Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 7353 1749053 1667562 2026-05-16T12:53:15Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Wayang Kancil.JPG|thumb|Wayang Kancil kolèksi Museum Ranggawarsita Semarang]] '''Wayang kancil''' iku kalebu wayang modern kang diciptaaké ing taun 1925 déning [[Bo Liem]]. Wayang iki migunakaké [[fabel|carita-carita kéwan]]. Wayangé digawé saka kulit, lan pisanané ditatah déning [[Lie Too Hien]] kang cacahé kurang luwih 100 paraga. Paraga kang kondhang yaiku Si [[Kancil]] kang pinter. Lakon kang kondhang yaiku [[Kancil Nyolong Timun]]. Lakoné dijupuk saka [[Serat Kancil Kridhamartana]] anggitané [[Natarata|Radèn Panji Natarata]]. Wayang iki banjur diterusaké lan disampurnaaké déning [[Radèn Mas Sayid]] ing taun 1943. Gandhèng wayang iki lumrahé ditonton bocah cilik, pagelarané mung udakara 1-3 jam ing wayah awan, soré, utawa wiwitan wengi sadurungé bocah cilik padha turu. == Sumber Carita == [[Serat Kancil]] [[Kridhamartana]] kang dadi sumbering lakon wayang kancil kang digawé déning [[Ledjar Subroto|Ki Ledjar Subroto]] ditegesi manèh miturut kabutuhan jaman. Paraga kancil ditafsiraké manèh kanthi luwih jembar satemah kancil dadi patuladhan kanggo bocah-bocah. Ana ing [[carita]] “Kancil”, diwedharaké yen Kancil kuwi [[Sato kéwan|kéwan]] kang pinter; Nanging, kapinteran kancil kanggo ngluwaraké awaké saka ancaman kéwan liya luwih mèmper karo ngapusi utawa mblithuki. Ing crita [[Kancil Nyolong Timun]], Ki Ledjar Subroto nyoba mènèhi pamrayoga yèn Kancil dudu paraga kang nyolong lan cidra. Kancil nyolong amarga alas dirusak déning manungsa, mula kancil kudu nyolong timun kanggo urip. Andharan kasebut nuduhaké bilih paraga Kancil kuwi dudu paraga ingkang duwé watak ala. Pamrayoga iki uga mènèhi panggulawenthahan babagan rusaking [[Lingkungan alam|lingkungan]]. Kancil nyolong amarga kagiyatan [[manungsa]] kang ngrusak alas. Saliyané iku, carita kasebut uga ngandharaké sikepé warga kang menging nyembelèh kancil. Warga milih nganakake rembugan kanggo ngrampungaké perkara. Kaputusane warga uga nuduhaké yèn nalika ngrampungaké perkara, dhèwèké ngutamakaké pikiran kanthi cara rembugan. Pamrayoga Ki Ledjar Subroto ngenani carita kancil nyolong timun mènèhi wawasan kang nengenake pitutur luhur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Wayang-Kancil-Yogyakarta|title=Wayang Kancil Ngayogyakarta|last=Sumarni|first=Sri|date=2018-12-28|website=Budaya Indonésia|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=3713|title=Wayang Kancil Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta|last=WBTB|first=Admin|date=2013-01-01|website=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=2023-02-12|archive-date=2023-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212101632/https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=3713|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ki Ledjar Subroto == Ki Ledjar Subroto lair surya kaping 20 Mei 1938 ing desa [[Sapuran, Wanasaba|Sapuran]], Kawedanan [[Kabupatèn Wanasaba|Wanasaba]], [[Jawa Tengah]]. Ki Ledjar Subroto lair kanthi jejuluk Djariman. Ing taun 1970 Ki Ledjar Subroto lan kulawargané manggon ing [[Ngayogyakarta]]. Dhèwèké ngrembakakaké kupiya nyunggung [[wayang kulit purwa]], gaya [[Surakarta]], ing Yogyakarta. Ki Ledjar Subroto uga tau krungu lan maca yèn ing [[Tanah Jawa]] wis ana pagelaran wayang kancil. Saka kéné banjur jumedhul gagasan Ki Ledjar Subroto kanggo nggawé Wayang Kancil. Ana warga [[Walanda]] jenengé [[Rien Bartman]] kang lagi [[sinau]] [[dhalang]] wayang purwa ing [[Kadipatèn Mangkunagaran|Mangkunegaran]], nalika Bartman dolan menyang omahe Ki Ledjar Subroto gaweé wayang purwa, Bartman nonton wayang kancil karya Ki Ledjar Soebroto ing taun 1980-an dhèwèké gawé wayang kancil miturut vèrsiné dhéwé.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cristofanus Agapetus|first=Elia Yehosyua|date=2019-12-31|title=Pagelaran Wayang Kancil Gagrag Ki Ledjar Subroto (saka Basa Indonésia)|url=|journal=E-Jurnal|volume=1|pages=1-23}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> ==Pranala njaba== *[http://wayangkancil.tripod.com/ Wayang Kancil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407111514/http://wayangkancil.tripod.com/ |date=2013-04-07 }} {{Warna Wayang}} [[Kategori:Wayang]] [[Kategori:Warisan budaya]] [[Kategori:Warisan budaya dudu barang Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Warisan budaya takbenda Indonésia]] q2dtb51q9stzxgkr1zwtv7o1s2b5gny 0 18492 1749071 812576 2026-05-17T04:43:43Z ~2026-29602-62 72715 /* */ 1749071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Hej Sloveni''''' iku [[lagu kabangsan]]é [[Serbia lan Montenegro]] lan [[Yugoslavia]] == Tèks == == Alihbasa == [[Kategori:Lagu kabangsan]] gz2vptm722u9wgzoeglv5ttvzz3aama 1749072 1749071 2026-05-17T04:47:03Z ~2026-29602-62 72715 /* */ 1749072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Hej Sloveni''''' iku [[lagu kabangsan]]é [[Serbia lan Montenegro]] lan [[Yugoslavia]]. [[File:Hej Sloveni 1930s.opus]] == Tèks == == Alihbasa == [[Kategori:Lagu kabangsan]] nfy8mtbvclkdhhmbb7vtdu2kl3h5vg1 1749073 1749072 2026-05-17T04:47:50Z ~2026-29602-62 72715 /* */ 1749073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Hej Sloveni''''' iku [[lagu kabangsan]]é [[Serbia lan Montenegro]] lan [[Yugoslavia]]. [[File:Hej Slaveni 1940s.opus]] == Tèks == == Alihbasa == [[Kategori:Lagu kabangsan]] nflzwd9rhs2pvfji54sgmjhssdbyvb6 1749074 1749073 2026-05-17T04:49:02Z ~2026-29602-62 72715 /* Tèks */ Nambah lirik 1749074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Hej Sloveni''''' iku [[lagu kabangsan]]é [[Serbia lan Montenegro]] lan [[Yugoslavia]]. [[File:Hej Slaveni 1940s.opus]] == Tèks == <poem> 1. Хеј Словени, јоште живи Реч наших дедова Док за народ срце бије Њихових синова Живи, живи дух словенски Живеће веков’ма Залуд прети понор пакла, Залуд ватра грома 2. Нек’ се сада и над нама Буром све разнесе Стена пуца, дуб се лама, Земља нек’ се тресе Ми стојимо постојано Кано клисурине, Проклет био издајица Своје домовине! </poem> == Alihbasa == [[Kategori:Lagu kabangsan]] frz3skkktv23z7yc0z4qfc3ix3eo2ez 1749075 1749074 2026-05-17T04:51:06Z ~2026-29602-62 72715 1749075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Hej Sloveni''''' iku [[lagu kabangsan]]é [[Serbia lan Montenegro]] lan [[Yugoslavia]]. [[File:Hej Slaveni 1940s.opus]] == Tèks == <poem> 1. Хеј Словени, јоште живи Реч наших дедова Док за народ срце бије Њихових синова Живи, живи дух словенски Живеће веков’ма Залуд прети понор пакла, Залуд ватра грома 2. Нек’ се сада и над нама Буром све разнесе Стена пуца, дуб се лама, Земља нек’ се тресе Ми стојимо постојано Кано клисурине, Проклет био издајица Своје домовине! </poem><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalanthems.info/yug.htm|title=Yugoslavia (1945-2006) – nationalanthems.info|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Alihbasa == == Referensi == [[Kategori:Lagu kabangsan]] ay0eqdji9wsy4v61dkgdr3sr7ie13l9 1749076 1749075 2026-05-17T05:32:54Z Sdsecret 66712 1749076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|Hej Sloveni (Republik Slovak)}} '''''Hej Sloveni''''' iku [[lagu kabangsan]]é [[Serbia lan Montenegro]] lan [[Yugoslavia]]. [[File:Hej Slaveni 1940s.opus]] == Tèks == <poem> 1. Хеј Словени, јоште живи Реч наших дедова Док за народ срце бије Њихових синова Живи, живи дух словенски Живеће веков’ма Залуд прети понор пакла, Залуд ватра грома 2. Нек’ се сада и над нама Буром све разнесе Стена пуца, дуб се лама, Земља нек’ се тресе Ми стојимо постојано Кано клисурине, Проклет био издајица Своје домовине! </poem><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalanthems.info/yug.htm|title=Yugoslavia (1945-2006) – nationalanthems.info|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Alihbasa == == Referensi == [[Kategori:Lagu kabangsan]] 8kcm28lds5749d41cylcbn1z1dkzns0 0 24292 1749060 1702249 2026-05-16T16:10:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Dotcom company | company_name = YouTube, LLC | company_slogan = Broadcast Yourself | owner = [[Google|Google Inc.]] | company_logo = [[Gambar:YouTube 2024.svg|150px]] | company_type = [[Anak perusahaan]] saka [[Google]] | foundation = [[15 Fèbruari]] [[2005]] | location_city = [[San Bruno, Kalifornia|San Bruno]], [[Kalifornia]] | location_country = [[Amérikah Sarékat]] | key_people = [[Steve Chen (YouTube)|Steve Chen]], Pendhiri & [[Chief technical officer|CTO]]<br /> [[Chad Hurley]], Pendiri & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]<br /> [[Jawed Karim]], Pendhiri lan Penasehat | homepage = [http://www.youtube.com/ YouTube.com] | screenshot = [[Gambar:YouTube 2008.png|210px]] | caption = YouTube | url = [http://youtube.com/ YouTube.com]<br /> | registration = Pilihan<br />(dibutuhaké nalika munggah lan mènèhi komentar) | launch_date = 2005 | current_status = aktif | language = 12 basa | advertising = [[Google]], [[AdSense]] | alexa = #2<ref name=alexa>[http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main/youtube.com "YouTube.com - Site Information from Alexa"], Alexa, [[24 Fèbruari]] [[2008]].</ref> | website_type = dundum akses video }} '''YouTube''' iku sawijining [[situs web]] ''video sharing'' (silih ijol video) populèr kang diadegaké wulan Fèbruari [[2005]] déning wong telu tilas karyawan [[PayPal]]: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, lan Jawed Karim. Miturut prusahaan panelitèn Internet Hitwise, ing sasi Mèi 2006 YouTube duwé pangsa pasar kang gedhéné 43 persèn.<ref name="hitwise">[http://www.hitwise.com/press-center/hitwiseHS2004/videosearch.php "Hitwise Data Shows Overall Visits to Video Search Sites Up 164%"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423054716/http://www.hitwise.com/press-center/hitwiseHS2004/videosearch.php |date=2008-04-23 }}, diaksès [[10 Oktober]] [[2006]]</ref> Para naraguna bisa ngamot, nonton, lan silih ijol klip [[video]] kanthi gratis. Lumrahé video-video ing YouTube iku wujud klip [[musik]] ([[video klip]]), [[filem]], [[TV]], sarta video gawéan para naraguna dhéwe. Format kang dipigunakaké video-video ing YouTube ya iku [[Flash Video|.flv]] kang bisa diputer ing [[panjelajah web]] kang duwé ''plugin'' [[Flash Player]]. Ing tanggal [[9 Oktober]] [[2006]] diumumaké yèn YouTube wis dituku déning [[Google]] kanthi rega US$1,65 miliar.<ref name="cnn">''[[CNN]]'', [http://money.cnn.com/2006/10/09/technology/googleyoutube_deal/index.htm?cnn=yes "Google to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016185537/http://money.cnn.com/2006/10/09/technology/googleyoutube_deal/index.htm?cnn=yes |date=2015-10-16 }}, diaksès [[10 Oktober]] [[2006]]</ref> Ig wiwitan sasi [[April]] [[2008]] sawatara [[panyumadhia jasa Internet|ISP]] [[Indonésia]] nutup aksès menyang sawatara situs web kalebu YouTube amarga ngamot filem ''[[Fitna (filem)|Fitna]]''. Wiwitané pamblokiran wujud pemblokiran penuh marang kabèh situs web, nanging banjur diowahi dadi pamblokiran marang [[URL]] tinamtu kang ngamot video mau waé. == Réferènsi == <references/> == Pranala njaba == * [http://youtube.com YouTube] * [http://www.themoviesareus.com/images/youtube.asp Youtube Headquarters Pictures]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Google Inc.}} [[Kategori:Situs jaringan]] [[Kategori:Media]] 8w2k1jh0q5423a862ash2sg5ovshsk8 0 48090 1749070 1461625 2026-05-17T02:09:55Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox City |official_name = Armero |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Colombia - Tolima - Armero.svg |mapsize = 275px |map_caption = Location of the town and municipality of Armero in the Department of Tolima. |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_region = CO |subdivision_type = [[Country]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Natural Regions of Colombia|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Departments of Colombia|Department]] |subdivision_name = [[Colombia]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Andean Region of Colombia|Andean]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Department of Tolima|Tolima]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [http://www.portalterritorial.gov.co/index.shtml?s=e&m=4&idmun=73055 Carlos Alfonso Escobar Peña] <small>([[2016]]–[[2019]])</small> |established_title = Distrito de Guayabal |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = 440.5 |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |population_as_of = |population_note = |population_total = |population_metro = |population_urban = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = |utc_offset =-5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd= |latm= |lats= |latN= |longd= |longm= |longs= |longW= |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |website = |footnotes = [https://wiki2.org/es/Armero Armero][http://www.worldpostalcodes.org/es/colombia/municipio/mapa-de-los-codigos-postales-en-armero Armero] }} [[Gambar:Colombia - Tolima - Armero.svg|thumb|Lokasi Armero ing [[Departemen Tolima]]. Inset iku proyèksi ing péta Kolombia]] '''Armero''' iku siji [[kotamadya]] ing [[Kolombia]] sing lebur amarga [[tragèdhi Armero|njeblugé]] [[Gunung Nevado del Ruiz]] nalika tanggal [[13 November]] [[1985]]. [[File:Armero casa.jpg|Reruntuhan ing Armero|thumb|275px]] Kutha iki diyasa taun [[1895]], nanging ora diakoni kanthi resmi tekan tanggal [[29 September]] [[1908]], déning [[Pratélan présidhèn Kolombia|Présidhèn]] [[Rafael Reyes Prieto]]. Awalé dijenengi San Lorenzo, kutha iki ganti jeneng dadi Armero taun [[1930]] kanggo mèngeti siji [[martir]] sing jenengé [[José León Armero]]. Kutha iki dijuluki minangka "kutha putih" amarga wujud pangasil kapas gedhé dhéwé ing Kolombia. Tekan taun 1985, kutha iki wujud laladan tetanèn sing makmur. == Pranala njaba == * [http://crismatt.tripod.com/armero/ Informasi jeblugan gunung ing Armero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123193959/http://crismatt.tripod.com/armero/ |date=2009-11-23 }} [[Kategori:Kutha ing Kolombia]] {{geo-stub}} l97slssbrnsarwzzgxy9kt829g8jwz4 0 57954 1749082 1745233 2026-05-17T05:43:02Z Sdsecret 66712 /* Dusun */ 1749082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Bera | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_type = [[Nagara]] | subdivision_name = {{IDN}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinsi]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Tengah]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Kabupatèn]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kabupatèn Wanagiri|Wanagiri]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Kacamatan]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Manyaran, Wanagiri|Manyaran]] | coordinates = {{Coord|-7.8383773|110.8493314|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Indonesia Wonogiri Regency#Indonesia Central Java#Indonesia | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | blank_name = Kodhe laladan<br>administrasi | blank_info = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getRawValue|P2588|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} }} '''Bera''' iku [[désa]] ing [[Manyaran, Wanagiri|Kacamatan Manyaran]], [[Kabupatèn Wanagiri]], [[Jawa Tengah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah|title=Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan (Permendagri No.56-2015)|website=www.kemendagri.go.id|language=Indonésia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429140519/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah|archive-date=2017-04-29|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref> == Dusun == # [[Bero, Bera, Manyaran, Wanagiri|Bero]] # [[Pageyan]] # [[Jetis Lor]] # [[Jetis Kidul]] # [[Pucanganom]] # [[Silir]] # [[Pondok (Bera)|Pondok]] # [[Gembuk]] # [[Banasan]] # [[Timoyo]] # [[Gayam, Bera, Manyaran,Wanagiri|Gayam]] # [[Kopen, Bera, Manyaran, Wanagiri|Kopen]] == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} {{Manyaran, Wanagiri}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Kabupatèn Wanagiri]] [[Kategori:Désa ing Jawa Tengah]] [[Kategori:Manyaran, Wanagiri]] {{Désa-stub}} dw1bm2ralloryz2okv12t10espimqn4 0 62006 1749055 1748120 2026-05-16T14:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ethnic group| |image= |group=Banjar |poptime=4.8 yuta |region1 = '''Indonésia''' (sènsus 2000) |pop1 = '''3,500,000''' |ref1 = <ref>{{cite book | last = | first = | publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | title =Indonésia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape | date = | year =2003 | url = | accessdate = | isbn = 9812302123 | author = Leo Suryadinata; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; Aris Ananta.}}</ref> |region2 = {{nbsp|8}}[[Kalimantan Kidul]] |pop2 = 2,271,586 |ref2 = |region3 = {{nbsp|8}}[[Kalimantan Tengah]] |pop3 = 435,758 |ref3 = |region4 = {{nbsp|8}}[[Kalimantan Wétan]] |pop4 = 340,381 |ref4 = |region5 = {{nbsp|8}}[[Riau]] |pop5 = 179,380 |ref5 = |region6 = {{nbsp|8}}[[Sumatra Lor]] |pop6 = 111,886 |ref6 |region7 = '''Malaysia''' |pop7 = |ref7 = |langs=[[Basa Banjar|Banjar]], [[Basa Indonésia|Indonésia]] lan [[Basa Malayu|Malayu]]. |rels=[[Islam]] |related=[[Wong Melayu|Melayu]], [[Kutai]], [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]], [[Dayak]] (Dayak Bukit, [[Bakumpai]], [[Ngaju]], [[Ma'anyan]], [[Lawangan]]) }} '''Wong Banjar''' utawa '''Sukubangsa Banjar''' <ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10658&rog3=ID Banjar of Indonésia]</ref> iku [[bebrayan]] kang manggon sapérangan gedhé [[wewengkon]] [[Provinsi Kalimantan Kidul]], lan wiwit abad kaping 17 wiwit manggon ing sapérangan [[Kalimantan Tengah]] lan sapérangan [[Kalimantan Wétan]] mligi [[kawasan]] dhataran lan pérangan hilir saka Laladan ilèn Kali (DAS) ing wewengkon mau. == Sistem paseduluran == {| style="text-align:center; float:left;" |Waring |- |↑ |- |Sanggah |- |↑ |- |Datu |- |↑ |- |Kai (simbah kakung) + Nini (simbah putri) |- |↑ |- |Abah (bapak) + Uma (ibu) |- |↑ |- |Kakak < ULUN > Ading |- |↓ |- |Anak |- |↓ |- |Cucu |- |↓ |- |Buyut |- |↓ |- |Intah/Muning |} Kaya sistem paseduluran lumrahé, masarakat Banjar ngenali istilah-istilah tartemtu minangka panyelukan sajeroning kulawarga. Skema mau punjere saka ULUN minangka panyebute. ULUN uga ana celukan kanggo sadulur saka bapak lan ibu. sadulur tuwa dhéwé sinebut ''Julak'', sadulur kaping pindho sinebut ''Gulu'', sadulur candhaké sinebut ''Tuha'', sadulur tengah saka bapak lan ibu sinebut ''Angah'', lan liyané sinebut ''Pakacil'' (''paman mudha/kecil'') lan ''Makacil'' (''bibi mudha/kecil''), déné paling enom sinebut ''Busu''. Yèn nyeluk sadulur saka ''kai'' lan ''nini'' padha waé, semana uga kanggo sadulur ''datu''. Saliyané istilah ing dhuwun, uga ana sebutan liyané, yaiku:<br /> {{·}} ''minantu'' (bojo saka anaké ULUN)<br /> {{·}} ''pawarangan'' (bapak / ibu saka minantu)<br /> {{·}} ''mintuha'' (bapak / ibu saka bojone ULUN)<br /> {{·}} ''mintuha lambung'' (sadulur mintuha saka ULUN)<br /> {{·}} ''sabungkut'' (wong kang siji Datu karo ULUN)<br /> {{·}} ''mamarina'' (sebutan umum kanggo seduluré bapak/ibu saka ULUN)<br /> {{·}} ''kamanakan'' (anaké kakang/adhi saka ULUN)<br /> {{·}} ''sapupu sakali'' (anaké mamarina saka ULUN)<br /> {{·}} ''maruai'' (bojo wadon karo bojo wadone seduluran)<br /> {{·}} ''ipar'' (sadulur saka bojo saka ULUN)<br /> {{·}} ''panjulaknya'' (sadulur tuwa dhéwé saka ULUN)<br /> {{·}} ''pambusunya'' (sadulur paling cilik saka ULUN)<br /> {{·}} ''badangsanak'' (sadulur kandhung) Yèn ngeluk wong kang seumuran, bisa gunakake ''ikam'', lan uga bisa gunakake tembung ''aku'' kanggé nuduhaken awake dhéwé. Dhewe kanggé ngurmati utawa nyeluk kang luwih tuwa, gunakaken tembung ''pian'', lan tembung ''ulun'' kanggé nuduhaké awake dhéwé. === Gegaman Tradisional === Adhedhasar asil wawancara langsung karo wong kang tau gunakake, gaman tradhisional suku banjar kang padhatan digunakaké saben dina ing antarané: * 1. Serapang Serapang yaiku tombak mawa mata lima. Patang mata mekar kaya ta cakar garudha kanthi bait pengait ing saben pucuke. Siji mata manèh ana ing tengahing bait, kang sinebut “besi lapar” kang dipercaya bisa ngrubuhake wong kang duwé ngèlmu kebal. * 2. Tiruk Tiruk yaiku tombak dawa lurus tanpa bait kanggo golèk iwak gabus lan toman ing kali. * 3. Pangambangan Pangambangan yaiku tombak lurus mawa mata siki kanthi bait ing sakloron sisine. * 4. Duha Duha yaiku lading mata loro ingkang biyasa digunakaké kanggé bedhag babi. == Populasi suku Banjar == Suku Banjar minangka suku angka 8 paling akèh ing Indonésia Miturut sensus BPS taun 2000 populasi suku Banjar kira-kira semene: * 2.271.586 ing [[Provinsi Kalimantan Kidul]] 76,34% * 435.758 ing Provinsi [[Kalimantan Tengah]] 24,20% * 340.381 ing Provinsi [[Kalimantan Wétan]] 13,94% * 179.380 ing Provinsi [[Riau]] 3,78% * 111.886 ing Provinsi [[Sumatra Lor]] 0,97% * 83.458 ing Provinsi [[Jambi]] 3,47% * 24.117 ing Provinsi [[Kalimantan Kulon]] * 7.977 ing Provinsi [[DKI Jakarta]] * 5.923 ing Provinsi [[Jawa Kulon]] * 1.726 ing Provinsi [[Nanggroe Acèh Darussalam]] 0,1% * 921 ing Provinsi [[Sumatra Kidul]] * lsp.. Miturut situs "Joshua Project" cacahing suku Banjar ana * 3.207.000 ing [[Indonésia]] * 1.238.000 ing [[Malaysia]] === Populasi Suku Banjar ing Kalimantan Kidul === Miturut [[sènsus]] [[kang ndunungi]] taun [[2000]] déning Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), [[populasi]] suku Banjar ing Kalimantan Kidul ana 2.271.586 jiwa, kang kadistribusi ing sawatara [[kabupatèn]] lan [[kutha]], yaiku: * 142.731 jiwa ing kabupatèn [[Kabupatèn Tanah Laut|Tanah Laut]] * 154.399 jiwa ing kabupatèn [[Kota Baru]] (kalebu kab. [[Kabupatèn Tanah Bumbu|Tanah Bumbu]]) * 361.692 jiwa ing kabupatèn [[Kabupatèn Banjar|Banjar]] * 184.180 jiwa ing kabupatèn [[Kabupatèn Barito Kuala|Barito Kuala]] * 417.309 jiwa ing kutha [[Kutha Banjarmasin|Banjarmasin]] * 75.537 jiwa ing kutha [[Banjarbaru]] Wong [[Banjar Hulu]] Sungai kang micara [[Basa Banjar Hulu]] ana ing 6 kabupatèn ([[Kabupatèn Banua Enam|Banua Enam]]) yaiku: * 114.265 jiwa ing kabupatèn [[Kabupatèn Tapin|Tapin]] * 188.672 jiwa ing kabupatèn [[Kabupatèn Hulu Sungai Kidul|Hulu Sungai Kidul]] * 213.725 jiwa ing kabupatèn [[Kabupatèn Hulu Sungai Tengah|Hulu Sungai Tengah]] * 277.729 jiwa ing kabupatèn [[Kabupatèn Hulu Sungai Lor|Hulu Sungai Lor]] (kalebu kab. [[Kabupatèn Balangan|Balangan]]) * 141.347 jiwa ing kabupatèn [[Kabupatèn Tabalong|Tabalong]] == Tokoh-tokoh Banjar == * [[Pangeran Antasari]], [[Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia]]. * [[Syekh]] [[Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari]], [[ulama Banjar]]. * [[Hasan Basry]], Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia. * [[Idham Chalid]], Wakil Nayakotama, Ketua MPR RI, Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia. * [[Pangeran Muhammad Noor]], mantan mantri PU/[[Gubernur Kalimantan]] kaping 1 * Prof. [[Gusti Muhammad Hatta]], mantri Riset dan Teknologi. * [[Abdul Hafiz Anshari]], mantan Ketua Komisi Pemilihan Umum * Drs. [[Saadillah Mursjid]], MPA, mantan Mantri Sekretaris Kabinet Pangyasa VII * [[Djohan Effendi]], mantan Mantri Sekretaris Kabinet era Gus Dur, panulis pidhato Présidhèn Soeharto. * [[Syamsul Mu'arif]], mantan Mantri Nagara Komunikasi dan Informasi Kabinet Gotong Royong * [[Taufiq Effendi]], mantan mantri Mantri Nagara Pendayagunaan Aparatur Nagara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Kabinet Indonésia Bersatu * [[Muhammad Zaini Abdul Ghani]], ulama lan tokoh [[Islam]] Indonésia. * K.H. [[Muhammad Arifin Ilham]], Ketua Majelis Zikra * [[Denny Indrayana]], Akademisi lan Wakil Mantri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manungsa, Guru Besar Hukum Tata Nagara Universitas Gajah Mada * [[Olla Ramlan]], sawijining modhel lan pemeran Indonésia. * [[Ian Kasela]], vokalis grup band Radja. * [[Terry Putri]], Artis lan pambyawara * [[Pevita Eileen Pearce]], Artis lan pemeran Indonésia == Deleng uga == * [[Kabupatèn Banjar]] * [[Kutha Banjarmasin]] * [[Kutha Banjarbaru]] == Literatur == * [[Alfani Daud]], Islam dan Masarakat Banjar; Deskripsi dan Analisa Kebudayaan Banjar, (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 1997). * J.J. Rass, Hikajat Bandjar:A Study in Malay Histiography, (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff), 1968 * Tjilik Riwut, Kalimantan Memanggil, Djakarta:Penerbit Endang, 1957. * Idwar Saleh, Sajarah bandjarmasin:Selajang Pandang Mengenai Bnagkitnja Keradjaan Bandjarmasin, Posisi, Funksi dan Artinja Dalam Sedjarah Indonésia Dalam Abad Ketudjuh Belas. Bandung: Balai Wiyata Guru. 1958 * Rumah Tradisional Banjar: Rumah Bubungan Tinggi, Departemen Pendididkan dan Kebudayaan, Musiyum Negeri Lambung Mangkurat, 1984 * M. Gazali Usman, Karajan Banjar:Sajarah Perkembangan Pulitik, Ékonomi, Perdagangan dan Agama Islam, Banjarmasin: Lambung Mangkurat Press, 1994. * Jurnal Kebudayaan:KANDIL, Melintas Tradisi, Edisi 6, Tahun II, Agustus-Oktober, 2004 ISSN: 1693-3206 * Arthum Artha, Naskah Kitab Undang Undang Sultan Adam 1825, Banjarmasin: Penerbit Murya Artha, 1988 * Tim Haeda, ''Islam Banjar; Tentang Akar Kultural dan Revitalisasi Citra Masarakat Religius'', (Banjarmasin: Lekstur, 2009) == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://tajudinnoorganie.blogspot.com/2009/05/sejarah-kehidupan-ing-tanah-banjar.html sejarah kerajaan ing Tanah Banjar] * [http://utuhpaloi.xbrain.biz/ Blog Banjar Alai Kampung Sri Lalang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209040631/http://utuhpaloi.xbrain.biz/ |date=2010-02-09 }} * [http://melayusemarang.blogspot.com/ Kampung Melayu (eks Kalurahan Lumayu Darat) dan Kampung Banjar (eks Kalurahan Banjarsari)] * [http://ibnubanjar.wordpress.com/2008/04/14/urang-banjar-ing-manado-bumi-nyiur-melambai/ Banjar Sulawesi Lor]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.kalsel.go.id/ Pamaréntah Propinsi Kalimantan Kidul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218062705/http://www.kalsel.go.id/ |date=2007-02-18 }} * [http://osdir.com/ml/culture.region.Indonésia.ppi-india/2005-02/msg00171.html Urang Banjar dan Etnisitas ing Kalimantan Kidul]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://kesultanan_pasir.tripod.com/sadurangas/id02.html Kesultanan Pasir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407215840/http://kesultanan_pasir.tripod.com/sadurangas/id02.html |date=2023-04-07 }} * [http://www.dayakology.com/kr/ind/2002/80/kerabat.htm/ Suku Banjar Kalimantan Barat] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20030509224622/http://www.dayakology.com/kr/ind/2002/80/kerabat.htm/ |date=2003-05-09 }} * [http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=BJN Basa Banjar ing ethnologue.com] * Banjar Malaysia ** {{ms}} [http://www.mybanjar.com/?lang=my&cat=1&id=1&mnu=1 Persatuan Banjar Kuala Lumpur & Sgarudhaor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714141928/http://www.mybanjar.com/?lang=my&cat=1&id=1&mnu=1 |date=2011-07-14 }} ** {{ms}} [http://mypbm.org/aspati-cms/index.php Pertubuhan Banjar Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519094625/http://mypbm.org/aspati-cms/index.php |date=2010-05-19 }} ** {{ms}} [http://members.tripod.com/~serambi_banjar/index401.html/ Orang Banjar ing Malaysia] ** {{ms}} [http://wadik.blogdrive.com/archive/ Banjar Sungai Manik, Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305050905/http://wadik.blogdrive.com/archive |date=2010-03-05 }}— weblog pribadi ** {{ms}} [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/kulaan-banjar/messages?o=1/ Kulaan Banjar] [[Kategori:Suku Banjar| ]] [[Kategori:Suku ing Kalimantan Kidul]] [[Kategori:Golongan ètnik ing Indonésia|Banjar, Suku]] [[Kategori:Golongan ètnik ing Malaysia|Banjar, Suku]] [[Kategori:Padunung asli ing Indonésia|Banjar, Suku]] te1kwsa54x0c0mrzzcupaj3n9tnmugn 0 67490 1749052 1664162 2026-05-16T12:51:53Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749052 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Wayang Dhongeng.JPG|270px|thumb|Pagelaran wayang dongèng dimainaké [[dhalang]] Ki Trontong Sadewo. Lakoné Macan Gembong.]] '''Wayang''' iku salah siji kesenian ing tlatah Jawa kang wis diakoni déning PBB (UNESCO).<ref name="internet1">[http://www.wisatamelayu.com/id/news.php?a=OWNtbS8g= wisata melayu]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 22 Fèbruari 2011)</ref> Ing Indonesia akèh jinising kesenian wayang, tuladhané ana wayang kulit, wayang golèk, wayang wong lsp..<ref name="internet3">[http://organisasi.org/mengenal-wayang-pengertian-definisi-jinis-macam-wayang-slamet-priyadi jinis macam wayang]{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (kaundhuh tanggal 24 Fèbruari 2011)</ref> Ing kutha Semarang, ana salah siji jinising kesenian wayang kang rada béda karo jinis wayang liyané, ya iku '''wayang dongèng'''.{{fact}} Ing wayang dongèng, sing ndeleng uga bisa urun swara dadi [[dhalang]].{{fact}} Wayang dongèng luweh ngutamakake ''interaksi'' antarané dhalang lan penonton. Saliyané iku uga karo para pengrawit.{{fact}} Lakon ing wayang dongèng akèh ngrembag babagan ''lingkungan'' lan ''sosial''. Wayang dongèng, saliyané bisa dadi tontonan uga bisa dai tuntunan.{{fact}} Ora mung kanggo bocah cilik, naging uga para remaja, nom-noman, uga wong tuwa.{{fact}} Wayang dongèng ing kéné migunakaké paraga awujud kéwan, tuladhané kaya ta [[macan]], [[kucing]], [[sapi]], [[manuk]], [[ula]], [[kethèk]], [[asu]], kancil, [[wedhus]], [[gajah]], lan sapanunggalané. Paraga kéwan ing kono dijenengi miturut jinising kéwan mau.{{fact}} Pagelaran Wayang Dongèng diiringi musik [[gamelan]] lan [[lagu dolanan|lelagon dolanan bocah]].{{fact}} Pentas wayang dongèng ora ana pathokane kaya pagelaran wayang kulit.{{fact}} === Piranti Wayang Dhongeng === # [[dhalang]] # [[sindhen]] # [[gerong]] # [[debog]] # [[kendhang]] # [[gender]] # [[bonang]] # [[slenthem]] # [[kempul]] # [[gong]] # [[saron]] # [[terbang]] == Sajarah == Miturut Trontong Sadewa, wayang dongèng iku lair saka pepinginane Mbah Tris.{{fact}} Mbah Tris ya iku salah sijiné seniman ing kutha [[Semarang]] kang misuwur dadi dhalang [[Wayang Kancil]]é.{{fact}} Wayang Kancil iku wayang kulit kang isiné dongèng bocah cilik.{{fact}} Dongèng kang ngrembug babagan donya kéwan, lan bisa uga carita laladan. Diarani wayang kancil amarga lakon ing caritane ya iku kancil.<ref name="internet2">[http://wayangkancil.tripod.com/ wayang kancil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407111514/http://wayangkancil.tripod.com/ |date=2013-04-07 }}(diakses ing tanggal 22 Fèbruari 2011)</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} {{Warna Wayang}} [[Kategori:Kesenian]] [[Kategori:Wayang]] {{wayang-stub}} j61f3kngzo30ksl2ss6udmdrnt7hg5z 0 72761 1749068 1694335 2026-05-16T23:46:07Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name = Amir Hamzah |image = Amir Hamzah.jpg |imagesize = 150px |caption = Amir Hamzah |office = |order = |term_start = |term_end = |president = |predecessor = |successor = |term_start2 = |term_end2 = |president2 = |predecessor2 = |successor2 = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1911|2|12|mf=y}} |birth_place = [[Tanjung Pura]] |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = [[Indonésia]] |party = |spouse = |relations = |children = |alma_mater = |occupation = |profession = |religion = [[Islam]] |signature = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Tengku Amir Hamzah''' ingkang gadhah nama jangkep '''Tengku Amir Hamzah Pangèran Indera Putera''' ({{lahirmati|[[Tanjung Pura]], [[Langkat]], [[Sumatera wétan]]|28|2|1911|[[Kuala Begumit]]|20|3|1946}}) inggih punika [[sastrawan]] [[Indonèsia]] saking angkatan [[Pujangga Baru]].<ref name="Amirhamzah1">{{Cite web |url=http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tengkuamirhamzah.com%2Fen%2Fbiography |title=www.tengkuamirhamzah.com |access-date=2011-04-30 |archive-date=2012-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203173814/http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.tengkuamirhamzah.com/en/biography |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amir Hamzah lair wonten ing lingkungan kulawarga saking bangsawan Malayu (Kesultanan Langkat) lan ''berkècimpung'' wonten donya sastra lan kabudayan Malayu.<ref name="Amirhamzah1"/> Amir Hamzah sekolah lan manggon wonten ing Pulau Jawa nalikanè owahan kemerdèkaan lan rasa kebangsaan Indonésia bangkit.<ref name="Amirhamzah2"/> Amir Hamzah kathah nyinaoni babagan kabudayan modhèren, kabudayan Jawa, lan kabudayan Asia ingkang sanèsipun.<ref name="Amirhamzah2"/> Wonten ing kumpulan sajak Buah Rindu (1941) ingkang dipunserat watawis taun 1928 ngantos taun 1935 saged dipuntingal owahan lirik pantun lan gurit Malayu tunuju sajak ingkang langkung modhèren.<ref name="Amirhamzah4"/> Sareng kaliyan Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana lan Armijn Pané Panjengenganipun ngedegaken kalawarta Pujangga Baru (1933), ingkang salajengipun déning H.B. Jassin dipunanggep dados tonggak jumenengipun angkatan sastrawan Pujangga Baru.<ref name="Amirhamzah2">{{Cite web |url=http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http%3A%2F%2Fgoodnewsfromindonesia.org%2F2011%2F03%2F19%2Fthe-inspirational-life-of-amir-hamzah%2F |title=http://goodnewsfromindonesia.org |access-date=2011-04-30 |archive-date=2012-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170904/http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://goodnewsfromindonesia.org/2011/03/19/the-inspirational-life-of-amir-hamzah/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kumpulan gurit karyaipun Amir Hamzah ingkang sanèsipun inggih punika Nyanyi Sunyi (1937), uga dipundadosaken kanggé bahan rujukan klasik kesusastraan Indonèsia.<ref name="Amirhamzah4">{{Cite web |url=http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rajaalihaji.com%2Fen%2Fopinion.php%3Fa%3DNy9v%3D |title=www.rajaalihaji.com |access-date=2011-04-30 |archive-date=2012-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203172341/http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.rajaalihaji.com/en/opinion.php%3Fa%3DNy9v%3D |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amir Hamzah ngadahi karya-karya pertalan kados ta Setanggi Timur (1939), Bagawat Gita (1933), dan Syirul Asyar (tt.).<ref name="Amirhamzah5">[http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en|id&u=http://www.hotèl-deliriver.com/htm/Amir-Hamzah-poetry.php www.hotèl-deliriver.com]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Amir Hamzah boten namung dados juru gurit ageng wonten jaman Pujangga Baru, nanging uga dados juru gurit ingkang kemampuanipun babagan basa Malayu-Indonésia ingkang dipunakui ngantos dumugi sapunika.