischri we eh-ivalv uoba di senchri ah kantiniu fi chienj tide. Di madan todi a ischri waid-rienjin, ah ingkluud di todi a spisifik riijan ah di todi a soertn tapikal ar tiimatikal eliment a istarikal investigieshan. Noftaim ischri tiich az paat a praimri ah sekanderi edikieshan, ah di akademik todi a ischri a mieja disiplin ina yunivoersiti todi. == Etimalaji == Di wod ''ischri'' oltimetli koh frah [[Ienshent Griik]] ''ἱστορία''<ref>{{LSJ|i(stori/a|ἱστορία}}</ref> (historía), miinin "ingkwairi", "nalij frah ingkwairi", ar "joj". A weh ina dat sens we Aristakl yuuz di wod ina ih Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι<ref name="Ferrater-Mora">Ferrater-Mora, José. ''Diccionario de Filosofia''. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1994.</ref> (Perì Tà Zôa Ηistoríai "Ingkwairi bout Animal"). Di ansista wod ''ἵστωρ'' ates hoerli aan ina [[Uomerik Im]], [[Eraklaitos]], di Atiinian ifiib uot, ah ina Boyotik inskripshan (ina liigal sens, aida "joj" ar "witnis", ar simila). Di Griik wod eh-baara put ina Klasikal Latn az ''historia'', miinin 'investigieshan, ingkwairi, risaach, akount, diskripshan, raitdong akount a paas ivent, raitin a ischri, istarikal naritiv, rikaadid nalij a paas ivent, tuori, naritiv'. Ischri weh baara frah Latn (pasibl vaya Uol Airish ar Uol Welsh) ina Uol Ingglish az stær ('ischri, naritiv, tuori'), bot dis wod jrapout a yuus ina di liet Uol Ingglish piiriad<ref name="OED Online. Oxford University Press 2014">"history, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2014. Web. 9 March 2015.</ref>. Miinwail, az Latn eh-bikom Uol French (ah Angglo-Naaman), historia divelop ina faam laka istorie, estoire, ah historie, wid nyuu divelopment ina di miinin: 'akount a di ivent a smadi laif (bignin a di 12f senchri), kranikl, akount a ivent az relivant tu a gruup a piipl ar piipl jinarali (1155), jramatik ar piktuorial riprizentieshan a istarikal ivent (c. 1240), badi a nalij relitiv tu yuuman evaluushan, sayans (c. 1265), naritiv a riil ar imajineri ivent, tuori (c. 1462)'<ref name="OED Online. Oxford University Press 2014"/>. A weh frah Angglo-Naaman we history weh baara fram put ina Migl Ingglish, ah dis taim di luon stik. Iapier ina di toertiint-senchri Ancrene Riwle, bot siim fi bikom kaman wod ina di liet fuotiint senchri, wid wah hoerli atestieshan we apier ina Jan Gowa (John Gower) Confessio Amantis a di 1390z (VI.1383): 'I finde in a bok compiled | To this matiere an old histoire, | The which comth nou to mi memoire'. Ina Migl Ingglish, di miinin a ischri ena "tuori" jinarali. Di rischrikshan tu di miinin 'di branch a nalj we diil wid paas ivent; di faamal rekaad ar todi a paas ivent, esp. yuuman afier' kombout ina di mid-fiftiint senchri<ref name="OED Online. Oxford University Press 2014"/>. Wid di Renesans, uola sens a di wod eh-rivaiv, ah a wena ina di Griik sens we Fransis Biekan (Francis Bacon) yuuz di toerm ina di liet sixtiint senchri, wen ih eh-rait bout "Nachral Ischri". Fi im, historia wena "di nalij a abjek ditoermin bai spies ah taim", da saat a nalij provaid bai rimembrans (wails sayans eh-provaid bai riizn, ah puoychri eh-provaid bai fantasi)<ref>Cf. "history, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2014. Web. 9 March 2015.</ref>. Ina hexpreshan a di lingguistik sintetik vs. analitik/aisolietin daikatami, Ingglish laka Chaini (史 vs. 诌) nou dezigniet sepret wod fi yuuman ischri ah tuoritelin jinarali. Siem wie, Jumiekan languij fala Ingglish. Ina madan Joerman, French, ah muos Joermanik ah Romans languij, we salidli sintetik ah aili inflek, di siem wod stil yuuz fi miin buot "ischri" ah "tuori". Di ajitiv istarikal ates frah 1661, ah istarik frah 1669<ref name="Whitney">Whitney, W. D. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language]''. New York: The Century Co, 1889.</ref>. Istuorian ina di sens a "risaacha a ischri" ates frah 1531. Ina haal Yuropiyan languij, di sobstantiv "ischri" stil yuuz fi miin buot "wa apm wid man", ah "di skalali todi a wa apm, di lata sens sohtaim distingguish wid a kiapital leta, "Ischri", ar di wod istuoriagrafi<ref name="Ferrater-Mora" />. == Diskripshan == [[File:The Historians' History of the World - Title Page.jpg|thumb|Taikl piej tu ''[[Di Istuorian Ischri a di Wol]]'' (The Historians' History of the World.]] Istuorian rait ina di kantex a fideh uona taim, ah wid juu rigyaad tu di korant daminant aidie a ou fi intoerprit di paas, ah sohtaim rait fi provaid lesn fi deh uona sasayati. Frah outa [[Benideto Kroche]] (Benedetto Croce) mout, "Aal ischri a kantempri ischri". Ischri fasilitiet bai di faamieshan a 'chuu diskuos a di paas' chuu di prodokshan a naritiv ah analisis a paas ivent we riliet tu di yuuman ries<ref>W. D. Whitney, (1889). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language]. Page [https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA2842,M1 2842].</ref>. Di madan disiplin a ischri dedikiet tu di instityuushanal prodokshan a dis diskuos. Aal ivent we memba ah prizaab ina som aatentik faam kanstityuut di istarikal rekaad<ref name="wordnet">[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn WordNet Search – 3.0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050917065532/http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn |date=2005-09-17 }}, "History".</ref>. Di taas a istarikal diskuos a fi aidentifai di suos we kiah muos yuusfuli kanchribiut tu di prodokshan a akiuret akount a di paas. Sobiin, di kanstityuushan a di istuorian aakaiv a rizolt a soerkomskraib muo jinaral aakaiv bai invalidiet di yuusij a soertn tex ah dakiument (bai falsifai deh kliem fi riprizent di 'chuu paas'). Di todi a ischri sohtaim eh-klasifai az paat a di yuumanitiz ah ada taim az paat a suoshal sayans<ref>Scott Gordon and James Gordon Irving, ''The History and Philosophy of Social Science''. Routledge 1991. Page 1. ISBN 0-415-05682-9</ref>. Ikiah azwel si az brij bitwiin demde tuu braad ieria, tu ou i ingkaapariet metadalaji frah buot. Som indivijual istuorian supuot chrang-chrang wan ar di ada klasifikieshan<ref>Ritter, H. (1986). Dictionary of concepts in history. Reference sources for the social sciences and humanities, no. 3. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Page 416.</ref>. Ina di 20t senchri, French istuorian Foernan Braadel (Fernand Braudel) revaluushanaiz di todi a ischri, bai yuuz soch outsaid disiplin az ikanamix, anchopalaji, ah jaagrafi ina di todi a gluobal ischri. Chradishanali, istuorian eh-rikaad ivent a di paas, aida ina raitn ar bai paasaan uoral chradishan, ah eh-atemp fi hansa istarikal kuestian chuu di todi a raitdong dakiument ah uoral akount. Frah di bignin, istuorian eh-yuuz azwel soch suos laka maniument, inskripshan, ah picha. Jinarali, di suos a istarikal nalij kiah separiet ina chrii kiatigari: wa raitdong, wa se, ah wa fizikali prizaab, ah istuorian noftaim kansolt di chrii a dem<ref>Michael C. Lemon (1995). The Discipline of History and the History of Thought. Routledge. Page 201. ISBN 0-415-12346-1</ref>. Bot raitn a di maaka we separiet ischri frah wa kom bifuo. Aakialaji a disiplin we espeshal elpful fi diil wid beri sait ah abjik, we, wans deh anoert, kanchribiut tu di todi a ischri. Bot aakialaji rierli tan pani uon. Iyuuz naritiv suos fi kampliment idiskovridem. Ousomeba, aakialaji kanstityuut bai a rienj a metadalaji ah apruoch we indipendant frah ischri; dat a fi se, aakialaji no "ful di giap" widin texchal suos. A chuu se "istarikal aakialaji" a spisifik branch a aakialaji, ah noftaim wi kanchraas ikangkluujan gens demde a kantempareri texchal suos. Fi egzampl, Mark Leone, di exkivieta ah intoprita a istarikal Anapolis, Mierilan, USA, ena-siik fi andastan di kanchradikshan bitwiin texchal dakiument ah di matiirial rekaad, fi demanschriet di pozeshan a sliev ah di inikualiti a welt aparent vaya di todi a di tuotal istarikal invairament, dispait di aidialaji a "libati" inerent ina raitn dakiument a disya taim. Uoliip a difrah-difrah wie de fi ou ischri kiah aaganaiz, ingkluudn kranalajikal, kolchral, terituorial, ah tiimatik. Demya divijan no myuuchali exkluusiv, ah signifikant uovalap noftaim prezant, laka ina "The International Women's Movement in an Age of Transition, 1830–1975." Ipasebl fi istuorian kansoern dehself wid buot di veri spisifik ah di veri jinaral, alduo di madan chren ena tuwadz speshalizieshan. Di ieria kaal Big Ischri rizis dis speshalizieshan, ah saach fi yunivoersal patan ar chren. Ischri muotaim eh-todi wid som praktikal ar tioretikal iem, bot aalso kiah todi outa simpl intilekchal kiuriasiti. == Ischriagrafi == [[File:Guicciardini M Francesco La Historia dItalia.jpg|thumb|left|Taikl piej tu "Di Ischri a Itali" (''La Historia d'Italia'').]] Ischriagrafi ab wah nomba a rilietid miinin. Fos, ikiah refa tu ou ischri eh-projuus: di tuori a di divelopment a [[metadalaji]] ah praktis (fi egzampl, di muuv frah shaat-toerm bayagrafikal naritiv tuwadz lang-toerm tiimatik analisis). Sekan, ikiah refa tu wa eh-projuus: spisifik badi a istarikal raitn (fi egzampl, "midiival ischriagrafi juurin di 1960z" miin "Wok a midiival ischri we rait juurin di 1960z"). Tod, imaita kiah refa tu wamek ischri projuus: di [[Filasafi a ischri]]. Az [[meta-lebl]] analisis a diskripshan a di paas, dis tod kansepshan kiah riliet tu di fos tuu as ou di analisis yuujali fuokos pah di naritiv, intopritieshan, [[wolvyuu]], yuus a evidens, ar metad a prizentieshan a ada istuorian. Profeshanal istuorian azwel dibiet di kuestian a weda ischri kiah tiich az singgl koerent naritiv ar az siiriz a kompiitin naritiv<ref>Ernst Breisach, ''Historiography: Ancient, medieval, and modern'' (University of Chicago Press, 2007).</ref><ref>Georg G. Iggers, ''Historiography in the twentieth century: From scientific objectivity to the postmodern challenge'' (2005).</ref>. == Filasafi a ischri == Filasafi a ischri a branch a filasafi kansoernin di ivenchal signifikans, ef heni, a yuuman ischri. Foerdamuo, ispekiuliet az tu pasibl tiliolajikal hen tu idivelopment—dat a, iax ef heni dizain, poerpos, direktiv prinsipl, ar fainaliti de ina di pruosesdem a yuuman ischri. Filasafi a ischri shudn kanfyuuz wid ischriagrafi, we a di todi a ischri az akademik disiplin, ah so kansoern imetad ah praktisdem, ah idivelopment az disiplin uoba taim. Filasafi a ischri shudn kanfyuuz naida wid di [[ischri a filasafi]], we a di todi a di divelopment a filasafikal aidie chuu taim. == Istarikal metad == : ''[[Istarikal metad]]'' [[File:ancientlibraryalex.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Dipikshan a di ienshent [[Laibri a Aligzanjria]].]] Di istarikal metad kompraiz di tekniik ah gaidlain fi ou istuorian fi yuuz praimri suos ah ada evidens fi risaach ah den fi rait ischri. [[Eroduotos a Alikaanasos]] (484 BKE – ca.425 BKE)<ref name="lamberg-karlovsky-p5">{{cite book |title=Ancient Civilizations: The Near East and Mesoamerica |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientcivilizat0000lamb |author1=Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. |author2=Jeremy A. Sabloff |publisher=Benjamin-Cummings Publishing |year=1979 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientcivilizat0000lamb/page/5 5]|isbn=0-88133-834-6}}</ref> jinarali akliem az di "faada a ischri". Ousomeba, ih kantempri Tuusididiiz (ca. 460 BKE – ca. 400 BKE) kredit fi fos apruoch ischri wi wel-divelop istarikal metad ina ih wok di Ischri a di Pelapaniijan Waar. Tuusididiiz, no komiin laka Eroduotos, eh-rigyaad ischri az di prodok a di chais ah akshan a yuuman biin, ah ih luk pah kaaz ah ifek, reda dah az di rizolt a divain intavenshan.<ref name="lamberg-karlovsky-p5"/> Ina ih istarikal metad, Tuusididiiz emfasaiz kranalaji, a nyuuchral paint a vyuu, ah se di yuuman wol ena di rizolt a di akshan a yuuman biin. Griik istuorian azwel vyuu ischri az saiklikal, wid ivent a-rikor pah di regla.<ref>[[Ibn Khaldun]], Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1967), ''The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History'', p. x, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01754-9.</ref> Istarikal chradishan ah sofistikietid yuus a istarikal metad eh yuuz ina ienshent ah midiival Chaina. Di grongwok fi profeshanal ischriagrafi ina Iis Ieja weh extablish bai di An Dainasti kuot istuorian nuo az Sima Chian (Sima Qian 145–90 BC), aata a di Shiji (Rekaad a di Gran Istuorian). Fi di kualiti a ih raitn wok, Sima Chian nuo pastyuumos az di Faada a Chaini Ischriagrafi. Chaini istuorian a sobsikuent dainastik piiriad a Chaina yuuz ih Shiji az di ofishal faamat fi istarikal tex, azwel fi bayografikal lichicha. [[Sint Agostin]] eh influenshal ina [[Kristian]] ah [[Westan taat]] a di bignin a di midiival piiriad. Chuu di Midiival ah [[Renesans]] piiriad, ischri muotaim eh-todi chuu siekrid ar rilijos pospektiv. Arong 1800, Joerman filasafa ah istuorian [[Gyaag Vilem Friijrik Hiegel]] (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel) bring iin [[filasafi]] ah muo [[sekiula]] apruoch ina istarikal todi.<ref name="graham-ch1">{{cite book |title=The Shape of the Past |url=https://archive.org/details/shapeofpast0000grah |author=Graham, Gordon |publisher=Oxford University |year=1997 |chapter=Chapter 1}}</ref> Ina di prefes tu ih buk, di ''[[Muqaddimah]]'' (1377), di Arab istuorian ah hoerli suosialajis, [[Ibn Khaldun]], waan bout sebm mistiek we ih tingk se istuorian komit pah di regla. Ina dis kritisizim, ih apruoch di paas az chrienj ah niid fi intoerprit. Di arijinaliti a Ibn Khaldun eh fi kliem se di kolchral difrans a waneda iej mos goban di ivaliuyeshan a relivant istarikal matiirial, fi distingguish di prinsipl askaadn tu we imaita pasibl fi atemp di ivaliuyeshan, ah laas, fi fiil di niid fi expiirians, adishanal tu rashanal prinsipl, az tu ou fi ases kolcha a di paas. Ibn Khaldun noftaim kritisaiz "aigl [[syuupastishan]] ah ankritikal axeptans a istarikal dieta." Az a rizolt, ih inchajuus [[sayantifik metad]] tu di todi a ischri, ah ih muotaim refa tui az ih "nyuu sayans"<ref>Ibn Khaldun, Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1967), ''The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History'', p. x, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01754-9.