Wikipidia jamwiki https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mien_Piej MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipidia Wikipidia diskoshan File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Puotal Puotal diskoshan TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Ischri 0 601 22862 22857 2026-08-22T16:23:06Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260822sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gud aatikl}} [[File:Gyzis 006 (Ηistoria).jpeg|thumb|''Historia''<br />bai [[Nikolaos Gysis]] (1892)]] '''Ischri''' (frah [[Griik languij|Griik]] ''ἱστορία'', historia, miinin "ingkwairi, nalij akwaya bai investigieshan")<ref name=JosephJanda>{{Cite book| last =Joseph | first =Brian (Ed.)| last2 =Janda | first2 =Richard (Ed.)| publication-date =30 December 2004| title =The Handbook of Historical Linguistics| url =https://archive.org/details/handbookofhistor0000unse_a3u8 | publisher =Blackwell Publishing| page =[https://archive.org/details/handbookofhistor0000unse_a3u8/page/163 163]| isbn =978-1-4051-2747-9| year =2008| postscript =<!--None-->}}</ref> a di todi a di paas, potikiula ou iriliet tu yuuman<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/qt/history_definition.htm | title=History Definition | accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp | title=What is History & Why Study It? | accessdate=21 January 2014}}</ref>. Ia wah ambrela toerm we riliet tu paas ivent azwel di memri, diskovri, kalekshan, aaganizieshan, prezentieshan, ah intoerpritieshan a infamieshan bout demya ivent. Skala uu rait bout ischri kaal [[istuorian]]. Ivent we okor praya tu raitdong rekaad kansida [[priischri]]. Ischri kiah azwel refa tu di akademik disiplin we yuuz [[naritiv]] fi egzamin ah analaiz siikuens a paas ivent, ah abjektivli ditoermin di patan a kaaz ah ifek we ditoermin dem. Istuorian sohtaim dibiet di [[niecha a ischri]] ah iyuusfulnis bai diskos di todi a di disiplin az a hen ina iself ah az a wie fi provaid "pospektiv" pah di prablem a di prezent. Tuori kaman tu potikiula kolcha bot no supuot bai extoernal suos (laka di tuoridem bout [[King Aata]]), yuujali klasifai az [[kolchral eritij]] ar [[lejin]], bikaa deh no shuo di "disinchrestid investigieshan" rikwaya a di disiplin a ischri. [[Eroduotus]], wah 5f-senchri BKE Griik istuorian kansida widin di Westan chradishan fi bi di "faada a ischri", ah, langsaida ih kantempareri Tuusididiiz, elp faam di foundieshan fi di madan todi a yuuman ischri. Piipl kantiniu fi riid deh wok tide, ah di giap bitwiin di kolcha-fuokos Eroduotos ah di milichri-fuokos [[Tuusididiiz]] rimien a paint a kantenshan ar apruoch ina madan istarikal raitn. Ina Ieja, wah stiet kranikl, di [[Pring ah Aatom Anal]] eh-nuo fi bi kompail frah az hoerli az 722 BKE alduo onggl 2n senchri BKE tex sovaiv. Ienshent influens eh-elp spaan vieriant intoerpritieshan a di niecha a ischri we eh-ivalv uoba di senchri ah kantiniu fi chienj tide. Di madan todi a ischri waid-rienjin, ah ingkluud di todi a spisifik riijan ah di todi a soertn tapikal ar tiimatikal eliment a istarikal investigieshan. Noftaim ischri tiich az paat a praimri ah sekanderi edikieshan, ah di akademik todi a ischri a mieja disiplin ina yunivoersiti todi. == Etimalaji == Di wod ''ischri'' oltimetli koh frah [[Ienshent Griik]] ''ἱστορία''<ref>{{LSJ|i(stori/a|ἱστορία}}</ref> (historía), miinin "ingkwairi", "nalij frah ingkwairi", ar "joj". A weh ina dat sens we Aristakl yuuz di wod ina ih Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι<ref name="Ferrater-Mora">Ferrater-Mora, José. ''Diccionario de Filosofia''. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1994.</ref> (Perì Tà Zôa Ηistoríai "Ingkwairi bout Animal"). Di ansista wod ''ἵστωρ'' ates hoerli aan ina [[Uomerik Im]], [[Eraklaitos]], di Atiinian ifiib uot, ah ina Boyotik inskripshan (ina liigal sens, aida "joj" ar "witnis", ar simila). Di Griik wod eh-baara put ina Klasikal Latn az ''historia'', miinin 'investigieshan, ingkwairi, risaach, akount, diskripshan, raitdong akount a paas ivent, raitin a ischri, istarikal naritiv, rikaadid nalij a paas ivent, tuori, naritiv'. Ischri weh baara frah Latn (pasibl vaya Uol Airish ar Uol Welsh) ina Uol Ingglish az stær ('ischri, naritiv, tuori'), bot dis wod jrapout a yuus ina di liet Uol Ingglish piiriad<ref name="OED Online. Oxford University Press 2014">"history, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2014. Web. 9 March 2015.</ref>. Miinwail, az Latn eh-bikom Uol French (ah Angglo-Naaman), historia divelop ina faam laka istorie, estoire, ah historie, wid nyuu divelopment ina di miinin: 'akount a di ivent a smadi laif (bignin a di 12f senchri), kranikl, akount a ivent az relivant tu a gruup a piipl ar piipl jinarali (1155), jramatik ar piktuorial riprizentieshan a istarikal ivent (c. 1240), badi a nalij relitiv tu yuuman evaluushan, sayans (c. 1265), naritiv a riil ar imajineri ivent, tuori (c. 1462)'<ref name="OED Online. Oxford University Press 2014"/>. A weh frah Angglo-Naaman we history weh baara fram put ina Migl Ingglish, ah dis taim di luon stik. Iapier ina di toertiint-senchri Ancrene Riwle, bot siim fi bikom kaman wod ina di liet fuotiint senchri, wid wah hoerli atestieshan we apier ina Jan Gowa (John Gower) Confessio Amantis a di 1390z (VI.1383): 'I finde in a bok compiled | To this matiere an old histoire, | The which comth nou to mi memoire'. Ina Migl Ingglish, di miinin a ischri ena "tuori" jinarali. Di rischrikshan tu di miinin 'di branch a nalj we diil wid paas ivent; di faamal rekaad ar todi a paas ivent, esp. yuuman afier' kombout ina di mid-fiftiint senchri<ref name="OED Online. Oxford University Press 2014"/>. Wid di Renesans, uola sens a di wod eh-rivaiv, ah a wena ina di Griik sens we Fransis Biekan (Francis Bacon) yuuz di toerm ina di liet sixtiint senchri, wen ih eh-rait bout "Nachral Ischri". Fi im, historia wena "di nalij a abjek ditoermin bai spies ah taim", da saat a nalij provaid bai rimembrans (wails sayans eh-provaid bai riizn, ah puoychri eh-provaid bai fantasi)<ref>Cf. "history, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2014. Web. 9 March 2015.</ref>. Ina hexpreshan a di lingguistik sintetik vs. analitik/aisolietin daikatami, Ingglish laka Chaini (史 vs. 诌) nou dezigniet sepret wod fi yuuman ischri ah tuoritelin jinarali. Siem wie, Jumiekan languij fala Ingglish. Ina madan Joerman, French, ah muos Joermanik ah Romans languij, we salidli sintetik ah aili inflek, di siem wod stil yuuz fi miin buot "ischri" ah "tuori". Di ajitiv istarikal ates frah 1661, ah istarik frah 1669<ref name="Whitney">Whitney, W. D. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language]''. New York: The Century Co, 1889.</ref>. Istuorian ina di sens a "risaacha a ischri" ates frah 1531. Ina haal Yuropiyan languij, di sobstantiv "ischri" stil yuuz fi miin buot "wa apm wid man", ah "di skalali todi a wa apm, di lata sens sohtaim distingguish wid a kiapital leta, "Ischri", ar di wod istuoriagrafi<ref name="Ferrater-Mora" />. == Diskripshan == [[File:The Historians' History of the World - Title Page.jpg|thumb|Taikl piej tu ''[[Di Istuorian Ischri a di Wol]]'' (The Historians' History of the World.]] Istuorian rait ina di kantex a fideh uona taim, ah wid juu rigyaad tu di korant daminant aidie a ou fi intoerprit di paas, ah sohtaim rait fi provaid lesn fi deh uona sasayati. Frah outa [[Benideto Kroche]] (Benedetto Croce) mout, "Aal ischri a kantempri ischri". Ischri fasilitiet bai di faamieshan a 'chuu diskuos a di paas' chuu di prodokshan a naritiv ah analisis a paas ivent we riliet tu di yuuman ries<ref>W. D. Whitney, (1889). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language]. Page [https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA2842,M1 2842].</ref>. Di madan disiplin a ischri dedikiet tu di instityuushanal prodokshan a dis diskuos. Aal ivent we memba ah prizaab ina som aatentik faam kanstityuut di istarikal rekaad<ref name="wordnet">[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn WordNet Search – 3.0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050917065532/http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn |date=2005-09-17 }}, "History".</ref>. Di taas a istarikal diskuos a fi aidentifai di suos we kiah muos yuusfuli kanchribiut tu di prodokshan a akiuret akount a di paas. Sobiin, di kanstityuushan a di istuorian aakaiv a rizolt a soerkomskraib muo jinaral aakaiv bai invalidiet di yuusij a soertn tex ah dakiument (bai falsifai deh kliem fi riprizent di 'chuu paas'). Di todi a ischri sohtaim eh-klasifai az paat a di yuumanitiz ah ada taim az paat a suoshal sayans<ref>Scott Gordon and James Gordon Irving, ''The History and Philosophy of Social Science''. Routledge 1991. Page 1. ISBN 0-415-05682-9</ref>. Ikiah azwel si az brij bitwiin demde tuu braad ieria, tu ou i ingkaapariet metadalaji frah buot. Som indivijual istuorian supuot chrang-chrang wan ar di ada klasifikieshan<ref>Ritter, H. (1986). Dictionary of concepts in history. Reference sources for the social sciences and humanities, no. 3. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Page 416.</ref>. Ina di 20t senchri, French istuorian Foernan Braadel (Fernand Braudel) revaluushanaiz di todi a ischri, bai yuuz soch outsaid disiplin az ikanamix, anchopalaji, ah jaagrafi ina di todi a gluobal ischri. Chradishanali, istuorian eh-rikaad ivent a di paas, aida ina raitn ar bai paasaan uoral chradishan, ah eh-atemp fi hansa istarikal kuestian chuu di todi a raitdong dakiument ah uoral akount. Frah di bignin, istuorian eh-yuuz azwel soch suos laka maniument, inskripshan, ah picha. Jinarali, di suos a istarikal nalij kiah separiet ina chrii kiatigari: wa raitdong, wa se, ah wa fizikali prizaab, ah istuorian noftaim kansolt di chrii a dem<ref>Michael C. Lemon (1995). The Discipline of History and the History of Thought. Routledge. Page 201. ISBN 0-415-12346-1</ref>. Bot raitn a di maaka we separiet ischri frah wa kom bifuo. Aakialaji a disiplin we espeshal elpful fi diil wid beri sait ah abjik, we, wans deh anoert, kanchribiut tu di todi a ischri. Bot aakialaji rierli tan pani uon. Iyuuz naritiv suos fi kampliment idiskovridem. Ousomeba, aakialaji kanstityuut bai a rienj a metadalaji ah apruoch we indipendant frah ischri; dat a fi se, aakialaji no "ful di giap" widin texchal suos. A chuu se "istarikal aakialaji" a spisifik branch a aakialaji, ah noftaim wi kanchraas ikangkluujan gens demde a kantempareri texchal suos. Fi egzampl, Mark Leone, di exkivieta ah intoprita a istarikal Anapolis, Mierilan, USA, ena-siik fi andastan di kanchradikshan bitwiin texchal dakiument ah di matiirial rekaad, fi demanschriet di pozeshan a sliev ah di inikualiti a welt aparent vaya di todi a di tuotal istarikal invairament, dispait di aidialaji a "libati" inerent ina raitn dakiument a disya taim. Uoliip a difrah-difrah wie de fi ou ischri kiah aaganaiz, ingkluudn kranalajikal, kolchral, terituorial, ah tiimatik. Demya divijan no myuuchali exkluusiv, ah signifikant uovalap noftaim prezant, laka ina "The International Women's Movement in an Age of Transition, 1830–1975." Ipasebl fi istuorian kansoern dehself wid buot di veri spisifik ah di veri jinaral, alduo di madan chren ena tuwadz speshalizieshan. Di ieria kaal Big Ischri rizis dis speshalizieshan, ah saach fi yunivoersal patan ar chren. Ischri muotaim eh-todi wid som praktikal ar tioretikal iem, bot aalso kiah todi outa simpl intilekchal kiuriasiti. == Ischriagrafi == [[File:Guicciardini M Francesco La Historia dItalia.jpg|thumb|left|Taikl piej tu "Di Ischri a Itali" (''La Historia d'Italia'').]] Ischriagrafi ab wah nomba a rilietid miinin. Fos, ikiah refa tu ou ischri eh-projuus: di tuori a di divelopment a [[metadalaji]] ah praktis (fi egzampl, di muuv frah shaat-toerm bayagrafikal naritiv tuwadz lang-toerm tiimatik analisis). Sekan, ikiah refa tu wa eh-projuus: spisifik badi a istarikal raitn (fi egzampl, "midiival ischriagrafi juurin di 1960z" miin "Wok a midiival ischri we rait juurin di 1960z"). Tod, imaita kiah refa tu wamek ischri projuus: di [[Filasafi a ischri]]. Az [[meta-lebl]] analisis a diskripshan a di paas, dis tod kansepshan kiah riliet tu di fos tuu as ou di analisis yuujali fuokos pah di naritiv, intopritieshan, [[wolvyuu]], yuus a evidens, ar metad a prizentieshan a ada istuorian. Profeshanal istuorian azwel dibiet di kuestian a weda ischri kiah tiich az singgl koerent naritiv ar az siiriz a kompiitin naritiv<ref>Ernst Breisach, ''Historiography: Ancient, medieval, and modern'' (University of Chicago Press, 2007).</ref><ref>Georg G. Iggers, ''Historiography in the twentieth century: From scientific objectivity to the postmodern challenge'' (2005).</ref>. == Filasafi a ischri == Filasafi a ischri a branch a filasafi kansoernin di ivenchal signifikans, ef heni, a yuuman ischri. Foerdamuo, ispekiuliet az tu pasibl tiliolajikal hen tu idivelopment—dat a, iax ef heni dizain, poerpos, direktiv prinsipl, ar fainaliti de ina di pruosesdem a yuuman ischri. Filasafi a ischri shudn kanfyuuz wid ischriagrafi, we a di todi a ischri az akademik disiplin, ah so kansoern imetad ah praktisdem, ah idivelopment az disiplin uoba taim. Filasafi a ischri shudn kanfyuuz naida wid di [[ischri a filasafi]], we a di todi a di divelopment a filasafikal aidie chuu taim. == Istarikal metad == : ''[[Istarikal metad]]'' [[File:ancientlibraryalex.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Dipikshan a di ienshent [[Laibri a Aligzanjria]].]] Di istarikal metad kompraiz di tekniik ah gaidlain fi ou istuorian fi yuuz praimri suos ah ada evidens fi risaach ah den fi rait ischri. [[Eroduotos a Alikaanasos]] (484 BKE – ca.425 BKE)<ref name="lamberg-karlovsky-p5">{{cite book |title=Ancient Civilizations: The Near East and Mesoamerica |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientcivilizat0000lamb |author1=Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. |author2=Jeremy A. Sabloff |publisher=Benjamin-Cummings Publishing |year=1979 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientcivilizat0000lamb/page/5 5]|isbn=0-88133-834-6}}</ref> jinarali akliem az di "faada a ischri". Ousomeba, ih kantempri Tuusididiiz (ca. 460 BKE – ca. 400 BKE) kredit fi fos apruoch ischri wi wel-divelop istarikal metad ina ih wok di Ischri a di Pelapaniijan Waar. Tuusididiiz, no komiin laka Eroduotos, eh-rigyaad ischri az di prodok a di chais ah akshan a yuuman biin, ah ih luk pah kaaz ah ifek, reda dah az di rizolt a divain intavenshan.