<ref name="Amirhamzah4"/> Amir Hamzah tilar donya nalika Revolusi Sosial Sumatera Wétan ingkang wonten pasisir Sumatra iring wétan wonten awal taun nalikanipun Indonèsia merdèka.<ref name="Amirhamzah3"/> Amir Hamzah Sèda wonten ing Kuala Begumit lan kasarékaken wonten pasarean Masjid Azizi, Tanjung Pura, Langkat. Amir Hanzah sesampunipun sèda dipunangkat dados Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia.<ref name="Amirhamzah3">{{Cite web |url=http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Farts%2Finspirational-life-of-amir-hamzah%2F429782 |title=www.thejakartaglobe.com |access-date=2011-04-30 |archive-date=2012-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203172532/http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/arts/inspirational-life-of-amir-hamzah/429782 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Pranala njawi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071021124555/http://www.geocities.com/cecepsyamsulhari/1900_1949 Biodata singkat sastrawan Indonésia] * [http://buahrindu.tripod.com/ Beberapa sajak dari ''Buah Rindu'']{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Catethan Suku == {{reflist}} {{Pahlawan Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh saking Langkat]] [[Kategori:Sastrawan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Lair 1911]] {{Stub}} tbrf4zyip6esfts1xh7vwyrl5yny7s8 0 73454 1749069 1663709 2026-05-17T01:24:27Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Cuneiform sumer dingir.svg|thumb|250px|Seratan paku (abasa Sumeria)kanggé déwa An (ugi dados pananda kanggé déwa DINGIR)..]] '''Déwa Anu''', déwa langit ingkang dipunsembah wonten legenda [[Sumeria]] kaliyan legenda [[Babilonia]], nalika [[peradaban Mesopotamia]].<ref name="5058.html">[http://erlss.livejournal.com/5058.html Dewa Anu Mitologi] dipununduh tanggal 28 Mèi 2011</ref> Kabudayaan ingkang sami nanging dipunpisahaken jaman ingkang lami, kinten-kinten 2000 taun.<ref name="5058.html"/> Déwa Anu saking peradaban Mesopotamia, dipunpitados [[kaliyan masarakat]] Sumeria supados dipunsembah.<ref name="peradaban-lembah-sungai-eufrat-dan-tigris.htm">[http://www.anneahira.com/peradaban-lembah-sungai-eufrat-dan-tigris.htm PERADABAN LEMBAH SUNGAI UEFRAT dan TIGRIS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612080739/http://www.anneahira.com/peradaban-lembah-sungai-eufrat-dan-tigris.htm |date=2011-06-12 }} dipununduh tanggal 28 Mèi 2011</ref> Wonten mitologi [[Déwa Anu]] (ugi gadhah asma sanès inggih punika '''An''' = Langit saking [[abasa Sumeria]]). Miturut cariyos ingkang dipunpitados [[masarakat]] [[Mesopotamia]] sapunika anggota saking tiga ''keilahian'' ingkang dipunjangkepi Déwa [[Enlill|Bel]] (urtawi [[Enlil]]) kaliyan [[Enki|Ea]] (utawi [[Enki]]).<ref name="p_yhwh21.htm">[http://www.members.tripod.com/gkri_exodus1/p_yhwh21.htm GKRI Exodus Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204051059/http://www.members.tripod.com/gkri_exodus1/p_yhwh21.htm |date=2011-12-04 }} dipununduh tanggal 28 Mèi 2011</ref> Déwa Anu, miturut legenda, sajatosipun pemimpin para déwa ingkang wonten [[langit]].<ref name="5058.html"/> Déwa ingkang dados tuhan [[langit]], tuhan [[alam]], buruj, rajanipun para déwa-déwa, mahluk ghaib kaliyan [[jin]]. Anggadhahi asma sanès inggih punika [[Council of Anu]] (Anuna).<ref name="5058.html"/> Tingal wonten pura langit ingkang paling inggil, inggih punika surga.<ref name="p_yhwh21.htm"/> Teoritis, '''déwa Anu''' sapunika déwa ingkang paling inggil nanging boten gadhah ''peran'' ingkang sakedhik wonten mitologi, tembang puji-pujian uga kapitadosan [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name="p_yhwh21.htm"/> Piyambakipun boten namung Bapa saking para déwa nanging ugi bapa saking roh-roh ingkang murka uga setan.<ref name="p_yhwh21.htm"/> Déwa Anu gadhah pacangan ingkang luwih saking satunggal, ingkang paling utama namanipun dewi [[Ki|Enlil]] (Bumi) sumber sanès wonten ingkang nyebat dewi bumi punika [[Ki|Enlil]]<ref name="déwa">[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=R3bN3AE24KYC&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&dq=anu+déwa+langit&source=bl&ots=mMWmKl_gh7&sig=urU6a5E3BIFFxFjnV1c_gPZ9VcU&hl=id&ei=8K_gTae-M4m0rAfK5LG0Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=anu%20dewa%20langit&f=false book result] dipununduh tanggal 28 Mèi 2011</ref>, [[Nammu]] kaliyan [[Dewi Uras]]. Anggadhahi putra saking [[Enlil]], déwa [[Nanna Mitologi|bulan Nanna]] utawi ''Sin'', uga saking udan badai, banjir kaliyan bajak ingkang namanipun [[Ninurta]] wonten kemalih déwa-déwa sanèsipun inggih punika déwa ingkang nguwasani dunya wong mati kados [[Meslamtaea]], [[Ninazu]] ugi [[Ennugi]].<ref name="p_yhwh21.htm"/> Putra ingkang jaler saking [[Nanna Mitologi|Sin]] inggih punika déwa [[srengéngé]] kaliyan déwa [[Utu]], déwa ingkang dados hakim déwa-déwa sanèsipun, déwa [[Adad|Ishkur]] utawi [[Ishkur|Adad]] (déwa udan), kaliyan putra ingkang estrinipun inggih punika dewi perang, cinta, ya iku [[Ishtar|Innana]] utawi [[Innana|Ishtar]].<ref name="p_yhwh21.htm"/> ==Kosmogoni<ref name="viva">[http://forum.vivanews.com/archive/index.php/t-35396.html Kosmogoni panciptaan alam dunya]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dipununduh tanggal 28 Mèi 2011</ref>== Kosmogomo , mitos panciptaan Alam dunya. Miturut mitos bangsa [[Sumeria]] (dipunpriksa saking ''tablet-tablet'' ingkang duwé [[sajarah]]) kinten-kinten barang mau saking abad 18 sadèrèngipun masehi. Dunya punika dipunwiwiti namung sagara ingkang namanipun [[Namnu]] (Ibu saking punapa kemawon). Lajeng [[Namnu]], nyaripta '''An''' (Anu-déwa langit), kaliyan [[Ki|Enlil]] (déwa bumi). Campuranipun An kaliyan Ki ngasil [[Enlil]] (déwa Angin). Enlil misahaken An kaliyan Ki, nuli ngisi tengah punika kaliyan mahluk urip. salajengipun bangsa [[Sumeria]] dipunciptakaken kaliyan Enki, déwa sagara (putra saking Enlil). déwa [[Enki]] punika ingkang maringi [[banyu|toya]] kanggé [[kali|lepen]] [[Eufrat]] ugi [[kali|lepen]] [[Tigris]], lepen-lepen punika ingkang dados sumber kauripan [[massarakat]] [[Sumeria]]. Sasampunipun [[Enki]] nyipta raja-raja kanggé bangsa [[Sumeria]]. Raja-raja punika mandhap saking langit nuju bumi badhé yasa kutha-kutha wonten sakitar [[kali|lepen]] Tigris kaliyan [[kali|lepen]] Eufrat. Nanging para déwa ngerancanakaken badhé ngirim banjir bandang kanggé [[masarakat]] Sumeria. Enki maringi priksa dhateng raja, namanipun [[Ziusudra]], lajeng piyambakipun amarintah raja mau supados damel [[prau|bahtera]], ingkang saged nampung sadaya mahluk urip. Nalika banjir sampun suda, raja kasebat bebasaken sadaya mahluk urip kanggo nempung kauripan ingkang énggal. Sang raja mau sujud muja déwa [[Enlil]] kaliyan déwa '''An''' amargi sampun diparingi gesang. == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Peradaban Mesopotamia]] [[Kategori:Sajarah]] lqt7ku90b7okhykq7jxz9a26c4s8axk 0 78112 1749051 1308411 2026-05-16T12:41:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749051 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Igneous rock Santoroni Greece.jpg|thumb|Conto Watu Igneus]] '''Watu Agniyan''' utawa '''watu Igneus''' (saka [[Basa Latin]]: ''ignis'', "geni") ya iku jinis [[watu]] kang ngenthos saka [[magma]]h kang wis adhem lan ngatos dadi watu, karo utawa tanpa ana prosès [[kristalisasi]], yèn ing ngisor bumitala dadi watu [[intrusi (géologi)|intrusif]] (plutonik) lan ing dhuwur bumitala dadi watu [[ekstrusif (géologi)|ekstrusif]] [[vulkanik]].<ref name="internet1">[http://inani.tripod.com/batu.htm Igneus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925123558/http://inani.tripod.com/batu.htm |date=2011-09-25 }}(13 Agustus 2011)</ref> Magmah iki bisa saka watu setengah cuwèr utawa watu kang ana ing [[mantel (géologi)|mantol]] utawa [[Kerèng (geologi)|kerèng]] bumi.<ref name="internet1"/> Lumrahé, prosès lèlèh bisa saka prosès-prosès kaya déné: mundhaké [[temperatur]], mudhuné dhesekan utawa anggitané malih.<ref name="internet1"/> Luwih saka 700 tipe watu Agniyan wis pinaricéda, sebagèyan akèhé saka ngisor kerèng [[bumi]].<ref name="internet1"/> Miturut parah ahli, kaya ta [[Turner]] lan [[Verhoogen]] (1960), [[F. F Groun]] (1947), [[Takeda]] (1970), magmah tegesé drawan ''silikat'' kenthel sing panas kanthi alami, temperaturé dhuwur nganti antarané 1.500–2.500 C lan duwé sipat mobah (bisa obah) lan ana ing kerèng bumi pérangan ngisor.<ref name="internet2">[http://www.scribd.com/doc/31802344/Tema-Geomorfologi-Jenis-Dan-Ciri-Ciri-Batuan Ciri-ciri Igneus](13 Agustus 2011)</ref> Sajeroning magmah iku isiné bahan kang larud, kang duwèni sipat molah-malih (banyu, CO2, ''klorin'', ''florin'', wesi, welirang, lsp.) kang bisa gawé mobahing magma karo bahan nirmolah-malih (dudu gas) kang gawé [[mineral]] kang bisa ditemoni ing watu Agniyan.<ref name="internet2"/> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Watu]] [[Kategori:Batuan beku| ]] [[Kategori:Petrologi]] [[Kategori:Vulkanologi]] {{Stub}} 13lasy10wb1f65rzd3z995ykgksoyqz 0 78444 1749064 1744788 2026-05-16T20:47:04Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Adelobasileus'' | fossil_range = [[Triassic]] Akir | image =Adelobasileus cromptoni.jpg | image_width = 300px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | unranked_classis = [[Amniota]] | classis = [[Synapsida]] | unranked_ordo = [[Mammaliaformes]] | genus = '''''Adelobasileus''''' | species = '''''A. cromptoni''''' | binomial = ''Adelobasileus cromptoni'' | binomial_authority = Lucas & Hunt, 1990 }} '''''Adelobasileus cromptoni''''' iku sawijining spésiès saka jinis proto-[[mamalia]] sing wis cures saka jaman akir [[Triassik]] ([[Carnian]]), kira-kira 225 yuta taun kapungkur. [[Kéwan]] iki dawané mèh padha karo [[curut]] saiki. Adelobasileus bisa disinaoni saka fosil-fosil pérangan awakè sing mung tinemu ing [[formasi Tecovas]], sisih kulon [[Texas]].<ref name="internet 1">{{Cite web |url=http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/mesozoicmammals/p/Adelobasileus.htm |title=dinosaurs.about.com |access-date=2011-08-16 |archive-date=2012-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120231900/http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/mesozoicmammals/p/Adelobasileus.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adelobsileus dadi kéwan sing paling pinunjul ing antarané kéwan jinis [[Cynodont]] non-mamalia ([[tritylodonta]] lan [[trythelodonta]] == Babagan Adelobasileus == Kayadéné kéwan mamalia [[Mesozoikum]] liyané, kéwan Adelobasileus iki mung ditepungi liwat fosil sing ora jangkep. Ing kéné mung sapérangan cilik tengkoraké mahluk iku. Sanadyan mangkono, fragmen iki dianggep wis cukup nuduhaké yèn Adelobasileus duwé struktur mamalia, sing urutané ana ing zona klawu antarané [[Therapsid]] modhèren (mamalia sing kaya [[reptil]]) saka periode [[Trias]] tengahan lan mamalia pisanan sing sepisanan [[évolusi]]. Sawetara wektu, para [[Paleontologis]] luwih adoh nglakokaké idhèntifikasi Adelobasileus pisanan ing donya iki, sanadyan kesimpulan iki bakal luwih bener manawa pathokané temuan fosil anyar sing luwih jangkep.<ref name="internet 2">[http://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/adelobasileus-cromptoni www.nmnaturalhistory.org]</ref> Adelobasileus dibédakaké saka mamalia indhuk liyané déning kombinasi karakter: kurangé fosa otot [[stapedial]], ora anané pamisah antarané anterior lan [[posterior preocesses parroccipital]], lan anané tilas swiwi [[basisphenoid]]. == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} == Uga delengen == * S.G. Lucas and Z. Lou, ''Adelobasileus from the upper Triassic of west Texas: the oldest mammal'', J. Vert. Paleont, 1993. * [http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Triassic/Carnian.600.htm#Adelobasileus Adelobasileus from Paleaos] * [http://genesispanthesis.tripod.com/fossils/rept_mam.html Evolution: From Reptiles to Mammals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817031737/http://genesispanthesis.tripod.com/fossils/rept_mam.html |date=2011-08-17 }} [[Kategori:Kéwan purbakala]] {{kéwan-stub}} h7fmn88124q034ogg9f359f07i1e8ry 0 90491 1749077 1736842 2026-05-17T05:34:50Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kevlarreifen.jpg|thumb|right|Sigaran saka ban njaba, A cross section of a clincher tire with a puncture preventing layer (in blue) between the casing and the tread]] [[File:Bicycle tube.jpg|thumb|right|Ban njero kang durung dipasang]] '''Ban pit''' iku sawijining [[ban]] sing dipasang ing [[rodha pit|rodha]] sawijining [[pit]], [[pit rodha tunggal]], [[pit rodha telu]], [[pit rodha papat]], lan jinis pit liyané. Kadhangkala ban iki uga dianggo ing [[kursi rodha]]. Ban pit iku wigati banget tumrap empuké utawa suspènsi nalia numpak pit. Ban pit modhèren bisa diklasifikasi miturut sawatara kritéria: * miturut cara nèmpèlé ing [[pèleg]]: ''clincher'' utawa [[Ban tubular|tubular]], * cara panyimpenan hawa: tabung, tanpa tabung (tanpa ban njero) utawa padhet/dholog, * Jinis benang: ''slick'' utawa ''knobby''. <!-- ==Sajarah== [[File:New Mail Ladies Hard-tire Safety bicycle, circa 1891.JPG|thumb|right|New Mail Ladies [[Safety bicycle]], circa 1891, with solid rubber tires]] [[File:Schlauch herausziehen.jpg|thumb|right|A tubed, clincher tire showing the inner tube protruding between the tire and the rim]] [[File:Schlauchreifen.jpg|thumb|right|Tubular tire rolled from rim to show glue between them]] [[File:Sezione cerchione bicicletta.svg|thumb|right|Clincher cross section schematic with 1: rim, 2: rim strip, 3: rim braking surface, 4: bead, 5: inner tube, 6: casing, 7: tread]] The first bicycle "tires" were iron bands on the wooden wheels of [[Velocipede#History|velocipedes]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Herlihy | first = David V. | title = Bicycle, The History | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2004 | pages = 76 | isbn = 0-300-10418-9}}</ref> These were followed by solid rubber tires on [[penny-farthing]]s.<ref>{{cite book | last = Herlihy | first = David V. | title = Bicycle, The History | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2004 | pages = 159 | isbn = 0-300-10418-9}}</ref> In an attempt to soften the ride, rubber tires with a hollow core were also tried.<ref>{{cite book | last = Herlihy | first = David V. | title = Bicycle, The History | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2004 | pages = 246 | isbn = 0-300-10418-9}}</ref> The first practical pneumatic tire was made by [[John Boyd Dunlop]] in 1887 for his son's [[bicycle]], in an effort to prevent the [[headache]]s his son had while riding on rough roads. (Dunlop's patent was later declared invalid because of prior art by fellow Scot [[Robert William Thomson]].) Dunlop is credited with "realizing rubber could withstand the wear and tear of being a tire while retaining its resilience".<ref>{{cite book | title = Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography | last = Dunlop | first = John Boyd | year = 2008 | publisher = AccessScience, | accessdate = MCTC Library 9 July 2009. | url = http://www.accessscience.com }}</ref> This led to the founding of [[Dunlop_Rubber#Early_history|Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd]] in 1889. By 1890, it began adding a tough canvas layer to the rubber to reduce punctures. Racers quickly adopted the pneumatic tire for the increase in speed it enabled. Finally, the detachable tire was introduced in 1891 by [[Édouard Michelin]]. It was held on the rim with clamps, instead of glue, and could be removed to replace or patch the separate inner tube.<ref name = Herlihy252/> ==Attaching to the rim== Two main techniques for attaching a bicycle tire to a rim have developed: clincher and tubular. In an attempt to provide the best attributes of both methods, tubular clinchers have also been offered.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.roadcyclinguk.com/bike-reviews/tufo-c-elite-road-tubular-clincher/632.html | title = Tufo C Elite Road Tubular Clincher | author = Guy Andrews | date = 20 May 2005 | publisher = Road Cycling UK | accessdate = 2010-06-14}}</ref> ===Clincher=== Most bicycle tires are '''clincher''' for use with "clincher" rims. These tires have a wire or [[Kevlar]] fiber bead that interlocks with [[flange]]s in the rim. A separate airtight inner tube enclosed by the rim supports the tire carcass and maintains the bead lock. An advantage of this system is that the inner tube can be easily accessed in the case of a leak to be patched or replaced. The [[ISO 5775#Rims|ISO 5775-2]] standard defines designations for bicycle rims. It distinguishes between # Straight-side (SS) rims # Crochet-type (C) rims # Hooked-bead (HB) rims Traditional clincher rims were straight-sided. Various "hook" (also called "crochet") designs emerged in the 1970s to hold the '''bead''' of the tire in place,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/harris/tires/630.html | title = ISO/E.T.R.T.O. 630 mm, Note on tire/rim compatibility | last=Brown |first=Sheldon |authorlink=Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) |publisher=Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2008-05-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hadland.me.uk/rims.html | title = Mistral Demystified: Development of the AM 17" rim | accessdate = 2008-05-23 }}</ref> allowing high ({{convert|80|-|150|psi|bar|0|abbr=on|disp=comma}}) air pressure. ===Tubular or sew-up=== {{Main|Tubular tires}} Some tires are [[torus]]-shaped and attached to [[Tubular tires|tubular]] rims with adhesive. The rim provides a shallow circular outer cross-section in which the tire lies instead of flanges on which tire beads seat. ==Holding air== Bicycle tires may hold air with a separate, relatively impermeable inner tube; between just the tire and rim, in a tubeless system; or in a few cases, be non-pneumatic. ===Tubed=== A tubed tire has a separate inner tube, made of [[butyl rubber]] or [[latex]], that provides a relatively airtight barrier inside the tire.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/tires.html | title = Bicycle Tires and Tubes: Inner tubes | last=Brown |first=Sheldon |authorlink=Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) |publisher=Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2010-06-12}}</ref> ===Tubeless=== {{Main|Tubeless tire}} Tubeless tires are primarily used on mountain bikes due to the their ability to use low air pressure for better traction without getting flats.<ref name="Felton">{{cite web| last = Felton| first = Vernon| title = Are Tubeless Tires Worth It?| publisher = Bike Magazine| year = 2008| url = http://www.bikemag.com/features/onlineexclusive/040306_vernon/| accessdate = 2011-08-31| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20100823054535/http://www.bikemag.com/features/onlineexclusive/040306_vernon/| archivedate = 2010-08-23}}</ref> ===Solid=== Besides solid rubber tires before the pneumatic tire was invented, solid tires, usually of [[polyurethane]] are offered for 100% flat prevention.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bicycleuniverse.info/eqp/flatfreetires.html | title = Flat-Free Tubes & Tires | publisher = Bicycle Universe | author = Michael Bluejay | accessdate = 2010-06-12}}</ref> The desirable suspension quality of the pneumatic tire is lost, and ride quality suffers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/tires.html | title = Bicycle Tires and Tubes: Airless Tires | quote = They are heavy, slow and give a harsh ride. They are also likely to cause wheel damage, due to their poor cushioning ability. | last=Brown |first=Sheldon |authorlink=Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) |publisher=Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2010-06-12}}</ref> ==Construction== Bicycle tires consist of a [[Textile|cloth]] casing covered by a rubber tread. In the case of clinchers, the casing wraps around two beads, one on each edge. ===Casing=== Bicycle tire casing is made of cloth, usually [[nylon]], though [[cotton]] and [[silk]] have also been used. The casing provides the resistance against stretching necessary to contain the internal air pressure while remaining flexible enough to conform to the ground surface. The [[Units of textile measurement#Thread count|thread count]] of the cloth affects the weight and performance of the tire, and high thread counts are generally preferred. The fibers of the cloth in most bicycle tires are not woven together, but kept in separate plies so that they can move more freely to reduce wear and rolling resistance. They are also usually oriented diagonally, forming a bias plies. Radial ply has been attempted, but found to provide undesirable handling characteristics.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/tires.html | title = Bicycle Tires and Tubes: Parts of a tire | last=Brown |first=Sheldon |authorlink=Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) |publisher=Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2010-06-13}}</ref> ===Tread=== {{stack| [[File:Mountain bike tires.JPG|thumb|right|Different treads on knobby mountain bike tires]] [[File:Slick bicycle tire.jpg|thumb|right|A slick tire with squared-off tread profile]] }} The tread is the part of the tire that contacts the ground. ;Compound The tread is made of [[butyl rubber]] that often includes additives such as [[carbon black]], which gives it its characteristic color, and [[silicon]]. These additives improve wear resistance usually at the expense of traction. Some tires have a dual-compound tread that is tougher in the middle and grippier on the edges.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/tires.html#rubber | title = Bicycle Tires and Tubes: Rubber | last=Brown |first=Sheldon |authorlink=Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) |publisher=Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2010-06-12}}</ref> Many modern tires are available with treads in a variety or combination of colors.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bicycling.com/gear/detail/0,7989,s1-17-149-2670-0,00.html | title = Pro-2 Race 25c Tires | date = Nov 2009 | accessdate = 2010-06-20}}</ref><ref name = sweetskinz>{{cite web | url = http://www.thecoolhunter.net/article/detail/818/sweetskinz--reflective-bike-tires | title = SWEETSKINZ - Reflective bike tires | date = November 11, 2006 | accessdate = 2010-06-20}}</ref> [[Road bicycle racing|Road racing]] tires with different tread compounds for the front and rear have been developed, attempting to provide more traction in front and less rolling resistance in the rear.<ref>{{cite web | title = Schwalbe Stelvio Evolution | url = http://www.roadcyclinguk.com/bike-reviews/schwalbe-stelvio-evolution/579.html | author = Guy Andrews | date = 20 April 2005 | publisher = RoadCyclingUK | accessdate = 2011-02-23}}</ref> ;Pattern Treads fall somewhere along the spectrum from smooth or slick to knobby. Smooth treads are intended for on-road use, where a tread pattern offers no improvement in traction.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/tires.html#tread | title = Bicycle Tires and Tubes: Tread Patterns | last=Brown |first=Sheldon |authorlink=Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) |publisher=Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2010-06-12}}</ref> However, many otherwise slick tires have a light tread pattern, due to the common belief that a slick tire will be slippery in wet conditions. Knobby treads are intended for off-road use, where the tread texture can help improve traction on soft surfaces. Many treads are omnidirectional—the tire can be installed in either orientation—but some are unidirectional and designed to be oriented a certain way. Some tires, especially for [[mountain bike]]s have a tread which is intended either for the front wheel or the rear wheel.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rei.com/expertadvice/articles/bike+tires.html | title = How to Choose a Bike Tire | publisher = REI | accessdate = 2010-06-17}}</ref> A special tread pattern, with small [[Golf_ball#Design|dimples]], has been developed to reduce air drag.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bicycling.com/gear/detail/0,7989,s1-17-149-669-0,00.html | title = Gear ang Bike Review Finder: Tangente Tubular tires | date = Aug 2007 | publisher = Bicycleing Magazine | accessdate = 2010-06-16}}</ref> ;Profile The profile of the tread is usually circular, matching the shape of the casing inside it and allowing the tire to roll to the side as the bicycle [[Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics#Leaning|leans]] for turning or balancing. More-squared profiles are sometimes used on mountain bike tires and novelty tires designed to look like automotive racing slicks,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://schwinnstingray.net/gallery/index.php?imgdir=67 | title = 1967 Schwinn Sting-Ray | publisher = SchwinnStingRay.net | accessdate = 2010-06-22}}</ref> ===Bead=== The bead of clincher tires must be made of a material that will stretch very little to prevent the tire from expanding off of the rim under internal air pressure. ;Wire Wire beads are used on inexpensive tires. Though they cannot be folded, they can at least be twisted into three smaller hoops. ;Kevlar [[File:Faltreifen1.jpg|right|thumb|A foldable mountain and road bicycle tire]] Kevlar beads are used on expensive tires, and these are also called "foldable". ===Sidewall=== The sidewall of the casing, the part not intended to contact the ground, may receive one of several treatments. ;Gum wall Tires with sidewalls made of natural rubber are called "gum wall". The tan colored, natural rubber lacks additives to help protect it from ozone.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_g.html#gum | title = Gum | last=Brown |first=Sheldon |authorlink=Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) |publisher=Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2010-06-12}}</ref> ;Skin wall Tires with very little rubber, if any, covering the sidewall are called "skin wall". This reduces rolling resistance at the cost of less damage protection.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_sa-o.html#skinwall | title = Skinwall | last=Brown |first=Sheldon |authorlink=Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) |publisher=Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2010-06-12}}</ref> ===Variations=== [[File:Puncture.JPG|thumb|A punctured tire.]] ====Puncture resistance==== Some tires include an extra layer between the under the tread (as shown in the cross section pictured above) to help prevent punctures either by being tough or simply by being thick. These extra layers are usually associated with higher rolling resistance.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://velonews.competitor.com/2008/12/bikes-tech/technical-qa-with-lennard-zinn-fight-flats-lose-speed_85518 | author = Lennard Zinn | title = Technical Q&A with Lennard Zinn – Fight flats, lose speed? | publisher = Velonews | date = December 2, 2008 | accessdate = 2010-06-15}}</ref> ====Studs==== [[File:Nokian Hakkapeliitta W240.jpg|thumb|upright|A studded, knobby tire]] Metal studs may be embedded in the tread of knobby tires to improve traction on ice.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icebike.org/Equipment/tires.htm | title = Tires for Icebiking | publisher = Icebike | accessdate = 2010-06-12}}</ref> ====Reflective==== Some tires have a reflective strip on their sidewalls to improve visibility at night. Others have reflective material embedded in the tread.<ref name = sweetskinz/> ====Aerodynamics==== In addition to the dimple tread pattern mentioned above, at least one tire has an extra "wing" to cover the gap between the tire sidewall and the wheel rim and reduce drag.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bicycling.com/gear/detail/0,7989,s1-17-150-2513-0,00.html | title = Race X Lite Aero TT | publisher = Bicycling Magazine | date = Sept 2009 | accessdate = 2010-06-20}}</ref> ====Indoor use==== At least one modern bicycle tire has been designed specifically for indoor use on [[Bicycle rollers|rollers]] or [[Bicycle trainer|trainers]]. It minimizes the heat build up and excessive wear that traditional tires experience in this environment and is not suitable for use on pavement.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.roadcycling.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/6/1097 | title = Product Review: Continental Ultra Sport Hometrainer Tire | author = Corey Whalen | date = May 18, 2005 | publisher = Roadcycling.com | accessdate = 2010-06-21}}</ref> ====Different front and rear==== Besides the different tread patterns available on some mountain bike tires mentioned above, front and rear tire sets are available for road bikes with different tread patterns, tread compounds, and sizes for the front and rear wheels.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bikeradar.com/gear/category/components/tyres/road/product/review-continental-gp-force-and-attack-31597/ | title = Continental GP Force and Attack Black Chilli review | publisher = BikeRadar.com | author = Paul Vincent | date = 19 Apr, 2008 | accessdate = 2012-01-14}}</ref> Other scenarios involve replacing one tire in a flat tire situation, and leaving the other one unchanged. --> ==Paramèter== ===Ukuran=== Ukuran ban modhèren (kaya "37-622", uga kaloka minangka ETRTO) diatur nganggo baku internasional [[ISO 5775]], bebarengan karo baku ukuran [[rodha pit]] (tuladha "622×19C"). Older English (inch, e.g. "28×1-5/8×1-3/8") and French (metric, e.g. "700x35C") designations are also still used, but can be ambiguous. The diameter of the tire must match the diameter of the rim, but the width of the tire only has to be in the range of widths appropriate for the width of the rim.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/tire-sizing.html | title = Tire sizing | last=Brown |first=Sheldon |authorlink=Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) |publisher=Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2010-06-13}}</ref> Diameters vary from a large 910&nbsp;mm, for [[Coker Tire#Bicycles and unicycles|touring unicycles]], to a small 125&nbsp;mm, for [[roller skiing]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nordicskiracer.com/equipment/V2Aero150S.asp | title = The Perfect Rollerski? The V2 Aero 150S | author = Mike Muha | date = July 22, 2002 | publisher = A Michigan Nordic Ski Racer | accessdate = 2010-06-18}}</ref> Widths vary from a narrow 18&nbsp;mm to a wide 119&nbsp;mm for the [[Surly Bikes|Surly]] Big Fat Larry.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://surlybikes.com/parts/big_fat_larry | title = Big Fat Larry | publisher = SurlyBikes.com | accessdate = 2012-04-26 | archive-date = 2012-04-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120416020544/http://surlybikes.com/parts/big_fat_larry | url-status = dead }}</ref> {{further2|[[Bicycle wheel#Sizes]]}} <!-- ====Balloon==== A '''balloon tire''' is a type of wide, low-pressure tire that first appeared on [[cruiser bicycle]]s in the 1930s. They are typically {{convert|2|in|mm|abbr=out}} to {{convert|4.7|in|mm|abbr=out}} wide and are used on [[mountain bike]]s and for riding in snow.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_ba-n.html#balloon | title = Balloon | last=Brown |first=Sheldon |authorlink=Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) |publisher=Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2010-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://surlybikes.com/info_hole/spew/spew_pugsley | title = Pugsley | accessdate = 2011-09-20}}</ref> --> ===Tekanan ban=== Tekanan ban pit wiwit saka sangisoré {{convert|30|psi|bar kPa|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} tumrap ban njero pit gunung (''tubeless'')<ref name="Felton"/> nganti {{convert|220|psi|bar kPa|0|abbr=on}} tumrap ban pit balap.<ref name = nimble>{{cite web | url = http://www.nimble.net/subpages/tirepressure.html | title = Tire Pressure Instruction | publisher = Nimble | year = 1997 | accessdate = 2010-06-14 | archive-date = 2010-07-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100729134702/http://www.nimble.net/subpages/tirepressure.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> The pressure rating of tires is usually stamped somewhere on the sidewall. It may be indicated as "Maximum Pressure," or "Inflate to... " and is usually expressed as a range (for example, "{{convert|90|–|120|psi|bar kPa|abbr=on|disp=or}}". Inflating to the lower number in the pressure range will tend to increase traction and make the ride more comfortable. Inflating to the higher number will tend to make the ride more efficient and will decrease the chances of getting a flat tire.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bccclub.org/documents/Tireinflation.pdf | title = All About Tire Inflation | author = Frank Berto | date = 2006 | publisher = Beach Cities Cycling Club | accessdate = 2012-08-06 | archive-date = 2012-09-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120914040304/http://bccclub.org/documents/Tireinflation.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> One published guideline for clincher inflation pressure is to pick the value for each wheel that produces a 15% reduction in the distance between that wheel rim and the ground between loaded (i.e. with the rider) and unloaded. Pressures below this lead to increased rolling resistance and likelihood of pinch-flats. Pressures above this lead to less rolling resistance in the tire itself, but to larger energy losses in the frame and rider.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vintagebicyclepress.com/images/TireDrop.pdf | title = Optimizing Your Tire Pressure for Your Weight | author = Jan Heine | publisher = [[Bicycle Quarterly]] | year = 2006 | accessdate = 2010-06-28 | archive-date = 2010-03-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100331214838/http://www.vintagebicyclepress.com/images/TireDrop.