</ref> Ih istarikal metad aalso lie di grongwok fi di abzavieshan a di ruol a stiet, komiunikieshan, prapagianda ah sistimatik bayas ina ischri,<ref name=Mowlana>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> ah so ih kansida fi bi di "faada a ischriagrafi"<ref>Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-356-9.</ref><ref name=Enan>{{Cite book|title=Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works|first=Muhammed Abdullah|last=Enan|publisher=The Other Press|year=2007|isbn=983-9541-53-6|page=v|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> ar di "faada a di filasafi a ischri".<ref name=Akhtar>Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '''12''' (3).</ref> Ina di Wes, istuorian divelop madan metad a ischriagrafi ina di 17t ah 18t senchri, espeshal ina Frans ah Joermani. Di 19t-senchri istuorian wid di grietis influens pah metad ena [[Liopuol van Rangk]] (Leopold von Ranke) ina Joermani. Ina di 20t senchri, akademik istuorian eh-fuokos les pah hepik nashinalistik naritiv, we muotaim eh-ten fi gluorifai di nieshan ar griet mandem, tu muo abjektiv ah komplex analisis a suoshal ah intilekchal fuos. Wah mieja chren a istarikal metadalaji ina di 20t senchri ena di tendansi fi chriit ischri muo az suoshal sayans reda dah az aat, we chradishanali eh di kies. Som a di liidn advoket a ischri az suoshal sayans ena wah daivoers kalekshan a skala we ingkluud [[Fernand Braudel]], [[E. H. Carr]], [[Fritz Fischer]], [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]], [[Hans-Ulrich Wehler]], [[Bruce Trigger]], [[Marc Bloch]], [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]], [[Peter Gay]], [[Robert Fogel]], [[Lucien Febvre]] ah [[Lawrence Stone]]. Nof a di advoket a ischri az suoshal sayans nuot fi deh molti-disiplineri apruoch. Braudel eh-kombain ischri wid jaagrafi, Bracher ischri wid palitikal sayans, Fogel ischri wid ikanamix, Gay ischri wid saikalaji, Trigger ischri wid aakialaji wails Wehler, Bloch, Fischer, Stone, Febvre ah Le Roy Ladurie ina difrah-difrah wie eh-amalgamiet ischri wid suoshalaji, jaagrafi, anchopalaji, ahd ikanamix. Muo riisantli, di fiil a dijital ischri eh-bigin fi ajres wie fi yuuz kompyuuta teknalaji fi puoz nyuu kuestian tu istarikal dieta ah jinariet dijital skalaship. Ina apozishan tu di kliem a ischri az suoshal sayans, istuorian laka [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]], [[John Lukacs]], [[Donald Creighton]], [[Gertrude Himmelfarb]] ah [[Gerhard Ritter]] eh-aagiu se di kii tu istuorian wok ena di powa a di imajinieshan, ah so deh kanten se ischri shuda andastan az aat. French istuorian asosiet wid di Annales Skuul inchajuus kuantitietiv ischri, bai yuuz raa dieta fi chrak di laif a tipikal indivijal, ah deh weh praminant ina di extablishment a kolchral ischri (cf. histoire des mentalités). Intilekchal istuorian laka Herbert Butterfield, Ernst Nolte ah George Mosse eh-aagiu fi di signifikans a aidie ina ischri. Amoerkan istuorian, motiviet bai di sivl raits era, fuokos pah di faamali uovaluk etnik, rieshal, ah suosho-ikanamik gruupdem. Wah nex jaahra a suoshal ischri fi imoerj ina di puos-WWII era ena Alltagsgeschichte (Ischri a Ebridie Laif). Skala laka Martin Broszat, Ian Kershaw ah Detlev Peukert ena-siik fi egzamin ou ebridie laif eh-tan fi aadineri piipl ina 20t-senchri Joermani, espeshal ina di Naatsi piiriad. Maaxis istuorian laka Eric Hobsbawm, E. P. Thompson, Rodney Hilton, Georges Lefebvre, Eugene D. Genovese, Isaac Deutscher, C. L. R. James, Timothy Mason, Herbert Aptheker, Arno J. Mayer ah Christopher Hill ena-siik fi validiet Kaal Maax tiori bai analaiz ischri frah Maaxis pospektiv. Ina rispans tu di Maaxis intopritieshan a ischri, istuorian laka François Furet, Richard Pipes, J. C. D. Clark, Roland Mousnier, Henry Ashby Turner ah Robert Conquest aafa anti-Maaxis intopritieshan a ischri. Feminis istuorian laka Joan Wallach Scott, Claudia Koonz, Natalie Zemon Davis, Sheila Rowbotham, Gisela Bock, Gerda Lerner, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, ah Lynn Hunt eh-aagiu fi di impuotans a todi a di expiirians a uman ina di paas. Ina riisant ier, puosmadanis chalinj di validiti ah niid fi di todi a ischri pah di biesis se aal ischri bies pah di poersnal intopritieshan a suos. Ina ih 1997 buk In Defence of History, Richard J. Evans, profesa a madan ischri a Kiembrij Yunivoersiti, difen di wot a ischri. Wahneda difens a ischri frah puos-madanis kritisizim ena di Aschrielian istuorian Keith Windschuttle 1994 buk, The Killing of History. == Ieria a todi == === Piiriad === Istarikal todi noftaim fuokos pah ivent ah divelopment we okor ina potikiula blak a taim. Istuorian gi niem tu demya piiriad a taim fi lou fi "aaganaiz aidie ah klasifikiechri jinaralizieshan" fi kiah yuuz bai istuorian<ref name="Marwick-p169">{{cite book |title=The Nature of History |url=https://archive.org/details/natureofhistory0000marw |author=Marwick, Arthur|publisher=The Macmillan Press LTD |year=1970 |page=[https://archive.org/details/natureofhistory0000marw/page/169 169]}}</ref>. Di niem deh gi tu a piiriad kiah vieri wid jaagrafikal lokieshan, sieh wie di diet a di staat ah hen a potikiula piiriad. Senchri ah deked a kaman piiriad fi yuuz ah di taim deh riprizent dipen pah di dietin sistim deh yuuz. Muos piiriad kanschrok rechrospektivli ah so riflek valiu jojment deh mek bout di paas. Di wie piiriad kanschrok ah di niem deh gi dem kiah afek di wie deh vyuu ah todi<ref name="Tosh-p168-169">{{cite book |title=The Pursuit of History|url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofhistory0000tosh|author=Tosh, John|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pursuitofhistory0000tosh/page/168 168]–169}}</ref>. ==== Priistarik piiriadizieshan ==== Di fiil a ischri jinarali lef priischri tu aakialajis, uu ab wah wuol difrah set a tuul ah tiori. Di yuujal metad fi piiriadizieshan a di distant priistarik paas, ina [[aakialaji]] a fi rilai pah chienj ina matiirial kolcha ah teknalaji, laka di [[Stuon Iej]], [[Branz Iej]] ah [[Ayan Iej|hAyan Iej]] ah deh sob-divijan azwel bies pah difrah-difrah stail a matiirial rimienz. Spaita di divelopment uoba riisant deked a di abiliti chuu [[riediokaaban dietin]] ah ada sayantifik metad fi gi akchual diet fi nof sait ar aatifak, demya lang-extablish skiim siim laikli fi rimien ina yuus. Ina nof kies niebarin kolcha wid raitn eh-lef som ischri a kolcha widoutni, we kiah yuuz. === Jaagrafikal lokieshan === Potikiula jaagrafikal lokieshan kiah faam di biesis fi istarikal todi, fi egzampl, [[kantinent]], [[konchri]] ah [[siti]]. Fi andastan wamek istarik ivent eh-tek plies impuotant. Fi du dis, istuorian noftaim ton tu jaagrafi. Weda patan, di waata soplai, ah di lanskiep a di plies aal a dem afek di laif a di piipl uu eh-lib de. Fi egzampl, fi explien wamek di ienshent Iijipshan divelop soch a soksesful siblaizieshan, i isenshal fi todi di jaagrafi a Iijip. Iijipshan siblaizieshan eh-bil pah di bangkin a di Nail Riva, we flod ebri ier, ah dipazit sail pah ibangkin. Di rich sail kuda eh-elp faama gruo anof krap fi fiid di piipl ina di sitidem. Dat eh-miin se a no ebribadi afi faam, so som piipl kuda pofaam adahels jab we elp divelop di siblaizieshan. === Milichri ischri === [[Milichri ischri]] kansoern waarfier, chratiji, bakl, wepan, ah di saikalaji a kombat. Di "nyuu milichri ischri" sens di 1970z kansoern wid suoja muo dah di jinaraldem, wid saikalaji muo dah tatix, ah wid di braada impak a waarfier pah sasayati ah kolcha<ref name=Pavkovic>{{Cite book | last =Pavkovic | first =Michael | last2 =Morillo | first2 =Stephen | publication-date =31 July 2006 | title =What is Military History? | url =https://archive.org/details/whatismilitaryhi0000mori | publication-place =Oxford | publisher =Polity Press | pages =3–4 | isbn =978-0-7456-3390-9 | year =2006 | postscript =<!--None-->}}</ref>. === Ischri a rilijan === Di ischri a rilijan ena di mien tiim fi buot sekiula ah rilijos istuorian fi senchri, ah deh kantiniu fi tiichi ina semineri ah akadiim. Liidn joernal ingkluud Choch Ischri, Kiaklik Istarikal Rivyuu, ah Ischri a Rilijan. Tapik rienj waid-waid frah palitikal ah kolchral ah aatistik daimenshan, tu tiyalaji ah litaji<ref>{{cite journal |first=Eric |last=Cochrane |title=What Is Catholic Historiography? |journal=Catholic Historical Review |volume=61 |issue=2 |year=1975 |pages=169–190 |jstor=25019673 }}</ref>. Dis sobjek todi rilijan frah aal riijan ah ieria a di wol eniwe yuuman eh-lib<ref>For example see {{cite journal |first=Sofia Boesch |last=Gajano |first2=Tommaso |last2=Caliò |title=Italian Religious Historiography in the 1990s |journal=Journal of Modern Italian Studies |year=1998 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=293–306 |jstor= }}</ref>. === Suoshal ischri === [[Suoshal ischri]], sohtaim kaal di nyuu suoshal ischri, a di fiil we ingkluud ischri a aadneri piipl ah deh chratiji ah instityuushan fi kuop wid laif<ref>Peter Stearns, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Social History'' (1994)</ref>. Ina i"guolin iej" iwena mieja gruot fiil ina di 1960z ah 1970z mongx skala, ah stil wel riprizent ina ischri dipaatment. Ina di tuu deked frah 1975 tu 1995, di propuoshan a profesa a ischri ina Moerkan yunivoersiti aidentifai wid suoshal ischri riez frah 31% tu 41%, wails di propuoshan a palitikal istuorian jrap frah 40% tu 30%<ref>Diplomatic dropped from 5% to 3%, economic history from 7% to 5%, and cultural history grew from 14% to 16%. Based on full-time professors in U.S. history departments. Stephen H. Haber, David M. Kennedy, and Stephen D. Krasner, "Brothers under the Skin: Diplomatic History and International Relations," ''International Security,'' Vol. 22, No. 1 (Summer, 1997), pp. 34-43 at p. 4 2; [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539326 online at JSTOR]</ref>. Ina di ischri dipaatment a British yunivoersiti ina 2007, a di 5723 fakolti memba, 1644 (29%) aidentifai dehself wid suoshal ischri wails palitikal ischri kom nex wid 1425 (25%)<ref>[http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Teachers/a27.html Teachers of History in the Universities of the UK 2007 - listed by research interest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530073940/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Teachers/a27.html |date=2006-05-30 }}</ref>. Di "uol" suoshal ischri bifuo di 1960z ena ajpaj a tapik widoutn no senchral tiim, ah noftaim iweh-ingkluud palitikal muuvment, laka Papiulizim, we eh "suoshal" ina di sens se iweh-de outsaida di iliit sistim. Suoshal ischri eh-kanchraas wid palitikal ischri, intilekchual ischri ah di ischri a soh griet man. Ingglish istuorian G. M. Chrivelian (Trevelyan) eh-siit az di brijin paint bitwiin ikanamik ah palitikal ischri, ah riflek se, "Widoutn suoshal ischri, ikanamik ischri baren ah palitikal ischri anintelijebl"<ref>{{cite book|title=English Social History: A Survey of Six Centuries from Chaucer to Queen Victoria|url=https://archive.org/details/englishsocialhis0000trev_y7q6|author=G. M. Trevelyan |publisher=Book Club Associates|year=1973|chapter=Introduction|page=i|isbn=0-582-48488-X}}</ref>. Wails di fiil noftaim eh-vyuu negitiv az ischri wid di palitix lefout, iweh difen azwel az "ischri wid di piipl putiin bak"<ref>{{cite book|title=The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesstateeast0000fulb|author=Mary Fulbrook|location=London|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2005|chapter=Introduction: The people's paradox|page=[https://archive.org/details/peoplesstateeast0000fulb/page/17 17]|isbn=978-0-300-14424-6}}</ref>. === Kolchral ischri === : ''[[Kolchral ischri]]'' Kolchral ischri eh-riplies [[suoshal ischri]] az di daminant faam ina di 1980z ah 1990z. Itipikali kombain di apruoch a anchopalaji ah ischri fi luk pah languij, papila kolchral chradishan ah kolchral intopritieshan a istarikal expiirians. Iegzamin di rekaad ah naritiv diskripshan a paas nalij, kostam, ah aats a gruup a piipl. Ou piipl kanschrok deh rimembrans a di paas a mieja tapik. Kolchral ischri ingkluud di [[Aat ischri|todi a aat]] ina sasayati azwel di todi a himij ah yuuman vijual prodokshan [[Aikanagrafi|(aikanagrafi)]]<ref>The first World Dictionary of Images: Laurent Gervereau (ed.), "Dictionnaire mondial des images", Paris, Nouveau monde, 2006, 1120p, ISBN 978-2-84736-185-8. (with 275 specialists from all continents, all specialities, all periods from Prehistory to nowadays) ; Laurent Gervereau, "Images, une histoire mondiale", Paris, Nouveau monde, 2008, 272p., ISBN 978-2-84736-362-3</ref>. === Diplumatik ischri === Diplumatik ischri fuokos pah di rilieshanship bitwiin nieshan, praimerili rigyaadin diplumasi ah di kaaz a waar. Muo lietli iluk pah di kaaz a piis ah yuuman raits. Itipikali prizent di vyuupaint a di farin afis, ah lang-toerm schratiijik valiu, az di jraibin fuos a kantinyuiti ah chienj ina ischri. Dis taip a palitikal ischri a di todi a di kandok a intanashinal rilieshan bitwiin stiet ar kraas stiet bongjri uoba taim. Istuorian Murel Chiembalin (Muriel Chamberlain) nuot se afta di Fos Wol Waar: diplumatik ischri riplies kanstityuushanal ischri az di flagship a istarikal investigieshan, sieh taim di muos impuotant, muos egzak ah muos sofistikietid a istarikal todi<ref>Muriel E Chamberlain, ''Pax Britannica'? British Foreign Policy 1789-1914'' (1988) p 1</ref>. Shi had se dat afta 1945, di chren rivoers, fi lou suoshal ischri fi ripliesi. === Ikanamik ischri === Alduo [[ikanamik ischri]] eh wel extablish sens di liet 19t senchri, ina riisant ier akademik todi shif muo ah muo tuwadz ikanamix dipaatment ah awe frah chradishanal ischri dipaatment<ref>Robert Whaples, "Is Economic History a Neglected Field of Study?," Historically Speaking (April 2010) v. 11#2 pp 17-20, with responses pp 20-27</ref>. Biniz ischri diil wid di ischri a indivijal biniz aaganizieshan, biniz metad, gobament regilieshan, lieba rilieshan, ah impak pah sasayati. Iazwel ingkluud bayagrafi a indivijal kompini, egzekiutiv, ah anchapanior. Iriliet tu ikanamik ischri; Biniz ischri muostaim tiich ina biniz skuul<ref>Franco Amatori, and Geoffrey Jones, eds. ''Business History Around the World'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/read/114846992 