<ref name="lamberg-karlovsky-p5"/> Ina ih istarikal metad, Tuusididiiz emfasaiz kranalaji, a nyuuchral paint a vyuu, ah se di yuuman wol ena di rizolt a di akshan a yuuman biin. Griik istuorian azwel vyuu ischri az saiklikal, wid ivent a-rikor pah di regla.<ref>[[Ibn Khaldun]], Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1967), ''The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History'', p. x, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01754-9.</ref> Istarikal chradishan ah sofistikietid yuus a istarikal metad eh yuuz ina ienshent ah midiival Chaina. Di grongwok fi profeshanal ischriagrafi ina Iis Ieja weh extablish bai di An Dainasti kuot istuorian nuo az Sima Chian (Sima Qian 145–90 BC), aata a di Shiji (Rekaad a di Gran Istuorian). Fi di kualiti a ih raitn wok, Sima Chian nuo pastyuumos az di Faada a Chaini Ischriagrafi. Chaini istuorian a sobsikuent dainastik piiriad a Chaina yuuz ih Shiji az di ofishal faamat fi istarikal tex, azwel fi bayografikal lichicha. [[Sint Agostin]] eh influenshal ina [[Kristian]] ah [[Westan taat]] a di bignin a di midiival piiriad. Chuu di Midiival ah [[Renesans]] piiriad, ischri muotaim eh-todi chuu siekrid ar rilijos pospektiv. Arong 1800, Joerman filasafa ah istuorian [[Gyaag Vilem Friijrik Hiegel]] (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel) bring iin [[filasafi]] ah muo [[sekiula]] apruoch ina istarikal todi.<ref name="graham-ch1">{{cite book |title=The Shape of the Past |url=https://archive.org/details/shapeofpast0000grah |author=Graham, Gordon |publisher=Oxford University |year=1997 |chapter=Chapter 1}}</ref> Ina di prefes tu ih buk, di ''[[Muqaddimah]]'' (1377), di Arab istuorian ah hoerli suosialajis, [[Ibn Khaldun]], waan bout sebm mistiek we ih tingk se istuorian komit pah di regla. Ina dis kritisizim, ih apruoch di paas az chrienj ah niid fi intoerprit. Di arijinaliti a Ibn Khaldun eh fi kliem se di kolchral difrans a waneda iej mos goban di ivaliuyeshan a relivant istarikal matiirial, fi distingguish di prinsipl askaadn tu we imaita pasibl fi atemp di ivaliuyeshan, ah laas, fi fiil di niid fi expiirians, adishanal tu rashanal prinsipl, az tu ou fi ases kolcha a di paas. Ibn Khaldun noftaim kritisaiz "aigl [[syuupastishan]] ah ankritikal axeptans a istarikal dieta." Az a rizolt, ih inchajuus [[sayantifik metad]] tu di todi a ischri, ah ih muotaim refa tui az ih "nyuu sayans"<ref>Ibn Khaldun, Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1967), ''The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History'', p. x, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01754-9.</ref> Ih istarikal metad aalso lie di grongwok fi di abzavieshan a di ruol a stiet, komiunikieshan, prapagianda ah sistimatik bayas ina ischri,<ref name=Mowlana>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> ah so ih kansida fi bi di "faada a ischriagrafi"<ref>Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-356-9.</ref><ref name=Enan>{{Cite book|title=Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works|first=Muhammed Abdullah|last=Enan|publisher=The Other Press|year=2007|isbn=983-9541-53-6|page=v|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> ar di "faada a di filasafi a ischri".<ref name=Akhtar>Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '''12''' (3).</ref> Ina di Wes, istuorian divelop madan metad a ischriagrafi ina di 17t ah 18t senchri, espeshal ina Frans ah Joermani. Di 19t-senchri istuorian wid di grietis influens pah metad ena [[Liopuol van Rangk]] (Leopold von Ranke) ina Joermani. Ina di 20t senchri, akademik istuorian eh-fuokos les pah hepik nashinalistik naritiv, we muotaim eh-ten fi gluorifai di nieshan ar griet mandem, tu muo abjektiv ah komplex analisis a suoshal ah intilekchal fuos. Wah mieja chren a istarikal metadalaji ina di 20t senchri ena di tendansi fi chriit ischri muo az suoshal sayans reda dah az aat, we chradishanali eh di kies. Som a di liidn advoket a ischri az suoshal sayans ena wah daivoers kalekshan a skala we ingkluud [[Fernand Braudel]], [[E. H. Carr]], [[Fritz Fischer]], [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]], [[Hans-Ulrich Wehler]], [[Bruce Trigger]], [[Marc Bloch]], [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]], [[Peter Gay]], [[Robert Fogel]], [[Lucien Febvre]] ah [[Lawrence Stone]]. Nof a di advoket a ischri az suoshal sayans nuot fi deh molti-disiplineri apruoch. Braudel eh-kombain ischri wid jaagrafi, Bracher ischri wid palitikal sayans, Fogel ischri wid ikanamix, Gay ischri wid saikalaji, Trigger ischri wid aakialaji wails Wehler, Bloch, Fischer, Stone, Febvre ah Le Roy Ladurie ina difrah-difrah wie eh-amalgamiet ischri wid suoshalaji, jaagrafi, anchopalaji, ahd ikanamix. Muo riisantli, di fiil a dijital ischri eh-bigin fi ajres wie fi yuuz kompyuuta teknalaji fi puoz nyuu kuestian tu istarikal dieta ah jinariet dijital skalaship. Ina apozishan tu di kliem a ischri az suoshal sayans, istuorian laka [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]], [[John Lukacs]], [[Donald Creighton]], [[Gertrude Himmelfarb]] ah [[Gerhard Ritter]] eh-aagiu se di kii tu istuorian wok ena di powa a di imajinieshan, ah so deh kanten se ischri shuda andastan az aat. French istuorian asosiet wid di Annales Skuul inchajuus kuantitietiv ischri, bai yuuz raa dieta fi chrak di laif a tipikal indivijal, ah deh weh praminant ina di extablishment a kolchral ischri (cf. histoire des mentalités). Intilekchal istuorian laka Herbert Butterfield, Ernst Nolte ah George Mosse eh-aagiu fi di signifikans a aidie ina ischri. Amoerkan istuorian, motiviet bai di sivl raits era, fuokos pah di faamali uovaluk etnik, rieshal, ah suosho-ikanamik gruupdem. Wah nex jaahra a suoshal ischri fi imoerj ina di puos-WWII era ena Alltagsgeschichte (Ischri a Ebridie Laif). Skala laka Martin Broszat, Ian Kershaw ah Detlev Peukert ena-siik fi egzamin ou ebridie laif eh-tan fi aadineri piipl ina 20t-senchri Joermani, espeshal ina di Naatsi piiriad. Maaxis istuorian laka Eric Hobsbawm, E. P. Thompson, Rodney Hilton, Georges Lefebvre, Eugene D. Genovese, Isaac Deutscher, C. L. R. James, Timothy Mason, Herbert Aptheker, Arno J. Mayer ah Christopher Hill ena-siik fi validiet Kaal Maax tiori bai analaiz ischri frah Maaxis pospektiv. Ina rispans tu di Maaxis intopritieshan a ischri, istuorian laka François Furet, Richard Pipes, J. C. D. Clark, Roland Mousnier, Henry Ashby Turner ah Robert Conquest aafa anti-Maaxis intopritieshan a ischri. Feminis istuorian laka Joan Wallach Scott, Claudia Koonz, Natalie Zemon Davis, Sheila Rowbotham, Gisela Bock, Gerda Lerner, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, ah Lynn Hunt eh-aagiu fi di impuotans a todi a di expiirians a uman ina di paas. Ina riisant ier, puosmadanis chalinj di validiti ah niid fi di todi a ischri pah di biesis se aal ischri bies pah di poersnal intopritieshan a suos. Ina ih 1997 buk In Defence of History, Richard J. Evans, profesa a madan ischri a Kiembrij Yunivoersiti, difen di wot a ischri. Wahneda difens a ischri frah puos-madanis kritisizim ena di Aschrielian istuorian Keith Windschuttle 1994 buk, The Killing of History. == Ieria a todi == === Piiriad === Istarikal todi noftaim fuokos pah ivent ah divelopment we okor ina potikiula blak a taim. Istuorian gi niem tu demya piiriad a taim fi lou fi "aaganaiz aidie ah klasifikiechri jinaralizieshan" fi kiah yuuz bai istuorian<ref name="Marwick-p169">{{cite book |title=The Nature of History |url=https://archive.org/details/natureofhistory0000marw |author=Marwick, Arthur|publisher=The Macmillan Press LTD |year=1970 |page=[https://archive.org/details/natureofhistory0000marw/page/169 169]}}</ref>. Di niem deh gi tu a piiriad kiah vieri wid jaagrafikal lokieshan, sieh wie di diet a di staat ah hen a potikiula piiriad. Senchri ah deked a kaman piiriad fi yuuz ah di taim deh riprizent dipen pah di dietin sistim deh yuuz. Muos piiriad kanschrok rechrospektivli ah so riflek valiu jojment deh mek bout di paas. Di wie piiriad kanschrok ah di niem deh gi dem kiah afek di wie deh vyuu ah todi<ref name="Tosh-p168-169">{{cite book |title=The Pursuit of History|url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofhistory0000tosh|author=Tosh, John|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pursuitofhistory0000tosh/page/168 168]–169}}</ref>. ==== Priistarik piiriadizieshan ==== Di fiil a ischri jinarali lef priischri tu aakialajis, uu ab wah wuol difrah set a tuul ah tiori. Di yuujal metad fi piiriadizieshan a di distant priistarik paas, ina [[aakialaji]] a fi rilai pah chienj ina matiirial kolcha ah teknalaji, laka di [[Stuon Iej]], [[Branz Iej]] ah [[Ayan Iej|hAyan Iej]] ah deh sob-divijan azwel bies pah difrah-difrah stail a matiirial rimienz. Spaita di divelopment uoba riisant deked a di abiliti chuu [[riediokaaban dietin]] ah ada sayantifik metad fi gi akchual diet fi nof sait ar aatifak, demya lang-extablish skiim siim laikli fi rimien ina yuus. Ina nof kies niebarin kolcha wid raitn eh-lef som ischri a kolcha widoutni, we kiah yuuz. === Jaagrafikal lokieshan === Potikiula jaagrafikal lokieshan kiah faam di biesis fi istarikal todi, fi egzampl, [[kantinent]], [[konchri]] ah [[siti]]. Fi andastan wamek istarik ivent eh-tek plies impuotant. Fi du dis, istuorian noftaim ton tu jaagrafi. Weda patan, di waata soplai, ah di lanskiep a di plies aal a dem afek di laif a di piipl uu eh-lib de. Fi egzampl, fi explien wamek di ienshent Iijipshan divelop soch a soksesful siblaizieshan, i isenshal fi todi di jaagrafi a Iijip. Iijipshan siblaizieshan eh-bil pah di bangkin a di Nail Riva, we flod ebri ier, ah dipazit sail pah ibangkin. Di rich sail kuda eh-elp faama gruo anof krap fi fiid di piipl ina di sitidem. Dat eh-miin se a no ebribadi afi faam, so som piipl kuda pofaam adahels jab we elp divelop di siblaizieshan. === Milichri ischri === [[Milichri ischri]] kansoern waarfier, chratiji, bakl, wepan, ah di saikalaji a kombat. Di "nyuu milichri ischri" sens di 1970z kansoern wid suoja muo dah di jinaraldem, wid saikalaji muo dah tatix, ah wid di braada impak a waarfier pah sasayati ah kolcha<ref name=Pavkovic>{{Cite book | last =Pavkovic | first =Michael | last2 =Morillo | first2 =Stephen | publication-date =31 July 2006 | title =What is Military History? | url =https://archive.org/details/whatismilitaryhi0000mori | publication-place =Oxford | publisher =Polity Press | pages =3–4 | isbn =978-0-7456-3390-9 | year =2006 | postscript =<!--None-->}}</ref>. === Ischri a rilijan === Di ischri a rilijan ena di mien tiim fi buot sekiula ah rilijos istuorian fi senchri, ah deh kantiniu fi tiichi ina semineri ah akadiim. Liidn joernal ingkluud Choch Ischri, Kiaklik Istarikal Rivyuu, ah Ischri a Rilijan. Tapik rienj waid-waid frah palitikal ah kolchral ah aatistik daimenshan, tu tiyalaji ah litaji<ref>{{cite journal |first=Eric |last=Cochrane |title=What Is Catholic Historiography? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_catholic-historical-review_1975-04_61_2/page/169 |journal=Catholic Historical Review |volume=61 |issue=2 |year=1975 |pages=169–190 |jstor=25019673 }}</ref>. Dis sobjek todi rilijan frah aal riijan ah ieria a di wol eniwe yuuman eh-lib<ref>For example see {{cite journal |first=Sofia Boesch |last=Gajano |first2=Tommaso |last2=Caliò |title=Italian Religious Historiography in the 1990s |journal=Journal of Modern Italian Studies |year=1998 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=293–306 |jstor= }}</ref>. === Suoshal ischri === [[Suoshal ischri]], sohtaim kaal di nyuu suoshal ischri, a di fiil we ingkluud ischri a aadneri piipl ah deh chratiji ah instityuushan fi kuop wid laif<ref>Peter Stearns, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Social History'' (1994)</ref>. Ina i"guolin iej" iwena mieja gruot fiil ina di 1960z ah 1970z mongx skala, ah stil wel riprizent ina ischri dipaatment. Ina di tuu deked frah 1975 tu 1995, di propuoshan a profesa a ischri ina Moerkan yunivoersiti aidentifai wid suoshal ischri riez frah 31% tu 41%, wails di propuoshan a palitikal istuorian jrap frah 40% tu 30%<ref>Diplomatic dropped from 5% to 3%, economic history from 7% to 5%, and cultural history grew from 14% to 16%. Based on full-time professors in U.S. history departments. Stephen H. Haber, David M. Kennedy, and Stephen D. Krasner, "Brothers under the Skin: Diplomatic History and International Relations," ''International Security,'' Vol. 22, No. 1 (Summer, 1997), pp. 34-43 at p. 4 2; [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539326 online at JSTOR]</ref>. Ina di ischri dipaatment a British yunivoersiti ina 2007, a di 5723 fakolti memba, 1644 (29%) aidentifai dehself wid suoshal ischri wails palitikal ischri kom nex wid 1425 (25%)<ref>[http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Teachers/a27.html Teachers of History in the Universities of the UK 2007 - listed by research interest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530073940/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Teachers/a27.html |date=2006-05-30 }}</ref>. Di "uol" suoshal ischri bifuo di 1960z ena ajpaj a tapik widoutn no senchral tiim, ah noftaim iweh-ingkluud palitikal muuvment, laka Papiulizim, we eh "suoshal" ina di sens se iweh-de outsaida di iliit sistim. Suoshal ischri eh-kanchraas wid palitikal ischri, intilekchual ischri ah di ischri a soh griet man. Ingglish istuorian G. M. Chrivelian (Trevelyan) eh-siit az di brijin paint bitwiin ikanamik ah palitikal ischri, ah riflek se, "Widoutn suoshal ischri, ikanamik ischri baren ah palitikal ischri anintelijebl"<ref>{{cite book|title=English Social History: A Survey of Six Centuries from Chaucer to Queen Victoria|url=https://archive.org/details/englishsocialhis0000trev_y7q6|author=G. M. Trevelyan |publisher=Book Club Associates|year=1973|chapter=Introduction|page=i|isbn=0-582-48488-X}}</ref>. Wails di fiil noftaim eh-vyuu negitiv az ischri wid di palitix lefout, iweh difen azwel az "ischri wid di piipl putiin bak"<ref>{{cite book|title=The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesstateeast0000fulb|author=Mary Fulbrook|location=London|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2005|chapter=Introduction: The people's paradox|page=[https://archive.org/details/peoplesstateeast0000fulb/page/17 17]|isbn=978-0-300-14424-6}}</ref>. === Kolchral ischri === : ''[[Kolchral ischri]]'' Kolchral