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Bicycle tires are essentially [[Pressure vessel#Stress in thin-walled pressure vessels|thin-walled pressure vessels]] and so the circumferential force in the casing is directly proportional to the internal pressure and to the tire diameter, and the force in the longitudinal direction is half of this. Ban njero ora bener-bener anti bocor, lan kanthi alamiah bakal kempès baka sethithik. Ban njero saka butyl luwih anti bocor tinimbang saka bahan karè latèks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_tp-z.html#tube | title = Tube (inner) | last = Brown | first = Sheldon | authorlink = Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic) | publisher = Sheldon Brown | accessdate = 2010-06-29}}</ref> At least one public [[bicycle sharing system]], [[Bixi]], is inflating tires with [[nitrogen]], instead of simple [[Air#Composition|air]], which is already 78% nitrogen, in an attempt to keep the tires at the proper inflation pressure longer,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23836583-taking-a-ride-on-boriss-hot-wheels-hire-bikes.do | title = Taking a ride on Boris's hot wheels hire bikes | author = Ross Lydall | date = 2010-05-21 | publisher = London Evening Standard | accessdate = 2010-06-29 | archive-date = 2010-06-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100629121019/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23836583-taking-a-ride-on-boriss-hot-wheels-hire-bikes.do | url-status = dead }}</ref> though the effectiveness of this is debatable.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=nitrogen-filled-tires-fuel-efficiency | title = Do Nitrogen-Filled Tires Enhance Fuel-Efficiency? | date = September 30, 2008 | publisher = Scientific American | accessdate = 2010-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cartalk.com/content/columns/Archive/2005/February/02.html | title = Dear Tom and Ray | date = February 2005 | author = Tom and Ray Magliozzi | publisher = CarTalk.com | accessdate = 2010-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2007/10/tires-nitrogen-.html | title = Tires - Nitrogen air loss study | author = Gene Petersen | publisher = [[Consumer Reports]] | date = Oct 4, 2007 | quote = Bottom line: Overall, consumers can use nitrogen and might enjoy the slight improvement in air retention provided, but it's not a substitute for régulèr inflation checks. | accessdate = 2011-12-10 | archive-date = 2011-11-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111126085803/http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2007/10/tires-nitrogen-.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <!-- ===Kakuwatan muter=== Kakuwatan muter iku sawijining fungsi sing komplèks saka material lan cara konstruksi lan tekanan hawa sing dipatrapaké, kanthi tekanan sing luwih dhuwur(nganti wates tinamtu), lapisan sing luwih tipis, ban sig luwih amba. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://velonews.competitor.com/2012/03/bikes-and-tech/technical-faq/tech-faq-seriously-wider-tires-have-lower-rolling-resistance-than-their-narrower-brethren_209268 | title = Tech FAQ: Seriously, wider tires have lower rolling resistance than their narrower brethren | author = Lennard Zinn | date = March 13, 2012 | publisher = VeloNews | accessdate = 2012-08-6}}</ref> larger-diameter wheels,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/bicycle-tires-puncturing-the-myths-29245/ | title = Bicycle tires – puncturing the myths | author = James Huang | date = 12 Feb 2011 | publisher = BikeRadar | accessdate = 2011-03-21}}</ref> and more-elastic tread material all tending to have less rolling resistance. [[Rolling_resistance#Physical_formulas|Rolling resistance coefficients]] may vary from 0.002 to 0.010,<ref name = Wilson/><ref name = nimble/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sheldonbrown.com/brandt/rolling-resistance.html | title = Rolling resistance of Tires | author = Jobst Brandt | date = August 8, 1996 | accessdate = 2011-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rouesartisanales.com/article-1503651.html | title = Tire Rolling Resistance | publisher = Roues Artisanales | date = January 1, 2006 | accessdate = 2011-02-20}}</ref> and have been found to decrease with inflation pressure and increase with vertical load.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ergonomics | authors = F. Grappe, R. Candau, B. Barbier, M. D. Hoffman, A. Belli, and J. D. Rouillon | title = Influence of tyre pressure and vertical load on coefficient of rolling resistance and simulated cycling performance | url = http://www.fredericgrappe.com/CV/bibliographie/D4.pdf | volume = 10 | pages = 1361–1371 | format = PDF | year = 1999 | accessdate = 2011-07-03}}</ref> A study at the [[University of Oldenburg]] found that [[Schwalbe]] Standard GW HS 159 tires have a [[Rolling resistance#Units of measure|Crr]] of 0.00455 for the ISO size 47-406 (20&nbsp;in x 1.5&nbsp;in) and, for the same model tire, a Crr of 0.00336 for the ISO size 37-622 (700c): a size to resistance ratio of about -1.8.<ref>{{cite web | title = Rolling resistance of bicycle tires | url = http://www.physics.helsinki.fi/~tlinden/rolling.html | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> --> ==Pabrik== Pabrik ban pit sing misuwur antarané: *[[Bontrager]] (owned by [[Trek Bicycle Corporation|Trek]]) *[[Cheng Shin Rubber]] (uga kanthi mèreks [[Cheng Shin Rubber#Maxxis|Maxxis]] lan CST) *[[Coker Tire]] *[[Continental AG|Continental]] *[[Hutchinson SNC|Hutchinson]] *[[Kenda Rubber Industrial Company|Kenda]] *[[Michelin]] *[[Nokian Tyres#Bicycle|Nokian]] *[[Schwalbe]] *[[Specialized Bicycle Components]] *[[Vittoria S.p.A.|Vittoria]] *[[Vredestein]] *[[Wilderness Trail Bikes]] ==Réferènsi== {{reflist|2}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.jimlangley.net/wrench/flattiretwo.htm Fix A Flat Tire] {{commons category|Bicycle tires}} <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:Ban pit]] [[Kategori:Ban]] h5wduz3oo7k7i70fwo5rq0rbantnwcr 0 99046 1749087 1735825 2026-05-17T09:42:25Z JackyM59 69900 Foto-foto ditambahake 1749087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Portrait of Henri Matisse 1933 May 20.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Potret Henri Matisse (1933)]] [[Barkas:Odalisque à la culotte rouge d'Henri Matisse.jpg|jmpl|Odalisque nganggo celana abang]] '''Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse''' ([[31 Dhésèmber]] [[1869]] – [[3 November]] [[1954]])punika satunggaling palukis Prancis. Piyambakipun miyos wonten ing Le Cateau-Cambresis, Nord, [[Perancis]]. Putra pambarep saking satunggaling pedagang gandum ingkang makmur. Piyambakipun ageng wonten ing Bohain-en-Vermandois, [[Picardie]], [[Perancis]]. Wonten ing taun [[1887]], piyambakipun tindak dhateng [[Paris]] kanggé sinau hukum. Sasampun pikantuk kualifikasinipun, piyambakipun nyambut damel minangka administrator pengadilan wonten ing Le Cateau-Cambresis. Piyambakipun pisanan miwiti nglukis wonten ing taun [[1889]], sasampun ibunipun mbektakaken pirinti seni. Piyambakipun ugi ngraos sampun manggihaken sajinis “swarga" lan netepaken kanggé dados satunggaling seniman. Bab punika damel kuciwa sanget ingkang rama. Wonten ing taun [[1891]], piyambakipun wangsul dhateng [[Paris]] kanggé sinau seni wonten ing Julian Académie lan dados murid William-Adolphe Bouguereau lan Gustave Moreau.<ref>http://www.artst.org/matisse Matisse Gallery at Artst</ref> Wiwitanipun piyambakipun nglukis obyèk mati ingkang katingal “urip” lan sesawangan dharat wonten ing gaya tradhisional, ing pundi piyambakipun dumugi ing kawegiganipun. Matisse kapangaruh déning karya-karya guru sadèrèngipun kados Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Nicolas Poussin, lan Antoine Watteau, sarta seniman modhèren kados Édouard Manet, lan seni [[Jepang]]. Chardin inggih punika salah satunggaling pelukis ingkang paling dipunsegenni Matisse, minangka satunggaling mahasiswa seni piyambakipun damel salinan saking sekawan lukisan Chardin ing Louvre.<ref>http://www.matisse-picasso.com/ Matisse-Picasso</ref> Pada taun 1896 dan 1897, Matisse mengunjungi pelukis Australia, John Peter Russell, di pulau Belle-Île, lepas pasisir Brittany. Russell memperkenalkannya kepada Impresionisme dan karya van Gogh yang pernah menjadi teman Russel. Gaya Matisse berubah sepenuhnya, dan ia kemudian akan mengatakan "Russell ya iku guru saya, dan Russell menjelaskan téyori warna kepada saya.” Pada taun 1896, lima lukisan Matisse dipamerkan di Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, dua di antaranya ya iku dibeli olèh Nagara. Kanthi modèl Caroline Joblau, piyambakipun lajeng gadhah satunggaling putri, Marguerite, miyos wonten ing taun [[1894]]. Wonten ing taun [[1898]] piyambakipun palakrama kaliyan Amélie Noellie Parayre, lan kekalihipun ngrumat Marguerite sesarengan lan gadhah kalih putra, Jean (miyos [[1899]]) lan Pierre (miyos [[1900]]). Marguerite lan Amélie asring dipunlukis minangka modè déning Matisse. Wonten ing taun [[1951]] Matisse mungkasaken sawijining proyèk sekawan taun ngrantam interior, jendela kaca lan dékorasi saking Chapelle du Rosaire de Vence, asring dipunsebut minangka kapel Matisse. Proyèk punika minangka kasil saking kekancan akrab antawising Matisse lan Suster Jacques-Marie. Wonten ing taun [[1952]] piyambakipun mbiyangun sawijining [[musiyum]] ingkang dipundèdikasikaken kanggé pedamelanipun, Museum Matisse wonten ing Le Cateau, lan sapunika kolèksi paling ageng kaping 3 saking Matisse ing Perancis.<ref>http://www.musee-matisse-nice.org/ Musée Matisse Nice</ref> Miturut David Rockefeller, tugas akir Matisse inggih punika damel désain jendela kaca ing Union Church of Pocantico Hills. Matisse séda amargi serangan jantung wonten ing yuswa 84 taun nalika [[November]] [[1954]]. Piyambakipun dipunsarèkakken wonten ing pasaréyan Monastère Notre Dame de Cimiez, caket [[Nice]]. == Sumber pustaka == * F. Celdran, R.R. Vidal y Plana. ''Triangle : Henri Matisse - Georgette Agutte - Marcel Sembat'' Paris, Yvelinedition, 2007. ISBN 978-2-84668-131-5. * Raymond Escholier. ''Matisse. A Portrait of the Artist and the Man.'' London, Faber & Faber, 1960. * [[Lawrence Gowing]]. ''Matisse.'' New York, Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-520157-4. * David Lewis. "Matisse and Byzantium, or, Mechanization Takes Command" in [[Modernism/modernity]] 16:1 ([http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modernism-modernity/toc/mod.16.1.html January 2009)], 51-59. * Pierre Schneider. ''Matisse.'' New York, Rizzoli, 1984. ISBN 0-8478-0546-8. * [[Hilary Spurling]]. ''The Unknown Matisse: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 1, 1869-1908''. London, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1998. ISBN 0-679-43428-3. * Hilary Spurling. ''Matisse the Master: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 2, The Conquest of Colour 1909 - 1954''. London, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 2005. ISBN 0-241-13339-4. * [[John Russell (art critic)|John Russell]]. ''Matisse, Father & Son,'' published by Harry N. Abrams, NYC. Copyright John Russell 1999, ISBN 0 81094378 6 * Alastair Wright. ''Matisse and the Subject of Modernism'' Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-691-11830-2. ==Cathetan suku== {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.henri-matisse.net/ Henri Matisse: Life and Work ] 500 hi-res images * [http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O:AD:E:3832&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1 Henri Matisse at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)] * [http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/matisse/index.html Henri Matisse at CGFA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050801234845/http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/matisse/index.html |date=2005-08-01 }} * [http://www.muséumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=95 Henri Matisse Gallery at MuseumSyndicate]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.abcgallery.com/M/matisse/matisse.html Henri Matisse at Olga's Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022124319/http://www.abcgallery.com/M/matisse/matisse.html |date=2018-10-22 }} 158 pictures * [http://www.halter.net/gallery/matisse-jl.html Henri Matisse: A Virtual Art Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129033804/http://www.halter.net/gallery/matisse-jl.html |date=2007-01-29 }} * [http://www.ac-grenoble.fr/PhiloSophie//articles.php?lng=fr&pg=6274 Matisse on Philo] * [http://www.artbma.org/collection/cone/cone_html.html The Cone Sister Collection at The Baltimore Museum of Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306234841/http://www.artbma.org/collection/cone/cone_html.html |date=2007-03-06 }} * [http://www.morozov-shchukin.com The Morozov-Shchukin collections] * Flam, Jack. ''[http://www.psupress.psu.edu/books/titles/0-912298-73-1.html Matisse in the Cone Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901075320/http://www.psupress.psu.edu/books/titles/0-912298-73-1.html |date=2006-09-01 }}'', Baltimore Museum of Art, 2001 ISBN 0-912298-73-1 * [http://www.smk.dk/smk.nsf/5a8a7f63d33b85d8c125697a007844f9/919a110b1d91e60ac1256b7900455fbe!OpenDocument Matisse at Statens Museum for Kunst ("The Danish National Gallery")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501103925/http://www.smk.dk/smk.nsf/5a8a7f63d33b85d8c125697a007844f9/919a110b1d91e60ac1256b7900455fbe!OpenDocument |date=2008-05-01 }} * [http://www.arsny.com Artists Rights Society, Matisse's U.S. Copyright Representatives] * [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18171 Hillary Spurling, ''Matisse's pajamas,'' online article] {{Commons category|Henri Matisse}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Matisse, Henri}} [[Kategori:Lair 1869]] [[Kategori:Pati 1954]] [[Kategori:Palukis Prancis]] ijkfvibkjp2fp07nvsft63av5z915zb 0 99570 1749086 1747531 2026-05-17T09:15:35Z CommonsDelinker 319 Removing [[:c:File:Cité_administrative_de_Bordeaux.jpg|Cité_administrative_de_Bordeaux.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Cité administrative de Bordeaux.jpg|]]. 1749086 wikitext text/x-wiki {| {{prettytable}} align="right" width="300" |+ <big>'''Bordeaux'''</big> |- | style="background: #ffffff;" align="center" colspan="2" | {| cellspacing="0" border="0" cellpadding="2" | align="center" width="140" | |- | align="center" width="140" | <small>'''Kitha Bordeaux'''</small> |} |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray;" | <small>Lambang<br /> Kitha Bordeaux</small> |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid gray;" | [[Gambar:Coat of Arms of Bordeaux.svg|150px]] |- | '''Nagara''' | Prancis |- | '''Wewengkon Administratif''' | [[Aquitaine]]<ref name="Internet1"/> |- | '''Dhépartemèn''' | [[Gironde]]<ref name="Internet1">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=4923 |title=''Bordeaux'' |author= cassini.ehess.fr |year= |publisher=cassini.ehess.fr |access-date=30 Maret 2013}}</ref> |- | '''[[Gubernur]]''' | [[Alain Juppé]] (2008–2014) |- | '''Wewengkon'''<br />&nbsp;-Wiyaripun:<br /> | <br />49.36&nbsp;km² |- | '''[[Padunung]]'''<br />&nbsp;-Total (2008):<br />&nbsp;-Kapadhetan: | <br />213.000 (2008)<br /> 4 921,9 jiwa/km²<ref name="Kepadhetan">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.annuaire-mairie.fr/ville-bordeaux.html|title=''La ville de Bordeaux'' |author= annuaire-mairie.fr |year= |publisher=annuaire-mairie.fr |access-date=24 April 2013}}</ref> |- |'''Tetenger Wébsite | {{URL|www.bordeaux.fr}} |} '''Bordeaux''' ({{IPA-fr|bɔʁ.do|-|}}) inggih punika salah satunggalipun [[Kutha|kitha]] ingkang wonten ing [[Prancis]].<ref name="Internet5"/> Bordeaux dipunsebat kitha [[plabuhan]] ingkang mapan ing [[Kidul-Kulon|kidul-kilèn]] Prancis.<ref name="Internet5"/> Bordeaux punika kutha krajanipun wewengkon administratif [[Aquitaine]], lan mlebet [[Dhépartemèn Gironde]].<ref name="Internet3">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/commune.asp?annee=2009%26depcom=33063&title=[1] |title=''33063-Bordeaux'' |author=archive.wikiwix.com |year= |publisher=archive.wikiwix.com |access-date=30 Maret 2013 |archive-date=2018-06-03 |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20180603145709/http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/commune.asp?annee=2009 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Kitha Bordeaux dados kitha paling ageng urutan kaping gangsal ing Prancis, sasampunipun [[Paris]], [[Lyon]], [[Marseille]] lan [[Lille]].<ref name="Internet4"/> Taun [[2007]] Kitha Bordeaux dipunresmékaken minangka [[situs warisan donya]] [[UNESCO]].<ref name="Internet4">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/the-city-of-bordeaux-a-place-of-wonder-915084.html |title=''The city of Bordeaux: a place of wonder'' |author= independent.co.uk |year= |publisher=independent.co.uk |access-date=30 Maret 2013}}</ref> Bordeaux misuwur minangka '''Kitha [[Anggur]]'''.<ref name="Internet5"/> Bordeaux sampun mrodhuksi anggur awit abad angka 8.<ref name="Internet5"/> Kitha punika dados panyelenggara adicara pamèran indhustri anggur ''Vinexpo''.<ref name="Internet5"/> Bordeaux ugi dados kitha kanggé panalitén babagan [[militèr]].<ref name="Internet5">{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofworld.com/france/bordeaux-city-map.html |title=''Bordeaux Tourist Attractions'' |author= mapsofworld.com |year= |publisher=mapsofworld.com |access-date=30 Maret 2013}}</ref> Bordeaux kalebet punjering sajarah nagara [[Prancis]] ingkang gadhah manéka warni wangunan kanthi [[arsitèktur]] ingkang saé, dipundamel ing jaman kapengker, ingkang ngantos kawitanipun abad kalih dasa taksih dipunjagi.<ref name="Internet6"/> Sasampunipun wangunan Kitha [[Paris]], wangunan ing Kitha Bordeaux punika wangunan ingkang dipunreksa déning pamaréntah [[Prancis]].<ref name="Internet6"/> Bordeaux dipunakeni gadhah jasa minangka punjering sajarah Prancis awit abad kalih welas.<ref name="Internet6">{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/fr/actualites/361 |title=''Bordeaux, Port de la Lune, France '' |author= whc.unesco.org |year= |publisher=whc.unesco.org |access-date=30 Maret 2013}}</ref> == Sujarah == Sajarah Bordeaux dipunwiwiti ing wekdal [[Paléolitik]].<ref name="Internet7"/> Bordeaux ing jaman rumiyin dipundunungi [[tiyang Neanderthal]] watawis 20.000 ngantos 30.000 taun kapengker.<ref name="Internet7"/> [[Fosil]]-fosil tiyang Neanderthal sampun kapanggih ing guwa-guwa ing wewengkon Bordeaux punika.<ref name="Internet7"/> Ing salah satunggalipun [[guwa]] kapanggih fosil ingkang dipunsebat ''Pair non Pair'', guwa punika dumunung ing sisih [[lor|lèr]] Bordeaux.<ref name="Internet7">{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-bordeaux.html |title=''History of Bordeaux'' |author= Scholasticus K |year= |publisher=buzzle.com |access-date=30 Maret 2013}}</ref> Taun 300 [[Pananggalan Masèhi|SM]], wewengkon Bordeaux dipundhominasi déning pamukiman [[Suku Celtic]].<ref name="Internet7"/> [[Bituriges Vivisci]] punika salah satunggalipun suku ingkang paling ageng ing wewengkon punika.<ref name="Internet7"/> Tembung "Bordeaux" dipundamel saking nama "Bourde", satunggalipun [[kali|lèpèn]] ing sakiduling kutha punika.<ref name="Internet7"/> Bordeaux kalebet wewengkon ingkang wigati tumraping perékonomian [[Romawi]] minangka pengasil [[logam]], mliginipun logam [[timah]].<ref name="Internet7"/> Bordeaux ugi naté dipundadosaken kutha krajan [[Romawi Aquitania]] utawi Aquitania Gallia, ingkang kalebet provinsi [[Romawi]] ing sakiduling Prancis.<ref name="Internet7"/> Kitha Bordeaux dipunjumenengakaken ing abad kapisan déning suku lokal ingkang dipuntepangi minangka tiyang-tiyang [[Vivisques Biturgies]], kanthi nama asli "Kitha Burdigala".<ref name="Internet8"/> Ing mangsa salajengipun wewengkon punika tambah grengseng, makmur lan dados tujuwan ékonomi.<ref name="Internet8"/> Wewengkon Bordeaux naté dipunkuwaosi [[Kakaisaran Romawi]] ing taun 56 [[Pananggalan Masèhi|SM]].<ref name="Internet9">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/southwestern-france/bordeaux/history |title=''Bordeaux History'' |author=BBC Worldwide |year= |publisher=BBC Worldwide |access-date=30 Maret 2013 |archive-date=2013-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630165536/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/southwestern-france/bordeaux/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bangsa Romawi nguwaosi Bordeaux lan damel rencana yasa Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Internet10"/> [[Kakaisaran Romawi|Romawi]] yasa kalih margi utami: lèr-kidul ''Cardo'' lan wétan-kilèn.<ref name="Internet10"/> Wekdal samanten wewengkon Bordeaux dipunsebat '''Roma alit'''.<ref name="Internet10">{{cite web |url=http://bordeauxreservation.fr/ |title=Bordeaux History |author=bordeauxreservation.fr |year= |publisher=bordeauxreservation.fr |access-date=30 Maret 2013 |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103144508/https://www.bordeauxreservation.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Gambar:Plan de Bordeaux et de ses environs, par Hippolyte Matis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bordeaux ing taun 1717]] [[Gambar:Bituriges Vivisci.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[dhuwit|arta]] rècèh wekdal Romawi-Gaul]] Salajengipun Bordeaux dipunkuwaosi [[Inggris]] sadangunipun tigang taun sasampunipun palakrami [[Eleanor saking Aquitaine]] kaliyan [[Henry II saking Inggris]] ing taun [[1152]].<ref name="Internet8"/> Sadangunipun paprangan 100 taun [[1337]]-[[1453]] raja-raja Prancis tansah mbudidaya kanggé ngrebat malih wewengkon ingkang dipunkuwaosi [[Inggris]].<ref name="Internet8">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g187079-s203/Bordeaux:France:History.html |title=''Bordeaux: History'' |author= tripadvisor.com |year= |publisher=tripadvisor.com |access-date=30 Maret 2013}}</ref> Wekdal paprangan punika ingkang ndadosaken tuwuhing raos manunggal kawarganagaraan [[Prancis]].<ref name="Internet8"/> Pungkasanipun Inggris kawon lan sadaya wewengkon Prancis ingkang dipunkuwaosi Inggris dipunwangsulaken malih dhateng Prancis.<ref name="Internet8"/> Bordeaux saged dipunrebat malih saking Inggris ing taun [[1451]].<ref name="Internet8"/> Wekdal taksih dipunkuwaosi Inggris, Bordeaux dados punjering niyaga ingkang ageng lan ugi dados sumber daya [[ékonomi]] ingkang ageng.<ref name="Internet8"/> Sasampunipun wangsul malih dhateng panguwaosanipun Prancis, Bordeaux teras tuwuh ngrembaka, nanging ing wekdal paprangan [[Révolusi Prancis]] ékonomi Bordeaux mandhap lan rugi ngantos tengahing abad angka 19.<ref name="Internet8"/> Ing wekdal salajengipun ékonomi Bordeaux saged tuwuh ngrembaka malih.<ref name="Internet8"/> == Géografi == === Papan dunungipun === [[Gambar:Gironde map routes villes.png|thumb|Bordeaux]] Bordeaux punika satunggaling kitha ingkang wonten ing [[Dhépartemèn Girondé]] (wewengkon Aquitaine).<ref name="Géografi2">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.hist-geo.com/localiser/ville/bordeaux.php |title=''Localiser Bordeaux (Préfecture de la Gironde, France)'' |author=hist-geo.com |year= |publisher=hist-geo.com |access-date=3 April 2013 |archive-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508081444/http://www.hist-geo.com/Localiser/Ville/Bordeaux.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tiyang ingkang pidalem ing Bordeaux dipunsebat ''Bordelais'' lan gunggungipun kang ndunungi sénsus taun [[1999]] watawis 215.363.<ref name="Géografi1"/> Wewengkon punika gadhah wiyar 49,5&nbsp;km ² kanthi kepadhetan 4 921,9 jiwa/km² lan wonten ing kainggilan 16 [[mèter]].<ref name="Kepadhetan"/><ref name="Géografi1">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.lion1906.com/departements/gironde/bordeaux.php |title=''Bordeaux'' |author=lion1906.com |year= |publisher=lion1906.com |access-date=3 April 2013 |archive-date=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325053845/http://www.lion1906.com/departements/gironde/bordeaux.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bordeaux punika dumunung ing sacaketipun [[Samodra Atlantika]], ing [[kidul-kulon|kidul-kilèn]] [[Prancis]].<ref name="Géografi2"/> [[Iklim]] Bordeaux sedhengan kanthi mangsa asrep ingkang langkung rikat lan kalembaban ingkang inggil amargi caket kaliyan [[Samodra Atlantika]].<ref name="Géografi2"/> Ing Kitha Bordeaux wit [[anggur]] saged tuwuh kanthi subur.<ref name="Géografi2"/> Kebon-kebon kanggé nanem anggur manggén 80 [[kilomèter]] tebihipun saking punjeripun Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Géografi2"/> === Géologi === Bordeaux mujudaken wewengkon ingkang wujud [[paredèn]] kanthi kainggilan rata-rata endhèp.<ref name="Géografi3"/> Dhataran ing Bordeaux kawujud saking sedhimén lan ugi [[watu]] krikil.<ref name="Géografi3"/> Ing sisih [[kulon|kilén]] wujud dhataran ingkang ngandhut [[wedhi]].<ref name="Géografi3"/> Siti ingkang kados makaten pas kanggé tetanen [[anggur]].<ref name="Géografi3"/> Kitha Bordeaux dumunung ing antawisipun wewengkon [[Médoc]] (''downstream'') lan [[Graves]] ingkang mémper ing sipat [[géologi]]nipun.<ref name="Géografi3">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/bordeuax1/8o-ano-matematica|title=''Géologie et relief''|year=|publisher=sites.google.com|access-date=4 April 2013|archive-date=28 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428233525/https://sites.google.com/site/bordeuax1/8o-ano-matematica|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sawetawis 20 kilomèter tebihipun saking Bordeaux, wonten wewengkon ingkang [[lemah|sitinipun]] ngandhut kapur lan inggilipun 90 [[mèter]].<ref name="Géografi3"/> Ing wewengkon punika kathah kebon anggur kados ''Saint-Emilion'', ''Pomerol'' lan ''Fronsac'' ingkang kuncara amargi anggur ingkang dipunasilaken kalebet anggur ingkang paling awis ing donya.<ref name="Géografi3"/> == Iklim == [[Iklim]] Bordeaux punika iklim [[sagara]], dipuntengeri kanthi mangsa asrep lan [[mangsa panas|mangsa bentèr]].<ref name="Iklim1"/> Mangsa [[udan|jawah]] kanthi ''intensitas'' 150 dinten saben taun, ingkang ndadosaken lingkungan Bordeaux saya [[ijo|ijem]].<ref name="Iklim1"/> [[Suhu]] rata-rata 6,4&nbsp;°C ing wulan [[Januari]] lan 20,9&nbsp;°C ing wulan [[Agustus]] kanthi rata-rata 13,3&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Iklim1"/> Bordeaux gadhah watawis 15-20 dinten mangsa jawah nalika suhu langkung saking 30&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Iklim1"/> Éwadéné suhu ingkang paling èkstrim punika nalika mangsa bentèr taun [[2003]] kanthi suhu 41&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Iklim1"/> Bilih tingkat cahya srengéngé ingkang nyinari Kutha Bordeaux punika langkung saking 2000 jam saben taunipun.<ref name="Iklim1"/> Bordeaux kirang pas kanggé [[ulah raga]] [[ski]] amargi ing wewengkon punika jawah [[salju]] rata-rata namung 4 [[dina|dinten]] ing saben taunipun.<ref name="Iklim1">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.venirabordeaux.fr/Climat,87 |title=''Climat'' |author=Marion Berthelemot |year= |publisher=venirabordeaux.fr |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-date=13 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413041920/http://www.venirabordeaux.fr/Climat,87 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manawi dipunbandhingaken kaliyan kitha-kitha sanès ing sisih kidul, Bordeaux gadhah kauntungan inggih punika caket kaliyan sagara.<ref name="Iklim1"/> Caket kaliyan sagara punika ndadosaken [[suhu|hawanipun]] adhem lan boten patosa bentèr, lan kwalitasipun hawa ingkang saé.<ref name="Iklim1"/> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |+ Iklim rata-rata Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Iklimrata2">{{es}}{{cite web |url=http://climatedata.eu/climate.php?loc=frxx0016&lang=es |title=''Clima Bordeaux-Francia'' |author=climatedata.eu |year= |publisher=climatedata.eu |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428175805/http://climatedata.eu/climate.php?loc=frxx0016&lang=es |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | ! scope="col" | '''Jan''' ! scope="col" | '''Féb''' ! scope="col" | '''Mar''' ! scope="col" | '''Apr''' ! scope="col" | '''Méi''' ! scope="col" | '''Jun''' ! scope="col" | '''Jul''' ! scope="col" | '''Agu''' ! scope="col" | '''Sép''' ! scope="col" | '''Okt''' ! scope="col" | '''Nov''' ! scope="col" | '''Dés''' |- ! scope="row" | Suhu maksimum (°C) [[Gambar:WPTC Meteo task force.svg|30px]] | bgcolor="#F03000" | 9 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 11 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 15 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 17 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 20 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 24 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 25 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 26 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 23 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 18 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 13 | bgcolor="#F03000" | 9 |- ! scope="row" | Suhu minimum (°C) [[Gambar:WPTC Meteo task force.svg|30px]] | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 2 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 2 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 4 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 6 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 9 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 12 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 14 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 14 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 12 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 8 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 5 | bgcolor="#F0FF00" | 3 |- ! scope="row" | Curah [[udan|jawah]] (mm) [[Gambar:WPTC Meteo task force.svg|30px]] | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 90 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 75 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 63 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 48 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 61 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 65 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 56 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 70 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 84 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 83 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 96 | bgcolor="#00C0F0" | 109 |- ! scope="row" | Cacahipun dinten jawah bén-wulan [[Gambar:WPTC Meteo task force.svg|30px]] | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 16 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 13 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 13 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 13 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 14 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 11 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 11 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 12 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 13 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 14 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 15 | bgcolor="#D0FFF0" | 17 |- ! scope="row" | Jam sumunaré [[srengéngé]] [[Gambar:Gnome-weather-few-clouds.svg|30px]] | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 81 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 103 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 174 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 210 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 229 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 253 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 262 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 243 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 195 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 158 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 84 | bgcolor="#F0FF70" | 60 |} == Ékonomi == [[Gambar:Sauternes 04.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kebon anggur ing Bordeaux]] Bordeaux dados satunggalipun wewengkon ingkang ngasilaken [[anggur]] paling ageng sadonya kanthi watawis 117.000 [[hèktar]] kebon anggur, 9.000 pengasil anggur châteaux, 13.000 wong tani anggur, 400 tiyang sadé anggur kanthi transaksi anggur 14,5 milyar [[euro]] saben taunipun.<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> Kanthi prodhuksi taunan langkung saking 700 yuta [[botol]], Bordeaux ngasilaken anggur ingkang kathah lan ugi awis reginipun.<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> [[Anggur]] [[abang|abrit]] lan [[putih|pethak]] ugi dipuntanem ing Bordeaux.<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> Wewengkon tetanén anggur Bordeaux dipunpérang dados subregional Saint-Émilion, Pomerol, Médoc, lan Graves.<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> Kajawi [[ékonomi]] tradhisional laladan (kados anggur, agribisnis, indhustri [[kayu]], lan [[dluwang]] (''kertas'')), kagiyatan ékonomi Bordeaux ugi tuwuh ing babagan indhustri lan jasa [[tèknologi]] énggal, kados: kadirgantaraan ([[montor mabur|montor miber]]), [[indhustri otomotif]], [[Elektronika|èlèktronika]], télékomunikasi, lan indhustri jasa.<ref name="Ékonomi"/> Bordeaux kalebet wewengkon Prancis ingkang makmur [[ékonomi]]nipun.<ref name="Ékonomi"/> Kitha punika ugi majeng ing bab [[tèknologi]], saéngga ndadosaken tuwuhing ékonomi Bordeaux.<ref name="Ékonomi">{{cite web|url=http://bordeauxconventionbureau.fr/en/content/economy|title=''Home / About Bordeaux / Economy''|author=bordeauxconventionbureau.fr|year=|publisher=bordeauxconventionbureau.fr|access-date=6 April 2013|archive-date=29 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729131304/http://bordeauxconventionbureau.fr/en/content/economy|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tuwuhipun [[ékonomi]] Kitha Bordeaux ing wekdal samangke ugi dipuntandhani ing babagan ilmiyah, ngèlmu pagesangan, piranti-pirati énggal lan prodhuksi [[laser]].<ref name="Ékonomi"/> Bordeaux mrodhuksi [[Rokèt]], piranti bedhah kanggé opérasi, [[Fisika plasma|plasma]], lan sanès-sanèsipun.<ref name="Ékonomi"/> Kanggé ngatur ékonominipun, Bordeaux mérang wewengkonipun dados sekawan, inggih punika: * ''Aerospace Valley'', wewengkon mligi mrodhuksi montor miber lan piranti dirgantara sanèsipun; * ''Route des Lasers'', wewengkon mligi mrodhuksi [[tèknologi]] [[laser]]; * ''Avenia'', mrodhuksi tèknologi géosains lan [[lingkungan]]; * ''Xylofutur'', mrodhuksi [[Baita|kapal]] lan tèknologi piranti maritim sanèsipun.<ref name="Ékonomi"/> === Anggaran === Anggaran [[dhuwit|dana]] taun [[2013]] minggah dados 2,6%.<ref name="Anggaran"/> Pamaréntah Bordeaux mutusaken minggahaken tingkat tarif pajeg Bordeaux ing wulan [[Maret]] [[2013]].<ref name="Anggaran"/> Ngéngingi sadaya pajeg ingkang dipunkempalaken sampun nyumbang 50% kanggé pangembangan Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Anggaran">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63973/le-budget|title=''Budget 2013''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=23 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423155306/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63973/le-budget|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Budaya == [[Gambar:XDSC 7530-musee-d'Aquitaine-rosace-eglise-des-Carmes.