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619213940/http://www.questia.com/read/114846992 |date=2009-06-19 }}</ref>. === Invairamental ischri === [[Invairamental ischri]] a nyuu fiil we imoerj ina di 1980z fi luk pah di ischri a di invairament, espeshal ina di lang ron, ah di impak a yuuman aktiviti pani<ref>J. D. Hughes, ''What is Environmental History'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/What-Environmental-History/dp/0745631886/ excerpt and text search]</ref>. === Wol ischri === [[Wol ischri]] a di todi a mieja siblaizieshan uoba di laas 3000-ad ier. Wol ischri a praimerili a tiichin fiil, reda dah risaach fiil. Igien papilariti ina di Yunaitid Stiet<ref>[[Ainslie T. Embree]] and Carol Gluck, eds., ''Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching'' (M.E. Sharpe, 1997)</ref>, Japan<ref>Shigeru Akita, "World History and the Emergence of Global History in Japan,"''Chinese Studies in History,'' Spring 2010, Vol. 43 Issue 3, pp 84-96</ref> ah adaels konchri afta di 1980z wid di riilizieshan se schuudent niid braada expuoja tu di wol az gluobalaizieshan prosiid. Iweh-liid tu aili kanchavoershal intopritieshan bai [[Azwal Spenggla]] (Oswald Spengler) ah [[hAanal J. Tainbii]] (Arnold J. Toynbee), mongx adawandem. Di Wol Ischri Asosieshan poblish di ''Joernal a Wol Ischri'' ebri kwaata sens 1990<ref>http://www.historycooperative.org/jwhindex.html</ref>. Di H-Wol diskoshan lis<ref>http://www.h-net.org/~world/</ref> saab az netwok komiunikieshan mongx praktishana a wol ischri, wid diskoshan mongx skala, anounsment, sylabos, bibliagrafi ah buk rivyuu. === Piipl ischri === [[Piipl ischri]] a taip a istarikal wok we atemp fi akount fi istarikal ivent frah di pospektiv a kaman piipl. Piipl ischri a di ischri a di wol we a di tuori a mas muuvment ah bout di outsaidadem. Indivijal ar gruup we no ingkluud ina di paas ina adaels taip a raitn bout ischri a di praimeri fuokos, we ingkluud di disinfranchaiz, di opres, di puo, di nankanfaamis, ah di piipl we adawaiz deh figat. Di aatadem tipikali de pah di lef ah ab suoshalis magl ina deh main, laka ina di apruoch a di Ischri Wokshap muuvment ina Britn ina di 1960z<ref>{{cite book|author=Wade Matthews|title=The New Left, National Identity, and the Break-up of Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfmZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|year=2013|publisher=BRILL|pages=20–21}}</ref>. === Intilekchal ischri === [[Intilekchal ischri]] ah di ischri a aidie imoerj ina di migl-20t senchri, wid di fuokos pah di intilekchaldem ah deh buk pah di wan an, ah pah dieda di todi a aidie az disimbadi abjek wid fi deh uona kiarier<ref>{{cite journal |first=Anthony |last=Grafton |title=The History of Ideas: Precept and Practice, 1950–2000 and beyond |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=67 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=1–32 |url=http://sydney.edu.au/intellectual-history/documents/grafton-history-ideas.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Maryanne Cline |editor-last=Horowitz |title=New Dictionary of the History of Ideas |volume=6 |year=2004 }}</ref>. === Poblik ischri === [[Poblik ischri]] diskraib di braad rienj a aktiviti we piipl andatek wid soh chrienin ina di disiplin a ischri uu jinarali wok outsaida speshalaiz akademik setn. Poblik ischri praktis ab diip-diip ruut ina di ieria a istarik prezavieshan, aakaival sayans, uoral ischri, myuuziom kyuurietaship, ah ada rilietid fiil. Di toerm iself eh-bigin fi yuuz ina di Yunaitid Stiet ah Kianada ina di liet 1970z, ah di fiil bikom ingkriisinli profeshanalaiz sens dat taim de. Som a di muos kaman setn fi poblik ischri a myuuziom, istarik uom ah istarik sait, paak, baklfiil, aakaiv, flim ah telivijan kompini, ah aal lebl a gobament<ref>David Glassberg, "Public history and the study of memory." ''The Public Historian'' (1996): 7-23. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3377910 in JSTOR]</ref>. == Istuorian == Profeshanal ah amatior istuorian diskova, kalek, aaganiaz, ah prizent infamieshan bout paas ivent. Ina [[lis a istuorian]], deh kiah gruup bai aada a di istarikal piiriad wen deh ena-rait ina, we a no nesiserili di siem az di piiriad deh speshalaiz ina. Kranikla ah analis, duo deh a no istuorian ina di chuu sens, aalso friikuentli ingkluud. == Suudoischri == [[Suudoischri]] a toerm we aplai tu tex we popuot fi bi istarikal bai niecha bot we dipaat frah standad ischriagrafikal kanvenshan ina wie we andamain deh kangkluujan. Kluosli rilietid tu diseptiv istarikal rivijanizim, wok we jraa kanchovoshal kangkluujan frah nyuu, spekiuletiv, ar dispyuutid istarikal evidens, potikiula ina di fiil a nashinal, palitikal, milichri, ah rilijos afier, muotaim rijek az suudoischri. == Tiichin ischri == === Skalaship vs tiichin === Wah mieja intilekchal bakl eh-tek plies a Britn ina di hoerli tuentiet senchri rigyaadin wa plies ischri tiichin ab ina yunivoersiti. A Axfad ah Kiembrij, skalaship eh-dongplie. Profesa [[Charles Harding Firth]], Axfad Riijios Profesa a ischri ina 1904 ridikyuul di sistim az bes suut fi projuus syuupafishal joernalis. Di Axfad tyuutadem, uu eh-ab muo vuot dah di profesadem, fait bak fi defen deh sistim a-se iweh soksesfuli projuus Britn outstanin stietsman, adminischrieta, prelet, ah diplumat, ah datde mishan az valiebl az fi chrien skala. Di tyuutadem daminiet di dibiet antel afta di Sekan Wol Waar. Ifuos aspairin yong skala fi tiich a outlayin skuul, laka Manchesta Yunivoersiti, we [[Thomas Frederick Tout]] ena-profeshanalaiz di Ischri andagradiet pruogram bai inchajuus di todi a arijinal suos ah rikwaya dem fi rait tiisis<ref>Ivan Roots, "Firth, Sir Charles Harding (1857–1936)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33137, Online; accessed 10 Nov 2014]</ref><ref>Reba Soffer, "Nation, duty, character and confidence: history at Oxford, 1850–1914." ''Historical Journal'' (1987) 30#01 pp: 77-104.</ref>. Ina di Yunaitid Stiet, skalaship eh-kansanchriet a di mieja PhD-projuusin yunivoersitidem, wails laaj nomba a ada kalij ah yunivoersiti fuokos pah andagradiet tiichin. A tendansi ina di 21s senchri weh fi di lata skuuldem fi ingkriisinli dimaan skalali prodoktiviti frah deh yongga tenia-chrak fakolti. Fodamuo, yunivoersiti ingkriisinli rilai pah inexpensiv paat-taim ajongk fi du muos a di klaasruum tiichin<ref>Frank Donoghue, ''The Last Professors: The Corporate University and the Fate of the Humanities'' (2008)</ref>. === Nashinalizim === Frah di arijin a nashinal skuul sistim ina di 19t senchri, di tiichin a ischri fi promuot nashinal sentiment ena ai prayariti. Ina di Yunaitid Stiet afta Wol Waar I, wah chrang muuvment imoerj a di yunivoersiti lebl fi tiich kuos ina Westan Siblizieshan, so az fi gi schuudent kaman eritij wid Yuurop. Ina di Yunaitid Stiet afta 1980 atenshan ingkriisinli muuv tuwadz tiichin [[Ischri a di Worl|wol ischri]] ar rikwaya schuudent fi tek kuos ina nan-westan kolcha, fi pripier schuudent fi laif ina gluobalaiz ikanami<ref>Jacqueline Swansinger, "Preparing Student Teachers for a World History Curriculum in New York," ''History Teacher,'' (November 2009), 43#1 pp 87-96</ref>. A di yunivoersiti lebl, istuorian dibiet di kuestian a weda ischri bilang muo tu suoshal sayans ar tu di yuumanitiz. Nof vyuu di fiil frah buot pospektiv. Di tiichin a ischri ina French skuul eh-influens bai di ''[[Nouvelle histoire]]'' az diseminiet afta di 1960z bai Cahiers pédagogiques ah Enseignement ah ada joernal fi tiicha. Aalso influenshal ena di Institut national de recherche et de documentation pédagogique, (INRDP). Joseph Leif, di Inspekta-jinaral a tiicha chrienin, se pyuupl pitnidem shuda laan bout istuorian apruoch azwel az fax ah diet. Louis François, Diin a di Ischri/Jaagrafi gruup ina di Inspektaret a Nashinal Edikieshan advaiz se tiicha shuda provaid istarik dakiument ah promuot "aktiv metad" we wuda gi pyuupl "di imens apinis a diskovri." Propuonent se iwena riakshan gens di memarizieshan a niem ah diet we kiaraktaraiz tiichin ah lef di schuudentdem buorin. Chradishanalis eh-protes loud-loud se a weh puosmadan inovieshan we chretn fi lef di yuut ignarant a French piechriatizim ah nashinal aidentiti<ref>Abby Waldman, " The Politics of History Teaching in England and France during the 1980s," ''History Workshop Journal'' Issue 68, Autumn 2009 pp. 199-221 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_workshop_journal/v068/68.waldman.html online]</ref>. === Bayas ina skuul tiichin === Ina muos konchri ischri texbuk a tuul fi fasta nashinalizim ah piechriatizim, ah gi schuudent di ofishal lain bout nashinal henimidem<ref>Jason Nicholls, ed. ''School History Textbooks across Cultures: International Debates and Perspectives'' (2006)</ref>. Ina nof konchri ischri texbuk spansa bai di nashinal gobament ah deh rait fi put di nashinal eritij ina di muos fievarebl lait. Fi egzampl, ina Japan, menshan a di [[Nanking Masakraa]] don-rimuuv kliin-kliin frah texbuk ah di wuola di Sekan Wol Waar get koersri chriitment. Ada konchri eh-komplien<ref>Claudia Schneider, "The Japanese History Textbook Controversy in East Asian Perspective," ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,'' May 2008, Vol. 617, pp 107-122</ref>. A weh standad palisi ina kamiunis konchri fi prizent onggl a rijid Maaxis ischriagrafi<ref>"Problems of Teaching Contemporary Russian History," ''Russian Studies in History,'' Winter 2004, Vol. 43 Issue 3, pp 61-62</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00708.x|title=Blackwell-Synergy|publisher=Blackwell-Synergy|date= |accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref>. Akademik istuorian eh-fait noftaim gens di palitisizieshan a di texbukdem, sohtaim wid sokses<ref>"Teaching History in Schools: the Politics of Textbooks in India," ''History Workshop Journal,'' April 2009, Issue 67, pp 99-110</ref><ref>Tatyana Volodina, "Teaching History in Russia After the Collapse of the USSR," ''History Teacher,'' February 2005, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp 179-188</ref>. Ina 21s-senchri Joermani, di ischri korikiulom kanchuol bai di 16 stiet, ah kiaraktaraiz no bai syuupapiechriatizim bot reda bai "aamuos pasifistik ah dilibretli anpiechriatik andatuon" ah riflek "prinsipl faamiuliet bai intanashinal aaganizieshan laka UNESCO ar di Kongsl a Yuurop, so deh uorient tuwadz yuuman raits, dimakrasi ah piis." Di rizolt a dat "Joerman texbuk yuujali dongplie nashinal praid ah ambishan ah iem fi divelop andastanin a sitiznship senta pah dimakrasi, pruogres, yuuman raits, piis, talarans ah Yuropiyanis"<ref>Simone Lässig and Karl Heinrich Pohl, "History Textbooks and Historical Scholarship in Germany," ''History Workshop Journal'' Issue 67, Spring 2009 pp 128-9 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_workshop_journal/v067/67.lassig.html online at project MUSE]</ref>. == Refrans == {{Reflist|2}} {{Sayans}} [[Category:Ischri]] [[Category:Suoshal Sayans]] psz6wi3sn12cv6gdh9ld76t6fcp5h5m 0 626 22845 22268 2026-08-21T21:28:41Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Langwij| | niem = Italian<br>''Italiano'' | konchri = [[Itali]]<br>[[Switsalan]]<br>[[San Marino]]<br>[[Vatikan]] | kantinent = [[Yuurop]] | fambili = [[hIndo-Yuuropian langwijdem]]<br/>&nbsp;[[Ruomans langwijdem]] | ofishal = Itali, Switsalan, San Marino | iso1 = it | iso2 = ita | iso3 = ita | map = }} '''Italian''' a wahn [[Romans langwij]] taak ina [[Itali]], [[Switsalan]], [[San Marino]] ahn di [[Vatikan]].<ref>[[#simone2010|Simone 2010]]</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights=230 caption=""> Linguistic map of the Italian language.svg File:Idioma%20italiano.png Corsivo- come scriverlo a mano in italiano, schede didattiche con alcuni esempi di Paolo Villa (prima edizione commons wikimedia org)-Letters-characters in italics-cursive- how to write it by hand in Italian.pdf|Rait korsiv a Italiano skuul </gallery> == Bibliografi == * {{cite book|last=Berloco |first=Fabrizio |year=2018 |title=The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition |publisher=Lengu |ISBN=978-8894034813 |url=https://books.google.it/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=berloco2018}} * {{cite book|last=Palermo |first=Massimo |year=2015 |title=Linguistica italiana |url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticaitali0000pale |publisher=Il Mulino |ISBN=978-8815258847 |ref=palermo2015}} * {{cite book|last=Simone |first=Raffaele |year=2010 |title=Enciclopedia dell'italiano |publisher=Treccani |ISBN= |ref=simone2010}} ==Refrans== <references/> [[Category:Itali]] [[Category:Languij]] [[Category:Ruomans languij]] awhzzjbhl4juokus1nfm7xstf5ol57o 0 667 22848 21129 2026-08-21T21:31:11Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joermanik languij''' a di languij fambli we ''h''ingkluud [[Ingglish]], [[Joerman]], [[Doch]], [[Dienish]], [[Naawiijan]], [[Swiidish]], [[Aislandik]], ahn Gatik (extingk). Ibrokop ina chrii sob-fambli: Wes Joermanik, Naat Joermanik, ah ''h''Iis Joermanik (we aal extingk). Wes Joermanik languijdem ingkluud Joerman, Doch, ah ''h''Ingglish; Naat Joermanik ingkluud di Skiandinievian languijdem, ah ''h''Iis Joermanik kansis a nof extingk languij, ingkluudn Gatik, Vandalik, ah Boergondian. ''h''Aal Joermanik languijdem diraib frah di Pruoto-Joermanik languij, we taak juurin di hoerli fos mileniom KE. Pruoto-Joermanik koh frah [[Indo-Yuropiyan languij|Pruoto-Indo-Yuropiyan]], ah ina di prases, go chuu soh kansanant shif we Pruoto-Indo-Yuropiyan '''p''', '''t''', '''k''' bikomps Joermanik '''f''', '''th''', ah '''h'''; Pruoto-Indo-Yuropiyan '''b''', '''d''', '''g''' bikomps Joermanik '''p''', '''t''', ah '''k'''; ah Pruoto-Indo-Yuropiyan '''bh''', '''dh''', '''gh''' bikomps Joermanik '''b''', '''d''', ah '''g'''. == Bibliografi == *{{cite book |last1=König |first1=Ekkehard |last2=van der Auwera |first2=Johan |year=1994 |title=The Germanic languages |location=London |publisher=Routledge }} *{{cite book |last=Helfenstein |first=James |year=1870 |title=A comparative grammar of the Teutonic languages |url=https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.73488 |location=London |publisher=MacMillan and Co }} [[Category:Joermanik