ischri eh-riplies [[suoshal ischri]] az di daminant faam ina di 1980z ah 1990z. Itipikali kombain di apruoch a anchopalaji ah ischri fi luk pah languij, papila kolchral chradishan ah kolchral intopritieshan a istarikal expiirians. Iegzamin di rekaad ah naritiv diskripshan a paas nalij, kostam, ah aats a gruup a piipl. Ou piipl kanschrok deh rimembrans a di paas a mieja tapik. Kolchral ischri ingkluud di [[Aat ischri|todi a aat]] ina sasayati azwel di todi a himij ah yuuman vijual prodokshan [[Aikanagrafi|(aikanagrafi)]]<ref>The first World Dictionary of Images: Laurent Gervereau (ed.), "Dictionnaire mondial des images", Paris, Nouveau monde, 2006, 1120p, ISBN 978-2-84736-185-8. (with 275 specialists from all continents, all specialities, all periods from Prehistory to nowadays) ; Laurent Gervereau, "Images, une histoire mondiale", Paris, Nouveau monde, 2008, 272p., ISBN 978-2-84736-362-3</ref>. === Diplumatik ischri === Diplumatik ischri fuokos pah di rilieshanship bitwiin nieshan, praimerili rigyaadin diplumasi ah di kaaz a waar. Muo lietli iluk pah di kaaz a piis ah yuuman raits. Itipikali prizent di vyuupaint a di farin afis, ah lang-toerm schratiijik valiu, az di jraibin fuos a kantinyuiti ah chienj ina ischri. Dis taip a palitikal ischri a di todi a di kandok a intanashinal rilieshan bitwiin stiet ar kraas stiet bongjri uoba taim. Istuorian Murel Chiembalin (Muriel Chamberlain) nuot se afta di Fos Wol Waar: diplumatik ischri riplies kanstityuushanal ischri az di flagship a istarikal investigieshan, sieh taim di muos impuotant, muos egzak ah muos sofistikietid a istarikal todi<ref>Muriel E Chamberlain, ''Pax Britannica'? British Foreign Policy 1789-1914'' (1988) p 1</ref>. Shi had se dat afta 1945, di chren rivoers, fi lou suoshal ischri fi ripliesi. === Ikanamik ischri === Alduo [[ikanamik ischri]] eh wel extablish sens di liet 19t senchri, ina riisant ier akademik todi shif muo ah muo tuwadz ikanamix dipaatment ah awe frah chradishanal ischri dipaatment<ref>Robert Whaples, "Is Economic History a Neglected Field of Study?," Historically Speaking (April 2010) v. 11#2 pp 17-20, with responses pp 20-27</ref>. Biniz ischri diil wid di ischri a indivijal biniz aaganizieshan, biniz metad, gobament regilieshan, lieba rilieshan, ah impak pah sasayati. Iazwel ingkluud bayagrafi a indivijal kompini, egzekiutiv, ah anchapanior. Iriliet tu ikanamik ischri; Biniz ischri muostaim tiich ina biniz skuul<ref>Franco Amatori, and Geoffrey Jones, eds. ''Business History Around the World'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/read/114846992 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619213940/http://www.questia.com/read/114846992 |date=2009-06-19 }}</ref>. === Invairamental ischri === [[Invairamental ischri]] a nyuu fiil we imoerj ina di 1980z fi luk pah di ischri a di invairament, espeshal ina di lang ron, ah di impak a yuuman aktiviti pani<ref>J. D. Hughes, ''What is Environmental History'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/What-Environmental-History/dp/0745631886/ excerpt and text search]</ref>. === Wol ischri === [[Wol ischri]] a di todi a mieja siblaizieshan uoba di laas 3000-ad ier. Wol ischri a praimerili a tiichin fiil, reda dah risaach fiil. Igien papilariti ina di Yunaitid Stiet<ref>[[Ainslie T. Embree]] and Carol Gluck, eds., ''Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching'' (M.E. Sharpe, 1997)</ref>, Japan<ref>Shigeru Akita, "World History and the Emergence of Global History in Japan,"''Chinese Studies in History,'' Spring 2010, Vol. 43 Issue 3, pp 84-96</ref> ah adaels konchri afta di 1980z wid di riilizieshan se schuudent niid braada expuoja tu di wol az gluobalaizieshan prosiid. Iweh-liid tu aili kanchavoershal intopritieshan bai [[Azwal Spenggla]] (Oswald Spengler) ah [[hAanal J. Tainbii]] (Arnold J. Toynbee), mongx adawandem. Di Wol Ischri Asosieshan poblish di ''Joernal a Wol Ischri'' ebri kwaata sens 1990<ref>http://www.historycooperative.org/jwhindex.html</ref>. Di H-Wol diskoshan lis<ref>http://www.h-net.org/~world/</ref> saab az netwok komiunikieshan mongx praktishana a wol ischri, wid diskoshan mongx skala, anounsment, sylabos, bibliagrafi ah buk rivyuu. === Piipl ischri === [[Piipl ischri]] a taip a istarikal wok we atemp fi akount fi istarikal ivent frah di pospektiv a kaman piipl. Piipl ischri a di ischri a di wol we a di tuori a mas muuvment ah bout di outsaidadem. Indivijal ar gruup we no ingkluud ina di paas ina adaels taip a raitn bout ischri a di praimeri fuokos, we ingkluud di disinfranchaiz, di opres, di puo, di nankanfaamis, ah di piipl we adawaiz deh figat. Di aatadem tipikali de pah di lef ah ab suoshalis magl ina deh main, laka ina di apruoch a di Ischri Wokshap muuvment ina Britn ina di 1960z<ref>{{cite book|author=Wade Matthews|title=The New Left, National Identity, and the Break-up of Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfmZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|year=2013|publisher=BRILL|pages=20–21}}</ref>. === Intilekchal ischri === [[Intilekchal ischri]] ah di ischri a aidie imoerj ina di migl-20t senchri, wid di fuokos pah di intilekchaldem ah deh buk pah di wan an, ah pah dieda di todi a aidie az disimbadi abjek wid fi deh uona kiarier<ref>{{cite journal |first=Anthony |last=Grafton |title=The History of Ideas: Precept and Practice, 1950–2000 and beyond |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=67 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=1–32 |url=http://sydney.edu.au/intellectual-history/documents/grafton-history-ideas.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Maryanne Cline |editor-last=Horowitz |title=New Dictionary of the History of Ideas |volume=6 |year=2004 }}</ref>. === Poblik ischri === [[Poblik ischri]] diskraib di braad rienj a aktiviti we piipl andatek wid soh chrienin ina di disiplin a ischri uu jinarali wok outsaida speshalaiz akademik setn. Poblik ischri praktis ab diip-diip ruut ina di ieria a istarik prezavieshan, aakaival sayans, uoral ischri, myuuziom kyuurietaship, ah ada rilietid fiil. Di toerm iself eh-bigin fi yuuz ina di Yunaitid Stiet ah Kianada ina di liet 1970z, ah di fiil bikom ingkriisinli profeshanalaiz sens dat taim de. Som a di muos kaman setn fi poblik ischri a myuuziom, istarik uom ah istarik sait, paak, baklfiil, aakaiv, flim ah telivijan kompini, ah aal lebl a gobament<ref>David Glassberg, "Public history and the study of memory." ''The Public Historian'' (1996): 7-23. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3377910 in JSTOR]</ref>. == Istuorian == Profeshanal ah amatior istuorian diskova, kalek, aaganiaz, ah prizent infamieshan bout paas ivent. Ina [[lis a istuorian]], deh kiah gruup bai aada a di istarikal piiriad wen deh ena-rait ina, we a no nesiserili di siem az di piiriad deh speshalaiz ina. Kranikla ah analis, duo deh a no istuorian ina di chuu sens, aalso friikuentli ingkluud. == Suudoischri == [[Suudoischri]] a toerm we aplai tu tex we popuot fi bi istarikal bai niecha bot we dipaat frah standad ischriagrafikal kanvenshan ina wie we andamain deh kangkluujan. Kluosli rilietid tu diseptiv istarikal rivijanizim, wok we jraa kanchovoshal kangkluujan frah nyuu, spekiuletiv, ar dispyuutid istarikal evidens, potikiula ina di fiil a nashinal, palitikal, milichri, ah rilijos afier, muotaim rijek az suudoischri. == Tiichin ischri == === Skalaship vs tiichin === Wah mieja intilekchal bakl eh-tek plies a Britn ina di hoerli tuentiet senchri rigyaadin wa plies ischri tiichin ab ina yunivoersiti. A Axfad ah Kiembrij, skalaship eh-dongplie. Profesa [[Charles Harding Firth]], Axfad Riijios Profesa a ischri ina 1904 ridikyuul di sistim az bes suut fi projuus syuupafishal joernalis. Di Axfad tyuutadem, uu eh-ab muo vuot dah di profesadem, fait bak fi defen deh sistim a-se iweh soksesfuli projuus Britn outstanin stietsman, adminischrieta, prelet, ah diplumat, ah datde mishan az valiebl az fi chrien skala. Di tyuutadem daminiet di dibiet antel afta di Sekan Wol Waar. Ifuos aspairin yong skala fi tiich a outlayin skuul, laka Manchesta Yunivoersiti, we [[Thomas Frederick Tout]] ena-profeshanalaiz di Ischri andagradiet pruogram bai inchajuus di todi a arijinal suos ah rikwaya dem fi rait tiisis<ref>Ivan Roots, "Firth, Sir Charles Harding (1857–1936)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33137, Online; accessed 10 Nov 2014]</ref><ref>Reba Soffer, "Nation, duty, character and confidence: history at Oxford, 1850–1914." ''Historical Journal'' (1987) 30#01 pp: 77-104.</ref>. Ina di Yunaitid Stiet, skalaship eh-kansanchriet a di mieja PhD-projuusin yunivoersitidem, wails laaj nomba a ada kalij ah yunivoersiti fuokos pah andagradiet tiichin. A tendansi ina di 21s senchri weh fi di lata skuuldem fi ingkriisinli dimaan skalali prodoktiviti frah deh yongga tenia-chrak fakolti. Fodamuo, yunivoersiti ingkriisinli rilai pah inexpensiv paat-taim ajongk fi du muos a di klaasruum tiichin<ref>Frank Donoghue, ''The Last Professors: The Corporate University and the Fate of the Humanities'' (2008)</ref>. === Nashinalizim === Frah di arijin a nashinal skuul sistim ina di 19t senchri, di tiichin a ischri fi promuot nashinal sentiment ena ai prayariti. Ina di Yunaitid Stiet afta Wol Waar I, wah chrang muuvment imoerj a di yunivoersiti lebl fi tiich kuos ina Westan Siblizieshan, so az fi gi schuudent kaman eritij wid Yuurop. Ina di Yunaitid Stiet afta 1980 atenshan ingkriisinli muuv tuwadz tiichin [[Ischri a di Worl|wol ischri]] ar rikwaya schuudent fi tek kuos ina nan-westan kolcha, fi pripier schuudent fi laif ina gluobalaiz ikanami<ref>Jacqueline Swansinger, "Preparing Student Teachers for a World History Curriculum in New York," ''History Teacher,'' (November 2009), 43#1 pp 87-96</ref>. A di yunivoersiti lebl, istuorian dibiet di kuestian a weda ischri bilang muo tu suoshal sayans ar tu di yuumanitiz. Nof vyuu di fiil frah buot pospektiv. Di tiichin a ischri ina French skuul eh-influens bai di ''[[Nouvelle histoire]]'' az diseminiet afta di 1960z bai Cahiers pédagogiques ah Enseignement ah ada joernal fi tiicha. Aalso influenshal ena di Institut national de recherche et de documentation pédagogique, (INRDP). Joseph Leif, di Inspekta-jinaral a tiicha chrienin, se pyuupl pitnidem shuda laan bout istuorian apruoch azwel az fax ah diet. Louis François, Diin a di Ischri/Jaagrafi gruup ina di Inspektaret a Nashinal Edikieshan advaiz se tiicha shuda provaid istarik dakiument ah promuot "aktiv metad" we wuda gi pyuupl "di imens apinis a diskovri." Propuonent se iwena riakshan gens di memarizieshan a niem ah diet we kiaraktaraiz tiichin ah lef di schuudentdem buorin. Chradishanalis eh-protes loud-loud se a weh puosmadan inovieshan we chretn fi lef di yuut ignarant a French piechriatizim ah nashinal aidentiti<ref>Abby Waldman, " The Politics of History Teaching in England and France during the 1980s," ''History Workshop Journal'' Issue 68, Autumn 2009 pp. 199-221 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_workshop_journal/v068/68.waldman.html online]</ref>. === Bayas ina skuul tiichin === Ina muos konchri ischri texbuk a tuul fi fasta nashinalizim ah piechriatizim, ah gi schuudent di ofishal lain bout nashinal henimidem<ref>Jason Nicholls, ed. ''School History Textbooks across Cultures: International Debates and Perspectives'' (2006)</ref>. Ina nof konchri ischri texbuk spansa bai di nashinal gobament ah deh rait fi put di nashinal eritij ina di muos fievarebl lait. Fi egzampl, ina Japan, menshan a di [[Nanking Masakraa]] don-rimuuv kliin-kliin frah texbuk ah di wuola di Sekan Wol Waar get koersri chriitment. Ada konchri eh-komplien<ref>Claudia Schneider, "The Japanese History Textbook Controversy in East Asian Perspective," ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,'' May 2008, Vol. 617, pp 107-122</ref>. A weh standad palisi ina kamiunis konchri fi prizent onggl a rijid Maaxis ischriagrafi<ref>"Problems of Teaching Contemporary Russian History," ''Russian Studies in History,'' Winter 2004, Vol. 43 Issue 3, pp 61-62</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00708.x|title=Blackwell-Synergy|publisher=Blackwell-Synergy|date= |accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref>. Akademik istuorian eh-fait noftaim gens di palitisizieshan a di texbukdem, sohtaim wid sokses<ref>"Teaching History in Schools: the Politics of Textbooks in India," ''History Workshop Journal,'' April 2009, Issue 67, pp 99-110</ref><ref>Tatyana Volodina, "Teaching History in Russia After the Collapse of the USSR," ''History Teacher,'' February 2005, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp 179-188</ref>. Ina 21s-senchri Joermani, di ischri korikiulom kanchuol bai di 16 stiet, ah kiaraktaraiz no bai syuupapiechriatizim bot reda bai "aamuos pasifistik ah dilibretli anpiechriatik andatuon" ah riflek "prinsipl faamiuliet bai intanashinal aaganizieshan laka UNESCO ar di Kongsl a Yuurop, so deh uorient tuwadz yuuman raits, dimakrasi ah piis." Di rizolt a dat "Joerman texbuk yuujali dongplie nashinal praid ah ambishan ah iem fi divelop andastanin a sitiznship senta pah dimakrasi, pruogres, yuuman raits, piis, talarans ah Yuropiyanis"<ref>Simone Lässig and Karl Heinrich Pohl, "History Textbooks and Historical Scholarship in Germany," ''History Workshop Journal'' Issue 67, Spring 2009 pp 128-9 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_workshop_journal/v067/67.lassig.html online at project MUSE]</ref>. == Refrans == {{Reflist|2}} {{Sayans}} [[Category:Ischri]] [[Category:Suoshal Sayans]] h27tmlsgik2p8dbsr0hfi1djc98zaxe Alzaimaz diziiz 0 2145 22866 17206 2026-08-22T16:29:52Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260822sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Alzheimer's_disease_brain_comparison.jpg|thumb|250px|Komparisn a naamal iej brien (lef) ah di brien a smadi wid Alzaimaz (rait). Kiaraktaristik we separiet di tuu paintout.]] '''Alzaimaz diziiz '''[Ingglish: '''Alzheimer's disease''' ('''AD''')], aalso nuo az jos '''Alzaimaz''', a wah kranik nyuurodijenarietiv diziiz we yuujali taat sluo-sluo ah get wos uoba taim.<ref name="BMJ2009">{{Cite journal|date=5 February 2009|title=Alzheimer's disease|journal=[[BMJ|The BMJ]]|volume=338|pages=b158|doi=10.1136/bmj.b158|pmid=19196745|subscription=yes|vauthors=Burns A, Iliffe S}}</ref><ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/|title=Dementia Fact sheet N°362|date=March 2015|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318030901/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en|archive-date=18 March 2015|accessdate=13 January 2016}}</ref> Ia di kaaz a 60% tu 70% a kies a dimentia.