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Satunggaling piranti kolèksi Musiyum d'Aquitaine Bordeaux.]] Bordeaux kalebet salah satunggaling ''Kitha Budaya'' ing Prancis.<ref name="Budaya"/> Wonten ing kitha punika kathah wangunan artistik lan kabudayan kang ndunungi ingkang inovatif.<ref name="Budaya"/> [[Padunung]] Bordeaux ngembangaken budaya tepaselira, budaya sinau, lan dhémokratis.<ref name="Budaya">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p82366/bordeaux-culture|title=''Bordeaux culture''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=23 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423214207/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p82366/bordeaux-culture|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fasilitas budaya ing Bordeaux sampun sumebar ing sadaya wewengkon.<ref name="Budaya2"/> Wangunan kanggé pagelaran budaya dipunyasa lan dipunrénovasi, kados wangunan [[Musiyum Natural History]], [[wangunan Municipal Archives]], aula Grand Park, tlaga, musiyum, [[téater]], pabukon lan adicara pagelaran budaya.<ref name="Budaya2"/> Kabudayan dados satunggaling bab minangka fondhasi kasugihan lan kwalitas pagesangan Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Budaya2">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=63866|title=''Culture ''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=22 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Bordeaux minangka Kitha Budaya Warisan Donya === Tanggal [[28 Juni]] [[2007]], Badhan PBB kanggé Pendidikan, Ilmu Pengetahuan lan Kabudayan PBB ([[UNESCO]]) nglebetaken Bordeaux ing [[Situs warisan donya|Pratélan Situs Warisan Donya]].<ref name="Budaya3"/> Bordeaux gadhah manéka wewangunan kanthi [[arsitèktur]] [[klasik]] lan [[néoklasik]].<ref name="Budaya4">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.bordeaux2030.fr/bordeaux-unesco|title=''Bordeaux 2030'' |author=bordeaux2030.fr|year= |publisher=bordeaux2030.fr|access-date= 22 April 2013}}</ref> Kitha Bordeaux mlebet ing dhaftar punika sesarengan kaliyan 800 dhaftar sanèsipun saking saindhenging donya.<ref name="Budaya3">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=63765|title=''Bordeaux, Unesco World Heritage''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=22 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Pamaréntahan == === Walikutha lan Dhéwan Kitha Bordeaux === [[Gambar:Alain Juppé in Washington DC.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Alain Juppé]] Walikutha Bordeaux ([[19 Juni]] [[1995]] – [[13 Dhésèmber|13 Désémber]] [[2004]]).]] Cacahipun wonten 61 anggota dhéwan Kitha Bordeaux, kapérang saking 30 [[wadon|èstri]] lan 31 [[lanang|kakung]] ingkang dipunpandhégani déning walikutha.<ref name="Walikutha"/> Majelis dhéwan kitha punika ngawontenaken pepanggihan musyawarah sataun ngantos 11 pepanggihan kanggé ngrembag manéka warni agéndha Kitha Bordeaux kados ékonomi lan pambangunan.<ref name="Walikutha"/> Pepanggihan dhéwan kitha dipunbiwaraken ing websité Kitha Bordeaux saéngga kang ndunungi saged mangertosi prosésipun.<ref name="Walikutha">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p80992/le-maire-et-le-conseil-municipal|title=''Le Maire et le conseil municipal''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=23 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423222655/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p80992/le-maire-et-le-conseil-municipal|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Walikutha Bordeaux ==== Walikutha Bordeaux dipunpilih déning Dhéwan Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Walikutha2"/> Walikutha gadhah rencana pambangunan Bordeaux kados: pangembangan lingkungan, kwalitas pagesangan kang ndunungi, proyék sosial, proyék perkithaan, lan agendha abad XXI.<ref name="Walikutha2"/> Walikutha minangka pangarsaning pamaréntah kitha, gadhah tanggel jawab mandhégani sadaya program ingkang sampun dipunrantam déning kaputusan Dhéwan Kitha Bordeaux, manajemen pambangunan, lan ndamel jadwal.<ref name="Walikutha2"/> Walikutha dados wakilipun kuthamadya ing nagara.<ref name="Walikutha2"/> Walikutha gadhah tanggel jawab ngamanaken kitha, lan minangka simbol [[kang ndunungi]] Bordeaux.<ref name="Walikutha2">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=46675|title=''Le Maire''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=22 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== Dhéwan Kitha Bordeaux ==== Dhéwan Kitha Bordeaux gadhah tanggel jawab mendhet kaputusan ageng lan alit kanggé kamajengan Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Walikutha"/> Pepanggihan dhéwan salebetipun satunggal taun inggih punika sedasa pepanggihan, ingkang dipunpandhegani walikutha.<ref name="Walikutha"/> Pamilian anggota dhéwan dipuntindakaken enem taun sapisan kanthi cara pamilian umum langsung kalih puteran.<ref name="Walikutha3"/> Sasampunipun puteran kapisan, manawi calon anggota kapilih mayoritas swanten (swanten 50% + satunggal swanten), pikantuk 50% kursi.<ref name="Walikutha3"/> Kursi turahan dipunbagékaken dhateng sadaya dhaftar (kalebet dhaftar mayoritas) ingkang pikantuk 5% swanten.<ref name="Walikutha3"/> Manawi sadaya punika boten katindakaken, badhé dipunlajengaken pamilian puteran kaping kalihipun.<ref name="Walikutha3"/> Kanggé puteran ingkang kaping kalih, namung dhaftar calon ingkang ing puteran kapisan pikantuk swanten 10% ingkang saged ndhèrèk.<ref name="Walikutha3"/> Pratélan calon ingkang pikantuk swanten 5%-10% saged nggabung kaliyan dhaftar calon ingkang pikantuk langkung saking 10%.<ref name="Walikutha3"/> Pratélan calon ingkang menang ing puteran kaping kalih pikantuk kursi 50%, lan kursi turahan dipunbagekaken dhateng dhaftar sanèsipun.<ref name="Walikutha3">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=329|title=''Quelques repères''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=22 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Populasi == Tabel ing ngandhap nedahaken cacahing [[kang ndunungi]] Kitha Bordeaux taun [[1968]]-[[2007]].<ref name="Populasi">{{cite web |url=http://www.map-france.com/Bordeaux-33300/population-Bordeaux.html|title=''Population Bordeaux'' |author=map-france.com|year= |publisher=map-france.com|access-date= 15 April 2013}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |+ Populasi kang ndunungi Bordeaux taun [[1968]]-[[2007]] |- | ! scope="col" | '''2007''' ! scope="col" | '''1999''' ! scope="col" | '''1990''' ! scope="col" | '''1982''' ! scope="col" | '''1975''' ! scope="col" | '''1968''' |- ! scope="row" | Cacahipun | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 235 178 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 215 374 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 210 336 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 208 159 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 223 131 | bgcolor="#B5EAAA" | 266 662 |} * Ngéngingi dhistribusi kang ndunungi [[Lanang|jaler]] lan [[Wadon|èstri]] miturut umur ing Kitha Bordeaux dipunjlèntrèhaken ing ngandhap:<ref name="Populasi"/> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |+ Dhistribusi kang ndunungi jaler lan èstri Kitha Bordeaux miturut umur ing taun [[2007]] |- | ! scope="col" | '''0-14 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''15-29 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''30-44 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''45-59 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''60-74 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''75-90 taun''' ! scope="col" | '''≥ 90 taun''' |- ! scope="row" | Cacahipun ([[lanang|jaler]]) | bgcolor="#EBDDE2" | 16 398 | bgcolor="#EBDDE2" | 34 193 | bgcolor="#EBDDE2" | 25 425 | bgcolor="#EBDDE2" | 17 988 | bgcolor="#EBDDE2" | 9 713 | bgcolor="#EBDDE2" | 5 782 | bgcolor="#EBDDE2" | 414 |- ! scope="row" | Cacahipun ([[Wadon|èstri]]) | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 15 009 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 38 834 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 24 035 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 21 212 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 13 276 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 11 216 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 1 682 |} * Ngéngingi angka kalairan lan angka tilar donya ing Kitha Bordeaux dipunjlèntrèhaken ing ngandhap:<ref name="Populasi"/> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |+ Angka kalairan lan tilar donya ing Kitha Bordeaux taun [[1999]]-[[2008]] |- | ! scope="col" | '''2008''' ! scope="col" | '''2007''' ! scope="col" | '''2006''' ! scope="col" | '''2005''' ! scope="col" | '''2004''' ! scope="col" | '''2003''' ! scope="col" | '''2002''' ! scope="col" | '''2001''' ! scope="col" | '''2000''' ! scope="col" | '''1999''' |- ! scope="row" | Angka Lair | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 2 936 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 3 035 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 3 053 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 2 904 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 2 884 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 2 885 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 2 880 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 2 895 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 2 810 | bgcolor="#FCDFFF" | 2 693 |- ! scope="row" | Angka Tilar Donya | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 1 739 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 1 667 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 1 701 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 1 739 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 1 673 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 1 915 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 1 931 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 1 854 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 1 853 | bgcolor="#D2B9D3" | 1 929 |} == Indhustri == Kitha Bordeaux dados salah satunggalipun kitha ing [[Prancis]] ingkang ngrembaka bab indhustrinipun.<ref name="Ékonomi"/> Indhustri ing Bordeaux saged dipunpérang dados manéka indhustri: [[Gambar:Bordeaux place de la bourse with tram.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Satunggalipun wangunan éndah ing Bordeaux]] === Indhustri Laser === Bordeaux mrodhuksi laser Megajoule ingkang dados laser ingkang paling kiyat ing donya.<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> [[Tèknologi]] punika ugi saya majeng kanthi wontenipun [[tèknologi]] [[Fisika plasma|plasma]].<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> Bordeaux ngembangaken prakawis parencanaan regional kanggé [[Optika|indhustri optik]] lan [[laser]].<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> === Indhustri Aéronautika === Wonten 20 000 cacahipun tiyang ingkang nyambut damel ing indhusri [[aéronautika]] ing Bordeaux.<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> Kitha punika gadhah manéka perusahaan ageng kados perusahaan ''Dassault'', ''Sogerma'', ''Snecma'', ''Thales'', lan ''SNPE''.<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> Parusahaan kalawau ngasilaken [[montor mabur|montor miber]] / pesawat jèt, pesawat militèr Rafale lan Mirage 2000, kokpit A380, Ariane 5 lan rudal M51 SLBM.<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> === Indhustri Pariwisata === Indhustri [[pariwisata]] kalebet indhustri ingkang tuwuh ngrembaka ing Bordeaux.<ref name="Ékonomi2"/> Pamandangan Bordeaux ingkang éndah saéngga saged narik kawigaten para wisatawan saking manca supados tindak dhateng Bordeaux.<ref name="Ékonomi2">{{cite web |url=http://www.bonjourlafrance.com/france-city/bordeaux-france/bordeaux-economy.htm|title=''France City-Bordeaux Economy'' |author=bonjourlafrance.com|year= |publisher=bonjourlafrance.com |access-date= 6 April 2013}}</ref> == Angkudan == [[Gambar:XDSC 7573-tramway-de-Bordeaux-ligne-C-place-des-Quinconces.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Transportasi]] [[Trèm]]]] Kitha Bordeaux gadhah sistem [[transportasi]] umum ingkang modérn, kados transportasi [[bis]], [[trèm]], ing pujering kitha wonten bis listrik gratis.<ref name="Transportasi1"/> Sistem transportasi Bordeaux dipuntandhangi satunggaling perusahaan transportasi internasional ingkang namanipun ''Connex''.<ref name="Transportasi1"/> Transportasi trèm ing Bordeaux dipunwiwiti taun [[2003]] kanthi sistem [[tèknologi]] APS ingkang namung wonten ing Bordeaux.<ref name="Transportasi1"/> === Angkudan Bis lan Trèm === Jaringan transportasi bis lan trèm ing Bordeaux nglayani kabetahan transportasi ing sadaya wewengkon ing Bordeaux.<ref name="Transportasi1"/> Sedaya informasi ingkang dipunbetahaken kalebet péta saged dipun''download'' lan jadwal transportasi saged dipuntingali ing ''website''.<ref name="Transportasi1"/> Transportasi bis ingkang limrah ing Bordeaux aktif ngantos tabuh setengah sedasa dalu, sasampunipun punika wonten bis 'Reseau Bus Soir' (jaringan bis dalu).<ref name="Transportasi1"/> Transportasi bis lan trèm ugi gadhah ruté dhateng [[Stasiun Sepur]] Saint Jean ing Bordeaux lan [[Papan Anggegana Bordeaux–Mérignac]].<ref name="Transportasi3">{{cite web |url=http://www.bonjourlafrance.com/france-trains/stations/bordeaux-train-station.htm|title=''Bordeaux TGV station'' |author=bonjourlafrance.com|year= |publisher=bonjourlafrance.com |access-date= 7 April 2013}}</ref> [[Gambar:Station-V3-Bordeaux.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Transportasi [[pit]] ing Kitha Bordeaux]] === Angkudan Dirgantara === Papan Anggegana Bordeaux–Mérignac tebihipun 10 [[kilomèter]] (watawis 6 [[mil]]) saking punjering kitha.<ref name="Transportasi">{{cite web |url=http://www.concierge.com/travelguide/bordeaux/factsheet|title=''Bordeaux'' |author=concierge.com|year= |publisher=concierge.com |access-date= 7 April 2013}}</ref> Papan Anggegana punika ugi saged nyambungaken papan anggegana dhateng [[Stasiun Saint Jean Bordeaux]].<ref name="Transportasi1">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g187079-s303/Bordeaux:France:Public.Transportation.html|title=''Bordeaux: Public Transportation'' |author=tripadvisor|year= |publisher=tripadvisor.com |access-date= 7 April 2013}}</ref> Papan Anggegana Bordeaux-Merignac nyumadyaaken langkung saking 140 jadwal penerbangan saben dintenipun saking Prancis dhateng mancanegari.<ref name="Transportasi2">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.housetrip.com/fr/bordeaux|title=''Locations de vacances à Bordeaux''|author=housetrip.com|year=|publisher=housetrip.com|access-date=8 April 2013|archive-date=26 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426103508/http://www.housetrip.com/fr/bordeaux|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Angkudan Pit === Pamaréntah Bordeaux wiwit [[Juni]] [[2011]] ngawiti ngginakaken transportasi [[pit]].<ref name="Transportasi Pit"/> Sampun dipunsumadyakaken 1.545 pit ingkang wonten ing 139 manéka panggénan ing Bordeaux, saking 139 panggénan punika 99 manggén ing jantung Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Transportasi Pit"/> Bordeaux sampun netepaken dinten minggu kapisan saben wulanipun minangka dinten bébas [[mobil]].<ref name="Transportasi Pit">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/LinkResolverServlet?classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=1272|title=''Dimanche à Bordeaux sans voiture''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154913/http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/LinkResolverServlet?classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=1272|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rencana Kitha Bordeaux == === Kitha Modérn === [[Gambar:Quartiers Bordeaux Avant 2008-3.png|thumb|200px|right|Wewengkon ing Bordeaux]] Wewengkon Kitha Bordeaux dipundunungi 235.891 kang ndunungi (sénsus [[2008]]), 239.157 kang ndunungi (sénsus [[2010]]) kanthi kepadhetan 4.845 saben [[Kilomèter pesagi]].<ref name="Rencana Kutha3">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://prezi.com/vpqqyxvlgkym/untitled-prezi/|title=''Démographie Bordealis/Bordeeaux'' |author=prezi.com|year= |publisher=prezi.com |access-date= 8 April 2013}}</ref> Manawi dipun-gabungaken kaliyan kang ndunungi sadaya wewengkon Bordeaux cacahipun langkung saking satunggal yuta kang ndunungi.<ref name="Rencana Kutha2"/> Bordeaux dados kitha nomer sanga ing Prancis ing babagan populasi kang ndunungi.<ref name="Rencana Kutha2"/> Kitha punika ugi misuwur amargi kebon-kebon anggur, mliginipun awit abad angka 18 ingkang dados wekdal kaemasan.<ref name="Rencana Kutha2">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dissertationsgratuites.com/dissertations/Bordeaux/167765.html|title=''Bordeaux''|author=dissertationsgratuites.com|year=|publisher=dissertationsgratuites.com|access-date=8 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kitha Bordeaux dipunpérang dados wolung wengkon, inggih punika: * ''La Bastide'', * ''Bordeaux Maritime'', * ''Grand Park-Paul Doumer'', * ''Centre'', * ''Caudéran'', * ''Victor Hugo-St Augustine St Augustin'', * ''St-Michel-Nansouty-St Genesius'', * ''Bordeaux Sud''.<ref name="Rencana Kutha">{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/images/ebx/fr/presentationStandard/63938/8/groupePave/85324/pave/160561/imageSpec/256651/image/Bordeaux_quartiers_2013.gif%26title%3D%5B2%5D|title=''Bordeaux les Quartiers''|author=Archieve.wikiwix.com|year=|publisher=Archieve.wikiwix.com|access-date=8 April 2013|archive-date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130408043534/http://www.bordeaux.fr/images/ebx/fr/presentationStandard/63938/8/groupePave/85324/pave/160561/imageSpec/256651/image/Bordeaux_quartiers_2013.gif|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> === Kitha Kina Bordeaux === [[Gambar:chartronbdxjulbzh.JPG|thumb|Margi ing Notre-Dame Bordeaux]] Kitha Bordeaux saged dipunpérang dados tigang wewengkon utami: jantung kitha kina, pinggir kitha kina lan wewengkon njawi kitha.<ref name="Kutha Kina"/> Kitha kina Bordeaux punika tilaranipun abad parotengah.<ref name="Kutha Kina"/> Kitha kina Bordeaux dipunwatesi [[Lèpèn Garonne]], lan ing sisih [[kulon|kilèn]] dipunwatesi témbok kina.<ref name="Kutha Kina">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.venirabordeaux.com/Quartiers-et-peripherie,85|title=''Quartiers et péripherie Bordeaux: ses quartiers, sa périphérie: présentation générale''|author=Alexandre Hiélard|year=|publisher=venirabordeaux.com|access-date=8 April 2013|archive-date=22 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122093719/http://www.venirabordeaux.com/Quartiers-et-peripherie,85|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kitha kina (utawi kitha ''tuwa'' (sepuh)) wonten kathah sumebar ing Bordeaux.<ref name="Kutha Kina2"/> Ingkang kalebet kitha kina ing Bordeaux inggih punika: Verdum, Gambetta, Albert, Aristide Briand, Victory Square, lan Marne.<ref name="Kutha Kina2"/> Ing sisih [[wétan]] kutha kina dipunwatesi Lèpèn Garonne.<ref name="Kutha Kina2"/> Wonten kalih margi utami ingkang wonten ing kitha kina punika; margi St Catherine ingkang rutenipun saking [[lor|lèr]] dhateng [[kidul]], ugi wonten brug ingkang medhot kitha kina saking [[kulon|kilèn]] dhateng [[wétan]].<ref name="Kutha Kina2"/> Margi Saint Catherine ingkang panjangipun langkung saking 1300 [[mèter]], gadhah rute ''Place de la Comedie'' (''Grand Theatre'') lan gedhong ''Victory Square'', ugi dhateng [[Universitas Bordeaux]].<ref name="Kutha Kina2">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.voyagesvoyages.net/article-bordeaux-la-vieille-ville-109123633.html|title=''Bordeaux-La vieille ville ''|author=voyagesvoyages.net|year=|publisher=voyagesvoyages.net|access-date=8 April 2013|archive-date=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405073429/http://www.voyagesvoyages.net/article-bordeaux-la-vieille-ville-109123633.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Pinggiring Kitha Kina === [[Gambar:Bordeaux Meriadeck.JPG|thumb|200px|Pinggiring Kitha Meriadeck, Bordeaux]] Ing babagan parencanaan kitha, Bordeaux ugi nandhangi lan ngatur pinggiring kitha kina Bordeaux.<ref name="Rencana Kutha Kina"/> Ing sisih lèr, [[kali|lèpèn]] [[Kali Garrone ing Métz|Garrone]], kalebet wewengkon Grand Park lan [[Chartons]] ingkang dados papan sadéan [[anggur]].<ref name="Rencana Kutha Kina"/> Wewengkon Chartrons jumeneng taun [[1381]], kitha punika sampun kasambungaken dhateng kitha kanthi [[dalan|margi]] Xavier Arnozan (mligi kanggé tiyang mlampah) lan margi ageng Cours de Verdun.<ref name="Rencana Kutha Kina"/> Ing Chartrons kathah wangunan lan [[taman]] kitha tilaran [[Louis XV]] lan [[Louis XVI]].<ref name="Rencana Kutha Kina"/> Wewengkon punika dipunrénovasi déning pamaréntahan Bordeaux kanthi yasa [[plabuhan]] lan dipuntambahi ril [[trèm]].<ref name="Rencana Kutha Kina"/> Wewengkon [[Parc Grand]], [[lor|lèripun]] [[Saint-Seurin]] dipunyasa kanthi proyék [[omah|griya-griya]] ''real estate''.<ref name="Rencana Kutha Kina"/> Wewengkon Saint-Seurin gadhah wangunan [[Basilika Saint-Seurin]], dumunung ing [[Northwest Gallien]] dipunyasa ing sacaketing pura.<ref name="Rencana Kutha Kina"/> Wewengkon Saint-Seurin lan Chartrons dipundunungi kathah [[konsulat]] utawi utusan saking mancanegari.<ref name="Rencana Kutha Kina"/> Ing wewengkon [[kulon|kilèn]] wonten wewengkon [[Mériadeck]].<ref name="Rencana Kutha Kina"/> Wewengkon punika ugi dipunnamini déning [[Pangéran Rohan]], [[Ferdinand Maximilian Mériadec]], [[Biskop]] Agung Bordeaux ingkang yasa wewengkon punika taun [[1771]] (ingkang ing [[1835]] dados balai kitha).<ref name="Rencana Kutha Kina">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://universalis.forumactif.fr/t1281-la-ville-de-l-ouest-ou-il-fait-bon-vivre-bordeaux|title='' la ville de l'Ouest où il fait bon vivre: Bordeaux!'' |author=universalis.forumactif.fr|year= |publisher=universalis.forumactif.fr |access-date= 8 April 2013}}</ref> === Rencana Bordeaux Abad XXI === Kitha Bordeaux dipunrencanakaken dados salah satunggaling kitha ageng [[Éropa]] ing abad XXI.<ref name="Bordeaux Abad XXI"/> Rencananipun badhé dipundamel margi TGV rute [[Paris]]-Bordeaux saéngga langkung rikat jarak tempuhipun.<ref name="Bordeaux Abad XXI"/> Wonten malih satunggaling prakawis kanggé ngatur wewengkon [[Saint John]] ing punjering Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Bordeaux Abad XXI"/> Perkawis proyék kasebat dipunsebat '''Bordeaux Euratlantique''.<ref name="Bordeaux Abad XXI"/> Rencana sanès kados yasa malih [[stasiun sepur]], damel kitha énggal ing salebetipun Bordeaux, ingkang wiyaripun 738 [[hèktar]], ingkang kapérang saking 386 hèktar ing Bordeaux, Begles (217 hèktar), lan Floirac (135 hèktar).<ref name="Bordeaux Abad XXI"/> Pangembangan proyek kanggé ngembangaken Bordeaux mbetahaken investasi ingkang kathah, saéngga proyek punika kalebet kapentingan nasional nagara Prancis sesarengan kaliyan pamaréntah laladan Bordeaux.<ref name="Bordeaux Abad XXI"/> Rencananipun ing taun 2030, Kitha Bordeaux badhé dipunrantam minangka kitha bisnis internasional.<ref name="Bordeaux Abad XXI">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/691003-l-operation-d-interet-national-bordeaux-euratlantique-est-creee|title=''L’Opération d’Intérêt National Bordeaux-Euratlantique est créée''|author=lemoniteur.fr|year=|publisher=lemoniteur.fr|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=19 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519124133/http://www.lemoniteur.fr/133-amenagement/article/actualite/691003-l-operation-d-interet-national-bordeaux-euratlantique-est-creee|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Bordeaux minangka Kitha Digital === Kitha Bordeaux dipunrencanakaken dados kitha [[digital]] ing taun [[2030]], ingkang ancasipun supados sadaya wargi ngginakaken tèknologi digital.<ref name="Kitha Digital"/> [[Tèknologi]] [[digital]] punika kanggé nggampilaken manéka aktivitas wargi Bordeaux, kados ing babagan: panyebaran pawartos/info saking pamaréntah, nepangaken ''e-goverment'', budaya, pendidikan, kaamanan, kasarasan, lan layanan masarakat sanèsipun.<ref name="Kitha Digital"/> Strategi kitha digital punika gadhah ancas mromosikaken lan minggahaken pangembangan bisnis digital, panyebaran pawartos pambangunan Bordeaux kanthi médhia digital.<ref name="Kitha Digital">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=83250|title=''La stratégie digitale de la ville''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508160304/http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=83250|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{clear}} == Prakawis Pambangunan == [[Gambar:GaronneBordeaux.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lèpèn Garonne, Bordeaux.]] [[Gambar:Bouteilles Bordeaux.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Anggur (ombèn-ombèn)|Unjukan anggur]] saking Bordeaux.]] [[Gambar:DSC 7833-Gare-de-Bordeaux.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Stasiun Saint Jean, Bordeaux.]] === Pangembangan Lèpèn Garonne === Kitha Bordeaux gadhah agedha kanggé ngembangaken wewengkon [[Kali Garonne|Lèpèn Garonne]].<ref name="Lèpèn"/> Lèpèn Garrone punika salah satunggalipun lèpèn ingkang mili ing Bordeaux.<ref name="Lèpèn"/> Rencananipun lèpèn kasebat badhé dipunkembangaken supados saged dipun-ginakaken kanggé manéka kegiyatan [[ékonomi]], [[budaya]], festival, lan acara sanès saéngga saged majengaken ékonomi Bordeaux.<ref name="Lèpèn"/> Rencana pangembangan punika dipuntepangaken déning walikutha Bordeaux dhateng ''pers'' tanggal [[11 Maret]] [[2013]].<ref name="Lèpèn">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=83175|title=''Un schéma d'aménagement pour le fleuve''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-date=25 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425125608/http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=83175|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Pambangunan Stadhion === Bordeaux gadhah [[Stadion Chaban Delmas]] ingkang dipunyasa taun [[1938]].<ref name="Stadhion"/> Rencananipun stadhion punika badhé dipunyasa malih amargi badhé dipun-ginakaken ing [[Piala Éropa 2016]].<ref name="Stadhion"/> Proyek pambangunan punika dipunpandhegani [[arsitèk]] Herzog De Meuron, dipunrancang awujud prisma kados piramida lan dipunjangkepi nganggé piranti canggih sanèsipun.<ref name="Stadhion"/> Pambangunan stadhion punika sampun njangkepi prasyaratan kaamanan, aksés warga dhateng stadhion, kanyamanan pamirsa, juru main bal, lan médhia massa.<ref name="Stadhion"/> Kanthi 43.000 kursi, stadion énggal punika dipunrantam saged paring raos mbetahaken kanggé pamirsa, pemain, kalebet pamirsa ingkang cacat.<ref name="Stadhion"/> Stadion Chaban Delmas ugi dipunjangkepi 3000 kursi klas bisnis.<ref name="Stadhion">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=54031|title=''Nouveau stade de Bordeaux''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-date=12 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812174812/http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=54031|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Pangembangan Kitha Anggur === Pangembangan Bordeaux minangka kitha anggur gadhah ancas tujuan ndadosaken Bordeaux minangka simbol pengasil [[anggur]].<ref name="Kitha Anggur"/> Awit saking ancas tujuan kasebat Kitha Bordeaux damel wangunan pusat anggur.<ref name="Kitha Anggur"/> Wangunan punika dipunyasa kanthi [[arsitèktur]] modhèren lan manggén ing sapinggiring Lèpèn Garrone.<ref name="Kitha Anggur"/> Pambangunan lan pangembangan Bordeaux minangka kitha anggur ugi gadhah ancas majengaken ékonomi Bordeaux.<ref name="Kitha Anggur">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=47144|title=''Cité des civilisations du vin''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-date=25 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425141446/http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=47144|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Pambangunan Stasiun === Kangge ngadhepi manéka masalah transportasi, Bordeaux badhé yasa stasiun énggal.<ref name="Stasiun"/> Rencananipun ing taun [[2017]], lalu lintas [[Stasiun Saint Jean Bordeaux]] saya padhet, kanthi 11-18 yuta pelancong.<ref name="Stasiun"/> Awit saking punika Bordeaux badhé yasa Stasiun Saint Jean punika supados saged ngamot para panumpang.<ref name="Stasiun"/> Proyék pambangunan stasiun punika kapérang saking tigang wangunan lan lapangan énggal.<ref name="Stasiun"/> Wangunan utami kapérang saking gedhong énggal kanthi layanan bisnis kanggé para wisatawan, sarta dipunjangkepi panggénan parkir lan taman [[pit]].<ref name="Stasiun"/> Proyék pambangunan stasiun punika ugi nyumadyakaken sumber énergi énggal, kados énergi [[srengéngé]], panas bumi, lan toya.<ref name="Stasiun">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=77503|title=''Extension de la gare Saint Jean''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-date=25 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425090018/http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=77503|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{clear}} == Ulah raga == [[Gambar:Girondins de Bordeaux Centenary tournament trophy.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Satunggaling bebingah kompetisi rugbi ing Prancis.]] Ing Bordeaux wonten kalih tim [[ulah raga]] profésional, ingih punika ''The Girondins de Bordeaux'', satunggalipun tim [[bal-balan]] ingkang mlebet ing kompetisi [[Ligue 1 Prancis]].<ref name="Ulah raga"/> Girondins de Bordeaux pungkasan mimpang Liga Prancis ing mangsa [[2009]]-10 nalika dipandhégani déning juru latih [[Laurent Blanc]]. Wonten ugi tim ulah raga [[rugbi]] ''Bordelais Stade'' lan ''Union Bordeaux Bègles'' ingkang mlebet ing Kompetisi Kajuwaran Rugbi Prancis Ligue 2.<ref name="Ulah raga"/><ref name="Ulah raga2">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ubbrugby.com/|title=''Union Bordeaux Bègless'' |author=ubbrugby.comm|year= |publisher=ubbrugby.com |access-date= 9 April 2013}}</ref> Tim ulah raga rugbi ''The Girodins de Bordeaux'' gadhah sajarah ingkang panjang ing wewengkon Bordeaux.<ref name="Ulah raga"/> Tim punika dipundamel ing taun [[1881]] lan sampun naté menang ing Ligue Prancis.<ref name="Ulah raga"/> Tim bal-balan punika ugi gadhah stadhion ingkang dipunsebat ''Stade Chaban Delmas'' ingkang kamot 30.000 tiyang.<ref name="Ulah raga"/> Éwadéné tim ulah raga rugbi Bordeaux ''Bordelais Stade'' ugi sampun naté menang ing kompetisi rugbi ing [[Éropa]] lan [[Kanadha]].<ref name="Ulah raga">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g187079-s406/Bordeaux:France:Sports.And.Activities.html|title=''Bordeaux: Sports & Activities'' |author=tripadvisor.com|year= |publisher=tripadvisor.com |access-date= 9 April 2013}}</ref> * Tabél klub ulah raga Bordeaux {| class="wikitable" |- !Klub Ulah raga !Jinis Ulah raga !Divisi !Stadhion !Taun !Jawara |- |[[FC Girondins de Bordeaux]] |[[Bal-balan]] |[[Ligue 1]] |[[Stadhion Chaban-Delmas]] |[[1881]] |6 |- |[[Union Bordeaux-Bègles]] |[[Rugby à XV]] |Top 14 | [[Stadhion André-Moga]] lan [[Stadhion Jacques-Chaban-Delmas|Stadhion Chaban-Delmas]] |[[2006]] |9 |- |[[Jeunes de Saint-Augustin Bordeaux Basket|JSA Bordeaux Basket]]<ref name="JSA">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.sudouest.fr/sport/jsa-bordeaux/|title=''JSA Bordeaux'' |author=sudouest.fr|year= |publisher=sudouest.fr|access-date= 23 April 2013}}</ref> |[[Basket|Baskét]] |Pro B |[[Salle Jean-Dauguet]] |[[1938]] |0 |} Kanggé ngembangaken ulah raga, Kitha Bordeaux kanthi pambiyantunipun klub lan asosiasi ulah raga gadhah kabijakan kados: * Damel fasilitas ulah raga kanggé 220 asosiasi ulah raga lan 86 cabang ulah raga; * Mromosikaken ulah raga profésional ing sekolah lan [[Pendhidhikan dhuwur|pawiyatan luhur]]; * Damel lan njagi fasilitas ulah raga, Kitha Bordeaux gadhah 47 papan ulah raga katutup, 4 bèji indoor, 222 papan ulah raga ing njawi gedhong.<ref name="Ulah raga3">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63960/sports-et-loisirs|title=''Le sport à Bordeaux''|author=www.bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=www.bordeaux.fr|access-date=9 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kanggé ngadhepi Kajuwaraan [[Éropa]] [[Piala Éropa 2016]], ing Kitha Bordeaux dipunyasa stadhion bal kanthi kapasitas 43.500 papan palenggahan lan dipunrancang déning [[arsitèk]] [[Herzog]] lan [[de Meuron]].<ref name="Ulah raga3"/> Pambangunan stadhion punika gadhah pikajeng kanggé kamajenganipun ulah raga Bordeaux.<ref name="Ulah raga3"/> [[Gambar:Panorama Chaban-Delmas.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Stadhion Chaban-Delmas, Bordeaux.]] == Pendidikan == Ing Kitha Bordeaux wonten [[Universitas Bordeaux]] sampun wonten ing Kitha Bordeaux wiwit taun [[1441]].<ref name="Pendidikan"/> Kitha Bordeaux ugi gadhah manéka institusi pendidikan / pawiyatan luhur lan sekolah bisnis, basa, lan ngèlmu babagan [[anggur]].<ref name="Pendidikan"/> Bordeaux narik kawigaten tiyang [[Éropa]] lan para winasis (ahli) internasional ingkang badhé nyinaoni basa lan budaya Prancis.<ref name="Pendidikan">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mydestination.com/bordeaux/services/37834/education|title=''Bordeaux Education''|author=mydestination.com|year=|publisher=mydestination.com|access-date=13 April 2013|archive-date=15 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015022554/http://www.mydestination.com/bordeaux/services/37834/education|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gambar:Universite Bordeaux 2-Victoire.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Universitas Bordeaux 2]] [[Gambar:Ijba iut montaigne bordeaux.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Universitas IUT Michel de Montaigne]] === Universitas === Ing Kitha Bordeaux jumeneng manéka [[universitas]] kados: * Universitas Bordeaux I.<ref name="Pendidikan1">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.univ-bordeaux.fr/|title=''Bienvenue à l'Université de Bordeaux''|author=univ-bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=univ-bordeaux.fr|access-date=13 April 2013|archive-date=20 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420064411/http://www.univ-bordeaux.fr/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Pendidikan4">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.u-bordeaux1.fr/|title=''UniversitéBordeaux''|author=u-bordeaux1.fr|year=|publisher=u-bordeaux1.fr|access-date=13 April 2013|archive-date=19 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819234526/http://www.u-bordeaux1.fr/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Universitas Victor Segalen Bordeaux utawi Universitas Bordeaux 2.