languij]] ppixk4el7ysmfejd7gjvk10482310p7 0 858 22856 19763 2026-08-21T21:53:59Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} '''Maaxizim''' a wah metad a [[Suoshoikanami|suoshoikanamik]] analisis, we arijiniet frah di migl-tu-liet [[19t senchri]] wok a [[Joerman]] [[Filasafi|filasafa]] [[Karl Marx|Kaal Maax (Karl Marx)]] ah [[Friijrik Engglz|Friijrik Engglz (Friedrich Engels)]], we analaiz klaas rilieshan ah sasayatal kanflik bai yuuz [[matiirialis]] intopritieshan a istarikal divelopment ah dayalektikal vyuu a suoshal chranzfamieshan. ==Lichicha== * {{cite book |title=The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryide0000call_i2b6|last=Callinicos |authorformat=scap|first=Alex|authorlink=Alex Callinicos|date=2010|origyear=1983|publisher=Bookmarks|location=Bloomsbury, London|isbn=978-1-905192-68-7|ref=Cal10}} * {{cite book |title=My Life: A Spoken Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifespokenauto0000cast|last1=Castro |authorformat=scap|first1=Fidel|last2=Ramonet|first2=Ignacio (interviewer)|date=2009|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-6233-7|ref=Cas09}} * {{cite book |title=Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism|last=Lenin |authorformat=scap|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Lenin|date=1967|origyear=1913|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Peking|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Len67}} * {{cite book |title=Wage Labour and Capital|last=Marx |authorformat=scap|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Marx|date=1849|publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung|location=Germany|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Mar49}} * Jon Elster, ''An Introduction to Karl Marx''. Cambridge, England, 1986. * Michael Evans, ''Karl Marx''. London, 1975. [[Category:Maaxizim]] gtg1middugtp5sw6c9623ly8r5agyln 0 876 22858 18389 2026-08-21T21:59:41Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Piipl |imij = Jamaica Governor with Kapo and Christopher Hills - detail.jpg |imij_saiz = 140px |imij_diskripshan = Kiapo inna Hills Galleries a [[Kinston, Jumieka|Kinston]], 1957 |baan = 10 Febiweri 1911 |ded = 24 Febiweri 1989 |nashinaliti = Jumiekan |profeshan = Aatis ah rilijos liida |muuvment = Zayan Rivaival }} '''Malika Renalz''', [[Aada a Distingshan|OD]] (10 Febiweri 1911 - 24 Febiweri 1989), nuo beta bai ih asyuum niem "'''Kiapo'''", wena Jumiekan aatis ah rilijos liida. Ih kansida az wan a di grietis aatis ina Jumieka "Intyuitiv" aatistik muuvment. Kiapo rilijos biliif eh riflek ina ih wok. ==Bayagrafi== Baan az Mallica Reynolds a Binlas (Byndloss), [[Sient Kachrin Parish, Jumieka|Sin Kiachrin]] pah 10 Febiweri 1911,<ref name=Nat_Lib>{{cite web|title=Biographies of Jamaican Personalities (I-N)|url=https://www.nlj.gov.jm/?q=bios-i-m#Artists|work=Biographies of Jamaican Personalities|publisher=National Library of Jamaica|accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> a iej 12, Renalz ab wah rilijos expiiriens ah ih bigin go bai di niem "Kiapo".<ref name=AFAM>{{cite web|title=Mallica "Kapo" Reynolds|url=http://www.folkartmuseum.org/?t=images&id=4400|work=American Folk Art Museum|accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> A iej 16, ih get vijan ah ih ton priicha. Ih lieta muuv gaa Kinston, we ih foun wah [[Zayan Rivaival|Zayan Rivaival]] choch, Sin Maikal Rivaival Apastalik Tabanakl.<ref name=NGJ_blog>{{cite web|last=Poupeye|first=Veerle|title=Sound and Vision: Music and sound in the work of Kapo, Everald Brown and Woody Joseph – Part II|url=http://nationalgalleryofjamaica.wordpress.com/2014/03/06/sound-and-vision-music-and-sound-in-the-work-of-kapo-everald-brown-and-woody-joseph-part-ii/#more-5482|work=National Gallery of Jamaica blog|publisher=[[National Gallery of Jamaica]]|accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> Kiapo wena liida ina di Zayan Rivaival muuvment, ah frah 1976 tel ih det, ih ena di piechryaak Bishop a Sin Maikal Rivaival Apastalik Tabanakl.<ref name=AFAM /> Ih bigin kriet pientin ina die 1940z, ah ih raiz tu nashinal ah intanashinal akliem ina di 1960z. [[Edwad Siaga|Edwad Siaga]], wah powaful palitishan uu wuda gwaan fi ed di [[Jumieka Lieba Paati|Jumieka Lieba Paati]] ah lieta ton [[Jumiekan Praim Minista|Praim Minista a Jumieka]], ah [[Jan Pringgl|Jan Pringgl]], wan a di founda a di Jumiekan tuurizam indoschri, eh buot champian fi Kiapo wok.<ref name=NGJ_blog /> Pringgl eh kalek nof a Kiapo wok, ah ih doniet ih kalekshan tu di [[Nashinal Gialari a Jumieka|Nashinal Gialari a Jumieka]] pah ih det.<ref name=Gleaner>{{cite web|last=Thomas|first=Christopher|title=Jamaica gets Kapo's works|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20110502/lead/lead3.html|work=[[Jamaica Gleaner]]|publisher=Gleaner Company Ltd.|accessdate=5 May 2014|date=2 May 2011}}</ref> [[Raboerta Flak|Raboerta Flak]], wah Amoerkan myuuzishan, ena wan a Kiapo piechran, ah ih puochret a har nou huol bai di [[American Folk Art Museum]].<ref name=AFAM /> Ih wokdem exibit intanashinali, ingkluudn six exibishan ina di Yunaitid Stiet bitwiin 1953 ah 1982.<ref name=Nat_Lib /> Askaadn tu ih rilijos biliif, Kiapo biliiv se ih weh kaal bai gad fi kriet pientin ah skolpcha.<ref name=AFAM /> Dr. Veerle Poupeye, di Egzekiutiv Direkta a di Nashinal Gialari a Jumieka, rait se "Kiapo pientin ah skolpcha, az a wuol, dipik ih Zayan Rivaival laif wol".<ref name=NGJ_blog /> Poupeye nuot se wuoliip a Kiapo wok dipik Zayan Rivaival serimoni, myuusik, ah dans.<ref name=NGJ_blog /> Kiapo ingkluud az memba a di "Intyuitiv" aatistik muuvment; a liebl prapagiet bai di Nashinal Gialari a Jumieka fi diskraib self-taat aatis we weh priiviosli refa tu az "Jumiekan Primitiv".<ref name=Small_Axe>{{cite journal|last=Poupeye|first=Veerle|title=Intuitive Art as a Canon|journal=Small Axe|date=October 2007|volume=11|issue=3|pages=73–82|doi=10.1353/smx.2007.0045|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/smx/summary/v012/12.2poupeye.html}}</ref> Kiapo kansida az wan a di muuvment grietis aatis.<ref name=Gleaner /><ref name=Rough>{{cite book|title=The Rough Guide to Jamaica|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetojama0000poll|year=2010|publisher=Rough Guides|location=London|isbn=9781848365131|page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetojama0000poll/page/63 63]|author=Thomas, Polly|edition=5th|author2=Adam Vaitilingam |author3=Robert Coates }}</ref> Kiapo ded pah di 24t a Febiweri 1989, ah beri ina [[Nashinal Iiroz Paak|Nashinal Iiroz Paak]].<ref name=Great_Jamaicans>{{cite web|title=Great Jamaicans|url=http://www.visitjamaica.com/feel-the-vibe/people/great-jamaicans|work=Visit Jamaica|publisher=Jamaica Tourist Board|accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> ==Anaz== Wan a Kiapo pientin, "Shainin Spring", eh silek bai di Jumiekan gobament az wedn gif fi di 1981 wedn a Chaalz, Prins a Wielz, ah Liedi Dayana Spensa.<ref name=Nat_Lib /> Ina 1983, Kiapo wena di fos aatis fi ab wah wuola gialari exkluusiv fi ih wok ina exibishan a di Nashinal Gialari a Jumieka.<ref name=Small_Axe /> Ih ana wid di [[Aada a Distingshan|Aada a Distingshan]], ah awaad di Naaman Manli Awaad fi Exilens ina di Aats.<ref name=Great_Jamaicans /> Ih eh awaad di [[Mosgriev Medal|Mosgriev Guol Medal]] tu ina 1985 bai di [[Instityuut a Jumieka|Instityuut a Jumieka]]. <ref> {{cite web| url = http://instituteofjamaica.org.jm/musgrave-awards|title= Musgrave Awardees|publisher=Institute of Jamaica|accessdate = 6 February 2015}} </ref> ==Refrans== <references/> [[Category:Jumiekan piipl]] [[Category:Kolcha]] [[Category:Aatis]] 7d0w3iisu4qaxnmbw5zu72tgxi2p3vs 0 1847 22855 16428 2026-08-21T21:53:02Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Capital punishment.PNG|thumb|right|500px| '''Legend'''<br /> {{legend|#008080|Abalish fi aal kraim – 103 (53%)}} {{legend|#80E000|Abalish fi aal kraim exep anda exepshanal/speshal sorkomstans (laka kraim komit ina waartaim) – 6 (3%)}} {{legend|#E0A040|No yuuz ina praktis (anda a maratuoriom ar no yuuz kiapital ponishment fi akliis 10 ier) – 50 (26%)}} {{legend|#FF0000|Ritien det penalti ina laa ah praktis – 36 (18%)}} *Nuot – Akiuret az av Maach 2015 wen Surinam abalish kiapital ponishment.]] '''Kiapital ponishment''', '''det penalti''' ar '''exikyuushan''' a ponishment bai det sangshan bai gobament. Di [[Sentans (laa)|sentans]] refa tu az '''det sentans'''. Kraim we kiah rizolt ina det penalti nuo az '''kiapital kraim''' ar '''kiapital ofens'''. Di toerm ''kiapital'' diraiv frah di [[Latn]] ''capitalis'' ("a di ed", we refa tu exikyuushan bai [[biyedin]]).<ref name=KronenwetterP202>{{Harvnb|Kronenwetter|2001|p=202}}</ref> Toti-six konchri aktivli praktis kiapital ponishment, 103 konchri outrait don-abalishi ''[[de jure]]'' fi ''h''aal kraim, six don-abalishi fi aadneri kraim (wails deh mentieni fi speshal soerkomstans laka waar kraim), ah 50 abalishi ''[[de facto]]'' (deh no yuuzi fi akliis ten ier an/ar anda [[maratuoriom (laa)|maratuoriom]]). Kiapital ponishment a mata a aktiv kanchovasi ina difrah-difrah konchri ah stiet, ah pozishan kiah vieri widin a singgl [[palitikal aidialaji]] ar kolchral riijan. Ina di [[Yuropiyan Yuunian]], Aatikl 2 a di [[Chaata a Fondamental Raits a di Yuropiyan Yuunian]] proibit di yuus a kiapital ponishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf|title=Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|format=PDF|accessdate=23 August 2010}}</ref> Aalso, di [[Kongsl a Yuurop]], we ab 47 memba stiet, proibit di yuus a di det penalti bai di membadem. ==Refrans== <references/> == Bibliografi == * {{Cite book|last=Kronenwetter|first=Michael|title=Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/capitalpunishmen0000kron|year=2001|edition=2|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-432-9|ref=harv}} [[Category:Laa]] b5ca1zyqrhskgu78tzpealey1xls0a7 0 1851 22854 16430 2026-08-21T21:52:24Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Aristotle's constitutions diagram.png|thumb|right|300px|Dayagram fi iloschriet di klasifikieshan a kanstityuushan bai [[Aristakl]].]] '''Kanstityuushan''' a wah set a fondamental prinsipl ar extablish prisident askaadn tu we a [[Stiet (paliti)|stiet]] ar ada aaganizieshan goban.<ref>''The [[New Oxford American Dictionary]]'', Second Edn., [[Erin McKean]] (editor), 2051 pages, May 2005, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-517077-6.</ref> Demya ruul tugiada mekop, i.e. ''kanstityuut'', waa di ''h''entiti. Wen demya prinsipl raitdong ina wan singgl dakiument ar set a liigal dakiument, demde dakiument kiah se fi embadi wah ''raitdong'' kanstityuushan; ef deh raitdong ina wan singgl kampriensiv dakiument, deh se iembadi a ''kuodifai'' kanstityuushan. Kanstityuushan kansoern difrah-difrah lebl a aaganizieshan, frah savrin stiet tu kompini ah aninkaaparietid asosieshan. A [[chriiti]] we extablish wah [[intanashinal aaganizieshan]] a fii kanstityuushan azwel, az tu ou iwuda difain ou daade aaganizieshan kanstityuut. Widin stiet, a kanstityuushan difain di prinsipl we di stiet bies pah, di prosiija fi ou laa mek ah bai uu. Som kanstityuushan, espeshal kuodifai kanstityuushan, azwel ak az limit tu stiet powa, bai extablish lain we di stiet ruuladem kyaah kraas, laka [[fondamental raits]]. Wah egzampl a di [[kanstityuushan a di Yunaitid Stiet a Amoerka]]. Di [[Kanstityuushan a India]] a di langgis raitdong kanstityuushan a ''h''eni [[savrin konchri]] ina di wol,<ref name="longest">{{cite book | last = Pylee | first = M.V. | authorlink = | title = India's Constitution | publisher = S. Chand & Co. |page=3 | year = 1997 | isbn = 81-219-0403-X }}</ref> far ikantien 444 aatikl ina 22 paat,<ref>{{Cite book | last = Sarkar| first = Siuli| title = Public Administration In India| publisher = PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.| page = 363| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=smahlYxg-8YC&pg=PA363| isbn = 978-81-203-3979-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Kashyap| first = Subhash| title = Our Constitution-An introduction to India's Constitution and Constitution Law| year = 2001| url = https://archive.org/details/ourconstitutioni0000kash| publisher = National Book Trust, India| page = [https://archive.org/details/ourconstitutioni0000kash/page/3 3]|isbn = 978-81-237-0734-1}}</ref> 12 shedyuul ah 118 amenment, wid 117,369 wod ina i''h''[[Indian Ingglish|Ingglish-languij]] chranslieshan,<ref name="lawmin_info">{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/welcome.html |title=Constitution of India |accessdate=December 17, 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice of India |date=July 2008}}</ref> wails di [[Yunaitid Stiet Kanstityuushan]] a di shaatis raitdong kanstityuushan, we kantien sebm aatikl ah 27 amenment, ah tuotal a 4,400 wod.<ref name="shortest">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/tour/constitution-center.htm |title=National Constitution Center |accessdate=April 22, 2010 |publisher=Independence Hall Association}}</ref> == Refrans == <references /> [[Category:Laa]] sgsr2df3h2qq8mjzgalieeihuvjfs5m 0 1952 22849 16433 2026-08-21T21:32:13Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:HH Polizeihauptmeister MZ.jpg|thumb|Joerman Stiet Poliis afisa ina [[Amboerg, Joermani|Amboerg]], wid di rangk a ''Polizeihauptmeister mit Zulage'' (Kanfoerm Poliis Saajan Mieja)]] '''Poliis''' fuos a kanstityuutid badi a poersn impowa bai di [[Stiet (paliti)|stiet]] fi [[Laa infuosment|infuos di laa]], protek prapati, ah limit [[sivl disaada]].<ref>{{cite web|title =The Role and Responsibilities of the Police| publisher = Policy Studies Institute |url =http://www.psi.org.uk/publications/archivepdfs/Role%20pol/INDPOL-0.P.pdf|accessdate =2009-12-22|page=xii}}</ref> Deh powa ingkluud di [[Manapali a voilens|lijitimaiz yuus a fuos]]. Di toerm muos kamanli asosiet wid poliis saabis a [[savrin stiet]] we aataraiz fi exasaiz di poliis powa a dat stiet widin a difain liigal ar terituorial ieria a rispansibiliti. Poliis fuos noftaim difain az sepret frah [[milichri]] ar ada aaganizieshan invalv ina di difens a di stiet gens farin agresa; ousomeba, [[johdaamarii]] a milichri yuunit chaaj wid sivl poliisin. Laa infuosment, ousomeba, kanstityuut onggl paat a poliisin aktiviti.