<ref name="BMJ2009">{{Cite journal|date=5 February 2009|title=Alzheimer's disease|journal=[[BMJ|The BMJ]]|volume=338|pages=b158|doi=10.1136/bmj.b158|pmid=19196745|subscription=yes|vauthors=Burns A, Iliffe S}}</ref><ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/|title=Dementia Fact sheet N°362|date=March 2015|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318030901/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en|archive-date=18 March 2015|accessdate=13 January 2016}}</ref> Di muos kaman hoerli simtam a difikolti wid rimembrans a riisant ivent (shaat-toerm rimembrans laas).<ref name="BMJ2009">{{Cite journal|date=5 February 2009|title=Alzheimer's disease|journal=[[BMJ|The BMJ]]|volume=338|pages=b158|doi=10.1136/bmj.b158|pmid=19196745|subscription=yes|vauthors=Burns A, Iliffe S}}</ref> Az di diziiz advans, simtam kiah ingkluud prablem wid languij, disuorientieshan (ingkluudn hiizi fi get laas), muud swing, laas a motivieshan, kyaah manij self kier, ah bieviaral ishu.<ref name="BMJ2009">{{Cite journal|date=5 February 2009|title=Alzheimer's disease|journal=[[BMJ|The BMJ]]|volume=338|pages=b158|doi=10.1136/bmj.b158|pmid=19196745|subscription=yes|vauthors=Burns A, Iliffe S}}</ref><ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/|title=Dementia Fact sheet N°362|date=March 2015|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318030901/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en|archive-date=18 March 2015|accessdate=13 January 2016}}</ref> Az a poersn kandishan diklain, deh muotaim witjraa frah fambili ah sasayati.<ref name="BMJ2009">{{Cite journal|date=5 February 2009|title=Alzheimer's disease|journal=[[BMJ|The BMJ]]|volume=338|pages=b158|doi=10.1136/bmj.b158|pmid=19196745|subscription=yes|vauthors=Burns A, Iliffe S}}</ref> Grajali, badi fongshan laas, oltimetli liidn tu det.<ref name="nihstages">{{Cite web|title=About Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms|url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/topics/symptoms|publisher=National Institute on Aging|accessdate=28 December 2011}}</ref> Alduo di spiid a progreshan kiah vieri, di avrij laif expektansi falarin dayagnuosis a chrii tu nain ier.<ref name="NEJM2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM|title=Alzheimer's disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-01-28_362_4/page/329|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=28 January 2010|volume=362|issue=4|pages=329–44|pmid=20107219|doi=10.1056/NEJMra0909142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Todd S, Barr S, Roberts M, Passmore AP|title=Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review|url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_2013-11_28_11/page/1109|journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry|date=November 2013|volume=28|issue=11|pages=1109–24|pmid=23526458|doi=10.1002/gps.3946}}</ref> Di kaaz a Alzaimaz diziiz no andastan so gud.<ref name="BMJ2009">{{Cite journal|date=5 February 2009|title=Alzheimer's disease|journal=[[BMJ|The BMJ]]|volume=338|pages=b158|doi=10.1136/bmj.b158|pmid=19196745|subscription=yes|vauthors=Burns A, Iliffe S}}</ref> About 70% a di rix deh biliiv a jinetik wid nof jiin yuujali invalv.<ref name="Lancet2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, et al.|title=Alzheimer's disease.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-19-25-2011_377_9770/page/1019|journal=Lancet|date=19 March 2011|volume=377|issue=9770|pages=1019–31|pmid=21371747|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9}}</ref> Adaels rix fakta ingkluud ischri a ed injri, dipreshan, ar aipatenshan.<ref name="BMJ2009">{{Cite journal|date=5 February 2009|title=Alzheimer's disease|journal=[[BMJ|The BMJ]]|volume=338|pages=b158|doi=10.1136/bmj.b158|pmid=19196745|subscription=yes|vauthors=Burns A, Iliffe S}}</ref> Di diziiz pruoses asosiet wid plak ah tanggl ina di brien.<ref name="Lancet2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, et al.|title=Alzheimer's disease.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-19-25-2011_377_9770/page/1019|journal=Lancet|date=19 March 2011|volume=377|issue=9770|pages=1019–31|pmid=21371747|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9}}</ref> Wah prabebl dayagnuosis bies pah di ischri a di ilnis ah kagnitiv tesin wid medikal imijin ah blod tes fi ruul out ada pasibl kaaz.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dementia diagnosis and assessment|url=http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/dementia/dementia-diagnosis-and-assessment.pdf|publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)|accessdate=30 November 2014}}</ref> Inishal simtam noftaim mistiek fi naamal iejin.<ref name="BMJ2009">{{Cite journal|date=5 February 2009|title=Alzheimer's disease|journal=[[BMJ|The BMJ]]|volume=338|pages=b158|doi=10.1136/bmj.b158|pmid=19196745|subscription=yes|vauthors=Burns A, Iliffe S}}</ref> Egzaminieshan a brien tishu nesiseri fi definet dayagnuosis.<ref name="Lancet2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, et al.|title=Alzheimer's disease.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-19-25-2011_377_9770/page/1019|journal=Lancet|date=19 March 2011|volume=377|issue=9770|pages=1019–31|pmid=21371747|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9}}</ref> Mental ah [[Fizikal exasaiz|fizikal exasai]]<nowiki/>z, ah fi avaid obisiti maita kiah dikriis di rix a AD.<ref name="Lancet2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, et al.|title=Alzheimer's disease.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-19-25-2011_377_9770/page/1019|journal=Lancet|date=19 March 2011|volume=377|issue=9770|pages=1019–31|pmid=21371747|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9}}</ref> No medikieshan nar sopliment no de we dikriis rix.<ref name="prevention1">{{Cite web|title=More research needed on ways to prevent Alzheimer's, panel finds|url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/announcements/2010/06/more-research-needed-ways-prevent-alzheimers-panel-finds|format=PDF|publisher=National Institute on Aging|accessdate=29 February 2008|date=29 August 2006}}</ref> No triitment kiah tap ar rivoers iprogreshan, duo som maita kiah tempareri impruuv simtam.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/|title=Dementia Fact sheet N°362|date=March 2015|publisher=World Health Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318030901/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en|archive-date=18 March 2015|accessdate=13 January 2016}}</ref> Piipl we iafek ingkriisinli afi rilai pah smadi els fi asistans, noftaim put boerdn pah di kiergiva; di presha kiah ingkluud suoshal, saikalajikal, fizikal, ah ikanamik eliment.<ref name="pmid17662119"><span class="citation">Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J.&#x20;&#x20;[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1951962/ Systematic Review of Information and Support Interventions for Caregivers of People with Dementia].&#x20;</span></ref> Exasaiz pruogram benifishal wid rispek tu aktiviti a dieli libm ah kiah potenshali impruuv outkom.<ref name="Forb2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Forbes D, Thiessen EJ, Blake CM, Forbes SC, Forbes S|title=Exercise programs for people with dementia|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=4 December 2013|volume=12|pages=CD006489|pmid=24302466|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub3}}</ref> Chriitment a bievral prablem ar saikuosis juu tu dimentia wid antisaikatix  kaman bot no yuujali rikomen juu tu ou muotaim igat likl ar no benifit ah ingkriis di rix a hoerli det.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence|title=Low-dose antipsychotics in people with dementia|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/ktt7/resources/non-guidance-lowdose-antipsychotics-in-people-with-dementia-pdf|publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)|accessdate=29 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Conventional Antipsychotics|url=http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124830.htm|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|accessdate=29 November 2014|date=16 June 2008}}</ref> == Refrans == {{Reflist|30em}} l4liafd34hpbmm4nx0dhjkvu41vx9z3 Kiansa 0 2146 22867 22844 2026-08-22T16:30:20Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260822sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Tumor_Mesothelioma2_legend.jpg|thumb|250px|Koruonal [[CT skian]] a-shuo malignant [[miisotiilioma]]<br>Lejen: →&nbsp;[[tyuuma]]&nbsp;←, ✱&nbsp;senchral [[plyural ifujan]], 1 & 3&nbsp;[[long]], 2&nbsp;[[Voertibral kalom|spain]], 4&nbsp;[[rib]], 5&nbsp;[[eyarta]], 6&nbsp;[[spliin]], 7 & 8&nbsp;[[kidni]], 9&nbsp;[[liva]].]] '''Kiansa''' a wah gruup a diziiz we ''h''invalv abnaamal sel gruot wid di potenshal fi ''h''invied ar pred tu ''h''adaels paat a di badi.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref name="NCI2014">{{Cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> A no ''h''aal tyuuma a kiansa; binain tyuuma no pred gaa ''h''ada paat a di badi.<ref name="NCI2014">{{Cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> Pasobl sain ah simtom  ingkluud lomp, abnaamal bliidn, prolang kaaf, anexplien wiet laas ah chienj ina bowil muuvment.<ref name="NHS2012">{{Cite web|title=Cancer - Signs and symptoms|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer/Pages/Symptoms.aspx|website=NHS Choices|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> Wails demaya simtom maita ''h''indikiet kiansa, deh maita kiah ab adaels kaaz tu.<ref name="NHS2012">{{Cite web|title=Cancer - Signs and symptoms|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer/Pages/Symptoms.aspx|website=NHS Choices|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> Uoba 100 kiansa afek yuuman.<ref name="NCI2014">{{Cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> Tubako yuus a di kaaz a bout 22% a kiansa det.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref> Aneda 10% juu tu obisiti, puo dayat, lak a fizikal aktiviti ah jingkin alkowal.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Obesity and Cancer Risk|url=http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/obesity-fact-sheet#q3|website=National Cancer Institute|accessdate=4 July 2015|date=January 3, 2012}}</ref> Adaels fakta ingkluud soertn infekshan, expuoja tu ayanaizin redieshan ah invairamental paluutant.<ref name="Enviro2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Kunnumakara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, Sung B, Aggarwal BB|title=Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes|journal=Pharm. Res.|volume=25|issue=9|pages=2097–116|date=September 2008|pmid=18626751|pmc=2515569|doi=10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9}}</ref> Ina di divelopin wol nieli 20% a kiansa juu tu infekshan laka epataitis B, epataitis C ah yuuman papiluomavairos (HPV).<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref> Demaya fakta ''h''ak, akliis paatli, bai chienjop di jiinzdem ina sel.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Tipikali nof jinetik chienj rikuaya bifuo kiansa kiah divelop.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Apraximetli 5–10% a kiansa juu tu jinetik difek inerit frah di poersn pierans.<ref name="ACS-heredity">{{Cite web|publisher=[[American Cancer Society]]|title=Heredity and Cancer|accessdate=July 22, 2013|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/geneticsandcancer/heredity-and-cancer}}</ref> Kiansa kiah ditek bai soertn sain ah simtom ar skriinin tes.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref> Ikiah den tipikali investigiet forda bai medikal imijin ah kanfoerm bai bayapsi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How is cancer diagnosed?|url=http://www.cancer.org/treatment/understandingyourdiagnosis/examsandtestdescriptions/testingbiopsyandcytologyspecimensforcancer/testing-biopsy-and-cytology-specimens-for-cancer-how-is-cancer-diagnosed|website=American Cancer Society|date=2013-01-29|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> Nof kiansa kiah privent bai no sumuokin, mentien elti wiet, no jink tomoch alkowal, niam wuoliip a vejitebl, fruut ah wuol grien, vaxinieshan gens soertn infekshos diziiz, no niam tomoch pruoses ah red miit, ah avaid tomoch sonat expuoja.<ref name="Kushi2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M|title=American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ca-a-cancer-journal-for-clinicians_january-february-2012_62_1/page/30|journal=CA Cancer J Clin|volume=62|issue=1|pages=30–67|year=2012|pmid=22237782|doi=10.3322/caac.20140|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parkin|first1=DM|last2=Boyd|first2=L|last3=Walker|first3=LC|title=16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010.|journal=British Journal of Cancer|date=6 December 2011|volume=105 Suppl 2|pages=S77-81|pmid=22158327|doi=10.1038/bjc.2011.489|pmc=3252065}}</ref> Hoerli ditekshan chuu skriinin yuusful fi soervikal ah kolorektal kiansa.<ref name="WCR2014Scr">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 4.7}}</ref> Di benifit a skriinin ina bres kiansa kanchovoershal.<ref name="WCR2014Scr">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 4.7}}</ref><ref name="Got2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ|title=Screening for breast cancer with mammography.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|volume=6|pages=CD001877|date=4 Jun 2013|pmid=23737396|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5}}</ref> Kiansa noftaim chriit wid som kombinieshan a redieshan terapi, soerjri, kimoterapi, ah taagitid terapi.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Targeted Cancer Therapies|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/targeted|website=NCI|accessdate=11 June 2014|date=2014-04-25}}</ref> Pien ah simtom manijment a impuotant paat a kier. Palietiv kier potikiula impuotant ina piipl wid advans diziiz.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Cancer Fact sheet N°297|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=February 2014}}</ref> Di chaans a sovaival dipen pah di taip a kiansa ah extent a diziiz wen di chriitmant taat.