<ref name="Pendidikan5">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/Institution.jsp?param=Victor%20Segalen%20Bordeaux%202%20University|title=''Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 University''|author=shanghairanking.com|year=|publisher=shanghairanking.com|access-date=13 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Universitas IUT Michel de Montaigne utawi Universitas Bordeaux 3.<ref name="Pendidikan2">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.iut.u-bordeaux3.fr/|title=''ut.u-bordeaux3'' |author=Institut Universitaire de Technologie Michel de Montaigne|year= |publisher=iut.u-bordeaux3.fr|access-date= 13 April 2013}}</ref> * Universitas Montesquieu utawi Universitas Bordeaux 4.<ref name="Pendidikan3">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.u-bordeaux4.fr/universite/|title=''Bienvenue à l'Université''|author=Rejoignez la communauté|year=|publisher=u-bordeaux4.fr|access-date=13 April 2013|archive-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007020650/http://www.u-bordeaux4.fr/Universite|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Sekolah === Ing Kitha Bordeaux jumeneng manéka [[sekolah]] kados: * Sekolah Internasional Bordeaux, ing [[dalan|margi]] Judaique Bordeaux.<ref name="Sekolah">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.bordeaux-school.com/|title=''Bordeaux International School'' |author=bordeaux-school.com |year= |publisher=bordeaux-school.com|access-date= 13 April 2013}}</ref> * Sekolah Kimia lan Fisika ENSCPB (''École nationale supérieure de chimie et physique de Bordeaux'').<ref name="Sekolah4">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.university-directory.eu/France/Ecole-nationale-superieure-de-chimie-et-de-physique-de-Bordeaux-ENSCPB.html#.UWjmL6LwboI|title=''École nationale supérieure de chimie et de physique de Bordeaux '' |author= |year= |publisher=university-directory.eu|access-date= 13 April 2013}}</ref> * Sekolah Bisnis ''INSEEC Business School'', Bordeaux.<ref name="INSEEC">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.inseec.com/ecole-de-commerce-inseec-business-school.cfm|title=''INSEEC Business Schools''|author=inseec.com|year=|publisher=inseec.com|access-date=14 April 2013|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515024349/http://www.inseec.com/ecole-de-commerce-inseec-business-school.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Sekolah Bisnis ''KEDGE Business Schools'', Bordeaux.<ref name="KEDGE">{{cite web|url=http://www.bem.edu/en|title=''KEDGE Business Schools''|author=bem.edu|year=|publisher=bem.edu|access-date=14 April 2013|archive-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719142335/http://www.bem.edu/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Sekolah ''ISEG Finance School'', Bordeaux.<ref name="ISEGskolahan">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://fs.iseg.fr/bordeaux/|title=''ISEG Finance School Bordeaux''|author=fs.iseg.fr|year=|publisher=fs.iseg.fr|access-date=14 April 2013|archive-date=2 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302022944/http://fs.iseg.fr/bordeaux/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Sekolah Manajemèn lan marketing ''ISEFAC Bachelor'', Bordeaux.<ref name="ISEFAC">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.initial-isefac.com/|title=''École du Management, du Marketing et de la Communication en 3 ans après Bac'' |author=initial-isefac.com |year= |publisher=initial-isefac.com|access-date= 14 April 2013}}</ref> * Sekolah bisnis ''European Bordeaux Business School'', Bordeaux.<ref name="European">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.sudouestjob.com/ebbs/|title=''EBBS''|author=sudouestjob.com|year=|publisher=sudouestjob.com|access-date=14 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Institut Politeknik ENSC (École Nationale Supérieure de Cognitique) Bordeaux.<ref name="Sekolah2">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.archimede-groupe.org/?rubrique=ecoles&ecole=38|title=''ENSC Bordeaux''|author=archimede-groupe.org|year=|publisher=archimede-groupe.org|access-date=13 April 2013|archive-date=22 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222172757/http://www.archimede-groupe.org/?rubrique=ecoles&ecole=38|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Institut De Cognitique, Bordeaux.<ref name="Sekolah3">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.quora.com/Institut-De-Cognitique-Bordeaux|title=''Institut De Cognitique, Bordeaux'' |author=quora.com |year= |publisher=quora.com|access-date= 13 April 2013}}</ref> == Papan Wisata == [[Gambar:Bordeaux Pont de Pierre.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Kreteg ''Pont de Pierre'' Bordeaux]] * Wangunan [[Téater]]-[[Opera]] Nasional Bordeaux utawi [[Grand Theatre-Opera National de Bordeaux]].<ref name="Wisata2"/> Déning tiyang Bordeaux, wangunan punika dipunanggep minangka jantung Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Wisata2"/> Wangunan punika dipunyasa kanthi [[arsitèktur]] lan modhél interior ingkang saé lan dipun-ginakaken kangé pagelaran klas donya.<ref name="Wisata2">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g187079-d219111-Reviews-Grand_Theatre_Opera_National_de_Bordeaux-Bordeaux_Gironde_Aquitaine.html|title=''Grand Theatre-Opera National de Bordeaux '' |author=tripadvisor.com |year= |publisher=tripadvisor.com|access-date= 14 April 2013}}</ref> Dipunwangun déning [[arsitèk]] [[Victor Louis]] kanthi paréntah saking [[gubernur]] Aquitaine, [[Conte de Richileu]].<ref name="Teater"/> Sasampunipun dipunyasa gedhong punika dipunbikak [[7 April]] [[1780]].<ref name="Teater"/> Wangunan punika naté risak wekdal [[Révolusi Prancis]], dipunleresaken malih ing taun [[1799]].<ref name="Teater"/> Taun [[1837]] wangunan punika dipuntambahi 700 kursi.<ref name="Teater"/> Taun [[1853]] dipunrénovasi malih déning [[Burget]].<ref name="Teater"/> Gedhung punika dipunanggé dados parlemèn Prancis wekdal prastawa [[Pangepungan Paris]].<ref name="Teater"/> Awit saking kadadosan punika wangunan punika dipundadosaken situs proklamasi [[Républik]] [[Prancis]].<ref name="Teater"/> Taun [[1919]], [[1938]], [[1977]] dipunrénovasi.<ref name="Teater"/> [[1990]]-[[1992]] dipunrénovasi déning [[Bernard Fanquernie]].<ref name="Teater"/> Dipunbikak malih taun [[1992]] kanthi adicara konsér [[Mozart]] kanthi irah-irahan "Die Zauberflöte".<ref name="Teater">{{cite web |url=http://www.andreas-praefcke.de/carthalia/france/f_bordeaux_grandtheatre.htm|title=''Bordeaux: Grand Théâtre'' |author=andreas-praefcke.de|year= |publisher=andreas-praefcke.de|access-date= 23 April 2013}}</ref> * [[Katedral Saint Andre]] utawi ''Cathedrale Saint-Andre'', satunggaling wangunan ingkang dipunyasa akir abad 11 lan dados salah satunggalipun tetenger Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Andre2">{{es}}{{cite web|url=http://es.cityguide.diamscity.com/guia-francia/catedral-san-andres-burdeos,cityguide,103000000X001XesX5V12697.html|title=''Catedral San-Andrés-Burdeos''|author=es.cityguide.diamscity.com|year=|publisher=es.cityguide.diamscity.com|access-date=23 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Basilika Saint Andre">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g187079-d219045-Reviews-St_Andre_Cathedral_Cathedrale_Saint_Andre-Bordeaux_Gironde_Aquitaine.html|title=''St. Andre Cathedral (Cathedrale Saint-Andre) '' |author=tripadvisor.com |year= |publisher=tripadvisor.com|access-date= 14 April 2013}}</ref> Katedral punika dipunyasa kanthi gaya [[Romawi]].<ref name="Andre"/> Katedral Saint Andre mlebet situs warisan donya [[UNESCO]] taun [[1998]].<ref name="Andre">{{es}}{{cite web |url=http://aquitaine.costasur.com/es/catedral-de-san-andres.html|title=''Catedral de San Andrés Burdeos Aquitania Francia'' |author=aquitaine.costasur.com|year= |publisher=aquitaine.costasur.com|access-date= 23 April 2013}}</ref> * [[Porte Cailhau]], wangunan ingkang wonten ing alun-alun Bordeaux.<ref name="Cailhau"/> Ing sangajengipun wonten [[reca]] [[Charles VIII saking Prancis|Raja Charles VIII]], dipunyasa kanggé ngajeni panjenenganipun amargi menang ing paprangan mengsah [[Italia]].<ref name="Cailhau">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://monumentsdebordeaux.com/porte-cailhau.htm|title=''Porte Cailhau''|author=monumentsdebordeaux.com|year=|publisher=monumentsdebordeaux.com|access-date=23 April 2013|archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510083745/http://monumentsdebordeaux.com/porte-cailhau.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Cailhau2">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux-tourisme.com/pl/visites.pl?lg=fr&id=27|title=''VISITE DE MONUMENT: Porte Cailhau ''|author=bordeaux-tourisme.com|year=|publisher=bordeaux-tourisme.com|access-date=23 April 2013|archive-date=1 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501060704/http://www.bordeaux-tourisme.com/pl/visites.pl?lg=fr&id=27|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Grosse Cloche de Bordeaux]] utawi wangunan Saint-Elo, dipunyasa ing abad 15 ing Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Wisata2"/> Grosse Cloche de Bordeaux kalebet salah satunggalipun tetenger Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Grossee"/> Wangunan punika dipunyasa ing abad 15.<ref name="Grossee"/> Kapérang saking kalih menara ingkang dipunjangkepi jam bél ageng.<ref name="Grossee"/> Piranti jam ingkang dipunpasang taun [[1759]] punika kalebet jinis jam astronomi.<ref name="Grossee">{{cite web |url=http://www.caruso33.net/bordeaux-grosse-cloche.html|title=''La Grosse Cloche'' |author=caruso33.net |year= |publisher=caruso33.net|access-date= 23 April 2013}}</ref> * [[Gréja Notre dame Bordeaux]] utawi gréja Église Notre Dame la Grande, satunggaling wangunan [[gréja]] ing Bordeaux ingkang dipunyasa ing abad-11.<ref name="Grèja">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g187079-d219049-Reviews-Notre_Dame_Church_Eglise_Notre_Dame_la_Grande-Bordeaux_Gironde_Aquitaine.html|title=''Notre Dame Church (Église Notre Dame la Grande) '' |author=tripadvisor.com |year= |publisher=tripadvisor.com|access-date= 14 April 2013}}</ref> * [[Basilika Saint Michel Bordeaux]], salah satunggaling ''landmark''/tetenger utami Bordeaux.<ref name="Basilika Saint Michel"/> Menara wangunan punika panjangipun 114 mèter lan dipunyasa ing abad 15.<ref name="Basilika Saint Michel">{{cite web |url=http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=207639|title=''Saint Michel Basilica <nowiki>|</nowiki> Bordeaux, France'' |author=skyscrapercity.com |year= |publisher=skyscrapercity.com|access-date= 14 April 2013}}</ref> * [[Kreteg Pont de Pierre]] Bordeaux.<ref name="Kreteg"/> Satunggalipun [[monumèn]] ing Bordeaux ingkang dipunyasa taun [[1817]] déning [[insinyur]] [[Claude Descamps]].<ref name="Kreteg">{{cite web |url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/merimee_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PA33000067|title=''Pont dit Pont de Pierre'' |author=culture.gouv.fr|year= |publisher=culture.gouv.fr|access-date= 14 April 2013}}</ref> * [[Monumén Girondins]], mapan ing Quinconces, caket kaliyan [[Grand Theatre-Opera National de Bordeaux|Grand Theatre]]<ref name="Monumén Girondins2">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.33-bordeaux.com/monument-girondins.htm|title=''Le monument aux Girondins et à la République Bordeaux l'ensemble des Girondins'' |author=33-bordeaux.com|year= |publisher=33-bordeaux.com|access-date= 24 April 2013}}</ref>, inggih punika satunggaling monumén ing Bordeaux ingkang dipunyasa taun [[1895]].<ref name="Monumén Girondins"/> Monumén kanthi inggil 43 mèter punika dipunrancang déning Dumilâtre Kaya.<ref name="Monumén Girondins"/> Taun [[2002]] pamaréntah ndamel peraturan ingkang isinipun ngayomi lan njagi monumén Girondins.<ref name="Monumén Girondins">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/LinkResolverServlet?classofcontent=lieu&id=961|title=''Place des Quinconces''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=24 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Musiyum === * [[Musiyum des Beaux-Arts]].<ref name="Beaux-Arts"/> Musiyum [[kagunan]] punika dipunyasa taun [[1801]] ing Kitha Bordeaux.<ref name="Beaux-Arts">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/southwestern-france/bordeaux/sights/gallery/musee-beaux-arts|title=''Musée des Beaux-Arts'' |author=lonelyplanet.co|year= |publisher=lonelyplanet.co|access-date= 14 April 2013}}</ref> * [[Musiyum Aquitaine Bordeaux]], satunggaling musiyum sajarah ing Bordeaux ingkang kolèksinipun piranti [[prasajarah]] ngantos piranti wekdal sapunika, koleksi [[arkéologi]], sajarah, lan [[Etnografi|ètnografi]].<ref name="Aquitaine Bordeaux"/> Pangunjung musiyum punika kirang langkung 150.000 ing saben taunipun.<ref name="Aquitaine Bordeaux"/> Ing musiyum punika dipunwontenaken manéka acara kados paméran sajarah lan budaya donya, dhiskusi panél, lokakarya pendidikan, lan muter filem.<ref name="Aquitaine Bordeaux">{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=63908|title=''Musée d'Aquitaine''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=24 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Museum|Musiyum]] Sajarah Alam utawi [[Musiyum d'Histoire Naturelle Bordeaux]].<ref name="Naturelle">{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63912|title=''Musiyum d'Histoire naturelle''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=14 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Satunggaling musiyum sajarah alam ingkang kapisan ing Prancis dipunyasa taun [[1862]].<ref name="d'Histoire"/> Gadhah manéka kolèksi saking donyaning [[sato kéwan]], [[tetuwuhan]], lan [[mineral]].<ref name="d'Histoire"/> Wonten ugi kolèksi [[évolusi]] [[Spesies|spésies]], adhaptasi spésies, kompléksitas donya lan isinipun, èkologi lan konservasi kaanekaragaman.<ref name="d'Histoire">{{fr}}{{cite web|url=http://www.evene.fr/culture/lieux/muséum-d-histoire-naturelle-de-bordeaux-156.php|title=''Museum-d-histoire-naturelle-de-bordeaux''|author=evene.fr|year=|publisher=evene.fr|access-date=24 April 2013}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <gallery caption="Papan Wisata ing Bordeaux"> Gambar:Bordeaux - Grand Théâtre 4.jpg|Wangunan Téater-Opera Nasional, Bordeaux Gambar:Le monument aux Girondins (Bordeaux).JPG|Monumén Girondins, Bordeaux Gambar:Cathédrale St André Bordeaux.gif|Katedral Saint Andre, Bordeaux Gambar:Bordeaux Porte Cailhau.jpg|Porte Cailhau, Bordeaux Gambar:Beaux arts bordeaux.jpg|Musiyum des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux </gallery> === ''Landmark'' Kitha Bordeaux === {{wide image|Place de la Bourse Bordeaux de nuit.jpg|1000px|[[Port de la Lune]] minangka ''landmark'' Kitha Bordeaux.}} * '''[[Port de la Lune]]''', satunggaling papan mirunggan ing Bordeaux ingkang sampun mlebet dhaftar [[Situs warisan donya|Situs Warisan Donya]] [[UNESCO]].<ref name="Warisan Donya"/> Port de la Lune ugi sinebat '''Plabuan Wulan''' dados wangunan tilaran awit 2000 taun kapengker, dados kutha krajan lan plabuan mirunggan ing regional lan internasional.<ref name="Warisan Donya"/> Parencanaan kitha lan arsitèktur kitha wiwit abad angka wolulas kanthi manunggalipun arsitèktur klasik lan néoklasik ingkang ndadosaken Port de la Lune minangka situs warisan donya.<ref name="Warisan Donya">{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1256|title=''Bordeaux, Port de la Lune'' |author=whc.unesco.org|year= |publisher=whc.unesco.org|access-date= 23 April 2013}}</ref> === Wisata Blanja === Kitha Bordeaux sampun dipunmangertosi minangka kitha kanthi piranti-piranti awis lan kathah wangunan toko.<ref name="Wisata Blanja"/> Ing Bordeaux wonten wewengkon blanja ingkang sinebat ''"Golden Triangle"'' utawi tigang emas, ingkang kapérang saking wewengon de l'intendance, cours Georges Clemenceau lan allées de Tourny.<ref name="Wisata Blanja"/> Manéka toko saking mérek kawentar wonten ing Bordeaux, kados: ''Hugo'', ''Boss'', ''Hermes'', lan ''Rolex''.<ref name="Wisata Blanja"/> Toko-toko ing Bordeaux limrahipun nganggé basa Prancis lan [[Inggris]].<ref name="Wisata Blanja"/> Sanèsipun toko, wonten [[réstoran]] lan tiyang sadéan [[anggur]].<ref name="Wisata Blanja">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g187079-s405/Bordeaux:France:Shopping.html|title=''Bordeaux: Shopping '' |author=tripadvisor.com|year= |publisher=tripadvisor.com|access-date= 22 April 2013}}</ref> Ing punjering Kitha Bordeaux madeg manéka [[toko]] lan [[mal]] ageng ingkang nyumadyaaken piranti mérek Prancis lan internasional ingkang sampun misuwur.<ref name="Wisata Blanja2"/> Kados kitha-kitha sanès ing Prancis, toko-toko alit ing Bordeaux awit enjing ngantos dalu.<ref name="Wisata Blanja2"/> Manawi mal lan supermarkèt dipunbikak 24 jam.<ref name="Wisata Blanja2"/> Toko ''Le Marche des Grands Hommes'' dipunbikak [[Senin]] ngantos [[Setu]] tabuh 10.00-20.00.<ref name="Wisata Blanja2"/> Dinten [[Minggu]] sapérangan ageng toko ing kitha punika dipuntutup.<ref name="Wisata Blanja2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.world-guides.com/bordeaux_shopping.html|title=''Bordeaux Shopping and Districts''|author=bordeaux.world-guides.com|year=|publisher=bordeaux.world-guides.com|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=28 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128051057/http://www.bordeaux.world-guides.com/bordeaux_shopping.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == [[Pangan|Kulinér]] == [[Gambar:Caneles Baillardan.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Roti ''Canneles Baillardan'', roti tradhisional Bordeaux.]] Amargi manggén ing sapinggiripun [[sagara]], kulinér utawi dhaharan kas Bordeaux kathah ingkang kadamel saking [[kerang]], [[tiram]], [[iwak|ulam]], [[lobster]], lan [[sato kéwan|kéwan]] sagara sanèsipun.<ref name="Kulinér"/> Dhaharan Bordeaux '''Lamproie a la Bordelaise''', satunggaling kulinér klasik wiwit jaman [[Romawi]], dipundamel saking welut laut, anggur, lan bumbu.<ref name="Kulinér3">{{cite web|url=http://www.mycitycuisine.org/wiki/Lamproie_a_la_Bordelaise|title=''Lamproie a la Bordelaise''|author=mycitycuisine.org|year=|publisher=mycitycuisine.org|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-date=21 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621045440/http://www.mycitycuisine.org/wiki/Lamproie_a_la_Bordelaise|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kulinér Bordeaux ingkang kadamel saking [[daging]] [[wedhus|menda]] namanipun ''agneau de Pauillac''.<ref name="Kulinér"/> Wonten ugi dhaharan ingkang kadamel saking [[bekicot]] ingkang dipunmasak campur kaliyan [[anggur]], [[tomat]], lan bahan sanèsipun.<ref name="Kulinér"/> Kulinér Bordeaux ingkang awujud [[roti]] kados ''marrons Glaces'', ''noisettines du Medoc'', lan [[hazelnut]] panggang.<ref name="Kulinér"/> Roti tradhisional Bordeaux namanipun roti ''Canneles Baillardan'' ingkang raosipun manis.<ref name="Kulinér">{{cite web|url=http://www.winetour-france.com/bordeaux-food.asp|title=''Food & Cuisine in BORDEAUX''|author=winetour-france.com|year=|publisher=winetour-france.com|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-date=8 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208234145/http://winetour-france.com/bordeaux-food.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kulinér saking Bordeaux sanèsipun kados '''Saus Bordelaise''', ingkang dipundamel saking [[anggur]] [[abang|abrit]], coklat, brambang abrit, lan bumbu.<ref name="Kulinér2"/> Manawi dhahar Saus Bordelaise limrahipun dipuntambahi stik panggang.<ref name="Kulinér2">{{cite web |url=http://www.hillmanwonders.com/cuisines/bordeaux_cuisine.htm|title=''Bordeaux cuisine'' |author=hillmanwonders.com|year= |publisher=hillmanwonders.com|access-date= 24 April 2013}}</ref> == Kitha Kembar == Bordeaux gadhah [[kitha kembar]] kaliyan: {|class="wikitable" |-valign="top" | * {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Bristol]], [[Inggris]], wiwit [[1947]]<ref name="Kembarr">{{cite web |url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/node/1630|title=''Twinning '' |author=bristol.gov.uk|year= |publisher=bristol.gov.uk|access-date= 22 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Lima]], [[Peru]], wiwit [[1957]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec City]], [[Kanadha]], wiwit [[1962]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Munich]], [[Jerman]], wiwit [[1964]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Los Angeles]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]], wiwit [[1968]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> || * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Porto]], [[Portugal]], wiwit [[1978]]<ref name="Kembarr5"/><ref name="Kembarr2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-porto.pt/document/449218/481584.pdf|title=''International Relations of the City of Porto''|author=cm-porto.pt|year=|publisher=cm-porto.pt|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=13 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113054303/http://www.cm-porto.pt/document/449218/481584.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Fukuoka]], [[Jepang]], wiwit [[1982]]<ref name="Kembarr4">{{cite web |url=http://www.wa-pedia.com/japan-guide/fukuoka.shtml|title=''Fukuoka & Hakata 福岡・博多'' |author=wa-pedia.com|year= |publisher=wa-pedia.com|access-date= 22 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Bilbao]], [[Spanyol]] wiwit [[2000]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spanyol, wiwit [[1984]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|Israèl}} [[Ashdod]], [[Israèl]], wiwit [[1984]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> || * {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], wiwit [[1985]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|Morocco}} [[Casablanca]], [[Moroko]], wiwit [[1988]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Ruslan]], wiwit [[1993]]<ref name="Kembarr5"/><ref name="Kembarr3">{{cite web|url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities|title=''Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties''|author=eng.gov.spb.ru|year=|publisher=eng.gov.spb.ru|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=24 February 2009|archive-url=https://archive.ph/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Oran]], [[Aljazair]], wiwit [[2003]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Zahlé]], [[Lebanon]], wiwit [[2006]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5"/> * {{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Samsun]], [[Turki]], wiwit [[2010]]<ref name="Kembarr4"/><ref name="Kembarr5">{{cite web|url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international|title=''Rayonnement européen et mondial''|author=bordeaux.fr|year=|publisher=bordeaux.fr|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Logo Bordeaux == {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" class="wikitable" |-valign="top" |align="center" style="padding:8px"|[[Gambar:Three-Crescents-Diane-Poitiers-multicolored.svg|100px|alt=Bordeaux]] |width="100%" style="padding:8px"|'''Bordeaux''' * Logo Bordeaux ingkang sapunika awujud tigang gegaman ''crescent'' kados wulan sabit ingkang kagabung.<ref name="Lambang"/> Logo punika nggambaraken wulan lan pralambanging plabuan Bordeaux.<ref name="Lambang">{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p6931 |title=''Les petites armoiries'' |author=bordeaux.fr |year= |publisher=bordeaux.fr |access-date=23 April 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702232754/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p6931 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{Clr}} == Cathetan suku == {{reflist|2}} == Pranala njawi == * [http://www.bordeaux-tourisme.com/uk/bordeaux_patrimoine_mondial/introduction/bordeaux_patrimoine_mondial_index.html ''Bordeaux World Heritage'' (Bordeaux Warisan Budaya Donya)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429195117/http://www.bordeaux-tourisme.com/uk/bordeaux_patrimoine_mondial/introduction/bordeaux_patrimoine_mondial_index.html |date=2013-04-29 }} * {{fr}}[http://www.bordeaux.fr/ Website Kitha Bordeaux] * {{fr}}[http://www.bordeaux.fr/ Bordeaux] {{Commons|Bordeaux}} {{Wikivoyage|Bordeaux}} {{artikel pilihan}} [[Kategori:Kutha ing Prancis]] [[Kategori:Situs Warisan Donya ing Prancis]] owxic3pzesg43pv9t50u3kde0qj4g9m 0 107336 1749088 1655289 2026-05-17T10:34:32Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Wiki-ID - 9 February 2014 - Wikipediawan membuat Biopori.JPG|thumb|Wikipediawan gawé Biopori|250px]] '''Bolongan resepan biopori''' ya iku métodhe resepan banyu kang katujokake kanggo ngatasi genengan banyu kanthi cara ningkatake daya resep banyu ing lemah. Métodhe iki dicetusake déning [[Kamir Brata|Dr. Kamir R Brata]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.biopori.com/tim.php |title = Tim Biopori |access-date = 2014-10-21 |archive-date = 2014-02-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140217203726/http://www.biopori.com/tim.php |url-status = dead }}</ref> salah sijiné peneliti saka [[Institut Pertanian Bogor]]. Peningkatan daya resep banyu ing lemah, ditindakaken kanthi gawé bolongan ing lemah lan ditumpuki [[sampah organik]] kanggo ngasilaké kompos. Sampah organik iki candhaké nguripi [[fauna]] lemah, lan candhaké bisa nyipta pori-pori ing jero lemah. Teknologi prasaja iki candhaké diarani ''biopori''. Saliyané IPB kang dadi inventor biopori, manéka kampus liya, saikine wis wiwit gawé biopori kanggo penghijauan.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://kampus.okezone.com/read/2014/01/21/373/929523/undip-kampus-terhijau-ke-3-di-indonesia |title = Undip Kampus Terhijau ke-3 di Indonésia |date = 21 Januari 2014 |publisher = Okezone |access-date = 2014-10-21 |archive-date = 2014-03-22 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140322055050/http://kampus.okezone.com/read/2014/01/21/373/929523/undip-kampus-terhijau-ke-3-di-indonesia |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.solopos.com/2014/01/22/gagasan-pengelolaan-kampus-ramah-lingkungan-483977 |title = Pengelolaan Kampus Ramah Lingkungan |publisher= Sala Pos |date = 21 Januari 2014}}</ref> Saperagan [[BUMN]], perusahaan swasta, stasiun télévisi, biro ariwarta, nganti individu wis gawé biopori manéka tema mligi [[Hari Bumi]] 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.antaranews.com/berita/430884/lkbn-antara-lampung-dapat-penghargaan-konservasi-air |title = LKBN Antara Lampung dapat pangaji-aji konservasi air |date = 24 April 2014 |publisher = Antara}}</ref> == Manfaat == Biopori duwé manfaat kanthi ékologi lan lingkungan, ya iku ngambakake babagan panyerepan banyu, minangka penanganan limbah organik, lan ningkatake keséhatan lemah. Saliyané iku, biopori uga duwé manfaat kanthi [[arsitèktur lanskap]] amarga wis digunakaké minangka jejangkep [[pertamanan]] ing manéka omah gedhong lan omah minimalis kang ngecakaké konsèp ''rumah hijau''. Biopori saikine dadi jejangkep penerapan kebijakan amba minimum [[''ruwang terbuka hijau'']] ing perkotaan bebarengan karo [[tetanèn urban]].<ref>{{cite book |url = http://books.google.co.id/books?isbn=9792271856 |title = RTH tiga puluh persèn! resolusi kutha hijau |author = Nirwono Joga, Iwan Ismaun |date = 2011 |publisher = Gramedia Pustaka Utama |isbn = 9792271856}}</ref> Malah pamaréntah [[Kutha Sukabumi]] nganjurake ruwang ''terbuka hijau'' duwé biopori.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.neraca.co.id/article/40042/-Pemkot-Awasi-Pengembang-Terkait-Perijinan |title = Pemkot Awasi Pengembang Terkait Perijinan |publisher = Neraca |date = 28 Maret 2014 |access-date = 2014-10-21 |archive-date = 2018-08-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214615/http://www.neraca.co.id/article/40042/-Pemkot-Awasi-Pengembang-Terkait-Perijinan |url-status = dead }}</ref> == Uga delengen == {{portal|Pertanian}} * [[Degradasi lahan]] * [[Desertifikasi]] * [[Ekosistem tetanèn]] * [[Kelangkaan air]] * [[Manajemen sumber daya air]] * [[Salinisasi tanah]] * [[Sumur resapan]] == Réferènsi == {{reflist|2}} == Bahan wacan == *{{cite book |url = http://books.google.co.id/books?isbn=9790022093 |title = Lubang Resapan Biopori |author = Kamir R. Brata & Anne Nelistya |isbn = 9790022093 |publisher = Niaga Swadaya}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.biopori.com/ Situs resmi BioPori.com] [[Kategori:Lingkungan hidup]] [[Kategori:Inovasi Institut Pertanian Bogor]] femeeawf81j512vcoqsxug5taagzr9a 0 133873 1749056 1741007 2026-05-16T14:24:57Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Bunyèvsi | image = Bunjevac girl in Hungary.jpg | caption = Wanita Bunyèvsi ing Honggari | poptime = Ora dingertèni; bebrayan ing Sèrbi mbiwara yèn dhèwèké kagolong wong Bunjevci utawa wong Kroasia | region1 = Sèrbi | pop1 = 16.706 (sènsus 2011) | region2 = Honggari | pop2 = udakara 1.500 (sènsus 2001) | langs = Sèrbo-Kroasia (dhialèk Bunyèvsi) | rels = [[Gréja Katulik Roma|Katulik Roma]] | related = Wong Slav Kidul liyané }} '''Wong Bunyèvsi''' ({{IPA-hr|bǔɲeːʋtsi}} <small>or</small> {{IPA-hr|bǔːɲeːʋtsi|}}) ya iku golongan ètnis kang akèh-akèhé ndunungi wewengkon Bačka ing [[Sèrbi]] (provinsi  [[Vojvodina]]) lan [[Honggari]] Kidul (wewengkon Bács-Kiskun, mligi ing wewengkon Baja). Wong-wong iki bokmenawa asalé saka Hèrsegowina, kang banjur migrasi menyang Dalmatia, lan saka kana ngalih menyang Lika lan Bačka ing abad angka 16 lan angka 17. Wong Bunyèvsi kang manggon ing Bosnia lan Hèrsegowina dalah ing [[Kroasia]] saiki ing wektu iki nguri-uri jejuluk mangkono mligi minangka jatidhiri étno-régional tur asring ngaggep golongané minangka [[wong Kroasia]]. Wong Bunyèvsi nggilut [[Katulik Roma]] lan nyaturaké basa Sèrbo-Kroasia adhialèk Ikav kang duwé karakteristik arkais. Nalika abad angka 18 lan angka 19, golongan iki kapétung cukup akèh cacah jiwané ing Bačka Lor, nanging akèh kang nuli caruban karo wong Honggari. == Dhémografi == === Sèrbi === [[Gambar:Vojvodina_south_slavs.png|jmpl|251x251px|Bunyèvsi ing Vojvodina (sènsus 2002)]] Ing [[Sèrbi]], wong Bunyèvsi ndunungi Provinsi Swatantra [[Vojvodina]], akèh-akèhé ing iring Lor wewengkon Bačka. Bebrayané kapérang miturut afiliasi étnis. Ing sènsus 2011, ing babagan étnisitas, ana 16.706 pandunung Vojvodina kang mbiwara yèn golongané iku wong Bunyèvsi lan 47.033 minangka [[wong Kroasia]]. Ora kabèh [[wong Kroasia]] ing Vojvodina iku turunan wong Bunyèvsi. Golongan liyané kang gedhé ya iku [[wong Sokci|wong Soksi]]. Cacah jiwa wong Bunyèvsi kang paling akèh ing Sèrbi (9.235) dumunung ing [[Subotica|Subotika]], kutha pacarubané ètnis-ètnis. Kutha iki dadi punjering budaya lan pulitik wong Bunyèvsi. Laladan urban wong Bunyèvsi liyané kang wigati ya iku kutha [[Sombor]] (1.629). Désa-désa kang akèh didunungi wong Bunyèvsi kabèh kapernah ing wewengkon administratif kutha Subotika: * Ljutovo * Bikovo * Gornji Tavankut * Donji Tavankut * Đurđin * [[Mala Bosna]] * Stari Žednik * Bajmok === Honggari === Kutha lan désa ing Honggari kanthi akèh pandunung wong Bunyèvsi (jeneng pamukiman ing dhialèk Bunyèvsi ana ing sajeroné kurung) ya iku: * Baja (263 saka 37.916) * Gara (201 saka 2.683) * Katymár (''Kaćmar'') (136 saka 2.359) Désa-désa kang duk nguni sapérangané didunungi akèh wong Bunyèvsi, nanging saiki amung kurang saka 70 pandunungé kang wong Bunyèvsi ya iku: * Csávoly (''Čavolj'') * Felsőszentiván (''Gornji Sveti Ivan, Gornji Sentivan'') * Bácsalmás (''Aljmaš'') * Csikéria (''Čikerija'') * Bácsbokod (''Bikić'') * Mátételke (''Matević'') * Vaskút (''Baškut, Vaškut'') == Étimologi == [[Gambar:Kazun,_Croatia.JPG|kiri|jmpl|<span>Omah </span>''Bunja'' ing Istria]] Ana sawenèh ancangan ngenani mula bukané jeneng golongan wong iki. Ancangan kang paling kondhang ya iku yèn jenengé purwané saka Kali Buna ing Hèrsegowina tengah, kang tanah wutah getihé leluriné wong Bunyèvsi sadurungé migrasi. Étimologi iki kapisan diusulaké Fr. Marijan Lanosović lan disengkuyung Vuk Karadžić, Rudolf Horvat, Ivan Ivanić, Ivan Antonović, István Iványi, lan Mijo Mandić. Ancangan liyané ngandharaké yèn jeneng mau purwané saka istilah ''Bunja'', omah watu tradhisional asal Dalmatia. Ing dhialèk Bunyèvsi, jenengé golongan étnis iki ''Bunjevci'' (diucapaké {{IPA-sh|bǔɲeʋtsi}}), ing [[basa Kroasia]] ''Bunjevci'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hjp.srce.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=f11nWBY%3D&keyword=Bunjevci |title=Bunjevci |publisher=Hrvatski jezični portal}}</ref> ing [[Basa Serbia|basa Sèrbi]] Буњевци utawa ''Bunjevci'', ing [[Basa Hongaria|basa Honggari]] ''bunyevácok'', lan ing [[basa Jerman]] ''Bunjewatzen''. == Ing wektu iki == === Ing Honggari === Ing Honggari, wong Bunyèvsi ora dianggep golongan minoritas; pamarèntah kana nganggep golongan wong iki padha karo wong Kroasia. Rikala April 2006, kumpulan Bunyèvsi prakarsani pangumpuling tandha tangan kasarujukan nedya ngangkat Bunyèvsi dadi sawiji golongan minoritas kang séjé. Ing Honggari, 1.000 tandha tangan kang sah dibutuhaké supaya sawiji golongan étnis minoritas bisa kacathet dalah diakoni sujarahé. Ing pungkasaning 60 dina, wektu kang diwenèhaké kanggo ngayahi prakarsa iku, punjul 2.000 tandha tangan kasih diolèhaké. Udakara 1.700 tandha tangan dianggep sah déning kantor setèman nasional. Parlemèn Budapèst tumuli diwatesi tekan Januari 2007 saperlu ngrampungaké prakara iku sarana nampa utawa nulak usulan mangkono. Durung ana prakarsa sairib kang kasil tekan samana kawit kukum bab minoritas disahaké ing taun 1992.<ref>[http://forum.index.hu/Article/showArticle?na_start=0&na_step=30&t=9130749&na_order= Nemzetiségi elismerést a bunyevácoknak – Index Fórum<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> Ing 18 Dhésèmber, Majelis Nasional Honggari nulak prakarsa iku (kanthi wong 334 milih Ora lan wong 18 milih Iya). Putusan iku dhedhasar kajian Akadhemi Kawruh Honggari kang mungkiri wong Bunyèvsi minangka golongan ètnis swatantra. Ing kajian iku kapratèlaké yèn wong Bunyèvsi iku sawijining subètnis Kroasia). Péhak oposisiné para pangarep minoritas Kroasia uga mrabawani asiling pamilihan<ref>[http://www.mkogy.hu/internet/plsql/ogy_irom.irom_adat?p_ckl=38&p_izon=960 Iromány adatai<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> lan panemuné Akadhemi Kawruh Honggari.