<ref>{{cite book| last =Walker| first =Samuel| title =A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism| url =https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryo0000walk| publisher =Lexington Books| year =1977| location =Lexington, MT| page =[https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryo0000walk/page/143 143]| isbn = 978-0-669-01292-7}}</ref> Poliisin eh-ingkluud wah rienj a aktiviti ina difrah-difrah sitieshan, bot di pridaminant wandem kansoern wid di prezavieshan a aada.<ref>{{cite book| last =Neocleous| first =Mark| title =Fabricating Social Order: A Critical History of Police Power| url =https://archive.org/details/fabricationofsoc0000neoc| publisher =Pluto Press| year =2004| location = | pages =[https://archive.org/details/fabricationofsoc0000neoc/page/n112 93]–94| isbn = 978-0-7453-1489-1}}</ref> Ina som sasayati, ina di liet 18t ah hoerli 19t senchri, demaya eh-divelop widin di kantex fi mentien di [[klaas sistim]] ah fi di protekshan a [[praivit prapati]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Siegel |first=Larry J. |title=Criminolgy |pages=515, 516 |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |year=2005}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=PRmhu3M2jv8C&pg=PA515&lpg=PA515&dq=police+american+colonies&source=web&ots=Dxk8AuzQR6&sig=KokKB0NmB0Gs5DWxF3Jl3OhQQcI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result Google Books Search]</ref> Nof poliis fuos sofa frah [[poliis karopshan]] tu a grieta ar lesa digrii. Di poliis fuos yuujali a poblik sekta saabis, miinin se deh get pie chuu taxiz. Altonitiv niem fi poliis fuos ingkluud [[kanstabileri]], johdaamarii, poliis dipaatment, poliis saabis, [[kraim privenshan]], protektiv saabis, [[laa infuosment iejensi]], [[sivl gyaad]], ar [[sivik gyaad]]. Memba maita refa tu aa [[poliis afisa]], [[chuupa]], [[sherif]], [[kanstabl]], [[rienja]], [[piis afisa]] ar sivik/sivl gyaad. Az poliis muotaim intarak wid indivijal, slang toerm fi dem plentiful. Nof a dem a deked ar senchri uol duo di etimalaji kuda eh-laas. == Refrans == <references/> k62mp40ikq37nbvh63gz30bajhvgzgu 0 2034 22853 16437 2026-08-21T21:51:45Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} '''Invairamentalizim''' ar '''invairamental raits''' a wah braad [[Filasafi a laif|filasafi]], [[aidialaji]], ah [[suoshal muuvment]] rigyaadin kansoern fi [[invairamental protekshan]] ah impruuvment a di elt a di [[invairment (bayofizikal)|invairament]], potikiula az di meja fi dis elt siik fi ingkaapariet di kansoern a nan-yuuman eliment. Invairamentalizim advokiet di laaful prezavieshan, restarieshan an/ar impruuvment a di nachral invairament, ah kiah refa tu az a muuvment fi kanchuol [[paluushan]] ar protek plaant ah ''h''animal divoersiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/environmentalism |title=Environmentalism - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2010-08-13 |accessdate=2012-06-20}}</ref> Fi dis riizn, kansep laka [[lan etik]], [[invairamental etix]], [[bayodivoersiti]], [[ikalaji]], ah di [[bayofilia aipatisis]] figa pridaminantli. A di krox, invairamentalizim a wah atemp fi balans rilieshan bitwiin yuuman ah di vierios nachral sistim pah we deh dipen ina soch a wie we aal di kompuonent akaad a prapa digrii a [[sostienabiliti]]. Di egzak meja ah outkom a dis balans kanchovoershal ah deh ab nof difrah-difrah wie fi invairamental kansoern fi bi ''h''expres ina praktis. Invairamentalizim ah invairamental kansoern noftaim riprizent bai di kola [[Griin#Ina kolcha|griin]],<ref name="Light, Dark and Bright Green Environmentalism">{{cite web |url=http://www.greendaily.com/2009/04/23/light-dark-and-bright-green-environmentalism/ |title=Light, Dark and Bright Green Environmentalism |accessdate=2009-11-02 |author=Cat Lincoln |date=Spring 2009 |publisher=Green Daily |archivedate=30 October 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425173005/http://www.greendaily.com/2009/04/23/light-dark-and-bright-green-environmentalism/}}</ref> bot dis asosieshan don-apropriet bai di maakitin indoschri fi di tatix nuo az [[griinwashin]]. Invairamentalizim opuoz bai [[anti-invairamentalizim]], we se dat di Oert les frajail dah som invairamentalis mentien, ah pochrie invairamentalizim az uovariakshan tu di yuuman kanchribyuushan tu [[klaimit chienj]] ar opuozin yuuman advansment.<ref name=rowell>{{cite book|last=Rowell|first=Andrew|title=Green Backlash|url=https://archive.org/details/greenbacklashglo0000rowe_h6b3|year=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415128285}}</ref> ==Difinishan== ''Invairamentalizim'' dinuot wah [[invairamental muuvment|suoshal muuvment]] we siik fi influens di palitikal pruoses bai labi, ''h''aktivizim, ah edikieshan in aada fi protek nachral rizuos ah [[ikosistim]]. Di wod eh fos kain ina 1922.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} ''[[Invairamentalis]]'' a smadi uu kiah spiik out bout wi nachral invairament ah di sostienebl manijment a irizuos chuu chienj ina poblik palisi ar indivijal bievia. Dis maita ingkluud supuotin praktis laka infaam kansomshan, kansavieshan inishitiv, invesment ina [[rinyuebl rizuos]], impruuv ifishensi ina di matiirial ikanami, chranzishan tu nyuu akountin paradaim laka [[Ikalajikal ikanamix]] ah fi rinyuu ah rivaitalaiz wi kanekshan wid nan-yuuman laif. Ina difrah-difrah wie (fi egzampl, graasruut aktivizim ah pruotes), invairamentalis ah [[invairamental aaganizieshan]] siik fi gi di nachral wol chrangga vais ina yuuman afier.<ref>Robert Gottlieb, ''Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement'' (2005)</ref> Ina jinaral toermz, invairamentalis advokiet di [[sostienebiliti|sostienebl]] manijment a rizuos, ah di protekshan (ah ristorieshan, wen nesiseri) a di [[nachral invairament]] chuu chienj ina poblik palisi ah indivijal bievia. Ina irikanishan a yuumaniti az patisipant ina ikosistim, di muuvment senta rong [[ikalajij]], [[elt]], ah [[yuuman raits]]. Wails di toerm ''invairamentalizim'' fuokos muo pah di invairamental ah niecha-rilietid aspek a griin aidialaji ah palitix, ''ikalajizim'' az a toerm kombain di aidialaji a [[suoshal ikalaji]] ah invairamentalizim. ''Ikalajizim'' az a toerm muo kamanli yuuz ina kantinental Yuropiyan languij wails ''invairamentalizim'' muo kamanli yuuz ina Ingglish bot di woddem ab slaitli difrah kanotieshan. == Refrans == <references/> mnc4v8joj4f1ctk1gu161vd4z623t1i 0 2044 22851 21618 2026-08-21T21:50:37Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:8marchrallydhaka (55).JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Intanashinal Uman Die]] rali ina [[Daka, Bangladesh]], pah 8 Maach 2005, aaganaiz bai di Nashinal Uman Woka Chried Yuunian Senta]] [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|frameless|upright|right]] '''Feminizim''' a wah rienj a [[palitikal muuvment]], [[aidialaji]], ah [[suoshal muuvment]] we shier wah kaman guol: fi difain, extablish, ah achiiv [[feminizim ah ikualiti|iikual]] palitikal, ikanamik, poersnal, ah suoshal [[uman raits|raits fi uman]].<ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Cite book |author=Hawkesworth, M.E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/n36 25]–27 |isbn=9780742537835}}</ref><ref name="Beasley">{{Cite book |author=Beasley, Chris.|title=What is Feminism? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas|year=1999|publisher=Sage |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11 |isbn=9780761963356}}</ref> Dis ingkluud fi siik fi extablish iikual apachuniti fi uman ina edikieshan ah implaiment. '''Feminis''' tipikali [[Advokesi|advokiet]] ar supuot di raits ah ikualiti a uman.<ref name ="hooks"> hooks, bell (2000). Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate politics. Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-629-1</ref> [[Feminis muuvment]] eh-kiampien ah kantiniu fi kiampien fi uman raits, ingkluudn di rait fi [[Uman sofrij|vuot]], fi huol poblik afis, [[Rait fi wokk|fi wok]], fi ''h''oern fier [[wiejiz]] ar [[Iikual pie fi iikual wok|iikual pie]], fi [[Rait tu prapati|uon prapati]], [[Rait tu edikieshan|fi risiiv edikieshan]], fi ''h''enta kanchrak, fi ab iikual raits widin [[marid]], ah fi get [[matoerniti liiv]]. Feminis eh aalso wok fi promuot badili [[aatanami]] ah [[Suoshal intigrieshan|intgriti]], ah fi protek uman ah gial frah [[riep]], [[sexyual arasment]], ah [[domestik voilens]].<ref name="Echols">{{Cite book |last=Echols |first=Alice |authorlink=Alice Echols |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo |year=1989 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=0-8166-1787-2}}</ref> Feminis kiampien jinarali kansida fi bi wan a di mien fuos biyain mieja istarikal [[Suoshal chienj|sasayatal chienj]] fi uman raits, potikiula ina di Wes, we deh nieli-yunivoersali kredit fi don-achiiv uman sofrij, [[jenda nyuuchraliti ina Ingglish]], [[riprodoktiv raits]] fi uman (ingkluudn axes tu [[kanchraseptiv]] ah supuot fi di liigalizieshan a [[abaashan]]), ah di rait fi ''h''enta ina kanchrak ah [[propati|uon prapati]].<ref name="Messer-Davidow">{{Cite book |author=Messer-Davidow, Ellen |title=Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse |url=https://archive.org/details/discipliningfemi0000mess |year=2002 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, [[North Carolina|N.C.]] |isbn=0-8223-2843-7}}</ref> Alduo feminis advokesi eh-mienli ah stil fuokos pah uman raits, som feminis, ingkluudn [[bell hooks]], aagiu fi di ingkluujan a [[man libarieshan]] widin i''h''iem bikaa di mandem azwel get aam bai chradishanal [[jenda ruol]].<ref name="hooks"/> [[Feminis tiori]], we eh-imoerj frah feminis muuvment, iem fi andastan di niecha a jenda inikualiti bai egzamin uman suoshal ruol ah laif expiirians; iweh-divelop tiori ina difrah-difrah disiplin so ikiah iebl rispan tu ishu laka di suoshal kanschrokshan a jenda.<ref name="Chodorow1989">{{Cite book |author=Chodorow, Nancy |title=Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismpsychoan0000chod |year=1989 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn. |isbn=978-0-300-05116-2}}</ref><ref name="gilligan1977">{{Cite journal |last=Gilligan |first=Carol |year=1977 |title='In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of Self and Morality'|journal=Harvard Educational Review|volume=47|issue=4 |pages=481–517|url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ174986&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ174986 |oclc = |accessdate=8 June 2008 |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Som faam a feminizim eh-get kritsaiz fi tek akount a onggl wait, migl-klaas ah edikietid pospektiv. Dis kritisizim eh-liid tu di krieshan a etnikali spisifik ar soh [[Moltikolchralizim|moltikolchral]] faam a feminizim, ingkluudn [[blak feminizim]] ah [[Intasekshanaliti|intasekshanal feminizim]].<ref name=Weedon>Weedon, Chris (2002). "Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism: A Western Perspective". Gender Forum (1)</ref> == Refrans == <references/> [[Category:Feminizim]] d7xvb105tgvrni038i1cxhh1eez729l 0 2146 22844 22280 2026-08-21T21:28:27Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 8 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Tumor_Mesothelioma2_legend.jpg|thumb|250px|Koruonal [[CT skian]] a-shuo malignant [[miisotiilioma]]<br>Lejen: →&nbsp;[[tyuuma]]&nbsp;←, ✱&nbsp;senchral [[plyural ifujan]], 1 & 3&nbsp;[[long]], 2&nbsp;[[Voertibral kalom|spain]], 4&nbsp;[[rib]], 5&nbsp;[[eyarta]], 6&nbsp;[[spliin]], 7 & 8&nbsp;[[kidni]], 9&nbsp;[[liva]].]] '''Kiansa''' a wah gruup a diziiz we ''h''invalv abnaamal sel gruot wid di potenshal fi ''h''invied ar pred tu ''h''adaels paat a di badi.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref name="NCI2014">{{Cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> A no ''h''aal tyuuma a kiansa; binain tyuuma no pred gaa ''h''ada paat a di badi.<ref name="NCI2014">{{Cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> Pasobl sain ah simtom  ingkluud lomp, abnaamal bliidn, prolang kaaf, anexplien wiet laas ah chienj ina bowil muuvment.<ref name="NHS2012">{{Cite web|title=Cancer - Signs and symptoms|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer/Pages/Symptoms.aspx|website=NHS Choices|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> Wails demaya simtom maita ''h''indikiet kiansa, deh maita kiah ab adaels kaaz tu.<ref name="NHS2012">{{Cite web|title=Cancer - Signs and symptoms|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer/Pages/Symptoms.aspx|website=NHS Choices|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> Uoba 100 kiansa afek yuuman.<ref name="NCI2014">{{Cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> Tubako yuus a di kaaz a bout 22% a kiansa det.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref> Aneda 10% juu tu obisiti, puo dayat, lak a fizikal aktiviti ah jingkin alkowal.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Obesity and Cancer Risk|url=http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/obesity-fact-sheet#q3|website=National Cancer Institute|accessdate=4 July 2015|date=January 3, 2012}}</ref> Adaels fakta ingkluud soertn infekshan, expuoja tu ayanaizin redieshan ah invairamental paluutant.<ref name="Enviro2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Kunnumakara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, Sung B, Aggarwal BB|title=Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes|journal=Pharm. Res.|volume=25|issue=9|pages=2097–116|date=September 2008|pmid=18626751|pmc=2515569|doi=10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9}}</ref> Ina di divelopin wol nieli 20% a kiansa juu tu infekshan laka epataitis B, epataitis C ah yuuman papiluomavairos (HPV).<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref> Demaya fakta ''h''ak, akliis paatli, bai chienjop di jiinzdem ina sel.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Tipikali nof jinetik chienj rikuaya bifuo kiansa kiah divelop.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Apraximetli 5–10% a kiansa juu tu jinetik difek inerit frah di poersn pierans.