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Wid pitni anda 15 wen deh dayagnuoz di faib-ier sovaival riet ina di divelop wol a pah avrij 80%.<ref name="WCR2014Peads">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.3}}</ref> Fi kiansa ina di Yunaitid Stiet di avrij faib-ier sovaival riet a 66%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: All Cancer Sites|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/all.html|website=National Cancer Institute|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> Ina 2012 bout 14.1 milian nyuu kies a kiansa okor gluobali (no ingkluudn kin kiansa outsaida melanuoma).<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Ikaaz bout 8.2 milian det ar 14.6% a yuuman det.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=10 June 2014|date=May 2014}}</ref> Di muos kaman taip a kiansa ina miel a long kiansa, prastiet kiansa, kolorektal kiansa ah tomok kiansa. Ina fiimiel, di muos kaman taip a bres kiansa, kolorektal kiansa, long kiansa ah soervikal kiansa.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Ef kin kiansa outsaida melanuoma weh fi ingkluud ina tuotal nyuu kiansa iich ier iwuda akount fi rong 40% a kies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dubas|first1=LE|last2=Ingraffea|first2=A|title=Nonmelanoma skin cancer.|journal=Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America|date=Feb 2013|volume=21|issue=1|pages=43–53|pmid=23369588|doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.003}}</ref><ref name="Cak2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Cakir|first1=BÖ|last2=Adamson|first2=P|last3=Cingi|first3=C|title=Epidemiology and economic burden of nonmelanoma skin cancer.|journal=Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America|date=Nov 2012|volume=20|issue=4|pages=419–22|pmid=23084294|doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004}}</ref> Ina pitni, akyuut limfoblastik lyuukiimia ah brien tyuuma a di muos kaman exep ina ''h''Afrika we nan-Ajkin limfuoma okor muotaim.<ref name="WCR2014Peads">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|url=https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.3}}</ref> Ina 2012, bout 165,000 pitni anda 15 ier a iej eh-dayagnuoz wid kiansa. Di rix a kiansa ingkriis signifikantli wid iej ah nof kiansa okor muo kaman ina divelop konchri.<ref name="WCR2014Bio">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> Rietdem a ''h''ingkriis az muo piipl lib tu aul iej ah az laifstail chienj okor ina di divelopin wol.<ref name="Epi11">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D|title=Global cancer statistics|journal=CA: a cancer journal for clinicians|volume=61|issue=2|pages=69–90|date=February 2011|pmid=21296855|doi=10.3322/caac.20107}}</ref> Di finanshal kaas a kiansa weh estimiet a $1.16 chrilian [[Yunaitid Stiet dala|US dala]] po ''h''ier az a 2010.<ref name="WCR2014Eco">{{Cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014.|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 6.7}}</ref> == Refrans == <div style="height: 250px; width: 1112px; overflow:-moz-scrollbars-horizontal;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;"> {{Reflist|2}} </div> mjjzzte26sktipw0scl7g9yvox3vc1g Kalara 0 2155 22860 14880 2026-08-22T16:22:26Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260822sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Skianin ilekchran maikroskuop]] imij a ''Vibrio cholerae'']] '''Kalara''' a wah infekshan a di sumaal intestin bai som schrien a di baktiiria ''Vibrio cholerae''.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Richard|title=Medical microbiology|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8407/|accessdate=July 2015}}</ref> Simtom maita rienj frah non, tu mail, tu sivier.<ref name="CDC2015Pro">{{Cite web|title=Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015}}</ref> Di klasik simtom a nof-nof waatari-waatari dayariya we laas fi fyuu die.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Mar 26, 2010|volume=13|issue=85|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf}}</ref> Vamitin  ah mosl kramp kiah aalso okor.<ref name="CDC2015Pro">{{Cite web|title=Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015}}</ref> Dayariya kiah so sivier tel iliid widin howaz tu sivier dyaijrieshan ah ilekcholait imbalans.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Mar 26, 2010|volume=13|issue=85|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf}}</ref> Dis kiah rizolt ina singkdong yai, kuol kin, dikriis kin ilastisiti, ah ringklin a di an ah futdem.<ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x}}</ref> Di dyaijrieshan kiah rizolt ina di kin ton bluwish.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bailey|first1=Diane|title=Cholera|date=2011|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=9781435894372|page=7|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7}}</ref> Simtom taat tuu howa tu faib die afta expuoja.<ref name="CDC2015Pro">{{Cite web|title=Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015}}</ref> Kalara kaaz bai a nomba a taip a ''Vibrio cholerae'', wid som taip we projuus muo sivier diziiz dah som. Ipred muosli bai waata ah fuud we kantaminiet wid yuuman fiisiz we kantien di baktiiria.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Mar 26, 2010|volume=13|issue=85|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf}}</ref> Insofishant kukin a siifuud a wah kaman suos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sources of Infection & Risk Factors|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014}}</ref> Yuuman a di onggl animal we afek. Rix fakta fi di diziiz ingkluud puor sanitieshan, insofishant kliin j[[Jingkin waata|ingkin waat]]<nowiki/>a, ah [[pavati]]. Nof piipl kansoern se raizin sii lebl wi ingkriis riet a diziiz.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Mar 26, 2010|volume=13|issue=85|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf}}</ref> Kalara kiah dayagnuoz bai a stuul tes.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Mar 26, 2010|volume=13|issue=85|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf}}</ref> Wah rapid dipstik tes avielobl bot ino az akiuret.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis and Detection|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=February 10, 2015}}</ref> Privenshan invalv impruuv sanitieshan ah axes tu kliin waata.<ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x}}</ref> Kalara vaxiin we tek bai mout provaid riiznebl protekshan fi bout six mont. Deh ab di ''h''adid benifit fi protek gens waneda taip a dayariya we kaaz bai ''E. coli''. Di praimri chriitment a uoral ryaijrieshan terapi—di ripliesment a fluid wid slaitli swiit ah saalti saluushan.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Mar 26, 2010|volume=13|issue=85|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf}}</ref> Rais-bies saluushan prefarebl.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Mar 26, 2010|volume=13|issue=85|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf}}</ref> Zingk soplimentieshan  yuusful wid pitni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014}}</ref> Ina sivier kies, inchaviinos fluid, laka Ringer's lactate, maita rikwaya, ah antibayatik kiah benifishal. Tesin fi si ush antibayatik di kalara soseptibl tu kiah elp gaid di chais.<ref name="CDC2015Pro">{{Cite web|title=Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015}}</ref> Kalara afek estimietid 3–5&nbsp;milian piipl wolwaid ah kaaz 58,000–130,000&nbsp;det a ier az a 2010.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Mar 26, 2010|volume=13|issue=85|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Loz2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|date=December 15, 2012|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Wails ikorantli klasifai az a pandemik, irier ina di divelop wol. Pitni a di wandem muosli afek.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Mar 26, 2010|volume=13|issue=85|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection|url=http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=17 March 2015|date=October 27, 2014}}</ref> Kalara okor az buot outbriek ah kranikali ina soertn ieria. Ieria wid angwain rix a diziiz ingkluud [[Afrika]] ah sout-iis Ieja. Wails di rix a det mongx demde we afek yuujali les dah 5%, ikiah bi az ai az 50% mongx som gruup we no ab no axes tu chriitment.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper.|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Mar 26, 2010|volume=13|issue=85|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf}}</ref> Istarikal diskripshan a kalara eh-fain az hoerli az di 5f senchri BKI ina [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x}}</ref> Di todi a kalara bai John Snow bitwiin 1849 ah 1854 eh-liid tu signifikant advans ina di fiil af epidiimialaji.<ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Timmreck|first1=Thomas C.|title=An introduction to epidemiology|date=2002|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, Mass.|isbn=9780763700607|page=77|edition=3.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77}}</ref> == Refrans == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Commons|Cholera|Kalara}} 11ro8fwhs7zqhzhzhvdf7ux00bgpjhg Kaman kuol 0 2161 22863 15062 2026-08-22T16:23:28Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260822sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Rhinovirus.PNG|thumb|250px|Riprizentieshan a di molekiula soerfes a wan vieriant a yuuman [[rainovairos]].]] [[File:Illu conducting passages.svg|thumb|250px|Di kaman kuol a diziiz a di ''h''[[opa respichri chrak]].]] '''Kaman kuol''', aalso nuo as '''fresh kuol''' ar simpli az '''kuol''', a vairal infekshos diziiz a di opa resprichri chrak we praimerili afek di nuoz.<ref name="CE11">{{Cite journal|last=Arroll|first=B|title=Common cold|journal=Clinical evidence|volume=2011|issue=3|page=1510|date=March 2011|pmid=21406124|doi=|pmc=3275147|quote=Common colds are defined as upper respiratory tract infections that affect the predominantly nasal part of the respiratory mucosa}}</ref> Di chruot, sainos, ah vais bax kiah aalso afek.<ref name="CMAJ2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Allan|first1=GM|last2=Arroll|first2=B|title=Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence.|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association|date=18 February 2014|volume=186|issue=3|pages=190–9|pmid=24468694|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121442|pmc=3928210}}</ref> Sain ah simtom kiah bigin les dah tuu die afta expuoja.<ref name="CMAJ2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Allan|first1=GM|last2=Arroll|first2=B|title=Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence.|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association|date=18 February 2014|volume=186|issue=3|pages=190–9|pmid=24468694|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121442|pmc=3928210}}</ref> Deh ingkluud kaafin, suo chuot, ronin nuoz, sniizin, ediek, ah fiiva.<ref name="CDC2015">{{Cite web|title=Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others|url=http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|website=CDC|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Eccles2005">{{Cite journal|author=Eccles R|title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=5|issue=11|pages=718–25|date=November 2005|pmid=16253889|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X}}</ref> Piipl yuujali rikova ina sebm tu ten die.<ref name="CDC2015">{{Cite web|title=Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others|url=http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|website=CDC|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Som simtam kiah laas op tu chrii wiik.<ref name="Heik2003">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heikkinen T, Järvinen A|title=The common cold|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-01-04_361_9351/page/51|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9351|pages=51–9|date=January 2003|pmid=12517470|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9}}</ref> Demde wid adaels elt prablem maita ''h''okiejanali divelop nyuumuonia.<ref name="CDC2015">{{Cite web|title=Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others|url=http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|website=CDC|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Wel uoba 200 vairos schrien implikiet ina di kaaz a di kaman kuol; di rainovairosdem a di muos kaman.<ref name="CDC2015Full">{{Cite web|title=Common Cold and Runny Nose|url=http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html|website=CDC|accessdate=4 February 2016|format=17 April 2015}}</ref> Deh pred chuu di ier juurin kluos kantak wid infektid piipl ah indirekli chuu kantak wid abjek ina di invairament fala bai chansfor tu di mout ar nuoz.<ref name="CDC2015">{{Cite web|title=Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others|url=http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|website=CDC|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Rix fakta ingkluud wen pitni gaa diekier, smadi naa sliip gud, ah saikalajikal schres.<ref name="CMAJ2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Allan|first1=GM|last2=Arroll|first2=B|title=Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence.|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association|date=18 February 2014|volume=186|issue=3|pages=190–9|pmid=24468694|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121442|pmc=3928210}}</ref> Simtam muosli juu tu di badi uona imyuun rispans tu di infekshan reda dah tu tishu dischrokshan bai di vairos dehself.<ref name="E112">Eccles p. 112</ref> Piipl wid influenza  noftaim shuo simila simtom az piipl wid kuol, duo simtom yuujali muo sivier ina di faama.<ref name="CMAJ2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Allan|first1=GM|last2=Arroll|first2=B|title=Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence.|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association|date=18 February 2014|volume=186|issue=3|pages=190–9|pmid=24468694|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121442|pmc=3928210}}</ref> No vaxiin no de fi di kaman kuol. Di praimeri metod a privenshan a an washin; no fi toch di yaidem, nuoz ar mout wid anwash an; ah fi tan for frah ada sik piipl.