<ref>{{pdf| {{hr icon}} [http://www.croatica.hu/fileadmin/glasnik/2007/glasnik03internet.pdf Hrvatski glasnik br.3] Odbijena narodna inicijativa... , Jan 18, 2007|714KB}}</ref> == Réferènsi == {{reflist|2}} == Waca uga == *{{cite journal|title=Hungarian views of the Bunjevci in Habsburg times and the inter-war period|author=Weaver Eric Beckett|journal=Balcanica |year=2011 |volume=42 |pages=77–115|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531142077W}} == Pranala njaba == {{commons category|Bunjevci}} * [http://www.bunjevci.com/ Bunyèvsi.com] * [http://www.matijagubec.org.rs/ Bunyèvsi HKPD Matija Gubec Tavankut] * {{hr icon}} [http://www.matica.hr/HRRevija/revija2005_3.nsf/AllWebDocs/bunjevci Hrvatska revija br. 3/2005.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208014003/http://www.matica.hr/HRRevija/revija2005_3.nsf/AllWebDocs/bunjevci |date=2012-02-08 }} Proslava 250. obljetnice doseljavanja veće skupine Bunjevaca (1686.-1936.) – Bunyèvsi u jugoslavenskoj državi * {{hr icon}} [http://www.hic.hr/books/jugoistocna-europa/sekulic.htm HIC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030117/http://www.hic.hr/books/jugoistocna-europa/sekulic.htm |date=2015-09-24 }} Međunarodni znanstveni skup "Jugoistočna Europa 1918.-1995." * [http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/bunjevci.html The Croatian Bunyèvsi] * {{hr icon}} [http://www.senj.hr/Dogadjaji/Bunjevci_muzej_Senj.htm Bunyèvsi in Senj (Croatia)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002104/http://www.senj.hr/Dogadjaji/Bunjevci_muzej_Senj.htm |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://govori.tripod.com/ivanic_o_bunjevcima.htm Ivan Ivanić: O Bunyèvsima (Subotica, 1894)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723113252/http://govori.tripod.com/ivanic_o_bunjevcima.htm |date=2011-07-23 }} * {{hr icon}} [http://bunjevac.com www.bunjevac.com – Bunjevac Dubravko Kopilović – Vinkovci – Hrvatska – Croatia (Vinkovci, 2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230222/http://bunjevac.com/ |date=2011-08-12 }} * [http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-7653/2011/0350-76531142077W.pdf Representations of Bunyèvsi in Hungary] [[Kategori:Wong Bunyèvsi]] [[Kategori:Bačka]] [[Kategori:Wong Kroasia]] [[Kategori:Wong Kroasia ing Honggari]] [[Kategori:Wong Kroasia ing Vojvodina]] [[Kategori:Golongan ètnik ing Bosnia lan Hércegovina]] [[Kategori:Golongan ètnik ing Kroasia]] [[Kategori:Golongan ètnik ing Honggari]] [[Kategori:Golongan ètnik ing Sèrbi]] [[Kategori:Golongan ètnik ing Balkan]] [[Kategori:Golongan ètnik ing Vojvodina]] [[Kategori:Golongan étnoagama ing Éropah]] [[Kategori:Golongan ètnik Slav]] [[Kategori:Wong Slav miturut ètnisitas]] [[Kategori:Wong Slav kidul]] [[Kategori:Wong Vlasi ing Kroasia]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani]] or7e307bt3r53zb4zhaaatonq99bhzq 0 140497 1749062 1623915 2026-05-16T19:27:49Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3G''' utawa '''''Third Generation''''' (cara Jawa: Gènerasi Katelu) iku [[tèknologi]] komunikasi mobah (sèlulèr) kang dadi lanjutané gènerasi [[2G]].<ref name="Abhi">{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/3099956/Generations_of_Wireless_Communication._From_0G_to_5G_Abhi |title=Generations of Wireless Communication. From 0G to 5G {{!}} Abhi |website=Academia |language = Inggris |access-date=20 Juli 2017}}</ref> 3G diwanuhaké taun 2002.<ref name="Abhi"/> Layanan kang ditawaraké tèknologi 3G luwih akèh, luwih amba, tur luwih maju tinimbang tèknologi sadurungé, kamangka momotan jaringané bisa lumaku kanthi spèktrum kang èfisièn.<ref name="Abhi"/> Layanan kang ditawaraké nglimputi tilpun swara, tilpun [[vidéo|vidhio]], lan ''broadband wireless data'' (pangirimé dhata kanthi nirkabel), kang sakabèhé lumaku ana ing kukuban mobah.<ref name="Abhi"/> Lumantar 3G, panganggo tilpun sèlulèr bisa ngaksès menyang [[Internèt]] kanthi rikat 384 kbps nalika pinuju lumaku, 128 kpbs nalika ing [[mobil]], lan 2 Mbps nalika mapan.<ref name="webopedia">{{cite web |url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/3/3G.html |title=3G |website=Webopedia |language=Indonésia |access-date=20 Juli 2017 |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813141442/https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/3/3G.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana ing gènerasi 2G, tèknologi komunikasi mobah kapérang dadi vèrsi GSM lan CDMA. Ana ing gènerasi 3G, GSM didandani dadi UMTS, déné CDMA didandani dadi EvDO. Kalebu layanan 3G ya iku HSPA (3.5G) kang bisa ngirim dhata nganti rikat 14.4 Mbit/s (ngundhuh) lan 5.8 Mbit/s (ngunggah). Ing Indonésia, ''Direktorat Jenderal Pos dan Telekomunikasi'' lumantar lélang mutusaké ana operator sèlulèr cacah telu kang tinanggenah nyekel lisènsin pangembangé tèknologi 3G, ya iku [[Telkomsel]], Excelcomindo Pratama, lan Indosat.<ref name="ITB">{{cite web|url=https://www.itb.ac.id/news/1144.xhtml|title=Seminar Bisnis Wireless 2006: “3G and or versus Wimax”|website=ITB.ac.id|language=Indonésia|access-date=20 Juli 2017}}</ref> == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 1]] gls53n2eabxo29c9615ee4qiyacoay8 0 145177 1749058 1699895 2026-05-16T15:36:09Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox CVG system |logo = [[Gambar:Vectorial Xbox logo.svg|75px]] |image = [[Gambar:Xbox console.png|250px]] |caption =Konsol Xbox dan kontroler tipe S. |manufacturer = [[Microsoft]] |family = Xbox |type=[[Konsol permainan]] |os= Khusus (berdasarkan arsitektur [[Windows NT]] dan [[Windows XP]] (melalui Xbox Live)) |generation=[[Sejarah konsol permainan video (generasi keenam)|Generasi keenam]] |lifespan={{vgrelease|NA=15 November 2001}}{{vgrelease|JP=22 Februari 2002}}{{vgrelease|PAL=14 Maret 2002}} |discontinued = {{vgrelease|JP=2007}}{{vgrelease|NA=2009}}{{vgrelease|EU=2008}} |GPU=[[nVIDIA]] [[NV2A]] 233&nbsp;MHz |médhia=[[DVD]], [[CD]], [[Xbox Live Arcade|daring]] |storage=[[Cakram padat]] internal sebesar 8 atau 10 GB (diformat menjadi 8 GB untuk keperluan sistem dan MS Dash), [[kartu memori]] 8 MB |controllers=4 × port kontroler Xbox (antarmuka [[USB]] khusus) |connectivity=[[Fast Ethernet|100 Mbit Ethernet]] |online service=[[Xbox Live]] |CPU=Prosesor [[Intel]] [[Pentium III]] 733 MHz khusus (berbasis Coppermine) |RAM=[[SDRAM]] 64 MB @200 MHz |units sold=24+ juta unit <small>(per 10 Mei 2006)</small><ref name="gamers_catch">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbox.com/zh-SG/community/news/2006/20060510.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621155352/http://www.xbox.com/zh-SG/community/news/2006/20060510.htm |archivedate=2008-06-21 |title=Gamers Catch Their Breath as Xbox 360 and Xbox Live Reinvent Next-Generation Gaming |accessdate=2009-03-30 |date=2006-05-10 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |url-status=live }}</ref> |units shipped= |top game=''[[Halo 2]]'' (8 juta unit per 9 Mei 2006)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/09/technology/e3_microsoft/index.htm | publisher=CNN | accessdate=2008-07-16 | first=Chris | last=Morris | title=Grand Theft Auto, Halo 3 headed to Xbox 360 | date=2006-05-09 | archive-date=2012-01-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119190603/http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/09/technology/e3_microsoft/index.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> |successor=[[Xbox 360]] }} {{Dedicated video game consoles}} '''Xbox''' yaiku [[konsol dolanan]] generasi keenem sing gawé déning [[Microsoft]]. Konsol iki dirilis tanggal [[15 November]] [[2001]] ing [[Amerika Utara]], [[22 Februari]] [[2002]] ing [[Jepang]], lan [[14 Maret]] [[2002]] ing [[Eropa]] lan [[Australia]]. Xbox kuwi konsol wiwitan sadurungé [[Xbox 360]] lan dadi konsol pertama sing digawé Microsoft kanggo kpnsol dolanan. Konsol iki saingan karo [[PlayStation 2]], [[Dreamcast]], lan [[Nintendo GameCube]]. Xbox iki bisa kanggo main bebarengan kanthi [[online|joring]] karo juru main-juru main liyané nang jaringan internet.<ref name="gamerscoreblog1">{{cite web|url=http://www.xbox.com/en-US/Press/archive/2010/0205-whittenletter |title=Xbox Press : A Letter from Marc Whitten: Discontinuation of Xbox Live for Original Xbox Games |publisher=Xbox.com |date=2010-02-05 |accessdate=2010-11-11}}</ref> == Deleng uga == * [[Nintendo]] * [[Playstasion]] * [[Dreamcast]] ==Réferènsi== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Konsol gim]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 2]] 23203vy2wnxxjct5njwah48byc7912p 0 149955 1749067 1692370 2026-05-16T23:19:02Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Alphonse Areola | image = Alphonse Areola 20110724.jpg | image_size = 200 | caption = Areola with [[Paris Saint-Germain]] in 2011 | fullname = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|2|27|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Paris]], Prancis | height = {{height|m=1.95}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.psg.fr/effectif/alphonse-areola?season=2017|title=Alphonse Areola Player Profile|website=Paris Saint-Germain|accessdate=18 August 2017|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818174725/https://en.psg.fr/effectif/alphonse-areola?season=2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | clubnumber = 16 | youthyears1 = 1999–2006 | youthclubs1 = Petits Anges | youthyears3 = 2006–2012 | youthclubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain Academy|Paris Saint-Germain]] | youthyears4 = 2008–2009 | youthclubs4 = → [[Clairefontaine|INF Clairefontaine]] (silihan) | years1 = 2012– | clubs1 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps1 = 36 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2013–2014 | clubs2 = → [[RC Lens|Lens]] (silihan) | caps2 = 35 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2014–2015 | clubs3 = → [[SC Bastia|Bastia]] (silihan) | caps3 = 35 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2015–2016 | clubs4 = → [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] (silihan) | caps4 = 32 | goals4 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2008–2009 | nationalteam1 = [[France national under-16 football team|Prancis U16]] | nationalcaps1 = 14 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2009–2010 | nationalteam2 = [[France national under-17 football team|Prancis U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 10 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2010–2011 | nationalteam3 = [[France national under-18 football team|Prancis U18]] | nationalcaps3 = 4 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2011–2012 | nationalteam4 = [[France national under-19 football team|Prancis U19]] | nationalcaps4 = 8 | nationalgoals4 = 0 | nationalyears5 = 2012–2013 | nationalteam5 = [[France national under-20 football team|Prancis U20]] | nationalcaps5 = 16 | nationalgoals5 = 0 | nationalyears6 = 2013–2014 | nationalteam6 = [[France national under-21 football team|Prancis U21]] | nationalcaps6 = 9 | nationalgoals6 = 0 | club-update = 17 January 2018 | nationalteam-update = 17 November 2014 }} '''Alphonse Areola''' ({{IPA-fr|alfɔ̃s aʁeɔla|lang}};<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1O8YjnUkZo|title=ALPHONSE AREOLA - Gauche / Droite|website=[[YouTube]]|date=10 December 2016|accessdate=20 January 2018}}</ref> lair 27 Fèbruari 1993) ya iku juru main [[bal-balan]] profèsional [[Prancis]] sing main minangka kiper kanggo klub [[Ligue 1]] [[Paris Saint-Germain FC]]. Lulusan akademi PSG, dhèwèké miwiti bagian awal kariré kanthi dadi juru main silihan, main ing klub Lens, Bastia lan La Liga, Villarreal. Ing mangsa kasebut, Areola mecah rékor klub kanggo périodhe paling dawa tanpa kegolan, ora kalah ing wektu 620 menit. Dhèwèké uga makili Prancis ing saben tingkat nom-noman lan minangka bageyan saka tim U20 Prancis sing menangaké [[Piala Donya FIFA]] U-20 ing taun 2013. ==Karir klub== ===Paris Saint-Germain=== ====Karir wiwitan==== Areola wiwit main ing bal-balan nalika umur enem taun kanggo [[Entente Sportive des Petits Anges]] lan nggabung pitung taun ing klub lokal sadurungé lumebu ing Liga 1, Paris Saint-Germain. Nalika Areola umur 15 taun, amarga saran saka pelatih ing Paris, dhèwèké pindhah menyang pusat bal-balan Clairefontaine kanggo ngembangaké bakaté. Dhèwèké mulih menyang PSG taun sabanjuré lan lumebu kontrak profésional pisanan karo klub [[Paris]] iki ng Juli 2009, kanthi tandha tangan kontrak telung taun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.africatopsports.com/2013/07/11/alphonse-areola-la-biographie/|title=Alphonse Areola: La Biographie|website=Africa Top Sports|date=11 July 2013|accessdate=20 January 2018|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824184651/http://www.africatopsports.com/2013/07/11/alphonse-areola-la-biographie/|url-status=dead}}{{fr icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.psg.fr/fr/Article/003001/Article/45531/Premier-contrat-pro-pour-Areola|title=Premier Contrat Pro Pour Areola|website=Paris Saint-Germain Football Club|date=3 July 2016|accessdate=20 January 2018|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183736/http://www.psg.fr/fr/Article/003001/Article/45531/Premier-contrat-pro-pour-Areola|url-status=dead}}{{fr icon}}</ref> ==Pranala njawi== * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/alphonse-areola/profil/spieler/120629 ''Profil Alphonse Areola''] (ing Basa Inggris). ==Rujukan== f8ex5b40z9qep5exbcyl7j5w1wexzyk 0 154649 1749065 1743679 2026-05-16T22:51:10Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Alexis Tsipras | native_name = {{lang|el|Αλέξης Τσίπρας}} | image = Alexis Tsipras in Moscow 2.jpg | office = [[Pangarep Oposisi (Yunani)|Pangarep Oposisi]] | status = | primeminister = [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] | term_start = 8 Juli 2019 | term_end = 29 Juni 2023 | predecessor = [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] | succeeded = | successor = | primeminister1 = Antonis Samaras | term_start1 = 20 Juni 2012 | term_end1 = 26 Januwari 2015 | predecessor1 = Antonis Samaras | successor1 = Antonis Samaras | office2 = [[Nayakotama Yunani]] | president2 = [[Prokopis Pavlopoulos]] | deputy2 = [[Yannis Dragasakis]] | term_start2 = 21 Sèptèmber 2015 | term_end2 = 8 Juli 2019 | predecessor2 = [[Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou|Vassiliki Thanou]] | successor2 = [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] | president3 = [[Karolos Papoulias]]<br>[[Prokopis Pavlopoulos]] | deputy3 = [[Yannis Dragasakis]] | term_start3 = 26 Januwari 2015 | term_end3 = 27 Agustus 2015 | predecessor3 = [[Antonis Samaras]] | successor3 = [[Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou|Vassiliki Thanou]] | office4 = [[Mantri Jaban Rangkah (Yunani)|Mantri Jaban Rangkah]] | term_start4 = 20 Oktober 2018 | term_end4 = 15 Fèbruwari 2019 | predecessor4 = [[Nikos Kotzias]] | successor4 = [[Georgios Katrougalos]] | office5 = Lurah ing [[Syriza]] | term_start5 = 7 Sèptèmber 2009 | term_end5 = 29 Juni 2023 | predecessor5 = [[Alekos Alavanos]] | successor5 = [[Stefanos Kasselakis]] | party = [[Parté Kuminis Yunani|Parté Kuminis]] (sadurung 1991)<br>[[Synaspismos]] (1991–2013)<br>[[Syriza]] (2013–) | otherparty = [[Parté Kiwa Éropah]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|7|28}} | birth_place = [[Athína]], [[Yunani]] | death_date = | death_place = | partner = [[Peristera Baziana]] | children = 2 | residence = [[Maximos Mansion]] | education = [[Universitas Tèhnologi Nasiyonal Athína]] | signature = Alexis Tsipras Signature (Greece prime minister).svg }} '''Alexis Tsipras''' ([[Basa Yunani|Yunani]]: Αλέξης Τσίπρας; lair 28 [[Juli]] 1974)<ref name="Huffington Post">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/26/alex-tsipras-profile_n_6547474.html|title=What You Need To Know About Alexis Tsipras, The Greek Leader Who Wants To Change Europe|date=26 Januari 2015|publisher=Huffington Post}}</ref> iku pulitikus Yunani kang lungguh minangka Nayakotama Yunani kawit 2015 nganti 2019. Minangka wong sosialis, Tsipras dadi pangarepé parté pulitik Yunani aran SYRIZA 2009 nganti 2023 Tsipras lair ing Athína ing 1974. Dhèwèké lumebu Kanoman Kuminis Yunani ing wekasané dasawarsa 1980. Ing wiwitané dasawarsa 1990, dhèwèké giyat ing jagat pulitik mligi minangka juru wicara ing protès-protès kang nulak rancangan owah-owahan gedhèn-gedhèn tumrap pangajaran. Dhèwèké nyinau tèhnik sipil ing Universitas Tèhnik Kabangsan Athína, lulus ing 2000, lan nerusaké sarjana ing babagan tata kutha lan wewengkon. Dhèwèké nyambut gawé minangka insinyur sipil ing indhustri yeyasan kang kapernah ing Athína. Saka 1999 nganti 2003, Tsipras dadi panitra Kanoman Synaspismos. Dhèwèké tinanggenah lid Panitya Pokok Synaspismos ing 2004, banjur lumebu ing Kapanitran Pulitisé Synaspismos. Ing pilihan umum enggonan 2006, dhèwèké minangka caloné SYRIZA kanggo kalungguhan Walikutha Athína lan menang 10,5%. Ing 2008, dhèwèké kapilih dadi pangarepé SYRIZA, nggantèni Alekos Alavanos. Dhèwèké tembé kapilih lumebu Parlemèn Yunani, makili Athína A, ing 2009 lan kapilih manèh ing Mèi lan Juni 2012, banjur dadi Pangarepé Oposisi lan yasa kabinèt wayangan. Ing Januwari 2015, SYRIZA kanthi dipandhégani Tsipras menangaké pilihan umum lègislatif, olèh 149 saka 300 kursi ing Parlemèn Yunani lan nggawé kowalisi karo Parté Rakyat Yunani Mardika (Yunani: Ανεξάρτητοι Έλληνες). Pitung sasi ndungkap mangsané linggih minangka Nayakotama, dhèwèké kélangan pérangan gedhéné sengkuyungané amarga ana pambaléla ing intraparté. Rikala 20 Agustus 2015, Tsipras sèrèh lan ngatur pilihan umum rikat kang kalakon ing sasi candhaké. Ing pilihan umum Sèptèmber 2015, SYRIZA bali menang lan olèh 145 saka 300 kursi lan mbalèni nata kowalisiné karo Parté Rakyat Yunani Mardika. Minangka Nayakotama, dhèwèké ngawasi rundhingan bab krisis utangé Pepréntahan Yunani. Dhèwèké uga miwiti réferèndhum kanggo nylametaké ékonominé Yunani nganggo dana talangan saka mancanagara (''bailout'') lan ngadhepi krisis wong ngungsi ing Éropah. In 2015, dhèwèké dipilih kalawarta ''TIME'' minangka salah siji saka 100 wong kang banget mrabawani ing jagat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/3823031/alexis-tsipras-2015-time-100/|title=Time 100 - Alexis Tsipras, by Pablo Iglesias - time.com|last=|first=|date=16 April 2015|accessdate=|publisher=|website=Alexis Tsipras {{!}} TIME}}</ref> Tsipras minangka Nayakotama Yunani sok kadakwa luput amarga kapeksa nampa rékadaya-rékadaya pangéman supaya nagarané slamet, nanging tandangé ora jumbuh karo jangjiné sadurungé pilihan umum. Dhèwèké uga kadakwa kang njalari masalah ékonomi Yunani sangsaya ndadra. Yunani wis kélangan 25% saka GDP-né kawit wiwité krisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.gr/2017/05/23/eidiseis-diethnes-politiki-o-tsipras--sti-lista-me-tous-pente-ligotero-dimofileis-arxigous-meta-ton-trump_n_16762864.html|title=Τime: O Tσίπρας στη λίστα με τους πέντε λιγότερο δημοφιλείς αρχηγούς, μετά τον Τραμπ|date=23 Mèi 2017|publisher=|access-date=17 Mèi 2018|archive-date=2018-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504091231/https://www.huffingtonpost.gr/2017/05/23/eidiseis-diethnes-politiki-o-tsipras--sti-lista-me-tous-pente-ligotero-dimofileis-arxigous-meta-ton-trump_n_16762864.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kala nom lan karir == Tsipras lair ing 28 Juli 1974 ing Athína. Kulawargané asli siji désa ing cedhak Babaeski ing tlatah Thraki Wétan ing Turki. Nalika kalakon konpènsi ijol warga antarané Turki lan Yunani, kulawargané kapeksa boyongan saka Turki menyang Yunani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/28076217.asp|title=Dünyanın konuştuğu Yunan lider Çipras, Babaeskili çıktı|work=[[Hürriyet]]|access-date=31 Januari 2015}}</ref> Bapaké aran Pavlos lair ing Epirus lan minangka kontraktor pagawéan gedhé tumrap praja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2015/01/26/alexis-tsipras-greece-new-prime-minister-profile-bio/|title=Alexis Tsipras: Who is Greece's New Prime Minister? (Full Profile & Bio) - GreekReporter.com|website=greece.greekreporter.com|access-date=17 Mèi 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/Vouleftes/Viografika-Stoicheia/?MPId=b57035f7-43e4-48e9-a541-b9d153eb5eab|publisher=[[Hellenic Parliament]]|language=Greek|script-title=el:Αλέξιος Παύλου Τσίπρας : ΠΡΟΕΔΡΟΣ ΤΗΣ Κ.Ο. ΤΟΥ ΣΥΝΑΣΠΙΣΜΟΥ ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑΣ ΒΟΥΛΕΥΤΗΣ Α' ΑΘΗΝΩΝ|access-date=16 Oktober 2010}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18059516|title=Profile: Alexis Tsipras, leader of Syriza|author=Andy Denwood|date=14 Mèi 2012|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Ibuné lair ing Eleftheroupoli.<ref name="KavalaNet">{{cite news|url=http://www.kavalanet.gr/enimerosi/news_static/1196294492.php|last=Apostolidis|first=Tasos|date=28 Novèmber 2007|work=KavalaNet|access-date=22 Mèi 2009|publisher=kavalanet.gr|language=Greek|script-title=el:Αλέξης Τσίπρας: "Καβαλιώτης" και μόλις 33 Μαΐων το φαβορί για την ηγεσία του ΣΥΝ|archive-date=2010-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824160056/http://www.kavalanet.gr/enimerosi/news_static/1196294492.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsipras lumebu Kanoman Kuminis Yunani ing wekasané dasawarsa 1980. Ing kawitané dasawarsa 1990, minangka murid Pamulangan Luhur Multidhisiplin Ampelokipoi, dhèwèké giyat ing kagiyatan pulitik kaya ta mbaléla lan ngejègi pamulangan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/profile-of-greek-prime-minister-alexis-tsipras-2015-7|title=How Greece's prime minister rose from high school activist to high politics|publisher=|access-date=17 Mèi 2018}}</ref> minangka panulaké tumrap ukum kang kontropèrsil wetoné Mantri Wiyata Vassilis Kontogiannopoulos. Tsipras dadi luwih kondhang minangka wakilé obah-obahan siswa kawit diundhang juru warta Anna Panagiotarea minangka dhayoh ing gelaran wicara télévisi. Sasuwéné wawan wicara, Panagiotarea kandha ora blaka yèn Tsipras ora burus anggoné mbélani hak siswa pamulangan madya lan luhur kanggo absèn tanpa perlu idin wong tuwa.<ref name="CV syn.gr"/> Ariwarta lan pulitikus oposisi sok nitik Tsipras ora sembada amarga nalika enom dhèwèké minangka aktipis murih bisaa pamulangan praja lelahanan (gratis), nanging nalika wis dadi Nayakotama dhèwèké luwih milih nyekolahaké anaké ing pamulangan swasta.<ref>[http://en.protothema.gr/tsipras-exploits-his-state-school-education-but-chooses-elitism-for-sons-pics/ "Tsipras exploits his state school education but chooses elitism for sons (pics)", ''Proto Thema'', Sep, 14 2015]</ref><ref>[https://www.eleftherostypos.gr/politiki/39399-aphonos-o-tsipras-stin-omilia-mitsotaki-sti-vouli-gia-tin-paideia/ "Άφωνος ο Τσίπρας στην ομιλία Μητσοτάκη στη Βουλή για την Παιδεία" (Speechless Tsipras during Mitsotakis' talk in the Parliament on education), Elefteros Typos, 28/09/16.] In Greek language.</ref> Tsipras sinau tèhnik sipil ing Universitas Tèhnik Kabangsan Athína (UTKA), lulusan 2000, sadurungé miwiti sinau pascasarjana bab tata kutha lan wewengkon sawisé njupuk MPhil antardhépartemèn ing Pamulangan Arsitèktur UTKA. Sinambi sinau ing pascasarjana, dhèwèké wiwit nyambut gawé minangka insinyur sipil ing bab indhustri yeyasan. Dhèwèké nulis sawenèh studhi lan proyèk mawa irah-irahan kutha Athína.<ref name="CV syn.gr">{{cite web|url=http://www.syn.gr/en/tsipras_alexis.htm |title=Alexis Tsipras |work=[[Synaspismos]] |publisher=syn.gr |access-date=22 Mèi 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612152851/http://www.syn.gr/en/tsipras_alexis.htm |archive-date=12 Juni 2011 }}</ref><ref name="studies-career syn.gr2">{{cite web|url=http://www.syn.gr/gr/keimeno.php?id=12438|date=21 Novèmber 2008|publisher=syn.gr|language=Greek|script-title=el:Σχόλιο Γραφείου Τύπου του ΣΥΝ για τις προσωπικές επιθέσεις εναντίον του Προέδρου του ΣΥΝ – Επισύναψη επιστολών|access-date=16 Oktober 2010}}</ref><ref name="cv greek (studies-projects)2">{{cite web|url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=89175|date=9 Oktober 2009|publisher=enet.gr|language=Greek|script-title=el:Αλέξης Τσίπρας|access-date=16 Oktober 2010}}</ref> Nalika mahasiswa, Tsipras mèlu jajaran obah-obahan kiping kiwa (''left wing'') mligi ing grup aran "Enceladus" (Yunani: Εγκέλαδος) kang giyat manèh. Minangka lid grup mau, dhèwèké banjur kapilih tumrap paheman èksekutif ing sarékat mahasiswa Pamulangan Tèhnik Sipil UTKA lan tumindak minangka wakil mahasiswa ing Sénat Universitas. Saka 1995 tekan 1997, dhèwèké minangka lid pethingan ing Rad Séntral saka Sarékat Mahasiswa Kabangsan Yunani (EFEE).<ref name="CV syn.gr"/> == Karir pulitik 1999-2015 == [[Gambar:Alexis_Tsipras3.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Tsipras ing [[Bologna]] mènèhi sesorah kanggo aliyansi The Other Europe.]] Sawisé Parté Kuminis Yunani metu saka kowalisi Synaspismos ing 1991, Tsipras panggah ing kowalisi iku. Ing Mèi 1999, dhèwèké dadi panitra kapisan ing golongan kanoman Synaspismos aran Kanoman Synaspismos. Ing mangsa iku, dhèwèké minangka sèntris. Mangkonoa, ing tembé nalika dadi lurahé Synaspismos, dhèwèké kasuwur ndhoyong marang kiping kiwa radhikal. Dhèwèké menang akèh pangaji nalika iku. Ing Nopèmber 2003, kalungguhané digantèni Tasos Koronakis lan dhèwèké ngalih menyang parté babon. Minangka panitra Kanoman Synaspismos, dhèwèké katut ing rékadaya yasa Forum Sosiyal Yunani lan akèh laku protès nulak [[Néoliberalisme|globalisasi néyoliberal]]. Ing Dhésèmber 2004 ing Konggrès Synaspismos 4, dhèwèké kapilih dadi lid Kumite Pulitik Séntral saha lid Kapanitran Pulitik parté iku. Ing Kapanitran Pulitik iku, dhèwèké minangka kang tanggung jawab ing babagan panggulawenthahan (pangajaran) lan kanoman.<ref name="CV syn.gr" /> Tsipras tembé lumebu ing pulitik Yunani ilèn baku (''mainstream'') ing mangsa pilihan umum enggonan 2006. Nalika iku, dhèwèké nyalonaké dadi Walikutha Athína sarana kampanyé "Anoihti Poli" (Yunani: Ανοιχτή Πόλη, "Kutha Binuka") saka parté SYRIZA. Dhèwèké olèh swara 10,51% saka warga Athína lan mandheg ing tataran katelu. Tsipras olèh kalungguhan ing rad [[Aténa|Kuthamadya Athína]] amarga jenengé kapacak ing urutan siji ing pratélané parté SYRIZA.<ref name="CV syn.gr" /><ref name="ANA-MPA candidate">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ana.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=3561435&maindocimg=3486542&service=102|title=Coalition selects A. Tsipras for Athens mayorship|work=[[ANA-MPA]]|access-date=22 Mèi 2009}}</ref> Dhèwèké ora nyalonaké dadi lid Parlemèn Yunani nalika pilihan umum 2007, nanging milih ngrampungaké mangsa kalungguhané minangka lid rad Kuthamadya Athína. Tsipras kapilih dadi lurahé Synaspismos ing konggrès kalima ing 10 Pèbruwari 2008 amarga lurah sadurungé, Alekos Alavanos, mutusaké sèlèh jalaran alesan pribadi.<ref name="ANA-MPA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ana.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=6137211&maindocimg=6135039&service=8|title=Tsipras new SYN leader, new CPC elected|work=[[ANA-MPA]]|access-date=26 April 2009|publisher=ana.gr}}</ref> Tsipras dadi lurah Synaspismos nalika umur 33, mula karan lurah enom dhéwé ing parté pulitik Yunani kawit 1931. Ing pilihan umum 2009, dhèwèké kapilih lumebu ing Parlemèn Yunani tumrap tlatah Athína A lan ing tembé kapilih mutlak dadi lurahé golongan parlemènter SYRIZA.<ref name="Parliament synthesis 2009 elections">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ana-mpa.gr/anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=8021532&maindocimg=8021551&service=143|date=9 Oktober 2006|work=[[ANA-MPA]]|access-date=9 Oktober 2009|language=Greek|script-title=el:Ανανέωση αλλά και ηχηρές απουσίες στη νέα Βουλή}}</ref><ref name="Head of SYRIZA Parliamentary group 2009-10">{{Cite news|url=http://www.athina984.gr/node/69377|title=Alexis Tsipras to head SYRIZA Parliamentary group|date=8 Oktober 2009|work=Athina 9.84 Municipal Radio|access-date=9 Oktober 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004711/http://www.athina984.gr/node/69377|archive-date=17 Juli 2011|url-status=dead|publisher=athina984.gr}}</ref> Tsipras mandhégani SYRIZA lumantar pilihan umum 2012, nyeksèni alihan swara 22% menyang parténé, lan dadi Pangarep Oposisi lan lurah Kabinèt Wayangan Alexis Tsipras. [[Gambar:SYN_5th_Congress.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Alexis Tsipras mènèhi sesorah minangka calon présidhèn ing Konggrès Synaspismos 5.]] Ing Dhésèmber 2013, Tsipras minangka calon kapisan kang diusulaké GUE/NGL (Kiwa Manunggal Éropah/Kiwa Ijo Nor) tumrap kalungguhan présidhèn ing Komisi [[Uni Éropah]]. Olèhé dicalonaké iku kanggo pilihan umum tumrap Parlemèn Éropah ing Mèi 2014 kang bakal ditindakaké nagara-nagara gegelitané Uni Éropah. Tsipras kampanye minangka siji-sijiné calon saka nagara-nagara tapel wates kidul. Ing kawitan Mèi 2014, ing siji sesorah ing [[Berlin]], dhèwèké njlèntrèhaké manéka rupa kalungguhané kanggo lumawan ilèn pulitik néyoliberal ing Éropah kang diwengku (didhominasi) [[Angela Dorothea Merkel|Merkel]]. Tsipras tetawa rancangan owah-owahan gedhé kang luwih becik tumrap wong Éropah kang bakal katon 10 taun bésuk. Dhèwèké nyebut péhak-péhak kang ora kuwawa nangani krisis ardana (''financial'') saka 2008 tekan 2014 kang njalari wong tuna karya akèhé ora kinira mligi ing Uni Éropah. Sesorahé nganggo basa Inggris ing arepé wong-wong Jerman lan kanggo kasiyaraké ing saindengé Éropah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alexistsipras.eu/index.php/8-news/163-tsipras-to-speak-at-die-linke-party-congress-in-berlin|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517214721/http://www.alexistsipras.eu/index.php/8-news/163-tsipras-to-speak-at-die-linke-party-congress-in-berlin|archive-date=17 Mèi 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref> Sanajan menang ing Yunani, kanthi menang enem saka 21 kursi Yunani ing [[Parlemèn Éropah]], GUE/NGL mandheg ing urutan kalima ing saindengé Éropah. == Nayakotama == === Mangsa kapisan (Januwari–Agustus 2015) === [[Gambar:Alexis_Tsipras_at_the_National_Resistance_Memorial,_Kaisariani.jpg|jmpl|Alexis Tsipras ndokok mawar abang ing Sasana Panambegan Kaisariani.]] SYRIZA nalika dipimpin Tsipras menang pilihan umum kang kagelar ing 25 Januwari 2015, sanajan kurang rong kursi supaya dadi mayoritas ing parlemèn. Ésuké, Tsipras ngadani mupakatan karo parté Yunani Mardika, kang kondhang minangka populis kiping tengen (''right wing''), saperlu yasa kowalisi. Ing dina kang padha, minangka Nayakotama kang enom dhéwé ing sajarah Yunani kawit 1865, dhèwèké dikepyakaké Présidhèn Karolos Papoulias nganggo ukara "Ingsun mratélakaké lumantar jeneng, kaurmatan, lan budi ingsun bilih sedya njunjung undhang-undhang lan ukum-ukumé."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsit.gr/politikh/greek-elections-alexis-tsipras-sworn-in-2601|title=Greek Elections: Alexis Tsipras sworn in as the new Greek Prime Minister|date=26 Januari 2015|website=newsit.gr|access-date=10 Fèbruari 2015}}</ref> Tsipras uga minangka nayakotama kapisan kang nganggo sumpah kalungguhan sipil, dudu sumpah kalungguhan agama. Kang mangkono nandhani sudané prabawané budaya upacara ortodhok Yunani.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2015/01/church-and-state-greece|title=A courteous distance|date=26 Januari 2015|work=[[The Economist]]|access-date=10 Fèbruari 2015}}</ref> Sanajan kandha yèn parténé isih sesambungan becik karo gréja, dhèwèké njalari gendra nalika patemon karo Mahabiskop Ieronymos. Tsipras mratélakaké yèn dhèwèké ora bakal nganggo sumpah kalungguhan agama amarga dhèwèké [[Atéisme|atéis]] kang ora pikrama sarana upacara agama lan ora mbaptis anak-anaké.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.protothema.gr/alexis-tsipras-met-with-archbishop-ieronymos/|title=Tsipras explanation to Archbishop over lack of religious oath of office|date=26 Januari 2015|website=[[Proto Thema]]|access-date=10 Fèbruari 2015}}</ref> Kang kapisan ditindakaké Tsipras sawisé kepyakan iku nekani Sasana Panambegan (''memorial'') Kaisariani. Dhèwèké ndokok mawar abang kanggo mèngeti wong 200 kang mbélani Yunani kang diperjaya [[Wehrmacht]] Jerman ing 1 Mèi 1944.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/alexis-tsipras-greece-syriza-kaisariani-nazi-german|title=Alexis Tsipras pays homage to Greek communists at site of Nazi atrocity|last=Helena Smith|date=26 Januari 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=14 Fèbruari 2015}}</ref> Ing patemon kapisan saka kabinèt anyar, Tsipras ngumumaké prakara-prakara kang kudu tinengenaké pepréntahan saperlu ngrampungi "krisis kamanungsan" ing Yunani, rundhingan-rundhingan karo Uni Éropah lan [[IMF]] kanggo ngambali nata utangé Yunani, lan pangecaké jangji-jangjiné SYRIZA kaya déné mbusek niti-niti swastanisasi saka pepréntahan sadurungé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/188956/anatropes-pantoy-allazoyn-ola-se-dei-paideia-dimosio-idiotikopoiiseis|title="Ανατροπές παντού -Αλλάζουν όλα σε ΔΕΗ, Παιδεία, Δημόσιο, ιδιωτικοποιήσεις" (Total recall - Everything changes in Public Power Corp., Education, Public Sector and privatizations)|website=iefimerida.gr|access-date=28 Januari 2015}}</ref> Ing 3 Pèbruwari, Tsipras nindakaké lawad prajan (''state visit'') resmi kang kapisan marang Nayakotama Itali Matteo Renzi ing [[Roma]]. Wong loro iku nggelar pasamuwan près (''press conference'') barengan kanggo nyatakaké rasa prihatiné tumrap rékadaya pangéman kang dicakaké Kumisi Juncker lan wènèh panemu manawa undhak-undhakan ékonomi minangka sawiji cara kanggo metu saka krisis. Sarampungé pasamuwan près, Renzi mènèhi Tsipras bebungah [[dhasi]] Itali. Tsipras, kang kaciri amarga ora tau nganggo dhasi, ngaturaké panuwun marang Renzi lan kandha bakal nganggo dhasiné ing acara slametan nalika Yunani kasil ngambali rundhingan bab rékadaya pangéman mau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/economia/2015/02/03/news/tsipras_continua_il_tour_anti-austerit_oggi_a_palazzo_chigi_incontra_renzi-106424199/|title=Tsipras, il tour anti-austerità a Roma. Padoan: "Crescita priorità per la Grecia"|date=3 Fèbruari 2015|website=Repubblica.it}}</ref> [[Gambar:Tsipras_and_Junker.jpg|jmpl|Tsipras lan Présidhèn Kumisi Éropah Jean-Claude Juncker, 13 Maret 2015]] Ing 20 Pèbruwari, Eurogroup mupakatan karo Yunani saperlu ndawakaké mangsa dana talangan Yunani nganti patang sasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/20/eurozone-chiefs-meet-for-last-ditch-talks-to-avert-greece-cash-crunch|title=Eurozone chiefs strike deal to extend Greek bailout for four months|website=theguardian.com|access-date=20 Fèbruari 2015}}</ref> Tsipras uga martakaké lungané menyang Mosko ing 8 April saperlu ngéntukaké panyengkuyungé Ruslan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11511653/Isolated-Greece-pivots-east-to-Russia-China-and-Iran.