<ref name="ACS-heredity">{{Cite web|publisher=[[American Cancer Society]]|title=Heredity and Cancer|accessdate=July 22, 2013|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/geneticsandcancer/heredity-and-cancer}}</ref> Kiansa kiah ditek bai soertn sain ah simtom ar skriinin tes.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref> Ikiah den tipikali investigiet forda bai medikal imijin ah kanfoerm bai bayapsi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How is cancer diagnosed?|url=http://www.cancer.org/treatment/understandingyourdiagnosis/examsandtestdescriptions/testingbiopsyandcytologyspecimensforcancer/testing-biopsy-and-cytology-specimens-for-cancer-how-is-cancer-diagnosed|website=American Cancer Society|date=2013-01-29|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> Nof kiansa kiah privent bai no sumuokin, mentien elti wiet, no jink tomoch alkowal, niam wuoliip a vejitebl, fruut ah wuol grien, vaxinieshan gens soertn infekshos diziiz, no niam tomoch pruoses ah red miit, ah avaid tomoch sonat expuoja.<ref name="Kushi2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M|title=American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity|journal=CA Cancer J Clin|volume=62|issue=1|pages=30–67|year=2012|pmid=22237782|doi=10.3322/caac.20140|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parkin|first1=DM|last2=Boyd|first2=L|last3=Walker|first3=LC|title=16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010.|journal=British Journal of Cancer|date=6 December 2011|volume=105 Suppl 2|pages=S77-81|pmid=22158327|doi=10.1038/bjc.2011.489|pmc=3252065}}</ref> Hoerli ditekshan chuu skriinin yuusful fi soervikal ah kolorektal kiansa.<ref name="WCR2014Scr">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 4.7}}</ref> Di benifit a skriinin ina bres kiansa kanchovoershal.<ref name="WCR2014Scr">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 4.7}}</ref><ref name="Got2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ|title=Screening for breast cancer with mammography.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|volume=6|pages=CD001877|date=4 Jun 2013|pmid=23737396|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5}}</ref> Kiansa noftaim chriit wid som kombinieshan a redieshan terapi, soerjri, kimoterapi, ah taagitid terapi.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Targeted Cancer Therapies|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/targeted|website=NCI|accessdate=11 June 2014|date=2014-04-25}}</ref> Pien ah simtom manijment a impuotant paat a kier. Palietiv kier potikiula impuotant ina piipl wid advans diziiz.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref> Di chaans a sovaival dipen pah di taip a kiansa ah extent a diziiz wen di chriitmant taat.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Wid pitni anda 15 wen deh dayagnuoz di faib-ier sovaival riet ina di divelop wol a pah avrij 80%.<ref name="WCR2014Peads">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.3}}</ref> Fi kiansa ina di Yunaitid Stiet di avrij faib-ier sovaival riet a 66%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: All Cancer Sites|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/all.html|website=National Cancer Institute|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> Ina 2012 bout 14.1 milian nyuu kies a kiansa okor gluobali (no ingkluudn kin kiansa outsaida melanuoma).<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Ikaaz bout 8.2 milian det ar 14.6% a yuuman det.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=May 2014}}</ref> Di muos kaman taip a kiansa ina miel a long kiansa, prastiet kiansa, kolorektal kiansa ah tomok kiansa. Ina fiimiel, di muos kaman taip a bres kiansa, kolorektal kiansa, long kiansa ah soervikal kiansa.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Ef kin kiansa outsaida melanuoma weh fi ingkluud ina tuotal nyuu kiansa iich ier iwuda akount fi rong 40% a kies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dubas|first1=LE|last2=Ingraffea|first2=A|title=Nonmelanoma skin cancer.|journal=Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America|date=Feb 2013|volume=21|issue=1|pages=43–53|pmid=23369588|doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.003}}</ref><ref name="Cak2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Cakir|first1=BÖ|last2=Adamson|first2=P|last3=Cingi|first3=C|title=Epidemiology and economic burden of nonmelanoma skin cancer.|journal=Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America|date=Nov 2012|volume=20|issue=4|pages=419–22|pmid=23084294|doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004}}</ref> Ina pitni, akyuut limfoblastik lyuukiimia ah brien tyuuma a di muos kaman exep ina ''h''Afrika we nan-Ajkin limfuoma okor muotaim.<ref name="WCR2014Peads">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.3}}</ref> Ina 2012, bout 165,000 pitni anda 15 ier a iej eh-dayagnuoz wid kiansa. Di rix a kiansa ingkriis signifikantli wid iej ah nof kiansa okor muo kaman ina divelop konchri.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Rietdem a ''h''ingkriis az muo piipl lib tu aul iej ah az laifstail chienj okor ina di divelopin wol.<ref name="Epi11">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D|title=Global cancer statistics|journal=CA: a cancer journal for clinicians|volume=61|issue=2|pages=69–90|date=February 2011|pmid=21296855|doi=10.3322/caac.20107}}</ref> Di finanshal kaas a kiansa weh estimiet a $1.16 chrilian [[Yunaitid Stiet dala|US dala]] po ''h''ier az a 2010.<ref name="WCR2014Eco">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 6.7}}</ref> == Refrans == <div style="height: 250px; width: 1112px; overflow:-moz-scrollbars-horizontal;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;"> {{Reflist|2}} </div> 18455c13pnvl4kvugg9thurmid0io5y 0 2162 22859 15071 2026-08-21T21:59:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg|thumb|250px|Uobavyuu a di muos signifikant simtom a dayabiitis]] '''Diabetes mellitus''' ('''DM'''), kamanli refa tu az '''dayabiitis''' ar simpli az '''shuga''', a wah gruup a metabalik diziiz we kiaraktaraiz bai ai blod shuga lebl uoba wah prolang piiriad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About diabetes|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=4 April 2014}}</ref> Simtom a ai blod shuga ingkluud friikuent yuurinieshan, ingkriis toers, ah ingkriis ongga. Ef ino chriit, dayabiitis kiah kaaz wuoliip a komplikieshan.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Akyuut komplikieshan ingkluud dayabetik kiitoasiduosis ah nankiituotik aipoerosmuola kuoma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kitabchi|first1=AE|last2=Umpierrez|first2=GE|last3=Miles|first3=JM|last4=Fisher|first4=JN|title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes.|journal=Diabetes Care|date=Jul 2009|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1335–43|pmid=19564476|doi=10.2337/dc09-9032|pmc=2699725}}</ref> Siiros lang-toerm komplikieshan ingkluud kaadiovaskiula diziiz, schruok, kranik kidni fielia, fut olsa, ah damij tu di yaidem.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Dayabiitis juu tu aida di pangkrias naa projuus anof insiulin ar di seldem a di badi naa rispan prapali tu di insiulin we projuus.<ref name="Green2011">{{Cite book|last=Shoback|first=edited by David G. Gardner, Dolores|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=0-07-162243-8|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref> A chrii mien taip a diabetes mellitus: * Taip 1 DM rizolt frah di pangkrias fielia fi projuus anof insiulin. Dis faam eh priivosli refa tu az "insiulin-dipendant diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) ar "juuvinail dayabiitis". Di kaaz no nuo.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> * Taip 2 DM bigin wid insiulin rizistans, wah kandishan we di seldem fiel fi rispan tu insiulin propali.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Az di diziiz progres lak a insiulin maita aalso divelop.<ref>{{Cite book|title=RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus.|date=2012|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789350254899|page=235|edition=Rev. 2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235}}</ref> Dis faam eh-priivosli refa tu az "nan insiulin-dipendant diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) ar "adolt-anset dayabiitis". Di praimri kaaz a exesiv badi wiet ah no anof exasaiz.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> * Jestieshanal dayabiitis, a di tod mien faam ah iokor wen prignant uman widoutn priivos ischri a dayabiitis divelop ai blod-shuga lebl.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Privenshan ah chriitment invalv a elti dayat, [[fizikal exasaiz]], mentienin naamal badi wiet, ah avaid yuus a tubako. Kanchuol a blod presha ah mentienin prapa fut kier impuotant fi piipl wid di diziiz. Taip 1 DM afi manij wid insiulin injekshan.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Taip 2 DM kiah chriit wid medikieshan wid ar widoutn insiulin.<ref name="WHO2013Top10">{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|work=World Health Organization|date=Oct 2013}}</ref> Insiulin ah som uoral medikieshan kiah kaaz luo blod shuga.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rippe|first1=edited by Richard S. Irwin, James M.|title=Manual of intensive care medicine|date=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781799928|page=549|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbxupW1EHIcC&pg=PA549}}</ref> Wiet laas soerjri fi demde wid obiisiti somtaim a ifektiv meja ina demde wid taip 2 DM.<ref name="Picot2009">{{Cite journal|last=Picot|first=J|author2=Jones, J|author3=Colquitt, JL|author4=Gospodarevskaya, E|author5=Loveman, E|author6=Baxter, L|author7=Clegg, AJ|title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England)|date=September 2009|volume=13|issue=41|pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv|pmid=19726018|doi=10.3310/hta13410}}</ref> Jestieshanal dayabiitis yuujali rizalv afta di boert a di biebi.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cash|first1=Jill|title=Family Practice Guidelines|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780826168757|page=396|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396}}</ref> Az a 2015, estimietid 415 milian piipl ab dayabiitis wolwaid,<ref name="IDF2015">{{Cite web|title=Update 2015|url=http://www.diabetesatlas.org/|website=IDF|page=13|publisher=International Diabetes Federation|accessdate=21 Mar 2016}}</ref> wid taip 2 DM a-mekop bout 90% a di kiesdem.<ref name="Will2011">{{Cite book|title=Williams textbook of endocrinology|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0324-5|pages=1371–1435|edition=12th}}</ref><ref name="Shi2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=Yuankai|last2=Hu|first2=Frank B|title=The global implications of diabetes and cancer|journal=The Lancet|date=7 June 2014|volume=383|issue=9933|pages=1947–8|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2|pmid=24910221|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(14)60886-2}}</ref> Dis riprizent 8.3% a di adolt papilieshan,<ref name="Shi2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=Yuankai|last2=Hu|first2=Frank B|title=The global implications of diabetes and cancer|journal=The Lancet|date=7 June 2014|volume=383|issue=9933|pages=1947–8|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2|pmid=24910221|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(14)60886-2}}</ref> wid iikual riet ina buot uman ah man.<ref name="Vos2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|date=Dec 15, 2012|pmid=23245607|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Frah 2012 tu 2015, dayabiitis estimiet fi eh-rizolt ina 1.5 tu 5.0 milian det iich ier.<ref name="WHO2013Top10">{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|work=World Health Organization|date=Oct 2013}}</ref><ref name="IDF2015">{{Cite web|title=Update 2015|url=http://www.diabetesatlas.org/|website=IDF|page=13|publisher=International Diabetes Federation|accessdate=21 Mar 2016}}</ref> Dayabiitis akliis dobl a poersn rix a hoerli det.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Di nomba a piipl wid dayabiitis expek fi riez tu 592 milian bai 2035.<ref name="IDF2014">{{Cite web|title=Update 2014|url=http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/update-2014|website=IDF|publisher=International Diabetes Federation|accessdate=29 November 2014}}</ref> Di gluobal ikanamik kaas a dayabiitis ina 2014 eh-estimiet fi bi $612 bilian [[Yunaitid Stiet dala|USD]].<ref name="IDF2013">{{Cite book|title=IDF DIABETES ATLAS|date=2013|publisher=International Diabetes Federation|isbn=2930229853|edition=6th|page=7|url=http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/EN_6E_Atlas_Full_0.pdf}}</ref> Ina di Yunaitid Stiet, dayabiitis kaas $245 bilian ina 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=American Diabetes|first1=Association|title=Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012.|journal=Diabetes Care|date=Apr 2013|volume=36|issue=4|pages=1033–46|pmid=23468086|doi=10.2337/dc12-2625|pmc=3609540}}</ref> == Causes == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:10px" |+ Komparisn a taip 1 ah 2 dayabiitis<ref name="Will2011">{{Cite book|title=Williams textbook of endocrinology|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0324-5|pages=1371–1435|edition=12th}}</ref> ! Fiicha ! Taip 1 dayabiitis ! Taip 2 dayabiitis |- ! Anset | Sodn | Grajual |- ! Iej a anset | Muosli ina pitni | Muosli ina adolt |- ! Badi saiz | Maaga ar naamal<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lambert P, Bingley PJ|title=What is Type 1 Diabetes?|journal=Medicine|volume=30|pages=1–5|year=2002|doi=10.1383/medc.30.1.1.28264}}</ref> | Muotaim obiis |- ! Kiitoasiduosis | Kaman | Rier |- ! Aatoantibadi | Yuujali prezant | Absent |- ! Indajinos insiulin | Luo ar absent | Naamal, dikriis<br> ar ingkriis |- ! Kangkaadans <br> ina ''h''aidentikal tuin | 50% | 90% |- ! Privalens | ~10% | ~90% |} == Refrans == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Commons|Diabetes mellitus|Dayabiitis}} t9wqewb54pwrbssmsiqwdk525dyxnac 0 2164 22843 20175 2026-08-21T21:25:03Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} '''Influenza''', kamanli nuo az "di '''fluu'''", a wah infekshos diziiz kaaz bai wah influenza vairos.