<ref name="CDC2015">{{Cite web|title=Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others|url=http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|website=CDC|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Som evidens supuot di yuus a fies maax.<ref name="E209">Eccles p. 209</ref> No kyuor fi di kaman kuol egzis, bot di simtomdem kiah chriit.<ref name="CDC2015">{{Cite web|title=Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others|url=http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|website=CDC|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Nansteraidal anti-inflamachri jogz (NSAID) laka aibiupruofen kiah elp wid pien.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=SY|last2=Chang|first2=YJ|last3=Cho|first3=HM|last4=Hwang|first4=YW|last5=Moon|first5=YS|title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=21 September 2015|volume=9|pages=CD006362|pmid=26387658|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub4}}</ref> Antibayatik shuda neba yuuz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=AM|last2=Hicks|first2=LA|last3=Qaseem|first3=A|last4=High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and for the Centers for Disease Control and|first4=Prevention|title=Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=19 January 2016|pmid=26785402|doi=10.7326/M15-1840}}</ref> Evidens no supuot no benifit frah kaaf medisn.<ref name="CMAJ2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Allan|first1=GM|last2=Arroll|first2=B|title=Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence.|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association|date=18 February 2014|volume=186|issue=3|pages=190–9|pmid=24468694|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121442|pmc=3928210}}</ref> Di kaman kuol a di muos friikuent infekshos diziiz ina yuuman.<ref name="E1">Eccles p. 1</ref> Di avrij adolt get tuu tu fuo kuol a ier, wails di avrij pitni maita get six tu iet.<ref name="AFP07">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Simasek M, Blandino DA|title=Treatment of the common cold|journal=American Family Physician|volume=75|issue=4|pages=515–20|year=2007|pmid=17323712|doi=|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070215/515.html}}</ref> Deh okor muo kamanli juurin winta ar wen taim kuol.<ref name="CDC2015">{{Cite web|title=Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others|url=http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|website=CDC|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Demaya infekshan de wid yuumaniti sens ienshent taim.<ref name="Eccles p. 3">{{Cite book|first1=Ronald|last1=Eccles|first2=Olaf|last2=Weber|title=Common cold|date=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRIdiGE42IEC&pg=PA3|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-7643-9894-1|page=3}}</ref> == Refrans == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Commons|Common cold|Kaman kuol}} 8w9ie40q0q4t4031oba7972k5tzg2we Dayabiitis 0 2162 22865 22859 2026-08-22T16:27:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260822sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Main_symptoms_of_diabetes.svg|thumb|250px|Uobavyuu a di muos signifikant simtom a dayabiitis]] '''Diabetes mellitus''' ('''DM'''), kamanli refa tu az '''dayabiitis''' ar simpli az '''shuga''', a wah gruup a metabalik diziiz we kiaraktaraiz bai ai blod shuga lebl uoba wah prolang piiriad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About diabetes|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=4 April 2014}}</ref> Simtom a ai blod shuga ingkluud friikuent yuurinieshan, ingkriis toers, ah ingkriis ongga. Ef ino chriit, dayabiitis kiah kaaz wuoliip a komplikieshan.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Akyuut komplikieshan ingkluud dayabetik kiitoasiduosis ah nankiituotik aipoerosmuola kuoma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kitabchi|first1=AE|last2=Umpierrez|first2=GE|last3=Miles|first3=JM|last4=Fisher|first4=JN|title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes.|journal=Diabetes Care|date=Jul 2009|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1335–43|pmid=19564476|doi=10.2337/dc09-9032|pmc=2699725}}</ref> Siiros lang-toerm komplikieshan ingkluud kaadiovaskiula diziiz, schruok, kranik kidni fielia, fut olsa, ah damij tu di yaidem.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Dayabiitis juu tu aida di pangkrias naa projuus anof insiulin ar di seldem a di badi naa rispan prapali tu di insiulin we projuus.<ref name="Green2011">{{Cite book|last=Shoback|first=edited by David G. Gardner, Dolores|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=0-07-162243-8|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref> A chrii mien taip a diabetes mellitus: * Taip 1 DM rizolt frah di pangkrias fielia fi projuus anof insiulin. Dis faam eh priivosli refa tu az "insiulin-dipendant diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) ar "juuvinail dayabiitis". Di kaaz no nuo.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> * Taip 2 DM bigin wid insiulin rizistans, wah kandishan we di seldem fiel fi rispan tu insiulin propali.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Az di diziiz progres lak a insiulin maita aalso divelop.<ref>{{Cite book|title=RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus.|date=2012|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789350254899|page=235|edition=Rev. 2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235}}</ref> Dis faam eh-priivosli refa tu az "nan insiulin-dipendant diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) ar "adolt-anset dayabiitis". Di praimri kaaz a exesiv badi wiet ah no anof exasaiz.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> * Jestieshanal dayabiitis, a di tod mien faam ah iokor wen prignant uman widoutn priivos ischri a dayabiitis divelop ai blod-shuga lebl.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Privenshan ah chriitment invalv a elti dayat, [[fizikal exasaiz]], mentienin naamal badi wiet, ah avaid yuus a tubako. Kanchuol a blod presha ah mentienin prapa fut kier impuotant fi piipl wid di diziiz. Taip 1 DM afi manij wid insiulin injekshan.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Taip 2 DM kiah chriit wid medikieshan wid ar widoutn insiulin.<ref name="WHO2013Top10">{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|work=World Health Organization|date=Oct 2013}}</ref> Insiulin ah som uoral medikieshan kiah kaaz luo blod shuga.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rippe|first1=edited by Richard S. Irwin, James M.|title=Manual of intensive care medicine|date=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781799928|page=549|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbxupW1EHIcC&pg=PA549}}</ref> Wiet laas soerjri fi demde wid obiisiti somtaim a ifektiv meja ina demde wid taip 2 DM.<ref name="Picot2009">{{Cite journal|last=Picot|first=J|author2=Jones, J|author3=Colquitt, JL|author4=Gospodarevskaya, E|author5=Loveman, E|author6=Baxter, L|author7=Clegg, AJ|title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England)|date=September 2009|volume=13|issue=41|pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv|pmid=19726018|doi=10.3310/hta13410}}</ref> Jestieshanal dayabiitis yuujali rizalv afta di boert a di biebi.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cash|first1=Jill|title=Family Practice Guidelines|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780826168757|page=396|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396}}</ref> Az a 2015, estimietid 415 milian piipl ab dayabiitis wolwaid,<ref name="IDF2015">{{Cite web|title=Update 2015|url=http://www.diabetesatlas.org/|website=IDF|page=13|publisher=International Diabetes Federation|accessdate=21 Mar 2016}}</ref> wid taip 2 DM a-mekop bout 90% a di kiesdem.<ref name="Will2011">{{Cite book|title=Williams textbook of endocrinology|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0324-5|pages=1371–1435|edition=12th}}</ref><ref name="Shi2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=Yuankai|last2=Hu|first2=Frank B|title=The global implications of diabetes and cancer|journal=The Lancet|date=7 June 2014|volume=383|issue=9933|pages=1947–8|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2|pmid=24910221|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(14)60886-2}}</ref> Dis riprizent 8.3% a di adolt papilieshan,<ref name="Shi2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=Yuankai|last2=Hu|first2=Frank B|title=The global implications of diabetes and cancer|journal=The Lancet|date=7 June 2014|volume=383|issue=9933|pages=1947–8|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2|pmid=24910221|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(14)60886-2}}</ref> wid iikual riet ina buot uman ah man.<ref name="Vos2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V|title=Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2163|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2163–96|date=Dec 15, 2012|pmid=23245607|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Frah 2012 tu 2015, dayabiitis estimiet fi eh-rizolt ina 1.5 tu 5.0 milian det iich ier.<ref name="WHO2013Top10">{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|work=World Health Organization|date=Oct 2013}}</ref><ref name="IDF2015">{{Cite web|title=Update 2015|url=http://www.diabetesatlas.org/|website=IDF|page=13|publisher=International Diabetes Federation|accessdate=21 Mar 2016}}</ref> Dayabiitis akliis dobl a poersn rix a hoerli det.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 Aug 2013}}</ref> Di nomba a piipl wid dayabiitis expek fi riez tu 592 milian bai 2035.<ref name="IDF2014">{{Cite web|title=Update 2014|url=http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/update-2014|website=IDF|publisher=International Diabetes Federation|accessdate=29 November 2014}}</ref> Di gluobal ikanamik kaas a dayabiitis ina 2014 eh-estimiet fi bi $612 bilian [[Yunaitid Stiet dala|USD]].<ref name="IDF2013">{{Cite book|title=IDF DIABETES ATLAS|date=2013|publisher=International Diabetes Federation|isbn=2930229853|edition=6th|page=7|url=http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/EN_6E_Atlas_Full_0.pdf}}</ref> Ina di Yunaitid Stiet, dayabiitis kaas $245 bilian ina 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=American Diabetes|first1=Association|title=Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012.|journal=Diabetes Care|date=Apr 2013|volume=36|issue=4|pages=1033–46|pmid=23468086|doi=10.2337/dc12-2625|pmc=3609540}}</ref> == Causes == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:10px" |+ Komparisn a taip 1 ah 2 dayabiitis<ref name="Will2011">{{Cite book|title=Williams textbook of endocrinology|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0324-5|pages=1371–1435|edition=12th}}</ref> ! Fiicha ! Taip 1 dayabiitis ! Taip 2 dayabiitis |- ! Anset | Sodn | Grajual |- ! Iej a anset | Muosli ina pitni | Muosli ina adolt |- ! Badi saiz | Maaga ar naamal<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lambert P, Bingley PJ|title=What is Type 1 Diabetes?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-care-medicine_2002-06_30_6_0/page/1|journal=Medicine|volume=30|pages=1–5|year=2002|doi=10.1383/medc.30.1.1.28264}}</ref> | Muotaim obiis |- ! Kiitoasiduosis | Kaman | Rier |- ! Aatoantibadi | Yuujali prezant | Absent |- ! Indajinos insiulin | Luo ar absent | Naamal, dikriis<br> ar ingkriis |- ! Kangkaadans <br> ina ''h''aidentikal tuin | 50% | 90% |- ! Privalens | ~10% | ~90% |} == Refrans == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Commons|Diabetes mellitus|Dayabiitis}} 6p3docpttei2o60yybnygz5vkti4tig Influenza 0 2164 22864 22843 2026-08-22T16:26:00Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260822sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} '''Influenza''', kamanli nuo az "di '''fluu'''", a wah infekshos diziiz kaaz bai wah influenza vairos.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Simtom kiah bi mail tu sivier.<ref name="CDC2014Key">{{Cite web|title=Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=26 November 2014|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref> Di muos kaman simtom ingkluud: ai fiiva, ronin nuoz, suo chuot, mosl pien, ediek, kaafin, ah fiilin tayad. Demaya simtom tipikali bigin tuu die afta expuoja tu di vairos ah muos laas les dan a wiik. Di kaaf, ousomeba, kiah laas fi muo dah tuu wiik.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Ina pitni, deh kiah ab naaja ah vamitin, bot demaya no kaman ina adolt. Naaja ah vamitin okor muo kamanli ina di anrilietid infekshan giaschoentaraitis, we sohtaim inakiuretli refa tu az "tomok fluu" ar "24-howa fluu".<ref name="Dub2011">{{Cite book|last1=Duben-Engelkirk|first1=Paul G. Engelkirk, Janet|title=Burton's microbiology for the health sciences|date=2011|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781605476735|page=314|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaVKCQI75voC&pg=PA355}}</ref> Komplikieshan a influenza kiah ingkluud vairal nyuumuonia, sekanderi baktiirial nyuumuonia, sainos infekshan, ah priivos elt prablem laka azma ar aat fielia get wosara.<ref name="CDC2014Key">{{Cite web|title=Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=26 November 2014|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Harr2012">{{Cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan L.|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071748872_2|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071748896|edition=18th|chapter=187: Influenza}}</ref> Chrii taip a influenza vairos afek piipl. Deh kaal Taip A, Taip B, ah Taip C.<ref name="Harr2012">{{Cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan L.|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071748872_2|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071748896|edition=18th|chapter=187: Influenza}}</ref> Yuujali, di vairos pred chuu di ier frah kaaf ar siniiz.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Dis biliiv fi okor muosli uoba relitivli shaat distans.