-But-will-it-work.html|title=Isolated Greece pivots east to Russia, China and Iran. But will it work?|last=Khan|first=Mehreen|date=6 April 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=6 April 2015|location=London}}</ref> Ing 31 Mèi, Tsipras njlèntrèhaké panyruwéné lan rancangané minangka dudutan saka kadadéan-kadadéan kawit pamilihan umum. Pepuntoning panemuné ya iku ana saorané rong gegayuhan kang adu arep kanggo integrasi Éropah. Leloroné ora silih laras lan ana péhak mirunggan kang duwé "obsèsi" anggoné ngecakaké program tèhnokratiké dhéwé.<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2015/05/31/alexis-tsipras-l-europe-est-a-la-croisee-des-chemins_4644263_3234.html lemonde.fr: "Alexis Tetep<span> </span>:" Non à une zona euro à deux vitesses ""], 31 Mei 2015</ref> Ing 22 Juni, Tsipras medharaké proposal Yunani kang anyar, kang isiné kalebu ngundhakaké umur pènsiyunan baka sathithik dadi 67 lan matesi pènsiyun gasik. Proposal mau uga nawa owah-owahan gedhé ing tata pajeg winuwuhan aji (''value-added-tax'') supaya tarip pokoké dadi 23 persèn.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/22/us-eurozone-greece-idUSKBN0P10JN20150622 "Yunani nawakake rencana anyar kanggo menging default, tukang kredit ndeleng sawetara pangarep-arep"], Reuters, 22 juni 2015</ref> Ing 29 Juni, bang-bang Yunani panggah tutup lan Tsipras kandha manawa tindakan mangkono kanggo ngendhalèni pawitan. Dedagangan panduman (''stocks'') lan obligasi (''bonds'') Yunani uga kaendheg.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/28/news/economy/greece-banks-ecb/|title=Greece shuts banks in bid to prevent collapse|last=Mark Thompson|date=28 Juni 2015|work=CNNMoney|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-date=2017-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121132703/http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/28/news/economy/greece-banks-ecb/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33305019|title=Greek debt crisis: Banks to stay shut, capital controls imposed|work=BBC News}}</ref> ==== Réferèndhum bab dana talangan (''bailout'') ==== Ing 27 Juni 2015, Tsipras ngumumaké réferèndhum kanggo mutusaké kudu-orané [[Grikenlan|Yunani]] nampa wewaton dana talangan kang diusulaké Kumisi Juncker barengan karo [[IMF]] saha Bang Séntral Éropah. Tsipras mrayogakaké wong-wong supaya mènèhi swara "Ora". Ing 3 Juli, dhèwèké sesorah ing sangarepé udakara wong 250.000 ing alun-alun Syntagma ing arepé parlemèn. Ing kono, dhèwèké nulak pepéliké sawatara pangarep, ya iku yèn kasilé pilihan umum ing dina Minggu iku "Ora", Yunani bisa katundhung saka laladan yuro (''Eurozone''). Dhèwèké ngumumaké "Ing dina Minggu, awak dhéwé ora mung mutusaké supaya tetep ing Éropah, nanging awak dhéwé mutusaké supaya panggah urip luhur ing Éropah".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/greece-pm-urges-no-vote-live-dignity-europe-182709597.html|title=Greece PM urges 'No' vote to 'live with dignity in Europe'|date=3 Juli 2015|publisher=Yahoo News UK|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-date=2017-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017201007/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/greece-pm-urges-no-vote-live-dignity-europe-182709597.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasilé réferèndhum ya iku 61,3 persèn milih "Ora."<ref name="refresults">[http://ekloges.ypes.gr/current/e/public/index.html Δημοψήφισμα Ιούλιος 2015], [[Ministry of the Interior and Administrative Reconstruction|Ministry of Interior lan Administratif Reconstruction]]. (diakses 5 juli 2015)</ref> [[Fidel Castro]] ngirimi Tsipras layang slamet kawit wijayané swara "Ora". Ing layang iku, dhèwèké kandha yèn sudirané wong Yunani dadi gumuné wong-wong Amérikah Latin lan Karibiyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kathimerini.gr/822463/article/epikairothta/politikh/sygxarhthria-epistolh-fintel-kastro-ston-ale3h-tsipra|title="Συγχαρητήρια επιστολή Φιντέλ Κάστρο στον Αλέξη Τσίπρα" (Congratulation letter by Fidel Castro to Alexis Tsipras)|publisher=kathimerini.gr|access-date=6 Juli 2015}}</ref> ==== Mupakatan bab dana talangan ==== Sarampungé rundhingan sawatara dina, ing 13 Juli 2015 Tsipras wusana mupakatan karo péhak kang nyilihi dhuwit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naftemporiki.gr/finance/story/977809/analutika-ti-problepei-i-sumfonia-tis-sunodou-korufis|title=Αναλυτικά τι προβλέπει η συμφωνία της Συνόδου Κορυφής|website=news247.gr|access-date=13 Juli 2015}}</ref> Yunani bakal olèh silihan dhuwit kèhé 82 nganti 86 milyar yuro kang bakal kawènèhaké baka sathithik kawit 2015 nganti Juni 2018. Sawaliké, Yunani kudu (1) ngundhakaké pajeg-kawuwuhan-aji utawa VAT, (2) ngowahi tata pènsiyun, (3) mesthèkaké ELSTAT bisa lumaku mardika, (4) ngethok blanja nagara supaya olèh punjulan (''surplus''), (5) nganyari pangadilan supaya putusan bisa ginawé rikat, (6) nganut owah-owahan kang diusulaké [[OECD]], (7) njabut pranatan-pranatan kang diabsahaké Tsipras kajaba pranatan kang gegayutan "krisis kamanungsan", (8) ngambali mawiti bang-bang, (9) nindakaké swastanisasi marang barang-barang darbéné nagara kang ajiné 50 milyar, lan (10) nyuda blanja ing babagan publik. Kanthi mangkono, Tsipras bakal olèh pakèt Juncker kang ajiné 35 milyar yuro kang ancasé kanggo nulungi tuwuhé ékonomi Yunani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5373_en.htm|title=A new start for jobs and growth in Greece: Commission mobilises more than €35 billion from the EU budget|website=europa.eu|access-date=15 Juli 2015}}</ref> Pepréntahan Yunani kang diwengku parté SYRIZA iku nampa pakèt dana talangan kang isiné ngethok dana pènsiyun luwih akèh lan ngundhakaké pajeg. Prakara iku kang ditulak wong Yunani nalika réferèndhum.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/07/12/thisisacoup_n_7781736.html Jerman-Mimpin Eurozone Ngetokake Kudeta Marang Pamaréntah Yunani]. ''[[The Huffington Post|Ing Huffington Post]]. '' 12 juli 2015.</ref> Ing 14 Agustus, parlemèn Yunani nyengkuyung mupakatan dana talangan kang anyar, sanajan punjul 40 lid parlemèn saka parté SYRIZA milih nulak mupakatané lan Tsipras kudu gumantung marang panyengkuyungé oposisi kang pro-Uni Éropah kaya ta parté Dhémokrasi Anyar, To Potami, lan PASOK. Tsipras ngandhani lid parlemèn manawa nagara lagi ngadhepi rong pilihan antarané "panggah urip utawa nglampus dhiri." Dhèwèké uga kandha, "Aku duwé rasa-pangrasa kang pramana manawa prayogané kita nampa iku (dana talangan) ing kaanan Éropah saiki kang kuwasané satimbang lan ing kaanan ékonomi lan lara ardana kang kaener marang kita."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33925781|title=Greek MPs back €85bn bailout after marathon talks|website=bbc.com|access-date=14 Agustus 2015}}</ref> ==== Sèrèh ==== Ing 20 Agustus 2015, Tsipras sèrèh saka Nayakotama Yunani amarga pambalélané lid-lid parlemèn saka parténé dhéwé, SYRIZA, lan ngumumaké pilihan umum rikat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34007859|title=Greece crisis: PM Alexis Tsipras quits and calls early polls|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=20 Agustus 2015}}</ref> Dhèwèké ngumumaké resmi kanthi siniyaraké ing télévisi. Sawurungé parté-parté oposisi yasa pepréntahan, Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou tinanggenah Nayakotama-antara nganti pilihan umum bisa katindakaké. [[Gambar:Secretary_Kerry_Greets_Greek_Prime_Minister_Tsipras_Before_Their_Meeting_at_the_UN_in_New_York_City_(21825003046).jpg|jmpl|Tsipras lan Panitra Praja Amérikah Sarékat John Kerry, 30 Sèptèmber 2015]] === Mangsa kapindho (2015–2019) === ==== Pilihan umum ambalan ==== Sanajan ing pilihan umum sadurungé olèh sathithik, mung 57% lumawan 64%, Tsipras olèh swara kuwat ing pilihan umum 20 Sèptèmber. Parté SYRIZA olèh 35,50% swara,<ref name="Greek Elections 20th September 2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/sep/20/greek-general-election-results-alexis-tsipras-syriza-meimarakis-new-democracy-live|title=Guardian|access-date=10 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> kang cukup kanggo y yasa kowalisi karo ANEL.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2015/09/21/voter-turnout-in-greek-elections-drops-to-new-historic-low-infographic/|title=Voter Turnout in Greek Elections Drops to New Historic Low|last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=21 Sèptèmber 2015|work=[[Greek Reporter]]|access-date=21 Sèptèmber 2015}}</ref> Aliya saka iku, ing pepréntahan kang, Tsiprassipras nanggenah Dimitris Kammenos, pulitikus ANEL, minangka wakil mantri pambangunan, pangangkudan, lan jejaringan. Pamilihé iku njpadudonianemu amarga Kammenos kaciri anti wong Yahudi, rasis, lan samatrasa (''homophobic'')''ocèhan-ocèhané''ndhané ing Twitter, kaya ta ndakwa yèn wong Y''i''a''u''i''kang'' kang nindakaké gègèr 9/11.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/greek-prime-minister-alexis-tsipras-just-made-a-man-with-a-horrendous-record-of-comments-about-jews-2015-9|title=Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras just appointed a minister with a horrendous record of anti-Semitic comments|website=businessinsider.com|access-date=23 Sèptèmber 2015|archive-date=2015-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926030828/http://uk.businessinsider.com/greek-prime-minister-alexis-tsipras-just-made-a-man-with-a-horrendous-record-of-comments-about-jews-2015-9|url-status=dead}}</ref> Panulak tumrap dhèwèké wusana meksa Kammenos mundhur. Mula, dhèwèké olèhé dadi mantri ora nganti 12 jam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/227597/paraitithike-o-dimitris-kammenos|title="Dimitris Kammenos resigns" Παραιτήθηκε ο Δημήτρης Καμμένος|website=iefimerida.gr|access-date=23 Sèptèmber 2015}}</ref> ==== Pepréntahan kapindho ==== Ing 27 Sèptèmber, Tsipras kandha marang [[Bill Clinton]] ing Clinton Global Initiative bab butuhé ngambali nata utangé Yunani, ngowahi administrasi publik lan nekakaké inpèstasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/omilia-tsipra-sto-idryma-klinton-na-feroyme-sto-trapezi-thn-anaptyksh.3687505.html|title="What Alexis Tsipras said to Bill Clinton" Τι είπε ο Αλέξης Τσίπρας στον Μπιλ Κλίντον|website=news247.gr/|access-date=28 Sèptèmber 2015|archive-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306225704/http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/omilia-tsipra-sto-idryma-klinton-na-feroyme-sto-trapezi-thn-anaptyksh.3687505.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing 30 Sèptèmber, Panos Kammenos (Mantri Pangayoman) mèngeti wijayané Yunani ing perang Salamina. Tindakané njalari padudon amarga sawenèh wong ngarani olèhé mèngeti mirib tindakané junta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/kammenos-sth-salamina-vraxonhsides-fontamentalismos-kai-epikes-fwtografies.3692602.html|title="Kammenos in Salamina: rocky islets, fundamentalism and EPIC photos" Καμμένος στη Σαλαμίνα: Βραχονησίδες, φονταμενταλισμός και ΕΠΙΚΕΣ φωτογραφίες|website=news247.gr|access-date=30 Sèptèmber 2015|archive-date=2017-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113006/http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/kammenos-sth-salamina-vraxonhsides-fontamentalismos-kai-epikes-fwtografies.3692602.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/513936/deite-ton-kammeno-san-allo-salaminomaho/|title="See Kammenos like another fighter of Salamina....against Xerxes" Δείτε τον Καμμένο σαν άλλο Σαλαμινομάχο κατά... Ξέρξη|website=www.protothema.gr|access-date=30 Sèptèmber 2015}}</ref> Ing 9 Oktober, Tsipras karo Panos Kammenos marani gladhi militèr aran Parmenion mawa busana jakèt militèr.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/1014214/sti-stratiotiki-askisi-parmenion-o-al-tsipras|title="In the military exercise Parmenion was Al. Tsipras" Στη στρατιωτική άσκηση "Παρμενίων" ο Αλ. Τσίπρας|website=www.naftemporiki.gr|access-date=9 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Ing 22 Oktober, punggawa pangumpul pajeg kang kondhang ing Yunani aran Katerina Savvaidou dilèrèhi Tsipras amarga dinuga nerusaké idin setasiyun télévisi kang mbayar pajeg pariwara 20 persèn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/61b20754-78d1-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.html#axzz3qp3ENjTg|title=Greece’s top tax collector sacked by Tsipras|website=Financial Times|access-date=22 Oktober 2015}}</ref> Rékadaya kang ditindakaké pepréntahané njalari gendra. Wong-wong tani ngancam nggawa traktor-traktoré menyang Athína lan para apotèker mogok makarya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/hugo-dixon/2015/11/02/tsipras-biggest-stress-tests-yet-to-come/|title=Tsipras’ biggest stress tests yet to come|website=Reuters|access-date=2 Novèmber 2015|archive-date=2015-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108010907/http://blogs.reuters.com/hugo-dixon/2015/11/02/tsipras-biggest-stress-tests-yet-to-come/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing 7 Nopèmber, Tsipras olèh panampa sengit nalika nekani kémah-kémah wong ngungsi ing Lesbos lan diadhang protès wong satusan kang nganggo jakèt kambang ''(life jacket)'' mawa blabag kang isiné kongkon supaya Uni Éropah ngendheg pepati kanthi cara ngidinaké lan nglégalaké wong ngungsi teka menyang Éropah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/alex-tsipras-receives-angry-reception-at-lesbos-refugee-camp-a6722361.html|title=Alexis Tsipras receives angry reception at Lesbos refugee camp|website=Independent|access-date=7 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> Ing dina kang padha, Giannis Panousis, tilas Mantri Sulih ing Pangayoman Warga (''Alternate Minister of Citizen Protection'') ing kabinèt kapisan, kandha manawa ana gegayutan antarané pulitikus lan téroris lan manawa pulitikus ing pepréntahan saiki péngin matèni awaké dhéwé. Dhèwèké ndakwa Tsipras weruh prakara iku. Nanging, pandakwané ora kacihna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/234684/vomves-panoysi-politikoi-poy-ehoyn-shesi-me-tromokrates-apeiloyn-tin-zoi-moy|title="Panousis: politicians who are connected with terrorists threaten my life" "Βόμβες" Πανούση: Πολιτικοί που έχουν σχέση με τρομοκράτες απειλούν την ζωή μου|website=www.iefimerida.gr|access-date=7 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> [[Gambar:With_Greek_Prime_Minister_Alexis_Tsipras.jpg|jmpl|Tsipras lan Présidhèn Ruslan [[Vladimir Putin]], 15 Mèi 2017]] Ing 17 Nopèmber, sabubaré diala-ala wong anarki, ing sesorahé ing parlemèn, Tsipras mbandhingaké wong-wong anarki mau karo parté Chrysí Avgí lan kandha manawa ora butuh anané juru slamet kang ora ingundhang "kang rumangsa bisa njangka urip lan pati".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/527942/tsipras-gia-adiexousiastes-einai-autoklitoi-sotirespou-theloun-na-kapileutoun-tis-prosdokies/|title="Tsipras for anarchists: Uncalled saviors who think that they can determinate life and death." Τσίπρας για δήθεν αντιεξουσιαστές: Αυτόκλητοι σωτήρες που νομίζουν ότι ορίζουν τη ζωή και το θάνατο|website=www.protothema.gr|access-date=17 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> Ing 18 Nopèmber, Tsipras minangka nayakotama Yunani kapisan kang nekani Provinsi Izmir ing Wewengkon Ege ing Turki kawit wadyabala Yunani ngejègi Smyrna. Dhèwèké teka ing [[Turki]] saperlu patemon karo Nayakotama Ahmet Davutoğlu. Leloroné sarujuk saperlu tembayatan lan bakal ana tembayatan ing babagan tèhnik antarané jaga pasisir (''coast guard'') Yunani lan Turki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/1032289/ntaboutoglou-theloume-statheri-geitniasi-kai-filia-me-tin-ellada|title="Tsipras: We must cooperate with Turkey on the refugee crisis" Αλ. Τσίπρας: Πρέπει να αντιμετωπίσουμε από κοινού με την Τουρκία το προσφυγικό|website=www.naftemporiki.gr|access-date=18 Novèmber 2015}}</ref> Ing 8 Mèi 2016, Tsipras ngukuhaké rékadaya pangéman anyar ing parlemèn kang isiné nglimputi undhak-undhakan pajeg marang wong kang pakolèhé sedhengan lan dhuwur lan ngethok ardana kang nyrambahi samubarang péhak kang bakal ngéman GDP Yunani telung persèn. Owah-owahan uga nglimputi mbusek korting ing pajeg-kawuwuhan-aji, ngethok pènsiyun, lan murungaké sawenèh pranatan. Tsipras ngajak wong-wong supaya padha sarèh, nanging uga sarujuk marang pakèt pangéman lan kandha manawa pangéman iku minangkani mupakatané karo Uni Éropah taun kapungkur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebricspost.com/tsipras-defies-protesters-austerity-measures-pass/#.V0JbJSFa50x|title=Tsipras defies protesters, austerity measures pass|website=thebricspost|access-date=9 Mèi 2016|archive-date=2016-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510114835/http://thebricspost.com/tsipras-defies-protesters-austerity-measures-pass/#.V0JbJSFa50x|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing 22 Mèi, Tsipras ngukuhaké rékadaya pangéman lanjutan. Undhang-undhang nglebokaké rékadaya "ora dinuga" kaya ta ngethok opah lan pèsiyun, kang bakal lumaku langsung manawa tindakan-tindakané ing tembé ora mathuk karo rantaman (''budget''). Pajeg sigarèt, kopi, lan bir kaundhakaké, déné pajeg properti kaatur manèh supaya ngundhakaké pakolèh saka yasan-yasan gedhé. Siji agènsi swastanisasi anyar kayasa lan olèh wewenang 99 taun kanggo ngembangaké lan ngadol properti darbéné praja. Tsipras ngukuhaké anggoné nindakaké rékadaya fiskal. "Mangsa sumber (''spring'') bokmanawa wis mèh rampung, nanging awak dhéwé ngantu-antu sumber ékonomi lan bali nuwuhaké (ékonomi) taun iki," kandhané nayakotama marang parlemèn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/78343842-2058-11e6-9d4d-c11776a5124d.html?ftcamp=published_links%2Frss%2Fworld%2Ffeed%2F%2Fproduct#axzz49RCMNBqH|title=Athens agrees fiscal measures in exchange for debt relief talks|website=ft|access-date=22 Mèi 2016}}</ref> [[Gambar:President_Donald_J._Trump_shakes_hands_with_Greek_Prime_Minister_Alexis_Tsipras_at_their_joint_press_conference_in_the_Rose_Garden_at_the_White_House,_Tuesday,_October_17,_2017,_in_Washington,_D.C.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Tsipras lan Présidhèn Amérikah Sarékat Donald Trump, 18 Oktober 2017]] Ilias Kasidiaris saka parté Chrysí Avgí teka ing protès anti-masjid ing Athína nalika 4 Nopèmber 2016. Wosé protèsé iku bab masjid kang didanani pepréntahan kang diwengku SYRIZA amarga manggoni palemahan Wadya Lautan Yunani lan nganggo dhuwit nagara anggoné yasa. Kaanan iku njalari panampa ala déning publik ing njero nagara lan saka manéka golongan pulitik, uga kawartakaké tekan njaban rangkah. Panampa ala iku amarga pepréntahan ngethok blanja publik kanggo warga Yunani kang pérangan gedhéné (punjul 98% <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=17 Mèi 2018|archive-date=2016-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825033157/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>) wong Kristen Ortodhok Yunani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/greek-police-clear-anti-mosque-demonstrators-as-golden-dawn-vows-to-fight-on-1478286861|title=Greek Police Clear Anti-Mosque Demonstrators as Golden Dawn Vows to Fight On|last=Bouras|first=Stelios|date=4 Novèmber 2016|publisher=|access-date=17 Mèi 2018}}</ref> Nanging, pepréntahan lan oposisi nyengkuyung yasané masjid kapisan ing Athína sanajan ana panampa ala saka warga lan parté amarga temahané ing babagan ardana lan undhang-undhang. Prakara liyané ya iku pepréntahan kang diwengku SYRIZA ngupaya nyuda prabawané Gréja Ortodhok Yunani ing bebrayan agung Yunani. Ing wawancara karo The Guardian kang kababar ing 24 Juli 2017, Tsipras mènèhi panemu manawa ékonomi Yunani "mundhak" lan "kang ala-ala wis kapungkur." Dhèwèké uga pracaya manawa Yunani ora bakal gumantung manèh marang dana talangan lan pangawas internasiyonal ing 2018. Miturut lapuran médhiyah saka tengah Juli, Yunani ngrancang arep mèlu manèh pasar obligasi, kawit metu nalika 2014, saperlu nyilih saka pasar pawitan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/18/greece-could-return-to-the-bond-markets-as-early-as-next-week.html|title=Greece could return to the bond markets as early as next week|last=Amaro|first=Silvia|date=2017-07-18|access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> Tindak mangkono kinira amarga pepréntahan bisa mbabar obligasi limang taun sanalika nalika weton ing obligasi Yunani lagi cendhak-cendhaké kawit nagara iku ninggal pasar ing taun 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://euobserver.com/economic/138587|title=Greece looking at bond market return|access-date=2017-07-24|language=en}}</ref> Wara-warané metu sawatara dina sawisé IMF "manut asasé" nampa Yunani anggeré anggoné nyilih ardana kèhé $1,8 milyar. IMF mutusaké anggoné mènèhi ardana silihan gumantung marang bisané utangé Yunani pulih tanpa gumantung péhak njaba manèh, uga ndhesek nagara-nagara ing laladan yuro mènèhi pitulung marang Yunani nangani utangé. In Oktober 2017, Nayakotama Tsipras patemon karo Présidhèn Donald Trump ing Washington DC. Présidhèn Donald Trump ngandhani Nayakotama Yunani Alexis Tsipras manawa dhèwèké nyengkuyung rancangan "pitulung utang kang tanggung jawab" marang Yunani. Ngadeg ing sandhingé Tsipras ing Taman Mawar ing Griya Séta (''White House)'', Trump kandha manawa wong Amérikah “nyengkuyung wong Yunani pulih saka krisis ékonomi”.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/25b108d6-b3bc-11e7-aa26-bb002965bce8|title=Trump welcomes Greece’s Tsipras to White House|last=|first=|date=2017-10-18|work=Financial Times|access-date=2017-10-18|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Trump kandha yèn Yunani wis "ngliwati akèh prakara" ing kala masalah ékonomi kang dawa lan jangji manawa Amérikah Sarékat bakal tetep santosa nalika nindakaké rancangan pitulung utang. Trump uga kandha manawa pepréntahané wis ngabari Konggrès bab anané kamungkinan dol-tinumu kanggo nganyari montor mabur F-16 ing Wadya Gegana Yunani. Blanjan iku ajiné $2,4 milyar. Tsipras kandha yèn dhèwèké lan Trump ana dol-tinuku kang prodhuktif lan "ora rumangsa kaancam sawayah-sayah" nalika sapatemon. Pangarep Yunani iku uga kandha yèn nuggal "ajèn" (''value'') karo Amérikah Sarékat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-18/us-president-meets-greek-prime-minister/9060666|title=US President meets Greek Prime Minister|last=|first=|date=2017-10-18|work=ABC News|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> == Urip pribadi == Tsipras ora pikrama. Pasangané kang kadhaptar resmi aran Peristera "Betty" Baziana, insinyur èlèktronik lan komputer. Leloroné pranggulan ing 1987, nalika umur 13, ing Pamulangan Luhur Cawang Ampelokipoi. Leloroné ing tembé dadi lid Kanoman Kuminis Yunani. Wong loro iku urip barengan ing Athína karo anak lanangé loro.<ref name="partner son">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cosmo.gr/News/Hellas/273766.html|date=17 Mèi 2010|publisher=cosmo.gr|language=Greek|script-title=el:Έγινε πατέρας ο Αλέξης Τσίπρας|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520014956/http://www.cosmo.gr/News/Hellas/273766.html|archive-date=20 Mèi 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=16 Oktober 2010}}</ref> Anak lanangé kang ragil jenengé tengah Ernesto kanggo ngajèni [[Ernesto Che Guevara|Che Guevara]]. Tsipras iku pandhemen bal-balan lan gedhé ing stadhiyon, nyengkuyung Panathinaikos, sabisané nekani saben tetandhingan ing jeron nagara.<ref name="BBC" /> Tsipras ngaku minangka [[Atéisme|atéis]].<ref name="theguardian atheist">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/18/pope-francis-alexis-tsipras-vatican|title=Pope Francis the 'pontiff of the poor', says Greece's Alexis Tsipras|last=Smith|first=Helena|date=18 Sèptèmber 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|quote=Alexis Tsipras – a radical leftist and self-described atheist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21621878-syrizas-leader-could-win-next-election-company-he-keeps|title=Greece's far left: The company he keeps|date=4 Oktober 2014|work=[[The Economist]]|quote=Mr Tsipras, an atheist}}</ref> Kang mangkono njalari dhèwèké dadi salah siji saka rong pangarep pepréntahan lan praja ing Uni Éropah kang atéis nalika kasumpah. Aliya saka dhèwèké ya iku Présidhèn Céko Miloš Zeman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qz.com/334402/these-are-the-religious-beliefs-of-europes-leaders-including-the-atheists/|title=These are the religious beliefs of Europe’s leaders—including the atheists|access-date=28 Januari 2015}}</ref> == Réferènsi == {{reflist|2}} {{artikel pilihan}} 2jfdua9pyff5tpejx4ybdzfb2ksnr4p 0 161156 1749061 1515942 2026-05-16T16:39:14Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=Zero Dark Thirty|image=ZeroDarkThirty2012Poster.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Poster film ''Zero Dark Thirty''|director=[[Kathryn Bigelow]]|producer=Kathryn Bigelow<br>[[Mark Boal]]<br>[[Megan Ellison]]|screenplay=Mark Boal|starring=[[Jessica Chastain]]<br>[[Jason Clarke]]<br>[[Joel Edgerton]]|music=[[Alexandre Desplat]]|cinematography=[[Greig Fraser]]|editing=[[Dylan Tichenor]]<br>[[William Goldenberg]]|studio=First Light Production<br>[[Annapurna Pictures]]|distributor=[[Columbia Pictures]]|released={{Film date|2012|12|19|terbatas di Amerika Serikat|2013|1|11|secara luas di Amerika Serikat}}|runtime=157 menit<!--Theatrical runtime: 156:59--><ref>{{cite web |title=Zero Dark Thirty (15) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/zero-dark-thirty-2013-1 |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=November 28, 2012 |accessdate=November 28, 2012}}</ref>|country=Amerika Serikat|language=Bahasa Inggris|budget=$40 juta|gross=$132.820.716<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=binladen.htm |title=Zero Dark Thirty (2012) |publisher=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=March 3, 2018}}</ref>|border=no}} '''''Zero Dark Thirty''''' nggih punika sesirah [[filem]] [[Sandiwara|sandhiwara]] thriller saking [[Amérikah Sarékat]] taun 2012. Filem punika kaarahaken déning [[Kathryn Bigelow]]. Piyambakipun ugi nanggeljawabi babagan pandamelan filem, sesarengan kaliyan [[Mark Boal]] lan [[Megan Ellison]]. Skénario kaanggit déning Mark Boal. Juru musik kalampahi déning AlexandreDesplat, lan sinematografi dipuncakaken déning Greig Fraser. Juru paraga ingkang kadhapuk sami maragani antawisipun [[Jessica Chastain]], [[Jason Clarke]] lan [[Joel Edgerton]]. Film ''Zero Dark Thirty'' kababar kanthi winatesan kagem pamirsa Amérikah Sarékat ing surya 19 Desember 2012, lan 11 Januari 2013 kababar langkung wiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-207_162-57558488/zero-dark-thirty-premieres-in-los-angeles/|title='Zero Dark Thirty' premieres in Los Angeles|last=Derschowitz|first=Jessica|date=December 11, 2012|work=[[CBS News]]|accessdate=March 3, 2018}}</ref> Filem nampi pangalembana saking para juru kritik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/01/28/zero-dark-thirty-declassified-bigelow-dishes-on-the-deeper-meaning-of-the-closing-scene/|title=Zero Dark Thirty, Declassified: Bigelow Dishes on Deeper Meaning of Closing Scene|last=Rothman|first=Lily|date=January 28, 2013|work=[[Time]]|accessdate=March 3, 2018|archive-date=December 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212211207/https://entertainment.time.com/2013/01/28/zero-dark-thirty-declassified-bigelow-dishes-on-the-deeper-meaning-of-the-closing-scene/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/zero_dark_thirty|title=Zero Dark Thirty (2012)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=March 3, 2018}}</ref> == Juru paraga == '''CIA''' * [[Jessica Chastain]] minangka Maya<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|title=Bin Laden Film's Focus Is Facts, Not Flash |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/movies/zero-dark-thirty-by-kathryn-bigelow-focuses-on-facts.html?_r=0 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 23, 2012 |first1=Michael |last1=Cieply |first2=Brooks |last2=Barnes |accessdate=November 26, 2012}}</ref> * [[Jason Clarke]] minangka Dan * [[Jennifer Ehle]] minangka Jessica * [[Mark Strong]] minangka George<ref name="nytimes.com" /> * [[Kyle Chandler]] minangka Joseph Bradley * [[James Gandolfini]] minangka direktur CIA * Harold Perrineau minangka Jack * Mark Duplass minangka Steve * Fredric Lehne minangka 'The Wolf' * John Barrowman minangka Jeremy * Jessie Collins minangka Debbie * Édgar Ramírez minangka Larry * Fares Fares minangka Hakim * [[Scott Adkins]] minangka John '''US Navy''' * [[Joel Edgerton]] minangka Patrick * [[Chris Pratt]] minangka Justin *Callan Mulvey minangka Saber * [[Taylor Kinney]] minangka Jared * Mike Colter minangka Mike * Frank Grillo minangka petugas komando DEVGRU * Christopher Stanley minangka wakil laksamana Bill McRaven '''Sanèsipun''' * [[Stephen Dillane]] minangka [[Penasehat Keamanan Nasional AS|Penasihat Keamanan Nasional Amerika Serikat]] * Mark Valley minangka pilot [[C-130 Hercules]] * Reda Kateb minangka Ammar al-Baluchi * Homayoun Ershadi minangka Hassan Ghul * Yoav Levi minangka Abu Farraj al-Libbi * Ricky Sekhon minangka [[Usamah bin Ladin|Osama bin Laden]] == Box office == Film ''Zero Dark Thirty'' kasil ngempalaken arta dumugi $95.720.716 saking pamirsa Amerika Ler, lan $37.100.000 saking negari sanèsipun, kanthi gunggung dumugi $132.820.716, nglangkungi ardhana ingkang sampun medal kagem kabetahan pendamelan filem, nggih punika $40 juta.<ref name="BOM" /><ref name="BOM" /><ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemascore.com/|title=CinemaScore|work=cinemascore.com}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njawi == * {{IMDb title|1790885|Zero Dark Thirty}} * {{Mojo title|binladen|Zero Dark Thirty}} * {{Metacritic film|zero-dark-thirty|Zero Dark Thirty}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|zero_dark_thirty|Zero Dark Thirty}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zero Dark Thirty}} [[Kategori:Film berbahasa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Filem drama]] [[Kategori:Film thriller]] [[Kategori:Film yang didasarkan dari kisah nyata]] [[Kategori:Film Amerika Serikat tahun 2012]] [[Kategori:Film Amerika Serikat]] 11fotlfuywrni9pybzha87z8de8acam 0 161646 1749066 1654881 2026-05-16T23:11:34Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Film|name=All About Steve|image=All about steve poster.jpg|caption=Poster film|director=Phil Traill|producer=[[Sandra Bullock]] <br />[[Mary McLaglen]]|writer=Kim Barker|narrator=|starring=Sandra Bullock <br />[[Bradley Cooper]] <br />[[Thomas Haden Church]] <br />[[Demone Reno]]|music=[[Christophe Beck]]|cinematography=[[Tim Suhrstedt]]|editing=[[Virginia Katz]]|studio=Radar Pictures|distributor=[[20th Century Fox]]|released=4 September 2009|runtime=98 menit|country=[[Amerika Serikat]]|language=[[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]|budget=[[Dolar Amerika Serikat|US$]]15 juta|gross=[[Dolar Amerika Serikat|US$]]35.946.918}} '''''All About Steve''''' nggih punika sesirah [[Film|filem]] [[komedi]] saking [[Amerika Serikat|Amérikah Sarékat]] taun 2009. Filem punika kaarahaken déning [[Phil Traill]], adhedhasar saking skénario anggitanipun Kim barker. Ingkang ngayahi jejibahan minangka juru damel filem nggih punika [[Sandra Bullock]]. Piyambakipun ugi dados paraga utama. Filem punika dipundum déning [[20th Century Fox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinematical.com/2009/02/10/release-date-shuffle-steve-to-fall-yay-haunting-to-spri/|title=Release Date Shuffle: 'Steve' to Fall (Yay!), 'Haunting' to Spring (Boo!)|last1=Goss|first1=William|date=February 10, 2009|publisher=Cinematical|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215141558/http://www.cinematical.com/2009/02/10/release-date-shuffle-steve-to-fall-yay-haunting-to-spri/|archivedate=February 15, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/all_about_steve|title=All About Steve Movie Reviews, Pictures|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=2013-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/allaboutsteve|title=All About Steve (2009): Reviews|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=2011-09-07|archive-date=2010-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507011153/http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/allaboutsteve|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2010/05/26/top-10-worst-chick-flicks/?slide=all-about-steve#all-about-steve|title=Top 10 Worst Chick Flicks - All About Steve|last=Webley|first=Kayla|date=May 26, 2010|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=March 28, 2012|archive-date=July 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725234749/https://entertainment.time.com/2010/05/26/top-10-worst-chick-flicks/?slide=all-about-steve#all-about-steve|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''All About Steve'' badhe dipunbabar ing surya 6 Maret 2009, nanging pungkasanipun wonten pangéwahan dados 4 Sèptèmber 2009. == Ringksan == Mary Horowitz ([[Sandra Bullock]]) nggih punika setunggalipun panganggit cangkringan [[teka-teki silang]] [[Koran|ariwarta]] ing [[California]]. Tiyang sepuhipun ngrancang piyambakipun pinanggih kaliyan Steve Mueller ([[Bradley Cooper]]), juru kamera wonten salah setunggalipun stasiun tivi kabel. Mary nandang wuyung dhumateng Steve lan tansah ngoyak-oyak.<ref>Cinematical. [https://archive.is/20120724050821/www.cinematical.com/2009/02/10/release-date-shuffle-steve-to-fall-yay-haunting-to-spri/ "Release Date Shuffle: 'Steve' to Fall (Yay!), 'Haunting' to Spring (Boo!)"]</ref> == Juru paraga == * [[Sandra Bullock]] minangka Mary Horowitz * [[Bradley Cooper]] minangka Steve Mueller * [[Thomas Haden Church]] minangka Hartman Hughes * [[Ken Jeong]] minangka Angus Tran * [[DJ Qualls]] minangka Howard * [[Katy Mixon]] minangka Elizabeth * [[Beth Grant]] minangka Mrs. Horowitz * [[Howard Hesseman]] minangka Mr. Horowitz * [[Bridget Shergalis]] minangka Mini Mary * [[Jonathan Chase]] minangka Dave * [[Demone Reno]] minangka Winsto == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njawi == * [http://www.allaboutstevemovie.com/ Situs web resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205225934/http://allaboutstevemovie.com/ |date=2010-02-05 }} * {{imdb title|id=0881891|title=All About Steve}} * {{Amg movie|405564|All About Steve}} [[Kategori:Film Amerika Serikat tahun 2009]] [[Kategori:Film komedi romantis Amerika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Film berbahasa Inggris]] 2dwr2oyqynewj7ltf2zu0jhfx5wzu7g 0 165189 1749063 1697549 2026-05-16T19:54:15Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book| | name = A Pale View of Hills | orig title = | translator = | image = | caption = | author = Kazuo Ishiguro | cover_artist = | country = Inggris | language = Inggris | series = | genre = [[Novel]] | publisher = Faber and Faber | release_date = Februari, 1982 | media_type = Cithak | pages = 192 pp | isbn = 0-571-11866-6 | isbn_note = (hardback first edition) | oclc= 8303689 | preceded_by = | followed_by = An Artist of the Floating World }} '''A Pale View of Hills''' ya iku novel karya Kazuo Ishiguro. Novel iki diterbitake tahun 1982 dening Faber and Faber. Buku iki nyritakake babagan randha Jepang lan narator paruh baya, Etsuko, sing saiki manggon ing [[Inggris]]. Dhèwèké ditekani dening putrine Niki sawise putrine sing nomer loro mati, Keiko. Dhèwèké ngelingake kekancan ringkes dhèwèké ing [[Nagasaki]] sawise perang minangka wong enom sing wis nikah, Sachiko, sing duwe anak jenenge Mariko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kazuo-Ishiguro|title=Kazuo Ishiguro {{!