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Simtom kiah bi mail tu sivier.<ref name="CDC2014Key">{{Cite web|title=Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=26 November 2014|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref> Di muos kaman simtom ingkluud: ai fiiva, ronin nuoz, suo chuot, mosl pien, ediek, kaafin, ah fiilin tayad. Demaya simtom tipikali bigin tuu die afta expuoja tu di vairos ah muos laas les dan a wiik. Di kaaf, ousomeba, kiah laas fi muo dah tuu wiik.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Ina pitni, deh kiah ab naaja ah vamitin, bot demaya no kaman ina adolt. Naaja ah vamitin okor muo kamanli ina di anrilietid infekshan giaschoentaraitis, we sohtaim inakiuretli refa tu az "tomok fluu" ar "24-howa fluu".<ref name="Dub2011">{{Cite book|last1=Duben-Engelkirk|first1=Paul G. Engelkirk, Janet|title=Burton's microbiology for the health sciences|date=2011|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781605476735|page=314|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaVKCQI75voC&pg=PA355}}</ref> Komplikieshan a influenza kiah ingkluud vairal nyuumuonia, sekanderi baktiirial nyuumuonia, sainos infekshan, ah priivos elt prablem laka azma ar aat fielia get wosara.<ref name="CDC2014Key">{{Cite web|title=Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=26 November 2014|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Harr2012">{{Cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan L.|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071748872_2|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071748896|edition=18th|chapter=187: Influenza}}</ref> Chrii taip a influenza vairos afek piipl. Deh kaal Taip A, Taip B, ah Taip C.<ref name="Harr2012">{{Cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan L.|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071748872_2|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071748896|edition=18th|chapter=187: Influenza}}</ref> Yuujali, di vairos pred chuu di ier frah kaaf ar siniiz.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Dis biliiv fi okor muosli uoba relitivli shaat distans.<ref name="Brankston2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M|title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=7|issue=4|pages=257–65|date=April 2007|pmid=17376383|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}</ref> Ikiah aalso pred ef smadi toch soerfis kantaminiet bai di vairos ah den toch deh mout ar yaidem.<ref name="CDC2014Key">{{Cite web|title=Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=26 November 2014|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Brankston2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M|title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=7|issue=4|pages=257–65|date=April 2007|pmid=17376383|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}</ref> A poersn kiah bi infekshos tu ada wandem buot bifuo ah juurin di taim wen dem a-shuo simtom.<ref name="CDC2014Key">{{Cite web|title=Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=26 November 2014|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref> Di ''h''infekshan kiah kanfoerm bai tesin di chuot, spyuutom, ar nuoz fi di vairos. Wah nomba a rapid tes avielebl; ousomeba, piipl kiah stil ab di infekshan iibm ef di rizolt negitiv. Wah taip a palimariez chien riakshan we ditek di vairos RNA muo akiuret.<ref name="Harr2012">{{Cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan L.|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071748872_2|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071748896|edition=18th|chapter=187: Influenza}}</ref> Friikuent an washin rijuus di rix a infekshan bikaa di vairos inaktiviet bai suop.<ref name="Jeff2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, etal|title=Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=|issue=7|pages=CD006207|year=2011|pmid=21735402|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4}}</ref> Fi wier soerjikal maax aalso yuusful.<ref name="Jeff2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, etal|title=Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=|issue=7|pages=CD006207|year=2011|pmid=21735402|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4}}</ref> Ierli vaxinieshan gens influenza rikomen bai di [[Wol Elt Aaganizieshan]] fi demde we ab ai rix. Di vaxiin yuujali ifektiv gens chrii ar fuo taip a influenza.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Iyuujali talariet wel. Vaxiin we mek fi wan ier maita no yuusful agen ina di falarin ier, sens di vairos ivalv pah di rapid. Antivairal jogz laka di nyuuraminidiez inibita oseltamivir, mongx adawandem, eh-yuuz fi chriit influenza.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Deh benifit ina demde uu adawaiz elti no apier fi bi grieta dah deh rix.<ref name="Mich2013">{{Cite journal|last=Michiels|first=B|author2=Van Puyenbroeck, K|author3=Verhoeven, V|author4=Vermeire, E|author5=Coenen, S|title=The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews.|journal=PLoS ONE|year=2013|volume=8|issue=4|pages=e60348|pmid=23565231|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0060348|pmc=3614893}}</ref> No benifit no fain fi demde wid ada elt prablem.<ref name="Mich2013">{{Cite journal|last=Michiels|first=B|author2=Van Puyenbroeck, K|author3=Verhoeven, V|author4=Vermeire, E|author5=Coenen, S|title=The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews.|journal=PLoS ONE|year=2013|volume=8|issue=4|pages=e60348|pmid=23565231|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0060348|pmc=3614893}}</ref><ref name="Ebe2013">{{Cite journal|last=Ebell|first=MH|author2=Call, M|author3=Shinholser, J|title=Effectiveness of oseltamivir in adults: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished clinical trials.|journal=Family practice|date=April 2013|volume=30|issue=2|pages=125–33|pmid=22997224|doi=10.1093/fampra/cms059}}</ref> Influenza pred rong di wol ina ierli outbriek, we rizolt ina bout chrii tu faib milian kies a sivier ilnis ah bout 250,000 tu 500,000 det.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Ina di Nadan ah Sodan paat a di wol outbriek okor mienli ina winta wails ina ieria rong di ikwieta outbriek kiah okor a ''h''eni taim a di ier.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Det okor muosli ina di yong, di uol ah demde wid adaels elt prablem.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Laaja outbriek nuo az pandemik les friikuent.<ref name="Harr2012">{{Cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan L.|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071748896|edition=18th|chapter=187: Influenza}}</ref> Ina di 20t senchri chrii influenza pandemik eh-okor: Panish influenza ina 1918, Iejan influenza ina 1958, ah Ang Kang influenza ina 1968, wid iich wan rizolt ina muo dah milian det.<ref name="TenThings">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization|date=14 October 2005|title=Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza|accessdate=26 September 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008223707/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|archivedate=8 October 2009}}</ref> Di [[Wol Elt Aaganizieshan]] diklier outbriek a wah nyuu taip a influenza A/H1N1  az pandemik ina Juun 2009.<ref>World Health Organization. </ref> Influenza kiah aalso afek adaels animal, ingkluudn ag, aas ah bod.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=S. R.|title=Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control|date=2011|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford u.a.|isbn=9780198570028|page=332|edition=2.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S90mOwgdz9kC&pg=PA332}}</ref> == Sain ah simtom == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; width:40%;" |+ Muos sensitiv simtom fi dayagnuoz influenza<ref name="pmid15728170">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W|title=Does this patient have influenza?|journal=JAMA|volume=293|issue=8|pages=987–97|year=2005|doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987|pmid=15728170}}</ref> ! Simtom: ! sensitiviti  ! spisifisiti |- ! Fiiva |68–86% |25–73% |- !Kaaf |84–98% | 7–29% |- ! Niezal kanjeshan |68–91% |19–41% |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | * <small> Aal chrii faindin, espeshal fiiva, eh les sensitiv ina piipl uoba 60 ier a iej.</small> |} [[File:Symptoms_of_influenza.svg|thumb|300x300px|Simtom a influenza,<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention > Influenza Symptoms] Page last updated 16 November 2007. </ref> wid fiiva ah kaaf di muos kaman simtom.<ref name="pmid15728170">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W|title=Does this patient have influenza?|journal=JAMA|volume=293|issue=8|pages=987–97|year=2005|doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987|pmid=15728170}}</ref>]] Apraximetli 33% a piipl wid influenza deh asimtomatik.<ref name="AmericanJournalEpidemiology2008">[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/7/775.full Time Lines of Infection and Disease in Human Influenza: A Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies], ''American Journal of Epidemiology'', Carrat, Vergu, Ferguson, et al., ''167'' (7): 775–785, 2008. </ref> Simtom a influenza kiah taat kwait sodn wan tu tuu die afta infekshan. Yuujali di fos simtom a chil ar chili sensieshan, bot fiiva aalso kaman hoerli ina di infekshan, wid badi tempicha rienj frah 38 tu 39 °C (aproximetli 100 tu 103 °F). Nof piipl so sik tel deh kanfain tu bed fi sebral die, wid iek and pien raichuu deh badi, wosara ina deh bak ah leg. Simtom a influenza kiah ingkluud: * Fiiva ah exchriim kuolnis (chil shivarin, shiekin (riga)) * Kaaf * Niezal kanjeshan * Ronin nuoz * Siniizin * Badi iek, espeshali jaint ah chuot * Fatiig * Ediek * Iritietid, waatarin yaidem * Redn yai, kin (espeshali fies), mout, chuot ah nuoz * Petechial rash<ref name="pmid10476766">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Silva ME, Cherry JD, Wilton RJ, Ghafouri NM, Bruckner DA, Miller MJ|title=Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=29|issue=2|pages=453–4|date=August 1999|pmid=10476766|doi=10.1086/520240}}</ref> * Ina pitni, giaschointestinal simtom laka dayariya ah abdaminal pien,<ref name="Richards">{{Cite journal|author=Richards S|title=Flu blues|journal=Nurs Stand|volume=20|issue=8|pages=26–7|year=2005|pmid=16295596}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heikkinen T|title=Influenza in children|journal=Acta Paediatr.|volume=95|issue=7|pages=778–84|date=July 2006|pmid=16801171|doi=10.1080/08035250600612272}}</ref> (maita sivier ina pitni wid influenza B)<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kerr AA, McQuillin J, Downham MA, Gardner PS|title=Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children|journal=Lancet|volume=1|issue=7902|pages=291–5|year=1975|pmid=46444|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2}}</ref> Ikiah difikolt fi distingguish bitwiin die [[kaman kuol]] ah influenza ina di hoerli stiej a demaya infekshan,<ref name="Eccles">{{Cite journal|last=Eccles|first=R|title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=5|issue=11|pages=718–25|year=2005|pmid=16253889|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X}}</ref> bot a fluu kiah bi aidentifai bai ai fiiva wid a sodn anset ah exchriim fatiig. Influenza a wah mixcha a simtom a kaman kuol ah nyuumuonia, badi iek, ediek, ah fatiig. Dayariya a no naamali a simtom a influenza ina adolt,<ref name="pmid15728170">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W|title=Does this patient have influenza?|journal=JAMA|volume=293|issue=8|pages=987–97|year=2005|doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987|pmid=15728170}}</ref> alduo ifain ina som yuuman kies a di H5N1 "bod fluu"<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hui DS|title=Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection|journal=Respirology|volume=13 Suppl 1|issue=|pages=S10–3|date=March 2008|pmid=18366521|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x}}</ref> ah kiah bi a simtom ina pitni.<ref name="Richards">{{Cite journal|author=Richards S|title=Flu blues|journal=Nurs Stand|volume=20|issue=8|pages=26–7|year=2005|pmid=16295596}}</ref> Di muos rilayabl simtom fi influenza shuo ina di tiebl tu di rait.<ref name="pmid15728170">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W|title=Does this patient have influenza?|journal=JAMA|volume=293|issue=8|pages=987–97|year=2005|doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987|pmid=15728170}}</ref> Sens antivairal jogz ifectiv fi chriit influenza ef di poersn geti hoerli, ikiah bi impuotant fi aidentifai kies hoerli. Outa di simtom lisout opatap, di kombinieshan a fiiva wid kaaf, suo chuot an/ar niezal kanjeshan kiah impruuv dayagnastik akiuresi.<ref name="pmid11088084">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Monto A, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Colopy M, Schweinle J|title=Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection|journal=Arch Intern Med|volume=160|issue=21|pages=3243–7|year=2000|pmid=11088084|doi=10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243|url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/160/21/3243.pdf}}</ref> Tuu disijan analisis todi<ref name="pmif12361816">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Smith K, Roberts M|title=Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza|journal=Am J Med|volume=113|issue=4|pages=300–7|year=2002|doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6|pmid=12361816}}</ref><ref name="pimd12965940">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D|title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=139|issue=5 Pt 1|pages=321–9|date=2 September 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/content/139/5_Part_1/321.full.pdf|pmid=12965940|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007}}</ref> sojes se dat ''juurin luokal outbriek'' a influenza, di privalens wi bi uoba 70%,<ref name="pimd12965940">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D|title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=139|issue=5 Pt 1|pages=321–9|date=2 September 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/content/139/5_Part_1/321.full.pdf|pmid=12965940|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007}}</ref> ah so pieshent wid heni a demaya kombinieshan a simtom kiah chriit wid nyuuraminidiez inibita widoutn tes. Iibm ina di absens a luokal outbriek, chriitment kiah jostifai ina di eldali juurin di influenza siizn az lang az di privalens a uoba 15%.