<ref name="Brankston2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M|title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=7|issue=4|pages=257–65|date=April 2007|pmid=17376383|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}</ref> Ikiah aalso pred ef smadi toch soerfis kantaminiet bai di vairos ah den toch deh mout ar yaidem.<ref name="CDC2014Key">{{Cite web|title=Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=26 November 2014|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Brankston2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M|title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=7|issue=4|pages=257–65|date=April 2007|pmid=17376383|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}</ref> A poersn kiah bi infekshos tu ada wandem buot bifuo ah juurin di taim wen dem a-shuo simtom.<ref name="CDC2014Key">{{Cite web|title=Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=26 November 2014|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref> Di ''h''infekshan kiah kanfoerm bai tesin di chuot, spyuutom, ar nuoz fi di vairos. Wah nomba a rapid tes avielebl; ousomeba, piipl kiah stil ab di infekshan iibm ef di rizolt negitiv. Wah taip a palimariez chien riakshan we ditek di vairos RNA muo akiuret.<ref name="Harr2012">{{Cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan L.|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071748872_2|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071748896|edition=18th|chapter=187: Influenza}}</ref> Friikuent an washin rijuus di rix a infekshan bikaa di vairos inaktiviet bai suop.<ref name="Jeff2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, etal|title=Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=|issue=7|pages=CD006207|year=2011|pmid=21735402|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4}}</ref> Fi wier soerjikal maax aalso yuusful.<ref name="Jeff2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, etal|title=Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=|issue=7|pages=CD006207|year=2011|pmid=21735402|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4}}</ref> Ierli vaxinieshan gens influenza rikomen bai di [[Wol Elt Aaganizieshan]] fi demde we ab ai rix. Di vaxiin yuujali ifektiv gens chrii ar fuo taip a influenza.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Iyuujali talariet wel. Vaxiin we mek fi wan ier maita no yuusful agen ina di falarin ier, sens di vairos ivalv pah di rapid. Antivairal jogz laka di nyuuraminidiez inibita oseltamivir, mongx adawandem, eh-yuuz fi chriit influenza.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Deh benifit ina demde uu adawaiz elti no apier fi bi grieta dah deh rix.<ref name="Mich2013">{{Cite journal|last=Michiels|first=B|author2=Van Puyenbroeck, K|author3=Verhoeven, V|author4=Vermeire, E|author5=Coenen, S|title=The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews.|journal=PLoS ONE|year=2013|volume=8|issue=4|pages=e60348|pmid=23565231|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0060348|pmc=3614893}}</ref> No benifit no fain fi demde wid ada elt prablem.<ref name="Mich2013">{{Cite journal|last=Michiels|first=B|author2=Van Puyenbroeck, K|author3=Verhoeven, V|author4=Vermeire, E|author5=Coenen, S|title=The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews.|journal=PLoS ONE|year=2013|volume=8|issue=4|pages=e60348|pmid=23565231|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0060348|pmc=3614893}}</ref><ref name="Ebe2013">{{Cite journal|last=Ebell|first=MH|author2=Call, M|author3=Shinholser, J|title=Effectiveness of oseltamivir in adults: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished clinical trials.|journal=Family practice|date=April 2013|volume=30|issue=2|pages=125–33|pmid=22997224|doi=10.1093/fampra/cms059}}</ref> Influenza pred rong di wol ina ierli outbriek, we rizolt ina bout chrii tu faib milian kies a sivier ilnis ah bout 250,000 tu 500,000 det.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Ina di Nadan ah Sodan paat a di wol outbriek okor mienli ina winta wails ina ieria rong di ikwieta outbriek kiah okor a ''h''eni taim a di ier.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Det okor muosli ina di yong, di uol ah demde wid adaels elt prablem.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> Laaja outbriek nuo az pandemik les friikuent.<ref name="Harr2012">{{Cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan L.|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071748896|edition=18th|chapter=187: Influenza}}</ref> Ina di 20t senchri chrii influenza pandemik eh-okor: Panish influenza ina 1918, Iejan influenza ina 1958, ah Ang Kang influenza ina 1968, wid iich wan rizolt ina muo dah milian det.<ref name="TenThings">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization|date=14 October 2005|title=Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza|accessdate=26 September 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008223707/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|archivedate=8 October 2009}}</ref> Di [[Wol Elt Aaganizieshan]] diklier outbriek a wah nyuu taip a influenza A/H1N1  az pandemik ina Juun 2009.<ref>World Health Organization. </ref> Influenza kiah aalso afek adaels animal, ingkluudn ag, aas ah bod.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=S. R.|title=Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control|date=2011|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford u.a.|isbn=9780198570028|page=332|edition=2.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S90mOwgdz9kC&pg=PA332}}</ref> == Sain ah simtom == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; width:40%;" |+ Muos sensitiv simtom fi dayagnuoz influenza<ref name="pmid15728170">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W|title=Does this patient have influenza?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-02-23_293_8/page/987|journal=JAMA|volume=293|issue=8|pages=987–97|year=2005|doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987|pmid=15728170}}</ref> ! Simtom: ! sensitiviti  ! spisifisiti |- ! Fiiva |68–86% |25–73% |- !Kaaf |84–98% | 7–29% |- ! Niezal kanjeshan |68–91% |19–41% |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | * <small> Aal chrii faindin, espeshal fiiva, eh les sensitiv ina piipl uoba 60 ier a iej.</small> |} [[File:Symptoms_of_influenza.svg|thumb|300x300px|Simtom a influenza,<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention > Influenza Symptoms] Page last updated 16 November 2007. </ref> wid fiiva ah kaaf di muos kaman simtom.<ref name="pmid15728170">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W|title=Does this patient have influenza?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-02-23_293_8/page/987|journal=JAMA|volume=293|issue=8|pages=987–97|year=2005|doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987|pmid=15728170}}</ref>]] Apraximetli 33% a piipl wid influenza deh asimtomatik.<ref name="AmericanJournalEpidemiology2008">[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/7/775.full Time Lines of Infection and Disease in Human Influenza: A Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies], ''American Journal of Epidemiology'', Carrat, Vergu, Ferguson, et al., ''167'' (7): 775–785, 2008. </ref> Simtom a influenza kiah taat kwait sodn wan tu tuu die afta infekshan. Yuujali di fos simtom a chil ar chili sensieshan, bot fiiva aalso kaman hoerli ina di infekshan, wid badi tempicha rienj frah 38 tu 39 °C (aproximetli 100 tu 103 °F). Nof piipl so sik tel deh kanfain tu bed fi sebral die, wid iek and pien raichuu deh badi, wosara ina deh bak ah leg. Simtom a influenza kiah ingkluud: * Fiiva ah exchriim kuolnis (chil shivarin, shiekin (riga)) * Kaaf * Niezal kanjeshan * Ronin nuoz * Siniizin * Badi iek, espeshali jaint ah chuot * Fatiig * Ediek * Iritietid, waatarin yaidem * Redn yai, kin (espeshali fies), mout, chuot ah nuoz * Petechial rash<ref name="pmid10476766">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Silva ME, Cherry JD, Wilton RJ, Ghafouri NM, Bruckner DA, Miller MJ|title=Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1999-08_29_2/page/453|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=29|issue=2|pages=453–4|date=August 1999|pmid=10476766|doi=10.1086/520240}}</ref> * Ina pitni, giaschointestinal simtom laka dayariya ah abdaminal pien,<ref name="Richards">{{Cite journal|author=Richards S|title=Flu blues|journal=Nurs Stand|volume=20|issue=8|pages=26–7|year=2005|pmid=16295596}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heikkinen T|title=Influenza in children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2006-07_95_7/page/778|journal=Acta Paediatr.|volume=95|issue=7|pages=778–84|date=July 2006|pmid=16801171|doi=10.1080/08035250600612272}}</ref> (maita sivier ina pitni wid influenza B)<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kerr AA, McQuillin J, Downham MA, Gardner PS|title=Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children|journal=Lancet|volume=1|issue=7902|pages=291–5|year=1975|pmid=46444|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2}}</ref> Ikiah difikolt fi distingguish bitwiin die [[kaman kuol]] ah influenza ina di hoerli stiej a demaya infekshan,<ref name="Eccles">{{Cite journal|last=Eccles|first=R|title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=5|issue=11|pages=718–25|year=2005|pmid=16253889|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X}}</ref> bot a fluu kiah bi aidentifai bai ai fiiva wid a sodn anset ah exchriim fatiig. Influenza a wah mixcha a simtom a kaman kuol ah nyuumuonia, badi iek, ediek, ah fatiig. Dayariya a no naamali a simtom a influenza ina adolt,<ref name="pmid15728170">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W|title=Does this patient have influenza?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-02-23_293_8/page/987|journal=JAMA|volume=293|issue=8|pages=987–97|year=2005|doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987|pmid=15728170}}</ref> alduo ifain ina som yuuman kies a di H5N1 "bod fluu"<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hui DS|title=Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection|journal=Respirology|volume=13 Suppl 1|issue=|pages=S10–3|date=March 2008|pmid=18366521|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x}}</ref> ah kiah bi a simtom ina pitni.<ref name="Richards">{{Cite journal|author=Richards S|title=Flu blues|journal=Nurs Stand|volume=20|issue=8|pages=26–7|year=2005|pmid=16295596}}</ref> Di muos rilayabl simtom fi influenza shuo ina di tiebl tu di rait.<ref name="pmid15728170">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W|title=Does this patient have influenza?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-02-23_293_8/page/987|journal=JAMA|volume=293|issue=8|pages=987–97|year=2005|doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987|pmid=15728170}}</ref> Sens antivairal jogz ifectiv fi chriit influenza ef di poersn geti hoerli, ikiah bi impuotant fi aidentifai kies hoerli. Outa di simtom lisout opatap, di kombinieshan a fiiva wid kaaf, suo chuot an/ar niezal kanjeshan kiah impruuv dayagnastik akiuresi.<ref name="pmid11088084">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Monto A, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Colopy M, Schweinle J|title=Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection|journal=Arch Intern Med|volume=160|issue=21|pages=3243–7|year=2000|pmid=11088084|doi=10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243|url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/160/21/3243.pdf}}</ref> Tuu disijan analisis todi<ref name="pmif12361816">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Smith K, Roberts M|title=Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2002-09_113_4/page/300|journal=Am J Med|volume=113|issue=4|pages=300–7|year=2002|doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6|pmid=12361816}}</ref><ref name="pimd12965940">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D|title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=139|issue=5 Pt 1|pages=321–9|date=2 September 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/content/139/5_Part_1/321.full.pdf|pmid=12965940|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007}}</ref> sojes se dat ''juurin luokal outbriek'' a influenza, di privalens wi bi uoba 70%,<ref name="pimd12965940">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D|title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=139|issue=5 Pt 1|pages=321–9|date=2 September 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/content/139/5_Part_1/321.full.pdf|pmid=12965940|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007}}</ref> ah so pieshent wid heni a demaya kombinieshan a simtom kiah chriit wid nyuuraminidiez inibita widoutn tes. Iibm ina di absens a luokal outbriek, chriitment kiah jostifai ina di eldali juurin di influenza siizn az lang az di privalens a uoba 15%.<ref name="pimd12965940">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D|title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=139|issue=5 Pt 1|pages=321–9|date=2 September 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/content/139/5_Part_1/321.full.pdf|pmid=12965940|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007}}</ref> Di avielebl labrichri tesdem fi influenza kantiniu fi impruuv. Di Yunaitid Stiet Senta fi Diziiz Kanchuol ah Privenshan (CDC) mentien wah op-tu-diet somari a avielebl labrichri tes.<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. </ref> Askaadin tu di CDC, rapid dayagnastik tes ab a sensitiviti a 50–75% ah spisifisiti a 90–95% wen kompier wid vairal kolcha.<ref name="rapidlab">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/rapidlab.htm|title=Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza: Information for Clinical Laboratory Directors|work=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|date=13 October 2015|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> Demaya tes maita espeshali yuusful juurin di influenza siizn (privalens=25%) bot ina di absens a luokal outbriek, ar peri-influenza siizn (privalens=10%<ref name="pimd12965940">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D|title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=139|issue=5 Pt 1|pages=321–9|date=2 September 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/content/139/5_Part_1/321.full.pdf|pmid=12965940|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007}}</ref>). Okiejanali, influenza kiah kaaz sivier ilnis ingkluudn praimri vairal nyuumuonia ar sekanderi baktiirial nyuumuonia.