}} Biography, Books, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref> == Tema Carita == === Sesambetan Ibu-anak === Etsuko nyalahake awake amarga anake wadon mati. Dhèwèké nyritakake lelakone ing Nagasaki lan hubungane Sachiko lan Mariko kanggo nyuda rasa salah lan tekan persetujuan karo jaman kepungkur.<ref name="grin.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.grin.com/document/71528|title=GRIN - The Aspect of Memory in Kazuo Ishiguro’s 'A Pale View of Hills'|website=www.grin.com|language=de|access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref> === Kulawarga === Ana akeh conto hubungan [[kulawarga]] sing sempit lan ora duwe fungsi ing [[Novèl|novel]], lan liwat sesambungan kasebut, novel nylidiki paradaban hubungan sing perlu nanging asring nantang. Salah sawijining conto penting dinamis iki yaiku antarane Sachiko lan Mariko. Sachiko asring negesake manawa tumindak dhèwèké disedhiyakake utamane dening pertimbangan babagan apa sing paling apik kanggo putriku, lan sanajan iku bisa uga bener, keputusan dhèwèké asring salah lan duweni pengaruh amarga kepinginan sing luwih egois. Contone, Sachiko ujar manawa dhèwèké kepengin lunga menyang [[Amérikah|Amerika]] karo Frank amarga urip kanggo Mariko, miturut pendapat Sachiko, bakal luwih apik ing Amerika. Nanging, Sachiko bola-bali nglalekake tanda-tanda sing jelas manawa Frank ora jujur ​​lan ora duwe tujuan nggawa dhèwèké menyang Amerika. Fiksasi Sachiko ing Frank lan Amerika bisa uga mentingake awake dhewe lan ngrusak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anglozine.com/the-analysis-of-memory-in-a-pale-view-of-hills/|title=The analysis of memory in "A Pale View of Hills"|last=language|first=MilicaAuthor Undergraduate student of English|last2=Literature|date=2014-05-22|website=Anglozine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-05|archive-date=2023-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006210557/http://anglozine.com/the-analysis-of-memory-in-a-pale-view-of-hills/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aleran == Niki bali menyang omah supaya nyengkuyung marang ibune sawise kasus bunuh dirine Keiko. Etsuko isih ngrasa ditinggalake sawise bojone mati, banjur anak wadone sing nomer loro uga mati ninggalake dhèwèké. Omah sing wiyar katon banget saiki. Dhèwèké bali menyang kenangan lawas sing ora nyenengake.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21561983|title=A pale view of hills|last=Ishiguro, Kazuo, 1954-|date=1990|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=0-679-72267-X|edition=1st Vintage international ed|location=New York|oclc=21561983}}</ref> Perkawinan sepisanan dhèwèké ora bisa diterangake minangka rasa seneng. Nanging, iku ora bencana lengkap. Sanajan Jiro ora nggatekake lan ora peduli, dhèwèké duwe wektu sing apik. Sawijining apartemen cilik lan bocah sing bakal lair mbantu dhèwèké mbalekake maneh saka medeni perang lan mulai urip ing tentrem kasebut.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.faber.co.uk/9780571258253-a-pale-view-of-hills.html|title=A Pale View of Hills|website=Public Store View|language=en|access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref> Sawetara taun sabanjure, Etsuko tresna karo wong lanang saka Inggris. Dhèwèké mbuktekake duwe wani cukup kanggo ninggalake tanah air lan masa kepungkur, diwiwiti kabèh maneh. Nalika nglairake anak wadon sing nomer loro, dhèwèké mbujuk garwane supaya ora diwenehi jeneng Jepang. Niki kayane seneng loro mau.<ref name=":0" /> Urip Keiko ora kepenak banget. Sepi lan ora narik kawigatosan marang wong liya supaya dhèwèké ora bisa nemokake basa sing padha karo bapak tiri lan Nikki. Dhèwèké ditemokake ing apartemen sing disewakake ing Manchester dening tuan tanah. Visi sing digantung saka langit-langit asring nglawan Etsuko.<ref name=":0" /> Nalika Etsuko lan Niki lagi lungguh ing cafe, Etsuko ndeleng ana bocah wadon sing lagi dolanan. Nalika ndeleng dhèwèké, dhèwèké dikubur ing awake. Ing wektu kasebut, ing Jepang, kanca kancane Sachiko, dipandu karo wong Amerika sing jenenge Frank, pengin ngajak putri dhèwèké Mariko, meksa bocah kasebut tetep karo ide supaya manggon ing Amerika. Banjur Etsuko percaya manawa ana perkara sing kejam. Ing pungkasan crita, Etsuko ngerti yen dhèwèké ora mikir bebarengan, amarga dhèwèké nindakake perkara sing padha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supersummary.com/a-pale-view-of-hills/summary/|title=A Pale View of Hills Summary|website=SuperSummary|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref> == Sudut pandang == Narasi novel kasebut ditulis sajrone jaman kepungkur lan dadi wong pisanan saka perspektif Etsuko. Etsuko minangka protagonis lan narator novel. Nanging, ing pirang-pirang kasus, dhèwèké luwih pasif lan luwih akeh dadi pemantau [[Carita cekak|carita]] novel tinimbang dadi peserta aktif. Nanging, perspektif Etsuko dadi luwih migunani tinimbang ora mung nuduhake tumindak karakter liyane. Gesang Etsuko wis ditondoi kanthi akeh conto kerugian, transisi, trauma, lan ketidakpastian, sing kalebu karakter umume ing novel kasebut. Etsuko minangka perwakilan perjuangan karakter supaya adoh saka jaman kepungkur lan ngolah trauma sing ditinggalake saka tragedi kepungkur. Ing sisih liya, perspektif Etsuko pancen migunani kanggo menehi katrangan, lan kadhangkala menehi komentar babagan tumindak karakter liyane. Ing obrolan, Etsuko ora nuduhake asring.<ref name="grin.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://literariness.org/tag/a-pale-view-of-hills-novel-analysis/|title=A Pale View of Hills Novel Analysis|website=Literary Theory and Criticism|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref> == Paraga == Etsuko Sheringham - Etsuko Sheringham minangka protagonis crita iki. Bojone nomer loro yaiku sing manggon ing [[Inggris]], mula dhèwèké setuju pindhah menyang [[Nagara|negara]] liya, percaya yen Inggris minangka papan sing luwih apik kanggo bocah-bocah wadon. Pembaca ketemu dhèwèké, nalika dhèwèké dadi wanita tengah-tengah kanthi mung siji putri. Sachiko - Sachiko minangka paraga protagonis lan kanca antagonis. Dhèwèké dadi ibu sing nggumunake, sing asring ora nggatekake kepentingan anake wadon lan uga bisa dadi kejam. Senadyan Sachiko tresna marang putrine, keputusan sing ditindakake dhèwèké ora nambah urip kanggo anake, uga ora ana kahanan emosional. Keiko - Keiko minangka putri tuwa saka protagonis. Ora kaya adhine sing enom, Keiko yaiku Jepang sing murni; Keiko lan adhine ora adoh. Banjur, Keiko nglalu. Niki - Niki minangka putri protagonis. Protagonis nggambarake dhèwèké minangka bocah sing ditresnani, lan kanthi mangkono. Niki nyoba supaya dhèwèké bisa ngyakinake ibune yen dhèwèké "ora tanggung jawab karo sedane Keiko". Sachiko - Sachiko minangka paraga protagonis lan kanca antagonis. Dhèwèké dadi ibu sing nggumunake, sing asring ora nggatekake kepentingan anake wadon lan uga bisa dadi kejam. Senadyan Sachiko tresna marang putrine, keputusan sing ditindakake dhèwèké ora nambah urip kanggo anake, uga ora ana kahanan emosional. Mariko - Mariko minangka putri Sachiko. Ana persamaan sing padha antara nasib Mariko lan Keiko. Ibune pengin lan pungkasane njupuk - paling ora salah sawijining - anak-anake saka Jepang. Frank - Frank minangka prajurit Amerika sing melu hubungan katresnan karo Sachiko. Dhèwèké janji bakal nggawa dhèwèké menyang Amerika nanging tuku alkohol kanthi kabèh dhuwit sing disimpen Sachiko lan menehi MrsFujiwara - Ibu Fujiwara minangka pemilik toko mi lan kanca cedhak ibune Etsuko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum210/coursepack/PaleView.htm|title=Introduction to A Pale View of Hills|website=web.cocc.edu|access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref> == Simbol == === Pambangunan Nagasaki === Mbangun infrastruktur Nagasaki nggambarake ketegangan antarane emosi sing terus-terusan lan kudu tetep optimis babagan masa depan. Nalika Etsuko lan Sachiko ndelok Nagasaki saka dhuwur ing ndhuwur gunung, dhèwèké menehi komentar babagan cepete [[kutha]] kasebut dibangun maneh ing taun-taun sawise bledosan bom atom. Dhèwèké uga ngobrol babagan kabutuhan njaga optimisme. Nanging, dinamika kasebut kontras karo penggambaran trauma novel kasebut.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eckert|first=Ken|title=Evasion and the Unsaid in Kazuo Ishiguro&#39;s &lt;i&gt;A Pale View of Hills&lt;/i&gt;|url=https://www.academia.edu/4020033/Evasion_and_the_Unsaid_in_Kazuo_Ishiguros_A_Pale_View_of_Hills|journal=Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–92|issn=1936-9247|access-date=2020-07-05|archive-date=2020-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705091534/https://www.academia.edu/4020033/Evasion_and_the_Unsaid_in_Kazuo_Ishiguros_A_Pale_View_of_Hills|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Patine Bocah === Pati saka sawetara bocah ing Nagasaki ing sawetara taun sawise perang nglambangake sifat medeni lan trauma sing terus-terusan. Ing narasi kasebut, Etsuko mratelakake babagan kasunyatan manawa akeh bocah ditemokake mati ing Nagasaki ing taun-taun sawise perang, lan pembunuh ora nate dicekel. Pati iki mbebayani beda karo stoisisme sing dienggoni warga Nagasaki, nalika umume.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Awla|first=Yousif|last2=Hamad|first2=Azad|last3=Sharif|first3=Azad|date=2019-09-01|title=The Impact of Place on Personality in Kazuo Ishiguro's A Pale View of Hills: An Eco-critical Study|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337947235_The_Impact_of_Place_on_Personality_in_Kazuo_Ishiguro's_A_Pale_View_of_Hills_An_Eco-critical_Study}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Novel]] bsews60o9euxkdzjucxphq0glagd5ob 0 181530 1749089 1582533 2026-05-17T11:07:13Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Blind Mountain | image = | caption = | director = [[Li Yang (sutradara)|Li Yang]] | writer = Li Yang | starring = [[Huang Lu]] | producer = Li Yang | distributor = [[StudioCanal]]<br />[[Tang Splendour Films]] | cinematography = [[Jong Lin]] | editing = Li Yang<br />[[Mary Stephen]] | released = {{Film date|2007|05|02|[[Festival Film Cannes 2007|Cannes]]}}<!-- [[WP:FILMRELEASE]] --> | runtime = 95 menit | country = Tiongkok | language = [[Dialek Shaanxi]]<br />[[Dialek Sichuan]] | budget = €600,000 ($809,000)<ref name=Landreth>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/awards_festivals/cannes/news/e3i1f890f625ffdd190718f3a516ff27a73| title = Yang cuts 'Mountain' for Chinese Approval |accessdate = 2007-07-13 |date= 2007-05-20 | author = Landreth, Jonathan |magazine = [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211801/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/awards_festivals/cannes/news/e3i1f890f625ffdd190718f3a516ff27a73 |archivedate = 2007-09-30}}</ref> }} '''''Blind Mountain''''' yaiku filem Tiongkok taun 2007 garapan [[Li Yang (sutradara)|Li Yang]]. Filem kasebut menika filem fitur pertami Li sawise filem debut taun 2003 ''[[Blind Shaft]]''. Filem kasebut uga dikenal minangka ''Road Home''.<ref>Ora padha karo filem tahun 1999 garapan [[Zhang Yimou]], ''[[The Road Home (filem 1999)|The Road Home]]''.</ref> ==Cathetan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Portal|Filem}} * {{IMDb title|1020972|Blind Mountain}} * {{AllRovi title|398885|Blind Mountain}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|blind_mountain_2007|Blind Mountain}} * {{metacritic film|blind-mountain|Blind Mountain}} * {{mojo title|blindmountain|Blind Mountain}} * [http://www.dianying.com/en/title/hjl2006 ''Blind Mountain''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209011856/http://www.dianying.com/en/title/hjl2006 |date=2022-02-09 }} at the Chinese Movie Database * [http://www.schrift-chinesisch.de/Blind%20Mountain%20-%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20modern%20day%20China.html ''Blind Mountain Human Trafficking in modern China'']{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at schrift-chinesisch [[Category:Filem 2007]] cqdirnrodstklh6pqkhpckitpkbgrnn 0 185316 1749085 1727014 2026-05-17T08:46:32Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Jemenittisk sjofar av kuduhorn.jpg|450px|thumb|Sebuah [[shofar]]]] '''Behar''', '''BeHar''', '''Be-har''', utawa '''B'har''' ({{Hebrew|בְּהַר}} — [[Basa Ibrani|Ibrani]] kanggo "ing dhuwur gunung," tembung kalima, lan [[Incipit|tembung distinsif kapisan]] ing parsyah kasebut) yaiku [[Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu]] ({{Hebrew|פָּרָשָׁה}}, ''parashah'') ka-32 ing siklus [[wacaan Torèt]] [[Yudaisme|Yahudi]] taunan lan kasanga ing [[Kitab Kaimaman]]. Parsyah kasebut ngeliputi Kaimaman 25:1-26:2. == Pranala jaba == [[Barkas:Old book bindings.jpg|150px|ka]] === Teks === * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0325.htm Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326130617/https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0325.htm |date=2022-03-26 }} * [http://Bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&book=3&chapter=25&verse=1&portion=32 Hear the parashah chanted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515001235/http://bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&book=3&chapter=25&verse=1&portion=32 |date=2011-05-15 }} * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm#mp3 Hear the parashah read in Hebrew] === Tafsiran === {{col-begin}} | width="25%" align="left" valign="top" style="border:0"| * [http://ajrca.org/parsha-of-the-week/parshat-behar-bekhukotai/ Academy for Jewish Religion, California] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317071815/http://ajrca.org/parsha-of-the-week/parshat-behar-bekhukotai/ |date=2012-03-17 }} * [http://ajrsem.org/tag/behar/ Academy for Jewish Religion, New York] * [http://www.aish.com/tp/43918932.html Aish.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317054632/http://www.aish.com/tp/43918932.html |date=2013-03-17 }} * [http://www.akhlah.com/tanach/torah/vayikra/parashot-behar/ Akhlah: The Jewish Children's Learning Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520105445/http://www.akhlah.com/tanach/torah/vayikra/parashot-behar/ |date=2013-05-20 }} * [https://www.alephbeta.org/torah/leviticus/behar-bechukotai Aleph Beta Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043754/https://www.alephbeta.org/torah/leviticus/behar-bechukotai |date=2019-03-06 }} * [http://ziegler.aju.edu/Default.aspx?id=6686 American Jewish University — Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222512/http://ziegler.aju.edu/Default.aspx?id=6686 |date=2017-09-30 }} * [http://www.anshe.org/parsha/behar.htm Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101152524/http://www.anshe.org/parsha/behar.htm |date=2012-11-01 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727073246/http://arigoldwag.com/pp.html Ari Goldwag] * [http://ascentofsafed.com/cgi-bin/ascent.cgi?Name=nbao-32behar Ascent of Safed] * [http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/bahar/bahar.shtml Bar-Ilan University] * [http://www.chabad.org/parshah/default.asp?AID=15584 Chabad.org] | width="25%" align="top" style="border:0"| * [http://www.eparsha.com/#drash eparsha.com] * [http://www.g-dcast.com/behar G-dcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320222926/http://www.g-dcast.com/behar |date=2013-03-20 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514190228/http://www.vbm-torah.org/vayikra.htm The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash] * [http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/Parashat+Behar.htm Jewish Agency for Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915020032/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/Parashat+Behar.htm |date=2012-09-15 }} * [http://www.jtsa.edu/jts-torah-online?search=&genre=&parashah=2071 Jewish Theological Seminary] * [http://www.kabbalaonline.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/399474/jewish/Behar.htm Kabbala Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111618/https://www.kabbalaonline.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/399474/jewish/Behar.htm |date=2019-03-06 }} * [http://www.learningtorah.org/DvarTorah/ViewDvarTorah.aspx?dtID=515 LearningTorah.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213004741/http://www.learningtorah.org/DvarTorah/ViewDvarTorah.aspx?dtID=515 |date=2008-02-13 }} * [http://www.mechonhadar.org/web/guest/search?p_p_id=3&p_p_action=0&p_p_state=normal&_3_primarySearch=com.liferay.portlet.journal.util.JournalOpenSearchImpl&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=&p_p_col_pos=0&p_p_col_count=0&_3_struts_action=%2Fsearch%2Fsearch&_3_keywords=behar Mechon Hadar] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130704075407/http://www.mechonhadar.org/web/guest/search?p_p_id=3&p_p_action=0&p_p_state=normal&_3_primarySearch=com.liferay.portlet.journal.util.JournalOpenSearchImpl&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=&p_p_col_pos=0&p_p_col_count=0&_3_struts_action=/search/search&_3_keywords=behar |date=2013-07-04 }} * [http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1038/Behar-Wholehearted-Giving Miriam Aflalo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406114325/http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1038/Behar-Wholehearted-Giving |date=2012-04-06 }} * [https://www.myjewishlearning.com/torah-portions/parashat-behar/ MyJewishLearning.com] * [http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/2606 Ohr Sameach] * [http://www.ou.org/torah/archive3.htm Orthodox Union] * [http://www.oztorah.com/category/bhar/ OzTorah, Torah from Australia] | width="25%" align="top" style="border:0"| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100624083451/http://www.netivot-shalom.org.il/eparsha.php Oz Ve Shalom — Netivot Shalom] * [https://elmad.pardes.org/topics Pardes from Jerusalem] * [http://www.jameskugel.com/weekly-torah-reading-in-israel-behar-may-21-2016/ Professor James L. Kugel] * [https://mcarasik.wordpress.com/2016/05/24/behar-5776/ Professor Michael Carasik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112164248/https://mcarasik.wordpress.com/2016/05/24/behar-5776/ |date=2016-11-12 }} * [http://rabbidovlinzer.blogspot.com/search/label/Parshat%20Behar Rabbi Dov Linzer] * [http://rabbiwerbin.blogspot.com/2016/05/behar-text-message.html Rabbi Fabian Werbin] * [http://www.rabbisacks.org/?s=behar&.x=0&.y=0 Rabbi Jonathan Sacks] * [http://rabbishimon.com/?p=760 RabbiShimon.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724091147/http://rabbishimon.com/?p=760 |date=2012-07-24 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110821085057/http://www.ohrtorahstone.org.il/parsha/index.htm Rabbi Shlomo Riskin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130311000646/http://www.rabbishmuel.com/browse.cgi?type=torah_sermons Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld] * [http://www.rabbistan.com/behar.htm Rabbi Stan Levin]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.jewishrecon.org/divrei-torah#book-Leviticus Reconstructionist Judaism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122534/https://www.jewishrecon.org/divrei-torah#book-Leviticus |date=2017-12-27 }} * [http://www.judaic.org/addtl_files/behar.htm Sephardic Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726212431/http://www.judaic.org/addtl_files/behar.htm |date=2011-07-26 }} * [http://www.shiur.com/index.php?category=Behar-Bechukotai Shiur.com] | width="25%" align="top" style="border:0"| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110522173456/http://www.613.org/par-vayikra.html#v9 613.org Jewish Torah Audio] * [http://tanach.org/bhar.htm Tanach Study Center] * [http://www.teach613.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=48 Teach613.org, Torah Education at Cherry Hill] * [http://thetorah.com/leviticus/ TheTorah.com] * [http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/behar/ Torah from Dixie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627015100/http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/behar/ |date=2019-06-27 }} * [http://www.torah.org/learning/parsha/parsha.html?id1=50 Torah.org] * [http://www.torahvort.com/vayikra/behar/ TorahVort] * [http://www.reformjudaism.org/learning/torah-study/bhar Union for Reform Judaism] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120814081344/http://uscj.org/JewishLivingandLearning/WeeklyParashah/TorahSparks/Archive/Default.aspx United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism] * [http://www.shemayisrael.com/parsha/bonchek/archives/archives.htm What's Bothering Rashi?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825072843/http://www.shemayisrael.com/parsha/bonchek/archives/archives.htm |date=2021-08-25 }} * [http://www.yctorah.org/index.php?searchword=behar&option=com_search&Itemid= Yeshivat Chovevei Torah] * [http://www.yutorah.org/ Yeshiva University] {{col-end}} {{Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu}} [[Kategori:Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu wulan Iyar]] iaia10ullil3dimi4opyeawpzb22dzh 0 185868 1749059 1587800 2026-05-16T15:40:57Z ~2026-29501-46 72712 New Photo 1749059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diocese | jurisdiction = Kabiskopan<!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --> | name = Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa | latin = Dioecesis Melphiensis-Rapollensis-Venusina | local = Diocesi di Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa | image = Cattedrale Melfi.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = Katedral [[Melfi]] <!---- Locations ----> | country = [[Itali]] | metropolitan = | territory = | province = [[Kabiskopan Agung Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo|Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo]] | coordinates = <!-- Use {{coord}} --> <!---- Statistics ----> | area_km2 = 1,316 | population = 90,000 | population_as_of = 2004 | catholics = 89,000<!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --> | catholics_percent = 98.9 | parishes = 32<!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --> | churches = <!-- Number of churches in the diocese --> | congregations = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --> | schools = <!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --> | members = <!-- Number of members in the diocese --> <!---- Information ----> | denomination = [[Greja Katulik]] | rite = [[Ritus Roma]] | established = Abad ping 11 | cathedral = Basilica Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta ([[Melfi]]) | cocathedral = Concattedrale di S. Andrea ([[Venosa]])<br>Concattedrale di S. Michele Arcangelo ([[Rapolla]]) | patron = | priests = <!-- Number of priests in the diocese --> <!---- Current leadership ----> | pope = {{Incumbent pope}} <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --> | bishop_title = Biskop | bishop = [[Gianfranco Todisco]], P.O.C.R. | coadjutor = | auxiliary_bishops = | vicar_general = | emeritus_bishops = [[Vincenzo Cozzi]] <!---- Map ----> | map = | map_alt = | map_caption = <!---- Website ----> | website = [http://www.webdiocesi.chiesacattolica.it/cci_new/s2magazine/index1.jsp?idPagina=11431 www.webdiocesi.chiesacattolica.it] | footnotes = }} [[Barkas:Cattedrale Venosa.jpg|jmpl|235px|Ko-katedral ing [[Venosa]]]] [[Barkas:Pierno santuario.jpg|jmpl|Biara Santa Maria di Pierno ing San Fele]] '''Kabiskopan Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa''' ({{lang-la|Dioecesis Melphiensis-Rapollensis-Venusina}}, {{lang-it|Diocesi di Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa}}) ana ing [[Basilicata]], kidul Itali. Ing 1986, '''Kabiskopan Melfi-Rapolla''' dinyawijike karo [[Kabiskopan Venosa]]. Kabiskopan kasebut menika [[suffragan]] saka [[Kabiskopan Agung Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo]].<ref name="CathHierMelfiRapollaVenosa">[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmerv.html "Diocese of Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa"] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 29, 2016</ref><ref name=GCathMelfiRapollaVenosa>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/melf0.htm "Diocese of Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa"] ''GCatholic.org''. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved March 29, 2016</ref> [[Keabbasan Santissima Trinità (Venosa)|Keabbasan Santissima Trinità]] ing [[Venosa]] ana ing kabiskopan kasebut. == Cathetan == <references/> {{Kabiskopan ing Itali}} [[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Itali|Melfi]] [[Kategori:Melfi]] kgq6r98jm7xv983hwd1z2wp7grmhxa3 0 199620 1749057 1742807 2026-05-16T14:52:58Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1749057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pranakan''' (fonetis: [prɑnaɑn], carakan: ꦥꦿꦤꦏ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀) yaiku sesebutan kanggo sawijining pepanthan bangsa marang wong sing nduwèni leluhur campuran antarané bangsa Asia Tenggara "asli" lan bangsa manca. Pranakan dhéwé minangka sesebutan sing jembar lan bisa wae kanggo nyebut wong sing saka keturunan Baba lan Nyonya (keturunan Tionghoa), Chetty (keturunan Indiya), Kristang (keturunan Portugis) lan Jawi Peranakan (keturunan India, Melayu lan Arab).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itjen.kemendikdasmen.go.id/web/menelusuri-budaya-peranakan-di-indonesia-dan-sejarahnya/|title=Menelusuri Budaya Peranakan di Indonesia dan Sejarahnya – Inspektorat Jenderal Kemendikdasmen|language=id|access-date=2026-01-17}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Golongan Pranakan == === Pranakan Arab === Pranakan turunan bangsa Arab lan Melayu. Bisa ditemokake ing negara Malaysia lan Singapura === Baba lan Nyonya === Wong Tionghoa Pranakan lumrahé ngarani awake dhewe minangka Baba-Nyonya. Sesebutan ''[[Baba (kehormatan)|Baba]]'' minangka sesebutan pakurmatan kanggo wong lanang Tionghoa Selat. Tembung iki asalé saka tembung silihan saka basa Hindi (sing asline saka basa Persia) sing dijupuk déning penutur basa [[Basa Malayu|Melayu]] minangka sesbutan kinasih kanggo simbah, lan wis dadi bagéyan saka basa saben dina. Ing dhialek [[Hokkien Penang]], diucapaké ''bā-bā'' . Wanita keturunan Tionghoa Selat diarani utawa digayakaké minangka Nyonya. Nyonya (uga dieja nyonyah utawa nonya) minangka istilah pakurmatan Melayu sing digunakaké kanggo nyebut wanita manca sing wis nikah. Sesebutan iki minangka tembung silihan, dijupuk saka tembung Portugis kuna kanggo wanita ''donha'' (bandhingaké, contoné, ''nhonha'' Kreol Makau sing diucapaké ing Makau, sing dadi koloni Portugis ing 464 taun). Amarga [[wong Melayu]] nalika semana duwé kacondhongan kanggo nyebut kabèh wanita manca (lan sing katon manca) ''nyonya'', dhèwèké uga migunakaké tembung kasebut kanggo wanita Tionghoa Selat. Baka sithik, basa iki dadi luwih "eksklusif" digandhengake karo dhèwèké sing pancen nduweni raja brana luwih akeh tinimbang bangsa "pribumi". === Chetty === '''Wong Chitty''', (Tamil: சிட்டி) uga kondhang diarani '''Chetty''' utawa '''Chetti Melaka''', yaiku pepanthan wong Tamil sing bisa kapethuk ana ing [[Melaka]], [[Malaysia]], lan [[Singapura|Singapura,]] minangka bumi rantonan tumrap dheweke padha sing migrasi ing abad kaping 18 lan 19 saka bumi Hindustan. Sesebutan liyane sing kondhong yaiku " [[Indhi|India]] Peranakan " kanggo sing wis basa lan adat istiadat Melayu (umume) nanging uga tetep njaga kapitayane lan warisan Hindune.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/meet-chetti-melaka-peranakan-indians-striving- save-culture-hindu-10849258|title=Temui Chetti Melaka, atau suku Indian Peranakan, yang berupaya menyelamatkan budaya mereka yang punah|website=CNA}}{{Pranala mati|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Indesia === Indesia iku sesebiutan informal (ora resmi) sing digunakaké kanggo njlèntrèhaké campuran budaya lan ètnis warisan India lan [[Pribumi-Nusantara|Pribumi]] Malaysia. Istilah iki digunakaké kanggo nyebut wong "bumi putra" Indonesia sing wis nikah karo wong India Malaysia, mliginé ing konteks Malaysia saiki. Campuran iki paling katon ing antarane pepathan Tamil Malaya lan [[Wong Batak|Batak Indonesia]], kanthi akèh-akèhé campuran iki kedadeyan ing jaman modern. [[Kategori:WikiWastra]] jrs5y07qeesketk2kv8pd3ta9bs454u 0 200380 1749054 2026-05-16T14:08:40Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:Alice Patten|]] 1749054 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alice Patten''' (lair 30 Sèptèmber 1979) iku aktris Inggris lan anak wadoné [[Chris Patten|Chris Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes]], sawijiné pulitikus wigati Britani saka Parté Konsevatif lan Gubernur Hongkong. Dhèwèké main ing film [[Bollywood]] ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), lan dilem déning para kritikus film Indhia. [[Kategori:Lair 1979]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] t1w7qwbzpeivcd8bapwncp0qmvsrp2a 0 200381 1749078 2026-05-17T05:37:30Z Sdsecret 66712 Kaca anyar: '''Hej Sloveni''' diterjemahke ke [[basa Slowakia]]. {{Infobox anthem|title=Hej Slovani|country={{flag|Republik Slovak}}|author=Samuel Tomasik|composer=Komposer Polandia<br>Oskar Danon|sound=Hej Slovani.ogg}} == Lirik == {{Lang|sl|1. <poem>Hej Slovani, naša reč slovanska živo klije dokler naše verno srce za naš narod bije Živi, živi, duh slovanski, bodi živ na veke, grom in peklo, prazne vaše proti nam so steke 2. Naj tedaj nad nami strašna burja se le znese, skala... 1749078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hej Sloveni''' diterjemahke ke [[basa Slowakia]]. {{Infobox anthem|title=Hej Slovani|country={{flag|Republik Slovak}}|author=Samuel Tomasik|composer=Komposer Polandia<br>Oskar Danon|sound=Hej Slovani.ogg}} == Lirik == {{Lang|sl|1. <poem>Hej Slovani, naša reč slovanska živo klije dokler naše verno srce za naš narod bije Živi, živi, duh slovanski, bodi živ na veke, grom in peklo, prazne vaše proti nam so steke 2. Naj tedaj nad nami strašna burja se le znese, skala poka, dob se lomi, zemlja naj se strese Bratje, mi stojimo trdno kakor zidi grada, črna zemlja naj pogrezne tega, kdor odpada!</poem>}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalanthems.info/yug.htm|title=Yugoslavia (1945-2006) – nationalanthems.info|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Referensi == <references /> mp0xx27tzfyig8m9ptxkl93t03cpy5i 1749079 1749078 2026-05-17T05:38:13Z Sdsecret 66712 1749079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|Hej Sloveni}} '''Hej Sloveni''' diterjemahke ke [[basa Slowakia]]. {{Infobox anthem|title=Hej Slovani|country={{flag|Republik Slovak}}|author=Samuel Tomasik|composer=Komposer Polandia<br>Oskar Danon|sound=Hej Slovani.ogg}} == Lirik == {{Lang|sl|1. <poem>Hej Slovani, naša reč slovanska živo klije dokler naše verno srce za naš narod bije Živi, živi, duh slovanski, bodi živ na veke, grom in peklo, prazne vaše proti nam so steke 2. Naj tedaj nad nami strašna burja se le znese, skala poka, dob se lomi, zemlja naj se strese Bratje, mi stojimo trdno kakor zidi grada, črna zemlja naj pogrezne tega, kdor odpada!</poem>}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalanthems.info/yug.htm|title=Yugoslavia (1945-2006) – nationalanthems.info|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Referensi == <references /> 45xch6zfgi73sbayqu3m3py5e93jo14 1749080 1749079 2026-05-17T05:38:53Z Sdsecret 66712 1749080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|Hej Sloveni}} '''Hej Sloveni''' diterjemahke ke [[basa Slowakia]]. {{Infobox anthem|title=Hej Slovani|country={{flag|Republik Slovak}}|author=Samuel Tomasik|composer=Komposer Polandia<br>Oskar Danon|sound=Barkas:Hej Slaveni 1940s.opus}} == Lirik == {{Lang|sl|1. <poem>Hej Slovani, naša reč slovanska živo klije dokler naše verno srce za naš narod bije Živi, živi, duh slovanski, bodi živ na veke, grom in peklo, prazne vaše proti nam so steke 2. Naj tedaj nad nami strašna burja se le znese, skala poka, dob se lomi, zemlja naj se strese Bratje, mi stojimo trdno kakor zidi grada, črna zemlja naj pogrezne tega, kdor odpada!</poem>}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalanthems.info/yug.htm|title=Yugoslavia (1945-2006) – nationalanthems.info|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Referensi == <references /> 9dn6czrd0s0plfvknaxi8b8lmi1wypl 1749081 1749080 2026-05-17T05:39:35Z Sdsecret 66712 1749081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|Hej Sloveni}} '''Hej Sloveni''' diterjemahke ke [[basa Slowakia]]. {{Infobox anthem|title=Hej Slovani|country={{flag|Republik Slovak}}|author=Samuel Tomasik|composer=Komposer Polandia<br>Oskar Danon|sound=File:Hej, Slované.oga}} == Lirik == {{Lang|sl|1. <poem>Hej Slovani, naša reč slovanska živo klije dokler naše verno srce za naš narod bije Živi, živi, duh slovanski, bodi živ na veke, grom in peklo, prazne vaše proti nam so steke 2. Naj tedaj nad nami strašna burja se le znese, skala poka, dob se lomi, zemlja naj se strese Bratje, mi stojimo trdno kakor zidi grada, črna zemlja naj pogrezne tega, kdor odpada!</poem>}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalanthems.info/yug.htm|title=Yugoslavia (1945-2006) – nationalanthems.info|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Referensi == <references /> 9s9tfjq4z9sheqkwv8s4n40ti05iedp 0 200382 1749083 2026-05-17T06:39:56Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:Nichola Burley]] 1749083 wikitext text/x-wiki Nichola Burley iku aktris Inggris. jjajoljjjdw779am3x9va3lgalymgva 1749084 1749083 2026-05-17T06:44:28Z Meursault2004 3 + kategori 1749084 wikitext text/x-wiki Nichola Burley (lair 26 Dhèsèmber 1986) iku aktris Inggris. [[Kategori:Lair 1986]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] 7aspapc9091riv22pxov7ev22cglbsv