<ref name="pimd12965940">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D|title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=139|issue=5 Pt 1|pages=321–9|date=2 September 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/content/139/5_Part_1/321.full.pdf|pmid=12965940|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007}}</ref> Di avielebl labrichri tesdem fi influenza kantiniu fi impruuv. Di Yunaitid Stiet Senta fi Diziiz Kanchuol ah Privenshan (CDC) mentien wah op-tu-diet somari a avielebl labrichri tes.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. </ref> Askaadin tu di CDC, rapid dayagnastik tes ab a sensitiviti a 50–75% ah spisifisiti a 90–95% wen kompier wid vairal kolcha.<ref name="rapidlab">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/rapidlab.htm|title=Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza: Information for Clinical Laboratory Directors|work=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|date=13 October 2015|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> Demaya tes maita espeshali yuusful juurin di influenza siizn (privalens=25%) bot ina di absens a luokal outbriek, ar peri-influenza siizn (privalens=10%<ref name="pimd12965940">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D|title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=139|issue=5 Pt 1|pages=321–9|date=2 September 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/content/139/5_Part_1/321.full.pdf|pmid=12965940|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007}}</ref>). Okiejanali, influenza kiah kaaz sivier ilnis ingkluudn praimri vairal nyuumuonia ar sekanderi baktiirial nyuumuonia.<ref name="New-England-Journal-Medicine-Hospitalized-H1N1-Patients-2009">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0906695#t=abstract Hospitalized Patients with 2009 H1N1 Influenza in the United States, April–June 2009], New England Journal of Medicine, Jain, Kamimoto, et al., 12 November 2009.</ref><ref name="WHO-press-conference-Dr-Nikki-Shindo-12-Nov-2009">[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/vpc_transcript_12_november_09_nikki_shindo.pdf Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer, Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization], 12 November 2009.</ref> Di abvios simtom a chobl wid briidin. Adishanali, ef a pitni (ar prizyuumebli wah adolt) siim fi a-get beta ah den rilaps wid ai fiiva, dat a dienja sain sens dis rilaps kiah bi baktiirial nyuumuonia.<ref name="NYTimesDeniseGradySept2009">[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/04/health/research/04flu-001.html?_r=1 Report Finds Swine Flu Has Killed 36 Children], New York Times, DENISE GRADY, 3 September 2009.</ref> == Refrans == <div style="height: 250px; width: 1132px; overflow:-moz-scrollbars-horizontal;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;"> {{Reflist|2}} </div> {{Commons|Influenza}} fmguk4iy45erpy4p7gvh96anszrc9kd 0 2166 22850 20176 2026-08-21T21:32:53Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Malaria.jpg|thumb|250px|''Plasmodium'' frah di salaiva a wah fiimiel maskita a-muuv kraas wah maskita sel]] '''Malieria''' a wah infekshos diziiz pred bai maskita tu yuuman ah ada'' h''animals chuu parasitik pruotozuowan (wah gruup a singgl-sel maikrohaaganizim) we bilangx tu di ''Plasmodium'' taip.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Malieria kaaz simtom we tipikali ingkluud fiiva, fatiig, vamitin, ah ediek. Ina sivier kies ikiah kaaz yelo kin, siija, kuoma, ar det.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Simtom yuujali bigin ten tu fiftiin die afta smadi get bait. Ef ino prapali chriit, piipl maita ab rikorans a di diziiz soh mont lieta.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Ina demde uu riisantli sovaiv infekshan, riihinfekshan yuujali kaaz maila simtom. Dis paashal rizistans disapier uoba soh mont tu ier ef di poersn no kantiniu expuoz tu malieria.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Di diziiz muos kamanli chanzmit bai wah infektid fiimiel ''Anopheles'' maskita. Di maskita bait inchajuus di parasaitdem frah di maskita salaiva ina di persn blod.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Di parasaitdem chrabl tu di liva we deh machior ah riprojuus. Faib spiishiz a ''Plasmodium'' kiah infek ah pred bai yuuman.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Muos det kaaz bai ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' bikaa ''P.&nbsp;vivax'', ''P.&nbsp;ovale'', ah ''P.&nbsp;malariae'' jinarali kaaz a maila faam a malieria.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Di spiishiz ''P.&nbsp;knowlesi'' rierli kaaz diziiz ina yuuman.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Malieria tipikali dayagnuoz bai di maikroskapik egzaminieshan a blod we yuuz blod flim, ar wid antijen-bies rapid dayagnastik tes.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Metod we yuuz di palimeriez chien riakshan fi ditek di parasait DNA eh-don divelop, bot no waidli yuuz ina ieria we malieria kaman juu tu deh kaas ah komplexiti.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH|title=Malaria: An update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|year=2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–59|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Di rix a diziiz kiah rijuus bai privent maskita bait bai yuuz maskita net ah insek ripelant, ar wid maskita-kanchuol meja laka sprie insektisaid ah jrien standin waata.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Wuoliip a medikieshan avielebl fi privent malieria ina trabla tu ieria we di diziiz kaman. Okiejanal duos a di medikieshan solfadaxiin/pairimetamiin  rekomen fi infant ah afta di [[Pregnansi|fos chraimest]]<nowiki/>a a prignansi ina ieria wid ai riet a malieria. Dispait di niid, no ifektiv vaxiin no egzis, alduo efoert fi divelop wan angwain.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Di rikomen chriitment fi malieria a wah kombinieshan a antimalierial medikieshan we ingkluud aatimisinin.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Di sekan medikieshan kiah bi aida meflokwiin, lumefanchriin, ar solfadaxiin/pairimetamiin.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesfortre0000unse|date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241547925|page=ix|edition=2nd}}</ref> Kuiniin tugiada wid daxisaikliin kiah yuuz  ef no aatimisinin no avielebl.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesfortre0000unse|date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241547925|page=ix|edition=2nd}}</ref> Irekomen ina ieria we di diziiz kaman, malieria fi kanfoerm ef pasibl bifuo chriitment taat juu tu kansoern bout ingkriisin jog rizistans. Rizistans mongx di parasait divelop tu sebral antimalierial medikieshan; fi egzampl, kluorokwiin-rizistant ''P.&nbsp;falciparum''  don-pred tu muos malierial ieria, ah rizistans tu aatimisinin a prablem ina som paat a Soutiis Ieja.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Di diziiz pred waid ina di chapikal ah sobchapikal riijan we egzis ina braad ban rong di ikwieta.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Dis ingkluud moch a Sob-Sa'aaran Afrika, [[Ieja]], ah [[Latn Amoerka]]. Ina 2015, a wena 214 milian kies a malieria wolwaid.<ref name="WHO15">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> Dis rizolt ina estimietid 438,000 det, 90% a we okor ina Afrika.<ref name="WHO15">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> Riet a diziiz dikriis frah 2000 tu 2015 bai 37%,<ref name="WHO15">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> bot ingkriis frah 2014 juurin wen a weh 198 milian kies.<ref name="WHO2014Book">{{Cite book|last1=WHO|title=World Malaria Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-92-4156483-0|pages=32–42|url=http://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2014/en/index.html}}</ref> Malieria kamanli asosiet wid pavati ah iab mieja negitiv ifek pah ikanamik divelopment.<ref name="IftSoL"><cite class="citation report">Gollin D, Zimmermann C (August 2007). </cite></ref><ref name="Worrall 2005"><cite class="citation journal">Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K (2005). </cite></ref> Ina Afrika, iestimiet fi rizolt ina laas a US$12 bilian a ier juu tu ingkriis eltkier kaas, laas abiliti fi wok, ah negitiv ifek pah tuorizim.<ref name="Greenwood 2005"><cite class="citation journal">Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA (2005). </cite></ref> == Sain ah simtom == [[File:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|265x265px|Mien simtom a malieria<ref name="PPID 2010"><cite class="citation book">Fairhurst RM, Wellems TE (2010). </cite></ref>]] Di sain ah simtom a malieria tipikali bigin 8–25 die falarin infekshan;<ref name="PPID 2010"><cite class="citation book">Fairhurst RM, Wellems TE (2010). </cite></ref> ousomeba, simtom kiah okor lieta ina demde uu eh-tek antimalierial medikieshan az privenshan.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH|title=Malaria: An update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|year=2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–59|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Inishal manifestieshan a di diziiz—kaman tu ''h''aal malieria spiishiz—komiin laka [[Influenza|flu]]<nowiki/>u simtom,<ref name="Bartoloni 2012"><cite class="citation journal">Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L (2012). </cite></ref> ah kiah rizembl ada kandishan laka sepsis, gaschoentaraitis, ah vairal diziiz.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH|title=Malaria: An update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|year=2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–59|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Di prizentieshan kiah ingkluud ediek, fiiva, shivarin, jaint pien, vamitin, iimolitik aniimia, jaandis, iimogluobin ina di yuurin, retinal damij, ah kanvolshan.<ref name="Beare 2006"><cite class="citation journal">Beare NA, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME (2006). </cite></ref> Di klasik simtom a malieria a paraxizim—saiklikal okorans a sodn kuolnis fala bai shivarin ah den fiiva ah swetin, okorin ebri tuu die (toershan fiiva) ina ''P.&nbsp;vivax'' ah ''P.&nbsp;ovale'' infekshan, ah ebri chrii die (kwaatan fiiva) fi ''P.&nbsp;malariae''. ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' infekshan kiah kaaz rikorant fiiva ebri 36–48 howa, ar les pronongs ah aalmuos kantinyuos fiiva.<ref name="Ferri 2009"><cite class="citation book">Ferri FF (2009). </cite></ref> Sivier malieria yuujali kaaz bai ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' (muotaim refa tu az falciparum malieria). Simtom a falciparum malieria araiz 9–30 die afta infekshan.<ref name="Bartoloni 2012"><cite class="citation journal">Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L (2012). </cite></ref> Indivijual wid seriibral malieria friikuentli egzibit nyuuralajikal simtom, ingkluudn abnaamal pascharin, nistagmos, kanjuget giez paalzi (fielia a di yaidem fi ton tugiada ina di siem direkshan), opistotuonus, siija, ar kuoma.<ref name="Bartoloni 2012"><cite class="citation journal">Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L (2012). </cite></ref> == Refrans == <references/> {{Commons|Malaria|Malieria}} kytce48jp4iqx97mwyx9duo69dn0hh1 0 2203 22847 16156 2026-08-21T21:30:27Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260821)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} '''Fizikal kazmalaji''' a di todi a di laajis-skiel chokchadem ah dainamix a di Yunivoers ah kansoern wid fondamental kuestian bout di harijin, chokcha, hevaluushan, ah oltimet fiet. Fi muos a yuuman ischri, a wena branch a metafizix ah rilijan. Kazmalaji az sayans arijiniet wid di Kopoernikan prinsipl, we himplai se di silestial badidem obie fizikal laa haidentical tu demde pah Oert, ah Nyuutuonian mikianix, we fos lou wi fi handastan demde fizikal laa. == Bibliografi == * {{cite book | author = Brian Greene | authorlink = Brian Greene | title = [[The Fabric of the Cosmos]] | publisher = Penguin Books Ltd | date = 2005 | isbn = 0-14-101111-4 }} * {{cite book | author = Alan Guth | authorlink = Alan Guth | title = The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins | publisher = Random House | date = 1997 | isbn = 0-224-04448-6 }} * {{cite book | authorlink = Stephen Hawking | last = Hawking | first = Stephen W. | title = [[A Brief History of Time|A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes]] | publisher = Bantam Books, Inc | date = 1988 | isbn = 0-553-38016-8 }} * {{cite book | authorlink = Stephen Hawking | last = Hawking | first = Stephen W. | title = [[The Universe in a Nutshell]] | publisher = Bantam Books, Inc | date = 2001 | isbn = 0-553-80202-X }} *{{cite book|last1=Ostriker|first1=Jeremiah P.|last2=Mitton|first2=Simon|title=Heart of Darkness: Unraveling the mysteries of the invisible Universe|url=https://archive.org/details/heartofdarknessu0000ostr|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-13430-7}} * {{cite book | author = Simon Singh | authorlink = Simon Singh | title = [[Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe]] | publisher = Fourth Estate | date = 2005 | isbn = 0-00-716221-9 }} * {{cite book | author = Steven Weinberg | authorlink = Steven Weinberg | title = The First Three Minutes | publisher = Basic Books | date = 1993 | origyear = First published 1978 | isbn = 0-465-02437-8 }} [[Category:Fizikal kazmalaji]] 2uakxw0rpqjzmsiaa4yzv95lu9pdyxe