<ref name="New-England-Journal-Medicine-Hospitalized-H1N1-Patients-2009">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0906695#t=abstract Hospitalized Patients with 2009 H1N1 Influenza in the United States, April–June 2009], New England Journal of Medicine, Jain, Kamimoto, et al., 12 November 2009.</ref><ref name="WHO-press-conference-Dr-Nikki-Shindo-12-Nov-2009">[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/vpc_transcript_12_november_09_nikki_shindo.pdf Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer, Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization], 12 November 2009.</ref> Di abvios simtom a chobl wid briidin. Adishanali, ef a pitni (ar prizyuumebli wah adolt) siim fi a-get beta ah den rilaps wid ai fiiva, dat a dienja sain sens dis rilaps kiah bi baktiirial nyuumuonia.<ref name="NYTimesDeniseGradySept2009">[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/04/health/research/04flu-001.html?_r=1 Report Finds Swine Flu Has Killed 36 Children], New York Times, DENISE GRADY, 3 September 2009.</ref> == Refrans == <div style="height: 250px; width: 1132px; overflow:-moz-scrollbars-horizontal;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;"> {{Reflist|2}} </div> {{Commons|Influenza}} 27p6vjv4sswnw9yb04bo0dbovplhy4h Malieria 0 2166 22868 22850 2026-08-22T16:31:26Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260822sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} [[File:Malaria.jpg|thumb|250px|''Plasmodium'' frah di salaiva a wah fiimiel maskita a-muuv kraas wah maskita sel]] '''Malieria''' a wah infekshos diziiz pred bai maskita tu yuuman ah ada'' h''animals chuu parasitik pruotozuowan (wah gruup a singgl-sel maikrohaaganizim) we bilangx tu di ''Plasmodium'' taip.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Malieria kaaz simtom we tipikali ingkluud fiiva, fatiig, vamitin, ah ediek. Ina sivier kies ikiah kaaz yelo kin, siija, kuoma, ar det.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Simtom yuujali bigin ten tu fiftiin die afta smadi get bait. Ef ino prapali chriit, piipl maita ab rikorans a di diziiz soh mont lieta.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Ina demde uu riisantli sovaiv infekshan, riihinfekshan yuujali kaaz maila simtom. Dis paashal rizistans disapier uoba soh mont tu ier ef di poersn no kantiniu expuoz tu malieria.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Di diziiz muos kamanli chanzmit bai wah infektid fiimiel ''Anopheles'' maskita. Di maskita bait inchajuus di parasaitdem frah di maskita salaiva ina di persn blod.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Di parasaitdem chrabl tu di liva we deh machior ah riprojuus. Faib spiishiz a ''Plasmodium'' kiah infek ah pred bai yuuman.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Muos det kaaz bai ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' bikaa ''P.&nbsp;vivax'', ''P.&nbsp;ovale'', ah ''P.&nbsp;malariae'' jinarali kaaz a maila faam a malieria.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Di spiishiz ''P.&nbsp;knowlesi'' rierli kaaz diziiz ina yuuman.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Malieria tipikali dayagnuoz bai di maikroskapik egzaminieshan a blod we yuuz blod flim, ar wid antijen-bies rapid dayagnastik tes.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Metod we yuuz di palimeriez chien riakshan fi ditek di parasait DNA eh-don divelop, bot no waidli yuuz ina ieria we malieria kaman juu tu deh kaas ah komplexiti.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH|title=Malaria: An update for physicians|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/243|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|year=2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–59|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Di rix a diziiz kiah rijuus bai privent maskita bait bai yuuz maskita net ah insek ripelant, ar wid maskita-kanchuol meja laka sprie insektisaid ah jrien standin waata.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Wuoliip a medikieshan avielebl fi privent malieria ina trabla tu ieria we di diziiz kaman. Okiejanal duos a di medikieshan solfadaxiin/pairimetamiin  rekomen fi infant ah afta di [[Pregnansi|fos chraimest]]<nowiki/>a a prignansi ina ieria wid ai riet a malieria. Dispait di niid, no ifektiv vaxiin no egzis, alduo efoert fi divelop wan angwain.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Di rikomen chriitment fi malieria a wah kombinieshan a antimalierial medikieshan we ingkluud aatimisinin.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Di sekan medikieshan kiah bi aida meflokwiin, lumefanchriin, ar solfadaxiin/pairimetamiin.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesfortre0000unse|date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241547925|page=ix|edition=2nd}}</ref> Kuiniin tugiada wid daxisaikliin kiah yuuz  ef no aatimisinin no avielebl.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesfortre0000unse|date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241547925|page=ix|edition=2nd}}</ref> Irekomen ina ieria we di diziiz kaman, malieria fi kanfoerm ef pasibl bifuo chriitment taat juu tu kansoern bout ingkriisin jog rizistans. Rizistans mongx di parasait divelop tu sebral antimalierial medikieshan; fi egzampl, kluorokwiin-rizistant ''P.&nbsp;falciparum''  don-pred tu muos malierial ieria, ah rizistans tu aatimisinin a prablem ina som paat a Soutiis Ieja.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Di diziiz pred waid ina di chapikal ah sobchapikal riijan we egzis ina braad ban rong di ikwieta.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Caraballo H|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|year=2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Dis ingkluud moch a Sob-Sa'aaran Afrika, [[Ieja]], ah [[Latn Amoerka]]. Ina 2015, a wena 214 milian kies a malieria wolwaid.<ref name="WHO15">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> Dis rizolt ina estimietid 438,000 det, 90% a we okor ina Afrika.<ref name="WHO15">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> Riet a diziiz dikriis frah 2000 tu 2015 bai 37%,<ref name="WHO15">{{Cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> bot ingkriis frah 2014 juurin wen a weh 198 milian kies.<ref name="WHO2014Book">{{Cite book|last1=WHO|title=World Malaria Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-92-4156483-0|pages=32–42|url=http://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2014/en/index.html}}</ref> Malieria kamanli asosiet wid pavati ah iab mieja negitiv ifek pah ikanamik divelopment.<ref name="IftSoL"><cite class="citation report">Gollin D, Zimmermann C (August 2007). </cite></ref><ref name="Worrall 2005"><cite class="citation journal">Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K (2005). </cite></ref> Ina Afrika, iestimiet fi rizolt ina laas a US$12 bilian a ier juu tu ingkriis eltkier kaas, laas abiliti fi wok, ah negitiv ifek pah tuorizim.<ref name="Greenwood 2005"><cite class="citation journal">Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA (2005). </cite></ref> == Sain ah simtom == [[File:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|265x265px|Mien simtom a malieria<ref name="PPID 2010"><cite class="citation book">Fairhurst RM, Wellems TE (2010). </cite></ref>]] Di sain ah simtom a malieria tipikali bigin 8–25 die falarin infekshan;<ref name="PPID 2010"><cite class="citation book">Fairhurst RM, Wellems TE (2010). </cite></ref> ousomeba, simtom kiah okor lieta ina demde uu eh-tek antimalierial medikieshan az privenshan.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH|title=Malaria: An update for physicians|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/243|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|year=2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–59|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Inishal manifestieshan a di diziiz—kaman tu ''h''aal malieria spiishiz—komiin laka [[Influenza|flu]]<nowiki/>u simtom,<ref name="Bartoloni 2012"><cite class="citation journal">Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L (2012). </cite></ref> ah kiah rizembl ada kandishan laka sepsis, gaschoentaraitis, ah vairal diziiz.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH|title=Malaria: An update for physicians|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/243|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|year=2012|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–59|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Di prizentieshan kiah ingkluud ediek, fiiva, shivarin, jaint pien, vamitin, iimolitik aniimia, jaandis, iimogluobin ina di yuurin, retinal damij, ah kanvolshan.<ref name="Beare 2006"><cite class="citation journal">Beare NA, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME (2006). </cite></ref> Di klasik simtom a malieria a paraxizim—saiklikal okorans a sodn kuolnis fala bai shivarin ah den fiiva ah swetin, okorin ebri tuu die (toershan fiiva) ina ''P.&nbsp;vivax'' ah ''P.&nbsp;ovale'' infekshan, ah ebri chrii die (kwaatan fiiva) fi ''P.&nbsp;malariae''. ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' infekshan kiah kaaz rikorant fiiva ebri 36–48 howa, ar les pronongs ah aalmuos kantinyuos fiiva.<ref name="Ferri 2009"><cite class="citation book">Ferri FF (2009). </cite></ref> Sivier malieria yuujali kaaz bai ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' (muotaim refa tu az falciparum malieria). Simtom a falciparum malieria araiz 9–30 die afta infekshan.<ref name="Bartoloni 2012"><cite class="citation journal">Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L (2012). </cite></ref> Indivijual wid seriibral malieria friikuentli egzibit nyuuralajikal simtom, ingkluudn abnaamal pascharin, nistagmos, kanjuget giez paalzi (fielia a di yaidem fi ton tugiada ina di siem direkshan), opistotuonus, siija, ar kuoma.<ref name="Bartoloni 2012"><cite class="citation journal">Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L (2012). </cite></ref> == Refrans == <references/> {{Commons|Malaria|Malieria}} hlk7fys3sghe5gujd5hmx2or0toa67d Paakinsn diziiz 0 2197 22861 20178 2026-08-22T16:22:47Z InternetArchiveBot 6065 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260822sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 22861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesiseri aatikl}} '''Paakinsn diziiz''' ('''PD''') a wah dijinarietiv disaada a di senchral noervos sistim we mienli afek di muoto sistim. Hoerli ina di kuos a di diziiz, di muos abvios simtom muuvment-rilietid; demaya ingkluud shiekin, rijiditi, sluonis a muuvment ah difikolti wid waakin ah giet. Lieta, tingkin ah biyevral prablem kiah araiz, wid dimentia  kamanli okor ina di advans stiej a di diziiz, ah wid dipreshan di muos kaman saikiachrik simtom. Ada  simtom ingkluud sensri, sliip, ah [[Imuoshan|imuoshanal]] prablem. Di mien muoto simtom kalektivli kaal "paakinsuonizim", ar "paakinsuonian sinjruom". Di diziiz kiah bi aida praimri ar sekanderi. Di kaaz fi praimri Paakinsn diziiz no nuo, alduo som ietipikal kies ab jinetik  arijin. Di kaaz fi sekanderi paakinsuonizim nuo az juu tu taxin. Nof rix ah protektiv fakta eh-investigiet: di klieris evidens a fi ingkriis rix ina piipl expuoz tu soertn pestisaid ah rijuus rix ina tubako sumuoka. Di muoto simtomdem a di diziiz rizolt frah di det a seldem ina di substantia nigra, wah riijan a di midbrien. Dis rizolt ina insofishant duopamiin ina demaya ieria. Di riizn fi dis sel det no andastan tuu gud bot invalv di bilop a pruotiin ina Luuwi badidem ina di nyuuran. We di Luuwi badidem lokiet paatli rilietid tu di expreshan ah digrii a di simtomdem. Dayagnuosis a tipikal kies mienli bies pah simtom, wid tes laka nyuuroimijin yuuz fi kanfamieshan. Chriitment, tipikali di antipaakinsn medikieshan L-DOPA ah duopamiin aganis, impruuv di hoerli simtomdem a di diziiz. Az di diziiz progres ah nyuurandem kantiniu fi laas, demaya medikieshan bikoms inifektiv wails a di sieh taim deh projuus wah komplikieshan maak bai invalinteri raidin muuvment. Dayat ah som faam a riabilitieshan shuo som ifektivnis fi ''h''impruuv simtom. Soerjri fi plies diip brien stimiulieshan yuuz fi rijuus muoto simtom ina sivier kies we jogz inifektiv. Risaach direkshan ingkluud investigieshan ina nyuu ''h''animal magl a di diziiz ah di potenshal yuusfulnis a jiin terapi, stem sel chransplaant, ah nyuuroprotektiv iejent. Medikieshan fi chriit nan-muuvment-rilietid simtom a PD, laka sliip distorbans ah imuoshanal prablem, azwel egzis. Ina 2013 PD eh-prezant ina 53 milian piipl ah rizolt ina bout 103,000 det gluobali.<ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|pages=117–71|url=http://www.thelancet.com/action/showFullTableImage?tableId=tbl2&pii=S0140673614616822|pmc=4340604}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_the-lancet_august-22-28-2015_386_9995/page/743|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472}}</ref> Paakinsn diziiz muo kaman ina uola piipl, wid muos kies okor afta di iej a 50; wen isi ina yong adolt, ikaal yong anset PD. Di diziiz niem afta di Ingglish dakta Jiemz Paakinsn, uu eh-poblish di fos ditiel diskripshan ina ''An Essay on the Shaking Palsy,'' ina 1817.<ref name="An Essay on the Shaking Palsy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23777/23777-h/23777-h.htm|title=An Essay on the Shaking Palsy|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|name-list-format=vanc|last1=Shulman|first1=Joshua M.|last2=De Jager|first2=Philip L.|last3=Feany|first3=Mel B.|title=Parkinson's disease: genetics and pathogenesis.|journal=Annual Review of Pathology|date=February 2011|origyear=25 October 2010|volume=6|pages=193–222|pmid=21034221|doi=10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130242}}</ref> Wuoliip a mieja aaganizieshan promuot risaach ah impruuvment a kualiti a laif fi demde we gat di diziiz ah fi deh fambili. Poblik awiernis kiampien ingkluud Paakinsn diziiz die (pah Jiemz Paakinsn baandie, 11 Iepril) ah di yuus a red tyuulip az di simbal a di diziiz. Piipl wid paakinsuonizim uu eh-ingkriis poblik awiernis a di kandishan ingkluud akta Maikal J. Fax, Olimpik saiklis Dievis Fini, ah liet profeshanal baxa Muamid Ali. == Refrans == {{Reflist|30em}} 5xx10z5k3xdf3bkuj8taqp2tj8vlxq4